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SEQUEL 
 
 TO THE 
 
 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 5 
 
 BY c) v WcLEVEIAND, 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE 'COMPENDIUM OF GRECIAN ANTIQUITIES,* 
 EDITOR OF THE ' ANABASIS,' &C. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PERKINS, MARVIN, AND COMPANY. 
 
 1834. 
 
-fp> 
 
 
 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1834, by 
 
 C. D. CLEVELAND, 
 in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of Connecticut. 
 
 out 
 
 Mrs. Herman Jennings 
 April 26, 1933 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The object in preparing this book was not to aid those instructers who wish to impart 7 
 nor to assist those pupils who wish to acquire but a mere smattering of Latin, through the 
 medium of interlinear translations. There is quite enough of superficial education 
 already, and the author has never felt the least ambition to add to the stock. His object 
 is a far different one. It is, to introduce into our schools a more critical method of study 
 in the early stage of classical education, than now generally obtains. For this purpose 
 he has taken the " Geography and the Nations of Antiquity" from the Latin Reader of 
 Jacobs, annexed copious notes, and prepared, with some labor, a Vocabulary adapted to 
 the text* The notes are chiefly notes of reference to Adam's Latin Grammar, and are 
 designed to be exercises on that valuable manual. The Questions at the end of the Vo- 
 cabulary will direct the pupil's attention to what is most important in each section. 
 
 It may be said that this is but a small portion of text, and therefore hardly worth the 
 formation of a separate book. That the quantity is limited will readily be granted, but 
 such an inference as the above will be confidently denied. For all purposes of 
 study, whether we regard available acquisitions of knowledge, or the formation 
 of good intellectual habits, one page, thoroughly studied, and perfectly understood, is 
 worth more than volumes skimmed over in a careless and superficial manner. Allied 
 to this important truth is another, which every instructer should constantly 
 keep in mind, that in all departments of knowledge, scholars are interested in their 
 studies in proportion as they pursue them critically. The minds of youth are naturally 
 inquisitive, and when once suffered to take a peep beyond the surface, they take 
 pleasure in going to the bottom ;— in finding something firm on which they can 
 stand ;— some first principles on which they can rely. 
 
 None of the Latin books, however, within the author's observation that are studied in 
 the early stage of a scholar's education, appear to offer any aids for pursuing critical 
 enquiries. The vocabularies that have been manufactured and appended to them, 
 are meagre, unsatisfactory, and incorrect. But one definition is generally attached 
 to a word, and that is as likely to be the secondary as the primary— the metaphor- 
 ical as the literal ; but, generally, it is the one nearest in sound to the Latin word.* 
 In such vocabularies, virtus is always * virtue f publicus, 'public;' contendo, ' to con- 
 tend ;' offcndo, 'to offend;' appareo, 'to appear;' and so on, passim, to the end ; 
 when every scholar knows that the ideas conveyed by these English definitions, are 
 very different from what the corresponding Latin words would have conveyed to a 
 Roman ear. 
 
 * " The very fact of finding words in two languages alike in sound, should put us on 
 our guard against supposing them to have the same meaning." See "An Essay on the 
 Means of Discovering the Senses of Words," an octavo of 264 pages, upon the first 
 sentence in Cicero de Officii* ! 
 
IV. PREFACE. 
 
 Though perfectly aware that it is one thing to have a correct conception of what 
 such a book should be, and another, and quite a different thing", to make it, in its 
 execution, conform to this high standard, yet the author cannot but hope that the pres- 
 ent work will be found more critical than most of those that are in general use in our 
 schools. In denning the words, his object has been, first, to give their primary or literal, 
 and then the secondary or metaphorical significations derived from them ; and in most 
 of those cases where a word has three or four meanings that appear to be different, he has 
 endeavored to reconcile them, and to trace them all to their primary sense. In almost 
 all cases, too, the derivation of the words have been given. This, indeed, is essential to 
 their being understood in their full force. Besides, there are few branches of knowledge 
 in the study of which youth take a greater pleasure than in that of Etymology. Though 
 its importance may be questioned by those whose ideas are completely materialized, 
 and who think nothing useful but what is connected with steam-engines and rail-roads ; 
 yet there is a large class of persons still left, who are bold enough to resist the mechanical 
 spirit of the age, and who think that to cultivate the taste, to strengthen the judgment, 
 and to form accurate habits of thought, are at least of some value. If words are the signs 
 of ideas, and if there is an inseparable connexion between clearness of thought and a 
 correct use of language, then the" study of words/' (as the materialists term Etymology,) 
 is exceeded by nothing in point of real and broad utility.* 
 
 It is hardly deemed necessary to add any " Suggestions to Teachers." There is no 
 school-master qualified for his high and responsible duties, who will not, of course, re- 
 quire the pupil to repeat every rule and observation referred to in the notes, and to an- 
 swer, at the close of each lesson, every question on the section or sections, he has recited. 
 
 *It is remarked by a learned modern scholar, that, "there are cases, in which more 
 knowledge of more value may be conveyed by the history of a word than by tbe history 
 of a campaign." Aids to Reflection, Lond. ed. p. 6. 
 
THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE NATIONS 
 OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 1. Universus terrarum l orbis 2 in tres partes dividitur, Eu- 
 ropam, Asiam, Africam. 3 Europa ab Africa sejungitur fre- 
 to 4 Gaditano, in cujus 5 utraque parte 6 montes sunt altissimi,7 
 Abyla in Africa, in Europa Calpe. 8 qui montes Herculis co- 
 lumnar 9 appellantur. Per 10 idem fretum mare internum, 11 
 quod littoribus 12 Europae, Asiae, et Africas includitur, jungltur 
 cum Oceano. 
 
 2. Europa 13 terminos 14 habet ab oriente 15 Tanaim fluvium, 
 pontum Euxinum, et paludem Masotlda ; a meridie, 16 mare 
 internum ; ab occidente, mare Atlanticum sive Oceanum : 
 a septentrione, mare Britannicum. 17 Mare internum tres 
 maximos sinus habet. Quorum 18 is, qui Asiam a Graecia se- 
 jungit, iEgaeum mare vocatur ; secundus. 19 qui est inter 
 Graeciam et Italiam, Ionium ; tertius denique, qui occiden- 
 tales Italiae oras alluit, a Romanis Tuscum, a Graecis Tyrrhe- 
 num mare appellatur. 
 
 1. The plural of terra is here used, be- terranean by the ancients, as it described its 
 cause the whole world is meant ; whereas situation. So ' Mediterranean ' (medio 
 the singular is more frequently employed to and terra), ' in the midst of the land. ; 
 express some particular section of country, j 12. See R. 49, Obs. 1. 
 
 2J Orbis, ' circle.' The ancient Greeks 13. Europa. The ancients had little or 
 and Romans knew only of the three divisions no acquaintance with the northern parts of 
 of the world here mentioned. Europe, now Russia, Prussia, Sweden, 
 
 3. Europam, Asiam, and Africam are go- Denmark, and Norway. The two former 
 verned by in understood, or agree with par- were called Sarmatia, and the three latter 
 tes by Rule 1. Scandinavia, which they thought consisted 
 
 4," Ablative by R. 49. ! of a number of islands. 
 
 14. Terminos is governed by habet, and 
 agrees with Tanaim, Euxinum, Sec. by 
 R. 5. 
 
 15. jib oriente, 'on the east.' 
 
 16. A meridie, ' on the south.' 
 
 17. Mare Britannicum, now called the 
 North sea ; it included also a part of what 
 is now the Baltic. 
 
 18. Quorum agrees with sinuum under- 
 stood, which would be governed by is by 
 
 5. For the government of cujus by parte, 
 see Gram, under R. 6, bottom of page 170, 
 "So also adjective pronouns," &c. 
 
 6. Parte, ' side.' 
 
 7. Instead of l most,' the superlative is 
 often rendered by c very ' ; as maxtmi, ' very 
 large.' 
 
 8. Declined like aloe in First Lessons, p. 6. 
 
 9. Nominative by R. 5. 
 
 10. Per, ' by means of. ' 
 
 11. Mare internum, nominative to jungi- ' R. 11 : is maybe rendered ' that one. 
 tur. This was the name given to the Medi- 1 19. Agrees with sinus understood. 
 
l 2 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 3. In ea Europae parte, quae ad occasum vergit, prima ter- 
 rarum * est Hispania, quae, a tribus lateribus raari 2 circum- 
 data, per Pyrenaeos montes cum Gallia cohaeret. Q,uum 3 
 universa Hispania dives sit et faecunda, ea tamen regio, quae a 
 flumine Baeti 4 Baetlca vocatur, caeteras 5 fertilitate antecellit. 
 Ibi Gades sitae, insula cum urbe a Tyriis condita, quae freto 
 Gaditano nomen 6 dedit. Tota 7 ilia regio viris, equis, ferro, 
 plumbo, aere, argento, auroque 8 abundat ; et ubi penuria 9 
 aquarum minus est fertllis, linum tamen aut spartum alit. 
 Marmoris quoque lapicidinas 10 habet. In Baetlca minium re- 
 peritur. 
 
 4. Gallia posita est inter Pyrenaeos montes et Rhenum ; 
 orientalem oram Tuscurn mare ailuit, occidentalem Oceanus. 
 Ejus n pars ilia, quae ltaliae 12 est opposita et Narbonensis voca- 
 tur, omnium 13 est laetisslma. In ea ora sita est Massilia, urbs 
 a Phocaeis condita, qui, 14 patria 15 a Persis devicta, quum ser- 
 vitutem ferre 16 non possent, A*ia relicta, novas in Europa se- 
 des quaesiverant. Ibidem est campus lapideus, ubi Hercules 
 dicltur contra Neptuni liberos dimicasse. 17 Quum tela defe- 
 cissent, Jupiter filium 18 imbre 19 lapldum adjuvit. Credas 20 
 pluis>e ; adeo multi passim jacent. 
 
 1. Prima terrarum, * the first country ' ; 
 for the government of terrarum, see R. 11. 
 
 2. For the formation of this ablative, see 
 Gram, page 51, Exc. 1 : and for the reason 
 of its being in the ablative, see R. 49. 
 
 3. Quum, ' although, » corresponding to 
 tamen, ' nevertheless,' in the next line. 
 
 4. For the ablative of Bcstis, see Gram. 
 p. 51, Exc. 2. 
 
 5. Agrees with regioves understood. 
 
 b\ For the government of freto and no- 
 men, see R. 25. 
 
 7. For the declension of totus and other 
 adjectives like it, see Gram. p. 69. 
 
 8. For the government of these ablatives 
 sec R. 20. 
 
 9. R. 49. 
 
 10. For lapicidinas, see Gram. p. 62, the 
 7th list of nouns. 
 
 11. See Gram, bottom of p. 170, " So also 
 adjective pronouns," &c. 
 
 12. Governed by opposita est by R. 17. 
 
 13. See R. 11. Strictly omnium is gov- 
 erned by pars understood, with which tetis- 
 sima agrees. 
 
 14. As a relative pronoun, qui agrees with 
 Phncais by R- 57 ; but as an adjective, it 
 agrees with Phoc&i understood, Obs. 1, 
 p. 210, in Gram, under R. 57. 
 
 15. Patj-ia and devicta in the ablative, by 
 rule 62 : so also Asia relicta in next line. 
 
 16. Governed by possent by R. 30. 
 
 17. Dimicasse by syncope for dimicavisse. 
 For the definition of syncope, see Gram. p. 
 275, No. 5. 
 
 18. For the vocative of nouns ending in 
 ius, see Gram. p. 34. 
 
 19. Imbre in the ablative by R. 49. 
 
 20. Credas pluisse, ' you would believe 
 that it rained them.' Pluisse is an imperso- 
 nal verb, and is used sometimes in an ac- 
 tive, and sometimes in a neuter sense, as, 
 pluere lepides, ' to rain stones,' (where lapi- 
 des is governed by pluere, by R. 18,) or plu- 
 ere lapidibus, 'to rain in stones,' where the 
 ablative is used by R. 49. See Gram. R. 
 18, at the end of Obs. 1, pluere aliquid or 
 aiiquo. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 3 
 
 5. Rhodanus fluvius, haud longe a Rheni fontibus ortus, 1 
 lacu 2 Lemano excipttur, servatque impetum, ita ut per me- 
 dium lacum integer fluat, tantusque, 3 quantus venit, egredi- 
 atur. Inde ad occasum versus, GaJlias aliquamdiu dirimit : 
 donee, cursu 4 in meridiem 5 rlexo, aliorum amnium accessu 
 auctus in mare effundltur. 
 
 6. Ea pars Galliae, quae ad Rhenum porrigitur, frumenti 6 
 pabulique feracissima est, ccelum 7 salubre; noxia 8 animalium 
 genera pauca alit. Incolae superbi et superstitiosi, ita ut 9 
 Deos humanis victimis 10 gaudere existiment. Magistri reli- 
 gionum et sapientiae sunt Druldae, qui, 11 quae 12 se scire profi- 
 tentur, 13 in antris abditisque silvis decent. Animas 14 aeternas 
 esse credunt, vitamque 15 alteram post mortem incipere. Hanc 
 ob causam cum defunctis 16 arma cremant aut. defodiunt, eam- 
 que 17 doctrinam homines ad bellum alacriores facere existi- 
 mant. 
 
 7. Universa Gallia divisa est inter tres magnos popiilos, qui 
 fluviis 18 terminantur. A Pyrenaeo monte usque ad Garumnam 
 Aquitani habitant ; inde ad Sequanam Celtae 19 ; Belgae denique 
 usque ad Rhenum pertinent. 
 
 8. Garumna amnis, ex Pyrenaeo monte delapsus, diu vado- 
 sus est et vix navigabilis, Quanto 20 magis procedit, tanto 21 
 fitlatior; ad postremum 22 magni freti 23 similis, non soliim 
 
 1. Participle from orior. 14. For the dative and ablative of anima, 
 
 2. For the dative and ablative plural of 
 laeus, see Gram. p. 55, Exc. 2 : excipttur la- 
 cu Lemano, ' is received by ' or * empties in- 
 to lake Lemanus.' 
 
 3. The order is, que egrediatur tantus 
 quantus venit: tantus quantus, ' as large as.' 
 Egrediatur and fluat are in the subjunctive 
 mode by R. 60. 
 
 4. Ablative by R. 62. 
 
 5. For the gender of meridies, see Gram, 
 p. 56, Exc. I. 
 
 6. For the government of these genitives, 
 
 see Gram. p. 25, Exc. 3. 
 
 15. Vitam, ace. before incipere by R. 4. 
 
 16. Defunctis agrees with hominibus un- 
 derstood, or it is used as a noun, ' with the 
 dead.' 
 
 17. The order is, que existimant earn doc- 
 trinam facere homines alacriores ad bellum. 
 
 18. Ablative by R. 49. 
 
 19. Nominative to pertinent understood. 
 
 20. Quanto magis, -literally, 'by how 
 much the more,' that is ' the farther.' For 
 the reason why quanto is in the ablative, 
 
 see Gram. R. 14, Obs. 5, under which ferax see Gram. p. 217, Obs. 5, under R. 61. 
 
 will be found. See also Obs. 6, under R. 6. 
 
 7. Est understood. 
 
 8. The order is alit pauca noxia genera 
 animalium. 
 
 9. Ut belongs to existiment. Deos accu- 
 
 21. Tanto latior, ' by so much the broad^ 
 er ' or ' the broader.' 
 
 22. Ad postremum, ' at last.' See Gram, 
 p. 159, 12lh line from bottom ; this expres- 
 sion is equivalent to ad ultimum, which see 
 
 eative by R. 4. in Gram. p. 198, under the prep. ad. Strictly, 
 
 10. See Gram., list of verbs under R. 21. postremum agrees with amnem understood, 
 
 11. Nominative to docent. I ' towards tho last part ' or ' the mouth of 
 
 12. The antecedent of qua is ilia negotia the river.' 
 
 understood, which would be governed by j 23. For the government of freti by similis 
 docent. \ se e Gram. R. 12, Obs. 3, 
 
 13. Agrees with illi understood, as its 
 nominative, 1 
 
4 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 majora navigia tolerat, verum etiam more 1 maris exsurgit, 
 navigantesque 2 atrociter jactat. 
 
 9. Sequana ex Alpibus ortus in septentrionem pergit. 
 Postquam se 3 haud procul Lutetia 4 cum Matrona conjunxit, 
 Ocea.no 5 infunditur. Heec 6 flumlna opportunissima sunt mer- 
 cibus 7 permutandis 8 et ex mari 9 interno in Oceanum trans- 
 vehendis. 10 
 
 10. Rhenus itidem ex Alpibus ortus, haud procul ab origl- 
 ne, lacum n efficit Venetum, qui etiam Brigantise 12 appella- 
 tur. Deinde longo spatio 13 per fines Helvetiorum, Medioma- 
 tricorum, et Trevirorum continuo alveo 14 fertur, aut modicas 
 insulas circumfluens ; 15 in agro Batavo autem, ubi Oceano 16 
 appropinquavit, in plures amnes dividitur ; nee jam amnis, sed 
 ripis 17 longe recedentibus, ingens 18 lacus, Flevo appellator, 
 ejusdemque nominis insulam ampbxus, fit 19 iterum arctior 
 et fluvius iterum in mare emittitur. 
 
 11. Trans Rhenum Germani habitant usque 20 ad Vistulam, 
 quae finis 21 est Germanise ad orientem. Ad meridiem termi- 
 natur Alpibus, 22 ad septentrionem mari Britannico et Baltico. 
 Incolae corporum proceritate 23 excellunt. Animos bellando, 24 
 corpora labonbus exercent. Hanc ob causam crebro bella 
 gerunt cum finitimis, 25 non tam finium 21 prolatandorum 26 cau- 
 sa, aut imperii cupiditate, sed ob belli amorem. 27 Mites tamen 
 
 1. More maris, ' like the sea.' More in 
 the ablative by R. 49. 
 
 2. Navigantes is here used as a noun. 
 
 3. Se governed by conjunxit. 
 
 4. Governed by a understood or by procul. 
 See Gram. p. 200, " Prepositions governing 
 the ablative." 
 
 5. See R. 45. 
 
 6. That is the Sequana and the Garumna. 
 
 7. Governed by opportunissima ; see Gram. 
 R. 12, 6th class of adjectives. 
 
 8. Mercibus permutandis, instead of mer- 
 ces permutando, where merces would be gov- 
 erned by the gerund by R. 18, and the 
 gerund by opportunissima. See R. 36. 
 
 9. See Gram. p. 51, Exc. 1. 
 
 10. Agrees with mercibus understood. 
 
 11. For the dative and ablative of lacus, 
 gee Gram. p. 55. Exc. 2. 
 
 12. Governed by lacus understood, which 
 would be the nom. after appellatur. 
 
 13. See R. 55. 
 
 14. Continuo alveo, < in one entire chan- 
 nel' ; abl. byR. 49. 
 
 15. The meaning is, that the channel of 
 the river is entirely unobstructed except it 
 be by a few very small islands. 
 
 16. See Obs. 3, under R. 17. 
 
 17. Ripis ablative with recedentibus, by 
 R. 62. See also R. 6, under " GeneralRules 
 for Construction," Gram. p. 294. 
 
 18. For the adjectives that want the su- 
 perlative, see Gram. p. 80. 
 
 19. See^o, Gram. p. 148. 
 
 20. See Gram, bottom of p. 199. 
 
 21. For the gender of finis, see p. 45,Exc. 3. 
 :>2« Jllpibus is in the ablative by R. 49 ; 
 
 see also Gram. p. 62,7th list of nouns. 
 
 23. Rule 49. 
 
 24. See Gram. p. 194, Obs. V, *, under 
 R. 32. 
 
 25. Finitimis agrees with populis under- 
 stood. 
 
 26. Prolatandorum finium for prolatandi 
 fines, by R. 36. 
 
 27. See Gram, bottom of p. 65. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 5 
 
 sunt erga supplices 1 et boni hospitibus. 2 Urbes mcenibus 
 cinctas, aut 3 fossis aggeribusque munitas non habent. Ipsas 
 domos ad breve tempus 4 struunt, non lapidibus 5 aut latenbus 
 coctis, sed lignis, qua? 6 frondibus tegunt. Nam diu eodem in 
 loco morari 7 periculosum arbitrantur libertati. 
 
 12. Agricultural 8 Germani non admodum student, nee quis- 
 quam 9 agri rnodum certum 10 aut fines proprios habet. Lacte 11 
 vescuntur et caseo et carne. 12 Ubi ions, campus, nemusve 13 
 iis 14 placuerit, ibi domos figunt, mox alio transituri cum con- 
 jugibus et liberis. Interdum etiam hiemem in subterraneis 
 specubus 15 dicuntur transigere. 
 
 13. Germania altis montibus, 16 silvis paludibusque, invia 
 redditur. Inter silvas 17 maxima est Hercynia, cujus latitudi- 
 nem 18 Caesar novem dierum iter 19 patere narrat. Insequen- 
 ti 20 tempore 21 magna pars ejus 22 excisa est. Flumina sunt 
 in Germania multa et magna. Inter haec clarissimum 23 no- 
 men Rheni, de quo supra diximus, 24 et Danubii. 25 Clari 26 
 quoque amnes, Mcenus, Visurgis, Albis. Danubius, omnium 
 Europae flumlnum maxlmus, 27 apud Rhaetos oritur, flexoque ad 
 
 1. Erga supplices for supplicibus. See 
 Gram, under' R. 12, p. 176, Obs. 5, where 
 this very expression will be found. 
 
 2. See R. 12. 
 
 3. Aut connects cinctas and munitas. 
 
 4. Ad breve tempus, ' for short duration.' 
 
 5. See Gram. R. 49, Obs, 3. 
 
 6. Qua is in the accusative and govern- 
 ed by tegunt. by R. 27. See in Gram, the 
 verb tego, in the list of verbs of" clothing." 
 
 7. Eodem in loco morari, 1 to remain in the 
 same place,' is the accusative before esse 
 understood, that is, it supplies the place of 
 a noun in the accusative. See Gram. R. 
 4, Obs. 3 and 4, and R. 30, Obs. 3. Pericu- 
 losum agrees with negotium understood, by 
 R. 2, Obs. 1, in Gram., and libertati is gov- 
 erned by periculosum, by R. 12, 7th class of 
 adjectives. The sentence then may be thus 
 resolved ; nam arbitrantur, * for they think ' 
 (what?) that this circumstance, namely diu 
 eodem in loco morari, esse negotium^encttZo- 
 sum libertati. 
 
 8. Governed by student. See studeo in 
 Gram. p. 180, near the bottom, " To these 
 add JVwfto," &c. 
 
 9. For the declension of quisquam, see 
 Gram. p. 84. 
 
 10. Certum modum agri, l a definite quan- 
 tity of land.' 
 
 11. For the government of these ablatives 
 see R. 21. 
 
 12. For the declension of came, see Gram, 
 bottom of p. 39. 
 
 13. For the conjunction ve, see Gram, 
 p. 164. 
 
 14. Ms governed by placuerit-, see placeo 
 in Gram. p. 180, under verbs " to profit or 
 hurt." 
 
 15. For this ablative ending in ubus in- 
 stead ofibus, see Gram p. 55, Exc. 2. 
 
 16. Rule 49. 
 
 17. Inter silvas, for silvarum. See Gram. 
 R. 11, Obs. 2. 
 
 18. Accusative by R. 4. The order is, 
 Ccesar narrat latitudinem cujus patere iter 
 novem dierum. 
 
 19. See R. 55. 
 
 20. For the formation of this ablative, see 
 Gram. p. 72, 1st " Rule " for the ablative 
 of adjectives of the third declension. 
 
 21. R. 56. 
 
 22. Ejus, that is, ejus silva. 
 
 23. Est understood. 
 
 24. It was spoken of in the 10th section. 
 
 25. Governed by nomen understood. 
 
 26. Sunt to be supplied. 
 
 27. Maximus agreeing with Danubius, in- 
 stead of maximum to agree with flumen un- 
 derstood. See in Gram. Obs. 1, under 
 R. 11. 
 
6 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 ortum solis cursu, 1 receptisque sexaginta amnibus, 1 in Pon- 
 tum Euxinum sex vastis ostiis effundltur. 2 
 
 14. Britanniam insulam Phoenicibus innotuisse, 3 eosque 4 
 stannum inde et plumbum pellesque petivisse, probabile esto 5 
 Romanis earn 6 Julius Caesar primus aperuit; neque tamen 
 prius cognita esse ccepit, 7 quam Claudio 8 imperante. Hadri- 
 anus 9 earn, muro 10 ab oceano Germanico ad Hibernicum 
 mare ducto, in duas partes divisit, ut n inferiorem insulas par- 
 tem, quas Romanis 12 parebat, a barbarorum populorum, qui in 
 Scotia habitabant, incursionibus tueretur. 
 
 15. Maxima insula? pars 13 campestris, collibus passim silvis- 
 que distincta. Incolae Gallos proceritate 14 corporum vineunt, 
 caeterum ingenio Gallis 15 similes, simpliciores tamen illis 16 
 magisque 17 barbari. Nemora habitant pro urbibus. Ibi tu- 
 guria exstruunt et stabula pecori, 18 sed plerumque ad bre- 
 ve tempus. 19 Humanitale 20 cxteris 21 prsestant ii, qui Can- 
 tium incolunt. Tota haec regio est maritima. Qui 22 inte- 
 riorem insular partem habitant, frumenta non serunt ; lacte 23 
 et came vivunt. Pro vestlbus induti sunt pelllbus. 24 
 
 16. Italia ab Alpibus usque 25 ad fretum Siculum porrigitur in- 
 ter mare Tuscum et Adriaticum. Multo 26 longior est quam 27 
 
 1. Ablative by R. 62. For the manner 
 of construing this ablative, see 6th rule 
 of construction, Gram. p. 294. 
 
 2. Effunditur agrees with Danubius as 
 its nominative. 
 
 3. For the definition of inceptive verbs, 
 see Gram. p. 154. Innotuisse governs PJkb- 
 nicibus by R. 17. Construe probabile est 
 first. 
 
 4. Ace. before petivisse by R. 4. 
 
 5. The nominative to est is the whole 
 preceding part of the sentence. See Gram. 
 R. 3, Obs. 2. The nominative answers to 
 the question, What? What (probabile est) 
 ' is probable ' 1 and the answer is, Britan- 
 niam insulam &c. to petivisse. 
 
 6. Romanis earn, governed by aperuit by 
 rule 25. 
 
 7. Capit agrees with insula understood 
 as its nominative. 
 
 8. Ablative by R. 62. prills quam Claudio 
 regnanie, ' before the reign of Claudius.' 
 
 9. The order is, Hadrianus divisit earn in 
 duas partes, muro, &c. 
 
 10. Muro ducto, literally « a wall being 
 led', that is, 'by building a wall.' See 
 R. 62. 
 
 11. The order is, ut tueretur inferiorem 
 partem insula} quce parebat Romanis a incursi- 
 onibus &c. Tueretur agrees with Me un- 
 derstood, referring to Hadrianus. 
 
 12. Dative by R. 17, Gram. p. 180. 
 
 13. Est understood. 
 
 14. R. 49. 
 
 15. Governed by similes by R. 12. 
 
 16. Ablative governed by simpliciores by 
 R. 61. 
 
 17. See Gram. p. 80, the paragraph com- 
 mencing " This defect," Sec. 
 
 18. This dative is governed by exstruunt 
 by R. 25 in Gram. " Any active verb may 
 govern," &c. 
 
 19. Ad breve tempus, l for a short dura- 
 tion. ' 
 
 20. The order is, ii, qui Cantium incolunt. 
 prcp.stant ceteris humanitate. 
 
 21. Seeprcestoin Gram. p. 180, 8th list 
 of verbs compounded with pr<s. 
 
 22. Qui, ' those who.' 
 
 23. See vivo, in Gram. p. 184, in the list of 
 verbs under R. 21. For lacte, see Gram. p. 
 40, and for came, see bottom of p. 39. 
 
 24. Pellibus governed by induti sunt, by 
 R. 27 and R. 28. 
 
 25. See Gram, bottom of p. 199 and top 
 of p. 200. 
 
 26. Multo, l by much ' ; the ablative of 
 excess. See Gram.R. 61, Obs. 5. 
 
 27. For this conjunction being placed be- 
 tween two comparatives, see Gram. R. 61, 
 Obs. 3, 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 7 
 
 latior. In medio se attollit Apenninus mons, qui, post- 
 quam coutinenti jugo x progressus est usque ad Apuliam, in 
 duos quasi rarnos dividitur. Nobilissima 2 regio ob fertili- 
 tatem soli, coelique 3 salubritatem. Quum longe in mare pro- 
 currat, plunmos 4 habet portus, populorum 5 inter se patentes 
 commercio. Neque ulla facile 6 est regio, quae tot 7 tamque pul- 
 chras urbes habeat, inter quas Roma et magnitudine et nomi- 
 nis fama eminet. 
 
 17. Haec urbs, orbis terrarum caput, 8 septem montes com- 
 plectitur. Initio 9 quatuor portas habebat ; Augusti a3V0 tri- 
 ginta septem, Urbis magnificentiam augebant fora, 10 templa, 
 porticus, aquaeductus, theatra, arcus triumphales, horti dern- 
 que, et id genus alia, 11 ad quae vel lecta 12 animus stupet. 
 Quare recte de ea praedicare videntur, 13 qui 14 nullius urbis in 
 toto orbe terrarum magnificentiam ei comparari posse dixerunt. 
 
 18. Felicisslma in Italia regio est Campania. Multi ibi 
 vitiferi 15 colles, 16 ubi nobilissima vina gignuntur, Setlnum, 17 
 Caecubum, Falernum, Massicum. Calidi ibidem fontes salu- 
 berrlmi. 18 Nusquam 19 generosior olea. Conchylio 20 quoque 
 etpisce noblli maria viclna scatent. 
 
 19. Clarisslmi amnes Italiae sunt Padus et Tiberis. 21 Et 
 Padus quidem in superiore parte, quae Gallia Cisalplna voca- 
 tur, ab imis 22 radiclbus Vestili montis exoritur ; primum exi- 
 lis, deinde aliis amnibus 23 ita alitur, ut 24 se per septem ostia 
 
 1. Continentijugo, ' in a continued ridge.' 
 
 2. Est is understood. 
 
 3. See Gram. p. 57, 4th class of hetero- 
 geneous nouos. 
 
 4. ' Very many.' 
 
 5. The order is, patentes commercio popu- 
 lorum inter se. Commercio is governed by 
 patentes by R. 12, 'open to the commerce.' 
 
 6. Facile, ' beyond dispute,' 'unquestion- 
 ably ' ; neque ulla facile regio, ' there is, un- 
 questionably, no region.' 
 
 7. See tot in Gram, bottom of p. 76. 
 
 8. Caput, ' the capital.' 
 
 9. Ablative by R.56; initio ' in the be- 
 ginning,' that is, when the city was found- 
 ed. 
 
 10. Fora,tewpla, &c, all these nouns are 
 nominatives to the verb augebant ; for they 
 are the answer to the question, ' What 'in- 
 crease the splendor of the city ? 
 
 11. Etid genus alia, 'and other things of 
 that kind ' ; genus is governed by secundum 
 understood. See Gram. R. 7, Obs. 3. 
 
 12. Ad qua vel lecta, l at which even 
 read,' or ' at the very reading of which.' 
 
 13. Agrees with ii understood, which is 
 the antecedent of qui ; ' those persons 
 seem.' 
 
 14. The order is, qui dixerunt magnificen- 
 tiam (accusative before posse, by R. 4,) 
 nullius urbis in toto orbe terrarum posse com- 
 parari ei; which last word is governed by 
 comparari by R. 25 and 28. 
 
 15. See Gram. p. 69, Obs. under tener. 
 
 16. Sunt understood. 
 
 17. Setinum agrees with vinum under- 
 stood ; so also the other adjectives in this 
 sentence. 
 
 18. For the superlative of adjectives in 
 er, see Gram. p. 78. 
 
 19. Est understood. 
 
 20. In the ablative by R. 20. 
 
 21. See Gram. p. 50, end of Exc. 1. 
 
 22. See inferus, Gram. p. 79. 
 
 23. See R. 49. 
 
 24. The order is, ut effundat se in mare, &c 
 
8 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 in mare efTundat. Tiberis, qui antiquissimis temporlbus l Al- 
 biilae nomen habebat, ex Apennino oritur; deinde duobus et 
 quadraginta fluminibus auctus, fit navigabllis. Plurimas 2 in 
 utraque 3 ripa villas adspicit, praecipue autem urbis Romanae 
 magnilicentiam. 4 Placidisslmus amnium 5 raro ripas 6 egredl- 
 tur. 
 
 20. In inferiore parte Italiae clara quondam urbs Tarentum, 7 
 quae maris sinui, 8 cui 9 adjacet, nomen dedit. Soli fertilltas 
 ccelique 10 jucunda temperies in causa fuisse videtur, 11 ut in- 
 colae luxuria et deliciis 12 enervarentur. Quumque 13 aliquam- 
 diu potentia 14 florerent copiasque 15 haudcontemnendas alerent, 
 peregrlnis tamen plerumque duclbus 16 in bellis utebantur, ut 17 
 Pyrrho, rege Epiri, quo 18 superato, urbs in Romanorum po- 
 testatem venit. 
 
 21. Proxlma Italiae 19 est Sicilia, insula omnium 20 maris 21 
 interni maxima. Antiquissimis 22 temporlbus earn cum Italia 
 cohaesisse, marisque impetu, 23 aut terrae motu inde divulsam 
 esse, verisimile est. Forma 24 triangularis, ita ut 25 litteras, 26 
 quam Graeci Delta vocant, imaginem referat. A tribus pro- 
 montoriis vocatur Trinacria. Nobilisstmus ibi mons iEtnae, 
 qui urbi 27 Catanae imminet, turn 28 ob altitudinem, turn etiam 
 ob ignes, quos efFundit ; quare 29 Cyclopum in illo monte offi- 
 cinam esse poetae dicunt. Cineres e crateribus egesti 
 
 1. See R. 56. 
 
 2. The order is, adspicit (that is, Tibe- 
 ris adspicit) plurimas villas in utraque ripa. 
 
 3. For the use of uter here, see Gram. R. 
 11, Obs. 4. 
 
 4. Magnificcntiam governed by adspicit. 
 
 5. SeeR. 11. 
 
 6. For the government of ripas, see Gram. 
 R. 45, Obs. 2. 
 
 7. Fuit understood. 
 
 8. Sinui and nomen governed by dedit by 
 R. 25. 
 
 9. See Gram. R. 17, bottom of p. 179. 
 
 10. See Gram. p. 57, 4th class of hetero- 
 geneous nouns. 
 
 11. Videtur fuisse in causct, ' seems to 
 have been ihe reason.' 
 
 12. See Gram. p. 57, 6th class of hetero- 
 geneous nouns. 
 
 13. Quumque, 'although.' 
 
 14. See R. 49. 
 
 15. The order is, que alcrent copias haud 
 eontemnendas, ' forces not to be despised,' 
 that is, ' very considerable forces.' 
 
 16. Governed by utebantur by R. 21. 
 
 17. Ut, ' as,' ' for example,' Pijrrho being 
 governed by the same rule as ducibus. 
 
 18. Quo. See R. 62. 
 
 19. For the government of Italice see R. 
 12. 
 
 20. See rule 11. 
 
 21. Governed by insidarum understood, 
 (with which omnium agrees,) by R. 6. 
 
 22. The order is, est verisimile earn (insu- 
 lam) antiquissimis temporibus cohcesisse cum 
 Italia, que (earn) divulsam esse impetu maris 
 aut motu tcrrcB. 
 
 23. R. 49. 
 
 24. EH understood. 
 
 25. Ut joined to referat by R. 60. 
 
 26. Governed by imaginem by R. 6. 
 
 27. Governed by imminet ; see Gram. p. 
 180, near the top, the 4th list, verbs com- 
 pounded with in. 
 
 28. Turn, turn, 'both, and': R. 58, 
 Obs. 3. 
 
 29. The order is, quare poetcB dicunt offici- 
 nam Cyclopum esse in Mo monte. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 9 
 
 agrum 1 circumjacentem foecundum et feracem reddere existi- 
 mantur. Sunt ibi Piorum Campi, qui nomen habent a duobus 
 juvenibus Catanensibus, qui, flammis 2 quondam repente ingru- 
 entibus, parentes 3 senectute confectos, humeris sublatos, 4 
 flammae 3 eripuisse feruntur. Nomina fratrum Amphinomus et 
 Anapus fuerunt. 
 
 22. Inter urbes Sicilise nulla est illustrior Syracusis, 5 Corin- 
 thiorum colonia, ex quinque urbibus conflata. Ab Athenien- 
 sibus bello 6 petita, maximas hostium copias delevit ; Cartha- 
 ginienses 7 etiam magnis interdum cladibus affecit. Secundo 
 bello Punico per triennium oppugnata, Archimedispotissimum 
 ingenio et arte defensa, a M. Marcello capta est. Vicinus 8 
 huic urbi fons Arethusse 9 Nymphae sacer, ad quam Alpheus am- 
 nis ex 10 Peloponneso per mare Ionium lapsus comissari dicitur. 
 Nam si quid ad Olympiam in ilium amnem jactum merit, id in 
 Arethusge fonte reddi. 11 De ilia fabula quid 12 statuendum sit > 
 sponte apparet. 13 
 
 23. In mari Ligustico insula est Corsica, quam Graeci Cyr- 
 num 14 vocant. Terra aspera multisque locis 15 invia ? coelum 16 
 grave, mare circa 17 importunum. Incolse latrociniis 18 dediti, 
 feri sunt et horridi. Mella quoque illius insulae amara esse di- 
 cuntur corporibusque nocere. 19 Proxima ei 20 est Sardinia, 
 
 1. Agrum governed by reddere. 
 
 2. Ablative with mgruentibus by R. 62. 
 Qwi is the nominative to feruntur. 
 
 3. Governed by eripuisse by R.25. The 
 dative cannot always be rendered by to or 
 for, but often may be translated by from ; 
 as, eripuit me morti, ' he rescued me from 
 death.' Indeed the use of the dative is not 
 sufficiently explained in Adam's Grammar. 
 It signifies to whom ox for whom, to what end, 
 for whose advantage, anything may be done, 
 and therefore may be called the remote ob- 
 ject of the verb, as the accusative is the im- 
 mediate object. It is also frequently used 
 instead of the ablative with a preposition. 
 
 4. Agrees with parentes. 
 
 5. See R. 61. 
 
 6. Ablative by R. 49, or governed by in 
 understood. 
 
 7. Governed by affecit by R. 18. 
 
 8. See R. 12. 
 
 9. Governed by sacer by R. 12. 
 
 10. The order is, lapsus ex Peloponneso per 
 Ionium mare. Lapsus, a participle from 
 labor. 
 
 11. Reddi, ' reappears,' the infinitive pa* 
 
 si ve having id the accusative before it, de- 
 pending on dicitur understood. 
 
 12. Quid statuendum sit, 'what should be 
 determined,' that is, ' what opinion ought 
 to be formed,' ' what we ought to think.' 
 
 13. Apparet sponte, ' it is apparent of it- 
 self.' See Gram. p. 59, 3rd clas3 of defec- 
 tive nouns. 
 
 14. Accusative by R. 5. 
 
 15. Ablative governed by in understood ; 
 see Gram. p. 57, 2nd class of heterogeneous 
 nouns. 
 
 16. Est understood. 
 
 17. Circd may be joined to mare by Obs. 
 1, under R. 39. But strictly it qualifies 
 something understood, as existens, 'the sea 
 being round about,' or quod est, ' the sea 
 which is contiguous.' , 
 
 18. Latrociniis governed by dediti by R. 
 25 and 28. 
 
 19. See noceo in Gram. p. 180, under the 
 list of verbs " to profit or hurt." 
 
 20. For the government of ei, see R. 12, 
 and for the comparison of prozimis, Gram, 
 bottom of p. 79. 
 
10 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 quae a Oraecis mercatorlbus Ichnusa vocatur, quia formam hu- 
 mani vestigii habet. Solum qu&m ccelum 1 melius. Iliud 2 
 fertile, 3 hoc 2 grave ac noxium. Noxia quoque anirnalia her- 
 basque venenatas gignit. 4 Multum 5 inde frumenti Romam 6 
 mittitur \ unde hsec insula 7 et Sicilia 7 nutrlces Urbis vocantur. 
 
 24. Graecia nominis celebritate 8 omnes fere 9 alias orbis ter- 
 rarum regiones superavit. Nulla 10 enim magnorum ingenio- 
 rum n fuit feracior ; neque ulla 10 belli pacisque artes majore 
 studio excoluit. Plunmas eadem colonias in omnes terrae partes 
 deduxit. Multum 12 iiaque terra 13 marlque valuit, et gravis- 
 sima bella magna cum gloria gessit. 
 
 25. Graecia inter Ionium et ^Egaeum mare porrigitur. In 
 plunmas regiones divisa est, quarum amplissimae sunt Mace* 
 donia et Epirus (quamquam hae 14 a nonnullis a Graecia se- 
 junguntur), turn Thessalia. Macedoniam 15 Philippi et Alex- 
 andri regnum illustravit; quorum ille 16 Graeciam subegit, hie 16 
 Asiam latissime domuit, ereptumque Persis 17 imperium in 
 Macedones transtulit. Centum ejus regionis et quinquaginta 
 urbes numerantur ; quarum septuaginta duas, 18 Perseo, 19 ul- 
 timo Macedoniae rege, superato, Paullus JEmilius diripuit. 
 
 26. Epirus, quae ab Acrocerauniis incipit montibus, desinit 
 in Acheloo flumine. Plures earn populi incolunt. Ulustrisibi 
 Dodona 1 in Molossorum finibus, vetustissimo Jovis oraciilo 20 
 inclyta. Columbae ibi ex arboribus 21 oraciila dedisse narran- 
 tur ; quercusque 22 ipsas et lebetes aeneos inde 23 suspensos 
 Deorum voluntatem tinnitu 24 significasse fama est. 
 
 1. Est understood. See Gram. R. 61, 
 Obs. 2. 
 
 2. See Gram, p. 85, Obs. 8. 
 
 3. Est understood. 
 
 4. Agrees with Sardinia understood. 
 
 5. Multum frumenti. See R. 8. 
 
 6. See R. 51. 
 
 7. See R. 59. 
 
 8. R. 49. 
 
 9. Fere qualifies omnes, c almost all.' 
 10.- Agrees with regio understood. 
 
 11. Governed by feracior ; see ferax in 
 Gram. R. 14, 5th class ofadjectives. 
 
 12. Midtxlm valuit. 'it was very power- 
 ful.' 
 
 13. Governed by in (' upon ') understood. 
 
 14. Hcb agrees witli regiones understood, 
 referring to Macedonia and Epirus. 
 
 15. The order is, regnum Philippi et Alex- 
 andri illustravit Macedoniam, 
 
 16. Hie , c the former' j see Gram. p. 85, 
 Obs. 8. 
 
 17. Persis governed by ereptum by R. 
 25 and 28. 
 
 18. Duas governed by diripuit. 
 
 19. Perseo ablative with superato by R. 
 62, and rege agrees with Perseo by R. 1. 
 
 20. Ablative by R. 49. 
 
 21. See arbor "under Redundant Nouns, 
 Gram. p. 63. 
 
 22. For the genii ive plural ofquercus, see 
 Gram, top of p. 55 ; the order is, que fama 
 est quercus ipsas et ceneos lebetes, suspensos 
 inde, significasse voluntatem Deorum tinnitu* 
 
 23. Inde, * from thence,' that is, from the 
 trees. 
 
 24. Ablative by R. 49, 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. H 
 
 27. Acheloi 1 fluvii ostiis 2 insiilae aliquot objacent, quarum 
 maxima est Cephallenia. Multae praeterea insula? littori Eplri 
 adjacent, interque eas Corcyra, quam Homerus Scheriam ap- 
 pellasse existimatur. In hac Phaeacas posuit ille 3 et hortos 
 Alcinoi. Coloniam hue deduxerunt Corinthii, quo tempore 4 
 Numa Pompilius Romae 5 regnavit. Viclnaei 6 Ithaca, Ulys- 
 sis patria, aspera montlbus, sed Homeri carminibus adeo no- 
 bilitata, ut 7 ne fertilissimis quidem regionibus cedat. 
 
 28. Thessalia late patet inter Macedonian! et Epirum, fce- 
 cunda regio, generosis praecipue equis excellens, 8 unde Thes- 
 salorum equitatus celeberrlmus. Montes ibi memorabiles 9 
 Olympus, ill quo Deorum sedes 10 esse existimatur, Pelion et 
 Ossa, per quos Gigantes ccelum 11 petivisse dicuntur ; CEta 
 denique, in cujus vertice Hercules, rogo 12 conscenso, se ip- 
 sum 13 cremavit. Inter Ossam et Olympum Peneus, limpi- 
 disslmus amnis, delabitur, vallem 14 amoenissimam, Tempe vo- 
 catam, irrigans. 
 
 29. Inter reliquas Graeciae regiones nomlnis claritate emi- 
 net Attica, quae etiam Atthis vocatur. Ibi Athenae, de qua 
 urbe Deos 15 inter se certasse fama est. Certius 16 est, nullam 
 unquam urbem 17 tot poetas tulisse, tot 18 oratores, tot philoso- 
 phos, totque in omni virtutis genere claros viros. Res autem 
 bello eas 19 gessit, ut huic 20 soli 21 gloriae studere videretur ; 
 
 1. The order is, aliquot insula objacent 
 ostiis fluvii Jlcheloi. 
 
 2. Ostiis governed by objacent, by R. 17, 
 in. , 
 
 3. Ille, referring to Homer. 
 
 4. Quo tempore, * at the time when 9 i ab- 
 lative by R. 56. 
 
 5. See R. 50. 
 
 6. See Gram. R. 12, 5th class of adjec- 
 tives. 
 
 12. Ablative by R. 62. 
 
 13. See Gram. p. 82, " Ipse is often join- 
 ed," &c. 
 
 14. The order is, irrigans vallem amoe- 
 nissimam vocatam Tempe ; for Tempe, see 
 Gram. p. 60, at the end of the 4th class of 
 defective nouns. 
 
 15. Accusative before certasse, by R. 4. 
 
 16. Certius est, ' it is more certain,' where 
 the comparison is made between the sen- 
 
 7. Ut ne quidem cedat fertilissimis regio- \ tence going before and the sentence follow- 
 nibus, * that it is not inferior indeed to the j ing ; that is, ' Whether it be true or not that 
 
 most fertile countries ' ; that is, from its be- 
 ing so much celebrated in the poems of Ho- 
 mer, it is quite as much favored as those 
 countries for which nature has done more ; re- 
 gionibus governed bv cedat ; see Gram, bot- 
 tom of p. 180, " To these add JVu&o," &c. 
 
 8. See R. 49. 
 
 9. Sunt understood. 
 
 10. Accusative by R. 4. 
 
 11. See Gram. p. 57, 4th class of hetero- 
 geneous nouns. 
 
 the gods contended who should give a name 
 to the city, it is true,' &c. 
 17 Urbem, accusative before tulisse. 
 
 18. For tot, see Gram, bottom of p. 76. 
 
 19. Eas may be rendered ' such ' ; ' she 
 achieved such exploits in war.' 
 
 20. Huic glories, 'this glory,' that is, mili- 
 tary glory 3 glorixB is governed by studere, by 
 R. 17, iv. p. 180. 
 
 21. For solus, see Gram, bottom of p. 69. 
 
12 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 pacisque artes ita excoluit, ut hac x laude magis etiam quam 
 belli gloria splenderet. Arx 2 ibi sive Acropolis, urbi 3 imrrii- 
 nens, unde latus in mare prospectus patet. Per propyloea ad 
 earn adscenditur, 4 splendidum Periclis opus. 5 Cum ipsa urbe 
 per longos muros conjunctus est portus 6 Piraeeus, post bellum 
 Persicum secundum, a Themistocle munitus. Tutissima ibi 
 statio 2 naviurn. 
 
 30. Atticam 7 attingit Bceotia, fertilissima regio. Incolae 
 magis corponbus 8 valent, quam ingeniis. Urbs celeberrima 9 
 Thebae, 10 quas Amphion, musices n ope, 12 mcenibus cinxisse di- 
 citur. Illustravit 13 earn Pindari poetae ingenium, Epaminon- 
 dae virtus. Mons ibi Helicon, Musarum sedes, et Cithaeron, 
 plurimis poetarum fabiilis celebratus. 
 
 31. Bceotiae 14 Phocis finitima, ubi Delphi urbs clarissima. 
 In qua urbe 15 oraculum Apollinis quantam apud omnes gentes 
 auctoritatem habuerit, quot quamque praeclara munera 16 ex 
 omni fere terrarum orbe Delphos 17 missa fuerint, nemo igno- 
 rat. Immmet 18 urbi Parnassus mons, in cujus verticibus Mu- 
 S3B habitare dicuntur, unde aqua fontis Castalii poetarum in- 
 genia inflammare existimatur. 
 
 82. Cum ea parte Graecias, quam hactenus descripsimus, co- 
 haeret ingens peninsula, quae Peloponnesus vocatur, platani 
 folio similiima. 19 Angustus ille trames 20 inter ^Egaeum mare 
 et Ionium, per quern cum Megaride cohaeret, 21 Isthmus appel- 
 
 1. Hclc laude, ' this praise, 5 that is, the 
 praise attending the arts of peace j laude 
 ablative by R. 49. 
 
 2. Est understood. 
 
 3. For the government of urbi, see Gram. 
 4th list of verbs near the top of p. 180. 
 
 4. Adscenditur, that is, adscenditur ab ho- 
 viinibus, ' it is ascended by persons,' ' per- 
 sons go up into it '•, for this use of imperso- 
 nal verbs, see Gram. p. 151, Obs. 4. 
 
 5. Opus agrees with propylaa by R. 1. 
 
 6. For the declension of portus, see Exc. 
 2, under domus, Gram. p. 55. 
 
 7. Atticam governed by attingit, by R. 18. 
 
 8. Ablative by R. 49. 
 
 9. Est understood. 
 
 10. Thebce, used only in the plural, agrees 
 with urbs by R. 1. 
 
 11. Jllusices declined like aloe in First 
 Lessons, p. 6. 
 
 12. See Gram. p. 60, 5th class of defec- 
 tive nouns. 
 
 13. The order is, ingenium Pindari poetm 
 ilhistravit earn (urbem), virtus Epav.iinond(B 
 (ilustravit earn being understood). 
 
 14. BceoticB governed by finitima, by R. 
 
 15. The order is, nemo ignorat quantam 
 auctoritatem oraculum Apollinis inqud. urbe, 
 where qua may be rendered by ' this *; et is 
 to be supplied before quot, which agrees 
 with munera understood. See Gram. R. 
 59, Obs. 4. 
 
 16. Nominative to missa fuerint. 
 
 17. Delphos accusative by R. 51. 
 
 IS. See imminco in Gram. p. 180, under 
 the 4th list of verbs compounded with in. 
 
 19. See R. 12. 
 
 20. Trames nominative to appellatur ; let 
 the map of Peloponnesus, in Butler's Atlas, 
 be here, as at all times, carefully inspected. 
 
 21. Coliaret agrees with Peloponnesus un- 
 derstood. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 13 
 
 latur. In eo 1 templum Neptuni est, ad quod ludi celebran- 
 tur IsthmTci. Ibidem in ipso Peloponnesi adltu, Corinthus sita 
 est, urbs antiquissima, ex cujus summa' 2 arce (Acrocorinthon 
 appellant) 3 utrumque 4 mare conspicitur. Quum opibus 5 
 floreret, maritimisque valeret copiis, 5 gravia bella gessit. In 
 bello Achaico, quod Romani cum Grsecis gesserunt, pulcher- 
 rima urbs, quam Cicero Graeciae lumen appellat, a L. Mummio 
 expugnata funditusque deleta est. Restituit earn Julius Caesar, 
 colonosque eo milites veteranos misit. 
 
 33. Nobilis est in Peloponneso urbs Olympia, templo Jovis 
 Olympii ac statua 6 illustris. Statua ex ebore 7 facta, Phidiae 
 summi artificis opus 8 praestantissimum. Prope 9 illud tem- 
 plum ad Alphei fluminis ripas ludi celebrantur Olympici, ad 
 quos videndos 10 ex tota Craecia concurrltur. 11 Ab his ludrs 
 Graeca gens res 12 gestas suas numerat. 
 
 34. Nee Sparta praetereunda est, urbs nobilissima, quam 
 Lycurgi leges, civiumque virtus et patientia illustravit. Nulla 
 fere 13 gens bellica laude 14 magis floruit, 15 pluresque viros 
 fortes constantesque genuit. Urbi 16 imminet mons Taygetus, 
 qui usque 17 ad Arcadiam procurrit. Proxime 18 urbem Euro- 
 tas fluvius delabitur, ad cujus ripas Spartani se exercere 
 solebant. 19 In Sinum Laconicum effunditur. 20 Haud procul 
 
 1. Eo agrees with isthmo understood. 
 
 2. See Gram. R. 2, Obs. 3. 
 
 3. Appellant, that is, earn understood, with 
 which Acrocorinthon agrees by R. 1. 
 
 4. Utrumque, ' each,' that is, the Ionian 
 and ^gaean seas. 
 
 5. Ablative by R. 49. Quum, when join- 
 ed with the imperfect tense should be ren 
 dered by an adverb showing ' continuance 
 of time,' as ' while,' ' as long as,' (because 
 the imperfect expresses action not com 
 pleted) ; but, when joined with the perfect 
 tense, by an adverb of ' particular time,' a: 
 1 when.' 
 
 6. Ablative by R. 49. 
 
 7. See Gram. R. 49, latter part of Obs. 3. 
 
 8. Opus prcestantissirnum, l the master- 
 piece ■ ; opus agrees with statua by R. 1. 
 
 9. See Gram, under R. 42, bottom of 
 p, 199, and top of p. 200. 
 
 10. Videndos instead of videndum. by 
 R. 36. 
 
 11. Concurritur, *it is run,' that is, ■ they 
 
 flock from all Greece to see the games.- 
 See Gram. p. 150. 
 
 12. Res gestas suas numerat, ' date their 
 history. 1 The Olympic games were cele- 
 brated regularly every four years from 776 
 B. C. The periods of four years were call- 
 ed Olympiads, by which the Greeks number- 
 ed all their historical events. Res gesta, 
 literally, ' things achieved,' ' exploits,' also, 
 1 history.' 
 
