2472 I 7 V 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 010 461 273 8 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap. Copyright No» Shelf.;. Ai-f" 3 : t UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. PIERRE LOTI SELECTIONS FROM PIERRE LOTI -irt EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY BY A. GUYOT CAMERON, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of French in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University AUTHORIZED EDITION 1^ . NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1897 A-1 V \ Copyright, 1897, BY HENRY HOLT & CO. ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK* To millium Augustus J&erriil, %$M* f IL.ffiJ Of the University of California, Whose Mastery of Latin Lore And whose Love of Lucretius Will Find The Pantheism and the Poetry Of the Latter under New Guise in This Philosopher of Fiction, Loti, This, in Admiration of the Scholar And a Link in a Friendship Which Distance does not Dim. PREFACE. To M. Loti, the kindness of whose sanction to gather illustrations of his writings has added an- other charm to the pleasure of stud) r ing them, my most grateful thanks are expressed. " Every abridgment of a good book is a foolish abridgment," says Montaigne. And only those who have attempted it, will recognize the difficulty in pre- senting in one volume a series of extracts to represent the phases of nineteen, or will understand the struggle of choice where every part is beautiful, yet one must be taken and the other left. Every such series of selections, too, is necessarily somewhat subjective. Yet space-limitations counteract this by compelling the gleaning of general examples rather than those of too personal predilections. In the case of M. Loti several arrangements were possible. The personal one, to include passages bearing more directly upon his thoughts and feelings ; the topographical, deal- ing Avith various lands ; the purely descriptive, whose objection is absence of romantic interest. It has seemed best to omit the passages of actual love- episodes, as too long, and to follow a more varied and chronological order. This will both represent the actual literary development of M. Loti, and — by the VI PKEFACE. inclusion of many of his chapters — also exactly follow his lack of plan, which, however, be it said, is one of the attractive qualities of his books. The extracts have been taken in larger part from the earlier and most famous works. Some of the later ones duplicate in general the earlier, while the recent books of travel are too much descriptive voyag- ing or moral philosophizing to closely suit the pur- pose of the present series chosen. Certain most mild liberties have been taken : the assimilation into continuity of a few detached pas- sages upon the same theme ; the rare substitution of a proper name for initial pronoun, to make clear the personality involved ; the occasional suppression of some descriptive attributes, better excised for scho- lastic purposes. Some suggestions in the titles of selections are explained in the " Contents." The annotations upon M. Loti are also necessarily somewhat non-systematic and varied in character. The text furnishes no historical nor literary allusions and few personages for explanations. The extraordi- narily pure and simple style, and the predominance of description over dialogue, remove idiomatic analysis. Like the sea described by the author, there are long, quiet stretches of writing that require no comment, while the elementary grammar they involve is a pre- supposed acquisition of the student. On the other hand, few save the experienced can realize the time, the patience, the correspondence, and the difficulty, — utterly incommensurate with the results in seem- ingly simple statements, — involved in the notes upon the exotic expressions, the meanings of names, and PREFACE. Vll even the geographical definitions which will be found in the notes. If M. Loti had stopped at the phrase good-naturedly rallied by M. Brunetiere and which includes the annotatiye terrors of clwla, zamacueca, and diguhela, well. But he did not. And so Ja- panese, Tahitian, and Yoloff, and still others, have made this editing of more than average difficulty. M. Loti himself, however, comes to the rescue at times. Wherever possible, his own words and bril- liant descriptions have been incorporated into the notes which, apart from needed elucidations, can at least typify, if not develop more than in outline, the desirable possibilities of expansive teaching. These selections may perhaps reveal the marvellous power and beauty of their author's work, and may stimu- late a fuller reading of it, and help to an idea of the fair flowers and tall trees in that intellectual para- dise — French Literature. A. G. C. Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, March, 1897. CONTENTS. (For uniformity and ease of reference, titles have been given to all of the selections. M. LoWs own designations or those made from the opening words of his chapters have been used where practicable, but the editor has been obliged to supply most of those in Mon Frere Yves, Pecheur d'Islande, Mme. Chrysantheme and Au Maroc, as in the orig- inal, the chapters were distinguished only by numbers. He has also added several of the headings in Le Mariage de Loti and Le Roman d'un Spahi, where his selections do not coincide with M. Lot Vs chapters.) PAGE Introduction , xi The Works of Pierre Loti lv Critiques lvii Le Mariage de Loti. Rarahu 1 La Cour de Pomare 2 Economie sociale et Philosophie 4 Tahiti 5 Gastronomie 6 La vie de Loti a Tahiti 6 Coutumes et Legendes 9 Le Roman cVun Spahi. Le Spahi 18 En route 21 La Reverie 24 Digression pedantesque sur la Musique et sur une categorie de gens appeles Griots. 29 Guet-n'dar, la ville negre 31 Une nuit de calme sur la mer equatoriale 35 La Lettre 36 La Reconnaissance 40 Le Combat 42 ix X CONTEMPTS. PAGB Mon frere Yves. Yves 47 La vie a bord 50 Les Freres 55 L'Ouragan 59 La Rencontre 67 Matelots 75 La Chaumiere 79 Yves et Loti 83 Pecheur d'lslande. Yann 86 La mer d'Islande 93 LaChapelle 101 L'Escarmouche 104 La Mort ; L'Enterrement 108 Le Petit Yoltigeur 115 Les Noces , 120 Madame Chrysantheme. La Visite 122 Le Japon 124 Le Repas 125 La Priere 126 La Fete 128 Japoneries d'automne. Trois Legendes Rustiques 138 La Sainte Montagne de Nikko 139 Au Tombeau des Samourai's 144 Au Maroc. La Presentation au Sultan 151 Les Etudiants et l'Universite ' 156 Le Livre de la Pitie et de la Mort. Chagrin d'un vieux forcat 160 Viande de boucherie 164 PIERRE LOTI. The prose of the crusading epochs and the paint- ings of the Middle Ages give us pictures of castle halls or turretted courts. In them are gathered about some strolling troubadour or returned pilgrim, the knights moved by love of adventure. The re- tainers stand open-mouthed at stories of strange scenes. And the listening mediaeval fair women are attracted by the outlet for their sentiments otherwise suppressed in the beetling of grim walls and the often loveless life these concealed. Or, in some town, a group of burly burghers snatched from business and the perpetual speculation as to wars and trade is collected around some curious flower suddenly sprung up in their midst from seed wafted by a strange and distant wind. Or sometimes a throng surrounds a child, relic of passing Bohemians though so different from them, whose face and speech, and perhaps clothes, suggest at first, to the superstition of the period, a weird or faery origin, and wonder brings a hush of awed silence upon an unsentimental and prac- tical community. In the literature of the nineteenth century, Pierre Loti is that singer of other lands. He is that xi Xll PIERRE LOTI. exotic flower in the fields of writing. He is that child who,, having seen far more than his auditors,, yet re- tains the largest part of a naturalness of soul. And he is literally the traveller who, with faith shaken by modern life and by unbelief, has made, seeking soul- rest, a painful, anxious, and expiatory pilgrimage to The Holy Sepulchre. To explain such an authors prominence is not difficult. The world loves antitheses, when they stop short of eccentricity. It admires contrasts to its own commonplaceness, when these are sufficiently strong to nullify envy. And it cannot absolutely do without the poetic or imaginative or sentimental side it professes to despise, in its ruling by the over-prac- tical. To account for an author himself is, however, very different. No theory of conditioning circum- stances will resolve the genius of M. Loti. No leg- acy of literary examples can be evoked as predispos- ing influence ; for his rise and development were as spontaneous as his art is still self-sufficient. And there is only a uniqueness of genius which has the charms of intellectual isolation in the midst of his contemporaries, and yet none of the disadvantages of such a position, because all his work is permeated by a spirit of universal sympathy towards men, animals, and the soul of Nature. Pierre Loti is a pseudonym whose origin presages the life of its wearer and the note of personality that rules his work. As he says in his second book : " Loti was baptized January 25th, 1872, at the age of twenty-two years and eleven days. . . . Five persons assisted at this baptism, in the midst of mimosas and INTRODUCTION. Xlll orange-trees, in a hot and perfumed atmosphere, under a sky all constellated with austral stars. . . . The three Tahitiemies were crowned with natural flowers and clad in tunics of pink muslin with trains. After having vainly tried to pronounce the barbar- ian names of Harry Grant and of Plumket " (the mid- shipmen of Her Britannic Majesty, by whom in this book are meant Loti and his friend) " they decided to designate them by the words fiemuna and Loti, which are two names of flowers." But Louis-Marie-Juliex Yiaud was born Janu- ary 14, 1850, in Eochefort, surnamed the " Am- phibian city," old town impregnated with the smell of the sea and the memories of sieges, and rich in the relics of the days when Boyalists and Beformers, and the Bochellese, and the dominating personality of Bichelieu fought and struggled successfully in turn. Here began the life, whose first setting so contrasted with its later surroundings. He lived in an austere but affectionate home, with a beautiful old grand- mother, singing in her dotage the great war-hymns of the Revolution, and with a doting great-aunt. He had other great-aunts in the Isle of Oleron with its salt- marshes, and its Boles or Judgments of the sea, the primitive unwritten, then-expressed maritime code of the Ocean, the law of centuries of sailors. He had also a much older brother in the navy, writing from the antipodes about the seductiveness of distant climes, and making a deep impression on the already too precocious child. And while Loti needed the stimulat- ing influence of rougher boyhood he had generally little girls for playmates, and was himself too much XIV PIERRE LOTI. housed, and "always correct, careful, curled, having the airs of a little marquis of the eighteenth century/ 5 And in this child there were an extraordinary susceptibility to physical impressions, an uncanny mel- ancholia, and a childish conscience of such exquisite sensitiveness and scruples, of such excessive regard for truth that every statement was qualified by an apology as to possible misstatement, and that the conscience itself must needs blunt itself by its very delicacy. There came vague terrors and half-caught visions to torture his infantine soul ; aspirations towards piety and perfection ; apparitions of the eternal damnation of the Foolish Virgins ; Apocalyptic terrors ; fears of the noise of many waters and the Archangelic trumpet ; long reveries in the silent pro- vincial garden, and the set determination to become a Protestant preacher, turning into decision to be a missionary, and so to combine devotion to duty, travel, and the dangers of distance and adventure. And then, on the other hand, struggling with this Huguenot heredity, there was that other atavism of a manly race, strengthened by anterior religious per- secutions, steeped in the seduction of the sea's in- fluence, longing out of its very self-repression for those milder climes and laxer ways of the colonies, and there appeared perhaps even a touch of Corsair spirit. In the child Loti there were, too, a mar- vellous subjection to the effect of pictures of distant sands and their natives, the restlessness of as yet unanalyzed tendencies, and over and under and through everything, a peculiar sense of past life, of having endured metempsychoses, of having seen INTRODUCTION. XV things not yet seen, and lived lives not longer pos- sible, and of re-experiencing the agonies of separation and that effluvium of sadness in the oppressive sense of beauty and silence and solitude in nature. Yet, in spite of all this, little Loti was a most human and delightful child. He spent his time in prepar- ing deceptive pink and white packages to be deposited upon the pavement to delude the passers. He wrote letters to the peculiar personages of the neighbor- hood. He caused to be cooked an abominable fly- omelet, afterwards buried. He melted tin-plates and salted a silver-mine to astonish his companions. Bright, but always detesting his tasks for his tutor, he crammed them at the last minute. He suffered at school in learning the equality of life — the " man for a' that " of different social spheres. — He began there to write his impressions for himself, seeing the sea of Homeric description and living the spirit of Virgilian verse. And then, one day, reading in an old book — a sailor's log — that "from midday to four, June 20, 1813, by 110 degrees of longitude and 15 degrees of austral latitude, there vrasfine weather, fine sea, good south-east breeze, that there were in the sky several of those little white clouds called i cat-tails/ and that, by the ship, were passing gold-fish/' there come to Loti a vision of the infinite blue splendor of the vast Southern Ocean, that haunted and beckoned him until he yielded. So the sailor-spirit triumphed, and, after prelimi- nary studies, made him midshipman in 1870, ensign in 1873, and lieutenant in 1881. During the Tonkin campaign, he had written for the Figaro an account XVI PIERKE LOTI. of cruelties in the war, and as a punishment was placed upon the unattached list (1883), but restored to his position the next year. In 1894 he became secretary of the staff for the admiralty district of Eochefort. Since 1887 he has been a member of the Legion of Honor, having established a reputation for great personal bravery and energy, in spite of the natural timidity with which he at fiist had to strug- gle because of his training. He passed the Pont des Arts into the Academy in 1891, the successor of Octave Feuillet, and the fourteenth occupant of arm- chair number four, immortalized already by Eacine, by Crebillon and by Scribe. Why? What has made Pierre Loti one of the glories of a nation and of a literature which has more unique books, from PascaFs Pensees, and La Eoche- f oucauld's Maximes to those others, extremes of social scandal and piquant personal anecdote, than any other possesses ? It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that almost any one of his books answers the question. It was not the curiosity because they were anonymous which helped his first productions, but the merit of their unknown author's genius. Here was a phenomenon, the new " note " in literature about which criticism is always speaking with longing. Here was a revelation of " virgin soil," mental and physical, in an even stronger sense than that of Tourgueneff with his pictures of Eussian thought and country. There were a freshness and a force of feeling, clothed in a marvellous power of description and a startling independence of conventionalities. There was the breath of absolutely new and exqui- INTRODUCTION. XY11 sitely-scented ideas,, with a perfume of soul in an ingenuous revelation of individuality. There was a pantheism seizing the spiritual side of Xature and penetrated by an overwhelming sadness. And there was a depth of sincerity and of suffering in the state- ment of the personal and in the subjective and ob- jective characters of a new fiction, that even now makes the leading critics confess their inability to technically handle works whose pathos wrings the heart and stays the ruthless pen of the reviewer. If the work of M. Loti is thus a synthesis, it is necessary to bear in mind another one while dis- cussing his books. There may be but one law of virtue, but interpretations of it differ. There may be but one rule of ethical evil, but aspects of it vary. There may be no compounding possible with wrong, but what is the throwing of a stone by one system becomes the touch of a feather in another. The " ordeals " of former times are no longer admissible. A degenerate survival in the duello is doomed. But the law of keeping to the right becomes that of keeping to the left, in different countries. Men, minds, times, places, the " point of view," the larger or lesser toleration, and that proverbial sense which Charles Eeade has consecrated in a title, " Put Your- self in his Place," all these affect a result. A man who has scoured every sea and seen every land, who has transmuted himself into the life of ten races of absolute incompatibilities, and has tried to transfuse into himself the spiritual essences of their feelings, national or personal, who has filled the positions re- quired by the naval discipline of civilization, been XV111 PIERRE LOTI. the participant in the accredited approach to semi- civilizations, been the dominant factor in dangerous missions among barbarians, lived with sailors and sultans, consorted with kings and queens, run every risk, felt every sensation, such a man cannot be judged, philosophically, at least, by the limits with which individual creed or custom acquaints us. He is too composite, too representative of an advanced civilization, whether it be degenerate or not. That M. Loti should go to Tahiti and to Japan and make legal love to one of their inhabitants ; that he should go to Turkey and to Montenegro and fall in love without the authorization of state-approval, may make him morally liable for contravention of the code though juridically free from it. It is the old struggle between laws and customs, only reversed in his case, for as he so well repeatedly points out, it is perhaps forever impossible for us (who are not the only " we ") to absolutely understand different races, such as the Chinese, the Japanese, and others. Yet how higher spiritual conceptions do reassert them- selves. The inevitable penalty of passion, even puri- fied, hovers warningly over these books. And the peculiar part in M. Loti's psychology is that repeated experience in no way nullifies the delicacy of his soul-sensations. It is not Burns' " quantum " of erring. But there is absolutely no " hardening of the feelings" after repeated soul-crises, and after re- proaches or sadness at life's conditions, though they are offset by reality of affection. It was in 1879 that M. Loti published his first book, Aziyade, the story of his love for a Turkish INTRODUCTION. XIX woman, her death from grief after his departure, his return, his visit to her tomb, his agony of soul, and his death in the Eusso-Turkish war. The preface by his friend, who was a partly imaginary, partly, it would seem, real, character, is supposed to describe him : " For his physical portrait, reader, go to Musset ; open ' Xamouna, oriental tale ' and read : Well brushed, well groomed ; . . . Patrician hands, a proud and nervous air, His beauty in particular, it was his eyes. Like Hassan, he was very joyous, and yet very moody ; scandalously ingenuous, and yet very blase. Tn good as in evil, he always went far ; but we liked him better than that selfish Hassan, and it was rather Eolla that he might have resembled. . . . In more than one soul one sees two things at once : The sky, — which tints the waters scarcely moved, And the ooze — bottom dull, frightful, sombre and sleeping. (Victor Hugo, Les Ondines)." These lines almost express the epitome of Loti's work, and are the key to its conditions, of which this first illustration was such a moving example. The whole of it is a personal cry, fruit of bitter expe- rience, and acute suffering of mind and heart. There is a revolt versus religion. There is a protest against society. There is a censure of convention and the hackneyed habits of civilization. And there is a cynicism about creed and accepted ideas and lack XX PIERRE LOTI. of originality in thought and heartlessness of soul in the average world, which will run through much of his writing in a vein that softens as, under the in- fluence of different dogmas and countries, he reaches a charity as broad as the spirit of his first views. And then the feeling of the hopelessness of love ; of lives that touch each other a few weeks or months, of souls that cross their gaze perhaps a single time and leave a recurrent sorrow, or a trail of fading hopes and withered memories. ISTo one has more strongly, yet by stories so simple in structure, stated the problem and forced the seeing the seeming inutility of suffering ; or formulated the why ? of wrung hearts better than this naval novelist. But it is not the despairing philosophy and the distressed sadness which make the charm of Aziyade, or of Fantome d' Orient, the story of his visit ten years later to her grave, in fulfilment of his promise to return ; and to appease the imploring spirit which haunted him until he had calmed its anguish of desire. For, sole untruth in the former book, Loti the lieutenant had died only for the sake of the dramatic ending. And with the charm of the natural and unconventional in all his work, he reappears, and remains himself in all later creations. It was Eichter who made the remark that " Blue is the color of mourning in the Orient. That is why the sky of Greece is so beautiful." This impression of color which fitted so well into the fatalism of a great race and finds such a response in the artist-soul and the fund of melancholy of M. Loti, may explain even more than his love, his sympathy for things INTRODUCTION. XXI Turkish. And the Oriental customs which make catafalques and cemeteries and signs and sounds of mourning so much more manifest among eastern nations have heightened in his mind the impressions of the inevitable which mark his whole production. He loves the Turk, his pride, his patriotism.