kss l in fi Hunk .\-\6l^ i^iii;si:.\Ti:i) hy / ^/ YOUNG FOLKS' HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON, author of "atlantic essays," " army life in a black regiment,' "malbone," etc. illlustratfti BOSTON : LEE AND SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS. NEW YORK: CHARLES T. DILLINGHAM. FOR USE OF TEACHERS. OuF.sTioNS ON Higginson's Young Folks' History OF THE United States. Price ...... lo cents. Topics to accompany Higginson's Young Folks' History of the United States. Price . . . lo cents. Mailed to ariy address on receipt of pric^.. Gift Miss Frances S.Hay Jutyl8,193X Copyright, 1875, By THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. PREFACE. IT is the aim of this book to tell the story of the United States in a clear and simple manner, for young and old. In writing it, I have adopted two plain rules, — to omit all names and dates not really needful, and to make liberal use of the familiar traits and inci- dents of every day. If there is any merit in the design, it belongs largely to my honored friend, George B. Emerson, Esq., of Boston, from whom the first sugges- tion of the work came, and by whose kind co-operation it has been carried through. I am indebted, also, to Rev. George E. Ellis, D.D., to Richard Frothingham, Esq., and to Francis Parkman, Esq., for valuable hints and criticisms ; and to Rev. J. G. Palfrey, D.D., and the Maine Historical Society, for permission to use important maps, originally engraved for them. It will be noticed that less space than usual is given, in these pages, to the events of war, and more to the affairs of peace. This course has been deliberately pursued. It is desirable, no doubt, that the reader IV PREFACE. should fully understand the way in which every impor- tant war began and ended, and that he should read enough of the details to know in what spirit it was carried on. Beyond this, the statistics of sieges and battles are of little value, and are apt to make us forget that the true glory of a nation lies, after all, in orderly progress. Times of peace, the proverb says, have few historians ; but this may be more the fault of the histo- rians than of the times. T. W. H. Newport, R.I., Jan. i., 1875. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter Page I, The Earliest Inhabitants i II. The Mound-Builders 5 III. The American Indians 13 IV. The Coming of the Northmen 25 V. The Coming of Columbus . . . . . -3^ VI. The Successors of Columbus 40 VII. How America was explored and settled . . . . 46 VIII. The Massachusetts Colonies 55 IX. The other New England Colonies 65 X. Colonial Days in New England 74 XI. Old Dutch Times in New York and New Jersey . . 88 XII. The Friends in Pennsylvania and th:^ Swedes in Delaware loi XIII. The Old Dominion and Maryland no XIV. The Southern Colonies 124 XV. The Indian Wars 131 XVI. The French and Indian Wars 142 XVII. The Beginning of the Revolution 159 XVIII. Concord, Lexington, and Bunker Hill . . . .178 XIX. Washington takes Command 188 XX. The Declaration of Independence 194 XXI. The Remainder of the War 202 XXII. After the War 214 XXIII. Washington and Adams 220 XXIV. Jefferson's Administration . . . \ . . . 235 XXV. Madison and Monroe, the War of 181 2, and the Era of Good Feeling 248 XXVI. Adams and Jackson. — Internal Improvements. — Nullifi- cation and the Antislavery Movement .... 259 XXVil. Van Buren, Harrison, Tyler, and the Annexation of Texas 267 XXVIII. Polk and the Mexican War 273 V VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter Page XXIX. The Approach of the Civil War. — Taylor, Fillmore, and Pierce 280 XXX. The Opening of the Civil War. — Buchanan . . .286 XXXI. The Civil War. — Lincoln . . . . . . 293 XXXII. After the Civil War. — Grant 322 APPENDIX. I. Books for Consultation 331 II. List of Presidents and Vice-Presidents 337 III, List of States and Territories 338 IV. Area of the United States 339 V. Declaration of Independence 340 VI. Constitution of the United States 345 Chp.onological Table 363 Index „ 375 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. CHAPTER I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS. WHO were the very first men and women that ever trod the soil of North America ? Of what race were they, of what color, of what size ? and how did they look ? History cannot answer these questions. Science can only say, " Perhaps we shall find out ; but we do not yet know." We know already a good deal about the changes in form and appearance of the North- American Continent itself. We know that a large part of it was at one time covered with a thick coating of ice, and that this vast glacier several times stretched itself farther south- ward, as the climate grew colder, and then shrank to smaller size again, as the climate, during unknown ages, grew milder. We know that the whole surface of the continent has risen or sunk, irregularly, at various times ; so that the sea once covered much that is now dry land. We know that plants and animals of species now unknown have existed in many parts of the conti- nent. The reindeer, which is now found only in the far 4 VouNG folks' uxited states. north, once roamed as far south as Kentucky. The monkey, which is now found in South America, was once an inhabitant of North America also. The rhi> noceros is now found only in Asia and Africa ; but sev- eral distinct species once existed in North America, one of these being as large as an elephant. There were, at least, five different species of camel, some of them reaching a very large size. Wild horses, or horse- like animals, of at least thirty different species, have at different times galloped or grazed in North America, though the first European explorers did not find a sin- gle species surviving. Some of these had three toes on each foot, some had four, instead of the solid hoofs of our present horses ; and there were cloven-footed ani- mals no larger than squirrels ; while others, again, were as large as elephants. There were also gigantic animals of the sloth family, and, in short, a great variety of quadrupeds now unknown. No written histor}' tells of them ; we do not know whether human eyes ever saw most of them : but there are the bones in the soil ; and new explorations, especially in Colorado, are constantly bringing more and more species to the light. But most remarkable among all these fossil animals were two great quadrupeds akin to the elephant, and called the "mammoth" and the "mastodon." They once went trampling through the forests, tearing down the branches of trees for food ; and they sometimes sank and died in the swamps, unable to move their huge weight out of the mire. They were ten or twelve feet high (taller than any living elephant) ; and their tusks have been found eleven feet long. We know their shape and size and appearance ; and we know 4 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. that their race must have existed on the soil of North America for thousands of years. Whether men lived at the same time with them on the American Conti- nent, we do not know with certainty: yet there can be Uttle doubt that it was so. In France there have been found rude drawings of the mammoth, made by men on ivory and slate, and mingled with remains of extinct animals in caves. In America no such pos- itive proofs have been discovered ; but human bones and flint implements have been found mingled with these animal remains. It is very possible that the mammoth and the mastodon were gradually destroyed by men. In Southern Africa all the men of a village go out to hunt an elephant ; and, in spite of his great size, they kill him with bows and arrows. So it is pos- sible that the flint implements found with the bones of these larger quadrupeds may be the very knives and arrow-heads that killed them ; and perhaps this is all that ever will be known of the way in which that mighty race disappeared from the surface of the earth. But, at any rate, the mastodons and mammoths perished at last ; and the men and women who had looked on them passed away likewise, leaving only obscure and scat- tered memorials of themselves. CHAPTER II. THE MOUND-BUILDERS. AFTER the last mammoth was slain, it is very probable that many centuries passed before the Mound-Builders came to occupy the soil where these animals had been. The Mound-Builders were a race of men who never saw the mammoth, we may be very sure ; or else they would have carved or painted its likeness, as they did those of the birds and beasts they knew. But, though they made pictures of these crea- tures, they unfortunately did not make equally distinct pictures of themselves ; so that we do not know what they looked like ; and, as they wrote no books, we do not know what language they spoke. All that we know of them is from the wonderful works of industry and skill that they left behind, and es- pecially from certain great mounds of earth they built. It is from these great works that they derive their name. the serpent mound. One of the most remarkable of these mounds is to be seen in Adams County, Ohio. It represents an immense snake a thousand feet long, and five feet thick, lying along a bluff that rises above a stream. There you can trace all the curves and outlines of the snake, ending in a tail with a triple coil. In the open mouth, something in the shape of an egg seems to be held ; and this egg-shaped mound is one hundred and sixty feet long. This shows on what a vast scale these earth-works are constructed. Sometimes they are shaped like animals, sometimes like men. In some places there are fortifications, often enclosing one or two acres of ground, sometimes even four hundred acres. Sometimes these earth-works have from four- teen to sixteen miles of embankment. In other places, there are many small mounds, arranged in a straight line, at distances nearly equal, and extending for many miles. These are supposed to have been used for send- ing signals from station to station across the country. Then, in other places, there are single mounds, some- times sixty feet high, sometimes ninety, with steps cut in the earth upon one side, leading up to the top, which :s flat, and sometimes includes from one to five acres of ground. These mounds are scattered all down the valley of the Mississippi, and along many of its tributary streams. There are thousands of them, large tfr small, within the single State of Ohio. They are not made of earth alone, for some of them show brick-work and stone-work here and there, though earth is always the chief material. Some of them have chambers within, and the remains of wooden walls ; and sometimes charred wood is found on top, as if fires had been kindled there. This THE MOUND-BUILDERS. - 7 fact is very important, as it helps us to understand the purpose of the higher mounds ; for in Central America there are similar mounds, except that those have on their tops the remains of stone temples and palaces. So it is supposed that the higher mounds of the Mississippi Valley may have been built for purposes of worship ; z^^ THE HOPETON WORKS, IN OHIO. and that, although their summits are now bare, yet the charred wood may be the remains of sacrificial fires, or of wooden temples that were burned long ago. It is certain that these Mound-Builders were in some ways well advanced in civilization. All their earth- works show more or less of engineering skill. They 8 « YOUNG folks' united STATES. vary greatly in shape : they show the square, the circle, the octagon, the ellipse ; and sometimes all these fig- ures are combined in one series of works. But the circle is always a true circle, and the square a true square ; and, moreover, there are many squares that measure exactly one thousand and eighty feet on a side, and this shows that the Mound-Builders had some defi- nite standard of measurement. GRADED WAY IN OHIO. There have been found in these mounds many tools and ornaments, made of copper, silver, and valuable stones. There are axes, chisels, knives, bracelets, and beads ; there are pieces of thread and of cloth ; and THE MOUND-BUILDERS. g gracefully ornamented vases of pottery. The Mound- Builders knew how to model in clay a variety of objects, such as birds, quadrupeds, and human faces. They practised farming, though they had no domestic ani- VASES FROM THE MOUNDS. mals to help them. They had neither horses nor oxen nor carts ; so that all the vast amount of earth required for these mounds must have been carried in baskets or skins ; and this shows that their population must have been very nu- merous, or they never could have attempted so much. They mnied for copper near Lake Supe- rior, where their deserted mines may still be seen. In one of these mines, there is a mass of copper weighing nearly six tons, partly raised from the bottom, and supported on wooden logs, now nearly decayed. ANCIENT MINING SHAFT. lO YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. It was evidently being removed to the top of the mine, nearly thirty feet above ; and the stone and copper tools of the miners were found lying about, as if the men had just gone away. Now, when did this ancient race of Mound-Builders live ? There is not a line of their writing left, so far as is now known ; nor is there any distinct tradition about them. But there is one sure proof that they lived very long ago. At the mouth of this very mine just described, there are trees, nearly four hundred years old, growing on earth that was thrown out in digging the mine. Of course, the mine is older than the trees. On a mound at Marietta, O., there are trees eight hun- dred years old. The mounds must, of course, be as old as that, and nobody knows how much older. It is very probable that this mysterious race may have built these great works more than a thousand years ago. It is very natural to ask whether the Mound-Builders were the ancestors of our present American Indians. It does not seem at all likely that they were, because the habits of the two races were so very different. Most Indian tribes show nothing of the skill and indus- try required for these great works. The only native tribes that seem to have a civilization of their own are certain races, called Pueblo Indians (meaning village Indians), in New Mexico. These tribes live in vast stone buildings, holding, sometimes, as many as five thousand people. These buildings are usually placed on the summits of hills, and have walls so high as only to be reached by ladders. The Pueblo Indians dress neatly, live in families, practise various arts, and are utterly different from the roving tribes farther north. THE MOUND-BUILDERS. II But, after all, the style of building of even the Pueblo Indians is wholly unlike any thing we know of the Mound-Builders ; for the Mound-Builders do not seem to have erected stone buildings, nor do the Pueblo Indians build lofty mounds. rUEliU) BUILDING, AS IT NOW AITEARS, Perhaps this singular people will always remain a mystery. They may have come from Asia, or have been the descendants of Asiatics accidentally cast on the American shore. Within the last hundred years, no less than fifteen Japanese vessels have been driven across the Pacific Ocean by storms, and wrecked on the Pacific coast of North America ; and this may have 12 YOUNG trOLKS UNITED STATES. happened as easily a thousand years ago as a hundred. It is certain that some men among the Mound-Builders had reached the sea in their travels ; for on some of their carved pipes there are r^resentations of the seal and of the manati, or sea-cow, — animals which they PUEBLO BUILDING, RESTORED. could only have seen by travelling very far to the east or west, or else by descending the Mississippi River to Us mouth. But we know neither whence they came nor whither they went. Very few human bones have been found among the mounds ; and those found had almost crumbled into dust. We only know that the Mound- Builders came, and built wonderful works, and then made way for another race, of whose origin we know almost as little. CHAPTER III. THE AMERICAN INDIANS. WHEN the first European explorers visited the Atlantic coast of North America, they found it occupied by rov- , ing tribes of men very unlike Euro- peans in aspect. They were of a copper-color, with high cheek- bones, small black eyes, and straight black hair. They called them selves by vari ous names in dif- ferent parts of the country, such as Mohegans, Pequots, Massachusetts, Narrr^ gansetts, Hurons, and Wampanoags. But they almost all belonged to two great families, the Algonquins and the Iroquois; these last being commonly called the "Six Nations." The Europeans named them all "In- 13 INDIAN wigwam; 14 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. dians," because all the first explorers supposed that North America was only the eastern part of India. These tribes of natives differed very much, in some respects, as to their mode of life. Some were warlike, others peaceful. Some livea only by hunting: others had fields of waving corn, and raised also beans, pump- kins, tobacco, American hemp, and sunflowers, — these last for the oil in the seeds. Some had only little tents of skin or bark, called " wigwams : " others built per- manent villages, with streets, and rows of houses. These houses were sometimes thirty feet high, and two hun- dred and forty feet long, and contained as many as twenty families. They were built of bark, supported by wooden posts : they had a slit, about a foot wide, the whole length of the roof, to let the light in, and the smoke out. The fires were built on the -ground, in a row, under the long opening. But, however carefully they may have built their houses, all these Indians were alike in being a roving race, living in the open air most of their time, and very unwilling to be long confined to one place. They were always moving about, changing their abode at different seasons of the year, or when they wished to pursue a different kind of game. One of their commonest rea- sons for removing was that they had burned the w^oods immediately around them. So when the first white settlers came, and the Indians were puzzled to know why these strangers arrived, some of them thought that it must be because they had burned up all the wood in the country from which they came, and that they visited the American continent merely to find fuel. The Indians were not commonly equal to the' Euro- THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 15 peans in bodily strength : they were not so strong in the arms and hands, nor could they strike such heavy blows. But, on the other hand, their endurance was wonderful. They were very light of foot, and their best runners could run seventy or eighty miles in a day ; and they could bear the greatest torture without uttering a groan. In the woods they could hear sounds, and observe signs, which no white man could perceive ; and they had the power of travelling for miles in a straight line through the densest forest, being guided by the appearance of the moss and bark upon the trees. When the colonists first arrived, they found the In- dians dressed chiefly in the skins of animals, which they prepared by smoking them, instead of by tanning, as is now the practice. But they soon obtained blankets from the colonists, and decorated them with beads and shells and feathers. On great occasions, such as coun- cils and war-dances, the chiefs wore a great quantity of these decorations, and also painted their faces with bright colors. The women, or " squaws " as they were called, had this same practice ; and one old Puritan clergyman wrote with great indignation, " The squaws use the sinful art of painting their faces." The women were more plainly dressed than the men, and, like them, sometimes tattooed their bodies. But the women wore their hair long, while the men commonly shaved theirs off, except one lock, called the "scalp-lock," which was left as a point of honor ; so that, if one Indian killed another, he could cut off the scalp, lifting it by this lock. In summer they went about almost naked ; and one of the first white settlers complained that it was hard fighting hand to hand with an Indian, because i6 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. there was " nothing to hold on by but his hair," and not much of that. The food of the Indians was very simple: it con- sisted of what they obtained by hunting and fishing, with pounded corn, acorns, berries, and a few vegeta- bles. They used tobacco, but had no intoxicating drinks till they got them from Europeans. They knew how to make rush mats and wooden mortars and earthen vessels. They made fish-hooks of bone, and nets out of the fibres of hemp. They made pipes of clay and stone, often curiously carved or moulded. They made stone axes and arrow-heads ; and these are often found in the ground to this day, wherever there is the site of an Indian village ; and they made beads, called "wampum," out of shells. After the Europeans came, they supplied the In- dians with their own beads, and with iron axes and arrow- heads, and, at last, with fire-arms. But the most in- genious inventions of the Indians were the snow-shoe and the birch canoe. The snow-shoe was made of a maple-wood frame, three or four feet long, curved and tapering, and filled This net-work was LEARNING TO USE SNOW-SHOES. in with a net-work of deer's hide. THE AMERICAN INDIANS. I7 fastened to the foot by thongs, only a light elastic moccason being worn. Thus the foot was supported on the surface of the snow ; and an Indian could travel forty miles a day upon snow-shoes, and could easily overtake the deer and moose, whose pointed hoofs cut through the crust. The peculiar pattern varied with almost every tribe, as did also the pattern of the birch canoe. This was made of the bark of the white-birch, stretched over a very light frame of white- cedar. The whole bark of a birch-tree was stripped BIRCH CANOE. off, and put round the frame, without being torn. The edges were sewed with thongs cut from the roots of the cedar, and were then covered with pitch made from the gum of trees. If torn, the canoe could be mended with pieces of bark, fastened in the same way. The largest of these canoes were thirty feet long, and would carry ten or twelve Indians : they were very light, and could be paddled with ease. They were often very gracefully shaped, and drew very little water. The birch canoe and the snow-shoe are still much in use, 2 l8 YOUNG folks' united STATES. not only among Indians, but among white men, in the northern parts of the United States and in Canada. Many of the Indian tribes were divided into smaller classes, or clans, distinguished by a mark, or totem, tattooed on the breast ; such as the wolf, deer, tor- toise, beaver, bear, snipe, heron, hawk. Each class had one or more chiefs, or sachems, who represented it in the great councils. The sachem was commonly a man, but sometimes a woman ; and the first settlers in New England found a "great squaw sachem," who ruled over much country. These rulers did not govern by any written laws, but by fixed customs and tradition, which had great weight with the Indians; and the sub- jects carried their best fruit and game to the sachem. Each class in a tribe was supposed to be particularly favored by the spirit of the animal represented in its totc'7?i. The Indians thought that all animals had pro- tecting spirits ; and they often addressed animals as if they were human. One of the early missionaries de scribes an Indian who shot at a large bear, and wounded iiim. The bear fell wounded, and lay whining and groan- ing. The Indian went up to him, and said, " Bear, you are a coward, and no warrior. You know that your tribe and mine are at war, and that yours began it. If you had wounded me, I would not have uttered a sound ; and yet you sit here and cry, and disgrace your tribe." They believed that the winds and the stars had also spirits ; and they had many wild legends about such things, some of wdiich are preserved in Longfellow's " Hiawatha." They believed in a God, or sometimes \i\ many gods ; and they believed that they should live THE AMERICAN INDIANS. I9 again after death. When any warrior died, they buried his weapons with his body, that he might use them again in the happy hunting-grounds of the blest in heaven. Their religious services were strange and noisy, with peculiar songs and dances ; and they had " medicine-men," who were something between priests and physicians, and claimed to cure by magic spells, as well as by the simple remedies they knew. The Indians had no written language, but had ways of com- municating to one another by signs on rocks and trees. They had no money, but used wampum-beads for coins ; and these were so neatly made, and so convenient, that the first European settlers used them also, at the rate of four black beads, or eight white beads, for a penny. They had belts made with this wampum, which were used to record all important events in the history of the tribe ; and treaties were thus kept in memory for years. Schoolcraft gives a copy of a drawing made by two Indian guides on a piece of birch bark. It was placed upon an upright pole, for the purpose of informing their comrades that a party of fourteen white men and two Indians had encamped at that place. The eight figures in the upper row, with hats on, and with muskets beside them, represent as many white soldiers. In the second row, No. i represents the offi- cer in command, with a sword ; No. 2, with a book, the secretary ; No. 3, with a hammer, the geologist ; 4, 5, 6, attendants, one of these being the interpreter. Nos. 7 and 8 represent the two guides, who are distinguished as Indians by being without hats. Figure 1 1 represents a prairie-hen, and 12 a tortoise, which had been eaten by the party. Figures 13, 14, 15, indicate that there 20 YOUNG folks' united STATES. were three separate fires. The inclination of the pole showed the direction of the proposed march, and three notches in the wood showed that it was to be a three- days' expedition. The Indians had great courage, self-control, and pa- tience. They were grave and dignified in their man- ners, on important occasions : in their councils they were courteous to one another, and discussed all important J 2 i questions at great length. They were often kind and generous, and sometimes even forgiving ; but they generally held sternness to be a virtue, and forgiveness a weakness. They were especially cruel to captives, putting them to death with all manner of tortures, in which women took an active part. It was the custom among them for women to do most of the hard work, in order that the bodies of the men might be kept supple and active for the pursuits of the chase and war. THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 21 When employed on these pursuits, the Indian men seemed incapable of fatigue ; but in the camp, or in travelling, the women carried the burdens, and, when a hunter had carried a slain deer on his shoulders for a long distance, he would throw it down within sight of the village, that his squaw might go and bring it in. Most of the Indian tribes lived in a state of con- stant warfare with one another. When there was a quarrel between tribes, and war seemed ready to break out, strange ceremonies were used. Some lead- ing chief would paint his body black from head to foot, and would hide himself in the woods or in a cavern. There he would fast and pray, and call upon the Great Spirit ; and would observe his dreams, to see if they promised good or evil. If he ^ could dream of a great war-eagle hovering before him, it would be a sign of triumph. After a time he would come forth from the woods, and return among his people. Then he would address them, summon them to war, and assure them th^t the Great Spirit was on their side. Then he would bid the warriors to a feast at his wigwam. There they would find him no longer painted in black, but in bright and gaudy colors, called "war-paint" The guests would be also dressed in paint and feathers, and would seat themselves in a circle. Then wooden trenchers, containing the flesh of dogs, would be placed before them ; while the chief would sit smoking his pipe, and would not yet break his long and exhaust- ing fast. After the feast, the war-dance would follow, perhaps at night, amid the blaze of fires and lighted pine-knots. A painted post would be driven into the ground ; and 22 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. the crowd would form a wide circle round it. The war-chief would leap into the open space, brandishing his hatchet, and would chant his own deeds and those of his fathers, acting out all that he described, and striking at the post as if it were an enemy. Warrior after warrior would follow, till at last the whole band INDIAN WAR-DANCE. would be dancing, shouting, and brandishing their weapons, striking and stabbing at the air, and filling the forest with their yells. Much of the night would pass in this way. In the morning the warriors would leave the camp in single file, still decorated with paint and feathers and orna- ments ; and, as they entered the woods, the chief THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 23 would fire his gun, and each in turn would do the same. Then they would halt near the village, would take off their ornaments and their finery, and would give all thest things to the women, who had followed them for this purpose. Then the warriors would go silently and stealthily through the forest to the appointed place of attack. Much of their skill consisted in these silent approaches, and in surprises and stratagems, and long and patient watchings. They attached no shame to killing an unarmed enemy, or to private deceit and treachery, though to their public treaties they were al- ways faithful. They were desperately brave, and yet they saw no disgrace in running away when there was no chance of success. Their weapons were, at first, the bow-and-arrow, and a sort of hatchet, called a " toma- hawk ; " and they had shields of bison-hide, and some- times breastplates of twigs interwoven with cord. Af- terwards they learned the use of fire-arms from the whites, and became skilful with these weapons, losing much of their skill with the bow-and-arrow. Some tribes built strong forts, with timber walls, palisades, banks, and ditches. In these forts they had magazines of stones to hurl down upon those who attacked them ; and there were gutters by which to pour down streams of water, should the fort be set on fire. When first visited by Europeans, the Indians were said to be already diminishing in number, through war and pestilence ; and they have diminished ever since, •till many tribes have wholly disappeared. At first they were disposed to be friendly with the white men ; but quarrels soon arose, each side being partly to blame. The savages often burned villages, carried away cap- 24 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. tives, and laid whole regions waste. In return, their villages and forts were destroyed, and their tribes were driven westward, or reduced to a mere handful. Some of these wars will be described farther on in this his- tory ; and to this day some of the western settlements of the United States live in constant fear of attack from Indian tribes. But this race is passing away ; and in another century there will hardly be a roving Indian within the limits of the United States. Only those tribes will survive which have adopted, in part, the habits of civilization. CHAPTER IV. THE COMING OF THE NORTHMEN. THERE is in the city of Newport, R.I., a pictur- esque old building, the precise history of which is not known. It is commonly called the "Round Tower," or the " Old Stone Mill." It is built of stone, and consists of a low, circular tower, supported on eight arches. Within the memory of living men, there still remained a floor above these arches, making a second story to the building. There are two windows and a fireplace, but nothing to show for what use the building was originally employed. Yet it is not, outwardly, a ruin, since the cement in which the stones are embedded is as strong as ever, and the whole structure seems complete, except that it is roofless. The first mention of this building is by Gov. Benedict Arnold in his will, dated 1677 ; and he calls it "my stone built windmill." ^ut it is so unlike any other windmill in America, that it was for a long time doubted whether it could have been built for that purpose. Some thirty-five years ago, Professor Rafn, of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries at Copenhagen, published a book showing that the Northmen, or Scan- dinavians, undoubtedly visited the shores of North America about A.D. 1000, and that they probably 25 26 YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. entered Narragansett Bay. It then occurred to some American antiquarians, that this old building at New- port might have been erected by those early voyagers. Examination was also made, at about the same time, of an inscription on a rock near Dighton, Mass., called the " Dighton Rock ; " and it was thought that some words of this were in the Norse language. Then it was remembered that a skeleton in a brass breastplate had been dug up at Fall River, Mass., a town lying between Dighton and Newport ; and it was thought that this might be the remains of a Norse viking, or rover. The poet Longfellow has written a ballad about this " Skeleton in Armor." The skeleton was unfortunately destroyed not long after ; so that we do not know much about it : but it is now known that the Norsemen did not use brass armor, while the American Indians sometimes used for breastplates pieces of brass kettles, which they got from the English colonists. The inscription at Dighton Rock is now supposed to have been made by the Indians, as it resembles many sculptured rocks in the interior of the continent ; and the skeleton may have been that of an Indian warrior. And, as for the " Old Stone Mill," it is found to be very much like some still standing in that very county in England from which Governor Arnold came. So it is not at all likely that any of these memorials could date back as far as the time of the Northmen ; and yet it is altogether probable that the Northmen visited America at a very early time. We must remember that the Northmen were great sailors, like their descendants, the Danes^ Norwegians, and Swedes. It is rare to find a large crew of sailors THE COMING OF THE NORTHMEN. 