P. OVIDII NASONIS 
 CARMINA SELECTA 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM OVID 
 
 CHOSEN TO MEET THE NEW REQUIREMENTS 
 
 OF THE COLLEGE ENTRANCE 
 
 EXAMINATION BOARD 
 
 BY 
 FRANCIS W. KELSEY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 
 AND 
 
 JARED W. SCUDDER 
 
 ALBANY ACADEMY 
 
 <>:*co 
 
 ALLYN and BACON 
 
 BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 
 
 ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 W\ 
 

 ■fh^ 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY 
 FRANCIS W. KELSEY AND JARED W. SCUDDER 
 
 Norfoooti ^Prcs0 
 
 J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 
 
 Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 
 
 NOV 29 '22 
 
 ©C1A690440 
 

 PREFACE 
 
 This is not, as might be supposed, a revision of Pro- 
 fessor Kelsey's well-known Selections from Ovid. It 
 is merely an adaptation of portions of that book to the 
 new requirements of the College Entrance Examina- 
 tion Board. 
 
 The Introduction has been retained without change. 
 It includes a valuable compendium on Greek and Roman 
 mythology. 
 
 The text follows the readings of Riese or Merkel. In 
 addition to the seven Selections prescribed by the Board, 
 two have been specially provided for rapid reading at 
 sight with comments at the bottom of the page. 
 
 The Notes are adapted to the needs of secondary 
 school pupils, and aim to arouse their interest in mythol- 
 ogy and appreciation of poetry. 
 
 The treatise on Reading Latin Verse contains : 
 
 i. A brief presentation of the principles of prosody 
 and rules of quantity that are needed by the beginner 
 in the study of the dactylic hexameter. 
 
 2. Practical application of these principles and rules 
 to the measuring of the hexameter. 
 
 3. Suggestions in regard to the proper method of Read- 
 ing Latin Verse. 
 
 This has been included in the hope that it will stimu- 
 late the pupil to master the hexameter and reach the 
 point where he will thoroughly enjoy reading Ovid's 
 verses aloud in the original. 
 
 Jared W. Scudder 
 
 iii 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION : 
 I. Ovid and his Works : 
 i. Life of Ovid 
 ii. The Works of Ovid 
 iii. Ovid as a Poet 
 
 l. 
 ii. 
 
 in. 
 
 II. The Greek and the Roman Mythology: 
 
 Of Mythology in General 
 
 Character of the Greek and the Roman Mythol- 
 ogy 
 
 Outline of the Greek Mythology . 
 
 i. Myths of the Origin and Government of the 
 World 
 
 2. Myths of the Origin and Early Life of Man 
 
 3. Myths of Deities 
 
 4. Myths of Heroes ..... 
 iv. Outline of the Roman Mythology . 
 
 1. Myths of Deities 
 
 2. Myths of Demi-gods and Heroes . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 24 
 
 24 
 27 
 29 
 
 37 
 42 
 
 43 
 49 
 
 TEXT: 
 
 Metamorphoses : 
 
 1. 
 
 Cadmus 
 
 2. 
 
 Pyramus et Thisbe 
 
 3- 
 
 Perseus 
 
 4- 
 
 Niobe 
 
 5. 
 
 Daedalus et Icarus 
 
 6. 
 
 Orpheus et Eurydice 
 
 7. 
 
 Midas 
 
 51 
 56 
 
 60 
 64 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
vi CONTENTS 
 
 For Sight Translation page 
 
 i. Deucalion et Pyrrha . . . . . . 79 
 
 2. Philemon et Baucis ...... 85 
 
 NOTES ( 91 
 
 English Pronunciation of Proper Names . . .117 
 
 Reading Latin Verse 120 
 
 Vocabulary 131 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 FACING PAGE 
 
 Fortuna and Mercury 9 
 
 The Dawn 14 
 
 Ares, or Mars 52 
 
 Hera, or Juno "58 
 
 Athene, or Minerva 62 
 
 Niobe, with the youngest daughter 68 
 
 Apollo 72 
 
 Diana as Huntress 76 
 
 Zeus, or Jupiter 86 
 
 Falchion loaned by Hermes to Perseus .... 100 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 I. OVID AND HIS WORKS, 
 i. Life of Ovid. 
 
 Publius Ovidius Naso was born March 20, B.C. 43. His 
 birthplace was Sulmo, now Solmona, a provincial town roman- 
 tically situated in the mountainous territory of the Peligni, 
 seven miles from Corfinium, and about ninety miles east of 
 Rome. He belonged to an old family of the equestrian 
 rank, his father being a man of considerable wealth. 
 
 His parents intended that both he and his brother, a year 
 older than himself, should fit themselves for public life. With 
 this end in view, the two boys were taken by their father to 
 Rome and placed under the best teachers of the time. Their 
 training was chiefly rhetorical, consisting in the composition 
 and delivery of argumentative or hortatory speeches upon 
 fictitious themes. 
 
 For these exercises the brother early showed a marked 
 proficiency; but Ovid found argument irksome, and soon 
 revealed a decided bent for poetical composition. In vain 
 his father, a man of a thoroughly practical turn of mind, 
 tried to dissuade him from verse- making, often saying, " Why 
 dabble with so useless a pursuit ? Even Homer left no prop- 
 erty ! " Of their own accord, the poet tells us, his words 
 ran into metre, and whatever he tried to write became verse. 
 According to the testimony of the rhetorician Seneca, who 
 
2 INTRODUCTION 
 
 heard Ovid declaim, his oratorical efforts were not without 
 merit, although his discourse resembled " loose poetry.' 1 This 
 training in declamation afterwards left many traces in the 
 poet's verse. 
 
 After the loss of his brother, who died at the age of 
 twenty, Ovid continued his studies at Athens, where he mas- 
 tered the Greek language. Later, he travelled extensively in 
 Asia Minor and Sicily. Finally settling at Rome, probably 
 at the age of twenty-three or twenty-four, he appears to have 
 made some effort to devote himself to practical affairs. He 
 held several unimportant public offices, apparently in rapid 
 succession. But neither health nor inclination suffered the 
 young man to apply himself very closely. He had no am- 
 bition to excel in law or in politics. Light-hearted, imagina- 
 tive, impressible, he was soon drawn into the vortex of the 
 brilliant but dissolute society of the Capital. 
 
 Rome was now no longer the home of heroes, of men sum- 
 moned from the field to the senate-house, who despised lux- 
 ury and display in comparison with firmness and uprightness 
 of character. Fashion as well as authority now centred about 
 the Emperor Augustus. Absolutism had shut off many ave- 
 nues of advancement formerly open to the ambitious, and had 
 lessened the sense of political responsibility resting upon the 
 upper classes. The rapid and often dishonorable accumula- 
 tion of fortunes in the unsettled state of society resulting from 
 civil strifes, greater familiarity with oriental luxury and vices, 
 the very reaction from the strain of continual wars to a con- 
 dition of undisturbed peace, — these and other causes led to 
 an extravagance of social dissipation at Rome, in the days of 
 the Early Empire, the like of which has rarely been seen. 
 
 Into this gay and frivolous life Ovid drifted. He soon 
 numbered among his friends many of those prominent at the 
 
OVID AND HIS WORKS 3 
 
 Capital. He sought especially the acquaintance of poets. 
 Supported by his patrimony and thus relieved from the ne- 
 cessity of labor, whenever the impulse moved him he wrote. 
 His poetic powers at first, not unnaturally, expended them- 
 selves on subjects congenial to the society in which he moved. 
 He published a group of productions the central thought of 
 which was love, — not love as revealed in home-life, but judged 
 according to the low standard of the age. Later, encouraged 
 by the success of these earlier efforts, he freed himself some- 
 what from the associations of former years, and attempted 
 more serious themes. Ovid was twice married, twice speed- 
 ily divorced. His third marriage was more happy, and re- 
 mained unbroken till death. 
 
 To the pleasure-loving poet, years had passed quickly and 
 merrily by. But in a moment all was changed. Without a 
 word of warning, in the year 8 a. d. an order came from the 
 Emperor Augustus directing him to leave Rome at once, to 
 take up his abode at Tomi, a dreary Roman outpost on the 
 Black Sea. near the mouths of the Danube. His property 
 was not confiscated, but the sentence amounted to perpetual 
 exile. 
 
 The cause of the decree of banishment is not known. The 
 reason assigned was the impropriety of certain of Ovid's love- 
 poems, which, however, had been published at least ten years 
 before and in reality were no worse in their tendencies than 
 other similar productions of the time. The real reason, hinted 
 at by Ovid in several poems, was evidently some ground oi 
 private offence which Augustus had against him. the nature 
 of which can only be conjectured. It seems not unlikely that 
 the poet had unwittingly witnessed something which if known 
 might compromise some member of the royal family, and that 
 he was relegated to Tomi to get him out of the way. 
 
4 , INTRODUCTION 
 
 But whether he was banished justly or unjustly, his lot 
 was pitiable. Past the age of fifty — the air of joyous Rome 
 his very life — past the time when men are able easily to adapt 
 themselves to new surroundings, he found exile well-nigh un- 
 endurable. Tomi had been recently colonized, and was fre- 
 quently attacked by hostile tribes, so that it was in constant 
 danger and unrest. The few Romans there were rough and 
 uncultured, the natives uncouth barbarians, the climate severe, 
 all comforts lacking. 
 
 As verse had been the spontaneous expression of the poet's 
 joys, so now it became the vehicle and solace of his troubles. 
 He addressed many poems to his friends at Rome, begging 
 them to use their influence in securing his pardon. His 
 wretched plight even touched the natives, who in their rude 
 way did him kindnesses. He in return composed a poem for 
 them in their own language, which pleased them greatly. So 
 long as Augustus lived, the poet was buoyed up by some hope 
 of recall. But when the implacable Tiberius came to the 
 throne, even this hope faded away. For nearly three years 
 still the poet lived on in sadness ; then died, in 1 7 a. d., and 
 was buried near Tomi. 
 
 The character of Ovid was not one of great strength, nor 
 one of great weakness. Fond of pleasure, he yet knew when 
 to check indulgence and retain his self-control. His nature 
 was sensitive, yet not so intense as to be carried away by 
 passion or sympathy into self-forgetfulness. Whether in love 
 or in anger, he was always himself. He was a kind-hearted, 
 affable Roman gentleman. 
 
 Ovid has been criticised for the spirit in which he bore his 
 exile. His ceaseless complaints of his hard lot, his adulation 
 of Augustus, even though inspired by hope of pardon, and his 
 constant supplication of friends to intercede for him, have 
 
OVID Ax\D HIS WORKS 6 
 
 often been condemned as unmanly. He was certainly not of 
 heroic mould. If he had been, his poetry would have lacked 
 that ease and grace which distinguish him above every other 
 Roman poet. We should remember, too, that the Poems of 
 Exile were written at intervals, during a period of eight or 
 nine years ; and hence, being received at Rome at different 
 times, must have produced a far different impression from that 
 left upon us, who have them all together and may read the 
 whole collection at a sitting. They were composed also fully 
 as much to relieve the poet's own feelings as to move his 
 friends. In laudation of Augustus, he simply conformed to the 
 fashion of the time. If Vergil and Horace could sing of the 
 Emperor as a god upon earth, Ovid certainly should not be 
 brought to task for fulsome praise at a time when his very 
 life hung trembling in the Emperor's power. Though we may 
 not admire Ovid in exile, we can well understand how, torn 
 from his home, his wife, and all earth held dear, condemned 
 to languish in an inhospitable clime without a single congenial 
 companion, he pined away, and finally died broken-hearted. 
 
 
6 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ii. The Works of Ovid. 
 
 The works of Ovid now extant may best be considered in 
 three groups, — Love-poems, Mythological poems, and Poems 
 of Exile. The love-poems were written in the earlier period of 
 his life, the mythological poems in middle life, the poems of 
 exile when the poet was languishing at Tomi. 
 
 i. Love-Poems. 
 
 Amores, ' Loves.' In three books, containing in all forty- 
 nine miscellaneous short poems, chiefly of an amatory char- 
 acter. 
 
 Epistidae, or Heroides, ' Epistles.' A collection of fictitious 
 love-letters in elegiac verse, supposed to have been written 
 by personages of the heroic age to their absent lovers. 
 Twenty-one of these epistles are extant, of which certainly 
 one, and perhaps six, were composed not by Ovid himself, 
 but by some imitator. Among the best-known epistles are 
 those of Penelope to Ulysses, Dido to Aeneas, Ariadne to 
 Theseus, and Medea to Iason. 
 
 De Medicamine Faciei, ' On Face-cosmetics.' A frag- 
 mentary poem of a hundred lines, addressed to the ladies 
 and recommending certain preparations for beautifying the 
 complexion. 
 
 Ars Amatoria, c Art of Love.' In three books, discussing 
 ways of winning and retaining the affections. 
 
 Remedia Amoris, ' Love-cures.' A treatise on the best 
 means of conquering an unreciprocated affection. This poem 
 and the preceding reflect the luxury and vice of the time, and 
 are ill-suited to modern taste. 
 
OVID AND HIS WORKS 
 
 2. Mythological Poems. 
 
 Fasti, ' Calendar/ In six books, one for each month, from 
 January to June inclusive. Among the Romans all holidays, 
 and many other days, were associated with traditions con- 
 nected with the founding or history or religious observances 
 of the City. In his ' Calendar ' Ovid treats the days of each 
 month in their order, relating the myths and legends sug- 
 gested by them, and introducing some astronomical knowl- 
 edge. The subject, ordinarily far from interesting, under the 
 poet's hands becomes full of spirit and attractiveness. It is 
 probable that Ovid intended to carry the ' Calendar ' through 
 the remaining months of the year, but was prevented by his 
 banishment. The poem as it stands received its final revi- 
 sion at Tomi. Parts of it are unexcelled, in literary finish, 
 by any of the poet's other works. The explanations given 
 in regard to early Roman rites and legends are of prime 
 importance to students of Roman history or antiquities. 
 
 Metamorphoses, ' Transformations.' In fifteen books. This 
 poem is the best known of Ovid's works, and, despite some 
 blemishes of style, deservedly ranks as a masterpiece. The 
 poet had scarcely finished it when the sentence of banish- 
 ment fell upon him, and in a fit of desperation he burned the 
 manuscript. Fortunately some of his friends had copies, so 
 that the poem was not lost to the world. 
 
 The purpose of the Metamorphoses is to set forth the 
 changes of form which were related as having taken place, 
 through supernatural agencies, from the beginning of the 
 world down to the poet's own time. The poem opens with 
 the evolution of the world from primal chaos. It closes with 
 the apotheosis of Julius Caesar, the fabled transformation of 
 
8 INTRODUCTION 
 
 that greatest of all the Romans into a star. Between these 
 two limits the poet has woven into a continuous and pleasing 
 narrative, in a kind of chronological order, two hundred and 
 sixteen stories of change. Though having gathered his ma- 
 terial from all sources, he has so skilfully inwrought the whole 
 that the connection between the different tales rarely appears 
 forced. Thirteen of the fifteen books treat chiefly of the 
 Grecian myths, the remaining two of the Italian. Taken as 
 a whole, the Metamorphoses is a fairly complete compendium 
 of the ancient mythology. Apart from its literary charm, it 
 is of great value as throwing light upon many peculiar no- 
 tions of the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 3. Poems of Exile. 
 
 Tristia, ' Sorrows.' In five books, containing an extended 
 appeal to Augustus for a less intolerable place of exile, and 
 forty-nine shorter poems, pervaded by melancholy reflections 
 and presenting in many lights the hardships and wretched- 
 ness of the poet's life at Tomi. 
 
 Ibis, ' Ibis.' So named from an Egyptian wading-bird 
 noted for its uncleanness. This enigmatical poem is an in- 
 vective directed against some enemy, whose name is with- 
 held, but who appears to have made an effort to ruin Ovid's 
 reputation at Rome after he was banished. It calls down 
 upon the head of the offender all the curses known to the 
 language of mythology as well as of passion. Ovid appears 
 to have borrowed both the idea and the title of the poem 
 from the Greek poet Callimachus. 
 
 Epistulae ex Ponto, 6 Letters from Pontus,' or < Letters from 
 the Black Sea.' In four books, containing forty-six letters 
 addressed to acquaintances and relatives at Rome, imploring 
 
OVID AND HIS WORKS 
 
 9 
 
 their intercession with the Emperor on the poet's behalf, and 
 filled with the most pitiable complaints. 
 
 Hatieutica % ' Fishery.' A prosy fragment on the fish of 
 the Black Sea, showing a marked decline in the poet's 
 powers. 
 
 Besides these works, Ovid wrote a tragedy called Medea, 
 which was much praised by ancient critics, but unfortunately 
 is now lost. 
 
 FORTUNA AND MERCURY. 
 
 FORTUXA, WITH A CORNUCOPIA AND WITH A STEERING-PADDLE RESTING ON 
 A BALL; MERCURY, HAVING IN HIS LEFT HAND THE CADUCEUS, IN HIS 
 RIGHT HAND A MONEY-BAG. FROM AN ANCIENT WALL-PAINTING. 
 
10 INTRODUCTION 
 
 iii. Ovid as a Poet. 
 
 In his poetry as in his life, Ovid was the child of his age. 
 Brilliant, plastic, versatile, an enthusiast, he found life merry 
 or sad, bad or good, and as it impressed him at the time 
 he reflected it in his writings. He was a man of the world, 
 and so far neither better nor worse than the great majority 
 of those with whom he associated. But he differed from 
 them in the possession of poetic genius, capable of produc- 
 ing works of rare beauty and power. 
 
 His poetry is therefore, first of all, society poetry, vers 
 de societe, not because limited in its choice of subjects 
 to matters of common talk, but because the poet's point 
 of view at all times is that of the drawing-room or the 
 dinner-table, — the tone of his poetry that of the cultivated 
 social life of his time. Whether he is treating of mat- 
 ters grave or gay, religious or secular, mythical or real, the 
 same lightness of tone, the same facile touch, are everywhere 
 noticeable. 
 
 This characteristic of Ovid is especially noticeable in his 
 handling of mythological subjects. What the Romans really 
 thought about their gods and heroes will be discussed further 
 on. Up to this time poetic tradition had still kept the 
 divinities above the level of common life, treating them with 
 appropriate formality and reserve, even in the relations most 
 akin to those of humanity. Ovid, on the contrary, introduces 
 deities of all ranks, from Jupiter down, — the whole range of 
 heaven-dwellers, in fact, — as gentlemen and ladies accustomed 
 to good society, whose jealousies, intrigues, loves, and bicker- 
 
OVID AND HIS WORKS 11 
 
 tags read very much like a modern novel. Ovid was a 
 romancer as well as poet. 
 
 Tiiis nonchalant presentation of the characters and myths 
 of the old religion could hardly fail to please the poet's free- 
 thinking contemporaries, and was one of the principal reasons 
 why his works immediately became popular. He had 
 touched a responsive chord. The light handling of mytho- 
 logical personages, once attempted successfully, naturally 
 did not stop. The same spirit which inspired Ovid led the 
 witty Lucian, a century later, to make the gods and goddesses 
 objects of the keenest satire and ridicule. 
 
 Ovid well illustrates the saying that " the poet is born, 
 not made." In no other Roman poet was the inborn 
 tendency to versification so marked and so irresistible. 
 With him verse was the natural mode of expression. When 
 a youth he often wrote verses for his own amusement, then 
 wisely committed his careless scribbiings to the flames. This 
 ease of poetic composition, however, had its corresponding 
 dangers. It led the poet at times into dirTuseness and loose- 
 ness of expression, and made the work of careful re- 
 vision and criticism irksome. But when we compare the 
 amount Ovid wrote with that of the other Roman poets, 
 we are surprised to find that the average quality is so 
 excellent. Ovid left more than twice as many lines as Vergil, 
 four times as many as Horace or Lucretius, eight times as 
 many as Propertius, and more than fifteen times as many as 
 Catullus or Tibullus. In so voluminous a writer it is remark- 
 able that dull lines are not more common than they are. 
 
 The poetry of Ovid is highly imaginative, and, judged 
 by the standards of the times, full of originality. Like all 
 Roman writers, he drew both his inspiration and his ideas 
 largely from the Greek literature. He also borrowed freely 
 
12 INTRODUCTION 
 
 from his predecessors in his own tongue. His originality 
 showed itself both in the bold and vigorous handling of old 
 themes, and in the new life which he put into everything 
 he touched. His poetic taste was much influenced by his 
 early training in rhetoric and oratory. This is apparent 
 especially in the adroit and eloquent pleadings put into the 
 mouths of various characters in his poems, in the declamatory 
 tone of several of the Poems of Exile, and in the often 
 graceful and elegant transitions by which the stories in the 
 Metamorphoses are knit together. 
 
 According to the common classification, Ovid's poetry 
 was partly lyric, principally didactic. The Metamorphoses, 
 usually considered didactic, possesses so great unity of sub- 
 ject ' and continuity of action that it may almost be ranked 
 as an epic. 
 
 Ovid's manner of expression is usually simple and flowing* 
 His verse is often pathetic, never intense ; sometimes ele- 
 vated, never sublime ; abounding in humorous turns, fre- 
 quently with touches of delicate irony. It is marred now 
 and then by the introduction of incongruous ideas or 
 images, by detailed descriptions where more should be left 
 to the imagination of the reader, and by the repetition of 
 ideas or phrases, intended to heighten the effect but some- 
 times weakening it. 
 
 Yet Ovid is one of the most entertaining of poets. He 
 seems always to be standing in a relation of easy familiarity 
 with the reader. He is never in haste ; always fond of a 
 digression, he is sometimes led to sacrifice the dignity of his 
 narrative for the sake of a clever turn ; grave passages are 
 now and then interrupted by misplaced pleasantry. But this 
 free and easy style on the whole adds the charm of freshness 
 to his verse, and makes it seem imbued with the modern 
 
OVID AND HIS WORKS 13 
 
 spirit. From this point of view, in contrast with the stately 
 forms of expression generally used by Greek and Roman 
 writers, the manner of Ovid has justly gained for him the 
 characterization, " the most modern of the ancients." 
 
 The influence of Ovid upon modern literature has been very 
 great. The early Italian writers in particular give evidence of 
 intimate acquaintance with his works. In the most creative 
 periods of English literature he was more widely read and 
 appreciated than at present. The writings of Spenser, Shake- . 
 speare, Milton, Dryden, Addison, Pope, and their contem- 
 poraries, are full of Ovidian reminiscences. In those days 
 Ovid was preferred to Vergil and Horace. To-day, when 
 critical and scientific tendencies are paramount in literature, 
 the highly finished poetry of Horace and Vergil is more popu- 
 lar than the more imaginative but less delicate verse of our 
 poet. 
 
 To modern artists Ovid has suggested more themes for 
 artistic treatment than any other ancient writer. Collections 
 of paintings and engravings everywhere are full of mythological 
 or romantic scenes, recalling his word-pictures. Not merely 
 the humbler artists, but more than one of the great masters, 
 have consecrated their genius to setting forth his conceptions. 
 
 Unlike either Catullus or Horace, who made use of a great 
 variety of metres, Ovid limited himself to two verse forms. 
 He uses the dactylic hexameter in the Metamorphoses and 
 the Halieutica, and the elegiac distich, consisting of a hex- 
 ameter line followed by a pentameter, in his other works. 
 The elegiac verse was ordinarily used only in poems of a 
 tender or plaintive cast. Ovid, however, finding it easier 
 to handle than the hexameter, adopted it as the metre of 
 didactic as well as lyric productions, using it even in the 
 
14 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 * Calendar.' His versification is less polished than that of 
 Horace or Vergil, but is uniformly smooth and musical. He 
 brought the elegiac verse to its greatest perfection, and gave 
 to the hexameter a lightness and freedom of movement unat- 
 tained by any other Roman poet. His verses more than any 
 other have been set as models for the writing of elegiacs in 
 English and continental schools. 
 
 THE DAWN- MATUTA, AURORA, EOS. 
 
 FROM A WALL-PAINTING ^T HERCULANEUM. 
 
THE CREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 15 
 
 IL THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 
 
 i. Of Mythology in General. 
 
 A myth is a fictitious story, usually explaining some real 
 or imagined mystery and involving the action of a super- 
 natural agency. A myth thus differs from a fable, which is 
 a fictitious story designed to convey or illustrate some moral 
 teaching. In the broadest sense of the term, mythology in- 
 cludes the consideration of all myths of all peoples, together 
 with inquiry into their interpretation, origin, and influence. 
 But we may speak also of the mythology of any tribe or 
 people taken by itself, as the Greek mythology, the myth- 
 ology of the Fiji Islanders. 
 
 Especially in considering the beliefs of ancient peoples, 
 mythology should be carefully distinguished from religion. 
 The former deals with myths as matters of intellectual ac- 
 ceptance, or current report; the latter, only so far as they 
 affect the relations of man with the Divine, or give direction 
 to the forms of worship. A myth which inspires a religious 
 sentiment becomes a superstition. 
 
 The beliefs of all savage and partially civilized peoples con- 
 tain a mythological element. In some cases, as in that of the 
 Bushmen, this is of the crudest and most fragmentary char- 
 acter. In others, as among the ancient Chaldaeans and 
 Peruvians, there is a great body of myths, often elaborated 
 into a kind of system. Where myths are found current 
 among nations advanced in civilization, such as the Greeks 
 
16 INTRODUCTION 
 
 and Romans, there is abundant evidence to prove that they 
 are a survival from an earlier and ruder period. 
 
 Among the myths of all peoples there is a marked simi- 
 larity. This may be accounted for on the supposition either 
 that myths are everywhere the outgrowth of the same causes, 
 and are developed in the same stage of human progress, or 
 that certain mythical conceptions became prevalent in the 
 remote time before the race was dispersed from a common 
 centre, and were carried thence to every part of the earth. 
 For at least one great branch of the human family, — the 
 Indo-European, — the distribution of myths from a common 
 source seems well established. The comparison of languages 
 long ago made it clear that the Hindoos and Persians, the 
 Greeks, Romans, and Kelts, the Russians, and the Teutonic 
 peoples (represented by the Germans, Dutch, and English), 
 must have descended from a single stock, the original loca- 
 tion of which is by no means settled. A like comparison of 
 myths has brought to light so many that in outline at least 
 are common to all, or nearly all, the Indo-European peo- 
 ples, that theix dissemination from the parent-folk appears 
 certain. That a considerable number of myths should have 
 spread from on<! people to another, and hence all over the 
 world, is in the highest degree unlikely. But as researches 
 in Comparative Mythology are still in their infancy, it is un- 
 safe at present to state as established any conclusions regard- 
 ing the distribution of myths outside of the Indo-European 
 family. 
 
 Myths may be classified either according to the subjects of 
 which they treat, or according to the kind of supernatural 
 personages appearing in them. 
 
 According to subject, the principal classes are : — 
 
THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 17 
 
 Myths of the beginning and government of the world, 
 of the origin and early fortunes of man, 
 of the origin of arts, institutions, and observances, 
 of death and the hereafter, 
 of the heavenly bodies, 
 of heroic and romantic adventure or incident. 
 Classified according to their supernatural elements, there 
 are : — 
 
 Myths of deities, 
 of heroes, 
 
 of unnatural beings, such as witches, monsters, an- 
 imals with human traits, and the like. 
 
 The origin of myths has been accounted for in various 
 ways. Among the Greeks at least four explanations were 
 proposed. The earliest was that the divinities of mythology 
 are a personification of the elements and powers of nature, 
 the relations and conflicts of which are thus figuratively set 
 forth. Some considered myths an invention of cunning rulers, 
 who thought by this means to inspire a feeling of awe in the 
 masses and keep them in check ; using the myths, as Aristotle 
 remarks, * for the persuasion of the many, and as a means of 
 pressure in favor of laws.' Others attached to them a hidden 
 significance, and interpreted them as allegories intended to 
 suggest moral or religious truth. Euemerus, a Sicilian Greek 
 of the time of Alexander the Great, maintained that the gods 
 and heroes were originally men distinguished for their prowess 
 and exploits, and that mythology in a distorted way presents 
 facts of early history. 
 
 This last theory was favored by some of the early Christian 
 writers, though others considered the pagan deities as demons 
 who had troubled the world before the coming of Christ. In 
 
18 INTRODUCTION 
 
 modern times, especially since the sixteenth century, the view 
 has had wide prevalence that certain myths resembling the 
 Biblical narratives reflect, in a fragmentary and corrupt form v 
 a primitive divine revelation, which in its purity is preserved 
 in the Book of Genesis. 
 
 Recent investigators in Comparative Mythology agree in 
 attributing the origin of myths to purely natural causes. In 
 the explanations offered, however, there is considerable di- 
 versity. 
 
 Max Miiller and his followers, basing their conclusions 
 principally upon an exhaustive analysis of the names of the 
 divinities in the Indo-European languages, reduce all myths 
 to a primitive personification of the sky, earth, and heavenly 
 bodies, and the natural phenomena connected with these, 
 emphasizing particularly the sun, clouds, and dawn. The 
 extreme advocates of this theory make even the Trojan war 
 a form of the Sun-myth, Achilles representing the sun, and 
 Helen being " simply the radiant light, whether of the morning 
 or of the evening.' * (Cox, * Mythology of the Aryan Nations/ 
 p. 389.) With this view Herbert Spencer agrees in many 
 points, offering, however, his own explanation of the way that 
 the powers of nature came to be looked upon as animate, and 
 involved in human relations. 
 
 But of recent theories perhaps that of which Andrew Lang 
 is a prominent advocate will be found as reasonable as any. 
 This view does not find the origin of myths in the personifi- 
 cation of any one class of objects or phenomena, but goes 
 back to that far-away time in which the awakening intelli- 
 gence of primitive man personified pretty much everything 
 about him. In the early days of the race men appear to 
 have thought of themselves as intimately related with all 
 animal life; hence they considered changes of form of all 
 
THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 19 
 
 kinds both possible and natural, as savage tribes do to-day. 
 Perplexed with questions about the origin of the world, the 
 processes of nature, and all forms of life, these early men 
 gave the freest scope to the fancy in suggesting explanations. 
 Thus myths originated. Though modified in countless ways, 
 in their development, by different conditions and influences, 
 they seem to have been primarily an attempted solution of 
 the problems of the universe and life. 
 
20 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ii. Character of the Greek and the Roman Mythology. 
 
 The Greek and the Roman Mythology, though often con- 
 fused, should be kept distinct. Both Greeks and Romans 
 no doubt inherited from the Indo-European parent-folk a 
 common fund of mythological conceptions. But these took 
 shape in accordance with the peculiar genius, surroundings, 
 and development of each people, with results widely different. 
 
 The Greek was by nature highly imaginative, speculative, 
 versatile, and poetic. He had, above all, an inborn feeling 
 for symmetry, for perfect proportion in parts and relations. 
 The early life of the Greek race lay in regions where the 
 diversity and striking character of the natural phenomena 
 must continually have aroused a feeling of wonder and have 
 stimulated the fancy. The lands about the Aegean Sea pre- 
 sent every variety of landscape. Rugged mountain ranges 
 alternate with narrow valleys and rolling plains. The ex- 
 tended coast-line is everywhere indented by inlets, with 
 islands in the distance or near by. These conditions produce 
 an endless variety of atmospheric changes. Here one finds 
 dawn and twilight, hazy vistas and storm-scenes, of matchless 
 beauty and impressiveness. Endowed with such a genius, 
 and placed amid such surroundings, the Greeks naturally de- 
 veloped a highly poetic mythology. 
 
 The earliest literary embodiment of the Greek myths is in 
 the poems of Homer and Hesiod. Here they appear in their 
 simplest and most naive form. The gods are believed in as 
 real existences, of unwearied activity, and having intimate 
 relations with the life of man. In the most flourishing period 
 
THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY -!1 
 
 of Greek history — the century after the Persian wars — the 
 myths were still accepted, but began to lose their hold upon 
 the educated classes. Men of culture treated them rever- 
 ently, but often gave them a rationalistic or allegorical in- 
 terpretation. Nevertheless, they were intimately connected 
 with the beliefs of the national religion. Being thus an es- 
 sential part of the national thought and life, they permeated 
 literature, and furnished ideals for the noblest sculpture that 
 the world has ever seen. Afterwards they were more and 
 more discredited, and sometimes ridiculed. Though certain 
 forms and ceremonies of religion tended still to lend to them 
 an air of credence, they were treated in literature chiefly as 
 stock material for poetry. 
 
 The Greek mythology stands alone among all as the fullest, 
 richest, most poetic, and most suggestive. It also reveals 
 more clearly the national traits of the people which devel- 
 oped it than any other system. From a very early time the 
 commercial and political relations of Greeks with orientals 
 had tended to introduce foreign mythological conceptions, 
 some of which, in a modified form, at last gained accept- 
 ance. Yet, as a whole, the Greek mythology is of indigenous 
 growth, — a monument of the inherent constructive and ar- 
 tistic power of the Greek race. Its influence in literature 
 has been greater than that of any other body of myths. 
 First, it dominated the thought of the Greeks, and found 
 expression also in their immortal art. Then it became the 
 heritage of Rome. Finally, inwrought in the literatures of 
 all European and western nations, it remains a treasured and 
 imperishable possession of mankind. 
 
 The early Roman presented in all respects a contrast with 
 the Greek. Unimaginative, practical, narrow, and conservative, 
 
22 INTRODUCTION 
 
 he viewed the beauties of nature with no kindling enthusiasm, 
 and contemplated her mysteries with comparative indifference. 
 His surroundings were less calculated to inspire poetic emotion 
 than were those of the Greek. The landscapes were less 
 rugged and impressive, the coast-line monotonous. In ac- 
 cordance with his practical tendencies, he gave more thought 
 to devising and practising methods of propitiating his gods 
 than to imagining what their relations were with one another 
 or with himself. In a word, the Roman's notions of the 
 divine took the direction of worship rather than of myth- 
 making. The same is true of the other ancient Italian 
 peoples of the same stock as the Romans. 
 
 The native Roman mythology, therefore, is scanty. Com- 
 pared with the Greek, it is matter-of-fact and barren. Its 
 place was taken in the people's thought by minute ritualistic 
 regulations, with numberless prayers and incantations adapted 
 to all occasions. Every part of the body, every act and in- 
 cident of daily life, was supposed to be under the supervision 
 of a special divinity; but the very multiplicity and limited 
 province of the deities retarded the development of myths. 
 For the same reasons, also, the Romans produced no great 
 folk-epic, like the Iliad or the Niebelungen Lied. 
 
 In Mythology, as in literature and the arts, the Romans 
 borrowed freely from other nations. At an early time they 
 were no doubt much influenced by contact with the neigh- 
 boring Etruscans. In the Republican period their relations 
 with the Greeks became close, first through the Greek colonies 
 in Magna Graecia, then through commercial and political 
 connections with the cities of Asia Minor and Greece. The 
 worship of many Greek divinities was introduced. With these 
 came the whole body of Greek mythology. In many in- 
 stances a Greek god was identified with a Roman and the 
 
THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 28 
 
 myths of the one ascribed to the other. As educated Romans 
 became saturated with the Greek culture, the Greek myths 
 came to be as familiar to them as their own, and consequently 
 occupy as prominent a place in the Roman literature as in 
 the Greek. 
 
 The old gods remained too firmly entrenched in the affec- 
 tions of the common folk to be replaced by foreign deities ; 
 but only occasionally did Roman authors attempt to treat 
 the native myths, as Varro did in prose, and Ovid in his 
 'Calendar/ to some extent also in the last two books of 
 the Metamorphoses. In later times, especially after the 
 commencement of the Christian era, the Romans turned to 
 the worship of Egyptian and other strange divinities. 
 
 The early Roman no doubt believed devoutly in his gods 
 and what was said of them. But with the Greek mythol- 
 ogy came also the seeds of unbelief. The forms of the 
 state religion at Rome were kept up, as a matter of policy, 
 for several centuries* after the majority of those belonging 
 to the higher classes of society, had ceased to believe in 
 their efficacy. The Roman writers, like those of the later 
 Greek literature, found their chief interest in the myths as 
 material for poetic treatment. 
 
24 INTRODUCTION 
 
 iii. Outline of the Greek Mythology. 
 
 The Greek mythology may most conveniently be treated 
 in four divisions : myths of the origin and government of 
 the world, myths of the origin and early life of man, myths 
 of deities, and myths of heroes. 
 
 I. Myths of the Origin and Government of the World. 
 
 The Iliad vaguely mentions the all- encompassing border- 
 stream of the world, Okeanos, as the origin of things, 
 without suggesting by what process they were produced 
 from it. 
 
 The myth of the origin of the world which gained wid- 
 est acceptance among the Greeks was that elaborated by 
 Hesiod in his Theogony. According to this, in the begin- 
 ning was Chaos, Yawning Abyss. Then Gaia, wide-bosomed 
 Earth, Eros, Love, Erehos, Darkness, and Nyx, Night, 
 came into being. From Erebos and Nyx sprang Aither, 
 clear upper Sky, and liemera, Day. Gaia produced Ouranos 
 (Latin Uranus), starry Heaven, Ourea, great Mountains, 
 home of the nymphs, and Pontes, the unfruitful Sea. 
 
 Uranos became the spouse of Gaia. From them were 
 begotten the twelve Titans, which apparently are to be con- 
 sidered personifications of the elementary forces of Nature. 
 Several of the Titans are mentioned in pairs, male and 
 female, as Okeanos (Latin Oceanus) and Tethys, Hyperion 
 and Theia, Kronos and Rhea. Of the same origin were 
 the three Cyclops, or Round- eyes, BronFes, Thunder, Steropes, 
 Lightning, and Arges, Thunderbolt; and also the three 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 25 
 
 Hundred-handed, Hekatoncheires t which were at first per- 
 haps a personification of the violent waves of the sea. 
 
 The Titans and Hekatoncheires bade fair to become too 
 mighty for their father Uranos, so he hurled them back 
 again into the earth. Gaia, resenting this treatment, incited 
 the Titans to vengeance. She fashioned a strong sharp 
 sickle, and showed Kronos how to do his father an irrepa- 
 rable hurt. Kronos, lying in wait, inflicted the irremediable 
 wound as directed. The drops of blood, falling upon the 
 earth from the wounded Uranos as he ascended, produced 
 the Erinyes, Furies, and the Gigantes, Giants, a race of 
 monsters with legs of serpents. Other parts from the 
 wound fell into the sea and floated there, till from the 
 sea- foam Aphrodite, goddess of Love, was born. 
 
 Kronos and Rhea now succeeded to the position of 
 Uranos and Gaia as deities of heaven and earth. Of 
 them were born Hestia, Derriefer, and Hera, Aides? or 
 Plufon, Poseidon, and Zeus. Kronos, having been warned 
 by his parents that he would sometime be overpowered 
 by a son, swallowed his first five children so soon as they 
 were born. The sixth child, Zeus, was conveyed by the 
 mother to Crete. In place of it she gave Kronos a stone, 
 carefully wrapped up, which he gulped down without noticing 
 the deception. Zeus soon reached maturity, and with his 
 mother's help forced Kronos to disgorge the other children. 
 They came forth uninjured, together with the stone. A 
 stone said to have been that swallowed by Kronos was pre- 
 served at Delphi as a most sacred relic. It appears to have 
 been a meteorite. 
 
 Then ensued a terrible struggle. The powers of sky 
 and earth gathered in two opposing forces, led by Kronos 
 and Zeus. The scene of the conflict was Thessaly* The 
 
26 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Titans with Kronos occupied Mt. Othrys, Zeus and the 
 other sons of Kronos entrenched themselves on Mt. Olym- 
 pus. The contest at first was even-matched. In the last 
 resort Zeus brought forward as allies the Cyclops, who fur- 
 nished him thunderbolts, and the Hekatoncheires, who shook 
 the earth. Sky and earth blazed, the earth rocked and was 
 rent asunder, all things seemed about to return to ancient 
 chaos. Finally the sons of Kronos gained the victory. The 
 Titans were hurled down under the earth and there guarded 
 by the Hekatoncheires. 
 
 The three sons of Kronos now divided up the government 
 of the universe by lot. As Kronos and Rhea had suc- 
 ceeded Uranos and Gaia, so they themselves gave place 
 to Zeus and Hera, Zeus henceforth being lord of heaven 
 and earth. Poseidon became ruler of the sea and all 
 waters; Aides, of the Underworld, the realm of darkness, 
 abode of the dead and storehouse of treasures. 
 
 The sovereignty of Zeus was by no means undisputed. 
 Typhoeus, or Tyfihos, a hundred-headed monster, one of the 
 latest of Gaia's offspring, aspired to the mastery of all things, 
 and was overcome by Zeus only with the help of the thun- 
 derbolt. Then the Giants attempted to scale the heights of 
 heaven, and after a prolonged struggle were defeated in the 
 same way. The war of the Giants has often been confused 
 with that of the Titans. 
 
 Uranos, Kronos, and Zeus all appear to have been origi- 
 nally personifications of the sky; Uranos, as a fructifying 
 power, sending moisture and life to the earth ; Kronos, as 
 a maturing and ripening influence, hence extensively wor- 
 shipped in Greece as a harvest god ; and Zeus, the clear 
 shining vault of heaven as the source of light and health, 
 the symbol of order and fixed law 3 the organizing and 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 27 
 
 directing power of the world, in the wars of the Titans 
 and oi the Giants, Titanomachia and Gi^antomachia, there 
 may be a reminiscence oi the volcanic activities and terrible 
 convulsions of Nature of which the traces are so abundant 
 in Greece and the Greek islands. 
 
 Each of the rulers of the universe has under him a host of 
 lesser deities, by whom his decrees are carried out. But in 
 the government of the world an important part is played by 
 Fate, or the Fates, Moirai, usually reckoned as three in 
 number, Klotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. At first they were 
 conceived of as carrying out the will of Zeus. But later 
 they were regarded as a personification of the inflexible, 
 invariable law of necessity. To this law, inherent in the 
 very nature of things, and inexorable, gods and men alike 
 are subject. Even the will of Zeus may not change or 
 render ineffectual its decrees. 
 
 2. Myths of the Origin and Early Life of Man. 
 
 There was little agreement among the Greeks in regard 
 to the details of their myths setting forth the beginning 
 and first gods of the world. A like diversity characterizes 
 their notions about the origin and early life of man. In 
 general it was thought that the first men sprang from the 
 earth or from natural objects, as woods, streams, stones, and 
 the like. Hence the name autochtho?ies (sprung from the 
 land itself), used of people supposed to have come into 
 being in the land which they occupied. 
 
 The human race was thought to be as old as that of 
 the gods, extending at least as far back as the time of 
 Kronos. Under his rule was the Golde?i Age, a happy time 
 in which men were large in frame, pure in life, and fed 
 without effort of their own on the generous bounty of 
 
28 INTRODUCTION 
 
 earth. They lived long, in blessedness like that of the 
 gods, who often came to earth and associated with them. 
 After death they became beneficent spirits, dwelling unseen 
 among men. 
 
 After the overthrow of Kronos came the Silver Age, 
 inferior to the Golden. Men were now slower in physi- 
 cal development, yet of larger and finer form than we. 
 Becoming haughty and self-willed, they even refused to 
 give due honor to the gods, who more and more with- 
 drew from relations with them. Zeus took them from the 
 earth and made them ghosts of the Underworld. 
 
 Then followed the Bronze Age, full of strife and violence. 
 Men fell at one another's hands, or wore themselves 
 out in constant warfare, and perished soul and body. 
 
 Last came the Iron Age. Enfeebled man must now 
 earn his bread by the sweat of his brow. While men were 
 struggling in this hard condition, Prometheus, Forethought, 
 son of the Titan Iapetos, brought them fire from heaven 
 and taught them its uses, thus leading them to a knowl- 
 edge of the arts. For this Zeus condemned him to 
 unending torture. He was chained upon a bleak cliff. 
 Here an eagle each day ate out his liver, which grew 
 again at night. 
 
 But men were not content with honest toil, and tried 
 in every way to get the advantage of one another. They 
 became so desperately wicked that Zeus sent a great 
 flood upon the earth. All perished save two, Deucalion 
 and Pyrrha. These, directed by the gods, cast stones be- 
 hind them, which became men and women, progenitors of 
 the present race. But wickedness still remains. The gods 
 have long since ceased to visit the earth as they did of old, 
 and are often obliged to send punishment for sin. 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 29 
 
 3. Myths of Deities. 
 The divinities of the Greeks were so numerous, and the 
 myths connected with them were so many and of so great 
 variety, that only brief mention of them separately can here 
 be made. They may be considered in four groups : divinities 
 of Heaven, divinities of the Sea and Waters, divinities of the 
 Earth, and divinities of the Underworld. The divinities of 
 Heaven were thought to have much to do also with the earth 
 and the life of men. Several of the divinities of the earth 
 were intimately connected with those of the Underworld. 
 
 a. Divinities of Heaven. 
 The divinities of Heaven were divided into two classes : 
 the Great Gods, and the Lesser Gods. They dwelt above Mt. 
 Olympus, whence they came to earth whenever invoked, being 
 ubiquitous rather than omnipresent. 
 
 The Great Gods were ten in number : * 
 Zeus, greatest of gods, often called father of gods and men. 
 He was regarded as gatherer of clouds and sender of 
 rain, the bestower of physical prowess and valor, the 
 protector of the relations based on kinship, friendship, 
 or treaties. He was the hurler of the thunderbolt against 
 the guilty, the refuge also of the penitent. He was re- 
 presented as often visiting the earth in various disguises, 
 and especially susceptible to the charms of beautiful 
 women. Hence arose a great number of myths. As 
 the Greeks were monogamists, the loves of Zeus are 
 difficult to account for unless they are interpreted as 
 different personifications of the same natural phenom- 
 
 1 With these sometimes Poseidon (see p. 33) and Demeter (see p. 34) 
 are reckoned, making twelve " Great Gods " in all. 
 
30 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ena, or as originally different forms of the same myth 
 belonging to different localities. 
 
 Hera, wife of Zeus, queen of Heaven, and goddess of storms ; 
 considered also the helper of women in all wifely rela- 
 tions. She was represented as haughty, jealous, resent- 
 ful, and often engaged in angry quarrels with Zeus. 
 
 Hefihaistos, son of Zeus and Hera, god of fire, maker of 
 weapons, and deviser of other works in metal for the 
 gods. He was represented as mighty in strength, but 
 lame. According to one account he once took sides 
 with Hera in a quarrel, whereupon Zeus caught him by 
 the foot and hurled him forth from Olympus. Then, in 
 the words of Milton, — 
 
 " From morn 
 To noon he fell, from noon till dewy eve, 
 A summer's day ; and with the setting sun 
 Dropped from the zenith, like a falling star, 
 On Lemnos, the yEgean isle." 
 
 Athene, said to have sprung full-armed from the head of 
 Zeus. She was regarded as protector of states, hence 
 as goddess both of systematic war and of the arts of 
 peace. She was also goddess of wisdom. As a virgin 
 deity, she was considered the special protectress of girls. 
 
 ApoZlon, son of Zeus and Leto (Latin Lato?ia), brother of 
 Artemis; a favorite divinity of the Greeks. He was 
 worshipped as protector from evils, especially as guar- 
 dian of herds and flocks ; as promoter of athletic de- 
 velopment and manly beauty ; as inspirer of music and 
 giver of oracles. He is usually considered a personifi- 
 cation of light. 
 
 Artemis, daughter of Zeus and Leto, and goddess of the 
 hunt, in her devotion to which she was said to scour 
 woods and mountains, accompanied by fleet hounds and 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 31 
 
 throngs of nymphs of forest and stream j originally, no 
 doubt, a moon-goddess. The Ephcsian Artemis (cf. 
 ACTS, chap, XIX.), was a deity of oriental origin, later 
 identified with the Greek divinity. 
 
 Ares, son of Zeus and Hera, god of war and bitter hatred. 
 
 Aphrodite, goddess of love, sprung from the foam of the sea. 
 Her power was thought to make itself felt in sky, 
 sea, and earth. She was also goddess of spring, of 
 gardens and flowers, the bestower of female beauty and 
 grace, the guardian of marriage and family life. 
 
 Hermes, son of Zeus and Maia, messenger of the gods and 
 conductor of souls in the Underworld. On earth he was 
 considered as the guardian of roads and guide of travel- 
 lers, the protector of herds, and patron-deity of thieves. 
 
 Hestia, daughter of Kronos and Rhea, goddess of the hearth* 
 As the hearth- fire was intimately connected with the 
 interests of the family, she was looked to as the dis- 
 penser of domestic blessings. She was also worshipped 
 at the public hearths as guardian of cities. 
 
 Among the Lesser Gods the most important were — 
 
 Helios, god of the sun, father of Phaethon. 
 
 Eos, goddess of the dawn. 
 
 Selene, goddess of the moon, also called Mene. 
 
 Phosphoros, Morning- star, Hesperos (Latin Hesperus}, 
 Evening- star. 
 
 Orion, a mighty hunter, loved by Eos, but slain by Artemis, 
 
 and after his death placed among the stars. 
 Winds, often personified under many different names. In 
 the later mythology they are represented as under the 
 rule of a King Aiolos (Latin Aeolus), whose home was 
 on one of the Aeolian Islands north of Sicily. 
 
32 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Themis, daughter of Uranos and Gaia, goddess of order, law, 
 and right, and mother of the Horai, Seasons. 
 
 ChariteSj Graces, usually considered three in number, god- 
 desses of charm and bloom, both in nature and in 
 man. 
 
 Mnemosyne, Memory, mother of the nine Mousai, Muses, 
 goddesses of music, poetry, and the sciences. The muses 
 were: i. Kalliope (Latin Calliope), of heroic poetry. 
 2. Kfi, o (Latin Clio), of history. 3. Euterpe, of lyric 
 poetry. 4. Terpsichore, of the dance. 5. Erato, of 
 love-poetry. 6. Melpomene, of elegiac and tragic poe- 
 try. 7. Thalia, of comedy. 8. Polymnia, or Poly- 
 hymnia, of sacred music and poetry. 9. Urania, of 
 astronomy. 
 
 Nike, goddess of victory. 
 
 Iris, goddess of the rainbow, represented as a messenger of 
 the gods, particularly Zeus and Hera. 
 
 Hebe, daughter of Zeus and Hera ; a personification of girl- 
 ish beauty. 
 
 Ganymedes, a beautiful boy, a personification of boyish 
 beauty. Zeus sent an eagle to bring him up to heaven, 
 and made him cup-bearer. 
 
 Eros, small but mighty god of love, companion of Aphro- 
 dite (cf. p. 24). 
 
 Aisklepios (Latin Aesculapius), god of healing and of 
 medicine. 
 
 Tyche, daughter of Zeus, goddess of chance, or luck. 
 
 Nemesis, an avenging or punishing goddess, who never fails 
 to overtake the wrong-doer. 
 
 Eris, a personification of strife. 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 33 
 
 b. Divinities of the Sea and Waters. 
 
 The principal divinities of this class are : 
 Poseidon, ruler of the sea and the whole realm of waters. 
 
 His ensign of authority is the trident. He rides over 
 
 the deep in a chariot, now raising, now calming the 
 
 waves, and sometimes in his might makes the earth 
 
 tremble. 
 Amph'itrite, wife of Poseidon, goddess of the sea. 
 Triton, son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, represented as 
 
 giving signals for storms or calm upon a hollow shell. 
 Nereus, a little "old man of the sea," friendly and kind, 
 
 dwelling in the shimmering depths with his fifty bright 
 
 and beautiful daughters, the Nereids. 
 Proteus, a sea-god, fond of changing into all kinds of forms. 
 Glaukos (Latin Glaucus), a sea- god, half man, half fish. 
 
 Sailors often reported having seen him. His appearing 
 
 was thought generally to portend ill-luck. 
 Seirenes (Latin Sirenes), Sirens, beautiful singers of the 
 
 sea, whose song, of resistless charm, enticed sailors to 
 
 destruction. 
 Skylla (Latin Scylla), a horrible monster lying at the foot 
 
 of a cliff on the Italian shore opposite Charybdis. She 
 
 was represented as having six heads, which she stretched 
 
 forth from her cave to catch whatever came in her way. 
 All Rivers, Springs, and Brooks were supposed to have 
 
 their special divinities, children of Okeanos and Tet/iys. 
 
 According to Hesiod there were three hundred sons of 
 
 Okeanos, i. e. river-gods, and three hundred daughters, 
 
 nymphs of springs and brooks. Another poet mentions 
 
 three thousand river-gods alone. 
 Atlas, bearer of heaven and earth on his head and hands, 
 
34 INTRODUCTION 
 
 seems originally to have belonged to the number of sea- 
 gods, but was later identified with a mountain. 
 
 c. Divinities of the Earth. 
 
 Gaia (cf. p. 24), goddess of the earth, as the benign and 
 fruitful mother of all things. 
 
 Rhea (cf. p. 25), also called Kybele (Latin Cybele), a 
 goddess of the earth, and especially of mountains, where 
 she was worshipped with mystic rites. 
 