 13. Nulla fere, ' scarcely any.' 
 
 14. Ablative by R. 49. 
 
 15. Magis floruit, l has flourished more,'' 
 ' has excelled it ' 
 
 16. See page 12, note 18. 
 
 17. For usque ad, see Gram, bottom of p. 
 199 and top of p. 200. 
 
 18. See proxime" under R. 41. And for 
 the" primitive" of proxime, see R. 12, Obs. 
 7, p. 176. 
 
 19. For soleo, see Gram, bottom of p. 148. 
 
 20. Agrees with Eurotas as its nomina- 
 tive. See Butler's Atlas, No. 11. 
 
14 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 inde abest promontorium Taenarum, ubi altissimi specus, 1 
 per quos Orpheum 2 ad inferos 3 descendisse narrant. 4 
 
 35. Mare .Egaeum, inter Graeciam Asiamque patens, pluri- 
 mis insulis 5 distinguitur. Illustres inter eas sunt Cyclades, 6 
 sic appellatae, quia in orbemjacent. Media earum 7 est Delus, 
 quae repente e mari enata esse dicitur. In ea insula Latona 
 Apollinem 8 et Dianam peperit, quae numma ibi una. cum 
 matre summa religione coluntur. Urbi imminet Cynthus, 
 mons excelsus 9 et arduus. Inopus amnis panter cum Nilo 
 decrescere et augeri dicitur. Mercatus in Delo 10 celeberri- 
 mus, quod ob portus n commoditatem templique religionem 
 mercatores ex toto orbe terrarum eo confiuebant. Eandem 
 ob causam civitates 12 Graeciae, post secundum Persicum bei- 
 lum, tributa 13 ad belli usum in earn insulam, tamquam in 
 commune totius Graeciae aerarium, conferebant ; quam peeu- 
 niam insequenti 14 tempore Athenienses in suam urbem trans- 
 tulerunt. 
 
 36. Eubcea 15 insula littori 16 Bceotiae et Atticae praetenditur, 
 angusto freto 17 a continenti 14 distans. 18 Terras motu 19 a 20 
 Bceotia avuisa esse creditur ; saepius 21 earn concussam esse 
 constat. Fretum, quo a Graecia sejungitur, vocatur Euripus, 
 saevum et aestuosum mare, quod continuo motu 22 agitatur. 
 Nonnulli dicunt, septies 23 quovis die, 24 statis temporibus, 
 fluctus 25 alterno motu agitari ; alii hoc negant, dicentes, 
 
 1. For the declension ofspecus, see Gram, 
 p. 55, Exc. 2. 
 
 2. For the declension of Orpheum, see 
 Gram. p. 58. 
 
 3. See inferi under the 6th class of de- 
 fective nouns, Gram. p. 61. 
 
 4. Warrant, ' they say,' * it is related. 1 
 
 13. The order is, conferebant in earn in- 
 sidam tributa ad usum belli, tamquam, fyc. y 
 4 transferred to that island the tributes 
 raised for the purposes of war.' 
 
 14. For this ablative ending in i, see 
 Gram. p. 72, "Rules." 
 
 15. See 10th map. 
 
 5. See these islands very beautifully ex- 16. For the government of littori see 
 
 hibited in the 12th map. Plurimis, ' very 
 many.' 
 
 6. The word Cyclades is derived from the 
 Greek »UKko$ (cyclus), « a circle.' 
 
 7. Governed by medins by R. 11. 
 
 8. For the genitive of Apollo, see Gram, 
 p. 39, Exc. 3. 
 
 9. Ezcelsus, * of great elevation' ; ar- 
 duus, * steep.' 
 
 10. See Delos, Gram, top of p. 35. 
 
 11. Gram. p. 55, Exc. 2. 
 
 12. Civitates nominative to conferebant. 
 
 Gram. R. 17, ill. at bottom of p. 179. 
 
 17. R. 49. 
 
 18. Distans, ' separated.' 
 
 19. Terra motu, ' by an earthquake.' 
 
 20. For the repetition of this preposition, 
 see Gram. R. 45, Obs. 1. 
 
 21. S<epi\is constat, ' it is rather evident.' 
 
 22. R. 49. 
 
 23. See the numeral adverbs, Gram, 
 p. 77. 
 
 24. i^uovis die, l every day ' ; see R. 56. 
 
 25. Ace. plural before agitari by R. 4. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 15 
 
 mare 1 temere, 2 in venti modum, hue illuc moveri. Sunt, 3 
 qui narrent, Aristotelem 4 philosophum, quia 5 hujus miraculi 
 causas investigare non posset, aegritudine confectum esse. 
 
 37. Jam ad Boreales regiones pergamus. 6 Supra Macedo- 
 nian! 7 Thracia porrigitur a ponto Euxlno usque 8 ad Ulyriam. 
 Regio 9 frigida et in iis tantiim partibus fcecundior, 10 quae pro- 
 piores 1] sunt inari. Pomiferae 12 arbores rarae ; frequentiores 
 vites ; sed uvae non maturescunt, 13 nisi frigus studiose arce- 
 tur. Sola Thasus, insula littori 14 Thraciae adjacens, vino 15 
 excellit. Amnes sunt celeberrimi Hebrus, ad quern Orpheus 16 
 a Maenadibus discerptus 17 esse dicitur ; Nestus et Strymon. 
 Montes altissimi, Haemus, ex cujus vertice Pontus et Adria 18 
 conspicitur ; Rhodope 19 et Orbelus. 
 
 38. Plures 20 Thraciam gentes incolunt, nominibus diversae 
 et moribus. Inter has 21 Getae omnium 22 sunt ferocissimi et 
 ad mortem 23 paratissimi. Animas 24 enim post mortem redi- 
 turas 25 existlmant. Recens 26 nati apud eos deflentur ; fune- 
 ra autem cantu 27 lusuque celebrantur. Plures singuli 28 
 uxores habent. Hae omnes, 29 viro 30 defuncto, mactari simul- 
 que cum eo sepeliri cupiunt, magnoque id 31 certamine a judi- 
 cibus contendunt. Virgines 32 non parentibus traduntur viris, 
 
 1. Mare moveri, see R. 4. 
 
 2. Temere, ' at random,' ' as chance may 
 have it,' that is, 'not at stated intervals.' 
 
 3. Agrees with homines understood, 
 ' there are persons.' 
 
 4. Aristotelem, accusative before confec- 
 tum esse. 
 
 5. The order is, quia non posset inves- 
 tigare causas hujus miraculi. 
 
 6. Perg-amus, ' let us proceed.' 
 
 7. See map No. 9. 
 
 8. Gram, bottom of p. 199, and top of 
 p. 200. 
 
 9. Est understood. 
 
 10. Fcecundior, ' comparatively fertile ' ; 
 literally ' more fertile,' that is, ' more fer- 
 tile ' than the land in the interior. 
 
 11. See R. 12. 
 
 12. See Gram. Obs. under tener, p. 69. 
 
 13. Gram. p. 154, 2d class of verbs. 
 
 14. Littori governed by adjacens by R. 17, 
 in. and R. 31. 
 
 15. Gram. R. 49, Obs. 3. 
 
 16. For the declension of Orpheus, see 
 Gram. p. 58. 
 
 17. For the inseparable preposition dis in 
 composition, see Gram. p. 162. 
 
 18. Gram. p. 25, Exc. 1. 
 
 19. Declined like aloe, First Lessons, p. 6. 
 
 20. For plures, see Gram, botlom of p. 72. 
 
 21. Inter has, for harum ,• see Gram. R. 11, 
 Obs. 2. 
 
 22. Governed by ferocissimi by R. 11. 
 
 23. Ad mortem, for morti ; Gram.. R. 12, 
 Obs. 4 and 5. 
 
 24. Animas, ' that the souls.' 
 
 25. Gram. R. 4, Obs. 4 
 
 26. Gram. p. 159, 12th line from the bot- 
 tom ; recens nati, ' new-torn children-' 
 
 27. Ablative by R. 49. 
 
 28. The order is, singuli viri habent plures 
 (many) uxores. 
 
 29. Omnes agrees with uxores understood. 
 
 30. Ablative by R. 62. 
 
 31. Id refers to the preceding words mac- 
 tari cupiunt : the order is, que conten- 
 dunt id a judicibus magno certamine ; ' and 
 they solicit that from the judges (persons 
 appointed to decide which of the wives 
 shall be buried with the husband) with 
 great emulation.' 
 
 32. The order is, virgines traduntur viris 
 non parentibus ; the latter word in the abla- 
 tive by R. 49. For the government of viris, 
 see Rules 25 and 28. 
 
16 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 sed aut publice ducendae locantur, 1 aut veneunt. 2 Formosae 
 in pretio 3 sunt; caeterae maritos mercede 4 data inveniunt. 
 
 39. Inter urbes Thraciae memorabile est Byzantium, ad 
 Bosporum Thracium, urbs natura munita et arte, qua; ciim 5 
 ob soli fertilitatem, turn ob vicinitatem maris omnium 6 rerum, 
 quas 7 vita requlrit, copia abundat. Nee Sestos praetereunda 
 est silentio, urbs 8 ad Hellespontum posita, quam amor Herus 9 
 et Leandri memorabilem reddidit : nee Cynossema, tumulus 
 Hecubas, ubi ilia, post Trojam dirutam, 10 in canem mutata et 
 sepulta esse dicitur. Nomen 11 etiam habet in iisdem regioni- 
 bus urbs JEnos, 12 ab ^Enea, e patria profugo, condita ; Zone, 13 
 ubi nemora Orpheum 14 canentem secuta esse narrantur ; Ab- 
 deradenique, ubi Diomedes rex advenas 15 equis 15 suis devoran- 
 dos objiciebat, donee ipse ab Hercule iisdem 16 objectus est. 
 Quae 17 urbs quum ranarum muriumque multitudine infestare- 
 tur, incoae, relicto 18 patriae solo, novas sedes quaesiverunt, 
 Hos 19 Cassander, rex Macedonian, in societatem accepisse, 
 agrosque in extrema 20 Macedonia assignasse 21 dicitur. 
 
 40. Jam de Scythis pauca dicenda sunt. Terminatur Scy- 
 thia ab uno latere Ponto 22 Euxino, ab altero 23 montibus Rhi- 
 paeis, a tergo, Asia et Phaside flumine. 24 Vasta regio nullis 
 fere 25 intus finibus dividitur. Scythae enim nee 26 agrum 
 
 1. Locantur ducendm, ' they are given 
 away to be married.' 
 
 2. See Gram. p. 144, last line. 
 
 3. In pretio, * in demand.' 
 
 4. R. 62. 
 
 5. Gram. R. 58, Obs. 3, "cum legit, turn 
 gcribit," 
 
 6. The order is, abundat copicL omnium re- 
 rum, quas vita requirit ; for the ablative co- 
 pia, see R. 20. 
 
 7. Gram. R. 57, p. 210, »« But if a nomin- 
 ative," &c. ; and for the government of 
 quas, see R. 18. 
 
 8. Agrees with Sestos by R. 1. 
 
 9. See Gram, top of p. 40. 
 
 10. Gram. R. 4, Obs. 4. 
 
 11. The order is, vrbs JEnos etiam habet 
 nomen in iisdem regionibus : habere nomen, 
 i to have a reputation,' ' to be celebrated.' 
 
 12. JEnos condita. 
 
 13. Zone nominative to habet understood. 
 
 14. Gram. p. 58. 
 
 15. Governed by objiciebat by R. 25. 
 
 16. Governed by objectus est by R. 25 and 
 R. 28. 
 
 17 Gram. R. 57, Obs. 10= 
 
 18. The order is, solo patria relicto : 
 sola ablative by R. 62. 
 
 19. The order is, Cassander, rex Mace- 
 donia, dicitur accepisse hos (incolas)in. soci- 
 etatem que assignasse (eis) agres, fyc. 
 
 20. Gram. R. 2, Obs. 3. 
 
 21 . For assignavisse : see 5th " Figure of 
 Diction," Gram. p. 275. 
 
 22. Ablative by R. 49. 
 
 23. Gram. p. 85, Obs. 12. 
 
 24. The ancients knew very little of the 
 countries north of the Euxine and Caspian 
 seis, but comprehended them all under the 
 ge.ieric name ofScythia, 
 
 25. JVullis feri, • by scarcely any.' 
 
 26. Gram. R. 58, Obs. 3. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 17 
 
 exercent, nee certas sedes l habent, sed armenta et pecora 
 pascentes, per incultas solitudines errare solent. Uxores li- 
 berosque secum in plaustris vehunt. Lacte 2 et melle vescun- 
 tur; aurum 3 et argentum, 3 cujus 4 nullus apud eos usus est, 
 aspernantur. Corpora pellibus vestiunt. 5 
 
 41. Diversae sunt Scytharum gentesdiversique mores. Sunt, 6 
 qui funera parentum 7 festis sacrificiis 8 celebrent, eorumque 9 
 capitibus 10 affabre expolltis auroque n vinctis propoculis utan- 
 tur. Agathyrsi ora et corpora pingunt, idque 12 tanto 13 magis 
 quanto quis illustrioribus gaudet 14 majoribus. Ii, qui Tau- 
 ricam Chersonesum 15 incolunt, antiquissimis temporibus 16 
 advenas Dianae mactabant. Interius habitantes cseteris 17 ru- 
 diores sunt. Bella amant, et quo 18 quis plures hostes inter- 
 emerit, eo majore existimatione 19 apud suos 20 habetur. Ne fce- 
 dera quidem 21 incruenta sunt. Sauciant >22 se qui paciscuntur, 
 sanguinemque 23 permistum degustant. Id 24 fidei pignus 25 
 certissimum esse putant. 
 
 42. Maxima 26 rluminum Scythicorum sunt Ister, qui et 
 Danubius vocatur, et Borysthenes. De Istro supra 27 dictum 
 est. Borysthenes, 28 ex ignotis fontibus ortus, 29 liquidissimas 
 
 1. Certas sedes, 'permanent settlements.' 
 
 2. See R. 21. 
 
 3. See R. 59. 
 
 4. Cujus nullus usus est, ' of which there 
 i3 no use.' 
 
 5. R.27. 
 
 6. Sunt qui, that is, sunt ii qui, ' there are 
 some who ' : the antecedent is often under- 
 stood. 
 
 7. Gram. p. 37, note. 
 
 8. R. 49. 
 
 9. Que connects celebrent and utantur. 
 
 10. Governed by utantur by R. 21. 
 
 11. R. 49. 
 
 12. Faciunt understood. 
 
 13. Tanto magis, quanta, ' by so much 
 the more, as ' ; that is, ' in proportion as.' 
 For the ablative taiito, see Gram. R. 61, 
 Obs. 5. 
 
 14. Gaudet, ' boasts.' Gram. R. 21. Quis 
 is equivalent to aliquis, ' any one.' 
 
 15. A promontory in the northern part 
 of the Euxine : not well laid down upon 
 any of Butler's Maps, though it can be 
 seen in the first one, " Orbis reteribus no- 
 tus." 
 
 16. R. 56. 
 
 17. R. 61. 
 
 18. Quo — CO. See Gram. R. 61, Obs. 5. 
 
 19. R, 49, or governed by in under- 
 stood. 
 
 20. The plural of suns is often used 
 without a noun expressed, and may be 
 translated by 'friends,' 'companions,' 
 ' countrymen,' ' affairs,' according as the 
 sense requires : here suos agrees with 
 amicos or some such word understood. 
 
 21. Quidem when used after ne gives ad- 
 ditional force to the negation, ' not even.' 
 
 22. Ii understood : see note 6. 
 
 23. The order is, que degustant sangui- 
 nem permistum vino or aqua, 'and tasto 
 their blood mixed ' with wine or water. 
 
 24. Id accusative before esse. 
 
 25. Accusative by R. 5. 
 23. R. 11. 
 
 27. In section 13, where the Ister is call- 
 ed the Danube. 
 
 28. The Borysthenes is a river that runs 
 into the northern part of the Euxine sea. 
 The name is not to be found in Butler's Atlas, 
 but the river probably intended for it, is the 
 one (in map No. 1.) next east of the Tyras, 
 that flows into the northern part of the 
 Euxine : it is now called the Dnieper, and 
 may be seen on the map of Russia. 
 
 29. Gram. R. 13, Obs. 1. 
 
18 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 aquas trahit et potatu x jucundas. Placidus idem Isetissima 
 pabula alit. Magno spatio 2 navigabilis juxta urbem Borys- 
 thenida 3 in Pontum effunditur. 
 
 43. Ultra Rhipreos montes et Aquilonem gens habitare ex- 
 istimatur felicissima ; Hyperboreos 4 appellant. Regio 5 apnea, 
 felix coeli temperies omnique afflatu 6 noxio carens. Semel in 
 anno sol iis oritur solstitio, 7 bruma semel occidit. Incolae in 
 nemoribus et lucis habitant, 8 sine omni 9 discordia et aegritu- 
 dine vivunt. Quum vitae eos tsedet, 10 epulis n sumtis ex rupe 
 se in mare praecipitant. Hoc enim sepulturae genus 12 beatis- 
 simum esse existimant. 
 
 44. Asia cseteris terrae partibus 13 est amplior e Oceanus 
 earn alluit, ut 14 locis, ita nominibus differens ; Eous 15 ab ori- 
 ente, a meridie 16 Indicus, a septentrione Scythicus. Asiag 
 nomine appellaturetiam peninsula, 17 quae a mari ^Egaeo usque 18 
 ad Armeniam patet. In hac parte est Bithynia 19 ad Propon- 
 tidem sita, ubi Granicus in mare effunditur, ad quern amnem 
 Alexander, rex Macedonia?, primam victoriam de 20 Persis re- 
 portavit. Trans ilium amnem sita est Cyzicus in cervice pen- 
 insular, urbs nobilissima a CyzTco appellata, qui in illis 
 regionibus ab Argonautis pugna 21 occisus est. Haud pro- 
 cul 22 ab ilia urbe Rhyndacus in mare effunditur, circa 
 quern angues 23 nascuntur, non solum ob magnitudinem mi- 
 rabiles, sed etiam ob id, 24 quod, quum ex aqua emergunt et 
 hiant, supervolantes aves absorbent. 
 
 1. R. 33. 
 
 2. R. 55. 
 
 3. Declined like lennpas, Gram. p. 53. 
 
 4. See map No. 1. 
 
 5. Est understood. 
 
 6. Ablative by R. 14. 
 
 7. Solstitio, ' at the solstice,' R. 56. 
 
 8. See 1st class of verbs, p. 154. 
 
 9. Omni is here equivalent to ulla. 
 
 10. Gram. R. 29, Exc. 2, example. 
 
 11. Gram. p. 57, 6th class of heteroge- 
 neous nouns. 
 
 12. Accusative by R. 4. 
 
 13. R. 61. 
 
 14. Ut locis, ita nominibus differens, lite- 
 rally, ' differing as well in places as in 
 
 names f ; that is, ' differing in its names ac- 
 cording to its various parts ' : for locis see 
 Gram. p. 57, 2. 
 
 15. Eous nominative to alluit understood. 
 
 16. Gram. p. 56. 
 
 17. Asia Minor is here meant : see map 
 13. 
 
 J3. Gram, bottom of p. 199. 
 
 19. See map. 
 
 20. Rsportavit de Persis, ' won from the 
 Persians. 5 The river Granicus is situated 
 in Mysia according to Butler's Atlas. , 
 
 21. Governed by in understood. 
 
 22. See procul in Gram. p. 201. 
 
 23. Gram. p. 45, Exc. 3. 
 
 24. Id refers to the wo~ds following. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 19 
 
 45. Propontis cum ponto 2 jungitur per Bosporum, quod 
 fretum, quinque stadia 2 latum, Europam ab Asia separat. 
 Ipsis in faucibus Bospori oppidum est Chalcedon, 3 ab Argia, 
 Megarensium principe, et templum Jovis, ab Jasone conditum. 
 Pontus ipse ingens est maris sinus, non molli neque arenoso 
 circumdatus littore, 4 tempestatibus 5 obnoxius, raris stationi- 
 bus. 6 Olim ob saevitatem populorum, qui circa habitant, Axe- 
 nus 7 appellatus fuisse dicitur ; postea, mollitis illorum mori- 
 bus, dictus est Euxlnus. 8 
 
 46. In littore Ponti, in Mariandynorum 9 agro, urbs 10 est 
 Heraclea, ab Hercule, ut fertur, condita, Juxta earn spelun- 
 ca est Acherusia, quam 11 'ad Manes 12 perviam esse existi- 
 mant. 13 Hinc 14 Cerberus ab Hercule extractus fuisse dici- 
 tur. Ultra fluviurn Thermodonta 15 Mossyni habitant. Hi 
 totum corpus distinguunt notis. 16 Reges suffragio eligunt; 17 
 eosdem 18 in turre lignea inclusos arctissime custodiunt, et 19 si 
 quid perperam imperitaverint, inedia totius diei afficiunt. 
 Extremum Ponti angulum Colchi 20 tenent ad Phasidem ; quse 
 loca fabula de vellere aureo et Argonautarum expeditio illus- 
 travit. 21 
 
 47. Inter provincias Asiae 22 proprie dictae illustris est Ionia, 
 in duodecim civitates divisa. Inter eas est Miletus, 23 belli 
 
 1. That is, the ' Pontus Euxinus ' 5 see 
 map No. 9. 
 
 2. See Gram. R. 55, Obs. 1. 
 
 3. See this town on map 13 : condition 
 agrees with Cfialcedon and with templum. 
 
 4. R. 49. 
 
 5. See obnoxius in Gram, under R. 12, 
 " To these add," &c. 
 
 G. Ablative by R.7. 
 
 7. Nominative after appellatus fuisse. 
 
 8. Ovid says that it was called Euxinus 
 (tuVitvof^ hospitable) ironically, because the 
 inhabitants of the coasts around the sea were 
 famed for their barbarity. See the figure 
 Antiphrdsis, in Gram, top of p. 248. 
 
 9. See map No. 13. 
 
 10. Urbs condita. 
 
 11. Accusative by R. 4. 
 
 12. See Manes in Gram. p. 62, under 
 the 6th class of irregular nouns. 
 
 13. Existimant, 'they think.' The verbs 
 narro, ' to relate, ' existimo, ' to think,' and 
 others of similar signification are frequent- 
 ly found in the plural without any nomina- 
 
 tive expressed, meaning they tell, they say, 
 they think, &c. ; Mi or homines may be sup- 
 plied as the nominatives ; so in the passive 
 they are used impersonally, as narratur, * it 
 is related.' 
 
 14. Hinc, l thence,' that is, from the 
 shades below. 
 
 15. See this river in Pontus on map 13. 
 
 16. R. 49. 
 
 17. Agrees with Mi understood. 
 
 18. Eosdem, that is, eosdem reges. 
 
 19. The order is, et si (reges) imperita- 
 verint quid perperam, (populi) afficiunt (eos) 
 inedia totius diei .- afficiunt inedia, literally 
 ' affect them with hunger * 3 better, ' punish 
 them with fasting.' 
 
 20. See map No. 17. 
 
 21. Jllustravit agreeing with expeditio and 
 understood to fabula, instead of illustrave- 
 runt: see Gram. R. 59, Obs. 4. 
 
 22. Asice proprie dicta, * of Asia properly 
 so called,' that is, Asia Minor ) see map 
 13. 
 
 23. In Caria, in Butler's Atlas. 
 
20 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 pacisque artibus 1 inclyta; eique vicinum 2 Panionium, sacra 
 regio, quo omnes Ionum civitates statis temporibus 3 legatos 
 solebant 4 mittere. Nulla facile 5 urbs plures colonias misit, 
 quam xMiletus. Ephesi, 6 quam urbem Amazones condidisse 
 traduntur, templum est Dianae, quod 7 septem mundi miracu- 
 lis annumerari solet. Totius templi longitudo est quadringen- 
 torum viginti quinque pedum, 8 latitudo ducentorum viginti ; 
 columnar 9 centum viginti septem numero, 10 sexaginla pedum 8 
 altitudine; ex iis ll triginta sex caslatse. Operi prasfuit 12 
 Chersiphron architectus. 
 
 48. iEolis olim Mysia appellata, 13 et, ubi Hellespontum 14 
 attingit, Troas. Ibi Ilium fuit siturn ad radices montis Ida?, 
 urbs 15 bello, quod per decern annos 16 cum universa Grsecia 
 gessit, clarissima. Ab Idsso monte Scamander defluit et Si- 
 mois, amnes fama 17 quam natura majores. Ipsum 18 montem 
 certamen Dearum 19 Paridisque 20 judicium illustrem reddidit. 
 In littore clarae sunt urbes Rhoeteum et Dardania; sed sepul- 
 crum Ajacis, qui 21 ibi post certamen cum Uiysse gladio incu- 
 buit, utraque 22 clarius. 23 
 
 49. Ionibus 24 Cares sunt finitimi, populus armorum bellique 
 adeo amans, 25 ut aliena etiam bella mercede 26 accepta gere- 
 ret. Princeps Carise urbs Halicarnassus, 27 Argivorum colonia, 
 
 1. R. 49. 
 
 2. Gram. R. 12, 5th list of adjectives. 
 
 3. R. 56. 
 
 4. Gram, bottom of p. 143. 
 
 5. Facile, ' certainly,' ' beyond dispute ' ; 
 see note on facile, section 16th. 
 
 6. R. 50. Ephesi, ' at Ephesus.' 
 
 7. The order is, quod (templum) solet an- 
 numerari septem miraculis mundi. For the 
 government of miraculis, see Gram. R. 17, 
 Hi. For the seven wonders of the world, 
 
 meaning is, that Homer, in his Iliad, has 
 given these rivers a celebrity, which their 
 size never would have obtained for them. 
 
 18. The order is, certamen Dearum, que 
 judicium Paridis reddidit ipsum montem il- 
 lustrem : instead of redidderunt ) G:am. R. 
 59, Obs. 4. 
 
 19. Gram. p. 25, Exc. 3. 
 
 20. Gram. p. 53. 
 
 21. The order is, qui ibi occubuit 
 gladio post, 8fc. ; incubuit gladio, ' fell 
 
 see " English Examples " under R. 6 of upon his sword,' Gram. p. 180, 4th list 
 this book. of verbs, at the top of the page. 
 
 8. See Gram. R. 55, Obs. 2. j 22. Utraque, < than each,' that is, than 
 
 9. Sunt understood. j either the cities or the tomb ofAjaxj see 
 
 10. Governed by in understood. j R. 61. 
 
 11. Ex Us tat eorum; Gram. R. 11, Obs. ■ 23. Agrees with sepulcrum. 
 2. 
 
 12. R. 17, i. 
 
 13. Est understood. 
 
 14. R. 45. 
 
 15. Urbs clarissirna bello. 
 
 16. R. 56, Obs. 2. 
 
 17. Fama } < by fame,' R. 49. The 
 
 24. Governed by finitimi by R. 12. 
 
 25. See amans in Gram, under R. 10. 
 
 26. Ablative by R. 62, mercede accepta, 
 literally, ' pay being received,' that is, ' for 
 the sake of getting money.' 
 
 27. Est understood. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 21 
 
 regum sedes olim. Unus eorum Mausolus fuit. Qui quum 
 vita 1 defunctus esset, Artemisia conjux, desiderio mariti fla- 
 grans, ossa 2 ejus cineresque contusa cum aqua miscuit ebibit- 
 que, splendidumque praeterea sepulcrum 3 exstruxit, quod inter 
 septem orbis terrarum miracula censetur. 
 
 50. Cilicia 4 sita est in intimo recessu maris, ubi Asia 
 proprie sic dicta cum Syria conjungitur. Sinus ille ab urbe 
 Isso Issici nomen habet. Fluvius ibi 5 Cydnus aqua 6 limpi- 
 dissima et frigidissima, in quo Alexander Macedo quum lava- 
 ret, 7 parum abfuit, 8 quin frigore 9 enecaretur. Antrum Cory- 
 cium in iisdem regionibus ob singularem naturam memorabile 
 est. Ingenti ilJud 10 hiatu n patet in monte arduo, alteque de- 
 missum 12 undique viret lucis 13 pendentibus. Ubi ad ima 14 
 perventum est, 15 rursus aliud antrum aperitur. Ibi sonitus 
 cymbalorum ingredientes terrere 16 dicitur. Totus hie spe- 
 cus 17 augustus est et vere sacer, et a Diis habitari existimatur. 
 
 51. E 18 Cilicia egressos Syria excipit, cujus pars et Phce- 
 nlce in littore maris interni posita. Hanc 19 regionem sollers 
 hominum genus colit. Phcenices 20 enim litterarum formas 
 a se inventas aliis populis tradiderunt; alias etiam artes, quse 
 ad navigationem et mercaturam spectant, studiose coluerunt. 
 Caeterum fertilis regio crebrisque fluminibus 21 rigata, quorum 
 ope 22 terras marisque opes facili 23 negotio 24 inter se permu- 
 tantur. Nobilissimae Phcenices urbes 25 Sidon, antequam a 
 
 1. Gram.R. 21. 
 
 2. The order is, miscuit ejus ossa que 
 cineres contusa cum aqua, que ebibit : for con- 
 tusa being in the neuter plural, see Gram. 
 R. 59, Obs.3. 
 
 3. See note 7th in section 47. 
 
 4. See map 13. 
 
 5. Est understood. 
 
 6. Quum lavarct, ' when he bathed.' 
 
 7. Ablative by R. 7. 
 
 8. Parum abfuit, ' wanted but little.' 
 
 9. R. 49. 
 
 10. Agrees with antrum understood. 
 
 11. R. 49. 
 
 12. Jllteque demissum, ' and extending 
 down to a great depth.' 
 
 13. Lucis from Ulcus, and in the ablative 
 by R. 49. 
 
 14. Ima agrees with loca understood. 
 
 15. See ventumest, Gram. p. 150. 
 
 16. Terrere ingredientes, * to frighten 
 those who enter in.' 
 
 17. Gram. p. 55, Exc. 2. 
 
 18. The order is, Syria excipit (eos) egres- 
 sos e Cilicid,; egressos, 1 persons going out' : 
 see map 13. 
 
 19. The order is, sollers genus hominum 
 colit hanc regionem. 
 
 20. The order is, enim Phamices tradide- 
 runt aliis populis formas literarum inventas 
 a se. 
 
 21. R. 49. 
 
 22. Opis in the singular means 'help,' 
 * aid ' ; opes in the plural, c wealth,' ' re- 
 sources.' 
 
 23. For the ablative facili, see Gram. p. 
 72, R. 1. 
 
 24. Ablative by R. 49. 
 
 25. Sunt unde; stood. 
 
22 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 Persis caperetur, maritimarum urbium l maxima, et Tyrus, 
 aggere cum terra 2 conjuncta. Purpura hujus urbis omnium 
 pretiosissima. Conficitur ille color ex succo 3 in conchis, quas 
 etiam purpuras vocantur, lateute. 
 
 52. Ex Syria descenclitur 4 in Arabiam, peninsulam inter 
 duo maria, Rubrum et Persicum, 5 porrectam. 6 Hujus ea 
 pars, quae ab ui be Petra Petraeae nomen accepit, plane est 
 sterilis ; banc excipit 7 ea, quae ob vastas solitudines deserta 
 vocatur. His partibus 8 adhaeret Arabia felix, regio angusta, 
 sed cinnami, thuris 9 aliorumque odorum, feracissima. 10 Mul- 
 tae ibi gentes sunt, quae fixas sedes non habeant, Nomades a 
 Grascis appellatae. Lacte 11 et came 12 ferina 13 vescuntur. 
 Multi etiam Arabum populi latrociniis vivunt. 14 Primus 15 e 
 Romanis iElius Gallus in hanc terrain cum exercitu penetravit. 
 
 53. Camtlos inter armenta pascit Oriens. Duo harum sunt 
 genera, Bactrianas et Arabiae. Illae 16 bina 17 habent in dorso 
 tubera, hae 16 singula; unum autem sub pectore, cui 18 incum- 
 bant. Dentium ordine superiore carent. 19 Sitim 20 quatriduo 21 
 tolerant; aquam antequam bibant, pedibus 22 turbant. Vivunt 
 quinquagenis 23 annis ; quaedam etiam centenis. 
 
 54. Ex Arabia pervenitur 24 in Babyloniam, 25 cui 26 Babylon 
 nomen 26 dedit, Chaldaicarum 27 gentium caput, 28 urbsetmag- 
 nitudine 29 et divitiis clara. Semiramis earn condiderat, vel, 
 ut multi crediderunt, Belus, cujus regia ostenditur. Murus 
 
 1. Genitive by R. 11. 
 
 2. Gram. R. 45, Obs. 1. 
 
 3. The order is, ex succo latente in con- 
 chis quce etiam vocantur purpura. 
 
 4. ' It is descended ' ; where the imper- 
 sonal verb is used, as is frequently the case, 
 to express a general fact. 
 
 5. Adjectives agreeing with mare under- 
 stood. 
 
 6. Peninsulam porrectam. 
 
 7. Excipit, ' follows, 5 ' is next to ' ; the 
 order is, ea (pars) qu& vocatur deserta ob 
 vastas solitudines, excipit hanc (partem). 
 See map 1, latitudes 20° and 30 J . 
 
 8. His partibus, ' to these parts,' that is, 
 'to Aiabia deserta'; see Gram. R. 17, 
 top of p. 180. 
 
 9. Gram, nouns in us, p. 46, Exc. 3. 
 
 10. See ferax in Gram. R. 14, 5th list of 
 adjectives. 
 
 11. R. 21. 
 
 12. Gram, bottom of p. 39. 
 
 13. Gram. R. 2, Obs. 2. 
 
 14. See vivo in the list of verbs under 
 R. 21. 
 
 15. Primus e Romanis, ' was the first of 
 the Romans, who ' ; e Romanis for Roma- 
 ncrum by R. II, Obs. 2. 
 
 i6. Gram. p. 85, Obs. 8. 
 
 i7. Bina, ' two each.' For the u«e of 
 the distributive numbers, see Vocabulary, 
 under bina. 
 
 18. R. 17. " Many verbs compounded," 
 &c. 
 
 19. R.20. 
 
 20. See sitis in Gram. p. 50, Exc. 1. 
 
 21. R. 56. 
 
 22. R. 49. 
 
 23. See note 17 above. 
 
 24. See note 4, above. 
 
 25. See maps 14 and 15. 
 
 26. Governed by dedit by R. 25. 
 
 27. Gram. p. 73, Obs. 6. 
 
 28. Caput agrees with Babylon by R. 1. 
 
 29. See Gram. R. 7, Obs. 3, by which 
 clara is in tho nominative agreeing with 
 urbs, rather than in the ablative, agreeing 
 with magnitudine. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 23 
 
 exstructus laterculo 1 coctlli, triginta et duos pedes 2 est latus, 
 ita ut quadrigae inter se occurrentes sine periculo commeare 
 dicantur ; altitude- ducentorum pedum 3 ; turres autem denis 
 pedibus 4 quam murus altiores sunt. Totius operis ambitus 
 sexaginta millia 5 passuum complectitur. Mediam 6 urbem 7 
 permeat Euphrates. Arcem habet viginti stadiorum 8 ambi- 
 tu 9 ; super 10 ea pensiles horti conspiciuntur, tantaeque sunt 
 moles iamque firmae, ut onera neniorum sine detrimento 
 ferant. 11 
 
 55. Amplissima 12 Asiae regio India primum patefacta est 
 armis 13 Alexandri Magni, regis Macedonia?, cujus exemplum 
 successores secuti 14 in interiora 15 Indiae penetraverunt. In 
 eo tractu, quern Alexander subegit, quinque millia oppidorum 
 fuisse, 16 gentesque novem, Indiamque tertiam partem 17 esse 
 terrarum omnium, ejus comites scripserunt. Ingentes ibi sunt 
 amnes, Indus et Indo 18 major Ganges. Indus in Paropa- 
 miso 19 ortus undeviginti amnes recipit, totidem Ganges 20 in- 
 terque eos plures navigabiie^. 21 
 
 56. Maxima in India gignuntur animalia. Canes ibi 
 grandiores eaeteris. 22 Arbores tantae proceritatis 23 esse tra- 
 duntur, ut 24 sagittis superjaci nequeant. Hoc 25 efficit ubertas 
 soli, temperies coeli, aquarum abundantia. Immanes quoque 
 
 1. See Gram. R. 49, Obs. 3 ; also p. 
 €5, Obs. 5, for the class of nouns to which 
 latcrculus belongs. 
 
 2. R.55. 
 
 3. R.55, Obs. 2. 
 
 4. Pedibus in ablative by R. 61, Obs. 5. 
 
 5. See R. 11 ; mille passuum, ' a mile.' 
 
 6. Gram. R. 2, Obs. 3. 
 
 7. R. 45. 
 
 S. Governed by arcem by R. 6, or it may 
 be referred to R. 55, Obs. 2. 
 
 9. In understood. 
 
 10. See R. 44 ; ea agrees with arte under- 
 stood. 
 
 11. Ferant agrees with Mi understood, 
 referring to horti. 
 
 12. The order is, India, amplissima regio 
 Asia. 
 
 13. R. 49. 
 
 14. Secuti, l following.' 
 
 15. Agrees with loca understood, by which 
 Indue is governed. 
 
 16. Fuisse, ' that there were ■ : the prin- 
 cipal verb is here placed at the end of the 
 
 sentence, which is in accordance with th« 
 genius of the Lai in language. According 
 to English idiom the order would be, ejus 
 comites scripserunt fuisse in eo tractu, quern 
 Alexander subegit, quinque miltia oppidorum 
 que novem, $c. 
 
 17. ' The third part,' for the ancients 
 knew nothing of America. 
 
 18. See R. 61. 
 
 19. See map 14. 
 
 20. Ganges nominative to recipit under- 
 stood, Ganges recipit totidem amnes. 
 
 21. Gram. p. 73, 7th class of adjectives ; 
 plures, ' very many.' 
 
 22. Cceteris agrees with canibus under- 
 stood, and is governed by grandiores by R. 
 61. 
 
 23. Genitive by R. 7. 
 
 24. Ut nequeant superjaci, l that they 
 cannot be shot over.' 
 
 25. The order is, ubertas soli, temperie* 
 cmli, abundantia aquarum efficit hoc : ubertas 
 and temperies are each nominatives to efficit 
 understood. 
 
24 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 serpentes alit, l qui elephantos morsu et ambitu 2 corporis con- 
 ficiunt. Solum 3 tam pingue et ferax, ut mella frondibus 4 de- 
 fluant, sylvae lanas ferant, arundinum internodia 5 fissa cymba- 
 rum usuin prasbeant, 6 binosque, 7 qusedam etiamternos homines 
 vehant. 
 
 57. Ineolarum habitus moresque diversi. 8 Lino 9 alii vesti- 
 untur et Janis arborum, alii ferarum aviumque pellibus, pars 
 nudi incedunt. 10 Quidam n animalia occidere eorumque carni- 
 bus 1Q vesci nefas 13 puiant ; alii piscibus tantum aluntur. Qui- 
 dam 14 parentes et propinquos, prius quam annis et macie confi- 
 ciantur, velut hostias caedunt eorumque visceribus 15 epulantur ; 
 ubi senectus eos morbusve invadit, mortem in solitudine aequo 
 animo 16 exspectant. Ii, qui sapientiam proiitentur, ab ortu 
 solis ad occasum stare solent, solem 17 immobilibus oculis intu- 
 entes j ferventibus arenis toto die 18 alternis pedibus 19 insistunt. 
 Mortem non exspectant, sed sponte 20 arcessunt, in rogos in- 
 censos se praecipitantes. 21 
 
 58. Maximos India elephantos 22 gignit, adeoque feroces, ut 
 Afri elephanti illos paveant nee contueri audeant. 23 Hoc 
 animal caetera omnia docilitate superat. Discunt arma jacere, 
 gladiatorum more 24 congredi, saltare et per funes incedere. 
 Plinius narrat, Romae 25 unum 26 segnioris ingenii 27 ssepius 
 castigatum esse 26 verberibus, quia tardius accipiebat, quae 2S 
 
 1. Agrees with India understood. 
 
 2. Ambitu corporis, ' by the folds of their 
 body " 
 
 3. Est understood. 
 
 4. See R. 45. 
 
 5. Internodia, ' the joints,' or rather, ' the 
 spaces between the joints.' 
 
 6. Prabcant usum, i answer the purpose.' 
 
 7. Binos homines, ' two men each.' 
 
 8. Supply sunt. 
 
 9. Lino governed by vestiuntur, by rules 
 27 and 28 •, so also lanis and pellibus. 
 
 10. Gram. R. 3, Obs. 4. 
 
 11. Gram. p. 85, Obs. 5. 
 
 12. R. 21. 
 
 13. Gram. R. 4, Obs. 4. 
 
 14. The order is, quidam ccedunt parentes, 
 $c. 
 
 J5. Gram, list of verbs after R. 21. 
 
 16. R. 49. 
 
 17. Governed by intucntes, by rules 18 
 and 31. 
 
 18. R. 56. 
 
 19. Alternis pedibus, ' on each foot, alter- 
 nately.' Many of the Heathen, at thi9 
 da\ , inflict every species of torture upon 
 themselves, that they may gain a reputa- 
 tion for superior sanctity, and secure the 
 favor of their idol gods. 
 
 20. See sponte in Gram. 3d class* of de- 
 fective noun*, top of p. 60. 
 
 21. Praecipitantes se, ' by throwing them- 
 selves ' ; the participle frequently in this 
 manner expresses the means by which any 
 thing is done. 
 
 22. Sec elephantus in Gram. p. 64. 
 
 23. See audeo in Gram, botlom of p. 148. 
 
 24. R. 49. 
 
 25. R. 50. 
 
 26. K. 4. 
 
 27. R. 7. 
 
 28. Ea understood ; ea qua, ' those thing* 
 which.' 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 25 
 
 tradebantur; eundem repertum esse noctu 1 eadem meditan- 
 tem. 2 E'ephanti gregatim 3 semper ingrediuntur. Ducit 
 agmen maximus 4 natu, cogit is, qui aetate ei 5 est proxirnus. 
 Amnem transituri 6 minimos praemittunt. Capiuntur foveis. 
 In has ubi elephas deciderit, caeteri ramos congerunt, aggeres 
 construunt, omnique vi conantur extrahere. Domantur fame 
 et verberibus. Domiti 7 militant et turres armatorum in hostes 
 ferunt, magnaque ex parte 8 Orientis bella conficiunt. Totas 
 acies prosternunt, 9 armatos proterunt. Ingens dentibus 10 
 pretium. In Graecia ebur ad 11 deorum simulacra tamquam 
 pretiosissima materia 12 adhibetur; in extremis 13 Africae pos- 
 tium vicem 14 in domiciliis praebet, sepes t ue 15 in peeorum 
 stabulis eiephantorum dentibus 16 fiunt. Inter omnia animalia 
 maxime oderunt 17 murem. Infestus 18 elephanto etiam rhino- 
 ceros, qui nomen habet a cornu, quod in naso gerit. In pugna 
 maxime adversarii alvum petit, 19 quam 20 scit esse molliorem. 21 
 Longitudine elephantum fere exaequat ; crura 2 ' 2 multo bre- 
 viora ; color buxeus. 
 
 59. Etiam psittacos India mittit. Haec avis humanas voces 
 optime reddit. Quum loqui discit, ferreo radio 23 verberatur, 
 aliter enim non sentit ictus. Capiti 24 ejus eadem est duritia, 
 quae rostro. Quum devolat, rostro se excipit, 25 eique 26 in- 
 nititur. 
 
 1. See noctu in Oram, foot of p. 59. in p. 56, and materia on p. 22, under nouns 
 
 2. Mff/it i nte/n, ' practising.' ol the 1st declension. 
 
 3. Gram. p. 159, " Derivation, &c. of Ad- 
 Terns." 
 
 4. Sec Gram. p. 80, line 14. 
 
 5. R. 12. 
 
 6. Transituri, l vvhen about to cross.' 
 
 7. Domiti, l when tamed.' 
 
 8. Magna ex parte, * in a very jrroat de- 
 gree,' meaning tliat the fate of battles is 
 
 J 3. Partibus understood. 
 
 14. See Gram. p. 60, 5th class of nouns: 
 prcebrt vicem, ' it supplies the place of.' 
 
 15. See sepes, Gram. p. 64. 
 
 16. Gram. R. 49, Olis. 3. 
 
 17. Gram. p. 149. 
 
 18. Gram. 3d class of adj. under R. 12. 
 
 19. See petere in Gram. p. 233, last defini- 
 
 chiefly 'loci led by the elephants, as is the tion but one under the word. 
 
 case in tla^East 
 
 9. Agrees with Mi understood, referring 
 to the .h-piiaiits. 
 
 10. Est understood. Sec Gram. p. 179, 
 under R. 17, '• Est taken," &c. 
 
 11. A I l lot.' 
 
 20. Ace. by R. 4. 
 
 21. Molliorem, l the tenderest,' that is, 
 molliorem alteri-- pHitibus. 
 
 2-2 Sunt, understood. 
 
 23. R. 49. 
 
 24. The order is, eadem duritia est ejus 
 
 12. Mi'rrin'y* a redundant noun, though capiti, qua (est ejus) rostro. Capiti in dat 
 not mentioned in the \\<i on p. 64 of the by R. 17 ; as above in note 10. 
 Gram. : but maleries may be found under res J 25. Excipit se, l it sustains itself.' 
 
 26. See Gram. R. 17, in, foot of p. 179. 
 
26 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 60. Testudines 1 tantae magnitudinis Indlcum mare emittit, 
 ut singularum 2 testis 3 casas 3 integant. Insiilas Rubri praecipue 
 maris his navigant 4 cymbis. Capiuntur obdormiscentes in 
 summa 5 aqua, id quod proditur 6 stertentium sonitu. Turn 
 terni 7 adnatant, a duobus in dorsum vertitur, a tertio laqueus 
 injicitur, atque ita a pluribus in littore stantibus trahitur. In 
 mari testudines conchyliis 8 vivunt; tanta enim oris est duritia, 
 ut lapides comminuant; in terram egressae, herbis. 9 Pariunt 
 ova, ovis 10 avium similia, ad centena 11 numero ; eaque 12 
 extra aquam defbssa terra cooperiunt. 
 
 61. Margaritas Indici oceani omnium 13 maxime 13 laudantur. 
 Inveniuntur in conchis, scopulis 14 adhserentibus. Maxima 
 laus est 15 in candore, magnitudine, laevore, pondere. Raid 
 duae inveniuntur, quae sibi 16 ex omni parte sint similes. Has 
 auribus 17 suspendere, 18 feminarum est gloria. Duos maximos 
 uniones Cleopatra, iEgypti regina, habuisse dicitur. Horum 19 
 unum, 20 ut Antonium magnificentia superaret in coena aceto 21 
 solvit, solutum 22 hausit. 
 
 62. iEgyptus, 23 inter Catabathmum 24 et Arabas posita, a 
 plurimis 25 ad Asiam refertur ; alii Asiam Arabico sinu termi- 
 nari existimant. Haec regio, quamquam expers est imbrium, 26 
 mire tamen est fertilis. Hoc 27 Niius efficit, omnium fluvio- 
 rum, 28 qui in mare internum effunduntur, maximus. 28 Hie 29 
 
 1. Order, Indicum mare emittit testudines 
 tantce magnitudinis. 
 
 2. Singularum, ' of one.' 
 
 3. R. 27. 
 
 4. Navigant, that is, homines navigant. 
 
 5. Gram. R. 2, Obs. 3. 
 
 6. Id quod proditur, ' a thing which is 
 discovered ' ; id refers to the state of sleeping 
 of these tortoises, and is here used ellipti- 
 calJy with est or something of the kind un- 
 derstood ; ' it is a state which is discovered.' 
 
 7. Terni agrees with homines understood. 
 
 8. Gov. by vivunt ; see Gram, list of verbs 
 under R. 21. 
 
 9. Vivunt understood. 
 
 10. Similia ovis avium, see R. 12. 
 
 11. Ad centena, the distributive number, 
 1 about a hundred at a time.' For this defi- 
 nition of ad, see Gram. p. 199, " Ad seems 
 sometimes to be taken adverbially." 
 
 12. Ea, that is, ea ova. 
 
 13. R. 41. 
 
 14. Scopulis governed by adluBrentibus, 
 by R. 17, in, and this word agrees with 
 conchis. 
 
 15. Maxima laiis est, ' their chief excel- 
 lence consists.' 
 
 16. R. 12. 
 
 17. Auribus governed by suspendere, by 
 R.25. 
 
 18. See Gram. R. 3, Obs. 2. 
 
 19. R. 11. 
 
 20. Unum governed by solvit. 
 
 21. Aceto governed by in understood ; 
 supply also et after solvit, to connect solvit 
 to hausit. 
 
 22. Agrees with eum understood, referring 
 to unionem. 
 
 23. £ee map 20. 
 
 24. Catabathmus may be found on map 18, 
 longitude 43°. 
 
 25. Auctoribus understood. 
 
 26. R. 14, see expers in the 3d class of 
 adjectives. 
 
 27. Hoc is governed by efficit, and refers to 
 the richness of the soil. 
 
 28. R. 11. 
 
 29. See the Vocabulary^ for a correct 
 account of the origin of the Nile. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 27 
 
 in desertis Africae oritur, turn ex ^Ethiopia descendit in iEgyp- 
 tum, ubi de altis rupibus praecipitatus usque ad 1 Elephantidem 
 urbem fervens adhuc decurrit. Turn demum fit placidior. 
 Juxta Cercasorum oppidum in plures amnes dividitur, et tan- 
 dem per septern ora effunditur in mare. 
 
 63. Nilus, nivibus 2 in ^Ethiopiae montibus solutis, 2 crescere 
 incipit Luna 3 nova post solstitium per quinquaginta fere dies; 
 totidem diebus 4 minuitur. Justum incrementum est cubito- 
 rum 5 sedecim. Si minores sunt aquae, non omnia rigant. 
 Maximum incrementum fuit cubitorum duodeviginti ; mini- 
 mum quinque. duum stetere aquae, aggeres 6 aperiuntur, et 
 arte aqua in agros 7 immittitur. Quum omnis recesserit, agri 
 irrigati et limo obducti seruntur. 
 
 64. Nilus crocodilum alit, belluam quadrupedem, in terra 
 non minus quam in flumine hominibus infestam. Unum hoc 
 animal terrestre linguae usu 8 caret; dentium 9 plures habet 
 ordines ; maxilla inferior est imrnobilis. Magnitudine 10 ex- 
 cedit plerumque duodeviginti cubita. 11 Parit ova anserinis 12 
 non majora. Unguibus etiam armatus est, et cute contra 
 omnes ictus invicta. Dies in terra agit, noctes 13 in aqua. 
 Quum satur est et in littore somnum capit, ore 14 hiante, tro- 
 chilus, parva avis, dentes ei 15 faucesque purgat. Sed hiantem 
 conspicatus ichneumon, per 16 easdem fauces, ut telum aliquod 
 immissus, erodit alvum. Hebetes oculos dicitur habere in 
 aqua, extra aquam acerrimos. Tentyritae, in insula Nili habi- 
 
 1. Gram, foot of p. 199. 
 
 2. R. 62. 
 
 3. R. 56. 
 
 4. R. 56. 
 
 5. R. 55, Obs. 2. 
 
 6. Egypt is intercepted by canals, in 
 order to extend the waters of the river 
 through every part of the country. These 
 are kept shut by sluices or ' dams' (aggeres) 
 until the Nile has attained its proper height 
 (stet&re aqvce). Thus by these artificial 
 constructions (arte) the country is irrigated. 
 
 7. R. 45, Obs. 1. 
 
 8. R. 20. 
 
 9. Gram. p. 52, Exc. 2. 
 
 10. R. 49. 
 
 11. R. 55. See also Gram. p. 64, " Re- 
 dundant Nouns." 
 
 12. Agrees with ovis understood, which 
 would be in the ablative by R. 61. 
 
 13. Governed by agit understood. 
 
 14. Ore in the ablative by R. 62. 
 
 15. As has been before remarked the use 
 of the dative is not well explained in 
 Adam's Grammar. Ei would generally be 
 placed as the dative for the genitive by 
 R. 6. Obs. 4. But it expresses much more 
 than ejus would. The dative (Scheller, 
 Lat. Gram. vol. II. p. 1.) is generally used 
 in answer to the question, to or for whom 
 or what ? whereto ? to whose advantage ? 
 to what end? as, Non omnibus dormio, ' I do 
 not sleep for all,' that is, ' to please all.' 
 Here dentes ei purgat may be rendered ' he 
 picks his teeth for him.' Obs. 1, under R, 
 12, in Adam, applies in this case. 
 
 16. The order is, immissus per easdem 
 fauces, ut aliquod telum. 
 
28 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 tantes, dirae x huic belluae 1 obviam ire audent, eamqiie incre- 
 dibili audacia expugnant. 
 
 65. Aliam etiam belluam Nilus alit, hippopotamum ; un- 
 gulis2 binis, dorso 2 equi et juba et hinnitu ; rostro B resimo, 
 cauda 2 et dentibus aprorum. Cutis impenetrabilis, 3 praeter- 
 quam si humore madeat. Primus 4 hippopotamum et quinque 
 crocodilos M. Scaurus aedilitatis suae ludis 5 Romse 6 osleudit. 
 
 6b'. Multa in iEgypto mira sunt et artis et naturae opera. 
 Inter ea, 7 quae manibus hominum facta sunt, eminent py- 
 ramides, quarum maximae sunt et celeberrimae in monte sterili 
 inter Memphin oppidum et earn partem iEgypti, quae Delta 
 vocatur. Amplissimam 8 earum trecenta sexaginta sex homi- 
 num millia annis 9 viginti exstruxisse traduntur. Haec octo 
 jugera soli 10 occupat; unumquodque latus octingentos octo- 
 ginta tres pedes n longum est ; altitudo a cacumine, pedum 12 
 quindecim millium. Intus in ea est puteus octoginta sex 
 cubitorum. Ante has pyramides Sphinx est posita mirae mag- 
 nitudinis. 13 Capitis 14 ambitus centum duos pedes habet ; 
 longitudo est pedum 15 centum quadraginta trium ; altiiudo a 
 ventre usque ad summum capitis apicem sexaginta duorum. 15 
 
 67. Inter miracula iEgypti commemoratur etiam Mceris 
 lacus, 16 quingenta millia pnssuum in circuitu patens ; Laby- 
 rinthus, 17 ter mille domos 18 et regias duodecim uno pariete 
 amplexus, totus marmore 19 exstructus tectusque ; turris 
 denique in insula Pharo, a Ptolemaeo, Lagi filio, condita. 
 Usus ejus 20 navibus noctu 21 ignes oscendere ad proenun- 
 tianda 22 vada portusque introitum. 23 
 
 1. BellucB governed by obvidm, by R. 41 : 
 for the " primitive," see obvius in Gram, 
 under the 7th class of adjectives, R. 12. 
 