2" without a man in it who belongs to one of these 'na- tions ; and their ancestors had the same love of the sea. Now, when we look on the mapi, we see that it does not look very far from Norway to Iceland, nor from Green land to Labrador. When once arrived at Labrador, any persevering navigator would be tempted to follow down the coast of North America. But the Northmen THE " OLD STONE MILL. ' certainly settled Iceland a thousand years ago : and it is known from the annals of Iceland that a colony was sent thence to Greenland, and there remained for a long time ; and some of these emigrants may easily have sailed on to Labrador ; or some vessel bound for Greenland may have been driven too far west, and so reached the mainland without intending it. At ai^v 28 YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. rate, it is recorded in the Norse traditions that the Northmen in sailing west actually arrived, about A.D. looo, at some country beyond Greenland. I'his is the way the story is told in the Norse books. A prince, named Leif the Lucky, son of Erik the Red, sailed west from Greenland with thirty-five men, one of whom was a German. After they had landed on a strange land, this German, named Tyrker, strayed off one day, and was thought to be lost. When he came back, he talked German, and rolled his eyes around, and seemed out of his senses. But at last he said in the Norse language, " I have not been far ; but I have found something to tell of : I have found vines and grapes." " But is it true, my foster-brother ? " asked Leif. "Surely it is," he answered; "for I came from the land of grapes and vines." ^ ^ "Then they slept for the night," the Norse narrative says ; " but in the morning Leif said to his sailors, ' Now we shall have two jobs. Each day we will either gather grapes, or hew grape-vines, or fell trees, so there will be a cargo for my ship ; ' and that was the counsel taken. It is said that their long-boat was filled with grapes. Now was hewn a cargo for the ship, and, when spring came, they got ready and sailed off ; and Leif gave a name to the land, after its sort, and called il ' Vinland.' They sailed then afterwards into the sea, and had a fair wind until they saw Greenland." A year or two afterwards Leif's brother, Thorwald, wished to visit Vinland ; for he thought that the land had been too little examined. They came to the place where Leif had built huts. There they spent the win- THE COMING OF THE NORTHMEN. 29 ter, and in the spring went exploring along the shore "to the westward," At last they saw three boats made of skin, with three men in each. These the Northmen attacked, and killed all but one. They were, appar- ently, Indians, called in the Norse legends " Skrael- ings." Then came from within the firth innumerable skin-boats, and made toward them. Thorwald said then, " We will set up our battle-shields, and guard our- selves the best we can, but fight little against them." So they did ; and the Skraelings shot at them for a while, but then fled as fast as they could. But they had wounded Thorwald by an arrow, so that he died ; and this party of Norsemen also became discouraged, and went back to Greenland the next spring. But Vinland was now well known ; and still larger parties of Northmen came afterwards. They sent home very enthusiastic accounts of their new dwelling-place ; praising the grapes and the salmon and the soil, and saying that the day and night were more nearly equal than in Greenland or Iceland. The Indians, or Skrael- ings, soon came in skin-boats to trade with them. In one case the Skraelings were all busy, selling furs for red cloth, when a bull, that belonged to the strangers, came bellowing out of the wood ; and the Skraelings jumped into their canoe, and rowed away. The next time the Skraelings came, it was as warriors ; and they attacked the Northmen with their arrows, and could not be easily beaten off. So the strangers did not have an easy time. But they staid there several winters ; and a woman named Gudrid had a son named Snorri, who was, perhaps, the first white child born on this continent. 30 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. There is much more of this same sort in the tradi- tions of the Northmen ; but there is nothing to yield us any more definite knowledge. There is little doubt of their having reached the North American coast ; but whether Vinland was Rhode Island, or Nova Scotia, or some other place, we perhaps shall never know. For a time it was thought that it must be Rhode Island. The Norse narratives describe a. mild climate, with wild grapes ; and it was thought that this must refer to New- port, R.I., where there are plenty of these grapes on the islands in the harbor. But wild grapes grow in Nova Scotia also ; and the climate there might seem mild to those who had come from Iceland. This is all we know about the matter. Perhaps there may yet be found along the coast of New England some real memorial of the Northmen; and in the mean time, if it were not for their own legends, it would be hard to believe that they ever came. CHAPTER V. THE COMING OF COLUMBUS. WHATEVER may have been the truth about the visit of the Northmen to America, it is certain, that, if they came, they sailed away again, never to return. Even their colony in Greenland was at last aban- doned ; and the memory of Vinland almost disap- peared. For nearly five centuries, so far as we know, not a European vessel crossed the Atlantic. Some of the older people in Ice- land may'have remembered that their grandparents had told them of a country far to the west, where vines grew; and perhaps they used to tell these legends, in the long, dark evenings, to the Spanish and English sailors who went on trading-voyages to Iceland. There came a time of great commercial activity among the nations of Southern Europe ; and voyages began to be 3» TOMB OF COLUMBUS. 32 YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. attempted in all directions. And one voyage was at last undertaken that was destined to make the New World known to the Old World. There was born at Genoa, in Italy, about 1435, ^ boy named " Cristoforo Colombo," or, in English, " Christo- pher Columbus." His father was a weaver of cloth, but his ancestors had been sailors ; and the little Columbus was sent to school at ten years old to learn navigation. At fourteen he went to sea ; and from that time, so long as he lived, he was either making voyages, or else draw- ing charts. He lived in Portugal, then in Spain, these being the great seafaring nations at that day ; and he sailed to almost all the ports then known. Most of his voyages, however, were in the Mediterranean Sea. In these there was almost as much fighting as sailing ; for that sea was full of pirates. On one occasion his ship was burnt, and he swam six miles to shore with the aid of a spar. And throughout all these adventures he was gradually forming the plan of sailing farther west upon the Atlantic than any one had yet dared to sail. But it must be remembered that the people of Eu- rope, in those days, did not know the real shape of the earth, as it is now known. Most persons did not sup- pose it to be a sphere. They thought it was a flat sur- face, with the ocean, like a great river, lying round about its edges. What was on the other side of this river, they hardly dared to guess. Yet some scientific men had got beyond this ignorant view ; and they sup- posed the earth to be a sphere, but thought it much smaller than it really was. They did not dream that there could be room on it for two wide oceans and for two great bodies of land. They thought that there was THE COMING OF COLUMBUS. 33 but one continent on the globe, and one great ocean, and that, by saiUng across the Atlantic, you would come, after a time, to India and Tartary and Cathay (as they called China) and Cipango (as they called Japan). Many beautiful things were brought from those coun- tries overland, — gold and pearls and beautiful silks; and so the kings of Europe would have been very glad to find a short way thither. This map shows clearly how the wisest men thought it might be done. The drawing was made by a friend of Columbus, in the very year when he made the first western voyage across the Atlantic. It shows the names of all the places just mentioned ; and it shows, moreover, how near at hand they were supposed to be, when the navigators of those days were making the maps. Columbus studied such maps, or helped to draw them, and grew more and more convinced, that, if he could only cross the unknown ocean, he would find India on the other side. Things often happened to confirm him in this opinion. Sailors from the Canary Islands told him of seeing land far in the west. His brother-in-law had seen a piece of curiously-carved wood, that had been washed on shore in Portugal, after a westerly gale. An old pilot had picked up a carved paddle at sea, a thousand miles west of the European coast. At Madeira, Columbus heard of pine-trees that had been washed up ; and at the Azores they had found ,tropical cane-stalks on the beach ; and once the bodies of two men, of foreign dress and aspect, had been cast on shore. Then it is supposed that Columbus went to Iceland ; and there he may have heard legends of the early expeditions to Vinland. .3 THE COMING OF COLUMBUS. 35 For ten years he endeavored to persuade some Euro- pean government to send him on a voyage of discovery across the Atlantic Ocoan. First he tried the republic of Genoa, then the republic of Venice, and then the court of Portugal. For seven years he tried to interest the two sovereigns of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella. At last they gave him an audience, and liked his plans very much ; but the Archbishop of Granada, who was present, thought that Columbus asked for too much power over the lands he expected to discover : so the archbishop objected. Columbus refused to lower his claims, and left the court. He had gone two leagues (six miles), when the queen sent for him to return; and, when he had done so, the king and queen signed an agreement with him on his own terms. Isabella decided to fit out the expedition at the expense of her own kmgdom of Castile, the chief of the kingdoms of which Spain was composed. In three months the expedition was ready to sail. But sailors were unwilling to go ; and Columbus had to drive some of them by force into the service, as he had authority to do. There were three ships, — the "Santa Maria," the " Pinta," and the "Nina." The " Santa Maria " was a good-sized vessel, ninety feet long, and carrying sixty-six seamen. It was decked all over, and had four masts, — two with square sails, and two with lateen-sails. The other vessels were smaller, and without decks : and they were all provis- ioned for a year. There were, in all, one hundred and twenty persons on this bold expedition. They sailed from Palos Aug. 3, 1492. It took them a month to reach the Canary Islands ; but after 36 YOUNG folks' united STATES. they had passed those, and found themselves on the lonely ocean at night, many of the sailors wept, and declared they never should return. Columbus quieted them, and they sailed on, day by day ; sometimes hope- ful, and sometimes mutinous. Once the sailors plotted FLEET OF COLUMUUS SAILING FKOM PALOS. to throw Columbus overboard. Often they thought they saw signs of land : once they were sure of it, and it proved only a cloud. At last land-birds were seen, and floating twigs with red berries, and a piece of wood rudely carved, and drifting seaweed, to which live crabs were clinging. Finally, one evening at ten o'clock, Columbus saw a light glimmering across the water; THE COMING OF COLUMBUS. 37 and the next morning a gun was fired from one of the smaller vessels, as the signal agreed upon for " making land." It was a very welcome sound ; for they had been seventy-one days in crossing the ocean, which is now crossed by steamers in nine. The vessels " lay to " that night ; and the next morning they saw a wooded island six miles away, and crowds of natives running along the beach. We may imagine how Columbus felt, when, at day- break, he was rowed to the shore, with waving banners, and to -the sound of music, and when he stepped upon the beach where no European had ever before landed ! He bore the great flag of Spain, gorgeous with red and gold ; and his other captains bore each a green flag, inscribed with a cross. All knelt, and kissed the ground ; then Columbus, rising, and drawing his sword, took possession of the island in the name of Spain, and called it " San Salvador." He soon sailed farther on, visiting Cuba, Hayti, and other West-India Islands ; but he did not reach the mainland during this voyage. Returning to Spain, he was received with great honor : and a second expe- dition was fitted out under him, consisting of seventeen vessels and' fifteen hundred men. With these he dis- covered the Windward Islands, — Jamaica and Porto Rico, — and founded a colony in Hayti ; the island being then called " Hispaniola," or " Little Spain." On his third voyage, in 1498, he had six ships, and reached the mainland of South America, though not till it had been visited by another navigator, Amerigo Ves- pucci, or Americus Vespucius. The voyage of Ameri- cus Vespucius was made in the winter of 1497-98. He 38 YOUNG folks' united STATES. was long supposed to have deceived the world in giving this date to his discovery ; but it is now pretty well established that he spoke the truth. Ten years after, a European geographer gave the continent the name of " Americi Terra," or the land discovered by Americus ; and thus it has borne his name ever since. It would have seemed more just that it should have borne the name of Columbus ; and Americus Vespucius, who was his friend, had probably no intention of taking this honor from him ; but this was the way it happened. Meanwhile Sebastian Cabot had reached the North American Continent before Columbus ; so that the great navigator was not the first to set foot on the mainland. North or South. On this third voyage of Columbus, he touched at his colony of Hispaniola, where he found them all quarrel- ling ; and he was presently arrested by a Spanish com- missioner, Bobadilla, who had been sent out by the ene- mies of Columbus. He was carried on board ship in chains ; and, when the officers of the ship wished to take them off, he refused, saying, " I will wear them as a memento of the gratitude of princes." Reaching Spain, he was released, but could get no redress from the king. The truth was, that King Ferdinand was quite dissatis- fied with the new countries, as not yielding wealtl enough. However, Columbus fitted out one more expe- dition, with four ships, and went on a final voyage, reaching the coast of North America at last, although he thought all his life that it was Asia he had visited. This last voyage was a sad one for him, as his own colony at Hispaniola refused to let him land ; and he was now old and weary, and as poor as ever. His one firm THE COMING OF COLUMBUS. 39 friend, Queen Isabella, had died ; and he died himself in 1506, aged about seventy years. Some years after, King Ferdinand ordered a marble tomb to be placed upon his grave, with the inscription, " To Castile and Leon, Columbus gave a new world." But, more than two centuries after that, the remains of the great voya- ger were transferred to the great cathedral at Havana, that they might rest in the soil of that New World which he had discovered. CHAPTER VI. THE SUCCESSORS OF COLUMBUS. THE next important voyage to America was planned by John Cabot, a merchant born at Venice, but living in Bristol, England. There had long been some commerce between Bristol and Iceland ; and it is very likely that John Cabot, like Columbus, had heard from Icelanders the tradition of the old Norse voyages. At any rate, he got from King Henry VII. of England a " patent," or permission, allowing himself and his three sons to cruise about the world, at their own expense, with five ships : and to take possession, in the name of England, of countries hitherto unknown to Europeans. It was agreed, that, whenever he had done so, nobody but the family of Cabot was to be allowed to trade with any such countries, unless the Cabots gave permission. They were allowed to sail in any direction, — east, west, or north; but what they really desired was to get to India by a north-west passage. At any rate, wherever they might go, one- fifth of the profits of their trade must be given to the King of England. So John Cabot and his sons set sail in 1497. Sebas- tian is the best known of these sons, and became more famous than even his father. We do not know exactly 40 THE SUCCESSORS OF COLUMBUS. 41 what their ships were ; but they probably looked like this picture, which is taken from a map made by Sebas- tian Cabot. We do not know much of their voyage ; only that they reached Labrador, and found it, as we may well suppose, cold and dismal. They said, when they got home, that the country was very barren, and that they had seen a great many white bears. They had not much more to say ; for they had not remained long, having reached home again in three months. Their maps and journals are all lost; but we know that they were the first Europeans, after the Northmen, to visit the mainland of North America. A letter from a Venetian merchant, who was then in London, says that great honors were paid to John Cabot on his return to England. He was called " The Great Admiral," went about richly dressed in silk, and 42 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. was followed by crowds of admirers. The merchant's letter adds, "These Englishmen run about after him like mad people; so that he can enlist as many of them as he pleases, and a number of our own rogues besides." A year after, in 1498, Sebastian Cabot sailed again with two ships, and three hundred men ; some of these being Italian "rogues," very likely. Such expeditions were very popular among reckless and daring men in those days. The explorers again went to Labrador, and then sailed three thou- sand miles along the coast, as far as Maryland. They were gone six months, and then had to go back for provisions. This second voyage convinced Sebas- tian Cabot that the land they had discovered was not Asia, after all, but a new continent. He made still another voyage after this, and explored Hud- son's Bay. Sebastian Cabot lived to be a very old man, and had a pension from the king, and the title "The Great Seaman." He loved the sea so much, that, even while he was dying, his wandering thoughts were upon the ocean. It was said of him, " He gave England a continent — and no one knows his burial-place." The next expedition of which I have to tell is that of Ponce de Leon to the coast of Florida. There was a story told in Spain, and believed by many people, that there was somewhere in the regions discovered by SEBASTIAN CABOT. THE SUCCESSORS OF COLUMBUS. 43 Columbus a wonderful fountain, whose waters would restore youth to any one who should bathe in them. Ponce de Leon was a Spaniard and a brave soldier : he had sailed with Columbus on his second voyage, and was finally made governor of the Island of Porto Rico. But he had heard of the fountain of youth, and resolved to discover it ; and so sailed westward from Porto Rico in March, 15 12, on that errand. At last, on Easter Sunday, — a day which the Spaniards call Pascua Flor- ida, or Flowery Easter, — land was seen. It was the peninsula of Florida, then thought to be an island ; and its blossoming forests seemed to him so beautiful, that he gave it this name. Ponce de Leon landed near what is now St. Augus- tine. He explored the coasts and islands for many weeks, and then returned home. He visited the flowery land again, five years" after, meaning to establish a colony, but was driven away by the Indians, was wounded with an arrow, and went back to Spain to die without ever finding the fountain of youth. It would be interesting to tell of other voyages that took place in those years, when the New World seemed to Europeans so very new. It is exciting to hear how Balboa, crossing the Isthmus of Darien in i;. for the first time, in sight of an unknown - ;, vast Pacific Ocean ; how he knelt on the mo^irj' .',. ' ■ from which he saw it, and thanked God for iii^i gniat discovery; and how, descending to the shore, o waded in, waist-deep, and, waving his sword, took possession of the ocean for the King of Spain, and pledged him- self to defend it for his sovereign. It is interesting to read the adventures of Cortez, who conquered Mexico, 44 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. and of Pizarro, who overcame Peru. But, as these things do not strictly belong to the history of the United States, this is not the place to describe them ; and I shall only speak of one more of the early voy- ages, that of Verrazzano, or Verrazzani, an Italian in French employ. This voyage is important, because Verrazzano has left us the earliest full description of the North American coast. He sailed from France, by way of Madeira, in 1524, leaving that island with a single vessel, and spending fifty days before seeing land. At last he reached the shore of North Carolina, and followed it southward for a time ; then sailed northward, carefully examining the coast. He put into what is now the har- bor of New York, and afterwards into what is now the harbor of Newport, R.I. There he staid a fortnight, trading with the Indians ; and he mentions that he found vines and grapes there, just as the Northmen described them in Vinland, long before. Then he sailed along the New-England coast to Nova Scotia, still trading with the Indians on the way. His narra- tive, as translated in an old collection of voyages, 'J.I- 1 es the savages as " coming to the seashore upon : ivtaiii craggy rocks; and we standing in our boats, th.;y let down with a rope what it pleased them to give ; . ng continually that we should not approache to id, demanding immediately the exchange, taking nothing but knives, fish-hookes, and tooles to cut withal ; neither did they make any account of our cour- tesie." Think how strange it would be, if we were to sail along the Atlantic coast, and not meet so much as a THE SUCCESSORS OF COLUMBUS. 45 fishing-vessel ! It would be strange never to see a lighthouse, a buoy, or a wharf ; and to enter New-York harbor, and see only a few wooded hills and uninhabited islands, but no sign of human life, except, perhaps, a half-naked Indian standing on the shore. Yet this is what Verrazzano did. He carried home full accounts of what he saw. He thought that the savages were " like the people in the uttermost parts of China," and that " these new countries were not altogether destitute of the drugs and spicery, pearls and gold," for which every- body was so eager. King Francis I. was quite de- lighted. He said that he " did not think God had created those new countries for the Castilians alone : " but it is not certain whether he sent out a second expe- dition ; or whether Verrazzano made any more voyages, or what became of him. CHAPTER VII. HOW AMERICA WAS EXPLORED AND SETTLED. THESE were some of the first vo3'ages to America, made by Columbus, the Cabots, Ponce de Leon, and Verrazzano. But, after the continent was fairly discovered, the next question was, Who should explore it, and claim it, and settle it? It has always seemed to me that the first explorers of North America were very much like a family of boys who have discovered a large pond in the woods, some- where within reach of their dwelling-house. The boys wish to be always on the water, and are constantly ex- ploring. They have different objects : some go merely for the fun of it ; others, to catch fish ; others, to look for black-birds' nests among the reeds ; others, to find a shorter route to the village or to the schoolhouse. What wonderful stories they tell their little sisters about the things they have seen by the side of the lake ! By degrees they know the whole shore very well, and can find their way anywhere. Yet if they were to sit down at night to draw the outline of that shore from memory, — with all the ins and outs, all the bays and the islands, — no two would draw it alike ; and the different maps would look very strangely side by side. Now, this is precisely the way it was with those who 46 HOW AMERICA WAS EXPLORED AND SETTLED. 47 first came to the shores of the North-American Con- tinent. Everybody wished to see the new country. Everybody who came saw something wonderful ; and each described even more wonders than he had seen. The returning sailors told of giants and Amazons, of countries where the sands sparkled with gems, and of rivers in which were found golden pebbles as large as hens' eggs. So there was immediately the greatest eagerness to undertake voyages to these new lands. Some large towns in Spain lost half their inhab- itants, so many people went on these expeditions. The Spaniards generally went for gold ; the Portuguese, for slaves ; and the French and English, for the sake of fishing. Many people still believed that this new country was India, of which they had known something before. But the more learned people — the geographers, and those who made the maps — now thought that these new lands were not a part of India, but were a series of islands, called " Cuba," " Florida," " America," and so on ; and they expected to find among these islands a passage that would lead to China and Japan. It may be seen by this map, made thirty-eight years after the first voyage of Columbus, just how these wise men supposed these islands to lie ; and it will be seen that India and China (Cathay) and Japan (Cipango) are placed just behind them, as if easily to be reached. When there was so much curiosity about exploring the New World, we should suppose that they would have soon learned its outline thoroughly. But they were just like the boys by the lake. There was not a harbor along the Atlantic shore, from Labrador to Terra del Fuego, that had not been entered before this °1L4. ,^^,-lJL^ (ll'LtHm n ington travelled thither from his home in Virginia, he. had enthusiastic greetings everywhere. At Trenton, for instance, where he had formerly fought several bat- tles, he found a triumphal arch thrown across a bridge ^^ RECEPTION OF WASHINGTON AT TRENTON. which he was to pass. It was the very bridge over which he had once retreated before the army of Corn- wallis. The arch was supported on thirteen pillars, was wreathed with flowers, and bore the inscription, " The Defender of the Mothers will be the Preserver of the Daughters." Beneath this arch stood a party of young girls, with baskets of flowers in their hands ; and they sang this song as Washington drew near : — 2l8 " Welcome, mighty chief, once more, Welcome to this grateful shore : Now no mercenary foe Aims again the fatal blow, — Aims at thee the fatal blow. Virgins fair, and matrons grave. Those thy conquering arm did save, Build for thee triumphal bowers : Strew, ye fair, his way with flowers ! — Strew your hero's way with flowers ! " Suiting the action to the word, they strewed before him the flowers from their baskets. As he approached New York, a delegation was sent out to meet him. A barge was provided with a crew of thirteen, wearing white uniforms, this number being chosen to represent the thirteen colonies ; and many- other boats joined in procession, with flags flying. The governor of the State and many others were in waiting at the wharf, and escorted Washington, amid great enthusiasm, to his quarters. Carriages were provided, but he preferred to walk ; and the procession passed through the streets, while handkerchiefs were waved, and flowers were strewed in the way. Some days after, the ceremony of inauguration took place on the balcony of what was then the senate-chamber. It was a hall called " Federal Hall," which stood at the meeting of four streets ; and these streets were so crowded, that, as an eye-witness said, " It seemed as if one might lit- erally wall^ on the heads of the people." When Wash- ington came forth upon the balcony, the chancellor of New York read the inaugural oath to him, and he repeated it. After the oath was administered, there was a cry of " Long live George Washington, President AFTER THE WAR. 219 of the United States ! " to which the assembled crowd replied with shouts of enthusiasm. Then a flag was raised on the cupola of the hall, and there was a gen- eral discharge of artillery, and pealing of bells. Thus was the new Republic fully organized at last, with a chief magistrate who had the respect and love of the whole people. This was April 30, 1789, CHAPTER XXIII. WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. BUT Washington and those who aided him in the American Government had need of all their wis- dom, and of all the public confidence, amid the duties that were to be done. The affairs of the United States were found to be in most alarming condition. The nation was very much in debt ; people were very unwill- ing to pay taxes ; the Indians were hostile ; the pirates of the Barbary States often attacked American ships ; and the relations of the new government with England, France, and Spain, were all very unsatisfactory. But within a few years all was changed. The money-matters were put on a sound basis ; the rioters and the Indians were subdued ; and treaties were made with Algiers, Spain, and England. This last treaty was made in 1794, by John Jay, and was very much opposed by many people, because it was thought to be too favora- ble to England ; but it was at last ratified, and there was a period of peace between the two nations. During all this prosperity the affairs of France still gave the United States a great deal of trouble. There had been in France a great revolution, which the success of the American struggle had helped to bring about. The old French monarchy had been overthrown ; and WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 221 an attempt had been made to set up a republic in its place. Unhappily this attempt had led to terrible violence and bloodshed. All this made much excite- ment in the United States, because France had been the great ally of America during the Revolutionary War ; and, moreover, the French seemed to be trying to do just what the Americans had done, though the attempt ended very differently in the two cases. So there was in the United States a very strong party which sympathized heartily with the French Revolu- tion ; and, on the other hand, there was another strong party, composed of those who were afraid of French example and French influence, and who wished the United States Government to resemble the English Government as much as possible. These admirers of England were commonly called " Federalists " in those days ; while those who sympathized with France were called "Republicans," and afterwards "Democrats." Washington, Hamilton, and John Adams were con- sidered Federalists ; while Jefferson and Samuel Adams were Democrats. This difference between the two parties showed itself even in regard to the forms and ceremonies of the government, and the style of living among public officers. The Federalists were afraid that the national government would not command respect enough; and they wished to see a good deal of formality, and even of elegance. On the other hand, the Democrats feared that the national government would become too power- ful ; that it would destroy the rights of the States ; and that it would become too costly and aristocratic, as in European nations. President Washington's wa^ of 222 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. living was complained of as too showy and expensive , and it certainly would seem so to us, although, in those days, the habits of society were different, and these things attracted less attention. When, for instance, it was doubted by what official name the president should be called, Washington was himself in favor of the words, "High Mightiness," — the words used to describe the Stadtholder of Holland ; that State being then a repub- lic. This phrase was, however, rejected ; and the more moderate title, " Excellency," was substituted. Again : when Washington drove to the sessions of Congress, he went in a state-coach, of which the body was in the shape of a hemisphere, cream-colored, bordered with flowers round the panels, and ornamented with figures representing cupids, and supporting festoons. On great occasions the coach was drawn by six horses ; on ordi- nary occasions, by four ; and on Sundays, by two only. The driver and postilions wore liveries of white and scarlet. President Washington held levees, or receptions, once a fortnight, in his own house. At precisely three in the afternoon the doors of the great dining-room were thrown open ; and the guests who were admitted saw' the president standing before the fireplace, with mem- bers of his cabinet or other eminent men around him. On these occasions he was usually dressed in black velvet, with white or pearl-colored waistcoat, yellow gloves, and silver knee-buckles and shoe-buckles. His hair was powdered, and gathered into a silk bag behind. He carried a cocked hat in his hand, and wore a long sword with a scabbard of polished white leather. He uever shook hands with his guests, but bowed to each WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 223 when introduced, and afterwards had a little conversa- tion with each. Mrs. Washington, also, had evening levees, at which every one appeared in full dress. The birthday of the president was celebrated by dinners and public meetings in all the large towns of the nation, as the birthday of the king of England had been before celebrated ; and on these occasions odes were often addressed to Washington by poets. All these things were believed by many people to have an impor- tant influence in adding dignity and decorum to the young Republic. Others, however, thought that harm was done by this imitation of the customs prevailing in monarchies ; and such persons accused Washington of too much etiquette and ostentation. It must be remembered, that, in all classes of society, there was then more formality than now, and that the display of elegant costumes was much greater. The judges of the Supreme Court in winter wore robes of scarlet faced with velvet, and in summer wore very full black silk robes, as is still their practice. Clergy- men wore wigs, with gown and bands, in the pulpit, and cocked hats in the street. In private life, there was much the same style of dress after the Revolution as before, although, for a time, people were poorer. Ladies wore those beautiful silks and brocades which are still preserved as heirlooms in many American families ; and their hair was dressed with powder and pomatum, and often built up to a great height above the head. The hair-dressers were kept so busy on the day of any fashionable entertainment, that ladies sometimes had to employ their services at four or five in the morning, and had to sit upright all the rest of the day, 224 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. in order to avoid disturbing the head-dress. Gentle- men had a great variety of color in their clothes, and employed a richness of material, such as only ladies now display. " If a gentleman went abroad, he ap- peared in his wig, white stock, white satin embroidered vest, black satin small-clothes with white silk stockings, and fine broadcloth or velvet coat : if at home, a velvet cap, sometimes with a fine linen one under it, took the place of the wig ; while a gown, frequently of colored damask, lined with silk, was substituted for the coat, and the feet were covered with leather slippers of some fancy color." Gentlemen took snuff almost universally in those days ; and a great deal of expense and beauty was often lavished on a snuff-box. To take snuff with one another was as much a matter of courtesy as the lifting of the hat. The theatre was only just beginning to be publicly tolerated ; but private theatricals sometimes took place ; and Washington occasionally had them at his own house. Concerts of music were allowed ; and balls were sometimes given on a very large scale, especially by foreign ambassadors. At one of these given in Philadelphia by the French Ambassador, a building was erected on purpose for the entertainment. There were seven hundred guests, and ten thousand spectators were collected in the street