* He thrills at the call which, five times a day, echoes instantaneously through millions of hearts and mouths. He feels the faith and the sublime indif- ference which even repairs no buildings so as not to oppose the kismet of divinely-decreed decay in every- thing human. He admires a superb soldiery, abso- lutely careless as to dying, since war is entrance into paradise. And of that Mohammedan world, which from Morocco in Africa to Moslem in Indian Asia he has traversed, he has felt as few men have " the charm of Islam, " the perfect fraternity and equality of its men, the spirit of its sadness, and the brilliancy of its surroundings, f Hence those pictures of mosques and minarets and muezzins, of Stamboul and the shores of the Bos- phorus, of the moving effects man and nature in their greatest glory can produce, that are profusely poured around the story of his great love for a Turkish woman, the one of all his loves he loved the best. Similar in spirit to Aziijade was its successor, Rarahu, afterwards republished as Le Mariage de Lot i. It was the story of his first great love in that * " Ce peuple reveur et fier," Constantinople en 1890 in UExilee. f Cf, La Mosquee Verte in La Galilee, pp. 225, 227, 228, 232, 241, 242, 244, 248. XX11 PIEEEE LOTI. isle of the Pacific, Tahiti, where his brother had lived four years, dying shortly after on duty in the Indian Ocean. Again Loti had given to literature a new and startlingly sorrowful picture of a life scarcely known and certainly even less thought of as a source for psychological portrayal. He had reached those spots perceived instinctively in his childhood. He felt the oppression of that life utterly cut off for ages and' then pouring out treasures of joyous and affec- tionate natures upon the passing white man of occa- sional vessels. He understood how they had found there a passionate yet pure, because innocent, tropical type which savored of a primitive paradise. He caught a last vision of it passing away at the contact with a civilization, curious and cold and cruel. This book alone would give M. Loti literary immortality. For now no one in the future can show the soul of a race physically the most beautiful in the world, the pathetic remnants of a prehistoric people, stranded and dying out in the little islands of the vast southern seas, where the history of the past hovers over every- thing, where flowers in tropical luxuriance serve as background to everything, where the time is spent in singing, bathing, dressing garlands of flowers for the hair, and dancing, whence an Eden-like simplicity has but recently departed, where no birds sing, and the silence is broken only by the sound of the sea stretching straight for thousands of miles, and by the wind swaying the cocoa-palms at enormous heights above those who hear their hushed and melancholy murmur. The aspects of nature remain the same. But the INTBODUCTIOK. XX111 life of isolation and of years spent in silent contem- plation upon coral islands ; the days of contest be- tween cannibal and Christian customs, of strange habits interspersed with all the terrifying divinities associated with the sounds and manifestations of nature and the mysticism of the old Maori faiths, all - these have died or are dying away. M. Loti, the first and the last, has perpetuated the poetry of Poly- nesian names and nations, and his love for a little girl, the story of whose affection, their separation, and its result, is one of the most poignant episodes that heart-suffering has wrung from the pen of an author incomparable in penetrating his extraordin- arily suggestive paintings with the spirit and the reality of personal living. The melancholy which radiates from these pages, and the intermittent reproach which occasionally redeems other things, are not entire excuse for that which was produced by a need of affection, a revul- sion against early training, and youth. It is not a question whether M. Loti's loving much will forgive him. It is a fact that his qualities of heart form a saving clause in any wholesale condemnation. His third book, Le Roman (Tan Spahi, showed this heart, more occupied until now with its own grief, turned in full sympathy towards others. Once again he had discovered a new setting for a story. He had again effected a rehabilitation of the eternal platitudes of passion, of suffering, of commonplace because constant themes, put into them a minor tone of intense sadness, and thrown them upon a background of marvellous descriptive power. Not XXIV PIERRE LOTI. the sands of the shore, but of that inland sea which is called the country of thirst, the Sahara and Sene- gal, and the life of the white in the horrors of the continent of the black. M . Loti begins here the sym- pathetic defence of soldiers and sailors which he will so often renew. He really arraigns the political system of conquest and colonization which snatches sjolendid specimens of manhood from their country to send them to die, food either for fishes or jackals, after every horror of body and of soul, that even the more untutored feel though they do not analyze. What pictures his art evokes ! The mystery of the great interior which seems to cast up fragments of its swarming peoples as from a boiling crater; the glimpses of negro life expressed in the strange super- stitions and the gutturals of its tongues ; the in- describable sun and sand ; the sickening sense of a dreary desolation, of a brooding death from mias- matic marsh, and river like oil, and heat like that of hell, and hostile native and nature. And even worse than these, the illness of the civilized soul, the agonizing and impotent home-sickness, the incur- able sadness which leads to desire for death, and the struggle of the simple, or their sinking into apathy which kills or temptations that lead to trials or de- struction. And when critics charge M. Loti with omission of the ethical element, it would be well to remember the moral lesson in the Spahi, the fatality of evil and its retribution. The book preaches a sermon as plainly and far more powerfully than the Scqrfio of Daudet. Its really epic quality is found in the IXTR0DUCTI0H. XXV humble lives and glorious unheralded deaths of poor soldiers with the virility which stands for virtue, with the courage which takes the place of Christianity, so-called, and the sublime force and devotion to duty, which is faith. Fleurs cVennui is in some senses M. Loti's most peculiar book. It has all the inconsequentiality of ideas and of structure of which he accuses himself in it, perhaps due to the restlessness of his profession and to his own love of change. There are philoso- phizing and subtle personal analyses. There are statements of his creed and beliefs, and much semi- sarcastic self-criticism. There are reminiscences of the innocence and impressionableness of his child- hood and regrets for a life scattered over the world instead of the simple one of home and happiness. There are stories of dreams and adventures in every continent. All this interwoven in the record in turn of a real trip to the Flowery Kingdom, one to the heart of Montenegro, a love episode with a maiden of Herzegovina, an attraction for an Arab girl, and in a cynical tale included in the first voyage, a vivid description of Algiers and the escapades of some sailors on a carouse. The book is, save in the last instance, a reduction of what appears distributed throughout the body of M. Loti's work. Then came Mori frere Yves and Peclieur d'Islande, the latter crowned by the French Academy and win- ning the Prix Vitet, awarded in the interest of letters, and translated into German by Queen Elizabeth of Roumania (Carmen Sylva), the exquisite portraits of whom and of her surroundings and sad life gave XXVI PIERRE LOTI. M. Loti an opportunity to draw a new court and coun- try. These sketches, followed by some further leaves from his travels, constitute the volume published some years later under the title VExilee. In Yves and Pecheur he had, out of the slightest materials, without plot, with themes seemingly so well known as to defy rejuvenescence or even in- terest in their banal subjects, created' two master- pieces in themselves, and two books whose power of feeling and of description, whose poetry and sincer- ity, whose pathetic reality and simplicity placed them above the plane of fiction and of criticism and moved a continent to tears. The first is a story of a friendship between a splendid Breton sailor and the author his officer, a foster-brotherdom easily under- stood, in spite of Henry James' surprise over it, by the social simplicity, the gaiety of class and caste, in France only lately spoiled by the poison of equal- ity. It is a sort of companionship which finds its analogy, — in a way, — in the friendly relations formerly between young master and slave in our Southern States. M. Loti is Yves' guardian angel in his struggles against his hereditary sailor fault of drink. We may not agree with M. Brunetiere, in spite of the supreme test of the critic, that every paragraph compels a note, and generally acquiescence, when he tells us that Yves is the study of a vice. M. Loti's theories of atavism and its fatalities is an under- current. But Yves is much more, or much less, than such an academic criticism would make it. It is the simply-told life of a rolling, rollicking, robust sailor, who stands as one of the best of his IHTKODUCTIOK. XXV11 class, who incarnates the qualities of the type, who is sceptical and superstitious, full of prayers and yet dominated by the pantheism which he imbibes from his contact with the elements. He is instinct with poetry and appreciation of the picturesque, domi- nated by physical passions, yet pure at heart, and with that quiet and proud air and confidence-inspiring strength that seem drawn from the hard and sublimely surrounded life which the sailor leads upon the lap of the great waters. Take the best specimen of such men, infuse him with a suppressed passion, terrific in its intensity, and with a love repressed. Match this with a woman of exquisite purity, of higher social position, though still of Breton fisher-folk in origin, and with a strength of love the acme of power. Bring this mutual glow together to suffer separation and death after obstacles and waiting, and the result in tragic force and in simplicity, in that one motive of thought and action which rules all, is suggestive of the overwhelming elements, and the consummation of Aristotelian definition, as few things outside the power of the antique drama. But it is the other factors which even more in these volumes sweep the sense of the reader into ad- miration and sympathy. It is Brittany, that coun- try in connection with which Ooppee uses the word sublime* that breathes from the pages of these books. Brittany ! whose main product is men ; the birthplace of Chateaubriand, whose tomb, cut off by the rush of the tide, looks out over the sea that * En Bretagne (Notes de voyage). XXV111 PIERRE LOTX. Loti his successor sailed. Since the days of doughty Du Guesclin, she has been the mother of Madame de Sevigne and Le Sage, of La Noue and La Mothe- Picquet, of such mutually militant antitheses as Lamennais and the Papal Zouave, General Charrette. From its " 'granite earth covered with oaks' sung by Brizeux," * with its savage aspect, its sadness and silence, its bleakness and breaking seas, has come, for centuries past, that race of brave Breton, best of seamen. He is sturdy, stocky, strong, patient, obedi- ent, faithful, catholic to the core, dogged, with char- acter summed up by Chateaubriand. Well may President Faure praise the Breton populations and speak of the mission of national defence and civiliz- ing expansion incumbent upon the navy which they so largely compose. Because Brittany peculiarly lends itself to literary as it does to pictorial treatment. It has remnants of Celtic characteristics and variegated garments of Gallic origin. It is full of the weirdest myths and monu- ments. Its religion is a relic of the times of Dol- mens and Druids and a curious combination of the worship of the elements and later Christianity. Its language is a mixture of predominating p's and b's in its names of places and c?8 and Fs in its personal nomenclature which lend themselves to striking sounds. Its dark vegetation of gloomy forest is a * Julien-Auguste-Pelage Brizeux (1806-1858). In connec- tion with Brittany, he wrote, Les Bretons, poems (1846), Primel et Nola, les Pecheurs, les Bains de mer, Telen Arvor, poems in the Breton language ; and an Histoive indo- armoricaine (1854). INTRODUCTION. XXIX fitting home for the horrigans and conriies an&poul- piccuis, and cornicouets who haunt its thickets of holly and are the dangerous sprites of its historic stones and its scrub-oaks. And its legendary lore is full of poetry and of terror. Perhaps only a trip through Brittany — at night — with bright moon or in dark, broken by the boom of the sea from its wonderful bays and cliffs, can fully make one understand the reality of age and feeling and tradition in a nation where Englishmen are still called Saxons. It is this essence of Breton life and soul which M. Loti has pictured with a fragrance as penetrating as the smell of the heather and the furze of its landes. It is not the France of the poplars and the bright poppies which seem to typify its character. It is not the " Dance, and Proven9al song, and sun-burnt mirth. " But the gray in sky and sea, the monotony and the melancholy relieved by a " profusion of pink flowers." It is the desolation of wind and waves. And then the power of vivid representation in the series that show the customs of the primitive and pious peasantry, their isolated life on that wild Bre- ton promontory, their costumes and characters, their amusements and pardons, their ships and fishing-life, their irresistible drawing towards the sea, and the con- stant succession of disasters. The shadow of these, ever present, sobers their thought and brings dumbly- accepted grief , as of inevitable fate, upon those mothers and sisters and betrothed, always straining with their eyes for the return of the fleets from Iceland banks, * See list of books on Brittany, p. lxi. XXX PIERRE LOTI. and then straining in anguish of heart for those whom the sea has claimed. " Oh, worthy sea-folk ! Oh ! noble Brittany." * These volumes, also, illustrate M. Lotr's extraordi- nary talent in description and in feeling the person- ality in the impersonality of nature, as we call it. He feels the soul in stones. He interprets odors. He gives its own life to everything. He makes human the impression emanating from places. He turns things into beings. And when he applies this prin- ciple to objects, like boats, for instance, he seems to endow them with such a variety of feeling and con- scious attributions that their psyschology surpasses that of the men who man them. But in M. Lotr's greatest paintings none equal those of the sea, and in such pictures none have equalled him in continued variety and force. Many have drawn the water. Victor Hugo, in his Travailleurs de la Mer, Michelet, in La Mer ; Maupassant, with stories of stagnant pools, or Norman streams, or the Seine around Paris, and Mediterranean voyages ; Jean Eichepin, with his sonnets, and litanies of the sea, and masculine and powerful poems, covering the whole of sailor-life, and of sea-life, with its vegetation below and its birds above, in his La Mer, and the sea that riots through it. Yet M. Loti did the undone, and outdid all the done. It is the sea, as no one has yet realized it. The sea, with its fawnings and its furies, with its moving green mountains, and its turquoise tints, its immensities and horizons, its majesties of calm and crashing terrors, its alternate songs and shrieks, * Coppee, Morte en Mer, in Longues et Breves, IXTKODUCTIOX. XXXI There are the fogs and shadowy mist in the far north- ern oceans where reigns perpetual moonlight, and the curling crests of the coral-reefs. There are frames of shores and pebbles and rocky coasts. There are noises from nowhere and sullen silences that float across its distances. There is the fire of the Bed, the blue of the Antarctic, the ghastly gray of the Arctic, sea. There is irresistible fluid force, and then a penetration into its deepest recesses, into which are dropped the bodies of sailors buried at sea, a descrip- tion of such a funeral being one of the most perfect of all M. Loti's incidental sketches, as he depicts the annihilation under the waves that wash above a hidden life at infinite depths. He has written the epic of the sea with unmatched power and poetry. It must just have suited the temperament of M. Loti to jump from the hardy and healthful life of Breton plain, and from Iceland cool, to Japan and to new phases of exotic living and sensation. On his return thence he passed through spots, the accounts of which, added to some recitals of naval episodes, and " Un Yieux," the pitiful and pessimistic story of the desolate old age of a sailor — which Henry James savs " is the next finest thing to ( Pecheur dTslande ' in Pierre Loti's works "—composed the volume Propos d'exil brought out between Madame Chrysantlieme and Japoneries d'antomne. Japan is no longer an undiscovered country. Its art since the Goncourts first properly appreciated it, is not a novelty. But its civilization and tempera- ments are books as closed as the Empire itself was until quite recently. M. Loti does not love the XXX11 PIEKRE LOTI. Celestial nor the native of Japan, who, however, amuses him. In spite of his sensitiveness, higher than that of most mortals, he feels it to be impossible to penetrate their soul. But then what a portrayal he has given ; what a wealth of word-painting ; what landscapes, "divine" as says Anatole France; and what a moving panorama of Japanese life. It is the Japan of jinrikshas * and of djinns, with its setting of storks, rice-fields and mountains ; the country of bonzes and bronzes and bamboos, of typhoons and Tycoons ; of a refined depravity of innocence ; of simperings and politeness and prostrations of respect. And there is always the color, color, whose wonderful transference to M. Loti's canvas brings up a physical and atmospheric configuration, seeming curiously to represent even in its prismatic shades of sky the constitutional primness of a people who yet make out of crudeness of color which is blinding a superb harmony of effect and linear rather than gracefully- curved art. Of this civilization askew to our eyes, like its own eyes, yet with laws of beauty our own may not see, we have the most perfect of presenta- tions from M. Lotr's prose pencil. M. Loti is not an Ethiopian, but he seems to change his skin. He has always been fond of wear- ing the garb of the countries he visited. But the transformation seems to affect his soul as well. This time, however, his marriage to a little mousme * The jinriskha is the two- wheeled little carriage pulled by the djinn. It means "man-power carriage " and so has been wittily termed the " Pull-man car.