Exz\ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 0D017Tfi0ifiA LIBRARY OF COi^GRESS. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. • a \^ THE DECLARATiOS OF IIDEI'ENDENCE Constitution of thi: United States IN IJ\r PARALLEL COLUMNS TllANSLATED BY A. H. LAIDLAW, Jk. NOTES AND APPENDIX, POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL FRENCH AND GERMAN KEVISED BY PROFESSORS HELLMRICH, SCHOEDER AND FEZANDIE PUBLISHED BY LAIDLAW BROTHERS AND COMPANY 137 W. 41 ST Street, New York. COI'YKIGUT, 188S, BV LAIDLAW BROS. A- CO. ^V TROWS rniHTIhO AND eOOKBINDINO COMP< hew YORK. 5)eMcateO TO THE MEMOIIY OF BENJAMIN FEANKLIN, THE CREATOR OP A NATION, TO WHOSE PROPHETIC MIND WAS FIRST REVEALED THE ADVANTAGES OF POLITICALLY UNITING ALL THE AMERICAN COLONIES OF ENGLAND, AND WHO, FOR THIRTY YEARS BEFORE THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION COMMENCED, ADVOCATED A PRACTICAL UNION OF THE STATES IN ORDER TO PROVIDE FOR THE COMMON DEFENCE AND TO PROMOTE THE GENERAL AVELFARE OF HIS COUNTRYMEN. NOTE. The changes in spelling made, in 1880, by the Prussian Minister of Educa- tion, have been adopted in the German portion of this work. The letter Ji. is omitted from the words formerly spelled ncUliig, nothwendig, Theil, Vertheidiguug, Grossmuth, Eath, Werth, Atliem, Fiuth, Rathsel, Koth, etc., and their derivatives. Tlie letter rhas been inserted in those words which, for a time, were spelled without it ; as "disciplinieren," " garantieren," etc. The modified vowels, whether used as capitals or as small letters, must have the "Umlaut" over them ; as Ae should be written A ; Oe should be written 0, etc. The language in the French portion, with one exception, is that authorized * by the French Academj-, in 1877. The word " k'giforer " in clause 13, page 20, has grown into accepted use within the past few years, but can be found in no dictionary at present e.\tant. In order to obtain a thorough understanding of the changes recentl}- accom- plished in the forms of German words, the student is referred to the Appendix of Cassell's German-English and English-German Dictionary of 1888, and also to " Regeln und WOrterverzeichnis fiir die deutsche Kechtschreibung zum Gebrauch in deu preussischen JSchulen." Weidmannsche Buchhaudlung, Berlin. PREFACE. But few words of exphination will be necessary wliile presenting to the American people, in the English, French and German langnages, the Con- stitntion of the United States and the Declaration of Independence. They were composed in idiomatic English by the greatest and ripest American brains of the last century. The author has attempted to render them into the French and German of to-day. He has attempted to produce a superior work to place in the hands of Americans, Gernjans and Frenchmen, so tliat each may be helped to master the every-day language of the others. The book is intended to l)e used in schools, in families and by the solitary student. The whole of the French and German translation has been revised by Profes- sors Hellmricli, Fezandie and Schoeder, each a recognized master of his native tongue. In tlie German part of this work the old black letter has been discarded, and the Roman letter employed. In Germany the tendency to do the same is growing from year to year. For the sake of Continental, literal uniformity, and for the salvation of the eyesight of all readers of German, we hope the day is not distant when both the present German script and the picturesque black letter will be universally superseded by the more facile and graceful Italian. Many political and historical facts are given in the column for Notes, and some spaces are left to be filled at pleasure by the student with gram PREFACE. iiiutical facts and appropriate clippings from magazines and newspapers. Ulank pages at the end of tlic })rinted matter are snpplied for more extended additions to tlie work. If American citizens and youth liad some special incentive to study the I )eclaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States, these great Cliarters of Liberty would be more imiversally studied than at present. It is hoped that the acquisition of other languages will supply that incentive, ;md that the day will soon be past when Congressmen and Legislators can be found who have never seriously read these nnich-applauded masterpieces of their country. Throughout the civilized world, in the field of history, the Constitution of the I nited States is recognized as the most consummate political flower of all the ages. As a structure of statesmanship, it is the simplest and the richest temple ever built by man. As a treasury of political Truth, it more nearly approximates a revelation from on higli than any other human composition, l-'inished by our fathers, nailed by their heroic hands upon the forehead of tlying Time, cemented by the blood of battles, alike impregnable against tlie courage or the craft of the mighty or tlie mean, it is the proper Ark of the Covenant of a chosen people which has the promise and the potency of assuming the position of the most free, the most prosperous, the most happy and the most enlightened of the nations of the earth. CONTENTS. PAGE *rHE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 12 NOTES— Colonial Governments, 13 The Continental Congress, ........... 15 Articles of Confederation, ........... 15 Tlie Various Forms of United States Government, ....... 17 Constitutional and State Conventions. The beginning of Constitutional Govern- ment, .............. 19 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 28 PREAMBLE, 28 ARTICLE I. LEC4ISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Section- I. — Congress hi f/eneral^ 28 Section II. — House of Representatives, 28 Clause 1. Organization of the House, 28. Clause 2. Qualifications of Representatives, 80. ClaiTse 3. Apportionment of Representatives, 30. Clause 4. Vacancies, 30. Clause 5. Officers, and power of Impeachments, 30. Section III.- Senate, 32 Clause 1. Organization of Senate, 32. Clause 2. Classification and Vacancies, 32. Clause 3. Qualifications, 32. Clause 4. Presiding Officers, 32. Clause 5. Other Officers, 32. Clause 6. Trial of Impeachments, 34. Clause 7. Judgment in Impeachments, 34. Section IV. — Both Houses 34 Clause 1. Election of Members, 34. Clause 2. Meeting of Congress, 34. 8 CONTENTS. PAGE SKCTioaW. — TJie ITousea sepnniteli/, M Clause 1. Contested Seats, Quornm, Powers of a Minority, :}4. Clause 2. Rules of Pro- ceeding, etc., 30. Clause 3. Journal, Yeas and Nays, 36. Clause 4. Power of Ad- journment, 30. Skction VI. — Privikges and Dmihilities of yfemhers, 30 Clause 1. Compensation of Members, Freedom from Arrest, Freedom of Speech, 30. Clause 3. Disqualifications of Members, 38. SiX'TioN VII. — ^fo(k of Piimng Lair», 38 Clause 1. Revenue Bills, 38. Clause 2. The President's Veto, Second Passage of a Bill, 38. Clause 3. Other Resolutions besides Bills, 40. Skction VIII. — Poirers f/TiOiicd to Congress, 4(i Clause 1. Laying Taxes, 40. Clause 2. Borrowing Money. 40. Clause 3. Regulating Commerce, 40. Clause 4. Naturalization and Bankruptcy, 40. Clause 5. Coinage, Weights and Measures. 42. Clause 0. Punishment of Counterfeiting, 42. Clause 7. Post Office, 42. Clause 8. Copyrights and Patent Rights, 42. Clause 9. District Courts, 42. Clause 10. Piracy, 42. Clause 11. Declaration of War, 42. Clause 12. The Array, 42. Clause 13. Tlie Navy, 42. Clause 14. Rules for Army and Navy, 42. Chai'se 15. The Militia, 42. Clause 16. Organization of Militia, 44. Clause 17. Seat of tiovernment. Dockyards, etc., 44. Clause 18. General Power, 44. Section IX. —Poirers denml to the United States, 44 Clause 1. Importation of Slaves. 44. Clause 2. Writs of Jlobeas Corpus, 44. Clause 3. Bills of Attainder, <'.{•;;<>,<(!' /((c^^ laws, 46. Clause 4. Direct Taxes, 40. Clause 5. Ex- port Duties, 40. Clause 0. Forbidden Commercial Regulations, 40. Clause 7. The Treasury, 40. Clause 8. Titles of Nobility, etc., 40. Si:cTi«)N X. — Poicers denied to the States, 40 Clause 1. Treaties, Coinage, etc.. 46. Clause 2. Duties, 48. Clause 3. Army, Navy, etc., 48. ARTICLE IT. EXECUTIVE DKPAIlTMENT. Skction I. — Prrsitknt and Vice-President, 48 Clause 1. Term of Service, etc., 48. Clause 2. Presidential Electors, 48. Clause 3. Mode of Choosing President and Vice-President, 50 ; Amendment. Article XII., 52. Clause 4. Time of choosing Electors, 54. Clause 5. Qualifications for the Presi- dency, 54. Clause 6. Vacancy in Presidency, 56. Clause 7. Compensation of the President, 56. Clause 8. Oath of Office, 56. Section II. — Poirers of the Pnsident, ........... 5(5 Clause 1. Commander-in-Chief, Pardoniiig Power, etc., 50. Cl.iuse 2. Treaties, Aj)point- ment of Officers, etc., 58. Clause 3. Power to fill Vacancies, 58. Section III. — Duties of the President, 58 Messages to Congress, Extra Sessions, Adjournment, etc., 58. Section IV. — Impenehment of the President, etc., 0(. The Officers liable to Impeachment, 60. CONTENTS. 9 ARTICLE III. JUDICIAL GOVERNMENT. PAGE Section I. — United States Courts, GO Supreme Courts, District Courts, Tenure of Office, 60. Section II. — Junsdiction of the United States Courts, GO Clause 1. Extent of Jurisdiction, 60. Clause 2. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, 63. Clause 3. Mode and Place of Trial, 62. Section III. — Treason, G2 Clause 1. Definition of Treason, 62. Clause 2. Proof of Treason, 62. Clause 3. Pun- ishment of Treason, 62. ARTICLE IV. general provisions. Section I. — State Records, 64 Credit of State Records, 64. Section II. — Pririleges of Citizens, etc., 64 Clause 1. Rights of Citizenship, 64. Clause 2. Restoration of Criminals, 64. Clause 3. Restoration of Slaves, 64. Section III. — New States and Territoi-ies, G4 Clause 1. Admission of New States, 64. Clause 2. Government of Territories, 64. Section IV. — Guarantee to the States, 66 Guarantee of Republican Government, Protection against Invasion, etc., 66. ARTICLE V. POWER OP AMENDMENT, Necessity of such a Power, Mode of Making Amendments, Limitation to the Power of Amendment, 66. ARTICLE VI. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Clause 1. Assumption by the United States of the Debts of the Confederation, 68. Clause 2. Supremacy of the Constitution, Laws and Treaties of the United States, 68. Clause 3. Oath of Office, Religious Tests, 68. ARTICLE VII. RATIFICATION OP THE CONSTlTtfTlON. Mode of Ratifying the Constitution, 68. 10 CONTENTS. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION, Aktici.e I. — Freedom of Religion , etc Fieedom of Religion, of Speecli, and of the Press, 70. AuTiCLK II. — Rifjltt 1o hear Arms, Riglit to bear Arms, 7(5. Article III. — Qiiartering Soldiers on Citizens, Akticlk l\ .—Sedreh Wurrtxnts, The Riglit to be Free from Unreasonable Searches. 7(5. Autici-e V. — Trial for Crimes, etc., .... The Grand Jury, Mode of making Indictments, Courts-martial Article VI. — Rights of Accvsed Persons, Right of Trial by Jury, etc., 78. Article VII. — Suits at Common Law, .... Right of Trial by Jury in Civil Suits, 78. Article VIII. — Krcessire Bait, Origin of this Article. 81. Articles IX. andX. , Mode of Construing the Constitution, 80. Article XI., Euforcinsf Powvr of Limitation of Judicial Power, 80. Article XII., Mode of Electing President and Vice-President. r)2. Article XIII. , Section 1. Slavery and Involuntary Servitude, 80. Section 2. Congress, 80. Article XIV., Section 1. Equal Privileges and Rights of the Citizens of tl Section 2. Denial of Right to Vote entailing Reduced Repi tion .3. Disabilities of Rebels. 82. Section 4. Public Debts, Valid and Void. 84. Section 5. Enforcing Power of Congress, 84. Article XV., Section 1. Rights of the Citizens to Vote, 84. Section 2. Enforcing Power of Con- gress, 84. e United States, 80. esentation, 82. Sec- PAOI 71 i 7(i 7f5 76 7(i 78 78 78 80 80 80 52 80 80 84 APPENDIX, 8(5 Table A.— Rank and Representation of the United States 8(5 T.vble B. — Qualifications of President, Vice-President, Senator and Representative. . 80 Tahle C— List of the Presidents, 86 Table D.— Historical Table of United States and Territories, 87 Table E.— Abolition of Slavery, 87 Notes, 89 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. LA DECLARATION DINDEPENDANCE. declaration of INDEPENDENCE. DECLARATION DES REPUi:;SENTANTS DES >:TATS-UNIS PAMtlUQUE. ASSEMBLES EN CONURi:S. * nECLAUATION BY THE UEPKESENTA TIVES OF THE t'NITKD STATES OF AMEKICA, IN CONGKESS ASbEMBJ.EU. FKKNCII. ENGLISH, LoRSQUE, dans le cours des evenements humains, When, in the couri=e of human il devient iiccessaire pour nn ])enple de rompi-e ^^e"<^' '* becomes necessary for ,. .... • 11 ,, 1 • , ' . . one people to dissolve the political les liens politinnes qui 1 attacliaient a un autre, et , , , . , , ♦ i .i „, 1 1 ^ ' bands which have connected them de prendre, parnii les puissances de la terre, la with another, and to assume, amonc position scparee et egale a laquelle Ini donnent the powers of the earth, the sepa- droit les lois de la nature et du Dieu de la natui-e, ^''^^^ '""^ ^i"^^ ^t'^^'"" ^" ^'''"^'^ "'*' 1, . . 