 Demefer (cf. p. 25), goddess of agriculture, especially of 
 grain; mother of Persephone. 
 
 Dionysos (Latin Dionysus), also called Bacchos (Latin 
 Bacchus), son of Zeus and Semele, god of the vine and 
 wine. He was said to have travelled throughout the 
 world, accompanied by hosts of satyrs and worshippers, 
 teaching the cultivation of the grape. He is the sub- 
 ject of many myths. 
 
 Nymphai (Latin Nymphce), the Nymphs, a numberless 
 class of inferior divinities, represented as beautiful 
 maidens, dwelling in groves and glens, on mountains, in 
 grottos, in springs and streams. 
 
 Satyroi (Latin Satyri), Satyrs, rough, sportive deities with 
 animal characteristics, inhabiting woods and mountains, 
 devoted to wine, music, and the chase. 
 
 Seilenus (Latin Silenus), father of the satyrs and foster- 
 father of Dionysos ; represented as a fat, jovial old man, 
 with a bald head ; usually in the company of Dionysos, 
 and reeling with intoxication. 
 
 Pan, son of Hermes and a wood-nymph ; a sportive, goat- 
 footed being, with horns and a long beard ; looked 
 upon as the guardian of pastures, flocks, and shepherds, 
 and the inventor of the shepherd's pipe. 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 35 
 
 d. Divinities of the Underworld. 
 
 The Underworld was conceived of as a vast, gloomy region 
 beneath the earth, the abode of the dead. The entrance was 
 guarded by Kerberos (Latin Ce rberu s) , a horrible monster with 
 three dog-like heads. Beyond the entrance on every side 
 flowed black water, across which Charon, stern and repulsive 
 boatman, ferried the spirits of the dead. The good fared well 
 in a place set apart for them. But the wicked suffered various 
 forms of punishment, according to the nature and extent of 
 their sins on earth. Tantalos, for example, a king who had 
 violated the confidence of Zeus, was placed in a lake \ though 
 always thirsty, always hungry, yet he was never able to touch 
 either the water, which receded as he tried to drink, or the 
 boughs laden with delicious fruit that hung just beyond his 
 reach. Slsyphos, a wicked king of Corinth, was compelled 
 to keep rolling up hill a huge stone, that rolled down again 
 as soon as he had brought it to the top. Ixion was bound 
 to an ever-revolving wheel; and the daughters of Da?iaos 
 (Latin Danaus) were forced to keep filling jars with holes 
 in the bottom. See p. 250. 
 
 The divinities of the Underworld were : 
 
 Pluto n, also called Aidoneus and Aides (English Pluto), 
 ruler of the Underworld. As the Underworld was 
 thought of as the storehouse of seeds and source of 
 wealth, Pluto was also considered a giver of wealth. He 
 is sometimes confused with Ploutos (Latin Plutus), a 
 personification of wealth. 
 
 Persephone (Latin Proserpina), daughter of Zeus and 
 Demeter, and wife of Pluto. Zeus had promised her 
 to Pluto without the mother's knowledge. As Perse- 
 
36 INTRODUCTION 
 
 phone, a beautiful maiden, was one day gathering 
 flowers, the earth opened beside her; Pluto appeared 
 and carried her down to the Underworld to be his 
 queen. Demeter, sorrowing, searched the world over 
 for the girl, whose fate she finally learned from Hekate 
 and Helios. As a compromise the daughter was 
 allowed to spend six months of the year on the earth, 
 the remaining six months in the Underworld with her 
 husband. See p. 264. 
 
 Hekate (Latin Hecate) , a mysterious divinity, apparently 
 at first an earth-goddess, afterwards an attendant of 
 Persephone in the Lower World. At night she was 
 supposed to send forth demons who would meet at the 
 crossings of roads and at tombs. 
 
 Erinyes, Furies, horrible beings with serpents twining in 
 their hair, who pursued and punished the wicked. 
 
 Aiakos (Latin Aeacus), a son of Zeus and early king of 
 the Island Aegina, who on account of his justice on 
 earth was made a judge in the Underworld after his 
 death. 
 
 Minds, a son of Zeus and Eurdpa, and early lawgiver of 
 Crete, who after death became a judge in the Lower 
 World. 
 
 Rhadamanthos (Latin Rhadamanthus) , a brother of Minos, 
 who also became a judge of the dead. 
 
 Thanatos, Death, and Hypnos, Sleep, were both personified. 
 They were considered as brothers, living in the Under- 
 world. 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 37 
 
 4. Myths of Heroes. 
 
 The Greek heroes were a class of beings of mingled human 
 and divine parentage, endowed with godlike powers, courage, 
 and endurance. Their lives, under divine direction and 
 help, were devoted to the accomplishment of great tasks, 
 mostly of a character calculated to benefit humanity, such 
 as the slaying of destructive monsters and the* founding of 
 cities. All the prominent cities of Greece had their particular 
 heroes, who were worshipped as patron deities, as Theseus 
 at Athens. The myths of heroic adventure are very 
 numerous. 
 
 The heroes oftenest mentioned are : 
 
 Kad?nos (Latin Cadmus), son of Agenor, King of Phoeni- 
 cia ; founder of Thebes. 
 
 AmphTon and Zethos, sons of Antiope, queen of Thebes, 
 who rescued her from cruel treatment and bound her 
 tormentor, Dirke (Latin Di?re), to the back of a bull 
 to be carried off into the wilderness. Amphion became 
 the husband of the Lydian princess Niobe, whose pre- 
 sumptuous pride led to the wretched death of her 
 children and herself. 
 
 Inachos (Latin Inachus), founder of Argos. 
 
 Perseus, son of Zeus and Danae, who was a daughter of 
 Akrisius, King of Argos. He is prominent in several 
 myths, among which are the bringing of the head of 
 the Gorgon Medusa (cf. p. 251), and the release of 
 Andromeda (cf. p. 254). 
 
 Bellerophon, son of Glaukos (see p. 33) • Mounted on 
 Fegasos, a wonderful winged steed, he despatched the 
 Chimaera, a fire-breathing monster, part lion, part goat, 
 
38 INTRODUCTION 
 
 and part serpent. He also defeated the Amazones, 
 Amazons, a race of warlike women in the northeastern 
 part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Kastor and Polydeitkes (Latin Castor and Pollux, the 
 Dioscuri), twin sons of Tyndareus, a king of Laconia. 
 Kastor was famous for his horsemanship, Polydeukes 
 for his skill in boxing. 
 
 Kekrops (Latin Cecrops), founder of Athens, said to have 
 introduced there the first elements of civilized life. 
 
 Pelops, brother of Niobe, afterwards King of Elis ; famous 
 for having won his wife Hippodaniia and his kingdom 
 in a chariot-race, on which he had staked his life. 
 
 Meleagros (Latin Meleager), a son of Oineus (Latin 
 Oeneus), who led a hunt and slew the Kalydonian boar, 
 a monster invulnerable to ordinary wounds, that had 
 long laid waste the country about Kalydon, in Aetolia. 
 
 lason, a prince of Thessaly who led the expedition of the 
 Argonauts, in which the chief heroes of the time joined 
 him. They sailed in the ship Argo to Kolchis (Latin 
 Colchis), at the southeastern part of the Black Sea. 
 Here, with the help of the princess Medea, a powerful 
 enchantress, lason obtained the Golden Fleece, the 
 object of the voyage. The heroes after many adven- 
 tures reached home again, Medea becoming the wife 
 of lason, who afterwards deserted her. 
 
 Theseus, the son of Aegeus, King of Attica. His heroic 
 exploits resemble those of Herakles. The principal 
 ones were, the killing of Periplietes, Sim's, and Sklron, 
 all terrible robbers and murderers, with whom ordinary 
 men could not cope ; the slaying of the cruel Pro- 
 crustes, who had been in the habit of killing victims 
 by cutting them off or stretching them out to fit an 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 39 
 
 iron bedstead ; the victory over fifty giants, sons of 
 Pallas y who had tried to compass his destruction in 
 order to gain the throne of Attica ; and finally the 
 slaying of the Minotaur (Jf'wdlauros, Latin Mind- 
 taunts), a flesh-eating monster of Crete, to which for 
 a long time Athens had been obliged to send each 
 year a tribute of young men and maidens for food. 
 The Minotaur lived in the Labyrinth, constructed by 
 Daidalos (Latin Daedalus), a cunning artificer. The- 
 seus, having slain the monster, found his way out of 
 this with the help of a thread furnished by A7'iadne, 
 daughter of Minos. With her he sailed for Attica, 
 but abandoned her on the island of Naxos, where she 
 was found and wedded by Dionysos. 
 Herakles (Latin He?ntles), the great national hero of the 
 Greeks, son of Zeus and Alkmene (Latin Alcmene). 
 Among his many wonderful exploits the Twelve Tasks, 
 imposed by King Eiwystheus of Myklnai (Latin My- 
 cenae) , are the most noteworthy. They are — 
 
 i. The slaying of the Nemean lion, which ravaged 
 the plain of Nemea, in the northern part of Argolis. 
 
 2. The killing of the Lemean Hydra, a nine-headed 
 poisonous water-serpent, in the marsh near Lerne, in 
 Argolis. 
 
 3. The destruction of the Erymanthian Boar, in 
 Arcadia. 
 
 4. The slaying of the Keryneia?i Stag, a marvellous 
 animal with hoofs of brass, in Achaia. 
 
 5. The driving away of the Sty?nphalia?i Birds, the 
 pest of Stymphalus, in Arcadia. 
 
 6. The cleansing of the Stables of Augeias, King of 
 Elis, by turning through them the waters of a river. 
 
40 INTRODUCTION 
 
 7. The bringing of the Cretan Bull, Poseidon's gift 
 to Minos, to Mykenai. 
 
 8. The fetching of the flesh- eating Horses of Dio- 
 niedes, King of Thrace, to Mykenai. 
 
 9. The obtaining of the Girdle of Hippo lyte y queen 
 of the Amazons, for Eurystheus's daughter. 
 
 10. The securing of the Cattle of Geryon, & three- 
 headed monster in the far West. 
 
 11. The fetching of the three Golden Apples from 
 the Garden of the Hesperides, where they were guarded 
 by a dragon. 
 
 12. The dragging of Kerberos (see p. 35) to the 
 upper world. 
 
 Herakles perished in a poisoned robe, given him by 
 his jealous wife, Deianlra. When he saw that death 
 was near at hand, he mounted his own funeral pyre, 
 whence his spirit passed away in a cloud. 
 
 The age in which the heroes lived is known as the Heroic 
 Age. The Greeks thought that it immediately preceded their 
 own time, and considered a good part of the myths connected 
 with it as true history. To this period belong also the Cen- 
 taurs, mythical beings, half man, half horse, celebrated for 
 their conflicts with the Lapithae, a Thessalian people, and 
 Herakles. 
 
 To the Heroic Age are ascribed two great military expedi- 
 tions. The one is the War against Thebes, or the expe- 
 dition of the Seven against Thebes, in which Polyneikes (Latin 
 Polynices), aided by six other heroes and their forces, tried 
 to wrest the throne of Thebes from his brother Eteokles (Latin 
 Eteocles) . 
 
 The other is the Trojan War, the object of which was 
 
THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 41 
 
 the bringing back of Jlclcn, who had been induced by the 
 Trojan Paris, King Priam's son, to leave her husband, Men- 
 elaos, King of Sparta. The chief heroes of the Trojan war 
 were, on the side of the Greeks, Agamemnon, Menelaos 
 (Latin Men elans), Achilleus (Latin Achilles}, Nestor, Odysseui 
 (Latin Ulixes), and Aias ; on the side of the Trojans, Priam, 
 Hektor (Latin Hector), Paris, Aeneas, and Anterior. The 
 setting out, the conflict, and the return of the heroes, are 
 fraught with romantic incidents. 
 
42 INTRODUCTION 
 
 iv. Outline of the Roman Mythology. 
 
 The development of the Roman mythology, as of the 
 Roman religion, was marked by three distinct stages, or 
 periods. 
 
 In the first, the prehistoric period, beliefs and worship were 
 of the simplest character. There were as yet no temples. 
 On mountain tops, by springs, lakes, and running streams, or 
 in the presence of fire, men worshipped the divine powers 
 that were supposed thus to manifest themselves. The gods, 
 too, were not represented by images, but by symbols, by 
 plants and animals considered sacred to them. Thus the 
 eagle and the oak were sacred to Jupiter, the wolf and the 
 woodpecker to Mars. In this period human sacrifices were 
 at times offered up. 
 
 The second period, known as that of Numa, covering the 
 earlier and middle part of the Roman kingdom, was charac- 
 terized by the establishment of priesthoods and minute, 
 often laborious regulations of worship, many of which were 
 no doubt derived from Etruria. From this time the Roman 
 religion was dominated by priestcraft. 
 
 The third period, including the latter part of the Roman 
 kingdom and the Roman republic, was marked by the in- 
 troduction of foreign divinities, beliefs, and ceremonies, chiefly 
 from the Greeks. During this period most of the Roman 
 temples were built. 
 
 Many elements of the Greek Mythology* were introduced 
 into Rome so early and became so much a part of the na- 
 tional thought that they may best be treated along with those 
 that were indigenous. The few native ideas in regard to the 
 beginning of the world and the origin and early life of man 
 were so completely replaced by the Greek myths that they 
 
THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 48 
 
 may here be passed over. Our outline of the Roman My- 
 thology will therefore comprise only two divisions : myths of 
 
 Deities, and myths oi Demi-gods or Heroes. 
 
 i. Myths of Deities. 
 a. Divinities of Heaven. 
 
 The Greater Gods 1 were : — 
 
 Ianus, opener of the portals of heaven, god of all begin- 
 nings ; guardian of entrances, doors, and passage-ways : 
 represented with two faces looking in opposite di- 
 rections. 
 
 Iuppiter (English Jupiter) > ' greatest and best ' of all gods, 
 ruler of heaven and earth. His position and relations 
 correspond with those of the Greek Zeus, with whom in 
 later times he was fully identified. 
 
 Iuno, wife of Juppiter and queen of heaven, in later times 
 identified with the Greek Hera. 
 
 Minerva, goddess of wisdom and statecraft ; a native 
 divinity soon identified with the Greek Athene. 
 
 Apollo, a purely Greek divinity, whose worship was trans- 
 planted to Rome at an early date and became very 
 popular. See Apollo n, p. 30. 
 
 Diana, an ancient Italian 2 moon-goddess, afterwards 
 identified with the Greek Artemis and thought of as 
 Apollo's sister. 
 
 Mars, an ancient Italian god of husbandry and cattle- 
 raising, of manly vigor and victorious strife, revered by 
 
 1 The Romans in later times also recognized a group of " Twelve 
 Great Gods." viz. : Iuppiter, Iuno, Minerva, Apollo, Diana, Mars, 
 Venus, A T eptunus T Ceres, Mcrcurms, Vulcan us, Vesta. 
 
 - That is, worshipped by other early Italian peoples as well as by the 
 Romans. 
 
44 INTRODUCTION 
 
 the Romans as next in power to Juppiter. In later 
 times Mars was identified with the Greek Ares. 
 
 Venus, an Italian goddess of flowers, gardens, vineyards, 
 and the quickening life of spring; later identified 
 with the Greek Aphrodite, as goddess of love and 
 womanly charm. 
 
 Vulcanus (English Vulcan), an Italian god of fire, con- 
 sidered sometimes as a helpful and protecting, some- 
 times as a destroying deity. He is often confused 
 with the Greek Hephaistos. 
 
 Vesta, goddess of the hearth and protectress of the 
 home-life ; also guardian of the life of the City as 
 the home of the Romans. With her worship was 
 closely connected that of the Penafes, guardian spirits 
 watching over the sustenance of the household. 
 Vesta corresponds closely with the Greek Hestia. 
 
 Of the Lesser Gods the most important were : 
 
 Sol, the Sun, corresponding with the Greek Helios. 
 
 Luna, the Moon, corresponding with the Greek Selene. 
 
 Mater Matuta, goddess of the Dawn. 
 
 Quirinus, a god of war and guardian of the Romans; 
 apparently at first a Sabine divinity corresponding with 
 the Roman Mars, but afterwards identified with the 
 deified Romulus, mythical founder of Rome. 
 
 Mercurius, in early times purely a divinity of commerce 
 and money-making. Later he was identified with the 
 Greek Hermes, and the myths of Hermes were at- 
 tributed to him. 
 
 Aesculapius, the Greek Aisklepios (cf. p. 32), whose 
 worship was introduced into Rome from Epidauros 
 in Argolis, after a pestilence, in the year 291 b. c, 
 
THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 45 
 
 and gained so strong a hold upon the people that 
 it was among the last to die out after the promul- 
 gation of Christianity. 
 
 Iuvcntus, a personification of youth ; a divinity supposed 
 to watch over young manhood. 
 
 Terminus, god of boundaries, public and private. 
 
 Fides, a personification of good-faith; worshipped es- 
 pecially, in connection with Juppiter, as god of 
 contracts. 
 
 Main, also called Bona Dea, wife of Vulcan, a ben- 
 eficent goddess of the field, to whose quickening 
 influence the starting of vegetation in the spring 
 was ascribed. From her the month of May takes 
 its name. In later times she was sometimes con- 
 fused with the Greek Maia, Atlas's daughter, mother 
 of Hermes. 
 
 Winds and Storms were personified, as by the Greeks, 
 with many different names and attributes. 
 
 b. Divinities of the Sea and Waters. 
 
 Owing to the lack of familiarity of the early Romans 
 with the sea, their nautical myths were even more scanty 
 than those of the other elements of Nature. The principal 
 divinity of the sea was — 
 
 Neptunus, lord of all waters, later identified with the 
 
 Greek Poseidon. 
 Springs, Rivers, and Brooks, as among the Greeks, were 
 thought to be under the care of special Nymphs 
 and Stream -gods. 
 
46 INTRODUCTION 
 
 c. Divinities of the Earth and Practical Life. 
 
 The chief divinities of the Earth and its products were : 
 Tellus, the Earth, personified as mother of all things, 
 
 in contrast with the fructifying Heaven; hence in 
 
 prayers and oaths Iuppiter and Tellus Mater are often 
 
 mentioned together. 
 Saturnus, Saturn, one of the most ancient Italian 
 
 deities, god of seeds and sowing, the introducer 
 
 of agriculture ; often identified or confused with the 
 
 Greek Kronos. 
 Ops, wife of Saturnus, goddess of sowing and harvest. 
 Ceres, an ancient Italian goddess, later fully identified 
 
 with the Greek Le?neter. 
 Liber, an early Italian deity of planting and fructification, 
 
 in later times identified with the Greek Dionysos or 
 
 Bacchos. 
 Libera, an ancient Italian divinity, later completely 
 
 merged with the Greek Persephone, and also called 
 
 Proserpina. 
 Faunus, an early Italian god of mountains, pasture- 
 lands, and meadows ; a kindly deity, blessing with 
 
 increase fields, flocks, and the work of men. 
 Silvanus, a divinity presiding over forests, fields, and 
 
 the labors of husbandmen. 
 Pales, tutelary deity of flocks and sheperds. 
 Feronia, an early Italian goddess of groves and of flowing 
 
 fountains ; also the guardian of freedmen. 
 Flora, goddess of bloom and flowers. 
 Priapus, a divinity of Greek origin, god of gardens 
 
 and promoter of fertility. 
 
THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 47 
 
 VertumnuS) god of fruits, guardian of vegetable products 
 
 from blossoming to maturity. 
 Pomona, wife of Vertumnus, goddess of fruit-trees and 
 
 gardens. 
 Magna Mater, the Greek Rhea Kybele, whose wor- 
 ship was introduced from Pessinus in Asia Minor, 
 
 b. c. 204. Cf. p. 34. 
 By the divinities of practical life are meant a great num- 
 ber of personified abstractions, of which the following are 
 examples : — 
 
 Fortuna, goddess of Fortune. 
 
 Sa/us, good-health ; Febris, Fever. 
 
 Victoria, Victory; Bellona (cf. be Hum), a goddess of War; 
 
 Honos, Honor ; Virtus, Valor ; Pax, Peace. 
 Libertas, Liberty; Spes, Hope; Felicitas, Good-luck; 
 
 Bonus Eventus, Good Outcome. 
 Concordia, Harmony ; Pietas, Dutifulness ; Pudicitia, 
 
 Modesty; Mens, Intellect; Aequitas, Fairness; Prov- 
 
 identia, Forethought. 
 
 d. Divinities of the Underworld and Death. 
 
 The early Roman notions about the Underworld, so far as 
 they went, were similar to those of the Greeks. But they were 
 not carried out so far in detail as the Greek, and were influ- 
 enced in their development by the Roman ancestor-worship. 
 
 The principal divinities of the underworld were : 
 Orcus, lord of the Underworld, who like a harvester gath- 
 ers the souls of the dead into his treasure-house. In 
 later times Orcus was often identified with the Greek 
 PI u ton. 
 
48 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Manes, spirits of those who had recently died, living in the 
 Underworld, but permitted at times to return to earth 
 and mingle unseen with the living. 
 
 Lares, spirits of ancestors long dead, who were buried with 
 proper funeral rites. They were thought of as benefi- 
 cent divinities, protecting the descendants of their 
 families in all works and ways. The Lares Familiares 
 in particular hovered about the hearth, bringing count- 
 less blessings to the homes where they were duly 
 worshipped. The Lares as guardian spirits of the 
 family, and the Penates as spirits ministering to the 
 material needs of the household, are often mentioned 
 together as representing the home. 
 
 Larvae, spirits of ancestors who did not have the proper 
 burial rites. These were supposed to be restless ghosts, 
 evil demons, wandering up and down the earth, having 
 no peace, bringing blight and curses wherever they 
 went. 
 
 In the classical period, and after that time, the Greek myths 
 of the Underworld became current and found frequent expres- 
 sion in literature, as in the sixth book of Vergil's Aeneid and 
 in the works of other poets. 
 
 Introduction of Oriental Divinities. 
 
 Just before the beginning of the Christian era, and also after 
 that time, the worship of many divinities was introduced to 
 Rome from the East. The most noteworthy were : 
 
 /sis, an Egyptian goddess of the earth. 
 
 Osiris, the Egyptian god of the Nile, husband of Isis. 
 
 Serapis, apparently another name for Osiris as manifesting 
 himself in Apis, the Egyptian Sacred Bull. 
 
THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 49 
 
 Jfit/iras, Persian god of the Sun, whose worship was brought 
 to Rome in the early Empire and soon became wide- 
 spread. 
 
 Elagabalus, a Syrian sun-god, whose worship was intro- 
 duced by the Emperor of the same name (also some- 
 times called Hcliogabalus) , near the beginning of the 
 third century a. d. 
 
 2. Myths of Demi-gods and Heroes. 
 
 The Romans had no native heroes, using the word in the 
 Greek sense. But many of the heroes of Greek mythology 
 were venerated at Rome, and became connected with national 
 myths. Among those most commonly referred to are : 
 
 Hercules, the Greek Herakles, said to have passed through 
 Italy, and celebrated in the legends connected with the 
 founding of Rome. 
 Ulixes (English Ulysses), the Greek Odysseus. 
 Castor and Pollux, the Greek Raster and Polydeukes. 
 Aeneas, son of Venus and the Trojan Anchises ; he became 
 
 the national hero of the Romans. 
 Anterior, also a Trojan hero, connected with legends of 
 
 settlements in Northern Italy. 
 To these are sometimes added certain characters in the 
 early Roman legends, as — 
 
 Latinus, King of the Latins, the primitive inhabitants of 
 
 Latium, whose daughter Lavinia Aeneas married. 
 Turnus, an Italian prince to whom Lavinia had been be- 
 trothed before Aeneas came to Italy. 
 Romulus, son of Mars and Rhea Silvia, founder of P.ome. 
 
P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 1. CADMUS. 
 
 Cadmus, sororc Enropa ubiquc petita, urban condere parat. 
 Draco comites necat. 
 
 Iamque deus posita fallacis imagine tauri 
 Se confessus erat Dictaeaque rura tenebat, 
 Cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam 
 Imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit 
 Exsilium, facto pius et sceleratus eodem. 
 Orbe pererrato, (quis enim deprendere possit 
 Furta Iovis?) profugus patriamque iramque parentis 
 Vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex 
 Consulit et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit. 
 
 "Bos tibi," Phoebus ait, "solis occurret in arvis, 
 Nullum passa iugum, curvique immunis aratri. 
 Hac duce carpe vias et qua requieverit herba, 
 Moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato." 
 
 Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro, 
 Incustoditam lente \ddet ire iuvencam 
 Nullum servitii signum cer\ice gerentem. 
 Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu, 
 Auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat. 
 
 lam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva ; 
 Bos stetit et tollens speciosam cornibus altis 
 Ad caelum frontem mugitibus impulit auras. 
 Atque ita respiciens comites sua terga sequentes 
 
 51 
 
52 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Procubuit teneraque latus summisit in herba. 
 Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae 
 25 Figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 
 Sacra Iovi facturus erat. Iubet ire ministros 
 Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas. 
 
 Silva vetus stabat, nulla violata securi, 
 Et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, 
 30 Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 
 Uberibus fecundus aquis, ubi conditus antro 
 Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro ; 
 Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet omne veneno, 
 Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine dentes. 
 
 ^35 Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 
 Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas 
 Urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro 
 Caeruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit. 
 Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit 
 40 Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 
 Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes 
 Torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus, 
 Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras 
 ^Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto 
 45 Si to turn spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 
 Nee mora. Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant, 
 Sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque, 
 Occupat. Hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos, 
 Hos necat adflata funesti tabe veneni. 
 
 Cadmus occidit draconem, cuius dentes, humi sparsi, milites 
 
 jiunt. 
 
 so Fecerat exiguas iam sol altissimus umbras ; 
 Quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus, 
 
^^L 
 
 JW^KB5»t^*' j 5^csv>jti'**'» '* 
 
 
 "wfl 
 
 
 
 ■ H M 
 
 PH ^wfeS^K 
 
 HP^ Hf'" * 
 
 
 Ares, or Mars 
 
CADMUS 
 
 Vestigatque viros. Tegumen derepta leonis 
 
 Pellis erat, teluro splendent] lancea ferro 
 
 Et iaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni. 
 
 Ut nemus intravit letataque corpora vidit, 55 
 
 Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem 
 
 Tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua, 
 
 " Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis, 
 
 Aut comes," inquit, "ero." Dixit, dextraque molarem 
 
 Sustulit et magnum magno conamine misit. 60 
 
 Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis 
 
 Moenia mota forent ; serpens sine vulnere mansit, 
 
 Loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrae 
 
 Duritia pellis validos cute reppulit ictus. 
 
 At non duritia iaculum quoque vicit eadem, 65 
 
 Quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum 
 
 Constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum. 
 
 Ille dolore ferox caput in sua terga retorsit, 
 
 Vulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit, 
 
 Idque ubi vi mult a partem labefecit in omnem, 7o 
 
 Vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit. 
 
 Turn vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras 
 
 Causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis, 
 
 Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus, 
 
 Terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75 
 
 Ore niger Stygio vitiatas inficit auras. 
 
 Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem 
 
 Cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ; 
 
 Impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis 
 
 Fertur. et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. s° 
 
 Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis 
 Sustinet incursus, instailtiaque ora retardat *2s 
 
 V 
 
54 p. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Cuspide praetenta. Furit ille et inania duro 
 
 Vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes, 
 85 lamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 
 
 Coeperat et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas. 
 
 Sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu. 
 
 Laesaque colla dabat retro plagamque sedere 
 
 Cedendo arcebat nee longius ire sinebat, 
 90 Donee Agenorides coniectum in gutture ferrum 
 
 Usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti 
 
 Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix. 
 
 Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et ima 
 Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae. 
 95 Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis, 
 Vox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere promptum, 
 Unde, sed audita est, "Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum 
 Serpentem spectas? Et tu spectabere serpens." 
 Ille diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem 
 
 100 Perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 
 Ecce viri fautrix superas delapsa per auras 
 Pallas adest, motaeque iubet supponere terrae 
 Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. 
 Paret et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro, 
 
 105 Spargit humi iussos, mortalia semina, dentes. 
 
 Inde, fide maius, glaebae coepere moveri, 
 Primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae, 
 Tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono, 
 Mox umeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis 
 noExsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum. 
 Sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris, 
 Surgere signa solent, primumque ostendere viiltus, 
 Cetera paulatim ; placidoque educta tenore 
 
CADMUS 
 
 Tota patent imoque pedes in margine ponunt. 
 
 Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat. n 5 
 "Ne cape," de populo, quern terra creaverat, unus 
 Exclamat, "nee te civilibus insere bellis." 
 Atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum 
 Comminus ense ferit ; iaculo cadit eminus ipse. 
 Hie quoque, qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120 
 
 Vivit, et exspirat modo quas acceperat auras. 
 
 Exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque 
 
 Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. 
 
 Iamque brevis vitae spatium sortita iuventus 
 
 Sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem, 125 
 
 Quinque superstitibus ; quorum fuit unus Echion. 
 
 Is sua iecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma, 
 
 Fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque. 
 
 Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes, 
 
 Cum posuit iussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 130 
 
 lam stabant Thebae ; poteras iam, Cadme, videri 
 Exsilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque 
 Contigerant ; hue adde genus de coniuge tanta, 
 Tot natos natasque et, pignora cara, nepotes, 
 Hos quoque iam iuvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper i 35 
 Exspectanda dies homini, dicique beatus 
 Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. 
 
2. PYRAMUS ET THISBE. 
 
 Error levis duos amantes perdit. 
 
 Pyramus et Thisbe, iuvenum pulcherrimus alter, 
 Altera, quas oriens habuit, praelata puellis, 
 Contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam 
 Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. 
 
 5 Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit ; 
 Tempore crevit amor. Taedae quoque iure coissent, 
 Sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare, 
 Ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo. 
 Conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur, 
 
 io Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis. 
 
 Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim, 
 Cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. 
 Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum — 
 Quid non sentit amor? — primi vidistis, amantes, 
 15 Et vocis fecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud 
 Murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 
 
 Saepe, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, 
 Inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris, 
 "Invide," dicebant, "paries, quid amantibus obstas? 
 20 Quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore iungi, 
 Aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! 
 Nee sumus ingrati ; tibi nos debere fatemur, 
 Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures." 
 
 Talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti 
 25 Sub noctem dixere "vale," partique dedere 
 
 56 
 
PYRAMUS ET THISBE 57 
 
 Oscula quisque suae, non pervenientia contra. 
 Posters Qocturnos aurora removerat ignes 
 Solquc pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas, 
 
 Ad solitum coiere locum. Turn, murmure parvo 
 Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti 3 o 
 
 Fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 
 Cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ; 
 Neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo, 
 Conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra 
 Arboris. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis 35 
 
 Ardua morus, erat, gelido contermina fonti. 
 
 Pacta placent. Et lux, tarde discedere visa, 
 Praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox exit ab isdem. 
 Callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe 
 Egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum 40 
 
 Pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 
 Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti 
 Caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus, 
 Depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda. 
 
 Quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe 45 
 
 Vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum, 
 
 Dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit. 
 
 Ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda, 
 
 Dum redit in silvas, inventos fonte sine ipsa 
 
 Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 50 
 
 Serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto 
 
 Pulvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore 
 
 Py ramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam 
 
 Repperit, "Una duos," inquit, "nox perdet amantes ! 
 
 E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita, 55 
 
58 p. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Nostra nocens anima est. Ego te, miseranda, peremi, 
 In loca plena metus qui iussi nocte venires, 
 Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, 
 Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, 
 60 O quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe leones. 
 Sed timidi est optare necem." 
 
 Velamina Thisbe 
 Tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram. 
 Utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti, 
 ''Accipe nunc/' inquit, "nostri quoque sanguinis 
 haustus!" 
 65 Quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum, 
 Nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 
 
 Ut iacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alte, 
 Non aliter quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo 
 Scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas 
 7 o Eiaculatur aquas atque ictibus aera rumpit. 
 Arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram 
 Vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix 
 Puniceo tingit pendentia mora colore. 
 
 Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem, 
 75 Ilia redit, iuvenemque oculis animoque requirit, 
 
 Quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 
 
 Utque locum et visa cognoscit in arbore formam, 
 
 Sic facit incertam pomi color ; haeret, an haec sit. 
 
 Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum 
 80 Membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo 
 
 Pallidiora gerens exhorruit aequoris instar, 
 
 Quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura. 
 
Hera, or Juno 
 
PYRAMUS ET THISBE 59 
 
 d postquam remorata suos cognovit amorcs, 
 Percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, 
 Kt laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum 85 
 
 Vulnera supplevit lacrimis Setumque cruori 
 Miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens 
 "Pyrame," clamavit, "quis te mihi casus ademit? 
 Pyrame, responde ; tua te carissima Thisbe 
 Nominat. Exaudi, vultusque attolle iacentes !" 90 
 
 Ad nomen Thisbes oculos iam morte gravatos 
 Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia. 
 Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense 
 Vidit ebur vacuum, "Tua te manus," inquit, "amorque 
 Perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum 95 
 
 Hoc manus, est et amor ; dabit hie in vulnera vires. 
 Persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar 
 Causa comesque tui. Quique a me morte revelli 
 Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli ! 
 
 "Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati, 100 
 
 O multum miseri, meus illiusque parentes, 
 
 Ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima iunxit, 
 
 Componi tumulo non invideatis eodem. 
 
 At tu, quae ramis arbor miserable corpus 
 
 Nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum, 105 
 
 Signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 
 
 Semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris." 
 
 Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum 
 
 Incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat. 
 
 Vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes. no 
 
 Nam color in porno est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; 
 
 Quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna. 
 
3. PERSEUS. 
 
 Perseus Andromedan liber at. 
 
 Clauserat Hippotades aeterno carcere ventos ; 
 Admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto 
 Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 
 Parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco, 
 
 5 Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. 
 Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis 
 Aethiopum populos, Cepheaque conspicit arva. 
 Illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae 
 Andromedan poenas iniustus iusserat Ammon. 
 
 IO Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes 
 Vidit Abantiades, — nisi quod levis aura capillos 
 Moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu, 
 Marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes 
 Et stupet, et visae correptus imagine formae 
 
 I5 Paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. 
 
 Ut stetit, "O," dixit, "non istis digna catenis, 
 Sed quibus inter se cupidi iunguntur amantes, 
 Pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque, 
 Et cur vincla geras." 
 
 Primo silet ilia, nee audet 
 
 20 Appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos 
 Celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. 
 Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis. 
 Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 
 Nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque, 
 
 25 Quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae, 
 
 60 
 
PERSEUS 61 
 
 Indicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda 
 Insonuit, vcnicnsque immense) bclua ponto 
 Imminct. ct latum sub pectore possidet aequor. 
 
 Conclamat virgo. Gcnitor lugubris et una 
 Mater adest, ambo miseri, sed iustius ilia. 30 
 
 Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus 
 Plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent, 
 Cum sic hospes ait : "Lacrimarum longa manere 
 Tempora vos poterunt ; ad opem brevis hora ferendam 
 
 est. 
 Hanc ego si peterem Perseus, love natus et alis 35 
 
 Aerias ausus iactatis ire per auras, 
 Praeferrer cunctis certe gener ! Addere tantis 
 Dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto. 
 Ut mea sit, servata mea virtute, paciscor." 1^ 
 
 Accipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret ? — et orant, 40 
 Promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. 
 
 Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro 
 
 Sulcat aquas, iuvenum sudantibus acta lacertis, 
 
 Sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis 
 
 Tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto 45 
 
 Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli ; 
 
 Cum subito iuvenis pedibus tellure repulsa 
 
 Arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo 
 
 Umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram. 
 
 Utque Iovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo 50 
 
 Praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 
 Occupat aversum ; neu saeva retorqueat ora, 
 Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues : 
 
62 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu 
 55 Terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in armo 
 Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 
 Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras 
 Attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis 
 Versat apri, quern turba canum circumsona terret. 
 
 60 IUe avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis ; 
 
 Quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 
 Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda 
 Desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense. 
 Belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus 
 
 65 Ore vomit. Maduere graves aspergine pennae. 
 Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 
 Credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo 
 Stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. 
 Nixus eo rupisque tenens iuga prima sinistra 
 
 70 Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. 
 
 Litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 
 Implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant 
 Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur 
 Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis 
 
 75 Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. 
 Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda ; 
 Anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat harena, 
 Mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas 
 Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae. 
 
 80 Virga recens bibulaque etiam nunc viva medulla 
 Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit huius, 
 Percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigor em. 
 At pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant 
 
Athene, or Minerva 
 
PERSEUS 03 
 
 Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent, 
 Seminaque ex illis iterant [aetata per undas. 85 
 
 Nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 
 Duritiam tacto capiant ut ab aere, quodque 
 Vimen in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum. 
 
 Dis tribus ille focos totidem de caespite ponit, 
 
 Laevum Mercurio, dextrum tibi, bellica virgo ; 90 
 
 Ara Iovis media est. Mactatur vacca Minervae, 
 
 Alipedi vitulus, taurus tibi, summe deorum. 
 
 Protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti 
 
 Indotata rapit ; taedas Hymenaeus Amorque 
 
 Praecutiunt. Largis satiantur odoribus ignes, 95 
 
 Sertaque dependent tectis, et ubique lyraeque 
 
 Tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti 
 
 Argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis 
 
 Atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu 
 
 Cepheni proceres ineunt convivia regis. 100 
 
4. NIOBE 
 
 Niobe, superbid elata, se Latonae praeponit. 
 
 ^Ecce venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba, 
 Vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro 
 Et, quantum ira sinit, formosa, movensque decoro 
 Cum capite immissos umerum per utrumque capillos 
 5 Constitit ; utque oculos circumtulit^alta_superbos, 
 
 "Quis furor, auditos," inquit, "praeponere visis 
 
 Caelestes ? Aut cur colitur Latona per aras, 
 
 Numen adhuc sine Jture meum est? Mihi Tantalus 
 
 auctor, 
 Cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas. 
 io Plei'adum soror est genetrix mea. Maximus Atlas 
 Est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem ; 
 Iuppiter alter avus. Socero quoque glorior illo. 
 
 "Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi 
 Sub domina est ; Jidibusque mei commissa mariti 
 15 Moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur. 
 In quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem, 
 Immensae spec tan tur opes. Accedit eodem 
 Digna dea facies. Hue natas adice septem 
 Et totidem iuvenes, et mox generosque nurusque. 
 
 jo_"Quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam, 
 Nescio quoque audete j^atam Titanida Coeo 
 Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam 
 Exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit ! 
 Nee caelo nee humo nee aquis dea vestra recepta est ; 
 
 64 
 
NIOBE 65 
 
 Exsul erat mundi, donee miserata vagantem, 25 
 
 "Hospita tu terris erras, ego," dixit, "in undis," 
 Instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duorum 
 Facta parens ; prolis pars haec est septima nostrae. 
 Sum felix — quis enim neget hoc? — felixque manebo. 
 Hoc quoque quis dubitet ? Tutam me copia fecit *^ 30 
 
 "Maior sum, quam cui possit For tuna nocere ; 
 
 Multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet. 
 
 Excessere metum mea iam bona. Fingite demi 
 
 Huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum, 
 
 Non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum, 35 
 
 Latonae turbam ; qua quantum distat ab orba ? 
 
 Ite, satis, properate, sacri est ; laurumque capillis 
 
 Ponite." 
 
 Deponunt, infectaque sacra relinquunt, 
 Quodque licet, tacito venerantur murmure numen. 
 
 Apollo, querellis Latonae motus, omnes filios filiasque 
 Niobes perdit. 
 
 Indignata dea est, summoque in vertice Cynthi 40 
 
 Talibus est dictis gemina cu m prole l ocuta : 
 
 "En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis, 
 
 Et, nisi Iunoni, nulli cessura dearum, 
 
 An dea sim, dubitor. Perque omnia saecula cultis 
 
 Arceor, nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris. 45 
 
 Nee dolor hie solus ; diro convicia facto 
 
 Tantalis adiecit, vosque est postponere natis 
 
 Ausa suis, et me, — quod in ipsam r ecidat ! — orbam 
 
 Dixit, et exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam." 
 
66 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 50 Adiectura preces erat his Latona relatis : 
 
 "Desine!" Phoebus ait, "poenae mora longa querella 
 
 est." 
 Dixit idem Phoebe. Celerique per^era lapsu 
 ^=*— Contigerant tecti Cadme'ida nubibus arcem. 
 
 Planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus, 
 55 Adsiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum 
 Duraque mollierat subiectas ungula glaebas. 
 Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes 
 Conscendunt in equos, Tyrioque rubentia suco 
 Terga premunt, auroque graves moderantur habenas. 
 60 E quibus Ismenus, dum certum flectit in orbem 
 Quadrupedis cursus, spumantiaque ora coercet, 
 "Ei mihi !" conclamat, medioque in pectore fixa 
 Tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis 
 In latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo. /^ 
 
 65 Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, 
 Frena dabat Sipylus ; veluti cum praescius imbris 
 Nube fugit visa, pendentiaque undique rector 
 Carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura. 
 Frena tamen dantem non evitabile telum 
 
 70 Consequitur, summaque tremens cervice sagitta 
 Haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum. 
 Ille, ut erat, pronus per colla admissa iubasque 
 Volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine foedat. 
 
 Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres 
 7S Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori, 
 Transierant ad opus nitidae iuvenale palaestrae ; 
 Et iam contulerant arto luctantia nexu 
 
NlOBE, WITH THE YOUNGEST DAUGHTER 
 
NIOBE 69 
 
 Deriguitque malis. Nullos movet aura capillos, 
 In vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis 
 Stant immota genis ; nihil est in imagine vivum. 
 
 Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato 
 Congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri ; r 4 o 
 
 Nee flecti cervix nee bracchia reddere motus 
 Nee pes ire potest ; intra quoque viscera saxum est. 
 Flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti 
 In patriam rapta est. Ibi fixa cacumine montis 
 Liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant. i 45 
 
5. DAEDALUS ET ICARUS. 
 
 Daedalus I car us que filius a Crete volant. Icarus in mare 
 
 cadit. 
 
 - Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus 
 Exsilium tactusque loci natalis amore, 
 Clausus erat pelago. " Terras licet/' inquit, "et undas 
 Obstruat ; at caelum certe patet. Ibimus iliac. 
 5 Omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos." 
 
 Dixit, et ignotas animum dimittit in artes, 
 Naturamque novat. Nam ponit in ordine pennas, 
 A minima coeptas, longam breviore sequenti, 
 Ut clivo crevisse putes ; sic rustica quondam 
 io Fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis. 
 Turn lino medias et ceris alligat imas, 
 Atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit, 
 Ut veras imitetur aves. 
 
 Puer Icarus una 
 Stabat et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla, 
 
 15 Ore renidenti modo quas vaga moverat aura, 
 Captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram 
 Mollibat, lusuque suo mirabile patris 
 Impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coeptis 
 Imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas 
 
 2o^Ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura. 
 
 Instruit et natum, "Medio" que "ut limite curras, 
 Icare, " ait, "moneo, ne, si demissior ibis, 
 Unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat. 
 Inter utramque vola. Nee te spectare Booten 
 
 70 
 
DAEDALUS ET ICARUS 71 
 
 Aut Helicon iubeo strictumque Ononis enscm. 25 
 
 Me (luce carpe viam." Pariter praecepta volandi 
 Tradit et ignotas umeris accommodat alas. 
 
 Inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles, 
 Et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato 
 — Non iterum repetenda ! — suo, pennisque levatus 30 
 Ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto 
 Quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido ; 
 Hortaturque sequi, damnosasque erudit artes, 
 Et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas. 
 
 Hos aliquis tremula dum captat harundine pisces, 35 
 
 Aut pastor baculo stivave iruiixus arator 
 
 Vidit et obstipuit, quique aethera carpere possent, 
 
 Credidit esse deos. Et iam Iu,nonia laeva 
 
 Parte Samos, fuerant Delosque Parosque relictae, 
 
 Dextra Lebinthus erat fecundaque melle Calymne, 40 
 
 Cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu, 
 
 Deseruitque ducem caelique cupidine tractus 
 
 Aldus egit iter. Rapidi vicinia solis 
 
 Mollit odoratas, pennarum •vincula, ceras. . 
 
 Tabuerant cerae ; nudos quatit ille lacertos, 45 
 
 Remigioque carens non ullas percipit auras, 
 
 Oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen 
 
 Excipiuntur aqua, quae nomen traxit ab illo. 
 
 At pater infelix, nee iam pater, "Icare," dixit, 
 
 "Icare," dixit, "ubi es? Qua te regione requiram?" 50 
 
 "Icare," dicebat, pennas aspexit in undis, 
 
 Devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulchro 
 
 Condidit. Et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti. 
 
6. ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE. 
 
 Orpheus Eurydicen apud inferos petit. 
 
 ^Inde per immensum croceo velatus amictu 
 Aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras 
 Tendit, et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur. 
 Adfuit ille quidem, sed nee sollemnia verba 
 5 Nee laetos vultus nee felix attulit omen. 
 Fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo 
 Usque fuit, nullosque invenit motibus ignes. 
 
 Exitus auspicio gravior. Nam nupta per herbas 
 Dum nova naiadum turba comitata vagatur, 
 
 io Occidit, in talum serpentis dente recepto. 
 
 Quam satis ad superas postquam Rhodopei'us auras 
 Deflevit vates, ne non temptaret et umbras, 
 Ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere porta ; 
 Perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulchro 
 
 15 Persephonen adiit inamoenaque regna tenentem 
 Umbrarum dominum. Pulsisque ad carmina nervis 
 Sic ait : 
 
 "O positi sub terra numina mundi, 
 In quern reccidimus, quicquid mortale creamur, 
 Si licet, et falsi positis ambagibus oris 
 
 20 Vera loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem 
 Tartara, descendi ; nee uti villosa colubris 
 Terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri. 
 
 " Causa viae coniunx, in quam calcata venenum 
 Vipera diffudit, crescentesque abstulit annos. ^/ 
 
 72 
 
Apollo 
 
ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE 78 
 
 Posse pati volui, ncc me temptasse negabo ; 
 
 Vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est ; 
 
 An sit et hie, dubito. Sed et hie tamen auguror esse, 
 
 Famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae, 
 
 Vos quoque iunxit amor. Per ego haec loca plena 
 
 timoris, 
 Per Chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni, 30 
 
 Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata. 
 
 " Omnia debemus vobis, paulumque morati 
 Serius aut citius sedem properamus ad imam. 
 Tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima, vosque 
 Humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35 
 
 Haec quoque, cum iustos matura peregerit annos, 
 Iuris erit vestri ; pro munere poscimus usum. 
 Quod si fata negant veniam pro coniuge, certum est 
 Nolle redire mihi ; leto gaudete duorum/' 
 
 Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem 40 
 
 Exsangues flebant animae ; nee Tantalus undam 
 Captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis, 
 Nee carpsere iecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt 
 Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo. 
 
 Tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45 
 
 Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia coniunx 
 Sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare ; 
 Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes 
 Inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo. 
 Hanc simul et legem Rhodopeius accipit Orpheus, 50 
 
 Ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas 
 Exierit valles ; aut irrita dona futura. 
 
74 p. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames, 
 Arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca. 
 55 Nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae. 
 Hie, ne deficeret, metuens, avidusque videndi, 
 Flexit amans oculos ; et protinus ilia relapsa est, 
 Bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere captans 
 Nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras. 
 
 60 Iamque iterum moriens non est de coniuge quicquam 
 Questa suo ; quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ? 
 Supremumque "Vale," quod iam vix auribus ille 
 Acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est. 
 
 Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem 
 65 Portitor arcuerat. Septem tamen ille diebus 
 Squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit ; 
 Cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere. 
 Esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam 
 Se recipit Rhodopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemum. 
 
7. MIDAS. 
 
 Avaritia jugienda est. 
 
 Xec satis hoc Baccho est. Ipsos quoque deserit agros, 
 
 Cumque choro meliore sui vineta Timoli 
 
 Pactolonque petit, quamvis non aureus illo 
 
 Tempore nee caris erat invidiosus harenis. 
 
 Hunc adsueta cohors Satyri Bacchaeque frequentant. 5 
 
 At Silenus abest. Titubantem annisque meroque 
 
 Ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis 
 
 Ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus 
 
 Orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo. 
 
 Qui simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum, 10 
 
 Hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit 
 
 Per bis quinque dies et iunctas ordine noctes. 
 
 Et iam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen 
 Lucifer undecimus. Lydos cum laetus in agros 
 Rex venit, et iuveni Silenum reddit alumno. i s 
 
 Huic deus optandi gratum, sed inutile, fecit 
 Muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto. 
 Ille, male usurus donis, ait. ''Effice. quicquid 
 Corpore contigero, fulvum yertatur in aurum." 
 
 Annuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit 2 ° 
 
 Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset. 
 Laetus abit gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros, 
 Pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temp tat. 
 Vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virentem 
 Ilice detraxit virgam ; virga aurea facta est. 2 $ 
 
76 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Tollit humo saxum ; saxum quoque palluit auro. 
 Contigit et glaebam ; contactu glaebaj)otenti 
 Massa fit. Arentes Cereris decerpsit aristas ; 
 Aurea messis erat. Demptum tenet ^arhoi^ pomum ; 
 30 Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis 
 Admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur. 
 
 Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens 
 Omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri 
 Exstructas dapibus nee tostaejrugis egentes. 
 
 35 Turn vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra 
 Munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ; 
 Sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat, 
 Lammina fulva dapes, admoto dente, premebat. 
 Miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis ; 
 
 40 Fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres. 
 
 Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque, 
 Effugere optat opes et quae modo voverat, odit. 
 Copia nulla famem relevat ; sitis arida guttur 
 Urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro. 
 45 Ad caelumque manus et splendida bracchia tollens, 
 "Da veniam, Lenaee pater ! peccavimus," inquit, 
 "Sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno." 
 
 Mite deum numen, Bacchus, peccasse fatentem 
 Restituit, pactique fide data munera solvit. 
 
 50 '^Neye male optato maneas drcumlitus auro, 
 Vade," ait, "ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem, 
 Perque iugum Phrygiaejabentibus obvius undis 
 Carpe viam, donee venias ad fluminis ortus ; 
 Spumigeroque tuum fonti, qua plurimus exit, 
 
 55 J^bde caput, corpusque simul, simul elue crimen." 
 
Diana as Huntress 
 
MIDAS 77 
 
 Rex iussae succedit aquae. Vis aurea tinxit 
 
 Flumcn, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem. 
 
 Nunc quoque iam veteris perceptoj^emine venae 
 Arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glaebis. 
 
P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Ovid's Metamorphoses begin with the creation of the world, 
 describing how out of Nature's chaos the earth was formed, its 
 mountains and valleys and plains, its rivers and seas, its winds and 
 clouds ; how the stars commenced to glow in the heavens ; how 
 fish first appeared in the water, birds in the air, and animals on 
 land. Last of all was born man, to whom, unlike other animals, 
 it was given to stand erect and lift his countenance heavenward. 
 
 Then came the four ages. 
 
 i st. The Golden Age, when spring bloomed eternal, and the 
 earth — untilled — brought forth lavishly of fruits and flowers, 
 when men were happy and law-abiding and revered the gods. 
 
 2nd. The Silver Age. Now the year was divided into four 
 seasons, and man was forced by winter's cold and ice to take refuge 
 in caves and to build huts and rough houses. 
 
 3rd. The Bronze Age. Men learned to forge weapons and to 
 wage long and bloody wars with one another. 
 
 4th. The Iron Age, when truth and honor fled, and crime ana 
 impiety filled the earth. 
 
 Finally, roused by a heinous offence, Jupiter assembled "the 
 heaven-dwellers," and announced his determination to destroy 
 all mankind by a flood. At his command, the clouds poured 
 forth unceasing rain, rivers overflowed their banks, seas and oceans 
 rose, until the earth was covered with the waters. 
 
 Then comes the following story of Deucalion and Pyrrha, which 
 relates how this humble, god-fearing couple were instrumental 
 in restoring mankind to the world. 
 
 78 
 
SIGHT READING 
 
 DEUCALION ET PYRRHA 
 
 Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis, 
 Terra ferax, dum terra fuit ; sed tempore in illo 
 Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 
 Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, 
 Nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes. 5 
 
 Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat aequor, 
 Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit, 
 Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant, 
 Fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat. 
 Non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi 10 
 
 Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. 
 
 Iuppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, 
 
 Et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum, 
 
 Et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam, 
 
 Innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos, 15 
 
 1. Aonius, of Aonia, a mountainous district in Boeotia. 
 Oetaeus, of Oetaea, a district in Greece, northwest of Phocis. Phocis, 
 Phocis, a district in central Greece, north of the Corinthian Gulf. 
 2. ferax, fertile. 5. cacumen, peak. 7. consors tori, 'partner 
 of his couch,'' = Pyrrha. ratis, raft. vectus, part, of veho, carry. 
 8 C6rycis,-idis, Corycian, of Corycium, a cave on Mt. Parnassus. 
 9. fati-dicus, fate-foretelling. Themis, Themis, goddess of jus- 
 tice and prophecy. 10. illo, abl. with comp. aequum, justice. 
 11. ilia, what case? why? metuentior . . . deorum, 'more god- 
 fearing? ulla, what case? why? 12. stagnare paludibus, 'lie 
 covered with pools.' 13. super-esse = manere. modo, just non\ 
 recently. 15. in-nocuus, not harmful, innocent, cultor, worshiper. 
 
 79 
 
80 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Nubila disiecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis 
 Et caelo terras ostendit et aethera terris. 
 
 Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo 
 Mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum 
 
 20 Exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum 
 Caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti 
 Inspirare iubet, fluctusque et flumina signo 
 lam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi 
 Tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, 
 
 25 Bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto, 
 Litora voce replet sub utroque iacentia Phoebo. 
 Tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba 
 Contigit, et cecinit iussos inflata receptus, 
 Omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis, 
 
 30 Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes. 
 Flumina subsidunt, collesque exire videntur ; 
 lam mare litus habet, plenos capit alveus amnes, 
 Surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis, 
 
 16. nubila, -orum, = nubes. dis-icio, drive apart, scatter, nimbus, 
 storm-cloud. 18. posito = de-posito. tricuspis, three- pointed. 
 19. mulceo, soothe, calm. profundum, deep (sea). 20. in-natus, 
 in-born, native, murex, shell-fish from which purple dye was ob- 
 tained ; hence, purple. 21. Triton, Triton, sea-god, son of Nep- 
 tune, concha, spiral shell, Triton's horn. 22. in-spiro, blow 
 into. 23. bucina = concha, illi = ab illo. 24. tortilis, twisted, 
 spiral, turbo, whorl (of a shell). 25. concepit . . . aera, 'caught 
 (Triton's) breath.' 26. sub utroque . . . Phoebo, 'under both 
 (the rising and setting) Sun. 1 27. roro, drip, barba, beard. 
 28. contigit, sc. concha, as subject, canere . . . receptus (in 
 prose, receptui), military term, sound a retreat, in-rlo = in-spiro. 
 32. plenos . . . amnes, 'the rivers, though still full, keep within 
 their channel' ; how lit.? 
 
DEUCALION ET PYRRHA M 
 
 Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae 
 Ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum. 35 
 
 Redditus orbis erat. Quern postquam vidit inanem 
 Et dcsolatas agere alta silentia terras, 
 Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham adfatur obortis : 
 
 "0 soror, O coniunx, O femina sola superstes, 
 Quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo, 40 
 
 Deinde torus iunxit, nunc ipsa pericula iungunt : 
 Terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus, 
 Nos duo turba sumus ; possedit cetera pontus. 
 Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae 
 Certa satis. Terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem. 45 
 
 '"'Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, 
 Nunc animi, miseranda, foret? Quo sola timorem 
 Ferre modo posses ? Quo consolante doleres ? 
 Namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus ha- 
 
 beret, 
 Te sequerer, coniunx, et me quoque pontus haberet. 50 
 
 "0 utinam possem populos reparare paternis 
 Artibus atque animas formatae infundere terrae ! 
 Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus, — 
 Sic visum est superis, — hominumque exempla mane- 
 mus." 
 
 34. nudata = nuda, sc. undis. 35. ilmus, mud, slime. 39. soror, 
 
 really cousin, Deucalion being the son of Prometheus, and Pyrrha 
 the daughter of Epimetheus, his brother, super-stes, surviving. 
 40. patruelis origo, 'descent as cousins.' 42. occasus et ortus, 
 sc. solis. 43. turba, crowd (ironical). 48. Quo consolante 
 doleres? = Quis te dolentem consolaretur? 51. paternis . . . 
 terrae, Prometheus is said to have molded men out of clay and 
 breathed life into them. 
 
82 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Consilio Themidos utentes iaciunt lapides, qui homines jiunt 
 55 Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit caeleste precari 
 
 Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes. 
 
 Nulla mora est. Adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, 
 
 Ut nondum liquidas, sic iam vada nota secantes. 
 
 Inde ubi libatos irroravere liquores 
 6d Vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae 
 
 Ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi 
 
 Pallebant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae. 
 
 Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 
 Pronus humi gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo. 
 65 Atque ita, "Si precibus," dixerunt, "numina iustis 
 Victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum, 
 Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri 
 Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus." 
 
 Mota dea est sortemque dedit : "Discedite templo, 
 70 Et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes, 
 Ossaque post tergum magnae iactate parentis." 
 
 Obstipuere diu ; rumpitque silentia voce 
 Pyrrha prior, iussisque deae parere recusat, 
 Detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque 
 75 Laedere iactatis maternas ossibus umbras. 
 
 57. Cephisis, -idos, adj., of the Cephisus, a river that rises on 
 Mt. Parnassus. 58. ut . . . sic, while . . . yet. 59. inde = 
 ex illis undis. libatos . . . liquores, cf. Cadmus, 27. ir-roro, 
 sprinkle. 60. sanctus, holy. 61. delubrum, shrine, temple, fastl- 
 gium, gable, turpis, disgraceful. 62. muscus, moss. 64. paveo, 
 tremble. 66. re-mollesco, be softened. 67. nostri = humani. 
 68. mersis (mergo) . . . rebus, l sab-merged world.' 73. recuso, 
 refuse. 74. rogat ut Themis sibi veniam det. 75. maternas 
 . . , umbras, 'mother's ghost.' 
 
DEUCALION ET PYRRHA 83 
 
 Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris 
 
 Verba datae sort is secum, inter seque volutant. 
 
 Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis 
 
 Mulcet et, "Aut fallax," ait, "est sollertia nobis, 
 
 Aut pia sunt nullumque nefas oracula suadent : 80 
 
 Magna parens terra est ; lapides in corpore terrae 
 
 Ossa reor dici ; iacere hos post terga iubemur." 
 
 Coniugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est, 
 
 Spes tamen in dubio est ; adeo caelestibus ambo 
 
 Diffidunt monitis. Sed quid temptare nocebit? 85 
 
 Discedunt velantque caput tunicasque recingunt 
 
 Et iussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. 
 
 Saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ? — 
 
 Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem 
 
 Mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam. 90 
 
 Mox ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis 
 
 Contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri 
 
 Forma potest hominis, sed, uti de marmore coepto, 
 
 Non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis. 
 
 Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars umida suco 95 
 
 Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum ; 
 
 Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; 
 
 76. latebra, hiding-place, caecis obscura latebris, 'dark with blind 
 riddles.' 77. voluto, freq. of volvo. 78. Promethides . . . Epi- 
 methis, patronymics ; see note to 1. 39. 79. sollertia, shrewdness, 
 wits. 80. nefas, indecl., impiety, suadeo, advise. 82. reor, think. 
 83. augurium, interpretation. Titania = Pyrrha, daughter of the Ti- 
 tan, Epimetheus. 84. dubium, doubt. 85. dif-fido, distrust. 86. 
 re-cingo, tin-gird. 88. testis, witness, vetustas, antiquity of the tra- 
 dition. 89. durities, from durus. 90. ducere formam, Hake 
 shape.' 92. sic, although, manifestos clear. 94. ex-actus, sharply 
 defined, rudibus . . . signis, statues in the rough. 95. umidus, 
 damp. 96. terrena, of earth. 97. ne-queo, be unable, muto, change. 
 
84 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit ; 
 Inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa 
 ioo Missa viri manibus f aciem traxere virorum, 
 Et de femineo reparata est femina iactu. 
 Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum, 
 Et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. 
 
 101. de femineo . . . iactu, 'from the woman's throwing. 1 
 102. experiens, used to. 103. documentum, proof. 
 
PHILEMON ET BAUCIS 
 
 "And strangers with good cheer receive." 
 
 Prior. 
 Pirithous, in the presence of some guests of the river-god Achil- 
 ous, had spoken scornfully of the power of the gods. In the way 
 of administering a rebuke, Lelex tells the story of Philemon and 
 Baucis, a poor but kind-hearted old couple in Phrygia, who once 
 received the gods Jupiter and Mercury in human form, when all 
 others had refused the divinities entertainment. They were re- 
 warded by seeing their low hut changed into a magnificent temple, 
 of which, at their own request, they were made the attendants. 
 After long and happy service there they were not suffered to see 
 death, but were both at the same moment changed into trees. 
 
 Hospitalitatis ne estote immemores ; per hanc enirn qui- 
 
 dam inscii exceperunt angelos hospitio. 
 Sic dicitque Lelex : 
 
 Tiliae contermina quercus 
 Collibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro. 
 Haud procul hinc stagnum est, tellus habitabilis olim, 
 Nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae. 
 
 Iuppiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente 5 
 
 Venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis. 
 Mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes ; 
 Mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit, 
 
 1. Lelex, Lelex, an old man, who had taken part in the famous 
 hunt of the Calydonian boar, tilia, linden tree. 2. collis, hill. 
 modicus, moderate, low. 3. haud, by no means, not. stagnum, 
 standing water, pool. 4. mergus, diver, sea-gull, fulica, coot. 
 paluster, marsh-haunting. 5. species, guise. 6. Atlantiades, 
 patronymic, Mercury, grandson of Atlas, caduci-fer, Bearer of 
 the Herald's staff, being messenger of the gods. 7. requies, rest. 
 8. sera, bar, bolt. 
 
 85 
 
86 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri ; 
 ioSed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon 
 
 Ilia sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, ilia 
 
 Consenuere casa ; paupertatemque f atendo 
 
 Effecere levem nee iniqua mente ferendo. 
 
 Nee refert, dominos illic, famulosne requiras ; 
 15 Tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque iubentque. 
 
 Ergo ubi caelicolae placitos tetigere penates, 
 Submissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes, 
 Membra senex posito iussit relevare sedili, 
 Quo superiniecit textum rude sedula Baucis. 
 
 20 Inde f oco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes 
 Suscitat hesternos foliisque et cortice sicco 
 Nutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili, 
 Multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto 
 Detulit et minuit, parvoque admovit aeno. 
 
 25 Quodque suus coniunx riguo collegerat horto, 
 Truncat holus foliis. Furca levat ille bicorni 
 
 9. stipula, dried stalk, straw, canna, reed, eane. 10. anus, -us, 
 old woman, parilis (par), equal, aetas, age. 11. ilia, what case? 
 why? 12. cdn-senescd, grow old together, casa, hut. pauper-tas, 
 poverty. 13. nee in-iquus, not discontented, cheerful. 14. re-fert, 
 impers., it matters, famulus, servant. 16. ergo, therefore, caeli- 
 cola, heaven-dweller. Penates (household gods), hearth, home. 
 17. sub-missus, lowered. 18. senex, old man. re-levare, sc. eos as 
 subj. sedfle, seat, bench. 19. in-icio, throw upen. textum (texo, 
 weave), cloth, sedulus, busy, zealous. 20. cinis, ashes. 21. sus- 
 cito, stir up. hesternus, yesterday's, cortex, bark, siccus, dry. 
 22. nutrio, nurse, anima, breath, anilis (anus), of an old woman, 
 feeble. 23. multi-fidus, many-cleft, ramalia, -ium (ramus), twigs. 
 
 24. de-fero, take down, minuo, break in bits, aenum, brazen kettle. 
 
 25. riguus (rigo), well-watered, hortus, garden. 26. trunco, strip. 
 holus, -eris, n., vegetables, furca, fork, levo, lift, bi-cornis, two- 
 pronged. 
 
Zeus, or Jupiter 
 
30 
 
 PHILEMON ET BAUCIS 
 
 Sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno, 
 Servatoque diu rcsecat de tergore partem 
 Exiguam, sectamque domat ferventibus undis. 
 
 Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas, 
 Concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva 
 Impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis. 
 Vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo 
 Sternere consuerant ; sed et haec vilisque vetusque 
 Vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. 35 
 
 Accubuere dei. Mensam succincta tremensque 
 Ponit anus. Mensae sed erat pes tertius impar ; 
 Testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum 
 Sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes. 
 
 Ponitur hie bicolor sincerae baca Minervae, . 40 
 
 Conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece, 
 Intibaque et radix et lactis massa coacti, 
 Ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla, 
 Omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem 
 
 27. sordidus, begrimed, blackened (with smoke), sus, pig. tignum, 
 beam, rafter. 28. re-seco, cut of. tergus, back, chine. 29. domo, 
 master ; soften. 30. medius, intervening, fallo, while away. 31. con- 
 ditio, shake up. torus, cushion, ulva, marsh-grass, sedge. 32. lectus, 
 bed. sponda, bedstead, salignus (salix, willow), of willow-wood. 
 34. con-suesco, be accustomed, vilis, cheap. 36. ac-cumbo, recline 
 at table, suc-cingo, gird up. 37. tertius, third, im-par, un-even. 
 38. testa, piece of tile, potsherd, clivus, slant. 39. tollo, take away. 
 aequatam, sc. mensam. menta, mint, tergeo, wipe of. vired, 
 be green. 40. bi-color, two-colored. The olive is green when unripe, 
 black when ripe, sincerus, pure, virgin, baca, any small fruit; 
 here, olive, sacred to Minerva. 41. condo, preserve, pickle, cornum, 
 cornel-berry, faex, brine. 42. intibum, endive, radix, radish, lac 
 . . . coactum, lit., thickened milk = cheese. 43. ovum, egg. non 
 acri . . . favilla, 'embers no longer glowing.' 44. fictile, earthen 
 vessel, caelatus eodem . . . argento, carved in the same (kind of) 
 plate y i.e. earthenware (said in jest). 
 
88 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 45 Sistitur argento crater fabricataque fago 
 Pocula, qua cava sunt, flaventibus illita ceris. 
 
 Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes. 
 Nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectae, 
 Dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis. 
 50 Hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis 
 Prunaque et in patulis redolentia mala canistris 
 Et de purpureis collectae vitibus uvae. 
 Candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus 
 Accessere boni nee iners pauperque voluntas. 
 
 55 Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri 
 Sponte sua, per seque vident succrescere vina. 
 Attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis 
 Concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon, 
 Et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant. 
 
 6oUnicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae, 
 Quern dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant. 
 Ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat, 
 Eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos 
 Confugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari ; 
 
 45. sisto, stand, place, crater, ace, cratera, mixing-bowl, fabrico, 
 make, fagus, beech-wood. 46. poculum, cup. flavens, yellow, il- 
 lino, smear. 47. epulae, viands, caleo, be hot. 48. nee, with longae. 
 senecta, age. 49. mensae . . . secundae, dessert, se-duco, remove. 
 50. nux, nut. rugosus, wrinkled. Carica, sc. ficus, (Carian) fig. 
 palma, (palm) date. 51. prunum, plum, patulus, wide, open, red- 
 oleo, be fragrant, malum, apple, canistrum, basket. 52. purpureus, 
 purple, vitis, vine, uva, grape. 53. candidus, white, favus, honey- 
 comb. 54. iners, sluggish, voluntas, goodwill. 55. totiens, as 
 often as. haurid, empty, re-pleo, re-fill. 56. sponte sua, 'of its 
 own accord.' succresco, 'be supplied anew. 1 57. supinus, uplifted. 
 60. unicus, single, anser, goose, villa, farm-house. 62. fatigo, 
 lire out. 
 
PHILEMON ET BAUCIS 89 
 
 " Di " que "sumus, mcritasque luet vicinia poenas 65 
 
 Impia," dixerunt, "vobis immunibus huius 
 
 Esse mali dabitur. Modo vestra relinquite tecta 
 
 Ac nostros comitate gradus et in ardua montis 
 
 Ite simul." 
 
 Parent ambo, baculisque levati 
 Nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo. 70 
 
 Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta 
 
 Missa potest ; flexere oculos, et mersa palude 
 
 Cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere. 
 
 Dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum, 
 
 Ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus 75 
 
 Vertitur in templum ; furcas subiere columnae, 
 
 Stramina flavescunt aurataque tecta videntur, 
 
 Caelataeque fores, adopertaque marmore tellus. 
 
 Talia turn placido Saturnius edidit ore : 
 
 "Dicite, iuste senex et femina coniuge iusto 80 
 
 Digna, quid optetis." Cum Baucide pauca locutus 
 
 Iudicium superis aperit commune Philemon : 
 
 "Esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri 
 Poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos, 
 Auferat hora duos eadem, nee coniugis umquam 8 $ 
 
 Busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia." 
 
 65. luo, suffer. 71. semel, once, with missa. 73. pro-spicio, see 
 from afar, tantum, only. 76. sub-eo, take the place of. 77. 
 stramen, straw, thatch, flavesco, grow yellow, auratus (aurum), 
 gilded. 79. Saturnius, son of Saturn, Jupiter, e-do, (give forth) 
 utter. 82. iudicium, opinion, aperio, disclose. 83. sacerdos, priest- 
 tueor, take care of '. 84. con-cors, of one mind, harmonious. 85. au- 
 ferat, i.e. in death. 86. tumulo, bury. 
 
90 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Vota fides sequitur. Templi tutela fuere, 
 Donee vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti 
 Ante gradus sacros cum starent forte locique 
 
 9 o Narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis, 
 Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. 
 Iamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus 
 Mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta, "Vale" que 
 "O coniunx," dixere simul, simul abdita texit 
 Ora frutex. 
 
 95 Ostendit adhuc Thymbreius illic 
 
 Incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 
 Haec mihi non vani (neque erat cur fallere vellent) 
 Narravere senes. Equidem pendentia vidi 
 Serta super ramos, ponensque recentia dixi : 
 
 100 " Cura pii dis sunt, et qui coluere, coluntur." 
 
 87. fides, fulfilment, tutela (tueor), guardian. 88. aevum, age. 
 solutus, 'weakened. 1 90. frondeo, put forth leaves. 96. frutex, 
 sprout. Thymbreius, of the Thymbrios, a river in Phrygia. 96. de 
 gemino . . . corpore, 'from the two bodies.' Philemon became an 
 oak; Baucis, a linden tree. 98. e-quidem, indeed. 
 
NOTES 
 
 Publius Ovidius Naso: seep. i. B.373;A. 108; H. 354. 3. 1 
 P. : common abbreviation for Pilbliiis. Naso : family name, cognomen; 
 connected by derivation with nasus, ' nose.' 
 
 1. Metamorphoses, III. 1-137. 
 
 11 Cadmus by sowing dragon's teeth, we read, 
 Raised a vast army from the poisonous seed." 
 
 Gay : Epistle to William Lowndes, Esq. 
 
 Page 51. Europa, daughter of Agenor, King of Phoenicia, was play- 
 ing with her companions by the seashore. Jupiter, becoming enamoured 
 of her, transformed himself into a beautiful white bull, and wandering 
 near attracted her attention. Having by his gentleness encouraged 
 her to pet him, he lay down on the sand. The unsuspecting maid, 
 grown familiar with the animal, sat on his back, whereupon he mounted 
 up into the air and bore her over the sea to Crete. Agenor, filled with 
 grief at the disappearance of his daughter, bade his three sons, Phoenix, 
 Cilix, and Cadmus, go in search of her, adding the harsh condition that 
 if they did not find her they must not return home again. As the search 
 proved unsuccessful, Phoenix settled in Africa, and Cilix in Cilicia, 
 which took its name from him. Cadmus, ' having wandered the world 
 over,' asked the oracle at Delphi in what spot he might make his home. 
 Having obeyed the directions of the oracle and founded Thebes (as de- 
 scribed in the text), he married Harmonia, daughter of Ares and Aphro- 
 
 1 B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar, A. = Allen and Greenough's, H. = Harkness's, 
 the "Standard" edition. References like this, p. 60, 1. 7 (page 60, line 7), are to the 
 pages of this book. Translations of Latin words or phrases are put in single quotation 
 marks. 
 
 Cf. {confer) = "compare"; sc. {scilicet) — "supply," or "understood"; N. = 
 "'note"; r. = "remark"; vocab. = "vocabulary," at the end of the book; dir. disc. 
 = " direct discourse "; indir. disc. = " indirect discourse " {oratio obliqua) ; constr. = 
 "construction"; 1. = "line"; lit. = "literally"; dep. = "depends " or " dependent "; 
 trans. = " translate " or " translation "; pred. = " predicate." 
 
 For other abbreviations see the list preceding the vocabulary. 
 
 91 
 
92 CADMUS [Page 51. 
 
 dite. The two lived happily at Thebes for many years, until portents 
 warned them to leave the city. Misfortunes among their children and 
 grandchildren now followed thick and fast. At last the aged couple, 
 weary of life, were changed into serpents and placed in the happy fields 
 of Elysium ; where (in the words of Matthew Arnold, " Cadmus and 
 Harmonia ") : 
 
 " Two bright and aged Snakes, 
 Who once were Cadmus and Harmonia, 
 Bask in the glens, or on the warm seashore, 
 In breathless quiet after all their ills." 
 
 Cadmus is said to have introduced an alphabet of sixteen letters from 
 Phoenicia (some say Egypt) into Greece. The myth as a whole is 
 thought to have especial significance as pointing to an early indebted- 
 ness of the Greeks to the more mature civilizations of Phoenicia and 
 Egypt, an indebtedness of which there is now much other evidence be- 
 sides tradition. The idea has been advanced that the dragon's teeth 
 may be a reminiscence of the introduction of the alphabet, suggested 
 by the scrawling shapes of the Phoenician letters. 1. Iamque : i. e. after 
 Jupiter in the form of a white bull had borne Europa to Crete, deus : 
 Jupiter, posita : = depositd. 3. pater : Agenor. ignarus : ' not know- 
 ing ' how his daughter had been carried off. perquirere : what would 
 the construction be after imperat in prose ? raptam : sc. sororem. 
 
 5. pius et sceleratus : Agenor was pins in taking measures to find his 
 daughter, but sceleratus in his harshness toward his son. 8. Phoebi 
 oracula : ' the oracle of Apollo ' at Delphi. 9. sit habitanda : sc. 
 sibi. 
 
 10. soils: in the sense of desertis. 12. Hac duce : abl. abs., = 'with 
 her as your guide.' herba: for in herb a. 13. Moenia fac con- 
 das : = fac ut moenia condas, l see to it that you found a city,' ' go 
 found a city.' B. 295, 8; A. 565; H. 565, 4. Boeotia ilia: = 'it 
 Boeotian ' ; that is, the country in which the city (Thebes) was to be 
 built would be called Boeotia, a name supposed to be derived from pods 
 ( = Latin bos), and probably given to the land on account of its cattle- 
 pastures ; not, as tradition reported, from the cow that was said to have 
 led Cadmus thither. 
 
 14. bene : in our idiom, ' entirely,' ' fully.' Castalio antro : the 
 grotto at Delphi where the oracles were given ; called ' Castalian,' from 
 the nearness of the Castalian spring. 15. videt: trans. ' (when) he 
 saw.' 16 servitii : i. e. of the yoke ; in ancient times, as in some coun- 
 tries to-day, cows were used for plowing and drawing vehicles. 17. Sub- 
 sequitur: force of sub-? presso gressu: 'with slow (lit. 'restrained') 
 
52.] NOTES 93 
 
 pace/ ' step by step,' going only as fast as the COW (1. 15, lente ire). 
 18. taciturnus : trans, by an adv. Why? 
 
 19. vada Cephisi : the Cephisus, which empties into Lake Copais in 
 Boeotia, rises in Mount Parnassus, but some distance from the location 
 of the Delphic Oracle. Ovid's description better suits the upper part 
 of the Pleistos, which is fed by the Castalian spring. Ovid could 
 never have been at Delphi, or his topography would be more accurate. 
 Cadmus's way lay east from Delphi past Panope, then southeast to the 
 site of Thebes. The whole distance would be not far from fifty 
 miles. 20. tollens . . . auras: tollens frontem, speciosam altis cornibus, 
 ad caelum, impiilit auras mugitibus. 22. sua terga : obj. of sequentes; 
 trans. ' behind her.' 
 
 Page 52. 24. agit grates : ' gives thanks,' ' thanks/ 27. libandas : 
 here simply ' to be drawn.' undas : for use in offering sacrifice. 
 
 29. specus : ' grotto,' designates the place as a hollow or cavity in 
 the earth; while antro (1. 31) suggests its use as a habitation, densus : 
 = * thickly surrounded.' 
 
 32. Martius: ' sacred to Mars,' or 'of Mars.' The dragon (an guts) 
 was said to be the son of Mars (Ares) and Telphusa, one of the Furies. 
 cristis et auro : = aureis cristis, by hendiadys. B. 374, 4; A. 432; 
 H. 751, 3, n. 1. 
 
 35. Quern lucum: 'this grove.' Tyria de gente profecti: freely, 
 1 the Tyrian wanderers,' the Phoenician companions of Cadmus, so 
 named from the city Tyre. 38. Caeruleus : here ' dark,' ' steel-col- 
 ored.' 39. sanguis relinquit Corpus: they turned pale. 40. atto- 
 nitos artus: 'their palsied frames.' 43. media plus parte erectus: 
 1 rising more than half his length.' 44. tantoque, etc. : atque est tanto 
 cor pore, quanto cor pore, si totum s pedes, est ille Draco, qui geminas Arctos 
 separat; i. e. he is as large as the dragon (taking into consideration his 
 whole length) in the constellation Draco, which lies between the Great 
 and the Little Bear. The constellation took its name from the dragon, 
 Ladon, which guarded the apples of the Hesperides ; said to have been 
 slain by Hercules and placed in the heavens by Zeus, corpore : B. 224, 
 1; A. 415; H. 473, 2. 45. spectes: B. 302, 2; A. 518, a; H. 578, 2. 
 
 46. Nee mora : Nulla mora est. 47. utrumque : parationem telorum, 
 parationem fugae. 48. Hos, illos : sc. necat. 49. adflata : trans, by 
 1 by ' with an active participle. 
 
 "Cadmus once a new way found, 
 By throwing teeth into the ground, 
 From which poore seed, and rudely sown, 
 Sprung up a War-like Nation." 
 
 Herrick: Hesperides. 
 
94 CADMUS [Page 52. 
 
 60. altissimus: ' at its greatest height/ at noon. 61. Quae mora 
 sit sociis : = ' what causes his companions to linger. ' Agenore 
 natus: B.215; A. 403, a; H. 469, 2. 
 
 Page 53. 52. leonis: 'from a lion.' B. 212, 3; A. 357, b, 3; 
 H. 458, 4. So Hercules and other heroes were said to have gone about 
 carrying a lion's skin, or clad in it, as a mark of prowess. This is 
 in fact a distinguishing mark of Hercules (Herakles) in works of 
 art. 53. telum : freely, ' his weapons.' Our idiom prefers the plural. 
 f erro : referring to the point; the shaft was of wood. B. 224; 
 
 A. 415 ; H. 473, 2. 54. animus : ' courage.' 
 
 66. corpora : corpora sociorum. 56. supra : adv. The dragon 
 was lying upon the bodies of the dead Phoenicians, corporis : 
 
 B. 203, 1; A. 345; H. 440, 3. 57. Tristia, sanguinea : determine 
 the case of these two words by scanning the line. 60. Magnum: 
 * great (as it was).' 61. Illius : illlus molaris. cum: prep. 
 62. Moenia forent : why subj. ? 
 
 63. Loricae modo : = ' as with a coat of mail.' How lit.? 
 
 65. duritia vicit eadem : (serpens) non vicit eddent duritid (pellis). 
 66. medio lentae spinae curvamine : = ' at the middle coil of his 
 flexible back.' 67. f errum : ' point,' as also in 1. 71. 70. Id: 
 hastile; the dragon broke off the shaft of the pike, leaving the head 
 in the wound. 75. quique, etc. : et niger halitus, qui Stygio ore exit, 
 auras vitiat et inficit. 76. Stygio : derived from Styx, a river of 
 Hades, which was sometimes put for Hades in general. Hence, 
 Stygius = ' deadly, destructive.' 77. modo: 'now.' spiris: 'in 
 coils.' orbem : obj. of facientibus. 78. Cingitur: 'winds himself; 
 middle or reflexive use of the passive. 79. Impete : for impetu y 
 which would not stand in the verse. 
 
 81. spolio leonis: i. e. pelle leonis (1. 52), which Cadmus uses 
 as a shield. 
 
 Page 54. 83. Cuspide : = lancea of 1. 53 ; the ' pike ' (iaculum) 
 had already been hurled, praetenta : force of prae-? ille : serpens. 
 84. ferro, acumine : of the spear, which Cadmus held against the 
 dragon's neck (1. 88) to stop his advance. 88. dabat retro : ' kept 
 withdrawing,' 'kept moving backward.' plagam sedere : = 'the 
 blow from settling.' 89. longius ire: sc. earn, 'it to penetrate 
 farther.' 90. in gutture : with coniectum. 91. pressit : 'pressed 
 home.' retro eunti: sc. serpenti. 92. pariter cum robore : the 
 point of the spear went through the dragon's neck into the tree. 
 94. robora: ace, subj. of flagellari, after gemuit. 98. Ettu: 'thou 
 too,' a warning that he would one day be changed into a serpent. 
 See Introductory Note. 
 
Page 55.] NOTES 95 
 
 102. Pallas: the special patroness of heroes, motae supponere 
 terrae : = ' to stir the ground and place under (the surfao 
 
 104. presso aratro : = ' by sinking a plow ' into the earth. 
 
 105. humi : B, 232, 2 ; A. 427, a ; H. 484, 2. iussos : ' as bidden.' 
 mortalia : ' of men.' 
 
 106. maius : neut. as agreeing with the sentence as a whole ; 
 trans, with fide (abl.), ' a thing incredible,' ' a thing beyond belief.' 
 107. acies: 'point.' 108. picto : 'gay-colored.' 111. festis : 
 theatrical performances were given on holidays, in connection with 
 religious celebrations. 112. signa : ' figures ' on the curtain. The 
 roller of the stage-curtain was set in the front of the stage ; not, as 
 to-day, above it. At the beginning of a play the curtain was let 
 down ; and when drawn up, being unrolled from the bottom, first 
 the heads of the figures painted on it would appear, then the other 
 parts. 113. placido tenore : 'with steady motion.' 
 
 Page 55. 114. Tota: i. e. signa. imo in margine : = ' at the 
 lower edge,' 'at the very bottom' of the curtain. 
 
 116. cape : sc. arma. 117. civilibus : here for fraternis, or 
 fratrum. 118. rigido : with ense. 119. ferit : supply a subject 
 from unus, 1. 116. iaculo eminus : ' (struck) by a pike (hurled) 
 from a distance.' 120. dederat : sc. ilium, referring to the one who 
 had spoken, longius : = diutius. 121. auras : for animam. The 
 description suggests the lines in Campbell's " O'Connor's Child " : 
 
 "Another's sword has laid him low, 
 Another's and another's ; 
 And every hand that dealt the blow, 
 Ah me ! it was a brother 's ! " 
 
 122. Exemplo pari: 'in like manner.' 123. Marte : = hello, 
 the god of war being put for war itself. 125. matrem : Earth, from 
 whom they had sprung; Earth was often addressed as ' Great 
 Mother ' in rituals of worship. 126. Quinque : ' (only) five ' ; 
 abl. abs. Echion : = ' Viperman.' The other four, according to 
 Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, III. rv. 1), were Oudaios, ' Earthly-man '; 
 Chthonios, ' Earth-man ' ; Hyperenor, ' Haughty-man ' ; and 
 Pelor, l Monster.' 
 
 127. sua : arma. humo : = in humo, for humi. Cf. 1. 105, 
 and n. 128. fidem: 'assurance.' 129. Hos opens comites : 
 ' these (five) as helpers in his work ' of building the city Thebes. 
 Sidonius hospes : Cadmus. Why so designated? 130. Phoebeis : 
 trans, as if Phoebi. See lines 10-13. 
 
96 PYRAMUS ET THISBE [Page 55. 
 
 132. Exsilio: '(though) in exile.' Soceri : 'as parents-in-law.' 
 Mars and Venus were the parents of Harmonia. 135. ultima dies : 
 i. e. ultima dies vitae. 136. dici . . . debet : et nemo debet dici 
 beatus ante obitum supremaque funera (' and the last rites of burial '). 
 The poet hints at the misfortunes which clouded the last days of 
 Cadmus and Harmonia (cf. Introductory Note) which he narrates 
 after this selection. The thought was perhaps suggested by Solon's 
 warning to the proud Croesus, who had asked him about happiness 
 (Herodotus, I. xxxn.) : ' Croesus, do you ask me about human affairs 
 — me, who know that the divinity is always jealous and fond of 
 troubling? For in the course of a long time men may see many 
 things that they would not like to see, and experience many things 
 that they would not like to suffer. . . . We must look to the end of 
 everything to see how it will turn out ; for in the case of many, the 
 deity, after having granted them a happy estate, hath upturned them 
 root and branch.' 
 
 2. Metamorphoses, IV. 55-166. 
 
 "Here may ye seen, what lover so he be, 
 A woman dar and kan as wet as he." 
 
 Chaucer : Legende of Goode Women. 
 
 Page 56. Pyramus : the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe, apparently 
 of oriental origin, is given in full by no ancient writer except Ovid. 
 In English literature it has a more prominent place. It is told at 
 length by Chaucer, who follows our poet closely, in the " Legende of 
 Goode Women " ; and it is set forth by Shakespeare in " Midsummer 
 Night's Dream," as: 
 
 "A tedious brief scene of young Pyramus 
 And his love Thisbe : very tragical mirth." 
 
 Ovid's narration is alluded to not infrequently by other English 
 writers/and has been parodied in recent times by the humorous poet 
 J. G. Saxe. 
 
 2. Altera praelata puellis : i. e. venustate or pulchritudine ; the 
 expression being varied for Altera pulcherrima (or formosissima) 
 puellarum. 3. altam — urbem : Babylon, whose 'lofty* walls of 
 brick were famous. Herodotus reported them as about 335 feet in 
 height. 5. gradus : sc. amoris. 
 
 6. Taedae iure : = ' in lawful wedlock.' A bride was escorted 
 to her home in the evening by a procession of youths bearing torches. 
 Torches of pine were preferred because of their inflammable sap. 
 
57.) NOTES 97 
 
 coissent : why subj.? 7. vetuere : sc. Mud. patres : in ancient 
 times questions of marriage, together with matters of dowry, were 
 commonly settled by the father. Quod : the antecedent is the clause 
 Ex . . . a mho. 8. Ex aequo: trans, by an adv. 9. Conscius 
 omnis abest : there is no need of a go-between. 10. Quo magis . . . 
 magis : for quo magis . . . eo magis, ' the more . . . the more.' 
 B. 223; A. 414, a; H. 479. 
 
 11. Fissus erat . . . utrique : Paries communis utrique domui 
 fissus erat tcnui rhud, quam duxerat (freely, ' which had run through 
 it') olim, cum fieret (= cum strueretur). 13. nulli : = a nullo. 
 14. primi vidistis : ' you were the first to see.' 15. vocis fecistis 
 iter: fecistis id (vitium) iter vocis. B. 177, 1 ; A. 393; H. 410, 1. 
 
 18. In . . . oris : = ' and each had caught the other's eager 
 breath.' 20. Quantum erat: ' how small a thing it would be.' 
 B. 304, 3; A. 522, a; H. 525, 2. toto corpore iungi : i. e. ' to be 
 wholly with each other.' 21. hoc si nimium: si hoc nimium esset. 
 vel: sc. ut, ' that only.' pateres : i. e. wide enough. 22. debere: 
 in trans, supply hoc as obj., referring to the following clause. 
 
 24. diversa sede : = ' being in different places.' 25. Sub noctem : 
 ' at nightfall.' parti . . . contra: dedere oscula quisque suae parti 
 (' to his own side ' of the wall), non pervenientia contra (' which did 
 not go through to the opposite side '). 
 
 Page 57. 27. nocturnos ignes : Stellas. 29. coiere : trans, with 
 ' when.' 30. Multa questi : ' having uttered many complaints.' 
 B. 176, 2, b; A. 390, c; H. 409, 1. 33. Neve . . . Nini: et ut, 
 ne eis spatiantibus in lato arvo errandum sit (' that they need not 
 wander at random'), conveniant ad busta Nini. 34. busta: for 
 bustum. It was said that Semiramis built in honor of Ninus an im- 
 mense burial mound, some distance from Babylon (Diodorus Siculus, 
 II. vn. 1, 2). 
 
 37. placent: eis. lux: i. e. 'daylight.' 39. Callida: 'slyly.' 
 B. 239; A. 290; H. 497. 40. suos: her family, adoperta: with 
 a veil, designated by velamina (1. 47), amictus (1. 50), vestem (1. 53). 
 vultum : B. 180, 1; A. 397, b; H. 416 41. dicta: 'appointed.' 
 42. faciebat : sc. earn. Venit . . . rictus : ecce, leaena venit, ob- 
 lita (not oblita) rictus spumantes recenti caede (= sanguine) bourn. 
 44. Depositura : ' in order to,' etc. B. 337, 4 ; A. 499, 2 ; H. 638, 3. 
 
 46. ad: in our idiom 'by.' 47. f ugit : here fiigit, but in 1. 46 
 fiigit. Why? velamina: Ovid frequently uses the plural for the 
 singular without appreciable difference of meaning. B. 55, 4, c\ 
 A. 100, c\ H. 138, 2. 49. fonte sine ipsa: ' by the spring, without 
 (Thisbe) herself.' 
 
98 PYRAMUS ET THISBE [Page 58. 
 
 Page 58. 66. nocens est: 'is the guilty (one).' miseranda: 
 * O pitiable (girl).' 57. qui iussi venires: sc. ut, ' who bade you 
 come.' A. 316. 58. prior: used instead of primus, because only 
 two persons are referred to. Nostrum: = meum. 60. O qui- 
 cumque . . . leones : ' O all ye lions that ' ; stronger than leones, 
 qui. 61. timidi est: ' it is the part of a coward.' B. 198, 3; A. 
 343, b ; H. 439. optare necem : i. e. not to have the courage, when 
 wishing for death, to take one's own life. Suicide was encouraged 
 by the Stoics. 
 
 62. pactae arboris : cf. dicta sub arbor e, 1. 41. 63. notae : with 
 vesti. 65. Quo . . . f errum : et ferrum, quo accinctus erat, demisit 
 in ilia. 66. traxit : sc. id. 
 
 67. humo: see n. to p. 55, 1. 127. 70. ictibus: ' with jets ' of 
 water. 71. Arborei: = arboris. See 1. 35. 
 
 76. Quanta . . . gestit: gestit narrate (suo amanti), quanta 
 peticula vitaverit. 77. visa in arbore : = * in the tree as she looked 
 at it.' How lit. ? 78. facit : sc. earn, pomi : * of the fruit ' ; 
 for mototum. an : trans. ' whether ' ; in full, uttum haec sit arbor 
 pacta, an non. 
 
 79. videt : by the light of the moon; see 1. 45. 80. retro 
 pedem tulit: * she stepped back.' ora : 'face.' 81. instar: why 
 not ace? Trans, 'like.' B. 198, 2; A. 359, b; H. 446, 4. 
 82. summum stringitur : ' its surface is ruffled. 
 
 Page 59. 83. suos amores : for suum amantem. So often in 
 English " love " is similarly used, as in Spenser's " Epithala- 
 mion " : 
 
 11 Open the temple gates unto my love ! 
 Open them wide that she may enter in." 
 
 84. indignos : i. e. which deserved not such treatment, claro 
 plangore : 'with clear-ringing shriek.' 85. comas: why ace? 
 86. cruori: B.358, 3; H. 427. 87. figens : 'pressing.' 88. mini : 
 B. 188, 2,d; A. 368, a; H. 428, 2. 89. tua : emphatic, ' your own.' 
 90. iacentes: 'drooping.' 
 
 91. Ad nomen Thisbes : Pyramus, so near death, responds not 
 to the mention of his own name, but to that of Thisbe's. 92. visa 
 ilia: trans. ' having seen her.' 93. Quae: ' and she.' B. 251, 6; 
 A. 308, /; H. 510. 94. ebur: ' ivory (scabbard).' 95. et mini : 
 = mihi etiam; with Est, i I too have.' in unum Hoc : ' for this one 
 deed.' 96. hie: amot. 97. exstinctum : sc. te. 98. Qui . . . 
 revelli : i. e. et tu, qui heu ! morte sola a me revelli poteras, nee (= l not 
 even ') morte poteris a me revelli. 
 
PAG! 60.] NOTES 99 
 
 100. Hoc: ace. B. 178, 2; A. 396, b t K. ; II. 411, 1. Trans. 
 ' Let this request be made of you.' amborum verbis: we should 
 say. ' in the name of both ' of us. 101. meus : voc though the 
 form is nom. ; ' mine and his.' B. 171, 1 ; A. 340, a; II. 402, 2. 
 parentes : = patrcs; see 1. 7 and n. 102. Ut . . . eodem : i. e. ut 
 nan invideatis {= ' that ye willingly grant ') eos, quos certus amor 
 iunxit, quos novissitna hora vitae iunxit, componi (' be laid at rest ') 
 in eodem tumulo. 104. tu, quae arbor : tu, arbor, quae. 106. du- 
 orum : sc. corpora. 
 
 106. Signa : 'marks/ 109. caede : i. e. Pyrami. 111. color 
 ater : the fruit of the common European mulberry is of a purplish- 
 black color, yielding a dark red juice. The Chinese mulberry, 
 now grown in some parts of America for the nurture of silk-worms, 
 bears a fruit almost white in color; that of the native American 
 variety is deep red. 
 
 112. rogis : dat. ; with quod superest = id quod e rogis reliquum 
 est. Funeral pyres were burned together with the body. 
 
 3. Metamorphoses, IV. 663-764. 
 
 "Lo, in such way Medusa's head was tried !" 
 
 Morris : The Doom of King Acrisius. 
 
 Page 60. Phorcus and Ceto (Phorkos and Keto), divinities of the 
 sea, had three daughters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, who were 
 together known as the Gorgons (Gorgones), or Phorcides. Of these 
 the first two were endowed with immortality ; but Medusa was 
 mortal, being a most beautiful maiden with fair long hair. One day 
 she committed a sin in a temple consecrated to Minerva, and the 
 angry goddess transformed her flowing locks into writhing serpents, 
 which were so horrible to look on that any one who might see them 
 was at once turned to stone. Perseus and his mother Danae, cast 
 forth from Argos, were living at the court of Polydectes, ruler of 
 the island Seriphus. He for certain reasons wished to get the youth 
 out of the way ; so he bade Perseus go fetch him the head of Medusa, 
 thinking that from such a quest no one could come back alive. As 
 the young hero was pondering in what way he might carry out his 
 commission, Minerva appeared to him with encouraging words, and 
 gave him a shield burnished like a mirror, in which he might see the 
 reflection of the Medusa without himself being turned to stone. 
 Mercury (Hermes) also furnished him a scimitar, or falchion (Harpe) 
 which never failed in its stroke, while the nymphs provided him with 
 
100 PERSEUS [Page 60. 
 
 winged sandals that would carry him through the air ; with a wallet, 
 
 or enchanted sack, in which the Medusa's head, when taken, could 
 
 be carried ; and with the cap of Pluto, the putting on of which made 
 
 the wearer invisible. Thus armed, Perseus went to the far west 
 
 where the Gorgons dwelt. There he 
 
 fcHf l ^- slew Medusa, put her head in the 
 
 [LJ 2x" " wallet, and set out for home through 
 
 TT ., iiu tne air - On the way he made use 
 
 Harpe, the weapon loaned by * . 
 
 Hermes to Perseus. of the monster s head in turning 
 
 Atlas, who had refused him hospi- 
 tality, into a mountain, and set the maid Andromeda free. Hav- 
 ing done many other wonderful deeds Perseus finally gave back 
 the winged sandals, cap, and scimitar, and presented the Medusa's 
 head to Minerva, who placed it on her shield. The story of Perseus 
 is well told in prose by Kingsley in his " Greek Heroes," and in 
 verse by William Morris in the " Earthly Paradise," under the 
 title "The Doom of King Acrisius." 1. Hippotades : Aeolus 
 (see p. 31), who was said to keep the winds, when not at large, con- 
 fined in a strong cavern. 2. Admonitor operum : ' summoner to 
 toil.' 3. Pennis : = talaribus of 1. 5. See Introductory Note. 
 ille : Perseus. 4. Parte ab utraque pedes : for utrumque pedetn. 
 telo unco : the falchion (Harpe) given him by Hermes. The adj. 
 is explained by the accompanying illustration, from a painting at 
 Pompeii. 6. circum : adv. 7. Cephea arva : Aethiopia, so named 
 from its king, Cepheus. 
 
 8. Illic . . . Ammon : Ammon iniustus (trans, as adv.) iusserat 
 immeritam Andromedan illic (in Aethiopia) pendere poenas maternae 
 linguae. Cepheus, king of Aethiopia, and his fair queen Cassiope, 
 had a daughter, Andromeda, of rare beauty. Once Cassiope rashly 
 boasted either that she herself or that her daughter (some say one, 
 some the other) was more beautiful than the Nereids. The slighted 
 goddesses appealed to Poseidon (Neptune) for vengeance. He lis- 
 tened to their petition and sent a devastating flood over Aethiopia, 
 and caused a terrible sea-monster, following in the wake of the flood, 
 to prey upon the land, devouring every living thing that it could 
 reach. Cepheus sent to consult the oracle of Jupiter Ammon in 
 the African desert, inquiring what could be done to appease the wrath 
 of the divinities. Word came back that the plague of the land would 
 cease only if Andromeda were given up to the sea-monster. Forced 
 by the clamors of the people, the sad parents carried out the condition 
 named by the oracle, and chained the girl to a cliff overhanging the 
 sea, where the monster might find her. Just as he was approaching 
 
Page 61.] NOTES 101 
 
 to claim his prey, Perseus appeared and slew him with the unerring 
 blade of Hermes. The hero gave the maid back to her parents, only 
 to receive her himself in marriage and carry her away to Greece to 
 be his queen. Immense bones of a skeleton forty feet in length, 
 supposed to be those of the sea-monster slain by Perseus, were dug 
 up near Joppa in Judaea (where the scene of the rescue, in one form 
 of the myth, is laid), and carried to Rome in the first century B.C., 
 where they were shown as a wonder by M. Scaurus (Pliny, Naturalis 
 Historia, IX. v. n). The sacrifice and rescue of Andromeda form 
 the theme of Kingsley's poem, " Andromeda." 
 
 10. Quam simul . . . Vidit : = et sitnul ac . . . earn vidit. bracchia : 
 why ace? 11. nisi quod: 'except that.' 13. Marmoreum . . . 
 opus: = arbitrates esset illam fuisse signum marmoreum. inscius : 
 without knowing who the maid was. ignes : ignes amoris. 
 
 16. stetit : on the earth, near Andromeda, digna : sc. tu, voc. 
 17. sed : digna eis catenis quibus, etc. 18. requirenti : sc. mihi. 
 tuum : sc. nomen. 
 
 22. quod potuit: = ' the only thing she could do.' 23. Saepius 
 . . . Indicat: i. e. ne videretur nolle fateri sua (emphatic, ' her own ') 
 delicta, Mi (Persei) saepius instanti (' insisting/ ' urgent ') indicat 
 suum nomen et nomen suae terrae, et quanta fuerit fiducia pulchritudinis 
 matris. See n. to 1. 8. 
 
 Page 61. 26. nondum memoratis omnibus : = ' before the whole 
 had been told.' 27. ponto Imminet : ' hangs over the deep ' with 
 uplifted head and breast. Kingsley (" Andromeda ") thus describes 
 the monster's approach : 
 
 "Onward it came from the southward, as bulky and black as a galley, 
 Lazily coasting along, as the fish fled leaping before it; 
 Lazily breasting the ripple, and watching by sandbar and headland, 
 Listening for laughter of maidens at bleaching, or song of the fishers, 
 Children at play on the pebbles, or cattle that pawed on the sandhills. 
 Rolling and dripping it came." 
 
 29. Genitor : Cepheus. 30. iustius ilia : ' she (Cassiope) with 
 better reason' (i. e. sad). Why? 31. auxilium : sc. ferunt. 
 32. vincto : to the cliff. 33. hospes : Perseus. Lacrimarum : you 
 may have time enough for weeping hereafter ; but for the work of res- 
 cue, "'twere well it were done quickly." 35. peterem : in mar- 
 riage. 36. ausus : = ' one who has dared.' 37. gener : ' (as) son- 
 in-law.' 38. Dotibus : ' advantages ' just mentioned, descent from 
 Jupiter and power of flight, et: 'also.' faveant : B. 310, n; 
 A. 528; H. 587. 39. Ut . . . paciscor: paciscor ut, servata ('if 
 saved ') mea virtute, ilia sit mea; spoken to the parents. 
 
102 PERSEUS [Page 61. 
 
 40. Accipiunt : the subject is parentes. legem : ' condition. ' 
 41. super: here adv. dotale : ' as dowry.' The giving of a dower 
 with the bride in ancient times was universal. 42. velut . . . 
 lacertis : velut navis concita (= ' in rapid motion '), acta sudantibus 
 lacertis iuvenum, sulcat aquas praefixo rostro. 44. Sic . . . scopulis : 
 = Sic fera dimovit undas impulsu pectoris, et aberat scopulis (where 
 Andromeda and Perseus were) tantum, etc. 45. torto : ' whirled ' 
 through the air. 46. plumbo : leaden bullets were used as sling- 
 shots, caeli : partitive gen. dep. on quantum (with tantum, ' as 
 much space as ') ; but trans, with medii as if in medio caelo. 47. iu- 
 venis : Perseus. 48. in aequore summo : ' on the surface of the 
 sea.' 
 
 50. Iovis praepes : the eagle, sacred to Jupiter. 51. Phoebo : 
 = Soli; the snake is sunning itself. 52. Occupat aversum : i seizes 
 from behind.' retorqueat : force of re-? 
 
 Page 62. 54. inane: poetic for aera. 55. pressit: the subject 
 is Inachides, i. e. Perseus. Why so called? frementis : sc. illius; 
 trans. ' of the roaring monster.' 56. curvo tenus hamo : ' as far 
 as the curved hook,' not i as far as the hilt.' See illustration on p. 
 ioo. 57. laesa: sc fera. 58. subdit, Versat : sc. se. 
 
 61. patent: = 'they lie exposed.' 63. falcato ense : see 1. 4 
 and n. 64. puniceo : with sanguine. 65. pennae : see N. to 1. 3. 
 
 66. Nee : = et non. bibulis talaribus : Perseus feared that his 
 light winged sandals might become drenched and unserviceable if 
 he should fly too near the bleeding monster. 68. exstat, operitur : 
 the rock rises above the water when it is calm, but is covered when 
 there is a storm. 69. prima : with iuga, in the sense of ' projecting 
 points.' 70. repetita : ' assailed again and again.' 
 
 71. cum plausu clamor : = plausus et clamor; hence with im- 
 plevere, for implevit. B. 254, 4; A. 317, n. ; H. 389, 4. 72. Gau- 
 dent . . . pater: i. e. Cassiope et pater Cepheus gaudent et salutant 
 Per sea generum (' as son-in-law '), et fatentur eum esse auxilium 
 servatoremque suae domus. 
 
 76. Ipse: Perseus. 77. anguiferum caput: of Medusa, which 
 he carried in the enchanted sack. 78. natas sub aequore virgas : 
 i. e. sea-weed. 79. imponit: sc.foliis virgisque. 80. bibula medulla: 
 abl., while viva (nom.) agrees with virga. 81. vim . . . rigorem: de- 
 scribes the Metamorphosis of the sea-weed into coral, wrought 
 by Medusa's head, which still possessed the power of turning what- 
 ever it touched into stone. 
 
 Page 63. 84. idem: ace. subj. of contingere after gaudent. 
 85. iterant iactata: = iterum atque iterum iactant; i. e. they re- 
 
PAG! 64. j NOTES 103 
 
 peat the process and thus produce coral in other parts of the 
 87. ab tacto aere : = ab tactu a'cris. 
 
 90. Laevum, dextrum : sc. focum. Mercurio : an altar was 
 erected to Mercury, because the monster was slain with the weapon 
 furnished by him. bellica virgo : Minerva, to whom sacrifice was 
 offered because she was the patron of our hero. Her altar was given 
 the place of honor, on the right, because she ranked nearer to Jupiter 
 than Mercury. 91. Ara Iovis : why should Perseus erect an altar 
 in honor of Jupiter? 92. Alipedi : = Mercurio. 
 
 93. et : we should say * as.' f acti : the destruction of the sea- 
 monster. 94. Indotata : Perseus, in a manner worthy of a true man 
 and a hero, rejects the dower promised (1. 41). rapit : suggests 
 the Roman custom of the bridegroom seizing the bride and carrying 
 her across the threshold, a part of the marriage ceremony, taedas : 
 cf. n. to p. 56, 1. 6. 95. Praecutiunt : at the head of the wedding 
 procession, ignes : on the altars. Wedding ceremonies were ac- 
 companied by religious rites. 
 