* Cf., however, another word as in Hugo's famous poem Les Djinns. INTRODUCTION. XXX111 of Japan lias moved him very superficially. His heart is not hurt. It is touched only by a visit to the Empress who concentrates inexpressibly the whole of antique, mediaeval and modern Japan, the land of complicated rites and childish joyfulness and intellect and glorious history and deficient moral sense, the country of chrysanthemums which his influence did so much to install in public favor, the flower which so well typifies its nation, clean, clear, not glary and yet brilliant, modest and strong. Au Maroc is the story of its author's share in an embassy to Tangiers, and the Sultan at Fez, and M. Loti who says : " I do not know by what pheno- menon of distant atavism or of pre-existence, I have always felt my soul half Arab " is the one, because of this, and because of his poetic instinct, to show the pomp of that court, the fanaticism of the faithful, the sacred students of its great University, the Holy War preached in the stupendous and marvellous mosque, the life of roofs and harems, the sumptuous- ness and sordidness in constant contrast, the Oriental splendor and indescribable gorgeousness, and in the midst of the Moorish architecture and the dry-rot of an immobility of centuries in the customs of a dying race, still great in its doom, the figure of the Sultan, last authentic son of Mahomet. Le Roman d'un enfant was the charming picture of that childhood which has already been outlined, a more specific guise of the autobiography which forms the foundation of all M. Loti's work, and which, like the souvenirs of George Sand, but in per- haps more conscious degree, sparkle with uncon- 3 XXXIV PIERRE LOTI. strained simplicity and naturalness. Then came le Livre de la pitie et de la mort, the author's favorite book and of which he says : " This book is still more myself than all those which I have written up to this day." It is a collection of eleven stories,, some 3 visions of melancholy images rising from a psycholo- gical past,, others, descriptions of his distribution of monies his appeal had been instrumental in raising for the families of dead fishers, and of a visit to a sailor-child hospital, others still, episodes of sym- pathy at the death of a convict's comrade — a swallow, — or a dying cat, but all soaked with sadness and, because of heart-rending simplicity, penetrating the fibres of the heart with a profound pity. It is sometimes objected to M. Loti that a per- petual sympathy cannot be real. People forget the law of a sensitive nerve, which may pain for a life- time. This whole book is a sufficient protest against an accusation of lack of feeling because of having felt too often ; it implies neither a deadened nor over- sensitive system. One hears criticisms of " vibration " which fatigues. But what manner of men criticise "vibrating" ? Often the cold, the selfish, or the in- different. There may be abuse of feeling-subjective. But guided aright, susceptibility to impression may mean holy enthusiasm. Cold will pushed to logical extremity equals Napoleon. Heart-fire results in Peter the Hermit and Luther. And M. Loti, in, for example, the account of that hospital, has caught the spirit of that calm heroism, of that unconscious bravery and beauty of soul, of that Morality in action, to use the phrase chronicled by M. Maxime INTRODUCTION. XXXV du Camp, in his la Vertu en France, which are in- spiring even in their worst forms, as in the Mar ins et Soldats, of M. Hugues Le Roux ; which have that rare combination of strength and French grace, that appeared in those brilliant and powdered aristocrats of the Revolution, "upon the scaffolds, where/" as says the Viscount de Vogue, " one plied his old trade, of dying in smiling ; " and which makes possible in France, that reward of even humble force of char- acter and fascinating nobility of soul, the Prix Mon- thyon. But of the manifestations of sentiment and sym- pathy in M. Loti none is more marked than his love for animals and his participation in their soul and their sentiments. Had M. Loti written only the Vies de deux chattes — the two Moumouttes — of this volume, he would live as a man of subtlest feel- ing and an incomparable artist, a man of delicacy and of heart, heart, that quality so foreign to our present civilization, where sociological charity re- places sentiment in man, and executive ability on eleemosynary committees substitutes for heart, in woman. It would be interesting to see why great men love cats. Whether, in M. Loti's case, it is the feminine in the feline, or the feline in the feminine, which most awakens his interest. But it would be doing him an injustice to refer it merely to this. He will go down in literature with others like him in this respect. Xot simply as one of those to whom cats have been pets, as the great cardinals, Richelieu and "Wolsey ; or friends, as with Sainte-Beuve. But of those to whose spirit the human element in the cat, XXXVI PIEKRE LOTI. or the intellectual side, have appealed. Baudelaire with his " lis prennent en songeant les nobles attitudes Des grands sphinx allonges au fond des solitudes ; " Coppee, with his love for them ; Gautier, with his exquisite descriptions of cat-personality that con- stituted his family ; Walter Pater, with that one touch in his " The Child in the House/' that reveals so much of perfect quality and temper of soul. Even more than these all lies in M. Loti, with his deli- cate delineation of cat-character, of an organization which, in many ways the most highly-developed in the animal kingdom, has a complex psychology, alone interpretable by a similarly-sensitive mind.* And no subtler sense of animal-soul, of physical and psychical agony, of the human element in beast and the sentiment in brute, is found in all literature, than this story, or that of the ox, conceiving the agony of approaching slaughter and annihilation, or the pity over a dead owl, shot in the desert, or over the camel, brutalized by Bedouin or crawling to its death surrounded by the desolate waste out of which the receding caravan is departing. We have spoken of Fantome and VExilee which followed the Livre de la pitie et de la mort. In Matelot, M. Loti resumed his old themes, partly his * Cf . the delicious passages, pp. 147-149 of Fleurs d'ennui ; and the delightful diatribe against canine and defence of cat-character, in the article — from a Greek source — Les chiens et les chats d' Alexandre Dumas fils, in the Revue Bleue, July 25, 1896. INTRODUCTION. XXXV11 boyhood, principally tlie life of a simple sailor. M. Loti here evidently as elsewhere gives ns real char- acters he has known or loved, like his Yves, like his pure Sylvestre. M. Pellissier gives sixteen pages to its analysis. How then reduce its profound pathos to a few lines ? There are the same theories of atavism and of a life " anterior to one's own dura- tion " and which impregnates everything. There are the praise of and the plea for his profession ; the sailor-creed and the life of the ship and the nervous- system of the man-of-war. There is the waste of waters, the " debauch of space," and then the over- taking Death, like the albatross that follow, the lost faith of M. Loti often piercing through his saddened philosophy. And then some seventy pages of the strug- gle against death of the fever-consumed young sailor, the agony of desire for the waiting mother, the death- scenes on board, and the mother's agony, when after years of waiting for the sole joy left in a life of hardship after former prosperity, she learns. Never has genius more illuminated the power of grief than in these scenes. Never has it made the casual reader more genuinely drop tears for the exiles of happiness — perhaps the only ones they really received in their barren lives. It seems a rehabilitation of the sym- pathy which, in the sphere of soul, their personalities deserved by a fraternity of sentiment and affection to which every man has right. And in spite of all things in their lives, M. Loti has shown in his books that soul of the sailor typified so recently in the remarks of Father Ivan, the saintly priest to whom miracle-working power is attributed by the adoring XXXV111 PIERBE LOTI. multitudes of the Kussian Churchy who said,, when lately asked about his recollections of the sailors of that visit — now History — of the French fleet at Cron- stadt : " Yes, certainly, and I love them tenderly. They have the soul pure. They are children very near to God." Finally there have come from the pen of M. Loti three books, similar in style, thought and setting : Le Desert, Jerusalem, la Galilee, books much criti- cised, because this trip, the ambition of half a life- time, yet seemed undertaken partly to fulfil a promise to a Parisian publisher. Its results were therefore different from the natural tone to which he had accustomed the public. Then M. Loti, who had been such an experimenter in sensations, who had so often proclaimed his wrecked faith, his assimilation of other creeds, his outgrowth from former beliefs and even Christian hopes, now posing as a prayerful searcher for religious certainty and the return to him, of trust in revelation, naturally was met with a sceptical smile at his efforts and their display for public edification. Yet M. Loti's whole career and its literary expression were a proof of his sincerity. The continuity of his characteristics was only em- phasized by this trinity of travels. His life struggles between pessimism increased by his knowledge of life and experiences, the coldness of Protestant dogma, and the attractive poetry of Catholic cult which the Protestant training counteracted ; above all, the real toleration in rites and beliefs which un- derstanding of the essence, rather than of the forms of religion, gave to him, these are too apparent in iXTKODUCTlOX. XXXIX the pages of these books to throw doubt upon their sincerity. Criticism and even calumny can condemn what seemed conversion in a man of the world, sup- posably as selfish or as sinful as those who surrounded him. The contrast and reassertion of his best ele- ments perhaps destroyed the equilibrium of attitude towards him, which his zeal for every good cause, his generosity and his heart, added to his fame, had already jealously impaired. But that the strength of ancestral faith in the midst of doubt should flash out in Biblical lands and on a trip a deliberate hope of the return of belief under the power of impressions, or that in spite of this purpose the artist should feel the beauty of the setting around him, is natural. And once more, if one read him, M. Loti paints these so-distant places so that before the eyes : Les grands pays muets longuement s'etendront.* It is the picture of the desert of dromedaries and Bedouins and Berbers and drapery of burnous. It is the incandescent skies upon which seem to play the alternate flames and hues as of heavenly chemicals cast into a boundless brazier. It is the mountains, themselves a kaleidoscope of atmospheric colors, and the rocks and a feeling of the anguish of the desert. All these are mingled with views of Arab fantasias in the midst of a riotous phantasmagoria of tints and tones. And then that phraseology of M. Loti which in a few words seems to resume a whole past or period, and to call to a renewed life of an instant the * Alfred de Vigny, La Maison du Berger. Xl PIERRE LOTI. ages of primitive man, and Baalic man, and Mosaic man, and crusading kingdom, whose superimposed dust and cyclopean fragments awe the modern man puny in comparison. We need not follow the paths in Jerusalem and in Galilee, see with M. Loti the splendors of the basilica of the Holy Sepulchre, get a living idea of Palestine, note the irony of various Christian creeds, from Copt to Catholic, kept from fighting only by the sword and indifference of the fanatical Turk, visit the tombs of Abraham and of the Virgin Mary, and travel along the Tiberian Sea, to Damascus. Nor need one see how he struggles with disillusionized hope, and non- faith, and yet feels a One presence historical or heav- enly, permeating everything, promising peace, and compelling him, in the face of his old tendency to calm himself with the repose of the Moslem faith, yet to acknowledge a Personality as pre-eminent, and that the hope of its being reached by him, is an agony of sceptical desire. M. Loti seems on the verge of recov- ering what he denies he ever can find. But, in liter- ature, not religion, M. Loti's latest work has large share. It is transcendent power of description. It has the qualities of his heart. It touches others. Let any man who has suffered ; strained in bitterness of soul ; known anguish ; felt the foundations of faith undermined or rocking ; known the cruelties of life and the overwhelming terrassing of its deceptions ; striven to solve impenetrable mysteries and to pierce the riddle of contradictions apparent to his reason, protested by his heart, irreconciled even by his blind acceptance of conventional creed or taught dogma j INTRODUCTION, xli let any man, whether by that elasticity of soul the possession of some, his scale of suffering includes all, or simply one of these, read M. Loti, and out of it, out of a kinship of sympathy, out of the feeling that, as the officer's command may conceal sentiment, so the statement of fiction may reveal much more than it even frankly says, will appear, strange as it may seem, strengthened fibres of faith, keener appreciation of the conditions of the universe, of the force of man's littleness, and yet from the humbleness of his place and effort, a spiritual uplifting. This evolution of M. Loti's art and genius is not new. He has always been more metaphysical than the beauty of his scenery and the feelings he moved allowed one to perceive. Many of his expressions, says M. Brunetiere, are thoughts whose force and precision a philosopher might envy, while his "poetry rises to metaphysics," and his words " positively aid us to penetrate further into the spirit of ancient oriental cosmogonies." And there are other phases which take this turn. There is the death which is perpetually present to poison life and paralyze joy and show man a puppet. His art is a protest against death. " This need of struggling against death is, after the desire of doing some good, if one thinks oneself capable of it, the sole immaterial reason that one may have for writing." Death, dissolution and dust, annihilation and nothingness, separations per- petual, even those from loved haunts and faces in this world, the futility of even friendships, the super- fluousness of man in the enormous successions of na- ture, the decay of every instant of living, the horrors xlii PIERRE LOTI. of non-existence. Hence, a plunge into the spirit of nature. Yet here again is death. Because there is a sense in which solitude means absence of life. And absence of life is death. The solitude is and brings death. The superficial silence of forest, mountain, and plain is death. The desolation of the desert is death. Nature, herself alive, is one vast death- causing machine. Nirvana and Kismet mean death. Love, life, pleasure and pain are touched by the shadow of the tomb. And Aziyade and Rarahu and Spahi and Yves and Peclieur and the Livre de la pitie et de la mort and Matelot, full of funerals and poignant griefs, are but types of one perva- sive fact and of M. Loti's philosophy, a counter- part to which is found in that passage of hopeless pessimism with which Tourgueneff closes his novel " Smoke." The position of M. Loti in French literature is unique in its independence. It may be said that he appeared ; and things which appear lack pedigree, a fact which in the sphere of letters is a proof of being born, not made. He scandalized his reception- seance at the Academy by confessing with pride, per- haps, that he never read. He simply -wrote. The number of his works, the duties of his sea-life, the experiences of his shore one, and his attempting things general and points specific rendered famous by great names, would all, besides his word, prove this. His literary heredity thus scarcely exists. For he is himself. But he accompanies rather than follows some of the greatest glories of French literature. As lover of nature and primitive sentiments he is INTRODUCTION. xllii another Rousseau. As describer of the exotic he perpetuates Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. He is the successful rival of Chateaubriand in pictures of semi- savage loves, in extraordinary egoism, in analysis of the externals of the East. He has the heart of Lam- artine. He is like Flaubert in Oriental sumptuous- ness of statement, and by the mouth of Berny, in Matelot, he shows the shivers of mystery he feels at the images and power of words of this master of both. He is another Fromentin in realization in language, of the soul of colors which typify a people's life and setting. He evidently loves Musset, to whom he refers several times. But he is above all things himself, Loti, unique in name and fame. And it is this which ranks him so supremely. For the law of spontaneity in writing, of freedom from con- ventional toils in literature, from attempts at assim- ilation of other styles, is the best proof of genius. Imagine Carlyle copying some one else. Or Merimee, save in psychological submission to Stendhal, model- ing himself upon any one but himself. Or Victor Hugo anything but a law unto himself. It is well to avoid the vagaries of eccentricity perceptible in the literary license of a generation misinterpreting the real ethics of beauty, and making of Decadency, the divinity in writing. But better such outbursts than, for instance, the slavish and unctuous attempts which turn out thousands of sterile and stilted and mind- rutted would-be Matthew Arnolds, incapable of ever approaching the glory of their model and hopelessly benumbed by a cramped imitation. Now spontaneity is by no means abuse. M. Loti xliy GIERKE LOTI. says, speaking of Carmen Sylva, that she is ^profess- ing in literature that error that everything must be inconsiderate, written in the initial burst, and then left as it is, in defiance of that so indispensable labor which consists in condensing one^s thought more and more and in clarifying it for the reader, as much as one can." * So, speaking of the reasons he never wrote poetry, " which is, I believe, quite peculiar, even perhaps unique," he says : f " My notes were always written in a prose emancipated from all rules, fiercely independent." And that is why M. Loti shows con- tempt for the " mandarins of letters," as he does for the conventional man who thinks club chatter and platitudes about politics or tailor-talk greater than the life of travel or even the fancies of wearing the clothes of various countries one visits. J M. Loti pre- fers the death of the camel-driver trusting in Allah, to that of the diplomat blaspheming on his death-bed. And that is why M. Loti so clearly understands him- self, in these two passages, so personal and interest- ing as proofs of process : "I declare . myself incapable (says Plumkett, his friend) to put you in a class whatsoever of writers ; you are very personally yourself, and no one will ever be able to give you a name, and one will always make a mistake in applying to you a known appellation, as long as insanity experts, paleontologists or veterin- aries accustomed to take care of sick whales in the * UExilee, p. 61. t Le Roman oVun Enfant p. 292. % Cf. Au Maroc, pp. 235, 357. So, in Art, cf . Le Roman d'un Enfant, page 142 ; and, as to his writing, pp. 238-9, INTRODUCTION, xlv great swells of the South will not set about making literary criticism. " Look at the white blackbird,, he is told that he is a magpie, he is told that he is a jay, he is told that he is a wood pigeon." " Nothing of all that ; he was an animal apart." " The same way, you, my dear Loti, you are very, unique in your manner ; you belong to no known species of bird." * And so, in the passage which immediately precedes : " That which is very particular in you, which gives to your books that strangeness that entraps idlers, is the contempt which you seem to make of modern things ; it is the easy independence with which you appear to disengage yourself from all that which thirty centuries have brought to humanity, to come back from it to the simple sentiments of primitive man, or to those of the antediluvian animals of the seas of the South, which you were explaining to us just now. Only you employ all the resources, all the researches of very civilized man, in order to render these sentiments intelligible, and you succeed in it in a certain measure, I do not dispute it." f The style of M. Loti is thus a reflex of himself, as knowing the exact beauty and value of words, but natural and glowing with the spirit of the person- ality that uses them. He has no pretentious rhetoric. He uses no volcanic vocables like Victor Hugo. He has none of the " overlanguaged " quality which Lowell assigns to Keats. He never strives for style * Fleurs d 9 ennui, pp. 104-105. f lb. p. 104, xlvi PIERRE LOTI. as he does for sentiment. As Scherer says : "I have rarely felt as with this writer the felicitous word,, the powerful word is never other than the just word ; " " there is not an ambitious epithet, and it can never be forgotten ; " " One had never thus spoken in French, and yet where is the studied, the artificial ? " For as Barbey d'Aurevilly puts it in a general state- ment : "In the matter of literary form it is the thing poured into the vase which makes the beauty of the vase, otherwise there is nothing more than a vessel." Apart thus from the faculty of making words defining infinite vagueness, as of sky, sea, distance, sensation, yet render precise impressions ; apart from the new strength and suppleness and shading he has given to words ; apart from the power with which he has charged them, of expressing subtlety and intuitions ; apart from the color and impressionism of his art ; apart from his independence, though an Academician, in creation of phrase more than of word, he has techni- cal demerits, which in him become merits. He has entirely fulfilled the principle of Montaigne.