1 1 . laws of nature and of nature's God un lUste res])ect pour ropinion du ^enre liumam ,.,, ,, , ^ » . » ♦ •• ' ' . , entitle them, a decent respect to I'obligO a declarer les causes qui le pOUSSent a cette the opinions of mankind requires separation. that they should declare the causes which impel theui to the separa- tion. Nous tenons ces to rites pour evidentes— que ^y^ ,,^i,^ t,^„^^, t,,,,!., ^^ i,„ g^.,f. tons les homines SOnt crees Ogaux ; qu'ils SOnt evident— that all men are created doues par leur ('reateur de certains droits in- equal -, that they are endowed by alienables; que parnn CeUX-ci SOnt la vie, la their Creator with certain inalien- , ^ ' . Ill /-v able rights; that among these are ]il)erte ct la poui-suitc du bonlieur. Que, pour j.^^^ y^^^^^^.^ ^„,j t,,^, j,„,,„5j ^f as-surer ces droits, des gouvernenients sont insti- happiness. That, to secure these tUCS parini les homines, tirant Icurs legitimes rights, governments are instituted ponvoirs du coi.sentement des gonverncs ; quo, •'^"^«"'? "'*•"' •^•^'•^'"^ "^«''' Jf * ' !(•.,(• i» 1 powers from the consent ot the toutes les foiS qu une tonne quelconque de gOU- g„verued ; that, whenever any form verneinent devient destiuctive de ces fins, c'est le of government becomes dostructiv.' droit du pcuple de la changer ou de Tabolir, et of these ends, it is the right of tiu- DIE UNABHANGIGKEITSERKLARUNG. notes. EINE ERKLArUXG DER IM CONGRESS VERSAMMELTEN VER- TRETER DER VEKEIXiaXEN STAATEN VON AMERIKA. HISTORICAL, POLITICAL AND GRAM- MATICAL. N.B. — The vacant spaces in this column can he filled with neicsijaper clippings GERMAN. **"'' miscellaneous notes by the stndtnt. Wenn es im Laufe der Ereignisse eiiiem Volke prior to the Revolution iu the liotig ersclieillt, die politischeu Bande, welclie CS British colonies, which afterwards l.isher init eineni anderen verkniipft liabeu, zu constituted the United States of T-r-iiT 11 America, there existed three forms loseu und niltei- den Macliteil der Erde die selbst- ^^ ^^^^^^.^^ government, Provincial Stiindige und gleiclliS Stellnng einzuiielunen, zu or Royal, Charter and Proprietary. welclier es durch die Gesetze der Natur uud Provincial or Royal governments Gottes berechtigt ist, so verlangt die gebiihrende ^^''^ ^^^"^^ ""*i*^^- ^^e immediate . , T T«r • 1 iir-. 1 1 control of the sovereign of Great .\clitungvorderMeinungderMitniensclien,dass ^^.^^.^^ ^^^ Hampshire, New es die Griinde augiebt, welche es zu dieser Tl-en- York. New Jersey, Virginia, North nnug veranlasst habeu. Carolina, South Carolina and Geor- gia were under Provincial govern- n ir lialteu die tolgeuden Grundsatze liir un- ^j^g^^^g Umstosslicll — daSS alle Meuschen gleicll geboreu charter governments were those sind ; dass sie VOni Schopfer Ulit gewissen UU- under the immediate control of verausserlicben Rechten ausi^estattet sind und dass ^i^^ sovereign, but having political ^ ., . o^ 1 ^ /■^^■^^ rights secured by charter. Massa- Leben, Fi-eilieit und das btreben nacli Gluck zu ^^^^^^.tts, Connecticut, and Rhode diesen Recllten ge]u')ren ; dass, UUl diese Kecllte island were under Charter govern- zu sichern, die Yolker Regierungen eingesetzt ments. haben, welcbe ihl-e IMacbt von der Zustiunnung Proprietary governments were , _ . , , , , 111"' those under the immediate con- der Regierten erhalten ; dass, wenn irgend welche ^^.^^ ^^ p,oprietaries, who received llandlnngen der liegiernng dieso Grundsatze grants in letters patent from the sov- schadigen, es das llecllt der Yolker ist, dieselbe ereign. Pennsylvania, Delaware 14 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. FRENCH. ENGLISH. ow off such government, and t.. supportee, de ces colonies, et telle est niaintenant P'^-ide new guards for their future ,,.,.,, , , security. Si;ch has been the i)atieiit la necessite qui les force a changer lenrs systeines sufferance of these colonies, and anterieurs de gouvernement. L'liistoire du roi such is now the necessity whi.h actuel de la Grande-Bretagne est line liistoire de constrains tliem to alter their for- torts repetes et d'usurpations, avant tons pour '««r systems of government. The . . , ,. ^ 1,/ , 1- 1, ' . history of the present king of Great objet direct 1 etablissenient dune tyrannie ab- Britain is a history of repeated in- solue SUr ces EtatS. En preuve de ceci, SOninet- juries and usurpations, all having tons les faits a la sincere appreciation du genre "* direct object the establishment huinain "^ *" absolute tyranny over these States. To prove thi.s, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 1. TI a refuse son as.-ublic good. ± II a defendu a .ses gonverneiirs de faire des 2. He lias forbidden his govern- lois d'une importance immediate et pi-essante, a ors to pass laws of immediate and moins d'en suspendre Tapplication jusqira ce (pie P''essing importance, unless sus- o^t, 000^. >f;. ..,,.,<- , ,*,4. Li-A It 1. in pended in their operations till his son assentiment cut ete obtenu : et, (luand elles * . ^ ,:,,,. , , , . , ' i assent should be obtained ; and, ont ete amsi suspondues, il a conipletemcnt uc- when .so su.spended, he has utterly glige de s'en OCCllper. neglected to attend to them. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENT CE. (;ekman. zii iindern oder abzuscliaffen mid eine neue Re- gierung einzusetzen, welche diese Griindsatze fest halt uud ilire Gewalt in solcher Weise ausiibt, die am geeignetsteu erscheiut, die Sicherheit und das Gliick des Volkes zu bewirken. Die Klug- lieit wild in der That fordern, dass lange besteh- ende Regieniiigen nicht wegen unbedeutendei", fliichtiger Griinde gewechselt werden sollten iind in Folge davon hat die Erfahrnng gezeigt, dass die Menschen eher geneigt sind zu leiden, so lange die Ubel ertraglich sind, als sicli selbst zu lielfen dadurch dass sie die gevvohnte Regierungsforni abschaffen. Aber wenn eine lange Reihe von Miss- handlungen und Aninassungen desselben Cliar- akters die Absicht zum Ubergang in Despotis- nius klar erscheinen lassen, ist es ihr Recht, ilne Rilicht, solche Regierung abzuschiitteln und fiir neuen Schutz ihrer ferneren Sicherheit zu sorgen. In dieser Art haben diese Colonien lange gedul- dig gelitten und deshalb sehen sie sich jetzt ge- zwungen ihre bisherige Regierungsform zu iin- dern. Die Geschichte des jetzigen Konigs von Grossbritannien ist eine Geschichte von wieder- holten Unbilden und Anniassungen, alle darauf hinzielend, eine absolute Tvrannei iiber diese Staaten auszuiiben. Uni dies zu beweisen, wollen wir der unparteiisclien Welt die folgenden That- sachen vorlegen. 1. Er hat seine Zustiraniung zu Gesetzen, welche fiir das offentliche Wohl sehr heilsani und notig waren, verweigert. 2. Er hat seinen Gouverneuren verboten, sehr dringliche Gesetze einzufiihren, bis seine Zustim- niung erfolgt ware, und hat die so suspendierten Gesetze nachher vcillig unberiicksichtigt gelassen. NOTES. and Maryland were under Proprie- tary governments. The first Continental Congress was composed of delegates from tlie above-mentioned Thirteen Colonies. They were called together in Sep- tember, 1774. They prepared the Bill of Rights. The second Conti- nental Congress met in May, 1775. They declared the United Colonies independent. The Declaration of Independence was drawn up by Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sher- man and Robert Livingstone. The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 177G, at which date the Continental Congress as- sumed to be the National Govern- ment for the above - mentioned Thirteen American Colonies of Great Britain. The Continental Congress con- tinued to be the National Gov- ernment until March, 1781, when the Articles of Confederation were adopted. The Articles of Confederation were superseded theoretically in September, 1788, by the present Constitution of the United States, which Constitution did not go into actual operation until March 4, 1789. The Continental Congress ema- nated from the people of the sev- eral Colonies, the Articles of Con- federation from the States, and the Constitution of the United States from the people. IG DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. FRKNC II. ENGLISH. 3. II a refuse de faire d'antres lois a Tavantage 3. He lias refused to pass other , . 1 • ^ • . • • 1 11 laws for the accommodation of large do vastes districts, a luoins que le peiiple de ces ,.,.,. , , ,, ' . , . districts of people, unless those peo- districts n'abandonuat sou droit de representation pj^ ^-ould relinquish the right of a la Legislature — droit inestimable pour le peuple, representation in the Legislature— a et redoutable aux seuls tyrans. i'='l't inestimable to them, and for- midable to tyrants only. 4. II a rassenible des corps legislatifs en des 4. He has culled together legis- endroits insolites, inconiniodes, eloignes du lien lative bodies at places unu.uai, un- , comfortable, and distant from the de depot de leurs archives publiques, dans le seiil repository of tlieir public records, but de les aniener par la lassitude a se preter a for the sole purpose of fatiguing ses lliesures. them into compliance with his measures. 5. II a frequeinnient dissous les chambres re- 5- He has dissolved representa- prosentatives parce qu'ellos s'opposaient, avec une *'^'« ^^'^^^^ repeatedly, for oppos- ' , ^ ., , -. ing, with manly firmness, his inva- virile ferinete, a ses empietements sur les droits sio„s on the rights of the people, du peuple. 6. 11 a refuse, pendant longtenips apies ces 6. He has refused, for a long time dissolutions, de proceder a de nouvelies elections; after such dissolutions, to cause r -^ 11 -1 • 1 ' • T ^-r others to be elected, whereby the C(3 qui a lait que 1 exercice des poiivoirs ieijrislatirs, , . , ,. . , , « ^ -i I & 5 legislative powers, incapable or an- nc pouvant s'anniliilcr, est rcvenu an peuple tout nihilation, have returned to the entier ; TEtat restant, dans Tintervalle, expose a people at large for their exercise ; tons les dangers des invasions du dehors, et des ^'^'^ ^'^^^ remaining, in the mean- 1 . 1 1 J time, exposed to all the dangers of convulsions du dedans. . . . .., . , invasions from without, and con- vulsions within. 7. 11 S'est efforce d'einpecher ces ifitats de se 7. He has endeavored to prevent peupler; entravant dans ce but les lois pour la the population of these states ; for naturalisation des etrangers; refusant d'en faire ^^''''* l^^'P"'*^ obstructing the laws ,, , . , for the naturalization of foreigners; d autres pour encourager Jeur migration en ce , . , ,1 ♦ t o » refusing to pass others to encourage pays, et elevaut les conditions pour les nouvelies their migration hither, and raising appropriations des terres. the conditions of new appropria- tions of lands. 8. 11 a entrave raduiinistration de la justice, en 8. He has obstructed the admin- refusant sa sanction a des luis destinees a etablir i-^t^ation of justice, by refusing his , ...... assent to laws for establishing Ju- les pouvoirs ludiciaires. ■,. . I J diciary powers. 9. 11 a rendu les juges dependants de sa seule 0. He has made judges depend- DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 17 GERMAN. 3. Er hat sich geweigert andere Gesetze einzn- fiihren, welclie fiir das Wohl grosser Districte iiotig waren, es sei denn, dass deren Bevolkenmg ilir Reclit aiif Yertretung in der gesetzgebeiideri Yersammlung aufgabe, — eiii Reclit, das ilir heilig ist and das niir Tyraiineii gefahrlicli erscheiiien kanii. 4. Er liat gesetzgebende Korperscliaften an Orte zasatnnien beriifen, welche abgelegen und fern von dem Aufbewabrungsorte der offentli- chen Urkunden waren, in der alleinigen Absicbt, die Yolksvertreter dureh die damit verkniipften l^mstande seinem Willen gefiigig zu machen. 5. Er liat Yolksvertretungen wiederholt aiif- gelost, weil sie niit mannlicher Festigkeit seine Eingriffe in die Yolksrechte zuriickwiesen. 6. Er hat lange Zeit nach solchen Auflcisungen neue Wahlen nicht zugelassen, so dass die Yolks- vertreter ihre Rechte niclit aiisiiben konnten, iind ihren Wahlern ihr Mandat znriickgeben mussten, wahrend welcher Zeit der Staat alien Gefaliren von Aiissen und Unruhen iin Innern ansgesetzt war. 7. Er hat versncht, die Colonisation dieser Staaten zu verhindern nnd, zn diesem Zweck, die Gesetze fiir die Naturalisation der Freniden erschwert ; er hat verweigei-t, andere Gesetze, welche die Einwanderung und den Erwcrb von Grundeigentum crleichtern sollten, einzufiihren. 8. Er hat die Justizverwaltung erschwert, in- dem er seine Zustinimung zu Gesetzen verwei- gerte, welche die Einsetzung von Gerichtsbehor- den herbeifiihren sollten. 9. Er hat die Richter von seinem alleinigen NOTES. In the Declaration of Indepen- dence the revolting Colonies were first called the United States of America. On June 11, 1776, the same day on which a committee was ap- pointed by Congress for preparing a Declaration of Independence, it was resolved to appoint anotlier committee to prepare and digest the form of a Confederation to be entered into between the Colonies. This committee, on July 12tli fol- lowing, reported a plan of a Con- federacy. This draft, after debate, was finally adopted by Congress, No- vember 15, 1777. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in July, 1778, by the delegates from all the States, ex- cepting New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. They were subsequent- ly signed on the part of New Jer- sey, November 23, 1778, and were ratified on the part of Delaware, February 22, 1779. The delegates from Maryland did not sign until March 1, 1781, and, on the second day of March, 1781, Congress as- sembled under the Confederation. The government of the United States has passed through the three following forms : Revolutionary, Confederate and Constitutional. The Revolutionary Government extended from the time of the meeting of the first Continental Congress, March 5, 1774, to the final ratification of the Articles of Confederation, March 1, 1781. The Confederate Government extended from the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, to the time when the Constitution went into operation, March 4, 1789. 18 DECLAPwATIOX OF INDEPENDENCE. FRENCH. ENGLISH. voloiito pour la conservation de lenrs sieo;es, et la ^nt on his will alone for the tenure (luotite et le paienient de leurs salaires. " "^ ^'''^''" "'^^^'^' "'''^ '^'' '■^"^"""^ ^'"' ■* * j)ayment of their salaries. 10. II a cree quantite de nonveanx einplois, et 10. He has erected a multitude , . . 1 . 1 r ^- • of new offices, and sent hitlier a envoye ici des essainis de ronctionnaires pour , _ ^ , •^ ' swarms of officers to harass our peo- oppritner notre peuple et devorer sa substance. pig and eat out their suhstauce. 11. II a niaintcnu an milieu de nous, en temps H- He has kept among us in 1 • J ' . 1 times of peace, standing armies, de pai.x, des armees permanentes, sans le con- . , / ' , ,- . ' T ' • 1 without the consent of our Legis- sentement de nos Legislatures. latures. 12. II a affecto de rendre le pouvoir militaire 12. He has affected to render the independant du pouvoir civil, et supc-rieur a "^^^'^^''^ independent of, and sn- . . perior to, the civil power. celui-ci. 13. II s'est joint a d'autres pour nous soumettre l^- ^^ ^"^ combined with otliers . ,. ^. ,^ . , ^.. ^. . to subject us to a jurisdiction for- a une pindiction ctranjjjere a nos constitutions, et . / ,.' .. , J " ^ _ eign to our constitutions, and un- non reconnue par nos lois; donnant son assenti- acknowledged by our laws ; giving ment a leurs actes de soi-disant legislation : — his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : — Pour avoir Cantonne parmi nous des corps For quartering large bodies of nombrenx de troupes en amies ; ^'"^^'^ ^''^"^^ '"^'"""t? "^ ; ]'our les avoir i)roteges, par un semblant de I'o'" pi-otecting them, by a mock , . 1 1 »<• i. J i. >•! trial, from piinisliment for anv lugement, contre le cliatiment des raeurtres qu lis \ , . , ,, , ,, ■> 1^ ' _ ^ murders which they should com coinmettraient sur les habitants de ces Etats; ,,-j^ ^j^ ^]^^, inhabitants of these States ; Pour avoir supprimc notre commerce avec For cutting off our trade with all , . 1 .• 1 1 parts of the world ; toutes les j^arties du monde; ^ Pour nous avoir impose des taxes sans notre ^^^ imposing taxes on ua with- , out our consent ; consentement ; Pour nous avoir priveS, en bien des cas, du For depriving us, in many oases, ,,,,.,,. , , . of the benefits of a trial b\- jury ; bcnence d un jugement par le jury ; Pour nous avoir transportes au-dela des mers, For transporting us beyond seas, afin d> etre jugcs pour de pretendus delits ; *« b« ^"^^ fo"" pretended ofTences ; Pour avoir aboli le libre systeme des lois an- ^"^ ^l^""«l''"P *!'« ^'^^ system , . . / , !• of English laws in a neighbor- glaises dans une province voisme, y etablissant i„g province, establishing therein un gOUVernenient arbitraire, et en Ctendant les an arbitrary government, and en- DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 19 GERMAN. "Willen abliiingig gemaclit, sowolil in Bezng auf ilire Stellnno-sbedino-miiren wie auf die Ilolie und Bezalilung ihi-es Gehalts. 10. Er hat eine Menge von nenen Amtern geschaffen und eine Menge von Beamten ]ierge- sandt, uni iinsei* Volk zii plagen und auszusau- gen. 11. El* hat in Friedenszeiten in unserer Mitte ein lleer ohne die Zustitninung der Volksver- tretungen gelialten. 12. Er hat danach getrachtet, das Militair un- abliangig von den Civilbehorden und selbst iiber dieseJben zu stellen. 13. Er liat sich mit Anderen verbunden, uns znr Unterwerfung unter eine Gerichtsbarkeit zu zwingen, welche mit unseren Constitutionen und unseren Gesetzen iin Widersprnch steht und hat ihre Erlasse vorgeblicher Gesetzgebung besta- tigt :— Betreffs Einquartiernng grosser bewaffneter Truppenkorper in unserer Mitte ; Betreffs Beschiitznng dieser Truppen vor Be- strafnng fiir an den Bewohnern dieser Staaten begangene Morde durch Scheinverhore ; NOTES. The Constitutional Government ■ is that wliich lias existed from March 4, 1789, to the present time. The Constitutional Convention directed the new Constitution to be laid before Congress, and pro- posed that it should aiterwards be submitted to a convention of dele- gates, chosen in each State by the people thereof under a recommen- dation of its Legislature, for their assent and ratification ; also, that as soon as nine States had thus ratified it, Congress should take measures for the election of a President, and fix the time and place for commencing proceedings under it. Congress transmitted the plan of the Constitution and the letter of the Convention to the sev- eral legislatures of tlie States, on September 28, 1787, in order to be submitted to a convention of dele- gates chosen in each State by the people thereof. Betreffs Abschneidnng unserea Ilandels mit alien Weltteilen ; Betreffs Einf iihrung von Abgaben ohne unsere Zustimmnng ; Betreffs hiiufiger Verweigernng des Yorteils eines Geschwornengerichts ; Betreffs Uberfiihrung unserer Leute iiber das Meei-, um dort wegen vorgeblicher Yerbrechen vor Gericht gestellt zu werden ; Betreffs Abschaffung des freien ensflischen Rechtssy stems in einer benachbarten Provinz, und Einsetzung einer willkiirlichen Regierung Conventions assembled in the different States, in 1787 and 1788, and the new system was at last adopted, though with much oppo- sition. On September 17, 1788, Congress, having received ratifica- tion of the Constitution from the conventions of all the States ex- cept North Carolina and Rhode Island, resolved that January 7, 20 DECLARATION OF IXDEPENDENCE. FRENCH. ENGLISH. Umites, de maniere a en faire un exemple et iin larging its boundaries, soastoren- 1 • . ]. •„ 1. . ,'..,^ der it at once an example and fit in- iiistruinent coinniode pour lutrodiure la lueme , . , . , '■ strument for introdncmg tlie sauits regie absollie dans Ces colonies ; absolute rule into these colonies ; Ponr nous avoir ote nos chartes, en abolissant For taking away our charters, 1 • ^ 1 ' • „4. „„ ^u/,..„..^ ,.,. abolisliing our most valuable laws, nos lois les plus precieuse.s, et en alterant lu-o- , , . , , ,, , ' *■ and altering, fiin- "'' ^'-^^ plundered our seas. .11 L I 'l -L ^ • 1. ^ 1 4. ravaged our coasts, burned our nos viUes, et detruit ies existences de notre ikmi- "" , , , i i. ' ' towns and destroyed the lives of P'"" our people. 10. II ti-ansporte en ee nionient nienic de noin- Ki- He is at this time transport- breuses arinees de mercenaires etrangers pour '"S ''"S'^ armies of foreign merce- , ,, , i 1 1' 1 .• *" ^ 1 ^ naries to complete the works of aehever 1 ceuvre de rnort, de desolation et de tv- •,»,,,,. j , , ' _ • death, desolation and tyranny, al- rannie, deja coinmencee avec des circonstances de readv becun with circum.stances of cruaute et de perfidie a peine egalees dans les cruelty and perfidy scarcely paral- ages les plus barbares, et absolument indignes du ^'^'^'-''^ '» ^'^'-' "^^^^ barbarous ages, 1 « 1, .. . .,. , and totallv unworthy the head of a chct d une nation civilisoe. ..,.,". civilized nation. 17. II a force nos concitoyens, faits prisonniers ^^- He has constrained our fel- 1 . « . 1 ,1 low citizens, taken captive on the en pleine iner, a porter les arnies contre leur , . ' ^ . , . ' ' hnrh seas, to bear arms afiainst tlieir patrie, a devenir les bourreaux de leurs anus et de countiy.to become the executioners Icurs frores, ou a toinber euxineines par les mains of their friends and brethren, or to do CeUX-ci. ^''^' themselves by their hands. 18. II a provoque parmi nous une insurrection l^- He has excited domestic in- -1 „ -• i. ■< L cc ' r tk" i«„ 1 1 • surrection among us, and has en- domestique, et sest eiTorce d attirer sur les habi- , , ..,.,,. , ., T T deavored to brine on the inliabi- tants de nos frontieres les Indiens, ces sauvages tants of our frontiers the merciless sans pitie, dont le code de guerre, on le sait, con- Indian savages, whose known rule DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 21 GEKMAN. daselbst, nnd Vergrossening der Grenzen der- selbeii, iitii sie zuiu Yorbilde uiid passeiideii Werkzeuge zur Eiufuhning gleicli absolute!' lleiTschaft in unsereu Colouien zn machen ; Betreffs Entziehnng luiserer Grundrechte, Abscliaffnng iinserer wertvolkten Gesetze und Anderung unserer Ilegierungsfonn von Grund ans ; Betreffs Anflosnng unserer Volksvertretnn- o;en und der Erkljiruno;, init Macht bekleidet zu sein, Gesetze fiir uns in alien Fallen zu er- lassen. 14. Er hat seine Begierung hier niederge- legt, dadurch dass er uns fiir ausserlialb seines Schutzes stehend erklart, und Krieg gegen uns begonnen hat. 15. Er hat unsere Meere gepliindert, unsere Iviisten beraubt, unsere Stadte verbrannt und das Leben unserer Mitbiirger vernichtet. 16. Er sendet eben jetzt grosse Armeen frem- der Soldlinge hierher, uin das Werk des Todes, der Yerwiistung und. Tvrannei zu vollenden ; dies ist bereits niit einer Grausainkeit und Treu- losigkeit geschelien, die in den barbarischsten Zeiten kauni ihres Gleichen tinden und dem llaupte einer civilisierten Nation vollig unwiir- dig sind. 17. Er hat unsere Mitbiii-ger gezwungen, wenn auf holier See gefangen genonnnen, gegen ihr eigenes Land zu karnpfen, die Henker ihrer Brii- der und Freunde zu werden, oder selbst von deren Ilanden zu fallen. 18. Er hat Aufruhr unter uns veranlasst und sieh beniiiht die Grenzbewohner dem Schrecken der unbarmherzigen Indianer auszusetzen, deren bekannte Krieorsweise in einer niitleidlosen NOTES. 1789, should be the day for ap- pointing Electors in the several States which may have ratified the Constitution before that day ; that February 4tli should be the day for the Electors to assemble and vote for a President ; and that the following March 4th should be the time for commencing opera- tions under the Constitution, at New York, then the seat of gov- ernment. Accordingly, elections were held in the several States for Electors ; and the Electors thus appointed met and voted for President and Vice-President. There were sixty- nine electoral votes cast, of which George Washington received the whole number, and was therefore unanimously elected President. John Adams received thirty- four, the next greatest number of votes, and was therefore elected Tice-President. The States, having also elected their Senators and Representa- tives, the first Constitutional Con- gress, composed of representatives from the eleven States which had then ratified the Constitution, as- sembled on Wednesday, March 4, 1789, and on that day the new Constitution of the United States went into legal operation and pro- ceedings were commenced under it. A quo}'um of members, how- ever, did not appear until April 1st, and Congress then entered upon the transaction of business. On April 6th, the electoral votes were counted in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- sentatives by the President of the Senate, elected for that purpose, and the result appeared as above stated. 22 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. FRENCH. EKGLI8H. siste a tout exterminer, sans distinction d'age, de of warfare is an undistinguished , ,.^. destruction of all ages, sexes and sexe on de condition. ... conditions. A cliaque pas iiouveau vers ces abus de ponvoir, In every stage of tiiese oppres- nous on avons demandc le redressenient dans les sions we have petitioned for redress ,',,,, , , , , in the most humble terms ; our tennes les plus liumbles; on na repondu a nos ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^.^^^^ ,^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^. petitions roiterees que par de nouveaux torts. Un swered only by repeated injury. })rince dont le caractere est ainsi marque par tons A prince whose character is thus les actes (lui font un tyran, est indigne de gou- "^'^''^'^^l ^'y ^"^-'y ^^^ ^^'^'^^^^ '"'-^-^ , ... define a tyrant, is unfit to be the verner uu peuple libre. i c V ^ It ruler of a free people. Nous n'avons pas non plus manque d'egards Nor have we been wanting in our P V 1 1/1 ] 13 i„ . „ "\' attentions to our British brethren. envers nos freres de la Crrande-Iiretagne. JNous „^ , ,.,*.- *^ . We have warned them, froTU time les avons avertis, de temps a autre, des tentatives ^^ ^jj^^^ ^f attempts by their Legis- faites par leur Legislature pour etendre sur nous latuie to extend an unwarrantable une juridiction injustitiable. Nous leur avons jurisdiction over us. We iiave re- 1' 1 • , ^ i„ .,„4...^ /..^,;,„..„4.;,^,. ^4. minded them of the circumstances ra])pelc les cireonstances de notre emigration et „ . . , , * '■ of our emigration and settlement de notre etablissement en ce^ pays.^ Nous avons j^^..