 2. The ablative of quality ; see R. 7, 
 which might be better expressed thus, 
 When one substantive is used to describe tlv 
 quality, property, form, fyc. of another sub- 
 stantive, it is put in the ablative, either with 
 or without an accompanying adjective. 
 
 3. Est understood. 
 
 4. Pi'imus ostendit, ' was the first who 
 exhibited.' 
 
 5. R. 58. 
 6". R. 50. 
 
 7. Opera understood. 
 
 8. The order is, trecenta sexaginta scz 
 millia hominum trad, ex. amp. earum. 
 
 9. R 56. 
 
 10. Soli a noun in the gen. 
 
 11. R. 55 
 
 12 See Gram. R. 55, Obs. 2. 
 
 13. See note 2, above. 
 
 14. The order is, ambitis capitis habet, 4'C- 
 
 15. See note 12, above. 
 
 16. Gram. p. 55, Exc. 2. 
 
 17. Commemoratur understood. 
 
 18. Domos, ' chambers' or ' apartments.* 
 
 19. Gram. R. 49, Obs. 3. 
 
 20. Erat understood. 
 
 21. Gram. p. 59, 2d class of defective 
 nouns. 
 
 22. R. 36. 
 
 23. Prwnuntiandum understood. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 29 
 
 GS. In palustribus JEgypti regionibus papyrum nascitur. 
 Radicibus l incolae pro ligno utuntur ; ex ipso autem papyro 
 navigia texunt, e libro vela, tegetes, vestem, 2 ac fanes. Succi 
 causa etiam mandunt 3 modo crudurn, modo decoctum. Prae- 
 parantur ex eo etiam charts. Chartae ex papyro usus post 
 Alexandri demum victorias repertus est. Primo enim scrip- 
 turn 4 in palmarum foliis, deinde in libris quarundam arborum ; 
 postea publica monimenta plumbeis tabulis 5 confici, aut mar- 
 rnoribus mandari ccepta sunt. Tandem remulatio regum 
 Ptolemsei et Eumenis in bibliothecis condendis 6 occasionem 
 dedit membranas Pergami inveniendi. Ab eo inde tempore 7 
 libri 8 modo in charta ex papyro facta, modo in membranis 
 scripti sunt. 
 
 69. Mores incolarum iEgypti ab aliorum populorum moribus 
 vehementer discrepant. Mortuos nee cremant, nee sepeliunt; 
 verum 9 arte medicates intra penetralia collocant. Negotia 
 extra domos feminse, viri domos et res domesticas curant ; 
 onera illae 10 humeris, hi capitibus gerunt. Colunt effigies 
 multorum animalium et ipsa animalia. Haec interfecisse n 
 capitale n est ; morbo exstincta lugent 12 et sepeliunt. 
 
 70. Apis omnium ^Egypti populorum numen est; bos 13 
 niger cum Candida in dextro latere macula ; nodus 14 sub 
 lingua, quern cantharum appellant. Non fas est eum 15 certos 
 vitae annos excedere. Ad hunc vita3 terminum quum pervene- 
 rit, mersum 16 in fonte enecant Necatum 17 lugent, aliumque 
 qussrunt, quem 18 ei substituant ; nee tamen 19 unquam diu 
 
 1. R. 21. 
 
 2. Vestem, l clothing.' 
 
 3. See maudo in Gram. p. 152,' near the 
 foot. 
 
 4. Scriptum (est understood) is an imper- 
 sonal verb. 
 
 5. II. 49, Obs. 3. 
 
 6. R. 36. 
 
 7. Jib eo inde tempore, l thenceforth,' ' from 
 that time.' 
 
 8. Libri scripti sunt. 
 
 9. Order, verum collocant (eos) medicatos 
 arte inter penetralia. 
 
 10. Illce, ■ the former ' : order, ill® ge- 
 runt onera humeris, (R. 49,) hi (gerunt 
 onera understood) capitibus. 
 
 11. See Gram. R. 2, Obs. 1, and R. 3, 
 Obs. 2. 
 
 3* 
 
 12. Lugent governs ea animalia under- 
 stood, by R. 18 ; see also Gram. p. 153, 2d 
 class of" Redundant Verbs." 
 
 13. See bos in Gram. p. 52. 
 
 14. Nodus nominative to est understood : 
 it might have been nodo in the ablative, 
 governed by cum, like maculct. 
 
 15. See R. 4. 
 
 16. The order is, enecant (eum) mersum 
 in fonte ; literally, ' they kill it immersed 
 in water $' better, ' by immersing it.' 
 
 17. Eum bovem understood. 
 
 18. R. 25. 
 
 19. Tamen, l notwithstanding,' that is, 
 notwithstanding the particular marks ne- 
 cessary for the bull to have. 
 
30 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 quaeritur. Delubra ei 1 sunt gemina, quae thalamos vocant, 
 ubi populus auguria captat. Alteram 2 intrasse laetum est; 
 in altero dira portendit. Pro bono etiam habetur 3 signo, si e 
 manibus consulentium 4 cibum capit. In publicum proceden- 
 tem 5 grex puerorum comitatur, carmenque 6 in ejus honorem 
 canunt, idque 7 videtur intelligere. 
 
 71. Ultra 8 iEgyptum JEthiopes habitant. Horum populi 
 quidam Macrobii vocantur, quia paulo quam ncs 9 diutiiis 
 vivunt. Plus auri 10 apud eos reperitur, quam aeris ; hanc ob 
 causam aes il lis videtur pretiosius. JEre n se exornant, vin- 
 cula auro 12 fabricant. Lacus 13 est apud eos, cujus aqua tarn 
 est liquida atque levis, ut nihil eorum, quae immittuntur, sus- 
 tinere queat ; 14 quare arborum quoque folia non innatant 
 aquae/ 5 sed pessum aguntur. 
 
 72. Africa ab oriente terrriinatur Nilo; a caeteris partibus 
 mari. Regiones ad mare positae eximie sunt fertiles ; inte- 
 riores incultae et arenis steriiibus tectae, et ob nimium calorem 
 desertae. Prima pars ab occidente est Mauritania. 16 Ibi mons 
 praealtus Abyla, 16 Calpae 17 monti in Hispania oppositus. Hi 
 montes columnae Herculis appellantur. Fama est, ante 
 Herculem 18 mare internum terris 19 inclusum fuisse, nee 
 exitum habuisse in Oceanum ; Herculem autern junctos 
 montes diremisse et mare junxisse cum Oceano. Caeterum 
 regio ilia est ignobilis et parvis tantiim oppidis habitatur. 
 Solum 20 melius quam incolae. 21 
 
 1. Gram. R. 17, IT. 
 
 2. The order is, intrasse alterum est 
 latum ; (fuisse) in altero portendit dira : see 
 Gram. R. 3, Obs. 2, and ft. 2, Ol>s. 1, 'to 
 have entered the one is esteemed fortu- 
 nate.' 
 
 3. Habetur is used impersonally. 
 
 4. Consulentium agrees with hominum 
 understood. 
 
 5. Procedcnlem agrees with bovem, which 
 would be governed by comiiatur. 
 
 6. Q«c connects comitatur and canunt. 
 
 7. Order, que (bos) videtur intelligere id. 
 
 8. Ultra, ' beyond,' that is, nearer the 
 source of the Nile. 
 
 9. Vivimui understood, instead of nobis 
 without quam : see Gram. R. CI, Ob3.2. 
 
 10. Gram. R. 8, Obs. 2. 
 
 11. Gram. R. 27. 
 
 12. Gram. R. 49, Obs. 3. 
 
 13. Gram. p. 55, Kxc. 2. 
 
 14. See queo, Gram. p. 145 : the order is f 
 tit queat sustinere nihil eorum, qtice immittun- 
 tur. 
 
 15. Aquae governed by innatant by R. 17, 
 in. " Ywrbs compounded with in," &.c. 
 
 16. See map 19. 
 
 17. Set^ page 1, note 8. 
 
 18. Ante Herculem, c before the time of 
 Hercules.' 
 
 19. R. 49. 
 
 20. Est understood. 
 
 21. Gram. R. 61, Obs. 2. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 31 
 
 73. Numidia x magis culta et opulentior. Ibi satis longo 
 a littore intervallo 2 saxa cernuntur attrita fluctibus, spinae 
 piscium, ostreor unique 3 fragmenta, ancorae etiam cautibus 
 infixae, et alia ejasmodi 4 signa maris olim usque ad 5 ea loea 
 effusi. Finitima regio, a promontorio Metagonio ad aras 
 Philaenorum, proprie vocatur Africa. 6 Urbes in ea celeber- 
 rimae Utica et Carthago, ambae a Pho3nicibus conditae. Car- 
 thaginem divitiae, 7 mercatura imprimis comparatae, turn bella 
 cum Romanis gesta, excidium denique illustravit. 
 
 74. De aris Philaenorum haec narrantur. Pertinacissima 
 fuerat contentio inter Carthagiuem et Cyrenas 8 de finibus. 
 Tandem placuit, utrinque eodem tempore juvenes 9 mitti, et 
 locum, 9 quo convenissent, pro finibus liaberi. Carthaginien- 
 sium legati, Philaeni fratres, paulo ante tempus constitutum 
 egressi esse dicuntur. Quod quum Cyrenensium legati in- 
 tellexissent, magnaque exorta esset contentio, tandem Cyre- 
 nenses dixerunt, se turn dernum hunc locum pro finibus 
 habituros esse, si Philaeni se 9 ibi vivos obrui passi essent. 
 Illi conditionem acceperunt. Carthaginienses )0 autem ani- 
 mosis juvenibus in ill is ipsis locis, ubi vivi sepulti sunt, aras 
 consecraverunt, eorumque virtutem aeternis honoribus prose- 
 cuti sunt. 
 
 75. Inde ad Catabathmum n Cyrenaica porrigitur, ubi 
 Ammonis oraculum et fons quidam, quern Solis 12 esse dicunt. 
 Hie fons media nocte 13 fervet, 14 turn paulatim tepescit ; 15 
 sole 13 oriente fit frigidus ; per meridiem maxime riget. Cata- 
 
 1. See map 19. 
 
 2. Satis Iuikto intervallo; Gram. R. 55, 
 Obs. 3. 
 
 3. See oslreum in the list of nouns, 
 Gram. p. 64. 
 
 4. Ejasmodi, ' of* that kind.' 
 
 5. Usque ad. See Gram, bottom of p. 
 199. 
 
 6. Jifrica propria, or ' Africa properly so 
 called, 5 corresponds to the present state of 
 Tunis. See map 19, longitude 28°. For 
 the ' Altars of the Philaeni,' see map 18, 
 longitude 35°. 
 
 7. See Gram. p. 62, 7th class of irregular 
 nouns. The order is, divititB comparator 
 imprimis mercatur&y turn bella gesta cum 
 
 Romanis, denique excidium illustravit Car- 
 thaginem , for illustraverunt, see Gram. 11, 
 59, Obs. 4. 
 
 8. See Cyrerue on map 18, longitude 40°. 
 
 9. Accusative by R. 4. 
 
 10. Order, Cartkugenienses consecrate- 
 runt aras animosis juvenibus. 
 
 11. See map 18, longitude 45°. It was 
 called Catabutfanus mugnus. 
 
 12. Fo idem understood : ' which they call 
 the Sun's.' 
 
 13. R. 56. 
 
 14. Gram. p. 152. See ferveo in the 2d 
 class of" Reiundan-t Verbs." 
 
 15. Gram. p. 154, " Inceptive Verbs.** 
 
32 
 
 THE GEOGRAPHY AND 
 
 bathmus vallis est devexa versus ^Egyptum. Ibi fiinltur Africa 4 . 
 Proximi his 2 populi urbes non habent, sed in tuguriis vivunt, 
 quae mapaiia vocantur. Vulgus 2 pecudum vestitur pellibus. 3 
 Potus est lac succusque baccarum ; cibus caro. Interiores 
 etiam incultius vivunt. Sequuntur greges sues, utque hi 
 pabulo ducuntur, ita 4 illi tuguria sua promovent. Leges 
 nullas habent, nee in commune 5 consultant. Inter hos Tro- 
 glodytse in specubus habitant, serpentibusque 6 aluntur. 
 
 76. Ferarum 7 Africa feracissima. Pardos, pantheras, 
 leones gignit, quod belluarum genus Europa ignorat. Leoni 8 
 prascipua generositas. Prostratis 9 parcere dicitur ; in infantes 
 nonnisi summa fame ssevit. Animi 10 ejus index cauda, quam, 
 dum placidus est, immotam servat ; dum irascitur, terram et 
 se ipsum ea flagellat. Vis summa in pectore. Si fugere 
 cogitur, contemtim cedit, quam diu spectari potest ; in silvis 
 acerrimo cursu n fertur. 1 * 2 Vulneratus percussorem novit, et 
 in quantalibet multitudine appetit. Hoc 13 tarn saevum animal 
 gallinacei cantus terret. Domatur etiam ab hominibus. 
 Hanno PGenus primus leonem mansuefactum ostendisse dicitur. 
 Marcus autem Antonius, triumvir, primus, post pugnam in 
 campis Philippicis, Romas 14 leones ad currum junxit. 
 
 77. Struthiocameli Africi altitudinem equitis equo insidentis 
 exsequant, celeritatem 15 vincunt. Pennae ad hoc demum 
 videntur dates, ut currentes adjiivent ; nam a terra tolli non 
 possunt. Ungulae cervinis 16 sunt similes. His in fuga com- 
 prehendunt lapides, eosque contra sequentes jaculantur. Om- 
 nia concoquunt. Caaterum magna iis 17 stoliditas, ita ut, 
 quum caput et collum frutice occultaverint, se latere existi- 
 ment. Pennse eorum quasruntur ad ornatum. 
 
 1. His, that is, his locis. 
 
 2. Gram. p. 34, Exc. 4. 
 
 3. Ablative by Rules 27 and 28. 
 
 4. As their flocks wander in quest of 
 food, so these pastoral tribes change their 
 habitations. 
 
 5. In commune, ' for the common in- 
 terest.' 
 
 6. R. 49. 
 
 7. See feraz in Gram. 5th class of ad- 
 jectives under R. 14. 
 
 8. Gram. R. 17, IT. 
 
 9. That is, iis, qui sese prosternunt. R. 
 17, IT. 
 
 10. Cauda (est) index ejus animi. 
 
 11. R. 49. 
 
 12. Fertur, 'he is carried,' that is, 'he 
 goes.' 
 
 13. Order, cantus gallinacei terret hoc, &c. 
 
 14. R. 50. 
 
 15. That is, vincunt rcleritatem equitis 
 in.* i dent is etjuo. 
 
 16. Cervinis, that i- - , rervinis uncrulis. 
 See R. 12. 
 
 17. R. 17, IT. 
 
THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 33 
 
 73. Africa serpentes generat vicenorum cubitorum ; nee l 
 minores India. Certe Megasthenes scribit, serpentes ibi in 
 tantam magnitudinem adolescere, ut solidos 2 hauriant cervos 
 taurosque. In prime- Punico bello ad flumen Bagradam ser- 
 pens centum viginti pedum a Regulo, imperatore Romano, 
 baUistis et tormentis expugnata esse fertur. Pellis ejus et 
 maxillae diu Romae in templo quodam asservatae sunt. In 
 India, serpentes perpetuum bellum cum elephantis gerunt. 
 Ex arboribus se in praetereuntes praecipitant gressusque ligant 
 nodis. Hos nodos elephanti manu 3 resolvunt. At dracones 
 in ipsas elephantorum 4 nares caput condunt spiritumque prae- 
 cludunt ; plerumque in ilia dimicatione utrique commoriuntur, 
 dum victus elephas 4 corruens serpentem pondere 5 suo elidit. 
 
 1. That is, nee India generat minores 
 (serpentes). 
 
 2. Solidos, 6 whole.' 
 
 3. Manu, ( with their trunk.' 
 
 4. See Gram. p. 64, " Redundant Nouns*'* 
 
 5. R. 49. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Adj. adjective ;— pron. pronoun ;— part, participle ;— adv. adverb ;— prep, preposition ; 
 tconj. conjunction ;— m. f. n. and com. masculine, feminine, neuter, and common gen- 
 ders ;— a. n. dep. and pass, active, neuter, deponent, and passive verbs ; — comp. and super, 
 comparative and superlative degrees ;— plur. plural ;— syn. synonyms, or words of nearly 
 similar significations. The declension of nouns are distinguished by the genitive case, 
 and the conjugation of verbs by the infinitive mode. 
 
 A, ab, abs, prep. (From the Greek ap for apo, 'from. 7 ) A is always 
 used before words beginning with a consonant ; ab, and abs, before vowels. 
 Its primary meaning is, ' from,' with the idea of beginning, as, a/rente be- 
 ginning 'from the front;' ab hoc tempore, ' from this time.' After passive 
 verbs it may be translated, ' by,' as, peti ab aliquo, ' to be attacked by 
 any one ;' also, ' on the side of,' as stare ab aliquo, ' to stand on the side 
 of any one.' See Adams' Gram. p. 200. In composition, a and ab sig- 
 nifies ' privation,' or ' separation ;' as, duco, e to lead,' abduco, ' to lead 
 away;' moveo, 'to move,' amoveo, 'to remove;' scindo, ' to cut,' a&- 
 scindo, 'to cut off.' 
 
 Abdera, ce. f. a town of Thrace, on the shores of the JEgsean sea, at 
 the east of the river Nestus. It was an opulent city, celebrated for hav- 
 ing given birth to the philosophers Democritus and Protagoras. 
 
 Abdo, ere, zdi, itum, a. (dare, ' to give ;' also, 'to put,' or 'place,' 
 and ab, 'from,') 'to put away from view,' 'to hide,' 'to conceal.' 
 
 Absorbed, ere,ui, and absorpsi, absorptum, a. (ab, ' from,' or ' down,' 
 (conveying the idea of ' separation from' every thing else,) and sorbeo y 
 'to sip,' 'to suck') 'to swallow down,' ' to drink up from the very bot- 
 tom,' ' to absorb,' ' to devour ravenously.' It is properly said of liquids. 
 
 Absum, abesse, abfui, irreg. n. (ab, ' from ;' and sum, esse, ' to be,') ■ to 
 be absent from,' ' to be distant,' 'to be free from.' It is often used im- 
 personally ; as, parum abest, ' it wants but little ;' procul absit, ' may it 
 be far from,'.' may it never happen.' 
 
 Abundantia, ce, f. (from abundo, ' to overflow,' <to abound,' which is 
 properly said of (undo) ' water' rising (a&) • out of,' its proper bounds,) 
 1 abundance,' ' exuberance.' 
 
 4 
 
38 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Abundo, are, avi,dtum, n. (see abundantia,) ' to overflow,' l to be over- 
 stocked,' 'to abound.' Syn. redundo, which means more than abundo,, 
 ( to superabound,' ' to give too much of a thing.' If a fountain gave 
 plenty of water, we should say abundat, if too much, redundat, 
 
 Abyla, ce, f. ' Abyla,' a high hill in Africa on the coast of Mauritania, 
 opposite to mount Calpe, in Spain. These eminences were called * the 
 Pillars of Hercules,' it being said that the two continents were anciently 
 united, but that Hercules opened a passage between the Mediterranean 
 and the Atlantic, and set up his pillars as the bounds of western naviga- 
 tion. This passage is now called the Straits of Gibraltar. 
 
 Ac, conj. ' and,' ' as.' It is often elegantly placed at the commence- 
 ment of a sentence. After ceque, aliter, contra, pariter, &c. it has the 
 signification of * as,' or ' than.' 
 
 Accessus, us, m. (ad, Ho,' and cedo, 'to approach,' ' to go,') 'an ap- 
 proaching,' or ' drawing near to,' 'approach,' * access,' ' admittance.' 
 
 Accipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (ad, ' to,' and capio, ' to take,') 'to take to 
 one's self,' ' to receive,' ' to accept ;' hence, ' to receive what is. said,' that 
 is, * to hear,' ' to understand,' ' to learn :' accipere verba, ' to hear.' Syn. 
 Capere, Sumere, Rapere. Capere, 'to take,' 'to get hold of,' implies the 
 idea of power to take any thing, which may be exerted without the right; 
 also, 'to hold,' 'to contain,' as, orbis te non caperet, 'the world would 
 not contain you.' Sumere, ' to take,' 'to receive,' implies 'permission; 5 
 hence, ' a right,' and generally denotes ' to take for the purpose of 
 using.' Rapere, ' to take forcibly,' 'to seize.' 
 
 Acer and acris, acris, acre, adj. comp. acrior, super, acerrimus, (from 
 the Greek ake, ' a point,') ' sharp,' in reference to a point ; hence, ' sharp,' 
 'sour,' 'pungent,' in reference to liquors; hence, metaphorically, in re- 
 ference to the characteristics of men and animals, ' sharp,' ' vehement,' 
 'eager,' 'courageous,' 'bold;' also, 'cruel,' 'savage.' Acer equus, 
 ' a spirited horse.' 
 
 Acetum, i, n. (aceo, ' to be sharp,') ' vinegar ;' also, metaphorically, , 
 'sharpness,' 'shrewdness,' 'wit.' 
 
 Achazcus, a, um, adj. (from the Greek achaikos,) 'Grecian.' This 
 word originally signified 'pertaining to Achaia,' being applied only to 
 that district, in the northern part of Peloponnesus, but afterwards it was 
 applied to all Greece. 
 
 Achelous, i, m. a river in Greece, which, rising in mount Pindus and 
 flowing south, divides Acarnania from jEtoiia, and discharges itself into 
 the Ionian sea, near the town of (Eniadae. 
 
 Acherusia, ce. f. a lake in Campania, (Italy,) between Misenum and ; 
 Cumae. Modern name, Lago di Fusaro. 
 
VOCABULARY. 39 
 
 Acies, li, f. (from the Greek ake, ' a point,') ' sharpness," • me sharp 
 
 * point' or ' edge' of any thing ;' hence, ' the front of an army,' which is 
 like the 'edge' of an instrument; but it is also used for the whole 'army,' 
 or for any Mine'* of the army; hence, we have prima acies, ' the first 
 line.' Syn. Exercitus, Agmen. Exercitus (exerceo, ' to exercise,') strictly 
 means * a band of soldiers trained by exercise.' It is the generic, or 
 most comprehensive term, and answers to our word 'army,' equally ap- 
 plicable whether it be in rest or in motion, whether drawn up in order 
 of battle or scattered. Acies is applied to an * army in martial array :' 
 Agmen, (agere, ' to drive,') ' an army in motion.' 
 
 Acroceraunia, drum, n. plur. a lofty chain of mountains on the 
 coast of Epirus. So called (from the Greek akron, 'atop,' or 'sum- 
 mit,' and keraunos, 'thunder,' 'lightning,') from their abrupt summits 
 being often struck with lightning. They were remarkable for attracting 
 storms, and were much dreaded by mariners on this account. 
 
 Acrocorinlhos and us, t, f. (from the Greek akron, l a summit,' 
 and korinthos, 'Corinth.') a lofty hill that overlooked the city of 
 Corinth. 
 
 Acropolis , is, f. (from the Greek akron and polis, ' a city,') the 
 citadel of Athens, which was situated on an elevated rock, abruptly ter- 
 minating in precipices on every side except the western, from whence 
 alone it was accessible. 
 
 Ad, prep. Its general signification is ' to,' and to this most of its other 
 definitions may be referred: ad hoc, 'to this,' that is, 'in addition to 
 this;' ad me, 'to me,' that is, 'before me,' 'in my presence.' See 
 Gram. p. 198. In composition it retains its primary signification of ap- 
 proach, or has that of ' accession,' as, curro, ' to run ;' accurro, ' to run 
 to ffigo, ' to fix ;' affigo, ' to fix in addition,' ' to affix ;' loquor, to speak,' 
 alloquor, 'to speak to,' 'to address.' 
 
 Adeb, adv. (ad and eb, 'thither,') 'so,' ' so far,' 'to such a degree,' ' in- 
 somuch that,' 
 
 Adhoereo, hcerere, hozsi, hcesum, n. {hcereo, ' to stick,' and ad, ' to,') 
 <to stick to,' 'to adhere to,' 'to be close to.' 
 
 Adhzbeo, ere, ui, Hum, a. {habere, ■ to have,' and ad,) literally, ' to 
 have near,' for the purpose of using ; hence, 'to use,' 'to employ,'' to 
 adopt,' 'to admit.' 
 
 Adhuc, adv. (ad and hue, 'hither,') 'up to this point,' ' as yet,' 
 
 * hitherto.' Ad is here joined to an adverb, as in English we say, ' hither- 
 to,' 'hereto.' 
 
 Aditus, us, m. {ire, 'to go,' and ad, '•to,') 'a going to,' 'approach,' 
 *. access,' ' entry.' 
 
40 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Adjaceo, ere, m, n. (jacere and ad,) ' to be near to,' < to be contiguous 
 to,' ' to border upon.' 
 
 Adjuvo, uvdre, uvi, utum, a. (juvare, i to help,' and ad,) ' to give help 
 to,' Ho succour,' 4 aid,' ' assist.' 
 
 Admodum, adv. {ad, < to,' and modus, ' a bound,' ' a measure,') 
 literally, 'to a just and proper measure,' that is, 'just,' 'exactly,' 
 'entirely,' 'altogether,' fc very,' 'greatly.' 
 
 Adnaio, are, dvi, dtum, n. {ad and nato, ' to swim,') * to swim to,' or 
 'towards.' 
 
 Adolesco, olescere, olevi, and olui, ultum, n. incep. (ad and olesco from 
 oleo, ' to grow up,') ' to grow up,' 'to increase.' 
 
 Adria, a, m. ' The Adriatic,' or ' Hadriatic Sea ;' the sea between 
 Italy and Greece. 
 
 Adriatzcus, a, urn, adj. ' of,' or ' belonging to the Adriatic ;' mare Ad- 
 riaftcum, 'the Adriatic Sea,' now the Gulf of Venice. 
 
 Adscendo, or ascendo, dere, endi, ensum, a. (ad 9 ' to,' and scando, 'to 
 climb,') ' to climb up to,' ' to ascend,' 'to rise.' 
 
 Adspicio, or aspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. (ad and specio) 'to look at,' 
 ' to behold,' ' to regard.' Syn. Vidlre, Spectdre, Intueri, Animadvertere, 
 Cernere. Vidlre, is simply ' to see :' Aspicere, ' to behold,' or 'look at,' 
 whether by accident or intentionally ; Intueri, ' to look at carefully,' ' to 
 gaze upon ;' Spectdre, ' to view,' or 'look at steadily or often,' ' to ob- 
 serve carefully ;' Animadvertere, (animum, 'the mind,' ad, ' to,' vertere, 
 'to turn,') ' to turn the mind to anything,' 'to notice,' ' to perceive,' in 
 opposition to' overlooking,' or 'not noticing;' Cernere, (from the Greek, 
 krinOj ' to sift,' 'to separate ;' and hence, 'to judge,') ' to see clearly,' 
 so as to be able to discriminate or judge. 
 
 Advena, ce, com. (^venire, 'to journey,' ad, 'to,' one who travels from 
 his own to another country,) ' a stranger,' ' a foreigner.' Syn. Pere- 
 grinus, Hospes, Exterus. All these words include the idea of 'stranger;' 
 Advena, ' a stranger' who means to become a resident, ' a resident alien,' 
 Hospes, 'a stranger' who is entertained in another person's house, 'a 
 guest ;' Peregrinus, (peragrdre, 'to travel over,') ' a stranger' who travels 
 into a foreign country, ' a sojourner ;' exterus, ' a stranger' or,' foreigner,' 
 without any reference to change of place. Facciolati also makes this 
 distinction; peregrinus is said 'in respect to the place from which one 
 comes ;' advena, ' the place to which one gees ;' hospes, ' the place where 
 one remains.' 
 
 Adversarius, ii, m. (ad, and versdre, ' to turn to,' or ' against,') ' an 
 adversary,' ' an antagonist.' S^n. Hosiis, Inimicus, Hostis, ' a public 
 enemy,' anciently signified 'a foreigner ;' inimicus, (that is, non amicus* 
 
VOCABULARY. 41 
 
 ♦net friendly,') 'a private enemy.' A felon may be hostis, that is, 'an 
 * enemy to our country,' without being inimtcus, that is, ' a personal ene- 
 my,' 'inimical' to us as an individual. Adversarius, 'an adversary,' 
 'opponent,' ' competitor,' is applied to one who is engaged in controversy 
 or a law suit with us, and has interests opposite to ours, without any 
 fixed enmity. 
 
 JEdiUtas, atis, f. (cedes, 'a house,' 'a temple,') 'the office of Edile,' 
 whose business it was to superintend the repairs of the temples and other 
 public buildings ; to regulate the markets, games, weights, and measures ; 
 to see that the streets and aqueducts were kept clean; to provide for 
 solemn funerals, plays, &c. 
 
 JEgceus, a, um, adj. JEgceum mare, ' the iEgaean Sea,' that portion of 
 the Mediterranean which lies between the eastern shores of Greece and 
 the opposite continent of Asia Minor* It was accounted particularly 
 stormy and dangerous to mariners. 
 
 JEgriludo, mis, f. 'trouble of mind,' 'sorrow,' 'grief,' 'affliction.' 
 
 JEgyptus, i, f. 'iEgypt,' a country in the north of Africa, bounded W. 
 by the deserts of Lybia, E. by the Red Sea, N. by the Mediterranean, 
 and S. by Ethiopia. It is divided into JEgyplus Inferior, ' Lower 
 iEgypt,' or iEgypt towards the sea, and JEgyptus Superior, ' Upper 
 iEgypt,' which is nearer the sources of the Nile. In the Old Testament 
 it is called Mizraim. 
 
 JElius, ii, m. ' a proper name among Romans.' 
 
 JEmilius, ii, m. the name of several distinguished Romans : Paulus 
 JEmilius, theconquerer of Perseus; 
 
 JEmulatio, 6nis,i. 'a desire to equal,' or 'excel,' either in a good or 
 bad cause, generally the former ; ' emulation' ' ambition.' 
 
 JEneas, 02, m. 'a Trojan prince, son of Venus and Anchises, who after 
 the seige of Troy, came into Italy. 
 
 JEneus, a, um, adj. ' brazen,' ' made of brass.' 
 
 JEnos, i, f. 'a town of Thrace near the mouth of the river Hebrus.' 
 According to Virgil, JEneas landed on this coast after quitting Troy, and 
 founded a city which he named after himself. 
 
 JEolis, idis, f. ' a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Medi- 
 terranean, south of Mysia. 
 
 JEquus, a, um, adj. in its proper sense, 'level,' ' even,' 'plain;' hence, 
 'that which is constantly the same,' 'equal;' hence, 'just,' 'equal,' 
 'honest;' also, 'moderate,' 'calm,' 'unruffled:' ozquo ammo l with an 
 unruffled mind,' 'with equanimity.' 
 
 JErarium, ii, n. (&s 9 ' brass,' 'money,') 'the place where the public 
 money was kept,' ' the treasury.' 
 
 4* 
 
42 VOCABULARY. 
 
 JEs, ceris, n. ' brass ;' hence, ' that which is made] of brass,' ' money,' 
 'coin.' 
 
 JEstuosus, a, wm, adj. (ozstus, * heat,') 'hot,' ' full of heat;' when ap- 
 plied to the waves, ' boiling,' ' foaming,' ' storming.' 
 
 JEternus, a, wm, adj. 'eternal,' 'everlasting.' Syn. Immor talis, Per- 
 petuus, lmmortalis (non mor talis,) 'not subject to death,' 'immortal,' 
 is said chiefly of things that are animate ; JEternus, 'eternal,' is said of 
 any being whatever. Perpetuus, ' perpetual,' ' uninterrupted.' 
 
 JEthiopia, ce, f. l Ethiopia,' a country in Africa, near the sources of 
 the Nile. Probably derived from the Greek aithein, ' to burn,' and 
 ops, opis, 'the countenance,' owing to the color of the inhabitants. 
 
 tZEthiops,iopis, m. ' an Ethiopian.' 
 
 JEtna, ce, f. a burning mountain in the island of Sicily.' The ancients 
 fabled that the giant Typhosus was buried under Sicily, and that the 
 earthquakes and eruptions of JEtna were caused by his attempts to 
 move. 
 
 JEvum, i, n*. ' length of time,' ' duration,' ' an age.' 
 
 Afer, afra, a/rum, adj. ' relating to Africa,' ' African.' 
 
 Affabre, adv. (admodumfabri, c in the manner of a workman,') 'work- 
 manlike,' ' skillfully,' ' ingeniously,' ' artfully.' 
 
 Afflcio, ere, lei, ectum, a. (ad and facio, primarily ' to stimulate another 
 to action,') 'to affect,' 'to influence,' 'to move.' Hence it is used in 
 ' affecting' or 'moving with pleasure' or 'pain:' afflcere gaudio^ to fill 
 with joy;' afficere ignominid, ' to cover with disgrace.' Passive, affici 
 febri, ' to be attacked with a fever.' 
 
 Afflatus, us, m. (ad and flare, ' a breathing upon,') ' a breath,' ' the air,' 
 ' a gale :' also, ' a pestilential blast :' also, ' inspiration,' produced by 
 the divine afflatus, 
 
 Africa, m, f. 'Africa.' The ancients generally called the whole con- 
 tinent, Lybia ; the name Africa being applied to a small province east of 
 Numidia, the chief cities of which were Utica and Carthage. Very little 
 of this division of the globe was known to the ancients, except the parts 
 adjacent to the coast of the Mediterranean. The farthest province to the 
 w f est was Mauritania ; next to it on the east was Numidia ; and next 
 to that Africa Propria, ' Africa properly so called.' 
 
 Afrtcus, a,um, adj. 'belonging to Africa, 'African.' 
 
 Agathyrsi, drum, m. pi. ' a people of Scythia, who dwelt near the 
 Palus Mazotis, the 'Sea of Azoph.' 
 
 Ager, agri, m. 'afield,' 'a farm,' generally signifies 'ground admit- 
 ting of cultivation.' Syn. Arvum, (ardre, 'to plough,') ' arable land,' 
 'ploughed ground.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 43 
 
 Agger, em, m. (aggero, ■ to heap,' which is compounded of ad and 
 gero, ' to carry one thing to another,') ' a heap,' ' a pile' of any thing, as 
 stones, wood, &c; hence, 'a mound,' 'a rampart;' also, ' a dam,' 'a 
 mole,' to prevent the overflowing of rivers. 
 
 Agito, are, dvi, atum, a. frequen. (from ago, • to drive,') ' to drive 
 mach,' 'to drive about,' * to stimulate,' 'to harass,' l to agitate.' 
 
 Agmen, mis, n. 'an army in march,' 'a detachment of soldiers,' 'a 
 troop,' 'a band,' ' a train.' See Acies. 
 
 Ago, agere, egi, actum, a. 'to lead;' hence, ' to conduct,' ' to carry 
 forward a work,' ' to do,' ' to act,' ' to drive.' See Adams' Gram. p. 231. 
 Syn. Facere, Gerere. Facere, ' to make,' 'to effect,' is generally said of 
 individual or determinate things, which are done by physical power. 
 Agere expresses a series of cares, and a continued activity, and is gene- 
 rally used where mental power is concerned. Gerere, ' to carry burdens,' 
 'to bear.' 
 
 Agricultura, 03, f. (ager, ' a field,' and colo, supine, cullum, ' to cul- 
 tivate,') ' agriculture.' 
 
 Ajax, acts, in. the.name of a valiant Grecian warrior. 
 
 Alacer. or alaeris, cris, ere, adj. (alacris for adacris, which is from the 
 Greek adakrus, ' tearless,' ' without grief,') ' lively,' ' brisk,' ' sprightly ;' 
 'courageous;' also, ' swift,' 'quick.' 
 
 Albis, is, m. a river of Germany, which flows into the German Ocean ; 
 now the 'Elbe.' 
 
 Albula, 02, f. the ancient name of the river ' Tiber,' so called from its 
 waters being (albus, ' white') very clear. 
 
 Alcinous, i,m. a king' of Corcyra, (called also Phaacia,) celebrated 
 for his wealth, and for the elegance and extent of his ' gardens,' so that the 
 phrase Alcinoi horti became proverbial. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m. the son of Philip, king of Macedon, surnamed Mag- 
 nus, ' The Great.' He ascended the throne at the age of twenty, and in 
 less than ten years he had subdued by his arms the greater part of the 
 known world. He died at Babylon on his return from India to Macedon. 
 
 Alienus, a, urn, adj. 'belonging to another,' 'foreign,' 'different 
 from,' ' at variance with.' 
 
 Alio, adv. ' to another place,' ' elsewhere*' 
 
 Aliquamdiu, adv. ' for some time,' from diu, ' a long time,' modified 
 by aliquantum, ' somewhat.' 
 
 AHquis,qua, quod, and quid, compound pron. (alius and^m's,) ' some,* 
 4 somebody,' « some one.' Syn. Quidam. The difference between them 
 is, that aliquis means indefinitely, 'some one or other,' as aliquis mihi 
 dixit, ' some one or other told me,' meaning, ' I know not who ;' while 
 
44 VOCABULARY. 
 
 quidam means 6 some one,' 4 a certain person,' who is in the mind of the 
 speaker. Quodam tempore natus sum, aliquo moriar, ' I was born at a 
 certain time, I shall die some time or other ;' by the former a determinate 
 period is noted, by the latter an indeterminate. Quidam, as it is used to 
 discriminate or single out individuals may often be rendered by the En- 
 glish' one,' meaning a definite person, while units would express 4 one' in 
 number ; as quidam Octavius, 'one Octavius,' ' a certain person named 
 Octavius ;' unus Octavius would mean ' one Octavius,' rather than two 
 or more. 
 
 Aliquot, indec. plur. adj. 4 some,' 4 several.' 
 Atiter, adv. 4 in a different way' or ' manner,' 4 otherwise.' 
 Alius, alia, aliud, adj. 4 another,' 4 other,' 4 different.' Alii — alii 4 some 
 —others.' Syn. Alter, Alius means > one' or ' another of many,' alter ^ 
 
 * one of two.' 
 
 Alluo, uere, ui, a. {ad and luo,) 4 to flow near,' 4 to touch upon,' 
 'to wash.' 
 
 Alo, ere, ui, aUtum, and allum, a. 4 to support,' 4 to maintain,' 4 to feed.' 
 Syn. Nuirire 4 to nurse,' 4 to suckle,' ' to foster.' Alere is applied to any 
 person, with reference to what is given for 4 the support of life ;' Nutrire 
 is generally applied to the young, the sickly, and the weak, when any 
 thing is given to increase their strength, or to restore them to health. 
 
 Alpes, ium, f. plur. 4 the Alps,' a lofty chain of mountains extending 
 from Massilia, (Marseilles,) in Gaul, around to the Adriatic sea. 
 
 Alpheus, i, m. a celebrated river of Greece, which took its rise in Arca- 
 dia (in the Peloponnesus) and flowing west through Elis, emptied into 
 the Ionian sea. On its banks was situated the city of Olympia, famous 
 as being the spot where the Olympic games were celebrated. The poets 
 say that its course did not terminate at the Ionian sea, but that it flowed 
 on beneath the ocean, and mingled its waters with those of the fountain 
 Arethusa, near Syracuse. 
 
 Alte, (comp. ius, super, issime,) adj. 4 on high,' * highly ;' also, ' deeply,' 
 4 to a great depth.' 
 
 Alter, era, erum, adj. ' one of two,' ' another.' See alius. 
 
 Alternus, a, um, adj. ' one after another,' ' by turns,' 'alternate.' 
 
 * Altitudo, in'is, f. 4 highness,' ' loftiness,' 4 height.' 
 
 Altus, c, um, adj. (comp. ior, issimus,) - high,' 4 tall ;' also, ' deep,' as 
 the * higher' the surface of a river is from the bottom, the 4 deeper' is the 
 bottom from the surface. 
 
 Alveus, i,m. 4 the channel, or 4 bed of a river,' { a ditch,' i a trench.' 
 
 Alvus, i y m. < the belly.' 
 
 Amans, amantis, part, and adj. (comp. ior t issimus,) 'loving,' 4 fond of.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 45 
 
 Amarus, a, «m, adj. ' bitter,' ' pungent ;' also, metaphorically, ' sharp,' 
 
 * harsh, 5 ' acrimonious,"' » ill-natured.' 
 
 Amazon, onis, f. plur. Amazones,um, 'warlike women who inhabited 
 Sarmatia along the river Tanais. 
 
 Ambitus, us, m. (ambi, for the Greek amphi, and ire, ' to go, 7 ) 'a going 
 round any thing,' or 'from one to another ;' hence, canvassing for votes,' 
 'soliciting for favour ;' also, ' the circumference of any thing,' 'compass,' 
 ' extent,' ' circuit.' 
 
 Ambo, ce, 0, adj. pi. ' both,' ' each.' It differs from uterque, which is 
 said of two who do something 'separately;' whereas ambo is said of 
 two that do something ' together.' 
 
 Ammon, onis, m. a surname of Jupiter (from the Greek ammos, 
 
 * sand,') by which he was worshipped in the deserts of Lybia, where he 
 had a temple erected to him. 
 
 Amnis, is, m. ' a river.' 
 
 Amo, are, dvi, alum, a. ' to love, 5 i to be fond of.' 
 
 Amoznus, a, um, adj. 'pleasant,' ' agreeable to the senses,' particularly 
 the eyes:' thence, applied to situations and places, as amcena reg'to, ' a 
 pleasant section of country :' also, ' agreeable to the ears,' as amcena 
 verba, < delightful words.' 
 
 Amor, oris, m. ' love, 5 ' affection.' 
 
 Amphinomus, i, m. a Sicilian, who with his brother Andpus, when 
 the city Catana was in flames by an eruption of mount JEtna, carried 
 their parents on their shoulders to a place of safety. On account of this 
 noble deed statues were erected to them after their death, and the place 
 where they were buried was called Campus piorum. 
 
 Amphlon, onis, m. a son of Jupiter who is fabled to have built the walls 
 of Thebes by the music of his lyre, which is interpreted to mean that 
 by the sweetness of his music and the persuasiveness of his eloquence, 
 he elevated men from a rude and barbarous, to a civilized and cultivated 
 state. 
 
 Amplexus, a, um, part, from amplector, amplecti amplexus, sum, {ambi 
 and plecto, ' to clasp around,') 'having embraced,' ' embracing.' 
 
 Amplus, a, um, adj. 'full,' 'spacious,' 'great,' 'abundant.' Syn. 
 Magnus, Ingens, Grandis. The generic term is magnus, which means 
 
 * great in general,' opposed to parvus, ' small in general.' It never de- 
 notes, however, 'greatness of stature,' as vir magnus signifies ' a man 
 of great mind.' Amplus means ' spacious,' and denotes 'that greatness 
 which consists in superficial capacity,' as civitas ampla, ' an extensive 
 city.' It is used figuratively to denote 'greatness of character;' horn* 
 mines ampli, ' great men,' ' men of great talent and attainments. Ingens 
 
45 VOCABULARY, 
 
 <huge,' rises above the signification of magnus. Grandis, < big/ 
 
 * large,' seems to be generally applied to things which are great by in- 
 crease ; grandis puer, ' a grown-up boy.' 
 
 Anchora, fie, f. ' an anchor.' 
 
 Anguis, is, com. ' a snake.' 
 
 Angulus, i, m. ' a corner,' ' an angle.' 
 
 Augustus, a, wm, adj. (ango, ' to press close,' 'to tighten, 5 ) ' narrow,' 
 c confined,' 'limited.' 
 
 Amma, ee, f. ' breath,' ' life.' Reddere animam, ' to give up life ; 
 animam, recipere, l to take breath.' Syn. Animus, Mens. Anima is 
 4 the principle of life 5 ' common to all animals. Animus, ' the soul,' * the 
 mind,' includes the intellectual faculties with the affections of the heart. 
 Mens, 'the understanding,' implies merely the intellect, or rational 
 faculty. 
 
 Animal, dlis, n. (anima, ' breath,') * a living creature,' * an animal. 5 
 
 Animosus,a, um, adj. (animus, * wind/) literally ' blowing violently ;' 
 thence, ' possessing great spirit,' 'courageous.' All adjectives ending 
 in osus denote an abundance or fullness of any thing, and are call- 
 ed amplificatives. See Adams' Gram. p. 73. Syn. Fortis, Strenuus. 
 Animosus is generally used in reference to the qualities of the soul, 
 meaning ' spirited,' ' ardent '.'fortis, ' brave,' points chiefly to the strength 
 and unshaken firmness of the mind : Strenuus means ' active,' * ready,' 
 
 * energetic,' and refers to action, being applied to those who are distin- 
 guished for acts of prowess. 
 
 Animus, i, m. ' wind,' fc breath,' 'spirit;' hence, 'mind,' 'courage;' 
 uno animo, ' unanimously,' that is, ' with one mind.' 
 
 Annumero, are, avi y dtum, a. (ad and numero, 'to add to a former 
 number,') 'to number,' ' to reckon.' 
 
 Annus, i. m. Its original meaning was '- a circle ;' thence it derives its 
 meaning of ' a year,' from the space of time during which the sun per- 
 forms its annual circle. Annulus, 4 a ring,' is a diminutive noun, formed 
 from annus in its first sense, as ' a ring' is a ' little circle.' 
 
 Anserinus, a, urn, adj. (anser, 4 a goose,') 'belonging to a goose;' 
 anserina ova, ' goose-eggs.' 
 
 Ante, prep. 'before,' in point of time or place; 'before,' 'above,' in 
 point of superiority. In composition it signifies ' precedence,' as cedo 9 
 'to go,' antecedo, 'to go before,' 'to excel ;' fero, 'to carry,' antefero % 
 1 to carry before,' ' to prefer.' 
 
 Antecello, ere,ellui, (no supine,) a. (ante and cello, ' to drive,') 'to 
 drive before another,' ' to take the lead,' 'to excel,' to surpass.' 
 
 Antequam, adv. ' before,' ' before that." 
 
VOCABULARY. 47 
 
 Anftquus, a, um, adj. (comp. antiquior, super, antiquissimus,) 'old,' 
 * ancient,' ' of long standing.' 
 
 Antonius, i, m. the name of several Romans, of whom Marcus An- 
 tonius was one of the most distinguished. He formed an alliance with 
 Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, and was defeated by Augustus at the battle 
 of Actium. 
 
 Antrum, i, n. ' a cave.' 
 
 Apenntnus, i, m, 'The Apennines,' a chain of mountains on the 
 north of Italy. 
 
 Aper, apri, m. ' a boar,' ' a wild boar.' 
 
 Aperio, erlre, erui, erium, a. (ad, and pario, ' to bring to light,') ' to 
 open,' * to set open.' 
 
 Apex, icis, m. properly a little ' tuft,' or ' tassel,' which the high priest 
 wore on the top of his cap ; hence, apex signifies 'the top,' or 'tip' of 
 any thing ; also, ' a point.' Syn. Culmen, Fastigium, Cacumen, Vertex. 
 Culmen, (from culmus, • a stock of corn,') is, literally, ' the thatched roof 
 of a house ;' the ancients, in the ruder ages, having covered their houses 
 with straw ; hence, the ' top ' of any thing. Fastigium, ' the ridge of a 
 house.' Cacumen, 'the sharp point' or 'top of any thing.' Vertex, 
 literally, 'one of the poles,' (from verto, 'to turn,') as about them the 
 heavens are said to turn ; also, ' the crown,' or ' top of the head.' 
 
 Apis, is, m. a bull, which was worshipped by the Egyptians as a deity. 
 It was necessary that he should be black with a white spot, in the form 
 of a crescent, on the right side, and a sort of knot, like a beetle, under 
 his tongue. 
 
 Apollo, inis, m. the god of music, poetry, &c, the son of Jupiter and 
 Latona. 
 
 Appareo, ere, ui, itum, n. This verb does not mean ' to appear,' that 
 is", ' to seem,' as, that man ' appears' to tell the truth ;' but ■ to appear,' 
 meaning ' to come in sight,' ' to be apparent,' ' to be manifest :' appdret, 
 'it is apparent.' 
 
 Appello, are, dvi, alum, a. (ad and pello the same as loquor, 'to speak, 5 ) 
 ' to call to,' ' to call upon,' ' to address,' or ' speak to ;' hence, our Eng- 
 lish word 'to appeal.' 
 
 Appeto,ere, ivi, and Hum, a. (ad and peto, ' to ask,' ' to desire,') ' to 
 catch at,' ' to desire to get,' ' to strive after,' ' to aim at.' 
 
 Appropinquo, are, dvi, dtum, n. (ad and propinquo, ' to approach,' ' to 
 draw near,' which is from prop inquus, ' near,') ' to draw near,' ' to ap- 
 proximate.' 
 
 Apric\is, a, urn, adj. ' sunny,' ' exposed to the sun,' ' serene,' ' warm.' 
 
 Apud, prep. ' at,' as, apud Iconium ' at Iconium :' ' with,' as apud 
 
48 VOCABULARY. 
 
 me,' * with me :' ' among,' as, apud majores, ' among our ancestors :' ' be- 
 fore,' * in the presence of,' as apud populos, ' before the people.' 
 
 Apulia, fie, f. a country on the south-east coast of Italy, near the Ad- 
 riatic sea. 
 
 Aqua, ce, f. ' water.' 
 
 Aquazductus, us, m. {aqua and duco, c to lead,') « a conduit,' or ' con- 
 veyance of water by pipes,' ' an aqueduct.' 
 
 Aquilo, onis, m. ' the north wind.' 
 
 Aquitdni, drum, m. plur. ' the people of Aquitania,' a country of 
 ancient Gaul. 
 
 Ara, ce, f. ' an altar.' Syn. Alldre. The difference between these 
 words, as stated by Servius, is, that alldre (from alius, ' high,') is an 
 ' high altar,' on which sacrifices were made to the Dii Superi, ' the 
 Superior Gods,' whereas ara was ' a lower altar,' on which sacrifices 
 were made to the Dii Inferi, ' the deities of the lower regions,' and to 
 deified men. But they are often used promiscuously. 
 
 Arabia, ce. f. a country on the west of Asia, between the Red sea and 
 the Persian gulf. 
 
 Arabicus, a, um, adj. 'of,' or ' belonging to Arabia,' 'Arabian: 9 
 Arabicus sinus, ' the Arabian gulf,' or ' Red sea.' 
 
 Arabs, abis, m. ' an Arabian.' 
 
 Arbitror, ari, atus, sum, dep. (arbiter, 'a judge,') ' to judge,' ' to think,' 
 'to be of opinion.' 
 
 Arbor and arbos, oris, f. ' a tree.' 
 
 Arcadia, ce, f. a country in the central part of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Arceo, ere, u't, (no supine) a. ( to keep off,' l to ward off,' ' to restrain.' 
 
 Arcesso, ere, ivi, Hum, a. ' to call for*' ' to send for,' ' to summon,' * to 
 invite.' 
 
 Archimedes, is, m. 'a celebrated geometrician of Syracuse, who by 
 means of the warlike instruments he invented, defended the city from the 
 attack of the Romans, for many years. At length it was taken, and 
 Archimedes was killed by a soldier, as he was describing geometrical 
 figures on the sand. 
 
 Archilectus, i, m. ' a professor of the art of building,' 'an architect.* 
 
 Arete, adj. (comp. arctius, super, arctissime,) ' straightly,' ' tightly,' 
 * closely.' 
 
 Arctus, a, um, adj. (for arcitus from arceo, 'to restrain,') 8 restrained,' 
 'confined,' 'tight,' 'close.' 
 
 Arcus, us, m. ' a bow,' ' an arch.' 
 
 Arduus, a, um, adj. 4 high,' ' lofty,' 'steep,' ' difficult.' 
 
 Arena, ce, f. ' sand,' also, 'that part of the amphitheatre where the 
 
VOCABULARY. 49 
 
 gladiators fought, which was covered with * sand,' to prevent them from 
 slipping. 
 
 Arenosus, a, um, adj. 'full of sand,' ' sandy.' See animosus. 
 
 Arethusa, ce, f. a fountain of Sicily, near Syracuse, whose waters were 
 said to mingle with those of the river Alpheus: which see. 
 
 Argentum, i, n. ' silver.' 
 
 Argias, oe, m. a man who founded Chalcedon. 
 
 Argivi, drum, m. plur. ' Argives,' the citizens of Argos, a city in the 
 eastern part of Peloponnesus. 
 
 Argonauts, arum, in. pi. 'the Argonauts,' (Argo, ' the name of a 
 ship,' and nauta ' a sailor,') the heroes who went with Jason to Colchis, 
 in the ship Argo, in quest of the golden fleece. 
 
 Aristoteles,is, m. 'Aristotle,' a Greek philosopher. 
 
 Arma, drum. n. plur. properly ' armour,' weapons of defence, such as 
 helmets, shields, &c, to distinguish it from tela, 'arms,' such as darts 
 swords, arrows, &c, weapons of offence. Arma, however, is often used 
 for arms in general. 
 
 Armdtus, a, um, part. ' armed.' 
 
 Armenia, ez, f. ' a country of Asia.' 
 
 Armentum, i, n. ' a herd of cattle.' 
 
 Armo, are, dvi, alum, a. ' to arm.' 
 
 Ars, artis, f. ' contrivance,' ' method,' ' skill,' ' an art.' 
 
 Artimisia, ce, f. a queen of Carta, wife of Mausolus. 
 
 Artifex, icis, c, (facio, ' to make,' and arte, ' with art,') ' an artificer,' 
 * a contriver,' ' an artist.' 
 
 Arundo, mis, f. ' a reed,' ' a cane.' 
 
 Arx, arcis, f. ' a lofty place,' ' height,' ' citadel.' 
 
 Ascendo, see adscendo. 
 
 Asia, a, f. 4 Asia.' 
 
 Asper, era, erum, adj. 'rough,' ' rugged, ' 'harsh.' 
 