* But he has what the French call the deconsu, the lack of continuity or of structure, in both the single story and the whole book, due to the voyaging quality of mind. * " The handling and utterance of fine wits is that which sets off a language ; not so much by innovating it, as by putting it to more vigorous and various service, and by straining, bending, and adapting it to this. They do not create words, but they enrich their own, and give them weight and signification by the uses they put them to," INTRODUCTION. xlvii He has no plot. It is, as says Henry James, "at once of the most striking cases of literary irrespon- sibility that I know and one of the finest of ingratia- tion." His principal defect, according to M. Bru- tiere, is in lacking invention. That is, he is wanting in psychology. It is description, not development. He enormously repeats himself. He has similar themes, types, thoughts, yet the monotony is like that of his sea, powerful and enveloping. There are also broader lacunae, the ethical ones. His men are practically unconscious of moral law, and actu- ated by the force of friendship, rather than by idea of duty. His women are slaves, savages, with super- stitious and primitive souls, the Oriental conception of woman, as M. Doumic points out ; his one-sided ex- perience of life, "impressions of a sailor, of a man who passes and looks quickly," says M. Larroumet, cause him, " if he generalize, to make a mistake. And he generalizes." He has thus not learned civilization as much as cosmopolitanism. He has not known, though so complicated and contradictory himself, the subtleties of souls refined by the social life * of great centres from which, save for short periods, his profes- sion has kept him. And because of this, Maupassant, the absolute impersonal antithesis to the so personal Loti, has by reason of his milieu and his mind, better seized and better expressed in some ways, the strong point of both, delineation of the psychology of Love. While in another sphere, in the treatment of the curse of drink, it is easy to see how the method of science of M. Zola and that of sentiment of M. Loti * Cf . his own words in the Discours de reception, for proof. Xlviii PIERRE LOTI. differ, and one can gauge the spirit of two schools, and the excellencies of each. Yet M. Loti's delicacy always outweighs the depravity of his theme. The word school naturally suggests technical or comparative position and the difficulty of placing M. Loti in a class in contemporaneous fiction. M. Bourget in a short sketch on " The conditions of the novel of habits and of the novel of character " * quotes Taine's definition of literature as "a, living psychology" and says that Stendhal one of the first foresaw the "marriage possible between imagination and psycho- logical inquiry " and wrote in one of his letters : " The public, in becoming more numerous, less sheep, wishes a greater number of true little facts about a passion or a situation of life." To this differentiation M. Bourget adds a third kind of novel, that of psycho- logical analysis properly so-called. The Princesse de Cleves, Dominique, the Affinites, Adolphe, Fanny, are models of it. One can see in them, as in the trage- dies of Eacine, an effort to note in detail the least eddies of passion. Character and manners are rele- gated to the background. And this form also is legitimate." It is hard to adjust M. Loti to any of such conditions, for the difference between his analyses of passion and those in these typical romances are as great as between his novels of manners and the man- ners which constitute the picture of a class as in Flaubert's V Education sentimentale. On the other hand M. Doumic in one of his theatrical critiques on " Le Theatre d'idees," says that " Balzac speaks somewhere of a kind of novel which he calls the novel * In Les Annates politiques et litteraires, No. 693. INTRODUCTION. xlix of ideas/' and himself adds : " Row, every work is vain which does not induce us to reflect. A novel or a comedy is only a witness' testimony upon life. Every writer is obliged, according to the experience which he has made of things and according to the gifts which he has received, to bring his tribute to that treasure of experience which men will to each other and which they justly confide to literature/'' saying also that ' ' While indigence of thought had been one of the characteristics of the realistic and naturalistic litera- tures, the men who arrived at the literary life about 1880 have shown themselves solicitous about all sorts of problems, curious of ideas, anxious about the sense of life." Here again M. Loti scarcely is the novelist of ideas in the sense meant by such a phrase. Nor if indigence of thought be the test is he either realist or naturalist. And so his definition is doubly difficult, or as involved, as his books are technically formless. In so far as his created types are creatures of instinct and of simplest psychology, he is a naturalist. In ■ so far as he rises infinitely above the bareness or the brutality of realism, he is a poet. Yet who has been more real or more natural ? Even more than these, M. Loti, master of intuitive art, " uniquely sensa- tional," is, in his pictures to the mind, and his prose as style, one of the greatest of the few real Impres- sionists. Says Lemaitre : " As he has grown freely outside of every literary school it has been given to him to have at the same time the acuity of perception of the most subtle of his contemporaries and something of the simplicity of form of the primitive writers. This case is perhaps unique. What would you say of 4 1 PIERRE LOTI. a Homer who might have the senses of Edmond de Goncourt ? " M. Loti is independent as was Alfred de Musset writing " Mon verre n'est pas grand, mais je bois dans mon verre." M. Loti's power is not that of beauty of form, nor of subtle and sad attraction, nor of appeal to desires long latent in man, and called to life by what one might term the homesickness of heredity, the instinct of primitive ages. He has qualities of heart which surpass these other sentiments. He has simplicity of soul in the midst of the complex elements of modern times, whose culture and pessimism and yearnings for a breaking loose from accretions of centuries in living and for return to an age of unquestioning faith he has ex- pressed. He has a toleration and a force of friendship that soothe after the aggressive dogmatism and the selfishness of the present age. His books bring with their very fatalism, a calm that rests a tired humanity. He has, in spite of lapses, an intense striving for the good, tendencies to the noblest ideals, which elevate above the lower plane to which the reality of his facts might draw one. He distinctly, almost unconsciously, brings into relief, the evanescence of life, the eternity of that which is not life. His materialism becomes mysticism, out of which would seem to evolve even for himself the salvation of a tempestuous soul. But more than all, explaining him and his power, M. Loti has affection, affection, real, warm, universal. He is, as few men in literature, human in the sense of heart. Gu stave Flaubert once wrote : "It has always been my rule to put nothing of myself into INTRODUCTION. 11 my works,, yet I have put much of myself into them." The works of M. Loti are himself. And perhaps no one in all literature could better say those words which Goethe, defending himself from the accusation of non-patriotism, and praising the French, once said : " I have never affected anything in poetry. I have never uttered anything which I have not experienced and which has not urged me to production." The personality of M. Loti is a compound of at- tractive qualities which make him the hero of the seamen he commands, and the admiration of those who can better understand his culture. He is pas- sionately fond of flowers and their perfumes. He draws well. He sings remarkably well. He plays, as he always has since childhood, and as he did at the Tahitian court, and at the ball the last night of the stay in the paradise of Earahu. He is most artistic in the decoration of " dens " and his rooms, as he was in the description of his cabins on ship-board. He is a splendid shot and has muscles and strength of steel. And as he says, in speaking of that evolu- tion from a hot-house plant to a hardy and bronzed sailor : "I was to cross many years of hesitations, of errors, of struggles ; to mount many calvaries ; to pay cruelly for having been brought up as an isolated sensitive plant ; by force of will, to recast and to harden my physical constitution, as well as my moral one — up to that day when, towards my twenty-seven years, a manager of a circus, after having seen how my muscles unbent now like springs of steel, let fall in his admiration these words, the most profound that I may have heard in my life : What a pity, Hi PIEREE LOTI. sir, that your education may have been begun so late."* M. Loti speaks of a place f in Herzegovina,, formerly Turkish, now Austrian, where from amid the ruins of Moslem monuments, rise the Germanic KK, Kai- serlichen and KoGniglichen, " KK gate, KK bench, KK bridge, KK barracks," that dominate, in yellow and black, the whole of a politically-conquered country. And as one sees the art-structures of France, nothing seems, by subtle instinct, to better perpetuate the power of the Louis of the Bourbons than the duality JL stamped upon stones. M. Loti, too, has sealed his impress upon the century by a combination in which Loti and Literature go to- gether. But there is more than this. The Alchemy of the middle and later ages saw a series of sug- gestions in a single sign. It is not only that he might be typified by that field daisy fixed upon branches of broom by a children's custom, and which, according to a Breton poet, represented the " flower of love grafted upon the thorns of grief. " Were we to seek the symbolism for M. Loti, it would surely be con- centrated in the letter S, which would stand for Sea and Sky and Ships and Sailors and Sentiment and Sympathy and Sadness and Spontaneity and Soul. Then we would better be able to understand the words of Henry James — himself critic and romancer — when he speaks of French "tactile sensibility/' and of M. Loti who writes "like an angel" and who * Le Roman d'un Enfant, pp. 309-310, f Fleurs d'ennui, p. 48, INTRODUCTION. liii has a cliarm which is " essentially a charm absolute,, a charm outside of the rules, outside of logic, and independent of responsibility/' "the spell of such a talent" as " that of so rare and individual a genius as this exquisite Loti." THE WORKS OF PIERRE LOT!. 1879. Azyade. Extrait des notes et lettres d'un lieute- nant de la marine anglaise entre au service de la Turquie le 10 Mai 1876. tue sous les murs de Kars, le 27 Octobre 1877. First published in La Now- velle Revue. 1880. Rarahu. republished in 1882. under its present title Le Mariage de Loti. First appearing in La Now- velle Revue. 1881. Le Roman d'un Spahi. First published in La Nou- velle Revue. 1882. Fleurs d'ennui. Including Les Trois Dames de la Kasbah, conte oriental (republished separately in 1884). Followed by Pasquala Ivanovitch — Voyage au Montenegro — Suleima. 1883. Mon frere Yves. Originally appearing in the Revue des Deux-Mondes. 1886. Pecheur dTslande. Couronne par l'Academie Fran- chise. First appearing in La Xouvelle Revue. 1887. Madame Chrysantheme. 1888. Propos d'Exil. (Including A la memoire de Madame Lee Childe — Propos d ? exil — Une relache de trois heures — Mahe des Indes — Obock — Sur la mort de l'amiral Courbet). Originally published in the Revue des Deux-Mondes. 1889. Japoneries d'automne. (Including Kioto, la ville sainte — Un bal a Yeddo — Extraordinaire cuisine de deux vieux — Toilette d'imperatrice — Trois legendes rustiques — La Sainte Monte ^ne de Nikko — Au torn- lv Ivi PIERRE LOTI. beau des Samourai's — Yeddo — L'Imperatrice Prin- temps). 1890. Au Maroc. Originally, in V Illustration, 1890. Le Roman d'un enfant. 1891. Le Livre de la pitie et de la mort. (Including Reve — Chagrin d'un vieux forcat — Une bete galeuse — Pays sans nom — Vies de deux chattes — L'CEuvre de Pen-Bron — Dans le passe mort — Veuves de pe- cheurs — Tante Claire nous quitte — Viande de bou- cherie — La chanson des vieux epoux,) 1892. Fantome d'Orient. Originally in La Nouvelle Revue. 1893. L'Exilee. (Including Carmen Sylva — Une Exilee originally in La Nouvelle Revue) — Constantinople en 1890 — Charmeurs de serpents — Une page ou- bliee de Madame Chrysantheme — Femmes Japo- naises.) 1893. Matelot. 1894. Le Desert. First published in La Nouvelle Revue. 1895. Jerusalem. First published in La Nouvelle Revue. 1895. La Galilee. First published in Le Figaro. 1896. Le Ramuntcho. First published in La Revue de Paris. Pecheur d'Islande and Madame Chrysantheme have been dramatized, and represented respectively at the Eden- Theatre and the Renaissance, in 1893. The latter gave the idea for the play of George Edwardes: The Geisha. (M. Loti writes : " Guechas, chanteuses et danseuses de profession formees au Conservatoire de Yeddo ; " cf . also the description, p. 62 of Japoneries d'automne.) CRITIQUES. Antoine Albalat. Pierre Loti. In La Nouvelle Revue, volume 75, page 449. Emile Berard-Varagnac. M. Pierre Loti. In Por- traits Litteraires. Paris, Calmann Levy, 1887. Charles Buet. Les Artistes mysterieux : Pierre Loti. In the Revue Bleue, December 15, 1888. Yetta Blaze de Bury. Pierre Loti. In Murray's Maga- zine, volume 8, page 215. Henry Bordeaux. Pierre Loti. In Ames modernes. Paris, Perrin et Cie., 1895. Adolphe Brisson. VArt du developpement chez M. Pierre Loti. In La Comedie Litteraire. Paris, Armand Colin et Cie., 1895. Edward Delille. Pierre Loti. In The Fortnightly, volume 57, page 233. Ferdinand Brunetiere. Les romans de Pierre Loti. In tome II of Histoire et Litterature, Paris, Calmann Levy, 1891. (Also in the Revue des Deux-Mondes, volume 6 of 1883.) Leon A. Daudet. Pierre Loti in Les Idees en marche. Paris, Bibliotheque-Charpentier, 1896. Gaston Deschamps. Le pelerinage de M. Loti in Le catholicisme litteraire of La Vie et les Livres. Paris, Ar- mand Colin et Cie., 1895. Rene Doumic. M. Pierre Loti in Ecrivains d'aujour- d'hui. Paris, Perrin et Cie., 1895. J. Fitzgerald. Some aspects of the ivork of Pierre Loti. In The Westminster Review, volume 140, page 31. Anatole France. L Amour Exotique. Madame Chry- lyii lviii PIERRE LOTI. santheme. In La Vie litter aire. Paris, Calmann Levy, 1888. Gaston Frommel. Pierre Loti in Esquisses contempo- raines. Lausanne, Arthur Imer, 1891. Charles Fuster. Le Roman exotique et M. Pierre Loti. In Essais de Critique. Paris, E. Giraud et Cie., 1886. Eugene Gilbert. M. Pierre Loti : VExotisme dans le roman eontemporain in Le Roman en France pendant le XIXe siecle. Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie., 1896. E. and J. de Goncourt. In Journal des Goncourt memoir es de la vie litter aire, tomes sixieme, septieme, huitieme, and neuvieme. Paris, Bibliotheque-Charpentier, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1896. J. Hoche. Sur les traces de Pierre Loti a travers VAra- bie syrienne. In the Revue Bleue, June 16, 1894. Henry James. Pierre Loti in Essays in London and Elsewhere. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1893. (Also in the Fortnightly Review, volume 49, page 647). Gustave Larroumet. Pierre Loti in Etudes de littera- ture et d'art. Quatrieme serie. Paris, Hachette et Cie. , 1896. Charles Le Goffic. Pierre Loti in Les Impressionistes of Les Romanciers daujourd'hui. Paris, Leon Vanier, 1890. Jules Lemaitre. Pierre Loti in Les Contemporains. Troisieme serie. Paris, H. Lecene et H. Oudin, 1889. (Also in the Revue Bleue, September 18, 1886.) Mary Josephine Onahan. Pierre Loti in The Catholic World, volume 60. page 191. Ouida. Death and Pity. In The Fortnightly, volume 57, page 548. Georges Pellissier. Pierre Loti in Nouveaux Essais de litterature contemporaine. Paris, Lecene, Oudin et Cie. , 1895. (Of which Fantome d' Orient, etude, appeared in the Revue Encyclopedique, page 566 of 1892.) William Ritter. Pierre Loti aux Ueux-saints (frag- CRITIQUES. lix ments). Paris. (Originally articles in the Magasin Litte- retire (15 Juin, 15 Juillet, 1895), published at Gand.) Michel Salomon. Pierre Loti in Etudes et Portraits Litteraires. Paris, E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie., 1896. Edmoxd Scherer. Pierre Loti in Etudes stir la Littera- ture conteniporaine, volume ix. Paris, Calmann Levy, 1889. James Sully. The Story of a child. In Longman's Magazine, volume 19, page 205. M. R. Vallery-Radot. Vues de Constantinople depuis Chateaubriand jusqiCa Loti. In the Revue Bleue, April 2, 1892. Discours de reception de Pierre Loti. Seance de l'Aca- demie Francaise du 7 Avril, 1892. Paris, Calmann Levy, 1892. Reponse de M. Mezieres au discours de Pierre Loti. Se- ance de l'Academie Francaise du 7 Avril, 1892. Paris, Calmann Levy, 1892. Anonymous. Atlantic Monthly. In Recent French Literature, volume 69, page 123. Nouvelle Revue. Le Christianisme de Pierre Loti. Vo- lume 85, page 770. Revue Encyclopedique. Pierre Loti. Le livre de la pitie et de la mort. Page 941, of 1891. Discours de recep- tion de Pierre Loti a l'Academie et reponse de Mezieres. Page 641 of 1892. Quarterly. Pierre Loti. Volume 176, page 433. Saturday Review. M. Viaud's Reception. No. 1,902. (April 9, 1892). lx PIERRE LOTI. Scottish Review. Pierre Loti and the Sea. Volume 26, page 343. Spectator. M.Pierre Loti and Modern Paganism. No. 3,328. (April 9, 1892.) Without attempting to give a list of books bearing upon the scenes depicted by M. Loti, the following, both for comparative purposes in literature, and as illustrating the countries, or the spirit of them, which have been displayed also in his works, may be suggested : Chateaubriand. Atala. Itineraire de Paris a Jerusalem. Fromentin. Un ete dans le Sahara. Une annee dans le Sahel. Gautier. L'Orient. Constantinople. Gerard de Nerval. Scenes de la vie orientale. Voyage en Orient. Hugo. Les Orientales. Lamartine. Voyage en Orient. Nouveau Voyage en Orient. Leconte de Lisle. Poemes barbares. (Such as La Genese polynesienne — Le Desert — L'Oasis — Les Reves morts — Paysage polaire, etc. Cf. also Villanelle, in Poemes tra- giques.) Renan. Souvenirs d'enfance et de jeunesse. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. Etudes de la Nature. Paul et Virginie. La Chaumiere indienne. De Paris au Tonkin, by Paul Bourde. De Hanoi a la frontiere du Kouang-Si, by A. Aumoitte. Lafcadio Hearn. Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Out of the East — Reveries and Studies in New Japan. Kokoro : Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life. E. H. House. Japanese Episodes. Yone Santo. CKITIQITES. lxi Tamenaga Shounsoui. Les fideles Ronins, translated into French by B. H. Gausseron. Le Cahier Rose de Mme. Chrysantheme, by Felix Rega- mey, which purports to be a defence of Japan, and a picture of Loti from the point of view of the Japanese heroine. For Briseux's Breton poems, see foot-note, page xxviii. Francois Coppee. En Bretagne (Notes de voyage). Gustave Flaubert. Par les champs et par les greves : Voyage en Bretagne, in Melanges et CEuvres inedites, vol- ume 6 of the edition definitive. Anastole Le Braz. La Legende de la mort en Basse- Bretagne, croyances, traditions et usages des Bretons Armoricains, with an Introduction by L. Marillier. M. Luzel. Chants populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, two volumes. Chansons populaires de la Basse-Bretagne (in collaboration with A. Le Braz), two volumes. Legendes chretiennes de la Basse-Bretagne, two volumes. Contes populaires de la Basse-Bretagne, three volumes. And other more technical works. Paul Sebillot. Contes populaires de la Haute- Bretagne ; Contes des pay sans et des pecheurs ; Contes des marins ; Contes de terre et de mer, legendes de la Haute-Bretagne ; Legendes, croyances et superstitions de la mer ; Litterature orale de la Haute-Bretagne; Traditions et superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne ; Coutumes populaires de la Haute- Bretagne ; Petites legendes chretiennes de la Haute-Bre- tagne ; Questionnaire des croyances, legendes et traditions de la mer ; La Langue Bretonne, limites et statistique. M. Sebillot, who is the Secretary of the Societe des Tra- ditions Populaires has published other works besides these. Emile Souvestre. Les Derniers Bretons, 4 volumes. SELECTIONS FROM LOTI. LE MARIAGE DE LOTI. Rarahu. Kakahu etait une petite creature qui ne ressem- blait a aucune autre,, bien quelle fut un type accom- pli de cette race maorie qui peuple les archipels poly- nesiens et passe pour une des plus belles du monde ; 5 race distincte et mysterieuse, dont la provenance est inconnue. Earahu avait des yeux d'un noir roux, pleins d'une langueur exotique, d'une douceur caline, comme celle des jeunes chats quand on les car esse ; ses cils etaient 10 si longs, si noirs qu'on les eut pris pour des plumes peintes. Son nez etait court et fin, comme celui de cer- taines figures arabes ; sa bouche, un peu plus epaisse, un peu plus fendue que le type classique, avait des coins profonds, d'un contour delicieux. En riant, 15 elle decouvrait jusqu'au fond des dents un peu larges, blanches comme de Temail blanc, dents que les annees n'avaient pas eu le temps de beaucoup polir, et qui conservaient encore les stries legeres de Fenfance. Ses cheveux, parf umes au sandal, etaient longs, droits, 20 un peu rudes ; ils tombaient en masses lourdes sur 1 2 LE MARIAGE DE LOTI. ses rondes epaules nues. Une meme teinte fauve tirant sur le rouge brique, celle des terres cuites claires de la vieille Etrurie, etait repandue sur tout son corps, depuis le haut de son front jusqu'au bout de ses pieds. 5 Karahu etait d'une petite taille, admirablement prise, admirablement proportionnee ; sa poitrine etait pure et polie, ses bras avaient une perfection antique. Autour de ses cheyilles, de legers tatouages bleus, simulant des bracelets ; sur la levre inf erieure, trois 10 petites raies bleues transyersales, imperceptibles, comme les femmes des Marquises ; et, sur le front, un tatouage plus pale, dessinant un diademe. Ce qui surtout en elle caracterisait sa race, c'etait le rapprochement excessif de ses yeux, a fleur de tete 15 comme tous les yeux maoris ; dans les moments ou elle etait rieuse et gaie, ce regard donnait a sa figure d'enfant une finesse maligne de jeune ouistiti ; alors quelle etait serieuse ou triste, il y avait quelque chose en elle qui ne pouvait se mieux definir que par ces 20 deux mots : une grace polynesienne. La Cour de Pomare. La cour de Pomare s^etait paree pour une demi- reception, le jour ou je mis pour la premiere fois le pied sur le sol tahitien. — I/amiral anglais du Rendeer yenait faire sa visite d^arriyee a la soayeraine (une 25 yieille connaissance a lui) — et fetais alle, en grande tenue de seryice, accompagner Famiral. I/epaisse yerdure tamisait les rayons de l'ardent soleil de deux heures ; tout etait tranquille et desert dans les ayenues ombreuses dont Fensemble forme 30 LA COUR DE POMARE. 3 Papeete,, la ville de la reine. — Les cases a verandas, disseminees dans les jardins, sous les grands arbres, sous les grandes plantes tropicales, — semblaient, comme leurs habitants, plongees dans le voluptueux 5 assoupissement de la sieste. — Les abords de la de- meure royale etaient aussi solitaires, aussi paisibles... Un des fils de la reine, — sorte de colosse basane qui vint en habit noir a notre rencontre, nous intro- duisit dans un salon aux volets baisses, oii une dou- 10 zaine de f emmes etaient assises, immobiles et silen- cieuses... Au milieu de cet appartement, deux grands fau- teuils dores etaient places cote a cote. — Pomare, qui en occupait un, invita Famiral a s^asseoir dans le se- 15cond, tandis qirun interprete echangeait entre ces deux anciens amis des compliments officiels. Cette femme, dont le nom etait mele jadis aux reves exotiques de mon enfance, m/apparaissait vetue d\m long fourreau de soie rose, sous les traits d'une 20 vieille creature au teint cuivre, a la tete imperieuse et dure. — Dans sa massive laideur cle vieille femme, on pouvait demeler encore quels avaient pu etre les attraits et le prestige de sa jeunesse, dont les naviga- teurs d^autrefois. nous ont transmis Toriginal sou- 25 venir. Les femmes de sa suite avaient, dans cette penombre d\m appartement f erme, dans ce calme silence du jour tropical, un charme indefinissable. — Elles etaient belles presque toutes, de la beaute tahitienne : des 30 yeux noirs, charges de langueur, et le teint ambre des gitanos. — Leurs cheveux denoues etaient meles de fleurs naturelles et leurs robes de gaze trainantes, 4 LE MARIAGE DE LOTI. libres a la faille, tombaient autour cVelles en longs plis flottants. CTetait sur la princesse Ariitea surtout, que s'arre- taient involontairement mes regards. Ariitea a la figure douce, renechie, reveuse, avec de pales roses du 5 Bengale, piquees au hasard dans ses cheveux noirs... ISconomie Sociale et Philosophie. Le caractere des Tahitiens est un peu celui des petits enfants. — lis sont capricieux,, fantasques, — boudeurs tout a coup et sans motif ; — foncierement honnetes toujours, — et liospitaliers dans facception 10 du mot la plus complete. . . Le caractere contemplatif est extraordinairement developpe chez eux ; ils sont sensibles aux aspects gais ou tristes de la nature, accessibles a toutes les re- veries de ^imagination. . . 15 La solitude des f orets, les tenebres, les epouvantent, et ils les peuplent sans cesse de fantomes et d'esprits. Les bains nocturnes sont en honneur a Tahiti ; au clair de lune, des bandes de jeunes filles s'en vont dans les bois se plonger dans des bassins naturels20 d\ine delicieuse fraicheur. — (Test alors que ce simple mot: " Toupapahou \" jete au milieu des bai- gneuses les met en fuite comme des folles... — (Tou- papaliou est le nom de ces fantomes tatoues qui sont la terreur de tous les Polynesiens, — mot etrange, 25 effrayant en lui-meme et intraduisible. . . ) En Oceanie, le travail est chose inconnue. — Les forets produisent d^elles-memes tout ce qu'il faut pour nourrir ces peuplades insouciantes ; le fruit de Farbre-a-panL, les bananes sauvages, croissent pour 30 TAHITI. 5 tout le monde et suffisent a cliacun. — Les anneea s'ecoulent pour les Tahitiens dans une oisivete abso- lue et une reverie perpetuelle, — et ces grands en- fants ne se doutent pas que dans notre belle Europe 5 tant de pauvres gens s'epuisent a gagner le pain du jour... Tahiti. ... Qui peut dire oii reside le charme d'un pays ?... Qui trouvera ce quelque chose d'intime et d'insaisis- sable que rien n'exprime dans les langues humaines ? 10 II y a dans le charme tahitien beaucoup de cette tris- tesse etrange qui pese sur toutes ces lies d'Oceanie, — Tisolement dans Fimmensite du Pacifique, — le vent de la mer, — le bruit des brisants, — Tombre epaisse^ — la voix rauque et triste des Maoris qui cir- 15 culent en chantant au milieu des tiges des cocotiers, etonnamment hautes, blanches et greles... On s'epuise a chercher,, a saisir, a exprimer... effort inutile, — ce quelque chose s'echappe, et reste incompris. . . 20 en tahitien, designe en meme temps la nuit, l'obscurite et les epoques legendaires dont les 5 vieillards ne se souviennent plus. (La Legende des Pomotous, racontee par la reine Pomare.) " Les iles Pomotous (iles de la nuit ou iles sou- mises), nom que nous avons change aujourd'hui sur la demande de leurs chefs en celui de Tuamotous (iles eloignees), renferment encore aujourd'hui, tu 10 le sais, de pauvres cannibales. " Elles furent peuplees les dernieres de toutes les iles de nos archipels. Des genies de Feau les gar- daient jadis, et battaient si fort la mer de leurs grandes ailes d'albatros que personne n'en pouvaitlS approcher. A une epoque fort reculee, ils furent battus et detruits par le dieu Taaroa. " C'est depuis leur defaite que les premiers Maoris ont pu venir habiterles Pomotous." (Legende des Lunes.) " La legende oceanienne rapporte que jadis cinq 20 lunes etaient au ciel, au-dessus du Grand Ocean. Elles ayaient des visages humains, plus accuses que la lune actuelle, et j etaient des malefices sur les pre- miers hommes qui habitaient Tahiti ; ceux qui le- vaient la tete pour les fixer etaient pris de folies25 etranges. — Le grand dieu Taaroa se mit a les con- jurer. Alors elles s'agiterent; — on les entendit COUTUMES ET LEGEKDES. 17 chanter ensemble dans l/immensite,, avec de grandes voix lointaines et terribles ; elles chantaient des chants magiques en s'eloignant de la terre ; mais sous la puissance de Taaroa, elles commencerent a 5 trembler,, furent prises de vertige, et tomberent avec un bruit de tonnerre sur Focean qui s'ouvrit en bouillon- nant pour les recevoir. " Ces cinq lunes en tombant formerent les iles de Bora-Bora,, Emeo,, Huahine, Eaiatea et Toubouai- 10 Manou." 2 LE ROMAN D'UN SPAHI. Le Spahi. I/e^kui etait yenu vite trouver le pauvre Jean. CTetait une sorte de melancolie qu'il n'avait jamais eprouvee, vague, indefinissable, la nostalgie de ses montagnes qui commei^ait, la nostalgie de son vil- lage et de la chaumiere de ses vieux parents tant 5 aimes. Les spahis, ses nonveaux compagnons, avaient deja traine leur grand sabre dans differentes garnisons de Tlnde et de l'Algerie. Dans les estaminets des villes maritimes oii ils avaient promene leur jeunesse, ils 10 avaient pris ce tour d'esprit gouailleur et libertin qu'on ramasse en courant le monde ; ils possedaient, en argot, en sabir, en arabe, de cyniques plaisanteries toutes faites quails jetaient a la face de toute chose. Braves gartjons dans le fond, et joyeux camarades, 15 ils avaient des fa le panache jauni d^un palmier montant sur le ciel bleu. De l'autre cote, Guet-n^dar, la fourmiliere negre aux milliers de toits pointus. Aupres, des caravanes qui stationnent, des clia- 25 meaux couches dans le sable, des Maures dechargeant leurs ballots d'arachides, — leurs sacs-fetiches en cuir ouvrage. Marchands et marchandes accroupis dans le sable, riant ou se disputant ; bouscules, pietines, eux et 30 leurs produits, par les acheteurs, 3 34 LE KOMAN D'UN SPAHI. — Hou ! diende nrpat ! . . . (marchandes de lait aigre, contenu dans des peaux de bouc cousues retour- nees le poil en dedans). — Hou ! diende nebam ! . . . (marchandes de beurre, — de race peuhle, — avec de grands chignons 5 tricornes plaques de cuivre, — pechant leur mar- chandise a pleines mains dans des outres poilues ; — la roulant dans leurs doigts en petites boulettes sales a un sou la piece, — et s'essuyant les pattes apres dans leurs cheveux). 10 — Hou ! diende kheul ! . . . diende khorompole ! . . . (marchandes de simples, depetits paquets d'her- bes ensorcelees, de queues de lezards et de racines a proprietes magiques). — Hou ! diende tchiakhkha ! . . . diende djiarab ! 15 . . . (marchandes accroupies, de grains d'or, de grains de jahde, de j)erles d'ambre, de ferronnieres d'argent ; — tout cela etale par terre sur des linges sordides, — et pietine par les clients). — Hou ! diende guerte ! . . . diende khankhel ! 20 . . . diende iap-nior ! . . . — (marchandes de pistaches, — de canards en vie, — de comestibles insenses, — de viandes sechees au soleil, de pates au sucre mangees par les mouches). Marchandes de poisson sale, marchandes de pipes, 25 marchandes de tout ; — marchandes de vieux bijoux, de vieux pagnes crasseux et pouilleux, sentant le ca- davre ; de beurre de Galam pour Tentretien crepu de la chevelure ; — de vieilles petites queues, coupees ou arrachees sur des tetes de negresses mortes, et pou- 30 vant resservir telles quelles, toutes tressees et gom- mees, toutes pretes, ' UXE NUIT DE CALME SUR LA 3IER EQUATORIALE. 35 Marchandes de grigris, d'amulettes, de vieux fusils, de crottes de gazelles, de vieux coram annotes par les pieux marabouts du desert ; — de muse, de flutes, de vieux poignarcls a manche d^argent, de vieux cou- oteaux de fer ayant ouvert des ventres, — de tam- tams, de cornes de girafes et de vieilles guitar es. Et la truanderie, la haute pouillerie noire, assise alentour, sous les maigres cocotiers jaunes : de vieilles femmes lepreuses tendant leurs mains et de vieux 10 squelettes a moitie morts. Des debris de toutes sortes et des tas d'ordures. — Et la-dessus, tombant d'aplomb, un de ces soleils brulants qu'on sentait la tout pres de soi, dont le rayonnement cuisait comme celui d'un brasier trop 15 rapproche. Et toujours, et toujours, pour horizon le desert ; la platitude infinie du desert. Une Nuit de Calme sur la Mer Equatoriale. Une nuit de calme sur la mer equatoriale. Un absolu de silence, au milieu duquel les plus 20 legers f rolements de voiles deviennent perceptibles ; — de temps a autre, sur le pont, on entend gemir quelque negresse qui reve ; les voix humaines vibrent avec des sons effrayants. Une tiede torpeur des choses. Dans Tatmosphere, 25 les immobilites stupefiantes du sommeil d\m monde. Un immense miroir refletant de la nuit, de la trans- 36 LE ROMAN J> % UN SPAHI. parence chaude ; — une mer laiteuse pleine de phos- phore. On dirait qu'on est entre deux miroirs qui se re- gardent, et se refletent run Pan tre sans fin ; on dirait qiPon est dans le vide : il iPy a plus d'horizon. An 5 loin, les deux nappes se melent, tout est fondu, le ciel et les eaux, dans des profondeurs cosmiques, vagues, infinies. Et la lune est la, tres basse, — comme un gros rond de feu rouge sans rayons, en suspension au milieu 10 d'un monde de vapeurs d'un gris de lin pale et phos- phorescent. Aux premiers ages geologiques, avant que lejour fut separe des tenebres, les choses devaient avoir de ces tranquillites d'attente. Les repos entre les crea- 15 tions devaient avoir de ces immobilites inexprimables, — aux epoques ou les mondes n'etaient pas encore condenses, ou la lumiere etait diffuse et indefinie dans Pair, ou les nues suspendues etaient du plomb et du fer increes, ou toute Peternelle matiere etait 20 sublimee par Pintense chaleur des chaos primitifs. La Lettre. Quand Jean se retrouva dans la rue solitaire, il n'y put tenir, et, en fremissant, il ouvrit sa lettre. II y trouva cette fois Pecriture seule de sa vieille mere, ecriture plus tremblee que jamais, — avec des 25 taches de larmes. II devora les lignes, — il eut un eblouissement, le pauvre spahi, — et porta ses mains a sa tete, en s'appuyant au mur. LA LETTRE. 37 C'etait tres presse, avait dit le gouverneur, ce pli qu'il portait ; il embrassa pieusement le nom de la vieille Franchise, et s*en alia comme un homme ivre. Etait-ce bien possible, cela ? (Tetait fini^ fini a 5 jamais ! On lui avait pris sa fiancee, au pauvre exile, — sa fiancee d'enfance, que ses vieux parents lui avaient choisie ! " Les bans sont publies, la noce sera faite ayant un mois. Je m/en doutais bien,, mon cher fils, des 10 le mois dernier ; Jeanne ne revenait plus nous voir. Mais je n'osais pas te le dire encore,, pour ne pas te tourmenter, puisque nous ne pouvions rien y faire. " Nous sommes dans un grand desespoir. Main- tenant,, mon fils, il est venu bier a Peyral une idee 15 qui nous fait peur : c^est que tu ne voudras plus revenir au pays, et que tu resteras en Afrique. " Nous sommes bien vieux tousles deux; monbon Jean, mon cher fils, ta pauvre mere t'en supplie a genoux, que cela ne t'empeche pas d'etre sage, et de 20 nous revenir bientot comme nous tfattendions. Au- trement, j'aimerais mieux mourir tout de suite, et Peyral aussi.^ Des pensees incoherentes, tumultueuses, se pres- saient dans la tete de Jean. 25 II fit un rapide calcul de dates. Non, ce n'etait pas fini encore, ce n'etait pas un fait accompli. Le 38 le komax d'u:n t spahi. telegraphe ! Mais non, a quoi done pensait-il ! il n'y avait point de telegraphe entre la France et le Senegal. Et, quand meme, qu'aurait-il pu lenr dire de plus ? S'il avait pu partir en laissant tout derriere, partir sur quelque nayire a grande vitesse, et arriver 5 encore a temps ; en se jetant a leurs pieds, avec sup- plications, avec larmes, il aurait peut-etre encore pu les attendrir. Mais, si loin... quelles impossibility, quelle impuissance ! Tout serait consomme avant qu'il ait seulement pu leur envoyer en cri de dou- 10 leur. Et il ltd semblait qu'on serrait sa tete dans des mains de fer, qu'on pressait sa poitrine dans des etaux terribles. II s'arreta encore pour relire, et puis, se souvenant 15 qu'il portait un ordre presse du gouverneur, il replia sa lettre et se remit a marcher. Autour de lui, tout etait au grand calme du milieu du jour. — Les vieilles maisons a la mauresque s'alignaient correctement, avec leur blancheur lai-20 teuse, sous le bleu intense du ciel. — Parfois, en passant, on entendait derriere leurs murs de brique quelque plaintive et somnolente chanson de negresse ; — ou bien, sur le pas des portes, on rencontrait quel- que negrillon bien noir, qui dormait le ventre au25 soleil, tout nu, avec un collier de corail, — et mar- quait une tache foncee au milieu de toute cette uni- formity de lumiere. — Sur le sable uni des rues, les lezards se poursuivaient avec de petits balancements de tete comiques, — et te^aient, en trainant leur 30 LA LETTRE. 39 queue, tine infinite de zigzags fantasques, compliques comme cles dessins arabes. — Tin bruit lointain de pilons a kouss-kouss, monotone et regulier comme une sorte de silence, arrivait de Guet-n'dar, amorti par 5les couches chaudes et lourdes de ^atmosphere de midi... Cette tranquillity de la nature accablee semblait vouloir narguer ^exaltation du pauvre Jean, et exasperer sa douleur ; elle Foppressait comme un lOmal physique, elle Fetouffait comme un suaire de plomb. Ce pays lui faisait tout a coup FefiEet d'un yaste tombeau. II s^eveillait, le spahi, comme d^un pesant sommeil 15 de cinq annees. — Une immense revolte se faisait en lui, revolte contre tout et contre tous !... Pourquoi Favait-on pris a son village,, a sa mere, pour Fense- velir au plus beau temps de sa vie sur cette terre de mort ?... De quel droit avait-on fait de lui cet etre a 20 part qu'on appelle spahi, traineur de sabre a moitie Africam, malheureux declasse, — oublie de tous, — et finalement renie par sa fiancee !... II se sentait une rage folle au cceur, et ne pouvait pleurer ; il eprouvait le besoin de s'en prendre a 25 quelqiFun ou a quelque chose, — le besoin de torturer, d'etreindre, d'ecraser quelqu'un deses semblables dans ses bras puissants... Et rien, rien autour de lui, — que le silence, la chaleur et le sable. 30 Helas ! pas un ami non plus dans tout ce pays, — 40 LE ROMAX D*UH SPAHI. pas meme un camarade de cceur a qui conter sa peine... II etait done bien abandonne, mon Dieu !... et bien seul au monde !... La Reconnaissance. Une premiere reconnaissance, — a Test du campe- ment de Dialde, dans la direction de Djidiam (Jean, 5 le sergent Muller et le grand Nyaor). Au dire des yieilles femmes peureuses.de la tribu alliee, on ayait vu sur le sable les empreintes toutes fraiches d'une troupe nombreuse d'hommes et de ca- valiers, qui ne pouvait etre autre que Tarmee du 10 grand roi noir. Depuis deuxheures, lestrois spahis promenaient en tous sens leurs chevaux dans la plaine, sans rencontrer aucune enrpreinte liumaine par terre, aucune trace du passage d'une armee. 15 Le sol, en revanche, etait crible d^empreintes de toutes les betes d'Af rique, — depuis le gros trou rond que creuse Thippopotame de son pied pesant, jusqu'au petit triangle delicat que la gazelle, dans sa course legere, trace du bout de son sabot. — Le sable, durci 20 par les dernieres pluies de Hiivernage, gardait avec fidelite parfaite tous les dessins que lui confiaient les habitants du desert. On y reconnaissait des mains de singes, — de grands pas degingandes de girafes, — des trainees de lezards et de serpents, — des griffes 25 de tigres et de lions ; on aurait pu suivre les allees et venues cauteleuses des chacals, — les bonds prodi- gieux des biches poursuivies ; — on devinait toute Inanimation terrible amenee par Tobscurite dans ces LA BECOXXAISSA^Cl. 41 deserts, qui demeurent silencieux tant qne le soleil y promene son grand ceil flamboyant ; on reconstituait tous les sabbats nocturnes de la vie sauvage. Les trois spahis f aisaient lever devant leurs chevaux 5 tout le gibier cache dans les halliers ; — on eiit fait dans ce pays des chasses miraculeuses. Les perdrix rouges s'envolaient au bout de leurs fusils, — et les poules-pharaons, — et les geais bleus et les geais roses, — et les merles metalliques, et les grandes lOoutardes. Eux les laissaient tous partir, cherchant tou jours des traces d'hommes, et n'en trouyant aucune. Le soir approchait, et des vapeurs epaisses s'entas- saient a lTiorizon. Le ciel avait ces aspects lourds et 15 immobiles que ^imagination prete aux couchers du soleil antediluvien, — aux epoques ou Tatmosphere, plus cliaude et plus charge e de substances vitales, couvait sur la terre primitive ces germes monstrueux de mammouths et de plesiosaures... 