^ ^y^ j^^^^ appealed to their fait a})pel a leur justice innee et a leur magna- native justice and magnanimity, iiimite, et nous les avons conjures, an nom des a»d we have conjured them by liens de notre commune parente,dedesavouer ces "^^ ties of our common ku.dred . . ^ . . , . , 1 to disavow these usurpatioin, usurpations, qui interrompraient inevitablement ^j^.^,^ ^^^^^,^j inevitably interrupt nos liens et nos rapports. lis out etc, eux aussi, our connections and corre.«poiid- sourds a la voix de la justice et du sang. Nous ence. They, too, have been deaf devons done ceder a la n^cessite qui exii^e notre ^o the voice of Justice and of . , consanguinity. We must, there- sei)aration, et les tenir coinme nous tenons le ^^^^^ j,equie"sce in the necessity reste du genre liumain— pour ennemis, en temps which denounces our sei>aration, de guerre ; pour amis, en temps de paix. and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war ; in peace, friends. C'est pourquoi nous, representants des Etats- We, therefore, the representatives Tnis d'Amerique, assembles en Congres gt-neral, of the United states of America iu .IT (J -^ 1 UTT • ' i. ' • general Congress assembled, ap- iirenant le Juo;e bu])reme de lUnivers a temoin * ,. ^ ° „ t j « ' ° ' pealing to the bupreme Judge of de la droiture de nos intentions, publions et de- ^he world for the rectitude of our clarons solennellement, au nom et par Tautorite intentions, do, in the name and by du boil peuple de ces colonies, que les dites colo- *!'« authority of tl»e good people of ..i- .^. J -!• 1-. 1 these colonies, solemnly publitih nies unies sont, et doivent etre de plein droit, des , , , ,' , .. j , ' ' and declare that these united col- Etats libres et independants; qu'elles sont dega- ^nies are, and of right ought to be, gees de toute allegeance a la couronne britannique, ^-ee and independent States ; that DECLARATIOX OF INDEPENDENCE. 23 GERMAN. Yernichtung von Personeii jedes Alters und Ge- schlechtes bestebt. Bei jeder Stnfe dieser Vergewaltigungen, ba- ben wir mn Abbiilfe in den bescbeidensten Aus- drticlven gebeten und auf inisere Bitten nur beleidigende Antworten erbalten. Ein Fiirst, dessen Cbarakter derart einen Tyrannen ver- kiindet, ist unfabig, der Ilerrscber eines freien Volkes zu sein. Aucb baben wir nicbt verfeblt, die Aufmerk- samkeit unserer engliscben Briider auf diese Missbraucbe zu lenken. Wir baben sie von Zeit zu -Zeit vor den wiederbolten Yersucben gewarnt, ibre unerlaubte Gericbtsbarkeit iiber uns auszniiben. Wir baben ibren natiirlicben Recbtssinn und ilire Grossmut angerufen und wir baben sie bei den Banden der genieinsanien Yerwandtscbaft besebworen, diese Anniassungen nicbt gnt zu beissen, da solclie i;nvermeidlicb zuni Al)brucbe unserer Beziebungen fiibren wiir- den, docb sind sie auf unsere Yorstellungen in Bezuo; auf Gerecbtio;keit und Bhitsverwandtscbaft taub gebbeben. Wir seben uns daber zu einer Trennung von ibnen gezwungen und niiissen sie wie die iibrige Mensclibeit — als Feinde im Krieg, — ini Frieden als Freunde betracbten. Indem wir, als Yertreter der Yereinigten Staa- ten von Ainerika ini Congress versannnelt, in Bezug auf die Gerecbtigkeit unserer Absicbten an den bocbsten Riebter der Welt appellieren, erklaren wir im Namen und ini Auftiage der Bevolkerung dieser Colonien biei-mit feierlicbst, dass diese Colonien jetzt von Recbtswegen freie und unabbangige Staaten sind, dass sie der eng- liscben Krone nicbt mebr angeboren und dass NOTES. On Thursday, April 30th, George Washington took the oath required by the Constitution, which was ad- ministered to him by the Chan- cellor of the State of New York, and delivered his inaugural ad- dress. John Adams entered upon his duties as President of the Sen- ate on Tuesday, April 21st. The ratification of North Caro- lina was not received by Congress until January, 1790, and that of Rhode Island not until June of the same year. In the meantime those States had been regarded as foreign States. The following are the dates of the ratification of the Constitution by each of the original thirteen States : 1. Delaware, December 7, 1787. 2. Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787. 3. New Jersey, December .18, 1787. 4. Georgia, January 2, 1788. 5. Connecticut, January 9, 1788. 6. Massachusetts, February 6, 1788. 7. Maryland, April 28, 1788. 8. South Carolina, May 23, 1788. 9. New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. 10. Virginia, June 26, 1788. 11. New York, July 26, 1788. 12. North Carolina, November 21, 1789. 13. Rhode Island, May 29, 1790. 24 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. FKENCH. ct que tout lien politique entre elles et TEtat de la Graude-Bretagne est, et doit etre, eomplete- iiient roinpn, et que, en quality d'Etats libj'es et indepeudaiits, elles out pleiu pouvoir de declarer la ijuerre, de coiielure la paix, de contracter des alliatiees, d'etablir uu coimnei-ce, et de faire tons autres actes et toutes autres choses que les Etats iiidepeudants out le droit de faire. Et a I'appui de cette Declaration, avec nne ferine contiance dans la protection de la divine Providence, nous enijageons nnituellenient les uns envers les autres, notre vie, noti'e fortune, et notre honneur sacre. La declaration ci-dessus fut, par ordre du Con- gres, grossoyee, et signce par les niembres doiit Kuivent les nonis : .loHN JIanco(^k. ENGLISH. they are absolved from all allegi- ance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri- tain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free and in- dependent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com- merce, and do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for the sup- port of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members: John H.\ncock. NEW HAMPSHIRE. JOSIAH BAUTLETT, William Whipple, Matthew Thoknton. MASSACHUSETTS BAY. Samuel Adams, John Adams, llOBERT TBKAT TAINE, Elbridoe Gerry. RHODE ISLAND. Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. CONNErTICUT. Roger Sherman, Samuel Hcntinoton, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. NF.W YORK. William Floyd, Phiijp Livinoston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. NEW JERSEY. Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. PENNSYLVANIA. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, JoBN Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, Jame4 Wilson, George Ross. DELAWARE. CiESAR Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. MARYLAND. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Car- rollton. VIRGINIA. George Wvthe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jcn., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. NORTH CAROLINA. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. SOUTH CAROLINA. Edward Rdtledge, Thomas Heywai;d. Jun., Thomas Lynch. Jun., Abthub Middleton. GEORGIA. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. DECLAHATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 25 J GERMAN. NOTES. alle politische Yerbindung zwischen ilinen und Grossbritannien ganzlich anfgelost ist ; und dass sie ferner als freie, unabhangige Staaten das voile Recht haben, Kiieg zu erklareii, Friedeii zu schliessen, Yertrage einzngehen, Handel zii eroffnen und alle sonstigen Scliritte zu tliun, zu denen unabhangige Staaten bereclitigt sind. Zur Aufrechtlialtung dieser Erkliii'ung, niit festeni Yertraiien auf die gcittliclie Yorsehung, ver- pflicliten wir uns gegenseitig niit unserem Le- ben, inisereni Yerniogen und unserem lieiligen Elirenwort. Die vorstehende Erklarung wurde dureli Be- scliluss des Congresses ausgefertigt und von fol- genden Mitgliedern unterzeichnet : John Hancock, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. CONSTITUTION DES ETATS-UNIS. constitution OF THE UNITED STATES. FRKNCH. ENGLISH. Nous, le peuple des fitats-Unis, afiii de former We, the Peojile of the Unittd line union plus parfaite, d'otablir la justice, d'as- States, in order to form a more pur- 1 , .„.,.■,, , . « 1 feet union, establish justice, insure surer la traiiqnillitc luterieure, de pourvoir a la , ... .,,.. ., , A ' 1 domestic tranquiUity, provide for defense commune, de donner I'essor au bien pa- the common defence, promote tl.e blic, et de nous assurer a, nons-memes et a nos general welfare, and secure the descendants les bienfaits de la liberte, ordonnons blessingsof liberty to ourselves and ^ /, 1 T 1 ' . /^ 1 our posteritv, do ord.ain and estab- ct etablissons la presente CoNSTrruTiON pour Jes ,. , V, . /, . ,, r ^ lish this Constitution for tlie Etats-Unis d'Amerique. United states of America. ARTICIiE I. — Departement Legislatif. ARTICLE I.— Legislative Department. Skction I. — Tons les pouvoirs legislatifs accor- Section T.— All legislative pow- desparles presentes seront remis u un Congres crs herein granted shall he vested \ ' ° in a Conmess of the United States, de.s Etats-Unis, qui se composera d'un benat et which shall consist of a Senate and d'une Chambre des llepresetltants. House of Representatives. SwrnoN II. — Para Je plus nombreux de la Jx'i'islaturc d Etat. _ , , i p ♦, c* » r J^ most numerous branch of the State Legislature. VERFASSUNG DER VEREINIGTEN STAATEN. notes. GERMAN. There are tliree great depart- -nr T -n- i tt • • ^ Oi. i. • ments of government : Legislative, WiR, die Ijurffer der Vereiiiio-ten fetaaten, in ^ ,. . , "^ . ^ ^. ^ ' o o ' Judicial and Executive. der Absicht, eine vollkommnere Union lierzn- The Legislative enacts laws; stellen, Gereclitigkeit zu scliaften, innere Ruhe zu the Judicial interprets and ap- sichern, fiir die Verteidignng za sorgen, das all- pi'<^s them ; the Executive en- ^\T 11 I, £• -T J T c forces them. gemeine VVolil zu beturdern iiiid die l^egnnngen ^^ ^ ^.^ ^. ^ ^, ^^ .^ , ^ n C5 rpjjg Constitution of the United der Fl-eilieit uns Ulld nnseren Nacllkoinmen zu states separates these three depart- vcrscliaiTen, veroi'dnen nnd bestiininen die fol- ments, makes each one indepen- gende Yerfassung fiir die Yereinigten Staaten l'£tat dans Icqnel il ani-a ete ehl. *^'"ill not, when elected, be an in- liabitanL of that State in which he shall be chosen. Paraqrajphe 3. Les Eepresentants et les eon- Claiuc 3. Representatives and tribntions directes devront et.-e ivpartis enti-e les ^^'^^^ taxes shall be apportioned ^, ^ . ... ^. , among the several States which (lifferents Etats qni pourront iaire partie de ^^^^, ^^ k,,,x^,\,,\ within this rUnion, d'apres le nonibre de lenrs liabitants res- union, according to their respect- jiectifs, leqnel sera determine eu ajoutantan noni- ive numbers, which shall be de- bre total des personnes libres, y eonipris eelles qui termined by adding to th. whole , . . , number of free persons, nuluiliiig sent tenues a un service pendant nne certan.e pe- ^j^,,^^ bound to service for a term riode d'arniees, et non eonipris les Indiens non ^f years, and excluding Indians imposes, le^ trois clnqideinefi de toutes a utiles j^er- not taxed, three-fifths of all other mnnes. Le denombrement reel en sera fait dans ^'^•*'"'«- The actual enumeration , . . . , ., , . 1 shall be made within three years af- les trois ans qui snivront la preniiere rennion du t,rt,,,fi,,t„,eetiug of the Congress Congres des fitats-Unis, et snbsequemment tons ^f ^^e united states, and within les dix ans, en la inanicre qni sera prescrite par every subsequent term of ten years, la loi. Lenomhre des Renresentants tiederrajms i" such manner as they shall by -, , , -77 '7 ifT, , law direct. Tlie number of licprc- der^asser nn jpar trente imlU, mats chaque Mat ^^^^^^^^^.^.^^ ^^^^^^^ ,^^^^ exceed one for aura au moins un Rej>resentant ; et en attendant ^^.^.^ ^J^^yly thousand, but each Stut* que ce denomhreinent soit fait, VEtat du New shnll hive at least one Representn- JIampshire aura droit a' en choisir trois; le tire ; and vntil such enumrratiou Ty J _,. 1 •. 7 7>7 7 / 7 7 J 7 shall be made, the State of hew Massachusetts, nmt ; le lihode JsLana et les „ ,. , „ ,, * v/..; /^ .;.^ >.. ' -_ , Hampshire slum be cntitlM to choose Plantations de Providence, un ; le Connecticut, three ; ^((ssachusetts, eight ; EhxU cinq ; le New Yorlf, si.c / le New Jersey, quatre ; Island and Promhncc Plantations, la Pennsylvanie, huit ; le Delaware, un ; le one; Con nectkut, fve; New York, -., 1 J . ,-,;-... ,. ; ^y T ^ six; New Jersey, four; Pennsyl- Mariiland, six; la Vtrqime, dtx : La Carotine . ..^ * • '„^.xr. J ^ y . . , vania, eight; Delaware, one; Ala- du Nord, cinq ; la Caroline du Sud, cinq ; et la ryland, six .- Virginia, ten ; North Georgie, trois. Carolina, fire: South Carolina, fee: and Georgia, three. Parajraphe 4. Qnand il se prodnira des va- ^^""«'' *• ^hen vacancies hap- , , , ^ ^. ^, -fVi. i 1 pen ill the representation from canoes dans la representation d nn Etat, les an- c.. . ., \. ,.,,;..,. „„m.^,w„ t ^ ' any State, the executive authority torites executives de cet Etat convoqneront les thereof .shall issue writs of election electenrs ])onr remplir les dites vacances. to fill such v.acancies. r. 7 ►- T rii 1 J T-» ' i. i. ClauM 5. The House of Repre- Paragraphe 5. La Chambre des Kcpresentants ^.^t.^ves shall choose their Speak CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 GERMAN. NOTES. Clausel 2. Niemand ist zum Abgeordneten Legislative powers in two brandies wjihlbar, der niclit seiu fiinfundzwanziastes Jalir ^''"^ ^^"^^^ ^''^* ** ^' ''•P* *« '^•^'*^'^'^ . , , , , , . , , . T T 1 -it'-- 1 hasty legislation ; it is less likf-ly erreicnt liat und niclit sieben Jalire ijiirs-er dei- .