 4. Metamorphoses, VI. 165-312. 
 
 " 'Tis pride, rank pride, and haughtiness of soul! " 
 
 Addison: Cato. 
 
 Page 64. Seven sons and seven daughters made glad the home of 
 Amphion and Niobe, king and queen of Thebes. One day as Niobe 
 witnessed preparations for a festival in honor of Leto (Latona), and 
 Leto's two children, Apollo and Artemis, she was carried away by a 
 frenzy of pride and presumption. She declared herself more for- 
 tunate in the number of her children, and more worthy of worship, 
 than the goddess. Leto, indignant, appealed to her son and daugh- 
 ter to avenge the slight. They wrapped themselves in cloud and 
 stood above the citadel of Thebes, whence Apollo with his arrows 
 slew the sons one after the other. Amphion, crazed with grief, 
 killed himself. The mother's pride was still unbroken, and in the 
 midst of her defiance the seven daughters were slain by the same 
 unerring hand. Then Niobe, crushed at last by her bereavements, 
 became stone. A wind carried her rigid form from Thebes across 
 the sea to Mt. Sipylus in Lydia, where, fixed in the mountain side, it 
 ever weeps (see n. to 1. 144). The story of Niobe is one of many, 
 in ancient literature, which have for their theme the presumptuous 
 pride of men as arousing the wrath of the gods and bringing its own 
 destruction. It has often been treated by artists. The illustration 
 (facing p. 68), which represents Niobe trying to shield the youngest 
 
104 NIOBE [Page 64. 
 
 daughter, is from one of a celebrated group of statues portraying 
 the whole scene, that once adorned the pediment of a temple of 
 Apollo at Rome. 
 
 1. celeb errima : = ' thickly surrounded.' 2. intexto auro : em- 
 broidery with gold thread passed for a Phrygian invention. 3. mo- 
 vens: in disapproval. Cf. the lines of Homer (Iliad, I, 528-530): 
 1 Saturn's son spake, and nodded thereupon with his dark brows; 
 and the ambrosial locks of the king fell waving forward to his nod, 
 from his immortal head ; and he made mighty Olympus to tremble.' 
 4. immissos : ' left hanging free.' 5. alta : ' with lofty mien/ 
 
 6. auditos praeponere visis Caelestes : i. e. ' to set the gods, who 
 are known only by hearsay, above those who are actually seen ' ; 
 referring to herself. 7. peraras: 'on altars through the land.' 
 8. Numen meum: '(while) my divinity.' auctor: 'father.' 
 The story of Tantalus is thus told by Hyginus (Fab. 82) : 
 
 Iuppiter Tantalo concredere sua consilia solitus erat, et ad epulum deorum 
 admittere; quae Tantalus ad homines renuntiavit. Ob id dicitur ad inferos 
 in aqua media fine corporis stare, semperque sitire; et cum haustum aquae 
 vult sumere, aquam recedere. Item poma ei super caput pendent; quae cum 
 vult sumere, rami vento moti recedunt. Item saxum super caput eius ingens 
 pendet, quod semper timet ne super se ruat. 
 
 9. tangere mensas : ' to sit at table with.' 10. Pleiadum soror : 
 the mother of Niobe was Dione, one of the Hyades, who were 
 daughters of Atlas and sisters of the Pleiades. 11. qui . . . axem : 
 Atlas is said to have led the Titans in their attack upon heaven, and 
 on this account to have been compelled to bear the sky (some say 
 the earth and the sky) upon his shoulders. 12. Iuppiter . . . 
 illo : Jupiter was the father of Amphion as well as of Tantalus. 
 
 13. me, etc.: sub me domind ('as mistress'). Cadmi : see 
 Introductory Note, p. 91. 14. fidibus . . . Moenia : 'the walls 
 fitted together by my husband's lyre.' When Amphion and Zethos 
 (see p. 37) took possession of Thebes, it was said, they resolved to 
 fortify it by a wall. As Amphion played upon his lyre, the stones, 
 moved by the resistless sound, gathered in order, and fitted them- 
 selves together tier on tier till the walls stood forth complete. 
 
 15. viro : = meo marito. 16. adverti : our idiom prefers the 
 present ; trans, as if adverto. lumina : i. e. meos oculos. 17. ac- 
 cedit : in the sense of additur. 18. facies : referring to her own 
 beauty, septem, etc. : Hesiod assigns Niobe twenty children ; 
 other writers mention eighteen, twelve, and even fewer. 
 
Pact 65 j NOTES 105 
 
 20. habeat : why emphatic? 21. Nescio . . . mihi : ct andete 
 praefcrre mihi Titanida Latonam, satam nescio quo Coco. Nescio 
 quo Coeo : contemptuous, = ' of one Coeus,' whom nobody knows 
 anything about. B. 253, 6, A. 575, d; H. 512, 7. 22. cui : Ac- 
 cording to one story Latona was pursued by the vengeful hate of 
 Juno and wandered from land to land, seeking a home but finding 
 none. At length Delos, at that time a floating island, received 
 her. Thereupon Jupiter anchored the island to the bottom of the 
 sea with adamantine chains. There Latona gave birth to Apollo and 
 Artemis. 
 
 Page 65. 25. miserata: Delos, miserata Latonam vagantem, dixit, 
 etc. 30. copia : copia natorum. 
 
 31. Maior . . . nocere: i. e. I am so great that fortune cannot 
 harm me. B. 283, 2, a; A. 535, c; H. 591, 6. 
 
 32. ut eripiat: B. 308; A. 527; H. 586, 11. 33. Excessere 
 metum : sc. mihi; we should say ' have put me beyond the reach 
 of fear.' Fingite . . . meorum : Fingite aliquid demi huic populo 
 (' throng/ suggesting a comparison of the number of her children 
 to a nation) meorum natorum. B. 188, 2, d\ A. 381 ; H. 427. 
 
 35. spoliata : * though despoiled ' of some. B. 337, 2, e; A. 496; 
 H. 638, 2. 36. turbam : used contemptuously of Latona's two 
 children, in contrast with populo natorum above, qua . . . orba: 
 qua turba quantum distat ilia ab femind orba natorum? ' And with 
 this number how far is she from being childless? ' (lit. ' from a 
 childless woman'). 37. satis sacri est: the sacred rites in honor 
 of Latona and her children have gone far enough. 
 
 38. Ponite : for deponite. Deponunt : deponunt coronas e lauro 
 nexas, quas in honor em Latonae et Latonigenarum capitibus imposu- 
 erant. 39. Quodque licet : et id, quod illis licet, tacito : because 
 open worship is prohibited. 
 
 "Pride goeth before destruction, 
 And an haughty spirit before a fall." 
 
 Proverbs. 
 
 40. dea: Latona. Cynthi : why on Cynthus? 41. gemina 
 prole : Apollo and Artemis. 
 
 42. vobis animosa creatis : freely, ' proud that I bore you.' 
 43. cessura : in rank. 
 
 44. An: translate 'whether'; in full, utrum dea sim, an non. 
 dubitor : our idiom prefers the impers. form ; trans, as if dubitatur. 
 cultis : with aris f = ' altars tended with rites of worship.' 45. Ar- 
 ceor : by Niobe interdicting my worship. 48. quod in ipsam re- 
 
106 NIOBE [Page 66.] 
 
 cidat : ' and may it (that which she said of me) fall back upon her- 
 self.' Notice recidat instead of recidat, to fit the verse. 49. pater- 
 nam : = patris, of Tantalus, whose unbridled tongue betrayed the 
 secrets of the gods. See n. to 1. 8. 
 
 Page 66. 51. poenae . . . est : longa querella est mora poenae. 
 
 63. Contigerant : forcible use of the plup., indicating the imme- 
 diateness of the action. 
 
 54. moenia : of Thebes. 55. Adsiduis : adj. with equis, when 
 adsidue with pulsatus might have been expected, turba rotarum : 
 the plain was used also for chariot-racing. 56. mollierat : i. e. had 
 ground into dust. 57. Amphione : abl. after genitis. 58. Con- 
 scendunt: B. 254, 4, a; A. 317, d, 1 ; H. 389, 1. Tyrio suco : i. e. 
 with crimson blankets. The ancient royal purple (in tint more akin 
 to scarlet than our purple) was produced by a dye extracted at 
 considerable cost from the murex, a species of shell-fish. As Tyre 
 was a centre for the manufacture of it, it was often called l Tyrian 
 purple. ' 
 
 60. E quibus : et ex his, or et horum. The names of Niobe's 
 sons (according to Ovid) were, Ismenus, Sipylus (1. 66), Phaedimus 
 (1. 74), Tantalus (1. 75), Alphenor (1. 83), Damasichthon (1. 89), and 
 Ilioneus (1. 96). certum in orbem : ' into a definite circle/ following 
 a track. 62. mini : B. 188, 1; A. 379, a; H. 421, 4. 63. Tela, 
 for telum, here — sagittam (cf. 1. 65). 64. In latus : ' sidewise.' 
 armo : of the horse. 
 
 65. inane: cf. p. 62, 1. 54, and n. 66. Frena dabat: in flight; 
 like our expression " he gave the reins to his horse." veluti . . . 
 aura : veluti cum rector navis, praescius imbris, nube visa, fugit, et 
 undique deducit pendentia carbasa, ne qua parte levis aura effluat. 
 68. deducit: i unfurls.' On ancient vessels the sails were unfurled 
 from above ; now they are drawn up from the yards. 69. dantem : 
 sc. eum. non evitabile : for inevitabile. 70. summa cervice : in 
 summd parte cervicis. 71. ferrum: as p. 53, 1. 53. 
 
 72. ut . . . iubasque : c lying forward, as he was, over the neck 
 and mane (of his horse) at full speed.' In swift riding the good rider 
 often presses forward over the horse's neck, thus offering less re- 
 sistance to the air. 
 
 76. solito labori : perhaps exercising with horses, in which Is- 
 menus and Sipylus had been engaged, is meant. 76. nitidae : 
 1 shining ' with oil, with which the body was rubbed before engaging 
 in athletic exercises. 
 
 Page 67. 78. tento concita nervo . . . sagitta: ' the arrow 
 swiftly sent forth from the bow tightly strung.' 80. simul, simul: 
 
PAd 68.] NOTES 107 
 
 forceful anaphor a, B. 350,11,6; A. p. 433; II. 666 1. 81. solo: 
 
 for in solo, suprema : = ' for the last time' 82. exhalarunt : 
 
 The fifth foot is a spondee, making a spondaic verse. — — — 
 
 B. 368, 2; A. 615, 6; H. 735, 3- 
 
 83. laniata pectora plangens : = lanians pectus plangendo, a sign 
 of grief. 85. illi : B. 188, 1, n. ; A. 377; H. 425, 4, n. 86. f erro . 
 = the iron-pointed arrow, by synecdoche. 87. Quod simul educ- 
 tvm : ct simul ac id eductum est. 
 
 89. non simplex : i. e. double, as shown by the following lines, 
 intonsum : a sign of youth ; the hair of Greek boys was left uncut 
 till they reached the age of manhood. 90. esse : omitted in trans. 
 93. pennis : at the end of the shaft of the arrow, attached there to 
 give steadiness of motion and accuracy in hitting the mark. 
 
 96. Ultimus : ultimus (septimus) filius. non profectura : = 
 'which were to avail nothing.' 98. non omnes : only Apollo. 
 99. revocabile Non fuit: = ' was beyond recall.' 100. tamen : 
 although Apollo could not recall the arrow, he made the wound 
 less harrowing. 
 
 103. certam : for certiorem, which the verse would not admit ; 
 followed by gen. ruinae. 104. potuisse : superos hoc potuisse, = 
 ' that the gods had so great power.' ausi essent : B. 286, 1 ; A. 540 ; 
 H. 588, 11. 107. cum luce: i. e. cum vita; moriens eodem tempore 
 finem imposuit vitae et dolori. 
 
 Page 68. 108. haec . . . ilia: haec Niobe distabat ab ilia Niobe, 
 B. 350,10; H. 667. 110. resupina: here ' with head thrown back' 
 in her pride. 111. Invidiosa suis : ' an object of envy (even) to her 
 friends/ 
 
 114. liventia : in consequence of beating her breast. 115. Pas- 
 cere : pass, used reflexively, with the force of a deponent; followed 
 by the abl., as vescor. 117. Efferor : idiomatic, ' I am borne out ' 
 to the grave, = ' I am undone.' 118. Miserae . . . vinco : I in 
 my bereavement still have more children than thou didst ever 
 have. 
 
 120. contento ab arcu : Ovid gives no hint that arrows were sent 
 by any other than Apollo ; but in other forms of the story Artemis 
 is represented as the destroyer of the daughters. Cf. lines 51-53- 
 122 : atris : the color of mourning, applied to anything connected 
 with the Underworld or the worship of the dead. 123. toros : 
 'biers.' 124. viscere : suo viscere. 125. f ratri : after Imposito. 
 127. duplicata . . . est : ' was bent together by an invisible wound ' ; 
 like our colloquial phrase ' was doubled up.' 
 
 130. Sex: sex filiabus. 132. minimam : minimam natu, 'the 
 
108 DAEDALUS ET ICARUS [Page 68. 
 
 youngest.' 133. et unam : 'and (only) one/ 'it is only one I ask 
 for/ The mother's pride was broken. 
 
 134. Dum . . . occidit : et dum Niobe precatur, ilia filia, pro qua 
 precatur, occidit. 
 
 Page 69. 136. Nullos movet aura capillos: nulla aura capillos 
 movet. 
 
 141. bracchia: sc. possunt. 142. intra ... est: in the Greek 
 Anthology there is the following epigram on Niobe : 
 
 "Within this tomb no body lies; 
 About this body is no tomb ; 
 And that which stands before thine eyes — 
 Itself both body is and tomb." 
 
 144. In patriam : to Lydia (see Introductory Note). On the 
 north side of Mt. Sipylus, not far from Magnesia, the rude form of 
 a woman may be seen in a large niche in the limestone rock, half way 
 up a steep cliff. The figure is in a sitting posture, about three times 
 the natural size. Some observers have reported that the dripping of 
 water down the cliff over the face gives even now the appearance of 
 weeping. This figure, which has been called Niobe, seems rather 
 to be a very ancient image of Cybele ; the figure of Niobe was prob- 
 ably a rock of peculiar appearance, which has not yet been identified. 
 The story of Niobe belongs to a very large class of myths, common 
 in other mythologies as well as the Greek, which relate as their 
 outcome a transformation into stone. (Compare, for example, the 
 story of Atlas, p. ioo ; for others mentioned see Lang, " Myth, 
 Ritual, and Religion," Vol. I., p. 150 et seq.) What their origin is 
 it is not possible to determine with certainty ; but some were prob- 
 ably suggested at the beginning by natural appearances bearing a 
 real or fancied resemblance to the human face or figure, such as 
 the " Old Man of the Mountain," near the Profile House, New Hamp- 
 shire. 
 
 5. Metamorphoses, VIII. 183-235. 
 
 "Daedalus of yore 
 And his son Icarus, who wore 
 Upon their backs 
 Those wings of wax." 
 Trowbridge : Darius Green and His Flying Machine. 
 
 Page 70. Daedalus, the cunning craftsman, so the story ran, 
 taught his arts to his nephew Perdix, who soon surpassed him in 
 
I 70.] NOTES L09 
 
 skill and aroused his jealousy. Thereupon Daedalus killed the 
 youth. Being obliged to flee from Athens on account of the murder, 
 
 he went to Crete, where Minos, king of the island, made use of his 
 services in the construction of the Labyrinth. But Minos, some 
 say because appreciating so highly the value of Daedalus's work, 
 others say in anger because he had shown Ariadne how to give 
 Theseus a clue to the Labyrinth, would not let him leave Crete 
 when he wished, and seized all the ships about the island that h • 
 might not escape. Daedalus, not to be foiled by any such expedient, 
 then constructed wings for himself and his son Icarus, with the help 
 of which they set out over the sea. The father escaped thus in 
 safety to Sicily ; but Icarus flew too near the sun ; so that the wax on 
 his wings melted, and he fell into the sea named after that from him. 
 
 2. loci natalis : Athens. 4. Obstruat : i. e. ut Minos obstruat. 
 5. possideat: 'Granted that (Minos) may possess.' B. 278; 
 A. 440; H. 559, 3. 
 
 7. Naturam novat : ' he makes a new nature ' for himself; he 
 changes his nature from that of a walking to that of a flying animal. 
 9. clivo, etc. : the shortest feather at one end, the rest gradually 
 increasing in length, the longest at the other end; suggesting the 
 appearance of trees on a hillside, with tops rising row above row from 
 the bottom to the summit. 10. Fistula : the Pan's Pipe was made 
 of reeds, usually seven in number, placed side by side, and so arranged 
 that each was shorter than the one next to it. 11. medias, imas : 
 the feathers were fastened together at the middle and at the ends 
 which would be nearest the body. 13. veras aves : for veras avium 
 alas. 
 
 14. sua pericla : i. e. the means of his own destruction. 
 15. Ore renidenti : ' his face beaming ' with pleasure in his play. 
 17. Mollibat: old form for molliebat. B. 116, 4, b\ A. 183, 1; 
 H. 244, 1. 18. manus ultima: in our idiom ' the finishing touch.' 
 coeptis : dat. after imposita est. 20. mota : by his wings. 
 
 21. Medio . . . moneo : " Icare," ait, " moneo ut in medio 
 limite curras." 22. demissior : 'too low.' 23. ignis: ignis solis. 
 
 24. Nee . . . viam : i. e. Daedalus directs Icarus not to steer 
 his course (as a sailor- would) by the stars of any constellation, 
 but to follow his father implicitly. Booten : Bootes, it was said, 
 invented the plow, to which he attached oxen. To commemorate his 
 inventive genius he was transferred to the heavens, where he follows 
 the Triones. The constellation Bootes is identical with Arctophylax, 
 4 Bear-keeper,' ' Bear-ward,' so named in honor of the son of Callisto. 
 The legend runs that Callisto was an Arcadian nymph who roamed 
 
110 ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE [Page 70. 
 
 field and forest in the train of the huntress Artemis. Having be- 
 come the recipient of amorous attentions from Zeus, she was changed 
 by jealous Hera into a bear. In this form she was pursued by her 
 own son Areas, and would have been killed, had not Zeus stayed 
 the death-bringing shaft, and transferred both mother and son to 
 the heavens, where Callisto became the Great Bear, Areas Arcto- 
 phylax, or Bootes. 
 
 Page 71. 25. Orionis ensem : Orion was a celebrated giant, who 
 possessed the power of wading through the deepest seas. At his 
 death he was placed in the heavens, where one may still see the rows 
 of bright stars that form ' Orion's Belt ' and ' Sword/ 26. Me 
 duce : cf. p. 51, 1. 12, and n. Pariter : = eddem tempore. 
 
 28. opus : of fitting the wings, genae seniles : ' the old man's 
 cheeks.' maduere : i. e. lacrimis. 33. Hortatur : sc. eum. 
 35. Hos . . . deos : aliqids (= quispiam), dum captat pisces trementi 
 harundine, aut pastor innixus baculo y vel arator innixus stivd, vidit 
 hos, et obstipuit; et credidit eos, qui aether a car per e possent (why 
 subj. ?), esse deos. 36. baculo, stiva : B. 218, 3 ; A. 431 ; H. 476, 3. 
 38. Iunonia Samos : sc. erat; called 'Juno's Samos ' because of a 
 favorite sanctuary of the goddess there. The course of Daedalus 
 and Icarus was now towards Asia Minor, in the direction of Miletus. 
 
 43. Rapidi : 'consuming.' 44. odoratas : by the action of the 
 heat. 45. nudos lacertos : lacertos nudos alts. 46. non ullas 
 auras : no breeze to carry him on. 47. caerulea : abl. 48. aqua : 
 i. e. mari, that part of the Aegean Sea known as the ' Icarian Sea ' 
 {Icarium Mare), along the coast of Ionia and Caria, in Asia Minor; 
 so named, doubtless, notwithstanding the myth of Daedalus's son, 
 from the island Icaros. 
 
 49. nee iam: ' no longer.' 
 
 51. dicebat : force of the change from dixit, 1. 50? 53. tellus : 
 the island of Icaros, or Icaria ; one of the Cyclades, west of Samos. 
 
 6. Metamorphoses,- X. 1 et seq. 
 
 "Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing 
 Such notes as, warbled to the string, 
 Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek, 
 And made Hell grant what love did seek.' 1 
 
 Milton : II Penseroso. 
 
 Page 72. 1. Inde : from Crete, where Hymenaeus had been 
 present at the marriage of Iphis and Ianthe, as related at the end 
 of the preceding book of the Metamorphoses, velatus : with Hy- 
 
72. j NOTES 111 
 
 menaeuSj which is subject of digreditur as well as Tendit, Roman 
 brides wore a veil of dark yellow or flame color. Hence the god of 
 marriage is represented as clad in a robe of similar tint. So Milton 
 r L'Allegro ") : 
 
 " There let Hymen oft appear 
 In saffron robe, with taper clear." 
 
 2. Ciconum ad oras : i. e. to Thrace, the home of Orpheus. 
 
 3. Orphea voce : translate as if voce Orphcos. Orpheus, so ran 
 the tale, wedded the beautiful nymph Eurydice. But at the mar- 
 riage the omens were inauspicious ; and soon after the fair bride, 
 stung by a serpent, was claimed by death. The bard, frantic at 
 the loss, pressed his way down into the Underworld, where with the 
 plaintive song of his griefs he charmed the tormented from their 
 sufferings, and made even the divinities weep. As a result of his 
 pleading, Eurydice was permitted to return to the upper air, but only 
 on one condition, — that as the bridegroom led her forth he should 
 cast no glance backwards. They had almost reached the upper 
 world, when Orpheus could no longer control his feelings, and looked 
 back to see if his bride still followed. Thereupon she was suddenly 
 drawn back into the Underworld, to be seen no more of her loving 
 spouse till death should bring him also thither. 
 
 nequiquam : ' to no purpose,' because Eurydice would be no sooner 
 married than taken away by death, vocatur : ' is invoked ' ; ac- 
 cording to the ancient custom, with cries such as Hymen, Hy- 
 menaee ! Hymen ades, Hymenaee ! (from the Epithalamium of 
 Catullus, 62). 
 
 4. ille : Hymenaeus. sollemnia verba : the marriage hymn, with 
 the singing of which the bride was escorted from the home of her 
 parents to that of her husband. 6. Fax: if the torches in the 
 wedding procession (see N. to p. 56, 1. 6) burned brightly, it was 
 thought a good omen ; if they but glowed or flickered dimly, it was 
 thought to be a sign of future ill. In works of art Hymenaeus is 
 represented as bearing a torch. 7. nullos invenit motibus ignes : 
 the torch only glowed, and would not burst into flame even when 
 waved in the air. Milton has finely expressed the meaning of this 
 passage (" Epitaph on the Marchioness of Winchester ") : 
 
 "The virgin quire for her request 
 The god that sits at marriage-feast ; 
 He at their invoking came, 
 But with a scarce well-lighted flame ; 
 And in his garland, as he stood, 
 Ye might discern a cypress-bud," 
 
112 ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE [Page 72. 
 
 8. nupta nova: The nymph Eurydice. 11. Quam: et . . . 
 earn, satis ad superas auras : * to the air of heaven/ i. e. to the 
 gods of the upper world ; ' enough ' to make sure of their favor in 
 his quest to the world below. 12. ne non : for ut, by litotes.- 
 13. Styga : put for the whole Underworld. Taenaria porta : a 
 cavern on the promontory of Taenarus (now Cape Matapan) at 
 the southern end of the Peloponnesus, which was thought to be one 
 of the chief entrances to the Underworld. B. 218, 9; A. 429, a; 
 H. 476. 
 
 14. leves : as devoid of material body, simulacra functa sepul- 
 chro : ' forms that have found a tomb.' Those who had not had proper 
 rites of burial, it was said, must wander a hundred years on the banks 
 of the Styx before they would be carried across. 16. ad : as accom- 
 paniment, * to.' carmina : pi. because carmen may be applied to a 
 single verse, nervis : i. e. chordis lyrae. 
 
 17. mundi : ' realm.' 18. quicquid mortale creamur : = ' all of 
 us who are created mortal.' 19. licet: licet vera loqui. falsi 
 oris: ' of deceptive speech.' 20. loqui: sc. me. 22. Medusaei 
 monstri : the three-headed Cerberus (see p. 35) ; called ' Medusean ' 
 because descended, through Echidna, from Chrysaor, who was said 
 to have sprung from the blood of the Medusa's head when it was cut 
 off (see Introductory Note, p. 99). vincirem : refers to the myth 
 that Herakles, as the last of his twelve labors (see p. 39), descended 
 to the Underworld, and seized and dragged forth Cerberus, whom he 
 showed to King Eurystheus, and then took back again. 
 
 23. viae : ' of my journey ' ; sc. est. 24. crescentes annos : 
 * the years of bloom,' before life begins to decline. 
 
 Page 73. 25. pati : ' to endure (the loss).' 26. Sup era : with 
 ora. 27. An sit hie: sc. notus. Cf. n. to p. 58, 1. 78. et . . . 
 esse : i. e. augur or ilium deum hie etiam notum esse. 28. veteris 
 rapinae : the carrying away of Proserpina by Pluto. 29. Vos : 
 Plutonem et Proserpinam. 31. Eurydices . . . fata :' weave again,' 
 i. e. spin backwards and tie again ' (the thread of) Eurydice's des- 
 tiny, (too) swiftly spun ' ; referring to the spinning of the three 
 Fates. Compare Lowell's lines (" Villa Franca ") : 
 
 "Spin, spin, Clotho, spin! 
 
 Lachesis, twist ! and Atropos, sever ! 
 In the shadow, year out, year in, 
 The silent headsman waits forever!" 
 
 35. longissima : because everlasting, while all others are short- 
 lived. 36. Haecquoque: ' she too,' iustos: ' in proper number,' 
 
73.] NOTES 113 
 
 the number that she ought to enjoy. 37. Iuris vestri : l under 
 your sway.' B. [98, 2; A. 343, b\ H. 447. pro . . . usum : I do 
 not ask her as a permanent gift, but only the enjoyment of her pres- 
 ence till you shall have rightful claim upon her. 38. certum est 
 mihi : l 1 am resolved.' 
 
 40. Talia . . . animae : exsangues animae flebant turn diccntcm 
 talia ct moventcm nervos lyrae ad verba. Orpheus belongs to the same 
 class of mythical musicians as Arlon, Amphion, and the Pied Piper 
 of Hamelin (see Browning's poem). Whatever may have suggested 
 these beautiful creations of the imagination, they are a pleasing 
 tribute to the power of music. Thus Shakespeare (Henry VIII., 
 Act II.) : 
 
 "Orpheus with his lute made trees, 
 And the mountain tops, that freeze, 
 
 Bow themselves, when he did sing : 
 To his music, plants and flowers 
 Ever sprung, as sun and showers 
 
 There had made a lasting spring. 
 
 "Every thing that heard him play, 
 Even the billows of the sea, 
 
 Hung their heads, and then lay by. 
 In sweet music is such art : 
 Killing care and grief of heart 
 
 Fall asleep, or, hearing, die." 
 
 41. Tantalus : see n. to p. 64, 1. 8. 42. stupuit : i. e. stood still 
 in amazement. 43. iecur : iecur Tityi. Tityos was a giant whom 
 Jupiter cast into Tartarus for insulting Latona; there he was tor- 
 tured by having two vultures gnawing at his liver by day, while 
 the parts consumed would grow again by night, urnis vacarunt 
 Belides: i. e. were suffered to rest. The Danaids (Danaides), 
 called by Ovid Belides, from their grandfather Belus, were the fifty 
 daughters of Danaus, son of Belus. They were sought in marriage, 
 the story ran, by the fifty sons of Aegyptus, Danaus's brother. 
 Danaus, having left his native land, Phoenicia, became king of Argos, 
 whither he was followed by the eager suitors. Having received in- 
 formation from an oracle that they were plotting against him, he 
 gave them his daughters indeed, but provided each of the maids 
 with a sword, and instructed them to slay their husbands while sleep- 
 ing. All save one obeyed, and were punished in the Underworld by 
 being obliged to collect water forever in vessels full of holes. 
 
 45. primum : does not imply that the like ever happened again. 
 47. oranti : sc. Orphci. qui regit ima : i. e. Pluto. 48. Umbras : 
 
114 MIDAS [Page 73. 
 
 inter recentes umbras. 50. legem : ' condition. ' 52. Exierit valles : 
 B. 175, 2, a; A. 388, b; H. 406. f utura : for futur a esse. 
 
 Page 74. 53. Carpitur : sc. ab eis. trames : to the upper world. 
 55. afuerunt : scanned Z_ \j \j _/ , e being made short by systole. 
 B. 367, 3 ; H. 733, 6. telluris margine summae : ' from the surface 
 of the upper earth.' 56. ne deflceret : i. e. ne Eurydice deficeret. 
 58. captans : ' eagerly desiring.' 
 
 61. quid . . . amatam : quid enim quereretur, nisi se amatam 
 esse? 62. Vale: treated as a noun in the ace, obj. of dixit. Cf. 
 p. 56, 1. 25. 63. Acciperet: why not indie? 
 
 64. Orantem: sc. eum {Or phea). transire : ' to cross (the Styx),' 
 in order to enter the Underworld again. 65. Portitor: Charon; 
 seep. 35. diebus: B. 231, 1; A. 424, b; H. 417, 2. 66. Squalidus : 
 ' a-mourning,' 'in mourning.' in ripa: = in ripa Stygis. Cereris 
 sine munere : without food. 69. pulsum aquilonibus Haemum : 
 the North wind, Boreas, was said to live in a cave on Mt. Haemus. 
 
 7. Metamorphoses, XI. 85-145. 
 
 "Oh Avarice ! than thee a greater plague 
 Did ne'er infest the life of wretched man." 
 
 May : The Old Couple. 
 
 Page 75. Heart-broken by the second loss of Eurydice, Or- 
 pheus resolved to hold aloof from women altogether and withdrew 
 to the wooded heights of his native land. Here he sang so sweetly 
 to the accompaniment of his lyre that the very trees gathered round 
 him to listen to his songs. A company of women, who were roam- 
 ing over the mountains in a Bacchanalian revel, caught sight of 
 him, and infuriated by his contempt for their sex tore him to pieces. 
 For this outrage Bacchus changed them into trees. 1. hoc : i. e. 
 the punishment of the women. 2. cum choro meliore : ' with a 
 better band ' of followers than those he had recently transformed. 
 sui Timoli : Timolus or Tmolus was a mountain in Lydia, famed 
 for its wines, and hence a favorite haunt of Bacchus, god of wine. 
 3. Pactolon : the Pactolus, a small river which rises in Mt. Tmolus 
 and flows in a northerly direction past Sardis into the Hermus. 
 5. Satyri Bacchaeque : in app. with cohors. 
 
 6. Silenus. Silenus (see p. 34), while wandering drunken in 
 Phrygia, was brought before King Midas, who, having been in- 
 structed in the Bacchic lore by Orpheus, received him kindly, en- 
 tertained him for ten days, and then returned him to Bacchus. The 
 Wine-god was grateful for the kindness, and offered Midas any gift 
 
lw. 75.] NOTES 115 
 
 he might ask for. The avaricious king prayed that everything he 
 
 touched might be turned into gold. He soon had reason to repent 
 of his rash request, and begged to be released from its consequences. 
 He was bidden to go bathe in the head-waters of the Pactolus. He 
 obeyed and was freed from the spell of gold ; but the sands of the 
 river were golden ever after. 
 
 9. tradiderat : here = docucrat. 10. Qui simul : et simid ac is. 
 sacrorum : the Bacchic rites, in which Orpheus had instructed 
 Midas and the bard Eumolpus. 12. iunctas : sc. diebus. ordine : 
 " in succession.' 
 
 13. coegerat agmen : ' had brought up the rear/ a military ex- 
 pression. 14. undecimus : i. e. the morning of the ' eleventh ' day. 
 15. iuveni alumno : Bacchus, from the train of whom, while roam- 
 ing about in these parts, Silenus had become separated. 16. Huic 
 recepto : i. e. dens {Bacchus), gaudens altore (Sileno) recepto, fecit 
 huic (Midae) gratum, sed inutile, arbitrium optandi quodvis munus ('any 
 gift whatsoever '). inutile: referring to the consequences of Midas's 
 choice. 19. vertatur : B. 295, 8; A. 565; H. 565,4. 
 
 20. optatis : i. e. optato. munera solvit : like pecuniam solvit; 
 suggests the payment of a debt. 21. petisset : why not petierat? 
 22. malo : the gift fraught with ill. Berecyntius heros : Midas, 
 called ' Berecyntian ' from his mother Cybele, to whom Mt. Bere- 
 cyntus in Phrygia was sacred. 23. Polliciti fidem : ' the fulfilment 
 of the promise.' 24. non alta : agreeing with ilice. 
 
 Page 76. 28. Massa : 'a nugget.' 30. Hesperidas donasse 
 putes : pates Hesperidas ilia poma ei donavisse. Three golden 
 apples were given to Hera, at the time of her marriage to Zeus, by 
 Ge. They were said to be guarded in a beautiful garden in the 
 far west, by fair maidens called the Hesperides. According to one 
 form of the myth the Hesperides were daughters of Atlas, and 
 called Atlantides. In protecting the apples they were helped by 
 the dragon Ladon who was slain by Hercules, the fate-appointed 
 plucker of the golden fruit. Cf. p. 40. The whole story is grace- 
 fully set forth in Morris's " Earthly Paradise," under the title 
 14 The Apples of the Hesperides." 
 
 32. Vix capit: ' can scarcely contain.' aurea fingens Omnia: 
 fingens omnia esse aurea. 33. Gaudenti : sc. illi. 34. tostae frugis : 
 ior panis. 35. Cerealia Munera, dona : i. e. bread. 36. rigebant : 
 auro rigebant. 39. auctorem muneris : Bacchum, put by metonymy 
 for vinum. The ancients drank their wine mingled with water. 
 
 42. quae . . . odit : odit ea, quae modo voverat. 47. specioso : 
 referring to the glitter of the gold, eripe : sc. me. 
 
116 MIDAS [Page 76. 
 
 48. Mite . . . Restituit : Bacchus, mite numen deorum, restituit 
 (to his former condition) eum, fatentem se peccavisse (in asking for 
 such a gift). 49. pacti fide data: = ' in true fulfilment of his 
 promise.' 
 
 50. Neve . . . auro : et ait, " Ne maneas circumlitus auro, male 
 optato," etc. 51. amnem : the Pactolus. 52. iugum Phrygiae : 
 ' the mountain range of Phrygia/ the Tmolus. Our poet makes 
 Phrygia cover Lydia as well, labentibus obvius undis : i. e. up the 
 river. 54. plurimus : ' with greatest volume. ' 55. simul, simul : 
 cf. n. to p. 67, 1. 80. 
 
 Page 77. 56. iussae : cf. p. 54, 1. 105 and n. Vis aurea: ' the 
 gold-producing power.' 57. cessit in amnem : the sands of the Pac- 
 tolus became golden. 58. semine venae: lit. ' seed of the vein,' 
 i. e. source of gold (contained in the vein) ; translate the line freely : 
 'Now, too, through the gold-producing power received in ancient 
 days.' 59. arva rigent, pallentia, (being yellow) glaebis madidis auro. 
 
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION 
 
 NAMES 
 
 OF PROPER 
 
 The system used in the following list to indicate the English pro- 
 nunciation is intended to be lucid and consistent, and at the same 
 time to present as few points of divergence as possible from the sys- 
 tems found in the best dictionaries. The so-called long vowels have 
 above them a macron or some mark indicative of quality ; the short 
 stressed vowels have no mark at all ; the obscure unstressed vowels 
 have a dot under them, thus : 
 
 a as in 
 
 'fate.' 
 
 e as in ' hated.'* 
 
 o as in 
 
 democrat.' 
 
 a " " 
 
 'fat,' 
 
 e " " ' her.' 
 
 g « « < 
 
 use.' 
 
 a " " 
 
 1 idea.'* 
 
 I " " ' pine.' 
 
 u " " 
 
 up.' 
 
 a " " 
 
 1 arm.' 
 
 i " " ' pin.' 
 
 u " " 
 
 singular.'* 
 
 a " " 
 
 1 all.' 
 
 i " " ' unity.'* 
 
 u " " 
 
 circus.'* 
 
 e " " 
 
 'me.' 
 
 o " " 'no.' 
 
 U " " 
 
 rude.' 
 
 e " " 
 
 1 met.' 
 
 o " " ' not.' 
 
 U " " 
 
 f full.' 
 
 The chief stress or accent is indicated by ', the secondary by " ; 
 but the secondary stress is not marked when separated from another 
 stress by a single intervening unstressed syllable, for in that case one 
 naturally puts it in the proper place. 
 
 Agenor, a-je'nor. 
 Alphenor, al-fe'nor. 
 Ammon, am 'on. 
 Amphion, am-fl'on. 
 Andromeda, an-drom'e-da. 
 Aonia, a-o'ni-a. 
 Apollo, a-pol'o. 
 Aratus, a-ra/tus. 
 
 Arion, a-rl'on. 
 
 Atlas, at'las. 
 
 A vermis, a-ver'nus. 
 
 Bacchus, bak'us. 
 Balearic, bal-e-ar'ik. 
 Baucis, ba-sis. 
 Belides, bel'i-dez. 
 
 * The obscure unstressed vowels are in effect very much alike, but they differ 
 slightly according to the character of the adjoining consonants. They are most cor- 
 rectly sounded when one glides over them rapidly and naturally. 
 
 The editor is indebted to Professor George Hempl, of the chair of English Phi- 
 lology and General Linguistics, University of Michigan, for kind assistance in pre- 
 paring this list. 
 
 117 
 
118 
 
 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Berecynthian, ber-e-sin'thi-an. 
 Boeotia, be-o'sh(y)a. 
 Bootes, bo-o'tez. 
 
 Cadmus, kad'mus. 
 Calymne, ka-lim'ne. 
 Caria, ka/ri-a. 
 Cassiope, ka-si'o-pe. 
 Castalia, kas-ta/li-a. 
 Cecrops, se'krops. 
 Cepheus, se'fus. 
 Cephisus, se-fl'sus. 
 Ceres, se'rez. 
 Chaos, ka/os or kaVos. 
 Cicones, sik'o-nez. 
 Coeus, se'us. 
 Corycium, ko-rish'i-um. 
 Cybele, sib'e-le. 
 Cyclades, sik'la-dez. 
 Cyclops, si'klops. 
 Cynthus, sin'thus. 
 Cytherea, sith-e-re'a. 
 
 Daedalus, ded'a-lus. 
 Damasichthon, dam-a-sik'thon. 
 Delos, de'los or de'los. 
 Delphi, del'fi. 
 Deucalion, dii-ka/li-on. 
 Dicte, dik'te. 
 Dis, dis. 
 
 Echion, e-ki'on. 
 Epimetheus, ep-i-me'the-us. 
 Erebus, er'e-bus. 
 Ethiopian, e-thi-o'pi-an. 
 Eumenides, u-men'i-dez. 
 Eumolpus, u-mol'pus. 
 Europa, fi-ro'pa. 
 Eurydice, u-rid'i-se. 
 
 Haemus, he'mus. 
 Helice, hel'i-se. 
 
 Hesperides, hes-per'i-dez. 
 Hippotes, hip'o-tez. 
 Hymenaeus, him-e-ne'us. 
 
 Icarus, ik'a-rus. 
 Ilioneus, i-H'o-nus. 
 Inachus, in-ak'us. 
 Ismenus, is-me'nus. 
 Iuno, ju/no. 
 Iuppiter, jti'pi-ter. 
 Ixion, ik-si'on. 
 
 Latona, la-to'na. 
 Lebinthus, le-bin'thus. 
 Lelex, le'lex. 
 Lenaeus, le-ne'us. 
 Lethe, le'the. 
 Liber, li'ber. 
 Libya, lib'i-a. 
 Lucifer, lu'si-fer. 
 Lydia, lid'i-a. 
 
 Maia, ma'(y)a. 
 Mars, marz. 
 Medusa, me-du'sa. 
 Midas, mi' das. 
 Minerva, mi-ner'va. 
 Minos, mi'nos. 
 
 Naxos, nax'os. 
 Nereus, ne'rus. 
 Ninus, ni'nus. 
 Niobe, ni'o-be. 
 
 Oeta, e'ta. 
 Olympus, o-lim'pus. 
 Orion, o-rl'on. 
 Orpheus, or'fe-us. 
 
 Pactolus, pak-to'lus. 
 Pallas, pal'as. 
 Panope, pan'o-pe. 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMIS 
 
 11!) 
 
 Parcae, piirVCv 
 Parnassus, par-nas'us. 
 Paros, pa'ros. 
 Penates, pe-na'tSz. 
 Perseus, per'se-us. 
 Phaedimus, fed'i-mus. 
 Philemon, fi-l€'mon. 
 Phocis, fo'sis. 
 Phoebe, fe'be. 
 Phoebus, fe'bus. 
 Phoenician, fe-nish'i-an. 
 Phorcus, for'kus. 
 Phrygia, frij'(y)a. 
 Pleiades, ple'ya-dez. 
 Prometheus, pro-me'the-us. 
 Proserpina, pro-ser'pi-na. 
 Pyramus, pir'a-mus. 
 Pyrrha, pir'a. 
 
 Rhodope, ro'do-pe. 
 
 Samos, sa'mos. 
 Sardis, sar'dis. 
 Saturnus, sa-ter'nus. 
 
 Semiramis, sc-mir'a-mix. 
 Silenus, si-lO'ims. 
 Sipylus, sip'i-lus. 
 Sisyphus, sis'i-fus. 
 Stygian, stij'i-an. 
 Styx, stiks. 
 
 Taenarus, te'na-rus. 
 Tantalis, tan'ta-lis. 
 Tantalus, tan'ta-lus. 
 Tartarus, tar'tar-us. 
 Thebes, thebz. 
 Themis, the 'mis. 
 Theseus, the'se-us. 
 Thisbe, thiz'be. 
 Thymbrios, thim'bri-os. 
 Timolus, tim-6'lus. 
 Titan, ti'tan. 
 Tityos, tit'i-os. 
 Triton, tri'ton. 
 Tyrian, tir'i-an. 
 
 Venus, ve'nus. 
 
 Zephyrus, zefi-rus. 
 
READING LATIN VERSE 
 
 Much of the pleasure we derive from poetry comes 
 from feeling the rhythmic swing and cadence of the verse, 
 when it is read aloud. This is just as true of Latin as 
 it is of English poetry. Hence it is important that the 
 student should learn to read metrically at his earliest 
 opportunity. 
 
 The question at once arises : Is it not possible to 
 read Latin poetry readily and naturally just as one does 
 the English, when once the particular meter of the verse 
 is understood? Theoretically it is, provided one takes 
 into account some differences in the two languages con- 
 cerning quantity, accent, and elision. But unfortu- 
 nately in most schools the time devoted to Latin is not 
 sufficient to enable the teacher to train the pupils thor- 
 oughly enough to acquire any real ease or even accu- 
 racy in the matter of pronunciation. And a faulty pro- 
 nunciation is bound to be disastrous in reading Latin 
 poetry, — just as disastrous as the ludicrous attempts 
 of foreigners to read English poetry, when their pro- 
 nunciation is still imperfect. 
 
 Under these circumstances it is generally deemed 
 wiser to learn to measure the verse and thus obtain an 
 accurate idea of its structure, before proceeding to read 
 metrically. This is not a difficult task. It is only 
 necessary to master a few rules, and then apply them 
 intelligently to the proper division of the Latin verse. 
 But first of all let us examine the particular meter that 
 is used in the selections found in this book. 
 
 120 
 
READING LATIN VERSE 
 
 121 
 
 The Dactylic Hexameter 
 
 In this meter each verse is composed of six feet. The 
 basic foot is the dactyl (__ww), consisting of one long 
 syllable followed by two short ones. A long syllable 
 requires twice as much time for pronunciation as a short 
 one. Hence the two short syllables in a dactyl may be 
 combined into a long one, making a foot of two long 
 syllables called a spondee, exactly equivalent in time to 
 the dactyl, thus : 
 
 —w, dactyl. 
 
 , spondee. 
 
 The sixth foot is properly a spondee. Its place, how- 
 ever, is often taken by a trochee (—^), consisting of a 
 long and a short syllable. 
 
 The fifth foot is regularly a dactyl. The first four 
 feet may be either dactyls or spondees. Hence the 
 scheme of the Dactylic Hexameter is as follows : 
 
 or 
 in musical notation, 
 
 NN \ s N !S N IS 
 
 I I I 1 I I I 
 
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
 
 I r\ is 
 
 
 
 € 
 
 I I 
 
 # # 
 
 The first syllable of each foot receives a slight accent. 
 
 English Hexameter 
 
 This is the | forest pri | m6val.'|The | murmuring| pines and the | h6mlocks 
 Stand like | harpers | h6ar || with | beards that | r£st in their | bosoms. 
 
122 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Latin Hexameter 
 
 Iuppiter | alter a I vus. 
 pas I si gravi I ora 
 
 Soce I ro quoque I glorior I illo. 
 da I bit deus I his quoque I finem. 
 
 I -— ^^ I 
 
 Here note the essential difference between English and Latin 
 poetry. 
 
 English poetry is based upon accent. A verse is a succession of 
 accented and unaccented syllables, with but little regard to their 
 length. 
 
 On the other hand, Latin poetry is based upon quantity. Hence 
 a Latin verse is a succession of long and short syllables, with but 
 little regard to their accent. 
 
 The Caesura 
 
 In the long lines of Hexameter verse a slight break or 
 pause naturally occurs in each line, — usually near the 
 middle, and always where a word ends within a foot. 
 This is called the caesura. If the pause falls after the 
 first accented syllable (as in the first Latin line above 
 after avus), it is a ' masculine caesura.' If it falls between 
 the two short unaccented syllables of a dactyl (as in the 
 second Latin line, after graviora), it is a ' feminine 
 caesura.' The feminine caesura is rare in Latin. Com- 
 pare the caesuras in the English examples. 
 
 Elision and Ecthlipsis 
 
 In English the final vowel of a word is often omitted 
 or slurred, when the next word begins with a vowel or 
 h, as in 'th' eternal ages.' A similar elision occurs reg- 
 ularly in Latin verse. As, Vox subit<j> audiUji est. 
 
 But the Latin, going one step further, slurs a final 
 
READING LATIN VERSE 123 
 
 syllable ending in -m (-am, -em, -ini, -urn), when the next 
 word begins with a vowel or // ; as : quant(um) erat. 
 lieu quant(um) haec. This is ecthlipsis. 
 
 Quantity of Vowels 
 
 A vowel is long or short according to the time required 
 for its pronunciation. 1 
 
 i. A vowel is long before ;// or ns, as : confer; mensa. 
 
 2. A vowel is short, — (a) before another vowel or h, as: via; 
 
 vehit. 
 (b) before nt or nd, as: sunt; mandat. 
 
 3. Diphthongs are long, as : poenae. 
 
 Quantity of Syllables 
 
 1. A syllable is long, — (a) if it contains a long vowel or a diph- 
 thong, as : a-rae? 
 (b) if it contains a short vowel followed 
 by two consonants, or x or z (double 
 consonants), as: sal-tat; sax-um, 
 gaz-a. 
 Exc. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by a mute 
 with / or r is common, i.e. it may be either long or short, as : pat-ris. 
 
 <s 
 
 Quantity of Final Vowels 
 
 Final -a, -e, -y are short ; -t, -0, -u, long. 
 
 Exc. Final -a is long, — (a) in the Abl. Sing, of the First Decl., 
 
 as : mora, 
 (b) in the Imperative, as : para. 
 
 1 In most of the prose Latin that is read in schools, long vowels are 
 marked with a dash ( — ) ; short vowels are unmarked, as : jama. The 
 practice varies in poetry. As a rule, in this book, long vowels are 
 marked only in the Vocabulary. 
 
 2 Syllables are marked as long (-) or short (vy) below the line. Long 
 vowels are marked (-) above. 
 
124 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 Final -e is long, — (a) in the Abl. Sing, of the Fifth Decl., as : 
 die. 
 
 (b) in the Imperative of the Second Conj., 
 
 as : habe. 
 
 (c) in Monosyllables, as: e, me, ne 
 Final -i is short in nisi and quasi. 
 
 Final -i is common in mihl, tibi, sibl, ibl, and ubi. 
 
 Quantity of Final Syllables 
 
 i. Final -as, -es, -os are long; -is, -us, -ys, short. 
 Exc. Final -es is short in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of Third 
 Decl. nouns and adjectives which increase in the Gen., as: 
 ml-les; di-ves. 
 
 Final -is is long, — (a) in Plurals, as sil-vls. 
 
 (Jb) in the Second Sing, of the Pres. Indie. 
 
 Act. of the Fourth Conj., as: au-dls. 
 
 Final -us is long, — (a) in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of 
 
 Third Decl. Nouns which increase 
 in the Gen., as: vir-tus. 
 (b) in the Gen. Sing., and in the Plural 
 cases of the Fourth Decl., as: 
 ma-nus. 
 2. Final syllables ending in any single consonant — other than 
 s or c — are short, as : ti-met; car -men. 
 
 Measuring Latin Verse 
 After mastering the above rules, we may proceed to 
 apply them in measuring Hexameter verse. Let us 
 begin with the first line of the first selection. Cadmus : 
 
 Iamque deus posita fallacis imagine tauri 
 
 First of all, examine the line to see if it contains any 
 syllables to be set aside by elision or ecthlipsis. We 
 find none. 
 
 The first syllable of the line (lam-) is long, because it 
 contains a vowel followed by two consonants ; the sec- 
 
READING LATIN VERSE 125 
 
 ond (-que) is short, because final -c is short ; the third 
 (do-) is short, because the vowel is followed by another 
 vowel. These syllables therefore constitute a dactyl, 
 and are marked off thus : 
 
 Iamque de-l 
 
 The first syllable of the second foot (-us) is long, be- 
 cause its vowel is followed by two consonants. There 
 is no positive rule for the length of either of the next 
 two syllables. But here you can fall back on your 
 knowledge of the parts of the verb pono, whose perfect 
 participle you have always pronounced positus (not post- 
 tus). If then the syllable -si- is short, the preceding sylla- 
 ble must also be short, making the second foot a dactyl : 
 
 ■us posi-l 
 _£. wl 
 
 The next syllable (-ta) is long, because positd is Fern. 
 
 Abl. Sing, to agree with imagine. The syllable (fal-) is 
 
 long, because its vowel is followed by two consonants. 
 
 Hence the third foot is a spondee : 
 
 l-ta fal-l 
 I /_ 
 
 The second syllable in the fourth foot (-cis) is short 
 by the rule for final syllables in -is } and this indicates 
 that the foot is a dactyl : 
 
 l-lacis i-l 
 
 (Note. In dividing into syllables, if there is but one consonant be- 
 tween two vowels, the consonant goes with the following vowel. Hence 
 -m- in imagine goes with the following vowel -a.) 
 
 The fifth foot should be a dactyl, and accordingly you 
 mark off the next three syllables, thus : 
 
 |-magine| 
 
126 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 The next syllable (tau-) is a diphthong, and there- 
 fore long. The last syllable (-ri) is long by the rule for 
 final -i. Thus the sixth foot is a spondee : 
 
 I tauri I 
 XjL _l 
 
 It only remains to fix the caesura. There are two possi- 
 ble places for it, one after deus, and the other after posita. 
 But posita goes naturally with imagine, with which it 
 agrees. Hence the caesura is placed after deus, and 
 the line — completely measured — appears as follows : 
 Iamque de I us II posi I ta fal I lacis i I magine I tauri 
 
 /- \J \J I -^. II \J\J I _£. I Z-\J\J I — KJ \J I /- 
 
 In measuring, do not hesitate to apply all that you have 
 observed about the length of vowels in your study of gram- 
 matical paradigms and in your reading of prose Latin. 
 
 Once in a while you may not be sure of the quantity 
 of several successive syllables in the forepart of the verse. 
 In that case, leave them for the time being, and measure 
 the latter part. The length of the uncertain syllables 
 may often be determined by working back to them. 
 
 A little practice will soon enable you to measure with 
 speed and accuracy. Be on the watch for verses con- 
 taining elision and ecthlipsis. A good example of elision 
 is found in Cadmus, 96. 
 
 Vox subi I t(o) audi I t(a) est ; II nequ(e) e I rat cog I noscere I 
 
 S- \j\j I /- I /- \ \j w' — \ /- \j \j ^ 
 
 promptum 
 
 Ecthlipsis is not so frequent, and therefore more 
 likely to escape the notice of the beginner. The first 
 example of it is in Cadmus, 90. 
 