outside. Ladies and gen- tlemen went to balls in sedan-chairs ; the guests arriv- ing between seven and eignt. The dances were chiefly minuets and contra-dances ; quadrilles being only just introduced. At the first Inauguration Ball, a quantity of fans, ordered from Paris for the purpose, were dis- tributed among the ladies. These fans were of ivory WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 225 and paper ; and each bore a medallion portrait of Gen- eral Washington. While this was the way of living among the more fashionable classes of society, the people at large were gradually recovering from the losses of war, and were engaging in various branches of industry. War is apt to unsettle the habits of a people ; but most of the dis- charged soldiers of the Revolution went willingly back to their farms and workshops, and were, proud of hav- ing established a republic where there was liberty and also law. Many were for a time very poor ; but there were few beggars to be seen, — so few as to surprise foreign travellers. The chief occupations of the peo- ple were agriculture and commerce, together with hunt- ing and fishing. There were as yet neither cotton-mills nor woollen-mills ; and very few of the varied modern mechanical inventions had yet been introduced. In the country, people still had great open fires of wood, still burned tallow candles of their own making, and wore homespun garments. Even people in the cities were not far from the wilderness; and the gun and fishing-rod were to be found in most houses, even in the Eastern States ; while at the South, there were hardly any large towns at all, and the Far West was as yet unexplored by the English colonists, and was only known by the Canadian French. During the administration of .Washington, a most im- portant invention was made, which was destined to have great influence on American history. When the first European explorers came to the American Continent, they found growing wild, in its southern parts, a plant called cotton. It had already been used in other 15 4 S26 'toung folks' united states. parts of the world ; its fine fibre, or down, being spun into cloth. It was easy enough to raise cotton ; but the great trouble was to separate the seed from the fibre, which was called "ginning" it. It had to be done by hand, and it took a whole day to gin a pound. Finally an ingenious young man from Massachusetts, named Eli Whitney, who had just graduated at Yale College, went to Georgia to teach school ; and the widow of General Greene, in whose family he was living, and who had seen how skilfully he made toys for her children, begged him to invent a machine for ginning cotton. He had never even seen the cotton-seed ; but he walked to Savannah, got some of the seed, and tried experiments in machinery. He could not even buy tools or wire in that region, but had to make them for himself. This was in 1792. At last, with great difficulty, he made a rude machine, and showed it to his friend, Mrs. Greene, who invited the leading cot- ton-planters to examine it. All saw at once that it was to be successful ; but, before it could be finished, the building in which he worked was broken open by night, and the machine was carried off. Other machinps were made from it ; and it was long before the inventor could get any compensation for his labor. After this in- vention was perfected, the cultivation and manufacture of cotton at once grew up to immense importance ; and American cotton supplied the world, which never could have been the case but for some such invention as that of Eli Whitney. Soon after Washington became president, one of the most distinguished of Americans died, — one of those who had rendered the greatest services to the liberty WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 227 of their country. This was Dr. Benjamin Franklin. He was born in Boston, in 1706, and was the son of a poor tallow-chandler. When a boy he learned the printer's trade ; and at seventeen left home, and estab- lished himself in Philadelphia. He and a young part- ner began busi- ness with no capi- tal, and felt very grateful to a friend whom they met in the street, who gave them a five- shilling job. Then they seiupa news- paper, and pub- lished an alma- nac, called " Poor Richard's Alma- nack," which had a great circula- tion. They also dealt in all sorts of small wares, — rags, ink, soap, benjamin franklin. feathers, coffee. FranklifT was a great reader, and a great student of the sciences, especially of electricity ; and he formed the theory that lightning and the electrical fluid were- the same thing. This he said in a pamphlet ; and some readers thought it a very absurd view. Then he resolved to prove it ; and he and his young son made a great kite of a silk handkerchief, fastened a piece of sharpened w'w^ \o the stick, and went out to fly the kite 225 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. in a thunder-storm. As the low thunder-cloud passed, the electric fluid came down the string of the kite ; and, when Franklin touched a key that he had fastened to the string, his knuckles drew sparks from it, and proved that there was electricity there. This led him to invent the lightning-rod, which is now in such uni- versal use, and draws down the electricity from the cloud, on the same principle. This discovery at once made him very famous in Europe, as well as in America. He was afterwards sent to England on a public mission, and remained there till the outbreak of the Revolution. Returning to America, he was one of the framers and signers of the Declaration of Independence. After- wards he was sent ambassador to France, and aided in making the treaty with France which secured the independence of the American Colonies. He was a man of the greatest activity, public spirit, and wit. He had a most important influence in all public affairs, and founded more good institutions and benevolent enterprises than any American of his time. His last public act was to sign a memorial to Congress, in behalf of the Philadelphia Antislavery Society, of which he was president, asking the abolition of slavery. He lived to be eighty-four, dying April 17, 1790. The whole nation mourned when he died ; and Mirabeau, then the leader of the French Assembly, called him " the sage whom two worlds claim as their own," and proposed that the Assembly should wear mourning on the arm for him, during three days, which was done. It was said of him, after his death, by a celebrated Frenchman, Turgot, that " he snatched the lightning from the sky, and the sceptre from tyrants." WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 229 During Washington's administration, several new States were added to the original thirteen. The first of these was Vermont, in 1791. Vermont had been first settled by pioneers, to whom the governor of New Hampshire had granted lands, — hardy men, who lived by cutting down the forests, and by establishing iron- furnaces. After a time New York claimed this terri- tory, and tried to drive out the settlers. They resisted, and sent Ethan Allen, their leader, to remonstrate with the New York legislature. The legislature treated the demands of • the settlers with contempt ; upon which Ethan Allen went away, defying them, and said in the words of the Bible, " Our gods are gods of the hills : therefore they are stronger than yours." Then New York sent officers to drive out the settlers ; but the " Green Mountain Boys," as they began to be called, resisted. If any one attempted to eject them from their settlements, he was seized, tied to a tree, and whipped with beechen rods ; which process they called " applying the beech seal." Large rewards were offered for the arrest of Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, and others, but to no avail. When the Revolution broke out, the " Green Mountain'Boys " wished to join the Provincial Congress ; but New York objected to this, and they were excluded. However, they distinguished them- selves very much during the Revolution, and were admitted soon after the Union had been formed ; taking for their settlement the name of Vermont, which signifies " Green Mountain." Then Kentucky came into the Union in 1792. This region was at first considered as a part of Vir- ginia, and was only explored a short time before the 250 YOUNG folks' united STATES. American Revolution. The first explorer was Daniel Boone, a famous hunter and pioneer. He used to penetrate the wildest regions with small parties of men, to hunt and trap wild animals for the furs, and to make salt at the famous " Salt Licks," or springs. He built forts, and sometimes held them for several days, with his few men, against much larger bodies of Indi- ans. Once he was carried away a prisoner, and adopted into an Indian family, but at last made his escape. After his adventures were made known, settlers rapidly flocked in, coming mostly from the lower parts of Vir- ginia, and bringing their slaves with them. They were stoutly resisted by the Indians ; and a long series of conflicts followed, from which came the name by which that region was long known, " The Dark and Bloody Ground." The Spanish Government tried at one time to induce the Kentuckians to declare themselves inde- pendent of the Union, and then to join Louisiana, which still belonged to Spain. But all these efforts failed, and the "Dark and Bloody Ground" became one of the United States. The name Kentucky is said to mean " Long River." Tennessee came into the Union next, in 1796. This part of the country had been explored much earlier than Kentucky, and had, probably, been visited by De Soto long before the settlement of the more eastern States. De Soto was probably the first European to conduct a party of men to the Mississippi River, or the " Hidden River," or " Inland Sea," as it was then often called ; and he had marched with his troops and cannon, for weeks, through wildernesses before unex- plored. When he died of fever at last, in 1542, his WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 23 1 soWiers wished to secure his remains against the Indi- ans : so they hollowed the trunk of an old tree, placed his body in it, and sunk it in a deep part of the Missis- sippi River. But, for a long time afterwards, that part of the country was almost unvisited by white men, and the land was occupied more slowly than in Kentucky. The settlers came chiefly from North Carolina ; and for a time their settlements were considered a part of that colony. At one time the people became dissatisfied, and tried to establish a separate State, under the name of Franklin ; but the project was given up, and, after various changes, that whole region was admitted as one of the United States under the name of Tennessee ; this being the Indian name for the principal river that flows through it. The settlers had brought their slaves with them ; so that Tennessee, also, was a slave State. Thus, at the end of Washington's administration, there were sixteen States in the Union. There was also the " North-west Territory," as it was called, not yet organized into States, — the whole wide region between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, from which slavery had been forever excluded by a law passed by Congress in 1787. The first census of the nation was taken in 1790 ; and the population was about four mil- lions (3,929,214). Washington served two terms, or eight years, and then declined a re-election. John Adams of Massachusetts, who had been vice-president, was the second president of the United States (1797-1801). He was what was called a Federalist, and was chosen by a small majority over Thomas Jefferson, who belonged to the opposite party. It was the law in those days that the candidate 2.s2 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. who came second in the presidential election should be made vice-president; and so Mr. Jefferson was assigned to that office under Mr. Adams, though they differed a great deal in their politics. President Adams had been one of the foremost of the patriots from the outbreak of the Revolution. He had after- ^vards assisted in framing the Declaration of Inde- pendence ; and he had been one of the ambassadors to make the treaty with France at the close of the Rev- olution. He was inaugurated presi- dent at Philadel- phia, to which city the seat of govern- ment had been re- moved. Under his administration it was removed thence to Wash- ington, to a site which President Washington himself had selected. After President Adams came into power, the trou- bles with France went on Increasing. Ambassadors had been sent there from the United States ; but the French Government would not receive them. Then it was hinted to the ambassadors that a payment of money would reconcile France ; and one of them answered, " Millions for defence, not a cent for trib- JOHN ADAMS. WASHINGTON AND ADAMS. 233 ute." It was Charles C. Pinckney of South Carolina who said this ; and the sentiment was repeated every- where through the United States. There seemed to be great prospect of another war ; and General Wash- ington was called from his quiet home in Virginia, to take command of the army. There were some sea- fights between French and American vessels ; but, when Napoleon Bonaparte came into power. President Adams succeeded in making a treaty with him, in 1800 ; and after this there was peace with France. But there had to be an increase of taxation to meet the expense of these preparations for war ; and this made the administration of President Adams unpopular with many people. Some laws had also been passed, called " Alien and Sedition Laws," which were very much disliked, because they gave the president au- thority to arrest any foreigner, and to send him out of the country, without a trial ; and also gave unusual power to the president in other ways. Great as Presi- dent Adams's public services had been, he was made very unpopular by these laws ; and he was not re- elected for a second term, as Washington had been. The popular vote was so divided, that there was no choice ; and the House of Representatives, which had in such cases the right of deciding, chose Mr. Jefferson as president, in Mr. Adams's place. It was during the administration of President Adams, that General Washington died, Dec. 14, 1799. There had been much party bitterness during the latter part of Washington's administration ; but when he died the whole nation mourned. All felt how much the new American Republic had owed to his courage, 234 YOUNG folks' united states. foresight, truthfulness, and disinteresteaness. The resolutions passed by the House of Representatives declared that he was " first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." This was very true ; and the phrase has become almost a proverb in speaking of Washington. No new States were admitted into the Union in President Adams's time ; but the region between Georgia and the Mississippi River was organized into a " territory," and began to be settled. It comprised what is now included by the States of Mississippi and Alabama. None of the vast region west of the Mis- sissippi yet belonged to the United States, nor did Florida. Another census of the nation was taken in 1800 ; and the population had risen to nearly five mil- lions and a half (5,308,483). CHAPTER XXrSf. Jefferson's administration. THOMAS JEFFERSON of Virginia was the third president of the United States, and served two terms (1801-1809). He was well known as having been the framer of the Declaration of In- dependence, and as having been vice-president un- der John Adams. He represented the Republican party, as it was then called, or Democratic party, as it was after- wards called, — the party which sympathized with France rather than with England in the war that was going on between those nations. American politics turned very much on 235 THOMAS JEFFERSON. 236 YOUNG folks' united STATES. this war, because it put the United States in a very diffi- cult position. Both France and England had issued orders, each nation forbidding all trade with the other, and claiming the right to confiscate all vessels engaged in such trade. Thus every American vessel on the ocean was liable to capture by the one or the other of these two nations ; and, whether an American ship- master saw the English or the French flag, he tried equally hard to keep out of the way, for fear of having his vessel seized, and his crew perhaps imprisoned. Besides this, the English claimed the right to search American vessels to see if there were any English seamen on board, and to take any such, if found ; and several hundred men were thus seized in the course of a single year. It even happened, once or twice, that the whole crew of a ship was taken, and the vessel was left with nobody to man it. Once the British man- of-war " Leopard " attempted to search the American frigate " Chesapeake," for deserters, within sight of Fortress Monroe in Virginia ; and, when the American commander refused to submit, his ship was fired upon, and compelled to surrender ; and four men were carried away, one of whom was hanged. All this caused the greatest injury to American commerce, and much angry feeling against Great Britain. Then Congress, wishing to punish England by ceasing to trade with her, laid, in 1807, an " embargo," as it was called, or prohibition, forbidding American shipping from leaving American ports. But this hurt the United States, in the end, much more than it hurt England. It completed the injury that other causes had begun ; and it made Presi- dent Jefferson very unpopular, for a time, with Ameri- can merchants. Jefferson's administration. 237 There was also much trouble with the Barbary States, along the Mediterranean Sea. These States subsisted by piracy, and by claiming as slaves the crews and passengers of all vessels that they took. It was a common thing, at that time, for notices to be read in American churches of the captivity of mem- bers of the church in Tripoli or Algiers. Then a sum of money was usually raised for the ransom of each, — as much as four thousand dollars for a captain or ^ passenger. Sometimes these sums were paid by sub- scription, and sometimes by the government. Thou- sands of Americans were thus held in captivity ; and millions of dollars were spent for ransom. A treaty was made with these Barbary States, by which it was agreed that the United States should pay a certain amount of money for the protection of the national commerce. Then a dispute arose about the terms of this treaty ; and Pres- ident Jefferson re- solved to bear this humiliation no long- er. The American navy consisted, at that time, of but six vessels ; and he sent four of them to the Mediterranean. One of these, the frigate " Philadelphia," under Captain Bainbridge, ran aground LIEUTKNANT DECATUR. 22,2. YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. in the harbor of Tripoli, and was captured ; and the crew were made slaves. A young lieutenant, named Decatur, proposed to the commander of the fleet to take command of a Tripolitan vessel that had just been captured, put an American crew on board, enter the harbor by night, and rescue or burn the " Philadelphia." This was successfully done. The little Tripolitan ves- DECATUIC BURNING THE "PHILADELPHIA. sel came quietly in beside the captured frigate ; and Decatur and his men recaptured her in ten minutes. But it was impossible to move her ; and in a few min- utes the " Philadelphia " was in flames, and the little vessel of Decatur was sailing out of the harbor again, without the loss of a man. This was on Feb. 15, 1804. Decatur afterwards distinguished himself in some des- JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 239 perate contests with the Tripolitans ; and many years later, at the head of a squadron, he so intimidated all the Barbary States, that they never afterwards demanded tribute of Americans, or claimed the right to hold them as slaves. Jefferson's administration was conducted on a system very different, in some respects, from those of Wash- ington and Adams. His personal habits were very simple, and so were his views of government. Instead of going in a coach-and-six to the Capitol, as Washing- ton had done, Jefferson rode thither on horseback, on the day of his inauguration, dismounted, tied his horse to a post, and read his address. Afterwards he did not do even this, but sent a " message " to Congress by a secretary, as has been the practice ever since. He abolished the weekly levees, but, on New Year's Day and the Fourth of July, threw open his doors to the whole people. He would not have his birthday cele- brated, as had been the previous custom ; but concealed the day in order to prevent this. He reduced the expenses of the government as far as possible, and paid off thirty-three millions of debt. He believed strongly in universal suffrage, at least for all persons of the male sex. He thought that all men had a natural right to vote for their own rulers, and his party sus- tained him in this ; while the Federal party looked with great distrust on the system of government by popular vote, and believed that suffrage should be very care- fully limited. We must remember that in those days a republican government seemed, even to many patriotic Americans, a very doubtful experiment ; while Jefferson had a very hearty faith in it, and so did a great deal 240 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. for its success. But party spirit ran very high then j and there has been a great division of opinion, ever since, as to the wisdom of much that was done by Jefferson. One important event that happened during Jeffer- son's administration was the passage of a law forbid- ding the African slave-trade. This trade had existed ever since 1619, w^hen the first slaves were brought into Virginia ; and it was agreed, when the Constitution was formed, that there should be no interference with the slave-trade until Jan. i, 1808. More than a year before that time, President Jefferson called the atten- tion of Congress to the subject, and congratulated the members that they would soon be able to forbid a traffic, " which," he said, " the morality, the reputation, and the best interests of the country, have long been eager to proscribe." Then arose a very exciting debate in Congress. No one was in favor of continuing the slave- trade, but there were great differences of opinion as to the way of putting it down ; and it was, moreover, pointed out, that, if it was right to hold slaves at all, it could not be wrong to import them. At last, under the lead of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts, and others, a law was passed, forbidding the importation of slaves from any foreign country into the United States, after the year 1807. In spite of the law, however, slaves were secretly imported for many years, until treaties were made with other maritime countries, by which the slave-trade was declared to be piracy, and the navies of different nations united to break it up. But the slave- trade between the States of the American Union, not being prohibited by law, lasted till American slavery itself was abolished by the war of the Rebellion. THE FIRST STEAMBOAT. 241 The most important invention made in America dur- ing Jefferson's administration was that of the steam- boat. The first person to propose it was Thomas Paine, in 1778, during the Revolution. James Ramsey in 1784 built a vessel which reached a speed of three or four miles an hour, against the stream, on the Potomac. John Fitch built one, soon after, that was employed on the Delaware ; and he predicted, more- over, that steamships would one day cross the Atlantic. But. these steamboats were not at all like those now built; their engines being made upon a different prin- ciple. The first boat constructed on the present plan was launched upon the Hudson, by Robert Fulton, in 1807. While the vessel was being built, it was called " Fulton's Folly," and every one laughed at it. He himself wrote that no one had ever made to him a single encouraging remark about it. But, before the boat had gone a quarter of a mile, unbelievers were converted ; and the people ^who had collected to see the experiment began to shout with applause. The vessel was named the " Clermont," and made the trip from New York to Albany, at the rate of five miles an hour, against the wind and tide. As it moved, it sent 16 ROBERT FULTON. 242 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. showers of sparks into the air. The noise of ma chinery and paddles was very great ; and, when it passed other vessels, their sailors sometimes hid themselves below the deck, and knelt, praying for protection from this horrible monster. From this time forward, steam- boats rapidly multiplied, were greatly improved, and were soon in general use ; though it was not generally supposed, for a long time after, that they could safely cross the ocean. THE "CLER.MONT. The vice-president under President Jefferson, at his first election, was Aaron Burr, who was one of the most briUiant men of that period. He and Jefferson had precisely the same number of votes for president ; so that the House of Representatives had to decide between them, as was the rule ; and, after a great many ballotings, Jefferson was chosen president, and Burr vice-president. Burr had distinguished himself as a soldier and as a statesman ; but he lost most of his popularity after he had killed, in a duel, his political rival, Alexander Hamilton, who was much more be- loved than himself, and who had performed an im- portant part in establishing the government. Through SETTLEMENT OF OHIO. 243 this unpopularity, Burr failed to be re-elected vice-presi- dent in Jefferson's second term ; and he was afterwards generally believed to have formed a plan to invade Mexico, and to separate several States from the Union. He was tried for treason on this charge, but was ac- quitted ; yet he never again was respected or trusted by the people. During Jefferson's administration, the State of Ohio was organized and admitted into the Union, in 1802, making the seventeenth State of the Union. The Ohio Valley had been visited by the French as early as 1680 ; and it has already been told how they and the English had contended for its possession through the period of " French and Indian Wars." It was aban- doned by the French in 1763, together with all their American possessions ; and, after the American Revo- lution, the question came up whether the Ohio Valley belonged to certain States which claimed it, or to the United States Government. Finally it was agreed that it should be surrendered to the United States, except certain small portions which were reserved by different States ; and the main part was then called "the North-west Territory." Even after this, there were frequent wars with the Indians ; so that the Ohio Valley was slowly settled. When it was at last organ- ized into a State, it still retained the name of the river, "the beautiful river," as the early French ex- plorer had called it. The State of Ohio had seemed very far west, down to the time of Jefferson ; and a man who had seen Lake Michigan or the mouth of the Missouri River was considered in those days a great traveller. But 244 YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. an event soon happened which opened the eyes of pea pie to the vast extent of the American Continent and to the prospects of the American Union. This was the purchase of a vast and unexplored region, stretch- ing west from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and called by the name of Louisiana. The history of the discovery of the Mississippi River is like a romance. It was first reached in 1541, as has been already told, by the Spaniards who had marched through the forests with De Soto. That great leader died, and was buried beneath its waters ; and for a century the river was almost forgotten. It hardly appeared on the Spanish maps ; and, when men spoke of it, they called it " The Unknown River." A hundred years after, the French explorers from Canada reached the rivers that flow into the Mississippi. La Salle, the most daring of them all, after trying again and again, --- often setting off on his expeditions in the dead of winter, travelling on snow-shoes, living on buffalo-meat and the flesh of alligators, sometimes almost drowned amid floating ice, at other times almost killed by starvation and Indian cruelt}^, — at last descended the Illinois to the Mississippi, and floated down that stream to the Gulf of Mexico. There, at the mouth of the river, in the year 1682, he took pos- session of that whole region in the name of the French king, Louis XIV. ; named it Louisiana, after him ; and set up a column, on which the name of the king was inscribed, with the lilies, which were the arms of France. Almost a hundred years after that (in 1762), the French gave up Louisiana to the Spaniards ; and they, LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 245 forty years after, gave it up to Napoleon Bonaparte, who sold it during the year 1803, even before he had taken possession of it, to President Jefferson, for the United States Government. The price paid was fifteen million dollars. What is now the State of Louisiana was but a little part of the vast territory which then bore that name ; for this territory extended from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, and from the British Posses- sions on the north, to Mexico on the south. The new purchase comprised nearly nine hundred thousand square miles (899,579), whereas the whole domain of the original thirteen colonies was not much more than eight hundred thousand square miles (820,680). Thus the purchase of what was called Louisiana more than doubled the area of the national territory. When we consider how little explored, even to this day, is much of this great territory west of the Missis- sippi, we can imagine what an unknown world it must have seemed, seventy years ago, when only its out- skirts had been visited by white men. But, when Presi- dent Jefferson had once secured it for the American nation, he was much too energetic to leave it unex- plored. He desired to know what the formation of the country was, what great rivers watered it, what its animals and plants and minerals were, and, above all, what tribes of Indians were to be found there, — whether they were disposed to be warlike or peaceful, and whether they would sell the title to their lands. So the president sent out his private secretary, Capt. Meriwether Lewis, together with Capt. William Clark, to conduct an exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains. There were thirty men in all ; and they 246 - YOUNG folks' united STATES. carried with them provisions, camp-equipage, fire-arms, and presents for the Indian tribes. They left St. Louis, which was then a mere trading-post, in the autumn of 1803, and were gone between two and three years, encamping three winters in the wilderness. They ascended the Missouri River in boats to the great falls, which no white man had then visited ; then traced the river to its sources in what were then called the Stony Mountains ; and there, finding a rivulet flowing toward the west, they followed it until they reached the Pacific Ocean. The river they descended was one whose mouth had before been visited by a Boston trader, Capt. Robert Gray ; and he had named it, after one of his vessels, the " Columbia." This Cap- tain Gray was the first man to carry the American flag round the world by water, as Lewis and Clark were the first to carry it across the continent by land. After reaching the Pacific, the party returned, as- cending the Columbia River, and crossing the moun- tains once more. President Jefferson wrote, in regard to their return, " Never did a similar event excite more joy throughout the United States. The humblest of its citizens had taken a lively interest in the issue of the journey, and looked forward with impatience for the information it would furnish." And indeed the travellers could tell of many wonders, when their narra- tive was published. They told of finding the buffalo so abundant, that, in one case, a herd occupied the whole breadth of a river a mile wide, and the party had to stop for an hour to see the animals pass by. They described Indian tribes before unknown, — the Man- dans, Shoshones, and others. They reported some o^ LEWIS AND CLARK'S EXPEDITION. 247 these tribes as being wretchedly poor and destitute, and others as having good houses, excellent guns, and such a plenty of horses, that a traveller could at any time buy one for a few beads. These Indians knew so little of civilized habits, that one chief was very grate- ful for some dried squashes, and said that they made the best food he had ever tasted, except sugar, of which he had once eaten a single lump. He said that he should be very happy if he lived in a country that produced so many nice things. The white explorers learned, that, by trading with the Indians, they could obtain a great supply of valuable furs ; and a New York merchant, named John Jacob Astor, soon estab- lished a trading-post, called Astoria, at the mouth of Columbia River. But this post was afterwards sold to one of the British fur-companies ; and it was not till many years later, that any part of the Pacific slope was recognized as belonging permanently to the United States. CHAPTER XXV. MADISON AND MONROE, THE WAR OF l8l2, AND THIi ERA OF GOOD FEELING. THE next president was James Madison of Virginia. He had been a member of the convention that had framed the Constitution ; and he served as presi- _ dent for two terms, or eight years, — from 1809 to 18 1 7. When he was in- augurated, he found the nation involved in dis- putes with the Brit- ish Government, about the right of searching Ameri- can vessels, and the restrictions laid on American commerce. These disputes remained unsettled ; and at last, June 18, 1812, the Congress of the United States, by a large majority, declared war against England. 248 JAMES MADISON. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 249 There was a great deal of opposition to the war, as it was thought by many to be quite unnecessary ; and many even thought that the offences committed by England were not so great as thosis^of France. This increased the hostility between the Democrats, who favored France, and the Federalists, who liked England better ; and at one time some members of this last party held a convention at Hartford, Conn., in order to oppose the prolongation of the war. But the war went on, though at first the American troops were quite unsuccessful. There was an attempt to conquer Canada ; but General Hull had finally to surrender Detroit to the British troops; and General Van Rensselaer was also defeated. The Indians took an important part against the Americans in this war, under a chief named Tecumseh, who formed a plan to unite the various Indian tribes against the whites, as had been attempted by Pontiac half a century before. Even before the war with England, Tecumseh had led his Indians against the Americans, and had been de- feated by General Harrison at Tippecanoe ; and this made him strive more desperately to unite the Indian tribes with the English troops. He took an active part in many battles, but was killed at last. But, while the United States army was rather unsuc- cessful, the navy obtained great honor in the War of 18 1 2. The frigate " Constitution," under Captain Hull, took the British frigate " Guerriere ; " and there were other important American successes. On the other hand, the British frigate " Shannon " captured the United States frigate " Chesapeake," at the mouth of Boston harbor ; and the brave Captain Lawrence, the 250 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. commander of the " Chesapeake," was killed, exclaim* ing as he died, " Don't give up the ship ! " Afterwards, on Lake Erie, there was a contest (Sept. lo, 1813) between a British squadron of six vessels, and an American squadron of nine ; these last being under command of Lieut. O. H-. Perry. His flag-ship was named the " Lawrence," after the brave captain of the " Chesapeake ; " and his flag had inscribed upon it the dying words of Lawrence. But this ship was almost de- stroyed in the fight ; and Perry, getting into an open boat, transferred his flag to a second ship, and gained the vic- tory. When the British ships sur- rendered. Perry wrote to his com- manding officer, on the back of an old letter, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." This is said to have been the first instance in the history of the British navy of the sur- render of an entire squadron. Later in the war, Capt. David Porter fought the " Essex " against two British vessels, for two hours and a half, and only surrendered when his frigate was burning under him. The war lasted nearly three years ; and in the last LIEUTENANT PERRY. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 251 year (1814), the British troops took and plundered many towns on the southern coast, and finally burned the Capitol and the president's house at Washington. They also attacked New Orleans, which was defended by Gen. Andrew Jackson, with a much smaller force than that brought against it. He built breastworks of cotton-bales, and fought from behind them, repulsing PERRY S VICTORY. the attacking army of twelve thousand, with the loss of but seven Americans killed. This happened Jan. 8, 1815, and was the last battle of the war; indeed, the treaty of Ghent had been signed a fortnight before the battle (Dec. 24, 1814) ; making peace between the two nations, though the news of this peace had not yet reached the armies at New Orleans. It is a remarka 252 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. ble fact, that the treaty of Ghent said not a word in regard to the right of search on board of American vessels, the very thing about which the war had been chiefly waged. But the bravery and success of the United States navy had virtually settled that dispute ; and no further trouble ever arose about it. Thus ended the "War of 1812," sometimes called the "Late War," between the United States and Great Britain. Since that time, in spite of some temporary disagree- ments, there has been peace between the two great English-speaking nations ; and it is to be hoped that it will always continue. For a long time after this, the United States seemed very peaceful and prosperous. For thirty years there was no war ; and the feeling of hostility between political parties gradually diminished. The population of the countr}^ in 18 10 was more than seven millions, (7,239,881) ; and after this it went on increasing more rapidly. The new States and Territories of the West were being opened for settlement. A great national road had been built from Cumberland, Md., to Wheel- ing, Va. ; and along this road a perpetual stream of wagons poured into Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky. Other emigrants went westward and southward by the new steamboats just introduced on the Ohio and Mis- sissippi. Others went on rafts and barges^ carrying all their household goods with them. The forests still covered all Ohio ; and there were almost no roads, so that water-communication was the chief dependence. A whole neighborhood would unite, and build a flat- boat to send their produce to New Orleans ; the boat- men perhaps walking home again. Other emigrants MONROES ADMINISTRATION. 253 went round by sea to the distant mouth of the Cohmi- bia River, on the Pacific, where John Jacob Astor had established his trading-post. Then more and more people arrived from Europe. More than twenty-two thousand came in 1817, the last year of Madison's administration, — twice as many as had arrived during the previous year. It seemed an enormous number then, though it would seem but a small number now. Thus the whole nation was in a state of activity and growth. Two new States, Louisiana (18 12) and Indiana (18 16), were added to the Union during Madison's administration ; these making nineteen in all. Louisiana was formed out of the southern part of the great terri- tory purchased from France a few years before. This southern part had previously been called " The Territory of Orleans ; " but the name of Louisiana was the old name that the French had given it, in honor of Louis, king of France. The name of Indiana came from the Indians, who still inhabited that region. The next president was James Monroe of Virginia (1817-1825), who had fought in the Revolutionary War, and had been Secretary of State under Madison. His administration was often called " the era of good feel- ing," because party strife, as well as war, for a time had died away. There was, however, much trouble with the Seminole Indians in Florida ; for, though Florida was not yet a part of the United States, it lay just beyond the border of Georgia ; and the Indians of Florida, many of whom had married fugitive slaves, were often committing depredations on the frontier. General Jackson in vain endeavored to subdue them, and, in the effort to do it, marched his troops into 254 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. Florida, though it was still a Spanish colony. This led to a dispute with Spain, which was finally settled by a treaty made in 1819, giving Florida to the United States, five million dollars -being paid for it. This made another addition of nearly sixty-seven thousand square miles (66,900) to the area of the United States, though Florida was not admitted as a separate State for many years. But in this era of good feeling there was arising a cause of trouble far greater than any that had afflicted the young nation before. That source of difficulty was slavery. Ever since the first shipload of slaves had been brought to Virginia, in 1619, slavery had become more and more thoroughly the settled system of the Southern States of the Union ; and the Northern States had been more and more disposed to regard it as an evil. When the Constitution was formed, it, was supposed that slavery was a thing that would soon die out, and that the main source of dispute would be a jealousy between the large and small States of the Union. But this proved to be a great mistake ; and the hostility that arose was between the free and the slave States. During Monroe's administration, new States were rapidly formed out of the vast unsettled region of the West ; and it became a matter of much importance whether they should come in with slavery or without. For a time it happened that free States and slave States came in alternately ; since the " Or- dinance of 1787" excluded slavery from the North- western Territory, while the South-western Territories had introduced it. Thus, after Indiana, came Missis- sippi (in 1817), a free State and a slave State; after MISSOURI COMPROMISE. 255 Illinois (1818), came Alabama (1819), a free State and a slave State ; after Maine (1820), came Missouri (182 1), a free State and a slave State; all these being admitted during Mr. Monroe's administration. But there came a struggle over the admission of this last State, Missouri, showing that the era of good feeling had come to an end. The Northern members of Con- gress declared that it was wrong and unwise that there should be another slave State in the Union. The Southern members declared, that as there were many such States already, and the Constitution protected them, so there must be more of them to preserve the balance of power ; and they claimed, that, whenever a free State was admitted, a slave State ought properly to come in also. Between these two opinions there arose a great and angry contest Thus the era of good feeling under Monroe proved to be only a calm between two storms. The -old political disputes were at an end ; and a new contest about slavery was beginning, — a contest that was destined to convulse the land for nearly half a century. All the arguments for and against slavery were brought up in the Missouri discussion. It was said that slavery was inhuman ; that no man could rightfully hold prop- erty in his brother-man ; that the relation between master and slave was demoralizing to both; that it was a cruel wrong to sell people at auction, and to break up families; and that the founders of the Republic, as Washington and Jefferson, had opposed slavery, and had wished to get rid of it. On the other hand, the friends of slavery said, that, even if Washington and Jefferson were opposed to it in theory, they, neverthe- 256 YOUNG folks' united STATES. less, kept their own slaves ; that the Constitution recog- nized and defended slavery ; that it was the best con- dition for the colored people ; that white men could not work out of doors in hot climates ; and that cotton and sugar could be raised in no other way. There was great excitement over the dispute ; and finally it ended in a compromise. It was agreed by Congress that Missouri should come in as a slave State, but that slavery should be elsewhere prohibited in new States north of 36° 30' north latitude ; this being the line of the southern border of Missouri. South of this, the people of each new State might have slavery or not, as they might prefer. This was the famous " Missouri Compromise" of 1820. Like compromises of principle generally, it only postponed the evil day. At the time of that agreement, slavery was comparatively weak, and might have been abolished, or at least restricted by the nation. By letting it grow, it was allowed to reach such power, that it required for its abolition a great civil war, and the lives of many thousand men. Still it was supposed, for a time, that the slavery question had been finally settled by this compromise ; and there were other questions, about tariffs and banks, that were generally considered much more important. When General La Fayette came from France to revisit the young nation for whose freedom he had fought, everybody greeted him with enthusiasm ; and the nation seemed quiet and at peace. This was just before Mr. Monroe retired from office. He left the nation with five new States added to the Union, as has already been said. Of these, Illinois had been previously a part of Indiana ; and the word GROWTH OF THE NATIOIST. ^57 " Illinois " was the name of an Indian tribe, and meant "The Men." Mississippi and Alabama were both made out of the old Mississippi Territory, which also took its name from a river ; the Indian word meaning "The Great River." The words " Alabama " and " Missouri " were both taken from rivers ; the latter name mean- ing "Muddy Wa- ters." All these States had been originally ex- plored and settled by the French. As for the State of Maine, it was formed out of Massachusetts, of which it had been a district ; and it is generally sup- posed to have been named in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I., who owned the province of Maine, in France. Others think that this name was given be- cause it was the mainland, as distinguished from the numerous islands along the coast. These new States made the number twenty-four in all, — almost twice as many as " the old thirteen." At the census taken in 1820, the population of the United States was about nine and a half millions (9,638,453). 17 GENERAL LA FAYETTE. 258 YOUNG folks' united STATES. Monroe's administration had expressed great sym- patliy for the new republics formed in South America, and had announced the opinion that the United States should thenceforward never allow any European gov- ernment to plant a colony on the soil of North or South America, or to interfere in American affairs, but that the people of the different parts of the continent should govern themselves. This has always been called " the Monroe doctrine," and is considered one of the most important results of this president's administra- tion. CHAPTER XXVI. \DAMS AND JACKSON. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. — NULLIFICATION AND THE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS of Massachusetts was the next president, serving one term, — from 1825 to 1529. All the previous presidents had taken part in the Revolutionary War, or in founding the government ; but John Quincy Adams belonged to a younger genera- tion, and had been but nine years old when his father had signed the Declara- tion of Independ- ence, and when he himself had heard it read from the State House in Bos- ton. Since then, the young nation had freed and es- tablished itself, and had widened its bounds, and was at peace. During the administration of Mr. Adams, much was done to open 259 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 26o YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. the interior of the country for settlement. Almost all the Indian tribes had been removed west of the Mis- sissippi ; and their lands had been bought by the gov- ernment. A great system of canals had been begun, affording better means of communication than any that had before existed. Chief among these was the Erie Canal, which connected Lake Erie with the harbor of New York. It was completed in 1825 ; and Gov. De Witt Clinton of New York, who had planned it, and had himself dug the first spadeful of earth, was con- veyed the whole distance in a barge, amid the ringing of bells and the discharge of cannon. After this, pop- ulation poured rapidly into the interior of New York State ; and, wherever canals were built, towns and vil- lages grew up. It was during Mr. Adams's presidency, moreover, that the first railroad in America was built, in 1827, — EARLY RAILROAD TRAIN. a road of three miles only, leading from the granite quarries to the wharves at Quincy, Mass. The cars were drawn by horses ; and the first locomotive engine was not used until two years later, when it was imported from England, where such engines had only just been introduced. This first engine only averaged about four- teen miles an hour, and was regarded as a great curios- ity. Many people predicted in America, as they had in INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 261 England, that it would never be able to move its own weight, but that the wheels would spin round and round upon the rail. Others thought, that, if it succeeded, it would destroy the value of farming-lands by frightening all the animals, and would stop the raising of sheep, because their wool would be so blackened by the smoke. They were very much surprised when they saw locomotives running peaceably, and without causing any of these disasters. During John Quincy Adams's administration, his father, Ex-President John Adams, died ; and Ex-Presi- dent Jefferson died on the same day. As they had grown older, these two eminent statesmen had become friends, and had outlived all the disputes between Federalist and Democrat. They used constantly to write friendly letters to each other ; and, by a sin- gular coincidence, the day on which they died was July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, which they both had signed. The last words said by Jefferson were, " Is this the Fourth? " and the last words of Adams were thought to be, " Thomas Jefferson still lives." A patriotic celebration was being held in the village where Mr. Adams lived ; and he had sent to it a toast : " Independence forever." As he lay dying, at sunset time, those who watched by his bed could hear the distant shouting at the village, when the people had heard the old man's last message. One public question, about which there was great difference of opinion at that time, was in regard to the amount of duty to be placed on goods imported from foreign countries. Such a system of duties is called a "tariff;" and there is a difference of opinion in 262 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. America to this day about it. There are those who think that a high tariff, or duty, should be put on cer- tain manufactured goods, in order to keep out foreign goods, and protect American manufactures. There are others who think that trade should be entirely free, and that there should be no duties or custom-houses at all. Between these, there are people of all shades of opinion, even now, as there were in Mr. Adams's time. But he favored a higher tariff than his opponent ; and this was one chief reason why he failed of re-election after his first term of office. Andrew Jackson of Tennessee was the next presi- dent, serving two terms, — from 1829 to 1837. He had been well known as an army officer, from the time when he built up the cot- ton breastworks at New Orleans, and repulsed the British army by firing from behind them. He was a man of great courage, honesty, and energy, though somewhat narrow and violent. While he was president, there grew up much discontent in the Southern States with regard to the tariff. In South Cax- ohna especially, it was thought that the duties imposed ANDREW JACKSON. NULLIFICATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 263 were altogether too favorable to Northern manufactur- ers ; and finally a convention was held in the State, in 1832, to plan secession from the Union. It was decided that no duties should be paid in South Carolina after a certain day ; and that, if the United States Government attempted to enforce such payment, South Carolina should organize a separate government. At the head of this organization was to be placed Mr. Calhoun, the vice-president of the United States. Medals were made with the inscription, "John C. Calhoun, First President of the Southern Confederacy." Blue cockades were worn in the streets, with a button in the centre, bearing a palmetto, a symbol chosen for the new nation. All this was called "nulHfication." Preparation for armed resistance was also made. But President Jackson issued a proclamation announcing, "to say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the United States are not a nation." At the same time, additional troops and vessels of war were quickly sent to South Carolina, and placed under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott ; and, soon after. Congress passed a law for a gradual reduction of the duties of which South Carolina complained. After this the threats of South Carolina were withdrawn ; and the danger of civil war for that time passed by. During President Jackson's term of office, several of the remaining Indian tribes were removed west of the Mississippi, including the Sacs and Foxes, the Chickasaws and Choctaws. But the Seminoles in Florida refused to remove ; and a war was carried on with them for a long time in the swamps of that region, — the " Everglades " as they are called. Many fugitive 264 YOUNG folks' united STATES. slaves had escaped to these swamps, and had intermar- ried with the Indians. These slaves and their children were called Maroons. The principal Indian chief, a half-breed named Osceola, had a Maroon wife, born in the Everglades ; and once, when she went with him to one of the United States forts, she was seized as a slave by the former owner of her mother. Osceola was placed in irons while she was taken away into captivity ; and, after his release, he pledged himself to vengeance against the whites. He was accordingly the leader of the Indians in war, till he was treacherously seized under a flag of truce ; and he was then confined in a fort until his death. The war was continued for many years, at a great cost of money and life, until the tribe was almost extinct ; but the expense of the contest had been more than three times as much as had been paid to the Spanish Government for the whole of Florida. This Florida war, having been waged largely against fugitive slaves, only increased the excitement on the question of slavery. During General Jackson's admin- istration, a man named Benjamin Lundy, a Quaker, began a newspaper, called " The Genius of Universal Emancipation," urging that the slaves should be gradu- ally freed. This did not attract much attention ; but in 183 1 a young man named William Lloyd Garrison, who had been Lundy's assistant editor, established a weekly paper in Boston, called "The Liberator," whose open aim was immediate, unconditional emancipation. This made a great excitement all over the country. The legislature of Georgia offered five thousand dollars tor the head of Garrison ; and the governor of Massa- THE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT. 265 chusetts (Edward Everett) expressed in his annual mes sage the opinion that the aboUtionists might be prose- cuted in the courts. Mr. Garrison had, however, said, in his paper, " I will not equivocate ; I will not excuse ; I will not retreat a single inch ; and I will be heard." The excitement was much increased by an insurrection that took place in Virginia, headed by a slave named Nat Turner, who, with a band of associates, went from house to house, putting whole families to death. Mr. Garrison was opposed to this, and to all war and to all bloodshed ; but the insurrection was, nevertheless, attributed to his teachings. Turner was at last arrested, tried, and executed. After this, the New England Anti- slavery Society, which was founded by Garrison in 1832, exerted more and more influence. Other societies were founded in different parts of the country. To resist all such agitation. President Jackson urged Congress to pass a law excluding antislavery publications from the mails ; but the bill was finally defeated. President Jackson was made popular with many peo- ple by the energy and firmness he had shown in several cases, especially in dealing with South Carolina, and in preventing, by his veto, the establishment of a national bank, to which his party was much opposed. He was, however, much disliked by many, for these same acts ; and there was much party excitement while he was in power. He also made himself unpopular by remov- ing from office, in many cases, those opposed to his administration, and appointing his political supporters to the places thus left vacant. This practice had never before existed on any large scale ; but it has, unfortu- nately, continued ever since. The nation was, however. 266 YOUNG folks' "UNITED STATES. prosperous, and out of debt ; and indeed there was a surplus of revenue, so that there was a sum of money to be distributed among the States. The census taken in 1830, under Jackson's administration, showed a popu- lation of nearly thirteen millions (12,866,020), — more" than three times what it had been during the presi- dency of Washington. Under Jackson, moreover, two new States were added to the Union, — Arkansas (1836), formed from a portion of the great Louisiana purchase, and named for a tribe of Indians now extinct ; and Michigan (1837), named from Indian words meaning "great lake." Michigan was formed from a part of the old North-west Territory, early explored and settled by the French ; and, as slavery had been prohibited in all that territory by the "Ordinance of 1787," Michi- gan came in as a free State ; but Arkansas came in as a slave State. CHAPTER XXVII. VAN BUREN, HARRISON, TYLER, AND THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. THE next president was Martin Van Buren of New York (1837-1841). Like General Jackson before him, he was the candidate of the Democratic party, which differed from the Whig party, as the opposition party was now called, mainly in insisting more oft the rights of the separate States, and less on those of the General Govern- ment. During Mr. Van Buren's admin- istration, there was great excitement on the Canadian fron- tier, because of a re- bellion against the British Government in Canada. Many people in the States bordering on Canada sympathized with this rebellion ; but the American Government discouraged all active assistance, as being contrary to international law. The rebellion was finally subdued. 267 MARTIN VAN BUREN. 268 YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. But there was an excitement which kept on increas- ing in the United States during all President Van Buren's time, and was far more important than the Canadian rebellion. This was the antislavery agitation, which grew steadily greater, and was often resisted by mobs and violence, even in the free States. A slave child named Med, who had been brought by her master into Boston, was declared free by the Supreme Court of the State, as not being a fugitive ; and several similar triumphs were obtained. On the other hand, a meet- ing of the Boston Female Antislavery Society was broken up by a mob, while the mayor declared himself unable to protect it ; and Mr. Garrison, who had at- tempted to address the society, was dragged through the streets with a rope round his body, and was finally saved by the police, who lodged him in jail for protec- tion. A public hall in Philadelphia, called Pennsyl- vania Hall, where the national convention of antislavery women had met, was burned. Schools for colored chil- dren in New Hampshire and Connecticut were broken up. At Alton, 111., Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, who edited an antislavery newspaper, was killed by a mob. In Congress, a plan was brought forward for the annexa- tion of Texas, then an independent Republic ; and, as it was seen that this measure would have the effect of strengthening slavery, petitions were poured into Con- gress by the thousand, many of them signed by women, against it. Great efforts were made to exclude these petitions ; and Ex-President John Quincy Adams spoke an hour a day, for twelve days, amid constant inter- ruptions, in behalf of the petitioners. The annexation of Texas was for the time defeated ; but a rule was TIPPECANOE AND TYLER TOO. 269 adopted by Congress, and for ten years remained in force, excluding all petitions on any subject pertaining to slavery. While Mr. Van Buren was president, there was great commercial distress, and there were many failures among men of business ; and this was one great reason why he was not re-elected, but was defeated after his first term. No new States were added during his administration ; but when the census was taken (in 1840) it was found that the population of the country had increased to seventeen millions (17,069,453), — more than four times the population of Washington's time. The general discontent of the nation over business troubles, during Mr. Van Buren's administration, led to a great excitement as to the choice of his successor. Gen. William Henry Harrison of Ohio, who had fought Tecumseh and his Indians bravely thirty years before, was nominated for president by the Whigs. As he came from what was then the Far West, some one gave him the name of " The Log-Cabin Candidate ; " and all over the country log-cabins were soon built for political meetings ; and there were political celebrations, at which cider was the only beverage, this being a favorite drink among farmers. There were many songs composed and sung at these gatherings, — songs about " the hero of Tippecanoe " and about " Tippecanoe and Tyler too;" John Tyler being the candidate for vice-presi- dent. In short, it was the liveliest political campaign that had ever been known ; and the end of it was the election, by an overwhelming vote, of General Harrison, who was inaugurated president in 1841. 270 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. General Harrison lived precisely a month after his inauguration ; and Vice-President John Tyler of Vir- ginia became president for the remainder of the four years (1841-1845). During his administration, the nation was at peace with foreign countries, though war was at one time threatened between the United States and Great Britain, because of a dispute about the boundary-line between Maine and New Brunswick. A treaty was at last made (in 1842), by Lord AshbUrton in behalf of England, and by Daniel Webster for America ; and this settled the question of the boundary. Then there were internal troubles in several of the States. In Rhode Island (in 1842), there was a revolt against the old colonial charter under which the State had always been governed ; and, after a brief military contest known as the " Dorr War," the rebellion was defeated, though a new constitution was adopted at last, in consequence of it. In New York, along the Hudson River, where the estates of the old Dutch " patroons " lay, the tenants who occupied these estates grew unwilling to pay rent to the descendants of the early proprietors, and there was armed resistance for a time. There was also much disturbance in Illinois, where the religious sect called the "Mormons," or " Latter-Day Saints," who had built a city called Nau- voo, were assailed repeatedly by mobs. The Mormon sect had been founded fourteen years before, by a man named Joseph Smith, who claimed to have discovered a book, called " The Book of Mormon," written on gold plates that were found buried in the earth. The Mor- mons first established themselves in Missouri, were driven thence by mob violence to Illinois, and thence ANNEXATION OF TEXAS. 27 1 to the Territory of Utah, where they made for them- selves a settlement in the wilderness, and still remain. One new State was admitted into the Union dur- ing Mr. Tyler's administration, — Florida. As has already been told, Florida contained older European settlements than any part of the nation to which it was annexed ; St. Augustine even dating back to the early Spanish colony of 1565. Florida had been alternately claimed by the Spaniards, the French, and the English, and had been finally ceded by Spain to the United States in 18 19. For many years it was governed only as a Territory ; but in 1845 it was admitted as a State. Its name came from the day on which it was first explored, Easter Sunday, called by the Span- iards Pascua Florida, or Flowery Easter. But Mr. Tyler's administration will be chiefly remem- bered as having brought about the annexation to the United States of a foreign State, — the State of Texas. Texas had been first explored by La Salle, in 1684, when looking for the mouth of the Mississippi. From that time forth, it had been almost constantly the scene of war between hostile claimants. First the Spaniards and French contested for it, and established rival "missions," or religious settlements. Then the large province of Texas revolted from Mexico, and declared itself an independent State. Many Americans took part in obtaining the independence of Texas ; for sev- eral large American colonies had been established there, and these Americans had carried their slaves with them ; whereas Mexico had before abolished slavery. Thus there was much sympathy for Texas in the South-western States of the American Union ; and 272 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. there was a strong desire to annex it to the United States. On the other hand, the free States were gen- erally much opposed to its admission, as it was frankly- admitted by Mr. Calhoun, the great leader of the pro- slavery party, that the object of the measure was " to uphold the interests of slavery, extend its influence, and secure its permanent duration." This seemed very likely to prove true, because Texas was an im- mense region, including three hundred and eighteen thousand square miles, and being thus one-third as large as the original thirteen States combined, forty times as large as Massachusetts, and more than twice as large as the great States of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio put together. If, now, all this were to be ad- mitted as slave territory, it seemed as if freedom would be entirely outvoted in the government forever. This accounts for the great opposition that was made to the annexation of Texas, which, however, finally took place at the end of Mr. Tyler's administration. A joint resolution for this purpose passed the United States House of Representatives Feb. 25, 1845, and the United States Senate March i ; and it was approved by the president on the very day it passed the Senate, — three days before he went out of office. A great territory was thus added to the nation, in return for which the United States assumed the Texas debt of seven and a half million dollars. This seemed to many people, at that time, to be a great sum to pay for a very doubtful advantage ; and it was often said that the word "Texas" was only "Taxes" with the letters differently- arranged. CHAPTER XXVIII. POLK AND THE MEXICAN WAR. JAMES K. POLK of Tennessee was president of the United States for the next four years (1845-1849) ; and the report of his nomination was the first news ever transmitted by telegraph in America, being sent on the new line which Professor Morse had just completed between Washington and Baltimore. Mr. Polk was the candidate of the Democratic party ; and he was opposed by the Whig party and the new party called the " Lib- erty " party, which was formed to resist the influence of slavery. Mr. Polk's election turned mainly on the ques- tion of the annexation of Texas, though this was finally settled just before he came into power. There was also a question, which, for a time, caused much anxiety, as to the possession of Oregon. The American Government had made claim to Oregon, because an American captain had discovered the Columbia River, and an American expedition, Lewis and Clark's, had explored it. But that whole region had been practically under control of the British fur companies ; and, though many Americans had settled there, it had always been disputed territory. In 1846, however, under President Polk, a treaty was made which divided this great region. The United 18 273 274 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. States had claimed as far north as 54° 40' north lati- tude ; and " Fifty-four forty, or fight," was a favorite' electioneering motto in the presidential campaign. But it was finally agreed that the line should be drawn at 49°. All north of this was given to Great Britain ; and all south, including more than three hundred thousand (308,052) square miles, to the United States. Thus the western boundary question was peacefully settled, as the north-eastern boundary question had been settled just before ; and this did much credit to Mr. Polk's ddmniistration, and gave satisfaction to almost all. But the other great event of Mr. Polk's administra- tion was something about which people were not at all agreed, and which many, especially in the Northern States, regarded as a great calamity, — the Mexican War. When the United States had annexed Texas, the nation found that it had still another question of boundary on its hands. Texas claimed that its western boundary was the Rio Grande, and Mexico claimed that it was the River Nuece^ ; and, as these rivers were a •hundred miles apart, there was a wdde range of disputed territory between. The United States took up the cause of Texas ; and General Taylor was sent to the disputed ground with a small army. The Mexicans, also, sent troops thither ; and fighting soon began, first in a small way, then in some larger battles, at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, in which the Americans were suc- cessful. Then General Taylor crossed the Rio Grande, and took Matamoras, which was within undisputed Mexican territory. There was much excitement in Washington on hear- ing this news. Congress voted thus, May 11, 1846 THE MEXICAN WAR. 275 " By the act of the Republic of Mexico, war exists between that government and the United States ; " though the Whig members declared that the war was not really begun by Mexico, but by General Taylor. Congress also voted ten million dollars for the war, and resolved to raise fifty thousand volunteers. There was not much sympathy for the war in the Eastern States ; but the South-western States, which were nearest the scene of excitement, sent many volunteers to the aid of General Taylor. At last his army reached nearly seven thousand men ; and with this he took, in three days, the fortified town of Monterey, garrisoned by ten thousand Mexi- cans. Then Gen- eral Santa Anna, who had formerly been President of Mexico, and was regarded as the best soldier of that Republic, took command of the Mexican army, but was beaten by General Taylor, with a much small- er force, at Buena Vista. Then Gen- eral Scott was sent, with an addi- tional army, to attack the principal port and fortress of Mexico, Vera Cruz, with the hope of thus penetrating to GENERAL SCOTT. 