-, . ,„ , •,, u j* • » that laws will be passed from pn- Vereinigten Staaten gewesen ist, nnd iiinss der- vate influence, and it increases tbe selbe eiii Einwolnier des Staates sein, in welchein probability that good laws will be ei- gevvalilt werdeu soil. passed. Ciausel 3. Die Zahl der Yertreter nnd die Section II.- Cto««<; 2. Quote der directen Abgaben soil den verschie- ^^^ ^^^- H.— Sec. II.— Clause 5. denen Staaten, die die Union bilden, ini Ver- ^ Eepresentative is not required . . 1-1 • 1 to be a citizen of the United States hiiltniss zu ilirer Eniwohnerzahl zngeteilt w-er- Y>y birth. If a foreigner by birth, den, diese soil derart bestimmt werden, dass zu he may become a citizen by natu- der Anzabl der freien Personen, einschliesslicli ralization, and then he becomes derjenigen, die sich fiir eine Eeihe von Jali- '^'^'^^^ ^' ^ Representative after ,. a citizenship of seven years, ren zu dienen verpflichtet liaben und ansscbliess- ^n alien must reside here live lich der niclit besteuerten Indianer, dl'ei F'dvftel years before he becomes a citizen; aller iihrigen, Personen zugezablt wei-den ; die tl"s, added to the seven years definitive Volkszahlung soil iunerhalb drei Jalire ^^ citizenship, amounts to twelve , - „ • -1 /-I vears of m-evions residence before nach dem ersten Zusainnientntt des Congresses he is eligible as a Representative, stattfinden nnd spiiter alle zelm Jalire in soldier The Representative must be an Weise, wie er durch Gesetz vorschreiben wird. inhabitant of the State in which Die Zahl der Vertreter soil einen fur je 30,000 ^" ^' "^^°'""- ^* ^' "°* required 7-,. , -J 7 . 7.70 77 that he be a resident of the dis- Einwohner mcht uhersteigen, aler jeder Staat soil ^^ict from which he has been loenigstens einen Yertreter hahen ; und his die chosen, nor that he should iiave Zcihlung VOrgenommen ist, soil New Hampshire, resided either in the district or the drei ; Massachusetts, acht ; Rhode Island und ^^""^^ ^^'^ *''"^' "^^^"'^^ ^^"^^^' "^ 7^, . 7 yy 1 • • n • n f> time before his election. Nor is it Providence Colomen, einen; Connecticut, ftbif ; ^^.^ ^hat he shall lose his seat if New YorJc, sechs ; New Jersey, mer ; Penn- he remove from his state or dis- sylvania, acht ; Delaware, einen ; Maryland, trict during the two years. It is sechs ; Virginia, zehn ; Nord Carolina, fiinf ; ""* "ecessary that he should pos- o-. 7 /•> 7- /••• /> 7 y-r • 7 • Tr- , ', scss a certain amount of property bud Uarotina, funf, und (jreorqia, drei Vertreter ^ .• , +. *. ' <^ ■/ ' i? 5 or profess any particular form of erwdhlen Jconnen. religious belief. Clausel 4. Wenn eine Liicke in der Yertre- tung eines Staates entsteht, soil die Regierung desselben eine neue Wahl ansschreiben. tual'iy made in 1790 Taxes are of two kinds, direct Clausel 5. Das Abgeordnetenhaus soil seinen Parts italicized are obsolete. The first enumeration was ac- and indirect. A direct tax is laid directly on the income or property 32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENOLISir. clioisira son President et son bureau; et aura er and otiier officers; and shall seule qnalite pour niettre les fonctionnuires en ^'^^« '^' ^^^'^ P«^^'' ""^ ^'"P^'^^''" \ '■ ment. accusation. Section lU.—Para(/rap/ie 1. Le Senat des Section III.- Clame 1. The -r, TT • 11 t < ' . 1 Senate of the United States shall Etats-rnis se coniposera do deux oenateurs de , j ^^ c . * ' be composed of two Senators from chaque Etat, nornnies par la Legislature de cet g^ch state, chosen by the Legisla- l^^tat pour six ans ; et chaque Senateur aura une ture thereof, for six years; and y.f[\- each Senator shall have one vote. Paragravhe 2. Aussitot apres qn'ils se reuni- CUmse'i. immediately after they , , •, 1 1 •' '^ ^- '\ T shall be assembled in consequence ront a la suite de la premiere election, lis se di- , ^i c * i ,- ♦! i n i, i _ ' .of the first election, they sliall be viseront aussi egalenient que possible en trois divided as equally as may be into classes. Les sieges des Senateurs de la premiere three classes. The seats of the classe deviendront vacants a I'expiration de la Senators of the first class shall be 1 , , , , , , ,, vacated at the expiration of the seconde annee ; ceux de la seconde classe, a J ex- , „ ,, , , ' ^ ' second year; of tlie second class, piration de la quatrieine annee ; et ceux de la ^<^ the "expiration of the fourth troisieme classe, a Texpiration de la sixieme annee; year ; and of the third class, at tlie de maniere qu'un tiers soit elu tons les deux ans ; expiration of the sixtiiyear, so that ,., 1 •■ 1 1' • • one-third may be chosen every sec- et sil se prod uit des vacances, par demission ou , - ., „„„,.„■,,„_„„ r ^ ond year ; and if vacancies liappen autrement, en I'absenee de la Legislature d'un \^y resignation, or otiierwise, dn- Etat, le pouvoir executif de cet £tat pent fail-e ring the recess of the Legislature des nominations temporaires jus(pra la prochaine "^ ^"-^ state, the Executive thereof iiT'-ii. -J Ti may make temporary appointments reunion de la Legislature, qui devra remplir alors ;., ,, / :. „ ,, t„ o ' 1 >• until the next meeting or the Le- les dites vacances. gislature, which shall then fill sucli vacancies. Paragraphe 3. Nul ne pourra etre Senateur, Clause 3. No person shall be a s'il n'a pas atteintTage de trente ans, et etc pen- Senator who shall not have attained - „ . 1 -Ti T- • ••! ' to the age of thirty years, and been da.it neuf ans citoyen des Ltats-Lnis, et s il n est ^^j,,^ ^.^^^.^ ^ ^it.^;„ „f ^,,^ United pas, an moment de son election, habitant de I'Etat states, and who shall not, when pour lequel il aura ete elu. elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. Paragraphe 4. Le Vice-President des ifetats- C'/awae 4. The Vice-President of TT • ' • 1 4. J o ' i • 1 the United States shall be president Inns sera president du Senat, mais n aura pas . , „ , , ,, , '■ "^ of the Senate, but shall have no droit de vote, a moins que les voix ne soient ^^^^^ „„i^gs they be equally di- partagees egalement. vided. Paragraphe 5. Le Senat nommera son bureau. Clauses. The Senate shall choose et aussi un president provisoire, en cas d'absence their other officers, and also a Presi- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 GERMAN. NOTES. Spreclier und seine iibrigen Beatriten walilen ; itself; for instance, on lands or unci das ausschliessliche llecht, sie ziir Verant- ^^«"'^'- ^" ^"<^"*^"* ^^^ ^' ^"•^ laid on articles of production or WOrtnng ZU Ziehen, liaben. consumption. Direct taxes are Section III. — Clausel 1. Der Senat der Ver- seldom levied, except when other einigten Staateu soil ans zwei Senatoren von so^'^'es o^ income fail. . , ^ 1,1 T 11 11 By the Articles of Confederation, ledeni Staate bestehen, diese sollen von den be- ., - -p ti n * ^ o* * J ' the expenses of the United States zugliclieii Staatslegislatni-en auf seclis Jalire ge- were to be paid by each State in wiiblt werden ; nnd jeder Senator soil eine proportion to the value of land, to- Stinnne haben. gether with improvements. This placed the liability of a State to di- Viausel 2. Gleich nacli der Versannnlnng in rect taxation upon the basis of prop- Folge der ersten Walll sollen sie so gleicliniassig erty, whereas theConstitution places wie moglicli in drei Classen geteilt werden. it upon the basis of population. T-.. o'i 1 o i. J i l'^^ 11 The Indians that remain in the Die bitze der feenatoren der ersten Classe sollen o, . • i , j ■ ^, states are included in the number nach Ablanf des zvveiten Jalires geranint wer- of free persons if they are taxed. den ; die der zweiten Classe naeli vier Jaliren There were slaves in all the imd die der dritten Classe nach sechs Jaliren, so ^^^^^^ '^'^^" ^^^^ Constitution was dass eiii Drittel der Zahl alle zwei Jahre ge- rr^^^ox^ • ^ ■ ■, .^ ^ ihe States m which there was a wahlt wird ; und M-enii Lucken dnrch Nieder- large number of slaves, while they legung des Mandats oder auf andere Weise wah- were allowed an increase of Repre- rend der Ferien der Staatslegislaturen entstehen, sentatives on account of the slave kann die Executive des betreffenden'Staates tern- P^P^^^^ion, were also subjected in 1 ^ "'^® proportion to an increased poriire Ernennungen bis zur nachsten Sitzung burden of direct taxation. der Legislatur, welche dann die Llicken endgiil- As the population of the country tig ZU fallen hat, VOrnehnien. l^^s increased, the number of Rep. resentatives has been increased by various acts of Congress. Clcmsel 3. Niemand soil Senator werden, der The first House of Representa- iiicht sein dreissigstes Jahr erreicht hat und neun tives consisted of 65 members, Jahre Burger der Vereinigten Staateu gewesen '^'"''^ ^*" ^"^ ^°" ^^^""^ ^^'^^^ 11 .,, n ., . ^^T11^. 1 inhabitants. By the census of ist und der nicht zur Zeit seiner Wahl Einwoh- j^go, there were constituted 106 lier des Staates ist, in welcheni er gewahlt wer- Representatives — one for every den soil. 33,000 inhabitants. Every terri- Ckmsel 4. Der Yice-Prasident der Vereinig- *"'^^' "' ^"'"^'^ ^ regularly organ- CI 11 -r» • 1 If. . 1 i^^*^ territorial government has ten Staateu soil Prasident des feenats sem, aber ^een established by Congress, is keiue Stiinme haben, ausgenommen, wenn die entitled to have one Representa- Stimnien gleicliniassig verteilt sind. ti^e in Congress, who may partici- /-,, 7 f -TV o . 11 • 1 -r. pate in the debates, but cannot Clausel 5. Der Senat soil seine anderen Be- ^^,^. g^^^,^ territories are gener- amten wiihlen, audi einen Prasidenten pro tern- ally called organized territories. 34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FUKNCH. ENGLISH, du Vice-President, OU datlS le cas OU celui-ci dent pro {empo7-e, in the ahsence of exercerait les fonctions de President des Etats- n^e Vice-President, or when he .shall , exercise the office of President ot ^"^^- the United States. Parag!f'aj)he 6. Le Senat anra senl qnaliteponr Clause G. The Senate shall have iuger tontes les accusations dirigees contre des ^^'^ ««^« P""'^"" *« ^ry all impeach- _ . . , ,. , ., . , , ments : when sitting for that pnr- fonctionnaires publics; quand il siegera pour cet ^^^^^ ^,,^^y ^j^^,j ^^ ^^ ^^^,^ ^^ ^^_ objet, ses nieinbres devront preter sernient on firmation. When the President of affirmation. Quand le President des Etats-Unis the United states is tried, the Chief sera mis en jugement, c'est le Juge Supreme qui ^"stice shall preside; and no per- , , ., . , ""», J / son shall be convicted without the devra presider ; et nul ne poun-a etre condamne „ . ,, . , , „ r ' r concurrence of two-thirds ot the a moins des deux tiers des voix des inembres members present, presents. I^ara(/)'aj}/ie 7. La sentence, dans les cas de Chvse 7. Judgment in cases of jugement de fonctionnaii-es, ne pourra aller au- "np^achment shall not extend fur- , ,. , , , ,. ,, 1 • i 1 1,. -^r ther than to removal from office, de a de a revocation d emploi, et de J incapacite , ,. ,.« ♦• * i i^ i r ' ^ and disqualification to hold and en- f uture d'occuper un poste d'lionneur, de contiance, joy any office of honor, trust, or OU de profit sous le gouvernement des Etats-Unis ; profit under the United states -. but niais la partie condamnee n'en sera pas moins ^^^ P^'"*^ convicted siiaii neverthe- .,^,A. . .. •' J less be liable and subject to indict- suiette a etre imse en accusation, lugee, condam- ^ ^ • , • j . j • u J 5 J o > ment, trial, judgment and punish- nee, et punie, conforinement aux lois. ment, according to law. Section 1Y .—Para^raphe 1. L'epoque, le lieu Section IV. — Cl^mse 1. The et le mode d'election pour les Senateurs et les Re- !™^^; Pl^''^^^"^ manner of hold- , ' ^ ing elections for Senators and Rep- presentants seront designcs dans cliaque Etat par resentatives shall be prescribed in la Legislature du dit Etat ; mais le Congres pent each state by the Legislature there- en tCUt temps, par une loi, faire OU modifier ces of ; but the Congress may at any d"... £ • 1 r T' time, by law, make or alter such ispositions, saut en ce qui concerne le lieu d c- \ / ' . , , ' ^ regulations, except as to tlie places lection des Senateurs. of dioosing Senators. Paragrajyhe 2. Le Congres se reunira au moins CUiuse 2. The Congress sliaii as- une fois par an, et cette reunion aura lieu le pre- semble at least once in every year, ,,.11' 1 . . "1 ^ -i. and such meeting shall be on the inier Inndi de decembre, a moins qu il n ait, par ^ ,, , . ^ , , ' ^ ^ ^ first Monday in December, unless une loi, designe un autre jour. tl,e,. g^j.^n ^^, i^^ appoint a differ- ent day. Section v.— /Wa^m^A^ 1. Chacune des deux Section V. — ari/.^ 1. Each di • 3 '1 i.' 11 _^„.,i house shall be the judge of the lambres sera luge des elections, de leurs resul- , . ^ , ,.