 Donee A I genori I des II con I iect(um) in I gutture I ferrum 
 
READING LATIN VERSE 127 
 
 Metrical Reading 
 
 After acquiring facility in measuring Latin verse, one 
 should begin to read it aloud metrically. 
 
 Commence by repeatedly reading the lines you have 
 measured, taking care to give the long and short sylla- 
 bles their exact time. Each of the six feet should be 
 pronounced in the same time, which is best kept by 
 tapping on wood with a pencil. Allow a slight pause 
 for the caesura. 
 
 Now try reading a verse that you have not measured 
 beforehand. This is not as difficult as it seems, if you 
 observe three points : 
 
 i . The fifth and sixth feet are pronounced as they are 
 in prose. When, therefore, you have reached the fourth 
 foot, the rest presents no difficulty. 
 
 2. The second syllable in each foot determines whether 
 it is a dactyl or a spondee. If it is short, the foot is a 
 dactyl ; if long, it is a spondee. 
 
 3. If the quantity of the second syllable is not readily 
 seen, the third syllable may determine whether the foot 
 is a dactyl or a spondee. If it is short, it is a dactyl. 
 If it is long, then the preceding syllable must be long, 
 making the foot a spondee. 
 
 From the 2d and 3d points it follows that (not the 
 first) but the second and third syllables are the crucial 
 syllables in each foot. 
 
 For example, take the second line in Cadmus : 
 
 Se confessus erat Dictaeaque rura tenebat 
 
 The second syllable, con-, is long (vowel before two 
 consonants). The foot is, therefore, a spondee. While 
 
128 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 pronouncing it, look ahead to the second syllable of the 
 next foot. It is short (final -us). Therefore -fessus e 
 
 is a dactyl, and -rat is the first syllable of the third 
 foot. The following second syllable {Die-) is long 
 (vowel before two consonants). Hence -rat Die- is the 
 third foot. The third syllable {-que) of the next foot 
 is short (final -e) ; therefore -taeaque is a dactyl. The 
 
 fifth and sixth feet must be rura te I nebat I . 
 
 Judging by the sense of the line, the caesura will 
 follow erat. Thus the whole verse reads : 
 
 Se con 1 fessus e | rat 
 
 1 Die 
 
 taeaque 1 rura te 1 nebat 1 
 
 Z. - U vvl £ 
 
 1 
 
 Z. V v 1 Z. W 1 — \J 1 
 
 In the next line the crucial syllables are the third, -er 
 (short), and the sixth, -us (long), and the line reads: 
 
 I Cum pater I igna I rus II Cad I mo per I quirere I raptam I 
 
 As the placing of the caesuras depends upon a natural 
 pause in the sense, it is obvious that no attempt should 
 be made to read metrically before translating the passage. 
 
 Word Accent and Foot Accent 
 
 Doubtless you have already observed that in the first 
 four feet the word accent often does not coincide with 
 the foot accent. How then is the verse to be read? 
 Not — as is all too frequently done — by ignoring the 
 word accent in favor of the foot accent. This is as im- 
 possible in Latin as it would be in English. Imagine, 
 for example, the effect upon an audience, if the follow- 
 
READING LATIN VERSE lL } <) 
 
 ing line is read with the accents as indicated by the 
 dots below the line instead of those above ! 
 
 • • • • • • 
 
 Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest. 
 • • • • • • 
 
 In Latin both accents should be retained. This was 
 natural enough for the Romans, as the word accent 
 with them was very slight. (Compare the modern 
 French accent with the English.) It is even found 
 in some forms of English poetry. 
 
 Doubled Consonants (//-, pp-, U-, etc.) 
 
 Be especially careful to sound both consonants in such 
 words as bel-lum, where the tendency is to pronounce 
 the word as though it were spelled bel-um. Failure to 
 observe this will wreck the rhythm of the line. 
 
 Expression 
 
 At first your mind will be wholly taken up with the 
 effort to make your way successfully through the verses. 
 But as soon as you can do this with ease, make it your 
 ambition to read the Latin with as much expression as 
 you do English poetry. Modulate your voice. Phrase 
 the words. Observe the punctuation, and do not let 
 your voice fall at the end of a verse, unless the sense 
 warrants it. 
 
 Ovid's Poetry 
 
 Ovid was a born poet. He himself tells us that, as a 
 boy, " his words ran into metre, and whatever he tried 
 to write became verse. " (See Introduction, pp. 1-2.) 
 His verses move smoothly and naturally with very few 
 
130 P. OVIDIUS NASO 
 
 " Figures of Prosody." The student, therefore, who 
 begins Latin poetry with the study of Ovid, is to be con- 
 gratulated. Learning to read Ovid's " flowing verse " 
 will prove to be an excellent preparation for the more 
 difficult — though more stately — measures of Vergil. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 a. 
 
 = active. 
 
 
 
 inch. 
 
 = inchoative. 
 
 abl. 
 
 = ablative. 
 
 
 
 indecl. 
 
 = indeclinable 
 
 abs. 
 
 = absolute. 
 
 
 
 indef. 
 
 = indefinite. 
 
 ace. 
 
 = accusative. 
 
 
 
 indie. 
 
 = indicative. 
 
 adj. 
 
 = adjective. 
 
 
 
 inf. 
 
 = infinitive. 
 
 adv. 
 
 = adverb, adverbial. 
 
 
 inter j. 
 
 = interjection. 
 
 c. 
 
 = common (gender). 
 
 
 intr. 
 
 = intransitive. 
 
 causat. 
 
 = causative. 
 
 
 
 irr. 
 
 = irregular. 
 
 chap. 
 
 = chapter. 
 
 
 
 lit. 
 
 = literally. 
 
 comp. 
 
 — comparative. 
 
 
 
 m. 
 
 = masculine. 
 
 conj. 
 
 = conjunction. 
 
 
 
 MSS. 
 
 = manuscripts 
 
 dat. 
 
 = dative. 
 
 
 
 n.,neut 
 
 . = neuter. 
 
 decl. 
 
 = declension. 
 
 
 
 nom. 
 
 = nominative. 
 
 def. 
 
 = defective. 
 
 
 
 num. 
 
 = numeral. 
 
 dem. 
 
 = demonstrative. 
 
 
 
 p., pp. 
 
 = page, pages. 
 
 dep. 
 
 (in vocabulary) = 
 
 deponent. 
 
 part. 
 
 = participle. 
 
 dim. 
 
 = diminutive. 
 
 
 
 pass. 
 
 = passive. 
 
 e. g. 
 
 — exempli gral 
 
 id 
 
 = for 
 
 patr. 
 
 = patronymic. 
 
 
 example. 
 
 
 
 pers. 
 
 = person. 
 
 Eng. 
 
 = English. 
 
 
 
 pf. 
 
 = perfect. 
 
 et al. 
 
 = et alibi = and elsewhere. 
 
 pi. 
 
 = plural. 
 
 et seq. 
 
 = et scquentia = 
 
 and what 
 
 plup. 
 
 = pluperfect. 
 
 
 follows. 
 
 
 
 pos. 
 
 = positive. 
 
 etc. 
 
 = et cetera = ana 
 
 I so 
 
 forth. 
 
 pred. 
 
 = predicate. 
 
 excl. 
 
 — exclamation. 
 
 
 
 prep. 
 
 = preposition. 
 
 f. 
 
 = feminine. 
 
 
 
 pres. 
 
 = present. 
 
 freq. 
 
 = frequentative. 
 
 
 
 pron. 
 
 = pronoun. 
 
 fut. 
 
 = future. 
 
 
 
 reflex. 
 
 = reflexive. 
 
 gen. 
 
 = genitive. 
 
 
 
 rel. 
 
 = relative. 
 
 ibid. 
 
 = ibidem = in 
 
 the 
 
 same 
 
 sing. 
 
 = singular. 
 
 
 place. 
 
 
 
 subj. 
 
 = subjunctive. 
 
 id. 
 
 = idem = the same. 
 
 
 subst. 
 
 = substantive. 
 
 i. e. 
 
 = id est = that is 
 
 
 
 sup. 
 
 = superlative. 
 
 imp. 
 
 = imperative. 
 
 
 
 trans. 
 
 = transitive. 
 
 impers. 
 
 = impersonal, 
 
 imperson- 
 
 v. 
 
 = verb. 
 
 
 ally. 
 
 
 
 voc. 
 
 = vocative. 
 
 impf. 
 
 = imperfect. 
 
 
 
 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 a, ab, prep, with abl., from, away 
 from, out of; of place or direc- 
 tion, at, on, in, from, ab utraque 
 parte, on both sides; of time, 
 after, from, since; of agency, 
 by, as ab illo, by him. 
 
 Abantiades, -ae, patr., m., son 
 of Abas, descendant of Abas; 
 Perseus, so named because he 
 was the son of Danae, grand- 
 daughter of Abas. 
 
 abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [ab + 
 do], put away; hide. 
 
 abeo, -ire, -ii, abiturus, [ab + eo], 
 go away, go forth, depart. 
 
 abluo, -luere, -lui, -lutus, [ab + 
 luo], wash away, wash of, cleanse, 
 wash. 
 
 abstuli, see aufero. 
 
 absum, abesse, afui, afuturus, 
 [ab + sum], be away, be distant; 
 be wanting, be lacking. 
 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus, 
 [ad -f- cedo], move towards; be 
 added. 
 
 accingo, -cingere, -cinxi, accinc- 
 tus, [ad + cingo], gird to, gird 
 on, bind on; arm. 
 
 accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [ad -f- capio], take to one's self, 
 receive, accept; hear, learn. 
 
 acclivis, -e, or acclivus, -a, -urn, 
 
 [ad + clivus], adj., up hill, as- 
 cending, steep. 
 
 accommodo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
 [ad + commodo], fit, adjust. 
 
 acies, -el, f., sharp point; edge; 
 of a weapon, point, edge. 
 
 acumen, -inis, [acuo], n., point. 
 
 ad, prep, with ace, to, towards, 
 up to; of place, in the vicinity of, 
 near to; of purpose, for, in order 
 to, for the purpose of; of result, 
 according to, at, on. ad ci- 
 tharam, in accompaniment to 
 the cithara. ad hanc legem, on 
 this condition, ad nomen, at 
 the name, on hearing the name. 
 ad lunae radios, in the moon- 
 light, by the light of the moon. 
 
 addo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [ad + 
 do], add to, join to; add. 
 
 adeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, [ad + 
 eo], go to, come to, approach. 
 
 adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatus, 
 [ad + feroj. bring to, carry to. 
 
 adficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [ad + 
 facio], treat, use; befall, afflict. 
 
 adflo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + fid], 
 blow on, breathe upon. 
 
 adhaereo, -haerere, , , 
 
 [ad + haereo], cling to, adhere 
 to. vincto in corpore adhaerent, 
 they cling to the fettered form. 
 
 adhuc, [ad -f hue], adv., until now, 
 hitherto, up to this time, as yet; 
 still, yet. 
 
ADICIO 
 
 AGNOSCO 
 
 adicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [ad 
 
 iacio], throw to; join, add. 
 adigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [ad + 
 
 ago], drive to; drive home, plunge, 
 
 thrust. 
 adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, 
 
 [ad + emo], take away; remove. 
 adlevo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
 
 levo], raise, lift. 
 adligo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
 
 ligo], bind up; bind, fasten, 
 
 attach. 
 admitto, -mitt ere, -misi, admissus, 
 
 [ad + mitto], send to, let go, 
 
 give loose reins to; rush at full 
 
 speed, equus admissus, a horse 
 
 at full speed. 
 admonitor, -oris, [admoneo], m., 
 
 reminder, ad mortis her, instigator. 
 admoveo, -movere, -movi, ad- 
 
 motus, [ad + moveo], move to; 
 
 apply. 
 adoperio, -perire, -perui, adoper- 
 
 tus, [ad + operio], cover. 
 adoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
 
 oro], supplicate; worship, adore. 
 adsiduus, -a, -urn, [adsideo], adj., 
 
 continual, constant, unceasing. 
 adsuesco, -escere, -evi, -etus, 
 
 [ad + suesco], accustom to. ad- 
 
 suetus, accustomed, wonted, usual. 
 adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus, 
 
 [ad + sum], be near, be close 
 
 at hand, be present, appear. 
 aduro, -urere, -ussi, -ustus, [ad 
 
 + uro], set on fire; burn. 
 adventus, -us, [advenio], m., ar- 
 rival, approach. 
 adverto, -tere, -ti, -sus, [ad + 
 
 verto], turn to, turn towards, 
 
 direct to, direct. 
 
 advolo, -ars, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
 volo], fly to, rush to. 
 
 aequor, -oris, [aequus], n., level 
 surface; surface of the sea, hence 
 sea, ocean, still water. 
 
 aequum, -i, [aequus], n., justice, 
 equity, ex aequo, on an equality, 
 equally, mutually. 
 
 aer, aeris, ace, aera, m., air; 
 lower sky. 
 
 aestuo, -are, -avi, -atus, [aestus], 
 be agitated; of fire, be hot, glow, 
 burn violently; of human emo- 
 tions, be excited, burn. 
 
 aeternus, -a, -um, [for aeviternus, 
 from aevum], adj., everlasting, 
 eternal. 
 
 aether, -eris, m., upper air, heavens, 
 ether; sometimes for aer, air. 
 
 aetherius, -a, -um, [aether], adj., 
 ethereal, heavenly, celestial. 
 
 Aethiops, -opis, m., Ethiopian, 
 native of Ethiopia, a country 
 in Africa. 
 
 Agenor, -noris, m., Agenor, king 
 of Phoenicia, brother of Belus, 
 father of Cadmus and Europa. 
 Agenore natus, Cadmus. 
 
 Agenorides, -ae, [Agenor], patr., 
 m., son of Agenor, descendant of 
 Agenor; applied (i) to Cadmus, 
 Agenor's son ; (2) to Perseus, a 
 descendant of Belus, Agenor's 
 twin brother. 
 
 ager, agri, m., land, field; terri- 
 tory, district. 
 
 agmen, -minis, [ago], n., army on the 
 march, line of march, line, column. 
 
 agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus, 
 [ad + gnosco], distinguish; recog- 
 nize, identify. 
 
AGO 
 
 AMOR 
 
 ago, agere, egi. actus, drive, laid, 
 take; direct conduct; do, Oct, trans- 
 act, perform; give, agere iter, to 
 take a course. 
 
 aio, dcf., say yes, affirm; say, speak, 
 tell, relate. 
 
 ala, -ae, f., wing, pinion; of 
 cavalry, division. 
 
 albidus, -a, -um, [albus, white], 
 adj., whitish, white. 
 
 ales, alitis, [ala], as adj., winged; 
 swift. As subst., ales, alitis, m. 
 and f., bird, ales Iovis, eagle. 
 
 alimenta, -drum, [alo], n., nourish- 
 ment; food, provision. 
 
 alipes, -pedis, [ala + pes] , adj., 
 wing-footed. As subst., Alipes, 
 -pedis, he of the winged feet, 
 i. e. the god Mercury. 
 
 aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, [alius, quis], 
 indef. pron., some one, any one, 
 some, any. Xeut., aliquid as 
 subst., something, anything. 
 
 aliter, [alius], adv., otherwise. 
 
 alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, 
 adj., another, some other, other, 
 different, else, alius . . . alius, one 
 ... one, one . . . another; pi. 
 alii . . . alii, some . . . others; 
 often as subst., another, others. 
 
 Alphendr, -noris, m., Alphenor, 
 one of the seven sons of Xiobe 
 and Amphlon. 
 
 alte, [altus], adv., on high; deeply, 
 profoundly. 
 
 alter, -era, -erum, gen. alterius, 
 dat. alteri, adj., one of two, the 
 one, the other, another; second. 
 alter . . . alter, the one . . . the 
 other, the former . . . the latter. 
 
 altor, -toris, [alo], m., nourisher; 
 
 foster-father, gaudens altore re- 
 cepto, rejoicing to receive his 
 foster-father again. 
 
 altum, -i, [altus], n., height, heaven; 
 depth, the deep, the sea. ab 
 alto, from on high, from above; 
 in altum, on high; in alto, on 
 the deep. 
 
 altus, -a, -um, [alo], adj., high, 
 lofty, tall; towering; deep, pro- 
 found. 
 
 alumnus, -i, [alo], m., foster-son, 
 ward. 
 
 amans, -antis, [amo], adj., loving; 
 kind, affectionate. As subst., 
 amans, -antis, m. and f., lover. 
 
 ambages, -is, usually in pi., 
 [ambi-, ago], f., a going around, 
 winding, digression, evasion. 
 
 ambo, -ae, -6, ace. ambo or ambos, 
 num. adj., both. 
 
 amictus, -us, [amicio, wrap 
 around], m., garment, mantle, 
 veil. 
 
 amicus, -a, -um, [amo], adj., lov- 
 ing, friendly. 
 
 Amnion, -dnis, m., Amnion, 
 Jupiter Ammon, an Egyptian 
 divinity, to whom a famous oracle 
 on the oasis Ammonium (now 
 Siwah), in the Libyan desert, 
 was sacred; identified by the 
 Greeks with Zeus, and by the 
 Romans with Iuppiter. 
 
 amnis, -is, m., river, stream; tor- 
 rent. 
 
 amo, -are, -avi, -atus, love. 
 
 amor, -oris, [amo], m., love, affec- 
 tion; loved one; personified, 
 Amor, -oris, God of Love, A mor, 
 Cupid. 
 
AMPHION 
 
 6 
 
 ARCUS 
 
 Amphion, -onis, m., Amphion, 
 son of Jupiter and Antiope ; 
 king of Thebes, husband of 
 Niobe. 
 
 amplector, -plecti, -plexus, [ambi- 
 + plecto], twine around, encircle, 
 embrace. 
 
 amplexus, -us, [amplector], m., 
 an encircling; coil, fold. 
 
 an, conj., or, or rather, or indeed; 
 in expressions of doubt, whether. 
 
 Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda, 
 daughter of the Ethiopian king 
 Cepheus and Cassiope ; con- 
 demned to destruction by a sea- 
 monster, but rescued and wedded 
 by Perseus. 
 
 angelus, -I, m., angel. 
 
 anguifer, -era, -erum, [anguis + 
 fero], adj., serpent-bearing. 
 
 anguis, -is, m. and f., serpent, 
 snake, dragon. 
 
 anhelitus, -us, [anhelo], m., breath- 
 ing, breath, whisper. 
 
 anima, -ae, f., breath, life, soul; 
 especially in pi., soul, souls of the 
 dead, shades, departed spirits. 
 
 animosus, -a, -um, [animus], adj., 
 full of courage, spirited; proud. 
 
 animus, -I, m., soul, life; intellect, 
 mind, feeling; heart; courage. 
 
 annuo, -ere, -ui, , [ad + nuo, 
 
 nod], nod approval; give assent 
 to. 
 
 annus, -I, m., year; pi., times, age. 
 
 ante, adv. and prep., before: 
 
 (i) As adv., of space, before, 
 in front, ahead; of time, be- 
 fore, previously, ante . . . quam, 
 sooner . . . than, before. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, of 
 
 space and time, before, previous 
 to; in comparisons, before, in 
 comparison with, superior to. 
 
 antrum, -1, n., cave, grotto, cavern. 
 
 aper, apri, m., wild boar. 
 
 Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. 
 
 appareo, -ere, -ui, , [ad + 
 
 pareo], appear, become visible. 
 
 appello, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
 pello], address, accost, speak to. 
 
 apto, -are, -avi, -atus, [aptus], 
 adjust, fit. 
 
 aptus, -a, -um, adj., fitted, adapted, 
 suited; appropriate. 
 
 apud, prep, with ace, at, with, 
 near, by, among, in. 
 
 aqua, -ae, f., water; the sea, a 
 stream. 
 
 aquilo, -onis, the north wind; 
 personified, north-wind, Greek 
 Boreas; pi. northern blasts. 
 
 ara, arae, f., altar. 
 
 arator, -oris, [aro], m., plowman; 
 husbandman, farmer. 
 
 aratrum, -1, [aro], n., plow. 
 
 arbitrium, -1, [arbiter], n., judg- 
 ment; choice. 
 
 arbor or arbos, arboris, f., tree. 
 
 arboreiis, -a, -um, [arbor], adj., 
 of a tree. 
 
 arceo, -ere, -ui, — — , keep away, 
 hold off; drive away, hinder, 
 prevent. 
 
 Arcitenens, -entis, [arcus + 
 teneo], adj., bow-bearing. As 
 subst., Arcitenens, -entis, the 
 Bow-bearer, the god Apollo. 
 
 Arctos, -1, ace. Arcton, f., Great 
 Bear, a constellation near the 
 north pole. 
 
 arcus, -us, m., bow; of a serpent, 
 
ARDEO 
 
 AUGUROR 
 
 in pi., folds i coils, curves; of a 
 structure or cavern, arch, vault. 
 ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus, be on 
 fire; burn with love ; glow. 
 
 arduus, -a, -um, adj., sleep, high, 
 
 on high, lofty, tall ; hard, difficult. 
 arens, -entis, [areo], adj., dry, 
 
 parched. 
 argumentum, -i, [arguo], n., evi- 
 dence, proof, animi laeti argu- 
 
 menta, indications of a glad 
 
 heart. 
 aridus, -a, -tun, [areo], adj., dry; 
 
 burning. 
 arista, -ae, f., head of grain, ear 
 
 of grain. 
 anna, -drum, n. pi., armor, outfit; 
 
 arms, weapons. 
 annus, -I, m., shoulder, of animals ; 
 
 flank. 
 anipio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, 
 
 [ad -f rapid], snatch to one's 
 
 self, grasp, seize. 
 ars, artis, f., skill, art; science, 
 
 knowledge. 
 artus, -a, -um, [arceo], adj., dense, 
 
 close. 
 artus, -uum, m., pi., joints, limbs; 
 
 body. 
 arvum, -I, [arvus], n., plowed land, 
 
 plowland; field; in pi. often 
 
 plains, regions, country. 
 arx, arcis, f., citadel, stronghold. 
 aspergo, -inis, [ad -f spargo], f., 
 
 sprinkling; spray. 
 aspicio, -ere, -exi, -ectus, [ad + 
 
 specio], look at, behold, observe; 
 
 examine; see. 
 at, conj., but, but on the other hand, 
 
 but yet; yet, nevertheless, however, 
 
 at least; but on the contrary. 
 
 ater, atra, atrum, adj., black, dark, 
 gloomy. 
 
 Atlas, -antis, m., (i) Atlas, son of the 
 Titan Iapetus, and king of Maurc- 
 tania, in northern Africa. Accord- 
 ing to Ovid, he refused hospitality 
 to Perseus, and was metamor- 
 phosed into a mountain ; hence 
 (2) Atlas, a high mountain in the 
 northwestern part of the continent 
 of Africa. 
 
 atque, or ac, conj., and also, and 
 even, and; comparative, as, than. 
 simul ac, as soon as. 
 
 atrium, -1, n., hearth-room ; reception 
 room, forecourt, hall. 
 
 attollo, -ere, , , [ad+ tollo], 
 
 lift up, raise. 
 
 attonitus, -a, -um, [ad + tono], 
 adj., astounded; frenzied, palsied. 
 tenore attonitus, struck with 
 terror. 
 
 auctor, -oris, m. and f., creator, 
 originator, producer; father, pro- 
 genitor ; founder ; counselor, direc- 
 tor, adviser. 
 
 audax, -acis, [audeo], adj., cour- 
 ageous, bold, daring; presump- 
 tuous, rash, reckless. 
 
 audeo, -dere, ausus sum, semi- 
 dep., venture, dare. 
 
 audio, -ire, -ivi or ii, -itus, hear, 
 hear of; heed, obey. Neut. part, 
 as subst., auditum, -i, that which 
 has been heard, audita, -orum, 
 what has been heard. 
 
 aufero, aufene, abstuli, ablatus, 
 [ab + fero], take away, snatch 
 away. 
 
 auguror, -ari, -atus, [augur], sur- 
 mise, imagine, suppose. 
 
AULAEUM 
 
 8 
 
 BELLUM 
 
 aulaeum, -I, n., tapestry; of a 
 theater, curtain. 
 
 aura, -ae, f., air in motion, breath 
 of air } breeze; breath of life, 
 vital air; the upper air, heavens. 
 
 aureus, -a, -um, [aurum], adj., of 
 gold, golden; gilded, gold-gleam- 
 ing; beautiful, magnificent, vis 
 aurea, gold- producing power. 
 
 auris, -is, f., ear. 
 
 aurora, -ae, f., morning, daybreak, 
 dawn. 
 
 aurum, -1, n., gold; golden color. 
 
 auspicium, -1, [auspex], n., div- 
 ination from the flight of birds, 
 augury from birds, auspices; 
 sign, omen. 
 
 aut, conj., or; or at least, or else, 
 or rather, aut . . . aut, either . . . 
 or. 
 
 autem, conj., but, however, moreover, 
 now. 
 
 auxilium, -I, n., help, aid, support; 
 assistance, relief. 
 
 avaritia, -ae, [avarus], f., greed, 
 avarice. 
 
 avena, -ae, f., oat, straw, reed, such 
 as might be used for a shepherd's 
 pipe ; shepherd'' s pipe. 
 
 Avernus, -a, -um, [a-ornos, without 
 birds, because birds could not 
 fly over Lake Avernus on ac- 
 count of its exhalations], adj., 
 Avernian, of lake Avernus, a small 
 lake on the west side of Italy 
 near Cumae, famous as a sup- 
 posed entrance to the Under- 
 world; hence, of the Under- 
 world, of the Lower World. 
 
 averto, -tere, -ti, -sus, [a + verto], 
 turn away, turn aside; avert. 
 
 avidus, -a, -um, [aveo], adj., de- 
 sirous, eager, greedy. 
 
 avis, -is, f., bird. 
 
 avitus, -a, -um, [avus], adj., of a 
 grandfather; hence ancestral. 
 
 avus, -I, m., grandfather; fore- 
 father, ancestor. 
 
 axis, -is, m., axle of a chariot or 
 wagon, axle-tree; sometimes in 
 pi., chariot; of the earth or 
 heavens, axis of revolution, hence 
 axis of the heavens, pole, heavens. 
 
 B 
 
 Babyldnius, -a, -um, [Babylon], 
 
 adj., of Babylon, Babylonian. 
 
 Baccha, -ae, [Bacchus], f., 
 Bacchante, female worshiper of 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Bacchus, -I, m., Bacchus, also 
 called Dionysos; son of Jupiter 
 and Semele, foster-son of Silenus, 
 and god of wine and intoxication. 
 
 baculum, -I, n., staff, walking- 
 stick, stick, cane. 
 
 Baliaricus, -a, -um, [Baliares], adj., 
 Balearic, of the Baleares, natives 
 of the Balearic islands, east of 
 Spain, famous as slingers. 
 
 beatus, -a, -um, [beo, make happy], 
 adj., happy, blessed, prosperous, 
 fortunate. 
 
 Belides, -um, pi., f., female de- 
 scendants of Belus, king of Egypt, 
 father of Danaus and Aegyptus ; 
 Belides; applied to the fifty 
 daughters of Danaus, Danaids. 
 
 bellicus, -a, -um, [bellum], adj., 
 warlike, fierce in war, devoted to 
 war. 
 
 bellum, -I, n., war, feud. 
 
BELUA 
 
 9 
 
 CALLIDUS 
 
 belua, -ae, f., beast y monster. 
 bene, comp. melius, sup. optime, 
 [bonus], adv., well; successfully; 
 
 e are fully. 
 
 Berecyntius, -a, -um, adj., of Ml. 
 Berccyntus, in Phrygia, which 
 was sacred to Cybele ; of Cybele. 
 Berecyntius heros, Midas, son 
 of Cybele, and king of 
 Phrygia. 
 
 bibulus, -a, -um, [bibo], adj., 
 thirsty, absorbent; moist. 
 
 bis, [for duis, cf. duo], num. adv., 
 twice. 
 
 blanditia, -ae, [blandus], f., a 
 caressing; pi., fond words, loving 
 words, blandishments, endear- 
 ments. 
 
 Boeotius, -a, -um, [Boeotia], adj., 
 Boeotian, of Boeotia. 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, 
 sup. optimus, adj., good. Neut. 
 as subst., bonum, -i, n., good 
 thing, advantage, blessing, pros- 
 perity; pi., goods, property. 
 
 Bootes, -ae, voc. Boote, m., 
 Bootes, Ox-driver, a constellation 
 near the Great Bear, identical 
 with Arctophylax. 
 
 bos, bovis, m. and f., ox, bull, cow; 
 pi., cattle. 
 
 bracchium, -I, n., fore-arm, arm. 
 
 brevis, -e, adj., short, narrow; 
 of time, short, brief. 
 
 bustum, -I, [cf. comburo], n., 
 funeral pyre; mound, tomb. 
 
 buxum, -i, [buxus], n., box-wood. 
 
 cacumen, -inis, n., top, peak, 
 summit. 
 
 Cadmeis, -idis, ace. ida, [Cad- 
 mus], adj., of Cadmus; as Cad- 
 mus founded Thebes, of Thebes, 
 Theban. 
 
 Cadmus, -I, m., Cadmus, son of 
 the Phoenician king Agenor, and 
 builder of the Cadmea, the 
 citadel of Thebes in Boeotia; 
 mythical founder of Thebes. 
 
 cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus, fall, 
 fall down, drop; fall prostrate, 
 fall dead, die, be slain; 
 perish. 
 
 caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind; 
 not seen, invisible, hidden. 
 
 caedes, -is, [caedo], f., slaughter, 
 killing, destruction, death, mur- 
 der; bloodshed, blood. 
 
 caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesus, 
 cut, slay. 
 
 caelestis, -e, [caelum], adj., of 
 heaven, divine. As subst., m. pi., 
 caelestes, -ium, heaven-dwellers, 
 gods of heaven. 
 
 caelum, I, n., sky, heaven, heavens; 
 air. 
 
 caeruleus, -a, -um, [for caeluleus, 
 from caelum], adj., sky blue, 
 azure, dark blue, steel-colored; 
 dark green, greenish; dark. 
 
 caespes, -itis, [caedo],* m., turf, 
 cut sod. 
 
 calco, -are, -avi, -atus, [calx, heel], 
 tread upon, trample. 
 
 calidus, -a, -um, [caleo], adj., 
 warm, hot. 
 
 caligo, -inis, f., mist, fog; darkness, 
 gloom. 
 
 callidus, -a, -um, [calleo], adj., 
 skillful, clever; crafty, cunning, 
 sly, artful, shrewd. 
 
CALYMNE 
 
 10 
 
 CEPHENUS 
 
 Calymne, -es, f., Calymne, an 
 island belonging to the group 
 called Sporades, west of Caria 
 in Asia Minor. It lies northwest 
 of Rhodes, between the islands 
 of Cos and Leros. 
 
 campus, -I, m., plain, field; open 
 space, expanse. 
 
 canis, -is, m. and f., dog. 
 
 cantus, -us, [cano], m., song, 
 music. 
 
 capillus, -l, m., hair of the head; 
 pi., hair, locks. 
 
 capio, capere, cepi, captus, take, 
 lay hold of, seize, grasp; captivate, 
 fascinate; receive; take in, com- 
 prehend, grasp. 
 
 capto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 capio], snatch at, seek to catch; 
 long for, listen eagerly for. 
 
 caput, -itis, n., head. 
 
 carbasus, -I, f., pi. carbasa, -orum, 
 n., fine linen; sail, canvas. 
 
 career, -eris, m., prison, dun- 
 geon. 
 
 cardo, -inis, m., hinge, pivot of a 
 door, versato cardine, opening 
 the door. 
 
 careo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, be without, 
 be deprived of, lack, want; fol- 
 lowed by abl. 
 
 carmen, -inis, n., song; poem, 
 verse. 
 
 carpo, -ere, -si, -tus, pluck; tear 
 away; eat; pass over, traverse, 
 take, walk, fly through. 
 
 cams, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious, 
 beloved. 
 
 Cassiope, -es, f., Cassiope, or 
 Cassiopeia, wife of Cepheus and 
 mother of Andromeda. 
 
 Castalia, -ae, f., Castalia, a cele- 
 brated spring at Delphi, on the 
 southern slope of Mt. Parnassus, 
 sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 Castalius, -a, -um, [Castalia], adj., 
 of Castalia, the famous spring at 
 Delphi; Castalian. 
 
 casus, -us, [cado], m., a happening, 
 accident; destruction; mishap, 
 misfortune, calamity. 
 
 catena, -ae, f., usually in pi., 
 chain, fetter. 
 
 cauda, -ae, f., tail. 
 
 causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; 
 motive. 
 
 cautes, -is, f., jagged rock, crag, 
 cliff. 
 
 cavus, -a, -um, adj., hollow. 
 
 Cecropius, -a, -um, [Cecrops], 
 adj., Cecropian, of Cecrops, the 
 first king of Attica, according to 
 report, and founder of the citadel 
 at Athens; hence, of Attica, of 
 Athens, Attic, Athenian. 
 
 cedo, cedere, cessi, cessurus, go 
 away, retire, retreat, recede; yield; 
 be inferior to. 
 
 celeber, -ebris, -ebre, adj., 
 crowded, thronged about with; 
 hence honored by the presence of 
 many. 
 
 celer, eel eris, celere, adj., quick, 
 swift. 
 
 celo, -are, -avi, -atus, hide, con- 
 ceal, cover. 
 
 celsus, -a, -um, [-cello, rise], adj., 
 lofty, high, towering. 
 
 Cephenus, -a, -um, [Cepheus], 
 adj., of the Cephenes, the people 
 of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia; 
 Ethiopian. 
 
CEPHEUS 
 
 11 
 
 CLAMO 
 
 Cepheus, -el, ace. Cephea, m., 
 Cepheus, a son of Belus and 
 
 king of Ethiopia; husband of 
 Cassiope, and father of Androm- 
 eda. 
 
 Cepheus, -a, -um, [Cepheus], 
 adj., of Cepheus, king of Ethio- 
 pia; Ethiopian. 
 
 Cephisus, -I, m., Cephisus or Cephis- 
 sus, a river in Phocis and Boeotia, 
 which rises on the northern 
 side of Mt. Parnassus and follows 
 a southeasterly course, emptying 
 into the lake whose ancient 
 name was Copals. 
 
 cera, -ae, f., wax, bees-wax. 
 
 Cerealis, -e, [Ceres], adj., of Ceres, 
 sacred to Ceres; of grain. 
 
 Ceres, -eris, f., Ceres, & divinity of 
 the earth, goddess of agriculture, 
 being a daughter of Saturn, and 
 sister of Jupiter. 
 
 certe, comp. certius, [certus], adv., 
 certainly, surely. 
 
 certo, -are, -avi, -atus, [certus], 
 contend, struggle; strive. 
 
 certus, -a, -um, [part, of cerno], 
 adj., certain, fixed; sure; un- 
 erring, certum est mini, / 
 am resolved, certiorem facere, 
 to inform. 
 
 cervix, -icis, f., neck; pi., neck, 
 shoulders. 
 
 ceterus, -a, -um, nom. sing. m. 
 not in use, adj., other, the other, 
 rest, remainder; pi., the rest, all 
 other , the other . As subst., pi. m., 
 ceteri, -orum, the others, all the 
 rest, every one else; pi. n., cetera, 
 -orum, the rest, all else, every- 
 thing else. 
 
 ceu, [for ceve, ce -f ve|, comp. 
 
 adv., as, just as; as if, just as if. 
 
 Chaos, no gen., abl. Chao, n., 
 
 boundless cm ply space, immeasur- 
 able darkness; sometimes the 
 Underworld ^ as the kingdom of 
 darkness; as a divinity, Chaos, 
 god of the Underworld, father 
 of Erebos and Nox. 
 
 chorus, -i, m., company of dancers, 
 throng of singers, troop, choir, 
 chorus; band, crowd. 
 
 Cicones, -um, pi., m., Cicones, 
 a people of southern Thrace, 
 inhabiting the seacoast west of 
 the river Hebrus. 
 
 cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctus, sur- 
 round, enclose; gird; coil; sur- 
 round, encircle, wind. 
 
 circum, [ace. of circus, circle], 
 adv. and prep. : 
 
 (1) As adv., around, round about. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, 
 around. 
 
 circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus, 
 
 [circum + do], put around, sur- 
 round; encircle. 
 circumfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 
 
 [circum + fero], cast about. 
 circumfiuo, -ere, -fluxi, , 
 
 [circum + fluo], flow around. 
 circumlino, -liner e, , -litus, 
 
 [circum + lino], spread over; 
 
 cover. 
 circumsonus, -a, -um, [circum -f 
 
 sono], adj., sounding around; 
 
 barking around. 
 cito, [citus], adv., quickly, speedily, 
 
 soon. 
 clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, cry out, 
 
 shout, call. 
 
CLAMOR 
 
 12 
 
 CONAMEN 
 
 clamor, -oris, [clamo], m., loud 
 cry; uproar; applause. 
 
 clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright, 
 shining; loud, shrill, ringing; 
 illustrious. 
 
 claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus, shut, 
 close; cut off. 
 
 clipeatus, -a, -um, [clipeus], adj., 
 provided with a shield, shield- bear- 
 ing, seges clipeata virorum, 
 shield-carrying crop of men. 
 
 clivus, -I, [clino], m., slope, hill- 
 side, hill. 
 
 co-, see com-. 
 
 coctilis, -e, [coquo], adj., burned; 
 of a wall, of burnt brick. 
 
 coed, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itum est, 
 [com- + eo], come together, meet; 
 unite. 
 
 coepi, -isse, coeptus, pres. supplied 
 by incipio, def., begin, commence. 
 Part, coeptus, -a, -um, com- 
 menced, begun, undertaken. 
 
 coeptum, -I, [coepi], n., under- 
 taking. 
 
 coerceo, -cere, -cui, -citus, [co- + 
 arced], shut in; control, curb. 
 
 Coeus, -I, m., Coeus, a Titan, 
 father of Latona. 
 
 cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, cog- 
 nitus, [co- + (g)nosco], learn, 
 ascertain, know; recognize, iden- 
 tify; acknowledge. 
 
 cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus, [co- + 
 ago], drive together; collect; as a 
 military term, bring up the rear. 
 
 cohors, -hortis, f., company, throng, 
 multitude; body-guard, retinue. 
 
 collabor, -labi, -lapsus, [com- + 
 labor], dep.,/a// together, collapse; 
 fall, sink down. 
 
 collum, -I, n., neck. 
 
 colo, colere, colui, cultus, till, 
 
 cultivate; honor, worship, revere, 
 
 reverence. 
 color, -oris, m., color, tint, hue; 
 
 complexion. 
 coluber, -bri, m., snake, serpent. 
 com-, co-, prep., old form of cum; 
 
 found only in composition. See 
 
 cum. 
 coma, — ae, f., hair. 
 comes, -itis, [com- + eo], m. and 
 
 f., companion, comrade. 
 comito, -are, -avi, -atus, and 
 comitor, -ari, -atus, [comes], dep., 
 
 attend, accompany. 
 communis, [com- + manus], adv., 
 
 hand to hand, at close quarters; 
 
 near at hand, near by, near. 
 committo, -mittere, -misi, 
 
 -missus, [com- -f- mitto], bring 
 
 together, put together, unite; in- 
 trust. 
 communis, -e, [com- + munus], 
 
 adj., common, in common. 
 communiter, [communis], adv., to- 
 
 gether, in common. 
 compages, -is, [com- + root pag 
 
 in pango], f., a joining together; 
 
 joint, structure. 
 compesco, -pescere, -pescui, , 
 
 [compes, fetter], inch., restrain; 
 
 slake, quench. 
 complexus, -us, [complector], m., 
 
 an embracing, embrace. 
 compono, -ponere, -posui, 
 
 -positus, [com- + pono], put to- 
 gether; adjust, arrange; lay at 
 
 rest, bury. 
 conamen, -inis, [conor], n., effort, 
 
 exertion. 
 
CONCHA 
 
 13 
 
 CONTINGO 
 
 concha, -ae, f., shell -fish; shell 
 
 of a mussel. 
 concio, or concieo, -ire or ere, 
 
 concivi, concitus, [com- -f cieo, 
 
 set in motion], stir up, move, 
 
 shake, drive on, urge on, rouse. 
 conclamo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 
 + clamo], call out loudly, cry 
 
 out, scream. 
 condo, condere, condidi, conditus, 
 
 [com — f- do], put together, found, 
 
 build, establish; bury; hide, con- 
 ceal. 
 confero, -ferre, -tali, collatus, 
 
 [com- + fero], bring together, 
 
 join; match against, oppose; 
 
 se conferre, betake one's self, 
 
 go. 
 confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus, [com- -f 
 
 fateor], dep., confess, acknowledge, 
 
 reveal. 
 congelo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 
 
 + gelo], freeze; grow stiff, 
 
 stiffen. 
 conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [com- 
 
 + iacio], drive, hurl, thrust, 
 
 plunge; force. 
 coniunx, or coniux, -iugis, [com- 
 
 + iungo, join together], m. and f., 
 
 consort, spouse, whether husband 
 
 or wife. 
 Conor, -ari, -atus, dep., undertake, 
 
 endeavor, attempt, try; venture. 
 conscendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
 
 -scensus, [com- + scando], as- 
 cend, mount. 
 conscius, -a, -urn, [com- + scio], 
 
 adj., having knowledge in common. 
 
 As subst., conscius, -i, m., 
 
 accomplice, go-between. 
 consequor, -sequi, -secutus, [com- 
 
 + sequor], dep., follow after, 
 overtake, reach. 
 
 considero, -are, -avi, -atus, look 
 at closely, inspect, examine, sur- 
 vey. 
 
 consilium, -i, [consulo], n., plan; 
 advice, counsel. 
 
 consisto, -sistere, -stiti, — — , 
 [com- + sisto, set, place], stand 
 still, stand fast, stop; stay, 
 remain; stand, be firm. 
 
 conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, con- 
 spectus, [com- + specio], ob- 
 serve, see, catch sight of, perceive. 
 
 consulo, -ere, -ui, -tus, consult, 
 deliberate; with dat., consult 
 for; with ace, inquire of. 
 
 consumo, -sum ere, -sump si, 
 -sumptus, [com- + sumo], de- 
 vour; consume. 
 
 contactus, -us, [contingo], m., 
 touch. 
 
 contentus, -a, -um, [contendo, 
 stretch], adj., tightly stretched, 
 taut, strained. 
 
 conterminus, -a, -um, [com- + 
 terminus], adj., bordering on, 
 adjoining, neighboring; close by y 
 near to. 
 
 conterred, -ere, -ui, -itus, [com- 
 + terreo], terrify. 
 
 conticesco, -cescere, -cui, , 
 
 [com- + taceo], inch., become 
 silent, cease speaking. 
 
 contiguus, -a, -um, [contingo], 
 adj., adjoining, neighboring. 
 
 contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus, 
 [com- + tango], touch, take hold 
 of; reach, arrive at; happen, 
 come to pass, occur, befall, fall 
 to one's lot. 
 
CONTRA 
 
 14 
 
 CUM 
 
 contra, adv. and prep. : 
 
 (i) As adv., on the other side; 
 
 in answer, in reply. 
 
 (2) As prep., with ace, 
 
 against; in reply to. 
 conus, -1, m., cone; of a helmet, 
 
 crest, plume. 
 convello, -vellere, -velli, convulsus, 
 
 [com- + vello], tear away; break, 
 
 bite. 
 convenio, -venire, -veni, conven- 
 
 tus, [com- + venio], come to- 
 gether, meet, assemble. 
 converto, -vertere, -vertl, con- 
 
 versus, [com- + verto], turn, 
 
 change. 
 convicium, -1, n., outcry; reproach, 
 
 insult, abuse. 
 convivium, -1, [com- + vivo], n., 
 
 banquet, feast. 
 copia, -ae, [co-opia, from co- + 
 
 ops], f., abundance, plenty; pi., 
 
 resources, wealth, riches. 
 cor, cordis, n., heart. 
 cornu, -us, n., horn, antler. 
 corona, -ae, f., garland, wreath. 
 corpus, -oris, n., body. 
 corripio, -rip ere, -ripui, -reptus, 
 
 [com- + rapio], seize, grasp, 
 
 catch, fascinate. 
 costa, -ae, f., rib. 
 credo, credere, credidi, creditus, 
 
 lend; trust; believe, suppose, 
 
 imagine. 
 creo, -are, -avi, -atus, bring forth, 
 
 bear; produce, create. 
 cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus, 
 
 [creo], inch., come into being, 
 
 spring up; rise up, be born; 
 
 grow, grow up, increase. Part. 
 
 cretus, -a, -urn, with abl. of 
 
 source, sprung from, descended 
 from. 
 
 Crete, -es, or Creta, -ae, f., Crete, 
 Candia, a large island in the 
 Mediterranean sea, southeast 
 of the Peloponnesus, and south- 
 west of Rhodes. 
 
 crimen, -inis, [cerno, decree], n., 
 accusation; fault, guilt. 
 
 cruris, -is, m., hair of the head. 
 
 crista, -ae, f., crest, plume. 
 
 croceus, -a, -um, [crocus], adj., 
 saffron- tinted, yellow, golden. 
 
 crocus, -1, m., crocus, saffron. 
 
 crudelis, -e, [criidus, unfeeling], 
 adj., unfeeling, cruel, merciless, 
 hard-hearted. 
 
 cruento, -are, -avi, -atus, [cru- 
 entus], stain with blood, cru- 
 entatum 6s, blood-stained mouth. 
 
 cruentus, -a, -um, adj., blood- 
 stained, bloody; cruel. 
 
 cruor, -oris, m., blood, stream of 
 blood; bloodshed, murder. 
 
 crus, cruris, n., leg, shin. 
 
 cum, prep, with abl., with, along 
 with, together with. 
 
 In composition the earlier form 
 com- is used, which remains un- 
 changed before b, p, m, but is 
 changed to col- or con- before 1, 
 cor- or con- before r, con- before 
 other consonants, and co- before 
 vowels and h; implies doing 
 anything in concert with others, 
 or thoroughly and completely. 
 
 cum, conj., when, while, after; 
 since, inasmuch as; although. 
 cum primum, as soon as. cum 
 . . . turn, both . . . and, not only 
 . . . but also. 
 
CUNCTUS 
 
 15 
 
 DEBEO 
 
 cunctus, -a, -urn, [co- -j- iunctus], 
 
 adj., all together, all, whole. 
 
 As subst., n., pi., cuncta, -orum, 
 
 all things taken together, the 
 
 whole, the universe. 
 cupido, -inis, [cupio], f., eager 
 
 desire, longing. 
 cupidus, -a, -urn, [cupio], adj., 
 
 eagerly desirous; fond, loving. 
 cur, adv., why? for what purpose? 
 
 wherefore ? 
 cura, -ae, f., care, trouble, sorrow, 
 
 grief. 
 curalium, -I, n., coral. 
 curro, currere, cucurri, cursus, 
 
 run, hasten; move quickly, sail, 
 
 fly- 
 
 cursus, -us, [curro], m., course. 
 curvamen, -inis, nom. not found, 
 
 [curvo], n., a bending; bend, 
 
 curve, coil. 
 curvo, -are, -avi, -atus, [curvus], 
 
 bend, curve. 
 curvus, -a, -urn, adj., curved, 
 
 crooked, bent, bending. 
 cuspis, -idis, f., point, spear-point; 
 
 spear, javelin. 
 custos, -odis, m. and f., guard, 
 
 defender; keeper. 
 cutis, -is, f., skin. 
 Cynthus, -i, m., Cynthus, a moun- 
 tain in the island of Delos ; 
 
 birth-place of Apollo and Diana, 
 
 and favorite resort of Leto 
 
 (Latona). 
 
 Daedalus, -I, m., Daedalus, a 
 mythical craftsman of Athens, 
 to whom is ascribed the earliest 
 development of the mechanic arts 
 
 as well as the arts of sculpture 
 and painting. He was said to 
 have invented the axe, the saw, 
 the auger, the plumb-line, and 
 glue, as also masts and sail- 
 yards for ships. Many mon- 
 uments of his skill as archi- 
 tect and sculptor were pointed 
 out in different parts of Greece, 
 southern Italy, Sicily, and the 
 islands of the Aegean. He was 
 also the father of Icarus. 
 
 Damasichthon, -onis, m., Dama- 
 sichthon, one of the sons of 
 Amphion and Xiobe. 
 
 damnosus, -a, -um, [damnum], 
 adj., hurtful, harmful. 
 
 damnum, -I, n., hurt, loss, mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 Danae, -es, f., Danae, mother of 
 Perseus by Zeus, who visited 
 her in the form of a shower of 
 gold, when she was shut up in a 
 tower by her father, Acrisius. 
 
 daps, dapis, f., feast, banquet; 
 viands. 
 
 de, prep, with abl., denoting sepa- 
 ration, from; of place and mo- 
 tion, from, down from, away from, 
 out of; of time, away from, after , 
 during, in the course of, in; of 
 source, proceeding from, sprung 
 from; of the whole, partitively, 
 of, out of, from among; of 
 material, made of; of cause, 
 on account of, for, through, by; 
 of relation, concerning, about, in 
 respect to. 
 
 dea, -ae, dat. and abl. pi. deabus, 
 [deus], f., goddess. 
 
 debeo, debere, debui, debitus, 
 
DECERPO 
 
 16 
 
 DESPICIO 
 
 [de + habeo], owe, be indebted, 
 be under obligations; ought, must, 
 should; be destined; be decreed. 
 
 decerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, de- 
 cerptus, [de + carpo], pluck, 
 gather. 
 
 decorus, -a, -um, [decor], adj., 
 beautiful, charming, handsome, 
 comely. 
 
 deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 [de + duco], lead down; of sails, 
 take down, draw down, lower. 
 
 defendo, -fendere, -fendi, defen- 
 sus, [de + obsolete fendo], ward 
 off; defend, guard, protect. 
 
 deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [de + facio], fail; faint, become 
 exhausted. 
 
 defleo, -flere, -flevi, -fletus, [de 
 + fled], weep over, bewail, lament. 
 
 defluo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxus, 
 [de + fluo], flow down; glide 
 down, slip down; slide down. 
 
 delabor, -labi, -lapsus, [de -f- 
 labor], dep., glide down, de- 
 scend. 
 
 delictum, -I, [delinquo], n., fault, 
 misdoing, offense; crime. 
 
 Delius, -a, -um, [Delos], adj., 
 of Delos, Delian. As subst., 
 Delius, -i, m., the Delian god, 
 Apollo. 
 
 Delos, -i, f., the island Delos, one 
 of the group of Cyclades, birth- 
 place of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 demissus, -a, *-um, [demitto], adj., 
 low. demissior, lower than is 
 expedient, too low. 
 
 demitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, 
 [d§ + mitto], send down, let 
 down, lower; plunge, thrust, de- 
 
 misso crine, with disheveled 
 hair, as a sign of mourn- 
 ing. 
 
 demo, demere, dempsi, demptus, 
 [de + emo], take away, take 
 off, remove, pluck. 
 
 dens, dentis, [cf. edo, eat], m., 
 tooth. 
 
 densus, -a, -um, adj., compact, 
 dense, crowded, thick, overgrown. 
 
 depended, -ere, , , [de 
 
 + pendeo, hang], hang down 
 from. 
 
 depono, -ponere, -posui, depositus, 
 [de + pono], lay down; lay aside. 
 deponere sitim, to quench thirst. 
 
 deprendo, -prendere, -prendi, 
 -prensus, [for de + prehendo], 
 take away; seize; surprise, de- 
 tect, discover. 
 
 derigesco, -rigescere, -rigui, , 
 
 [de + rigesco, grow stiff], inch., 
 grow rigid. 
 
 deripio, -riper e, -ripui, -reptus, 
 [de + rapio], tear off, tear from. 
 
 descendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
 -scensus, [de + scando, climb], 
 come down from, go down, de- 
 scend; of a weapon, sink down, 
 penetrate. 
 
 desero, -serere, -serui, -sertus, 
 [de + sero, join], leave, forsake, 
 desert, abandon. 
 
 desino, -sinere, desii, desitus, 
 [de + sino], leave off, cease; stop, 
 end. 
 
 desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stiturus, 
 [de + sisto], leave off, cease. 
 
 despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus, 
 [de + specio, look], look down 
 upon. 
 
DETRAHO 
 
 17 
 
 DONUM 
 
 detraho, -trahere, -traxi, detrac- 
 tus, [de + traho), pull down, 
 pull off 
 
 deus, -i, m., god, deity, divinity. 
 
 devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -votus, 
 [de + voveo], vow; curse. 
 
 dexter, -tera or -tra, -terum or 
 -tram, adj., right, on the right. 
 
 dextra, -ae, [properly dextra or 
 dextera manus], f., right hand, 
 hand. 
 
 died, dicere, dixi, dictus, say, 
 speak, tell, mention, relate, de- 
 clare, affirm; name, call; ap- 
 point. 
 