276 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. the capital of the country, and " conquering a peace/' He, accordingly, with twelve thousand men, bombarded Vera Cruz ; and it was surrendered, with the fortress oi San Juan d'Ulloa, the strongest fortress on the conti- nent, except that of Quebec. A fleet under Commodore Matthew C. Perry also assisted in this attack. Then the American army advanced toward the capital, over- BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA. — REPULSE OF MEXICAN LANCERS. coming all difficulties, and winning a series of daring victories on the way, always against great superiority of numbers. Among these battles were those of Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, El Molino del Rey, and Chapul- tepec ; and the Americans finally took possession of the city of Mexico, Sept. 14, 1847. It was a city of a hundred and forty thousand inhabitants ; and the END OF THE WAR. 277 army that entered it consisted of less than six thousand men. Meanwhile the Mexican provinces were being at- tacked in several different directions. Gen. Stephen Kearny marched into New Mexico, and Colonel Doni- phan, into Chihuahua ; and their small forces took pos- session of those provinces. Capt. J. C. Fremont, who was exploring California with only sixty men, had formed a plan of making California into an independent State, such as Texas had been, and had induced the American settlers in the Sacramento Valley to join him in this effort. He had raised over his troops a flag, bearing the figure of a bear, to represent independent California ; but, on hearing that an American fleet had taken Monterey, on the seacoast, he raised the Ameri- can flag instead. After a series of fights with Mexican troops, and with the aid of Commodore Stockton and a naval force, he took possession of California in order that it might become a part of the United States. At last a treaty was made with Mexico, by which Mexico gave up New Mexico and Upper California to the United States, and agreed to accept the Rio Grande as the boundary between herself and Texas. The terri- tory thus added to the United States was more than half a million (522,955) square miles. In return, the United States agreed to pay Mexico fifteen millions of dollars, and to assume the debts due citizens of the United States from Mexico, amounting to three and a half millions besides. The treaty by which all this was accomplished was called the " Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo," from the city where it was made. It .was signed Feb. 2, 1848, and was ratified by Congress 278 YOUNG folks' united STATES. March 10 of the same year. Thus the Mexican War closed in two years from its beginning. Nobody knew, when this treaty was made, how great was the value of the territory thus gained. California had been known only as a distant region, whither men went by sea, around Cape Horn, to buy hides and furs. But in 1848 there came rumors to the Eastern States of gold mines on the Sacramento River, in California, which promised to be richer than any in the world. It was said that a laborer in the employ of Captain Sutter, a Swiss settler in the Sacramento Valley, had found in the sand some glittering particles, which turned out to be gold. Then there' was a sud- den and eager emigration to that region from all parts of the Union ; and in the very first year the mines yielded four million dollars' worth of gold. Within two years San Francisco contained fifteen thousand inhabit- ants. The name of California is supposed to have been taken from an old Spanish romance, in which the name was given to an imaginary island filled with gold ; and the early explorer, Cortes, when he visited the western coast of the continent, applied that name to the whole region long before any gold was actually found there. During Mr. Polk's administration three more States were admitted to the American Union, making thirty in all. These were Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin ; the names of all three being taken from Indian tribes or rivers. Texas was admitted as a State in 1845 ; and the same antislavery feeling that had resisted its annexation was revived to resist its admission as a State, but unsuccessfully. Then came Iowa (1846), THE SLAVERY QUESTION. 279 which was made out of a part of the great Louisiana purchase, and Wisconsin (1848), which had been a part of the old " North-west territory " originally belonging to the United States. Both these last were free States ; and it became plainer and plainer that the multitude of foreign immigrants would always prefer free territory to slave territory, and that the free States would inevitably grow faster than the others. This made the slavehold- ing States still more desirous to secure more States of their own description, wherever it was possible ; and when, at the x:lose of the Mexican War, a great extent of new territory was acquired, great efforts were made on both sides to secure control of it. For this purpose Mr. Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced into Congress a measure, commonly called the " Wilmot Proviso," absolutely excluding slavery from the whole of the new acquisitions. It was long discussed, and finally de- feated ; but the agitation led to the formation of a new party, whose object was to oppose the extension of slavery. It was called the " Freesoil " party, and took the place of the old Liberty party. Under its new name it took an active part in the next presidential election, and at a later period, under the name of the " Republican " party, obtained the control of the gov- ernment. CHAPTER XXIX. THE APPROACH OF THE CIVIL WAR. TAYLOR, FILLMORE, AND PIERCE. AT the next presidential election, the Whig party, which had opposed the Mexican War, thought it best to nominate for president the most successful general of the war, Zachary Taylor of Louisiana. He had been popular with his soldiers, and had been named by them "Old Rough and Ready." He was opposed by the Democratic party and by the new " Freesoil " party, but was elected, and was inaugurated March 5, 1849. ^^ ^^^^ ^ little more than a year after- wards, July 9, 1850 ; and Vice-President Millard Fill- ■nore of New York became president for the remainder of that presidential term, 1850-1853. The antislavery struggle had now risen to be the jhief question before Congress ; and an attempt was made by Henry Clay of Kentucky, a very eloquent and persuasive orator, to settle it forever by a series of what were called " Compromise Measures." One of the principal measures was the admission of California as a free State. Another was the abolition of the slave- trade in the District of Columbia. These were adopted, and were regarded as concessions in favor 280 FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. 28 1 of freedom. On the other hand, to balance these, a bill was introduced, called the Fugitive Slave Law, giving the owners of slaves the opportunity to recapture their escaped slaves in any part of the free States, and to carry them back without trial by jury. This was considered by many to be unconstitutional, as well as inhuman. It was opposed and denounced by the leading antislavery orators, such as Charles Sumner, Horace Mann, Wendell Phillips, and Theodore Parker ; but it was supported by leading Northern statesmen, such as Daniel Webster; and it became a law, Sept. i8, 1850. This law produced more excitement than any thing that had before happened during the antislavery agita- tion. In Syracuse, N.Y., a fugitive named Jerry was rescued by force from the government officers : in Bos- ton one named Shadrach was rescued ; and an attempt was made to rescue another, named Anthony Burns. One man was killed in this last attempt ; and troops were ordered out to aid in the surrender of the alleged slave. In Ohio a fugitive woman, named Margaret Garner, killed two of her own children to save them from being carried into slavery. In several of the States, laws were framed to restrict or defeat the ope- ration of the Fugitive Slave Law, and to secure at least a jury trial for those claimed as slaves. These compromise measures formed the most im- portant feature of Mr. Fillmore's administration. In other respects his term of office was a peaceful one. One new State was admitted during this time : it was formed, in 1850, out of the territory purchased at the close of the Mexican War, and was named California ; 282 ' YOUNG folks' united STATES. thus perpetuating the old Spanish name. The two Ter- ritories of New Mexico and Utah were also organized out of the same purchase. New Mexico was inhabited chiefly by a population of Spanish origin; and Utah had been settled by the religious sect called Mormons, whose leader, Brigham Young, was commissioned by the president as governor of the Territory. By the census of 1850 the population of the whole nation was about twenty-three millions (23,191,876). Mr. Fillmore had been elected as a Whig; though the antislavery agitation was fast destroying old party lines. His successor, Franklin Pierce of New Hamp- shire (1853-1857), was a Democrat. During his term the same agitation was further increased by the efforts of the friends of slavery to overthrow the Missouri Com- promise, as it was called ; a law which had been passed in 1820, prohibiting slavery north of a certain line in that great domain which had been bought under the name of Louisiana. It was now proposed to organize out of that region, from which slavery had been thus excluded, two new Territories, to be named Kansas and Nebraska, and to let the inhabitants determine for them- selves whether they should establish slavery or free- dom. This change of policy was strongly resisted by the antislavery party, and more than three thousand of the New England clergy petitioned Congress against it ; but it was finally passed. May 30, 1854. As this law left it to the settlers to decide upon their institutions, it was considered important both by the friends and the opponents of slavery to encourage emi- gration to the new Territories. Parties were therefore organized for this purpose in various parts of the Union. BORDER RUFFIANISM. 283 Those from the free States generally went as permanent settlers, with their families ; but many went in from the slave States, merely to take part in the disturbances, and aid in establishing slavery. This was especially the case with a class of Missourians, who could at any time cross the Kansas border, commit depredations, vote at elections, and then retreat across the border, undisturbed. These invaders were commonly called '' Border Ruffians." At one time they stopped the navi- gation of the Missouri River for all free State settlers, compelling all these to take a tedious overland journey EMIGRANTS CROSSING THE PLAINS. through Iowa. The United States officials supported, sometimes the one party, and sometimes the other, finally inclining towards the slaveholders ; while gov- ernor after governor was sent from Washington, and resigned in despair. Two separate governments were organized by the settlers, and two separate codes of law adopted. Actual fighting began at last. The free State military leaders . — Lane, Montgomeiy, and others — organized bands to defend their settle- ments ; and Capt. John Brown took an especially daring part in the defence. At Ossawattomie, for instance, he defended himself, with sixteen men, against several 284 YOUNG folks' united STATES. hundred marauders from Missouri ; his little band killing and wounding more than four times their own number, and losing but two men. The same invaders sacked and burned the flourishing village of Lawrence, lately settled by men from Massachusetts. Many fami- lies in Kansas were reduced to poverty during this period, or lived by taking horses and cattle belonging to those of the other party ; so that men would speak of a proslavery horse or an antislavery cow, according as the owner of these animals belonged to either side. At last the establishment of freedom was secured in Nebraska and Kansas, but at a great cost of suffering and hatred. A more peaceful event of President Pierce's admin- istration was a purchase of territory called the " Gads- den Purchase," from the name of the minister who negotiated it. When the treaty of Guadalupe Hidal- go was made, at the close of the Mexican War, it was founded on an inaccurate map ; and this afterwards led to a dispute about the New Mexican boundary. To settle the dispute, the United States bought of Mexico (Dec. 30, 1853) a part of the Territories now known as Arizona and New Mexico, for ten million dollars. This purchase included about forty-five thousand square miles, and brought the whole territorial extent of the United States (in 1854) up to nearly three million square miles (2,981,701). This was nearly four times the area of the original thirteen States, and far larger than that of the famous Roman empire in its greatest days. Another important event that occurred in the time of President Pierce was a treaty with Japan, negotiated March 21, 1854, by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, TREATY WITH JAPAN. 285 brother of the hero of Lake Erie. Before this time Japan had rigidly exckided from its ports all foreigners, except about a dozen Dutch traders, and had allowed shipwrecked seamen to be treated with the greatest cruelty. Commodore Perry with an American sc^uad- ron compelled the Japanese to show more considera- tion for foreigners in distress ; and his treaty secured the removal of almost all restrictions on commerce with Japan. The new party opposed to the extension of slavery had now reached such strength, that the Whig party had gradually disappeared ; and the next presidential elec- tion lay mainly between the Republican party, as the new organization styled itself, and the old Democratic party. There was, however, a temporary party, com- posed of those who called themselves " Know Noth- ings," and aimed mainly to oppose foreign influence in national legislation. This party carried but one State, Maryland ; and the Democratic candidate, James Bu- chanan of Pennsylvania, was elected president. His administration (1857-186 1) will always be remembered as that in which the great civil war, or "War of the Rebellion," aiose. CHAPTER XXX. THE OPENING OF THE CIVIL WAR. BUCHANAN. MR. BUCHANAN'S inauguration took place on March 4, 1857 ; and that very year the Supreme Court pronounced a decision, called the " Dred Scott Decision," declaring the right of slaveholders to take their slaves with them into any part of the country. This made a great excitement throughout the free States ; and something else soon happened, which ex- cited the slave States almost as much. This was what is commonly called " John Brown's Raid." Capt. John Brown's name has been already mentioned in describ- ing the resistance of the " Free State " settlers of Kansas to the " Border Ruffians " of Missouri. After order was restored in Kansas, John Brown resolved to fulfil a plan he had long formed for resisting slavery in the slave States themselves. In his youth he had been familiar with the mountains of Virginia, and had there visited places, which, as he used to say, had evidently been created to be the stronghold for fugitive slaves. General Washington, long before him., had formed a plan to take the American army into these mountains, should the colonies be defeated ; and John Brown proposed to do the same with an army of blacks. So having collected a small body of men near Harper's 286 JOHN BROWN S RAID. 287 Ferry, Va., he entered and took possession of the town, Oct. 16, 1859. He at once seized the United States Arsenal, intending thus to secure arms for the fugitive slaves whom he meant to summon to his side. He frankly announced his object to be the freedom of the slaves ; and he promised safety to all property, except slave-property. He had in all but twenty-two HAKPEKS FERR\. men ; but so great was the alarm produced by these, that several eye-witnesses reported the number to be three hundred ; and this estimate was at once tele- graphed to all parts of the Union. With this small number he ^ took many of the chief inhabitants of the town as hostages for the safety of those under his com- mand. Wishing to spare all unnecessary alarm to the 288 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. families of these hostages, he staid at Harper's Ferry too long for his safety ; so that militia companies had time to assemble, and finally a detachment of United States marines appeared upon the scene. Fifteen hundred militiamen were gradually collected in the town ; but Brown's little force defended the arsenal until nearly every man was killed or wounded, and they then surrendered to the United States troops. Colonel Washington, one of his prisoners, said that Captain Brown was " the coolest and firmest man he ever saw in defying danger and death. With one son dead by his side, and another shot through, he felt the pulse of his dying son with one hand, and held his rifle with the other, and commanded his men with the utmost composure, encouraging them to be firm." He fell at last with six wounds, and was thought to be dying. Ten of the party were killed, and four wounded. John Brown himself was put on trial before a Vir- ginia court, where he conducted himself in such a manner as to win the admiration even of his enemies. Governor Wise of Virginia said of him, " They are themselves mistaken who take him for a madman. . . . He is a man of clear head, of courage, fortitude, and simple ingenuousness.'. . . He inspired me with great confidence in his integrity as a man of truth." He was condemned and executed on the gallows Dec. 2, 1859, at Charlestown, Va. ; his last act being to kiss the fore- head of a little slave-child, on the way to the place of execution. Six of his comrades were executed at a later day. A few others, who were on duty outside the town, escaped to the mountains, and thence, with great peril and hardship, to the free States. One of John Brown's ELECTION OF MR. LINCOLN. 289 sons was the leader of this party, and has written a thriUing narrative of their escape. These events brought the agitation on the subject of slavery to its highest point, during President Buchan- an's administration. When the time drew near for the election of a new president, the old ' parties were so broken up, that there were four candidates in the field ; though Mr. Buchanan himself was not one of them. Out of these four, Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was elected, he havmg been nominated by the Republican party ; this being an enlarged form of the Free- soil party, which had itself succeeded the Liberty party. Mr. Lincoln was a man of very moderate opinions in regard to slavery, and was not disposed to interfere with it where it was already established by law. But his election was regarded by many in the slave States as very dangerous to the interests of slavery ; and these men resolved to dissolve the Union. They maintained that the United States consisted of a copartnership of entirely independent governments, and that any State could withdraw from it at will. This was the doctrine called " State Rights," which had long been popular in the Southern States, and especially in South Carolina. It was therefore very natural that South Carolina should take the lead in withdrawing from the Union ; and a convention was accordingly called in that State, and adopted (Dec. 20, i860) an ordinance of secession. Within six weeks similar conventions had been held, and similar votes passed, in the States of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. These States then formed themselves into what was called the " Southern Confederacy," and 19 »go YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. elected (Feb. 8, 1861) Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president, and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia as vice-president. The new confederacy placed itself boldly upon the righteousness of slavery as a permanent institution, and it openly aimed to establish a slave- holding nation in the Southern States. The authorities of South Carolina at once claimed ^/C ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER. possession of all national property in the State. Seeing this, Major Robert Anderson, who commanded the garrison of a small fort called Fort Moultrie in Charles- ton harbor, withdrew his force to Fort Sumter, a stronger position, and sent for re-enforcements from Washington. A steamer called the " Star of the West," carrying two hundred and fifty men, was sent ATTACK ON FORT SUMTER. 29 1 to Charleston in January, but was fired upon from Fort Moultrie, where the insurgents had placed a garrison. Then batteries were erected on the shore ; and at last (April 11), General Beauregard, in command of the rebel troops, demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter ; and, this being refused, the batteries opened fire upon the fort, early the next morning. For two days, the fire continued ; and, at midnight of the second day. Major Anderson surrendered the fort, his eighty men being wholly exhausted, his barracks on fire, aiad his gun- powder almost gone. He stipulated that he should be allowed to march out with drums beating, and colors flying, and to bring away company and private property. This he. did on Sunday, April 14, firing away his re- maining powder in saluting the United States flag with fifty guns. The first gun fired at Fort Sumter aroused and ex- cited the whole nation ; and many who had before expressed much sympathy for the supporters of slavery now took sides with those who washed to preserve the Union. The eveint also produced a great impression at the South ; and acts of secession w^ere passed in North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee. In all these States the colored population took sides unanimously w^ith the Union ; but, being comjDOsed almost wholly of unarmed and ignorant slaves, they counted at first for little. There were also, in some of these States, many white citizens who opposed dis- union ; but they were, in most cases, gradually silenced, or driven away. Meanwhile President Buchanan showed no decision of character in dealing with the Rebellion ; and amid the rising tumult he went out of office. 292 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. During his administration, three new States'^iad been added to the Union, — Minnesota (1858), Oregon (1859), and Kansas (1861). Of these, Minnesota and Kansas were both formed mainly from the territory gained by the Louisiana purchase ; and both bear the Indian names of rivers flowing through them. Oregon was formed out of the territory secured to the United States by the boundary treaty of 1846 ; and the name is said to come from the word "Oregano," meaning wild rice, which grows profusely on the Pacific coast. By the census of i860, taken during Mr. Buchanan's administration, the whole population of the country was nearly thirty-one and a half millions (31,443,321). CHAPTER XXXI, THE CIVIL WAR. LINCOLN. NO one who was not in the midst of it can ima- gine the excitement that arose in all the Northern States when it was heard that Fort Sumter had been attacked. Up to that moment, there had been a great division of feeling at the North ; and there were many who thought, that, by patient efforts, those who wished to secede from the Union could be brought back again. Few really be- lieved that there was to be any serious fighting. While the white population of the South had been preparing for war, the Northern peo- ple had gone abcut their usual employment^ ; and, when the attack came, 4;hey Vv^ere quite taken by surprise. Although, three months before, the rebels in Louisiana had seized upon the fort at the mouth of the Missis- sippi, and upon the United Statec Arsenal at Baton Rouge, the Northern people could rxt convince them- selves that actual war would take place. So they were still unprepared. 293 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. ^94 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. When President Lincoln was inaugurated (March 4, 186 1), the regular army was very small, and very much scattered;" but, on the 15th of April, he issued a call for seventy-five thousand volunteers for three months only. A few regiments of militia were hastily sum- moned from the different States for the defence of Washington. One of these, the Sixth Massachusetts, SIXTH MASSACHU.-ETTo KECilMENT ATTACKED BY A MOB. was attacked by a mob in passing through Baltimore ; and, after three men had been killed by stones and clubs, one company fired on the mob in return, killing nine men, and wounding many. This took ' place on April 19, 1861, the anniversary of the Battle of Lex- ington. It produced almost as much excitement as the attack on Fort Sumter, not that the Baltimore ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY. 295 affair was a deliberate act of organized rebellion, but that it showed the feeling of hostility to the govern- ment wherever slavery existed. When it was necessary to send the next troops through Maryland, they were not marched through Bal- timore, but through Annapolis. General Butler, with regiments of militia from Massachusetts and New York, passed along the line of railway from Annapolis to Washington ; the soldiers repairing it as they went. Finding a wrecked locomotive by the roadside, the general asked if there was any one in the ranks who could repair it. " I can," said a soldier who had been examining the engine ; "for I built it." In truth, these troops were made up of men of all occupations, just taken from the daily pursuits of life ; and there were few trades which were not represented in every regiment. After a while, troops were sent through Baltimore again ; and it became, almost of necessity, a loyal city. But at first the thing most essential was to reach Washington without delay, and make it secure. When the first alarm about the safety of Washington was relieved, it became necessary to create an army. Recruits were gathered in all the States, under the president's proclamation, and were organized into regi- ments by the governors of the States. But all the mate- rials of war had to be collected by the United States Government. Mr. Buchanan's secretary of war, himself a secessionist, had sent several hundred thousand mus- kets to Southern arsenals, and left the Northern arsenals almost bare. It was the same with cannon and ammunition. All these, therefore, had to be bought, or manufactured by the government, at very short 296 YOUNG folks' united STATES. notice. It was necessary to have uniforms made for the soldiers, to organize a supply of horses and army- wagons, camp-equipage, medicines, and provisions, and io provide for the proper distribution of these to the troops in such way that there should be no waste or want. This all had to be begun at once, and to be completed as quickly as possible. President Lincoln also issued a proclamation, announcing that the South- ern ports were blockaded, and forbidding vessels to enter or leave them. On the 24th of May, troops were sent from Washing- ton into Virginia, some being ordered to Alexandria, some to Arlington Heights near Washington, Colonel Ellsworth, the youthful commander of a part of these troops, seeing a rebel flag flying from a. hotel, entered the house to take it down, and was shot by the proprie- tor. He was well known in the Northern cities ; and his death produced much indignation. Fighting soon began in both Eastern and Western Virginia. In Western Vir- ginia, there was a strong Union party ; and the rebel troops were finally driven out in a series of engagements in which General McClellan was the chief commander. In Eastern Virginia, there was an engagement at Big Bethel, in which the Union troops were defeated ; but there was no general engagement till July. Then Lieu- tenant-General Scott, the commander-in-chief, made an attempt to advance on Richmond ; and his troops, under General McDowell, were defeated at Bull Run. This was on July 21 ; some thirty thousand troops being engaged on each side. The result of the battle had seemed very doubtful until three o'clock in the after- noon, when re-enforcements arrived for the rebel troops ; RECOGNITION OF THE CONFEDERACY. 29) and the result was a total rout of the Union forces, whicn retreated in great disorder to Washington. Later in the year, there was a smaller battle at Ball's Bluff, in which the Union troops were also unsuccess^ ful. Thus the war opened badly in Eastern Virginia. On the other hand, the rebel troops were successfully driven out of Northern Missouri by General Lyon ; and some important expeditions were sent to different points on the Southern coast, such as Fort Hatteras in Virginia, and Port Royal Harbor in South Carolina. This last was especially important, as the rebel forces at once abandoned most of the posts they had seized along the South Atlantic coast, and never afterwards regained them. All this was accomplished in 1861. Towards the end of that year, Lieut.-Gen. Winiield Scott retired from the command of the armies of the United States, and was succeeded by Major-Gen. George B. McClellan. During the first year of the wr-r, the navy of the United States had to be greatly enlarged. At the outset, there were but four ships available for service at home, with less than three hundred sailors ; yet it was necessary to have a force large enough to block- ade all the ports of the seceded States. The rebels sent out privateers to prey upon American commerce ; and these privateers were protected and refitted in foreign ports, especially those of England. That na- tion, with France, Spain, and Portugal, recognized the seceded States as having the rights of belligerents ; thus putting the Confederacy, as a war power, on the same footing with the National Government. War with Eng- land was narrowly avoided, at the time when Messrs. 298 YOUNG folks' united STATES, Mason and Slidell, Confederate commissioners, were captured by a United States vessel from an English mail- steamer, Nov. 8, 1861. This act, being found to be con- trary to the law of nations, was promptly disowned by the American Government ; and peaceful relations were restored. But the hopes of the secessionists were sus- tained throughout the war by the expectation of being recognized and assisted by foreign governments. At the beginning of the year 1862 the whole Union army amounted to more than five hundred thousand men, almost all of these being volunteers. General McClellan, in command of the Army of the Potomac, marched up the peninsula formed by the James and York Rivers, to attack Richmond, the capital of the Confederate Government ; and he even crossed the Chickahominy River. When his advanced guard, under General Casey, was at Fair Oaks, within six miles of Richmond, it was attacked (May 31, 1862), and driven back, but was afterwards re-enforced, and ■ drove the opposing army into Richmond. Some eighty thousand men were engaged in this battle. McClellan, after remaining two months in camp, decided it to be neces- sary to withdraw his force, and change his base of operations to the James River. This led to a series of attacks from the Confederate forces, called " the Seven- Days' Battles of the Peninsula ; " the battle at Malvern Hills (July I, 1862) being the severest, and resulting, in the defeat of the rebels. In these battles nearly a hundred thousand men were engaged on each side ; each losing more than fifteen thousand. The army of Gen- eral Banks was ordered from the Shenandoah Valley to cover the change of position on the part of McClellan. INVASION OF MARYLAND. 299 There were battles at Cedar Mountai: and Bull Run. General Lee led the Confederate army across the Poto- mac into Maryland, capturing Harper's Ferry and Fred- eric City. Whittier's fine poem, " Barbara Frietchie," describes an incident that is said to have taken place at the capture of this city. Finally McClellan en- countered Lee at Antietam, Md. (Sept. 17, 1862), in BARBARA FRIETCHIE- one of the severest battles of the war. One hundred and fifty thousand men were engaged in it, including both armies. The Union loss in this battle and in that of South Mountain, which took place just before, was more than fourteen thousand ; and that of the rebels, more than twelve thousand. The Union army was victorious ; and, during the following night, General 300 YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. Lee withdrew his troops across the Potomac. Great dissatisfaction was felt with General McClellan for permitting this retreat ; and, as there had been similar dissatisfaction after Fair Oaks and Malvern, he was removed from command in November, and Gen. Am- brose E. Burnside was put in his place, at the head of the Army of the Potomac. Burnside crossed the Rappahannock, and took Fredericksburg, but was obliged to retreat again with heavy losses. Thus the second year of the war brought little prog- ress towards the immediate end of the contest, — the capture of the Confederate capital. But a naval con- test in Virginia waters meanwhile attracted the atten- tion of the whole nation, and, indeed, of the civilized world. The Union officers, early in the war, had aban- doned the navy-yard at Norfolk, and destroyed most of the vessels ; but some ships had escaped destruction, and among them the " Merrimack." The secessionists had covered this vessel with railroad iron and heavy timber, and had furnished her with a bow of steel. With this she attacked the Union squadron at Hampton Roads. The wooden frigates assailed her in vain. The balls struck and glanced upward, " having no more effect than peas from a pop-gun ;" and at the end of the day the Union frigate " Cumberland " had gone down, her brave commander ordering one more broadside as she sank ; the " Congress " was burned to the water's edge, and the " Minnes'ota " was aground. So matters stood, when, at nine in the evening, a little vessel of insignificant appearance, looking, as one eye-witness has said, "like a capsized whale-ship," and, as another said, "like a cheese-box on a raft," steamed into MONITOR AND MERRTMACK. 