« •' ° elections, returns and qualihca- tats, et de la validation de ses membres, et la tj^na of its own membei-s, and a majorite dans cliacune d'elles constituera un noni- majority of each shall constitute a CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 GEKMAN. pore in der Abwesenheit dee Vice-Prasidenten, oder wenn dieser das Amt eines Prasidenten der Vereinigten Staaten versieht. Clausel 6. Der Senat soil die alleinige Macht liaben, alle "Impeacliments" zu nntersuclien ; nnd weiin er zn diesem Zweck vei-sammelt ist, soil er wniev Eid oder Bekraftigung an Eides- Statt liandeln, Wenn der Prasident der Vereinig- ten Staaten angeklagt wird, soil der Oberricliter prasidieren ; nnd Niemand soil oline die Znstim- nmng von zwei Dritteln der anwesenden Mitglie- der verurteilt werden. Clausel 7. Eine Venirteilnng soil nicht wei- ter gehen als zur Entsetznng voni Anite nnd znr Entziehnng der Pefaliigung, irgend eine Stell- \ing, die Ehre, Yertranen nnd Vorteil unter der Regiernng der Vereinigten Staaten mit sich bringt, zu bekleiden ; aber der Vernrteilte soil niclits desto weniger der Anklage, dem Processe, deni Urteile nnd der Strafe naeh dem Gesetze nnterworfen sein. Section IV. — Clausel 1. Die Zeit, der Oi't nnd der Walilmodus fiir Senatoi-en nnd Abge- ordnete soil in jedeni Staate durch die Regiei'ung desselben bestiinmt werden ; aber der Congress kann zn jeder Zeit dnrcli Gesetz solclie Bestim- ninngen abiindern, ansgenomnien den Ort der Wahl fiir den Senat. Clausel 2. Der Congress soil sich wenigstens einmal in jedem Jabre versamineln nnd die Sitz- nng soil am ersten Montag im December statt- finden, es sei denn, dass durch Gesetz ein ande- rer Tag bestimmt wird. Section V. — Clausel 1. Jedes Ilaus soil die Resultate der Wahlen und die Befahigung sei- ner Mitglieder priifen und eine Majoritat jedes Hauses soil ein Quorum zur Fiihrung der Ge- NOTES. As the House of Representatives is at present constituted, there are four modes in which a State may be entitled to a Representative: 1. By the ratio of representation. 2. By its large fraction. '6. By the constitutional provision that "each State shall liave at least one Rep- resentative." 4. By special law. (See Appendix, Table A.) Clause 4. Those who are elected in pur- suance of this clause, are elected only for the unexpired term. Clause 5. See Art. I.— Sec. III.— Clause 6, and Art. II.— Sec. IV. The power of impeachment is the right which the Representa- tives have to bring an accusation against high oflBcers of government for maladministration of office. Impeachments are not tried by the House, but by the Senate. The officers of the House of Representatives, in addition to the Speaker, are — a clerk, who, with his assistants, keeps the records and journals of the proceedings of the House ; a sergeant-at-arms, who executes the commands of the House ; a door-keeper, a post- master and a chaplain. The clerk is required to take an oath or af- firmation to faithfully discharge his duties ; he also gives security. The sergeant-at-arms and door- keeper are sworn to keep the se- crets of the House. Section III. — Clatise 1. The two houses differ in regard to number of members, mode of election, and term of service ; thus, they act as a check upon each other. 36 CONSTITIJTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH. bre siifRsant pour deliberer et voter; mais iin quorum to do business; but a nuHihie iMohidre poun-a s'aionrner do jour en jour, ''"^'^^^ """"b*''- '"^-^ ^'^J"""' ^'''"^ .,, , . y ,- 1 day to day, and may be authorized etpourra etre autorise u reuria fixer CUivhc 2. Each house may de- le reglenient de ses seaiices, punir ses menibres t'^imine the rules of its proceed- • c ,.• • T 1 4. • 1 • -k' 1 incs, punish its members for dis- i^our mtractions a 1 ordre, et, a la niaioritc des \ , , , . , . , ,. ' •' orderly behavior, and, with the deux tiers, expulser Un nienibre. concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. Paragrar>he 3. Climpie cliambi-e tiendra un <^''""«<' 3. Each house .shall keep < III ' 4. 1 II- 1 a journal of its proceedincs, and proces-verbai de ses seances, et le pubhera de ^ ■' . . , ,. , , ' ^ irom time to time publish the same, teni})s en temps, sauE les parties qui pourront, excepting such parts as may in their dans son jugement, exiger le secret ; et les votes judgment require secrecy ; and the par oui et par non des nieiubres de cluupie chani- y^'^^s and nays of the members of 1 4.' 1 1 4. 1 either house on any question sliall, ore sur une question quelconque, devront, sur ia , , . „ ., , ^ ^ '^ at the desire of one-hfth of those deniaiule d'lm ciiKiuieiiie des nieinbres presents, present, be entered on the journal, etre consignes dans le proces-verbai. Paragraphe 4. Ni Tune ni Tautre des deux Claused. Neither house, during cbambres ne pourra, pendant la session du Con- the session of Congress, shall, with- , . , out the consent of the other, ad- gres, sans le consenteiuent de 1 autre, s ajourner a .^^„.,j ^^^ ^^^^ ^han three days, plus de trois jours, ni a aucun autre lieu que eelui nor to any other place than that in OU Siegeront les deux chanibres. v!\\\c\\ the two houses shall be sit- ting. Section VL — Paragraphe 1. Les Senateiu's et Section VI, — Clause l. Th^ les RepresentantS recevront, pour leurs services, Senators and Representatives shall . \ n 1 • . ' 1 receive a compensation for their un traitement a fixer par une loi, et pave par le ^ , ^ • , , , '■ ' r c I services, to be a.scertained l>y law, tresor des Etats-Unis. lis ne pourront en aucun and paid out of the treasury of the cas, excepte pour trahison, felonie, infraction a United states. Tliey shall in all I'ordre public, etre arretes pendant leur presence •'^^'^^' ^^'^'^P*' treason, felony and /IT,, . . breach of the peace, be privileged a une seance de Jeurs cliainbres rospectives, ni en „ * j • ^i • .^ i ' ' from arrest during their attendance s'j rendant ou en en revenant ; et il ne leur sera at the session of their respective deniande coinpte en aucun lieu de leurs discours houses, and in going to and return- on des d6bats auxquels ils auront pris part dans '"■''' ^'"''"^ *'"' "''''"'' ^ ''"'^ ^°'' ""^ ,, , , speech or debate in either house, 1 une on 1 autre chambre. t,,^^. ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ questioned in any other place. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 GERMAN. schafte ansmachen ; aber eine kleinere Anzalil kaiin sich von Tag zu Tag vertagen mid bevoll- niaclitigt seiii, die Anwesenlieit abwesender Mit- glieder zu veranlasseii, in soldier Weise und unter solcbeii Strafen, wie jedes Hans sie bestinimt. Cl,ausel 2. Jedes Hans liat seine Tagesord- nnng zu bestininien, seine Mitglieder weo;en nn- ordentlichen Betragens zu bcstrafen nnd kann, niit einer Majoritiit von zwei Di-ittebi, ein Mit- glied ausstossen. Clausel 3. Jedes Hans soil ein tagliclies Pro- tokoU liber seine A'eibandlnngen fiiliren und solclies von Zeit zn Zeit veruffentliclien, ausge- nominen solcbe Teile, welelie seiner Ansicht nacli Yerscliwiegenlieit erfoi'deni nnd die ua- nientliclie Abstiniinnng der Mitglieder jedes Ilanses iiber irgend eine Frage soil, anf Wnnscli eines Fiinftels der Anvvesenden, ini Protokoll anfgenommen werden. Clausel 4. Ivein Hans soil wiilu'end der Sitz- nng des Congresses oline die Znstimmung des aiideren sich anf langer als drei Tage nnd nicbt nacli einem anderen Orte, als wo die Sitzungen stattfinden, vertagen diirt'en. Section VI. — Clausel 1, Die Senatoren und Aboreordneten sollen eine Vero-iituno; fiir iln-e Dienste erlialten, welclie dnrcli Gesetz bestimmt nnd ans dem Scbatze dei* Vereinigten Staaten bezalilt werden soil. Sie sollen in alien Fallen, ausgenommen Yerrat, Yerbi-ecben nnd Yei-- gehen gegen die offentliche Ordnnng vor Yer- liaftnng walirend der Sitznng ibres Hauses und anf ilirem Hin- nnd Ilergange gescliiitzt sein ; nnd fiir irgend eine Rede oder Debatte in ihrem Hause sollen sie an keinem anderen Orte zur Yerantwortung gezogen werden. NOTES. Tlie Senators are chosen by the Legislatures of the States ; the Representatives, by the people of the States. The Representatives serve two years, while the Sena- tors serve for six, the latter serv- ing longer, that they may check the sudden fluctuations of popular opinion to which the Representa- tives are liable. In the Senate, the States, each having two delegates, are placed upon an equal footing, while in the House they are represented in proportion to their population. In this respect, the Constitution, by giving to each State an equal voice in the Senate, without regard to difference of population, wealth, or dimensions, resembles the old Confederation. The Constitution does not pre- scribe the mode in which the Les:- islatures are to elect Senators. In most of the States tlie Senators are chosen by a joint vote, that is, both branches of the State Legis- lature meet and vote as if they constituted a single body. Under the Articles of Confeder- ation, the votes in Congress were taken by States, so that each State had but one vote, no matter wliat was the number of its Representa- tives. If a majority of States should re- fuse to elect Senators, the legisla- tive power of the Senate would be suspended ; but if a few States should refuse to elect them, the Senate would not, on that account, be incapable of performing all of its proper business. Clause 2. By this clause the Senate is changed gradually so that there 38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH. Pamgraj^he 2. Niil Seiiateiir ni Representant Claused. No Senator or Repre- ne pourni, pendant la periode pour laquelle il a s.ntative shall during the time for , , * ^ ^ '■ 1 • • 1 J ' winch he was elected, be appointed ete elii, etre nomine a aucun emploi civil de- to any civil office under the author- pendant des Etats-Unis, qui ait ete eree, ou dont ity of the United states, which les emoluuients aient etc auginentes, pendant la sl»all lia^e been created, or the dite periode; et nulle personne occupant un em- ;^moiuments whereof ehali have , * • / 1 ts TT • been increased, during such time ; ploi quelconque sons 1 autorite des Ltats-Unis ne ^^^ ^^^ j,^,.,„„ i^^^j^g .^„^, ^^^^ ])oun-a etre inembre de Tune on de Tautre cliani- under the United states shall be a bre pendant la duree de ses fonctions. member of either house during his continuance in office. Section VII. — Paragrajyhe 1. Tons les projets Section Vll. — CMu»e. 1. All de loi avant pour objet de lever des impots, de- *^'^'^ f"'' '■''^*'^'"g revenue shall orig- , , " 11/11 1 IT-. ' , ^ inate in the House of Represeuta- vront emaner de la (Jnambre des Kepresentants : .. u wt. t. * *■ ' tivea ; but the Senate may propose mais le Senat pourra proposer des amendeinents or concur with amendments, as ou on y concourir, com me pour les autres projets de other bills. loi. Paragraplie 2. Tout projet de loi qui aura Clav.se2. Every bill which shall passe a la Chambre des Kepresentants et au Se- ^»'''^''' P^'*^'^ "'*' "*'"'*' «^ ^^P'"*^" , ^11 ..,.», , ^/ seutatives and the Senate, shall, nat, devra, avant de devenir loi, etre prcsente au , , .,, , , , . ' ' ' i betoie it become a law, be presented President des Etats-Unis; s'il I'approuve, il le to the President of the United signera; mais s'il ne Tapprouve pas, il devra le states; if he approve, he shall sign renvover, avec ses observations, a celle des chain- ^'" ^"* ^* "°*' ''** ^'^^^^ return it, , ^ M ' ' 11 • 1 with his objections, to that house bres dont il sera emane, et celle ci devra con- j,^ ^j^,^,^ j^ ^^^^,1 ^^^^^ originated, signer ces observations au complet dans son who shall enter the objections at ])roces-verbal, et proceder a un nouvel e.\amen large on their journal, and proceed (hi projet de loi. Si, apres ce nouvel examen, les ^" reconsider it. If after such re- , • 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ' 1 consideration, two-thirds of that deux tiers de la chambre s aecordent a voter le , • n „ , ^^ 4.1 , k.-h liouse shall agree to pass the bill, projet, il sera envojc, en meme temps que les it shall be sent, togetlier with the observations, a Tautre chambre, qui procedera objections, to the other house, by egalement a un nouveau debat, et si le projet est ^^'''"^^^ ^* ^^•'^" likewise be recon- / ,1 ^. , ill •! sidered, and if approved by two- approuvepar les deux tiers de cotte chambre, il thirdsofthathou.se, it shall become acquerra force de loi. Mais, dans tons les cas de » law. But in all such cases the ce genre, les votes des deux chambres se feront votes of both houses siiall be de- ])ar oui et par non, et les 110ms de ceux qui au- ♦*''-">'»*'^^ l>y y^'^^ ''"^^ "'"^y-^. »"^l "'« ^ , ^ • ' ^ ^ names of the persons votinc for and ront vote pour OU contre seront consienes dans le . ., i n 1 n 1 » \ 1 ^ against the bill shall be entered on proces-verbal de chaque chambre respectivement. the journal of each house respec- Si un projet de loi n'est pas renvoye par le Pre- lively. If any bill shall not be re- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 GERMAN. NOTES. Clausel 2. Kein Senator oder Abgeordnetei- are always some experienced mem- soil wahreiid der Zeit, in der er sein Mandat *^'"^' ciame 3 aiisiibt, zii einem anderen biirgerlichen Amte g^^ ^^^ jj _sec. i.