 Dictaeus, -a, -um, [Dicte], adj., 
 of Dicte, a mountain in Crete, 
 Dictaean, Cretan. 
 
 dictum, -I, [dico], n., word; order, 
 command. 
 
 dies, diei, m. and f., day; time, 
 interval, period. 
 
 diffundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus, 
 [dis- + fundo], diffuse, spread; 
 pour. 
 
 digitus, -I, m., finger. 
 
 dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, de- 
 serving, suitable, befitting. 
 
 digredior, -gredi, -gressus, [di- + 
 gradior], dep., go apart, depart. 
 
 dimitto, -mittere, dimisi, dimissus, 
 [di — (- mitto], send in different 
 directions, send out, send forth. 
 
 dimoveo, -movere, -movi, dimo- 
 tus, [di + moveo], separate, part, 
 divide. 
 
 dims, -a, -um, adj., fearful, awful, 
 dreadful, direful. 
 
 dis- or di-, inseparable prep., 
 used only as a prefix with other 
 words ; it adds the force of 
 
 apart, asunder; in different direc- 
 tions; not, un-; utterly, entirely. 
 
 discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cess- 
 urus, [dis- + cedo], go away, 
 depart. 
 
 dispar, -aris, [dis- -f par], adj., 
 unequal, unmatched. 
 
 dispenso, -are, -avi, -atus, [dis- 
 + penso], dispense, distribute. 
 
 disto, -stare, , , [di- -J- 
 
 sto], stand apart, be separated; 
 differ, be unlike, be different. 
 
 diu, comp. diutius, sup. diutissime, 
 adv., for a long time, long. 
 
 divello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsus or 
 -volsus, [di- + vello], tear in 
 pieces. 
 
 diversus, -a, -um, [diverto], adj., 
 opposite; separate; different, di- 
 verse. 
 
 dives, -itis, adj., rich, wealthy. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus, give, give 
 forth, grant; place, put, draw, 
 cause, make, inflict. 
 
 doleo, -ere, -ui, , suffer; 
 
 grieve, lament; cause pain, hurt. 
 
 dolor, -oris, [doleo], m., pain, suf- 
 fering; grief, distress, sorrow; 
 anger, resentment, wrath, in- 
 dignation. 
 
 domina, -ae, f., mistress, lady. 
 
 dominus, -i, m., master, lord; 
 ruler. 
 
 domus, -us, f., house, dwelling, 
 abode, home; household, fam- 
 ily. 
 
 donee, adv., as long as, while; 
 until, till at length, till. 
 
 dono, -are, -avi, -atus, [donum], 
 give, present. 
 
 donum, -i, [do], n., gift, present. 
 
DOS 
 
 18 
 
 ENSIS 
 
 dos, dotis, [do], f., marriage-portion, 
 dower, dowry; in general, en- 
 dowment, advantage. 
 
 dotalis, -e, [dos], adj., as a mar- 
 riage-portion, as dowry. 
 
 draco, -onis, m., great serpent, 
 dragon. 
 
 dubito, -are, -avi, -atus, [du- 
 bius], doubt, question; be un- 
 certain, waver; deliberate, consider ; 
 hesitate, delay. 
 
 duco, ducere, duxi, ductus, lead, 
 guide, conduct, direct; produce, 
 form, derive. 
 
 dum, conj., while, as long as, until, 
 till; provided that, if only. 
 
 duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two. 
 
 duplico, -are, -avi, -atus, [du- 
 plex], double; double together, 
 double up. 
 
 duritia, -ae, [durus], f., hardness. 
 
 durus, -a, -um, adj., hard; rough, 
 pitiless, cruel. 
 
 dux, ducis, [duco], m. and f., 
 leader, guide. 
 
 E 
 
 e, see ex. 
 
 ebur, -oris, n., ivory; ivory scab- 
 bard. 
 
 ecce, inter j., behold ! look ! lo I 
 
 Echion, -onis, m., Echion, one of 
 the race that sprung from the 
 dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. 
 
 educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 [e + duco], draw out, draw forth; 
 of the stage-curtain of a theater, 
 draw up. 
 
 effero, efferre, extuli, elatus, [ex 
 + fero], carry forth; bear to the 
 grave ; lift up 3 raise. 
 
 emtio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [ex 
 
 + facio], bring about, bring to 
 
 pass, cause, accomplish, make, 
 
 form. 
 emud, -rluere, -fluxi, , [ex + 
 
 fluo], flow out, escape, slip from. 
 effugio, -fugere, -fugi, , [ex 
 
 + fugio], flee from, avoid, 
 
 escape. 
 effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus, 
 
 [ex + fundo], pour out, pour 
 
 forth. 
 egens, -entis, [egeo], adj., needy, 
 
 lacking. 
 ego, mei, pi. nos, nostrum and 
 
 nostri, pers. pron., /. 
 egredior, egredi, egressus, [e + 
 
 gradior], dep., go out, go forth, 
 
 come forth. 
 ei, interj., oh! alas! ah! 
 eiaculor, -ari, -atus, [e + iaculor], 
 
 dep., shoot forth; of water, 
 
 spurt forth. 
 elatus. -a, -um ; [effero], adj., 
 
 elated, puffed up. 
 eludo, eludere, ehisi, elusus, [e + 
 
 ludo], elude; delude, deceive. 
 eluo, eluere, elui, elutus, [e + 
 
 luo], wash off, cleanse; wash 
 
 away, get rid of. 
 emico, -are, -ui, -atus, [e + 
 
 mico], leap up, spring forth, 
 
 shoot out. 
 eminus, [e + manus], adv., (be- 
 yond reach of hand or sword), 
 
 from a distance, afar off. 
 en, interj., lo ! behold! see! 
 enim, conj., postpositive, for, in 
 
 fact, indeed. 
 ensis, -is, m., sword, two-edged 
 
 sword. 
 
EO 
 
 1!) 
 
 EXEMPLUM 
 
 eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus, go, come; 
 
 fly, march, advance. 
 e6, [cf. is], adv., to that place, 
 
 thither, there. 
 eodem, [idem], adv., to the same 
 
 place; thereto, besides. 
 equus, -i, m., horse. 
 Erebus, -i, m., Erebus, god of 
 
 darkness; the Underworld. 
 erectus, -a, -um, [erigo], adj., 
 
 upright, lifted high, high. 
 erigo, erigere, erexi, erectus, [e + 
 
 rego], raise up, set up, erect. 
 eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus, 
 
 [e + rapid], tear out, take away; 
 
 rescue, save, deliver, set free. 
 err 6, -are, -avi, -atus, wander, 
 
 go astray, stray at random; 
 
 wander about, roam. 
 error, -oris, [erro], m., mistake, error. 
 erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [e + rudio], 
 
 teach; instruct in. 
 eruo, -ere, -ui, -utus, [e + ruo], 
 
 tear out, root out. 
 et, adv., and conj. : 
 
 (i) As adv., also, too, besides, 
 
 moreover, even. 
 
 (2) As conj., and. et . . . et, 
 
 both . . . and, as well . . . as. 
 etiam, [et + iam], adv. and conj., 
 
 also, even, likewise, etiam nunc, 
 
 yet, still. 
 etsi, [et + si], conj., although, 
 
 though, even if, and yet. 
 Eumenides, -um, f., pi., Eu- 
 
 menides, the Furies, named Eu- 
 menides (= ' the well-disposed 
 
 goddesses ') by the Greeks, to 
 
 avoid using a word of ill omen. 
 Eumolpus, -i, m., Eumolpus, a 
 
 mythical bard of Thracian origin, 
 
 who was said to have come to 
 Attica, and to have founded the 
 Eleusinian mysteries, having 
 been instructed in these and 
 other sacred rites by the gods. 
 
 Europa, -ae, f., Europa, daughter of 
 the Phoenician king, Agenor. 
 
 Eurydice, -es, f., Eurydice, bride 
 of Orpheus, whom he sought to 
 bring out from the Under- 
 world. 
 
 evado, evadere, evasi, evasurus, 
 [e + vado], come forth; pass, 
 traverse. 
 
 evitabilis, -e, [evito], adj., avoid- 
 able, to be avoided. 
 
 ex, often before consonants e, 
 prep., with abl., out of, out 
 from; of place, from, out of, 
 down from; of time, from, since, 
 after; of source and material, 
 from, of; of partition, of, out of, 
 from among; of cause, from, by 
 reason of, by, in consequence of; 
 of measure and correspondence, 
 according to, with, in, by, on. 
 
 exanimis, -e, [ex + anima], adj., 
 lifeless, dead. 
 
 exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [ex + 
 audio], hear distinctly; hear, heed. 
 
 excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus, 
 [ex + cedo], go forth, go out, 
 depart, withdraw, leave; go be- 
 yond, exceed, pass beyond. 
 
 excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [ex + capio], take out; take up, 
 receive, welcome; catch, capture. 
 
 exclamo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f 
 clamo], call out, cry out, exclaim. 
 
 exemplum, -i, n., example; way, 
 manner, kind. 
 
EXEO 
 
 20 
 
 FALLO 
 
 exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [ex + eo], 
 
 go out, come forth; go away, 
 
 depart, withdraw, leave; pour 
 
 forth, gush forth, spring 
 
 forth. 
 exhalo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + 
 
 halo, breathe], breathe out, breathe 
 
 forth, animum exhalare, expire, 
 
 die. 
 exhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [ex + 
 
 habed], hold forth, display, make 
 
 use of, employ. 
 exhorresco, -rescere, -rui, , 
 
 [ex + horreo], inch., shudder at, 
 
 shudder, tremble, shake, quiver. 
 exigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [ex + 
 
 ago], drive out; force, drive. 
 exiguus, -a, -um, [exigo], adj., 
 
 small, little, short, scanty; paltry, 
 
 slight. 
 exitiabilis, -e, [exitium], adj., 
 
 deadly, destructive, fatal. 
 exitus, -us, [exeo], m., a going 
 
 forth; outcome, result, issue. 
 expallesco, -lescere, -lui, . 
 
 [ex + pallesco, grow pale], turn 
 
 very pale, grow deathly pale. 
 expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 
 [ex + pello], drive out, thrust 
 
 forth, cast forth, expel. 
 exsanguis, -e, [ex + sanguis], adj., 
 
 bloodless, without blood; pale, 
 
 wan, lifeless. 
 exsilium, -i, [exsul], n., banishment, 
 
 exile. 
 exsisto, -sister e, -stiti, — — , [ex 
 
 + sisto], come forth, appear. 
 exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + 
 
 specto], look out for, wait for, 
 
 await; apprehend, dread. 
 exspiro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + 
 
 spiro, breathe], breathe out, ex- 
 hale; expire. 
 
 exstinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi, 
 -stinctus, [ex + stinguo, quench], 
 extinguish; deprive of life, slay, 
 kill; destroy. 
 
 exsto, -are, , , [ex + 
 
 sto], stand out, stand forth, pro- 
 ject; appear. 
 
 exstruo, -struere, -struxi, ex- 
 structus, [ex + struo, place], pile 
 up, heap up. 
 
 exsul, -ulis, m. and f., exile, out- 
 law, wanderer. 
 
 exsulto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
 of exsilio], leap up; exult, re- 
 joice greatly. 
 
 exta, -orum, n., pi., vitals, the 
 chief internal organs of a crea- 
 ture, as heart, lungs, liver ; con- 
 sidered of special significance in 
 divination. 
 
 fades, -ei, [facio], f., form, figure, 
 shape; face, countenance; ap- 
 pearance, aspect; color. 
 
 facio, facere, feci, factus, make, 
 fashion, construct; do, perform, 
 bring about, occasion, cause, pro- 
 duce; render, grant. 
 
 factum, -i, [facio], n., deed, act, 
 achievement. 
 
 falcatus, -a, -um, [falx, scythe], 
 adj., scythe-shaped, hooked, curved. 
 
 fallax, -acis, [fallo], adj., deceitful, 
 deceptive, false. 
 
 fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus, de- 
 ceive, cheat, dupe, betray, mislead, 
 disappoint, fail; escape the notice 
 of. 
 
FALSUS 
 
 21 
 
 1'ISTULA 
 
 falsus, -a, -um, [fallo], adj., de- 
 ceptive, false; pretended. 
 
 fama, -ae, [fari, speak], f., report, 
 rumor; renown, fame; per- 
 sonified, Fama, -ae, f., Rumor, 
 Report, Fame. 
 
 fames, -is, f., hunger, famine. 
 
 fateor, fateri, fassus, [fan, speak] > 
 dep., confess, admit, own, acknowl- 
 edge. 
 
 fatifer, -fera, -ferum, [fatum + 
 fero], adj., death-dealing, fatal, 
 destructive. 
 
 fatum, -I, [fari, speak], n., destiny, 
 fate; ill fate, calamity, ruin, de- 
 struction; death. 
 
 fautrix, -Icis, [faveo], f., patroness, 
 protectress. 
 
 faveo, favere, favi, fauturus, be 
 kind to, be well disposed; favor ; 
 befriend. 
 
 fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand; torch 
 borne in a wedding procession, 
 nuptial torch. 
 
 fecundus, -a, -um, adj., over- 
 flowing, rich in, abounding 
 in. 
 
 felix, -Icis, adj., fruitful; lucky, 
 fortunate; prosperous, happy. 
 
 fera, -ae, [ferus], f., wild beast, 
 wild animal; monster. 
 
 ferid, -ire, , , strike, 
 
 smite, hit; kill, slay. 
 
 fero, ferre, full, latus, bear, carry, 
 bring, draw; lead, conduct; en- 
 dure; report. 
 
 ferox, -oris, [fenis], adj., wild, 
 ferocious, fierce, savage, cruel. 
 
 ferrum, -I, n., iron; iron head, 
 iron point; sword, spear-head, 
 arrow-head. 
 
 ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, savage, 
 fierce; barbarous, cruel. 
 
 fervens, -entis, [ferveo], adj., 
 burning, smoking, gushing, fer- 
 vens vulnus, a smoking wound, 
 a gushing wound. 
 
 festum, -i, [festus], n., often in 
 pi., holiday, festival, feast. 
 
 festus, -a, -um, adj., festive, 
 festal. 
 
 fetus, -us, m., a bringing forth; 
 of spring; of plants, fruit. 
 
 fides, -ei, [fido], f., confidence, 
 trust, faith, credence, belief; good- 
 faith, trustworthiness; assurance, 
 promise; fulfilment. 
 
 fides, -is, f., string, chord, of a 
 musical instrument; often pi., 
 fides, -ium, stringed instrument, 
 lyre. 
 
 fiducia, -ae, [fidus], f., confidence, 
 assurance; self-confidence. 
 
 fidus, -a, -um, [fido], adj., trusty, 
 faithful. 
 
 figo, figere, fixi, fixus, fix, set, place, 
 fasten; imprint, press; pierce, 
 transfix. 
 
 filius, -i, m., son. 
 
 findo, findere, fidi, fissus, cleave, 
 split, separate, divide. 
 
 fingo, fingere, finxi, f Ictus, form; 
 imagine, suppose, think. 
 
 finio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itus, [finis], end, 
 put an end to, finish. 
 
 finis, -is, m., limit, end; pi., ter- 
 ritory, country. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus, used as pass. 
 of facio, be made, be done, be 
 built; become, happen. 
 
 fistula, -ae, f., pipe, water-pipe; 
 reed-pipe, shepherd's pipe. 
 
FIXUS 
 
 22 
 
 FUTURUS 
 
 fixus, -a, -um, [figo], adj., fixed, 
 
 fast; established, settled. 
 flagell6, -are, , , [flag- 
 
 ellum, whip], lash. 
 flavus, -a, -um, adj., yellow, golden. 
 flecto, flectere, flexi, flexus, bend, 
 
 turn, direct. 
 fled, flere, flevi, fletus, weep, wail, 
 
 shed tears; lament. 
 fletus, -us, [fleo], m., weeping, 
 
 wailing, lamenting; tears. 
 fluctus, -us, [fluo], m., wave, billow. 
 fluito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 
 fluo], float; flow. 
 flumen, -inis, [fluo], n., stream, 
 
 river. 
 fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxus, flow, 
 
 flow down, stream down, drip. 
 focus, -l, m., fire-place, hearth; 
 
 altar; hearth and home. 
 foedo, -are, -avi, -atus, [foedus], 
 
 pollute, stain. 
 folium, -I, n., leaf. 
 fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain, 
 
 well. 
 foramen, -inis, n., opening, aper- 
 ture, orifice, hole. 
 fore, forem, see sum. 
 foris, -is, f., door, gate; pi., double 
 
 doors, folding doors, entrance. 
 forma, -ae, f., form, shape, figure; 
 
 appearance, looks, beauty. 
 formosus, -a, -um, [forma], adj., 
 
 well formed, handsome, beautiful. 
 forte, [abl. of fors], adv., by chance, 
 
 by accident; perhaps, perchance. 
 fortis, -e, adj., strong, sturdy, 
 
 brave, manly, fearless; spirited. 
 fortuna, -ae, [fors], f., chance, 
 
 luck, fate, fortune; personified, 
 
 Goddess of Fortune, Fortune. 
 
 f rater, -tris, m., brother. 
 fraternus, -a, -um, [frater], adj., 
 
 brotherly, fraternal, friendly. 
 
 fremo, -ere, -ui, , roar; rage. 
 
 frenum, -i, pi. frena, -orum, and 
 freni, -orum, n., bridle, bit; 
 rein. 
 
 frequento, -are, -avi, -atus, [fre- 
 quens], visit often; throng, throng 
 about, crowd about. 
 
 frons, frondis, f., green bough, 
 leafy branch, foliage. 
 
 frons, frontis, f., brow, forehead; 
 countenance, face. 
 
 frustra, adv., to no purpose, in 
 vain, uselessly. 
 
 frux, friigis, usually in pi., fruges, 
 -um, f., fruit, grain, corn. 
 
 fuga, -ae, [fugio], f., flight, escape. 
 
 fugio, -ere, fugi, , flee, fly. 
 
 fulvus, -a, -um, adj., yellow, golden. 
 
 fumus, -i, m., smoke. 
 
 funda, -ae, f., sling. 
 
 funestus, -a, -um, [ftinus], adj., 
 deadly, fatal, destructive. 
 
 fungor, fungi, functus, dep., be en- 
 gaged in, experience, find; per- 
 form. 
 
 funus, -eris, n., funeral procession, 
 funeral rites, burial; dead body, 
 corpse; death, murder; destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 furo, furere, , , rave, rage, 
 
 be mad, be furious, storm. 
 
 furor, furoris, [furo], m., frenzy, 
 rage, fury, madness. 
 
 furtum, -I, [fur], n., theft, robbery; 
 deceit, intrigue. 
 
 fusilis, -e, [fundo], adj., molten. 
 
 futurus, -a, -um, [fut. part, sum], 
 did)., future, coming. 
 
GAUDEO 
 
 23 
 
 IIASTILE 
 
 gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, 
 semi-dep., rejoice, be glad, take 
 pleasure in, delight in. 
 
 gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu, cold], 
 
 adj., ice-cold, cold, chilling; cool. 
 geminus, -a, -um, adj., twin; 
 
 double, two, twofold. 
 gemo, gemere, gemui, gemitus, 
 
 sigh, groan, lament, bemoan, 
 
 bewail. 
 genae, -arum, f., cheeks. 
 gener, -eri, m., son-in-law. 
 genetrix, -icis, [genitor], f., 
 
 mother. 
 genialiter, [genialis, joyous], adv., 
 
 merrily, joyously, happily. 
 genitor, -oris, [gigno], m., father, 
 
 parent, sire; creator; of a city, 
 
 founder. 
 gens, gentis, f., clan, house; off- 
 spring; birth; people, nation, 
 
 race. 
 genus, -eris, n., birth, family ; race, 
 
 stock; descendant, son; people, 
 
 nation. 
 gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, bear, 
 
 carry, have, hold, wear. 
 gestio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [gestus, 
 
 bearing], desire eagerly, earnestly 
 
 desire, long for. 
 gigno, gignere, genui, genitus, 
 
 give birth to. Part, genitus, -a, 
 
 -um, as adj., born of, sprung 
 
 from; son of. 
 glaeba, -ae, f., lump of earth, clod; 
 
 land, soil. 
 glorior, -ari, -atus, [gloria], dep., 
 
 boast, pride one's self. 
 gradior, gradi, gressus, [gradus, 
 
 step], dep., step, walk, advance. 
 
 gradus, -us, m., step, pace, walk; 
 
 approach, advance. 
 grates, found only in nom. and 
 
 ace. pi., [gratus], f., thanks. 
 gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable, 
 
 pleasing, agreeable. 
 gravis, -e, adj., heavy; laden, filled; 
 
 severe, difficult, serious; eminent. 
 gravo, -are, -avi, -atus, [gravis], 
 
 make heavy, weigh down, burden. 
 gressus, -us, [gradior], m., step, 
 
 walk, pace, gait. 
 guttur, -uris, n., throat, neck. 
 
 habena, -ae, [habeo], f., rein; pi., 
 habenae, -arum, reins; control. 
 
 habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have, hold, 
 possess; retain, keep, contain; 
 occupy; regard. 
 
 habito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
 of habeo], inhabit; dwell, re- 
 side, live. 
 
 Haemus, -i, m., Haemus, a range 
 of mountains in Thrace, now the 
 Great Balkan. 
 
 haereo, haerere, haesi, haesus, 
 stick to, cleave to, adhere; hold 
 fast to, be fixed; be in doubt, doubt. 
 
 halitus, -us, [halo, breathe], m., 
 breath, exhalation. 
 
 hamus, -i, m., hook, fish-hook; of 
 an arrow, barbs. 
 
 harena, -ae, [areo], f., sand; 
 shore, beach; arena. 
 
 harundo, -mis, f., reed; fish-pole, 
 rod. 
 
 hasta, -ae, f., staff; spear, lance. 
 
 hastile, -is, [hasta], n., shaft of a 
 spear or pike, spear-shaft, javelin- 
 shaft; spear, lance, javelin, pike. 
 
HAUD 
 
 24 
 
 ICARUS 
 
 haud, adv., not at all, by no means. 
 
 haurio, -ire, hausi, haustus, draw 
 of, draw up, draw. 
 
 haustus, -us, [haurio], m., draught, 
 gushing; of blood, stream. 
 
 Helice, -es, f., Helice, the con- 
 stellation of the Great Bear. 
 
 herba, -ae, f., herb, plant, grass, 
 
 heres, -edis, m. and f., heir, heir- 
 ess; successor. 
 
 herds, herois, ace. heroa, m., 
 demi-god, hero. 
 
 Hesperides, -urn, ace. Hesperidas, 
 f., pi., Hesperides, the maidens 
 who guarded the golden apples 
 given by Ge to Hera. 
 
 heu! interj., alas! oh! ah! 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this; 
 he, she, it. ille . . . hie, the 
 former . . . the latter. 
 
 hie, [hie], adv., here, in this place; 
 hereupon, now, at this time, then. 
 
 hinc, [hie], adv., hence, from this 
 place, from this point, on this 
 side; on this account. 
 
 Hippotades, -ae, m., patr., de- 
 scendant of Hippotes; applied to 
 Aeolus, who was the son, or 
 grandson, of Hippotes, being the 
 son of his daughter, Segesta. 
 
 homo, -inis, m. and f., human be- 
 ing, man; mankind. 
 
 hora, -ae, f., hour, which among 
 the Romans was properly a 
 twelfth part of the time from 
 sunrise to sunset ; time, season. 
 horrendus, -a, -um, [horreo], adj., 
 awful; dreadful, horrible, terrible. 
 hortor, -ari, -atus, dep., urge, 
 
 encourage; urge on, spur on. 
 hospes, -itis, m. and f., host; 
 
 one entertained, guest, visitor, 
 
 friend; stranger. 
 hospita, -ae, [hospes], f., hostess; 
 
 guest, stranger, wanderer. 
 hospitalitas, -atis, [hospitalis], f., 
 
 hospitality. 
 hospitium, -i, [hospes], n., enter- 
 tainment, hospitality. 
 hostis, -is, m. and f., stranger; 
 
 public enemy, enemy, foe. 
 hue, [hie], adv., hither, to this 
 
 place; to this, besides. 
 humanus, -a, -um, [homo], adj., 
 
 of man, human; humane, kind. 
 humilis, -e, [humus], adj., low, slight, 
 
 small; base, mean. 
 humus, -i, f., ground, soil, earth; 
 
 land, country; locative humi, on 
 
 the ground, to the ground. 
 Hymenaeus, -i, m., Hymenaeus, 
 
 Hymen, god of marriage. 
 
 iaceo, -ere, -ui, , lie, lie pros- 
 trate, be prostrate; lie dead. 
 
 iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, throw, 
 cast, hurl; construct. 
 
 iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 iacio], throw, cast, scatter, fling, 
 hurl; toss, shake, flap, beat. 
 
 iaculum, -i, [iacio], n., pike, spear, 
 dart, javelin. 
 
 iam, adv., already, now, at this time, 
 just; immediately, soon, pres- 
 ently; finally, at length. 
 
 ibi or ibi, adv., there, in that place; 
 then, thereupon; in that case. 
 
 Icarus*, -i, m., Icarus, son of 
 Daedalus, the mythical crafts- 
 
ICTUS 
 
 25 
 
 IMPES 
 
 ictus, -us, [led, strike]} m., stroke, 
 blow, hit, thrust ; cut, stab, wound; 
 of water, jet. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, [is + dem], 
 dem. pron., the same, often with 
 the force of an adv., also, 
 besides, too, likewise, furthermore ; 
 followed by et, -que or atque, 
 the same as. 
 
 iecur, iecoris, n., liver. 
 
 ignarus, -a, -urn, [in- + gnarus], 
 adj., not knowing, ignorant; un- 
 aware, not anticipating. 
 
 ignavus, -a, -urn, adj., sluggish, 
 inactive, lazy, idle, slothful; cow- 
 ardly, spiritless. 
 
 ignis, -is, m., fire; brightness, 
 splendor; fire of passion, love. 
 
 ignotus, -a, -urn, [in- + (g)notus], 
 adj., unknown, strange, foreign, 
 unfamiliar . 
 
 flex, -icis, f., oak, holm-oak. 
 
 ilia, -orum, n., pi., abdomen, flanks, 
 groin. 
 
 Ilioneus, -ei, ace. -ea, m., Ilioneus, 
 one of the sons of Amphion 
 and Niobe. 
 
 iliac, [illic], adv., that way, there, 
 on that side. 
 
 ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius or illius, 
 dem. pron., that, that yonder, 
 yon; he, she, it. ille . . . hie, 
 the former . . . the latter. 
 
 illic, [loc. of ille], adv., there, in 
 that place, yonder. 
 
 illinc, [ille], adv., from that place, 
 thence, from yonder ; on that side. 
 
 imago, -inis, f., likeness, form, 
 figure, image, picture ; phantom, 
 ghost; semblance, appearance, 
 shadow. 
 
 imber, -oris, m., rain t rain-storm, 
 shower ; rain-cloud, storm-cloud. 
 
 imitor, -ari, -atus, dcp., imitate, 
 copy after. 
 
 immemor, -oris, [in- + memor], 
 adj., unmindful, forgetful. 
 
 immensus, -a, -um, [in- -f 
 mensus], adj., immeasurable 
 boundless, endless; vast, immense, 
 huge. 
 
 immeritus, -a, -um, [in- + meri- 
 tus], adj., undeserving, innocent, 
 guiltless; undeserved. 
 
 immineo, -ere, , , [in + 
 
 mineo], overhang; threaten, men- 
 ace. 
 
 immitto, -mittere, -misi, immis- 
 sus, [in + mitto], send in, let 
 in; let loose, flow, hang. 
 
 immorior, -mori, -mortuus, [in -f 
 morior], dep., fall dead upon, ex- 
 pire on. 
 
 immotus, -a, -um, [in- + motus, 
 from moveo], adj., unmoved, im- 
 movable, motionless; of eyes, fixed. 
 
 immunis, -e, [in- + munus], adj., 
 free from obligation; unburdened; 
 exempt, free from, devoid of. 
 
 impar, -aris, [in- + par], adj., un- 
 even, unequal; inferior. 
 
 impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [in, cf . pes, 
 ped-is], entangle, hinder, hamper; 
 obstruct, impede, check, prevent. 
 
 impello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
 [in + pello], strike against, strike, 
 smite. 
 
 impero, -are, -avi, -atus, command, 
 order, rule; control. 
 
 impes, -petis, only in gen. and abl. 
 sing., [cf. impetus], m., violence, 
 force. 
 
IMPLEO 
 
 26 
 
 INDOTATUS 
 
 impleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, [in + 
 pleoj, fill up, fill. 
 
 impono, -ponere, -posui, imposi- 
 tus, [in + pond], place upon, 
 place on, set down, place; set to, 
 put to. 
 
 impulsus, -us, [impello], m., a 
 striking against, shock, push, pres- 
 sure; impulse. 
 
 imus, -a, -um, see Inferus. 
 
 in, prep, with ace. and abl. : 
 
 (i) With the ace., after verbs 
 implying motion ; of place, into, 
 to, up to, in, at, against, towards; 
 of time, till, to, unto; of purpose, 
 for, with a view to; of reference, to, 
 in, according to, respecting. 
 
 (2) With abl., of place, hi, 
 within, on, upon, among, over; 
 of time, in, during, in the course 
 of; of other relations, in, under, 
 subject to, in relation to. 
 
 In composition in retains its 
 form before the vowels and 
 most of the consonants ; is often 
 changed to il- before 1, ir- be- 
 fore r ; usually becomes im- 
 before m, b, p. 
 
 in-, inseparable prefix, = un-, not, 
 as in incertus, uncertain. 
 
 Inachides, -ae, [Inachus], patr., 
 m., descendant of Inachus, the 
 earliest ruler of Argos ; applied 
 to Perseus, who, in the Argive 
 genealogy, was reckoned a re- 
 mote descendant of Inachus 
 through lo, Epaphus, Danaus, 
 Acrisius, and Danae. 
 
 inamoenus, -a, -um, [in- + amoe- 
 nus, pleasant], adj., unpleasant, 
 gloomy. 
 
 inane, -is, [inanis], n., empty space, 
 
 void, space. 
 inanis, -e, adj., empty, void; use- 
 less, worthless. 
 incedo, -cedere, -cessi, , [in 
 
 + cedo], advance, go forth, march, 
 
 proceed; stride, walk, move. 
 incertus, -a, -um, [in- + certus], 
 
 adj., uncertain, doubtful. 
 incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 
 [in + capio], take up; begin, 
 
 commence. 
 incrementum, -1, [incresco, grow], 
 
 n., growth, increase. 
 incumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, in- 
 
 cubitus, fall upon, press upon. 
 
 incumbere ferro, to fall on one's 
 
 sword. 
 incursus, -us, [incurso], m., rush, 
 
 dash; onset, attack. 
 incurvatus, -a, -um, [part, of 
 
 incurvo], adj., bent; crooked, 
 
 curved. 
 incustoditus, -a, -um, [in- + cus- 
 
 toditus], adj., unguarded, un- 
 
 watched. 
 inde, adv., from that place, thence; 
 
 thereupon, thereafter, after that, 
 
 then; therefore. 
 indico, -are, -avi, -atus, [index], 
 
 point out, make known, disclose, 
 
 reveal. 
 indignor, -ari, -atus, [indignus], 
 
 dep., deem unworthy, be indig- 
 nant, be offended. 
 indignus, -a, -um, [in- + dignus], 
 
 adj., unworthy, undeserving. 
 indolesco, -lescere, -dolui, , 
 
 [in + doled], inch., be pained; 
 
 be grieved, be distressed. 
 indotatus, -a, -um, [in- + dota- 
 
INDURESCO 
 
 27 
 
 [NTEREA 
 
 tus], adj., portionless; poor, 
 unadorned. 
 
 induresco, -ere, -durui, , 
 
 [in -f- duro, harden], inch., be- 
 come hard, harden. 
 
 ineo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [in + eo], 
 go into, enter. 
 
 Infaustus, -a, -urn, [in- -f faustus], 
 adj., ill-omened, unpropitious, 
 unfortunate, luckless. 
 
 Infectus, -a, -um, [in- + f actus], 
 adj., not done; unfinished, incom- 
 plete. 
 
 Infellx, -Icis, [in- -f felix], adj., 
 unhappy, ill fated, unfortu- 
 nate. 
 
 inferus, -a, -um, adj., below, 
 underneath, lower, underground ; 
 of the Lower World. As subst.. 
 Infer!, -orum, pi. m., folk of the 
 Underworld ; apud Inferos, in the 
 Underworld; comp. Inferior, lower, 
 inferior; sup. Infimus or Imus, 
 lowest, bottom of, end of; the 
 Lower World, the dead. 
 
 Inficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, [in + 
 facio], pollute, corrupt, infect, 
 taint. 
 
 Infra, [for Infera, sc. parte], adv., 
 beneath, underneath, below. 
 
 ingemo, -gemere, -gemul, , 
 
 [in + gemo, groan], groan, la- 
 ment, bewail. 
 
 ingens, -entis, adj., huge, enormous, 
 vast, prodigious. 
 
 ingratus, -a, -um, [in- + gratus], 
 adj., unthankful, ungrateful. 
 
 inimlcus, -a, -um, [in- + amicus], 
 adj., unfriendly, hostile. 
 
 iniustus, -a, -um, [in- -f iustus], 
 adj., unfair, unjust. 
 
 innitor, -niti, -nixus, [in- + nitor], 
 dep., lean upon. 
 
 innumerus, -a, -um, [in — \- nu- 
 merus], adj., countless, innumer- 
 able. 
 
 inquam, inquis, inquit, dcf., always 
 postpositive, say. 
 
 Inscius, -a, -um, [in-, scio], adj., 
 not knowing, ignorant, unwitting, 
 unconscious. 
 
 Insero, -serere, -serui, -sertus, 
 [in -f sero], insert, thrust in; 
 mix up with. 
 
 Insono, -are, -ul, , [in + sono], 
 
 resound; of feathers or wings, 
 rustle. 
 
 Instabilis, -e, [in- + stabilis], adj., 
 unsteady, unstable. 
 
 Instar, indecl., n., likeness, resem- 
 blance; with gen., like. 
 
 Insto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus, [in 
 + sto], stand upon; be near to, 
 approach; press, pursue, men- 
 ace; insist, urge. 
 
 Instruo, -struere, -striixl, -struc- 
 tus, [in -f struo], prepare, make 
 ready, furnish, equip; instruct, 
 teach, inform. 
 
 intendo, -tendere, -tendl, intentus, 
 [in + tendo], stretch out, stretch 
 forth, extend. 
 
 inter, prep, with ace, among; of 
 position, between, twixt, among, 
 amid; of time, during, in the 
 course of. inter se, with each 
 other, with one another, mutu- 
 ally. 
 
 interdum, [inter + dum], adv., now 
 and then, sometimes. 
 
 interea, [inter -f- ea], adv., mean- 
 while, in tJie meantime. 
 
INTERIOR 
 
 28 
 
 IUNONIUS 
 
 interior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj., 
 inner, interior ; sup. intimus, -a, 
 -um, inmost, deepest. 
 
 interius, [interior], adv., inside, 
 within. 
 
 internodium, -I, [inter + nodus], 
 n., space between joints. 
 
 intexo, -texere, -texui, -textus, 
 [in + texo], weave in; embroider. 
 
 intimus, see interior. 
 
 intonsus, -a, -um, [in- + tonsus, 
 from tondeo], adj., unshorn, with 
 long hair. 
 
 intra, [for intera, sc. parte], adv., 
 within, on the inside. 
 
 intro, -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. intra], 
 enter, go into; penetrate. 
 
 inutilis, -e, [in- + utilis], adj., 
 useless, unprofitable. 
 
 invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, 
 [in + venio], come upon, find, 
 meet; contrive, devise. 
 
 invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus, [in + 
 video], look askance at, envy, be- 
 grudge; refuse, prevent. 
 
 invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia], adj., 
 full of envy; exciting envy, object 
 of envy, enviable, envied; caus- 
 ing hatred, hateful, hated, odi- 
 ous. 
 
 invidus, -a, -um, [invideo], adj., 
 envious, jealous; odious. 
 
 in visus, -a, -um, [invideo], adj., 
 hated, detested, odious, hostile. 
 
 ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipsius, inten- 
 sive pron., self; himself, herself, 
 itself; often emphatic, he; often 
 best rendered freely as, the very, 
 precisely, likewise, in person. 
 
 ira, -ae, f , anger, wrath, rage, pas- 
 sion. 
 
 irascor, -asci, iratus, [ira], dep., 
 
 be in anger, get angry, rave, be 
 
 furious. 
 iratus, -a, -um, [irascor], adj., 
 
 angered, angry; furious. 
 irritus, -a, -um, [in- + ratus, set- 
 tled], adj., unsettled; vain, without 
 
 result, useless. 
 is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron., 
 
 he, she, it, that, this; before ut, 
 
 such, of such a kind. 
 Ismenus, -i, m., Ismenus, one of 
 
 the sons of Amphion and Niobe. 
 iste, ista, istud, gen. istius, dem. 
 
 pron., that, that of yours; he, she, 
 
 it; this; such. 
 ita, adv., thus, so, in this wise, in 
 
 this way; such; so much. 
 iter, itineris, [cf. ire], n., a going; 
 
 way, journey, march; road, path, 
 
 passage, course. 
 itero, -are, -avi, -atus, [iterum], 
 
 repeat, renew. 
 iterum, adv., a second time, again; 
 
 once more. 
 iuba, -ae, f., mane. 
 iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, order, 
 
 bid, give orders, command, direct; 
 
 decree. 
 iugulum, -i, [iugum], n., collar- 
 bone; throat, neck. 
 iugum, -i, [cf. iungo], n., yoke, col- 
 lar; of elevated ground or of 
 
 mountains, height, ridge. 
 iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus, 
 
 [cf. iugum], join, unite, clasp. 
 Iuno, -onis, f., Juno, daughter of 
 
 Saturn, sister and consort of 
 
 Jupiter. 
 Iunonius, -a, -um, [Iuno], adj., 
 
 of Juno, Juno's, Junonian. 
 
IUPPITER 
 
 29 
 
 LEAENA 
 
 Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter, son 
 
 • of Saturn, chief of the gods. 
 
 ius, iuris, n., right, law, duty; jus- 
 tice, equity; authority, power; 
 court of justice; abl. hire, by 
 right, justly. 
 
 iuste, [iustus], adv., rightly, justly; 
 comp. iustius, with better reason. 
 
 iustus, -a, -um, [ius], adj., just; 
 fair, lawful; suitable, sufficient. 
 
 iuvenalis, -e, [iuvenis], adj., 
 youthful, juvenile. 
 
 iuvenca, -ae, f., young cow, heifer. 
 
 iuvenis, -is, adj., young, youthful. 
 As subst., iuvenis, -is, m. and f., 
 young person, youth, applied to 
 persons between the ages of 
 twenty and forty. 
 
 iuventus, -utis, [iuvenis], f., age 
 of youth, youth; young people, 
 young folk, youth; youths. 
 
 Ixion, -onis, m., Ixion, a. mythical 
 king of the Lapithae, in Thessaly. 
 For his wickedness, in the Under- 
 world he was bound by his hands 
 and feet to a wheel, which was 
 made ever to revolve. 
 
 labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus, 
 
 [labo, totter, + facio], make to 
 
 totter, shake; loosen. 
 labor, labi, lapsus, dep., glide, 
 
 slide, slip, sink, fall; run, flow, 
 
 move. 
 labor, -oris, m., labor, toil, effort. 
 lacertus, -i, m., upper arm from 
 
 shoulder to elbow, arm, 
 lacrima, -ae, f., tear. 
 
 lacrimosus, -a, -um, [lacrima], 
 
 adj., tearful, weeping; causing 
 tears, tear-bringing. 
 
 laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus, hurt, 
 wound, injure. 
 
 laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, glad, 
 gladsome, delighted, happy. 
 
 laevus, -a, -um, adj., left, on the 
 left. 
 
 lambo, -ere, , , lick, 
 
 lap. 
 
 lammina, -ae, f., layer, plate, plate 
 of metal, metal. 
 
 lancea, -ae, f., lance, spear; used 
 properly of the light spear hurled 
 with a leather thong, but often 
 applied to the heavier darts. 
 
 lanio, -are, -avi, -atus, [lanius, 
 butcher], rend, tear, mangle, 
 lacerate; tear into shreds. 
 
 lapis, -idis, m., stone. 
 
 lapsus, -us, [labor, glide], m., 
 gliding, sliding. 
 
 largus, -a, -um, adj., copious, plen- 
 tiful, bountiful, abundant. 
 
 late, [latus], adv., widely, exten- 
 sively, far and wide. 
 
 lateo, -ere, -ui, , lie hid, be 
 
 hidden, be concealed. 
 
 Latona, -ae, f., Latona, sl goddess, 
 mother of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 Latonus, -a, -um, adj., of Latona. 
 
 latus, -a, -um, adj., wide, broad, 
 extensive. 
 
 latus, -eris, n., side, flank. 
 
 laurus, -I, abl. lauru and lauro, f., 
 laurel-tree, laurel, bay-tree. 
 
 lavo, -are, lavi, lautus and lotus. 
 wash, bathe, lave. 
 
 lea, -ae, [cf. led], f., lioness. 
 
 leaena, -ae, [cf. led], f., lioness. 
 
LEBINTHUS 
 
 30 
 
 LUCIFER 
 
 Lebinthus, -i, f., Lebinthus, an 
 island in the Aegean sea, one 
 of the Sporades. 
 
 lego, legere, legi, lectus, bring to- 
 gether, collect, gather; select, choose, 
 pass over, traverse, trace, follow. 
 
 Lenaeus, -a, -urn, adj., of Bacchus 
 as god of the wine-press ; 
 Bacchic. 
 
 lente, [lentus], adv., slowly, lei- 
 surely; calmly. 
 
 lentus, -a, -urn, [cf. lenis], adj., 
 pliant, flexible. 
 
 leo, -onis, m., lion. 
 
 leto, -are, -avi, atus, [letum], 
 kill, slay. 
 
 letum, -I, n., death, destruction. 
 
 levis, -e, adj., light; airy, shadowy; 
 slight, trivial. 
 
 levo, -are, -avi, -atus, [levis], 
 lift up, raise; lighten. 
 
 lex, legis, f., law, enactment; agree- 
 ment, covenant; condition, stip- 
 ulation, terms. 
 
 Liber, -eri, m., Liber, a primitive 
 Italian deity of planting and 
 fructification, afterwards iden- 
 tified with Bacchus ; Bacchus. 
 
 libero, -are, -avi, -atus, [liber], set 
 free, release, deliver. 
 
 libo, -are, -avi, -atus, pour out as 
 a libation, offer, make a drink 
 offering. 
 
 libro, -are, -avi, -atus, [libra], 
 hold in poise, balance, poise. 
 
 licet, licere, licuit and licitum 
 est, impers., it is allowed, it is 
 lawful, it is permitted; used to 
 introduce a concessive subj., 
 passing over into a conjunction, 
 granted that f even if. 
 
 ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, bind, tie, 
 fasten. • 
 
 limes, -itis, m., path, properly a 
 path that crosses another, a 
 cross-path; hence, road, way. 
 
 lingua, -ae, f., tongue; language, 
 utterance, speech; garrulity, boast- 
 ful speech. 
 
 linum, -i, n., flax; flaxen thread, 
 thread, cord, rope. 
 
 liquidus, -a, -um, [liqueo], adj., 
 liquid; clear-flowing, clear, pure, 
 limpid, transparent, bright. 
 
 liquor, liqui, , , [liqueo], 
 
 dep., flow, melt, dissolve. 
 
 litus, -oris, n., sea-shore, shore, 
 beach, strand. 
 
 livens, -entis, [lived, be bluish], 
 adj., bluish, dark blue, livid. 
 
 locus, -i, pi. loci, -orum, when 
 referring to single places, loca, 
 -orum, when referring to places 
 connected, as a region, m., place, 
 spot; post, station, position; loca- 
 tion, region, country. 
 
 longe, comp. longius, sup. longis- 
 sime, [longus], adv., far, afar; 
 a long time, long; by far. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, adj., long, ex- 
 tended, far-reaching; prolonged, 
 tedious; distant. 
 
 loquor, loqui, locutus, dep., speak, 
 say, talk; tell, mention. 
 
 lorica, -ae, [lorum], f., leather 
 corselet, leather cuirass, coat of 
 mail, corselet. 
 
 lucifer, -fera, -ferum, [lux, fero], 
 adj., light-bearing, light-bringing. 
 As subst., Lucifer, -i, m., Morn- 
 ing-star, Lucifer, known to us as 
 the planet Venus. 
 
I I r< TOR 
 
 31 
 
 MARS 
 
 luctor, -ari, -atus, [lucta, wrestling], 
 dep., wrestle; struggle, contend. 
 
 luctus, -us, [lugeo, mourn), m., 
 mourning, grief, sorrow; afflic- 
 tion. 
 
 lucus, -I, m., sacred grove, conse- 
 crated grove; grove, wood, forest. 
 
 lugubris, -e, [lugeo, mourn], adj., 
 grieving, sorrowing; mournful, 
 doleful. 
 
 lumen, -inis, [luceo, shine], n., light; 
 light of the eye, eye-sight, look, 
 glance, eye. 
 
 luna, -ae, [cf. luceo, shine], f., 
 moon; moonlight. 
 
 lusus, -us, [ludo, play], m., play- 
 ing, play, game, sport. 
 
 lux, lucis, [cf. luceo, shine], f., 
 light, brightness; daylight, day; 
 light of life, life. 
 
 Lydus, -a, -um, adj., Lydian, of 
 Lydia, a country in the western 
 part of Asia Minor. 
 
 lyra, -ae, f. , lyre, lute, a stringed 
 instrument, said to have been 
 invented by Mercury, and sacred 
 to Apollo. 
 
 M 
 
 macro, -are, -avi, -atus, [mactus, 
 
 honored], of religious service, 
 
 offer, sacrifice, devote; hence, 
 
 kill, slay, slaughter. 
 madefacio, -facere, -feci, -f actus, 
 
 [madeo -f facio], soak, steep, 
 
 drench. 
 madeo, -ere, -ui, , be wet, 
 
 be moist, drip. 
 madesco, -descere, -dui, , 
 
 [madeo], inch., become wet, grow 
 
 moist. 
 
 madidus, -a, -um, [madeo], adj., 
 moist, wet, drenched, dripping, 
 soaked. 
 
 maestus, -a, -um, [maereo, be 
 sad], adj., sad, sorrowful. 
 
 magis, [root mag in magnus], adv., 
 in comp. degree, more; rather, 
 in preference. 
 
 magnus, -a, -um, comp. maior, 
 sup. maximus, adj., great, vast, 
 huge, wide, extended, large; grand, 
 mighty; stately, lofty; eminent, 
 powerful. 
 
 maior, see magnus. 
 
 male, [malus], comp. peius, sup. 
 pessime, adv., ill, badly, wretch- 
 edly; wickedly; scarcely, not 
 at all. 
 
 malum, -I, [malus], n., evil, mis- 
 fortune, calamity; crime, sin. 
 
 maneo, manere, mansi, mansurus, 
 stay, remain, tarry, abide; con- 
 tinue, last; await; fall to one's 
 lot, befall, be destined to. 
 
 mano, -are, -avi, -atus, drip, 
 trickle, run, flow. 
 
 manus, -us, f., hand. 
 
 mare, -is, n., sea; water, flood. 
 
 margo, -inis, m., edge, border; 
 shore. 
 
 maritus, -I, [mas], m., married man, 
 husband; suitor, lover. 
 
 marmor, -oris, n., marble, statue; 
 stone. 
 
 marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor], 
 adj., of marble, marble; marble- 
 like. 
 
 Mars, Martis, m., Mars, the 
 Roman god of war, identified 
 with the Greek Ares; war, 
 battle; conflict, contest. 
 
MARTIUS 
 
 32 
 
 MINOS 
 
 Martius, -a, -um, [Mars], adj., of 
 Mars, sacred to Mars; warlike. 
 
 massa, -ae, f., lump, mass. 
 
 mater, -tris, f., mother; parent; 
 origin, source, mother earth. 
 
 maternus, -a, -um, [mater], adj., of 
 a mother, a mother's, maternal. 
 
 maturus, -a, -um, adj., ripe, ma- 
 ture; of mature years, advanced 
 in years. 
 
 maximus, see magnus. 
 
 medium, -I, [medius], n., middle, 
 midst, center, interval. 
 
 medius, -a, -um, adj., middle, in 
 the middle, in the midst; midway, 
 half way, half. 
 
 medulla, -ae, [medius], f., marrow; 
 heart, center. 
 
 Medusa, -ae, f., Medusa, one of 
 the Gorgons. 
 
 Medusaeus, -a, -um, [Medusa], 
 adj., of Medusa, Medusan. 
 
 mel, mellis, n., honey. 
 
 melior, see bonus. 
 
 membrum, -I, n., limb, member; 
 part, branch, portion. 
 
 memoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [memor], 
 bring to mind; mention; relate, 
 recount, tell, speak of. 
 
 mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect, 
 soul; heart, spirit;' plan, purpose, 
 design; boldness, courage. 
 
 mensa, -ae, [mensus], f., table; 
 meal, food, viands. 
 
 mentior, -iri, -itus, dep., lie, de- 
 ceive; lie about. 
 
 Mercurius, -I, m., Mercury, the 
 messenger of the gods, identified 
 with the Greek Hermes. 
 
 meritum, -i, [mered], n., merit, serv- 
 ice, favor. 
 
 meritus, -a, -um, [mereo], adj., 
 deserving; deserved, just, due. 
 
 merum, -i, [merus], n., unmixed 
 wine, pure wine, without water. 
 
 messis, -is, [meto], f., harvest, crop. 
 
 metuo, -ere, — ui, , [metus], 
 
 dread. 
 
 metus, -us, m.,fear, dread; alarm, 
 terror. 
 
 meus, -a, -um, [me], poss. pron., 
 adj., of me, mine, my, my own. 
 
 mico, -are, -ui, , flash, glitter, 
 
 gleam, sparkle, beam. 
 
 Midas, -ae, m., Midas, a wealthy 
 king of Phrygia, son of Gordius 
 and Cybele. He was said to 
 have been a pupil of Orpheus, 
 and also a worshiper of Bac- 
 chus, from whom he obtained 
 the boon that whatsoever he 
 touched might turn into 
 gold. 
 
 Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva, an 
 Italian goddess identified with 
 the Greek Athene. 
 
 minimus, -a, -um, see parvus. 
 
 minister, -tra, -trum, adj., attend- 
 ing, ministering. As subst., mi- 
 nister, -tri, m., attendant, servant, 
 helper. 
 
 minor, see parvus. 
 
 Minos, ois, m., Minos, a mythical 
 king of Crete, husband of Pasi- 
 phae and father of Ariadne. 
 For him the labyrinth was con- 
 structed by Daedalus, to con- 
 fine the Minotaur, a bull-headed 
 monster, afterwards slain by 
 Theseus. This Minos should 
 be kept distinct from his grand- 
 father Minos, also a king of 
 
MIRAMI.IS 
 
 33 
 
 MOS 
 
 Crete, who after death was made 
 
 a judge in the Underworld. 
 mirabilis, -e, [mlror], adj., mar- 
 velous, wonderful; extraordinary. 
 miror, -ari, -atus, [minis], dep., 
 
 wonder at, marvel; be amazed; 
 
 admire. 
 misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtus, 
 
 mix, mingle. 
 miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched, 
 
 miserable, unhappy, pitiable; poor. 
 miserabilis, -e, [miseror], adj., 
 
 pitiable, wretched, lamentable, 
 
 miserable. 
 miserandus, -a, -urn, [miseror], 
 
 adj., pitiable, wretched. 
 misereor, -eri, -itus, [miser], dep., 
 
 have compassion, commiserate, 
 
 have pity, pity. 
 miseror, -ari, -atus, [miser], dep., 
 
 deplore, lament; pity. 
 mitis, -e, adj., mild; gentle, kind. 
 mitto, mittere, misi, missus, send, 
 
 despatch; put forth, send forth; 
 
 hurl, cast, throw. 
 moderor, -ari, -atus, [modus], dep., 
 
 set bounds; regulate, ride, govern, 
 
 guide, direct. 
 modestus, -a, -urn, [modus], adj., 
 
 keeping within bounds, moderate; 
 
 modest. 
 modo, [modus], adv. and conj. : 
 
 (i) As adv., only, merely; 
 
 just now, lately, recently, modo 
 
 . . . modo, now . . . now, some- 
 times . . . sometimes. 
 