301 Hampton Roads. It was the " Monitor," commanded by Capt. John L. Worden, and invented by Captain Ericsson, an engineer of Swedish birth. In the morn- ing the '-Merrimack" got under way again, and bore down upon the frigate that lay aground. The " Moni- tor," steaming alongside the "Merrimack,". opened fire. The " ram " fired in return. For two hours the contest •• MONITOR ■' AND "MERKIMACIC." lasted, both ships using more powerful ordnance than had ever before been used in a naval encounter, and this at a distance of one hundred and fifty yards ; yet the cannonade was useless. Neither produced the slight- est effect on the other, until at last the " Monitor " sent a shell through a porthole of her antagonist, doing severe execution among the crew. After that the 302 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. " Merrimack " retreated, leaving the victory with the little " Alonitor." The whole nation was relieved when the new^s of this victory came ; for, if the " Merri- mack " had been left free to enter New York harbor, it might have destroyed every wooden vessel in port. The general substitution of iron vessels for wooden, in the navies of the world, may be said to have followed from this contest. While these things were going on, by land and water, in Virginia, there were very important events happen- ing elsewhere in the war. An expedition under Gen- eral Burnside captured Roanoke Island, and several important points in North Carolina, The Union troops took Fort Pulaski and the seaports of Eastern Florida. On the Western rivers two strongholds were taken, — Fort Henry on the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland. The latter was besieged by General Grant ; and, on the Confederate commxander's asking what terms the Union forces would accept, the message was returned, " Unconditional surrender ; " which after- wards became the nickname of General Grant. After the capture of Fort Donelson, the Confederate troops abandoned Nashville, the capital of Tennessee, and were driven from a strongly-fortified island in the Mississippi River, called "Island No. lo." A severe battle took place at Pittsburg Landing (April 6, 1862), betw^een the Union forces under Grant, and the Con- federate forces under Johnston and Beauregard. On the first day General Grant was driven from his posi tion with severe loss ; but on the second day, wath th^ aid of re-enforcements under General Buell, the Union troops recaptured the camps from which they had been CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS. 303 dislodged. More than a hundred thousand men were engaged in the battle of Pittsburg Landing ; and there were about ten thousand killed and wounded on each side. One of the most important warlike exploits of this year was the taking of New Orleans by a naval force, under Commodore Farragut, aided by a land force, under General Butler. The city was very strongly de- fended. Seventy-five miles below it, there were two strong forts ; and below these a chain was stretched across the river, with earth- works at each end. Be- tween the forts and the chain there were five rafts filled with inflammable ma- terials, — besides thirteen gunboats, an iron-clad float- ing battery, and an iron " ram." Commodore Far- ragut cannonaded the forts in vain, but saved his vessels from the burning rafts by seizing and extinguishing each as it floated down. At last he decided to attempt to run by the forts with his fleet. He accordingly got under way on April 24, 1862 ; and while the forts, the steamers, and the battery, all poured their fire upon the fleet, it steamed steadily up the river till the danger was passed. A single Union vessel, the " Varuna," sunk or disabled six rebel steam- ers ; and Farragut anofeored off the quarantine station that evening. The next morning he reached the- city, and took possession ; and the forts and fleet in the COMMODORE FARRAGUT. 304 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. river were surrendered a few days after. On May i General Butler, with a land force, entered New Orleans, and proclaimed martial law. Farragut afterwards penetrated farther up the river ; and, though Vicksburg held out some time longer, the control of the lower Mississippi was thenceforth secured to the government. But the most important occurrence of this year was COMMODORE FARRAGUT PASSING THE FORTS BELOW NEW ORLEANS. a political event, — the President's proclamation for the emancipation of the slaves. The war had not been origi- nally waged for the abolition of slavery, but to preserve the Union ; and when Union generals — Fre'mont, Phelps, and Hunter — had, at different times and places, undertaken to set free the slaves of rebel masters, the President had revoked their action, or limited it to the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 305 slaves actually employed against the government. It proved, at last, necessary to declare freedom to the slaves; and on Sept. 22, 1862, President Lincoln issued this proclamation : — " That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth, and forever free ; and the Executive Gov- ernment of the United States, including the militar) and naval authority thereof, will recognize and main- tain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any effort they may make for their actual freedom." In his message to Congress, the President thus ex- plained this act : — " In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free, honorable alike in what we give and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best hope of earth. . . . The way is plain, peace- ful, glorious, just, — a way, which, if followed, the world will forever applaud, and God must forever bless." Almost at the same time with this proclamation, the policy of raising colored troops began to be systemati- cally adopted by the government. Already in May, 1862, Gen. David Hunter had organized in South Caro- lina, on his own responsibility, a regiment of blacks ; and, though the government had disbanded the regi- ment, one. company had been allowed to remain in ser- vice, and became the nucleus of the First South Caro- lina Volunteers, raised, with official authority, by Gen. 3o6 YOUNG folks' united states. Rufus Saxton, in October. During the same summer the First Kansas Colored began to be enlisted by Gen- eral Lane in Kansas. These were the first regiments composed of freed slaves. General Butler had, how- ever, found some regiments of free colored troops partly organized for the Confederate service in New Orleans, and had taken them into the Union service. On New Year's Day, 1863, President Lincoln issued a second proclamation, confirming his earlier one, and declaring the freedom of the slaves. Early in the year General Hooker succeeded General Burnside in com- mand of the Army of the Potomac, but was defeated by General Lee at Chancellorsville, Va. In this battle fell General Jackson, called " Stonewall " Jackson, the most popular of the Confederate generals. A period of great re-action and discouragement followed. The cost of the war for the Union had become enormous ; and large bounties had to be paid for soldiers, bringing into the service many " bounty-jumpers," as they were called, who enlisted merely for money, and soon de- serted to enlist again. At one time more than two hundred a day were deserting from the Army of the Potomac. Soldiers were being drafted ; but the draft was very unpopular. Under these circumstances Gen- eral Lee resolved to invade the Northern States. He marched down the Shenandoah Valley, across the Potomac, and towards Chambersburg. Near Gettys- burg his advance encountered the Union cavalry ; and a general oattle was brought on, without having been previously intended on either side. The Union forces were commanded by Gen. George G. Meade. The bat- tle began July i, and lasted three days ; eighty thousand SURRENDER OF VICKSBURG. 307 being engaged on each side, and the loss of each being more than twenty thousand. It ended in the defeat and retreat of Lee, and put an end forever to the thought of an invasion of the North. The battle of Gettysburg may be regarded as the turning-point of the war. At the moment when the last charge of that battle was being repulsed. General SURRENDER OF VICKSBURG. Grant was negotiating for the surrender of the strong- hold of Vicksburg, which had, up to that time, ren- dered the Mississippi impassable for vessels. It was the most important fortified place in the south-west, being on a high bluff, thoroughly defended by batteries in all directions. It fell after a siege of forty-seven days, being surrendered on the Fourth of July. A 3o8 YOUNG folks' united states. cavalry raid by Col. B. R. Grierson occurred in con- nection with this siege. This officer, with about a thou- sand cavalry, swept through Mississippi, traversing in about a fortnight four hundred miles of territory, destroy- ing bridges and military supplies. The Confederate General Morgan also made a daring raid through Ken- tucky, into Indiana, with three thousand cavalry, but was defeated and captured at last. Port Hudson, which had been besieged by General Banks for many weeks, was obliged to surrender soon after Vicksburg ; and the Mississippi River was now open to the Union vessels once more. This was a great step forward. But, as time went on, it grew more and more difficult to raise soldiers for the war ; and the draft was in many quarters bitterly opposed. In New York especially, a great riot took place, nominally occa- sioned by the draft, but aimed at the colored people and all who defended them. It began July 13, and lasted three days ; the militia regiments of the city being absent for the defence of Pennsylvania, and the police force of the city being wholly unable to preserve order. Houses were burned, including an orphan asylum ; and negroes were pursued and killed in the streets. Later in the year General Rosecrans, with a large Union force, met with a severe defeat near Chickamaii- ga, Tennessee ; and his army was besieged at Chatta- nooga, and was in danger of starvation. It was, how- ever, relieved by General Grant in a masterly series of movements, including a three-days' battle, in which the Confederate army was dislodged from a series of strong positions upon the mountains which surrounded the BATTLES IN TENNESSEE. 309 town. "The opening movement of the battle was made with such reguLirity and precision, that the Con- federate troops on the heights above took it for a mere review, or drill." General Thomas captured Orchard Knob ; General Hooker scaled the heights of Lookout Mountain^ and fought a battle "above the* clouds j " General Sherman attacked Missionary Ridp-e ; BATTLE OF LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN. and, finally, the whole army ascended the mountain- side, under severe fire, and drove the opposing force from the intrenchments five hundred feet above. This was Nov. 25, 1863. The loss in these two battles was more than twenty thousand on each side. Their effect was to banish the Confederate forces from Tennessee. During this time, but little advance had been made 3IO YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. in the " Department of the South;" though a successful attack on Charleston, S.C., had been made by Admiral Dupont with his " monitors," aided by General Hunter on land. There had been several expeditions up the Southern rivers, within the Confederate lines, but noth- ins: on a large scale, until the arrival of General Gill- more, who planned a regular siege of Charleston, carried on chiefly from Folly and Morris Islands, with the aid of cannon of very long range. A severe attack and repulse took place at Fort Wagner (July i8, 1863), in which the colored troops were placed in front; and their brave young commander. Colonel Shaw, was killed. This important fort was taken in September ; and the siege of Charleston became more close. On the whole, the prospects of the war for the Union were more favorable at the end of 1863. " Peace," said President Lincoln at that time, "does not appear so distant as it did. I hope it will come soon, and come to stay, and so come as to be worth keeping in all future time." Early in the year 1864 some daring advances within the hostile lines took place on both sides, but without results. General Kilpatrick led his cavalry within three miles of Richmond, Va. General Seymour occu- pied Jacksonville, Fla., which had been twice before occupied and abandoned ; and he was proceeding far- ther into the State, when he was checked at the severe battle of Olustee, Feb. 20. General Banks, in the South-west, conducted an expedition up the Red River, but was defeated and driven back ; his gunboats being greatly endangered by the falling of the rivt^r, and being saved only by the skill of a volunteer officer. PROMOTION OF GENERAL GRANT. 311 Colonel Bailey, who built dams across the stream, and floated the vessels down. At the very time of the Red River expedition, the Confederate general, Forrest, made a raid into Tennessee and Kentucky, captured Fort Pillow (April 12), and massacred three hundred colored soldiers who formed a part of its garrison. But the event of greatest importance during this year was the appointment of General Grant to the command of all the armies (March 17), with the title of lieutenant-general. He soon planned two great movements, which were to proceed at the same time. One of these was to be di- rected against Richmond, Va., by the Army of the Potomac, which w^as com- manded by General Meade, but under General Grant's immediate supervision. The other exclusive charge of Gen. W. T. Sherman, who under- took to march an army across the interior of the States in rebellion, from the mountains to the sea. When General Grant's movements in Virginia began, he wrote to President Lincoln, " I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer ; " and, though he was obliged to change his position more than once, he still persevered. In May and June, he sustained terrible losses in the battles of the Wilderness, of Spottsylvania, and of Cold Harbor, losing seventy GENERAL GRANT. was under the 312 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. thousand men in all. He laid siege unsuccessfully to Richmond, and, in spite of the aid given in a brilliant raid by General Sheridan, the whole campaign of Grant in 1864 was discouraging. Meanwhile the Con- federate general. Early, with twenty thousand men, made a raid into Pennsylvania in July, and burned the town of Chambersburg ; and an incursion was also made into the town of St. Albans, Vt., by some Con- federates from Canada, who took the inhabitants by surprise, robbed the banks, and retreated. General Early was pursued by General Sheridan, and defeated at Cedar Creek on Oct. 19. The forces of Sheridan had been attacked by Early during the temporary absence of their commander, and had been driven four miles with heavy loss. Sheridan had news of the fight when at Winchester, twenty miles away, and rode that distance at a furious speed. Meeting his retreating troops, he rallied them, and turned the de- feat into victory, capturing fifty pieces of artillery, and many prisoners. This event has been made the sub- ject of a ballad, called " Sheridan's Ride," by Buchan- an Read. At sea, the Confederate privateers had for some time been very destructive to American merchant- vessels. The " Shenandoah " had destroyed thirty-four whale-ships in the arctic seas ; and the " Alabama " had taken sixty-five vessels. American ships had almost been driven from the ocean, or had been trans- ferred to British ownership for protection. The Con- federate privateers had escaped meeting United States men-of-War, until the " Alabama " was attacked by the " Kearsarge," Captain Winslow, off the coast of Cher- NAVAL ACTIONS, 3^3 bourg, France, June 19, 1864. During the action, the two vessels were steaming at the rate of seven miles an hour, and swinging round one another in circles, so as to bring their broadsides to bear. After they had described seven of these circles, and had come within a quarter of a mile of one another, the "Alabama" Sheridan's ridk. was sunk ; Captain Semmes and his men being picked up by an English yacht. Another brilliant naval action during this year was that won in Mobile Bay by Admiral Farragut, Aug. 5. The bay was a great resort for blockade-runners : it was defended by two forts, by torpedoes set in the narrow channel, and by an iron-plated ram of great power, 3^4 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. — the "Tennessee." Farragut had to meet these ob- stacles with wooden ships, aided by a few " monitors," one of which was soon struck by a torpedo, and went down with her crew. Farragut had provided false bows of iron with which his wooden ships might charge the ram ; and this dangerous vessel was at length dis- abled, and surrendered with the forts. DESTRUCTION OF THE * ALBEMARLE. Still another encounter, and probably the most daring naval action of the war, was that in which a powerful ram, the "Albemarle," was destroyed at night (Oct. 27, 1864) by a torpedo from a steam-launch commanded by Lieutenant Gushing, who had volun- teered for this dangerous duty. His boat was itself sunk by the shock of the torpedo ; and only the com' Sherman's march to the sea. 315 mander and one of his crew were saved, — by swim- ming, — under close fire from the ram. But the main event of this year was the campaign of General Sherman in Tennessee, and his march across the State of Georgia to Savannah. The object was to cut off the supplies of the Confederates, and break up their railroad communications. The campaign began early in May, 1864. Sherman had to conduct his army through a series of mountain regions and passes bris- tling with fortifications, which had to be carried M'ith great loss. He took the important town of Atlanta, Ga., and then began his famous " March to the Sea." His course lay through a fertile region, where the army of sixty thousand men advanced in two columns, under Generals Howard and Slocum, subsisting largely on what could be found in the country passed through. After a march of three hundred miles, they reached the sea, and established communication with the forces at Hilton Head under General Foster, and with the fleet under Admiral Dahlgren. The Confederate forces re- treated from Savannah, and the Union Army entered it ; and General Sherman wrote to President Lincoln, " I beg to present to you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy guns, and plenty of ammunition, and also twenty-five thousand bales of cotton." He had lost, in the march, only sixty- three killed, and two hundred and forty-five wounded. In January, 1865, General Sherman resumed his " Great March," from Savannah northward. He him- self wrote, " Christmas found us at Savannah. Waiting there only long enough to fill our wagons, we began another march, which for peril, labor, and results, will, 3i6 YOUNG folks' united states. compare with any ever made by an organized army. The floods of the Savannah, the swamps of the Com- bahee and the Edisto, the high hills and rocks of the Santee, the flat quagmires of the Pedee and Cape Fear Rivers, were all passed in midwinter, with its floods and rain, in the face of an accumulating enemy ; and, after the battles of Averysborough and Bentonsville, we once more came out of the wilderness to meet our friends at Goldsborough." He met these " friends " — the troops under General Schofield — on the 23d of March. Sherman had proved by this exploit that the Confederacy had now become, as he said, " an empty shell ; " the men having been necessarily withdrawn from the interior of the country to defend its borders. His triumphant success helped to give the finishing stroke to the war. This march aided, also, in the capture of Charleston, which had now been besieged for more than five hun- dred days. It was finally abandoned (Feb. 17) by the Confederate forces ; fires being first set in different parts of the city. Some other successes took place this year, especially the capture, by General Terry, of Fort Fisher, which protected Wilmington, N.C. But these were only preliminary to the final movement of General Grant against Richmond. On March 29, 1865, the movement of Grant's army began. He had becom.e satisfied, both by his own observation and by the success of Sherman's attempt, that the Confederate armies were nearly exhausted, and that a resolute effort would bring the war to a close. Placing Sheridan in command of all the cavalry of the army, he sent out this daring officer with this order: CAPTURE OF RICHMOND. 317 " In the morning push round the enemy, and get to his rear." Accordingly, on April i, 1865, Sheridan, aided by Warren and Humphreys, fought the decisive battle of Five Forks, turning the flank of Lee's army, and taking five thousand prisoners. Two days after, Peters- burg and Richmond were occupied by the Union forces. When General Lee found that he could no longer hold his position at Petersburg, he telegraphed to Jefferson Davis at Richmond, " My lines are broken in three places. Richmond must be evacuated this evening." The despatch reached Mr. Davis on Sun- day, in church, and was handed to him amid the silence of the congregation. He hastily left the church ; and the rumor was instantly spread, that the city was to be abandoned. In a few hours wagons were seen at the department offices, carrying boxes away ; and soon the streets were full of men, hurrying from the city, and carrying with them their valuables in all manner of conveyances. The sum of a hundred dollars in gold was offered for a wagon. Vast stores of provisions were sent away to the retreating army ; and all that was left was freely distributed among the people, black and white. The city council gave orders to destroy all the liquor in the city to prevent intoxication ; but much of it was seized by the soldiers, and made the confusion worse. Four large tobacco-houses were set on fire by the military authorities; the shipping was fired, or blown up ; and the bridges were also in flames. A scene of the wildest excitement raged that night in the city. On the next day (April 3) Richmond was occu- pied by . colored troops of the Union army, under General Weitzel ; and the Confederacy had no longer a capital. 3i8 YOUNG folks' united states. Lee made courageous efforts to retreat with his army ; but he was closely followed up by Sheridan, and the pressure of hunger and exhaustion upon his troops was so severe, that, as an eye-witness said, " Hundreds dropped from exhaustion, and thousands let fall their muskets from inability to carry them farther." On the 9th of April, 1865, at Appomattox Court-House, Lee surrendered his army to Grant, on terms honorable to both parties. His surrender was soon followed by that of the other Confederate generals. Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia, disguised in woman's clothing; and the Great Rebellion, or civil war, was at an end. It had lasted four years ; had cost during the last year more than three million dollars a day ; and left the United States with a debt of more than two billion seven hundred million dollars ($2,749,491,745). It had also cost more than half a million lives, including both sides. But it had abolished slavery, a most important result, and one that few men could have anticipated. And it had established the principle, that the United States must be regarded as a nation one and indivisi- ble, and not as a mere alliance of independent States. It had also proved, what some had doubted, that the strength, courage, and patriotism of the American peo- ple, were still as great as in the period of the Revolu- tion. There were few families, North or South, which did not suffer some bereavement during the long con- test. On both sides the self-devotion of the women at home equalled that of the soldiers in the field ; and in the Northern States, especially, the multitudes of women who worked for the " Sanitary Commission " rendered very valuable services to their country. SINCERITY OF THE SOUTH. 319 The sacrifices made during the civil war were as ^reat as those made in the Revolutionary War ; while the armies and the battles were on a far larger scale. The Confederate army was, from the beginning, out- numbered by its opponents ; but it had greatly the advantage of position, since it is far easier to defend any region than to conquer it. Each side learned to respect the courage and resources of the other, and to feel, that, if Americans were once re-united, no foreign power could ever endanger their liberties. It was not, indeed, possible that those who had fought for the flag of their country could pay equal honor to those who tried to strike it down. But they could remember that most of these mistaken men had been taught from childhood that their first allegiance was due to their own State, not to the United States ; so that they felt themselves loyal, in their own way, even when fighting against their nation. This delusion ended, let us hope, with the war ; but it is necessary to remember it, in order to do justice to those who fought for the Confed- erate side. So far as the object of the secessionists was to retain possession of their slaves, no excuse is to be made for them, except that the Union Government did not itself order the emancipation of the slaves until compelled to it by military necessity. For the cruelties inflicted by the Confederates on Union prisoners during the war, no excuse at all is to be made, nor for deeds like the massacre of colored troops at Fort Pillow. But these were, after all, the acts of a few ; and the general feeling in both armies was, no doubt, that of sincere and manly opponents. No one has ever expressed the feehngs of thoughtful 320 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. and conscientious men at the close of the war, so simply and impressively as did President Lincoln in his second Inaugural Address, just before the fall of Rich- mond. The following is a portion of this address : — " Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained. Neither anticipated, that the cause of the conflict might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. " Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God ; and each invokes his aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces ; but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has his own purposes. ' Woe unto the world because of offences, for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh.' If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of these offences, which, in the provi- dence of God, must needs come, but which, having con- tinued through his appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that he gives to both North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offence came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to him ? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty, scourge of war may soon pass away. Yet if God wills that it con- tinue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's two EXTRACT FROM MR. LINCOLN'S ADDRESS. 32 1 hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid with another drawn with the sword ; as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, ' The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.' " With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." CHAPTER XXXII. AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. GRANT. THERE was joy, with thanksgiving, over the -greater part of the nation, when the news of Lee's surrender came over the telegraphic wires, and it was known that the weary war had ended. Five days after (April 14, 1865), the same wires sent far and wide another message, turning joy into mourning. It was the news that President Lincoln had been shot while sit- ting in the theatre at Washington, by an assassin, Wilkes Booth. A similar attempt was made upon the life of Mr. Seward, the secretary of state ; and there was evidence of a plot to remove all the leading members of the government. It does not appear that the plot extended far, or that any of the Confederate leaders were responsible for it. But no one knew, at the time, how far it might reach ; and so the excitement was very great, apart from the lamentation. President Lincoln had greatly endeared himself to the nation during his difficult term of office. No president since Washington had been put to so severe a test ; and no president, unless it were Washington, had so thoroughly won the confidence of the people. His simplicity, honesty, and fidelity, his fearless pur- pose, sympathetic heart, and quaint humor, had never 322 AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. 32J failed in the darkest hours of the war ; and he had been elected by an overwhelming vote to a second term of office. Every one felt that great and difficult problems were before the nation, now that peace had come ; and everybody looked to the future with more confidence, from having Abraham Lincoln as Chief Magistrate. When the news of his death came, the mourning extended through all parties, and to all re- gions of the country, even to the States lately in insur- rection. The colored people, especially, felt that they had lost more than a father. And when the funeral procession of the president passed slowly, by railway, with frequent pauses, from Washington to his former home in Springfield, 111., it found every railway station filled with mourners, and draped with signs of grief. But it showed the strength of republican government, that even this sudden death of the head of the nation produced no confusion, and no new rebellion. Vice- President Andrew Johnson of Tennessee at once took the place of Mr. Lincoln ; and the wheels of govern- ment went on. The new president found difficult duties awaiting him. To be sure, some things that had seemed likely to be hard proved easy. It had been predicted that the volunteer army of a million men, drawn from the people, would not easily be merged into the people again, but would retain warlike habits, and be danger- ous to the peace of the country. This fear proved groundless : soldiers and officers were alike glad to lay down their arms, and to return to the peaceful pur- suits whence they came. But there was a vast debt to be provided for ; and loans and taxes had to be planned for this purpose. Then all the region lately 324 YOUNG folks' united STATES. in rebellion had to be re-organized into a peaceful community ; and opinions varied greatly as to the best way of doing this. Some thought that the seceding States had a right to come back whenever they would, with their former power, and without any new condi- tions. Others thought, that, by seceding, they had for- feited all rights as States, and had again become Terri- tories, with which the United States Government might do as it would. But neither of these views was fully adopted. To begin with, the President issued a proclamation granting amnesty, or pardon, to most of those engaged in the Rebellion. Then Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau, an organization to provide for the loyal and suffering classes, black or white, of the Southern States. Slavery was then formally abolished by an amendment to the United States Constitution ; and another amendment was passed, looking toward the enfranchisement of the colored people. " Reconstruc- tion acts " were passed, restoring the seceded States to their places in the Union, on condition that they should annul their acts of secession, declare void all debts incurred in fighting for the Rebellion, and adopt the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. The new president was very much opposed to making any of these conditions, as he held that the seceded States had a right to come back at any time, unrestrained. He, therefore, vetoed several of these measures ; and, though they were passed over his veto, it led to an increasing hostility between him and Congress. Finally, the House of Representatives accused or " impeached " him, demanding his removal from office. For the first Johnson's administration. 325 time in the history of the government, a president of the United States was put on trial before the Senate, sitting as a court of impeachment, with the cliief justice of the Supreme Court presiding. In such a trial, a vote of two-thirds of the Senate is needed for conviction ; and, as one vote was wanting to this number, Mr. Johnson was not removed. He was not, however, re- elected as president. During his and his predecessor's terms, there had happened events more important than any since the United States had existed. A great civil war had been fought and ended ; and slavery had been abolished, first by presidential proclamation, and then by consti- tutional amendment, — an event which the most far- sighted philanthropist had scarcely expected to live to see. For other events, three States had been added to the Union. One of these. West Virginia, had been sep- arated from the "Old Dominion," and admitted as a separate State, in 1863 ; this being done by request of the inhabitants, who were loyal throughout the war. The other two States were Nevada (1864), formed out of territory ceded by Mexico, and named from the Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Mountains ; and Nebraska (1867), formed out of the Louisiana Purchase, and named from an Indian word meaning " Shallow River." The great region called Alaska had been also pur- chased from the Russian Government, in 1867, for more than seven million dollars ($7,200,000) ; and, though not likely to be largely inhabited by any but an Esqui- mau population, it was expected to be of great value for its furs. Its area was about half a million square miles (577,390), and brought the whole area of the 326 YOUNG folks' united STATES. nation to about three and a half million square miles (3,559,091), instead of the original eight hundred thou- sand (820,680). Instead of the original thirteen States, with three millions of people, there are now thirty-seven States and twelve Territories, with a population (in 1870) of more than thirty-eight millions (38,558,371). The next president of the United States was Ulysses S. Grant of Illinois, whose great services during the civil war had won for him the gratitude of the nation. He was first inaugurated in 1869, and entered on a second term in 1873; but the events of his administration are yet too recent to be fully or fairly described. Much has, however, taken place since he entered upon his term of office. All the seceded States have been finally restored to the Union. The successive steps by which the great increase of territory was brought about will be found marked on the map which is pre- fixed to this volume. The enormous debt incurred dur- ing the war has been greatly diminished ; more than one-fifth of it (six hundred million dollars) having been paid. An amendment to the Constitution (the Fifteenth), providing that the right of suffrage shall not be withheld from any citizen of the United States, " on account of race, color, or previous condition of servi- tude," was declared adopted March 30, 1870, having been proposed by Congress, and ratified by three-fourths of the States. A treaty was made with Great Britain (May 8, 187 1), providing for an international tribunal to be held at Geneva, which should decide all claims of the United States for damages done by those Confed- erate privateers which had been built or refitted in English ports. This tribunal awarded fifteen and a grant's administration. 