20 Le soleil s'abaissa doucement dans ces voiles etranges ; il devint terne, — livide, — sans rayons ; il se deforma, — s'agrandit demesurement, — puis s'eteignit. Nyaor, qui j usque-la avait suivi Muller et Jean avec 25 son insouciance habituelle, declara que la reconnais- sance devenait imprudente, et que les deux toubabs ses amis seraient inutilement temeraires s'ils la pro- longeaient davantage. Le fait est que toutes les surprises etaient possibles, 30 qir'autour d'eux tout etait a redouter. De plus, les empreintes de lions etaient partout fraiches et nom- breuses ; — les chevaux comme^aient a s'arreter, 42 LE BOMAH d'uH SPAHI. flairant ces cinq griffes si nettes sur le sable uni, et tremblants de frayeur... Jean et le sergent Muller, ayant tenu conseil, se deciderent a tourner bride, et bientot les trois che- vanx volaient conime le vent dans la direction du 5 blockhaus, laissant flotter derriere eux les burnous blancs de leurs cavaliers. Dans le lointain, on com- men9ait a entendre cette formidable voix caverneuse que les Maures comparent au tonnerre : la voix du lion en chasse. 10 lis etaient braves, ces trois liommes qui galopaient la, — et pourtant ils subissaient cette sorte de ver- tige que donne la vitesse, — cette peur contagieuse qui faisait bondir leurs betes afifolees. — Les joncs qui se couchaient sous leur passage, les branches qui 15 fouettaient leurs jambes, — leur semblaient des le- gions de lions du desert lances a leur trousse... Ils apercjurent bientot la riviere qui les separait des tentes fran9aises, du monde habite, et le petit block- liaus arabe du village de Dialde, eclaire encore de20 dernieres lueurs rouges. Ils firent passer leurs chevaux a la nage et ren- trerent au camp. Le Combat. Sept heures du matin. — Un site perdu du pays de Diambour. — Un marais plein d'herbages renf er- 25 mant un peu d'eau. — line colline basse bornait Phorizon du cote du nord ; — du cote oppose de la plaine, a perte de vue, les grands champs de Dialakar. Tout est silencieux et desert ; — le soleil monte tranquillement dans le ciel pur. 30 LE COMBAT. 43 Des cavaliers apparaissent dans ce paysage africain qui eut trouve aussi bien sa place clans quelque con- tree solitaire de Tancienne G-aule. — Fierement campes sur leurs chevaux, ils sont beaux tous, avec 5leurs vestes rouges, leurs pantalons bleus, leurs grands chapeaux blancs rabattus sur leurs figures bronzees. Ils sont douze, douze spahis envoyes en eclaireurs, sous la conduite d'un adjudant, — et Jean est parmi 10 eux. Aucun presage de mort, rien de funebre dans Fair, — rien que le calme et la purete du ciel. — Dans le niarais, les hautes herbes, humides encore de la rosee de la nuit, brillent au soleil ; les libellules voltigent, 15 ayec leurs grandes ailes tachetees de noir ; les nenu- fars ouyrent sur Feau leurs larges fleurs blanches. La chaleur est deja lourde ; les chevaux tendent le col pour boire, ouvrant leurs naseaux, flairant Feau dormante. — Les spahis s'arretent un instant pour 20 tenir conseil ; ils mettent pied a terre pour mouiller leurs chapeaux et baigner leurs fronts. Tout a coup, dans le lointain, on entend des coups sourds, — comme le bruit de grosses caisses enormes resonnant toutes a la fois. 25 — Les grands tam-tams ! dit le sergent Muller, qui avait yu plusieurs fois la guerre au pays negre. Et, instinctivement, tous ceux qui etaient des- cendus coururent a leurs cheyaux. Mais une tete noire yenait de surgir pres d'eux 30 dans les herbages ; un yieux marabout avait fait, avec 44 son bras maigre, un signe bizarre, comme un comman- dement magique adresse aux roseaux du marais, — et une grele de plomb s'abattait sur les spahis. Les coups, pointes patiernment, siirement, dans la securite de cette embuscade, avaient tous porte. — 5 Cinq ou six chevaux s'etaient abattus ; les autres, surpris et affoles, se cabraient, en renversant sous leurs pieds leurs cavaliers blesses, — et Jean s'etait affaisse, lui aussi, sur le sol avec une balle dans les reins. 10 En meme temps, trente tetes sinistres emergeaient des herbes, trente demons noirs, couverts de bone, bondissaient, en grin9ant de leurs dents blanches, comme des singes en fureur. combat heroique qu'eut chante Homere et qui 15 restera obscur et ignore, comme tant d'autres de ces combats lointains d'Afrique ! lis firent des prodiges de yaleur et de force, les pauvres spahis, dans leur defense supreme. — La lutte les enflammait, comme tous ceux qui sont courageux par nature et qui sont 20 nes braves ; ils vendirent cher leur vie, ces hommes qui tous etaient jeunes, vigoureux et aguerris ! — Et dans quelques annees, a Saint-Louis meme, ils seront oublies. — Qui redira encore leurs noms, — a ceux qui sont tombes au pays de Diambour, dans les 25 champs de Dialakar ? Cependant le bruit des grands tam-tams se rappro- chait toujours. Et tout a coup, pendant la melee, les spahis, comme en reve, virent passer sur la colline une grande troup- 30 LE COMBAT. 45 noire ; des guerriers, a moitie mis, couverts de gri- gris, courant dans la direction de Dialde, en masses echevelees ; — des tam-tams de guerre enormes, que quatre liommes ensemble avaient peine a entrainer 5 dans leur course ; — de maigres chevaux du desert qui semblaient pleins de feu et de fureur, harnaches d'oripeaux singuliers,tout pailletes de cuivre, — avec de longues queues, de longues crinieres, teintes en rouge sanglant, — tout un defile f antastique, demo- lOniaque ; — un cauchemar africain, plus rapide que le vent. C'etait Boubakar-Segou qui passait ! II allait s^abattre la-bas sur la colonne fran9aise. — II passait sans nieme prendre garde aux spahis, — 15 les abandonnant a la troupe embusquee qui achevait de les exterminer. On les poussait toujours, loin des herbages et de Peau, on les poussait dans les sables arides, la oii une chaleur plu» accablante, une reverberation plus ter- 20 rible les epuisait plus vite. On n'avait pu recharger les armes ; — on se battait avec des couteaux, des sabres, des coups d^ongle et des morsures ; — il y avait partout de grandes bles- sures ouvertes et des entrailles saignantes. 25 Deux liommes noirs s'etaient acharnes apres Jean. — Lui etait plus fort qu'eux ; il les roulait et les cha- virait avec rage, — et tou jours ils revenaient. A la fin, ses mains n'avaient plus de prise sur le noir huileux de leur peau nue ; ses mains glissaient 30 dans du sang ; — et puis il s'aff aiblissait par toutes ses blessures. II perE LA MORT. II aurait pu, s'il y avait songe, lui predire : "lis mourront aussi tous, va, ceux qui yont te manger demain ; tous, meme les pins forts et les plus jeunes ; et peut-etre qu'alors l'heure terrible sera encore plus cruelle pour eux que pour lui, avec des 5 souffrances plus longues ; peut-etre qu'alors ils pre- fereraient le coup de masse en plein front. " La bete lui rendit bien sa caresse en le regardant avec de bons yeux et en lui le chant la main. Mais c'etait fini, Teclair d'intelligence qui avait passe sous 10 son crane bas et ferme venait de s'eteindre. Au mi- lieu de Fimmensite sinistre ou le navire Temportait toujours plus vite, dans les embruns froids, dans le crepuscule annonQant une nuit mauvaise, — et a cote du corps de son compagnon qui iretait plus qu\m 15 amas inf orme de viande pendue a un croc, — il s'etait remis a ruminer tranquillement, le pauvre boeuf ; sa courte intelligence n'allait pas plus loin ; il ne pen- sait plus a rien ; il ne se souvenait plus. NOTES. Full-face figures refer to pages; ordinary figures to the lines. 1. — 3. Maori. Really tlie name of the inhabitants of New Zealand, but applied in general to the Polynesians, who are akin to the Micronesian, the Malay, and the Malagasy race, and who combine the characteristics of the white, the yellow, and the black types of mankind. The word is said to come from their creator-god Maoui. 2. — 3. Etrurie. The district of Italy corresponding to Tus- cany, whose inhabitants, of primitive Asiatic and Hellenic origin, gave their religion and much of their civilization to the Romans, and left proofs of splendid artistic development in architecture, sculpture, painting, and ceramics, of which black and brown vases of burnt clay form a large part. 9. tatouage. From the root ta, meaning to strike, and so referring to the process. 12. Marquises. One of the twelve groups of islands con- stituting Polynesia, There are eleven isles in this group, called also the archipelago of Mendana (from their discoverer (1595), who named them Marquises de Mendoca, in honor of the viceroy of Peru). They are also known as Revolution Islands, Washington Islands, and are famous for the physical beauty of their natives. 18. oulstiti. A small Brazil monkey. Title. Pomare (IV.) (1823-1877). The name of the three kings preceding this queen, sister of the last one. It means " cold of the night," from a cold caught in fighting by Pomare I. Her real name was Ai-mata, " eater of eyes," from a former custom in which the kings ate the eyes of human sacrifices. Cf , p. 11, 1. 12. 169 170 KOTES. 24. Tahiti. Or the Society Islands (so christened by Captain Cook in honor of the Royal Society of London). Also the name of the main island of the group. Under French protection since 1842. 3, — 7. basane. Through the Spanish badana, from an Arab word meaning tanned sheepskin. Hence* dark.' Cf. particu- larly the noun basane, of books bound thus instead of in calf. 31. gitanos. Spanish for gypsies. 6.— 13. phaeton. Phaethon (Greek cpaoS, light, and ai'QG), to burn) is the son of the Sun, or of Apollo, and personifies sun-heat. As these birds seem to follow the sun, that is, never to leave the tropics, they are so called. The general name is paille- en- queue, from two long tail-feathers. (Cf. phaeton, a basket- wagon; so, from the myth, in classical use and in society slang, phaeton, a coachman. For the story cf. Ovid, Metamor- phoses, book ii.) Cf. below, p. 10, 1. 9. 16. cheffesse. A rare word, really referring to the wife of an Arab chief. 16. reva-reva. Cf. M. Loti's words, p. 13, 1. 2. 7. — 11. himene. As in chant dliymenee, hymn (Greek vjuvoS. a song), a chorus that sang the hymeneal or marriage song, Then, introduced by missionaries in the religious sense of hymn, a sacred song. — Kobinson. Referring to Crusoe. 8. — 7. Vairia. The only lake of Tahiti, in the centre of the island, and three-quarters of a mile in circumference. 22. albatros. So named from the root alb (white), as in alb, albino, album, albumen, Alps, and Albion, the name of England from its chalk-cliffs. Really a corruption of Spanish alcalraz (itself Arabic-Greek), meaning the "water-carrier," applied to the penguin. Cf. Alcatraz Island, the military prison north of San Francisco in California. The largest of sea-birds. Sailors also are very superstitious about them. Cf. Coleridge: " Ancient Mariner. " Distinguish albdtre, arbalete, with their origins. 9. — 4. Taaroa. The father of the gods. — langue polynesienne. The beauty of the language consists in its vowelic character, the syllables being composed of a vowel, or a consonant + a vowel, NOTES. 171 and no word ending in a consonant. There is no inflection, itself a proof of primitive speech. A curious custom compels the natives to change the name or a part of the name of their ruler and his family and to create substitutes until their death. Kaffir women similarly cannot use words resembling the sounds in the names of their near male relatives. The language is thus constantly changing. Cf. Max Muller, Science of Lan- guage, volume II. pp. 42 if., with authorities cited. lO. — 30. arbre de fer. Iron wood. A hard tree of almost universal (southern) distribution. 11. — 12. Macabre. Usually in clause macabre, which meant the " Dance of Death," constantly represented in mediaeval times and really for danse des Machabees, the latter being seven martyr brothers, who afterwards typified the ranks in life, making their exit after Death on the stage of the religious plays. Either of these names, now, in slang, means 'a corpse/ probably from the reading of c. xn. book ii of Maccabees, in the mass for the dead. 12. — 23. potiche. A Chinese or Japanese porcelain vase. A diminutive of pot. 13. — 27. Triton. Triton, son of Neptune ; then, sea-gods, with fishes' or horses' tails, or dolphin-tail and horses' fore feet ; then, the conch-shell they blew. 14. — 7. pandanus. A tree or shrub. 9. Lias. The lower part of what in Geology is called the Jurassic soil. 15. — 19. petit-negre. The compound of African dialects and French used for intercourse with the natives. 16.— Title, legende. These myths, evidently referring to the creation, volcanic actions, the deluge, etc., might prove the great antiquity of the Polynesian races. On the other hand, they may be perversions of missionary Biblical history. 18. — Title. Spahi. From the Persian. First, of irregular Turkish cavalry, then of an Algerian native corps in the French army (from 1831). So, any soldier in the corps. Cf. the East Indian sepoy, the same word. 172 HOTES. 11. gouailleur. Really a ' popular ' word : "mocking, jok- ing, 'guying.'" 13. argot. Slang, subdivided into many languages of the individual trades or professions. It is interesting to note the origins assigned : 1. Argos, because of its numerous Greek words; 2. By metathesis from Ragot, a captain of the Gueux, or late mediaeval thieves ; 3. argutie, subtlety ; 4. Argo, the ship whose band, seeking the Golden Fleece, had to talk a lan- guage to conceal their purpose; 5. ctpyoS, a do-nothing, so, his language ; 6. To talk like the jars (the male goose) ; 7. A corruption of jargon, itself from the Italian lingua gerga, then simply gergo, from the Greek iepoS (sacred). So, ' sacred language,' 'understood only by the initiated.' And still others. 13. sabir. A mixture of French, Italian, and Spanish spoken throughout the Levant and in Algeria. 20. — 3. Peuhles. Tribes of Fellatas covering the African Soudan. 18. Yolof. A race in Senegambia. Also, Woloff, Ghioloff. Their language is superbly elastic in shading, because of its terminations, there being five thousand roots, each of which can have twenty-two variations. 25. Saint-Louis. The capital of the Senegal colony, situated on an island ten miles from the mouth of the Senegal River, with a population of some thirty thousand. 21. — 7. Legbar. A village and post four miles southeast of Saint-Louis. 22. — 27. fetiche. That is, worshipped by the natives, and so, accustomed to be unmolested. Any object deified and supposed to contain a helpful or harmful spirit. Read the chapters on ' Fetish' in Miss Mary H. Kingsley's Travels in West Africa, Congo Fran^ais, Corisco and Cameroons. 25. — 5. Fatou. An African woman. 26. — 30. Angelus. The church-bell's ringing to recall the time to pray the Incarnation prayer, said three times a day. So called from its opening word. 28. — 23. Basque. From the Pyrenean province whose cut KOTES. 173 of coat survives in the basque of a woman's garment. — capulet. The hood of peasant women in the extreme south of France. 29.-6. bamboula. The dance called from the drum used to accompany it ; named from the material, bamboo. M. Loti gives a description of one in his next chapter. 32. — 16. kousskouss. Defined by M. Loti as "une bouillie sans saveur" made of "une grossiere farine de mil/' and "la base de l'alimentation des peuples noirs" (p. 188). Baobab- leaves, flesh, fowl, and oil are added to the millet. 20. tabaski. In Wolof, 'month of december,' 'moon of december,' during which the sheep-killing occurred. 29. soumare. "Les soumares sont des tresses faites de plusieurs rangs entiles de petites graines brunes; ces graines qui murissent sur les bords de la Gambie ont une senteur pe- netrante et poivre, un parfuni sui generis, une des odeurs les plus characteristiques du Senegal. " (p. 134.) 33, — 26. arachides. ' Groundnuts. ' 34. — 28. Galam. A province in Senegambia. (Also a town on the Senegal.) Known from the or de Galam, famously beautiful and pure, though really coming from further up the Faleme River, and for its beurre de Galam, the grease like butter in color, to give a lustre to the hair. Called thus because the women of Galam use so much of it. 35. — 1. grigris. An amulet, fetich, idol. Also, a piece of paper covered with prayers from the Koran and worn as a preservative. 2. corans. The book of Mahomet and the Mohammedans. Usually alcoran, where al is Arabic " the," and cor an, book, reading, just as Bible from generic became special. 3. marabout. Practically, a Mussulman monk, a saint, an ascetic. 7. haute pouillerie. " The extremely dirty poor." Haute in slang means the best (or worst) of its kind. 36. — 13. le jour, etc. Genesis i. 4. 37. — 14. Peyral. The father of Jean. 16. au pays. "Home." 174 NOTES. 39. — 20. traineur de sabre. Idle and worthless soldier. Always used in a bad sense. 41. — 8. poule-pharaon. Senegal has a peculiar chicken called also poule du Senegal. 19. plesiosaure. Gigantic prehistoric reptiles. 26. toubab. In Yolof, means white man (cf. Dictionnaire Fran9ais-Wolof et Frangais-Bambara, par M. J. Dard. Paris, Imprimerie Royale, m.d.ccc.xxv). 42. — 28. Dialakar. A native village opposite Legbar. 46. — 6. Salde. A little town upon the left bank, with a fort and six hundred inhabitants. 47. — 19. permissionaires. "On leave." 48. — 1. panneau. First the cover of, then, the hatchway itself. 18. Finistere = Finis-terre. A department in Lower Brit- tany. Cf . , for form, the English Land's End. 50. — 3. bouge. " Dives," "low resorts." 51. — 5. beaupre. So French in form, really the English bowsprit, from German Bug-spriet, bent (biege}i)-wood (sprit, spar). 52. — 5. Ouessant. A small island off the Finistere coast. 56. — 12. Plouherzel. Or Plouarzel. A little village twelve miles from Brest, and with the largest menhir or granite needle (thirty-six feet high) in Brittany, and associated with superstitions at marriage-ceremonies. 18. au long cours. " Long trip." 57. — 6. forban. Literally, a sea-bandit, "outside the ban." So, "pirate." 23. Paimpol. The chief town of the Cotes- du-Nord, with a fine port which received more English vessels captured during the continental war than any other place. 59.-— 14. le Poussin. Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665). One of the greatest of French or all painters. Achieving success after a life of tremendous hardships, he created the style of historical landscape. Victor Cousin calls him " the painter of thought." The Deluge, the picture representing Winter in a series, "The Four Seasons," was his last work, is his master- NOTES. 175 piece, and is in the Louvre. He has often allegorized the seasons. He divided his work into the laughing, the touching, the grave, and the terrible. 60. — 11. bas ris. "Close-reefed." 11. cape. " Trysail." 61.— 8. affaler. "To lower." 62.— 19. marchepied. "Foot-rope." 63. — 1. tomber. " To fall into the trough of the sea." 65. — 2. jarretiere du point. " Lashing of the sheets." 3. bout. " A fag-end," " a fall." 19. jambes de force. "Carlines," "props." 67. — 27. Tonga - Tabou. The main island, with twenty thousand natives, of the Tonga archipelago, or Friendly Islands (150, with 60,000 inhabitants). 68. — 7. arraisonner. In nautical language, to hail a vessel, in order to ask it an account of itself. 70. — 1. chola. Feminine of cholo, the term for a half-breed, or, rather, one of the infinitely complicated white-black-Indian- Chinese results of intermarriage. Really chino-chola, black- yellow race. 14. yak. The Jack. Then, the upper square of the U. S. A. or British flag. Distinguish yak, the animal. 72. — 23. pisco. The wine or spirits from Pisco, a port, a province, and a famous wine-bearing valley of Peru. The most universal drink in the country. 27. zamacueca. The most popular Peruvian national dance, now relegated to the lower classes. The dance is always accompanied by song, chorus, and orchestra, and big drum called cajon. Hence it is often called polka de cajon. Also, maisito, ecuador, and zanguarana. Popular poets write the songs. Cf. Lima, by Manuel A. Fuentes. Paris, Firrnin Didot Brothers, Sons k Co., 1866. 28. diguhela. Or vilaiela. A kind of guitar. 