 (2) As conj., if only, provided 
 
 that. 
 modus, -i, m., measure; way, 
 
 manner, method. 
 moenia, -ium, n., pi., walls for 
 
 defense, city walls, fortifications; 
 walled town, city. 
 
 molaris, -is, [mola, mill], m., 
 mill-stone, large stone, huge rock. 
 
 mollio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [mollis], 
 soften, ease, lighten. 
 
 mollis, -e, adj., supple, pliant, 
 tender, delicate, soft. 
 
 moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, remind, 
 admonish, warn. 
 
 monitus, -us, [moneo], m., warn- 
 ing, admonition. 
 
 mons, montis, m., mountain, moun- 
 tain-range. 
 
 monstrum, -i, [moneo], n., prodigy, 
 monster. 
 
 monumentum, -i, [moneo], n., 
 memorial, monument; remem- 
 brance. 
 
 mora, -ae, f., delay, pause; cause 
 of delay, hindrance. 
 
 mordeo, mordere, momordi, mor- 
 sus, bite. 
 
 moribundus, -a, -um, [morior], 
 adj., dying, at death's door. 
 
 morior, mori, mortuus, dep., die, 
 expire. 
 
 moror, -ari, -atus, [mora], dep., 
 delay, tarry, remain, linger. 
 
 mors, mortis, f., death. 
 
 morsus, -us, [mordeo], m., biting, 
 bite. 
 
 mortalis, -e, [mors], adj., mortal, 
 of a mortal. As subst., mortales, 
 -ium, m., pi., mortals. 
 
 mdrum, -i, n., mulberry; black- 
 berry. 
 
 morus, -i, f., mulberry-tree. 
 
 mos, moris, m., manner, way; 
 fashion; pi., mores, -um, man- 
 ners, morals, often character. 
 
MOTUS 
 
 34 
 
 NEMUS 
 
 motus, -us, [moveo], m., motion, 
 movement, change. 
 
 moved, movere, movi, motus, 
 move, set in motion, strike, shake, 
 stir; plow; affect; roughen. 
 
 mox, adv., soon, presently; after- 
 wards; thereupon, then, in the 
 next place. 
 
 mucro, -onis, m., point, edge, es- 
 pecially of a sword ; sword's point, 
 sword's edge; sword; sharpness, 
 edge. 
 
 mugitus, -us, [mugio], m., lowing, 
 bellowing; rumbling, roaring. 
 
 multo, [abl. n. of multus], adv., 
 by much, much, far, by far. 
 
 multum, [multus], adv., much, 
 greatly, far; very. 
 
 multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, sup. 
 plurimus, adj., much, pi., many, 
 in large numbers; abundant. 
 
 mundus, -I, m., world; mankind, 
 the world. 
 
 munus, -eris, n., service; favor, 
 kindness; present, gift; of the 
 earth, fruit, fruits. 
 
 murmur, -uris, n., murmur, roar. 
 
 murus, -I, m., wall, city wall; 
 bulwark. 
 
 mutus, -a,-um, adj., dumb, speech- 
 less; silent, mute, still. 
 
 mutuus, -a, -um, [muto], adj., 
 mutual, reciprocal, in exchange. 
 
 N 
 
 Nais, -adis, f., water-nymph, 
 Naiad; nymph, Nereid. 
 
 nam, conj., explanatory and causal, 
 for. 
 
 narro, -are, -avi, -atus, relate, re- 
 port, recount, describe; tell, recite. 
 
 nata, -ae, [natus], f., daughter. 
 natalis, -e, [natus], adj., of birth, 
 
 natal, native. 
 natura, -ae, [nascor], indisposition, 
 
 nature, inclination, character; law 
 
 of nature, nature, world. 
 natus, -a, -um, [nascor], adj., 
 
 bom, produced, sprung from. 
 natus, -I, [natus, adj.], m., child, 
 
 son. 
 navis, -is, f., ship. 
 ne, adverb and conj., not, lest: 
 
 (i) As adv., not. ne . . . 
 
 quidem, not . . . even. 
 
 (2) As conj., in order that 
 
 not, that not, lest, for fear that. 
 -ne, enclitic adv. and conj. : 
 
 (1) As adv., purely interroga- 
 tive and marking a direct ques- 
 tion, untranslatable except in the 
 inflection of the voice. 
 
 (2) As conj., introducing an 
 ndirect question, whether, -ne 
 
 . an, -ne . . . -ne, whether 
 . or. 
 
 nee, or neque, [ne + que], adv. and 
 conj., and not, also not, nor, nor 
 yet, nor even, nor however, nee 
 . . . nee, neither . . . nor. nee 
 iam, no longer. 
 
 need, -are, -avi, -atus, kill, slay, 
 destroy. 
 
 nego, -are, -avi, -atus, say no, 
 deny, refuse, decline. 
 
 nemo, , gen. and abl. sing. 
 
 and the pi. not in use, being re- 
 placed by forms from nullus, 
 [ne + homo], m. and f., no one, 
 none, nobody. 
 
 nemus, -oris, n., wood, grove, 
 forest. 
 
NEPOS 
 
 35 
 
 NOTUS 
 
 nepos, -otis, m., grandson; de- 
 scend a tit. 
 
 nequlquam. [ne -f- old abl. of quis- 
 quam], adv., in vain, to no pur- 
 pose, vainly i fruitlessly. 
 
 nervosus, -a, -um, [nervus], adj., 
 si ut I 
 
 nervus, -I, m., sinew; string of a 
 bow, bow-string; of a musical 
 instrument, string, chord. 
 
 nescio,-ire,-ivior — ii, -itus, [ne -f 
 scio], not know, be ignorant. 
 nescio quis, / know not who, some. 
 
 neu, see neve. 
 
 neve, or neu, [ne -f ve], conj., 
 and not, nor; and that not, and 
 lest, and in order that not. 
 
 nex, necis, [neco], f., death by 
 violence, murder, slaughter. 
 
 nexus, -us, found only in abl. 
 sing, and pi. and in nom. pi., 
 [necto], m., a binding together, 
 entwining, embracing; clasp, fold, 
 coil. 
 
 ni, conj., [cf. ne], if not, unless, 
 but that, except. 
 
 nidus, -I, m., nest. 
 
 niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black, 
 dark; dusky, gloomy; deadly. 
 
 nihil, nil, [ne + hilum, trifle], n., 
 indecl., nothing; ace, often 
 with, adverbial force, not at all, 
 by no means. 
 
 nil, see nihil. 
 
 Ninus, -i, m., Ninus, a mythical 
 king of Assyria, founder of 
 Xineveh. 
 
 Niobe, -es, f., Xiobe, daughter of 
 Tantalus and wife of the Theban 
 king Amphlon ; by her presump- 
 tuous pride she caused the death 
 
 of all her family, and was turned 
 to stone. 
 
 nisi, |ne + si], conj., if not, unless, 
 except, save only. 
 
 nitidus, -a, -um, [niteo, shine], 
 adj., shining, bright; sleek; 
 blooming. 
 
 nitor, niti, nixus and nisus, dep., 
 press upon; make an effort, 
 struggle, endeavor; advance, as- 
 cend, mount. 
 
 niveus, -a, -um, [nix], adj., of 
 snow, snowy; snow-white, bright. 
 
 nix, nivis, f., snow. 
 
 nocens, -entis, [noceo], adj., harm- 
 ful, hurtful ; guilty, criminal. 
 
 noceo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, harm, 
 hurt, injure, do mischief. 
 
 nocturnus, -a, -um, [nox], adj., 
 of night, by night, nocturnal. 
 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne + 
 
 volo], not wish, not will, be un- 
 willing. 
 
 nomen, -inis, [cf. nosed], n., name; 
 fame, renown. 
 
 nomino, -are, -avi, -atus, [nomen], 
 call by name, call, name; men- 
 tion, report. 
 
 non, adv., not, not at all, by no 
 means. 
 
 nondum, [non + dum], adv., not yet. 
 
 noster, -tra, -trum, [nos], pass, 
 pron., adj., our, ours, our own, 
 of us; sometimes, my, mine. 
 
 notitia, -ae, [notus], f., fame; 
 acquaintance; knowledge. 
 
 noto, -are, -avi, -atus, [nota, mark], 
 mark; note, observe. 
 
 notus, -a, -um, [nosco], adj., 
 known, well-known, famous, com- 
 mon, familiar. 
 
NOVITAS 
 
 36 
 
 OBSTO 
 
 novitas, -atis, [novus], f., newness, 
 
 novelty; strangeness. 
 novo, -are, -avi, -atus, [novus], 
 
 renew; change, alter. 
 novus, -a, -um, adj., new, recent, 
 
 fresh, young; unfamiliar, strange, 
 
 unusual; last, latest. 
 nox, noctis, f., night; nightfall; 
 
 darkness. 
 nubes, -is, f., cloud. 
 nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare, 
 
 uncovered, exposed; destitute, 
 
 without; mere, only. 
 nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius, [ne + 
 
 ullus], adj., not any, none, no. 
 
 As subst., nullus, -lus, m., 
 
 nobody, no one, no man. 
 numen, -inis, [nuo, nod], n., 
 
 divine will, divine power, divinity, 
 
 deity, god; divine regard. 
 numerus, -I, m., number; large 
 
 number, multitude. 
 numquam, [ne + umquam], adv., 
 
 never, at no time, by no 
 
 means. 
 nunc, adv., now, at this time, 
 
 at present, at the present time; 
 
 under these circumstances, nunc 
 
 . . . nunc, now . . . now, at one 
 
 time . . . at another. 
 nupta, -ae, [nubo, veil one's self], f., 
 
 bride. 
 nurus, -us, f., daughter-in-law; 
 
 young woman. 
 nusquam, [ne + usquam], adv., no- 
 where, in no place. 
 nuto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 
 nuo, nod], nod, sway to and fro, 
 
 shake; wave. 
 nutus, -us, [nuo, nod], m., nod; 
 
 assent. 
 
 nux, nucis, f., nut; collectively, 
 dish of nuts, nuts. 
 
 nympha, -ae, f., bride, young 
 woman; especially in pi., 
 nymphs, half-divine, beautiful 
 beings inhabiting the sea, rivers, 
 brooks, springs, forests, and 
 mountains. 
 
 O, interj., 01 oh! 
 
 ob, prep, with ace, towards, on 
 account of, for, by reason of. 
 
 In composition ob is usually 
 assimilated before c, g, f, p, but 
 remains unchanged before other 
 letters. It adds the meaning 
 towards, at, before, or against. 
 
 obitus, -us, [ob + eo], m., a going 
 down, setting, downfall, death. 
 
 oblino, -liner e, -levi, -litus, [ob 
 + lino], besmear, smear, stain. 
 
 obliviscor, -visci, oblitus, dep., 
 forget; disregard, neglect. 
 
 oborior, -in, obortus, [ob + orior], 
 dep., arise, appear, lacrimis ob- 
 ortis, with rising tears. 
 
 obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, 
 dusky, dim; indistinct, un- 
 intelligible. 
 
 obsero, -serere, -sevi, -situs, [ob 
 + sero], sow, plant; cover, strew. 
 
 obsitus, see obsero. 
 
 obstipesco, -ere, obstipui, , 
 
 inch.', be astounded, stand amazed, 
 be stupefied. 
 
 obsto, -stare, -stiti, -status, [ob 
 + sto], stand in the way, be in 
 the way; withstand, oppose, hin- 
 der. 
 
OBSTRUO 
 
 37 
 
 OKI 
 
 obstruo, -struere, -struxi, struc 
 tus, [ob + struo], build up, close 
 
 up, make impassable; hinder, 
 obstr 
 
 obvius, -a, -um, [ob + via], adj., 
 in : meeting, so as to 
 
 opposite, obvius undis. 
 up stream. 
 
 occido, -cidere, -cidi, , [ob + 
 
 cado],/a// down, fall; die, perish, 
 be slain; of heavenly bodies, 
 go down, set. 
 
 occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob, cf. 
 capio], take possession of, seize, 
 gain, win; fall upon, surprise, 
 attack. 
 
 occurro, -currere, -currl, occur- 
 surus, [ob + curro], run to, run 
 to meet, meet, encounter; rush 
 upon, attack; occur. 
 
 ocior, ocius. adj. in comp. degree, 
 sup. ocissimus, swifter, more 
 rapid, fleeter. 
 
 oculus, -i, m., eye. 
 
 odi. odisse, def., hate; dislike. 
 
 odor, -oris, m., smell, scent, odor; 
 fragrance, perfume; stench. 
 
 odoratus, -a, -um, [odoro, make 
 fragrant], adj., scented, sweet- 
 smelling, fragrant. 
 
 officium, -I, [for opiflcium, from 
 ops, facio], n., service, kind- 
 ness, favor, courtesy; duty, obliga- 
 tion. 
 
 olim, [connected with ollus, old 
 form of ille], adv., at that time, 
 formerly, once, long since; at 
 times; of the future, some time, 
 some day. 
 
 omen, -inis, n., omen, sign, token. 
 
 omnis, -e, adj., all, every, entire; 
 
 all sorts of. As subst., omnes, 
 -ium, m. and L, pi., all nun, all; 
 omnia, -ium, n., every thing, all 
 thin 
 
 onero, -are, -avi, -atus, [onus], 
 
 load, burden, fill ; oppress. 
 
 opacus, -a, -um, adj., shaded; 
 shady; shadowy, dark, obscure. 
 
 operio, -Ire, -ui, opertus, cover, 
 cover over; shut, close; hide, 
 conceal. 
 
 opifex, -icis, [opus + facio], m. and 
 f., worker, workman, artisan. 
 
 ops, opis, nom. and dat. sing, not 
 in use, f., aid, assistance, help, 
 support; property, riches, means, 
 resources, treasure, wealth. 
 
 optatus, -a, -um, [opto], adj., de- 
 sired. As subst., optatum, -I, n., 
 desire, wish. 
 
 optimus, see bonus. 
 
 opto, -are, -avi, -atus, wish, desire, 
 wish for, long for. 
 
 opus, -eris, n., work, task, labor, 
 toil; building; in phrases with 
 sum, necessity; as opus est, it 
 is necessary, there is need of, often 
 followed by the abl. 
 
 ora, -ae, f., edge, border, margin; 
 coast, sea-coast; territory, re- 
 gion, country. 
 
 oraculum, often in poetry, orac- 
 lum, -i, [oro], n., oracle, re: ela- 
 tion, prophecy. 
 
 orbis, -is, m., ring, circle; coil, 
 fold; orb, disk; wheel; with or 
 without terrae or terrarum, earth, 
 world. 
 
 orbus, -a, -um, adj., deprived, 
 destitute; bereaved, childless, fa- 
 therless. 
 
ORDO 
 
 38 
 
 PAR 
 
 ordo, -inis, m., row, line, order, 
 rank, series, array. 
 
 orgia, -orum, n., orgies, rites of 
 Bacchus, celebrated by night, 
 Bacchic orgies; secret revels. 
 
 oriens, -entis, [orior], m., rising sun, 
 morning sun; East, Orient; day. 
 
 origo, -inis, [orior], f., source, 
 origin; descent, birth, lineage; 
 race, family, stock; founder, an- 
 cestor, creator. 
 
 Orion, -onis, m., Orion, a con- 
 stellation (formerly a mythical 
 giant on earth). 
 
 orior, -iri, ortus, dep., arise, rise, 
 become visible; spring, descend; 
 be born, be descended. 
 
 oro, -are, -avi, -atus, [6s, mouth], 
 speak; argue, plead, entreat, im- 
 plore, beseech. 
 
 Orpheus, -ei or -eos, ace. -eum, 
 -ea or -ea, m., Orpheus, a 
 mythical singer of Thrace, son 
 of Apollo and Calliope. 
 
 Orpheus, -a, -um, adj., of Orpheus, 
 Orpheus's. 
 
 ortus, -us, [orior], m., rise; be- 
 ginning, origin, source, ortus 
 solis, sunrise; east. 
 
 6s, oris, n., mouth, lips; face, 
 look, countenance, features ; head; 
 voice, speech, language; orifice, 
 aperture, entrance. 
 
 os, ossis, n., bone; marrow. 
 
 osculum, -i, [6s], n., little mouth, 
 pretty mouth; kiss. 
 
 ostendo, -ere, -di, -tus, [obs, 
 old form of ob, + tendo], spread 
 before; show, disclose, manifest, 
 point out; make known, tell, 
 declare. 
 
 paciscor, pacisci, partus, dep., 
 
 agree on, bargain, covenant, stipu- 
 late. 
 
 Pactolus, -i, m., Pactolus, a river 
 in Lydia famous for its golden 
 sands. 
 
 pactum, -i, [partus], n., agreement, 
 stipulation, contract, compact, cove- 
 nant. 
 
 paene, adv., almost, nearly. 
 
 palaestra, -ae, f., wrestling- school, 
 gymnasium, palaestra; wrestling, 
 wrestling-match. 
 
 palatum, -i, n., palate. 
 
 Pallas, -adis and -ados, f., Pallas, 
 a name often given to Athene, who 
 was identified with the Roman 
 Minerva; as the olive was sacred 
 to her, by metonymy, olive-tree, 
 olive-oil, oil. 
 
 palleo, -ere, -ui, , be 
 
 be yellow; change color, fade. 
 
 pallesco, -lescere, -lui, , 
 
 [palleo], inch., grow pale, turn 
 yellow; of foliage, wither. 
 
 pallidus, -a, -um, [palleo], adj., 
 pale, pallid, ghastly, colorless. 
 
 palma, -ae, f., palm of the hand, 
 hand; palm-tree, palm, date; 
 palm-wreath, prize. 
 
 pando, pandere, pandi, passus and 
 pansus, unfold, expand; reveal, 
 explain, make known. 
 
 Panope, -es, f., Panope, or Pano- 
 peus, a city in Phocis, east of 
 Delphi, near the border of 
 Boeotia. 
 
 par, paris, adj., equal, like; well- 
 matched; suitable. 
 
PARATUS 
 
 39 
 
 PAUCUS 
 
 paratus, -us, [parol, m., prepara- 
 tion, outfit. 
 
 Parca, -ae, [parco], f., goddess 
 of Fate, usually in pi., Parcae, 
 -arum, the Fates, three in num- 
 ber. 
 
 parco, parcere, peperci and parsi, 
 parsurus, spare; use e are} idly; 
 abstain, eease, refrain, stop. 
 
 parens, parentis, [pario], m. and f., 
 parent, father, mother; ancestor, 
 progenitor. 
 
 pareo, -ere, -ui, , appear, be 
 
 visible; obey, submit, comply; of 
 promises, satisfy, fulfill. 
 
 paries, -etis, m., house wall, wall. 
 
 parilis, -e, [par], adj., equal, like. 
 
 pario, parere, peperi, paritus and 
 partus, bring forth, give birth to; 
 acquire, obtain, secure, procure, 
 get, gain. 
 
 pariter, [par], adv., equally, alike; 
 at the same time, at once, together. 
 
 paro, -are, -avi, -atus, make ready, 
 prepare, provide; get ready; in- 
 tend; procure, acquire. 
 
 Paros, -I, f., Par os, an island in 
 the Aegean sea, in the group 
 of Cyclades, west of Naxos ; 
 famous for the fine marble found 
 there. 
 
 pars, partis, f., part, portion, share; 
 several, some; party, side; region, 
 country; direction, ab utraque 
 parte, on both sides. 
 
 parum, comp. minus, sup. minime, 
 [cf. parvus], adv., too little, not 
 enough, insufficiently ; comp. less, 
 too little; sup. least. 
 
 parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor, 
 sup. minimus, adj., little, small, 
 
 slig hi , inCO ns id era hlr, ins ig n ifi- 
 cant. 
 
 pasco, pascere, pavi, pastus, / 
 nourish; pasture; feast; pas 
 pascor, -i, pastus, often with 
 reflex, sense, be fed, feed; of 
 animals, graze, pasture. 
 
 passus, -a, -um, see patior. 
 
 passus, -us, [pando], m., step, 
 footstep; track, trace. 
 
 pastor, -oris, [pasco], m., shepherd, 
 herdsman. 
 
 patefacio, -facer e, -feci, -f actus, 
 [pateo + facio], open up, lay 
 open; disclose, bring to light. 
 
 pateo, -ere, -ui, , lie open, 
 
 be open, stand open; be exposed; 
 extend; be evident, be clear, ap- 
 pear. 
 
 pater, -tris, m., father; pi., fathers, 
 forefathers, ancestors; elders, sen- 
 ators. 
 
 paternus, -a, -um, [pater], adj., 
 of a father, father's, paternal; of 
 one's native country, of the father- 
 land. 
 
 patior, pati, passus, dep., suffer, 
 bear, endure, undergo; allow, 
 permit. 
 
 patria, -ae, [patrius], f., father- 
 land, native place; dwelling- 
 place, home. 
 
 patrius, -a, -um, [pater], adj., of 
 a father, a father's, fatherly; an- 
 cestral, family. 
 
 paucus, -a, -um, adj., few, small, 
 little. PL as subst., pauci, 
 -orum, and paucae, -arum, 
 m. and f., few, only a few; pauca, 
 -orum, a few things, a few 
 words. 
 
PAULATIM 
 
 40 
 
 PERSEQUOR 
 
 paulatim, [paulum], adv., little by 
 little K by degrees, gradually. 
 
 paulum, [paulus], adv., a little, 
 somewhat; awhile. 
 
 pavidus, -a, -um, [paveo], adj., 
 trembling, quaking, timid, shy. 
 
 pax, pacis, f., peace, treaty, recon- 
 ciliation; concord, harmony, tran- 
 quillity, rest, quiet. 
 
 pecco, -are, -avi, -atus, make a 
 mistake; commit a crime, sin, 
 do wrong. 
 
 pectus, -oris, n., breast; heart, 
 soul; mind; character, person. 
 
 peior, -us, see malus. 
 
 pelagus, -I, n., sea. 
 
 pellis, -is, f., skin, hide, pelt; 
 leather. 
 
 pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus, strike, 
 beat; drive away, banish; dis- 
 miss, dispel; of a musical instru- 
 ment, strike, touch, play. 
 
 pendeo, pendere, pependi, , 
 
 [pendo], hang, be suspended, 
 float, hover, overhang; be depend- 
 ent; be in suspense, hesitate. 
 
 pendo, pendere, pependi, pensus, 
 suspend; weigh out, pay, suffer; 
 weigh, ponder, value. 
 
 penna, -ae, f., feather, plume; 
 pi., wing. 
 
 per, prep, with ace., through; 
 of space, through, across, along, 
 over, among; of time, through, 
 during; of agency, means, and 
 manner, through, by, by means of; 
 in oaths, in the name of, by. In 
 composition, through, thoroughly, 
 perfectly, completely, very much, 
 very. 
 
 perago, -agere, -egi, -actus, [per 
 
 + ago], drive through, transfix; 
 pass through, traverse; complete, 
 finish, carry out; relate, describe. 
 
 percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
 [per + capio], take wholly, seize, 
 assume, take on; observe, learn, 
 know; feel, enjoy. 
 
 percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus, 
 [per + quatio, shake], strike 
 through, pierce, transfix; strike 
 hard, smite, kill, slay; hit, beat. 
 
 perdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [per 
 + do], destroy, ruin; squander, 
 lose. *■ 
 
 peregrinus, -a, -um, [per + ager], 
 adj., strange, foreign, alien. 
 
 pererro, -are, -avi, -atus, [per + 
 erro], wander through, wander 
 over, roam through. 
 
 periculum and periclum, -I, n., 
 trial, attempt; risk, danger, peril. 
 
 perimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, 
 [per + emo], cut off, destroy, kill. 
 
 permaturesco, -ere, -maturul, , 
 
 [per + maturesco, become ripe], 
 inch., become f idly ripe, ripen fully. 
 
 permitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, 
 [per + mitto], let go, hurl; allow, 
 permit. 
 
 perodi, -odisse, -osus, [per + odi], 
 def., hate greatly, detest, be dis- 
 gusted with. 
 
 perquiro, -ere, , -quisitus, 
 
 [per + quaero], inquire diligently 
 after, make thorough search for. 
 
 Persephone, -es, f., the Greek name 
 for Proserpina. 
 
 persequor, -sequi, -secutus, [per 
 + sequor], follow persistently, 
 follow after, pursue; perform, ac- 
 complish; set forth, relate. 
 
PERSEUS 
 
 11 
 
 PI. MAS 
 
 Perseus, -ei and -eos, ace. Persea, 
 rn., Perseus, son of Jupiter and 
 Danae, one of the most famous 
 of the Greek heroes. 
 
 pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, 
 [per + venio], come through to, 
 arrive, reach; attain. 
 
 pes, pedis, m., foot. 
 
 pestifer, -era, -erum, [pestis + 
 fero], adj., pestilential, destruc- 
 tive, baleful. 
 
 peto, petere, petivi and -ii, petitus, 
 strive for, aim at, seek; attack, 
 assail; demand, require; beg, 
 beseech, entreat; ask in marriage, 
 woo, court. 
 
 Phaedimus, -i, m., Phacdimus, one 
 of the sons of Amphion and 
 Niobe. 
 
 pharetra, -ae, f., quiver. 
 
 Phoebe, -es, f., Phoebe, sister of 
 Phoebus, goddess of the moon, 
 identified sometimes with Ar- 
 temis, and usually with the 
 Roman Diana. 
 
 Phoebeus, -a, -urn, [Phoebus], 
 adj., of Phoebus, of Apollo, 
 Phoebean. 
 
 Phoebus, -i, m., Phoebus, Apollo, 
 as god of light; sun. 
 
 Phoenices, -urn, m., Phoenicians. 
 
 Phoenix, -icis, Phoenix, one of the 
 sons of Agenor. 
 
 Phorcynis, -idos and -idis. 
 [Phorcus], f., daughter of Phorcus 
 (son of Xeptune), Medusa. 
 
 Phryges, -urn, m., Phrygians, 
 inhabitants of Phrygia. 
 
 Phrygia, -ae, f., Phrygia, a country 
 in the western part of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Phrygius, -a, -um, adj., of Phrygia, 
 Phrygian; of Troy, Trojan. 
 
 Phryx, -ygis, adj., of Phrygia, Phry- 
 gian. 
 
 pictus, -a, -um, [pingo, paint], adj., 
 colored, many-colored; embroid- 
 ered, decorated. 
 
 pignus, -oris and -eris, n., pledge, 
 security; token; pledge of love, 
 child. 
 
 piscis, -is, m., fish. 
 
 pius, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, con- 
 scientious, devout, religious; de- 
 voted, especially to *kindred ; 
 faithful, loving, filial. 
 
 placeo, -ere, -ui, placiturus, please, 
 be pleasing, give pleasure, suit, 
 satisfy; often impers., placet, 
 -ere, -itum est, it pleases, it is 
 agreed, it is decided. 
 
 placidus, -a, -um, [placeo], adj., 
 gentle, quiet, steady, calm, still, 
 serene, placid. 
 
 plaga, -ae, f., blow, stroke, thrust. 
 
 plango, plangere, planxi, planctus, 
 strike, beat, especially in lamen- 
 tation ; wail, lament, bewail. 
 
 plangor, -oris, [plango], m., strik- 
 ing, beating, especially of the 
 breast in sorrow ; wailing, lamen- 
 tation, shriek of grief or pain. 
 
 planus, -a, -um, adj., level, flat. 
 
 plausus, -us, [plaudo], m., clap- 
 ping of hands, applause. 
 
 plebs, plebis, and plebes, -ei or 
 -i, f., common people, commons, 
 populace, lower class; mass, 
 throng, multitude. 
 
 Pleias, -adis, f., Pleiad, one of 
 the seven stars forming the con- 
 stellation Pleiades ; pi., Pleiades, 
 
PLENUS 
 
 42 
 
 POSTQUAM 
 
 -urn, Pleiades, sail to have been 
 daughters of Atlas and Pleione, 
 and to have killed themselves 
 because of grief at the death of 
 their sisters the Hyades; there- 
 upon they were transferred to 
 the heavens. 
 
 plenus, -a, -um, [cf. pleo], adj., 
 full, filled; sated j laden; abound- 
 ing, rich. 
 
 pluma, -ae, f., feather, plume; 
 plumage. 
 
 plumbum, -I, n., lead; leaden ball, 
 bullet. 
 
 plurimus, -a, -um, [plus], see 
 multus. 
 
 plus, pluris, see multus. 
 
 poena, -ae, f., penalty, punishment, 
 retribution, vengeance. 
 
 pollex, -icis, m., thumb. 
 
 pollicitum, -I, [polliceor, promise], 
 n., promise, pledge, assur- 
 ance. 
 
 polus, -I, m., pole of the heavens; 
 heavens, sky, vault of heaven. 
 
 pomum, -I, n., fruit of a tree, used 
 of apples, pomegranates, mul- 
 berries, etc. 
 
 pondus, -eris, [pendo], n., weight; 
 burden, load; importance, in- 
 fluence. 
 
 pono, ponere, posui, positus, 
 place, set, put, lay, fix, station; 
 set up, . erect, build; lay aside, 
 take of; lay out for burial, bury; 
 allay, quiet; reckon, consider; 
 assert, maintain; propose, offer; 
 put away, dismiss. 
 
 pontus, -I, m., sea. 
 
 poples, -itis, m., hollow of the knee, 
 knee. 
 
 populus, -I, m., people, nation; 
 multitude; host, throng. 
 
 porta, -ae, f., gate of a city, gate, 
 entrance. 
 
 portitor, -oris, [porto], m., carrier, 
 especially ferryman, boatman. 
 
 porto, -are, -avi, -atus, carry, 
 convey, bring, take. 
 
 portus, -us, [cf. porta], m., harbor, 
 haven, port; retreat. 
 
 posco, poscere, poposci, , 
 
 ask with urgency, demand, re- 
 quest, beg. 
 
 possideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, 
 [por- for pro + sedeo], possess, 
 be master of, own; hold possession 
 of, occupy. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, [potis + 
 sum], be able, can, have 
 power. 
 
 post, prep, with ace, after; of 
 place, behind; of time, after, 
 since; of other relations, after, 
 inferior to, beneath, next to. 
 
 posterus, -a, -um, nom. sing. m. 
 not found, comp. posterior, sup.' 
 postremus, [post], ad)., following, 
 coming after, subsequent, future. 
 As subst., poster!, -orum, m., pi., 
 descendants j posterity. Comp., 
 posterior, -us, later, inferior, 
 less important. Sup., postremus, 
 -a, -um, last, hindmost; lowest, 
 worst. 
 
 postis, -is, m., door-post; pi., 
 door. 
 
 postpono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 tus, [post + pono], put after, 
 esteem less; neglect, disregard. 
 
 postquam, [post + quam], conj., 
 after, as soon as, when. 
 
POTI NS 
 
 13 
 
 PREN 
 
 potens, -entis, [possum], adj., 
 able, strong, powerful^ mighty; 
 
 ruling, controlling; capable, in- 
 fluential. 
 
 prae, prop, with abl., before, in 
 front of; in com pari son with, 
 in view of; by reason of, on 
 account of, because of. In com- 
 position, before, very. 
 
 praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [prae + 
 habeo], hold forth, offer; present, 
 give, supply, grant, permit. 
 
 praeceps, -cipitis, [prae -f caput], 
 adj., headlong, head foremost, in 
 haste; steep, precipitous; rush- 
 ing, violent; rash, hasty. 
 
 praeceptum, -I, [praecipio, ad- 
 monish], n., precept; injunction, 
 direction, order. 
 
 praecipito, -are, -avi, -atus, [prae- 
 ceps], cast headlong, hurl down, 
 hasten, hurry; rush headlong, 
 rush down, fall, sink, drop. 
 
 praecordia, -orum, [prae + cor], 
 n., diaphragm; stomach, breast, 
 heart. 
 
 praecutio, -ere, , , [prae 
 
 -f- quatio, shake], shake before, 
 brandish in front. 
 
 praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, [prae 
 -f fero], bear before; place before, 
 set before, prefer; be superior; 
 manifest, reveal. 
 
 praefigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixus, 
 [prae + figo], fix in front of, 
 set up before, affix. 
 
 praemium, -I, [prae, cf. emo], n., 
 reward, recompense; prize, plun- 
 der, booty. 
 
 praepes, -petis, [prae + peto], adj., 
 swift of flight, swift-winged. As 
 
 subst., praepes, petis, m. and 
 
 I"., bird. 
 
 praepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 tus, [prae + pono], place be- 
 fore, place over, appoint; set l><- 
 forc, consider superior to, pre- 
 frr. 
 
 praescius, -a, -um, [prae, cf. scio], 
 adj., fore-knowing, prescient, fore- 
 seeing, sensing. 
 
 praesignis, -e, [prae + signum], 
 adj., preeminent, distinguished, 
 marked, remarkable, conspicu- 
 ous. 
 
 praestans, -antis, [praesto], adj., 
 preeminent, distinguished, supe- 
 rior, excelling, surpassing. 
 
 praetendo, -tendere, -tendi, prae- 
 tentus, [prae + tendo], stretch 
 out, hold before, present; pretend, 
 allege, ofer as pretext. 
 
 praeter, [prae], prep, with ace, 
 past, by, in front of, along; con- 
 trary to, against; except, besides. 
 In composition, past, by, beyond, 
 besides. 
 
 precor, -ari, -atus, [cf. prex], 
 dep., entreat, pray, supplicate, 
 beg, beseech; invoke. 
 
 prehendo or prendo, -ere, -dl, 
 -sus, lay hold of, grasp, seize; 
 catch, hold, detain. 
 
 premo, premere, press!, pressus, 
 press; press upon, rest on; press 
 home, press hard, pursue closely, 
 attack; cover, hide; crown, 
 adorn; press down; mark, stamp; 
 compress, close, shut; overwhelm, 
 crush, restrain, check; urge. 
 
 prendo, see prehendo. 
 
 prensus, -a, -um, see prehendo. 
 
PRESSUS 
 
 44 
 
 PROPE 
 
 pressus, -a, -urn, [premo], adj., 
 closed, shut; repressed, restrained, 
 retarded, sloiv. 
 
 pretium, -i, n., price, value, worth; 
 reward, prize, recompense, return. 
 grande morae pretium, well 
 worth the delay. 
 
 prex, precis, nom. and gen. sing, 
 unused, [cf. precor], f., prayer, 
 petition, entreaty; imprecation, 
 curse. 
 
 primo, [primus], adv., at first, first, 
 in the first place. 
 
 primum, [primus], adv., at first, 
 in the first place, first; in the be- 
 ginning; for the first time, ut 
 primum, as soon as. 
 
 primus, see prior. 
 
 prior, -us, gen. -oris, adj. in the 
 comp. degree, sup. primus, for- 
 mer, prior, first. As subst., 
 priores, -um, forefathers, ances- 
 tors, men of old. Sup., primus, 
 -a, -um, first, foremost; chief; 
 noble, eminent, distinguished. 
 
 prius, [prior], adv. in the comp. 
 degree, sooner, before; previously; 
 first; prius quam, sooner than, 
 earlier than, before. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl., before, in front 
 of, in the presence of; for, in be- 
 half of; instead of, in place of, in 
 return for, for, equivalent to, just 
 the same as, as; in comparison 
 with, according to, because of, 
 on account of. In composition, 
 before, forwards, for. 
 
 procer, -eris, m., nobleman; pi., 
 leading men, chief men, nobles, 
 princes. 
 
 procul, adv., afar off, at a distance, 
 
 far, far away; from a distance, 
 from afar. 
 
 procumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cu- 
 bitus, fall forward, sink down, 
 fall, lie prostrate; go to ruin. 
 
 produco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
 [pro + duco], lead forth, bring out; 
 bring forth, bear, produce; raise, 
 advance. 
 
 proelium, -i, n., battle, strife, con- 
 test. 
 
 proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
 [pro + facio], make progress, ad- 
 vance, succeed; accomplish, effect, 
 help, avail. 
 
 proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus, [pro- 
 ficio], dep., set out, start, go, de- 
 part, proceed; spring from, arise. 
 
 profugus, -a, -um, [profugio], adj., 
 fleeing, fugitive, in flight, exiled. 
 As subst., profugus, -i, m., 
 fugitive, exile. 
 
 prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [pro + 
 habeo], hold back, hold, restrain, 
 check, repress; hinder, prevent; 
 forbid, prohibit. 
 
 proles, -is, f., offspring, children, 
 race, posterity, descendants; de- 
 scendant, child, son. 
 
 promitto, -mittere, -misi, pro- 
 missus, [pro + mitto], promise, 
 assure; lead to expect. 
 
 promptus, -a, -um, [promo], adj., 
 ready, at hand, prompt; inclined, 
 disposed; easy. 
 
 pronus, -a, -um, adj., bent forward, 
 leaning forward, inclined, lean- 
 ing, sloping; setting, sinking; of 
 time, hastening, hurrying. 
 
 prope, comp. propius, sup. proxi- 
 me, adv., near, near by, nearly, 
 
PROPKRO 
 
 i:> 
 
 QU \ 
 
 almost; nigh; often having the 
 
 force of a preposition and fol- 
 lowed by the ace, near, near to, 
 almost to, in the vicinity of. 
 Comp., propius, nearer. Sup., 
 proxime, next, nearest. 
 
 propero, -are, -avi, -atus, [pro- 
 perus, quick], make haste, hasten, 
 hurry; quicken, accelerate. 
 
 propior, -us, gen., -oris, adj. in 
 comp. degree, sup. proximus, 
 nearer, closer; later, more recent; 
 of greater importance. Sup., 
 proximus, -a, -um, n ear est, next, 
 closest; latest, last, most recent; 
 most important. 
 
 propius, see prope. 
 
 prosilio, -ire, -ui, , [pro -f- 
 
 salio], leap or dart forth. 
 
 protinus, [pro -f- tenus], adv., for- 
 ward; directly, continuously; 
 straightway, immediately, forth- 
 with. 
 
 proturbo, -are, -avi, -atus, [pro + 
 turbo], drive away; lay low, 
 prostrate, cast down. 
 
 proximus, -a, -um, see propior. 
 
 pruina, -ae, f., hoar-frost, frost. 
 
 pruinosus, -a, -um, [pruina], adj., 
 frosty, frost-covered. 
 
 puella, -ae, [dim. of puer], f., 
 girl, maiden, young woman. 
 
 puer, -eri, m., boy, lad, youth, 
 properly used of boys and young 
 men till they reached the seven- 
 teenth year. 
 
 pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [pugna], 
 fight, give battle; contend, dis- 
 pute; struggle, strive. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, comp. 
 pulchrior, sup. pulcherrimus, 
 
 adj., beautiful, handsome, lovely, 
 fair; fine, excellent; noble, hon- 
 orable; illustrious, glorious. 
 pullus, -a, -um, adj., dark-colored^ 
 
 dusky. 
 pulmo, -onis, m., lung; usually in 
 pi., lungs. 
 
 pulso, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 pello], beat, strike, dash against; 
 drive, urge on. 
 
 pulvis, -eris, m., dust; arena, effort, 
 toil. 
 
 Puniceus, -a, -um, [Punicus], 
 adj., Punic, Carthaginian; red- 
 dish, red, purple. 
 
 Punicus, -a, -um, [Poeni], adj., 
 Punic, Carthaginian; because 
 of the connection of the Car- 
 thaginians with the Phoenicians, 
 the makers of purple, purple-red, 
 purple. 
 
 purus, -a, -um, adj., clean, pure, 
 unstained, undefiled; clear, un- 
 mixed. 
 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atus, estimate, 
 esteem, value, deem, regard; think, 
 judge, consider, believe, suppose. 
 
 pyra, -ae, f., funeral pyre, on which 
 a dead body was burned. 
 
 Pyramus, -i, m., Pyramus, a 
 Babylonian youth, lover of 
 Thisbe. 
 
 qua [abl. fern, of qui], adv., on 
 
 which side, in what direction, 
 where; in what manner, how; to 
 what extent, as far as; after ne, 
 on any side, in any way, to any 
 extent, in any degree. 
 
QUADRUPES 
 
 46 
 
 QUIN 
 
 quadrupes, -pedis, [quattuor + 
 pes], adj., having four feet. As 
 subst., quadrupes, -pedis, m., 
 quadruped ; four-footed charger. 
 
 quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quae- 
 situs, seek, look for, strive to 
 obtain; earn, acquire, get, gain; 
 miss, need; demand, require; 
 inquire, ask. 
 
 qualis, -e, [cf. quis], pron. adj., of 
 what sort; of such sort, such. 
 talis . . . qualis, such . . . as. 
 
 quam, [qui], adv. and conj., how 
 much, how, as; just as, even as; 
 after comparatives, than, quam 
 primum, as soon as possible; 
 quam diu, as long as. quam 
 maximum, as much as possible. 
 tarn . . . quam, so . . . as . 
 
 quamquam, conj., though, although; 
 and yet, however. 
 
 quamvis, [quam + vis from volo], 
 adv. and conj., as much as you 
 will, however much; however, al- 
 though. 
 
 quantum, [quantus], adv., so much 
 as, so far as; how much, how far, 
 as. 
 
 quantus, -a, -um, pron. adj., cor- 
 relative with tantus, how great, 
 how much, as; as much as, as 
 great as. As subst., quantum, 
 -I, n., how much, as much as, all 
 that, quanto, by how much, the 
 more. 
 
 quasi, [quam + si], adv., as if, as 
 though, just as if; just as, as. 
 
 quater, [cf. quattuor], num. adv., 
 four times. 
 
 quatio, quatere, , quassus, 
 
 shake, flap; crush, break. 
 
 quattuor, num. adj., indecl., four. 
 
 -que, enclitic conj., and. -que 
 . . .-que, -que. . . atque, et. . . 
 -que, both . . . and, as well . . . 
 as. 
 
 quercus, -us, f., oak tree, oak; 
 garland of oak-leaves, garland. 
 
 querella, -ae, [queror], f., lament, 
 complaint. 
 
 queror, queri, questus, dep., com- 
 plain, lament; bewail. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, inter, 
 adj. pron., which? what? what 
 sort of? 
 
 qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. 
 pron., who, which, what, that; 
 at the beginning of a clause often 
 best rendered by he, she, it, they; 
 and this, etc. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, indef. adj. pron., 
 used after si, nisi, ne, and num, 
 any. 
 
 quia, conj., because, sin 
 
 quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
 cumque, [qui + cumque], indef. 
 rel. pron., whoever, whatever, 
 whichever; any whatever, every, all. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quiddam, and as 
 adj., quoddam, [quis], indef. pron., 
 a certain, a certain one, some one, 
 something. 
 
 quidem, adv., indeed, in fact, cer- 
 tainly; at least, yet. ne . . . qui- 
 dem, setting off an emphatic 
 word, not . . . even. 
 
 quin, [old abl. qui + ne], adv. and 
 conj., that not, but that, but, 
 without; after words of doubting, 
 that; after words of hindering 
 translate by from with a parti- 
 ciple, quin etiam, moreover. 
 
QUINQl'E 
 
 47 
 
 RECIDO 
 
 quinque, num. adj., five, 
 
 quis, , quid, inter, pron., 
 
 who? which f what? ace. n. 
 quid, often with an adverbial 
 force, why f 
 
 quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. used 
 after si, nisi, ne, and num, any 
 one, any, anything. 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, 
 indef. pron., any; often as 
 s\ibst.,any one, anybody, anything. 
 quicquam, as adv., in any way, 
 at all. 
 
 quisque, quaeque, quidque, and 
 as adj., quodque, indef. pron., 
 tacky every, every one, everything. 
 
 quisquis, , quicquid, and 
 
 as adj., quodquod, indef. rel. 
 pron., whoever, whatever, every 
 one who, all who, everything whiofc 
 
 quo, [old dat. and abl. of qui], 
 adv. and conj. : 
 
 (i) As adv., whither? to what 
 place ? whither, where, at what 
 time, when; with comparatives. 
 by what, by as much as, the; 
 of result, wherefore, whereby, 
 and so. 
 
 (2) As conj., usually with 
 comparatives, that, in order that, 
 that thereby, quo minus, that 
 not, usually best translated by 
 from with a participle. 
 
 quod, [ace. neut. of qui], conj., 
 that, the fact that; because, since, 
 inasmuch as; so far as. quod 
 si, but if. 
 
 quondam, [quom, old form of cum], 
 adv., once on a time, at one time, 
 once, formerly, at times, some- 
 times. 
 
 quoniam, [quom, old form of cum 
 -h iam], conj., since, seeing that, 
 whereas, because. 
 
 quoque, conj., placed after the 
 emphatic word, also, too, even. 
 
 R 
 
 radio, -are, 
 
 -, and dep. 
 
 radior, -ari, — atus, [radius], 
 
 flash, beam, gleam, shine. 
 
 radius, -i, m., rod; of a wheel, 
 spoke; of light, ray, beam; as a 
 weaver's tool, shuttle. 
 
 radix, -icis, f., root; as a garden 
 vegetable, radish; foot, founda- 
 tion, base. 
 
 rado, -ere, rasi, rasus, scrape, 
 scratch. 
 
 rarpitgj -I m., branch, bough, limb. 
 
 rapfdu^ -a, -urn, [rapid], adj., 
 violent, fierce; impetuous, rush- 
 ing, swift, rapid; of flame, de- 
 vouring, consuming. 
 
 rapina, -ae, [rapid], f., robbery, 
 plundering, carrying of, seizure; 
 plunder, prey. 
 
 rapio, -ere, rapui, raptus, catch 
 quickly, seize, snatch, tear away, 
 carry of; rob, ravage, plunder, 
 lay waste; abduct; overwhelm, 
 destroy. 
 
 re- or red-, inseparable particle, 
 adding the meaning of again, 
 back, anew, against. 
 
 recens, -entis, adj., fresh, young, 
 recent, new; modem; vigorous. 
 
 recido or reccido, -ere, reccidi or 
 recidi, recasurus, [re- + cado], 
 fall back, return, recoil; fall, 
 sink; be handed over. 
 
RECIPIO 
 
 48 
 
 REMITTO 
 
 recipio, -ere, recepi, receptus, 
 [re- + capio], receive back, re- 
 gain, recover; receive, welcome, 
 acquire, gain, se recipere, to 
 withdraw, to retire. 
 
 recondo, -ere, recondidi, recon- 
 ditus, [re- + condo], put back; 
 shut up, conceal; shut, close, 
 cover, bury. 
 
 rector, -oris, [rego], m., director, 
 ruler, master, leader; of a ship, 
 steersman, helmsman, pilot. 
 
 rectus, -a, -um, [rego], adj., 
 straight, upright; correct, proper, 
 befitting; just, virtuous, moral, 
 
 reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditus, 
 [red — j- do], give back, return, 
 restore; render, make; give up, 
 deliver; give forth, produce, utter; 
 imitate, represent, express; pay 
 back, requite, punish, revenge; 
 reply, exchange; report, declare; 
 grant, surrender, resign. 
 
 redeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [red- + 
 eo], go back, return, appear again, 
 come back; be restored. 
 
 redigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [red- 
 + ago], drive back, lead back, 
 force back, bring back; reduce; 
 make, render, cause to be. 
 
 refero, -ferre, retuli, relatus, 
 [re- + fero], bring back, carry 
 back; give back, restore, repay; 
 reply, answer; present again, 
 repeat, reproduce; report, relate, 
 propose, se referre, to betake 
 one's self back, return, pedem 
 referre, withdraw, retreat. 
 
 refugus, -a, -um, [refugio], adj., 
 receding, disappearing, vanishing. 
 
 regia, -ae, [regius], f., royal palace, 
 
 palace, court; royal family ; royal 
 city, capital. 
 
 regius, -a, -um, [rex], adj., royal. 
 
 regina, -ae, [rex], f., queen. 
 
 regio, -onis, [rego], f., direction, 
 line; region, territory, country, 
 tract, quarter. 
 
 regnum, -I, [rego], n., dominion, 
 rule, government, power, author- 
 ity; realm, kingdom. 
 
 rego, regere, rexi, rectus, direct, 
 lead, guide; control; rule, govern. 
 
 relabor, relabi, relapsus, [re- + 
 labor], dep., slide back, glide back, 
 slide down, glide down, sink back. 
 
 relanguesco, -guescere, -gui, , 
 
 [re- + languesco, become faint], 
 grow faint, become faint, become 
 languid, sink down. 
 
 relaxo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
 laxo], make wide, loosen, open. 
 
 relevo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
 levo, lift up], lift up, raise up; 
 lighten; soothe, alleviate, mitigate, 
 console. 
 
 religo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -f 
 ligo], bind back, bind fast. 
 
 relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictus, 
 [re- + linquo], leave behind, leave, 
 abandon; forsake, desert; re- 
 linquish, dismiss, give up; be- 
 queath, transmit. 
 
 remaneo, -ere, -mansi, , [re- -f 
 
 maneo], stay, remain, abide. 
 
 remigium, -i, [remex], n., rowing 
 apparatus, oars, oarage. 
 
 remitto, -ere, remisi, remissus, 
 [re- + mitto], send back; give 
 out, emit, produce; loosen, 
 slacken, relax; let go, let fall, drop, 
 permit, grant. 
 
KKMOROR 
 
 49 
 
 RETRO 
 
 remoror, ari, - atus, [re- -f moror], 
 dep., hold back, delay, detain, 
 hinder. 
 
 removed, -ere, removl, remotus, 
 [re- + moved], remove, take 
 away, drive away, dispel; with' 
 draw, set aside; abolish, deprive 
 of. 
 
 remus, -I, m., oar. 
 
 renldeo, -ere, , , shine, 
 
 be bright, gleam; beam with joy, 
 smile. 
 
 reor, reri, ratus, dep., think, be- 
 lieve, suppose, imagine, judge. * 
 
 repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsus, 
 [re- + pello], drive back, drive 
 away, repel; thrust back, shove back, 
 spurn; ward off, repulse, reject. 
 
 reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus, 
 find, meet with; find out, dis- 
 cover, learn; invent, devise. 
 
 repeto, -ere, repetivi, repetitus, 
 [re — (- peto], seek again; attack 
 anew, assail again and again; 
 demand back; repeat, renew; 
 recollect; trace. 
 
 requiesco, -ere, requievi, requi- 
 etus, [re- -f- quiesco], inch., take 
 rest, rest, repose, sleep; rest upon. 
 
 requiro, -ere, requisivi, requisitus, 
 [re — {- quaero], seek again, search 
 for; ask, inquire, demand; miss, 
 lack. 
 
 res, rei, f., thing, matter, affair, 
 fact; occurrence, event, case- 
 condition, circumstance; effects, 
 property, possessions, estate; ac- 
 tion, battle, campaign; state, 
 government, commonwealth. 
 
 resero, -are, -avi, -atus, [re-, cf. 
 sera, bar], unbar, unlock, open. 
 
 resided, ere, resedi, , [re- -f- 
 
 sedeo], remain sitting, remain, 
 stay, reside; remain behind. 
 
 resolvo, -ere, resolvi, resolutus, 
 [re — h solvo], unbind, loosen, re- 
 lease; open, separate; melt; 
 relax, enfeeble. 
 
 respicio, -ere, respexi, respectus, 
 [re- + specio], look back, look 
 behind; look back upon, see be- 
 hind, gaze back at; look about 
 for, regard, consider. 
 
 responded, -ere, respond!, re- 
 sponsus, [re- -f sponded], an- 
 swer, reply, respond; agree. 
 
 restituo, -tuere, -tui, -tutus, [re- 
 + statud], replace, restore, revive, 
 renew, reinstate. 
 
 restd, restare, restiti, , [re- 
 
 •+ sto], withstand, resist, oppose; 
 be left, remain. 
 
 resumo, -ere, resumpsi, resump- 
 tus, [re- + sumo], take up again, 
 take back, recover; resume. 
 
 resupinus, -a, -um, [re- + supi- 
 nus], adj., bent back, lying on 
 one's back; leaning back, tossing 
 the head back. 
 
 retardd, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
 tardo, impede], keep back, hinder, 
 delay, impede, check, retard. 
 
 retexd, -ere, -ui, -textus, [re- + 
 texd], unweave, weave anew. 
 
 retorqued, -ere, retorsi, retortus, 
 [re- + torqued], turn back, throw 
 back. 
 
 retrahd, -ere, retraxi, retractus, 
 [re- + traho], draw back, call 
 back, withdraw. 
 
 retro, adv., backwards, back, to the 
 rear; behind. 
 
REVELLO 
 
 50 
 
 SAECULUM 
 
 revello, -ere, revelli, revolsus and 
 revulsus, [re- + vello, pluck], 
 pluck away, pluck out, tear of, 
 tear away, snatch from. 
 
 revocabilis, -e, [revoco], adj., that 
 can be recalled, revocable. 
 
 revolvo, -ere, revolvi, revolutus, 
 [re- + volvo], roll back, return; 
 especially pass., be brought back, 
 fall back, come again. 
 
 rex, regis, [cf. rego], m., king, chief, 
 ruler, monarch, despot. 
 
 Rhodope, -es, f., Rhodope, a moun- 
 tain-range in the southwestern 
 part of Thrace. 
 