327 half million dollars, in gold, as the amount to be paid by Great Britain; and it was accordingly paid in 1873. This was a result very encouraging to those who hope that wars will gradually cease, and the disputes of na- tions, like those of individuals, be left to the courts to settle. Never before, in the history of the world, was there so important an example of peaceful arbitration. Nearly ten years have now passed (1875) since the great civil war ended. During this time the leading statesmen of the war have passed away. President Lincoln himself; William H. Seward, his Secretary of State ; Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War ; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, and afterwards Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; and Charles Sumner, the leader of the United States Senate, — have all died. The questions upon which the war turned are, to a great extent, settled ; and new issues are arising, upon some of which the political parties of the future will be based. There are various ques- tions which are important, or are claimed as important, — currency reform, civil service reform, revenue reform, woman, suffrage, the rights of labor, and matters per- taining to temperance, education, and religion. It is impossible to foresee what shape these questions may . take in the future, which of them will prove most promi- nent, or which will lead to lasting reforms. Yet some things we may safely assume. We may take for granted that wealth will go on increasing ; and that the immense activity and energy that have marked the American people will still continue. Much as has been accomplished in the way of material progress, more remains to be done. It is but five years since 328 YOUNG folks' united STATES. the Pacific Railway was opened, and but eight years since the Atlantic Cable was successfully laid ; and it is probable that greater wonders of communication are still in store for us. The greatest triumphs achieved in the United States have thus far been in the direction of mechanical ingenuity ; and American literature, science, and art have not yet won the applause of the world quite so thoroughly as have American sewing-machines and agricultural implements. Yet the poetry of Bryant, Whittier, and Longfellow; the prose of Irving, Haw- thorne, and Emerson ; the scientific discoveries of Franklin, Morse, and Rumford ; the paintings of Copley, Allston, and Page; the sculptures of Powers, Story, and Harriet Hosmer, — have obtained great and per- haps permanent reputation. The spread of popular instruction in America is very wide ; higher education is constantly on the increase ; and there is no reason why the United States should not become more and more the chosen home of literature, science, and art, as well as of mechanical ingenuity and business skill. And we can safely assume something more than this. Habits and opinions alter with every generation ; but the great principles of right and wrong do not change. Those who founded the American colonies left to their descendants many examples of noble lives and unselfish purposes ; and we may be very sure that those who are to carry on the institutions they founded cannot prosper without something of the same high motive and reli- gious self-devotion. The first great mission of the nation was that of proving to the world that republican government, on a large scale, was practicable. In this attempt, success has been attained, in spite of the great DUTY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. 329 difficulty resulting from the presence of slavery, and the annual arrival of many thousand immigrants, wholly untrained in republican institutions. The civil war has proved that the people of the United States, when at peace among themselves, are strong enough for self- protection against any foreign power. The thing now essential to Americans is to guard against internal as well as external dangers, to purify their own govern- ment, educate their own community, give to the world an example of pure lives and noble purposes ; and so conduct the affairs of the Republic, that, as President Lincoln said in his Gettysburg Address, " Government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." APPENDIX. BOOKS FOR CONSULTATION. GENERAL WORKS. Bancroft's, Hildreth's, and Grahame's " United States." EARLY INHABITANTS. History. — Squier and Davis's " Ancient Monuments " (Smithsonian Con- tributions, vol. i.). Baldwin's "Ancient America." Foster's "Prehistoric Races of America." Jones's " Mound-Builders of Tennessee." Shaler's " Time of the Mammoths " ("American Naturalist," iv. 148). Fiction. — Mathews's " Behemoth ; a Legend of the Mound-Builders." AMERICAN INDIANS. History. — Schoolcraft's " History and Condition of the Indian Tribes." Parkman's " Jesuits in America " (Introduction). Field's "Indian Bibliography." Fiction. — Cooper's " Leatherstocking Tales." Poetry. — Longfellow's " Hiawatha." Whittier's "Bridal of Pennacook." Lowell's " Chippewa Legend." DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. History. — Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico." Parkman's " Pioneers of France in the New World " and " Discovery of the Great West." 33" 332 YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. T. Irving's "Conquest of Florida." Anderson's " Discovery of America by the Northmen." Voyages ajid Travels. — Hakluyt's "Voyages touching the Discovery of America." Kohl's "Discovery of the East Coast of America" (Maine Hist Soc, 2d ser., vol. i ). Biography. — W. Irving's " Columbus " and " Companions of Columbus," Fiction. — Ballantyne's " Norsemen of the West" [Norsemen]. Bird's " Calavar " and " Infidel " [Mexico]. Wallace's "Fair God" [Mexico]. Simms's " Damsel of Darien " [Balboa], " Vasconselos " [De Soto], and " The Lily and the Totem." Poetry. — Whittier's " Norsemen." Longfellow's "Skeleton in Armor." Barlow's " Columbiad." Lowell's "Columbus." Rogers's "Columbus." NEW ENGLAND COLONIAL HISTORY. History. — Palfrey's and Elliott's «' New England." State Histories: Williamson's " Maine." Belknap's " New Hampshire." Thompson's "Vermont." Barry's " Massachusetts." Arnold's " Rhode Island." Trumbull's "Connecticut." Young's " Chronicles of the Pilgrims " and '' Chronicles of Massachu- setts." Cheever's "Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth." Banvard's " Plymouth and the Pilgrims." Upham's " History of Witchcraft." Mather's " Magnalia." Biography. — Winthrop's " Life and Letters." Sparks's "American Biographies:" Vane (vol. iv.), Mather (vi.), Phips (vii.), Williams (xiv.), Gorton (xv. ). Fiction. — Miss Sedgwick's "Hope Leslie," " New England Tale," and " Redwood." Mrs. Child's " Hobomok." Hawthorne's "Scarlet Letter," and "Legends of the Old Province House " (in " Twice Told Tales "). Thompson's *' Green Mountain Boys." BOOKS FOR CONSULTATION. 333 Motley's *' Merry Mount." Mrs. Cheney's " Peep at the Pilgrims." Mrs. Lee's " Naomi." Holland's "Bay Path." Whittier's " Margaret Smith's Journal." Sears's "Pictures of the Olden Time." Poetry. — Longfellow's "John Endicott," "Giles Corey," and "Court- ship of Miles Standish." Whittier's "Changeling," "Wreck of Rivermouth," "Exiles," and " Cassandra Southwick." Pierpont's " Pilgrim Fathers." Mrs. Hemans's " Landing of the Pilgrims." COLONIAL HISTORY OF MIDDLE STATES. History, — State Histories: Brodhead's and O'Callaghan's " New York." Whitehead's " New Jersey." Sypher's " Pennsylvania." Irving's " Knickerbocker's New York." Biography. — Clarkson's and Dixon's " Penn." Sparks's "American Biographies : " Cleveland's "Hudson" (vol. x.), Ellis's "Penn" (xxii.). Fiction. — Irving's " Wolfert's Roost" and "Rip Van Winkle" (in " Sketch Book " ). Paulding's " Dutchman's Fireside " and " Book of St. Nicholas." Cooper's " Last of the Mohicans," " Water- Witch," and " Satanstoe." Mrs. Grant's " Memoirs of an American Lady." Myers's " First of the Knickerbockers " and " Young Patroon." Bird's " Hawks of Hawk-Hollow." COLONIAL HISTORY OF SOUTHERN STATES. History. — Smith's "True Relation of Virginia" (reprinted, Boston, 1866). State Histories : McSherry's "Maryland." Campbell's "Virginia." Williamson's " North Carolina." Ramsay's " South Carolina." Stevens's "Georgia." Jefferson's " Notes on Virginia." Meade's " Old Churches of Virginia." Biography. — %^^2xV.^'% "American Biographies:" Smith (ii.), Oglethorpe (xii.), Calvert (xix.). 334 YOUNG folks' united states. Fiction. — Thackeray's " Virginians." Cooke's "Virginia Comedians." James's " Old Dominion." Carruthers' " Cavaliers of Virginia " and " Knights of the Horseshoe." Defoe's " J aques " [Virginia]. Hopkins's " Youth of the Old Dominion." Paulding's " Konigsmark " [Maryland]. Kennedy's " Rob of the Bowl " [Maryland]. Poetry. — Mrs. Sigourney's " Pocahontas." INDIAN WARS. History. — Drake's " Book of the Indians " and " Indian Wars." Parkman's " Conspiracy of Pontiac." Morgan's " League of the Iroquois." Warburton's " Conquest of Canada." Biography. — Sparks's "American Biographies:" Lives of Eliot (v.), Brainerd (viii.), Mason (xiii.). Fiction. — Cooper's " Last of the Mohicans " [Fort William Henry]. Thackeray's " Virginians" [Braddock and Quebec]. James's " Ticonderoga." Tiffany's " Brandon." Hall's " Twice Taken " [Louisburg]. Poetry. — Longfellow's " Evangeline." Whittier's " Pentucket," "St. John," " Mary Garvin," and " Mogg Megone." REVOLUTION. History. — Lossing's "Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution." Frothingham's " Siege of Boston " and " Rise of the Republic." Biography. — Sparks's "Washington" and "FrankHn." Irving's "Washington." Franklin's "Autobiography." Parton's "Franklin," "Jefferson," and "Burr." Parker's " Historic Americans." C. F, Adams's "Life of John Adams," and "John Adams's Diary.' Goodrich's "Lives of Signers of the Declaration." G. W. Greene's "Life of General Greene." Wirt's "Patrick Henry." Mackenzie's "Paul Jones." Sparks's "American Biographies:" Lives of Stark (i.), Allen (i.), Arnold (iii.), Pulaski (xii.). Fiction. — Cooper's "Spy," "Pilot," "Lionel Lincoln," "Wyandotte," and " Chain-Bearer." BOOKS FOR CONSULTATION. 33^ Motley's '* Morton's Hope." Mrs. Child's " Rebels.'- Thompson's "Rangers." Miss Sedgwick's " Linwoods." Kennedy's " Horse-Shoe Robinson." Simms's " MelHchampe " and "Partisan." Paulding's " Old Continental." Winthrop's " Edwin Brothertoft." Hawthorne's "Septimius Felton." ^oetry. — Longfellow's "Paul Revere's Ride." Bryant's "Song of Marion's Men." Whittier's " Rangers." Trumbull's " McFingal." Calvert's " Arnold and Andre." Moore's "Songs and Ballads of the Revolution." FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE CIVIL WAR. History. — Cooper's " History of the Navy of the United State*." Griswold's " Court of Washington." Lossing's "Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812." Wilson's " Rise and Fall of the Slave Power." Giddings's " Exiles of Florida." Mayer's " History of the Mexican War." Jay's "Review of the Mexican War." Dunlop's " History of the Arts of Design in America." Duyckinck's "American Literature." Biography.— Q. F. Adams's "Life of J. Q. Adams." Mrs. Adams's "Letters." Parton's "Jackson." E. Quincy's " Josiah Quincy." Sparks's "American Biographies:" Fulton (x.), Fitch ^xvi.), Dfs catur (xxi.), Boone (xxiii.). Benton's " Thirty Years' View." Upham's " Fremont." Frothingham's " Theodore Parker." Redpath's and Webb's " John Brown." Travels.—"- Lewis and Clarke's Expedition." Fiction. — Wirt's " Letters of a British Spy." Judd's " Margaret" [New England]. Pauldmg's " Westward Ho" [Virginians in Kentucky]. Bird's " Nick of the Woods " [Indians and Kentucky settlers]. Kennedy's " Swallow Barn " [Virginia]. 336 YOUNG folks' united STATES. Charles Brockden Brown's Novels. ^ Smith's "Jack Downing." Hall's "Legends of the West." Mrs. Stowe's " Minister's Wooing," " Uncle Tom's Cabin," and " Dred." Hildreth's " White Slave." Poetry. — Colton's " Tecumseh." Street's " Osceola." Lowell's " Biglow Papers" (first series : Mexican War). Whittier's "Angels of Buena Vista" and " Antislavery Poems." CIVIL WAR. History. — Moore's "Rebellion Record." Greeley's "American Conflict." Draper's "American Civil War." Pollard's " Lost Cause " (confederate). Thayer's " Youth's History of the Rebellion." Nichols's "Story of the Great March." Coffin's " Following the Flag " and " My Days and Nights on the Battlefield." Higginson's "Army Life in a Black Regiment." Biography. — Badeau's "Military History of General Grant." Bowman's and Irwin's " Sherman and his Campaigns." Headley's " Farragut and our Naval Commanders." Pollard's " Jefferson Davis." Nason's " Sumner." ' Holland's and Raymond's " Lincoln." Chesney's "Military Biographies" (Grant, Lee, Farragut). Higginson's " Harvard Memorial Biographies" (Memoirs of Harvard Students and Graduates in the War). Fiction. — Mrs. Child's " Romance of the Republic." Trowbridge's " Cudjo's Cave," "Three Scouts," and "Drummer Boy." De Forest's " Miss Ravenel's Conversion." Coffin's " Winning his Way." Mrs. Austin's " Dora Darling." Poetry. — Moore's "Lyrics of Loyalty" and "Rebel Rhymes." Simms's " War Poetry of the South." Whittier's " In War Time." Lowell's " Biglow Papers" (second series) and " Harvard Commem- oration Ode." Mrs. Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic," LIST OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. 337 -3, v"^ J f • -f-p n- T V Vs :^ t? V r f i I ^ r On t^ -^ C^> to O vO 00 v^ QsKjx 4^ U> . to M I i 'TigN' V o <, S >^ Sop (T> i P k fs 3^2.- -EOS & -5 3 on' "^ o ; >• (T) p ^ tt 2- n)02 1^"3'fi) 2. S ffi^^.S 5 H §< < < P !^' 'g^ 2.* p-' c/ W 3 . !" 3 "^ ?d ?«: ^ j^ o w o o > G-M 2^5^3 5^0 o g -^ n-3 3 3.2.'-l -! O £2 3" -, _ fL ClW W 3 i^3 £LBLhS^3-3-^ o i^g 2 3^3 H^ o o O ►* "^ o^ o o 33'--V(<3v;33 n n ' ^ n 'f^ B n 3 3 00^ , S3 H OH H S! 3 ^ ^ 0^00 n Q, n n 3 25 3 (/I •• (/) W) H OH ^ 3 ^ ° ^° 3 3g 0000330000 ^ S" O 5 ± 3 r«^ 00 ^^ 00 00 op o ^ t-fi ■^J vo Vyx CO 00 VJ 338 YOUNG folks' united STATES. III. LIST OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. New Hampshire. Massachusetts. . . Rhode Island. ., Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania . . . Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina. . South Carolina. . Georgia Vermont Kentucky Tennessee . . . . Ohio.. Louisiana Indiana H 1791 1792 1796: 1802 1812J i8j6: 20 21 22 23 24 :i 27 28 29 30 3^ Mississippi . .., Illinois Alabama Maine . . Missouri Arkansas , Michigan Florida , Texas Iowa Wisconsin California. ... Minnesota. . . . 33 'Oregon 34 [Kansas 35 West Virginia 36 [Nevada 37 [Nebraska 38 Colorado , 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1836 1837 1845 1845 1846 1848 1850 1858 1859 1861 1863 1864 1867 1876 TERRITORIES. New Mexico Utah Washington. Dakota Arizona .... Idaho ti. "i N S5 NO. < Q K iSso 7 i8so 8 i«S3 9 1861 10 1863 II 1863 TERRITORIES. On o Montana 1864 Wyoming 1868 Dist. Columbia. . i ^^ territorial Indian Terntory > ^^x^^t.\^^ Alaska M o'-ganizat.on. AREA OF THE UNITED STATES. 339 IV. AREA OF THE UNITED STATES. SQ. MILES, Original limits of the Thirteen States 820,680 Louisiana, purchased of France in 1803, for $15,000,000 . . 899,579 Florida, purchased of Spain in 1819, for ^5,000,000 . . 66,900 Territory confirmed by the Oregon Treaty in 1842 and 1846 . S^^PS^ Texas annexed in 1846 (Texas debt $7,500,000) . . • 318,000 New Mexico and California in 1847 (cost of the war $15,000,000) 522,955 " Gadsden Purchase" of Mexico in 1853, for $10,000,000 . 45o35 Alaska, purchased of Russia in 1867, for $7,200,000 . . 577,39° 3,559,091 [See Frontispiece.] 340 YOUNG folks' united states. V. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, ADOPTED BY CONGRESS JULY 4, 1776. A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to w^hich the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain in- alienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; that, to secure these rights, governments are insti- tuted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- ingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such a government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 34I necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome, and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations, till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- comfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new ofiices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their sub- stance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, with- out the consent of our legislature. 34^ YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES- He has affected to render the military independent of, ana superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our Jaws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : — For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States ; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury j For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences ; For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlar- ging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments ; For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has j^lundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the liv.es of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercena- ries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 343 Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would in- evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war ; in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general congress assembled, appealing to the Su- preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United Colo- nies are, and of right ought to be, Free and Indepejideiit States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as Free and Independent States, they have full power to levy war, con- clude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. John Hancock. New Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton, 344 YOUNG folks' united states. Massachusetts Bay. — Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode Island, etc. — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New York. — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. — Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaware. — Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. — Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Virginia. — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Light- foot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina. — William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina. — Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hayward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton., Georgia. — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 345 VI. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro- vide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section i. — All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sect. 2. — The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhab- itant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, accord- ing to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of rep- resentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand ; but 346 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES, each State shall have at least one representative ; and, until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts, eight, Rhode Island and* Providence Plantations one, Connecticut, five. New York, six. New Jersey, four, Pennsylvania, eight, Delaware, one, Maryland, six, Virginia, ten. North Carolina, five, South Carolina, five, and Georgia, three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sect. 3. — The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of thesecond year, of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a presi- dent /rc" tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office as President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief justice CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 347 shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the con- currence of two-thirds of the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Sect. 4. — The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year ; and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Sect. 5. — Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without, the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. Sect. 6. — The senators and representatives shall receive a com- pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respec- tive houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and, for 348 YOUNG folks' united STATES. any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the emolu- ments whereof shall have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. Sect. 7. — All bills for raisl|^i!*^evenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays ex*:ept?ed) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and, before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re- passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Sect. 8. — The Congress shall have power : — CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 349 To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defence and general welfare, of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States : To borrow money on the credit of the United States : To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes : To establish an uniform ruk^|^iaturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies^ffoughout the United States : To coin money, regulate th.e value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures : To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States : To establish post-ofifices and post-roads : To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court : To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations : To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water : To raise and support armies,; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years : To provide and maintain a navy : To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces : To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions : To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress : To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of the United States, and to exercise like 350 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legisla- ture of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful build- ings : — And, To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carry- ing into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or flftcjpr thereof. Sect. 9. — The migration or ^^^ortation of such persons, as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax, or duty, may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- portion to the census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties, in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in conse- quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sect. 10. — No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 1 facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be abso- lutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws sh^lUje subject to the revision and con- trol of the Congress. No l^ate shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Section i. — The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : — Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an in- habitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates ; and the votes shall then be counted. The •person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Represen- 352 YOUNG FOLKS' UNITED STATES. tatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for Presi- dent ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be_ taken by States ; the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States ; and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any per- son be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice- President, declaring what officer shall then act as President ; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected ; and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 353 of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Sect. 2. — The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint, ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sect. 3. — He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress in- formation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and ex- pedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed ; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Sect. 4. — The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 2-^ 354 YOUNG folks' united states. ARTICLE III. Section i. — The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sect. 2. — The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public minis- ters and consuls ; to all cases of admiraky and maritime jurisdic- tion ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the vSupreme Court shall have appellate juris- diction both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but, when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place ©r places as the Congress may by law have directed. Sect. 3. — Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 355 ARTICLE IV. Section i. — Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Sect. 2. — The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws th-ereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sect. 3. — New States maybe admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislature of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Con- stitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Sect. 4. — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deera 356 YOUNG folks' united STATES. it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three -fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; Provided, that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE vi. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof ; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive . and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by' oath or affirmation to support this Con- stitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifi- cation to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VIL The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be suffi- cient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in Coftvention by the unanimous cojtsent of the States present, the sroenteenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eight-seven^ and of the Independencl CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 357 of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness zvhereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. George Washington, President, and Deputy from Virgiiiia. New Hampshire. — John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts. — Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut. — William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York. — Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey. — William Livingston, David Brearly, William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania. — Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. Delaware. — George Read, Gunning Bedford, Jr., John Dick- inson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. Maryland. —James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. Virginia. — John Blair, James Madison, Jr. North Carolina. — William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. South Carolina. — John Rutledge, Charles Cotesvirorth Pinck- ney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia. — William Few, Abraham Baldwin. Attest: William Jackson, Secretary. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. article l Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 358 YOUNG folks' united STATES. ARTICLE II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon prob- able cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the i^erson or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived ot life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compen- sation. ARTICLE VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis- trict shall have been previously ascertained by law ; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 359 ARTICLE VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the com- mon law. ARTICLE VIIL Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im- posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu- tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XIL The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and \n distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ; the president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open 360 YOUNG folks' united STATES. all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the per- son having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Represen- tatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having tlie greatest number of votes as Vice-Presi- dent, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President : a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of sena- tors, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the ofiice of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII. Section i. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place sub- ject to their jurisdiction. Sect. 2. — Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV. Section i. — All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, 36 1 United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due pro- cess of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Sect. 2. — Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States, according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Sect. 3. — No person shall be a senator,- or representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Con- gress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof ; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Sect. 4. — The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pen- sions, and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States, nor any State, shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sect. 5. — The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this Article. 362 YOUNG folks' united STATES. ARTICE XV. Section i. — The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of ser- vitude. Sect. 2. — The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. [This table has been prepared solely for purposes of reference; and it is par- ticularly advised that, if used in schools, it should not be committed to memory.] A.D. PAGE 1000. Coming of the Northmen 25 1492. Hispaniola discovered by Cblumbus .... 35 1497. Continent of America discovered by the Cabots . 35 1497-98. South America visited by Americus Vespucius . 37 1512. Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon .... 43 1513. Balboa sees the Pacific 43 1524. The coast of North America explored by Vcrrazzano, 44 1562. Huguenot settlement at Port Royal . . . .124 1565. St. Augustine settled by Spaniards .... 50. 1585. Raleigh's first colony at Roanoke .... 51 1602. Gosnold's explorations 51 1603. New Hampshire visited by Martin Pring ... 66 1605. French settlement of Nova Scotia .... 50 1606. Formation of London and Plymouth Companies . . 52 1607. Jamestown settled by London Company. Popham landed in Maine 53 1608. Flight of Scrooby Independents to Holland . . 55 1609. Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson . . 88 Champlain explored Vermont 67 1614. Adrian Block explored the coast of Connecticut, and named Block Island 71 New York settled by the Dutch 91 Capt. John Smith explored the coast of New England as far as Maine 115 364 YOUNG folks' united STATES. A.D. PAGE i6ig. Negro slavery introduced in Virginia . . . ■ n? 1620. Landing of Pilgrims at Plymouth .... 58 Formation of secoid Plymouth Company . . .117 1621. Formation of Dutch West-India Company . . 92 1623. Portsmouth and Dover settled. The Dutch began to colonize New York 66 r628. Settlement by Endicott at Salem 61 1629. Formation of Massachusetts Company. Francis Hig- ginson's emigration. Winthrop's emigration . . 62 Grant of Maryland to the first Lord Baltimore . . 121 1633. Connecticut settled at Windsor 71 1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's 121 1635. Colony at Saybrook, Conn., Hartford, and Wethers- field 71 1636. Settlement of Rhode Island by Roger Williams . . 69 Harvard College founded 86 1637. Pequod War in Connecticut 134 1638. New Haven settled 72 Delaware settled by Swedes 107 1639. Connecticut settlements united as the Connecticut Colony 86 First printing-press in New England .... 88 1643. First New-England Confederation .... 83 1645. Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland . . . .122 1663. Carolina granted to Shaftesbury and others . . 124 1664. New Netherlands taken by the English, and named New York 97 Settlement of Elizabethtown in New Jersey . . 99 1675. King Philip's War 133 1676. Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia . . . ... 139 1682. Pennsylvania settled by William Penn . . .102 La Salle explored the Mississippi .... 244 1687. Connecticut charter hid in the Charter Oak . . 83 1689. Andros seized and sent to England , . • • 83 King William's War 142 1692. Salem witchcraft delusion 81 William and Mary College founded in Virginia . .118 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 365 A.D. PAGE 1700. Yale College founded in Connecticut . . . . 118 1702. Queen Anne's War . 143 1729. North and South Carolina permanently separated . 127 1732. Washington born in Virginia, Feb. 22 . . . • 149 1733. Georgia settled by Oglethorpe 12S 1744. King George's War I43 1745. Louisburg taken from the French .... 148 I753* Washington sent as a commissioner to the Ohio Val- ley 149 1754. Washington defeated the French at Great Meadows . 150 1755. Expulsion of Acadians IS' Braddock's defeat IS3 1759. Wolfe captured Quebec 155 1763. Peace of Paris. Cession of Canada. Pontiac's War, 156 1765. Parliament passed the Stamp Act . . . . i6i Patrick Henry's resolutions in the Virginia Assembly, 163 Congress of nine colonies met in New York. Decla- ration of Rights, and petition to the King. Stamp- officer hung in effigy - 164 Hutchinson House destroyed 165 1766. Stamp Act repealed. May i 165 1767. Duty imposed on tea and other imports, June 29. British troops arrived in Boston, Sept. 27 . . r66 1770. Boston Massacre, March 5 168 1772. Destruction of the " Gaspee," June 10 . . • 169 1773. All duties repealed except on tea. Boston Tea Party, Dee. 16 171 1774. Boston Port Bill put in force, June i . . . • ^73 The first Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, Sept. 5 .176 1775. Battle of Lexington, April 19 .... 178-183 Allen and Arnold paptured Ticonderoga, May 10. Washington chosen commander-in-chief, June 15 . 