— Clause 5. unter der Autoritat der Yereinigten Staaten er- No qualification as to property nannt werden, wenn dieses Amt walirend dieser and no profession of religious be- Zeit neu geschaffen oder dessen Gehalt erliollt lief are required of a Senator ; nor ^ 1 -NT- 11' 1 • A ^^ a previous residence in the State worden ist ; und Niemand, der irgend ein Amt f^^. ^ definite time necessary; nor unter den Yereinigten Staaten bekleidet, soil ein does he forfeit his seat if he cease Mitglied irgend eines Hauses walirend seiner to be an inhabitant of the State for Amtsfiihrimg sein konnen. ^^"^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^°'^" ^ ^^'^ """ *^« Legislature of his State recall him ; Section YII. — Clausel 1. Alle Yorlagen ZUr nor is he, or a Representative, iu- Erhebnng der Staatseinklinfte soUen von deni capable of being re-elected. Abgeordnetenliause ansgehen ; aber der Senat Ckmse 4. kann Yerbesserungen wie bei anderen Yorlagen The Speaker of the House of 1 Representatives is a member of that body ; but the presiding offi- cer of the Senate is not a member Clausel 2. Alle Yorlagen, die das Abgeord- "^ *^^« ^^"^*«' ^«^ ^^^'^ ^^ ^'^^"8 ., IT Oi '.11 11 too much influence to that State netenhausund den Senat passiert haben, sollen, ^^ose Senator should be elected to bevor sie Gesetz werden, deni Prasidenten der preside. Yereinigten Staaten vorgelegt werden ; wenn er Clause 5. sie billigt, soil er sie unterzeiclinen ; aber wenn ^* ^^ customary for the Vice- . , . ,1 . ., . T-i- .. J 1 President to vacate his chair in niclit, soli er sie init semen Einwanden dein ,, c, * ■ ^ v, * x, , c ' the Senate, just before tlie close of Ilause, von dem sie kommen zuriicksenden, wel- each session, and the Senate then dies dieselben danri vollstandig in sein Proto- to elect a President, pro tempore, koll anfzunehmen und darUber zu beraten bat. to preside in the Senate in case the -ixr 1 11 n . ' -r\ -^^ ^ ^ Vice-President shall be called up- Wenn nacli soldier .Deratuniy zwei Drittel des ^ • ^i, ^ i. -r. • ^ on to exercise the oflice of Presi- Ilauses der Yorlage znstimmen, soil sie mit den dent of the United states, in con- Einwanden an das andere Ilaus gesandt werden, sequence of the death of the Presi- welclies gleichfalls dartiber zu beraten hat, und ^®^*' °^ otherwise, falls die Yorlage auch bier zwei Drittel Majori- Clause 6. tat erbalt, soil sie Gesetz werden. Aber in alien ^^"^ ^'■*- ^—^^''- I-Clanse 5. , , T^■■^^ 11 1-1 Ai • See Art. II.— Sec. IV. soldien Fallen soil namentlidie Abstimmung The power to try all impeach- Stattfinden und das Resnltat im Protokoll ver- ments after they have been brought nierkt werden. Wenn irgend eine soldie Yor- forward by the House, is vested lage von dem Prasidenten innerbalb zelin Taeen exclusively in the Senate. The ,c\ . \ • I 1 1 . object of this provision is to pre- (Sonntagausgenommen)niditzuruckgesandtsein ^^^^ ^he same body from being sollte, soil sie Gesetz werden in gleiclier Weise, both accuser and judge. 40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH. sident dans les dix jours (les diniaiicheR excoptes) ^"'•"ccl by the President within ten , , - , .. ] • . i> ' : days (Sunday excepted) after if nui siiivrout la presentation du proiet an 1 lesi- , *',, , ,•' /- ,. ^ ^ 1 •'^'lall liave been presentoa to hini, dent, Je dit projet prendra force de loi, de la i,,^ ^^^^^ sj^j,!! l,^ a law, in like nienie nuiniere qne s'il I'avait signe, a inoins que manner as if he had signed it, un- le Congres n'en ait entpeche le j-eiivoi en s'ajonr- '^"'^s ^^'^ Congress by tlieir adjoum- , 1 1 „ • 4. ? „ „ £, „„ ^i„ 1^: nieut prevent its return, in whicli nant, auqnel cas le proiet n aura pas lorce de loi. . , ,. , , ■^ 1 J I cjise it shall not be a law. Paragra^yhe 3. Tout ordre, toute resolution ou Clauses. Every order, resolution vote, exigeant le concours du Senat et de la or vote, to which the concurrence , ,, , ' T T, • i. ^ / i.' of tlie Senate and House of llepre- ( hanibre des Kepresentants (excei)te snr nne ^ ^. , * ^ ^ ^^ , , sentatives mav be necessary (except question d'ajonrnement), devront etre presentes on aquestion of adjournment), shall an President des £tats-Unis, et avant de prendre be presented to the President of effet, devront etre approuves par Ini, ou, s"il les the United states ; and before the 1 , 1 . ", ' ' same shall take effect, shall be ai)- desapprouve, devront etre passes a nonvean par , , , . , . j. i 1 ' * ' proved b}' hira, or being disap- les deux tiers du Senat et do la Chaiubrc des lie- proved by him, shall be repassed presentants, eonfornieinent aux regies et aux linii- by two-thirds of the Senate and tations prescrites pour les projets de loi. I^o"-'^^ o^ Representatives, accord- ingtothe rules and limitations pre- scribed in the case of a bill. Section VIII. — Paragrajyhe 1. Le Congres Section N1\\.— Claim 1. Tlie aura le droit d'etablir et de lever des taxes, di-oits, <^ons>'°ss shall have power to lay . , , and collect taxes, duties, imposts mipots et contributions pour payer les dettes et ^^^^ ^^^j^^,^^ ^^ p^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^„,^ pourvoir a la defense coniinune et au bien general provide for the common defence des £tatS-Unis; inais tons les droits, les iinpots and general -welfare of the United et les contributions indirectes devront etre uni- states ; but all duties, imposts and , , , , -fs yy . excises shall be uniform through- forines dans toute retendue des Etats- L nis ; ^^^^ ^j^^ United States ; ParfUf raphe 2. D'empruntcr de I'argent pour Clnme. 2. To borrow money on le conipte des Etats-Unis ; ^''« ^''^^'^ «f "^« United states ; Paragrajyhc 3. I)c reglementer le commerce ClnvsrS. To regulate commerce avec les nations etrangeres, et entre les divers ^'^h foreign nations, and amom; is, ^ ^ 1 . M • T the several States, and with the Etats, et avec les tril)us indiennes: t i ,. •, ' Indian tribes ; Paragraphe 4. DY'tablir uuc reirle uniforme Clnm 4. To establish an nni- pour la naturalisation, et des lois uniformes pour ^°™ ''"^^ ^^ naturalization, and , 1" 1 ■ iS uniform laws on the subject of les banqueroutes dans toute 1 eteiidue Ues Etats- i^.^kruptcies througliout the Unit- Unis ; ed states ; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 41 GERMAN. als wenn der Prasideiit dieselbe nnterzeiclinet hatte, es sei denn, dass der Congress diii'cli Ver- tagniig die Zuriicksendniig verbindert, in wel- clieni Falle sie nicht znni Gesetz wird. Clausel 3. Jede Verordnnng, jeder Bcsclilnss oder jede Abstimmung, fiir welcbe die Znstim- niuno; des Senates iind des Abo;eordnetenbaiises iiotig ist (ausgenomnien in Bezng auf die Frage einer Vertagung"), soil deni Priisidenten der Vereinigten Staaten vorgelegt werden ; und elie sie in Wirksainkeit treten, sollen sie von ihni bestatigt Averden ; oder falls er sie niissbilligt, miissen sie die Znstininiung von zwei Dritteln des Senates nnd des Abgeordnetenlianses erbal- ten, ebe sie in Wirksanikeit treten konnen, in gleiclier Weise wie dies mit einer Gesetzesvor- lage der Fall ist. Section YIII. — Clausel 1. Der Congress soil die Maclit liaben, Abgaben, Steuern, Zolle nnd Aceise aufznlegen nnd zn erbeben, die Sclmlden 7A\ bezablen nnd flir die Landesverteidignng nnd das allgeineine AYobl dei" Ycreinigten Staa- ten zu sorgen ; aber alle Zolle, Steuern, Accisen und Abgaben sollen ini ganzen Lande dieselben sein ; Clausel 2. Anleiben auf den Credit der Yer- einigten Staaten abzuscbliessen; Clausel 3. Den Handel mit freinden Nationen, so wie zwiscben den einzelnen Staaten nnd mit den indianisclien Stammen zu regeln ; Clausel 4. Eine gleicbmassige Form der Na- turalisation und gleicbe Gesetze in Bezng auf Bankerotte in den Yereinigteii Staaten einzu- f iiliren ; NOTES. An impeachment is a written ac- cusation, charging a civil officer of tlie United States with treason, hrihery, or other high crime or misdemeanor. Section IV. — Clause 1. By an act of Congress, passed June 25, 1842, it is provided that the Eepresentatives from a State shall be elected by districts equal in number to the number of Rep- resentatives to which the State is entitled, and each of these con- gressional districts shall elect one Representative. Clause 2. A different day for assembling has frequently been appointed. The Congress does not, in ex- press terms, determine the place where Congress shall meet. It is provided by an act of Congress, that, when on account of the prev- alence of a contagious disease, or for other causes, it would be dan- gerous to the health of the mem- bers to meet at the place to which Congress shall stand adjourned, the Pi'esident may, by proclama- tion, convene Congress at such place as he may deem proper. Section V. — Claused. There is no express power given by the Constitution to either house to punish for a breach of its privi- leges, for disorderly conduct, or for contempt, except when com- mitted by its own members. Yet it has been held that such power exi.sts ; also, that Congress is the sole tribunal to determine when it should be exercised, or what pun- ishment should be inflicted. A similar power has been frequently exercised by the Legislatures of the States. When imprisonment 42 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. laragrapne o. i^e irapper la nionnaie, u eu <^<«m«; «. xu wm .iiu«cjr, .^{^u '11 1 • • ,„n„ 1 :^„ lato till) value thereof, and of for- recrler la valeur, anisi que celle des luuiiiiaies . , ^ ' ^ :, « "- , . I'll *^'8" coin, and fix tlie standard or etraijgeres, et de hxer I'etalon des poids et me- weights and measures ; FRENCH. ENGLISH. Paragraphe 5. De frapper la nionnaie, d'en Clause 5. To coin money, regu- of igh siires ; Paragraphe 6. De pourvoir au cliatinient de Clause 6. To provide for the ceuxqni eontrefont les litres et ]a nionnaie des P'^nisliment of counterfeiting the I-, , securities and current coin of the !.tatS-Unis; ^ United States -, Paragraphed. D'etablir des bureaux de poste «,<««irateries et les felonies commises en pleine mer, Pi'-'-'cies and felonies committed on - ,.,, , , .^1 the liicli seas, and offences against et les oftenses contre le droit des gens ; ^^^^ j^; ^^ ^^,^^.^^^^ . Paragraphe 11. De declarer la guerre, d'ac- CUimeW. To declare war, grant corder des lettres de marque et de represailles, et letters of marque and reprisal, and ,,,,,,. 1 < 1 . 1 .1 ^ i. make rules concerning captures ou d etablir des reiclcs toucliant les captures sur terre , , , , ^ *■ land and water ; et sur eau ; Paragraphe 12. De lever et d'entretenir des Clixise 12. To raise and suppoit armees, niais il ne pourra etre affectc de fonds a armi^'s, but no appropriation of , . 1 , 1 11 monev to that use shall be for a cet usaji-e pour une periode de plus de deux ans ; , - ,. , c- L i. I ' longer term than two years ; Paragraphe 13. De creer et d'entretenir une CUiuseX^. To provide and main- marine ; tain a navy ; Paragraphe 14. D'etablir des regies pour le CliuseW. To make rules for the gouverneinent et la regleinentation des forces de government and regulation of the . 1 land and naval forces ; terre et de mer ; Paragraphe 15. De pourvoir a Tappel des mi- Chntm 15. To provide for calling lices pour faire executer les lois de I'tTnion, sup- forth the militia to execute the 1 . . . , 1 • hvws of the Union, suppress insur- l)niiier les insurrections, et repousser les mva- ^. , , . . * , ' •• rectious and repel invasions ; fiions ; CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 GERMAN. NOTES. ClaiLsel 5. Geld zn pragen und den Wert des- is part of the pnnisLment imposed selbeu, wieden der frernden Miinzeu za regeln, for contempt such imprisonment, /- . 1 1 unless limited to a shorter period, ebenfalls das^ Nonnalraass der Gewichte iind terminates with the session of Con- Masse zn bestiininen ; gress, and no court has a right to Clausel 6. Die Bestrafang der Falscher von "^^^"""^ ^^''"""^^^ '"^^ ^^^^ ''«''''''^^- ,, . 1 Tir- 1 ness or propriety of the commit- Staatspapieren un.i Munzen zu veranlassen ; ^^^^^^ or to discharge the prisoner. Clausel i . Postaniter zu ernehten und gute ^ member of the House or Sen- offentliclie Wege lierzustellen ; ate, if he desires to vote on a ques- ■ Clausel 8. Wissenscliaft und Kiinstc zu for- t^*^^^' ^^^* s^^^ ^^^ ^'°^*^ ^" P^''^""- , . , -,,, . , . 1 T-i <• T By one of the rules of the House dern,in der Weise, dass Autoren und Eliinder ^f Representatives, no member is fiir eine gewisse Zeit das ausscllliessliclie Recllt allowed to vote on any question in an ihren Scliopfungen und Erfindungen liaben ; the event of which he is inter- ested. By an act of Congress, passed Clausel 9. Gericlitshofe zu erricliten, welche April 21, 1808, no member of Cou- unter deni obersten Gericbtshofe steben sollen ; gi'ess is allowed to hold or enjoy y-Y7 7 ^ /-> o "1 • 1 -tr 1 1 /• any contract or agreement made iu Clausel 10. Seerauberei und Verbreclien aur , , ,„ „ „ ,-, ., -, o. . a behalf ot the United btates ; and bober See, sowie Yergeben gegen das allgemeine penalties are imposed upon any Volkerrecbt zu bestrafen ; officer of the United States wlio m^ „ ,7 -1 1 f • ™ IT- T'' \ • £ enters into a public contract with Clausel II. Ivneg zu ei-klaren, Kaperbriefe , ^^ , ^ . -r. a member of Congress, auszustellen und liestnnmungen in Betreit von F -oberungen zu Lande und zur See zu treffen : I ^^ ' See Art. II.