74. — 7. turlututu. A flute, then its sound. An onomato- poetic word. 77, — 2. goeland. "Gull." Called, from their plaintive cry, guela, in low-Breton, meaning to weep. 176 NOTES. 79. — 7. La grande pendule. In a previous chapter used as a synonym of " time." 81. — 11. Boudoul. M. Loti (p. 169) says in a foot-note: "Ces paroles n'ont aucun sens en breton, pas plus que dans l'ancienne chanson de France, mironton, mirontaine. Elles etaient probableinent imaginees par la veille femme qui les chantait." 82. — 2. Toulven. A village in Lower Brittany. 5. Sainte-Anne. Mother of the Virgin. Her feast-day is the eighth of July. She is greatly revered in Brittany, as also in Canada. 83— Flaubert (1821-1880). A French writer of marvellous word-coloring, extraordinary precision, and extreme power. One of the founders of Realism. Salammbo is a reconstruction of Carthaginian life. He read 1500 books in order to write 400 pages. 84.-3. Saint-filoi (588-659). Celebrated as bishop, mis- sionary, treasurer of King Dagobert I., and as maker of superb works in gold destroyed at the time of the Revolution. He is the patron of gold-, silver-, copper-, black-, and all other smiths or metal-workers. 8, pardon. A religious pilgrimage in Brittany. Here, for the blessing of the horses. Cf . a title such as Le Pardon de Ploermel, an opera- comique by Barbier and Carre, with music by Meyerbeer (1859), known here as Dinorah. 24. Kergrist-Moelon. A village in the C6tes-du-Nord. 25. quelque chose. His drinking habits. 86. — 21. Aurigny. It is Alderney, the Channel island, which belongs to England. 22. Ploubazlanec. A town (3000) in the Cotes- du-Nord. 87. — 3. branle - bas. Branle is the sailor's hammock (branler, to shake, because * suspended '), and this term means to put hammocks away. So, "confusion," due to 'clearing up,' ' excitement.' 89, — 1. vielle. A form for mole, and like it and violon most suggestive as coming from the Latin vitulari, to caper like a vitulus (or veal), or a festival with veal-ssiGTiB.ce ; itself from NOTES. 177 Greek ira\6%, hence Italy, called so because of its herds. — Cf. vell-um (veal-skin), ixtf-eran (idea of years, as in year-ling), fl^-erinary (science of treating year-lings), and fiddle (©==/, t — d, etc.), all cognates, and a good proof of linguistic values in simple vocabulary. 11. Manche. The English Channel, called thus from its sleeve-shape. Distinguish the masculine form. 91. — 6. desinvolte. Italian disinvolto. Not enveloped ; so, free, at ease, "alert manners." 92. — 24. goemon. Usually wreck, "wrack" seaweed. Literally "wreck," then of sea-algae. 94. — 6. panne. As if a long * ' piece of material " floating flat against the sky. " Eire au panne" is, of a ship, to be stationary though ' under way.' 16. croiseur. The cruiser which did police duty and brought the fleet its letters. 96. — 15. * chars rus8es. , Called also " Montagnes russes.'' Toboggan-slides, from the famous ones in Saint-Petersburg. 31. Mais non — cascade. Note the alliterative alternations, and the onomatopoetic character to represent the swish and the crash of the sea. 97. — 9. tres gros temps. " Very heavy weather. " 23. ben. Popular, provincial, and peasant for 4 'bien." 23. renferme. "Musty." 98.-2. fausses. ' ' Artificial." 13. saute. " Sadden shifting." 14. frisante. "Approaching," "Grazing " the water. 99. — 25. cirages. Really ' blacking,' but originally from the 'waxing.' So here, for toile ciree, ' oil-cloth. ' "Sou' wes- ters." 105. — 11. Annam. The name used in France for Cochin- China, now controlled by France. 11. Tonkin. Really the northern part of Cochin-China. It is a corruption of Dong-Kinh, " court of the East," given first to Hanoi', then to all the province. After a brilliant campaign under dire difficulties (1883-1885), finally reduced and since held by the French. 178 NOTES. 11. Pavillons-Noirs. "Black Flags." Also Pavilions- Jaunes. From their black or yellow standards. Bands of piratical Chinese soldiers since 1865. But the Blacks were in Chinese pay; the Yellows, friends of France. 108. — 20. Hanoi. A province and the capital of Tonkin. 21. Ha-Longi. Or Allong. A large bay, of marvellous nat- ural beauty, in the province of Hai-Phong, on the northeast coast of Annam. 29. medaille militaire. Given to soldiers, petty officers in the army and the navy, and to marshals, general officers who have been ministers of war or of the navy, who have com- manded expeditions or fleets, or been presidents of artillery-, infantry-, or cavalry-committees. Founded in 1852. It is of silver, and on a yellow ribbon with green edge. Those decorated with it receive one hundred francs a month. It is also given to cantinieres, nuns, hospital-attendants, or those having shown heroic devotion. 109. — 4. mal du pays. " Homesickness. " 17. cadre. "Cot." HO.— 4. Confucius. (557-479 B.cO A profound political philosopher who founded the philosophy and reformed the sys- tem of China. 14. mousson. " Monsoon," a wind in the Indian Ocean, which blows six months in one direction, six months in an- other. 113.— 10. plan. "Plane." 114. — 13. Dies irae. Latin: " Day of wrath. " The opening words of the chant at the mass for the dead. Written by the monk Thomas de Celano (died 1255). It has extraordinary poignant power. 32. mandarines. The mandarin is the member of the Chinese lettered class, who are also the members of the government. They constitute the highest of the seven classes of society, and are subdivided into mandarins of letters and of war. Those of letters consist of fifteen thousand, divided into eighteen classes. Their clothes and titles are most intricate. Yet the system, allowing promotion to the poorest, has been called NOTES. 179 1 ' the most rational of governmental systems which may be in the world." The word is derived from the root man, to think, which reappears in man (thinking being), mind, mathematics, and many others. 115. — 4. jardins d'Indra. Those of Indra, King of heaven, in the mythology of India. From the word indu, meaning ' drop,' so, originally, god of rain. The mountains used to have wings, and fall upon cities. Indra burned their wings and they became stationary. Title. Le Petit Voltigeur. The grand voltigeur Jiollandais ( ' The Flying Dutchman ') was the imaginary vessel, com- manded by Satan, and manned by a whole nation. So, instead of saying simply le vaisseau faniome, the editor has thought this title seemed better to express the idea as well as the anti- pode of place, Iceland m. the Cape of Good Hope. Note vol- tigeur, as light-infantry. 116. — 1. grisaille. Painting in black and white to repre- sent bas-relief. 13. drome. The collection of extra masts, yards, spars, boat- hooks, etc., kept on deck. 117. — 30. chasseurs. The steamers which make the rounds of the fleet, " hunting " the fishing-boats. 118. — 6. richard. "Very rich man" : -ard is a pejorative termination. Then, 'popular.' 121. — 8. ceux, etc. " Moi ! . . . Un de ces jours, oui, je ferai mes noces — et il souriait, ce Yann, tou jours dedaigneux, roulant ses yeux vif s — mais avec aucune des filles du pays ; non, moi, ce sera avec la mer, et je vous invite tous, ici tant que vous §tes, au bal que je donnerai . . ." (p. 13.) 123. — 4. bebete. In the argot of children means any ani- mal, so "foolish/' as we say dumb animals, then dumb, fool- ish. Cf. German dumm, 10. complet. " Suit." 124. — 4. impayable. "Extraordinary," " astonishing." 21. gerfaut. "Hawk." Really the German Geierfalk, vul- ture-falcon, the first part from an Old High German root, meaning to devour, and the second from Latin falx, or sickle, 180 NOTES. because of catting talons, or the sickle-shape of the claws or of the extended wings. 125. — 1. Chrysantheme. Notice (1) the meaning from XpvcrdS, gold, and arQoS, flower; and (2) that the Japanese fondness for flowers comes out in their proper names. Cf . an- thology, a bouquet of literary extracts. 125. — 27. Gargantua. La Vie de Oargantua et de Panta- gruel (1532), by Francis Rabelais (1483-1553). Gargantua is the giant under guise of whose career its author satirized the State and all secular and spiritual society and perpetually pil- loried the education and the politics of his own time and the pettinesses of all other periods. Of its immense success he said : " More were sold in two months than will be bought Bibles in nine years." It has been said that Gargantua was an allegorical representation of Francis the First. The origin of the name is given in the story of his extraordinary birth : " Soudain qu'il fut ne, ne cria, comme les aultres enfants mies, mies, mies, mais, a haulte voix, s'escrioit : A boire, & boire, a boire ! " Le bonhomme Grandgousier, son p&re, dit alors.QuE Grand ttj as (le gousier)! Ce queoyant les assistants, dirent que vraiment il devait avoir par ce "le nom de Gar- gantua, puisque telle avoit este la premiere parole de son pere a sa naissance, a Timitation et exemple des anciens Hebreux." The root is garg, which in all the Romance languages means 'throat.' Cf. gargouille {gargoyle), gargamelle (also the name of Gargantua' s mother), gargariser, gargote, Gargantua is the type of the gigantic eater and drinker. 126. — 2. brasser. ''To stir," cf. brasserie, brewery (from the same root, according to Littre), because of the mixing pro- cess. 3. enfourner. Literally, " to put into the oven. " In slang, "to imprison." Here, " to gobble." 10. panneaux. Japanese houses are made of screens which open, close, and shut off or throw into one the rooms. So that the noise of this is a characteristic one in Japan. 25. mandragore. English mandrake. A narcotic plant whose forked roots were thought to resemble a human being, KOTES. 181 and which was supposed to shriek when pulled out of the ground. A subject often treated in Italian and French litera- ture, and cf. Longfellow's Spanish Student, act 1, scene 5. Also the similar idea in bleeding spears where the bush is pulled up in the ^Eneid. 26. chevrote. "Bleats." 27. bique en delire. "Crazy goat." 127. — 3. manes. The departed spirits of the Romans. Then, protecting divinities. 128. — 7. shintolste. The Shinto religion is the primitive cult of Japan, surviving in a sort of worship of ancestors. 9. Bouddha. The Hindoo Buddha, meaning "the perfectly enlightened one," was the founder of the religion which re- formed the Brahmanism of India, and which preached contem- plation in this life and attaining Xirvana, or "extinction," in the next, as the only blessedness. His real name was Gautama or Gotama, and his influence spread over all China and Japan. See Edwin Arnold's The Light of Asia. 16. Oyouki-San. The daughter of Madame Prune. Also the name of a sister of Chrysan theme. San is the honorific particle meaning Mr., Mrs., Miss, as the case may be, and given even to children, and in speaking of animals. Oyouki is ' snow ' ; so, Miss Snow. 26. Touki-San. Miss Moon. 27. Tami, A French friend, so called by the mousmes. 129. — 3. mousme. "Mousme est un mot qui signifie jeune fille ou tres jeune femme. C'est un des plus jolis de la langue nipponne ; il semble qu'il y ait, dans ce mot, de la moue (de la petite moue gentille et drole comme elles en font) et surtout de la frimousse (de la frimousse chiffonnee comme est la leur). Je l'emploierai souvent, n'en connaissant aucun en fran9ais qui le vaille. "(p. 75.) 9. M. Sucre. Husband of Madame Prune. 32. Nipponne. Strictly speaking, the natives (here feminine) of Niphon, or Nipon, which is the name of the whole Japanese Empire, meaning "fountain or source of light." But generally applied to the largest island of the 3850 which constitute Japan, 182 NOTES. some nine hundred by two hundred and fifty miles in extent, with thirty million inhabitants. Its real name is Hondo, meaning the " mainland." Nipon is Chinese Ji-hon, our Japan, which means the "Land of the Sun-source " (as seen from China). 130. — 2. melon. A ll derby" hat, from the shape. 132.— 14. Triomphante. The vessel of M. Loti. 133. — 9. cryptomeria. '* Pine-evergreens." 134. — 17. bonze. A Buddhist monk. 17. theories. Originally, a deputation in Greece sent to sacri- fice to the gods ; so " band," as here. 19. chimere. The fire-breathing lion-goat-serpent of Greek mythology. Then, any " monster." 135. — 24. saltimbanque. Notice the origin : from Italian " saltimbanco" that from saltare, to jump, in, on, banco, bench. Cf. our expressions "on the stage," "on the boards/' as a survival. 136. — 1. marionette. A double diminutive, and where one liquid replaces another (I = n). The little images of the Vir- gin Marie were called mariole, which came to mean any puppets, and were then made into mariolettes, and finally marionettes. 138. — 16. Gambari. A phrase unrecognized by Japanese in America. The oto-to-ghicou resembles the word for ' nightin- gale, ' which, however, begins with an h sound. 139. — 7. Jules Lemaitre. Jules-Elie-Frangois (born in 1853). A professor in various French university chairs for a number of 3 r ears, he has since been a great newspaper and magazine writer, a famous literary and dramatic critic, and a prolific playwright. He became a member of the French Acad- emy in 1895, and of the Legion of Honor in 1888, being made an officer in 1895. Dedication. Aicard. Frangois-Victor-Jean. A French poet and dramatist, born in 1848 at Toulon. Some of his work has been crowned by the French Academy, whose prize for poetry he also won in 1883, and he is himself a member of the Aca- demie du Var. NOTES. 183 141. — 3. glycine. A beautiful violet flower. 31. griffues. A neologism of M. Loti. ' Provided with claws,' 'clawed/ There are plenty of analogies (bourru, touffu, 1 tufted,' etc.). 144. — Title. Samourais. The class of aristocratic military, official, and literary men who for centuries centred in their hands the learning, patriotism, and social and soldierly power. They are called the "two-sworded gentlemen/' because they wore one long sword for their enemies and one short one for the liarakari. These forty-seven were also called "ronins," which means " wave-men," that is, of that class who often served successive lords, somewhat in the style of European chivalry. 147. — 18. Mephistopheles. The personified devil in Faust. So, applied to cynical and mocking men. 148. — 12. menhir. A Celtic word meaning " long stone." Prehistoric upright stones whose origin and purpose are un- known, though found in many parts of the world. 14. Harakiri. The death by making a cross, as here de- scribed ; practised by the aristocracy and officers. Called sep- puku y which means 'belly-cut,' from the action. 151. — 9. Stamboul. The Turkish name of Constantinople. — Damiette. A city in Egypt, near the site of the one famous in crusading annals. — Aigues-Mortes. A small French town in the department of the Gard, whence crusades of Saint-Louis in 1248 and 1269 started, and where Francis the First and Charles the Fifth met in 1538. 153.— 29. batarde. "Mixed." 154. — 21. Moghreb. " II y a pour moi une magie et un inex- pressible charme, dans les seules consonances de ce mot : le Moghreb... Moghreb, cela signifie a la fois l'ouest ; le cou- chant, et l'heure oil s'eteint le soleil. Cela designe aussi l'empire du Maroc qui est le plus occidental de tous les pays d'Islam, qui est le point de la terre ou. est venue mourir, en s'assombrissant, la grande poussee religieuse donnee aux Ara- bes par Mahomet. Surtout, cela exprime cette derniere priere, qui, d'un bout a l'autre du monde musulman, se dit a cette 184 HOTES. lieure du soir ; — priere qui part de la Mecque et, dans une prosternation generale, se propage en trainee lente a travers toute l'Afrique, a rnesure que decline le soleil — pour ne s'arr^ter qu'en face de 1' Ocean, dans ces extremes dunes saha- riennes oil l'Afrique elle-meme finit." (Au Maroc, p. 196.) 156. — 3. tholba. "Ces tentes blanches, hors de la ville, sont le camp des tholbas (des etudiants), qui font en ce moment m^me leur grande f§te annuelle dans la campagne. Mais ce mot d'etudiant convient mal pour designer ces sobres et graves jeunes liommes ; quand je reparlerai d'eux, je conserverai celui de tholba qui n'est pas traduisible. (On salt que Fez ren- ferme la plus celebre universite musulmane : que deux ou trois mille eleves, venus de tous les points de l'Afrique du Nord, y suivent les cours de la grande mosquee de Karaoui'n, un des sanctuaires les plus saints de l'lslam.) — Us sont en vacances aujourd'hui, les tholbas, et grossissent sans doute l'etonnante foule qui nous attend." (Au Maroc, p. 129.) 10. pape des fous. During mediaeval and down to modern times, the great popular festival called Fete des Fous, or des Sots, or des Innocents, or de I 'Ane, relics of the Roman Satur- nalia, survived as scenes of the wildest gayety, comic and coarse songs and actions, and unbridled license. The Fete des Fous took place more particularly at Sens. Those who be- longed to the association wore red, yellow, green clothes and a fool's cap with bells. The names of their elected chiefs are legion, including this Pape. The priests played a prominent part in the performances, which were parodies of religious cere- monials. 157. — 22. Karaouln. "Cela, c'est Karaoui'n, la mosquee sainte, la Mecque de tout le Moghreb, ou, depuis une dizaine de siecles, se pre^che la guerre aux infideles, et d'ou partent tous les ans ces docteurs farouches, qui se repandent dans le Maroc, en Algerie, a Tunis, en Egypte, et jusqu'au fond du Sahara et du noir Soudan. Ses voutes retentissent nuit et jour, perpetuelle- ment, de ce meme bruit confus de chants et de prieres ; elle peut contenir vingt mille personnes, elle est profonde comme une ville. Depuis des si&cles on y entasse des richesses de KOTES. 185 toutes sortes, et il s'y passe des choses absolument myste- rieuses. Par la grande porte ogivale, nous apercevons des lointains indefinis de colonnes et d'arcades, d'une forme ex- quise, fouillees, sculpt ees, festonnees avec Tart merveilleux des Arabes. Des milliers de lanternes, des girandoles, descen- dent des votites, et tout est d'une neigeuse blancheur, qui re- pand un rayonnement jusque dans la penombre des longs cou- loirs. Un peuple de fideles en burnous est prosterne par terre, sur les paves de mosai'ques aux f raicbes couleurs, et le murmure des cbants religieux s'echappe de 1&, continu et monotone comme le bruit de la mer..." — (Au Maroc, p. 160.) 158. — 1. Alexandrie. The library of Ptolemy Soter, burned, refounded, and reduced to ashes by the Arabs. It took six months to burn the books. — d'Espagne. During the Moorish domination. 4. ' prendre la rose.' An Arab term. The marabouts, with other distinctive signs, wear a metal rose, granted at the end of their course of study. So the expression is equivalent to " to obtain the title of marabout," " to become a priest." 160. — 5. Nouvelle-Caledonie. The island in Oceania, belong- ing to France since 1853. With Guiana, the penal colony of France, for those condemned to hard labor. It was the place to which the Communists were deported. 166. — 12. souffler. To introduce air under the skin of an animal, in order to separate the skin more easily from the flesh. The air is blown in after cuts have been made at the four extremities. The supplice du soufflet was one of the horrible punishments even as late as the seventeenth century, the body being blown up to distention and death. A Few New Texts in MODERN FRENCH LITERATURE. COPPEE AND DE MAUPASSANT: TALES (Cameron). With two portraits, xlviii + 188 pp. 16mo. Cloth. 75 cents, net. Includes : Coppee— Le Morceau du Pain, Deux Pitres, Un Vieux de la Vieille, Les Vices du Capitaine, Scenario, La Robe Blanche. La Rempla- cant, Un Enterrement JJramatique, etc. De Maupassant— La Peur, La Main, Gargon, un Bock, En Voyage, Apparition, Les Idees du Colonel, etc. Prof. Wm. K. Gillette of N. Y. University :— The students are unanimous in saying that they have never been better pleased with any text-book. Prof. A. H. Edgren, of the University of Nebraska .'—Cameron's excellent biographies of Coppee and Maupassant will do their part to make these authors appreciated. COPPfiE'S ON EEND L' ARGENT (Bronson). A novel giving vivid pictures of the Paris of to-day. With eight illus- trations. 184 pp. Narrow 16mo. Cloth. 60 cents, net. Joseph S. Ford, of Phillips Exeter Academy :— It is attractive in every way, and is moreover thoroughly French in appearance. The notes are well done and show a knowledge of Paris at first hand, a requirement par- ticularly necessary in an editor of Coppee. I have wanted something of this kind for a long while, and shall certainly make use of the present edition next year. SAND'S LA MARE ATJ DIABLE (Joynes). With Vocabulary. 12mo. xix+ 122 pp. Cloth. 40 cents, net. TOEPFFER'S LE BIBLIOTKEQTJE DE MON ONCLE. No Notes. 176 pp. Cloth. 50 cents, net. A FEW TEXTS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AND IN PREPARATION. Balzac's Eugenie Grandet (Bergeron . With portrait. 