 Aspernor, or adspernor, dri, atus sum, dep. ' to shun,' ' to avoid,' ' to 
 despise.' 
 
 Asserro, or adserro, are, dvi, alum, a. (ad, 'to,' or 'up,' and servo, 
 1 to preserve,') ' to lay up,' 'to preserve,' 'to keep.' 
 
 Assigno, or adsigno, are, dvi, alum, a. (ad and signum, * a mark,') 
 literally, 'to set down a mark to the account of another,' 'to impute,' 
 1 attribute,' ' ascribe.' 
 
 At, conj.'but,' 'yet;' sometimes for saltern, ' at least,' 
 
 Athence, drum, f. plur. 'Athens,' a city of Attica, in Greece. In early 
 times it was called Cecropia, from Cecrops, the founder, but afterwards 
 
 5 
 
50 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Athence, in honour of the goddess Minerva, (called Athena,) to whom it 
 was sacred. 
 
 Atheniensis, is, m. 'an Athenian, 5 an inhabitant of Athens. 
 
 Atlantlcus, a, um, adj. 'Atlantic ;' mare Atlanticum. i the Atlantic sea,' 
 or 'ocean,' so called from ' Mount Atlas,' which extended along the north- 
 western coast of Africa, which was washed by the 'Atlantic.' 
 
 Atque, conj. 'and.' 
 
 Atrociter, adv. (comp. airociiis. super, atrocissime,) l cruelly,' * fierce- 
 ly, ' ' atrociously,' ' harshly.' 
 
 Atthis, Mis, f. ' Attica.' 
 
 Attingo, attingere, atHgi, attactum, a. {ad and tango, ' to touch,') 
 ' to touch,' ' to border upon,' ' to arrive at,' * to attain.' 
 
 Attollo, aitolere, (perf. and sup. wanting,) a. (ad and tollo, i to raise,') 
 ' to raise up to," ' to elevate.' 
 
 Attntus, a, urn, part, (from attero, atterere, altrivi,attritum, and some- 
 times, atterui, atteritum,) ' rubbed against,' ' worn away,' 'diminished.' 
 
 Auctoritas, dtis, f. (from auctor, 4 one who creates,' ' an author,' which 
 is from augeo, ' to increase,') ' authority,' 'jurisdiction,' 'power to act ;' 
 hence, ' the influence' which men of power and worth exert. As auctori- 
 tas is from augeo, * to increase,' its primary application was to those who 
 1 increased the weight of a proposed law, with the addition of the weight 
 of their influence :' auctoritas senatus, * the power of the senate,' to re- 
 ject or confirm certain acts of the people. 
 
 Audits, a, um, part, (from augeo, which see,) ' increased,' ' enlarged.' 
 
 Audacia, ce, f. {audeo, ' to dare,') 'boldness,' 'intrepidity,' ' audacity.' 
 Syn. Virtus, Fortitudo, Virtus is a general term, denoting * force and 
 vigour of mind,' ' great moral excellence ;' it is also used for fortitudo, 
 4 courage.' They both differ from audacia, as this word denotes ' a con- 
 stitutional boldness,' fc a native hardihood,' and generally implies a de- 
 fect in character; whereas virtus and fortitudo imply a virtue of the 
 mind, denoting a 4 courage' which springs from a rational principle. 
 
 Audeo, ere, ausus sum. n. pass. (See Gram, foot of p. 148,) ' to dare,' 
 ' to attempt,' ' to presume.' 
 
 Augeo, ire, auxi, auctum, a. ' to increase,' ' to augment,' always indi- 
 cates the increase of something already in existence. 
 
 Augurium, ii, n. ' divination by the flight or singing of birds,' ' augury.' 
 Augustus, i. m. ' the second emperor of Rome,' Julius Csesar being th« 
 first. 
 
 Aureus, a, um^ adj. ' of gold,' ' golden.' 
 Auris, is, f. fc the ear.' 
 Aurum, i, n. 'gold.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 51 
 
 Aut, conj. ' or,' ' else,' — when aut occurs twice in the same sentence, 
 the first is to be rendered by * either,' the second, by ' or.' 
 
 Autem, conj. 'but.' 
 
 Avello, vellere, velli, or vulsi, vulsum. a. (a, ' from,' and vello, ' to 
 pluck', or 'pull,') ■ to pull away,' ' to tear away,' < to wrest from.' 
 
 Avis, is, f. ' a bird.' 
 
 Axenus, i, m. (from the Greek a, privative, meaning ■ not,' and 
 xenos, ' hospitable,') Axenus pontics, ' the Euxine sea,' so called anciently 
 from the 8 want of hospitality,' and for the cruelty of the people v/ho 
 inhabited its shores. But afterwards, when the manners of the people 
 were changed, it was called Euxinus. (From the Greek eu, l very,' and 
 xenos.) Others think it received this last appellation by way of irony or 
 derision. 
 
 B. 
 
 Babylon, onis, f. the metropolis of the ancient Chaldseans. It is said 
 to have built by Belus, and enlarged by Semiramis. It was remarkable 
 for the height and strength of its walls, and for its hanging gardens. 
 The river Euphrates flowed through it. 
 Babylonia, ce, f. the south-western part of Mesopotamia. 
 Bacca, ce, f. ' a berry.' 
 
 Bactridna, ce, f. a country of Asia, to the east of the Caspian sea. 
 Bcetis, is, m. a river in the southern part of Spain, now the ' Gua- 
 dalquiver.' 
 
 Bceficus,a, um, adj. ' Bsetian,' of or belonging to the country through 
 which the Bsetis flows. 
 
 Bagrada, ce, f. a river of Africa, between Utica and Carthage, where 
 Regulus killed a serpent 120 feet long. 
 Ballista, ce,f. 'a warlike machine for throwing large stones.' 
 B alliens, a, um, adj. mare Balticum, ' the Baltic sea,' to the north of 
 Prussia, anciently called Coddnus sinus. 
 
 Barbarus, a, um, adj. 'barbarian,' 'wild,' 'savage,' 'uncivilized.' 
 The Greeks called all who were not of their own country, 'barbarians :' 
 hence, the word barbarus sometimes signified nothing more than ' for- 
 eign.' 
 
 Baiavus, a, um, adj. 'Batavian,' 'pertaining to BataviJ a country 
 near the mouth of the Rhine, now ' Holland.' 
 
 Bedtus, a, um, adj. (beo, ' to make happy,' ' to bless* 7 ) ' happy,' ' blessed;' 
 when applied to a place, ' charming,' ' delightful.' 
 
 Belgce, drum, m. plur. 'Belgians,' the people who inhabited the 
 northern part of Gaul. 
 Bellicus, a,um, adj. ' relating to war,' 'warlike.' 
 
52 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Bello, are, dvi, alum, n. ' to wage war,' ' to carry on war,' ' to con- 
 tend. 5 
 
 Bellua, m, f. ' a large and formidable beast:' it is distinguished from 
 /era aud bestia, in being applied to larger animals. 
 
 Bellum, i, n. 'war.' 
 
 Belus, i, m. ' an ancient king of Babylon, and by some supposed to be 
 its founder.' 
 
 Bibliotheca, as, f. ' a library.' 
 
 jBifio, ere, 6i*6i, bibitum, a. ' to drink,' 6 to quaff.' Syn. Poto : bibere 
 means simply 'to drink,' while potdre means l to drink to excess,' ' to 
 tope.' 
 
 Bird, ce, a, distrib. adj. 'two each,' 'two by two.' The difference 
 between the cardinal numbers, unus, duo, tres, &c. and the distributive, 
 singuli, bini, term, is, that the cardinal imply that the number mentioned 
 belongs to all the persons or things collectively, or taken together ; while 
 the distributive denotes that the number mentioned belongs to each indi- 
 vidual : thus, dedi tribus mendicis tres asses : ' I gave to three beggars 
 three pence,' meaning a penny to each ; but, dedi Iribus mendicis TERN09 
 asses, ' I gave to three beggars three pence each,' that is, ninepence in all. 
 
 Bithynia, ce, f. a country in the northern part of Asia Minor, border- 
 ing on the Propontis, and the Pontus Euxinus. 
 
 Bozotia, G3, 'a country in the central part of Greece,' the capital of 
 which was Thebes. It was probably the richest and most fertile country 
 of Greece ; but the inhabitants, though brave and hardy, were famed for 
 their dullness and stupidity. This was ascribed to the thick and foggy 
 atmosphere in which they lived. 
 
 Bonus, a, urn, adj. (comp. mehor, super, opdmus,) ' good,' 'virtuous;* 
 also, ' brave :' bonum, ' a good thing.' 
 
 Boredl'is, is, e, adj. ' northern,' from Boreas, ce, m. i the north wind.' 
 
 Borysthenes, is, m. ' a large river of Scythia which flows into the Eux- 
 ine.. now/the Dnieper. See map of Russia. 
 
 Boryethenis, Mis, f. a city at the mouth of the river Borysthenes. 
 
 Bos, bov'is, com. 'an ox,' ' a cow.' See Gram. p. 52. 
 
 Bosphorus, or Bosplrus, i, m. There were two celebrated straits of tnis 
 name, each leading from the Pontus Euxinus. The southern one, connect- 
 ing the Euxine with the Propontis, now the sea of Marmora, was calleu 
 the ' Thracian Bosporus,' now the 'Straits of Constantinople.' The north- 
 ern, between the Euxine and the Palus Mseotis, now the ' Sea of AzopV 
 was called the Cimmerian, now the ' Straits of Caffa.' They t took their 
 name, Bosporus, from bous, ' an ox,' and poros, s a passage,' as if called 
 the ox passes,' they being so narrow that they could be crossed by 5 
 catile, 
 
VOCABULARY. 53 
 
 Brevis, is, e, adj. ' short.' 
 
 Brigantia, #, f. 'a lake of Rhsetia,' now ' lake Constance." 
 
 Brittariia, 03, f. ' Britain.' 
 
 Bruma, ce, f. « the shortest day in the year,' (for brevisima, « shortest,') 
 also, ■ mid-winter,' • winter.' 
 
 Buxeus, a, um, adj. « of box,' ' of a pale yellow, like box.' 
 
 Byzantium, i, n. ' a large city of Thrace,' situated upon the Thracian 
 Bosporus : now called Constantinople, (Constanlinus zndpolis, 'a city,') 
 from the emperor Constantine, who, when Italy was overrun by the 
 barbarians, transferred the seat of empire from Rome to this city, A. 
 D. 330. 
 
 Cacumen, inis, n. ' the sharp point' or ' top' of any thing, • the sum- 
 mit.' See apex. 
 
 Ccecubus, a, urn, adj. ' Cscubian,' * of Cacubum,' which was a dis- 
 trict of Latium, in Italy, celebrated for its excellent wines. 
 
 Ccedo, c&dere, cecldi, ccesum, a. • to cut,' ' to cut down,' * to cut to 
 pieces/ • to kill.' 
 
 Cozlatus, a, um, part, (ccelo, are, dvi, dtum,) ' engraved,' * carved,' 
 ' sculptured :' columnar ccelaice, ' fluted columns.' 
 
 Ccesar, Cessans, m. a surname given to the Julian family at Rome. 
 
 Coder, or cceUrus, a, um, adj. 'the rest,' ' the remainder,' • the other.' 
 
 Cozterum, adv. * in other respects,' ' as for the rest,' 'but.' 
 
 CaUdus, a, um, adj. • warm,' ' hot.' 
 
 Calor, oris, m. ' warmth,' 'heat.' 
 
 Calpe, es, f. (declined like aloe in " First Lessons,") ' a hill in Spain,' 
 one of the pillars of Hercules, now Gibraltar. See Abyla. 
 
 Camilus, i, com. ' a camel.' 
 
 Campania, cs, f. 'a country of Italy,' distinguished for the richness of 
 its soil and the mildness of its climate. 
 
 Campester and Campestris, is, e, adj. (campus, 'a plain, 5 ) 'of or 
 belonging to a plain or field,' 'level,' 'flat,' ' champaign.' 
 
 Campus, t, m. ' a plain,' ' an open field.' 
 
 Candidus, a, um, adj. ' white,' ' bright,' ' clear;' from candeo, ' to be 
 white.' 
 
 Candor, oris, m. 'glittering whiteness,' 'brightness,' 'splendour,' 
 < clearness ;' thence, metaphysically, ' clearness of disposition,' * sinceri- 
 ty,' and our English word ' candour.' 
 
 Canis, is, com. ' a dog,' 
 
 5» 
 
54 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Cano, canere, cecini, cantum, a. ' to sing/ and when used in connec- 
 tion with wind instruments, ' to blow,' i to give the signal for battle :' 
 also, • to sing the praises of any one,' ' to celebrate.' 
 
 Cantharus, i, ra. ' a black beetle :' also, from resemblance, ' a kind of 
 cup or jug.' 
 
 Cantium, i, n. the county of Kent, in England, opposite Gaul. 
 
 Cantus, us, m. (cano, 'to sing,') l tfre art of singing or tuning the voice, 5 
 ' a song ;' canius galli, ' cock-crowing.' 
 
 Capio, capere, cep'i, captum, a. ' to take,' 'to take up,' ' to receive £ 
 also, ' to take possession of,' ' to enjoy.' See accip'io. 
 
 Capitalist is, e. adj. {caput, ' the head,') ' relating to the head,' i af- 
 fecting one's head, (caput,) or life,' ' capital,' 'mortal,' 'deadly,' ' perni- 
 cious.' 
 
 Capto, are, avi, dtum, a. (frequen. from capio, 'to take,') Ho catch at,' 
 4 to striye to obtain,' l to seek after.' 
 
 Caput, it'is, n. 'the head ;' often used for vita, 'life ;' also, the 'head- 
 city,' or 4 capital.' Damndre capitis, ' to condemn to death.' 
 
 Careo, ere, %Ci, itum, n. ' to be without,' ' to be in want of,' ' to be des- 
 titute of,' 4 to be free from.' Syn. Egere, Velle. Egere signifies ' to want,' 
 l to need,' ' to require ;' velle, ' to want,' ' tc wish for.' 
 
 Cares, turn, m. plur. l the Carians,' ( the inhabitants of Caria.' 
 
 Caria, ce, f. a country in the southern part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Carmen, mis, n. ' a verse,' ' poetry,' 4 a song.' 
 
 Caro, carnis, f. ' flesh,' ' meat.' 
 
 Carthageniensis, is, e, adj. ' Carthagenian,' 'pertaining to Carthage." 
 
 Carthago, inis, f. 'Carthage,' a celebrated city of Africa, long the 
 rival of Rome, with which it was engaged in three long wars, called ' the 
 Punic wars,' (from Pcenus, which see.) At last, in the third Punic war 
 it was entirely subdued, by Scipio, who thence acquired the surname of 
 Africanus. 
 
 Casa, ce, f. 'a cottage,' ' a hut.' 
 
 Casevs,, i, m. ' cheese.' 
 
 Cassander, dri, m. ' the name of a Macedonian.' 
 
 Castalius, a, urn, adj. ' Castalian.' The Cast alia fans, 'Castalian 
 spring,' was at Delphi in Phocis, a country in the central part of Greece. 
 The fount poured down the cleft or chasm between two high rocks, and 
 was fed by the perpetual snows of mount Parnassus. 
 
 Castlgo, are, dui, dtum, a. ' to chastise,' ' to punish.' 
 
 Catabathmus, i, f. (from the Greek kata, ' down,' and baind, ' to go,') 
 ' a declivity,' ' a gradual descent ;' the name of a valley which formed 
 the western boundary of Egypt. 
 
VOCABULARY. 55 
 
 Catana, ce, f. a city of Sicily, near Mount JEtna. 
 
 Catanensis, is, e, adj, ' Catinian,' pertaining to Catana. 
 
 Cauda, ce, f. 'a tail.' 
 
 Causa, ce, f. 'a cause,' ' a reason ;' hence, ' a cause of accusation or 
 trial,' * a law suit :' alicvjus rei causa, • for the sake of any thing.' 
 
 Cautes, is, f. ' a ragged rock,' ' a cliff,' ' crag.' 
 
 Cede, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. « to give place,' 'give way,' ' yield,' ' re- 
 tire,' ' submit.' 
 
 Celeber, or Celebris, is, e, adj. ' frequented,' ' much resorted to,' ' crowd- 
 ed ;' hence, ' famous,' ' renowned.' 
 
 Celebritas, dtis, f. ' a great resort,' ' an assembly of people ;' thence, 
 * fame,' ' glory,' ' renown,' * celebrity.' 
 
 Celebro, are, avi, alum, a. * to frequent,' « to resort to,' ' to celebrate.' 
 
 Celenlas, dtis, f. (celer, 'swift,) ' swiftness,' ' speed,' ' celerity.' 
 
 Celtce, arum, m. plur. ' the Celts,' a people of Gaul. 
 
 C 'ens eo, censer e, censui, censum, and censitum, a. properly ' to count,' 
 1 to reckon,' ' to estimate value ;' hence, 'to judge,' ' to believe.' 
 
 Centeni, ce,a, distrib. adj. 'every hundred,' 'a hundred,' ' a hundred 
 each,' ' ad centena, ' about a hundred.' 
 
 Centum, num. adj. ind. plur. ' a hundred.' 
 
 Cephallcnia, ce, f. ' a large island in the Ionian sea, west of Pelopon- 
 nesus.' It was anciently called Samos. It derived its name Cephalle- 
 nia, from one of its early settlers by the name of Cephalus. 
 
 Cerberus, i, m. ' the name of the three-headed dog that guarded the 
 infernal regions.' 
 
 Cercasorum, i, n. ' a town in Egypt.' 
 
 Cerno, cernerc crevi, cretum, a. (Greek krino, ' to sift,' ' to distinguish,') 
 4 to separate,' hence, to separate for the purpose of distinguishing, 'to 
 distinguish,' 'to judge,' also, 'to discern,' 'to perceive.' See adspicio. 
 
 Certamen, mis, n. (certo, s to contend,') ' a contest,' ' strife,' * conten- 
 tion,' generally ' a trial for superiority,' ' a contest for victory.' 
 
 Certe, adv. (comp. certius, super. certissime,) 'certainly,'' undoubtedly.' 
 
 Cerlus, a, um, adj. {cerno, 'to judge,' ' to determine, 5 ) 'determined,' 
 ' established,' ' sure,' ' certain.' 
 
 Cervlnus, a, um, adj. 'belonging to a stag.' 
 
 Cervus, i, m. ' a stag.' 
 
 Chalcedon, onis, f. ' a city of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, opposite By- 
 zantium,' 
 
 Chalddicus, a, um, adj. ■ Chaldaic,' ' belonging to Chaldsea,' a coun- 
 try of Asia. 
 
 Charta,®, f. 'paper,' at first made of the flags of the river Nils. 
 
56 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Chersiphron, onis, m. a skillful architect, who planned and superin- 
 tended the building of the temple of Diana, at Ephesus. 
 
 Chersonesus, i, f. (Greek chersos, ' land,' and nesos, ' an island,' 'land 
 nearly like an island,') « a peninsula.' This term was applied emphati- 
 cally to 'the peninsula' at the south of Thrace, along the western shore 
 of the Hellespont, being called 'the Chersonese,' without any other 
 descriptive epithet. 
 
 Cibus, i, m. * food,' * nourishment.' 
 
 Cicero, onis, m. a celebrated Roman orator. 
 
 Cilicia, ce, f. a country in the south-eastern part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Cingo, cingere cinxi cinctum, a. (from circum, ' around,' and ago, ' ta 
 drive,' contracted into cimgo, and for euphony cingo,') ' to tie about, 5 
 1 to gird,' 'to surround.' 
 
 Cinis, eris, generally m. sometimes f. ' ashes,' ' embers.' 
 
 Cinnamum,i, n. ' cinnamon.' 
 
 Circa, and circum, prep. (Greek kirkos, ' a circle,') * about,' or * round 
 about,' in reference to time and place: also, ' about,' 'concerning." 
 As an adverb 'all about,' 'on every side.' In composition it signifies 
 'comprehension,' 'around;' as eo, 'to go,' circumeo^ to go around;* 
 fero,<- to bear,' circumfero, ' to bear around.' 
 
 Circuities, us, m. (circum, 'around,' and eo, 'to go,') 'a going 
 around,' ' a circuit.' 
 
 Circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1st. conj. ' to put around,' ' to sur- 
 round,' 'to encompass.' 
 
 Circumfluo,fluere,fluxi,fluxum, n. c to flow around.' 
 
 Circumjaceo,jacere,jacui t n. (supine wanting,) 'to lie near,' or 'about, 5 
 ' to border upon.' 
 
 Cisalpinus, a, um, adj. (cis, ' on this side,' and Alpes, ' the Alps,') ' Cu- 
 alpine,"* ' on this side the Alps.' This was the term applied by the Ro- 
 mans to that part of Gaul which wai: on the side of the Alps towards 
 Rome, for to them it was this side, while to us it is the other side. 
 
 Cithceron, onis, m. ' an elevated ridge dividing Boeotia from Megaris 
 and Attica. 
 
 Civis, is, com. ' a citizen.' Syn. Incola, Civis, 'a citizen,' denotes 
 one who is invested with all the privileges of citizenship, or who is a 
 member of the state. Incola signifies merely ' an inhabitant.' 
 
 Civitas, dtis, f. (from co'eo, coivi, ' to assemble together,') ' an assem- 
 blage of citizens,' ' a number of people living in the same place and 
 under the same laws,' • a city,' ' a state.' It also sometimes denotes 
 ' citizenship,' or ' the freedom of the city ;' as dare civitdtem, ' to confer 
 
VOCABULARY. 57 
 
 the privileges of citizenship.' Syn. Urbs, which refers principally to the 
 houses, while civitas refers to the inhabitants. 
 
 Clades, is, f. ' loss,' ' overthrow,' ' destruction,' ' slaughter.' 
 Clantas, dlis, f. (claries, ' bright,' 'sheeny,') 'clearness,' 'brightness,' 
 Splendour;' hence, metaphorically, ' brightness of character,' 'fame,' 
 'celebrity,' ' distinction.' 
 
 Clarus, a, um, adj. 'sheeny,' 'bright,' 'splendid,' 'famous,' 'renown- 
 ed;' also, 'loud,' 'clear.' 
 
 Claudius, i, m. ' the name of several Romans.' 
 
 Cleopatra, a, f. a queen of Egypt, celebrated for her beauty and talents. 
 Coctilis, is, e, adj. ' burnt,' ' baked.' Lateres coctiles, ' bricks,' ' tiles.' 
 Coctus, a, urn, part, (from co quo, coquere, coxi, coctum, 'to bake,') 
 1 baked,' ' boiled :' lateres cocti, ' burnt brick.' 
 
 Cozlum, and ccelum, i, n. in sing., m. in plur. (Gram. p. 57,) ' heaven,' 
 'the heavens,' 'the air,' ' climate,' probably derived from the Greek 
 koilon, 'hollow,' that is, 'the concave of the sky.' 
 
 Cozna, &, f. 'a supper,' the principal meal of the Romans, and though 
 taken at a late hour of the day, it might, with propriety, be translated 
 ' dinner.' 
 Ccepi, ccepisse, def. pret. (see Gram. p. 149,) 'I begin,' or ' have begun.* 
 Cceptus, a, um, part. * begun.' 
 
 Cognitus, a, um, part, (from cognosco, noscere, novi, mlum,) ' known,' 
 ♦ascertained,' 
 
 Cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, a. (for coago, from co or con, and ago, 'to 
 drive together,') 'to compel,' 'to hold together,' 'to collect:' cogere 
 agmen, ' to bring up the rear.' 
 
 Cohozreo,coho3rere, cohozs'i cohozsum, m. (con and hcereo, 'to stick,') 'to 
 cleave together,' ' to be united to,' ' to agree.' 
 
 Colchis, idis, f. a country on the eastern shore of the Euxine, now 
 ' Mingrelia,' celebrated as being the scene of the fable of the golden 
 fleece, and the Argonautic expedition. 
 Collis, is, m. ' a hillock,' ' a hill.' 
 
 Colloco, are, avi, alum, a. (con and loco, 'to place together,') 'to 
 place one with another,' 'to arrange,' ' to dispose.' 
 
 Collumi, i, n. ' the neck,' from collis, ' a hill ;' as the neck rises above 
 the body, as a hill above the plain. 
 
 Colo, colere, colui, cultum, a. The primary meaning of colere seems to 
 be 'to clip,' ' to prune,' from the Greek kolazo, 'to cutoff:' as colere 
 vitem, (Cicero,J 'to prune the vine:' hence, it means ' to adjust,' 'to 
 pay attention to,' 'to pursue,' 'to regard,' and in matters of religion, 
 i to worship,' as colere deos, ' to worship the gods.' In regard to the 
 
58 VOCABULARY. 
 
 fields it may be rendered ' to cultivate,' ' to till;' also, 'to frequent a 
 place,' 'to dwell in,' ' to inhabit.' 
 
 Colonia, a, f. (colo, ' to till,') ' a colony' or ' plantation' which people 
 are sent to till, and to dwell in. 
 
 Colonics, i, m. (colo,) ' a tiller of the ground,' * a husbandman,' * a 
 colonist.' 
 
 Color and colos, oris, m. ' a colour,' ' complexion,' 'tint,' 'hue.* 
 
 Columba, 02, f. 'a dove,' ' a pigeon.' 
 
 Columna, m, f. ' a pillar,' ' a column.' 
 
 Comes, ttis, com. (comitis, from con and Hum supine of eo, ' to go,' ' to 
 go together,') 'an associate,' 'a companion.' Syn. Socius, Soddlis. 
 They are thus distinguished : comes means ' a companion,' or fellow-tra- 
 veller ;' socius, ' a partner,' ' a fellow,' 'a member of the same society,' 
 4 a sharer in the same fortune ;' soddlis, ' a comrade,' a companion in 
 amusement or pleasure.' 
 
 Comissor, or commissor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 'to banquet,' 'to revel, 
 
 * to feast luxuriously,' ' to go to a feast.' 
 
 Comitor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (con. and Hum, supine of to, ( to go,') 
 
 * to go along with,' ' to accompany.' Syn. Sequi, which means ' to fol- 
 low, or ' go after,' whereas comitdri means * to go along with.' 
 
 Commemoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con and memoro,) ' to make mention of/ 
 *to relate,' ' to commemorate.' 
 
 Commeo, are, dvi, dtum, n. ' to go to and fro,' ' to go and come,' to go in 
 company with.' 
 
 Commercium, ii, n. (cum, which in composition often means ' inter- 
 change,' and mercium, gen. plur. of merx, « an interchange of merchan- 
 dise,') ' commerce,' ' traffic j ' also, 'intercourse,' ' communication,' ' fel- 
 'owship.' 
 
 Commmuo, uere, ui, ilium, a. (con and minuo, ' to lessen,') ' to break 
 in pieces,' ' to bruise,' ' to diminish.' 
 
 Commoditas, dtis, f. (con and modus, ' a measure,' * one thing meas- 
 ured with ox adjusted to another,') 'just proportion/ 'aptness;' hence, 
 'convenience,' opportunity.' 
 
 Commorior, mori, and morlrU mortuus sum, dep. 3d and 4th, ' to die 
 along with,' ' to die together.' 
 
 Communis, is, e, adj. 'common,' ' the same,' ' general/ 
 
 Comparo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (con suvlparo,) 'to procure,' 'to furnish,' 
 •to provide ;' also, 'to liken,' ' to compare ;' hence, thought to be com- 
 pounded of cum and par, 'like,' ' to make like with.' 
 
 Complector, complecti, complexus sum, dep. (cum or circum and plecto, 
 * to fold around,') < to encircle,' ' to surround,' ' to embrace,' ' to take hold 
 of.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 59 
 
 Comprehendo, hendere, hendi, hensum, a. (con and prehendo ' to lay 
 hold of,' 'to lay hands on.' It will be seen that our English word hand 
 has some affinity to this.) 'to seize hold of,' 'to apprehend ;' hence, 4 to 
 apprehend an idea,' ' to comprehend,' ' to understand.' 
 
 Concha, ce, f. 'a shell-fish,' ' a sea-shell,' also ' the pearl-oyster,' a 
 large shell fish in which the pearls are found. They abound in great 
 numbers along the coast of Ceylon and Japan, and in the Persian gulf. 
 They are obtained by means of divers, who go down under the water to 
 a great depth, being trained to the business from their youth. 
 
 Conchylium, ii, n. ' a kind of shell-fish from which purple dye wai 
 made,' also, ' purple' itself. 
 
 Concoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. (con and coquo, ' to cook,' 6 to boil,') ' to 
 boil ;' also, V to digest.' 
 
 Concurritur, imper. (con and curro, ' to run together,') ' it is run togeth- 
 er,' 'they rush together,' ' they join battle.' 
 
 Cencutio, utere, ussi,ussum,[a.. (con, and quatio, 'to shake,') ' to shake 
 together,' 'to agitate,' 'to vibrate,' 'to brandish.' 
 
 Conditio, onis, f. (condo, ' to found,' 8 to frame,') ' thenature,' 'quality,' 
 or circumstance under which things are ' framed,' (condita,) ' a con- 
 tract,' ' condition,' ' terms of agreement, conditionem accipere, ' to ac- 
 cept a proposal.' 
 
 Condo, dtre, dzdi, ditum, a. (con, ' together,' and do, ' to lay up,') 'to 
 treasure up,' 'to lay by,' ' to conceal ;' hence, to lay bricks together in 
 building, ' to build,' ' to construct,' ' to found,' ' to establish.' 
 
 Confero, conferre, contuli, colldtum, irr. a. (con and/ero,) ' to bring to- 
 gether, ' to heap up,' ' to collect :' conferre se, ' to betake one's self,' ' to 
 
 go-' 
 
 Conficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. (con or cum, which signifies ' union,' and 
 fac'io, ' to make,' ' to make a thing up by the union of several parts, 7 ) ' to 
 make,' ' to effect,' ' to finish ;' whence, ' to go through with any thing,' 
 hence, it comes to mean ' to consume,' ' to destroy,' ' to ruin,' ' to kill.' 
 
 Conflo, are, dm, dtum, a. (con dmdjlo, ' to blow,') ' to blow together,' 
 ' to blow up,' and as metals are melted by fire ' blown up' by bellows, th« 
 word came to signify ' to melt,' ' to fuse :' also, ' to unite,' ' to compose. 
 
 Confluo, uere, uxi, uxum, (con, ' together,' and^wo, ' to go,') ' to flow 
 together,' ' to run together,' ' to meet,' ' to flock together.' 
 
 Congero, gerere, gessi,gestum, a. ' to carry together,' ' to heap up,' ' to 
 accumulate.' 
 
 Congredior, edi, essussum, dep. (con and gradior, ' to go,' ' to advance,') 
 4 to go together,' ' to encounter,' ' to fight.' 
 
 Conjungo, gere, xi ctum, a. ' to join together,' ' to join into one,' ' to 
 unite,' ' to bind :' adjungere means ' to join on,' ' to attach.' 
 
60 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Conjux, or conjunx, ugis, com. (con zndjungo, 4 to couple together, 5 ) 
 4 a husband,' or * wife,' 4 a spouse.' 
 
 Conor, dri, dtus sum, dep. < to strive,' 4 to endeavour,' 4 to attempt,' 4 to 
 venture.' 
 
 Conscendo,dere, di, sum, a. (con and scando, 4 to climb,') ' to climb up,' 
 4 to ascend.' 
 
 Consecro, are, dvi, alum, a. (con and sacro, 4 to make sacred,') 4 to con- 
 secrate,' 4 to dedicate,' ' to devote.' 
 
 Conspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. (con and spicio, 4 to view,') 4 to behold,' 
 4 to see,' 4 to observe.' 
 
 Conspicor, dri, dlus sum, dep. 4 to see,' 4 to behold,' 4 to descry.' 
 Constans, ant'is, adj. (con and sto, 4 to stand,') 4 standing together,' 
 4 firm,' 4 fixed,' 4 constant,' 4 uniform.' 
 
 Constitutus, a, um, adj. (from constituo,uere,ui,uium, 4 to appoint,') 
 4 placed,' 4 appointed,' 4 established.' 
 
 Consto, stare, stiti, (no supine,) n. 4 to stand together,' 4 to exist,' 4 to 
 persist,' 4 to remain,' 4 to consist of:' constat imper. 4 it is manifest,' 4 it 
 is evident,' 4 it is agreed on.' 
 
 Construo, were, uxi,uctum, a. (con and struo, 4 to pile up,' 4 to build,') 
 4 to build up,' 4 to construct,' 4 to compose.' 
 
 Consulo, ulere, ului, ullum, a. (con, 4 together,' and salio, 4 to leap,' lite- 
 rally 4 those who jump together,' 4 those who go together for the purpose 
 of deliberation,' hence,) 4 to consult together,' 4 to deliberate.' 
 
 Consulto, are, dvi,dtum, a. freq. of consulo, 4 to ask advice,' 4 to con- 
 sult.' 
 
 Confemno, nere,psi, or si, plum or turn, a. 4 to undervalue,' 4 to con- 
 temn,' l to slight.' Syn. Despicere,Spernere: despicere, 4 to look down 
 upon, 1 'to despise,' being rather stronger than contemnere ; spernere, 4 to 
 scorn,' 4 to loath,' which is stronger than either.' 
 
 Contemptim, adv. 4 contemptuously,' 4 with contempt,' 4 scornfully.' 
 Coniendo, endere, endi, entum, a. (con and tendo, 4 to stretch,') 4 to 
 stretch out,' 4 to extend :' contendere cursum, 4 to stretch one's course ;' 
 hence, contendere, often means 4 to hasten,' 4 to go to,' without cursum 
 being expressed : so contendere nervos, * to strain every nerve ;' hence, the 
 simple verb 4 to strive,' 4 to struggle ;' also, 4 to struggle to obtain,' ' to 
 seek earnestly,' 4 to solicit:' contendere aliquid ab aliquo, 4 to demand 
 something of some one.' 
 
 Contentio, onis,U (con and tendo, 4 to stretch,' ) 4 a straining or exer- 
 tion of persons together,' 4 a contest.' Syn. Controversia, Disceptatio; 
 controversia means 4 a dispute,' 4 a controversy,' and implies a question 
 of right and wrong ; sine controversia, * without dispute/ and when an- 
 
VOCABULARY. 61 
 
 plied to legal matters, 4 without litigation :' Disceptatio, 4 a discussion,' 
 4 a debating' concerning a matter of controversy, is confined to argumen- 
 tative discussion. Contention ' a striving together,' implies much more 
 vehemence than either of the other words. 
 
 Condnens, entis part, and adj. {con and teneo, 4 to hold together,') 4 ad- 
 joining,' 4 adjacent,' 4 continued ;' also, 'to hold one's self from pleas- 
 ures; hence, 4 continent,' 4 temperate ;' as a noun, it is said of one land 
 that 4 holds on' with other lands, and is not separated from them by the 
 sea, 4 a continent.' 
 
 Continuus, a, wm, adj. (con and teneo,) l continued,' ' without inter- 
 mission.' 
 
 Contra, prep, its general signification implies ' opposition' — hence, it 
 means ' against,' * opposite to:' so in composition; as d'ico, 4 to say ;' 
 contraduo, ' to say against,' « to contradict.' As an adverb, it may be 
 rendered 4 on the other hand.' 
 
 Contueor, eri, ilus, sum, dep. (con and tueor, ' to behold,') ' to look 
 steadfastly,' 'to gaze upon,' ' to view.' 
 
 Contundo, tundere, tudi, tusum y a. (con and tundo, ' to beat,') 4 to beat 
 together,' 4 to bruise.' 
 
 Convenio, enire, eni, entum, n. 4 to come together,' 4 to meet,' * to 
 assemble.' 
 
 Cooperio, Ire, ui, ertum, a. (con and operio, 4 to close,') ; to cover all 
 over,' 4 envelope.' 
 
 Copia, ce y f. 4 plenty,' ■ abundance,' * store ;' hence, an 4 abundance' of 
 men, &c, that is 4 a multitude,' 4 a swarm ;' — an ' abundance' of money, 
 that is * wealth,' ' riches ;' an 4 abundance' of soldiers, 4 troops,' 4 forces ;' 
 an 'abundance' of words, that is, 'fluency of speech,' 'copiousness.' 
 
 Corcyra,ce, f. an island in the Ionian sea on the coast of Epirus, now 
 'Corfu.' It was celebrated for the gardens of Alcinous, and for its 
 choice fruit. (See Alcinous.) 
 
 Corinthus, i, f. 4 Corinth,' a celebrated city of Greece, situated on the 
 Isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 Corinthius, a, urn, adj. 4 Corinthian,' belonging to Corinth. 
 , Cornu, u, indec. 4 a horn ;' hence, 4 a trumpet' as formerly made of 
 horn : also, any thing in the shape of a horn, as the ' horns' of the moon, 
 4 the wings' of an army. 
 
 Corpus, oris, n. ' a body.' 
 
 Corruo, uere, ui, (supine wanting,) n. (con and ruo, ' to fall,') * to fall 
 down together,' 'to gc to ruin,' 'to decay.' Syn. Cadere, Rusre. Ca- 
 dere is simply 4 to fall,' mere and corruere, ' to fall with violence or pre- 
 cipitation.' 
 
 6 
 
62 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Corsica, #, f. an island in the Mediterranean, west of Italy. 
 
 Corycius, a, um, adj. 'Corycian,' of or belonging to Corycus, (now 
 Curco,) a place in Cilicia, in Asia Minor, celebrated among the ancients 
 for an extensive and curious cave. 
 
 Crater, eris, m. ' a bowl,' ' a goblet,' ' a basin ;' also, 'the basin,' or 
 hollow on the top of mount iEtna, or any other volcano, ' a crater.' 
 
 Creber, bra, brum, adj. ' thick,' ' close,' * frequent.' 
 
 Crebro, or crebre, adv. (comp. crebrius, super, creberrime.) ' frequent- 
 ly,' ' repeatedly.' 
 
 Credo, dere, didi, ditum, a. ' to credit,' 'to believe,* ' to trust,' < to 
 consign to one's care.' 
 
 Cremo, are, dvi, dtam, a. 'lo burn,' ' to set on fire.' Syn. Urere, 
 which is applied to the effects either of heat or cold, as uri colore, 'to be 
 burnt up with the heat,' urifrigore, i to be pinched or chilled with cold ;' 
 so also, ' to be pinched with presure,' as calceus urit, 'the shoe pinches ;' 
 Cremdre signifies merely ' to burn,' and generally * to burn to ashes.' 
 
 Cresco, escere, evi, etum, n. ' to increase,' ' to grow,' ' to become larger.' 
 
 Crocodllus, t, m. ' the crocodile.' This animal is an inhabitant of the 
 Nile and other Asiatic and African rivers ; it is of enormous strength, and 
 possesses great fleetness in swimming, and attacks not only men, but 
 even the largest animals, with great boldness. The largest measure from 
 20 to 25 feet in length. This is the animal that is so minutely and sub- 
 limely described in the 41st chapter of the book of Job, under the name 
 of * leviathan.' 
 
 Crudus, a, um, adj. 'raw,' 'fresh,' * new made.' 
 
 Cubitus and cubitum, i, m. and n. 'the arm below the elbow,' 'the 
 measure from the elbow to the end of the middle finger,' 'a cubit,' The 
 Roman cubic measured about one foot six inches ; the scripture, one foot 
 ten inches. 
 
 Cultus, a, am, part, (from colo,) 'cultivated,' 'dressed.' 
 
 Cum, prep, expresses the 'society, presence, or accompaniment' of 
 something, and may generally be rendered ' with.' As an adverb, it is 
 sometimes written quum, ' when.' Cum — turn, 'both, — 'and,' ' not only, 
 — but also.' In composition, Cum signifies 'union,' 'participation,' or 
 ' accompaniment;' but it is changed into com before m, and often drops 
 the last consonant; as, memoro, 'to relate,' commemoro, ' to relate to- 
 gether,' 'to commemorate ;' ago. ' to drive,' con-ago, or co-ago, or cogo, 
 * to drive together,' ' to collect ;' petltor, ' a candidate,' competitor, ' a 
 fellow candidate,' or 4 rival.' 
 
 Cupiditas, dtis, f. 'desire,' 'fondness,' ' greediness,' 'passion,' * thirst 
 after gain,' ' avarice.' Syn. Cupido, Desiderium. Cupido expresses 
 
VOCABULARY. 63 
 
 an ' excessive desire,' or 4 a violent passion' for any thing, and is strong- 
 er than Cupiditas. Desiderium, 'regret,' means 'the feeling of a want,' 
 generally confined to express ' the desire of what is missing,' 'a regret 
 for something absent or lost.' 
 
 Cupio, cupere, ivi and ii, itum, a. 4 to covet,' ' to desire,' ' to long for.' 
 Curd, are, dvi, alum, a. ; to take care of,' ' to attend to,' ' to regard, 5 
 'to concern one's self about any thing.' 
 
 Curro, currere, cucurri, cursum, n. 'to run,' ' to hasten.' 
 Currus, us, m. {curro, ' to run,') ' a chariot,' ' a car.' It was a 
 vehicle used in the races and in war. 
 
 Cursus, us, m. c a running,' ' a course,' 'away.' 
 Custodio,ire,lvi, Hum, a. ' to guard,' 'to watch,' 'defend.' 
 Cutis, is, f. 4 the skin.' Syn. Pellis, Corium. Cutis is ' the human 
 skin while on the body ;' Pellis, ' a skin or hide of any kind stripped off;' 
 Corium, ' thick hide,' whether on the animal or not ; also, fc tanned leather.' 
 Cyclades, dum, f. plur. a cluster of islands in the iEgaean sea, now the 
 Archipelago. So called from the Greek kuklos, 4 a circle,' as they present 
 the appearance of this figure. 
 
 Cyclopes, pum, m. plur. i the Cyclops,' a fabled race of giants that 
 inhabited Sicily. They were so called from the Greek kuklops, (kuklos, 
 ' a circle,' and ops, ' the eye,') ' the circled-eyed,' as they were said 
 to have but one eye, and that a large one in the centre of the forehead. 
 Cydnus, i, m. a river of Cilicia, in Asia Minor. 
 Cymba, ee, f. 'a bark,' ' skirl.' 
 
 Cymbalum, i, n. ' a cymbal,' a hollow musical instrument of brass. 
 Cynossema, atis, n. a promontory on the Thracian Chersonesus, where 
 queen Hecuba was buried. It was so called from the Greek kunos, 
 *ofa dog,' and sema, 'a tomb,' as Hecuba, before she cast herself into 
 the sea, at this promontory, was said to have been changed into a dog. 
 The monument erected to her memory was called Cynossema ; literally, 
 6 the tomb of the dog.' See Hecuba. Class. Diet. 
 
 Cynlhus, i, m. a high mountain in the island of Delos. 
 Cyrence, drum, f. plur. a city of Africa, near the Syrtis Major. 
 Cyrendicus, a, um, adj. 'Cyrenaic,' ' relating to Cyrense.' Cyrenai- 
 ca, is also read as a noun, provincia, being understood; it is now the 
 kingdom of Barca. 
 
 Cyrenensis, is, e, adj. the same as above. 
 
 Cyrnus, i, f. the island of Corsica ; called by the Greeks Cyrnos. 
 Cyzicus, i, f. a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, situated on a peninsula 
 *>f the same name. 
 
64 VOCABULARY. 
 
 D. 
 
 Danuhius,i, m. 'the Danube,' the largest river of Europe. It rises 
 in Germany and flows east into the Euxine. The eastern part of it was 
 also called * the Ister.' 
 
 Dardania, ee, f. the northern portion of the celebrated plain of Troy, 
 situated along the Hellespont; whence the modern name of this strait, 
 ' the Dardanelles.' 
 
 .De, prep. ' from,' < out of,' ' of or belonging to,' ' about,' ' concerning/ 
 'respecting.' In composition it general^ signifies 'privation,' 'dimi- 
 nution,' ' removal,' fc descent,' ' completion,' and sometimes ' excess ;' as 
 decoro, ' to adorn ;' dedtcoro, ' to disgrace ;' cado, ' to fall ;' decido, l to 
 fall from,' c to fall off;' facio^ 'to do,' defacio, 'to do less than one 
 ought,' ' to fail;' Jiagro, 'to burn,' deflagro, 'to burn excessively,' oe 
 'burn to ashes.' 
 
 Dea, ce, f . l a goddess.' 
 
 Decern, adj. num. ind. 'ten.' 
 
 Decido, idere, Idi, (no sup ) n. {de and cedo, see* prep, de in composi- 
 tion.) ' to fall from,' ' to fall down.' 
 
 Decoquo, quere, xi^clum,^. {de and coquo, 'to boil,') 'to boil,' 'to 
 consume by boiling,' ' to boil away.' 
 
 Decresco, crescere, crevi, cretum, n. {de and cresco, ' to increase,') ' to 
 decrease,' ' to decay.' 
 
 Decurro, currere, rum and cucurri, cursum, n. {de and curro,) 'to 
 run down,' ' to flow down.' 
 
 Dedo, ded.ere, dedidi, dcditum, a. {de and do.) 'to give up,' 'to sur- 
 render.' Syn. Tradere, (comp. of trans, 'over,' and do, 'to give,') 'to 
 give over,' 'to consign,' 'to deliver:' dedere means ' to give a thing up' 
 entirely to another person as his own ; tradere, merely ' to consign' to 
 another's keeping that of which you sail have the right of property or 
 ownership. 
 
 Deduco, cere, uxi, uctum, a. {de and duco,) l to lead forth,' ' to convey ,' 
 1 to conduct.' 
 
 Defendo, dere, di, sum, a. {de and fendo.) l to hit off,' ' to ward off,' * to 
 protect,' ' to defend.' 
 
 Defic'to, icere, eci, ectum, a. {de and facio. See prep, de, in comp.) 'to 
 fail,' 'to decrease,' 'to be wanting;' and, when applied to the planets ? 
 * to be eclipsed.' 
 
 Defluo, nere* uxi, (no supine,) n. ' to flow down.' 
 
 Defodio, odere, od'i, ossum, a. {de and fodio,) 'to dig down,' ' to 
 bury.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 65 
 
 Defungor, fungi, functus sum, dep. (de and fungor, 'to discharge,' 
 
 * to execute,') ' to execute thoroughly,' 'to go through with,' 'to finish, 7 
 6 to make an end of.' 
 
 Degusto, are, avi, alum, a. (de and gusto,) 'to taste,' * to touch 
 lightly.' 
 
 Deinde, adv. (de, 'from,' and inde, 'then,') 'thenceforth,' ' then,'# 
 'further,' ' after that.' 
 
 Belabor, delabi, delapsus sum, dep. (de and labor,) ' to fall down,' 
 4 to fall into,' 'to be inclined.' 
 
 Deleo, ere, evi, Hum, a. ' to blot out,' ' to efface,' ' to destroy,' • to ruin.' 
 
 Delictum, i t n. and delicto?, arum, f. plur. (Gram. p. 57.) * any thing 
 that delights,' or ' amuses,' ' pleasure, 'diversions.' 
 
 Delphi,6rum, m. plur. a city of Phocis, situated on the southern side 
 of Mount Parnassus. It was celebrated for the oracle of Apollo, who 
 had here a most magnificent temple, filled with the richest offerings of 
 gold. 
 
 Delia, ce, f. a part of Egypt, so called from its resemblance to the 
 Greek letter delta, inverted thus, V- This form was occasioned by the 
 several branches of the Nile, towards its mouth. See Map. 
 
 Delubrum, t, n. 'a chapel,' 'an altar,' 'a sacred place,' 'a temple.' 
 Syn. JEdes, Fanum, Templum : cedes, which (in the plural generally 
 signifies ' a house,' probably from the idea of there being many chambers 
 in a house,) in the singular generally signifies ' one chamber for divine 
 worship,' ' a temple ;' fanum was properly ■ a place consecrated for the 
 erection of a temple ; templum was originally ' a place consecrated by 
 augurs ;' also, ' a temple' erected to some divinity, in which sense it is 
 distinguished from delubrum, by signifying a place of larger dimensions, 
 delubrum being merely a small chapel, or part of a temple. The capital, 
 at Rome, was called templum, in which there were three delubra or 
 'chapels;' namely, Jupiter's, Juno's, and Minerva's. 
 
 Delus, or Delos, i, f. (See Gram. p. 35.) an island on the iEgaean Sea, 
 famed for being the birth-place of Apollo and Diana, who had a splendid 
 temple there. It was so called from the Greek delos, 'evident,' 'mani- 
 fest,' as it was once said to be a floating island, nearly under water ; but 
 was afterwards made stationary, and to appear above water, by Nep- 
 tune's striking it with his trident. 
 
 Demitto Mere, isi, issum, a. (de and mitto, ' to send,') ' to send down,' 
 
 * to let down,' ' to let fall.' 
 
 Demum, adv. ■ at length,' ' at last,' ' finally ;' also, ' only,' « merely,' 
 Deni, ce, a, adj. num. ' ten by ten,' ■ ten each,' ' every ten.' 
 Demque, adv. 'finally,' 'at last,' 'to conclude,' 
 
 .5* 
 
66 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Dens, dentis, m. ' a tooth.' 
 
 Descendo, dere, dt, sum, n. (de and scando, ' to climb,') ' to go down/ 
 'to descend ;' descendcre ex equo, ' to alight from a horse.' 
 
 Descnbo, here, p si, plum, a. (de and scribo, 'to write,') 'to write off,' 
 ' to copy,' ' to describe ;' also, ' to divide,' ' to mark out.' 
 
 Deser/us, a, um, part, and adj. "abandoned,' 'forsaken, * deserted/ 
 1 desolate.' It is often used without an accompanying substantive, as 
 desertum, or deserta, ' desert,' or ' deserts.' 
 
 Desiderium, i, n. ' a longing for,' 'desire,' 'regret.' See cupiditas. 
 
 Desmo, sinere, sivi, and sii, stium, n. (de and sino, ' to permit,') lite- 
 rally ' to permit a thing to be ;' that is, 'to leave it untouched;' hence, 
 it usually signifies ' to leave off,' ' to cease,' ' to end,' ' to renounce.' 
 
 Deveho, vehere,vexi, vectum, a. ' to transport,' ' to move from one place 
 to another:' part, devexus, ' inclining downwards,' ' sloping.' 
 
 Devinco,vincere, vici, victum, a. Qde and vinco,) 'to conquer,' ' ta 
 vanquish,' 'to subdue.' 
 
 Dtvolo > are, dvi, atum, n. 'to fly down,' ' to fly away,' ' to hasten.' 
 
 Devvro, are, dvi, alum, a. (de and voro^ ' to devour,') * to devour,' 4 to 
 eat up,' 'to swallow down.' 
 
 Deus, i, m. (from the Greek iheos, « a god,') * God,' ' deity.' 
 
 Dexter, dextera, dexterum, and dextra, dexlnim,a.c]}. (comp. dexierior f 
 sup. dextimus,) 'on the right hand,' 'right;' also, 'lucky,' 'propitious,' 
 'favorable:' it received this signification after the Greeks, with whom 
 ' the right' was considered fortunate, whereas with the Romans ' the 
 left,' (sinister.) was thought to betoken good fortune. The reason is 
 evident : by both nations, all signs arising in the quarter of the heavens 
 where the sun rose, or in the east, were considered propitious ; but the 
 Greek augurs, in making their observations faced the north, and there- 
 fore had the east on their ' right' (dexter) hand; whereas the Roman 
 augurs faced the south, and of course nad the east on their ' left' (sinis- 
 ter) hand. 
 
 Diana, &, f. the goddess ' Diana,' the daughter of Jupiter, sister of 
 Apollo, and the goddess of hunting. 
 
 D'zco, dicere, dixi, dictum, a. ' to say,' 'to tell,' 'to speak. Syn. Lo~ 
 qui : dicere means ' to pronounce articulately,' ' to speak distinctly,' and 
 is generally used in reference to a set discourse, and to the efforts of ora- 
 tors ; whereas loqui means 'to talk, r or 'speak' with friends, and is 
 applied to a more familiar sort of speaking than is meant by dicere : it 
 is also used when we speak of the first inarticu-late sounds of children : 
 hence the word infans, (in, ^not^dnd fans, (participle of/art.) 'speaking,') 
 t an infant,' one who cannot utter an articulate sound. 
 
VOCABULARY. 67 
 
 Differens, its, part, (from differo, differre, dutuli, dildtum,) ' differ- 
 ing,' 'different.' 
 
 Dimicatio, onis, f. c a contest,' ■ a skirmish.' Syn. Prcelium, Pugna: 
 prcclium, ' a battle,' ' an engagement,' is generally applied to large bo- 
 dies of troops, composed of cavalry and heavy armed soldiers : dimicatio, 
 ' a contest,' 'an encounter,' is used in speaking of smaller bodies; while 
 pugna, (from the Greek pux, ' with the fist,') signifies generally * a single 
 combat,' or 'a close engagement.' 
 
 Dimico, are, dvi, and ui, alum, n. * to fight,' to skirmish.' From the 
 inseparable preposition di or dis, which means 'separation,' ' division,' 
 'in different parts,' and the Greek mache, ' a battle.' 
 
 Diomedes, is, in. a king of Thrace, who was said to kill his guests, and 
 give them to his horses for food. 
 
 Dirimo, imere, emi, emptum, or emtum, a. (dis and emo, ' to take,') * to 
 part,' ' to sever,' ' to divide ;' also, 'to distinguish,' for the purpose of 
 judging ; hence, 'to decide,' as dirwnre litem, 'to decide the dispute/ 
 
 Diripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. (dis and rapio, ' to tear, 5 ) ' to tear asun- 
 der,' ' to snatch ;' also, ' to plunder,' ' to spoil.' 
 
 Dims, a, urn, adj. ' savage,' ' fell,' ' direful,' ' cruel.' 
 
 Dirutus a, um, part, (from diruo, diruere, dirui, dirutum,) 'destroy- 
 ed,' 'pulled down,' ' overthrown.' 
 
 Dis, or di, prep, that is never found by itself, and therefore called ' in- 
 separable.' It implies ' separation,' 'division,' and may be translated 
 ' apart,' 'asunder,' 'on every side,' 'in different directions.' 
 
 Discerpo,pere, psi, ptum, a. (dis and carpo, * to pluck,') * to tear or 
 pull in pieces,' ' to rend,' • to mangle.' 
 
 Disco, discere, didici, (sup. wanting,) a. ' to learn,' ' to acquire the 
 knowledge of a thing.' 
 