189 Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 ... • 183-187 Washington took command of the American army at Cambridge, Mass., July 3. Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Nov. 13. Montgomery defeated and slain at Quebec, Dec. 31 I?^ S66 YOUNG folks' united states. A.D. 1776. Boston evacuated by the British, March 17 . . . 192 Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, July 4 . . . . • 198 British repulsed at Fort Moultrie, S.C., June 28. Battle of Long Island, Aug. 27. [The American forces under Gen. Putnam were here hemmed in, and cut to pieces. Greenwood Cemetery is part of the battle-field.] Washington defeated at White Plains, Oct. 28. The British cr.ptured Fort Wash- ington, Nov. 16. Washington victorious at Tren- ton, Dec. 26 203 1777. Washington victorious at Princeton, Jan 3. Battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11. [An unavailing attempt of the American troops to save Philadelphia. The army was preserved from overwhelming defeat by Gen. Greene.] Howe occupied Philadelphia, Sept. 26. Army went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Dec. 11 204 Tryon's expedition against Connecticut, April 26. Ticonderoga captured by Burgoyne, July 5. Ameri- cans defeated at Hubbardton, July 7. Prescott captured by Barton, July 10. Battle of Bennington, Aug. 16 205 Americans repulsed at Germantown, Oct. 4. Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7. Burgoyne surrendered to Gates, Oct. 17 206 1778. France acknowledged the independence of the United States, Feb. 6 206 British evacuated Philadelphia, June 18. Battle of Monmouth, June 28. [Washington, intercepting Clinton as he was withdrawing his army from Phila- delphia, came up with him at Monmouth. Gen. Lee's forces, prematurely retreating, were met and rallied by Washington, who sharply rebuked their commander. The British, however, got away in the night, and escaped defeat.] Battle and massacre at Wyoming, July 3. American victory at Quaker CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 367 Hill, R.I. Massacre at Cherry Valley, Nov. ii Campbell captured Savannah, Dec. 29 . . . 207 1779. " Mad Anthony " Wayne took Stony Point, July 15. Victory of Paul Jones, Sept. 23 . . . .207 1780. Major Andre executed as a spy, Oct. 2 . . . 209 1781. Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. Ar- nold's expedition against New London, Sept 6. Battle of Eutaw Springs, Sept. 8. Yorktown be- sieged by Americans and French, Sept. 30 . .211 Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Oct. 19 . . 212 1782. A preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris be- tween Great Britain and the United States, Nov. 30, 212 1783. Savannah evacuated by the British, July 11. New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25. Charleston evacuated by the British, Dec. 14 . . . .212 Washington resigned his. commission to Congress, Dec. 23. A definite treaty of peace signed at Paris between Great Britain and the United States, Nov. 30 213 The American army disbanded, Nov. 3 . . .214 1786. Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts . . . .214 1787. Slavery excluded from North-west Territory by act of Congress 213 Philadelphia Convention adopted the Constitution of the United States 215 1788. The Constitution of the United States went into ef- fect 215 1789. North Carolina accepted the Constitution . . . 215 George Washington inaugurated President of the United States 217 T790. Rhode Island accepted the Constitution . . . 215 Franklin died. Indian War 226 Vermont admitted to the Union 229 United-States Bank established at Philadelphia. John Adams elected President 231 1792. Eli Whitney invented the cotton-gin .... 226 Kentucky admitted to the Union ..... 229 1791. 368 YOUNG folks' united STATES. A.D, PAGE 1794. Whiskey insurrection in Pennsylvania .... 226 1795. Jay's treaty with Great Britain ratified . . . 220 1796. Tennessee admitted to the Union .... 230 1797. John Adams became President 231 1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon .... 233 1800. The city of Washington made the seat of government, 232 A treaty of peace made with France .... 233 t8oi- Thomas Jefferson elected President .... 235 Tripoli declared war against the United States . . 237 1802. Ohio admitted to the Union 243 1803. Louisiana bought of Napoleon 245 Expedition of Lewis and Clark 246 1804. Decatur destroyed the frigate " Philadelphia " . . 238 Burr killed Hamilton in a duel 242 1807. Robert Fulton launched his steamboat . . . 241 The " Leopard " attacked the American frigate " Chesapeake " 236 Congress laid an embargo on American ships . . 236 1809. Congress forbade commerce with England and France. Madison became President 248 i8ii. Victory of Gen. Harrison at Tippecanoe . . . 249 1812. United States at war with Great Britain. Gen. Hull invaded Canada. Gen. Hull surrendered Detroit. American frigate " Constitution " captured the "Guerriere," Aug. 19. Americans defeated at Queenstown. The American sloop " Wasp " cap- tured " The Frolic." American frigate " United States" captured "The Macedonian." The Ameri- can frigate " United States " took *' The Java." Convention at Hartford called 248 Louisiana admitted to the Union 253 1813. The British frigate "Shannon" took "The Chesa- peake," June I 248 Perry gained his victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10 . . 250 Creek War 249 1814. The British entered Washington, and fiied the public buildings. The treaty of peace signed at Ghent . 251 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 369 A.D. PAGE 1815. Congress declared war against Algiers, March 2. De- catur was sent against the Algerines, May 21 . . 230 Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans, Jan. 8 . 251 1816. The Bank of the United States rechartered for twen- ty years. Indiana admitted to the Union . . 253 1817. Monroe became President, March 4. First Seminole War 253 Mississippi admitted to the Union . . . .257 1818. Jackson went against the Seminoles .... 253 Illinois admitted to the Union 254 i8ig. Treaty made with Spain that gave Florida to the United States 254 Alabama admitted to the Union 255 1820. Maine admitted to the Union 255 Missouri Compromise 256 1821. Missouri admitted to the Union 255 1824. Lafayette visited the United States .... 256 1825. John Quincy Adams became President . . .258 Erie Canal opened 260 1826. Deaths of Jefferson and Adams, July 4 . . .261 1827. First railroad in the United States. Attempt to pur- chase Texas from Mexico 260 1829. Andrew Jackson became President .... 262 1830. First appearance of Mormons 270 1831. Antislavery agitation. Benjamin Lundy. William Lloyd Garrison. Insurrection of Nat Turner . 266 1832. South Carolina declares fhe doctrine of nullification . 263 Black Hawk War 264 Jackson vetoed the bill for the National Bank. Anti- slavery Society founded 266 1835. Second Seminole War 264 1836. Arkansas admitted to the Union 266 Texas declares her independence of Mexico . .272 1837. Michigan admitted to the Union 266 Martin Van Buren became President . . . .267 Lovejoy killed. Mobs in Boston . . . .268 1841. William Henry Harrison became President, March 4. 370 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. A.D. PAGE Death of President Harrison, April 4. John Tyler inaugurated President, April 6 269 1842. Seminole War ended 264 Ashburton treaty completed. Dorrite War in Rhode Island. Anti-rent troubles. Mormons left Nauvoo, 270 1845. Florida admitted into the Union, March 3 . . .271 Tyler signed the bill for the annexation of Texas, March i 27^ James K. Polk became President, March 4. First transmission of news by Morse's telegraph . . 273 Texas admitted to the Union, Dec. 20 . . . 274 1846. Treaty settling boundary of Oregon .... 273 Outbreak of Mexican War. Iowa admitted into the Union ......... 275 1847. Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Buena Vista . . 275 Gen. Scott captured the city of Mexico . . . 276 Expeditions of Fremont and Kearney . . . 277 1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 277 Gold-fever 278 Wisconsin admitted to the Union. Wilmot proviso defeated. Origin of Free-soil party . . . 279 Departure of Mormons to Utah 282 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5 .. . 280 1850. President Taylor died, July 9. Millard Fillmore in- augurated, July 10. Henry Clay's Omnibus Bill passed. California admitted to the Union . . 280 Fugitive Slave Bill passed 281 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated 282 Arizona and New Mexico purchased .... 283 1854. Missouri Compromise repealed. Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed 282 Treaty made with Japan 284 1855. Struggle in Kansas 283 1857. Buchanan became President 285 1858. Dred Scott decision 286 Minnesota admitted to the Union .... 292 1859. Oregon admitted to the Union. John Brown's raid . 292 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 37 1 A.D. PAGE i860. Abraham Lincoln elected. South Carolina seceded, Dec. 20. Gen. Anderson occupied Fort Sumter, Dec. 26 289 1861. Southern Confederacy formed 289 Kansas admitted to the Union, Jan. 29. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, Feb. 18 . . 292 Fort Sumter attacked, April 12, 13 . . . . 293 Lincoln inaugurated, March 4. President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand troops, April 15. Massachusetts troops mobbed in Baltimore, April 19, 294 Davis offered letters of marque and reprisal, April 17. Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports, April 19. Union army routed at Bull Run, July 21, 296 England, France, Spain, and Portugal acknowledged the Confederate States as belligerents. Confederate victory at Ball's Bluff, Oct. 21. Union victory at Port Royal, Nov. 7. Gen. Scott succeeded by Gen. McClellan 297 Seizure of Mason and Slidell, Nov. 8 . . . . 298 1862. Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, June i. Seven days' contest before Richmond, June 25, July i . . 298 Battle of Cedar. Mountain, Aug. 9. Battles between Manassas and Washington. Lee invaded Mary- land, Sept. 5. Lee defeated at South Mountain, Sept. 14. Harper's Ferry surrendered to Confeder- ates, Sept. 15. Lee defeated at Antietam, Sept. 17, 299 Confederates repulsed at Corinth, Oct. 4. Confeder- ate victory at Fredericksburg, Dec. 13 • • • 300 Engagement between " Monitor " and " Merrimac," March 9 301 Fort Henry captured by United-States gunboats, Feb. 6. Union troops took Roanoke Island, Feb. 8. Island No. 10 captured by Unionists, April 7 . . 302 Union victory at Shiloh, April 7. New Orleans cap- tured by Unionists, April 25. Fort Pulaski cap- tured by Unionists, April 25. Memphis surrendered to Union troops, June 6 303 372 YOUNG folks' UNITED STATES. A.D. PAGE Lincoln's first emancipation proclamation, Sept. 22, 305 1863. Lee's second invasion of Maryland, June 21 . . 299 Lincoln's second emancipation proclamation, Jan, i, 305 Union defeat at Chancellorsville, May 3. Union victory at Gettysburg, July 3 306 Capture of Vicksburg by Union troops, July 4 , . 307 Capture of Port Hudson by Union troops, July 8. Negro riot in New York, July 13-16. Morgan's raid in Indiana and Ohio, July. Confederate vic- tory at Chickamauga, Sept 20 308 Union victory at Chattanooga, Nov. 25. Confederates repulsed before Knoxville, Nov. 29. ... 309 Fort Wagner taken by Confederates, July 18 . . 310 West Virginia admitted to the Union, June 20 . . 325 1864. Union defeat at Olustee, Feb. 20 .... 310 Grant appointed lieutenant-general, May 3. Grant made commander of Union army, March 12. Red River expedition, March and April. Confederates captured Fort Pillow, April 12. Army of Potomac began a forward movement, May 3. The battle of the W^ilderness, May 5, 6. The battles near Spottsylvania, May 9. Unionists routed near New Market, May 15. Confederate defeat at Piedmont, Junes 31 » " The Kearsarge " met and sank " The Alabama," June 19. Early invaded Maryland, July 4. Confed- erate victory on the Monocacy, July 9. Chambers- burg sacked and partly burned, July 30. Confed- erate defeat at Winchester, Sept. 19. Confederate rout at Fisher's Hill, Sept. 22 312 Union mine explosion before Petersburg, July 30. Union victory in Mobile Bay, Aug. 5 . . . 313 Sherman began his march against Atlanta, May 7. Sherman's victories before Atlanta, July 20, 28. Sherman captured Atlanta, Sept. 2. Confederate repulse at Franklin, Nov. 30. Union victory at Nashville, Dec. 16. Savannah occupied by Sher- man's army, Dec. 21 315 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. J 73 A.D. PAGE Union victory at Cedar Creek, Oct. 19. Nevada ad- mitted into the Union, Oct. 31 325 1865. Union victory at Averysborough, March 16. Confed- erate rout at Bentonville, March 20 . . . . 316 Unionists captured Fort Fisher, Jan 15. Sherman cap- tured Columbia, Feb. 17. Charleston occupied by Union troops, Feb. 18. Wilmington taken by Union troops, Feb. 22. Union troops occupied_Peters- burg and Richmond, April 3 317 Lee surrendered- to Grant, April 9. Gen. J. E. John- ston surrendered to Sherman, April 26. Jefferson Davis captured, May 10 318 President Lincoln assassinated, April 14 . . . 322 Andrew Johnson became President, April 15 . . 323 Freedmen's Bureau Bill became a law, March 3. Slavery declared constitutionally abolished, Dec. 18. Conditional amnesty 324 i865. Congress passed second Freedmen's Bureau Bill over veto, July 16 324 1867. Congress passed Reconstruction Bill over veto, March 2. Congress passed Tenure of Office Bill over veto, March 2 324 Nebraska admitted to the Union, March i. Alaska purchased, June 20 325 1868. House of Representatives impeached President John- son, Feb. 24. Fourteenth constitutional amendment adopted, July 28 324 President Johnson acquitted, May 26 . . . . 325 i86g. Ulysses S. Grant became President, March 4 . . 326 1870. The fifteenth amendment declared adopted . . 326 1 871. The Alabama treaty concluded. May 6. The great fire of Chicago occurred Oct. 7, 8, 9 . . . 326 1873. Grant inaugurated for a second term .... 326 INDEX. Acadia, 152. Acton, Mass., 180. Adams, John, President, 176, 196, 197, 217, 221, 231, 238, 239, 260, 261, 262. Adams, J. Q., President, 259, 268 Adams, Samuel, 172, 179, 182, 221. Alabama, 234, 255, 257, 289. "Alabama," The, 312. Alaska, 325. Albany, N.Y., 90, g5» 'S^j 241- "Albemarle," The, 314- Alleghany River, The, 150, 152. Alexandria, Va., 296. Algonquins, The, 18. Alien and Sedition Laws, 233. Allen, Ethan, 68, 183, 229. Allston, W., 328. Alton, III, 268. Americus Vespucius, 37. Anderson, Major Robert, 290. Andre, Major John, 210. Andros, Sir Edmund, 83. Animals, Extinct, 2. Annapolis, Md., 173, 295. Antietam, Md., Battle of, 299 Antislavery Societies, 265, 268. Appomattox, Va.. Lee's Surrender at, 318. Aquidneck, 70. Arizona, 284. Arlington Heights, Va., 296. "Ark," The, 121. Arkansas, 266, 291. Arnold, Gen. Benedict, 25, 26, 209, 213, 211. Astor, J. J., 247, 253. Astoria, 247. Atlanta, Ga., Capture of, 315. Atlantic Cable, The, 32S. Atlantic Ocean, 13, 3I) 32, 33> 35) 52- Attucks, Crispus, 169. B. Bacon, Nathaniel, 139. Bainbridge, Captain, 237. Bailey, Colonel, 311. Balboa, 43. Ball's Bluff, Va., 297. Baltimore, Md., 273, 294, 295. Baltimore, George, Lord, 121. Baltimore, Cecil, Lord, 121, 122. Banks, Gen. N. P., 298,310. Barre, Colonel, 162, 163. Baton Rouge, La., 293. Beauregard, General, 291, 302. Bennington, Vt., 205. Berkeley, Governor, 139. Berkeley, Lord, 99. Big Bethel, Va., 296. " Blessing of the Bay," The, 84. Block, Adrian, 71, 91. Block Island, 71, 91. " Bonhomme Richard," The, 207, 208. Boone, Daniel, 230. Booth, Wilkes, 322. Border Ruffians, 283, 286. Boston, Mass., 62, 83, 86, 87, 164, 166, 167, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 189, 191, 192, 200, 202, 227, 259. Boston Massacre, The, 169. " Boston Newsletter," The, 86. Boston Port Bill, i73) i74) '75- "Bounty-jumpers," 306. Braddock, General, 153* i54) i57- Bradford, Governor, 133. Brainerd, David, 136. Breed's Hill, 183, 184. Brewster, Elder, 60. Brown, Capt. John, 283, 286, 288. Bryant, W. C, 328. Buchanan, James, President, 285, 286. Buell, Gen. D. C. 302. Buena Vistr. Battle of, 275, 276. 375 376 YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. Bull Run, Battles of, 296, 299. Bunker Hill, Battle of, 17S, 1S3, 189, 192, 194, 206. Burgoyne, General, 205, 206. Burke, Edmund, 174. Burns, Anthony, 281. Burnside, Gen. A. E., 300, 302. Burr, Aaron, 242, 243. Butler, Gen. B. F., 295, 303, 304. Buttrick, Major, 180. Cabot, John, 40, 41, 51. Cabot, Sebastian, 38, 40, 41, 42, 51. Calhoun, J. C, 263, 272. California, 277, 278, 280, 281. Calvert, Leonard, 121. Cambridge, Mass., 37, 86, 87, 136, 174, 184, 189, 191, 200. Canada, iS, 45, 50, 51, 52, 66, 95, 136, 139, 146, 147, 148. Canonicus, 69. Cape Ann, 67, 115. Cape Charles, 113. Cape Cod, 49, 61, 71, 89, 92. Cape Henry, 113. Carolinas, The, 124, 127. Carteret, Sir George, 99. Carver, John, 59. Casey, General, 298. Castle William, 169, 191. Cedar Creek, Va., Battle of, 312. Cedar Mountain, Va., Battle of, 299. Census of United States, 231, 234, 252, 257, 266, 269, 2S2, 292, 326. Central America, 7. Cerro Gordo, 276. Champlain, Lake, 205, 209. Chapultepec, 276. Charles River, 115, 179. Charleston, S.C, 126, 173, 191, 202, 205, 207, 209, 212, 290, 291, 310, 316. Charlestown, Mass.. 62, 178, 179, 1S4. Cbarlestown, Va., 288. Charters, 52, 82, 84, loi, no, 130, 160. Chase, S. P., 327. Chattanooga, Tenn., Battle of, 309. Chesapeake Bay, 112, 121. " Chesapeake," The, 236, 249, 250. Chickamauga, Tenn., 308. Chickasaw, The, 263. Chihuahua, 277. Chilton, Mary, 58. Choctaws, The, 263. Christiana, Del., 107, 108. Church, Captain, 138. Churubusco, 276. Civil War, The, 293. Clark, Capt. William, 245, 246. Clayborne, Capt. William, 121, 122. Clay, Henr>% 280. "Clermont," The, 241, 242. Clinton, De Witt, 260. Clinton, General, 202. Coddington, William, 70. Coins, early, in New England, 85. Colorado, 2. Colored Troops, 305, 311, 317, 319. Columbus, Christopher, 31, 40. Columbia River, 246, 247, 253, 273. Columbia, District of, 280. " Columbia," The, 246. ''Common Sense," 195. Compromise Measures, 280. Concord, Mass., 179, i8o, 181, 198. Confederacy, The, 297. Confederation, The, 214, 215. Congress, Continental, 164, 176, 189. 194, 200. Connecticut, 66, 71, 72, 73, 83, 84, 87, 96, 137) 148, 159, 165, 183, 196, 268. Connecticut River, 92. Constitution, Federal, The, 2 15, 216, 254, 256. " Constitution," The, 249. Continental Army, 199. Cook, Captain, 155. Copley, J. S., 328. Cotton Gin, The, 226. Cotton, Rev. John, 136. Crown Point, 154. Cuba, 37, 47. Cumberland, Md., 252. Gushing, Lieutenant, 314. Ciishing, Mrs., 164. Cuttyhunk, Mass., Settlement at, 51. D. Dahlgren, Admiral, 315. Dare, Virginia, 52. Dark and Bloody Ground, The, 230. "Daughters of Libertj'," 173. Davis, Capt. Isaac, 180. Davis, Jefferson, 290, 317, 318. Debt, National, 318, 326. Decatur, Lieutenant, 237, 238. Declaration of Rights, 164. Declaration of Independence, 194, 197 199, 202, 213, 216, 228, 232, 235, 261. Deerfield, Mass., 146, 147. De Kalb, General, 204. Delaware, 93, ice;, 106, 108, 159. De la Ware, Lord, 106, 117. Delaware River, 108, 203, 241. Democratic Partv, 221, 235, 267, 273, 282, 285. Detroit, Mich., 157, 158, 249. Dighton Rock, 26. Doniphan, Colonel, 277. INDEX. 377 Dorchester, Mass., 62. Dorchester Heights, )83, 192. Dorr War, The, 270. "Dove," The, 121. Dover, N.H., 66. Dred Scott Decision, 285. Druilletes, Father, 136. Dudingston, Lieutenant, 169. Diipont, Admiral, 310. Duston, Thomas, 144. Dutch Times in New York, S Early, Gen. Jubal, 312. East Cambridge, Mass., 179. EHot, Rev. John, 136. Eiizabethtown, N.J., 99. El Molmo del Rey, 276. Ellsworth, Colonel, 296. Emancipation Proclamations, 305, 306. Embargo, The, 236. Emerson, R. W., 328. Endicott, John, 61, 74. Ericsson, Captain, 301. Erie Canal, The, 260. " Essex," The, 250. Everett, Edward, 265. Everglades, The, 263, 264. F. Fairbanks, Jonas, 78. Fair Oaks, Battle of, 298. Fall River, Mass., 26, 137. Faneuil Hall, 172. Farragut, Admiral, 303, 3'3- Fifteenth Amendment The, 326. Fillmore, Millard, President, 2S0. Fitch, John, 241. Five Nations, The, 127, 150. Flag, United States, 199. Florida, 42, 47> 52, 77) 126, 128, 253, 254, 263, 264, 289. " Flying Machine," The, 106. Flynt, Alice, 78. Forrest, General, 3ii- Fort Donelson, 302. Fort Du Quesne, 152, 154, 177. Fort Fisher, 316. Fort Hatteras, 297. Fort Moultrie, 290, 291. Fort Pillow Massacre, 311, 319. Fort Pulaski, 302. Fort St. George, 53. Fort Sumter, 290, 291, 293. Fort Wagner, 3 10. Fortress Monroe, 236. Foster, General, 315. Fox, C. J., 174- Foxes, The, 263. Franklin, Dr. Benjamni, 151, 194 206, 227, 328. Frederic City, M-J 2 eg. Fredericksburg, Va., 300. Freedmen's Bureau, 324. Freesoil Party, 279, 280. Fremont, Gen. J. C., 277, 305. French and Indian Wars, 139, 141 Frietchie, Barbara, 299. Fugitive Slave Law, 281. Fulton, Robert, 241. G. Gadsden Purchase, The, 284. Gage, General, t66, 178, 183, 184. Garner, Margaret, 281. Garrison, W. L., 264, 265, 268. "Gaspee," The, 169. Gates, General, 206. Geneva Tribunal, The, 326. " Genius of Universal Emancipation," The, 264. Georgia, 127, 129, 130, 159, 226, 234, 253, 264, 2S9, 290. Gettysburg, Penn., Battle of, 306. Gillmore, General, 3 10 Goffe, WiUiam, 138. Gorton, Samuel, 78. Gosnold, Bartholomew, 51. Grant, U. S., President, 302, 311, 312, 316, 326. Gray, Capt. Robert, 246. Great March, The, 315. Green Mountain Boys, 229. Greene, Mrs., 226. Greene, Gen. N., 183, 208, 209. Greenland, 89. Grierson, Colonel, 308. Groton, Mass., 174. Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 277, 2^. Gudrid, 29. " Guerriere," The, 249. Guilford, Conn., Old House in, 77. H. Hadley, Mass., 137, 138. Hale, Capt. Nathan, 210, " Half-Moon," The, 88. Halifax, N.S., 192. Hamilton, Alexander, 215, 221 Hancock, John, 179, 197. Harper's Ferry, Va., 286, 287, 3V< YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. Harrison, W. H., President, 249, 267, 269, 270. Hartford, Conn., 71, 96, 175, 249. Hartford Convention, The, 249. Harvard University, 86, 118, 1S4. Havana, 39. Haverhill, Mass., 144. Hawley, Major, 176. Hawthorne, N., 328. Heights of Abraham, The, 155. Henr)% Patrick, 163, 164, 176. Hertel de Rouville, 146. Hessians, The, 193, 203. Hiawatha, Legend of, 18. Higginson, Rev. Francis, 62, 63. Higginson, Rev. John, 87. Hooker, Gen. J., 72, 306, 309. Hopeton, O., Mounds at, 7. Hosmer, Harriet, 32S. Howe, General, 1S5, 192. Hudson, Henry, 88. Hudson River, 90, 150, 181,209,241,270, Hudson's Bay, 42. Huguenots, The, 125. Hull, General, 249. Humphreys, General, 317. Hunter, Gen. David, 303,304, 310. Hurlgate, 70, 91. Hurons, The, 13. Hutchinson, Anne, 70. Hutchinson, Chief Justice, 165, 172. Iceland, 27, 31. Illinois, 255, 270, 289. Illinois River, 139, 244. Impeachment of President Johnson, 325. Inauguration Ball, 224. India, Voyages in Search of, 33, 40, 47, 49. Indiana, 252, 256. Indians, American, 14, 89, 91, 93, 96, 103, 106, 115, 131, 139, 142, I SI, 154, 177- Indians, American, Wars with, 131, 142. Iowa, 278, 283. Iroc}uois, The, 13. Irving, W., 328. Island No. lo, 302. Isles of Shoals, 115. J. Jackson, Andrew, President, 251 253, 262, 263, 265, 306. Jacksonville, Fh., 3 10. Jamaica, 37. James River, The, 113, 117. Jamestown, Va., 50, no, 113, 116, 117 -39- Jay, John, 220 Jeffi erson, Thomas, President, 183, 196, 221, 231, 235, 239, 241, 243, 255. Jerry Rescue, 281. Johnson, Andrew, President, 323, 324. Johnston, Gen. A. S., 302. Jones, Capt. John Paul, 200, 207. K. Kansas, 282, 284, 286. Kearny, Gen. Stephen, 277. " Kearsarge," The, 312. Kennebec River, 53, 57, Kent Island, Md., 121. Kentucky, 229, 230, 231, 252. Kieft, William, 96. Kilpatrick, General, 3 10. King George's War, 143. King Philip's War, 137, 138. King William's War, 143. King's College, 98. Know-Nothing Party, 285. Kosciuszko, General, 20,, Labrador, 41. La Fayette, General, 205, 256. Lake Champlain, 67. Lake P>ie, 250, 260, 285. Lake Michigan, 243. Lake Superior, 9. Lane, Gen. J. H., 283, 306. La Salle, 244, 271. Lawrence, Captain, 249. " Lawrence," The, 250. Lawrence, Kan., 284. Lee, Gen. R. E., 189, 299, 318. Lee, Richard Henry, 195. Leif the Lucky, 28. Lewis and Clark's Expedition, 245, 273. Lewistown, Del., First School for Girls, 105. Lexington, Mass., 178, 181, 196. Leyden, 133. " Liberator," The, 264. " Liberty and Property'," 165. Liberty Party, 273, 279. Liberty-Tree, 165, 166. Lincoln, Abraham, President, 289, 294, 303, 320, 322. Lincoln, Abraham, President, Extract from Inaugural Address, 320. INDEX. 379 Lincoln, Abraham, President, Extract from Gettysburg Address, 329. Livingston, R. R., 196. Locke, John, 125. " Log-Cabin Candidate," 269. London Companv, Tlie, 52. Longfellow, H. W., 18, 26, 328. Long Island, 71, 96. Long River, 230. Lookout Mountain, Tenn., Battle of, 309- Louisburg, 148, 176, 177. Louisiana Purchase, 230, 244, 266, 278, 282, 292. Louisiana, State of, 253, 280, 289, 293. Lovejoy, Rev. E. P., 268. Lundy, Benjamin, 264. Lyon, Gen. N., 297. M. McClellan, Gen. G. B., 296, 297, 299, 300- McDowell, General, 296. Madison, [ames, President, 248, 253. Maine, 52," 65, 83, 87, 115, 137, 209, 255, 257,270. Malvern Hills, Va., Battle of, 298. Mammoth, The, 2. Mandans. The, 246. Manhattan Island, 91, 99. Mann, Horace, 281. Maps, Early, 34, 48, 49, 109. Marblehead, Mass., 148, 174. Marietta, O., Mounds at, 10. Marion, Gen. Francis, 208. Maroons, The, 264. Maryland, 42, 70, 121, 122, 123, 159, 160, 165, 285, 295. Massachusetts, The, 13. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 60, 72, 74, 200. Massachusetts, 8r, 93, 96, 106, 136, 148, 159, 164, 173, 178, 183, 195, 214, 226, 231,240, 257,259, 295, Mason, Capt. J. 134, Mason, J. M., 298. Mason and Dixon's Line, 123. Mastodon, The, 2. " Mayflower," The, 56, 57, 59, 61. Mayhews, The, 136. Meade, Gen. G. G.. 306. Med, a Slave-Child, 268. Medford, Mass., 179. " Merrimack" and " Monitor," Contest of, 300. Merrimack River, 145. Merry Monnt, 74. Mexican War, 273, 280, 281, 284. Mexico, 44, 50, 271, 276, 284, Mexico, Gulf of, 244. Michigan, 266. Minnesota, 292. Mississippi, 6, 7, 12, 156, 234, 257. Mississippi River, 139, 230, 234, 243, 244, 252, 293. Missouri, 255, 270, 283, 2S6, 297. Missouri Compromise, The, 256, 282. Missouri River, 283. Mobile Bay, Naval Action in, 313, Mohegans, The, 13. " Monitor," The, 300. Monitors, 310, 314. Monongahela, The, 152. Monroe, James, President, 248, 253. Montcalm, General, 155. Monterey, Battle of, 275. Monterey, Cal., 277. Montgomery, General, 283. Morgan, General, 308. Mormons, The, 270, 282. Morosa, a Name for Virginia, 52. Morse, Prof. S. F. B., 273, 328. Morton, W. T. G., 328. Mound-Builders, The, 14. Mount Hope, 137. N. " Narragansetts," The, 13, 26, 69, 138. Narragansett Bay, 169. Nashville, Tenn., 302. Natick, Mass., Indian Village at, 136. National Road, The, 252. Nauvoo, 111., 270. Nebraska, 282, 284, 325. Nevada, 325. New Amsterdam, 91, 93. New P>rimswick, 270. New Hampshire, 66, 67, 83, 115, 148, 159, 183, 206, 229, 26S. New Haven, Conn., 72, 87. New Jersey, 98, 99, 140, 159, 203. New Mexico, 10, 277, 282, 284. New Netherlands, 72, 91, 93, 95, 97, 107. New Orleans, La., 150,251, 252, 262, 303. New Sweden, 107, 108. New York, 67, 72, 98, 127, 140 159, 165, 196, 198, 215, 229, 260, 267, 270, 272, 280, 295. New York, City of, 44, 91, 103, 106, 166, 173, 199,202,203, 211, 212, 217, 218, 241, 260, 295. Newfoundland, 156.. New]5ort, R.I., 25, 26, 44, 169, 2it Newport, Captain, no. 38o YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. Niagara, 154. North Carolina, 44, 159, 179,215,231,291. Northampton, Mass., 176. Northmen, The, 25, 26, 28. North-west Territor}', The, 231, 243, 266, 279. Nova Scotia, 29, 44, 148, 177. Nueces River, 274. O. Oglethorpe, Gen. James, 127. Ohio, 6, 149, 152, 248, 252. Ohio River, 139, 231, 253. Old French and Indian War, The, 151. Old Stone Mill at Newport, R.I., 25. Old Point Comfort, Va., 113. Old South Church, Boston, 172. Oliver, Andrew, 165. " Onrust," or " Unrest," The, 91. Ordinance of 1787, 231, 254, 266. Oregon, 273, 292. Orleans, Territory of, 253, Osceola, 264. Ossawattomie, Kan., 283. Otis, James, 164. ?: Pacific Railway, The, 327. Pacific Ocean, The, ii, 43. Page, William, 32S. Paine, Thomas, 195, 241. Palo Alto, Battle of, 274. Patroons, 92, 270. Parker, Capt. John, 179- Parker, Theodore, 281. Penn, William, 101, 139, 140, 141. Pennsylvania, loi, 104, 107, 123, 139, 140,159,195,203. Pennsylvania Hall, Burning of, 268. " Pennsylvania Journal," The, igg. Pepperrell, Gen. William, 148. Pequots, The, 13. Percy, Lord, 182. Perry, Com, M. C, 276, 284. Perry, Com, O. H., 250. Phelps, Gen. J. W., 303. Philadelphia, Penn., 98, 103, 105, 151, J73. I76» i94» 200, 204, 212, 215, 224, 227, 232. "Philadelphia," The, 237, Phillips, Wendell, 281. Pierce, Franklin, President, 282. Pilgrims, The, 56, 63, 67, 131 Pinckney, C. C, 233. Pine Tree Flag, The, 200. Pitcairn, Major, 179. Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 165. Pittsburg, Penn., 152. Pittsburg Landing. Tenn., Battileof,302. Plyniomh, Mass., 115. Plymouth, Mass., Colony, 55, 62, 64, 95r 131- Plymouth Company, 52. Pocahontas, 115. Polk, James K., President, 273. Pontiac, 249. Poor Richard's Almanack, 227. Popham, George, his Colony, 53. Port Hudson, Surrender of, 308. Porter, Com. David, 250. Port Royal, S.C, 124, 297. Porto Rico, 37. Portsmouth, N.H., 66, 67, 87. Potatoes, Introduction of, 52. Potomac, 241, Powers, H., 328. Powhatan, 115. Prescott, General, 183, 184, 185, Preston, Captain, 168. Price, Dr., 195. Princeton, N.J., loo, 204. Pring, Martin, 66. Privateers, Confederate, 312. Provincial Congress, 178, 186. Providence, R.I., 69, 169, 170. Pueblo Indians, The, 10. Pulaski, General, 205. Puritans, The, 15,62,63,81, 85, 104, 122, 136, 138. Putnam, Gen. Israel, 177, 18^, 184, 1S5, 186, 187, 191. QiTAKERS, The, 80, 81,99, 106, 119, la^ 140. Quebec, 150, 155, 156, 177, Queen i^nne's War, 143. Quincy, Josiah, 240. R. Rafn, Professor, 25. Railroad, First American, 260. Ramsey, James, 241, Rebellion, War of the, 285, 291, 293. Reconstruction Acts, 324. Red River Expedition, The, 310. " Redeemed Captive," The, 147. Reed, Adjutant-General, 199, 207. Republican Party, 279, 285, 289. Resaca de la Palma, 274. Revere, Paul, 179. INDEX. 381 Revolutionary War, 159, 207, 221, 228, 232, 241, 253, 259. Rhode Island, 29, 68, 70, 74, 83, 84, 87, 138, 159, 165, 173, 183, 191, 215, 270. Ribault, Jean, 124. Richmond, Va., 296, 317. Rio Grande, The, 274, 277. Roanoke Island, 51, 302. Robinson, Rev. John, 56, 133. Rocky Mountains, 244, 245, Rosecrans, General, 308. Roxbury, Mass., 62. S. Sacramento River, 277, 278. Sacs, The, 263. St. Augustine, Fla., 43, 50, 126, 129, 271. St. Lawrence, The, 49, St. Louis, Mo., 246. "St. Mary's, Pilgrims of," 121. St. Simon's Island, 129. Salem, Mass., 61, 62, 63, S7, 95. Salt Licks, Ky., 230. Sandy Hook, 89. San Francisco, Cal., 27S. Sanitary Commission, The, 318. San Juan d'Ulloa, 276. Santa Anna, General, 275, Saratoga, N.Y., 206. Savannah, Ga-, 128, 129, 212, 226. Saxton, Gen. Rufus, 306. Schoolcraft, H. R., 19. Schuyler, Philip, 189. Schuylkill River, The, 201. Scott, Gen. Winfield, 206, 263, 275, 296, 297. Seguin, 71. Semmes, Captain, 313. Seminoles, The, 253, 263. "Serapis," The, 207, 208. " Seven Days' Battles, The," 298. Sewall, Chief Justice, 82, 87. Seward, W. H-, 322, 327. Seymour, General, 3 10. Shadrach Rescue, the, 281. Shaw, Colonel, 312. Shay's Rebellion, 214. "Shenandoah," The, 312. Sheridan, Gen. P. H., 312, 316, 317,318. Sherman, Gen. W. T., 309, 311, 315. Shoshones, The, 246. Six Nations, The, 13, 127, 150. "Skeleton in Armor," The, 26. Skraelings, The, 29. Slavery, American, 87, 92, 104, 117, 123, 126, 268, 271, 279, 280. Slidell, J., 298. Smith, Capt. J., 58, 65, uo, 114, 1,6. Smith, Joseph, 270. South Carolina, 52, 129, 159, 173, 208, 238, 262, 263, 265. 289, 290, 297. South Mountain, Va., Battle of, 299. " Speedwell," The, 56, 57. Spencer, General, 183. Stamp Act, The, i6i, 162, 163, 165, 1O6. Standish, Lora. 59. Standish, Capt. Miles, 58, 59, 78, 133. Stanton, E. M., 327. Stark, Gen. John, 183, 205, 206. Stark, Molly, 206. "Star of the West," The, 290. State Rights, 289. Staten Island, 91. Stephens, A. H., 290, 291. Steuben, General, 205. Stillwater, N.Y., Battle of, 206. Stockton, Commodore, 277. Stonington, Conn., 134. Stony Mountains, The, 246. Stony Point, N.V., Storming of. 207. Story, W. W., 328. Stuyvesant, Peter, 97, loS Suffrage, Universal, 239, 327. Sumner, Charles, 281, 327. Sumter, Gen. Thomas, 208. Sutter, Captain, 278. Snorri, 29. Sylvania, 102. Tariff, The, 261, 262. Taylor, Zachary, President, 274, 275,280. Tea-party, Boston, 172. Tecumseh, 249, 269. Tennessee, 230, 231, 291. "Tennessee," The, 314. Terry, Gen. A. H., 316. Texas, 267, 268, 271, 277, 289. " The .Selling of Joseph," a tract, 87. Thomas, General, 309. Thompson, John, Hatter, 197. Ticonderoga, 154, 183, 205. iiger, The, 91. Tippecanoe, O., 249, 269. Tobacco, Introduction of, 52. Toleration, Religious, 68, 99, 103, 122, 216, Tories, The, 176. Townshend, Charles, 162. Treaties, 19, 151, 156, 206, 213, 220, 233, 237, 251, 254, 277, 2S4, 326. Trenton, N.J^ 203, 217. Tri-mountain, 62. Turner, Nat, 265. Tuscaroras, The, 126. Tyler, John, 269, 270, 271. Tyrker, 28. i^'- YOUNG FOLKS UNITED STATES. U. Underhill, Captain, 134. United Colonies, 177, 196. United States, igg, 215. United States Constitution, 215. University of Pennsylvania, 105. Upper California, 277. Utah, 271, 282. V. Valley Forge, Penn., 204, 206. Van Buren, Martin, President, 267, 269. Van Rensselaer, General, 249. Vera Cruz, Mexico, 275, 276. Vermont, 67, 83, 206, 229. Verrazzano, 44, 45. Vespucius, Americus, 37. Vicksburg, Miss., 304, 307. Vinland, 29, 31, 33, 34. Virginia, 51, 52, 53, 56, 86 139. 152, 154, 159, i63' igo, 195, 196, 217, 229, 230,233, 236, 240, 248, 253, 254, 2C)5» 270, 288, 291, 296, 297. 106, 109, 164, 175. 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 229,231, 2J3, 239. 255. 2S3, 2S6, 2SS, 295, 296, 297, Washington, Mrs. Martha, 223. Washington, D.C, 232, 251. Watertown, Mass., 69. Wayne, Gen. Anthony, 207. Webster, Daniel, 270, 2S1. Weitzel, Gen. G., 317. "Welcome," The, 102. Wentworth, Benning, 67. Wesley, Rev. Charles, 129^ Wesley, Rev. John, 129. West Point, N.Y., 209, 210. West Virginia, 325. Whalley, Richard, 138. 268, Wheehng, Va., 252. White, Peregrine, 59. Whitefield, Rev. George, 129. Whitfield, Rev. Henry, fo. Whitney, Eli, 226. Whittier, J. G., 299, 328. William and Mary College, 118. Williams, Rev. John, 146. Williams, Rev. Roger, 68, 70, 134. Wilmot Proviso, The, 279. 8g^ i Windham, Conn., 174. W. Wadsworth, WillL'^m, 83, 84. Walking Purchase, The, 141. Wampanoags, 13. Warner, Seth, 229. Ward, Gen. Artemas, 183,' 189. Warren, Gen. G. K., 317. Warren, Gen. Joseph, 177, 184, 185. Washington, George, President, 150, 152, 153, 154, 177, 189, 190, 192, 211, 212, 214, 215, 217,218, Windsor, Conn., 71 Wmslow, Captain, 138. Winthrop, John, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69. Wisconsin, 278, 279. Wise, Governor, 288. Wolfe, General, 155, 162, Worcester, Mass., 178. Worden, Commodore, 301. Wyoming, Penn., 207. Y, Yale College, 86, 226. York River, 211. Yorktown, Va., 211, 212. Young, Brigham, 28a. As ifitei'estuig as liobi?iso7i Crusoe. YOUNG FOLKS' BOOK OF AMERICAN EXPLORERS. BY THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. UNIFORM WITH " HIGGINSON'S YOUNG FOLKS' HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES." i6mo. Cloth. Illustrated. $1.50. 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