300 pp. 80 cents, net. Le Cure de Tours, Lea Proscrits, El Verdugo. Z Marcas, and La Messe de VAthee (Warren), xiv + 267 pp. Cloth. 75 cents, net. Choix de Contes Contemporains (O'Connor). Stories, each complete : 5 by Daudet, 3 by Coppee, 2 by Gautier, 1 by De Musset. Paper, 52 cents, net. Daudet, Contes de (Cameron). Eighteen stories, including La Belle Nivernaise (sepa- rate, 25 cents). 321 pp. Cloth. 80 cents, net. Haievy's L'Abbe Constantin (Super). With vocabulary. Boards, 40 cents, net. Hugo's Hernani (Harper). With portrait. 126 pp. Cloth. 70 cents, net. " Ruy Bias (Michaelis). 117 pp. Flex. 40 cents, net. " Selections from Novels and Poems (Warren). Cloth. 70 cents, net. Loti: Selections (Cameron). In preparation. Ohnet's La Fille du Depute (Beck). Tn preparation. Taine'a Les Origines de la France Contemporaine. Selections (Edgren). With portrait. 157 pp. Boards, 50 cents, net. Thiers' Bonaparte en Egypt e (Edgren). 130 pp. Boards, 35 cents, net. Verne's Michel Stro^off Abridged (Lewis). 222 pp. Cloth. 70 cents, net NEW EDITIONS WITH VOCABULARIES OF Erekmann-Chatrian : Le Conscrit (Boch?r). 301 pp. 55 cents, net. Erckmann-Chatrian : Mine. Therese (Bocher). 270 pp. 55 cents, net. Feuillet's Roman d'un Jeuue Homme Pauvre (Owen). The novel. 260 pp. Cloth. 55 cents, net. Merimee's Colomba (Cameron). 284 pp. Cloth. 50 cents, net. Full Descriptive List of Foreign Language Books Free. HENRY HOLT & Co., 29 W. 23d St., New York. December, 1896, FRENCH TEXT-BOOKS PUBLISHED BY HENRY HOLT & CO., New York. These books are bound in cloth unless otherwise indicated. Prices net. Postage S% additional. Illustrated Catalogue of Works in General Litera- ture or Descriptive Foreign Language Catalogue free. GRAMMARS AND READERS. PRICE Bevier's French Grammar. For colleges and upper classes in schools. Concise yet reasonably full and scientifically accurate. Much attention is paid to Latin equivalents. Continuous exercises of living" interest by Dr. Thomas Logie are in- cluded. i2mo. 341 pp $1 00 Bocher-Otto French Conversation Grammar. i2mo. 489 pp 1 30 Progressive French Reader. With notes and vocabulary. i2mo. 291 pp 1 10 Borel's Grammaire Francaise. A l'usage des Anglais. Entirely in French. Revised by E. B. Coe. 121110. 450 pp 1 30 Bronson's French Verb Blanks 30 Delille's Condensed French Instruction. 143 pp 40 Eugene's Student's Comparative French Grammar. Revised by L. H. Buckingham, Ph.D. i2mo. 284 pp 130 Elementary French Lessons. Revised and edited by L. H. Buckingham, Ph.D. i2mo. 126 pp 60 Fisher's Easy French Reading. Historical Tales and Anecdotes, with foot-note translations of the principal words. i6mo. 253 pp.. 75 Joynes's Minimum French Grammar and Reader. Contains everything that is necessary, nothing that is not. New edition, supple- mented by conversation exercises. i6mo. 275 pp 75 Joynes-Otto First Book in French. A Primer for Very Young Pupils. i2mo. 116 pp. Boards 30 Introductory French Lessons. i2mo. 275 pp 100 Introductory French Reader. With notes and vocabulary. 163PP 80 Matzke's French Pronunciation. {In preparation^) Otto. See Bocher-Otto and Joynes Otto. Pylodet's Beginning French. Exercises for Children in Pronouncing, Spelling, and Translating. i6mo. 180 pp. Boards 45 Beginner's French Reader. For Children. With vocabulary. i6mo. 235 pp. Boards 45 Second French Reader. With vocabulary. HPd. 12010. „ 2 77 PP 90 Rambeau & Passy's Chrestomathie Phondtique. About 100 pp. Easy French and same matter on opposite pages in phonetic script. With explanatory introduction. {In press.) i Henry Holt & Co.'s French Text-Books. PRICE "Whitney's French Grammar. A standard work. Used in Harvard, Princeton, Johns Hopkins, the University of Chicago, etc., etc. i2mo. 442 pp. Half roan $1 30 Practical French. Taken from the author's larger Gram- mar, and supplemented by conversations and idiomatic phrases. 12020. 304 pp 90 Brief French Grammar. i6mo. 177 pp 65 Introductory French Reader. With notes and vocabulary. i6mo. 256 pp. 70 COMPOSITION AND CONVERSATION. Alliot. See Compends of Literature, below. Aubert's Colloquial French Drill. i6mo. Part I. 66 pp 48 Part II. 118 pp 65 Bronson's Exercises in Every-day French. Composition. i6mo 60 Fleury's Ancient History. Told to Children. Arranged for translation back into French by Susan M. Lane. i2mo. 112 pp 70 Gasc's The Translator. English into French. 121DO. 222 pp 100 Jeu des Auteurs. 96 Cards in a Box 80 Parlez-vous Francais ? A Pocket Phrase-book, with hints for pronun- ciation. i8mo. in pp. Boards 40 Riodu's Lucie. Familiar Conversations in French and English. i2mo. 128 pp 60 Sadler's Translating English into French. i2ino. 285 pp. •• * 00 Witcomb & Bellenger's French Conversation. Followed by the Sum- mary of French Grammar, by Delille. i8mo. 259 pp 50 NATURAL METHOD. Moras' Syntaxe Pratique de la Langue Francaise. Revised Edition. i2mo. 210 pp 100 Le^gendes Francaises. Arranged as further exercises for Moras' Syntaxe Pratique. 3 vols. i2mo. Boards. Vol. I. Robert le Diable. xiii -f- 33 pp. 20 Vol. II. Le Bon Roi Dagobert. xiii -f- 37 pp 20 Vol. III. Merlin l'Enchanteur. 94 pp 30 Moutonnier's Les Premiers Pas dans l'Etude du Francais. 197 pp 75 Pour Apprendre a Parler Francais. 12010. 191 pp 75 Stern & Moras' Etude Progressive de la Langue Francaise. i2mo. 288 pp 1 20 DICTIONARIES. Bellows' French and English Dictionary for the Pocket. French and English divisions are carried on concurrently on the same page. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes said: "I consider the little lexicon the very gem of my library." 32010. 600 pp. (Morocco, $3. ro.) Roan tuck 255 Cheaper Edition. Larger Print. i2mo. 600 pp 100 Gasc's New Dictionary of the French and English Languages. It defines thousands of French words found in no other French and Eng lish dictionary. It is modern, accurate, and remarkably full on idioms. 8vo. French-English part, 600 pp. English-French part, 586 pp. One volume 225 Improved Modern Pocket-Dictionary. French-English part, 261pp. English-French part, 387 pp. One volume 100 Prices net. Postage % per cent additional. Descriptive List free. 2 Henry Holt $r Co.'s Fiench Text-Books. COMPHNDS AND HISTORIES OF LITERATURE. (The Critical and Biographical portions as well as the Selections are entirely in French.) PRICK Alliot's Les Auteurs Contemporains. Selections from About, Claretie, Daudet, Dumas, Erckmann-Chatrian, Feuillet, Gambetta, Gautier, Guizot, Hugo, Sand, Sarcey, Taine, Verne, and others, with notes and brief biographies. i2mo. 371 pp $1 20 Contes et Nouvelles. Suivis de Conversations et d'Exercices de Grammaire. i2mo. 307 pp 100 Aubert's Litterature Francaise. Moyen-Age, Renaissance, Le XVII Siecle. Selections from Froissart, Rabelais, Montaigne, Calvin, Descartes, Corneille, Pascal, Moliere, La Fontaine, Boileau, Racine, Fenelon, La Bruyere, etc., etc. With foot- notes, biographies, and critical estimates. i6mo. 33^ pp. . . 100 Fortier's Histoire de la Litterature Francaise. A Compact and Com- prehensive Account, up to the present day. i6mo. 362 pp.. 1 00 Pylodet's La Litterature Francaise Classique. Biographical and Crit- ical. Langue d'CEil, Abailard, Helolse, Fabliaux, Mysteres, Joinville, Froissart, Villon, Rabelais, Montaigne, Ronsard, Richelieu, Corneille, etc. 12010. 393 pp 130 Theatre Francaise Classique. Taken"from the above. i2mo. 114 pp. Paper 20 La Litterature Francaise Contemporaine. XIX e Siecle. Prose or Verse from too authors, including About, Augier, Bal- zac, BeYanger, Chateaubriand, Cherbuliez, Gautier, Hugo, Lamartine, Merimee, De Musset. Sainte-Beuve, Sand, Sardou, Scribe, Mme. de Stael, Taine, Toepfer, De Vigny. With selected biographical and literary notices. 121110. 310 PP • x 10 See also Choix des Contes under Texts TEXTS. About. See Choix des Contes. Achard's Clos Pommier. A dramatic tale. 206 pp. Paper 25 /Esop's Fables. In French, with Vocab. 237 pp...!. 50 Balzac's Eugenie Grandet. (Bergeron.) With portrait. 300 pp 80 Le Cure de Tours. (Warren.) Includes also Les Proscrits, El Verdugo, Z. Marcas, and La Messe de TAthee. xiv -f- 267 PP 75 Ursule Mirouet. (Owen-Paget.) Notes only. 54 pp. Paper.. 30 Bayard et Lemoine's Le Niaise de Saint-Flour. Modern Comedy. 38 pp. Paper 20 Bedolliere's Mere Michel et son Chat. With vocabulary. 138 pp. (CI., 60 cts.) Paper 30 Bishop's Choy-Suzanne. A French version of his California story edited by himself. 64 pp. Boards 30 Carraud's Les Goiiters de la Grand'mere. With list of difficult phrases. See Segur. 95 pp. Paper 20 Chateaubriand, Pages Oubliees de. (Sanderson.) Aventures du dernier Abencerage and Selections from Atala, Voyage en Amerique, etc. 90 pp. Boards 35 Choix de Contes Contemporains. (O'Connor.) Stories by Daudet (5), Copp^e (3), About (3), Gautier (2), De Musset (1). 300 pp. (CI., $1.00.) Paper 52 Prices net. Postage % per cent additional. Descriptive List free* 3 Henry Holt &- Co.'s French Text-Books. PRICE Clairville's Les Petites Miseres de la Vie Humaine. Modern Comedy. 35pp. Paper $020 Coppee's On Rend l'Argent. School Edition. (Bronson.) A novel of modern Paris, full of local color. Illustrated, xiv -f- 184 pp. 60 Coppe'e et Maupassant, Tales. (Cameron.) Authorized edition with portraits. Includes CoppeVs Morceau de Pain, Deux Pitres, Un Vieux de la Vieille, Le Remplacant, etc., and Maupas- sant's La Peur, La Main, Garcon, un bock, Les Idees du Colonel, etc. xlviii -f- 188 pp 75 Corneille's Le Cid. New Edition. (Joynes.) 114 pp. Boards 20 Cinna. (Joynes.) 87 pp. Boards 20 Horace. (Delbos.) 78 pp. Boards 20 Daudet, Contes de. Eighteen stories, including- La Belle Nivernaise. (Cameron.) With portrait. 321 pp 80 La Belle Nivernaise. (Cameron.) 79 pp. Bds .... 25 Du Deffand (Mme.), Eleven Letters, See Walter .-. 75 Erckmann-Chatrian, Le Consent de 1813. (B6cher.) With vocabulary. 304 pp 55 Le Blocus. (Bocher.) 258 pp. (Cl.,9octs.) Paper 50 Madame TheYese. (B6cher.) With vocabulary. 270 pp 55 Fallet's Princes de l 1 Art. 334 pp. (CI.-, $1.00.) Paper... 52 Feuillet's Roman d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre. Novel. (Owen.) With vocabulary. 289 pp . 55 Roman d'un Jeune Homme Pauvre. Play. (Bdcher.) 100 pp. Boards , 20 Le Village. Modern Play. 34 pp. Paper 20 FeVal's Chouans et Bleus. (Sankey.) 188 pp. (CI., 80 cts.) Paper.... 40 Fleury's L'Histoire de France. For Children. 372 pp 1 10 Foa's Contes Biographiques. With vocabulary. 189 pp. (CI., 80 cts.) Paper 40 Petit Robinson de Paris. With vocabulary. 166 pp. (CI., 70 cts.) Paper 36 De Gaulle's Le Bracelet, bound with Mme. De M.'s La Petite Maman. Plays for Children. 38 pp. Paper 20 De Girardin's La Joie Fait Peur. Modern Play. (Bocher.) 46 pp. Paper 20 Halevy's L'Abbe* Constantin. (Super.) With vocabulary. Boards 40 History. See Fleury, Lacombe, Taine, Thiers. The publishers issue a French History in English by Miss Yonge ... 80 Hugo's Hernani. Tragedy. (Harper.) 126 pp 70 Ruy Bias. Tragedy. (Michaels,) 117 pp. Bds 40 Selections. (Warren.) Gringoire in the Court of Miracles, A Man Lost Overboard, Waterloo, Pursuit of Jean Valjean and Cosette, etc., and 14 Poems. With Portrait. 244 pp 70 Travailleurs de la Mer. (Owen-Paget.) Notes only. 238 pp. Paper 80 De Janon's Recueil de Poesies. 186 pp 80 Labiche (et Delacour), La Cagnotte. Comedy. 83 pp. Paper 20 (et Delacour), Les Petits Oiseaux. Modern Comedy. (Bocher.) 70 pp. Paper 20 (et Martin), La Poudre aux Yeux. Modern Comedy. (Bocher.) 59 pp. Paper 20 Lacombe's Petite Histoire du Peuple Francais. (Bue.) 212 pp 60 La Fontaine's Fables Choisies. (Delbos.) Boards 40 Leclerq's Trois Proverbes. 3 Little Co?nedies. Paper 20 Literature, Compends and Histories of. See separate heading. Prices net. Postage S^er cent additional. Descriptive List free. Henry Holt 6r Co.'s hrencb Text-Books. PRICE Loti, Selections (Cameron.) Authorized Ed. The most famous de- tached passages from his stories, episodes that stand out vivid and complete in themselves. 16 mo. (In preparation.} Mace's Bouchee de Pain. (L'Homme.) With vocabulary. 260 pp. (CI., $1.00.) Paper ... 52 De Maistre's Voyage Autour de ma Chambre. 117 pp. Paper 28 Les Prisonniers du Caucase, bound with Achard'a Clos Pommier. 206+ 138 pp 70 De Maintenon (Mme.). 13 Letters. See Walter 75 Maupassant. See Copp^e and Maupassant. Mazere's Le Collier de Perles. Comedy. W T ith vocab. 56 pp 20 MerimeVs Colomba. (Cameron.) Siory of a Corsican Vendetta. With portrait. 284 pp. Boards 50 Moliere's L'Avare. (Joynes.) 132 pp. Boards 20 Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. (Delbos.) Paper 20 Le Misanthrope. New Ed. (Joynes.) 130 pp. Bds 20 Musiciens Celebres. 271pp. (CI., $1.00.) Paper 52 De Musset's L T n Caprice. Comedy. 56 pp. Paper 20 De Neuville's Trois Comedies pour Jeunes Filles. 134 pp. Paper. ... 35 Ohnet's La Fille du Depute. (Beck.) A Novel of Political Life in Paris to-day by the author of Le Maitre de Forges. (Febr. 1897.) Owen-Paget. Annotations. See Balzac, Feuillet, Hugo, Sand, and Vigny. Poems, French and German, for Memorizing. (N. Y. Regents' Re- quirements.) 30 in each language, with music to eight of the German poems. 92 pp. Boards 20 See also Hugo Selections, De Janon, and Pylodet. Porchat's Trois Mois sous la Neige. Journal of a young man in the Jura mountains. 160 pp. (CI., 70 cts.) Paper , 32 Pressense's Rosa. With vocabulary by L. Pylodet. A classic for girls. 285 pp. (CI., $1.00.) Paper 52 Pylodet's Gouttes de Rosee. Petit Tresor po^tique des Jeunes Per- sonnes. 188 pp 50 La Mere l'Oie. Podsies, Enigmes, Chansons, et Rondes Enfantines. Illustrated. 80 pp. Boards 40 Racine's Athalie. New Ed. (Joynes.) 117 pp. Bds 20 Esther. (Joynes.) 66 pp. Boards 20 Les Plaideurs. (Delbos.) 80 pp. Boards 20 Saint-Germain's Pour une Epingle. Suitable for old and young. With vocabulary. 174 pp. (CI., 75 cts.) Paper 36 Ste.-Beuve. Sept des Causeries du Lundi. (Harper.) Includes Cau- seriesau Mme. de Maintenon, Qu'est-ce-qu'un classique, and others bearing on Pascal, La Fontaine, St. Simci, etc. {In preparation.) Ste. -Pierre's Paul et Virginie. (Kuhns.) An edition of this great classic, with full notes, suitable alike for ^sginners and for college classes. {In preparation , ) Sand's Petite Fadette. (Bocher.) 205 pp. (CL, $1.00.) Boards 52 La Mare aux Diable. (Joynes.) Vocab. xix + 122 pp 4 o Marianne. (Henckels.) 90 pp. Paper 30 Sandeau's La Maison de Penarvan. A comedy of the Revolution. (Bocher.) 72 pp. Boards 20 Mile, de la Seigliere. Modern Drama. (Bocher.) 99 pp. Boards 20 SeVigne (Mme. de). 20 Letters. See Walter 75 Scribe's Les Doigts de Fee. Comedy. (Bocher.) Boards 20 (et M61esville) ValeYie. Modern Drama. (B6cher.) With vocabulary. 39 pp. Paper 20 Prices net. Postage % per cent additional. Descriptive List free. 5 Henry Holt & Co.'s French Text-Books. PRICE Scribe (et I.egouve), La Bataille de Dames. Modern Comedy. (Bocher.) 8i pp. Boards I02C Segnr's Les Petites Filles Modeles, bound with Carraud's Les Gouters de la Grand'mere. With List of difficult phrases. 98 -\- 95 pp. See Carraud 80 Les Petites Filles Modeles. 98 pp. Paper 24 Siraudin's (et Thiboust) Les Femmes qui Pleurent ("Weeping Wives."). Modern Comedy. 28 pp. Paper 20 Souvestre's La Loterie de Francfort, with Curo's La Jeune Savante. Comedies for Children. 47 pp. Boards 20 Un Philosophe sous les Toits. With table of difficulties. x 37 PP- (CI., 60 cts.) Paper 28 Le Testament de Mme. Patural, with Drohojowska's La Demoiselle de St. Cyr. Plays for Children. 54 pp. Boards 20 La Vieille Cousine, bound with Les Ricochets. Plays for Children. 52 pp. Paper 20 Taine 1 s Les Origines de la France Contemporaine. (Edgren.) Extracts. With portrait. 157 pp. Boards 5o Thiers' Expedition de Bonaparte en Egypte. (Edgren.) With portrait. ix + 130 pp. Boards 35 Toepffer's Bibliotheque de Mon Oncle. 50 Vacquerie's Jean Baudry. Play. (Bocher.) Paper 20 Verconsin's C'etait Gertrude. En Wagon. Two of the best modern comedies for amateurs. , Boards 30 Verne's Michel StrogofL (Lewis.) Abridged. A tale of the Tartar rebellion. With portrait. 129 pp 7° De Vigny's Cinq Mars. (Owen-Paget.) Notes only. Paper 5c Walter's Classic French Letters. Voltaire, Mmes. de Sevigne, Main- tenon, et Du Deffand. (Walter.) 230 pp 75 Prices net. Postage % per cent additional. Descriptive List free. Books Translated from the French. Prices retail. Carriage prepaid. See Miscellaneous Catalogue. About's The Man with the Broken Ear $* 00 The Notary's Nose 1 °° Bacourt's Souvenirs of a Diplomat (in America under Van Buren, etc.). 1 50 Berlioz : Selections from Letters and Writings 2 00 Chevrillon's In India. Impressions of Travel 150 Chanson de Roland 1 2 5 Gavard's A Diplomat in London (1871-1877) * 2 5 Guerin's Journal. With Essays by Matthew Arnold and Ste-Beuve. . . . 1 25 Guyau's Non-religion of the Future. {In preparation.) Rousselefs Ralph, the Drummer Boy 15° Ste-Beuve's English Portraits 2 00 Taine's Works. Library Edition. 17 vols Each 250 The Pyrenees. Ill'd by Dore. (Full morocco, $20.00.) 10 00 English Literature. Unabridged. 1 vol 125 Abridged by John Fiske net 140 SOME ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS About, Edmond : The Man with the Broken Ear. 16mo. $1.— The Notary's Nose. 16mo. $1. Auerbach, B.: The Villa on the Rhine. (Davis.) 2 vols, 16mo. $2. —On the Heights. (Stem.) 2 vols. 16mo. $2.— On the Heights. (Bunnett). 16mo. Paper. 1 vol. 80c. Bacourt, Chevalier de : Souvenirs of a Diplomat. 12ino. $1.50. Berlioz, Hector : Selections from his Letters and Writings. (Apthorp.) 12mo. $2. Brink, Bernhard ten: English Literature. Vol. I. (Kennedy.) Large 12mo. $2. Vol. II. (Robinson.) Large 12mo. $2.— Five Lectures on Shakespeare. (Franklin.) 12mo. $1.25. Chevrillon, Andre: In India. (Marchant ) 12mo. $1.50. Falke, Jakob von : Greece and Rome: Their Life and Art. (Browne.) Quarto. §10. Firdusi : The Epic of Kings. (Zimmern.) 12mo. $2.50. Gautier, Leon : Chanson de Roland. (Rabillon). 12mo. $1.25. Gautier, Theophile : A Winter in Russia. (Ripley.) 12mo. $1.75. — Constantinople. (Gould.) 12mo. $1.75. Gavard, Charles : A Diplomat in London. (Hodder.) 12mo. Goethe, J. W. von : Poems and Ballads. (Gibson.) {Library of For- eign Poetry.) IGmo. $1.50. Guerin, Maurice de : Journal. (Fisher.) 12mo. $1.25. Guyau, Jean Marie : The Irreligion of the Future. (Hodder.) Heine, Heinrich : Book of Songs. (Leland.) (Library of Foreign Poetry.) 16mo. 75c. — The Romantic School. (Fleishman). 12mo. $1.50.— Life Told in His Own Words. (Dexter.) 12mo. $1.75. Hertz, Henrik : King Rene's Daughter. (Martin.) (Library of Foreign Poetry.) 16mo. $1.25. Heyse. Paul : The Children of the World. 12mo. $1.25. Kalevala. Selections. (Porter.) 16mo. (1.53. Kalidasa : Shakuntala. (Edgren.) (Library of Foreign Poetry.) 16mo. $1.50. SOME ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS Klaczko, Julian : Rome and the Renaissance. (Marchant.) Knortz, Karl : Representative German Poems. 12mo. $2.50. Lessing, G. E,: Nathan the Wise. (Frothingham.) {Library of For* eign Poetry.) 16mo. $1.50. Lockhart, J. G.: Ancient Spanish Ballads. {Library of Foreign Poetry.) 16mo. $1.25. Moscheles, Ignatz : Recent Music and Musicians. (A. D. Coleridge.) 12mo. $2. Roumanian Fairy Tales. (Percival.) 12mo. $1.25. Rousselet, Louis : Ralph, the Drummer Boy. (Gordon.) 12mo. $1.50. Rydberg, Victor : Magic of the Middle Ages. (Edgren.) 12mo. $1.50. Sainte-Beuve, C, A.: English Portraits. 12mo. $2. Spielhagen, Frederick : Problematic Characters. (deYere.) 16mo. Paper. 50 cents. — Through Night to Light. (de Vere.) 16mo. Paper. 50 cents. — The Hohensteins. (de Vere.) 16mo. Paper. 50 cents. — Hammer and Anvil. (Browne.) 16mo. Paper. 50 cents. Sylva, Carmen : Pilgrim Sorrow. 16mo. $1.25. Taine, H. A.: Italy, Rome and Naples. (Durand.) Large 12mo. $2.50. — Italy, Florence and Venice. (Durand.) Large 12mo. $2.50.— Notes on England. . (Rae.) Large 12mo. $2.50.— A Tour through the Pyrenees. (Fiske.) Large 12mo. $2.50.— Notes on Paris. (Stevens.) Large 12mo. $2.50. — History of English Lit- erature. (Van Laun.) 2 vols. Large 12mo. $5. The same. 12mo. 1vol. $1.25. The same. Large 12m o. 4 vols. In- press, — On Intelligence. (Haye.) 2 vols. Large 12mo. $5. — Lectures on Art, First Series. (Durand.) Large 12mo. $2.50. — Lectures on Art. Second Series. (Durand.) Large 12mo. $2.50. — The Ancient Regime. (Durand.) Large 12mo. $2.50. — The French Revolution. (Durand.) 3 vols. $7.50.— The Modern Regime. Vol. I. Large 12mo. $2.50.— The Modern Regime. Vol. II. Large 12mo. $2.50. Tegner, Esaias : Frithiof s Saga. (Blackle} r .) 16mo. $1.50. Wagner, Wilhelm Richard : Art Life aud Theories of Richard W.-ig- ner. (Burl in game.) 12mo. $2. — Ring of the Nibelung. (Dip pold.) 12mo. $1.50. Witt, C: Classic Mythology. (Younghusband.) 12mo. * $1. * denotes ret price. HENRY HOLT & CO., New York. 010 461 273 8 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 010 461 273 8