 Discordia, cc, f. (dis and cor, ' the heart,') literally ' a separation of 
 heart,' 'opposition of sentiments,' ' discord,' 'dissention.' 
 
 Ducrepo, are, dvi, and ui,itum, n. (dis and crepo, ' to make a noise, 7 ) 
 literally ' to make discordant sounds;' hence, said of persons varying or 
 differing, ' to differ,' ' to disagree.' 
 
 Dislinguo, uere, inxi, inctiim,^. (dis and tingo, 'to paint,' 'to col- 
 our,') literally, 'to distinguish by colouring;' hence, 'to distinguish^ 
 4 to discriminate,' ' to mark,' ' to adorn,' Ho variegate.' 
 
 Dislo, are, (perf. and sup. not used,) n. (dis and sto,) literally ' to 
 stand apart,' ' to be distant,' ' to be divided,' ' to differ.' 
 
 Dm, adv. (comp. diutius, super, diutiss'wxe,} ' long,' ' for a long time ;' 
 from dies ; whence its primitive meaning ' ail through the day.' 
 
 Diversus, a, um, adj. (dis and verto, ' to turn,' literally, turned differ- 
 ent ways,') ' separate, 5 ' distinct,' ' different.' 
 
68 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Dives, itis, adj. (comp. ditior, super- ditissimus,) 'rich,' ' wealthy, 7 
 ' opulent,' * valuable,' ' precious.' 
 
 Divtdo, Mere, tsi, isum, a. (for difido, from di and Jido, for Jindo, ' to 
 split,' literally 'to split apart,') 'to divide,' ' to separate.' 
 
 Divitice, drum, f. plur. (from dives,) ' riches,' ' wealth.' 
 
 Divulsus, a,um, part, (from divello, divellere, divelli, divulsum,) ' pulled 
 asunder,' ' parted.' 
 
 Do, dare, dedi, datum, a. * to give' 'to grant:' dare pcenas, ' to suffer 
 punishment ;' where pcenas is used in its primitive signification of 'a fine 
 paid,' 'a compensation,' 'a penalty;' hence, ' to give compensation/ 
 signified the same as c to suffer punishment.' 
 
 Doceo, ere, cui, ctum, a. ' to teach.' Syn. Erudirei docerc signifies 'to 
 teach,' or 'give information,' without reference to the state of the per- 
 son instructed ; erudlre, ' to instruct.' however, implies his previous want 
 of culture and tuition. 
 
 DociKtas, dlis, f. ' aptness to learn,' ' docility.' 
 
 Doctrina, ce. f. 'the art of teaching,' 'instruction ;' also, ' learning,' 
 'science,' erudition.' 
 
 Dodona, ce, f. a town of Epirus, in Greece, famed for its ancient 
 oracle, which was ranked next to the oracle at Delphi. 
 
 Domesdcus, a, urn, adj. ' pertaining to a house,' ' domestic,' ' private.' 
 
 Domicilium, i, n. ' a house,' ' a habitation,' ' a place of abode.' 
 
 Domo, are, ui, Hum, a. ' to subdue,' ' to overcome,' ' to break or tame 
 wild animals.' Syn. Subigere; which, compounded of sub and ago, literally 
 means 'to drive or force under,' 'to lay low," 'to humble;' domdre 
 means ' to tame by force,' ' to subdue a turbulent and refractory spirit.' 
 
 Domus, us or i, f. ' a house,' ' a habitation,' ' a dwelling;' domi, ' at 
 home.' Gram. R. 53. 
 
 Donee, adv. ' while,' ' until.' 
 
 Dorsum^ i, n. ' the back.' Syn. Tergum : dorsum, ' the back,' is gene- 
 rally opposed to venter, ' the belly ,' tergum, ' the back,' * the hind part,' 
 is generally opposed Xofrons, ' the front,' or * fore part.' 
 
 Draco, onis, m. 'a dragon,' a sort of large serpent. 
 
 Drmdce, arum, and druides, idum, m. plur. ' the Druids,' ancient priests 
 of Britain and Gaul. 
 
 Ducenti, ce. a, adj. num. plur. 'two hundred.' 
 
 Duco, cere,xi, ctum, a. 'to lead', 'to carry,' 'to draw :' duceiemurum, 
 ' to build a wall :' ducere uxdrem, ' to take a wife,' ' to marry.' In this 
 latter sense, it may be considered as synonymous with nubere, ' to marry.' 
 Ducere, however, is only used when a man is the subject of discourse, or 
 is the nominative to the verb, while nubere, ' to be veiled,' or duci, ' to be 
 
VOCABULARY. 69 
 
 led,' is used when a woman is the subject of discourse. The literal 
 meaning is ' to veil,' {caput, 'the head,' being understood,) and it de- 
 rives its meaning ' to marry,' from the custom of the females covering 
 their heads when presented to their husbands at the marriage rite. 
 
 Dum, adv. ' whilst,' ' as long as," i until.' 
 
 Duo, ce, o, num. adj. plur. l two.' 
 
 Duodecim, num. adj. ind. plur. 'twelve.' 
 
 Duodeviginli, num. adj. ind. plur. ' two from twenty,' ' eighteen.' 
 
 Duritia, ce, f. ' hardness.' 
 
 Dux, duels, com. 'a leader,' 'guide,' 'captain,' 'general.' As sy- 
 nonymous with imperdtor, it signifies an officer of comparatively lower 
 grade, while imperdtor means ' the commander in chief.' 
 
 E. 
 
 E before a consonant, Ex before a vowel, prep, 'from,' ' out of,' im- 
 plying e motion' out of a place,' ' departure from the interior of a place :' 
 it differs from a or ab, in showing that the person or thing excluded, 
 had a more intimate connexion with that from which it was excluded : 
 thus, dejectus est E, domo, ' he was driven out of the house,' shows that the 
 person had been within it, but dejectus est ab domo, ' he was driven from 
 the house,' shows merely that the person was around or near it. In com- 
 position it generally signifies ' out ;' and often greatly increases the force 
 of the original word, as, korreo ' to dread,' exhorreo ' to dread out and 
 out,' ' to dread exceedingly.' Before certain consonants e only is used, 
 and before/ it changes its consonant into/. Examples in composition: 
 bibo, ' to drink,' ebibo, ' to drink out or drink up ;' dico, ' to tell,' edico, ' to 
 tell out,' ' to publish ;' fugio, 'to fly, 1 effugio, i to fly away.' 
 
 Ebibo, ere, i, itum, a. (e and bibo,) ' to drink up :' see E in composi- 
 tion. 
 
 Ebur, oris, n. ' ivory.' 
 
 Efficio, icere, lei, ectum, a. (c a.nd facto, literally 'to work out,') 'to 
 effect,' ' to bring to pass,' ' to accomplish.' 
 
 Effigies, Hi, f. 'an image,' 'representation,' 'effigy.' 
 
 Effundo, undere, udi, usum, a. (e and fundo,) 'to pour out,' 'to^ 
 waste.' 
 
 Egero, rere, ssi, stum, a. (e and gero,) ' to carry out,' ' to cast out.' 
 
 Ego, met, pron. 'I.' 
 
 Egredior, egredi, egressus siwt,dep. (c and gradior, i to go,' ' to walk,') 
 k to go out.' 
 
 Ejusmodi, (compounded of the gen. of the pron. is and modus, c man- 
 ner,") ' of the same sort,' 'such like,' ' such.' 
 
70 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Elephantis, tdis, f. a city of Egypt. 
 
 Elephanius, i, and Elephans, antis, m. ' an elephant.' 
 
 Ettdo, dere,si, sum, a. (e, ' exceedingly,' and Icedo, ' to hurt,' literally, 
 6 to hurt very much,') l to break in pieces,' ' to crush,' ' to strangle.' 
 
 EUgo, igere,egi, eclum, a. (e and lego, < to choose,') 6 to choose out,' 
 ' to select.' 
 
 Emergo, gere, si, sum, n. (e, which gives to the compound verb a mean- 
 ing directly 'opposite' to that of the original, and mergo, ' to sink,') 'to 
 rise up,' ' to come out,'. ' to emerge,' ' to swim.' 
 
 Emineo,tre,ui, (no supine,) n. (e and maneo, 'to remain,') 'to rise 
 up,' or ' out of,' * to be higher,' ' to be conspicuous.' 
 
 Emitto, ittere, m, issum, a. (e and initio,) ' to send forth,' ' to emit.' 
 
 Enascor, nasci, natus sum, dep. (e and nascor,) ' to spring up,' ' to 
 grow out.' 
 
 Eneco,necdre, necavi, and necui, necdtum, and necium, a. (e and neco, 
 Ho kill,') ' to kill outright,' ' to slay,' ' to murder.' 
 
 Enervo, are, doi, alum, a. {e and nervi, 'the sinews,' 'the nerves,') 
 literally, ' to take out the nerves,' ' to enervate,' ' to enfeeble,' ' to 
 weaken.' 
 
 Enim, conj. 'for,' c truly,' 'indeed.' 
 
 Eo, Ire, ivi, itum, n. * to go,' ' to walk,' i to travel.' 
 
 Ev, adv. 'thither,' 'to such a pitch,' ' to such an extent.' 
 
 Eous, a, um, adj. 'relating to the morning,' * eastern;' as a noun, 
 Eous, i, m. ' the morning star.' 
 
 Ephesus, i, m. a city of Ionia, in Asia Minor, famed for the temple of 
 Diana. 
 
 Eplrus,i, f. a country in the north-western part of Greece. 
 
 Epulor, art, dlussum, dep. i to feast,' < to banquet.' 
 
 Epulum, z, n. in sing, and Epulce, drum, f. (Gram, p. 57.) c a feast,' ' a 
 banquet.' Syn. Convivium. These words may be thus distinguished : 
 Convivium, comp. of con and vivo, ' to live together ;' is a 'common re- 
 past,' or ' entertainment ;' Epulum is a i religious or public feast,' given to 
 the people ; Epulce, ' a sumptuous banquet,' given by a private individu- 
 al to such as he chose to invite. 
 
 Eques, it'is, m. ' a horseman,' 'a knight.' 
 
 Equitdtus,us, m. 'riding,' 'the cavalry,' 'a troop of horse.' 
 
 Equus, i, m. ' a horse.' 
 
 Erga, prep. ' towards.' 
 
 Eripio, ipere, ipui, eptum,a.. (e and rapio, ' to sever,') ' to tear from,' 
 4 to snatch away, * to take away by force. ' 
 
 Erro, are, avi, alum, n. ' to stray,' ' to wander up and down,' * to err.* 
 
VOCABULARY. 71 
 
 Erodo, dere, si, sum, a. (e and rodo, ' to gnaw,') ' to gnaw away,' l to 
 eat into,' 'to consume.' 
 
 Et, eonj. ' and,' 'also,' 'even;' when e/ occurs twice in the same 
 sentence, the former is rendered by 'both,' and the latter by ' and,' 
 The difference between et and the enclitic que is, that et connects persons 
 or things that are distinct from each other, while que connects those 
 which are either the same or parts of the same. 
 Eiiam, conj. ' also,' ' even.' 
 
 Eubxa, cb, f. a large island in the JEgaan sea, opposite the coasts of 
 Boeotia and Attica, 
 
 Eumenes, is, m. an officer in the army of Alexander, the second king 
 of Pergamus, celebrated for his love of learning. 
 
 Euphrates, is, m. a large river in Asia, which rises in mount Niphdtes, 
 (a part of the Taurus chain,) falls into the Tigris, near its mouth, and 
 with it empties into the Persian gulf. 
 
 Eurlpus, t, m. the strait between Aulis in Boeotia and Euboea, re- 
 markable for an irregular ebb and flow of its tide. 
 
 Europa, ce, f. the daughter of Agenor, King of Phoenicia. She was 
 changed by Jupiter into a bnll, and by him carried into Crete : from her 
 the name ' Europe' is derived, one of the four quarters of the earth. 
 
 Euroias, ce, m. a river of Greece, arising in Arcadia, flowing by Sparta , 
 and emptying into the Laconic gulf. 
 
 Euxlnus, i, m. (from the Greek eu, ' very,' and xenos, ' hospitable,') 
 'the Euxine,'now the Black sea. It was at first called axenos, which means 
 1 inhospitable,' as the inhabitants of its shores were very cruel to stran- 
 gers : afterwards, when the Ionians made some settlements there, they be- 
 came more civilized and hospitable. 
 Ex, prep, see E, 
 
 Excequo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex, and equus, ' equal,' ' level,') ' to level 
 out,' ' to make equal or plane.' 
 
 Excedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. (ex and cedo, ' to retire,' ' to depart,') ' to go 
 out,' ' to withdraw ;' also, ' to go beyond,' or ' above,' that is, ' to exceed,' 
 4 to surpass.' 
 
 Excello, ere, ui, (no supine,) n. (ex and celsus, ' high,') ' to be high,' 
 *to excel,' 4 to out do.' 
 Excelsus, a, urn. adj. 'high,' 'lofty.' 
 
 Excidium, i, n. (ex, and cado, ' to fall,') ' ruin,' 'overthrow,' 'destruc- 
 tion.' 
 
 Excido, dere, di, (no supine,) a. (ex and ccedo, ' to cut,') ' to cut out,' 
 ' to cut off,' ' to hew down.' 
 
72 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Excipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. (ex and capio, 'to take,') 'to take a 
 thing from another,' ' to receive ;' also, ' to receive or take upon one's 
 self,' ' to support,' ' to sustain.' 
 
 Excolo, colere, colui, cultum, a. (ex and colo, ' to practice,') ' to culti- 
 vate,' 'to adorn,' 'to improve,' 'to finish.' 
 
 Exemplum, i 9 n. (from exemplum, supine of eximo,' to take out,' 4 to 
 select,' J literally, ' something selected as a model,' ' a sample,' ' exam- 
 ple,' ' copy,' 'model.' 
 
 Exerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. (from the Greek exergasomai,^ to work out,') 
 e to train,' * to practice,' ' to exercise;' exercere odium, 'to entertain 
 hatred ;' exercere agrum ' to till the soil.' 
 Exercilus, us, m. ' an army ;' see Acies. 
 
 Exllis, is, e, adj. (comp. exilior, sup. not used,) 'slender,' 'thin,* 
 c weak,' ' small.' 
 
 Eximie, adv. (cximo, ' to choose out of,') 'choicely,' 'remarkably,' 
 < excellently,' 'very.' 
 
 Existimatio, 6nis,L 'estimation,' 'esteem,' 'opinion, 7 'judgment.' 
 Existtmo, are, avi, alum, a. (ex, ces and the Greek time, ' honour,') 'to 
 dtaw an estimate of,' ' to judge,' ' to think,' s to determine,' 
 
 Exitus, us, m. (ex and eo, ' to go,') ' a going out,' ' exit;' exitus vitce, 
 1 the end of life ;' also, ' the event,' ' issue.' 
 
 Exorior, oriri, ortus sum, dep. 3. (ex and orior,) ' to rise up,' or 'out 
 of,' ' to spring up,' 'to appear.' 
 
 Exorno, are, avi, alum, a. (ex, and orno, ' to adorn,*) ' to deck out,' ' to 
 adorn,' 'to embellish.' 
 
 Expecto, or exspecto, are, avi, alum, a. (ex and specto, ' to look,') ' to 
 look out for,' ' to wait for,' ' to long for,' ' desire,' ' expect.' 
 
 Expeditio, onis, f. (from expedio, ' to equip,' which is comp. of ex and 
 pes, 'a foot,' ' to take one's foot out of,'' ' to disentangle,' ' to rid,' ' to 
 rid any thing from difficulties ;' hence, 'to accomplish,' 'to equip,') 'an 
 expediting, despatching ;' also, ' a military expedition.' 
 
 Expers, expertis, adj. (ex signifying 'privation,' and pars, ' a part,') 
 literally, 'having no part nor share in,' ' destitute of,' ' free from,' ' with- 
 out.' 
 
 Expolio, Ire, ivi, Hum, a. (ex and polio, ' to polish',) ' to polish well,' 
 l to furbish,' ' to adorn,' ' to finish,' ' to improve.' 
 
 Expugno, are, avi, alum, a. (ex and pugno, ' to right,') ' to take by 
 storm,' ' to conquer,' ' to subdue,' ' to overcome.' Syn. Obs'idere, 'to 
 besiege,' or ' blockade ;' Oppugndre, « to attack,' or ' assault ;' Capere? 
 4 to take in any way whether by force or stratagem.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 73 
 
 Exstinguo, or extinguo, guere, xi, ctum, a. (e# and stinguo, * to extin- 
 guish,') 'to put out,' 'to extinguish,' 4 to kill :' part, extinctus, 'dead.' 
 
 Exstruo, or extruo, uere, uxi, uctum, a. {ex and struo, 4 to build,') • to 
 build up,' * to pile up.' 
 
 Exsurgo, exsurgere, exsurrexi, rectum, n. {ex and surgo, ' to rise,) B to 
 rise up,' 4 to arise.' 
 
 Extra, prep. 4 beyond,' 4 without,' « except.' 
 
 Extraho, here, xi, ctum, a. (e# and traho, « to draw,') 4 to draw out,' 
 4 to force out,' 4 to extract.' 
 
 Extremus, a, um,. adj. (super, of exterus, cornp. exterior,) 'the re- 
 motest,' 4 the last,' 'the furthest:' extrema senectus, 'extreme old age.' 
 
 F. 
 
 Fabrico, are, dvi, alum, a. ' to frame,' ' to make,' 4 to manufacture,"' 
 * to forge.' 
 
 Fabula, ce, f. 4 a report,' 4 a tale,' 4 a story,' ' a fable,' 4 a play.' 
 
 Facile, adv. (comp./aci'/ww, super, facillime,') 4 easily.' 
 
 Factlis, iff, e, adj. 4 easy,' 4 ready,' 4 easy to do ;' from facere* 
 
 Facio,facere, feci, factum, a. 4 to make, or cause to be,' 4 to do or per- 
 form some act,' which act must be learned from the context : facere 
 pluris, 4 to make of more consequence,' * to value higher.' Agere, as 
 synonymous with Facere, means 4 to conduct a business,' and implies a 
 course of action. 
 
 Falernus, a, urn, adj. ' Falernian,' belonging to Falernus :' the Faler- 
 nus ager, was a district of country in Campania, famed for producing the 
 best wine in Italy, or even in the world. 
 
 Fama, 02, f. 'report,' 4 rumor,' 'fame.' Syn. Rumor, which means 4 a 
 report circulated in conversation, and about some recent occurrence,' 
 4 a rumor,' 4 hearsay ;' buifama, rather means a prevalent report pub- 
 licly propagated, concerning either a recent or old event ; 4 common 
 fame,' ' general reputation.' 
 
 Fames, is, f. 4 hunger,' ' fasting.' 
 
 Fas, n. ind. (from fans, part, offari, 4 to speak,') 'divine law,' 'what 
 is just or right by the rules of religion,' 4 what is spoken or commanded 
 by the priests.' Syn. Jus, which relates 'to human laws,' 4 civil right :' 
 nonfas, 4 it is not right,' 4 it is not lawful.' 
 
 Faux, cis, f. it is seldom used in the sing. plur. fauces, ium, ' the 
 larynx,' ' throat ;' also, 4 the mouths' of a river, ' the straits' between 
 two seas, 'the narrow passes or defiles' between mountains. 
 
 Felix, ids, adj. its primary signification seems to be 'fruitful,' 'fer- 
 tile,' ' productive ;' hence, ' happy,' * fortunate.' 
 
 7 
 
74 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Femtna, ce, f. ' a female,' ' a woman.' 
 
 Fera, a>,f. ' a wild beast.' 
 
 Ferax,dcis, adj. 'fruitful,' ' abundant.' 
 
 jFere, adv. ' almost,' 'nearly,' ' well nigh.' 
 
 Ferinus, a, um, adj. ' of or belonging to a wild beast,' ' brutal." 
 Fero,ferre, tuli, latum, irreg. a. (Greek phero, i to carry,') ' to bear/ 
 4 to bring,' ' to take ;' in the latter signification it may be synonymous 
 with ducere, as they both may be rendered, 'to take :' but ducere is 'to 
 take,' 'to lead,' 'to conduct;' as, 'take me,' that is, 'conduct me,' 
 (duce me,) to your house. Ferre is ' to take,' ' to carry ;' as, ' he took' or 
 ' carried' with him (tulit secum,) many things. 
 
 Ferox, ocis, adj. 'fierce,' 'insolent,' 'bold,' (from/era, ' a wild beast.') 
 It is sometimes used in a good sense, 'high spirited,' 'brave,' 'warlike,' 
 ' valorous.' 
 
 Ferreus, a, um, adj. ' made of iron,' ' iron ;' also, ' iron hearted,' ' hard 
 hearted,' ' cruel,' ' unfeeling.' 
 
 Ferrum, i, n. 'iron ;' hence, instruments made of iron, as ' a sword," 
 ' a knife,' ' an axe,' ' a razor.' 
 
 Fer tills, is, e, adj. 'fertile,' 'fruitful.' 
 
 FertiUtas, dtis, f. « fertility,' ' fruitfulness,' ' abundance.' 
 
 Ferveo,fervere, ferbui, (no supine,) ' to be hot,' ' to boil,' ' to glow ;" 
 also, ' to rage.' 
 
 Festus, a, um, adj, ' festival,' ' festive,' 'joyous,' 'jovial :' whence, Fes- 
 tum, i, n. 'a festival,' ' a feast.' 
 
 Fides, ei, f. 'faith,' 'honor,' 'veracity,' ' credibility.' 
 
 Figo, figere, Jixi, fixum, a. ' to fix,' ' to fasten,' ' to thrust in.' 
 
 Filius, i, ' a son.' 
 
 Finio, ire, ivi, Hum, a. (finis, ' an end,') ' to finish,' ' terminate,' ' to 
 end,' ' to put an end to.' 
 
 Finis, is, com. ' the end' or 'conclusion of any thing,' ■ the end' of a 
 country, that is, ' the boundary,' and in plural, 'the limits.' 
 
 Finitimus, a, um, adj. 'neighbouring, ' bordering upon,' 'adjoining.' 
 
 Fio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. n. (Gram. p. 148.) ' to be made," ' to be done,' 
 ' to become,' ' to happen.' 
 
 Firmus, a,um, adj. 'firm,' 'steady,' 'sure.' Syn. Constant, (from stare 
 and cum,) 'constant,' 'always the same;' Stabilis, (from stare, 'to 
 stand,') 'steadfast,' 'stable.' 
 
 Fissus, a, um, part, (from findo, finder e,fidi, fissum,) l cleft,' ' split,' 
 
 Flagello, are, dvi, dtum, a. ' to whip,' 'to scourge,' ' to beat.' 
 
 Flagro, are, dvi, dtum, ' to burn,' ' to be on fire,' ' to be enflamed.' 
 
 Flamma, ce, f. ' a flame,' ' a blaze,' ' a flash.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 75 
 
 Flecto ^ fleeter e,flexi,flexum, a. ' to bend,' ' to turn.' 
 
 Flevo, onis, m. the name of an estuary formed by the widening of the 
 river Rhine, near its mouth. 
 
 Floreo, ere, ui, (no supine,) n. ' to flourish,' ' bloom,' 'blossom,' 
 * flower.' 
 
 Fluctus, us, m. ' a wave, 'surge,' 'billow.' 
 
 Flumen, mis, n. ' a stream,' (fiomfluo, 'to flow,') properly it means 
 1 an abundant flowing,' either of waters or any thing else. 
 
 Fluo,fluere,flux'i,Jluxum, n. ' to flow.' 
 
 Fluvius, ?, m. ' a river.' The difference between^imws and flumen, 
 is, that the latter conveys the idea of greater rapidity in its flow, while 
 Jluvius rather means a body of water that runs evenly and regularly. 
 
 Fozcundus, a, um, adj. 'fruitful,' 'fertile,' ' abounding.' 
 
 Fozdus, eriSy n. ' a league,' ' a covenant,' ' a treaty.' 
 
 Folium, 2, n. 'a leaf.' 
 
 Fons,fontis, m. 'a well,' * a spring,' c a fountain.' 
 
 Forma, 02, f. 'shape,' 'figure,' 'form,' 'beauty.' Syn. Pulchritudo, 
 which includes the symmetry of the parts, the regularity of the features, 
 and the beauty of colour. Forma, as opposed to Pulchritudo y refers to 
 6 the figure.' 
 
 Formosus, a, um, adj. 'beautiful,' 'handsome.' 
 
 Fortis, is,e, adj. 'brave,' 'gallant,' 'valiant.' See Animosus. 
 
 Forum, i, n. 'the market place,' 'the forum,' 'the court of justice.' — 
 The Roman Fora were spacious and elegant public buildings ; of which 
 there were two kinds, the Fora Civilia, where the assemblies of the people 
 were held, where justice was administered, and public business trans- 
 acted ; and the Fora Venalia, where all kinds of goods, and meats, and 
 vegetables were exposed for sale. They seem to have united the con- 
 veniences of modern retail stores, and markets. 
 
 Fossa, at, f. ' a ditch.' 
 
 Fovea, ce, f. 'a pit.' 
 
 Fragmentum, i, n. ' a fragment.' 
 
 Frater, iris, m. ' a brother.' 
 
 Frequens, tis, adj. ' frequent,' ' constant ;"* also, ' numerous,' ' in great 
 crowds.' 
 
 Freium, i, n. ' a strait,' ' a narrow part of the sea.' 
 Frigidus, a, um, adj. ' cold,' ' cool ;' hence, ' cold in feeling,' 'frigid, 5 
 Mull.' 
 
 Frigus, oris, n. ' cold.' 
 
 From, dis, f. ' a branch,' ' leaf of a tree.' 
 
 Frume?itum, i, n. ' corn,' or ' grain of all kinds,' particularly ' wheat' 
 3&d • barley.' 
 
76 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Frutex, icis, m. 'a shrub, 1 'a bush.' 
 
 Fuga,cz, f. 'a flight.' 
 
 Fugio, fugere,fugi, fugitum, n. 'to flee,' or 'run away.' Syn. Con- 
 fugere, • to flee for protection.' 
 
 Funditus, adv. (fundus, 'the bottom of any thing,') literally 'from 
 the very bottom,' * utterly,' ' entirely.' 
 
 Funis, is, m. ' a cord,' l a rope,' ' a cable.' 
 
 Funus, eris, n. ' a funeral.' Syn. Exequies. Strictly, Funus, is « the 
 carrying out," 1 and 'the interment :' Exequice, (from sequur, Ho follow,') 
 is 'the following to the grave,' 'the train of attendants,' 'the funeral 
 procession.' 
 
 G. 
 
 Gades, ium, f. plur. The name of a city in the south of Spain, now 
 called 'Cadiz.' It is situated on a peninsula which is almost an island, 
 being connected to the continent by a very narrow tongue of land. It 
 appears formerly to have been an island, or, according to Pliny, two 
 islands, which gives it the plural number. 
 
 Gaditanus, a, urn, adj. ' of Cadiz : Fretum Gaditanum,^ the Straits of 
 Gibraltar.' 
 
 Gallia, eg, f. ' Gaul,' now ' France.' 
 
 Gallinaceus, i, m. ' a cock.' 
 
 Gallus, i, m. 'a Gaul;' also, the name of several Romans. 
 
 Ganges, is, m. the name of a large river in India, which flows into the 
 Bay of Bengal. 
 
 Garumna, ce, m. a river of France, now ' the Garrone,' which flows into 
 the Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Gaudeo, gaudere, gavtsus sum, n. pass, 'to rejoice,' 'to delight,' 'to 
 be glad.' Syn. Lcztari, which means 'to be overjoyed,' ' to be trans- 
 ported with joy ;' while gaudere denotes w the calm and rational emotion 
 ofjoy.' 
 
 Geminus, a, um, adj. 'double,' * twin;' genxinifr aires, 'twin brothers.' 
 
 Genero, are, dvi, alum, a. ' to beget,' l to produce.' 
 
 Generosttas,dtis,{. ' nobleness of mind,' 'magnanimity,' 'nobility.' 
 
 Generosus, a, um, adj. 'noble,' * born of a noble race,' * generous/ 
 brave.' 
 
 Gens, lis, f. ' a race,' ' tribe,' ' people ;' also, ' a herd,' ' a swarm.* 
 Syn. Populus, Plebs, Natio. Populus means ' the whole people, high 
 and low ;' Plebs, ' the common people,' as opposed to the Proceres, or 
 ' nobles/ Gens when opposed to Natio, is generical ; that is, it compre- 
 hends much more. For instance, the European gens, (race) includes all 
 the several naliones (nations) of Europe. Gens is even somtimes applied 
 to the whole human race. 
 
VOCABULARY. 77 
 
 Genus, eris, n. ' race,' ' kind,' i family,' ' species.' 
 
 Germdnus, a, urn, adj. c a German,' ' an inhabitant of Germany.' 
 
 Germanic (E, f< ' Germany.' 
 
 Germanicus, a, urn, adj. 'Germanic,' ' German,' i pertaining to Ger- 
 many.' 
 
 Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, a. ' to bear, i to carry,' ' to carry on,' * to 
 do :' gerere bellum, ' to wage war.' 
 
 Gestus, a, um, part, fromg-ero, i borne,' 4 performed :' res gestae, ' things 
 done,' 'exploits,' * achievements.' 
 
 Getoz, drum, m. plur. a very savage people of Thrace. 
 
 Gigas, antis, m. i a giant.' 
 
 Gigno, gignere, genui, gemtum, a. ' to generate,' 'to produce,' 'to 
 bear,' 'to bring forth.' 
 
 Gladiator, oris, m. (gladius, ' a sword, ^ ' a sword-player,' * a gladia- 
 tor,' ■ a prize-fighter.' The gladiators were combatants, who fought at 
 the public games, in Rome, for the entertainment of the spectators. 
 There were places called *" the gladiatorial schools,' where they were 
 kept and trained for this purpose. This most cruel and barbarous cus- 
 tom shows to what a degree of ignorance and brutality a people must 
 Slave sunk, who delighted in this mode of entertainment. 
 
 Gladius, i, m. < a sword.' 
 
 Gloria, 02, f. 'renown,' 'fame,' 'glory.' 
 
 Gratcia, 03, f. * Greece.' 
 
 Grozcus, a, um, adj. * belonging to Greece,' • Grecian,' • Greek.' 
 
 Grandis, is, e, adj. 'large,' 'big,' plentiful.' It differs from magnus 
 and ingens, generally, in denoting what is ' great by increase.' It also 
 usually refers to the ' age' of the person spoken of, rather than to his 
 'size.' Hence it means ' grown up,' ' adult,' ' advanced in years,' See 
 Amplus. 
 
 Granzcus, i, m. the name of a river of Mysia or Troas, in Asia Minor, 
 which rises in Mount Ida, and flows into the Propontis. It is famous 
 lor the victory which Alexander gained over the Persians. 
 
 Gravis, is, e, adj. ' heavy,' ' weighty,' * ponderous.' 
 
 Gregatim, adv. (grex, ' a flock,') ' in flocks or herds,' ' in crowds.' 
 
 Gressus, us, m. * a step,' ' a pace,' ' a going.' 
 
 Grex, gregis, com. ' a flock,' * a herd,' < a company.' 
 
 H. 
 
 Habeo, ere, ui, ttutn, a. 'to hold,' 'to have,' 'to keep; 1 hence, *to 
 esteem.' 
 Habiio, are, avi, dtum* a. freq. * to hold,' i to dwell,' ■ to inhabit, ' 
 
 7* 
 
78 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Habitus, us, m. ' plight,' ' condition,' ' state,' 'fashion,' ' habit.' 
 
 Hac f enus, adv. (hac and tenus,) 'hitherto,' * thus far,' 
 
 Hcemus, i, m. the name of a high mountain to the north of Thrace, now 
 'the Balkan.' The ancients considered this range of mountains the 
 highest with which they were acquainted. It was said that from its sum- 
 mit could be seen at one view, the Euxine, the Adriatic, the Danube, and 
 the Alps. 
 
 Hadridnus, i, m. the name of a Roman emperor. 
 
 Halicarnassus, i, f. a maritime city of Caria. 
 
 Hanrw, dnis, m. the name of a Carthagenian. 
 
 Haud, adv. ' not.' 
 
 Haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum, and hausum, a. * to draw forth,' 'to 
 draw down,' ' to drink,' 'to swallow.' 
 
 Hebes,etis, adj. 'blunt,' 'dull,' 'obtuse,' 'dim.' 
 
 Hebrus, i, m. a large river of Thrace, which empties into the iEgaean. 
 
 Hecuba, ce, f. the wife of Priam, king of Troy. 
 
 Helicon, onis, m. a celebrated mountain of Bceotia, famed as the seat 
 of Apollo and the Muses. On the summit was the grove of the Muses, 
 adorned with several statues. 
 
 Hellespontus, i, m. a strait between Europe and Asia, now 'the Dar- 
 danelles.' 
 
 Helvetii, drum, m. plur. a people in the north-eastern part of Gaul, 
 now ' the Swiss.' 
 
 Heraclea, ce, f. the name of several cities. 
 
 Herba,ce, f. 'an herb,' 'grass,' 'herbage.' 
 
 Hercules, is, m. a celebrated hero of antiquity, son of Jupiter and 
 Alcmena. Twelve of his most renowned exploits were called his 'twelve 
 labours.' Of these, the last was to effect an union between the Atlantic 
 and the Mediterranean, by separating mount Calpe from Abyla, which 
 before had been united. Hence they were called ' the pillars of Hercules.' 
 
 Hercynia, oz, f. a large forest in Germany, now ' the black forest.' 
 
 Hero, us, and onis, f. (See Dido, Gram. p. 40.) a priestess of Venus at 
 Sestos, on the Hellespont, famed for her beauty. She was greatly be- 
 loved by Leander, a youth of Abydcs, who is said to have swam the 
 strait, to meet her. 
 
 Hians, antis, part, 'gaping,' 'yawning.' 
 
 Hiatus, us, m. ' a gaping,' ' an opening,' ' a chasm,' ' an aperture.' 
 
 Hibermcus, a, urn, adj. 'Irish,' mare Hibernicum, 'the Irish sea.' 
 
 Hie, hozc, hoc, pron. ' this.' It implies some person or thing, more im- 
 mediately present to the speaker than lilt, 'that.' Hie, is 'this present' 
 tiling now under consideration: Me, 'that other,' farther removed in 
 
VOCABULARY. 79 
 
 time or place. When things that have been spoken of before are refer- 
 red to by hie and tile, hie denotes 'the latter,' Hie, ' the former.' 
 
 Hiems, or Hyems, emis, f. ' winter.' 
 
 Hinc, adv. * hence,' * from this place.' 
 
 Hinnltus, us, m. ' a neighing ;' from hinnio, ■ to neigh,' which is said 
 of horses, from the sound made resembling the pronunciation of this word. 
 
 Hw, are, avi, dtum, n. ' to gape,' l to open the mouth.' 
 
 Hippopotamus, i, m. (from the Greek hippos, i a horse,' and potamos, 
 * a river,') ' the river horse,' which is an inhabitant of the river Nile. 
 It is doubtless the same animal as the Behemoth, of which there is such 
 a finished and splendid description in the beok of Job, chap. xl. v. 15. 
 
 Homerus, i, m. ' Homer,' an ancient awd distinguished Greek poet, the 
 author of the Iliad and the Odyssy, the former of which treats of the 
 Trojan war, and the latter, the wanderings of Ulysses, after the destruc- 
 tion of Troy. 
 
 Homo, mis, com. 'a man,' or 'woman,' 'one of the human race.' 
 Vir means { a man,' in contradistinction to a woman or a boy, and implies 
 those qualities which constitute i the man,' being used as a term of re- 
 spect, and often signifying emphatically ' a hero.' Homo, implies no 
 particular merit or excellence in the individual to whom it is applied. 
 
 Honor and honos, oris, m. i honor,' ' respect,' 'reverence.' 
 
 Horridus, a, urn, adj. 'rough,' 'ragged,' 'standing on end;' hence, 
 ' hideous,' ' horrid.' From horreo, which is properly said of things which 
 stand erect or on an end ; which set up their bristles or are rough or 
 prickly. Hence it is referred to things which, from their hideous and 
 dreadful nature set the hair on end. 
 
 Hortus, i, m. ' a garden,' ' a pleasure ground,' ' a farm.' 
 
 Hospes, itis, com. ' a stranger,' ' a sojourner,' ' a guest.' See Advena* 
 
 Hostia, ce, f. 'a victim,' ' an animal sacrificed.' 
 
 Hostis, is, com. ' an enemy.' See Adversafius. 
 
 Hue, adv. ' hither,' * to this place.' Hue — illuc, i this way and that,' 
 ' hither and thither.' 
 
 Humanitas, atis, f. ' human nature,' ' humanity ;' (from homo, 'a man,') 
 hence, 'benevolence,' 'kindness,' 'benignity.' 
 
 Humdnus, a, um, adj. ' human,' ' pertaining to man.' 
 
 Humerus, i, m. that part of the arm which lies between the shouldet 
 and the elbow; generally ' the shoulder.' 
 
 Humor, oris, m. ' moisture,' ' humidity,' 'dampness.' 
 
 Hyperboreus, a, um, adj. ' far northern,' * hyperborean,' 'cold,' ' wintry,' 
 (from the Greek huper, ' beyond,' and boreas, ' the north wind.) Hyper- 
 borei, drum, m. plur. * the people inhabiting the northern regions,' ' the 
 Hyperboreans.' 
 
80 VOCABULARY. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibi, adv. ' there,' « in that place.' 
 
 Ibidem, adv. 4 in that very place,' l in the same place.' 
 
 Ichneumon, onis, m. * the ichneumon,' or * Egyptian rat.' It is about 
 the size of a cat, but formed like a weasel. It was ranked by the Egyp- 
 tians among their numerous divinities, on account, it is supposed, of the 
 benefits which it confered on man by the destruction of crocodiles, whose 
 eggs it dug out of the sand, and destroyed. It is said that they kill these 
 animals by gliding down their throats ; but this is a mere fable. 
 
 Ichnusa, ce, f. (from the Greek ichnos, * a track,' < a foot,') a name giv- 
 en to the Island Sardinia, from its resembling a human foot-step. 
 
 Ictus, us, m. 4 a stroke,' l a blow.' 
 
 Ida, <b, f. a celebrated mountain in the vicinity of Troy. 
 
 Idazus, a, um, l Idean,' * belonging to Ida."' 
 
 Idem, eadem, idem, pron. (is and the syllabical adjective dem, which 
 gives additional force to is,) * the same,' 4 ih« very person. 5 
 
 Ignis, is, m. 4 fire.' 
 
 Ignobihs, is, e, adj. (in, * not,' and nobilis, 4 known,' from nosco,) < un- 
 known,' i mean,' 4 ignoble.' 
 
 Ignoro, are, dvi, alum, a. * to be ignorant of,' 4 not to know.' 
 
 Ignotus, a, um, adj. * unknown,' < ignorant.' 
 
 Ilium, i, n. i Troy.' 
 
 Me, ilia, Mud, pron. ' he,' ' she,' ' that.' See Hie* 
 
 Illuc, adv. 4 to that place,' 4 thither.' See Hue, 
 
 Illustris, is, e, adj. ' clear, 5 i bright, 5 4 luminous ;' hence, * famous,' 
 ' illustrious,' 4 renowned.' 
 
 Illustro, are, dvi, alum, a. 4 to make clear,' 4 to illuminate,' < to en- 
 lighten,' Mo illustrate;' 4 to make famous.' 
 
 Illyria, ce, f. a country bordering upon the Adriatic. 
 
 Imago, mis, f. * an image,' ' figure,' 4 representative.' 
 
 Imber, br'ts, m. * a shower of rain.' 
 
 Immdnis,is, e, adj. 'huge,' 4 enormous,' 'terrible to look at,' * fright- 
 ful,' 6 fierce,' 4 cruel.' 
 
 Immineo, ere, ui, (no supine,) n. * to hang over,' 4 to threaten,' 4 to 
 be near at hand.' 
 
 Immitlo, ittere,lsi, tssum, a. (in and mttto,) 4 to send or let in,' *to 
 immit,' « to throw at,' 4 to cast.' 
 
 Immobilis, is, e, adj.' 4 immoveable,' 4 steadfast.' 
 
 Immdtus, a, um, part. 4 unmoved.' 
 
 Impenetrabilis, is, e, adj. <that cannot be penetrated,' * impenetra- 
 ble.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 81 
 
 Imperans, tis, part. ' commanding,' from impero, are, dvi, alum, 
 
 hnperdtor, oris, m. ' a commander,' ' a general,' ' the commander-in- 
 chief of an army,' a higher officer than the dux. 
 
 Imperito, are, dvi, alum, a. freq. ' to rule,' ' to govern,' ' to be master 
 of.' 
 
 Imperium, i, n. ' command,' ' power,' ' controul ;' also, 'government,' 
 'empire.' As opposed to Magis-irdtus or Potestas, Imperium means 
 'military power or authority,' while the two former denote power in 
 civil affairs. As opposed to Dominatio, Imperium implies » a legally 
 constituted authority,' while Dominatio denotes 'tyrannic sway,' or the 
 domineering government of a tyrant. 
 
 Impetus, us, m. (in and peto, ' to thrust at,') ' an attack,' ' an as- 
 sault,' ' a furious onset : also, ' violence,' « impetuosity.' 
 
 Importunus, a, um, adj. (in and portus, ' a harbour,) literally, ' with- 
 out a harbour ;' hence, said of one who gives others ' no rest, 5 ' impor- 
 tunate,' 'out of season ;' hence, 'troublesome,' 'grievous,' 'painful," 
 ' cruel.' 
 
 Imus,a,um, adj. (superlative of inferus,) 'lowest.' 
 
 In, prep, governing ace. and abl. with an accusative it means, 'to' or 
 'unto,' 'into,' 'towards,' 'against,' 'upon;' with the ablative, 'in,' 
 4 within,' 'among,' 'concerning,' 'during:' indies ' from day to day.' 
 In composition in has various significations. First, it increases the 
 signification; as, minuo, • to lessen,' imminuo, 'to make less upon less,' 
 
 * to make very small :' fraclus, ' broken,' infractus, ' much broken.' 
 Second, it has a negative force like the a privative in Greek, or the in 
 and umin English: as, mundus, 'clean,' immundus, ' unclean,' sanus t 
 ' sound,' insanus, ' unsound.' Third, it preserves in composition THE 
 SAME force it has when alone; o.s,pono, ' to place,' impono, 'to place upon.' 
 
 Incedo, incedere, mcessi, incessum, n. (in and cedo,) ' to go,' ' to walk,' 
 
 * to go towards.' Syn. Ambuldre signifies ' to walk,' generally, for ex- 
 ercise or amusement : Incedere, ' to walk with measured steps,' ' to 
 march,' ' to walk with a portly gait,' ' to stalk.' 
 
 Incipio, ere, epi, eptum, a. (in and capio, ' to take,') ' to take in hand,' 
 ' to begin.' 
 
 Includo, dere, si, sum, a. (in and claudo,) 'to shut in,' 'to include.' 
 
 Inclytus, a, um, adj. (See Gram, top of p. 80,) ' illustrious,' ' renown- 
 ed,' 'famous.' 
 
 Incola, 02, com. ' an inhabitant.' See Civis. 
 
 Incolo, colere, colui, cultum, a. (in and colo,) ' to dwell in,' ' to in- 
 habit.' 
 
 Incredibilis, is, e, adj. (in and credo,) ' not to be believed,' ' incred- 
 ible.' 
 
82 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Incrementum, i 9 n. ' an increase.' 
 Incruentus, a,um y adj. ' without blood,' 'bloodless.' 
 Incultt, adv. (comp. incultius, super. incullissime,) 'rudely,' ' clown- 
 ishly,' 'without cultivation.' 
 
 Incultus, a, wm, adj. ' uncultivated,' ' uninhabited,' ' desert,' * horrid. 3 
 Incumbo, cumber -e, cubui, cubilum, n. (in and cubo,) ' to lean upon,' 
 
 * to recline upon,' 'to apply to.' Incumbere, gladio, 'to fall upon one's 
 sword,' incumbere remis, ' to ply the oars.' 
 
 Incursio, onis, f. (in and curro, ' to run,') ' a running upon,' ■ an at- 
 tack, inroad, incursion.' 
 
 Inde, adv. * thence,' ' from that place,' ' from that time.' 
 
 Index, icis, masc. and fern, (indzco,) ' one who shows or discovers,' 
 c an informer,' ' a spy ;' hence, * a mark,' ' a sign,' ' an index.' 
 
 India, ce, f. a very rich country, in the Eastern part of Asia. 
 
 Indicus, a, wm, adj. 'Indian,' ' pertaining to India.' 
 
 Indus, i, m. a large river of Asia. 
 
 Indutus, a,um, part, (from induo,) ' put on,' 'clothed,' 'dressed.' 
 
 Inedia,(B,f. (in, ' not,' and fdo, ' to eat,') ' want of victuals,' ' hunger, 5 
 
 • fasting.' 
 
 Infans, lis, com. (in and fans, part of far i, ' to speak,') ' one who can- 
 loot talk,' ' a child,' ' an infant.' 
 
 Inferior, or, us, adj. (comp. of mferus,) ' lower.' 
 
 Inferus, a, um, adj. (comp. inferior, super, infimus or imus,) ' which 
 is below,' ' beneath,' ' low,' ' humble.' 
 
 Infesto, are, dvi, alum, a, (from infestus, which see,) ' to annoy,' ' to 
 molest,' 'to trouble,' 'to infest.' 
 
 Infestus, a, um, adj. (in and festus, 'lively,' 'pleasant,') literally 
 ' unpleasant,' ' disagreeable ;' hence, ' hateful to,' ' hostile to,' ' vexa- 
 tious towards.' 
 
 Inflgo, gere xi,xum, a. (in andj%o,) ' to fasten in,' ' to drive in,' ' to 
 affix.' 
 
 Inflammo, are, dvi, atum, a. ' to set on fire,' ' to kindle,' ' to inflame.' 
 
 Infundo, under e, udi, usum, a. (in and fundo,) ' to pour in,' < to in- 
 fuse.' 
 
 Ingenium, i, n. (tngenitus from in and geno the old form for gigno i 
 4 to produce,') ' natural capacity,' 'genius,' ' talents,' ' understanding.' 
 Syn. Indoles, which means ' natural disposition,' ' character,' and re- 
 lates rather to the qualities of the soul, which are susceptible of im- 
 provement or corruption ; Ingenium, 'judgment,' 'capacity,' 'penetra- 
 tion,' refers generally to the powers of the understanding as they exist, 
 though it also sometimes refers to the 'moral disposition,' the ' natural 
 temper.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 83 
 
 Ingens, tis 9 adj. (comp. ingentior, super, not used,) ' great,' 'very 
 great,' ' vast.' See Amplus. 
 
 Ingredior, ed'i, essus sum, dep. (in and gradior,) 'to go into,' ' to en- 
 ter,' * to come in.' Syn. Intrdre, Introlre. Ingredi signifies 'to ad- 
 vance,' in order to enter : Intrdre, ' to cross the threshold ;' Introire, ' to 
 go forward into the inner part. 
 
 Ingruo, were, ui, (sup. not used,) n. (in and ruo, ' to rush,' theg being 
 inserted for softness,) * to fall upon with violence,' ' to invade,' ' to assail.' 
 
 Initium, i, n. (ineo, ' to enter upon a thing,') ' commencement,' ' be- 
 ginning.' 
 
 Injicio, icere, lei, ectum, a. (in and jacio,) « to throw in,' ' to cast 
 into,' • to inject.' 
 
 Innato, are, dvi, alum, n. ' to swim into' or ' upon,' ' to float.' 
 
 Innltor, innll'i, innlsus or innixus sum. dep. * to lean or rest upon.' 
 
 Innotesco, escere, ui, (no sup.) n. incep. ' to become known.' 
 
 Inopus, t, m. a river in the island of Delos, on the banks of which 
 Apollo and Diana were born. 
 
 Inprlmis, or imprimis, adj. 'chiefly,' 'especially.' 
 
 Insequor^ qui, quutus, ox cuius sum, dep. 'to follow close after,' 'to 
 pursue.' 
 
 Insideo, ere, edi, essum, n. 'to sit upon.' 
 
 Insisto, sistere, stiti, stitum, ' to stand upon,' 'to insist.' 
 
 Insula, oz, f. ' an island.' 
 
 Integer, gra, gram, adj. ' whole,' ' entire,' ' sound.' For tntager, from 
 in and tango, ' to touch,' that ' of which no part is touched.' 
 
 Iniego, gere, xi, cium, a. (in and tego,) * to cover,' 'to clothe.' 
 
 IntelUgo,igere, exi, ectum, a. (inter and lego,) literally, 'to choose 
 between two;' hence, ' to discern,' 'to understand,' 'to perceive,' 'to 
 know.' 
 
 Inter, prep, 'between,' ' among,' ' amidst,' 'during.' In composition 
 it signifies 'between,' or 'among,' as pono, 'to place,' inlerpono, 'to 
 place between,' 'to interpose.' 
 
 Interdum, adv. (inter and dum,) literally ' between while ;' hence, 
 ' now and then,' ' sometimes.' 
 
 Interficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. (inter and facio, where inter increases 
 the force cf facio,) literally 'to do thoroughly,' ' to do up;' hence, 'to 
 destroy,' ' to kill,' ' to slay.' 
 
 Interimo, imere, emi, tmplum, or emtum, a. (inter and emo,) literally 
 ' to take in the midst,' ' to intercept,' ' to take away ;' hence, ' to kill. 5 
 
 Interior, or, us, adj. (see inlerus,) 'inner,' 'the interior.'^ 
 
 Internodium, i, ' the space between two knots or joints.' 
 
84 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Internus, a, w/n, adj. ' internal :' Internum mare, ' the Mediterranean 
 sea.' 
 
 Interns, a,um, adj. (comp. interior, super, inftmus,) ' inward.' 
 
 Intervallum, i, n. (inter and vallum, ' a rampart,') 'the space between 
 the stakes of the rampart of a camp,' ' a space,' ' an interval,' ' distance.' 
 Intimus, a, um, adj. (super, of interus,) 'innermost;' hence, 'inti- 
 mate,' ' much beloved.' 
 
 Intra, prep. ' within.' 
 
 Intro, are, dvi, dtum, a. (intro and eo,) ' to enter.' See Ingredior. 
 
 Introitus, us, m. ' a going or coming in,' ' an entrance.' 
 
 Intueor, eri, ttus, sum, dep. (m and lueor,) ' to look upon,' carefully 
 and designedly, ' to gaze upon,' See Adspicio. 
 
 Intus, adv. 'within.' 
 
 Invddo, dere, si, sum, a. (in and vado, 'to go,') 'to make one's way 
 into,' ' to enter,' l to fall upon,' * to invade,' ' to attack.' 
 
 Invenio, venire, veni, ventum, a. (in and venio,) 'to come upon,' 'to 
 light upon,' 'to find,' 'to invent,' ' to discover.' 
 
 Investigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. ' to search for,' ' to search diligently, ' to 
 investigate.' 
 
 Invictus, a, urn, adj. (in, ' not,' and vinco, l to conquer,') ' unconquer- 
 ed,' ' invincible.' 
 
 Invius, a, um, adj. (in and via, 'a way,') 'not to be passed,' ' impas- 
 sable,' ' inaccessible.' 
 
 Iones,um, m. piur. 'the Ionians,' the inhabitants of Ionia. 
 
 Ionia,ce, f. * Ionia,' a country of Asia Minor. 
 
 lonius, a,um, adj. fc Ionian,' belonging to Icnia. 
 
 Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, pron. 'he himself,' ' she herself,' 'itself,' 'he, she, 
 it:' super, ipsissimus, ' the identical person,' ' the very person.' 
 
 Irascor, irasci, (perf. not used,) dep, 3, (ira, 'anger,') ' to be displeas- 
 ed,' 'to be angry,' ' to be out of humor.' Irasci does not imply violence 
 of passion, or any outward sign of anger, and it is often used in refer- 
 ence to trifling things. Succensere, means ' to be greatly and justly 
 angry.' 
 
 Irrigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in and rigo, 'to moisten,') 'to water,' 'to 
 bedew,' 'to irrigate.' 
 
 Is, ea, id, pron. ' this,' or ' that person,' ' he, she, it.' 
 
 Issus, i, f. a city of Cilicia, bordering upon the sea, where Alexander 
 gained a great victory over Darius. 
 
 Issicus, a, um, adj. 'belonging to Issus/ 
 
 Ister, tri, m. ' the Danube,' a river of Germany, which rises in the 
 Black Forest, and flows into the Black Sea. The eastern part of this 
 river was called Isl r, the western, Danubius, 
 
VOCABULARY. 85 
 
 IsthmtcuSya^um, adj. 'belonging to an isthmus,' 'Isthmian/ Isthmici 
 Ludi, ' the Isthmian Games ;' games celebrated every three years on the 
 Isthmus of Corinth, in honour of Neptune. 
 
 Isthmus, i, m. 'an isthmus,' a neck of land which separates two seas. 
 
 Ita, adv. ' so,' ' even so,' ' in this manner :' ita — ut, ' so — as,' ' in such 
 a manner as.' 
 
 Italia, ce, f. ' Italy,' a celebrated country of Europe, bounded north 
 by the Alps; south by the Ionian sea; north-east by the Adriatic or 
 Mare Superum, ' the upper sea ;' and south-west by the Mare Tyrrhenum } 
 or Inferum, ' the lower sea.' It was anciently called Hesperia, (from 
 the Greek Hesperos, ' the evening star,') from its western situation in 
 relation to Greece. 
 
 Itaque, conj. * therefore.' 
 
 Iter, ztineris, n, (itum, supine of eo, ' to go,') * a going along,' 'jour- 
 ney,' 'way.' 
 
 Iterum, adv. ' again,' * a second time.' 
 
 Ithaca, ce, f. a rugged and mountainous island in the Ionian sea, cele- 
 brated as the residence of Ulysses. 
 
 Itidem, adv. ' likewise,' ' in like manner.' 
 
 J. 
 
 Jaceo, ere ui, itum, n. ' to lie down,' ■ to recline.' 
 
 Jacio,jacere,jeci,j actum, a. ' to throw,' 'to cast,' 'to hurl.' 
 
 Jacto, are, dvi, dtum, a. freq. ' to throw about,' ' to toss :' jacto me, 
 i I vaunt,' ' I boast ;' that is, ' I cast myself about in a vaunting manner. 7 
 
 Jaculor, dri, dtus sum, dep. (jaculum, ' a javelin,') 'to throw a jave- 
 lin,' 'to dart,' 'to fling.' 
 