 Rhodopeius, -a, -um, [Rhodope], 
 adj., of Rhodope, Thracian. 
 
 rictus, -us, m., open mouth; 
 pi., wide open jaws, gaping jaws; 
 jaws. 
 
 rigeo, -ere, , , be stiff, 
 
 be numb, be hardened; stand 
 stiff, stand on end, bristle. 
 
 rigidus, -a, -um, [rigeo], adj., stiff, 
 hard, rigid; unbending, inflexible; 
 rough, obdurate, inexorable. 
 
 rigo, -are, -avi, -atus, moisten, 
 wet, water. 
 
 rigor, -oris, [rigeo], m., stiffness, 
 hardness. 
 
 rima, -ae, f., cleft, crack, fis- 
 sure. 
 
 ripa, -ae, f., bank, edge; used of a 
 river, while litus refers to the 
 shore of a sea. 
 
 robur, -oris, n., hard wood; tree- 
 trunk, oak-tree, oak; strength, 
 power, vigor, force. 
 
 rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask, in- 
 quire; request, implore, beg for. 
 
 rogus, -I, m., funeral pyre, on which 
 
 the bodies of the dead were 
 burned. 
 
 rostrum, -i, [rodo, gnaw], n., beak, 
 bill, mouth; ship's beak, prow. 
 
 rota, -ae, f., wheel; car, chariot. 
 
 rubeo, -ere, , , [cf. ru- 
 ber], be red; grow red, turn red, 
 blush. 
 
 ruina, -ae, [ruo], f., downfall, fall, 
 ruin; destruction, overthrow, ca- 
 lamity; pi., ruins. 
 
 rumpo, rump ere, rupi, ruptus, 
 break, tear, rupture, sever, cleave, 
 split; break open, burst, break 
 through; interrupt, cut short, ter- 
 minate; destroy; violate, annul. 
 
 rupes, -is, f., rock, cliff. 
 
 ruricola, -ae, [rus + colo], adj., 
 rustic, of a husbandman. As 
 subst., m. and f., farmer, country- 
 man, country woman, peasant. 
 
 rursus, or rursum, [for reversum, 
 from reverto], adv., again, once 
 more, again and again. 
 
 rus, ruris, n., country, lands, fields; 
 farm, estate. 
 
 rusticus, -a, -um, [rus], adj., rural, 
 rustic; rough, coarse, plain, 
 simple. As subst., rusticus, -l, 
 m., rustic, peasant, countryman; 
 rustica, -ae, f., country woman. 
 
 sacrum, -i, [sacer], n., sacred thing, 
 sacred vessel, sacred place, sanctu- 
 ary; act of worship, sacred rite, 
 rite, sacrifice; worship, religious 
 service, mystery. 
 
 saeculum, or saeclum, -i, n., 
 generation, lifetime, age; cen- 
 tury, hundred years. 
 

 :»i 
 
 
 saepe, comp. saepius. sup. r ae- 
 pissime, adv frequently, 
 
 saevio, -ire. -ii, -itus, [saevus;. 
 
 saevus, -a, -urn. a.dj., furion 
 
 . cruel, severe; dire. 
 sagitta, -ae, f.. arrow, shaft. 
 saltus, -us, [salio, leap], m., leap, 
 
 spring, bound. 
 saltus, -us. m.. woodland, forest; 
 ;i pasture; mountain : 
 : pass, defile. 
 saliis. -utis, [cf. salvus], f., health, 
 .elf are, prosperity, safety, 
 greeting, salutation. 
 saluto, -are. -avi, -atus, [salus], 
 
 greet, salute, hail ; welcome. 
 Samos or Samus, -i. f.. Santos., an 
 island in the Aegean sea, near 
 Ephesus. 
 sanguineus, -a. -urn, [sanguis], 
 
 adj., bloody; blood t hi r 
 sanguis, -inis. m.. blood; bloodshed, 
 slaughter; race, stock, descent, 
 family; descendant, of spring. 
 sarcina. -ae, f.. bundle, load, pack; 
 
 burden, weight, care, trouble. 
 Sardis. -ium. f., Sard is, capital 
 and most important city of 
 Lydia. in Asia Minor, 
 satio. -are. -avi. -atus. [satis], 
 satisfy, sate, satiate, appease, glut, 
 fill, make content; cloy, disgust. 
 satis, adj., indecl. subst., and adv. : 
 (i) As adj., enough, sufficient, 
 ample. 
 
 (2) As subst., enough, suffi- 
 ciency, plenty. 
 
 (3) As adv., sufficiently, 
 enough, adequately, ra; 
 
 satus, see sero. 
 satyrus. i. m.. Satyr, a goat-! 
 fon - 
 
 saxum. i. n .. large stone, rock. 
 
 sceleratus, -a. -urn, [scelero, pol- 
 lute], adj., polluted, defiled, pro- 
 faned; wicked, impious, accursed; 
 sacrilegious, infamous, vicious, 
 harsh, cruel. 
 
 scelus. -eris, n., nicked deed, crime, 
 sin, wickedness. 
 
 scilicet. [= scire licet', adv., you 
 may know, certainly, obviously, 
 of course, no doubt, forsooth, likely. 
 
 scindo. scindere. scidi. scissus, 
 rend, tear, split, cleave; part, 
 i le, sever. 
 
 scio. scire, scivi, scitus, know, 
 understand; perceive. 
 
 scopulus. -i, m., rock, cliff, crag, 
 ledge. 
 
 se. see sui. 
 
 se- or sed-, old prep, with abl., 
 apart from, without; used es- 
 pecially in composition. 
 
 secum. = cum se. 
 
 secundus. -a', -um. [sequor], adj., 
 folic: xt, second; second- 
 
 ary, inferior; favorable, fair, 
 prosperous, fortunate, propitious. 
 
 seciiris. -is. [seco, cut], f., axe, 
 battle-axe. 
 
 sed. conj.. I. yet. 
 
 sed enim, but indeed. 
 
 sedeo. -ere. sedi. sessus. sit, be 
 fixed, settle; sit idle, be inactive; 
 stick fast, lodge, remain fast. 
 
 sedes. -is. [cf. sedeo . f., seat, 
 chair; abode, duelling- place, 
 habitation; place, spot, site, foun- 
 dation. 
 
SEGES 
 
 52 
 
 SICCO 
 
 seges, -etis, f., field of grain, 
 standing grain; crop, harvest; 
 grain, fruit, produce. 
 
 semen, -inis, [sero], n., seed; race; 
 offspring, child; source, origin, 
 essence, principle. 
 
 semi-, found only in composition, 
 half-. 
 
 Semiramis, -idis, f., S emir amis, a 
 mythical queen of Assyria, to 
 whom the building of the walls 
 of Babylon was ascribed. 
 
 semper, adv., always, ever, at all 
 times. 
 
 senex, senis, comp. senior, adj., 
 old, aged. As subst., senex, senis, 
 m., old man; senior, -oris, m., 
 elder, older person. 
 
 senilis, -e, [senex, old), adj., of an 
 old man, of old age, aged, senile. 
 
 senior, -oris, see senex. 
 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, feel, 
 hear, see, perceive; experience, 
 discern, observe; think, believe, 
 suppose, judge; decide, declare. 
 
 separo, -are, -avi, -atus, [se- + 
 paro], separate, divide. 
 
 sepelio, -ire, sepelivi or -ii, sepul- 
 tus, bury, inter. 
 
 septem, indecl. num. adj., seven. 
 
 septimus, -a, -um, [septem], adj., 
 seventh. 
 
 sspulcrum, -i, [cf. sepelio], n., 
 grave, tomb, sepulcher. 
 
 sequor, sequi, secutus, dep., follow, 
 attend, accompany; succeed, come 
 after, come next; chase, pursue; 
 result, ensue; strive after, aim at; 
 seize upon, overtake. 
 
 sera, -ae, [sero], f., bar for fasten- 
 ing a door, cross-bar. 
 
 serenus, -a, -um, adj., clear, fair, 
 serene, bright; tranquil, cheerful. 
 
 serius, see sero. 
 
 sermo, -onis, m., conversation, 
 talk, discourse, speech; report, 
 rumor, common talk. 
 
 sero, serere, sevi, satus, sow, plant; 
 produce, bring forth, satus, -a, 
 -um, born, sprung from. 
 
 sero, comp. serius, sup. seris- 
 sime, [serus], adv., late, at a 
 late hour, at a late period; comp., 
 later, too late. 
 
 serpens, -entis, [serpo, creep], m. 
 and f., snake, serpent. 
 
 serta, -orum, [sero, weave], n. pi., 
 wreaths of flowers, garlands. 
 
 serus, -a, -um, adj., late; belated, 
 too late. 
 
 servator, -oris, [servo], m., pre- 
 server, deliverer. 
 
 servitium, -i, [servus], n., servi- 
 tude, slavery. 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atus, save, pre- 
 serve, keep, protect, guard; lay 
 up, store away, retain, maintain; 
 give heed, pay attention, watch, 
 observe. 
 
 servus, -i, m., slave, servant. 
 
 sex, indecl. num. adj., six. 
 
 si, conj., if; when; whether. 
 
 sibilus, -i, pi. sibili, -orum, m., 
 and sibila, -orum, n., hissing, 
 whistling. 
 
 sic, adv., thus, in this manner, 
 just as, as, so. ut . . . sic, velut 
 . . . sic, sic . . . ut, while . . . 
 yet, though . . . still. 
 
 sicco, -are, -avi, -atus, [siccus], dry 
 up, dry, drain; of wounds, dry 
 up, heal; of sheep or cows, milk. 
 
sia us 
 
 53 
 
 >< 'lio 
 
 siccus, -a, - urn, adj., dry, parched; 
 parching. 
 
 sicut, [sic + ut], adv., just as, so 
 as, as; like, as it were, as if. 
 
 Sidonius, -a, -urn, [Sidon], adj., 
 of Sid o)i, a city of Phoenicia, 
 Sidonian; hence, Phoenician, 
 
 sidus, -eris, n., star-group, con- 
 stellation; heavenly body, star; 
 sky, heaven, climate, weather; 
 light, beauty, ornament, glory. 
 
 signum, -I, n., sign, mark, token, 
 indication, proof; ensign, stand- 
 ard; omen; image, statue, fig- 
 ure; constellation. 
 
 silens, -entis, [sileo], adj., still, 
 quiet, silent. 
 
 silentium, -I, [silens], n., silence, 
 quiet, stillness. 
 
 Sllenus, -i, m., Silenus, the foster- 
 father and attendant of Bacchus. 
 
 sileo, -ere, -ui, , be silent. 
 
 silva, -ae, f., forest, wood, grove. 
 
 similis, -e, comp. similior, sup. 
 simillimus, adj., like, similar, re- 
 sembling; sup., very like. 
 
 simplex, -icis, adj., simple, single; 
 plain, open; frank, guileless, 
 artless. 
 
 simul, adv., at the same time, 
 at once, simultaneously, together. 
 simul . . . simul, partly . . . 
 partly, both . . . and. simul, or 
 simul atque, as soon as, when. 
 
 simulacrum, -i, [simulo], n., like- 
 ness, image, form, figure; shade, 
 phantom, apparition; appear- 
 ance, semblance, pretense. 
 
 sine, prep, with abl., without. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, adj., pi., one at a 
 time, one by one, one apiece, one 
 
 after another, me t>> inch, 
 
 irate. 
 
 sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on 
 
 the left; favorable, a us pi, 
 unlucky, unfavorable; bad, ;. 
 As subst., sinistra, [sc. manus], 
 -ae, f., left hand. 
 sino, sinere, sivi, situs, lay down, 
 place; bury; permit, allow, suf- 
 fer, let. 
 sinuo, -are, -avi, -atus, [sinus], 
 bend, curve, wind. 
 
 sinus, -us, m., fold, curve, hollow, 
 coil; fold of a garment, bosom, 
 lap; garment; purse; bay, gulf; 
 hollow, valley. 
 
 Sipylus, -I, m. : 
 
 (i) Sipylus, a mountain in 
 Lydia. 
 
 (2) Sipylus, one of the sons 
 of Amphion and Xiobe. 
 
 Sisyphus, -i, m., Sisyphus, son of 
 Aeolus ; said to have been a 
 robber, and to be suffering pun- 
 ishment in the Underworld by 
 being obliged to roll to the sum- 
 mit of a high hill a huge rock, 
 which ever rolls back again. 
 
 sitis, -is, f., thirst; desire, eager- 
 ness. 
 
 sive, or seu, [si + ve], conj., or 
 if, or. sive . . . sive, whether 
 . . . or; either . . . or. 
 
 socer, -eri, m., father-in-law; pi., 
 parents-in-lu 
 
 socius, -i, m., partner, companion, 
 associate, friend ; ally, helper. 
 
 sol, solis, m., sun; day; sunshine. 
 
 soleo, solere, solitus sum, semi- 
 dep., be accustomed, be wont, 
 be used. 
 
SOLITUS 
 
 54 
 
 SPOLIUM 
 
 solitus, -a, -urn, [soleo], adj., 
 wonted, customary, usual, ordi- 
 nary, common. 
 
 sollemnis, -e, [sollus, = totus, + 
 annus], adj., every year, yearly, 
 annual; solemn, sacred; cus- 
 tomary, wonted, regular. 
 
 solor, -ari, -atus, dep., console, 
 comfort; soothe, ease, relieve, 
 lessen, assuage. 
 
 solum, -I, n., bottom, base, founda- 
 tion; ground, soil, floor; country, 
 region, place. 
 
 solus, -a, -um, gen. sollus, dat. 
 soli, adj., alone, only, single; 
 lonely, solitary, deserted. 
 
 solvo, solvere, solvi, soliitus, [se- 
 + luo], loose, unbind, release; 
 set free; break up, dismiss; re- 
 lax, overcome; change, turn, re- 
 move; annul, cancel, destroy, 
 end; perform, keep, fulfill, pay; 
 of the lips, open; of a fast, 
 break. 
 
 sonitus, -us, [sono], m., sound, 
 noise. 
 
 sono, -are, -ui, -itus, [sonus], 
 sound, resound; ring, rustle, 
 roar, rattle, murmur; indicate 
 by sound, betray; sing, celebrate; 
 utter, express. 
 
 sonus, -I, m., sound, noise. 
 
 soror, -oris, f., sister. 
 
 sors, sortis, f., lot, destiny, for time, 
 oracle, prophetic utterance, proph- 
 ecy. 
 
 sortior, -in, -itus, [sors], dep., 
 cast lots; allot; obtain by lot, re- 
 ceive, obtain. 
 spargo, sparger e, sparsi, sparsurus, 
 strew, scatter; cast, hurl; spread 
 
 abroad, disperse; besprinkle, be- 
 spatter. 
 spatior, -ari, -atus, [spatium], dep., 
 spread abroad, extend; wander, 
 walk, proceed. 
 spatiosus, -a, -um, [spatium], 
 adj., ample, spacious, large; 
 long, prolonged; huge, enormous. 
 
 spatium, -l, n., space, distance, in- 
 terval; extent, size, magnitude; 
 path, track; period, time. 
 
 speciosus, -a, -um, [species, sight], 
 adj., showy, handsome, beautiful, 
 splendid, fine, brilliant, glittering. 
 
 spectabilis, -e, [specto], adj., 
 visible; sight-worthy, admirable, 
 notable, remarkable, attracting 
 attention. 
 
 specto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
 of specio, look], look on, behold, 
 observe; gaze at, inspect, con- 
 sider; be situated; try, test, 
 prove. 
 
 specus, -us, m., cave, cavern, grot, 
 den, chasm, pit. 
 
 spes -ei, f., hope, expectation; 
 trust, promise; anticipation. 
 
 spina, -ae, f., spine, back-bone, 
 back. 
 
 spira, -ae, I., fold, coil, twist. 
 
 splendeo, -ere, , , shine, 
 
 glisten, glimmer, glitter, be radiant. 
 
 splendidus, -a, -um, [splendeo], 
 adj., shining, brilliant, glittering; 
 showy, specious, gorgeous, splen- 
 did, magnificent. 
 
 spolio, -are, -avi, -atus, [spolium], 
 strip, uncover; rob, plunder, 
 despoil, deprive. 
 
 spolium, -i, n., skin, hide; spoils, 
 booty, prey. 
 
SPUMA 
 
 ;>:> 
 
 SUBITO 
 
 spuma, -ae, [spud, spit], f., foam, 
 
 froth. 
 spumiger, -gera, -gerum, [spuma, 
 
 foam, + gero], adj., foam-bearing, 
 
 foaming. 
 spumo, -are, -avi, -atus, [spuma, 
 
 foam], foam, froth. 
 squalidus, -a, -um, [squaleo, be 
 
 filthy], adj., filthy, dirty, foul, 
 
 squalid. 
 squama, -ae, f., scale. 
 squamiger, -gera, -gerum, [squa- 
 ma -f gero], adj., scale-bearing, 
 
 scaly. 
 squamosus, -a, -um, [squama], 
 
 adj., scaly. 
 statuo, -uere, -ui, -utus, [status], 
 
 set up, construct, make; establish, 
 
 fix; resolve, determine, decide. 
 Stella, -ae, f., star; star-group, 
 
 constellation. 
 sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus, 
 
 spread out, scatter, strew, cover; 
 
 prostrate, strike down, lay low. 
 stiva, -ae, f., plow-handle. 
 sto, stare, steti, staturus, stand; 
 
 stand out, protrude; stand firm, 
 
 abide, endure; stand still, be at 
 
 rest; remain, be fixed; of value, 
 
 stand at; come to, cost. 
 strido, -ere, stridi, , hiss, 
 
 grate, whizz, buzz; creak, 
 
 rustle. 
 stridulus, -a, -um, [strido], adj., 
 
 creaking, cracking, hissing, whizz- 
 ing. 
 stringo, stringere, strinxi, stric- 
 
 tus, touch gently, ruffle, graze; 
 
 wound, injure; of a sword, draw, 
 
 unsheathe. 
 struo, struere, struxi, structus, 
 
 heap up, pile, arrange; build, 
 construct; CQ 
 
 stupeo, -ere, -ui, , be amazed, 
 
 be astounded, be stupefied; be 
 silenced; stop. 
 
 Stygius, -a, -um, [Styx], adj., of 
 the Styx, Stygian; of the Under- 
 world; deadly, fatal, awful. 
 
 Styx, Stygis or Stygos, f., Styx, 
 the most famous of the fabled 
 rivers of the Underworld; some- 
 times put for the Underworld, 
 Hades. 
 
 sub, prep, with ace. and abl., 
 tinder: 
 
 (i) With ace., after verbs of 
 motion, under, below, near to, to, 
 up to, towards, down, down into; 
 until, about, just before; after. 
 
 (2) With abl., of place, under, 
 beneath, below, at the foot of, 
 by, near; of time, during, in, 
 within, at, by; of other relations, 
 under, subject to; by reason 
 
 of. 
 
 In composition, sub is often 
 
 assimilated before m, r, and 
 
 usually before c, f, g, p. It 
 
 adds the force of under, beneath; 
 
 somewhat, a little; secretly, by 
 
 stealth. 
 subdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [sub 
 
 + do], put under, place under; 
 
 plunge under; supply, furnish, 
 
 afford. 
 subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [sub 
 
 + iacio], throw under, place under, 
 
 put, cast; subject; affix, append; 
 
 suggest, give. 
 subito, [subitus], adv., suddenly, 
 
 unexpectedly. 
 
SUBITUS 
 
 56 
 
 SUPERUS 
 
 subitus, -a, -um, [subeo], adj., 
 
 sudden, unexpected, surprising; 
 newly arisen, late. 
 
 sublimis, -e, adj., raised up, 
 high, lofty; uplifted, on high; 
 eminent. 
 
 submitto, -mittere, -mlsi, -missus, 
 [sub + mitto], let down, lay 
 down, lower, sink; send secretly. 
 
 submoved, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
 tus, [sub + moved], remove, drive 
 away, send away, banish. 
 
 suboles, -is, f., sprout, shoot; off- 
 spring, posterity, stock; race. 
 
 subsequor, -sequi, -secutus, [sub 
 + sequor], dep., follow after, 
 follow; come after, succeed. 
 
 subter, [sub], prep, with ace. or 
 abl., under, underneath, below. 
 
 succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 surus, [sub + cedo], go under, 
 enter; approach, come to; follow, 
 succeed; be successful, prosper. 
 
 succendo, -cendere, -cendl, -cen- 
 sus, kindle underneath, inflame, 
 fire. 
 
 succingo, -cingere, -clnxl, -cinc- 
 tus, [sub + cingo], gird up; 
 encircle. anus succincta, the 
 aged dame, with skirt tucked 
 up. 
 
 succurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- 
 sus, [sub + curro], hasten to the 
 aid of, help, assist, aid, come to 
 aid. 
 
 sucus, -I, m., sap, juice, moisture-, 
 potion, dose; taste, flavor, savor. 
 
 sudd, -are, -avi, -atus, sweat, 
 perspire; exude. 
 
 sui, sibi, se or sese, nom. wanting, 
 reflex, pron., himself, herself, it- 
 
 self, themselves; him, her, it, 
 them, secum = cum se. 
 
 sulco, -are, -avi, -atus, [sulcus], 
 plow, turn up, furrow. 
 
 sulcus, -i, m., furrow, trench. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, futurus, be, exist; 
 with dative, be for, serve for, 
 belong to, possess, have, fore = 
 futurum esse, forem = essem. 
 
 summitto, see submitto. 
 
 summus, -a, -um, see superus. 
 
 sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus, 
 [sub + emo], take; assume, put 
 on; consume; enter upon, begin; 
 exact; obtain, acquire, get. 
 
 super, adv., above, over; moreover, 
 besides, in addition. 
 
 super, prep, with ace. and abl., over: 
 (i) With ace, over, above, up- 
 on, on, beyond, in addition to. 
 
 (2) With abl., over, above, up- 
 on, beyond. 
 
 superbia, -ae, [superbus], f., 
 haughtiness, pride, arrogance. 
 
 superbus, -a, -um, [super], adj., 
 haughty, proud, arrogant; splen- 
 did, magnificent , august. 
 
 supero, -are, -avi, -atus, [supe- 
 rus], rise above, surmount, pass 
 over; exceed, surpass, outstrip, 
 excel; overcome, subdue, conquer. 
 
 superstes, -itis, [super + sto], adj., 
 standing above, overtowering ; re- 
 maining alive, surviving. 
 
 supersum, -esse, -fui, [super + 
 sum], be left, remain; survive, 
 outlive, be still alive. 
 
 superus, -a, -um, comp. superior, 
 sup. supremus or summus, 
 [super], adj., above, upper, higher. 
 As subst., superi, -orum, m., 
 
SUPPLEO 
 
 :>: 
 
 T.\M()UAM 
 
 pi., g v'v above, deities of hi 
 Sup., supremus, -a, -urn, hi 
 loftiest, topmost; last, final; ex- 
 treme, outermost; sup., summus, 
 highest, topmost; greatest, best, 
 utmost, extreme; often used of a 
 part, top of, summit of, as 
 summus mons, the top of the 
 mountain. 
 
 suppleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, [sub + 
 pled], fill up, fill. 
 
 supplex, — icis, [sub + plied], adj., 
 bending the knee, entreating, sup- 
 plicating; submissive. As subst., 
 m., suppliant. 
 
 suppono, -ponere, -posul, -positus, 
 [sub + pond], put under, place 
 beneath; plant beneath; sub- 
 stitute, falsify, feign; subject. 
 
 supra, [cf. superus], adv. and prep., 
 above; 
 
 (i) As adv., above, on top, over. 
 (2) As prep., with ace, over, 
 above; beyond, more than. 
 
 surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus, 
 [sub + rego], rise, get up, ascend; 
 spring up, come forth, grow up. 
 
 sus, suis, m. and f., swine, hog, pig. 
 
 sustineo, -tin ere, -tinui, -tentus, 
 [subs for sub, + teneo], hold up, 
 sustain, withstand; restrain; bear, 
 undergo, endure. 
 
 sustuli, see tollo. 
 
 suus, -a, -um, [cf. sui], poss. reflex, 
 adj., Ms, her, its, their, his own, 
 her own, their own; just, proper, 
 regular, full, suitable, favorable. As 
 subst., sui, -orum, m., pi., one's 
 people, friends, relatives, party, 
 subjects, sua, -orum, n., pi., one's 
 possessions, one's property. 
 
 tabes, -is, [tabeo], f., a wasting 
 a nay; plague, p 
 ruplion, poison, infection, taint. 
 
 tabesco, tabescere, tabui, , 
 
 [tabeo, waste], inch., melt, decay; 
 pine away, languish. 
 
 taciturnus, -a, -um, [tacitus], adj., 
 silent, noiseless, quiet, still, taci- 
 turn; sullen. 
 
 tacitus, -a, -um, [taceo, be silent), 
 adj., silent; hidden, secret; still, 
 mute, noiseless. 
 
 tactus, -us, [tango], m., touch, contact. 
 
 taeda, -ae, f., pitch-pine; pine- 
 brand, torch; nuptial torch, 
 wedding; funeral torch. 
 
 Taenarius, -a, -um, [Taenarus, 
 in Laconia], adj., of Taenarus, 
 Taenarian; of Sparta, Spartan. 
 The cavern at Taenarus was 
 supposed to be an entrance to 
 the Underworld. 
 
 talaria, -um, [talaris], n., pi., 
 winged shoes, winged sandals at- 
 tached to the ankles, as those 
 with which Mercury is repre- 
 sented in works of art. 
 
 talaris, -e, [talus], adj., of the 
 ankles, reaching to Hie ankles. 
 
 talis, -e, adj., such, of such a kind; 
 such as this, as follows, talis 
 . . . qualis, such . . . as. 
 
 talus, -1, m., ankle; heel. 
 
 tarn, adv., so much, so, very. 
 
 tamen, [tarn], conj., notwithstanding, 
 nevertheless, yet, still. 
 
 tamquam, adv., so as, just as. 
 tamquam si, just as though, just 
 as if. 
 
TANDEM 
 
 58 
 
 TENEO 
 
 tandem, adv., at length, at last, 
 finally; in questions, pray. 
 
 tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus, touch; 
 adjoin; taste, partake of; ar- 
 rive at, come to, reach; besprinkle; 
 affect, impress, move. 
 
 Tantalis, -idis, f., daughter of 
 Tantalus, Tantalid; applied to 
 Niobe, daughter of Tantalus. 
 
 Tantalus, -I, m., Tantalus, name 
 of two persons mentioned by 
 Ovid : 
 
 (i) A mythical king of 
 Phrygia, condemned to unending 
 hunger and thirst in the Under- 
 world because he had betrayed 
 the secrets of heaven. 
 
 (2) A son of Niobe, grandson 
 of the preceding. 
 
 tantum, [tantus], adv., so much, 
 so far, so greatly; only so much, 
 only, merely. 
 
 tantus, -a, -um, adj., of such size, 
 such great, such; so great, so 
 many. As subst., tantum, -1, n., 
 so much, tanti, gen. of price, 
 of so great value, tanto, abl. of 
 degree of difference, by so much, 
 so much, tantus . . . quantus, so 
 much . . . as, so great . . . as. 
 
 tarde, [tardus], adv., slowly, tar- 
 dily; late. 
 
 tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow, slug- 
 gish; tardy, late; stupid? dull. 
 
 Tartarus, -1, m., and Tartara, 
 -orum, n., pi., the Underworld, 
 Lower World; Infernal Regions; 
 used especially of that part of 
 the Underworld set aside for 
 the punishment of the spirits of 
 the wicked. 
 
 taurus, -1, m., bull, bullock. 
 
 tectum, -1, [tego], n., covered place, 
 shelter; house, dwelling; roof. 
 
 tegmen, see tegumen. 
 
 tego, tegere, texi, tectus, cover; 
 hide, conceal, shelter ; cloak, veil. 
 
 tegumen, or tegmen, -inis, [tego], 
 n., a covering; clothing; shield. 
 
 tellus, -uris, f., earth, globe; land, 
 country. 
 
 telum, -i, n., missile, weapon, 
 spear, dart, javelin, arrow; sword, 
 axe, dagger. 
 
 templum, - 1, n., consecrated place, 
 sacred enclosure, sanctuary; tem- 
 ple, shrine, fane. 
 
 tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, [inten- 
 sive of tendo], handle, touch, feel; 
 try, attempt, assay; attack, as- 
 sail. 
 
 tempus, -oris, n., period of time, 
 time, season; opportunity, occa- 
 sion; condition, times, circum- 
 stances. 
 
 tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus, 
 and tensus, stretch, make tense, 
 extend; hold a course, direct one's 
 course, tend, go, proceed; aim at, 
 strive, endeavor. 
 
 tenebrae, -arum, f., pi., shades, 
 darkness, gloom; night; Under- 
 world. 
 
 tenebrosus, -a, -um, [tenebrae], 
 adj., dark, gloomy. 
 
 teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus, hold, have; 
 possess, occupy, inhabit; reach, 
 arrive at; direct, hold the course; 
 hold fast, embrace, fetter, bind, 
 fascinate, captivate; restrain, 
 check, keep, retain, guard, pre- 
 serve, defend. 
 
TENER 
 
 59 
 
 TOLLO 
 
 tener, -era, -erum, adj., tender, 
 delicate, soft, yielding; young, 
 youthful. 
 
 tenor, -oris, [teneo], m., course, 
 movement, motion. 
 
 tenuis, -e, adj., thin, fine, slender; 
 delicate; narrow, slight, insig- 
 nificant; mean, poor, weak; shal- 
 low, low, clear. 
 
 tenus, postpositive prep, with abl., 
 as far as, unto, up to, to. 
 
 tepeo, -ere, , , be luke- 
 warm, be warm. 
 
 tepidus, -a, -um, [tepeo], adj., 
 lukewarm, warm, tepid; faint, 
 languid. 
 
 ter, [cf. tres], num. adv., thrice, 
 three times; repeatedly. 
 
 terebrd, -are, -avi, -atus, [terebra, 
 gimlet], bore through. 
 
 tergeo, -ere, tersi, tersus. [cf. 
 teroL wipe of, wipe dry, wipe, 
 clean. 
 
 tergum, -I, n., back, rear; hide, 
 skin, leather, fleece. 
 
 terni, -ae, -a, [ter], num. adj., 
 three each; three. 
 
 tero, terere, trivi, trltus, rub; 
 wear away, use up; polish; grate 
 upon; of grain, tread out, thresh. 
 
 terra, -ae, f., land, soil, ground, 
 region; earth, orbis terrarum, 
 the world, the whole world. 
 
 terreo, -ere, -ui, -itus, frighten, 
 alarm, terrify, dismay. 
 
 terribilis, -e, [terreo], adj., terri- 
 ble, frightful, dreadful. 
 
 terrificus, -a, -um, [terreo -f fa- 
 cio], adj., causing fear, terrible. 
 
 terrigena, -ae, [terra, cf. gigno], 
 adj., earth-born. 
 
 terror, -oris, [terreo], m., fright, 
 alarm, terror; dread. 
 
 testor, -ari, -atus, |testis], dcp., call 
 as witness, invoke, appeal. 
 
 theatrum, -i, n., theater. 
 
 Thebae, -arum, f ., pi., Thebes, cap- 
 ital of Boeotia. 
 
 Thebaides, -um, f., pi., women of 
 Thebes, Theban women. 
 
 Themis, -idis, ace. Themin, voc. 
 Themi, f., Themis, daughter of 
 Ouranos and Gaia, goddess of 
 justice and prophecy. 
 
 Thisbe, -es, f., Thisbe, a Baby- 
 lonian maiden, beloved by 
 Pyramus. 
 
 Thracius, -a, -um, adj., Thracian, 
 of Thrace. 
 
 tibia, -ae, f., pipe, flute. 
 
 timeo, -ere, -ui, , be afraid; 
 
 be anxious; dread, fear. 
 
 timidus, -a, -um, [timeo], adj., 
 afraid, timid, cowardly, dejected; 
 full of awe, reverent. 
 
 Timolus or Tmolus, -I, m., Tmolus, 
 a mountain in Lydia. 
 
 timor, -oris, [timeo], m., fear, 
 dread, apprehension, alarm, ti- 
 midity; awe, reverence. 
 
 tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctus, wet, 
 moisten; bathe, dip, sink into; 
 color, tinge, stain. 
 
 Titanis, -idos, adj., of the Titans, 
 Titanic. As subst., daughter of 
 a Titan, applied to Latona as 
 daughter of Coeus. 
 
 titubo, -are, -avi, -atus, stagger, 
 reel, totter. 
 
 Tmolus, see Timolus. 
 
 tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus, 
 lift, lift up, raise, elevate; take 
 
TORQUEO 
 
 60 
 
 TRITON 
 
 up, take on board; bring up, 
 educate; make away with, re- 
 move, dispose of. 
 
 torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortus, 
 turn, bend, wind; twist, curl, 
 spin; whirl, swing, brandish, hurl; 
 rack, torture, torment. 
 
 torreo, torrere, torrui, tostus, parch, 
 roast, bake; scorch, burn. 
 
 torus, -I, m., muscle; bolster, cush- 
 ion, couch, bed; bier. 
 
 tot, num. adj., indecl., so many, in 
 such numbers. 
 
 totidem, [tot], num. adj., indecl., 
 just so many, as many. 
 
 totiens, [tot], num. adv., so often, 
 as often, so many times. 
 
 totus, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj., 
 all, the whole, total, entire. 
 
 trabs, trabis, f., beam, tree-trunk. 
 
 tracto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 traho], draw, drag, pull; touch, 
 handle; manage, control. 
 
 trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus, 
 [trans + do], deliver, surrender, 
 hand over, consign, commit, in- 
 trust, confide; give over, be- 
 tray; give; transmit, relate, tell, 
 teach, instruct. 
 
 traho, trahere, traxi, tractus, draw, 
 drag, pull, drag along; draw in, as- 
 sume, get; lead on, attract, allure; 
 influence, cause; ascribe, refer; 
 protract, extend; spend, waste. 
 
 traicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [trans 
 + iacio], throw across, put over; 
 strike through, transfix, pierce; 
 transfer. 
 
 trames, -itis, m., cross-way, by- 
 path, foot-path; way, path, road. 
 
 transeo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itus, 
 
 [trans + eo], go over, pass over, 
 cross over, pass; turn, be trans- 
 formed, change; proceed; pro- 
 ceed against; transgress, violate. 
 
 transitus, -us, [transeo], m., trans- 
 ition, crossing, passage. 
 
 transmitto, -mittere, -mlsi, 
 -missus, [trans + mitto], send 
 across, carry over, transmit; pass 
 over, traverse. 
 
 tremebundus, -a, -um, [tremo], 
 adj., trembling, quivering. 
 
 tremo, -ere, -ill, , shake, 
 
 quiver, tremble; quake before, 
 shiver at. 
 
 tremor, -oris, [tremo], m., shaking, 
 shivering, quaking, tremor; of 
 the earth, earthquake. 
 
 tremulus, -a, -um, [tremo], adj., 
 trembling, quivering, tremulous. 
 
 trepido, -are, -avi, -atus, [tre- 
 pidus], be alarmed, be disturbed; 
 tremble, be afraid of; of the 
 heart, palpitate. 
 
 trepidus, -a, -um, adj., restless, 
 agitated; hurried, quick; anx- 
 ious, alarmed, trembling. 
 
 tres, tria, num. adj., three. 
 
 tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributus, 
 [tribus], assign, allot; bestow, 
 give, grant; pay, yield, concede. 
 
 triplex, -icis, [ter + plico], adj., 
 threefold, triple. 
 
 tristis, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful, 
 gloomy, downcast, melancholy, 
 sullen; sorrow-bringing, sadden- 
 ing, unhappy, baneful; disagree- 
 able, bitter, offensive. 
 
 Triton, -onis, m., Triton, a sea- 
 god, half human, half fish, son 
 of Neptune and Amphitrite. 
 
TRITONIS 
 
 61 
 
 ULTRA 
 
 Tritonis, idis and ivlos, adj., 
 of Lake Triton, in Africa, where 
 Athene is said to have been bom ; 
 
 hence, of Athene, of Pallas. As 
 subst., Tritonis, -idis or -idos, 
 f., Athene Minerva. 
 
 triumpho, -are, -avi, -atus, [tri- 
 umphus], celebrate a triumph, 
 triumph. 
 
 truncus, -1, m., trunk, stock, stem; 
 body. 
 
 tu, tui, pi. vos, pers. pron., thou, 
 you. 
 
 turn, adv., then, at that time; there- 
 upon, moreover, cum . . . turn, 
 both . . . and, not only . . . but also. 
 
 turned, -ere, , , swell, 
 
 be swollen, be pujfed out; be 
 excited, be stirred up; be in- 
 flated, be puffed up. 
 
 tumesco, -ere, tumui, , [tu- 
 rned], inch., begin to swell, 
 swell up; become enraged. 
 
 tumulus, -I, [turned], m., mound, 
 hillock, hill; grave, sepulchral 
 mound. 
 
 tunc, adv., then, at that time, just 
 then, thereupon. 
 
 turba, -ae, f., uproar, turmoil, com- 
 motion; mob, multitude, throng, 
 crowd, host; the common crowd, 
 the masses; of dogs, pack. 
 
 turbo, -inis, [turbo, whirl], m., 
 whirlwind, tornado; storm; 
 whirling motion, revolution; of 
 a shell, whorl, twist. 
 
 turpis, -e, adj., ugly, unsightly, hide- 
 ous, repulsive; odious, base, shame- 
 ful, disgraceful. 
 
 turris, -is, f., tower; castle, palace; 
 dove-tower, dove-cot. 
 
 tus, turis, n., im • \nkin- 
 
 cense. 
 
 tutus, -a, -um, [tueor], adj., 
 guarded, safe, secure; watchful, 
 cautious. 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, [tu], poss. pron , 
 adj., thy, thine, your, yours; your 
 own. As subst., tui, -drum, m., 
 your kinsmen, your friends ; tua, 
 -orum, n., your property, your 
 possessions. 
 
 Tyrius, -a, -um, adj., of Tyre, 
 Tyrian. 
 
 iiber, -eris, comp. uberior, sup. 
 uberrimus, [uber], adj., fruit- 
 ful, fertile, plentiful, copious; 
 full, productive. 
 
 ubi or ubi : 
 
 (i) adv., 'where, wheresoever, 
 in what place; (2) conj., wJicn, 
 whenever, as soon as. 
 
 ubique, [ubi -f- -que], adv., any- 
 where, everywhere, in any place, 
 in every place. 
 
 ullus, -a, -um, gen. ullius, adj., 
 any. As subst., any one, any- 
 body. 
 
 ulmus, -i, f., elm-tree, elm. 
 
 ulterior, -ius, gen. -oris, sup. 
 ultimus, [cf. ultra], adj. in the 
 comp. degree, farther, beyond, 
 more distant, more remote. Sup., 
 ultimus, -a, -um, farthest, most 
 distant, uttermost, extreme, last. 
 
 ultor, -oris, [cf. ulciscor, avenge], 
 m., punisher, avenger. 
 
 ultra, adv., on the other side; be- 
 yond, farther, more, besides. 
 
UMBRA 
 
 62 
 
 VADO 
 
 umbra, -ae, f., shade, shadow; 
 shady place; especially of the 
 dead, shade, ghost, image, phan- 
 tom; outline, trace. 
 
 umerus, -l, m., upper arm, shoul- 
 der. 
 
 umquam, adv., at any time, ever, 
 at all. 
 
 una, [unus], adv., at once, together, 
 at the same time. 
 
 uncus, -a, -um, adj., hooked, 
 crooked, curved, barbed. 
 
 unda, -ae, f., wave, billow; water, 
 flood, stream, tide. 
 
 unde, adv., interrogative and rel., 
 whence ? from what place ? from 
 whom? 
 
 undecimus, -a, -um, [unus + 
 decimus], num. adj., eleventh. 
 
 undique, [unde + -que], adv., on all 
 sides; from every quarter, every- 
 where. 
 
 unguis, -is, m., nail of finger or 
 toe ; of animals, claw, talon, 
 paw, hoof. 
 
 ungula, -ae, [unguis], £., claw, 
 talon, hoof. 
 
 unus, -a, -um, gen. unius, num. 
 adj., one, one only, a single one; 
 alone, sole, single; one and the 
 same. 
 
 urbs, urbis, f., city; especially the 
 city, Rome. 
 
 urna, -ae, f., water-jar, urn; ves- 
 sel, um for casting or drawing 
 lots ; cinerary urn, in which the 
 ashes of the dead were placed. 
 
 uro, urere, ussi, ustus, burn, con- 
 sume; scorch, parch, dry up; set 
 on fire, kindle, enflame; vex, 
 annoy. 
 
 usquam, adv., anywhere. 
 
 usque, adv., even to, as far as, all 
 the way, continuously, constantly. 
 usque adeo, to such an extent. 
 
 usus, -us, [utor], m., use, employ- 
 ment, usage, enjoyment; prac- 
 tice, experience, skill; value, bene- 
 fit, profit, advantage, service, need. 
 
 ut, or uti, adv. and conj. : 
 
 (i) As adv., as, as soon as, just 
 as; how; seeing that, as if. ut 
 primum, as soon as. ut . . . 
 ita, so . . . as, while . . . still. 
 (2) As conj., with indie, 
 as, as soon as, just as, when; 
 with subj., of result, that, so that; 
 of purpose, in order that, that; 
 of concession, though, although. 
 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen. 
 utriusque, [uter + -que], adj., 
 each, either; both. 
 
 utinam, [uti + nam], adv., oh that/ 
 if only ! would that ! 
 
 utor, uti, usus, dep., with abl., 
 use, employ; enjoy; consume. 
 
 viva, -ae, f., grape, bunch of grapes, 
 grape-cluster; grape-vine, vine. 
 
 uxor, -oris, f., wife, spouse. 
 
 vacca, -ae, f., cow. 
 
 vaco, -are, -avi, -atus, be empty, 
 
 be free from, be without, be idle, 
 be at leisure, have time. 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um, [vaco], adj., 
 empty, vacant, free, without; idle, 
 unemployed; unmarried, single, 
 heart-free; of a field, open, free. 
 
 vado, -ere, , , go, es- 
 pecially go in haste, rush, pro- 
 ceed rapidly. 
 
VADUM 
 
 63 
 
 VERTEX 
 
 vadum, -I, n., shallow, ford, shoal; 
 sea, stream, channel of a si ream, 
 waters. 
 
 vagor, -an, -atus, [vagus], dcp., 
 stroll about, wander, roam, rove. 
 
 vagus, -a, -um, adj., strolling, 
 rambling, wandering, vagrant; 
 unsettled, uncertain, wavering, 
 inconstant. 
 
 valeo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, be strong, 
 be vigorous, be healthy; have 
 power, avail, prevail; be able, 
 be capable, be enough. Imp. vale, 
 as a greeting, farewell, good- 
 bye. 
 
 validus, -a, -um, [cf. valeo], adj., 
 strong, robust, vigorous, powerful, 
 able; efficient, efficacious. 
 
 valles, -is, f., valley, dale. 
 
 valvae, -arum, f., pi., folding-doors, 
 double-doors. 
 
 vastus, -a, -um, adj., empty, waste, 
 wild, desert; vast, enormous, 
 huge, immense. 
 
 vates, -is, m. and f., seer, prophet; 
 bard, singer, poet. 
 
 -ve, enclitic conj., [vel], or, or if 
 you please, or also, -ve . . . -ve, 
 either . . . or. 
 
 vehd, vehere, vexi, vectus, bear, 
 carry, convey; pass., vehor, vehl, 
 vectus, be carried, ride, go, sail. 
 
 vel, [old imp. of volo], conj., or, 
 or if you will, or even, even, vel 
 . . . vel, either . . . or, whether ...or. 
 
 velamen, -inis, [velo], n., cover, 
 covering; robe, garment, veil. 
 
 velo, -are, -avi, -atus, [velum], 
 cover, veil, enwrap, envelop. 
 
 velox, -ocis, adj., swift, quick, 
 Jlcet, speedy, rapid. 
 
 velum, -I, n., ***£> cur- 
 
 tain. 
 
 velut or veluti, [vel + ut], adv., 
 even as, just as; for instance; 
 as it were, as though, as if. 
 
 vena, -ae, f., blood-vessel, vein, 
 artery; water-course, vein of 
 metal, mine. 
 
 venenifer, -fera, -ferum, [vene- 
 num -f- fero], adj., poison-carry- 
 ing, poisonous, venomous. 
 
 venenum, -I, n., poison, venom; 
 magical potion, charm. 
 
 veneror, -ari, -atus, dep., reverence, 
 worship, adore; venerate, do hom- 
 age to. 
 
 venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor, 
 kindness; permission; pardon, 
 forgiveness. 
 
 venio, venire, veni, ventus, come; 
 enter ; approach, arise, spring. 
 
 ventus, -I, m., wind. 
 
 venus, -eris, f., loveliness, grace. 
 Personified, Venus, Venus, god- 
 dess of beauty and love, mother 
 of Cupid. 
 
 verbum, -1, n., word, verba 
 facere, to speak. 
 
 vereor, -eri, -itus, dep., stand in 
 awe, revere; fear, dread, ap- 
 prehend. 
 
 vero, [verus], adv., truly, certainly, 
 indeed, in truth; but in fact, 
 however, but. 
 
 verso, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
 verto], turn; manage, direct; 
 turn about, loss about; revolve, 
 consider; of a door, turn, open. 
 
 vertex, -icis, [verto], m., whirl, 
 eddy, vortex; top, crown, head, 
 summit, peak. 
 
VERTO 
 
 64 
 
 VIPERA 
 
 verto, vertere, verti, versus, turn, 
 
 turn hack; change, alter, trans- 
 form, convert; overturn, over- 
 throw, destroy. 
 
 verum, -i, [verus], n., truth, fact. 
 
 verum, adv., but in truth, but. 
 
 verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real, 
 genuine; proper, reasonable, just; 
 truthful, veracious. 
 
 vester, -tra, -trum, [vos], poss. 
 pron., adj., your, yours. 
 
 vestigium, -I, n., sole of the foot; 
 foot-step, foot-print, track; trace, 
 sign, vestige. 
 
 vestigo, -are, , , trace, 
 
 track, hunt, search; investigate. 
 
 vestis, -is, f., clothing, garment, 
 clothes, attire; rug, tapestry. 
 
 veto, -are, -ui, -itus, forbid, pro- 
 hibit, not permit. 
 
 vetus, -eris, sup. veterrimus, adj., 
 old, aged; of long standing; of a 
 former time, former, earlier, an- 
 cient, old-time. 
 
 via, -ae, [cf. veho], f., way, road, 
 street; passage, channel, march, 
 journey; mode, manner. 
 
 vibro, -are, -avi, -atus, tremble, 
 quiver, vibrate; flicker, gleam, 
 flash; brandish, shake, hurl, 
 throw. 
 
 vicinia, -ae, [vicinus], f., neighbor- 
 hood, vicinity, nearness, prox- 
 imity. 
 
 vicinus, -a, -um, [vicus, street, 
 quarter], adj., of the neighborhood, 
 neighboring, near, adjacent. As 
 subst., vicinus, -I, m., neighbor. 
 
 vicis, vicis, nom. sing, not used, 
 f., change, alternation; recom- 
 pense, requital; condition, misfor- 
 
 tune, lot, stead, in vicem, in 
 vices, by turns, alternately. 
 
 victor, -oris, [vinco], m., con- 
 queror, victor; as an adj., vic- 
 torious, conquering. 
 
 victrix, -icis, [victor], f., she that 
 is victorious, conqueress ; often 
 with the force of an adj., vic- 
 torious. 
 
 video, videre, vidi, visus, see, dis- 
 cern, perceive; look at, observe; 
 understand, comprehend; see to, 
 care for, provide; pass., videor, 
 viderl, visus sum, be seen, ap- 
 pear, seem, be regarded; impers., 
 videtur, it seems right, it seems 
 best. 
 
 villosus, -a, -um, [villus], adj., 
 hairy, shaggy, rough, bristling. 
 
 villus, -I, m., shaggy hair, wool. 
 
 vimen, -inis, n., pliant shoot, withe, 
 twig, switch. 
 
 vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, bind, 
 fetter, tie, fasten; wind, surround, 
 encircle. 
 
 vinco, vincere, vici, victus, conquer, 
 overcome, defeat; be victorious, 
 excel, surpass; convince, refute, 
 gain the point, demonstrate. 
 
 vinculum, or, frequently, vinclum, 
 -i, [vincio], n., band, fetter, 
 fastening, rope, cord; bond, re- 
 straint. 
 
 vinetum, -I, [vinum], n., planta- 
 tion of vines, vineyard. 
 
 vinum, -i, n., wine. 
 
 violo, -are, -avi, -atus, [vis], 
 treat with violence, injure, out- 
 rage, profane, desecrate. 
 
 vipera, -ae, f., viper, adder, ser- 
 pent. 
 
VIPKREUS 
 
 65 
 
 vuir.o 
 
 vipereus, -a, -urn, [vipera], adj., 
 
 of a viper, of vipers, of a serpent, 
 
 snaky. 
 vir, viri, m., man; husband; hero. 
 vireo, -ere, -ui, , be green; 
 
 be fresh, flourish, bloom. 
 
 virga, -ae, [vireo], f., green twig, 
 sprout, branch; sea-weed; graft, 
 set; wand, staff, cane. 
 
 virgo, -inis, f., maid, maiden, 
 girl. 
 
 viridis, -e, [vireo], adj., green; 
 fresh, blooming. 
 
 virtus, -utis, [vir], f., manliness; 
 courage, fortitude, bravery; moral 
 worth, goodness, virtue, merit. 
 
 vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, pi. vires, 
 -ium, f., force, strength, energy, 
 power ; violence, compulsion; pi., 
 strength; military forces, forces, 
 troops, number. 
 
 viscus, -eris, often in pi., 
 viscera, n., internal organs, vitals, 
 inwards, viscera; utmost part, 
 bowels, center, heart, flesh. 
 
 vita, -ae, [vivo], f., life, existence; 
 course of life; career. 
 
 vitio, -are, -avi, -atus, [vitium], 
 make faulty, injure, spoil; in- 
 fect, defile, taint, violate; falsify, 
 make void. 
 
 vitis, -is, [vieo, twist], f., vine, 
 grape-vine; vine-branch. 
 
 vitium, -i, n., fault, blemish, de- 
 fect; failing, offense, vice, crime. 
 
 vito, -are, -avi, -atus, shun, avoid; 
 evade, escape. 
 
 vitulus, -i, m., calf. 
 
 vivo, vivere, vixi, victus, live, re- 
 side, dwell; sustain life, live at 
 ease; last, endure. 
 
 vivus, -a, -um, [vivo], adj., / 
 living, having life; green, 
 
 ous; of water, running, fresh. 
 As subst., vivi, -orum, m., the 
 
 living, those who arc a 
 
 vix, adv., hardly, with difficulty, 
 scarcely. 
 
 voco, -are, -avi, -atus, [vox], 
 call, summon, invoke, convoke, in- 
 vite; call by name, name, desig- 
 nate. 
 
 volatus, -us, nom. not found, 
 [volo, fly], m., flying, flight. 
 
 volo, velle, volui, will, wish, desire, 
 intend, purpose, mean; claim, 
 assume, assert. 
 
 volo, -are, -avi, -atus, fly; hasten, 
 speed, flee. 
 
 volubilis, -e, [volvo], adj., turning, 
 twisting, spinning, whirling. 
 
 volucer, -ucris, -ucre, [volo], adj., 
 flying, winged, swift-flying, fleet, 
 rapid, soaring. As subst., volu- 
 cris, -is, f., bird. 
 
 volvo, volvere, volvi, volutus, turn 
 about; roll, revolve, toss, hurl, roll 
 in the dust; meditate over, reflect 
 on; consider; bring about. 
 
 vomo, -ere, -ui, -itus, vomit, cast 
 up, throw out, discharge, emit. 
 
 votum, -i, [voveo], n., vow, pledge; 
 wish, desire, prayer. 
 
 voveo, -ere, vovi, votus, vow, 
 pledge, dedicate, consecrate; wish, 
 desire, long for. 
 
 vox, vocis, f., voice, sound; call, 
 cry, speech, song, word, utter- 
 ance. 
 
 vulgo, -are, -avi, -atus, [vulgus], 
 spread abroad, make known, re- 
 port. 
 
VULGUS 
 
 66 
 
 ZEPHYRUS 
 
 vulgus, -I, n., common people, 
 
 multitude, crowd, throng, mob, 
 
 rabble. 
 vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus, [vulnus], 
 
 wound. 
 vulnus, -eris, n., wound, injury; 
 
 blow, stroke; disaster, misfortune, 
 
 calamity. 
 
 vultus, -us, m., look, expression, 
 features, face, countenance, visage. 
 
 Zephyrus, -I, m., western breeze; 
 god of the West-wind, West- 
 wind. 
 
 j