 Jam, adv. 'now,' 'already,' 'presently,' 'immediately;' jam jam, 
 'instantly.' 
 
 Jason, onis, m.' Jason,' the son of ^son, king of Thessaly, the leader 
 of the Argonauts, who went to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece. 
 
 Juba, cs. f. 'the mane' of a horse or other beast; also, ' the crest,' of 
 a helmet. 
 
 Jucundus, a, urn, adj. (juvo, 'to delight;' whence, juvacundus, ju- 
 cundus,) 'pleasant', 'agreeable,' 'delightful ;' so verecundus, 'modest,' 
 'respectful ;' from vereor, ' to fear,' ' to respect.' 
 
 Judex, icis, m. and f. ' a judge ;' for juridex,juridicis, which is com- 
 pounded of jus, juris, and dico, 'one who states the law.' 
 
 Judicium, ii, n. 'a judgment,' 'a decision,' 'atrial,' ' a sentence.' 
 
 Jugerum, i, n. 'an acre of land,' which was 240 feet long, and 120 
 feet wide, or 28,800 square feet. 
 
 8 
 
86 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Jugum, i. n. (jungo, l to join,') ', a yoke ;' also v ' the ridge,' or * top of 
 a mountain,' from its continuity. 
 
 Julius, i, m. the name of a distinguished patrician family of Rome, 
 the most illustrious of which was Julius Caesar. 
 
 Jungo, ere, junxi, junctum, a. ' to join,' 'to couple,' ' to yoke.' 
 
 Jupiter, Jovis, m. 3d dec. the son of Saturn, and king of the gods. 
 See Gram. p. 59. 
 
 Justus, a, um, adj. (jus, ' right,' 'justice,') 'just,' 'upright;' also, 
 'lawful,' ' legitimate.' 
 
 Juvenis, is, com. ' a young man,' or ' woman,' ' a youth.' Syn. Ado- 
 lescens, which signifies properly ' one growing up to maturity ;' whereas 
 Juvenis, signifies 'one grown up,' or 'one arrived at maturity.' 
 
 Juxla, prep, governing the ace. (derived from jungo, ' to join,' and 
 signifies 'approximation,' or 'contiguity,') 'near,' 'hard by,' * by the 
 side of.' It is also used adverbially; 'alike,' 'equally.' 
 
 L. 
 
 L, in proper names, stands for Lucius. 
 
 Labor, and labos oris, m. 'labour,' 'toil,' 'fatigue.' 
 
 Labyrinthus, i, m. a ' labyrinth,' a place formed with inextricable 
 windings. 
 
 Lac, lactis, n. ' milk.' 
 
 Laconicus, a y um, adj. 'of Sparta,' 'Spartan,' ' Laconic' 
 
 Lacus, us, m. ' a lake.' 
 
 Lcelus, a, um, adj. (comp. loztior, sup. loztissimus,) 'joyful,' ' mirthful,' 
 'cheerful;' hence, 'fertile,' 'rich,' 'abundant;' lazta pabula, 'abun- 
 dant fodder.' 
 
 LcEvis, or levis, is, e, adj. ' smooth,' ' polished.' 
 
 Lazvor, oris, m. 'smoothness,' ' evenness,' ' planeness.' 
 
 Lagus, i, m. ' Lagus,' a Macedonian who adopted that Ptolemy as 
 his son, who afterwards became king of Egypt. 
 
 Lana, 02, f.' wool,' ' down ;' lana arborum, ' cotton;' literally, ' the wool 
 of trees ;' that is, ' of the cotton-tree. 1 
 
 Lapicidince, arum, f. plur. 'a quarry of stones,' 'stone quarries;' 
 (lapis, ' a stone, 1 and caido, ' to cut.') 
 
 Lapideus, a, um, adj. 'of stone,' ' hard as stone,' 'stony.' 
 
 Lapis, tdis, m. 'stone. 
 
 Lapsus, a, vm, part, (from labcr, labi, lapsus sum,) 'having slipt,' or 
 'fallen.' 
 
 Laqueus, i, m. ' a noose,' ' halter,' * snare,' ' trap.' 
 
 Late, adv. (comp. latius, sup. latissime,) ' widely,' 'extensively,' ' far 
 and wide.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 87 
 
 Latens, entis, part. adj. 'lying hid,' ' lurking,' ' secret,' ' concealed.' 
 
 Lateo, ere, ui, (sup. wanting,) n. ' to lurk,' ' to be hidden;' also, ' to 
 be ignorant of:' in this sense it is used as an active verb, as hoc latet 
 me, ' this escapes me,' or ' I am ignorant of this.' 
 
 Later, ew, m. ' a brick,' or ' tile.' 
 
 Laterculus, i, m. diminutive noun. ' a small brick.' 
 
 Latitudo, mis, f. ' breadth,' ' width,' ' broadness.' 
 
 Latona, ce, f. the mother of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 Latrocinium, i, n. ' robberry.' 
 
 Latus, a, wm, adj. (comp. latior super, latissimus,) ' broad,' 'wide,' 'spa- 
 cious,' ' extensive.' 
 
 Laudo, are, dvi, atum, a. ' to praise,' i extol.' 
 
 Laus, laudis. f. 'praise,' 'glory,' 'fame.' 
 
 Law, lavdre, and lavere, lavi, and lavavi, lotum, lautum, and lavdtum, 
 1st and 3rd conj. 'to wash,' ' to bathed 
 
 Leander, dri, m. a youth of Abydos, who swam the Hellespont to meet 
 his mistress Hero. 
 
 Lebes, etis, m. ' a kettle.' 
 
 Legdtus, i, m. (lego, are, 'to depute/) 'an ambassador,' 'minister- 
 plenipotentiary;' also, in war, 'a deputy,' 'a lieutenant.' Syn. Orator. 
 Legatus denotes a person sent by a sovereign to transact important busi- 
 ness ; Orator, a person sent to intercede in behalf of his employers. The 
 powers of the former seem to have been more general, and of a higher 
 character ; the latter were usually sent for some specified object. 
 
 Lemdnus, i, m. the name of a celebrated lake in Gaul, now lake Ge- 
 neva, through which the river Rhone flows. 
 
 Leo, onis, m. ' a lion.' 
 
 Levis, is, e, adj. (com. Jevior, super, levissimus,) ' light,' ' easy to bear 
 or carry.' 
 
 Lex, legis, f. ' a law,' ' an ordinance ;' l also, ' agreement,' ■ condi- 
 tion.' As opposed to jus, Lex means 'written law,' 'statutes;' Jus, 
 ' right,' 'equity, 1 ' general principles of justice.' As synonymous with 
 Rogatio, lex signified ' a positive statute,' whereas Rogatio corresponds to 
 our term ' bill,' or f proposed law ;' the rogatio must precede the lex* 
 
 Liber, libri, m. ' the inward bark,' or ' rind of a tree ; and as the in- 
 ward bark of palm and other trees was used for writing on, liber came 
 to signify ' a book,' ' a volume.' 
 
 Liberi, drum, m. plur. (from liber, ' free,') ' children ;' properly, 'free- 
 born children,' in opposition to those born slaves. 
 Libertas, dtis, f. (liber, 'free,') 'liberty,' ' freedom.' 
 Ligneus, a, um, adj. 'wooden.' 
 
88 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Lignum, i, n. ' wood,' ' timber.' 
 
 Ligo, are, dvi, atum, a. 'to tie,' 'to bind.' Syn. Vincire, which signi- 
 fies ' to bind in chains,' ' to fasten with chains;' hence, ' to be bound by 
 any strong moral tie.' 
 
 Liguslicus, a, um, adj. ' Ligurian ;' Ligusticum mare, now ' the gulf 
 of Genoa.' 
 
 Limpidus, a,um, adj. ' clear,' ' transparent,' ' limpid ;' (comp. limpi- 
 dior, super. limpidisswius.) 
 
 Limus, i, m. ( mud,' ' clay.' 
 
 Lingua, m, f. ' the tongue ;' hence, ' the voice,' ' speech,' ' discourse,' 
 c language.' 
 
 Linum, i, n. 'flax,' ' flaxen thread ;' hence, 'cloth made from flax/ 
 'linen.' 
 
 Liquidus, a, urn, adj. ' liquid,' 'fluid,' 'pure,' 'clear ;' liquidavelup- 
 (as, ' pure, unmixed pleasure ;' liquidus somnus, ' tranquil sleep.' 
 
 Litera, or littera, ce, f. ' a letter,' as A, B, C. Hence, in the plural, 
 literal, is a number of letters running on and forming words, sentences, 
 and books, and therefore signifies, 'a letter,' 'an epistle,' 'letters,' 
 'learning,' 'arts,' 'sciences.' Literce is synonymous with epistola, the 
 former, however, requires a distributive numeral adjective, as bince liters; 
 the latter, a cardinal, as ' duo, epistol&S Ducb literal, w r ould signify two 
 letters of the alphabet. 
 
 Littus or litus, oris, n. ' the shore.' 
 
 Loco, are, dvi, atum, a. ' to place,' ' to lay,' ' to arrange.' 
 
 Locus, i, m„ in the plur. loci and loca, m. and n. ' a place.' 
 
 Longe, adv. {longus, ' long,') ' a long way off,' ' far,' ' at a great dis- 
 tance :' comp. longius, super, longissime. 
 
 Longitudo,mis,f. 'length,' 'longitude.' 
 
 Longus, a, um, adj. (comp. longicr, super, longissimtis,) ' long/ 
 ' tall,' 'lasting,' 'protracted.' 
 
 Loquor, loqui, loquutus or locutus sum, dep. 3, 'to talk,' ' to speak/ 
 ' to tell,' ' to declare.' 
 
 Lucius, ii, m. a name and prenomen among the Romans. 
 
 Lucus, i, m. ' a word,' 'a thicket of trees, consecrated to some deity/ 
 4 a sacred grove.' 
 
 Ludus, i, m. ' play,' ' sport,' ' exercise,' ' game ;' also, a place where 
 games and exercises are taught, ' a school :' ludus gladiatorius, ' a school 
 for gladiators ;' ludus htlerar'ius, ' a school for literature ;' ludimagister, 
 6 a school master.' 
 
 Lugeo, lugere, lux'i, (no sup.) n, 'to mourn, 'to lament,' 'to bewail. 5 
 Syn. Moerere is 'to grieve in silence and solitude ;' Flere, 'to shed tears* 
 
VOCABULARY. 89 
 
 Plordre, 'to weep aloud,' Plangere, 'to bewail with passionate gesticu- 
 lations ;' Lugere, ' to mourn' by a change of apparel, 4 to be in mourn- 
 ing.' 
 
 Lumen, mis, n. ' light,' ' a lamp ;' hence, * an eye.' 
 
 Luna, ce, f. ' the moon.' 
 
 Lusus, us, m. * play,' * sport,' ' a game ;' per lusum, ' for sport." 
 
 Lutetia, ce, f. ' Paris.' 
 
 Luxuria, oz, and luxuries, luxuriei, f. ' luxury,' ' excess,' ■ riot. 1 
 
 Lycurgus, i, m. a celebrated lawgiver of Sparta. 
 
 M. 
 
 M, stands for Marcus. 
 Macedo, onis, m. ' a Macedonian.' 
 
 Macedonia, ce, f. a celebrated country of Greece, lying to the west of 
 Thrace, and north and east of Thessaly. 
 
 Macics,ei, f. ' leannesss,' 'thinness,' 'poorness,' * barrenness.' 
 Macrobii, drum, m. plur. (from the Greek makros, ' long,' and bios, 
 
 * life,') a people of Ethiopia, celebrated for their justice, and the purity of 
 their lives. They generally lived to their 120th year, and from this cir- 
 cumstance they took their name Macrobii, 'long-lived.' 
 
 Macto, are, am, alum, a. (magis, ' more,' and aucto, ' to iiacrease,') 
 properly ' to augment,' ' to increase ;' hence, • to heap up victims to the 
 gods ;' hence, ' to sacrifice,' and in general, ' to kill,' 'to assassinate.' 
 
 Macula, ce, f. ' a spot,' ' a blur,' ' a stain.' 
 
 Madeo, ere, ui, (no supine,) l to be wet or moist,' ' to be soaked or 
 steeped.' 
 
 Mcenades, um, fern. plur. 'the priestesses of Bachus,' 'Bachanals.' 
 
 Mazotis, idis, f. adj. Palus Mceotis, a large lake or sea into which the 
 river Tanais flows, beyond the Euxine, now called 'the sea of Azoph.' 
 
 Magis, adv. (pos. mulio or mulliim, super, maxime.) 'more,' 'rather.' 
 
 Magister, tri, m. (magis, ' more,' ' higher,') ' a master,' ' president,' 
 'chief;' hence, ' a master of children/ 'a teacher;' magister equttum, 
 
 * a commander of the cavalry ;' magister pecoris, ' a chief herdsman.' 
 
 Magnijicentia, ce, f. ' magnificence,' ' grandeur.' 
 
 Magniludo,inis, f. 'greatness,' 'bulk,' 'magnitude.' 
 
 Magnus, a, um, adj. 'great,' ' large,' (comp. major, super, maximus.) 
 
 See Amplus, 
 Majores, um, m. plur. (from the comparative of magnus,) ' those who 
 
 are superior to us in age,' ' those who have gone before us,' 'forefathers,' 
 
 * ancestors.' 
 
 Mando, ere, di y sum, a. ' to chew,' ' to masticate,' ' to eat.' 
 
 •* 
 
90 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Mando, are, dvi, dtum, a. « to commit to one's charge, 5 < to enjoin, s • to 
 order ;' (for manui do, ' I give into the hand.') Syn. Jubeo, Impero, Proe- 
 clpio. Jubere is < to bid,' ' to desire,' ' to express one's wish:' Man- 
 dare, 'to commission,' does not imply authority in the one who gives 
 the commission : Imperdre, ' to order' with authority, requiring to be 
 obeyed : Prcecipere, 'to give instructions' to another for the direction of 
 his conduct. 
 
 Manes, mm, m. plur. 'the ghosts of the dead,' ' the shades of the 
 lower world.' 
 
 Mansuefactus, a, urn, part. < softened,' ' made tame,' ' gentle,' ' tamed.' 
 Manus, us, f. i a hand ;' when referring to the feet of an animal, ' the 
 fore feet;' also, i the trunk,' or 'proboscis' of an elephant. 
 
 Mapalia,urn, n. plur. * the cottages of the rustic Numidians,' 'huts,' 
 Marcelius, i, m. a Roman Consul. 
 
 Marcus, i, m. a prenomen, ©r ' first name' among the Romans, as 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero. 
 Mare, is, n. ' the sea.' 
 
 Mariandyni, drum, m. plur. a people who inhabited the northern 
 part of Bithynia, on the borders of the Euxine sea. 
 
 Marilimus, a, um, adj. 'of the sea,' 'maritime;' maratww copies 
 6 naval forces.' 
 
 Mardus, i, m. ' a husband.' 
 
 Marnier, oris, n. 'marble ;' also, among the poets, e the sea,' from its- 
 being plain like marble, or from its brightness when calm. 
 
 Massicus, a, urn, adj. ' of Massicus,' 'Massic' Massici monies, the 
 Massic hills*' a ridge of mountains in Campania, Italy, famous for the 
 excellence of the wine produced upon them. Massicum vinv.m ' Massic 
 wine.' 
 
 Massilia, ce, f. a maritime city on the southern coast of Gaul, now 
 ' Marseilles,' founded by a colony from Phocaea, a city of Ionia, in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Mater, matris, f. < a mother,' < a matron.' 
 
 Materia, cc, f. l matter,' 'stuff,' ' materials, 5 ' that of which any thing 
 is composed ;' hence, ' a subject or argument of discourse.' 
 
 Matrona, ce, f. a river in the north-west part of Gaul, now ' the Manie,' 
 which flows west and empties into the Sequana, now ' the Seine.' 
 
 Maturesco, escere, n. incep. ' to ripen,' ' to grow ripe,' ' to come to 
 maturity.' For inceptive verbs, see Gram. p. 154, 
 
 Mauritania, ez, f. a country in Africa on the coast of the Mediterra* 
 nean, now 'Morocco and Fez. 5 
 
VOCABULARY- 91 
 
 Mausolus, t, m. a king of Caria, a country of Asia Minor. At his 
 death, his queen Artemisia erected for him a splendid tomb, which was 
 reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world : hence, magnificent 
 sepulchres are called mausoleums. 
 
 Maxilla, m, f. 'the jaw.' 
 
 Maxime, adv. (compared magnum, magis, maxime,) 'most of all,' 
 6 very much,' ' especially,' 'chiefly.' 
 
 Maximus, a, um, adj. (comp. magnus, major, maximus,) 'greatest;' 
 maximus nalu, 'the eldest,' literally ' the greatest by birth.' 
 
 Mcdicdtus, a, um, part. ' healed ;' also, ' medicated or tinctured with 
 medicinal ingredients ;' hence, ' embalmed.' 
 
 Medico, are, dm, alum, a. ' to heal,' ' to prepare medicinally,' ■ to 
 colour :' medicare corpus, ' to embalm a body.' 
 
 Meditor, dri, dtus sum, dep. ' to think upon,' ' to meditate,' ' to re- 
 flect,' ' to consider ;' also, ' to practice,' ' to exercise.' 
 
 Medius, a, um, adj. 'middle,' 'in the middle or midst;' per medios 
 ignes, ' through the midst of the fire.' 
 
 Mediomatrici, drum, m. plur. a people that lived on the borders of the 
 Rhine, in Belgae, the north-western division of ancient Gaul. 
 
 Megarenses, ium, m. plur. the people of Megara, a city of Megaris. 
 
 Megaris, tdis, f. a small country of Greece, to the west of Attica. 
 
 Megasthenes, is, m. a Greek historian, who flourished about 300 yeais 
 before Christ, He wrote a work on India which is now lost. 
 
 Mel, mellis, n. * honey.' 
 
 Mtlior. See Bonus, and Gram. p. 79. 
 
 Mimbrdna, ce, i. 'a thin skin which covers the (membra) members;'' 
 'skin taken from animals, and polished for the purpose of writing on-,' 
 'vellum,' 'parchment.' 
 
 Memorabilis, is, e, adj. 'worthy of memory, 7 'memorable.' 
 
 Memphis, is, f. the ancient metropolis of all Egypt. 
 
 Mercdtor, oris, m. (mercor, ' to traffic,') ' a merchant,' ' a trader.' 
 
 Mercalura, ce, f. ' the trade of a merchant,' ' the practice of buying 
 and selling,' ' trade.' 
 
 Mercdlus, us, ' a buying and selling ;' also, ' a market place,' ' a fair,' 
 
 Merc-es, edis, f. 'hire,' 'pay,' 'wages;' also, 'profit,' 'rent.' 
 
 Meridies, iei, m. (for medidies, composed of medius and dies,) ' mid- 
 day,' ' noon.' 
 
 Mersus, a, um, part, (mergo, merger e, mersi, mersum,) 'plunged>' 
 * dipped,' ' sunk.' 
 
 Merx,mercis, f. 'merchandise,' 'goods,' 'commodoties.' 
 
 Metagorimm, i, n. a promontory of Mauritania in Africa, 
 
92 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Miles, itis, m. and f. l a soldier.' 
 
 Miletus, i, f. a celebrated city, the capital of Ionia. 
 
 MiUto, are, dvi, alum, n. {miles, 'a soldier,') ' to serve as a soldier,' 
 also, ' to carry on war.' 
 
 Mille, n. 3d. (indec. in sing.) in plur. millia, millium, milUbus, * a 
 thousand ;' duo millia, ' two thousand.' Mille, used as an adjective, is 
 indeclinable. 
 
 Minimus, a, um, adj. (super, of parvus, which see,) 'smallest,' 
 4 least.' 
 
 Minium, i, n. ' red lead.' 
 
 Minor, or, us, adj. (comp. of parvus,) 'less.' 
 
 Minuo, were, ui, utum, a. {minus, 'less,') ' to make less, 5 ' to diminish/ 
 
 Minus, adv. (compared, parum, minus, minime,) 'less,' 'less than.' 
 
 Miraculum, h n - {miror, ' to wonder,') ' a wonder,' ' a prodigy,' ' a 
 'miracle.' 
 
 Mirabilis, is, e, adj. ' to be wondered at,' 'wonderful,' ' astonishing,* 
 ' amazing.' 
 
 Mire, adv. ' wonderfully,' * strangely.' 
 
 Mirus,a,um, adj. 'wonderful,' 'strange,' 'marvellous.' 
 
 Misceo, ere, miscui, mistum and mix turn, a. 'to mix,' 'to mingle,' 'to 
 bend.' 
 
 Mitis, is, e, adj. (comp. miti or, super, mitissimus,) 'soft,' 'tender,' 
 k ripe,' ' mellow ;' hence, ' soft in disposition,' ' mild,' ' gentle,' ' meek.' 
 
 Mitto, ittere, misi, missum, a. 'to send;' 'to send out,' that is, 'to 
 throw :' 'to send out ;' that is, 'to produce,' ' to yield :' ' to send from 
 one ;' that is, ' to throw away,' ' to dismiss,' ' to pass over.' 
 
 Modicus, a, um, adj. {modus, ' a bound,' ' a limit,') ' moderate,' ' so- 
 ber ;' also, ' middling,' 'ordinary,' 'little.' 
 
 Modb, adv. 'just now,' 'lately,' 'onl}-,' modb — modb, ' at one time — 
 at another time:' as a conj. 'provided that,' 'if,' 'only.' Modb is 
 properly the ablative of modus, and expresses a ' limit,' or ' bound :' as 
 an adv. 'just now,' it limits the time; as a conjunction, 'provided that." 
 it limits the condition. 
 
 Modus, i, m. ' a measure,' ' a rule,' ' method,' ' manner ;' also, ' a kind, 
 sort, degree.' 
 
 Maznia, drum, and ium, 2d and 3d. (See Gram. p. 63,) ' the walls of a 
 city,' * ramparts.' Syn. Murus, Paries, The word of more general 
 signification is Murus, which means any * wall' raised for defence, that 
 afforded protection from its height : Mcenia, ' battlements,' ' fortifications,' 
 served also to annoy assailants, and afford protection by its turrets 
 and battlements. Paries was the word generally used to denote the 
 * walls of a house,' or its partitions. 
 
VOCABULARY. 93 
 
 Mcenus, i, m. a river of Germany which flowed into the Rhine. 
 Mceris, tdis, m. a celebrated lake in iEgypt, a little south of Memphis. 
 At the south end of it was the celebrated labyrinth which contained 3000 
 chambers, 1500 above, and as many below, in which the kings and sacred 
 crocodiles were buried. 
 
 Mollis, is, e, adj. (comp. mollior, super, mollis simus ,) 'soft,' 6 tender, 5 
 * delicate; 7 hence, ' mild,' 'placid;' also, ' mellow.' 
 
 Mollitus, a, um, part, (mollio, ire, ivi and ii, itum,) l softened,' ' molli- 
 fied.' 
 
 Molossi, drum m. plur. a people of Epirus, in whose confines was the 
 city cf Dodona, in which was a temple of Jupiter, and the celebrated 
 Dodonean oracle. 
 
 Mons, montis, m. ' a mountain,' ' a high hill.' 
 
 Monumentum, i, n. (moneo, ' to admonish,') ' a memorial,' ' a monu- 
 ment,' that which puts us in mind of any event. 
 
 Morbus, i, m. 'a disease,' ' disorder,' ' malady,' i sickness.' 
 
 Miror, dri, dtus sum, dep. i to delay,' ' to linger,' ' to loiter.' 
 
 Mors, mortis, f. ' death.' 
 
 Morsus, us, m. (mordeo, l to bite,') ' a bite,' i biting.' 
 
 Mortuus, a, urn, part, (morior, mori, and moriri, mortuus, sum, Ho die,') 
 ' dead,' ' defunct. 5 
 
 Mos, moris, m. ' a manner, way, custom, fashion, deportment. 5 Syn, 
 Consuetudo, » habit,' which expresses more steadiness and perseverence 
 than mos. 
 
 Mossyni, drum, m. plur. a people of Asia, on the borders of the Black 
 Sea. 
 
 Motus,us, ra. ' a motion,' ' movement ;' hence, ' commotion,' c tumult ; 
 hence, ' a violent affection of the mind,' < anger,' 'rage.' Motus terroz 
 'an earthquake.' 
 
 Moveo, ere, movi, motum, a. 'to move,' 'to stir;' also, ' to stimulate,' 
 'to impel.' 
 
 Mox, adv. < immediately,' * presently,' i by and by,' ' soon after.' 
 
 Multitudo, mis, f. ' a multitude,' ' a great number or quantity.' 
 
 Mullo, adv. 'much,' 'by much,' i by far.' Strictly it is the ablative 
 of multus, and for its being used thus see Gram. R. Ixi, obs. 5. 
 
 Multum, adv. ' much,' ' very much,' ' greatly.' 
 
 Multus, a,um, adj. (See First Lessons, p. 40,) 'much,' 'many.' 
 
 Mummius, i, m. a Roman consul and general, who took Corinth and 
 other Grecian cities. 
 
 Mundus, i, m. ' the universe,' ' the world.' 
 
 Munitus, a } urn, part, (munio, ire, ivi, Hum, ' to fortify,') 'fortified^' 
 'defended.' 
 
94 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Munus, eris, n. 'a gift,' 'a favour;' also, * an office,' 'a duty,' 'an 
 employment.' Syn. Donum. Donum is purely ' a gift,' and implies 
 no obligation on the part of the giver ; Munus, ' a present,' which usage 
 or obligation requires. Some think that donum is a gift from a superior 
 to an inferior, and that munus implies the very reverse. 
 
 Murus, t, m, ' a wall.' See moznia. 
 
 Mus,muris, m. and f. ' a mouse.' 
 
 Musice, es, ) 
 
 and > f. 'Music,' ' the art of music' 
 
 Musica, ce, ) 
 
 Mulo, are, dvi, alum, a. 'to change,' 'to alter,' 'to exchange. 5 
 
 Mysia, 02, f. a country on the north-west coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 N. 
 
 JVam, 'conj. (See Gram. p. 163, 5th class of conjunctions,) 'for.' 
 
 Narbonens'is, is, e. adj. Narbonensis Gallia, one of the four divisions 
 of ancient Gaul; on the south-east part, between the Pyrenaean moun- 
 tains and the Alps. 
 
 JVaris, is, f. generally used in the plur. nares, turn, thus, l the nostrils/ 
 
 Narro, are, dvi, alum, a. Ho make mention of,' ' to'recount,' ' to relate.' 
 
 Nascor, nasci, natus sum, dep. ' to be born,' ' to spring up,' ' to arise.' 
 
 Nasus, i, m. 'the nose.' 
 
 JValu, defective, abl. sing. (See Gram. p. 59, 2d class of nouns,) 'by 
 birth ;' natu minor, ' the younger ;' natu minimus, ' the youngest.' 
 
 Katura, ce, f. 'nature.' 
 
 Navigabilis, is, e, adj. 'navigable.' 
 
 Navtgans, lis, part, (navigo, ' to steer a ship,') 'sailing.' 
 
 Navigatio, onis, f. ' a sailing, navigating, navigation.' 
 
 Navigium, i, n. ' a ship,' ' a vessel,' ' a boat.' 
 
 Navigo, are, dvi, alum, a. (nav'is, ' a ship,' and ago, ' to conduct,') ' to 
 steer a ship,' ' to navigate,' 'to sail.' 
 
 Navis, is, f. ' a ship.' 
 
 JVe, conj. ' not,' ' that not,' ' lest,' ' lest that ;' ne quidem, ' not even/ 
 
 JVec, conj. 'neither,' 'nor.' 
 
 Neco, are, dvi, alum, a. ' to slay,' ' to kill/ Syn. (Decider e, Truciddre, 
 Jugulare, Obtruncdre. Occidere, (cozdere, and cb, ' to cut off,') is ' to 
 kill in any way ;' Necdre, (nex, ' violent death,') ' to slay or destroy by 
 a violent death ;' Truciddre, (truciter, ' savagely,' and c&do, ' to cut,') 
 ' to slay cruelly,' 'to murder,' ' to massacre ; ? Jugulare, (jugulum,'- the 
 throat,') 'to cut the throat;' Obtruncdre, (ob and truncus, 'the trunk,' 
 ' the body without the limbs,') ' to cut oif the head or limbs,' ' to cut to 
 pieces.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 95 
 
 Nefas, n. ind. ' what is not lawful,' 'an impious crime,' 'an action 
 forbidden by divine laws,' 'impiety.' 
 
 Nego, are, dvi, alum, a. (ne and ago,) ' to say no,' ' to refuse,' * to 
 deny.' 
 
 Negotium, t, n. (ne, ' not,' and otium, ' leisure,') ' a state of employ- 
 ment,' ' business ;' also, ' a matter,' ' a thing,' ' a fact.' 
 
 Nemo, inis, com. ' no one,' (non and homo.) Syn. Nullus. Nemo* 
 ' nobody,' is said only of persons ; Nullus, ' none,' ' not one,' is said 
 both of persons and things. 
 
 Nemus,oris, n. (from the Greek nemo, 'to pasture,') literally 'pasture 
 land ;' also, ' a grove or wood,' ' a forest.' 
 
 Neplunus,i, m. ' Neptune,' the son of Saturn, and god of the sea. 
 
 Neque, conj. 'nor,' ' neither,' that is que ne, ' and not.' 
 
 Nequeo, ire, ivi, and ii, Hum, n. (ne or non, and queo, ' to be able,') 
 
 * not to be able. 1 
 
 Nestus, i, m. a river in Thrace, which flows south into the iEgean sea. 
 
 Niger, nigra, nigrum, adj. 'black,' 'sable.' 
 
 Nihil, n. ind. ' nothing.' 
 
 Nilus, i, m. ' the Nile,' the largest river of Africa, which rises in the 
 mountains of Abyssinia, and flows north into the Mediterranean. 
 
 Nimius, a, urn, adj. 'too much,' 'too great,' 'excessive.' 
 
 Nisi, conj. (si and n't, for non,) ' if not,' ' unless.' 
 
 Nix, nivis, f. 'snow.* 
 
 Nobtlis, is, e, adj. (comp. tor, super, issimus,) (nosco, 'to know,') 
 6 known,' ' well-known,' ' noted ;' hence, ' famous,' ' distinguished,' ' re- 
 nowned.' 
 
 NobiUlo, are, dvi, alum, a. 'to make known,' 'to make renowned,' 
 
 * to enoble.' 
 
 Noceo, ere, ui, Hum, a. ' to hurt,' ' to injure,' ' to harm.' 
 
 Noclu, f. abl. sing. ' by night,' in the night time.' 
 
 Nodus, i, m. ' a knot,' ' a tie,' ' a bond.' 
 
 Nomades, um, m. plur. 'the Nomades,' or ' Numidians,' (from the 
 Greek nemo, ' to pasture.') a name given to those people who have no 
 fixed place of abode, but who wander about from place to place, as they 
 may be able to find ' pasturage' for their cattle. 
 
 Nomen, mis, n. ' a name.' 
 
 Non, adv. ' not,' ' no,' non nisi, ' not unless ;' ' only.' 
 
 Nonnullus, a, um, adj. ' some.' 
 
 Nosco, ere, novi, notum, a. ' to know,' ' to have a notion of,' ' to ap- 
 prehend by the mind.' Syn. Scire, Noscere, is ' to be acquainted with 
 any person or thing,' as novi homtnem, ' I know the man,' that is, ' I know 
 
96 VOCABULARY. 
 
 him personally :' scire, is ' to know any thing as matter of fact,' ■' to be 
 convinced of any thing ;' as scio fures hie esse, 'I know (as matter of 
 fact,) that there are thieves here :' novi would here be improper, as it 
 would imply personal acquaintance with the said thieves. 
 
 Nota, ce,f. < a mark,' ' a sign.' 
 
 JVoi'em, num. adj. ind. plur. 'nine.' 
 
 Novus, a, urn, adj. (super, novissimus, comp. not used,') ' new,' 6 fresh," 
 c recent,' 'novel.' 
 
 Nox,noctis,{. 'night,' t night-time.' 
 
 Noxius, a, um, adj. ' hurtful,' i injurious,' ' dangerous,' ' destructive.' 
 
 Nudus, a,um, adj. ' naked,' l bare,' { stripped,' i bereaved.' 
 
 Nullus,a, um, adj. gen. nulllus, (non and ullus,) ' no one,' ' not any, 7 
 c none.' 
 
 Numa, ce, m. Numa Pompilius, the king of Rome, that succeeded 
 Romulus. 
 
 Numen, mis, n. (nuo, ' to nod,') l a nod ;' hence, ' the will,' as ex- 
 pressed by 6 a nod,' c the will of the gods ;' hence, it often signifies » a 
 Jivinity,' ' a god ;' also, ' the dominion or power' of princes. 
 
 Numero, are dvi dtum, a. ' to count,' ' to number,' ' to reckon.' 
 
 Numerics, i, m. ' a number,' ' a quantity.' 
 
 Numidia, ce, f. a country of Africa on the shores of the Mediterranean, 
 now ' Algiers.' 
 
 Nusquam, adv. ' in no place,' i no where.' ■ 
 
 Nutrix, tcis, f. ' a nurse.' 
 
 Nympka, ce, f. 'a spouse,' * a bride ;' also, ' a goddess or nymph of the 
 sea, of a river, fountain, &c.' 
 
 O. 
 
 Ob, prep. gov. ace. 'for,' l on account of,' 'before,' that is, * in the 
 presence of.' In composition it means, ' over,' 'before,' and ' against,' 
 and expresses ' impediment or opposition ;' as offero, < to bring against,' 
 ' to offer;' opprlmo, ' to press upon,' that is, ' to oppress.' Sometimes 
 it merely increases the signification, as objurgo, ' to add chiding to chid- 
 ing,' 'to chide severely.' 
 
 Obdormisco, tscere, Ivi, incep. ' to begin to sleep,' ' to fall asleep.' 
 
 Obduco,cere,uxi, uctum, a. (ob and duco, ' to lead,') 'to lead out 
 against;' also, 'to draw over;' hence, 'to cover:' obductus, part. 
 ' drawn over,' 'covered,' 'hidden.' 
 
 Objaceo, ere, ui, itum, n. (06. and jaceo, < to lie down,') ' to lie 
 against,' or ' in the way.' 
 
 Objzcio, icere, lei, ectum, a. (ob and jacio, i to throw,') ( to throw 
 before,' 'to hold out,' ' to offer;' also, ' to expose.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 97 
 
 Obnoxius, a, wn, adj. (ob and noxia, 'hurt,') literally, ' one who is in 
 the way of hurt ;' that is, ' exposed,' 'liable ;' also, ' subject,' ' depend- 
 ent.' It is not often used in the sense in which we employ the terra ' ob- 
 noxious;' that is, ' hateful,' l odious.' 
 
 Obruo, uere, ui, utum, a. (ob and ruo, ' to throw down,') { to cover 
 over,' 'to overwhelm,' 'to hide in the ground,' Ho bury.' 
 
 Obviam, adv. (ob and via, 'away,') 'in one's way,' so as 'to meet 
 with,' or 'to meet against and oppose.' 
 
 Occas'io, onis, f. (pb and casus, i a fall,' or ' falling,') ' a falling in 
 with,' ' a meeting in our way ;' hence, ' an occasion,' ' an opportunity,' 
 ' a fit or convenient season.' 
 
 Occdsus, us, m. ' a fall,' or ' ruin ;' also, ' a fall,' or ' descent,' or ' set- 
 ting' of the heavenly bodies, as the sun and planets. 
 
 Occidentalism is, e, adj. ' western/ ' to the west,' where the sun (occidit) 
 falls or sets. 
 
 Occido, idere, Idi, Isum, a. (ob and cozdo, ' to cut down,') l to beat 
 down,' ' to kill,' 'to slay,' ' to destroy.' 
 
 Occido, idere, idi, casum, n. (ob and cado, • to fall,') ' to fall,' ' to go 
 down,' 'to set.' 
 
 Occulto, are, dv'i, atum, a. ' to hide,' ' to cover,' ' to conceal.' 
 
 Occupo, are, dvi, atum, a. (ob and capio, ' to take,') ' to seize upon, 1 
 ' to take possession of,' ' to occupy.' 
 
 Occur ro, currere, curri, and cucurri, cur sum, n. (ob and curro, ' to 
 run,') 'to run against,' 'to run up to,' 'to meet.' 
 
 Ocednus, i, m. ' the ocean,' or 'main sea.' 
 
 Octingenti, ce, a. num. adj. plur. 'eight hundred.' 
 
 Octo, ind. num. adj. plur. 'eight.' 
 
 Octoginta, ind. num. adj. ' eighty.' 
 
 Oculus, i, m. ' an eye.' 
 
 Odi, a defective, preterite verb, (so called because it is used only in 
 the preterite or perfect tense, and in the others derived from it — ) c to 
 hate,' ' detest,' ' abhor.' See First Lessons. Appendix. 
 
 Odor, oris, m. ' a scent,' ' smell,' ' odour ;' odores, ' perfumes.' 
 
 (Eta, ce, m. a mountain in Thessaly, on the top of which Hercules 
 burnt himself. 
 
 Officlna, ce, f. 'a work-house,' ' workshop. \ 
 
 Olea, ce, f. ' an olive tree.' 
 
 Olim, adv. ' sometimes,' ' at some time,' either past, present or future ; 
 'formerly, 'in time past,' 'lately,' ' in time to come,' 'hereafter.' 
 
 Otympia, ce, f. the name of a city and plain, on the banks of the river 
 Alpheus, in the Peloponnesus, where the Olympic games were celebrated. 
 
 
98 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Olympicus, a, «m, adj. 'Olympic,' 'pertaining to Olympia.' 
 Olympus, i, m. a mountain in Thessaly, celebrated by the ancients a? 
 the residence of the gods. 
 
 Omnis, is, e, adj. ' all,' ' the whole.' Syn. Totus, Cunctus, Universus. 
 Omnis is the more general term, and means ' all,' whether the objects be 
 united or separated : Tolus signifies ' the whole,' in reference to its parts: 
 Cuncti, 'all together,' and is generally applied to persons or things that 
 are 6 all in one place :' Universi, i entirely all,' ' all without one (wius) 
 exception,' rises above the idea of Cuncti. Omnis, ' all,' is opposed to 
 nullus, * none :' Totus, ' the whole,' to pars, ' a part :' Cunctus, < all to- 
 gether,' to sejuncti, ' separated :' Universi, 'all in a body,' to singuli, 
 ' one by one.' 
 
 Onus, eris n. ' a burden,' c a load,' < a weight.' 
 
 Oppidum, i, n. ' a town,' ' a walled town,' generally applied to a city 
 situated in' a level or flat country, from the Creek epipedon, l on a plain. 7 
 
 Opportunus, a, um, adj. (ob, ' before one,' and portus, 'a harbour,' 
 properly said of a place in which sailors have a harbour at hand, and fit 
 for running into in case of a storm, hence,) ' commodious,' ' fit,' i conven- 
 ient,' 'proper,' 'advantageous.' 
 
 Oppono, onere, osuu ostium, a (ob, ' before,' and pono, ' to place,*) ' to 
 place before or against,' ' to oppose :' oppo situs, part. ' opposite to.' 
 
 Oppugno ,dre, dvi, dtum, a. (ob, * against,' and pugno, i to fight,') ' to 
 fight against,' 'to assail,' * to attack,' 'to besiege.' 
 
 Opis, gen. opi, dat. opem ace. and ope, abl. (See Gram. p. 60,5th class 
 of nouns,) ' aid,' 'help,' ' service :' in the plural, opes, opium, c wealth, 7 
 ' pow r er.' 
 
 Optime, adv. (thus compared, bene, melius, oplime,") i very well,'' best 
 of all,' ' exceedingly,' i excellently,' 
 
 Opulentus, a,um, adj. (comp. opuleniio:, super, opulent is simus,)' rich,' 
 ' w r eaithy,' ' opulent,' 
 
 Opus, eris, n. 'a work,' i a labour,' ' exertion.' 
 
 Ora,CB,L 'the extremity,' 'edge,' or 'margin;' hence, 'the coast,' 
 ' the sea-shore.' 
 
 Oraculum, i, n. (pro, c to speak,' ' to utter,') ' the reply of the priestess 
 of the temple,' 'an oracular reply,' 'an oracle;' also, c the temple 
 itself where the reply was. made ;' also, ' a prophecy.' 
 
 Orator, oris, m. (oro, supine or dtum, ' to utter,*) 'a speaker,' 'an 
 orator,' 'a legate,' ' a deputy,' ' an ambassador.' See Legatus. 
 
 Orbis, is, m. ' a circle,' ' a wing,' 'orb,' any thing round, as a quoit, 
 a r shield : orbis tcrrdrum, * the world ;' in orbemjactre, * to lie round in a 
 circle. ' 
 
VOCABULARY. 99 
 
 Orbelus, i, m. the name applied to a part of the great chain of moun- 
 tains, on the borders of Macedonia and Thrace, more generally known 
 by the name of Hsemus, and Rhodope. 
 
 Ordo, mis, m. ' order,' ' arrangement,' ' method ;' also, ■ a series,' ' a 
 course;' * a row of trees' — ' order of men in the state,' as Ordo Senato- 
 rius, ' the senatorial order, or men of senatorial rank.' The term ordines 
 is also applied to ' banks of rowers,' and to ' benches' at the theatres. 
 
 Oriens, entis, m. {prior, ' to rise,') ' the east,' the place where the sun 
 rises, 'the morning.' 
 
 Orientdlis, is, e, adj. 'eastern.' 
 
 Ortgo, mis, f. ' beginning,' ' origin :' originem ducere, ' to trace one's 
 origin.' 
 
 Orior, oreris, oriri, ortus sum, dep. 3d and 4th conj. ' to rise,' ' to spring 
 up,' 'to appear.' 
 
 Orndtus, us,m. (prno, ' to deck,') 'ornament,' 'dress.' 
 
 Orpheus, Orpheos and Orpheus, ei, 3 and 2. (See Gram. p. 58.) a cele- 
 brated poet and musician of Greece. 
 
 Ortus, us, m. (orior, 'to rise,') ' a rising,' a springing up.' 
 
 Os, oris, n. ' the mouth,' ' the face.' 
 
 Os, ossis, n. ' a bone.' 
 
 Ossa, ce, m. the name of a high mountain in Thessaly. 
 
 Ostendo, dere, di, sum, (seldom turn,) a. (ob and tendo, 'to extend,') 
 6 to hold out to view,' ' to stretch or hold forth before another,' ' to ex- 
 pose,' ' to show.' 
 
 Ostium, i, n. ' a door,' ' a gate ;' also, the ' entrance or mouth of a 
 river.' 
 
 Ostreum, i, n. and Ostrea, ce, f. ' an oyster.' 
 
 Ovum, i, n. ' an egg,' 'the spawn of fish.' 
 
 P. 
 
 Pabulum, i, n. ' food for cattle,' ' fodder,' ' forage.' 
 
 Padus,i, m. a river of Italy, which rises among the Cottian Alps, and 
 
 flows east, till it falls into the Adriatic sea, near Hadria. It is now 
 
 the Po. 
 
 Pahna, ce, f. 'the palm of the hand ;' also, 'the palm tree,' and 'the 
 
 date,' its fruit, so called because it branches when expanded were like a 
 
 man's hand. 
 
 Palus, udis, f. ' a marsh,' ' a pool,' ' a lake.' 
 
 Paluster, and Palustris, is, e, adj. ' marshy,' ' boggy,' ' swampy.' 
 
 Panionium, i, n. the name of a sacred spot, with a grove and village, 
 
 near Ephesus, in Asia Minor, sacred to Neptune, where delegates from 
 
 all the states of Ionia assembled to consult for the public good. 
 
100 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Panihera, ce, f. ' a panther.' 
 
 Papyrus, i, m. and f. and Papyrum, i, n. ' an Egyptian plant or 
 weed,' of which paper was made. 
 
 Pardtus, a, wm, part, and adj. (comp. ior, issimus,) 'prepared,' 
 * ready.' 
 
 Parco, parcere, peperci and parsi, parcitum and parsum, ' to spare,' 
 ' to grudge,' ' to spare expense,' ' to forbear,' ' to give over ;' hence, ' to 
 spare to hurt,' ' to refrain from hurting,' ■ to favour.' 
 
 Pardus, i, m. ' a leopard.' 
 
 Parens, entis, com. ' a parent,' (father or mother,) * creator,' * au- 
 thor,' ' inventor.' 
 
 Paries, et'is, m. ' a wall.' See Mums, 
 
 Pario, parere, peperi, partum, and paritum, l to bear,' or ' bring forth,' 
 6 to produce,' ' to cause,' ' to gain,' ' to acquire :' parere ovum, ' to lay 
 an egg.' 
 
 Paris, id'is, or idos, m. ' Paris,' the son of Priam, king of Troy. See 
 Gram. p. 50. 
 
 Pariter, adv. 'equally,' 'in like manner,' 'alike.' 
 
 Parnassus, i, m. a celebrated mountain in Phocis, which overhung 
 Delphi, sacred to Apollo and the muses. 
 
 Paropamisus, i, m. the name of a ridge of mountains in Asia to the 
 east of the Caspian sea, and forming the southern boundary of Bactrana. 
 
 Pars, partis, f. ' a portion,' * division;' also, ' a party,' ' a faction.' 
 
 Parum, adv. (comp. minus, minimc and minimum]) 'little.' Syn. 
 Paullum. Paullum, ' a little,' is opposed to ' not none,' or ' some ;' 
 Parum, 'little,' is opposed to 'much.' We should say a man had a 
 paullum pecunice, ' a little money,' when we intended to speak in the 
 positive form and assert that he had 'some ;' but parum pecunice, 'lit- 
 tle money,' when we wished to be understood negatively, that he had 
 i scarcely any.' 
 
 Parvus, a, um, adj. (comp. minor, super, minimus,) 'little,' 'small.* 
 
 Pasco, pascere pavi, pastum, a. * to feed,' ' to give food to,' ' to nour- 
 ish ;' also, ' to graze,' ' to browse,' ' to eat.' 
 
 Passim, adv. * here and there,' ' loosely,' ' at random ;' also, ' every 
 where,' ' in every place.' 
 
 Passus, a, um, part, (from pando, pandere, pandi,passuum, and pan- 
 sum, a. ' to expand, ' ' to spread out,') ' stretched out,' ' expanded,' ' hung 
 up;' passa uva, ' a dried grape,' ' a raisin.' 
 
 Passus, us, m. 'a pace, ' a step,' mille passuum, 'a mile.' 
 Patefacio, facer e, feci, factum, a. {patens, ' open,' and facio*) ' tQ 
 open,' ' to throw open.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 101 
 
 Patens, entis, part, and adj. ' open,' ' lying open,' « extending wide.' 
 
 Pateo, ere, ui, (no supine,) * to lie open,' ' to extend ;' also, ' to lie 
 open,' or < be manifest.' 
 
 Patientia, ce, f. ' patience.' , 
 
 Patior, pati, passus sum, dep. 3. 'to bear,' <to suffer,' l to endure, 
 'to allow.' 
 
 P atria, ce, f. 'one's native country,' or 'city,' 'one's native land.' 
 Syn. Rus, Regio. Rus means 'the country,' as opposed to 'the city ;' 
 Reg'to, means ' a large tract of country, J ' a region' including fields and 
 cities : P atria, (properly an adjective in the feminine, having terra un- 
 derstood,) denotes ' the country of one's forefathers,' or 'of one's birth.' 
 
 Pauci, cb, a, adj. plur. 'few.' 
 
 Pauldtim, adv. (for pauculdtim, from pauci, 6 few, 1 ) ' by little and lit- 
 tle,' 'by degrees,' 'gradually.' 
 
 Paulo, or paullo, adv. ' a little,' ' somewhat ;' paulb post, i a little 
 after.' 
 
 Paullus, or Paulus, i, m. the name of several distinguished Romans. 
 
 Paveo, paver e, pavi, (no supine r see Gram. p. 128,) n. <to fear,' 'to 
 dread,' 'to be afrafd.' 
 
 Pax, pads, f. ( peace.' 
 
 Pectus, oris, n. 'the breast.' 
 
 Pecunia, cz, f. 'money,' (from^ecttf, 'cattle,' because the first coins 
 at Rome were stamped with the figures of cattle,) 'property.' Syn. 
 Nummus. Pecunia generally means, 'any property,' whether consist- 
 ing of slaves, cattle, lands, houses, &c. and when used for money, im- 
 plies, uniformly, 'money in general :' Nummus, always refers to 'coin,' 
 or * stamped money,' and often denotes one particular piece of money. 
 
 Pecus, ud'is, com. ' a beast,' ' a sheep,' ' a brute animal.' 
 
 Pecus, oris, n. 'cattle.' Syn. Jumentum. Pecus means 'cattle in 
 general,' whether used for clothing or for food, and is applied to all ani- 
 mals : Jumentum, (for juvamentum, from juvo, ' to help,') ' a beast of 
 burden,' ' cattle used to help,' or ' assist in labor of any kind.' 
 
 Pelion, i, n. a high mountain in Thessaly. 
 
 Pellis, is, f. ' a skin,' or ' hide,' ' a garment made of hide.' Syn. Cu- 
 tis* Cutis is ' the human skin while on the body ;' pellis, ' a skin of any 
 kind, stripped off.' 
 
 Peloponnesus^ z, f. the celebrated peninsula, comprehending the south- 
 ern portion of Greece. So called from Pelops, the son of Tantalus, who 
 first settled this region, and the Greek nesos, ' an island,' (almost 
 an island,) as if it were called ' Pelops' island.' Its shape resembles 
 
 9* 
 
102 VOCABULARY. 
 
 the leaf of a plane tree, and from this circumstance the modern name 
 Morea, which signifies ' a mulberry leaf,' is doubtless derived. 
 
 Pendeo, ere, ptpendi, pensum, n. * to hang from,' ' to be suspended.' 
 Syn. Pendo. Pendere, is 'to hang,' in a neuter sense, or ' be in a state 
 of suspension.' Pendere is Ho hang,' in an active sense, but generally 
 used figuratively for ' to weigh,' or ' to pay.' 
 
 Penetrate^ is, n. ' the recess,' or ' the innermost part of a house or 
 temple.' 
 
 Penetro, are, avi, alum, a. ' to penetrate, ' to enter,' ' to pass through.' 
 
 Peneus, i, m. a celebrated river of Thessaly, flowing between Ossa 
 and Olympus. 
 
 Peninsula, ce,f. (pome, 'almost,' and insula, ' an island,')' a peninsula/ 
 
 Penna, ce, f. * a feather, ' a wing,' ' a pen.' 
 
 Penstlis, is, e, adj. (pendo, supine pensum, 'to hang,') 'hanging ,' 
 ' suspended.' 
 
 Penufia, ce, f. ' want,' ' need.' 
 
 Per, prep. gov. ace. It denotes the cause, means, or instrument of an: 
 action, or transition through some medium, and means ' through,' as per 
 mare, ' through the sea,' as a medium of transition : — ' through,' that is, 
 ' by,' as per me, ' through me,' or ' by me,' as a cause ; ' with leave of.' 
 Per, in composition, generally gives additional force to the word with 
 which it is compounded ; as gratus, ' agreeable,' pergratus, « very agree- 
 able ;' it also keeps the idea of transition or passing 'through;' as eo, 
 'to go,' pereo, 'to go through,' and so ' pass away,' and hence, 4 to perish.' 
 
 Percussor, oris, in. (percutio, ' to strike,') ' a striker, 1 ' one who deals 
 a blow ;' hence, * a murderer,' ' an assassin.' 
 
 Peregrlnus, a, um, adj. ' coming from abroad,' ' foreign,' 'strange.' 
 
 Pergamum, i, n. a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 Pergamus, or os, i, f. and i ' The citadel of Troy,' often put for Troy 
 
 Pergama, drum, n. plur. ) itself. 
 
 Pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum, n» (per and rego, ' to keep straight,' 
 ' to keep from going wrong,' and hence, ' to rule,') ' to go right on,' fc to 
 advance,' ' to go on.' 
 
 Pericles, is, m. a great statesman and orator of Athens. 
 
 Periculosus, a, um, adj. 'dangerous,' 'hazardous.' The termination 
 osus, denotes an ' abundance,' or ' fullness' of any thing, as, piscis, 'a fish,' 
 piscosus, ' full of fish ;' annus, ' a year,' annosus, ' full of years ;' peri- 
 Gulum, 'danger,' periculosus, ' full of danger.' 
 
 Pericii/um, i, n. ' danger,' ' peril.' 
 
 Permeo, are, avi, alum, n. (per, ' through,' and meo, i to go,') 'to go 
 through/ ( to flow through,' 'to ferment.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 103 
 
 Permiscco, miscere, miscui, milium, and mixtion, a. (per and misceo,} 
 'to mix,' ' to mingle,' 'to blend together.' 
 
 Permuto, are, dvi, titum, a. (per and muto,) ' to change,' ' to exchange.' 
 
 Perperam, adv. 'rashly,' 'inconsiderately,' 'unjustly.' 
 
 Perpetuus, a,um, adj. 'continual,' 'perpetual,' 'constant.' 
 
 Perm, ce, m. ' a Persian,' ' an inhabitant of Persia.' 
 
 Perse?zs,(pronouncing the last syllable as a dipthong) ebs, and > The son 
 
 Perseus, e'i, m. 3 and 2. S of Jupi- 
 
 ter and Danae, a very celebrated hero, the last king of Macedon. 
 
 Perstcus, a, um, adj. 'of Persia,' 'Persian.' 
 
 Pertmax, gen. dcis, adj. (comp ior, super, issimus,) (per, ' very,' and 
 tenax, ' tenacious,' ' holding fast,' from teneo, ' to hold,') ' very tenacious,' 
 'obstinate,' 'persevering.' 
 
 Pertifieo, ere,ui, (no supine,) n. ' to reach,' ' to extend to.' 
 
 Pervenio, venire, veni, ventum,n. 'to come to,' 'to arrive at,' 'to 
 reach.' 
 
 Pervenitur, imp. pass. ' it is come,' ' they come.' 
 
 9 Pervius, a, um, adj. (per, 'through,' and via, 'away,') 'passable,' 
 ' easy to be passed,' ' accessible.' 
 
 Pes, pedis, m. ' a foot.' 
 
 Pessum, adv. 'down,' 'down to the bottom,' ' underfoot;' pessum ire, 
 ' to go to destruction,' ' to be ruined.' 
 
 Peto, petere, petlvi, petltum, a. primarily, ' to aim at,' ■ to go to,' in 
 order to reach or hit, and hence, ' to go,' ' to attack :' so petere cornu, 
 • to aim at,' or ' butt with the horn,' — quid petis, ' what is your aim,' 
 
 ' what is your object,' petere lapidibus, ' to pelt with stones,' petere 
 
 bello, ' to attack in war,' ' to make war upon.' From this signification 
 ' to aim at obtaining or reaching,' it comes to denote, ' to ask,' ' to de- 
 sire,' 'to beg for.' Petilus, part, 'sought,' * attacked.' 
 
 Petra, ce, f. the metropolis of Arabia Petraea, now ' Shadman.' 
 
 Petrcea, ce, f. (properly an adjective in the fern, agreeing with Arab'ia, 
 6 Arabia Petrsea,' a part of Arabia, which was very rocky and barren. 
 Theme, petra, ' a rock.' 
 
 Phceax, dcis, m. plur. Phcedces, ium, the people of the Island Corfu, 
 celebrated for their luxury and dissoluteness. The island produced 
 choice fruit, and was famed for the hanging gardens of king Alcinous. 
 
 Pharos, z, f. a small island at the mouth of the Nile, on which was a 
 tower, esteemed one of the seven wonders of the world. 
 
 Phasis, is, and idis, f. the name of a town and river of Cholcis, on 
 the eastern shore of the Black Sea. 
 
104 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Phidias, ce, m. a celebrated painter and statuary of Greece, who flour- 
 ished in the age of Pericles, 450 B. C. 
 
 Philatni, drum, m. plur. two Carthagenians, who chose to be buried 
 alive rather than that their country should be deprived of its just bounds. 
 
 PKilippi, drum, masc. plur. a city of Macedon. 
 
 Philippicus, a, um, adj. belonging to Philippi. 
 
 Philippics, i, m. a king of Macedon, son of Demetrius, and father of 
 Alexander. 
 
 Philosophies, i, m. from the Greek philos, ' a friend,' ' a lover,' and 
 sophia, 'wisdom,') » a philosopher,' ' a lover of learning and wisdom.' 
 
 Phocozi, drum, m. plur. the inhabitants of Phocsea, a city of Ionia. 
 
 Phocis, Mis, f. ' a small country of Greece.' 
 
 Phcenlce, es, ' Phoenicia,' a country of Syria on the sea-coast. 
 
 Phcenix, icis, m. * a Phoenician.' 
 
 Pignus, oris, n. ' a pledge,' ' a pawn,' ' a stake,' or * wager.' 
 
 Pmdarus, i, ' a very eminent Greek lyric poet, born in Bceotia. 
 
 Pingo, pingtre, pinxi, pictum, a. 'to colour,' ' to dye,' ' to paint ;' 
 also, ' to adorn,' ' to deck,' ' to embroider.' • 
 
 Pinguis, is, e, adj. ' fat,' ' plump ;' hence, ' fertile,' ' fruitful,' ' rich.'' 
 
 Pirceus, ei, m. the chief port and arsenal of Athens, to the southwest 
 of the city.' 
 
 Piscis, is,m. ' a fish.' 
 
 Pius, i, m. a surname of Metellus. 
 
 Placeo, ere, ui, itum, n. ' to suit the taste or temper of,' ' to please ;' 
 also, ' to be pleased with one's self,' ' to be vain or proud.' 
 
 Placet, placebat, placuit, or placitum, est, imper. fc it pleases,' 'it is deter- 
 mined,' ' it is the opinion of.' 
 
 Placidus, a, um, adj. (comp. ior, issimus,) i quiet,' 'gentle,' 'soft,' 
 * mild ;' also, ' calm,' ' tranquil.' 
 
 Plane, adv. 'openly,' 'manifestly,' 'clearly,' 'plainly;' also, 'al- 
 together,' c entirely.' 
 
 Platanus, i, f. ' the plane tree.' 
 
 Plaustrum, i, n. ' a heavy waggon,' ' a cart.' 
 
 Plerumque, adv. 'for the most part,' ' commonly.' 
 
 Plinius, ii, m. the name of two distinguished Romans. 
 
 Plumbeus, a, um, adj. 'of lead,' 'leader.' 
 
 Plumbum, i, n. « lead.' 
 
 Plurimus, a, um, adj. (super, of mulius,) ' very much,' ' most." 
 
 Plus,pluris, adj. (neut. in sing. comp. of mullus,) 'more.' 
 
 Plus, adv. (comp. of multiim,) ' more,' ' longer.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 105 
 
 Poculum, i, n. (for potaculum, from polo, ' to drink,') ' a cup,' ' a 
 drinking bowl.' 
 
 Pcenus, a, um. adj. 'belonging to Carthage,' ' Carthagenian:' as a 
 subs. ' a Carthagenian.' 
 
 Po'eta, cc, m. ' a poet.' 
 
 Pomifer, era, erum, adj. * bearing fruit;' pomiferoz arbores, ' fruit 
 trees.' The terminations/er o.ndferus, (fromfero, ' to carry,' ' to bear,') 
 denote ' bearing ;' aspinifer, ' pine bearing.' 
 
 Pompilius, i,m. See Numa. 
 
 Pondus, erisj n. 4 weight,' 'a load,' c a burden.' 
 
 Pono,ponere, posui,positum, a. ' to lay,' ' to set,' ' to put,' ' to place;' 
 hence, ' to set up,' ' to erect,' ' to build ;' hence, *■ to sit down to the ac- 
 count of,' 'to calculate 'to consider;' hence, 'to set down in writing,' 
 6 to state,' ' to describe.' 
 
 Pontus, i, m. ' the Euxine,' now the Black sea; — also ' Pontus,' a 
 country on the southern shore of the Euxine. As a common noun 'the 
 sea ;' hence, probably, the Euxine was called Pontus, c the sea,' by way 
 of eminence. 
 
 Populus, i, m. ' the people,' ' the multitude,' ' a nation.' See Gens. 
 
 Porngo, igere, exi, ectum, a. (per and rego, for the Greek or ego, ' to 
 stretch,') ( to stretch out,' 'to reach out,' ' to extend ;' hence, ■ to offer/ 
 1 to give.' 
 
 Porta, ce, f. 'agate,' 'door,' 'outlet,' 'narrow pass,' 'defile.' Syn» 
 Janua. Porta, denotes ' the gate' of a city, camp, or fortified town.' 
 Janua, ' the door' of a private dwelling. 
 
 Porticus, lis, f. ' a portico,' ' a gallery.' 
 
 Portus,us, m. (porto, ' to carry,*) ' a harbour,' that is, a place for the 
 import and export of goods, or for carrying ships into. 
 
 Positus, a. um, part, of pono, 'placed,' ' situated.' 
 
 Possum, posse, potui, irreg. n. (potis , ' able,' and sum,) ' to be able, 
 'lean.' 
 
 Post, prep, 'behind,' 'after.' It also used adverbially 'afterwards,' 
 'after,' aliquot annis post, 'some years afterwards : paulbposty ' a little- 
 while afterwards.' 
 
 Postis, is, m. ' a door-post ;' hence, ' a door,' ' a gate.' 
 
 Postquam, adv. ' after that.' 
 
 Postremus, a, um, adj. (comp. poster and posterus, posterior, postre- 
 mus,) ' the last,' ad postremum, ' at last.' 
 
 P&tentia, ce, f. 'power,' 'strength.' Syn. Potestas. Potentia con- 
 sists in that which we have ability to do ; Potestas, in that which we 
 have permission to do. 
 
.106 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Potestas, dt'is, f. ' power,' 'ability,' 'dominion,' 6 authority,' ' juris- 
 diction,' 'office.' 
 
 Potisswium adv. super, (positive not used, comp. potiiis,) ' princi- 
 pally,' * chiefly,' 'especially.' 
 
 Poto, potdre, dvi, dtum, a. ' to drink,' 6 to be addicted to drinking.' 
 See Bibo. 
 
 Potus, us, m. ' drink.' 
 
 Prce, prep. gov. abl. 'before,' ' in comparison of,' 'for' or ' though,' 
 that is, ' by reason of.' Ferre prce se, ' to carry before,' or * in front of 
 one's self,' and so 'to profess,' ' to avow,' ' to declare*' In composition 
 prce indicates precedence, or prevention ; as dicere, ' to tell,' prcedicere, 
 * to foretell ;' claudere, 'to shut,' prcecludere, 'to shut before a person 
 can get in,' that is, ' to shut out,' or ' prevent admission.' Sometimes it 
 denotes ' excellence,' or ' superlativeness,' as potens, 'powerful,' prcepd-* 
 tens^very powerful;' maturus, 'early,' prcematurus, 'very early,' that 
 is, ' too early ;' that is, ' premature.' 
 
 Prcealtus, a, um, adj . ' very high,' ' very deep.' 
 
 Prcebeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (prce, 'before,' and habeo, 'to have,' 'to 
 hold,') ' to hold out before another ;' hence, ' to show,' ' to exhibit,' to 
 offer,' ' to give,' ' to supply :' prcebere specimen, ' to have the appearance 
 -of.' 
 
 Prcecipttans, antis, part, of prcecipito. 
 
 Prcecipito, are, dvi, dtum, a. (prce, 'before,' or 'first, 7 and caput^ 
 4 the head,') ' to throw headlong,' or 'head-first,' 'to throw forward^' 
 6 to throw down violently.' 
 
 Prcecipue, adv. prce, and capio, ' to take, n )^' especially,' 'particularly.' 
 
 Pmcipuus, a, urn, adj. (prce, and capio, 'to take,') that which is 
 taken or selected in preference to others, ' particular,' ' special,' ' prin- 
 cipal,' ' chief.' 
 
 Prozclarus, a, urn, adj. (prce and clarus,) ' very clear or bright,' ' noble,' 
 ' renowned,' 'famous ;' quanto pr cedar itis, 'how much more glorious.' 
 
 Prcecludo, dere, si, sum, a. (prce and claudo, see Prce,) ' to shut out,' 
 6 to shut up,' ' to close,' ' to stop.' 
 
 Prcedico, dicere, dixi, dictum, a. (prcs, and dieo, see Prce,) ' to predict, 5 
 c to foretell;' also, 'to publish,' 'to proclaim.' 
 
 Prcemitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. (prce and mitto,) ' to send before.' 
 
 Prcenuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. (prce and nuntio, ' to announce,') ' to 
 foretell,' ' to forebode,' ' to predict.' 
 
 Prceparo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (prce andparo, ' to procure,') ' to pre* 
 pare,' ' to make ready,' ' to provide.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 107 
 
 Prcestans, gen. pmstantis, part, and adj. (comp. pi'cestantior, super. 
 prcestantissimus,) ' excelling,' ' excellent,' 'distinguished.' 
 
 Prcesto, stare, stit'i, stttum, n. and a. (proz and sto, ' to stand,') ' to 
 stand before ;' hence, ' to be superior to,' 'to excel,' 'to surpass;' also, 
 to make a thing ' stand before' another ; that is, ' to show,' ■ to exhibit ;' 
 hence, ' to offer,' * to give ;' also, ' to execute,' ' to perform.' Prazstdre se, 
 'to prove one's self;' prcestdre alicui, or aliquem aliqud re, 'to surpass 
 anyone in any thing.' Prozstat, imp. 'ifris better,' 'it is more advan- 
 tageous.' 
 
 Prazsum, esse, fai, irreg. n. {pro: and sum,) 'to be over,' 'to preside 
 over,' 'to be at the head of others, 'to rule over,' 'to be in authority,' 
 'to command.' 
 
 Praztendo, dere, di, sum, or turn, a. (prce and tendo, ' to stretch out,') 
 ' to stretch or lay out before another,' ' to hold before,' ' to show, ' to 
 allege,' ' to allege as an excuse.' 
 
 Prazterea, adv. {prozter, 'besides,' and ea, 'those things,') 'besides,' 
 'moreover.' 
 
 Prcetereo, ire, ivi, and ii, itum, a. and n. {prozter, ' beyond,' and 60, 
 'to go,') ' to pass by,' ' to pass beyond ;' also, ' to pass by,' that is, 'to 
 escape;' also, ' to let pass,' 'to let slip,' 'to omit.' 
 
 Prazterquam, adv. ' besides,' ' except,' ' save,' ' beyond.' 
 
 Praztiosus a, urn, adj. (comp. tor, super, issimus,) (praztium, 'price,') 
 'costly,' 'precious,' 'valuable,' 'excellent.' 
 
 Prazimm, i, n. 'the price' of any thing sold ; hence, 'value,' 'price' 
 paid for wages, 'hire,' 'reward ;' ' price' paid for vicious actions, ' pun- 
 ishment.' 
 
 Primb, and Primiim, adv. super, (positive not used, comp. prius,) ' at 
 first,' 'first,' ' first of all :' qu dm primiim, ' as soon as.' 
 
 Princcps,7pis, adj. (for primceps, for primiceps, comp. of primus and 
 capio, ' that which is taken first,') 'the chief,' 'the first,' 'foremost,' 
 'principal;' princip es, as a noun, 'the princes,' ' the chiefs.' 
 
 Prior, orus, adj. comp. (super. primus, 'first,') ' the former,' 'prior.' 
 
 Prius, adv. (super, primb or primum,) 'before,' 'sooner than.' 
 
 Priusqudm, adv. 'sooner than,' ' before that,' ' before.' 
 
 Pro, prep. ' for,' that is, ' in exchange,' or ' return' for ; — that is, 'in- 
 stead of;' ' for,' that is, ' to the advantage' of, ' in favor' of; — ' for,' that 
 is, ' in defence' of. In composition pro has generally the sense of 'ad- 
 vancing,' as moveo, ' I move,' promoveo, ' I move forward ;' or of ' sub- 
 stitution,' as curator, ' a guardian,' procurator, ' a guardian for another;' 
 or 'publicity,' as pono, i to place,' propono, 'to place before,' or ' in the 
 presence of others,' ' to propose.' 
 
108 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Probabilis, is, e, adj. ' probable,' 'likely to be true.' 
 
 Procedo, dere, ssi, ssum, 3. (pro and cedo,) ' to go forward,' < to pro- 
 ceed.' 
 
 Proceritas, dtis, f. « length,' ' tallness,' ' height.' 
 
 Procul. adv. ' far,' ' afar,' ' at a distance.' 
 
 Procurro, currere, cum, and cucurri, cursum, n. (pro and curro, ' to 
 run,') < to run before,' ' to run out,' ' to stretch forth,' ' to extend.' 
 
 Prodo, dtre didi, ditum, a. (pro and do, ' to give,') l to give out,' * to 
 disclose,' ' to publish,' < to betray,' < to relate.' 
 
 Prqfiteor, ileri, essus sum, dep. (pro smd/ateor, * to confess,') l to con- 
 fess openly,' ' to say publicly,' ' to assert;' profiler i sapienliam, ' to pro- 
 fess wisdom.' 
 
 Profugus, a, urn, adj. (pro for porro, and/i/g/o, < to fly,') « fleeing far,' 
 ^ fugitive ;' as a noun, ' a fugitive,' an exile.' 
 
 Progred'wr, Mi, essus sum, dep. (pro and gradior, * to go,') ' to go 
 Ibrward,' ' to advance.' 
 
 Prolatandus, a, urn, part, (pro and ferro) ' to be enlarged.' 
 
 Promonlofium, i, n, (promineo, ' to stand out,') { a promontory,' high 
 land jutting into the sea. 
 
 Promoveo, overe, or), 6 turn, n. and a. (pro and moveo.') ' to move for- 
 ward,' ' to advance,' ' to enlarge.' 
 
 Propt, adv. and prep. (comp. propius, proxime,) i near,' 'near at hand.' 
 
 Propmquus, a, urn, adj. (p rope,) 'near,' 'related;' propinqui, 're- 
 lations.' 
 
 Propior, or, us, adj. comp. (super, proximus,) 'nearer.' 
 
 Propontis, tdis, and ?cfos, f. (pro, l before,' and Ponlus, ' the sea,' that is, 
 6 the Euxine,') the small sea < before' the Euxine in going from the Hel- 
 lespont, now called the * sea of Marmora.' 
 
 Proprie, adv. ' peculiarly,' c properly.' 
 
 Proprius, a, um, adj. 'one's own,' ' personal,' c private,' 'peculiar,' . 
 fc proper.' 
 
 Propylazum, i, n. (pro ) and from the Greek pule, ' a gate,') i the 
 porch of a temple,' ' the entrance,' (consisting of magnificent rows of 
 columns,) ' to the Arcropolis of ancient Athens,' which rivalled in 
 oeauty and dimensions the Parthenon itself.' 
 
 Prosequor, qui, quutus, and cuius sum, dep. (pro and sequor,) ( to 
 follow,' c to accompany,' ' to attend ;' prosequi honoribus, 'to reward 
 with honours.' 
 
 Prospectus, us, m. (pro, i before,' spic'io, ' to behold,') ' a looking for- 
 ward,' ' a sight afar off,' ' a prospect.' 
 
 Prosterno, ternere, trdvi, tratum, a. (pro and sterno, « to strew,' ' to 
 
VOCABULARY. 109 
 
 scatter,') ' to dash to the ground,' ' to throw down,' 4 to prostrate,' ' to 
 overthrow.' 
 
 Prolero, terere, Irivi, trtlum, a. (pro and tero, ' to bruise,') 4 to tread 
 under foot,' ' to trample upon,' 4 to crush.' 
 
 Provinciate?) f. (pro, 4 at a distance,' and vinco, ' to conquer,') 'a 
 conquered country governed by a Roman magistrate,' 4 a province ;' 
 hence, any distant country governed by a Roman officer ; also, the 'gov- 
 ernment' of it ; hence, any « office,' * business, 1 or ' employment.' 
 
 Proxime, adv. ' nearest to.' See Prope. 
 
 Proximus, a, urn, adj. (super, from proprior,) ' nearest,' 'next.' 
 
 Psillacus, i t m. ' a parrot.' 
 
 PtolemcEus, ?', m. the name of several Egyptian kings. 
 
 Pubttce, adv. ' by public authority,' 4 at the public expense,' 'pub- 
 licly.' 
 
 Publicus, a,um, adj. not 'public' in the sense in which we use the 
 term, before the eyes of every body ; but ' public,' or 4 what happens in 
 the name of the state,' or 4 by command of the state,' or ' what belongs 
 to the state.' So ager publicus, 4 land belonging to the state;' helium 
 gerere publice, 4 to carry on a war in the name of the state.' Also, ' uni- 
 versal,' ' common,' ' mean.' 
 
 Puer, eri, m. 4 a boy,' ' a servant.' 
 
 Pugna, cb, f. 'a fight,' 4 a single combat,' ' a battle,' 
 
 Pulcher, era, crum, adj. (comp. ior, errimus,) 'fair,' 4 beautiful.' 
 
 Punicus, a, um, adj. ' Punic,' 4 belonging to Carthage.' 
 
 Purgo, are, dvi, alum, a. (for purigo, from purus, 'pure,') ' to make 
 pure,' 4 to purge,' 'to purify,' 'to cleanse ;' %lso, 'to clear one's self of 
 a charge,' ' to excuse.' 
 
 Purpura, ce, f. ' the shell fish from which purple dye was produced,' 
 'purple.' 
 
 Puteus, i, m. ' a well.' 
 
 Puto, are, art, alum, a. ■ to lop, prune, or cut off' superfluous branches 
 from trees; hence, 'to clear,' 'to adjust ;' and as this is done by reflec- 
 tion, hence, ■ to consider,' 4 to ponder,' 'to reflect,' 'to think.' 
 
 Pyramis, idis, f. ' a pyramid.' 
 
 *Pyreno3i, drum, m. plur. (monies,) 4 the Pyrennees,' mountains sepa- 
 rating France from Spain. 
 
 Pyrrhus, i. m. a king of Epirus, who waged an unsuccessful war with 
 the Romans. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q, stands for ' Quintus.' 
 Quadraginta, num. adj. plur. ind. 'forty,' 
 
 10 
 
HO VOCABULARY. 
 
 Quadriga, 02, f. generally used in the plural, Quadrtgce, drum, (proba- 
 bly for quadrijugaz, from quaiuor, 'four,' and jugum, ' a yoke,') ' a team 
 of four horses ;' also, l a car,' or ' chariot drawn by four horses abreast.' 
 Quadringenti, ce, a. num. adj. plur. ' four hundred.' 
 Qaadrupes, pedis, adj. (quaiuor and pes, 'a foot,') ' having four feet,' 
 ' a quadruped.' 
 
 Qucero, quozrere, qucesivi, quazsitum, a. ' to seek,' ' to search,' * to get 
 by seeking,' ' to ask,' * to enquire.' Imper. pass, qucerziur, 'it is asked.' 
 
 Quam, conj. and adv. * how,' ' how much,' ' as much ;' also, 'as,' — 
 tarn — quam, 'so — as;' also, after'comparatives, 'than,' Me est melior 
 quam ejus /rater, 'he is better than his brother.' 
 
 Quamquam, or quart quam, conj. * however,' 'how much soever,' 'al- 
 though.' 
 
 Quanto, adv. ' how much ;' quanto magis, ' the more.' Properly, it is 
 an adjective from qaantus, and is the ablative of excess. (See Gram. R. 
 lxi. obs. 5.) quanto magis, ' by how much the more. 1 
 
 Quantus, a, um, adj. 'how great.' 
 
 Quaniuslibet, talibet, tumlibet, adj. (quantus and the imp. verb libet,) 
 'as g.-eat as you please,' 'how great so ever;' in quantaUbet multitu- 
 dine, 'in however great a crowd.' 
 
 Quare, adv. {qua. re,) ' for which reason,' ' on what account,' ' where- 
 fore.' 
 
 Quasi, adv. (for quams},) 'as if, 7 ' as.' 
 
 Quatriduum, i, n. (jquatuor and dies.) ' the space of four days.' 
 
 Quaiuor, num. adj. ind. plur. 'four.' 
 
 Que, conj. ' and.' 
 
 Queo, quire, quivi, quitum, irr. 'to be able,' 'I can.' 
 
 Quercus, us, f. (of the 2d declension, also, in gen, plur. See Gram. p. 
 55.) ' an oak.' 
 
 Qui, quce, quod, pro. relative, ' who, which, what.' 
 
 Qui, adv. or rather the ablative of qui, and used in all genders and 
 numbers, 'how,' 'in what manner.' See Gram. p. 83. 
 
 Quia, conj. ' because.' 
 
 Quidam. quazdam, quoddam, or quiddam, pro. 'a certain one,' 'one;' 
 qu'idam homines, ' some men.' See Aliquis. 
 
 Quidem, adv. ' indeed,' ' truly,' ' at least.' 
 
 Quin, conj. ' but,' 'but that ;' also, ' why not,' for qui ne. 
 
 QiTtndecim, num. adj. plur. ind. 'fifteen.* 
 
 Quinquageni, 02, a, num. adj. plur. ' every fifty,' c fifty by fifty.' 
 
 Quinquaginta, num. adj. plur. ind. ' fifty.' 
 
 Quinque, num. adj. plur. ind. 'five.' 
 
VOCABULARY. HI 
 
 Quis, quce, quod, or quid, pro. ' who,' 4 what.' 
 
 Quisquam, qmzquam, quodquam, or quidquam, or quicquam, pro. ' any- 
 one,' ' any thing.' 
 
 Quivis,quoivis, quodvis, or quidvis, pron. (gi« and t?is from volo,) ' any 
 one you please,' ' whosoever, 3 ' whatsoever.' 
 
 Quo, adv. 'that,' ' to the end that,' ' whither.' 
 
 Quod. conj. 'that,' 'because.' 
 
 Quondam, adv. ' sometime,' formerly.' 
 
 Quoque, conj. ' also.' 
 
 Quod, adj. ind. plur. 'how many.' 
 
 Quum, adv. 'when,' conj. ' since,' 'although.' 
 
 R. 
 
 Radius, i, m. ' a rod,' or ' staff,' used in mensuration ; also, ' a ray' 
 or 'beam' of the sun, long and pointed like a rod. 
 
 Radix, Icis, f. ' a root.' Syn. Stirps, Radix means simply ' the root;' 
 Slirps denotes the « root,' or ' stalk,' with the shoots springing from it. 
 Metaphorically it denotes ' a family,' either parents or children. 
 
 Ramus, i, m. ' a branch,' ' a twig.' 
 
 Rana, ce,i. 'a frog.' 
 
 Raw, adv. (properly the ablative of rarus, agreeing with modo under- 
 stood,) 'rarely,' ' seldom.' 
 
 Rarus, a,um, adj. ' thin,' 'not close or thick,' ' scanty,' 'scarce,' 'rare.' 
 
 Re, an inseparable preposition ; that is, it is never found alone, but is 
 always incorporated with some word. Its significations are, 1st, ' back,' 
 (for retro,) as recedo, 'to go back,' 'to recede.' 2d, 'again,' 'in return,' 
 as do, ' to give,' reddo, ' to give back,' ' to return.' 3d, ' against,' aspugno, 
 * to fight,' repugno, ' to fight so as to give ' back' the blow received,' ' to 
 fight against,' 'to make resistance.' 4th, ' again,' ' anew,' as repueras- 
 co, ' to go back to childhood,' 'to become a child again;' renovo, ' to re- 
 new,' 'to bring a thing back to its eld state and make it new again.' But 
 all these significations may be traced to the simple one of 'back.' 
 
 Recedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. (re and cedo, ' to go',) ' to go back,' ' to re- 
 cede,' ' to yield,' 'to retire.' 
 
 Recens, entis, adj. 'new,' 'fresh,' 'lately made,' 'recent.' Recens 
 nafi, ' new-born children.' As an adverb, 'lately,' ' newly.' 
 
 Recessus, us, m. (re and cedo,) ' a retiring,' ' a retreat;' also, ' a se- 
 questered or retired place,' ' a retreat,' ' a secret recess,' ' a corner.' 
 
 Recipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. (re and capio, ' to take,') ' to take again,' 
 'to take back,' 'to receive,' 'to recover:' recipere animam, 'to recover 
 
112 VOCABULARY. 
 
 one's breath,' ' to recover one's spirits ;' recipere se, ' to withdraw,' ' to 
 come back,' ' to return.' 
 
 Recte, (comp. rectius, super, reclissime,) adv. (rectus, i straight,') 
 c straightly,' 'in a straight line ;' hence, ' rightly,' ' properly,' ' well.' 
 
 Reddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. (re and do,) * to give back,' ' to return,' 
 4 to render,' ' to make ;' also, ' to give an account of,' ' to tell,' ' to re- 
 peat :' reddere verba, i to repeat words ;' reddere ralionem, 'to give a 
 reason ;' reddere animam, ' to give back one's breath,' that is, 4 to die ;' 
 reddere rota, < to pay one's vows.' 
 
 Redeo, ire, ivi, and ii, itum, irr. n. (re and to, 4 to go,') ' to go back,' 
 4 to return ;' redire ad se, * to come to one's self again,' 
 
 Refero,ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (re and fero.) l to bring back,' * to re- 
 turn,' ' to restore.' Re/erre gratiam, 4 to return thanks ;' referre victoriam, 
 
 * to carry back,' or ' bear off,' or 4 gain a victory ;' referre imaginem, ' to 
 take a likeness.' 
 
 Regia, ce, f. 4 a palace,' properly an adjective and agrees with domus, 
 
 * a house,' understood. 
 
 Regina, &, f. ' a queen.' 
 
 Regio, onis, f. i a portion or tract of land,' 'a large tract of country,' 
 4 a region,' ' a district.' See Pairia. 
 
 Regno, are, dvi, alum, a. 4 to reign,' 4 tobe king over,' 'to rule,' 'to 
 govern.' 
 
 Regnum, i, n. ' a kingdom,' 4 a government,' 4 rule.' 
 
 Regulus, i, m- a Roman general in the time of the Punic war, who 
 preferred to return to Carthage to meet death, rather than advise his 
 countrymei. a disadvantageous peace. 
 
 Religio, onis, f. ' fear,' in a religious sense, 'conscientious scruples,' 
 
 * a scrupulous f ir of offending the gods,' 'profound reverence of the 
 gods,' 'devotion,' 'piety,' 'religion.' Also, 4 scrupulousness,' caused by 
 the obligation of duty, ' exactness,' ' delicacy,' 4 sincerity,' * faith.' 
 
 Reli'/iquo, Unquere, llqui, liclum, a. (re and linquo,) 4 to leave behind, 
 < to leave,' ' to desert,' ' to forsake ;' also, to relinquish,' ' to give up.' 
 
 ReUquus, a, um, adj. ' remaining,' ' that which remains,' 'the rest.' 
 
 Repente, adv. (repens, ' sudden,) ' suddenly,' ' unexpectedly.' Proba- 
 bly from the Greek repo, ' to verge,' ' to tend downwards;' for a body 
 tending downwards does so ' all on a sudden,' or 'instantaneously,' as 
 we see in a pair of scales. 
 
 Reperio, erire, eri, ertum, a. (re andpmo,) ' to find out,' 4 to discover,' 
 to invent.' 
 
 Reporto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 'to carry back,' 'to bring word back,' 4 tQ 
 relate ;' reportdre se, ' to carry one's self back,' ' to return,' 
 
VOCABULARY. H3 
 
 Requiro, rere, slvt, situm, a. (re and quazro, 'to seek,') 'to seek again,' 
 
 * to look for,' ' to send after, ' to inquire,' ' to demand.' 
 
 Res,rei,i. ' a thing,' 'affair,' 'fact,' 'deed,' ' a subject:' resgestce, 
 
 * deeds achieved,' that is, 'actions,' 'exploits;' res familidris, 'a sub- 
 ject of private concern,' 'domestic affairs;' hence, 'property.' 
 
 Resimus, a, urn, adj. (re and the Greek simos, (simus,) 'flat-nosed,') 
 'crooked,' 'bent back or upwards,' 'snouted.' 
 
 Resolvo, rere, vi, utum, a. (re and solvo,) ' to untie,' ' to unloose,' 'to 
 open,' 'to disclose,' 'to relax,' 'to melt;' hence, 'to enfeeble, 3 'to 
 enervate.' 
 
 Restituo, were, ui, utum, a. (re and statuo, ' to set up,' ' to raise,') ' to 
 set up again,' ' to repair,' 'to rebuild,' ' to restore to its former condi- 
 tion.' 
 
 Rex, regis, m. ' a king.' 
 
 Rhazti, drum, m. plur. the inhabitants of Rha^tia. 
 
 Rhceteum, i, n. a city of Phrygia. 
 
 Rhenus, t, m. ' the Rhine,' a celebrated river of Europe, which rises 
 in the Alps, flows N. W. and empties into the North Sea. 
 
 Rhinoceros, olis, m. 'a rhinoceros.' From the Greek nn, 'the nose,' 
 and keras, ' a horn,' — ' an animal having a horn upon its nose.' 
 
 Rhipaeus, a, «m, adj. 'Rhipsean,' 'Scythian;' Rhipozi montes, 
 mountains in the north of Scythia, very high, and covered with perpetual 
 snow. 
 
 Rhoddnus, i, m. ' the river Rhone,' which rises in the Alps, flows 
 through lake Lemanus, and empties into the Gallicus Sinus, now the 
 Gulf of Lyons. 
 
 Rhodope, es, f. a high mountain in Thrace. (Declined like aloe. See 
 First Lessons, page 7.) 
 
 Rhynddcus, i, m. a river of Asia Minor, separating Mysiafrom Bithy- 
 nia, and flowing into the Euxine. 
 
 Rigeo, ere, ui, (no supine,) n. ' to be cold,' 'to be benumbed with cold.' 
 
 Rigo, are, dvi, alum, a. ' to water,' ' to wet,' ' to moisten,' ' to bedew.' 
 
 Ripa, oz, f. ' the bank of a river.' 
 
 Rogus, t, m. ' a funeral pile.' 
 
 Roma, oz, f. ' Rome,' the chief city of Italy, and anciently of the whole 
 world ; founded by Romulus, 7$3 years before Christ. It was built on 
 seven hills, called Mons Palatinus, (which was in the centre,) Capitoli- 
 nus, Quirinalis, (the extreme north,) Viminalis, Esquihnus, Cozlius, 
 Aventinus, (the extreme south.) On the Esquiline hill were the gardens 
 and the splendid palace of Maecenas; on the Palatine was the celebra- 
 ted Palatine library of Augustus. Here also was the residence of Romu- 
 
 10* 
 
114 VOCABULARY. 
 
 lous and the Roman kings, of Augustus and the Roman emperors; 
 whence Palatium, ' palace,' has ever since been applied to the residence 
 of a monarch. On the Capitoline hill, were the Capitol and the Tar- 
 pean Rock, from which state criminals were thrown. The Aventine was 
 the burial place of Remus; hence it was looked upon as a place of ill 
 omen. 
 
 Romdnus, a, ra, adj. ' Roman.' 
 
 Romdnus, i. m. ' a Roman.' 
 
 Rostrum, i, n. 6 the beak of a bird,' ' the snout of a fish or beast;' also, 
 ' the beak,' or ' prow' of a ship, which was in the shape of a bird's beak, 
 and covered with brass. Also, ' a pulpit,' or l tribunal' in the Roman 
 Forum, where those stood who addressed the people, so called because it 
 was adorned with the beaks of the ships taken from the enemy. 
 
 Ruber, bra, brum, adj. (comp. rubrior, super, ruberrimus,) 'red.' 
 
 Rudis, is, e, adj. 'in its natural state,' ' unwrought,' * unformed, 7 
 'rough,' 'rude,' 'new;' ' also, ' unskilled,' 'unpolished.' 
 
 Rvpes, is, f. ' a rock.' 
 
 Rursus, adv. ' backward,' '- again ;' for reiroveisum, i turned back ;' 
 whence, retorsum^ r or sum, rursum. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. (comparative not used, super, sacerrimus,) 
 ' consecrated,' ' sacred,' ' holy,' 6 divine.' 
 
 Sacrificium, i, n. 'a sacrifice.' 
 
 Scepe, adv. (comp. soepius, super, scepissime,) c often.' 
 
 Sccno, Ire, i i, and ii, Hum, n. (scevus, * cruel,') ' to rage,' ' to be fierce 
 or cruel.' 
 
 Scw?las, dtis,f. 'cruelty,' 'fierceness,' i - barbarity.' 
 
 Scevus, a,um, adj. ' cruel,' '* severe,' ' ngourous,' ' barbarous.' 
 
 Sag'dia, ce, f. 'a dart,' ' an arrow.' 
 
 Sallo, are, dvi, dtvm, n. ' to dance.' 
 
 Saluber, and Salubris, is, e, adj. (comp. salubrior, super, saluberrimus,) 
 ' healthful,' i promoting health,' ' wholesome,' ' salubrious ;' also, 'useful,' 
 'profitable.' 
 
 Salubritas, atis, f. l wholesomeness,' ' healthfulness,' ' salubrity.' 
 
 Sanguis, mis, m. ' blood.' 
 
 Sapie7is,entis, adj. 'wise,' 'learned,' < acute,' i discreet.' 
 
 Supientia, ce, f. i wisdom.' 
 
 Sardinia, ce, f. a large island in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Satis, adv. 'enough,' 'sufficient,' 
 
 Satur, ura, urum, adj. (comp. saturior, super, wanting) ' full,' ' stuff- 
 
VOCABULARY. 115 
 
 ed,' 'well-fed;' also/ bearing a full crop,' 'rich,' 'fruitful,' 'fertile;' 
 also, ' well dyed,' 'saturated.' 
 
 Saucio, idre, idvi, idtum, 'to wound,' ' to hurt,' ' to cut.' 
 
 Saxum, t, n.' a rock,' ' a crag,' ' a cliff;' also, ' a stone.' 
 
 Scateo, ere, (pe if. and sup. wanting,) n. 'to bubble,' or ' flow forth,' 
 like water from a spring ; hence,' to overflow,' 'to abound.' 
 
 Scamander, dri, m. a river near Troy. 
 
 Scaurus, t, m. (Marcus,) a noble Roman. 
 
 Scheria, ce, f. an ancient name of the island of Corfu. 
 
 Scio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 'to know,' 'to understand,' 'to be aware of.' 
 See Nosco, 
 
 Scopulus, i, m. ' a high rock,' ' a cliff;' also, ' any large stone.' 
 
 Scotia, ce, f. ' Scotland.' 
 
 Scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, a.' to mark,' ' to write,' ' to deline- 
 ate :' scribere leges, 'to draw up laws;' scribere miUtes, 'to enroll 
 soldiers.' 
 
 Scytha, ce, m. ' a Scythian,' an inhabitant of Scythia. 
 
 Scythia, ce, f. a nation in the north of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Scythicus, a,um, adj. ' Scythian.' 
 
 Secum, (ablative of sui, the prep, cum,) ' with himself,' ' with herself,' 
 ' with itself.' 
 
 Secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor,' to follow,' and all its various meanings 
 may easily be traced to this verb,) ' second,' that which 'follows' the 
 first; 'helping,' 'assisting,' 'favourable,' as applied to things that 
 ' follow' along with us, and coincide with our wishes, as secundis ventis, 
 ' with favourable winds,' secundo amni, ' down the current ; 7 so secundce 
 res, ' a state of prosperity,' in which the successive circumstances 'follow' 
 one another, without interruption by any thing adverse. 
 
 Sed, conj. ' but.' 
 
 Sedecim, num. adj. plur. ind. 'sixteen.' 
 
 Sedcs, is, f. (sedeo, ' to sit,') ' a seat,' ' a place to sit on ;' also, ' a seat,' 
 ' an abode,' ' a settlement :' sedes regni, ' the seat of government,' 'the 
 residence of the court.' 
 
 Segnis, is, e, adj. (se, an inseparable preposition signifying' privation,' 
 and ignis, 'fire,') literally, ' without fire and ardour of mind;' hence, 
 'dull,' 'slothful,' * cowardly.' 
 
 Sejungo, jungere, junxi, junctum, a. (se, 'separation,' and jungo, 'to 
 join,') 'to disjoin,' ' to separate,' ' to divide.' 
 
 Semel, adv. 'once.' 
 
 Semiramis, tdis, f. a warlike queen of Assyria. 
 
 Semper, adv. ' continually,' ' always.' 
 
116 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Senectus, utis, f. ' old age.' 
 
 Sentio, Ire, si, sum, a. ' to discern by the senses,' ' to be sensible of,' 
 ' to perceive,' ' to feel,',' 'to observe;' also, 'to be of opinion,' 'to 
 think.' 
 
 Separo, are, dvi, atum, a. {se and />aro, ' to make,') ' to make separate,' 
 ' to separate,' l to divide. 
 
 Sepelio, pelire, peltvi, pultum, a. ' to bury.' 
 
 Sepes, is, f. ' a hedge.' 
 
 Sept em, adj. num. plur. ind. ' seven.' 
 
 Septentrio, onis, m. (septtm, ' seven,' and triones, 'ploughing oxen,' 
 so called from its resembling seven yoked oxen, 'the Seven-Ox.') ' the 
 seven stars forming the constellation in the north part of the heavens," 
 called Arctos, c the bear ;' hence, ' the north pole,' ' the North.' 
 
 Septies, num. adv. l seven times.' 
 
 Septuaginta, num. adj. ind. plur. 'seventy.' 
 
 Sepulchrum, or crum, i, n. ' a tomb,' ' a grave,' ' a sepulchre.' 
 
 Sepultura, ce, f. l burial.' 
 
 Sequana, ce, m. ' the Seine,' a river of France. 
 
 Sequor, qui, quutus, or cuius sum, dep. ' to follow.' 
 
 Sero,erere, sem, satum, a. 'to sow,' ' to plant.' 
 
 Serpens, entis, (serpo, ' to creep,') ' a serpent,' ' a creeping thing.' 
 
 Servitus, utis, f. ' slavery.' 
 
 Servo, are, din, atum, a. 'to save,' 'to preserve,' 'to guard.' 
 
 Sestos, i, or us, f. a town of Thrace on the Hellespont, opposite 
 Abydos. 
 
 Setlnus, a, um, adj. ; belonging to Setia,' a city of Campania famous 
 for its wines. 
 
 Sex, num. adj. plur. ind. ' six.' 
 
 Sexaginta, num. adj. plur. ind. 'sixty.' 
 
 Si, conj. 'if,' conditionally, si quando, 1 if at any time.' 
 
 Sic, adv. 'so,' 'thus,' 'in such a manner.' 
 
 Sicilia, ce,f. l Sicily,' a large island in the Mediterranean sea, south 
 of Italy. 
 
 Siculus, a, um, adj. 'Sicilian.' 
 
 Sidon, onis, f. a city of Phoenicia. 
 
 Signiftco, are, dvi, alum, a. (signum and facio,) 'to make a sign,' ' to 
 designate,' 'to mark,' ' to express,' 'to signify.' 
 
 Signum, i, n. ' a mark,' ' a sign,' ' a trace,' ' a vestige ;' also, ' a fig- 
 ure,' 'a statue,' ' an image ;' also, ' a seal,' 'a standard.' 
 
 Silentium, ii, n. ' silence.' 
 
 Silva, or sylva i ce, f. 'a forest. 
 
VOCABULARY. 117 
 
 Similis, is, e, adj. (similior, similltmus,) ' like/ ' similar.' 
 
 Simplex, tcis, adj. (sine and plico, ' to fold ;' literally, ' without a fold,') 
 * simple/ 'single,' 'plain.' 
 
 Simois, entos,m. a river flowing near Troy. 
 
 Simul, adv. ' at the same time,' ' at once,' 'together,' ' as soon as.' 
 
 Sine, prep, (imperative of the verb sino, l to let alone,') signifies, 'pri- 
 vation,' or 'without ;' sine sede, 'without a settled abode.' 
 
 Singuldris, is, e, adj. 'one only,' 'single,' 'singular;' hence, 'dis- 
 tinguished,' 
 
 Singuh, (z, a, distributive adj. plur. 'each,' 'one by one,' ' one.' Ob- 
 serve carefully the difference between the Cardinal and the Distributive 
 adjectives : dedit nobis denos libros, means 'he gave us each tenbpoks ;' 
 dedit nobis decem libros, ' he gave us together ten books,' 
 
 Sinus, us, m. ' a bosom,' ' a cup ;' also, any c cavity,' or ' winding,' as 
 a ' bay,' ' a creek.' 
 
 Sitis, is, f. ' thirst.' 
 
 Situs, a, um, part, of sino, 'placed,' 'set,' 'situated,' 'permitted.' 
 
 Sive, conj. ' or,' ' or if,' ' whether.' 
 
 Societas, dt'is, f, ' union,' * fellowship,' ' company,' 'society.' 
 
 Sol, soils, m. 'the sun.' 
 
 Soleo, ere, ttus sum, neut. pass, (Gram. p. 148,) 'to be wont,' 'to 
 be accustomed.' 
 
 Solidus, a, um, adj. ' whole,' ' solid,' ' entire,' ' massive.' 
 
 Solitudo, mis, f, ' a solitary place,' ' a desert ;' hence, ' solitude,' 
 ' retirement.' 
 
 Sollers, ertis, adj. 'ingenious,' ' dexterous,' 'inventive,' 'shrewd,' 
 1 quick.' 9 
 
 Solslitium, i,n. (sol and sto^ to stand,') ' the standing still of the sun, 5 
 ' the solstice ;' the Summer solstice is the longest day in the year ; the 
 Winter solstice the shortest. 
 
 Solum, i, n. 'the ground,' 'the earth,' 'the soil;' 'the basis or foun- 
 dation of any thing.' 
 
 Solum, adv. ' alone,' ' only.' 
 
 Solus, a,um, adj. ' alone,' 'unaccompanied;' also, 'lonely,' 'solitary.' 
 
 Solvo, solvere, solvi, soliitum, a. ' to loose,' ' to unbind,' ' to dissolve,' 
 'to melt;' also, ' to solve,' 'to explain,' 'to unravel.' 
 
 Somnus, i, m. ' sleep.' 
 
 Sonitus, us, m. ' a sound,' ' a noise,' ' a clamour.' 
 
 Sparta, ce, f. « Sparta,' or ' Lacedaemon,' the capital of Laconia, sit- 
 uated on the river Eurotas. 
 
 SparldnuSfi, m. ' a Spartan man.' 
 
118 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Spartunij i, n. a kind of ' Spanish broom,' from the twigs and bark of 
 which various articles are made, such as mats, carpets, baskets and 
 ropes. 
 
 Spaiium, t, n. (from the Greek spadion, Eolic for stadion,) literally, ' a 
 race ground;' 'a place to walk in;' any place of extent, 'space,' 
 fc room.' 
 
 Specto, are, dm, dtum, a. ' to gaze upon,' 'to view,' Ho behold.' See 
 Adspicio. 
 
 Specus, us, m. f. and n. ' a den,' ' a cave.' 
 
 Spelunca, ce, f. 'a cavern,' 'a grotto,' generally has reference to 
 c cavities made in rocks,' whereas, specus may mean any 'hole dug in 
 the ea-rth.' 
 
 Sphinx, or Sphynx, Sphyngis > f. ' the Sphynx,' a fabled monster near 
 Thebes, having the head and hands of a girl, the body of a dog, the 
 wings of a bird, the claws of a lion, the tail of a dragon, and a human 
 voice. 
 
 Spina, cb, f. ' a thorn,' ' a prickle,' ' a sting.' 
 
 Spiritus, us, m. ' a breath of air,' ' a breeze ;' hence, 6 the air we 
 draw in,' ' the breath,' * respiration.' 
 
 Splendeo, ere, ui, (sup. wanting,) n. 'to shine,' 'to glitter.' 
 
 Splendidus, a, um, adj. ' bright,' ' shining,' ' sheeny,' ' splendid.' 
 
 Spontis, gen. sponte, abl. (see Gram, top of p. 60.) f. 'of one's own 
 free will,' fc spontaneously.' 
 
 Stabulum, i, n. (sto, ' to stand,') ' a stall,' ' a stable,' a place where 
 cattle stand. 
 
 Stadium, i,n. 'the stadium,' a place where they contended in wrestling 
 and in the race ; ' a race grfmnd ;' also, ' a measure of 125 paces. 
 
 St annum, i, n. 'tin.' 
 
 Statio, onis, f. {sto, * to stand,') ' the act of standing,' ' a place of 
 standing,' ' a station,' ' a post;' statio navium, ' anchoring ground.' 
 
 Statua, ce, f. ' a statue.' 
 
 Statuo, were, ui, utum, a. (sto,) ' to make to stand up,' ' to set up,' 
 6 to raise:' also, c to make stand still,' 'to stop;' also, ' to hold fixed 
 in one's mind,' 'to resolve,' c to determine,' ' to decide.' 
 
 Status, a, um, adj. fixed,' * settled,' 'stated,' 'determined.' 
 
 Sterilis, is, e, adj. ' barren,' ' sterile,' ' unfruitful.' 
 
 Sterto, ere, ui, (no supine,) n. ' to snore.' 
 
 Sto, stare, steti, statum, n. ' to stand,' 'to stand erect,' 'to stand still.' 
 
 Sioliditas, dtis, f. 'folly,' ' stupidity,' ' blockishness, 1 ' stolidity.' 
 
 Struo, were, uxi, uctum, a. 'to pile up,' 'to heap:' 'to raise up,' 'to 
 build,' ' to construct ;' — ' to build up scheme,' ' to plot :' slruere insidias^ 
 4 to lay snares.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 119 
 
 Struthwcamelus, i, m. » an ostrich,' a bird of great size and swiftness, 
 inhabiting deserts. So called from the Greek strouthos, (struihio,) ' a 
 sparrow,' and camelus, ' a camel,' from its immense size. 
 Strymon, onis, m. i a river between Macedonia and Thrace.' 
 
 Studeo, ere, ui, (sup. not used,) n. l to attend to,' ' to apply the mind 
 to,' 'to pursue ;' also, 'to side with,' ' to favour.' 
 
 Studiose, adv. ' needfully,' 'diligently,' ' studiously,' 'earnestly.' 
 
 Stupeo, ere, ui, (no sup.) n. ' to be stupid, torpid, or motionless ;' thence 
 applied to the mind, ' to be stupified,' ' to be amazed,' ' to be astonished. 5 
 
 Sub, prep. ' under,' 'near to,' ' at,' ' about.' The meanings of sub in 
 composition principally refer to its meaning of ' under.' First, it often 
 diminishes the signification of the word with which it is compounded, and 
 in adjectives corresponds to our termination 'ish,' as rufus, 'red,' sub' 
 rufus, ' reddish,' somewhat red, a little ' under' red ; candidus, 'white,' 
 subcandidus, 'whitish;' timeo, ' to fear,' subiimeo, 'to fear a little;' 
 video, ' to laugh," 1 subrideo, 'to smile.' Second, it denotes 'secrecy,' as 
 duco, ' to lead,' subduco, ' to withdraw privily ;' rapio, ' to snatch,' sub- 
 rapio, ' to take secretly,' ' to steal.' Third, s inferiority,' as divisio, 'a 
 division,' subdivisio, 'subdivision.' Fourth, 'proximity,' 'nearness,' as 
 subire montem, 'to go to the foot of the mountain.' 
 
 Subigo, igere, egi, actum, a. (sub and ago,) 'to bring under,' ' to sub- 
 due,' ' to subject.' 
 
 Subldlus, a, um, part, (see lollop) 'lifted up,' 'raised;' also, 're- 
 moved,' 'taken away.' 
 
 Substituo, uere, ui, utv.m, a. (sub and staiuo,) ' to place under,' ' to 
 put in one's place,' ' to substitute.' 
 
 Subterraneus, a, um, adj. (sub and terra,) ' under the earth,' ' subter- 
 ranean.' 
 
 Successor, oris, m. (sub and cedo,) 'one who takes the place of an- 
 other,' ' a successor.' 
 
 Succus,k, m. 'juice.' 
 
 Suffragium, i, n. ' a vote,' ' a suffrage.' 
 
 Sui, pron. gen. 'of himself,' 'of herself,' ' of itself.' 
 
 Sum, esse,fui, irr. n. ' to be,' ' to serve for ;' esse ierrori, ' to be for a 
 terrour,' ' to excite terrour.' 
 
 Summus, a, um, adj. (see superus,) ' the highest,' 'greatest ;' in sum- 
 ma aqua, ' on the highest part of the water ;' that is, ' on the surface of 
 the water.' 
 
 Sumo, sumere, sumpsi, or sumsi, sumpium, or sumtum, a. ' to take up,' 
 * to take in hand,' ' to take ;' — ' to take for granted,' ' to assume.' 
 
 Super, prep. ' upon,' ' above,' ' more than,' 'besides,' ' in addition to,' 
 
120 VOCABULARY. 
 
 'over.' In composition it signifies something above or upon, as struo 
 < to build,' superstruo, ' to build above,' or 'upon;' gradior, ' to go,' 
 supergradior, ' to go beyond,' ' to surpass ;' abundo, ' to abound,' super- 
 abundo, ' to be superabundant,' or 'excessive.' 
 
 Superbus, a, urn, adj. ' proud,' c haughty,' • distinguished.' A name of 
 Tarquin the seventh king of Rome — Tarquinius Superbus, 'Tarquin the 
 Proud.' 
 
 Superjacio,jacere,jeci,j actum, a. {super and jacio,) 'to throw over,' 
 'to shoot over,' ' to lay upon.' 
 
 Supero, are, dvi, alum, a. (super,) ' to be above others,' ' to surpass,' 
 'to excel,' * to exceed.' 
 
 Superstitious, a, um, adj. 'superstitious.' From super siitio, * super- 
 stition,' ' false worship,' ■ a groundless fear of the gods,' ' which is com- 
 pounded of super and sto, l to stand alone,' 'to exceed,' as superstition 
 is a worship which ' exceeds' the due bounds. 
 
 Superus, a, urn, adj. (comp. superior, supremus, or summus,) 'above,' 
 'high.' 
 
 Supervolo, are dvi alum, n. (super and veto,) 'to fly over.' 
 
 Supplex,tcis, adj. 'suppliant,' 'submissive;' from sub, 'under,' and 
 plico, ' to bend,' or 'fold,' — 'humbly begging for any thing with the body 
 bent,' or 'on one's knees.' 
 
 Supra, prep, and adv. ' above,' ' more than,' ' before.' 
 
 Suspendo, dere, di, sum, a. (sub and pendo,) ' to hang,' ' to hang up,' 
 'to suspend.' Suspensus, part, 'suspended,' 'supported,' 'elevated,' 
 ' lofty.' 
 
 Sustineo, inere, inui, entum, a. (sub and teneo, ' to bear,' ' to support, 5 
 c to sustain.' 
 
 Suus, a, um, from 'his,' 'hers,' 'its,' 'theirs.' 
 
 Syracusai, drum, f. plur. 'Syracuse,' ' the chief city of Sicily. 
 
 Syria, ce, a large and fertile country of Asia, on the eastern shore of 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabula, ce, f. 'a board,' ' a plank ;' hence, ' a table ;' hence, ' a tab- 
 let' covered with wax forwriting on; picia tabula, 'a picture.' 
 
 Tcedet, tozdebat, tazduit, and tccsum est, oftener perlceswn est, imper. ' it 
 irks,' ' it wearies.' Tcedet me vilce, 'I am weary of life.' 
 
 Tartarus, i, m. plur. a, drum, n. a promontory in the south of Greece. 
 
 Tain, adv. ' so,' ' so much,' ' as.' Tarn diu, ' as long as.' 
 
 Tamerij conj. 'yet,' ' notwithstanding,' 'still.' 
 
 Tanais, is, m. a celebrated river, now the Don, dividing Europe and 
 Asia. 
 
VOCABULARY. 121 
 
 Tanquam, or tamquam, adv. • as well as,' 'as,' ' as if.' 
 
 Tantb } adv. 'by so much,' ' so much.' 
 
 Tantum, adv. 'only,' 'so much.' 
 
 Tantus, a, uwi, adj. 'so great,' ' such,' 'so much.' Tanti, (gen. of 
 price,) ' for so much ;' tanti est, 4 it is of great importance,' l it is worth the 
 pains.' 
 
 Tarde, adv. (comp. tardius, super, tardissime,) ' slowly.' 
 
 Tarentum, i, n. a city in the south of Italy. 
 
 Tauricus, a, um, adj. ' Taurician ;' Taunca Chersonesus, a large 
 peninsula at the north of the Euxine, between the Euxine (Black) sea, 
 and the Palus Mreotis ; (sea of Azoph :) it is now called * the Crimea.' 
 
 Taurus, i, m. ' a bull.' 
 
 Taygttus, i, m. a, drum, n. plur. a mountain of Laconia, sacred to 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Teg€s, etis, f, • a mat,' or ' rug,' made of sedge. From /ego, « to cover.' 
 
 Tego, tegere, text, tectum, a. ' to cover' for the purpose of protection, 
 'to defend;' 'to cover' for the purpose of concealment, * to hide*' 'to 
 conceal.' 
 
 Telum, i, n. ' a missile weapon,' ' a dart,' ' an arrow ;' also used for 
 arms employed in close combat, ' a sword,' ' a dagger.' 
 
 Temere, adv. ' inconsiderately,' ' rashly,' also, ' carelessly,' 'here and 
 there,' ' at random.' 
 
 Tempe, n. plur. a beautiful and celebrated vale in Thessaly, through 
 which the river Peneus flows. See Gram. p. 60, 4th class. 
 
 Temperies, iei, f. (tempero, ' to mix things in due proportion,') • a mix- 
 ture of different things indue proportion,' 'a tempering;' also, ' tem- 
 perateness,' ' mildness.' 
 
 Tempestas, atis, f. 'time,' 'season;' hence, * the time of the year;' 
 hence, ' the state of the weather at a given time ;' hence, ' bad weather,' 
 ' a storm,' ' a tempest.' 
 
 Templum, i, n. (from the Greek temo, ' to cut,' whence temulum, tern- 
 lum, and for softness, templum,) ' a portion of the heavens cut off, or 
 marked out by the augurs,' ' a portion of ground marked out for a temple ; 
 hence, ' a temple.' See Delubrum, 
 
 Tempus,oris,n. 'time,' ' space of time,' ' season,' 'occasion,' 'oppor- 
 tunity ;' ad tempus, ' at the time appointed ;' ex tempore, ' on the instant,' 
 ' without premeditation.' 
 
 Teneo, ere, ui, turn, a. 'tohoid,' 'to occupy,' 'to possess,' ' to retain/ 
 tenere cursum, ' to steer one's course.' 
 
 Teniyritoz arum, m. plur. the inhabitants of Tentyra, a city of Egypt, 
 
 on the Nile. 
 
 11 
 
122 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Tepesco, escere, (no perf. or sup.) incep. ' to grow warm,' 4 to become 
 tepid.' 
 
 Ter, num. adv. ' thrice.' 
 
 Tergum, i, n. < the back ;' a tergo, l from behind ;' ad terga, * behind.' 
 
 Termino, are, dvi, alum, a. (terminus, l a boundary,') i to bound,' 'to 
 limit,' ' to terminate,' ' to end,' ' to finish.' 
 
 Terminus, i, m. ' a boundary,' 4 a limit,' ' an end.' 
 
 Term, ce, a, a. distrib. adj. ; every three,' i three each,' ' three by three.' 
 
 Terra, ce, f. ' the earth,' l a land,' 4 territory.' 
 
 Terreo, ere, ui, itum, a. ' to frighten,' l to terrify.' 
 
 Terrester, or terrestris, is, e, adj. * terrestrial,' 'earthly.' 
 
 Tertius, a, um, adj. * the third.' 
 
 Testa, ce, f. c an earthern vessel,' ' a brick or tile ;' also, 'the shell' of 
 a fish, being hard as a ' tile.' 
 
 Tesludo, mis, f. ' a tortoise ;' also, ' a shell,' or ' crust ;' also, ' a lyre, 5 
 as the first lyre was said to have been made by straining strings over the 
 shell of a tortoise. The testudo, in military phrase consisted of the 
 shields of the soldiers lapped one over another above their heads, so as 
 to form a shell or covering in making an attack. 
 
 Texo, texere, texui, textum, a. * to weave,' 'to interweave, 1 * to braid ;' 
 hence, ' to put together' generally, ' to build.' 
 
 Thalamus, i, m. 'a chamber,' ' a bed-chamber.' 
 
 Thasus, t, f. a small island on the coast of Thrace. 
 
 Thedtrum, i, n. 'a theatre.' 
 
 Thebaic drum, f. plur. ' Thebes,' a city of Boeotia, in Greece. 
 
 Themislocles, is, m. a celebrated Athenian general. 
 
 Thermodon, onlis, m. a river of Pontus, in Asia Minor, flowing into 
 the Euxine sea. 
 
 Tkessalia, ce, f. ' Thessaly,' a country of Greece. 
 
 Thessdlus, a, um, adj. 'Thessalian,' belonging to Thessaly. 
 
 Tkracia, ce, ' Thrace,' a large country in the north eastern part of 
 Greece. 
 
 Thrac'ius, a, um, adj. l Thracian,' belonging to Thrace. 
 
 Thus, uris, n. * frankincense,' a kind of gum which distils from incis- 
 ions made in a tree in India and Arabia. 
 
 Tiber, and Tiberis, is, m. a celebrated river in Italy, rising in the Ap- 
 penines, and flowing south, into the Mare Tyrrhenum. It was naviga- 
 ble for vessels of considerable size as far as Rome, and for small boats 
 within a short distance from its source. Its ancient name was Albula, 
 
 Tinnitus, us, in. ' a tinkling.' 
 
 Tolero, are, avu alum, a. 'to bear,' 'to support,' 'to endure,' 'to 
 suffer. ' 
 
VOCABULARY. 123 
 
 Tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum, a. < to lift up,' ' to take up ;' ' to take 
 up and take away,' 'to do away with.' 
 
 Tormentum, i, n. (for torquimenium, or torsimentum, from torqueo, 
 ' to twirl,' ' to twist,') a warlike machine for hurling stones, darts, &c. 
 so called because it projected the missiles by means of a large rope drawn 
 tight and ' twisted,' (tortus.) Also, ' the punishment of the rack,' 'tor- 
 ture,' and ' the machine of torture :' hence any ' torture,' or ' violent 
 pain,' and hence our English word ' torment.' 
 Tot, adj. ind. ' so many.' 
 Totidem, adj. ind. 'just as many.' 
 
 Totus, a, um, gen. totius, adj. ' whole,' ' entire.' See Omnis. 
 Tractus,us, m. (traho, 'to draw',) c a drawing,' or' dragging,' applied 
 to the train of a serpent drawing on its length of body ; hence, ' any 
 thing drawn out long,' 'a protraction;' hence, ' any spot of ground of 
 long or wide extent,' 'a spot,' 'a place,' 'a tract,' 'a region,' 'a 
 country.' 
 
 Trado, dere, didi,ditum, a. (trans, (which see,) and do, ' to give,') ' to 
 give over,' 'to consign ;' 'to deliver' an account, that is, 'to relate;' 
 'to deliver' instruction, that is, ' to teach.' 
 
 Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, a. ' to draw,' ' to drag,' ' to draw out ;' 
 that is, 'to protract.' 
 
 Trames, ztis, m. (from trameo ; that is, trans and meo, ' to go oyer,' 
 ' to cross over,') ' a cross-way,' ' a by-path,' ' a path,' ' a way.' 
 
 Trans, prep. ' over,' ' across,' ' beyond,' ' on the other side.' In com- 
 position it has the same signification as when alone, as eo, ' to go,' 
 transeo, ' to go over ;' no, 4 to swim,' trano, ' to swim over.' 
 
 Transfero,ferre, tuli, latum, a. (trans and/ero,) 'to carry over' from 
 one place to another,' ' to transfer;' transferre se ad aliquem, ' to go 
 over to any one.' 
 
 Transtgo, igere, egi, actum, a. (trans, ' through,' and ago,) ' to drive 
 right through;' that is, 'to complete,' ' to finish,' ' to transact :' trans- 
 igere vitam, ' to spend one's life.' 
 
 ^Transiturus, a, um, part, (transeo, ire, ivi, and ii, itum,) 'about to 
 pass over.' 
 
 Transveho, vehere, vexi, vectum, a. (trans and veho,) ' to carry over,' 
 6 to convey.' 
 
 Trecenti, 02, a, num. adj. plur. 'three hundred.' 
 Tres, ires, tria, num. adj. plur. ' three.' 
 
 Treviri, orum, m. plur. a city and people of Belgium, in Gaul. 
 Triangularis, is, e, adj. (tres and angulus, 'a corner,') 'triangular,' 
 Hriangled,' 
 
124 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Tribuo, uere, ui,utum, a. 'to assign,' 'to bestow,' 'to attribue,' 'to 
 give :' probably from tribus, ' a tribe,' being formerly said of those 
 things that were given to the people (a tribubus) ' by tribes.' 
 
 Tr'iennium,ii, n. (tres and annus,) ' a space of three years.' 
 
 Triginta, num. adj. plur. ind. * thirty.' 
 
 Trinacria, os, f. (from the Greek tre'ts, ' three,' and akrai, ' promonto- 
 ries,') one of the names of the island of Sicily, so called from its 'three 
 •promontories;' Pelorum at the east, Pachynum at the south, and 
 Lilybceum at the west. 
 
 Triumphdlis, is, e, adj. ' triumphal.' 
 
 Triumvir, viri, m. {ires smdvir,) • one of three men' jointly employed 
 to execute any office, 'a triumvir.' 
 
 Troas, adis, and ados, f. (see Gram. p. 53,) a country of Asia Minor. 
 
 Trockilus, i, m. ' a wren.' 
 
 Troglodytce, drum, com. plur. (from the Greek trogle ' a cavern,' and 
 duo, 'to go down into,' 'to descend,) a people of Africa, along the 
 southern part of the Red Sea, who dwelt in caves. 
 
 Troja, ce, f. ' Troy,' a celebrated city of Asia Minor, besieged ten 
 years by the Greeks, and at last taken by stratagem. See Classical 
 Dictionary. 
 
 Tuber, eris, n. {tumeo, ' to swell ;' whence, tumiber, tuber,) ' a swell- 
 ing,' ' a knob,' 'a bunch,' 'a hard excrescence:' Camels have bina 
 tubera, ' two bunches each' on the back. 
 
 Tueor, tueri, tuitus and tutus sum, dep. 'to look at steadfastly,' 'to 
 gaze upon ;' hence, ' to look to' for the purpose of watching,' 'to watch 
 over,' ' to guard,' ' to defend,' ' to protect.' 
 
 Tugurium, i, n. (tego, ' to cover,') ' a cottage,' ' a hut.' 
 
 Turn, adv. ' then,' ' as ;' — turn— turn, ' both-— and ;' turn demum, ' then 
 at length,' 'then was it that.' 
 
 Tumulus, i } m. (tumeo, 'to swell,' 'to rise up,') ' a little hill,' 'a 
 mound,' ' a tomb.' 
 
 Turbo, are, avi, atum, a. ' to disturb,' ' to confound,' ' to throw into 
 confusion.' 
 
 Turris, is, f. ' a tower.' 
 
 Tuscus, a, um, adj. ' Tuscan,' ' belonging to Tuscany.' 
 
 Tutus, a, urn, adj. {tueor, which see,) ' guarded,' 'kept safe,' 'safe.' 
 
 Tyrius, a, um, adj. ' Tyrian,' Tyrii, ' Tyrians,' inhabitants of Tyre. 
 
 Tyrrhenus,a, um, adj. ' Tuscan,' belonging to Tuscany. Tyrrhenum 
 mare, ' the Tuscan sea.' 
 
 Tyrus, t, f. a celebrated city of Pheonicia, Asia. 
 
VOCABULARY. 125 
 
 U. 
 
 Ubertas, dtis, f. • fertility,' l fruitfulness,' ' richness.' 
 Ubi, adv. ' where,' ' when,' 4 as soon as.' 
 
 Ullus, a, um, gen. ullius, ' any,' • any one.' 
 
 Ultimus, a, um, adj. super, (pos, not used ; comp. ulterior, ' farther,') 
 ■ last', ' farthest.' 
 
 Ultra, prep. ' beyond,' ' farther ;' adv. l besides,' ' moreover,' * further.' 
 
 Ulysses, is, m. the king of Ithaca, a prudent and valiant warrior at the 
 seige of Troy. 
 
 Unde, adv. ' whence.' 
 
 Undeviginti, num. adv. ind. plur. (unus de viginti, ' one from twenty,') 
 4 nineteen.' 
 
 Undique, adv. 'on all sides.' 
 
 Unguis, is, m. ' a nail,' fc a claw,' ' a talon.' 
 
 Ungula, a>, f. * a hoof;' also, * a claw,' ' a talon.' 
 
 f/nio, onw, m. l the number one,' * unity ;' also, c a pearl,' so called, 
 as is said, because there are never two alike found in the same shell, and 
 consequently each preserves its (unio,) ' unity.' 
 
 Universus, a, urn, adj. (unum and versus, from verto, ■ to turn,') c all 
 together,' ■ entirely all.' See Omnis. 
 
 Unquam, adv. ' ever ;' nee unquam, ' and never.' 
 
 Unus, una, unum, num. adj. 'one,' 'alone.' 
 
 Unusquisque, unaquceque, unumquodque or unumquidque, adj. c each 
 one.' See Gram. p. 87. 
 
 Urbs, urbis, f. ' a city,' 'the chief city,' (Rome.) See Civilas. 
 
 Usque, adv. ■ till,' ' until ;' i^we ad, 4 even to.' 
 
 £7sws, us, m. 'use,' 'custom.' 
 
 £7/, conj. ' that,' « in order that,' ' so that,' « as,' 'like as.' 
 
 Uterque,utraque, utrumque, adj. 4 both,' * each of the two.' 
 
 Utica, or, f. a city of Africa on the coast of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Utor, uti, usus sum, dep. ' to make use of,' * to use.' 
 
 Uva, cb, f. 'a grape ;' uva passa, * a dried grape,' ' a raisin,' 
 
 Uxor, oris, f. ' a wife.' 
 
 V. 
 
 Vadosus, a, um, adj . 'fordable,' 'shallow.' 
 
 Vadum, i, n. ' a ford,' ' a shallow.' 
 
 Valeo, Ire, ui, (sup. not used,) n. c to be in sound health,' 'to be 
 
 strong,' ' to have power,' « to avail.' Vale, imper. « farewell; ' literally, 
 
 * be in good health.' 
 
 Vallis,is, f. ' a valley.' 
 
 11* 
 
126 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Vastus, a, um, adj. ' vast,' ' ample,' ' wide,' 'great.* 
 
 Ve, conj. ' or.' 
 
 Vehementer, adv. (corap. ws, issime,) ' vehemently,' < violently,* 
 'very ;' vehementius, ' too much.' 
 
 Velio, vehere, vexi, vectum, a. ' to carry,' ' to convey,' ' to draw.' 
 
 Vel, conj. * or,' ' also,' ' even,' vel lecta, ' even if only read :' vel — ve!, 
 ' either — or.' 
 
 Vellus, eris, n. 'wool,' 'fleece,' wool, with the hair on; hence, the 
 hair of any animal with the hide. 
 
 Velum, i, n. ' a sail.' 
 
 Velut, and velut'i, adv. ' as,' * as if.' 
 
 Venenatus, a, wm, adj. (venerium, 'poison,') 'tinctured with poison,' 
 w poisoned,' 'poisonous.' 
 
 Veneo, ire, ivi, or u f Hum, and venum, n. irreg. ' to be exposed to sale,' 
 1 to be sold.' 
 
 Venelus, i, m. a lake on the eastern borders of Gaul, (called also 
 lacus Br'iganiinus,) through which the Rhine flows, to ' lake Constance.' 
 
 Venio, ire,veni, venlum, n. ' to come,' 'to go.' 
 
 Venter, tris, m. ' the belly.' 
 
 Venlus,i, m. ' the wind.' 
 
 Verber, eris, n. 'a scourge,' 'a whip,' 'a rod;' hence, 'a beating 
 with them,' ' a blow,' 'a stroke.' 
 
 Verbero, are, dvi, alum, a. ' to beat,' ' to strike,' to scourge.' 
 
 Vere, adv. ' truly,' ' verily. 
 
 Vergo, ere, (no pret. or sup.) 'to incline,' 'to tend to,' ' to verge to- 
 wards.' 
 
 Verisimilis, is, e, adj. (verus, 'true,' and similis, Mike,') 'like the 
 truth,' 'likely,' 'credible,' 'probable.' 
 
 Versus, prep, 'towards.' 
 
 Vertex, wis, m. (yerto, ' to turn,) ' one of the poles, 3 as about them 
 the heavens are sai-d to turn ; hence, ' ihe top or crown of the head.' 
 See Apex. 
 
 Verio, fere, ii, sum, a. ' to turn,' ' to change.' 
 
 Verurn, conj. 'yes,' 'truly,' 'even so;' also, 'but however,' 'but 
 truly,' ' but indeed.' 
 
 Vescor, vesci, dep. ' to live upon,' ' to subsist on,' ' to eat,' ' to devour.' 
 
 Vestigium, ii, n. 'a footstep.' 
 
 Vesiio, Ire, ivi, Hum, a. ' to clothe,' ' to cover ;' vesle tegere, ' to cov- 
 er with a garment.' 
 
 Veslis, is, f. ' a garment.' 
 
VOCABULARY. 127 
 
 Vesulus, i, m. a high mountain at the south of the Cottian Alps, cele- 
 brated as giving rise to the river Po. 
 
 Veterdnus, a, wm, adj. (yetus.) 'old,' 'veteran;' veterani milites, 
 'veteran soldiers.' 
 
 Vetustus, a, um, adj. ' old,' ' ancient,' ' antique.' 
 
 Viceni, ce, a, num. adj. plur. ' twenty by twenty,' ' twenty each,' s every 
 twenty,' ' twenty.' 
 
 Viciniias, dtis, f. 'neighbourhood,' 'vicinity.' 
 
 Vicinus, a, um, adj. (y'icus, 'a street,') ' neighbouring,' 'near,' * ad- 
 joining ;' as being of the same village or street as another. 
 
 Vic'is, gen. f. (see Gram. p. 60, 5th class of nouns,) 'a turn,' 'a 
 change,' ' a reverse ,' ' a place ;' per vices, ' alternately.' 
 
 Victima, ce, f. 'a victim,' ' a sacrifice ;' tiumanoe victtmce, ' human 
 sacrifices.' 
 
 Victoria, ce,f. ' a victory.' 
 
 Video, ere, di, sum, a. ' to see,' ' to behold.' See Adspiceo : videor, 
 1 to seem;' vidtlur mihi, ' it seems to me,' ' methinks.' 
 
 Viginti, num. adj. plur. ind. ' twenty.' 
 
 Villa, ce, f. 'a country seat,' ' a villa.' 
 
 Vinco, vincere, vlci, victum, a. ' to conquer,' ' to surpass^' ' to prevail.' 
 
 Vinctus, a, um, part, (yincio, vinctre, vinxi, vinctum, ' to bind,') 
 ' bound,' ' fastened.' 
 
 Vinculum, i, n. (yincio, ' to bind,') ' a chain ;' in vincula conjicere, 
 * to throw into prison.' 
 
 Vinum, i, n. 'wine.' 
 
 Vir, viri, m. ' a man,' in opposition to a woman ; ' a husband,' in 
 opposition to a wife. See Home, 
 
 Vzreo, ere, ui, n. (no sup.) * to be green,' ' to be verdant,' ' to flourish.' 
 
 Virgo, mis, f. ' a virgin,' ' a. damsel,' ' a girl.' 
 
 Virtus, utis, f. 'excellence,' or 'value,' in general, whether of body 
 or mind; 'bravery,' 'valour,' 'moral excellence,' 'virtue.' 
 
 Vis, vis, f. 'force,' 'might,' 'power;' vis hominum, 'a multitude of 
 men ;' facere vim, ' to do violence to.' See Gram. p. 59. 
 
 Viscus, eris, n. 'a bowel,' or 'entrail;' viscera, plur. 'the bowels.' 
 
 Vistula, ce, f. a river which was the eastern boundary of ancient Ger- 
 many, flowing north into the Baltic Sea. 
 
 Visurgis, is,m. a large river of Germany, flowing into the North Sea, 
 now 'the Weser.' 
 
 Vila,ce,f. 'life.' 
 
 Vittfer, era, erum, adj. {yitis, ' a vine,' and/ero, ' to bear,') ' bearing 
 grapes. ' 
 
128 VOCABULARY. 
 
 Vitis, is, f. ' a vine.' 
 
 Vivo, vivere, vixi,victum, n. l to live,' l to have life. 7 
 Vivus,a, urn, adj. 6 living,' i alive.' 
 Vix, adv. • scarcely.' 
 
 Voco, are, avi, atum, a. ' to call to,' 4 to call,' i to summon,' 4 to in- 
 vite,' ' to name.' 
 
 Voluntas, atis, f. 'the will,' ' a wish.' 
 
 Vox, vocis, f. ( the voice,' ' a word,' i an expression.' 
 
 Vulgus, i, m. or n. * the people,' c the populace,' i a crowd,' c a rabble.' 
 
 Vulnero, are, avi, alum, a. * to wound,' % to hurt.' 
 
 Zone, 65, f. a city of Thrace, where Orpheus sang, and by his strains 
 drew both the woods and beasts after him. 
 
QUESTIONS. 
 
 ZKote.— Butler's Atlas is referred to, in the Geographical questions, and it is recom- 
 mended to the scholar as the best that has been published in this country.] 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 To what parts of the world was the knowledge of the ancients confined ? 
 What separates Europe from Africa ? Why were the Straits of Gibraltar 
 called the * Pillars of Hercules ?' What countries were washed by the 
 shores of the Mediterranean? Distinguish Universus, Omnis, Totus, and 
 Cunctus. What is the modern name of Calpe ? From what did Europe 
 derive its name ? 
 
 II. Bound Europe. What is the modern name of the Tanais? Describe 
 it. What is the modern name of the Euxine ? What of the Palus Mceo- 
 tis? What of the Brittanicum Mare? What of the iEgean? What of the 
 Tyrrhlnum Mare ? What is the etymology of Euxinus ? What is Secun- 
 dus derived from? Explain how all its significations may be traced to its 
 primitive meaning. What is the etymology of Septentrio ? And how 
 comes it to signify ' the North ?' 
 
 III. Bound Spain. What mountains separate it from Gaul? What is 
 said of the soil of Spain ? What part of it is most fruitful ? What is the 
 modern name of the region BcEtica ? What of the river Bcetis ? What of 
 Gades? Who settled it? What minerals are found in Batica?* What 
 nouns of the third declension have the ablative in t ? What have either 
 e or t ? What adjectives ef the first and second declension have the geni- 
 tive in ius, and the dative in i ? Distinguish Abunddre and Redunddre. 
 Distinguish Natrire and Aleve. 
 
 IV. What is the modern name of Gaul? Bound it. What is the present 
 name of Massilia? Who founded it? What was the most fertile part of 
 Gaul ? What regions does it now comprise ? Describe the Rhine. What 
 is Syncope? (see Gram. p. 275.) Distinguish Urbs and Civitas* How do 
 nouns ending in ius form the vocative ? Distinguish Ferre and Ducere. 
 In what two senses is the verb Plwere used ? Distinguish Patria % Rus, and 
 Regio. 
 
 V. Describe the Rhone. Distinguish Fluvius and Flumen. What nouns 
 of the fourth declension have ubus in the dative and ablative plural? 
 What is lake Lemanus now called ? What is the etymology of Integer ? 
 Of Dirimo ? What is dis, and what is its signification ? What large river 
 flows into the Rhone from the North? What one from the East? What 
 is the gender of Dies ? What of Meridies ? 
 
 VI. Describe the Rhine. What part of Gaul was most fertile? Repeat 
 the list of verbs under Rule XXI, that govern the ablative. Repeat the 
 nouns of the first declension that have dbus in the dative and ablative 
 plural. What was the climate of the northern part of Gaul ? What 
 barbarous custom prevailed among the inhabitants? Who were the 
 
 *The gold mines are not now worked. 
 
130 QUESTIONS. 
 
 Druids ? Where did they deliver their instructions ? What was their 
 opinion of the soul ? What ceremony with regard to the dead was the con- 
 sequence of this opinion ? Distinguish Arma and Tela, Distinguish Agere 
 and Facere. Difference between Alius and Alter. 
 
 VII. What were the three principal divisions of Gaul ? What were the 
 several boundaries of the Aquitdrii, the Celtce, and the Belgoz ? Distin- 
 guish Magnus, Amplus, Ingens, and Grandis. Distinguish Populus and 
 Plebs. 
 
 VIII. What is the modern name of the Garumna? Describe it. Ex- 
 plain the phrase ad postremum. What adjectives under Rule XII, that 
 govern both the dative and genitive ? 
 
 IX. What is the modern name of the Sequana? Describe it. What river 
 flows into it not far from Lutetia? What is the Mairona, now called ? 
 What is the etymology of Septentrio ? Of Opportunus ? What nouns of 
 the third declension make the ablative in t ? 
 
 X. Describe the Rhine. What lake does it form ? What is the modern 
 name of the lake Brigantia ? What nouns of the fourth declension 
 make the dative and ablative plural in ubus ? What countries does the 
 Rhine pass through ? What is the rule for the construction of the abla- 
 tive absolute ? What is the ager Batdvus (' the country of the Batavi') 
 now called ? What adjectives want the superlative ? How is appropin- 
 qudre construed ? (Gram. XVII, Obs. 3.) Distinguish Fluvius and 
 Flumen ? 
 
 XI. What are the boundaries of Germany ? What is said of the stat- 
 ure of the Germans ? What of their character ? How are their cities 
 protected? Of what materials do they build their houses? And why do 
 they thus build them? Describe the Vistula. What nouns of the third 
 declension in is that are either masculine or feminine ? Etymology of 
 Meridits. What kind of a noun is Amor ? Distinguish Animus, Anima, 
 and Mens. Distinguish Cupidilas, Cupldo, and Desiderium. What is 
 the force of osus in Fericulosus ? 
 
 XII. Did the ancient Germans devote themselves to agriculture ? What 
 did they live on f By what were they governed in fixing their temporary 
 abodes ? Where didthey sometimes pass the winter ? What is the literal 
 meaning of nemus? What kind of a conjunction is ve ? What nouns of 
 the fourth declension have the dative and ablative plural in ubus? 
 What is the literal meaning of admodum? 
 
 XIII. What is the face of the country in Germany? What was the 
 largest of the forests? What is it now called? Where situated? 
 What lake to the S. E. of it? What are the five largest rivers of Ger- 
 many? Describe the Danube. Describe the Mcenus ? What is it now 
 called i Describe the Visurgis. What is it now called ? Describe 
 the Albis. Modern name? What is the etymology of invia? What 
 three significations has in in composition ? What is it often equivalent 
 to in English? Why is it maximus jiuminum, instead of maximum? 
 (Repeat Obs. 1. under Rule XI.) 
 
 XIV. What people first traded to the island of Britain? What arti- 
 cles of commerce did they import from it? What Roman general first 
 invaded the island? What did the emperor Hadrianus do ? And for 
 what purpose? Distinguish Pellis and Cutis. What is the force of in- 
 ceptive verbs? How are they formed? Distinguish Murus, Mcenia % 
 
QUESTIONS. 131 
 
 and Paries. What kind of a verb is Habilo ? What do frequentative 
 verbs express? (See Gram. p. 154.) How are they formed? 
 
 XV. What is the face of the country in Britain ? What is said of the 
 stature of the inhabitants ? What of their character and modes of life ? 
 Distinguish Incola and Civis. Where was Cantium? What is it now 
 called? Distinguish Pecus and Jumentum. What is the literal mean- 
 ing of Pr(£sta,re ? What is the force of prcE in composition? Distinguish 
 Patrza, Rus, and Regio. 
 
 XVI. How is Italy bounded ? What ridge of mountains in it ? What 
 is their direction? What is said of the soil of Italy? What of its 
 climate? Distinguish Rus, Regio and Patria. Distinguish Urbs and 
 Civitas. What is Obs. 3d under Rule LXI. What is Progredior com- 
 pounded of? What is the force of Pro in composition? 
 
 XVII. What is the capital of Italy, and once the mistress of the world ? 
 On how many hills was it built? What were their names? What was 
 the extreme northern? The extreme southern ? The central? What 
 was the Esquiline hill distinguished for? What the Palatine? What 
 the Capitoline ? What the Aventine ? How many gates had the city 
 when it was founded? How many in the age of Augustus? What 
 buildings and structures gave it celebrity ? Distinguish Templuw, De- 
 lubrum, Fanum, and JEdes. What adjectives of the first and second 
 declension make the genitive in ius and the dative in i? 
 
 XVIII. What is the most fruitful portion of Italy ? What four kinds 
 of wine were most celebrated ? Composition of Vitiferi? What do fer 
 and ferus in composition mean? What adjectives of the second and 
 third declension ending in er, have t in the feminine ? How do adjec- 
 tives in er form the superlative? What fish abound in the waters of 
 Italy ? 
 
 XIX. What are the most celebrated rivers of Italy ? Describe the Po. 
 Describe the Tiber. Composition of Cisalptniu ? Distinguish Alere and 
 Nutrire. Distinguish Uter and Quis. Composition of Prcecipuusf 
 What is the force of Prce, in composition. 
 
 XX. What city in the southern part of Italy was formerly very cele- 
 brated? What was the character of its inhabitants ? By whom were 
 their armies conducted ? On what bay was the city situated? Of what 
 gender and declension is dehcice ? Distinguish Poteslas and Potentia. 
 Distinguish Advena, Peregrinus, Hospes and Exterus. Distinguish Dux 
 and Impsrdtor. 
 
 XXI. What island south of Italy? What tradition relative to this 
 island? What is the shape of the island ? What Greek letter did it re- 
 semble? What name did it receive from its three promontories? What 
 were these three promontories? What volcano in Sicily ? What were the 
 fables of the poets relative to it ? What tradition relative to the Campi 
 Pidrum? Who were the Cyclops? Derivation of the name ? Distin- 
 guish Litem, Literal, and Epistola. Derivation of Promontorium ? The 
 three significations of in in composition ? Primitive meaning of Crater? 
 Distinguish Juvenis and Adolescens. Derivation of Repente? Compo- 
 sition of confectos? 
 
 XXII. What was the chief city of Sicily? Who settled it? What 
 people made war against it and were defeated? When and by whom 
 was it finally taken? What celebrated geometrician defended it by 
 
132 QUESTIONS. 
 
 means of his ingenious machines? What celebrated fountain there? 
 With what rivers were its waters said to unite ? What were the alledged 
 proofs of this? Distinguish Urbs and C'tvitas. Distinguish JYullus and 
 JVemo. Primary meaning of Copia ? Its secondary meanings ? What 
 kind of a noun is Sponte ? In how many cases used ? 
 
 XXIII. Where is the Ligurian Sea? What is it now called? What 
 Islands in it? What is the climate of Corsica ? What the character of 
 its inhabitants? What was Sardinia called by the Greeks? W T hy so 
 called? What is said of its soil? What of its climate ? What animals 
 are found in it? What did the Romans import from it? What were 
 this island and Sicily called ? Distinguish Incola and Civis. Distinguish 
 Forma and Pulchritudo. Distinguish Illud and Hoc. (See note second, 
 page 10.) 
 
 XXIV. Bound Greece. For what was it distinguished ? Force of 
 Super in composition? Distinguish Ingenium and Indoles, What is 
 
 the literal meaning of Orbis . ? 
 
 XXV. What sea on the east of Greece? What on the west? Into 
 how many countries is Greece divided ? What are the largest ? What 
 distinguished commanders were on the throne of Macedon? For what 
 were they respectively celebrated? Distinguish Magnus and Amplus. 
 Derivation of Subegit . ? Force of Sub in composition? What termina- 
 tion in English does it often correspond to ? Who was Perseus? 
 
 XXVI. Bound Epirus. What range of mountains in it? In what 
 part of it was Dodona? What was it famous for? What fabulous 
 stories were connected with it ? Derivation of A croceraunia ? Describe 
 the Achelous. Decline Jupiter. Compare Inclytus. What six adjec- 
 tives want the comparative ? What kind of a noun is Arbor ? 
 
 XXVII. What islands at the mouth of the Achelous? Which is the 
 largest ? Derivation of Cephallenia? For what was Corcyra celebra- 
 ted? What people planted a colony here? When? For what was 
 Ithaca celebrated? Distinguish Patria, Rus, Regio. 
 
 XXVIII. Bound Thessaly. What is it s soil ? For what is it celebra- 
 ted ? What famous mountains in this region ? For what were Olympus, 
 Ossa, Pelion and (Eta, respectively celebrated? What fable in connec- 
 tion with these? Describe the Peneus. What celebrated Vale here? 
 Derivation of Prcecipue ? Distinguish Apex, Cuhnen, Fastigium, Ca~ 
 cumen, and Vertex, 
 
 XXIX. Bound Attica. What was its Capital ? What was it celebra- 
 ted for ? What was the citadel called ? What is said of the prospect 
 from it ? Through what was the entrance to it ? Where was the Portus 
 Pirazus? What was it ? What connected it with Athens ? Distinguish 
 Orator and Legatus. Derivation of Philosophus ? Distinguish Mucus, 
 Paries, and Moznia. 
 
 XXX. Bound Boeotia. W T hat is its soil ? For what are the people re- 
 markable ? What was the chief city ? What names have given Boeotia 
 celebity ? What mountains in it? For what are they respectively famed ? 
 What kind of a noun is Opis ? Derivation of cimgo? 
 
 XXXI. Bound Phocis. What famous city there ? For what was it 
 famed ? What mountain overhangs the oity ? Who were fabled to 
 have their residence upon its top? What fountain sprung from it r 
 
QUESTIONS. 133 
 
 Distinguish Apex, and Vertex, Distinguish Ingenium and Indoles. 
 What is the force of Prce in composition ? 
 
 XXXII. Bound the Peloponnesus. What is its shape ? What is the 
 Isthmus called that separates it from the northern part of Greece ? 
 What famous temple there? What games celebrated in the vicinity? 
 What great city on this Isthmus? What is said of the prospect from its 
 citadel ? What of its wealth and power? When and by whom was it 
 destroyed? Who rebuilt it? Derivation of Cohcereo ? Of Trames ? 
 Of Peloponnesus? Of Fundi tus ? Of Peninsula? Distinguish Tem- 
 plum, Delubrum, Fanum, and JEdes. 
 
 XXXIII. Where was Olympia 1 What temple and statue there ? 
 What sculptor carved it? What river near the temple? What games 
 were celebrated on its banks ? (For a particular account of the Olympic 
 games, see Compendium of Grecian Antiquities.) Derivation and 
 primitive meaning of No bills ? Composition of Prceslans ? Of Artifex ? 
 What four words are commonly added to prepositions governing the ac- 
 cusative ? (See Gram, bottom of p. 199.) 
 
 XXXIV. Where is Sparta? What have given it celebrity ? For what 
 was it distinguished ? What mountain near it ? What river flowed by 
 it? (For apian of Sparta and Athens, see Compendium of Grecian 
 Antiquities.) What is the southern promontory of Peloponnesus? 
 What caves near it? Distinguish Lex, Jus and Rogalio. Distinguish 
 Gens, Natio, Populvs, and Plebs. Distinguish Vir and Homo. Deriva- 
 tion of Promnntorium ? What nouns of the fourth declension have 
 the dative and ablative plural in ubus ? 
 
 XXXV. Modern name of the iEgean sea ? For what is it remarkable ? 
 Derivation of Cyclades ? Derivation of Delos ? What fable connected 
 with it? What deities born on it? W T hat mountain in it? W r hat is 
 said of the Inopus? For what was Delos most celebrated ? What did 
 it receive from Greece? Primary meaning of Nvmen? Distinguish E 
 or Ex and Ab. Primary meaning of Rtligiol How is the superlative 
 of adjectives in er formed ? Distinguish Civitas and Vrbs. Derivation 
 of JErarium ? Distinguish Pecunia and Nummus. 
 
 XXXVI. Where is Euboza ? What story connected with its history? 
 What strait separates it from the continent ? What is said of the tide in 
 this strait? What account about Aristotle ? Derivation of Anguslus ? 
 Composition of Distans? Derivation ofJEstuosus? Distinguish Di- 
 cere and Loqu'i ? Composition of Infans ? Composition of Quivis ? 
 
 XXXVII. Bound Thrace. W r hat is the climate ? Soil? What fruits? 
 What island near it that produced good wine? What celebrated 
 rivers in Thrace ? What mountains? Describe the Hebrus. the JVestus, 
 and the Strymon. Distinguish Patria, Rus and Reg'io. Composition 
 of Pomiftr ? What is the force offer and ferus in composition ? What 
 is the meaning of inceptive verbs ? How are they formed ? Composition 
 of Discerptus ? What is the force of dis or di in composition ? 
 
 XXXVIII. How is Thrace peopled? Where are the Getce? (See 
 Butler's Map, No. 9. In many divisions of Europe by the ancients, all 
 that, part north and east of Macedonia was called Thrace.) What was 
 the character of the Getcel What superstition among them ? What 
 customs relative to marriage ? Distinguish Ductre, Uxorem, and Nubere. 
 How are the young women disposed of in matrimony? Distinguish be- 
 
 12 
 
134 QUESTIONS. 
 
 tween the cardinal and the distributive adjectives. (See Singuli and 
 Bini.) Distinguish Anima, Animus and Mens. How is recens used in 
 the phrase recens nali, and what is it put for ? Composition ofdefunclus, 
 and primary sense ? Primitive meaning of Contendo ? Of PubUcel 
 
 XXXIX. How is Byzantium situated ? What is said of it? "What is 
 the modern name, and why did it receive it? Where is Sestos? What 
 is that famous for ? Cynossema, where ? Its etymology ? What famed 
 for? W r hat other cities are celebrated in that region, and for what? 
 Derivation of Profugus? Of Infesto ? Distinguish A dvena^ Peregrlnus^ 
 Hospes, and Exterus. Distinguish Ager and Arvum. 
 
 XL. Bound Scythia.* Describe the Phasis. (See map, No 17.) 
 What is the character of the Scythians? What their chief food? What 
 value did they set on the precious metals ? What their clothing ? Distin- 
 guish Alter and Alius. Etymology of Divido? Derivation of Exerceo? 
 Distinguish Pecus and Jumentum. 
 
 XLI. Give an account of some of the habits of the Scythians. Where 
 did the Agathyrsi dwell ? (See map 1.) What were some of their 
 characteristics? Where was the Taurica Chersonesus ?f What was the 
 character of its inhabitants ? What customs had they in making their 
 treaties? Etymology of Diversus ? Composition of Affabre ? Com- 
 pare Mag is. Primitive meaning and etymology of Macto ? Primary and 
 secondary meanings of Inttrimo ? Of Puto 1 Distinguish Mos and 
 Consueiudv. 
 
 XLII. Describe the Danube. The Borysth.enes. What is the mod 
 era name of the Borysthenes? Distingush Bibere and Poldre. De- 
 rivation of Jucundus ? Of Spatium ? Distinguish Magnus, Amplus, 
 Ingens, and Grandis. Derivation of Juxta ? Distinguish Urbs and Civi- 
 tas. Significations of In in composition ? 
 
 XLIII. W T here do the Hyperborei dwell ? Derivation of the word ? 
 W f hat is said of the climate of the country? Of the dwellings of the 
 inhabitants? What are their notions of suicide? Composition of Sol- 
 stitium? What is Brvma derived from? Distinguish Occldo and 
 Occido. Etymology of Discordia? Distinguish Epulum, Epulai and 
 Convivium. Etymology of Prceciptto ? 
 
 XLIV. How does Asia compare with Europe and Africa? W T hat oceans 
 wash its coasts ? Bound Asia Minor. Where is Bithynia? Describe 
 the Granicus. For what was it famous 3 Where is Cyzicus? Describe 
 the Ry?idacus, For what was it remarkable ? Why does Oriens 
 mean fc the East?' Etymology ofMeridies? Of Sep tentrio ? Of Pen- 
 insula. 2 Of Propontis? Of Argonaut®? OfAbsorbeo? 
 
 XLV. Derivation of Propontis? What now called? Etymology of 
 Bosporus? Modern name? How wide is this strait? Primitive and 
 secondary meanings of Fauces ? Original name of the Pontus? Sub- 
 sequent name? Why the change? Etymology of Obnoxius ? Ety- 
 mology of Axenus ? Of Euxlnus ? Distinguish Hie and Ille. 
 
 * See Map No. 1 in Butler's Atlas. The ancients had no definite idea of Scythia, but 
 comprehended in it the country north and east of the Euxine. 
 
 t It is now called the Crimea, and is best seen on the map of modern Russia. 
 
QUESTIONS. 135 
 
 XLVI. Where did the Mariandyni inhabit? Where was Heraclea? 
 Who built it? Where was Acherusia?* For what was it famed? 
 Describe the Thermodon. Where did the Mossyni dwell ? Give 
 some account of their manners and customs. How do they punish their 
 kings when they do wrong ? Where was Colchis ? What is it now call- 
 ed? For what was it celebrated? Distinguish Spelunca and Sptcus. 
 Etymology of Argonauts? Of Eligo? 
 
 XLVII. Where is Ionia? How many cities has it ? Where is Miletus? 
 For what distinguished? Where Panionium? Where Ephesus? For 
 what famed? Describe the temple of Diana. Who built it? Etymelo- 
 gy of Provincial ? Who were the Amazons I Derivation of Mir aculum ? 
 Distinguish Dedere and Tradere. 
 
 XLVIII. Where is Mysia ? Where Troas ? Primitive meaning of 
 Annus f Where was Ilium ? For what famed ? What two rivers took 
 their rise in mount Ida? What gave that mountain celebrity? Distin- 
 guish Fama and Rumor. 
 
 XLIX. Where was Caria ? What were the characteristics of its in- 
 habitants? What was the chief city of Caria? Who was Mausolus t 
 What is said of his tomb? Distinguish Arma and Tela. Etymology of 
 Pfinceps? Of Conjuxl Distinguish Desiderium, Cupiditas and Cupido. 
 Force of E in composition? Distinguish Populus and Plebs. 
 
 L. Bound Cilicia. What bay on its coast? Describe the Cydnus. 
 What interesting historical fact connected with it ? What cave in Cili- 
 cia? Describe it. Distinguish Ingens and Magnus. What nouns of 
 the fourth declension have the dative and ablative plural in ubus? Dis- 
 tinguish Pendere and Pendjere. Distinguish Rus and Regio. 
 
 LI. Bound Syria. Where is Phoenice ? What did the Phoenicians 
 invent ? For what were they distinguished ? What celebrated cities in 
 this region ? For what was Tyre famed ? Primary and secondary mean- 
 ings of Colo? Distinguish Facere and Agere. Where did the Syrians ob- 
 tain their fine purple? Distinguish Litlerce and Ep'istola. Distinguish 
 Adspicere, Vidlre, Specldre, Intueri, Animadveriere^ and Cernere. 
 
 LII. Where is Arabia? Into what two parts is it divided ? What is 
 said of Arabia Deserta or Petrssa? Derivation of Petrsea? What of 
 Arabia Felix? Its productions? What was said of the Womades ? 
 On what do they subsist? Derivation of the word? Character of the 
 Arabs? Etymology of Peninsula? Decline Caro. Repeat the verbs 
 at the end of Rule XXI, that govern the ablative. Distinguish Acies, 
 Exercitus, and Agmen. 
 
 LIII. What animal abounds in Arabia? How many kinds are there ? 
 How are they distinguished? What are their habits ? To what age do 
 they live? Difference between the cardinal and the distributive num- 
 bers? (See Bini.) Give examples to illustrate the difference. What 
 nouns of the third declension have the accusative in im 1 (Gram. p. 
 50.) Why does Oriens mean 'the East?' Difference between the 
 phrases — Vivunt quinquageni annis, and Vivunt quinquaginta annisl 
 Distinguish B'ibere and Potare. Distinguish Dorsum and Tergum. 
 
 * There was a lake of this name in Italy, which by mistake was inserted in the Vo- 
 cabulary. The place here spoken of was a peninsular promontory in Bythinia, through 
 a cavern in which Hercules is said to have dragged the dog Cerberus from the infernal 
 #egjan$ up to the light of day, 
 
136 QUESTIONS. 
 
 LIV. Bound Babylonia. What is the capital ? Who built it? De- 
 scribe its walls. What river flowed through it? What is said of its 
 hanging gardens ? Primary and secondary meanings of Caput? Dis- 
 tinguish Murus and Paries. Etymology of Quadrigce? Of Ambitus? 
 What is the primitive meaning of Ambitus ? What its secondary ? 
 Distinguish Ferre and Ducere, 
 
 LV. Distinguish Amplus and Magnus. What European general first 
 carried his conquering arms into Asia? What was the extent of Alex- 
 ander's conquests? Give some account of him. Describe the Indus. 
 Describe the Ganges. Etymology of Patefacio? Of Exemplum? Of 
 Subegii? Meanings of Sub in composition ? Etymology of OpfiidumZ 
 Distinguish Gens and Natio. 
 
 LVI. What is said of the animals in India? W r hat of the trees? 
 What of the soil? Literal and metaphorical significations of Trado ? 
 Gender of Ccelum? Etymology of Abundant ia ? Distinguish Abundare 
 and Redunddre. Distinguish Alere and Nutrire. Etymology of EJjicere ? 
 Distinguish Facere and Agere* 
 
 LVII. Manners and customs of the people of India ? Dress? Treat- 
 ment of the aged? Custom of their wise men? Notions of suicide ? 
 Distinguish Cutis and Pellis. Distinguish Aliquis and Quidam. Pri- 
 mary meaning of Puto? Secondary meanings? Distinguish Civis and. 
 Incola. Distinguish Fas and Jus. Etymology of Diversus ? Distin- 
 guish Anima and Mens. 
 
 LVIII. What large animal common in India ? What are elephants 
 taught? What anecdote does Pliny relate of one ? In what manner do 
 they journey? Of what use are they in war ? What is said of their 
 tusks? With what animal has the elephant frequent battles? Compo- 
 sition of Rhinoceros? Distinguish Hostis, Inirnlcus and Adversarius, 
 Derivation of Gladiator ? What were the Gladiators? Distinguish Arrna 
 and Tela. Distinguish Acies, Agmen, and Exercitus. Etymology of 
 Cogol What kind of a noun is Elephas? Distinguish Incedere and 
 Anibuldre. 
 
 LIX. What is said of the parrot found in India? Etymology of 
 Rtddol Primitive meaning of Rostrum 1 . Its secondary significations ? 
 
 LX. What is said of the tortoises in India? How are they taken? 
 To what was the word Testvdo applied? What adjectives often signify 
 ' the first part,' fc the top,' ' the middle' of any thing ? (Gram. R. 11, 
 Obs. 3. Distinguish Dorsum and Tergum, 
 
 LXI. Where are 'pearls' (Margarita:) found? In what consists their 
 greatest value? How many are found in each shell? Why called 
 Uniones? In what way do the females make use of them? What story 
 is related of Cleopatra ? What is Raro, and with what does it agree ? 
 Distinguish Dicer e and Loqui. 
 
 LXII. Bound Egypt. Etymology of Catabathmus? Soil of Egypt? 
 What gives it its peculiar character ? Describe the Nile. Through how 
 many mouths does it empty into the Mediterranean? Literal meaning 
 of Efficitl Of Descenditl Meaning of AWis when applied to rivers? 
 Etymology of Divido ? 
 
QUESTIONS. 137 
 
 LXIII. What was supposed to occasion the inundations of the Nile ?* 
 When do they begin ? How long last ? Height of the rise ? What is 
 the greatest rise recorded? What is done when the waters have reached 
 their highest point ? Length of the Cubitus 1 Etymology of Solstitium ? 
 Of Agger 1 
 
 LXIV. What formidable animal is found in great numbers in the Nile? 
 Describe it. Its length? Its habits? What is it called in the 41st 
 chapter of Job ? Repeat some of the verses. Distinguish Alert and 
 Nutrire. Etymology of Quad r up es? Distinguish Carere, Egere, and 
 Velle. Distinguish Capere, Accipere, Sumere, and Rapere. Etymology 
 of Purgol Give some account of the Ichneumon. Primary and secon- 
 dary meanings of Acer. Distinguish Bellua, Bestia, and Fera. Dis- 
 tinguish Cutis and Pellis. Distinguish Audacia, Virtus, and Fortitudo. 
 
 LXV. What other large animal found in the Nile ? Give some ac- 
 count of it. What is said in Job, chapter 40, verse xv ? Etymology 
 of Hippopotamus? Distinguish Dorsum and Tergum. What Roman 
 first exhibited the hippopotamus and the crocodile at the public games? 
 Could he be said to have done it publici. 2 Etymolygy of JEdilitas? 
 What was the office of the Edile ? 
 
 LXVI. What wonderful works of art in Egypt? Where are the largest 
 pyramids found ? How many are said to have been employed in build- 
 ing one of them, and for how long a time ? Size of the base ? Of each 
 side? Height?! Give some account of the Sphynx. Distinguish Apex, 
 Cacumen, and Vertex. 
 
 LXVII. Where was lake Mceris ? How large was it ? What curiosity 
 near it ? W T hat was there on the island of Pharos ? Of what use was it ? 
 Etymology of Curcuitus f Of Ostendo ? Distinguish Ingredi, Intrdre, 
 and Introtre* 
 
 LXVIII. Where is the Papyrus found ? What was it ? To what uses 
 was it put ? What English word derived from it? What were the ma- 
 terials for writing that the ancients used ? Distinguish Civis and Incola. 
 Distinguish Manddre, Jubere, Imperdre, Prozcipere. Proper meaning of 
 PubUcus? Etymology of Occasio ? 
 
 LXIX. What is said of the manners of the Egyptians ? What do they 
 do with their dead ? What are the respective employments of the women 
 and the men? Etymology of Negot'ium ? Distinguigh Vir and Homo. 
 
 LXX. What was the chief deity of the Egyptians ? Describe it. Give 
 some account of the reverence paid to it. Etymology and primitive mean- 
 ing of JYumenl Decline Bos. Meaning of Dexter 1 Explain how it 
 came to signify 'fortunate' with the Greeks and the reverse with the 
 Romans. Etymology of Eriecol Distinguish Necdre, Ocridere, Truci- 
 ddre, Juguldre, Obtruncdre. Distinguish Mcerere, Flere, Plordre, Plan- 
 gere, and Lugere. (See Lugeo.) Distinguish Ingredi, Intrdre, and 
 Introlre, 
 
 * This supposition is not true, the inundations being occasioned by periodical rains 
 which fall to the south of the 17th degree of latitude. They begin in March, but have, 
 little effect on the river until three months. 
 
 +The account in the text is much exaggerated. Herodotus gives 800 feet as its height, 
 and says that this is also the length of the base on each side ; but modern travellers, about 
 500 feet, and the base about 700 feet on each side. 
 
138 QUESTIONS. 
 
 LXXI. Where did the Ethiopians dwell? Etymology of Macrobii ? 
 Why so called ? What metals found among them ? Distinguish Parum 
 and Paulliim. Distinguish Aiiquis and Quidam. 
 
 LXXII. Bound Africa. To what did the ancients apply the term 
 Africa? Where is Mauritania? What high mountain there? What 
 fabulous story connected with the straits of Gibraltar r Literal mean- 
 ing of Exim'ie 1 Distinguish Altus and Prcealtus. Force of Prce, in 
 composition ? Distinguish Rumor and Fama. 
 
 LXXIII. Bound Numidia. "What were the most celebrated cities in 
 Africa Proper ? What has given Carthage great celebrity ? Distinguish 
 Viderei Adspicere, Intueru Spectdre, Animadueriere, and Cernere. Dis- 
 tinguish Ara and Altar e. 
 
 LXXIV. Give an account of the Ara, Philmnorum. Distinguish Con- 
 tention Conlrocersiaj and Disceptatio. Distinguish Juvenis, and Adole- 
 scens. Distinguish Legdtl and Oratores. Distinguish Fortis, Strenuus^ 
 and Animosus. Distinguish JEternus, Immortdlis, and Perpetuus, Dis- 
 tinguish Audacia, Fortitudo, and Virtus. 
 
 LXXV. Where is Cyrenaica ? W^hat oracle there ? What fountain? 
 What is said of it? Etymology of Catabathmus? What is said of the 
 people south of Cyrenaica? Who were the Troglodyte ? Etymology of 
 the word? Of Mertdies ? Distinguish Lex, Jus. and Rogatio. Deriva- 
 tion of Oraculuml Gender of Vulgus 1 
 
 LXXVI. What animals found in Africa? What is said of the lion?. 
 Where does his greatest strength lie ? What Roman first joined lions to 
 bis car? Etymology of Infansl Distinguish Contemriere, Despicere, 
 and Spernere. Distinguish Dimicat'io, Prcelium, and Pug?ia. Force of 
 Per in composition ? Distinguish Noscere and Scire. 
 
 LXXVIT. Etymology of Struthiocamilus ? Give some account of the 
 Ostrich. Distinguish Videre, Adspicere, Intueri, Specldre^ Animadvertere, 
 and Cernere. Distinguish Omnis, Univtrsus, Cunctus, and Totus. 
 
 LXXVIII. What is said of the serpents in Africa? Give an account of 
 one seen by the army of Regulus. How do they attack elephants ? De- 
 rivation ofSerpe?is 1 What was the Ballista ? Tormentum 1 Deriva- 
 tion of Tormentuml Distinguish JEiernus, Mortdlis, Perpetuus. Ety- 
 mology of Prcecipitans ? Of Elido ? Distinguish Corruere* jRuere, anc. 
 Cadere. Distinguish Pellis and Cutis. 
 
ERRATA, 
 
 Page 38, insert — Acherusia, 03, f. a cavern in Bythinia, near the city o* 
 Heraclea. 
 " 62, u Crus, uris, n. « the leg.' 
 
 " 66, " Delrimentum, i,n. < loss,' < damage,' < injury.' 
 « 70, for E/zcfo, read .E/zcfo. 
 ■* 81, line 26, for um, read un. 
 " 89, " 2, " Lugere, read Lugere. 
 " 90, insert — Margarita, ce, f. c a pearl.' 
 * -93, " Moles, is, f. ' a huge mass,' or 'bulk,' < a huge pile,' * a 
 
 burden.' 
 " 93, for Mir or, read Moror. 
 " 117, insert — Simulacrum, i, n. • an image.' 
 c * 125, ' " Unus, una, unum, num. adj. i one,' * alone*' 
 

 

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