— Sec. III. Congress can only separate in Clausel 12. Truppen anzuwerben und zu un- two ways: 1st, by adjournment; terbalten; aber keine Gelder zu diesem Zweek ^d, by the expiration of the two 11 c ^■ 1 'Til -ii. , years, which is the limit of the du- sollen aur Janger als zwei Jabre bewiliigt wer- ,. „ „ ^_ ,„, . ^ „ „^„ ° o ration or a Congress ; tor a new ^•^n 5 Congress commences on March 4th Clausel 13. Eine Kriegsmarine zu erricbten i" «^«^y ^^her year. The number J i. 1 1. of sessions which a particular Con - und zu unterbalten : , , , . . x. j i, ^t. gress may hola is not faxed by the Clausel 14. Bestimmungen iiber den Befebl Constitution; a Congress generally und die Yerwendung der Land- und Seemachtzu ^^o^ds two, but sometimes three tvpfFpn • sessions. The time when one ses- ' sion of a Congress shall close and Clausel 15. Die Miliz einzuberufen, um die the next session commence, is gen- Ausfiibrung der Gesetze der Union zu erzwingen, ^^"^"^ determined by a joint reso- 4 -. 1 1 ..1 . 1 (- . 11. 1 T-i. p n lution of the Senate and the House Aufrubr zu bewaltlgen und feindbcbe Einfalle ^^ Representatives. But in every ZUrilckzuweisen ; second year the Congress must ne- 44 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. . EKGLISTI. Paragraphe 16. De ponrvoir ii I'orgaTiisation, CUimc 16. To provide for organ- ;i ranneinent et a la discipline de la miliee, et an '^'"S' ^""""'"S' '"'^ disciplining the ^ , , . , ,, ... . militia, and for governing such gouvei-nenient de la portion de cette milice qui p^..^ of them as may be employed poni-ra etre employee an service des Etats-Unis, in the service of the United States, reservant an\ Etats la nomination de lenrs ofti- leserving to the States respectively ciers respectifs, et le ponvoir d'instrnire la milice the appointment of the officers, and ,,,,,..,. . 1 /^ , < the aiitliority of training the mili- d apres la discipline prescnte par le C ongres ; ^j, ..wording to the discipline pre- scribed by Congress ; Pavagraphe 17. D'exereer exclnsivement la 6'to!/se 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, dans tons les cas qnelconqnes, snr tout legislation in all cases whatsoever ^• ^ . , , 1 , , T .1, , , . over such district (not exceeding district (ne depassant pas dix niilles carres), qni ^^^ ^^j^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^, ^^^. poiirra, en conse(pience d'une cession faite par des sion of particular states, and the Etats particnliers, et par Tacceptation dii (yongres, acceptance of Congress, become devenir le siege dn gonvernement des Etats-fhiis, "^** '^''^ °^ ^^^^ government of the ,, . , IT United States, and to exercise like et d exereer nne antontu i)areille sur tons les lienx .,^,thority over all places purchased aclietes avec le consentement de la Legislature de by the consent of the Legislature TEtat ou ils seront sitnes, pour Terectiou de forts, "f t'^e State in which the same de magasins, d'arsenanx, de cliantiers maritimes, '^^'"^^ ^*'' ^°'" ""^ "'*'^"''"" ""^ ^°^"*'' ,,,,.. , , -.^ magazines, ar.-senals, dock-yards, etdautresedihcesnecessaires;— Et ,^„,l other needful buildings ;- And Paragraphe 18, De fairs tontes les lois neces- Clause 18. To make all laws saires et convenables ponr mettre a execution les '^'^"''^^ '^^^" ^« necessary and prop- . , , . er for carrying iiito execution the pOUVOirs Cl-dessns, et tons les antres pouvoirs foregoing powers, and all other donnes par la presente Constitution au gouverne- powers vested by this Constitution ment- des Etats-Unis, ou a nn departement ou a '" the government of the United un fonctionnaire des dits Etats. ^*=^*'^"' ^'" "' ''^"^' 'i«P''i'-t"»«^»t or officer thereof. Section \X..— Paragraphe 1. Pimimgrat'ion SectioxN IX. — Clnnse 1. Tin oil importation detout€sp€rsonnesqu\mdc's]i:tats 'mrution or importation of nmh Tj , • J J . ,7 T, T .. persons as (( ny of tJie States tioic cr- actueiCement existants juqeront bon d-aamettre.ne ... i „.i,-\.„„^ ,. » > , , ^ "^ , ' istmg sltall tfaitk proper to (kIduC, sera point prohihee par le, Congres avant Vamite shall not be prohibited by the Con- 1808, viais il pourra etre impose une taxe ou gress prior to the yeur one thousa/ui droit sur la dite imi?ortation, ne depassant pas eight hundred and eight, but a tar ,. , ,, J. jr or dutu may he imposed on sudt im- aix aoUars par personne. , ,• ' . , • , . ,, t ± portatwn, not exceeding ten- dt)llars for each person. Paragraphs 2. Le jirivilege de I'ordoiinance Clause 2. The privilege of the d'habeas corpus ne pourra pas etre suspendu, si ce ^"t "^ ^^^'^^^^ corpus sJiali »ot be suspended, unless when in cases of CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 GERMAN. Clausel 16. Fiir die Organisation, Bewaffnung iind tJbung der Miliz zu soi'geii, audi solche Teile deiselben, die ini Dienste der Yeieiiiig- teii Staateu stelieii, zu comiiiandieren, indess soil den einzelneii Staateu die Ernennung der Offi- ziere uud das Eiriexercieren der Miliz uach den JJestimnuiugen des Congresses vorbehalteu sein ; Clausel 17. Die ausscldiessliclie Gerichtspflege in alien Districteu auszniiben, welclie (wenu niclit grosser als zeliu Quadratmeilen) durcli Abtretnng der respectiveu Staateu uud Auuahnie Seitens des Congresses, Sitz der Regierung der Yereinigteu Staateu werdeu und gleiclifalls dieselbe Antori- tat an alien Platzeu auszuiiben, welclie niit Zu- stimiunuii: der Leo-islatur des betreffendeu Staates, in welclieni sie liegeu, zur Erriditnng vou Fes- tungen, Magazinen, Arsenalen, Schiffswerfteu und andereu uotwendigeu Bauliclikeiteu auge- k'auft sind ; — Uud Clausel 18. Alle Gesetze zu uiacheu, welclie zur riclitigeu Ausfiiliruug der obigeu uud aller andereu Yollmacliten, welclie dnrch die Consti- tution der Regierung der Yereinigteu Staateu so wie irgend einer Abteiluno; derselben erteilt wer- den, notig und geeignet sind. Section IX. — Clausel 1. Die Eimoanderung solcher Pevsonen^ toelehe irgeml einer der Staaten zulassen mag, soil vom Congresse vor deiii Jahre 1808 nieht verhoten %oerden • aber eine Ahgahe lann von solchen Eimoanderern erhohen xoerden, welche nicht hoher als zehn Dolkirs fur jede Person sein soil. Clausel 2. Das Privilegium der Habeas Cor- pus Acta soli nicht aufgehobeu werden, ausge- NOTES. cessarily adjourn on March 3d, be- cause the term for which all the Representatives and one third of the Senators are elected, expires on that day. Sfxtion \l. — Clause 1. Under the Confederation, the ex- penses of the delegates were paid by the States they represented. If a member of Congress publish a speech which is libellous, it is said that he is not protected by his privi- lege. Section VIT. — Clause 1. The House of Representatives is more immediately dependent upon the people, and more directly rep- resents their opinions and wishes, and possesses at the same time more knowledge of the local wants of each part of the country. Clause 2. An act of Congress goes into ef- fect the day on which it is ap- proved by the President, unless the act itself appoint a different time. The object of vesting the Veto power in the hands of the Presi- dent is to serve as a check upon improper legislation. The Presi- dent would be likely to view a bill differently from Congress because of the difference in the nature of liis office and in the mode of his appointment. The Veto power may be useful in resisting encroachments of the Legislature upon the other depart- ments of Government, and in pre- venting immature and hasty legis- lation. N.B. — The italicized clause is obsolete. Clause 3. The object of this provision is to prevent Congress from evading the 46 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRKNCII. KNGLISir. n'est lorsque, en cas de rubellion on d'invasion, le rebellion or invasion the public saint public ponrrait Pexiger. '""^'^^ °^^-^' ^^'i""*^ *'• Paragra].>he 3. II ne pourra etre passe aucnne Clanm?,. No bill of attainder or loi pronon9ant la inort civile on ayant nii eifet fixpost-facto law shall be passed, retroactif. Paragraphe 4. II ne sera point etabli de capi- CltiuKe A. No capitation or other tatlon ni aucune auti-e taxe directe, si ce n'est en '^''•*'^t ^^^ ^^^^'^ ^« l'"'l' ""•'■^^^ '" , i 1 ' 1 . proportion to the census or enu- proportion avec Je recensenient on uenouibrenient \. . . , , i- „„f„.i *„ 1 r meration herembetore directed to qui doit etre fait d'apres les indications phis haut \y^ taken. cnoncees. Paragraphed. II ne sera etabli aucune taxe C^. No preference shall be donnee par rcglement de commerce on de douane s'^en by any regulation of com- 1' t>i i. 1? 4. 4. „. merce or revenue to the ports of aux ports d un Etat sur ceux d im auti-e ct an- ^^ ^ ^, , „ '■ ji *'"® state over those of another ; cun navire a destination on en partance dun nor shall vessels bound to, or from, £tat, ne sera tenu d'entrer, de sortir, on de payer one State, be obliged to enter, clear, des droits dans un autre. o»" V^y <^"ties in another. Paragraphe 7. II ne pourra etre retire d'argent Clause 7. No money shall be d\i tresor, qu'en consequence d'a])propriations <^^''^^^" ^'""^ ^^^ treasury but in _ ., 1 • . •! 1 !• ' 1 4. ' consequence of appropriations made faites par une loi ; et il sera public de temps a , ' ^ , 1 ' ^ ^ by law ; and a regular statement autre un etat regulier et nn compte des recettes ^^^^ account of the receipts and et des depenses de toute nature du tresor public, expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. Paragraphe 8. Nul litre de noblesse ne sera cjAmHe 8. No title of nobility accorde par les l£tats-Unis; et aucune personne shall be granted by the United occupant nn emploi salarie on un poste de con- states: And no person holding any „ , . •,> 1 office of profit or trust under tliem, fiance sous leur autorite, ne pom-ra, sans le con- ^^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,^^ sentement du Congres, accepter ni present, ni congress, accept of any present, gratification, ni fonction, ni titre, de quelqne na- emolument, office, or title, of any ture que ce soit, d'ancun roi, prince, ou etat etran- 1^'"^ whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state. ger. Section H.— Paragraphe 1. Aucun £tat ne Section X. — naw*^ 1. No State pourra COnclure de traite, d'alliance, on de con- shall enter into any treaty alli.ince ' , , . Ill 1 1 or confederation; grant letters of federation ; accorder des lettres de marque on de CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 47 GERMAN. nommen in Fallen, wo llevolution oder Krieg es notig niachen. Clausel 3. Hochverrat soil niclit mit Schan- dnng der Familie bestraft werden nnd kein Crini- inalgesetz soil riickwirkende Kraft liaben. Clausel 4. Keine Kopfstener oder andere di- recte Abgabe soil erlioben \verden, M'enn niclit itn Yerhaltiiiss znr Zalil der Bevolkernng. Clausel 5. Kein ZoU oder Abgabe soil von Waaren, die von einem Staate nacli eineni an- deren gesandt werden, erlioben werden. Clausel 6. Kein Staat soil vor einem anderen Vorteile in Betreff von llafenabgaben liaben, audi sollen Scliiffe, die von eineni Staate znm anderen faliren, niclit notig liaben, in deni an- deren zn deelarieren, clarieren oder Abgaben zu zahlen, Clausel 1. Gelder konnen ans dein Staats- scliatze nnr in Folge von Gesetzbestinimnngen gezogen werden and eine genane Aufstellnng aller Einnahmen nnd Ansgaben soil von Zeit zu Zeit veroffentliclit werden. Clausel 8. Kein Adel soil von den Yei-einiif- ten Staaten verliehen werden nnd Niemand, der ein Amt unter der Regierung bekleidet, soil ohne Zustimmnng des Congresses ein Gesclienk, eine Belolinnng, ein Atnt oder einen Titel von irgend einem Konig, Fiirsten oder fremden Staate annelimen diirfen. Section X. — Clausel 1. Kein Staat soil Ver- trage oder Biindnisse abscliliessen ; Kaperbriefe ausstellen ; Geld pragen ; Staatspapiere ausge- NOTES. Veto power, by passing a law un- der some other name. The President has no Veto power on a question of adjournment. Section VIII. Tlie grant of a power to Con- gress, b}' the Constitution, does not of itself imply that the States are prohibited from exercising the same. It is the actual exercise of a power by Congress which re- stricts the States. Powers whicli may be exercised both by Congress and the States are termed concur- rent powers, as Bankruptcy ; those exercised by Congress alone are termed exclusive powers, as Com- merce. Clause 1. It has been a subject of frequent discussion whether the words '* to pay the debts and provide for tlie common defence and general wel- fare of the United States " grant a separate and independent power to Congress, or whether they are used only to point out the pur- pose for which the taxes, duties and imposts are to be collected. The latter opinion is generally re- ceived as correct. Art. I., Sec. II., Clause 3, requires that direct taxes be apportioned among tlie States according to their re.spective numbers ; and Sec. IX., Clause 4 of the same article, prohibits any capitation or other direct tax, un- less in proportion to the census. A capitation, or, as it is some- times called, a poll-tax, is a tax imposed upon each head or person of the population. There are two rules, therefore, for the govern- ment of Congress in imposing taxes : 1. Tlie rule of apportion- ment. 3. The rule of uniformity. •48 CO>;STlTUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FREXCII. KXGLISH. reprosalllos; frapper des JllOIinaies ; eniettre des marque and reprisal ; coin money ; billets de credit; etablir d'autre etaloii .nonetaire ^""^ ^'"' "^ "'"^'^'^ ' ""'"^^'^ *"^' , . , , thing but gold and silver coin a ten- que lor et 1 argent pour le paiement des dettes; der in payment of debts; pass any ])asser de loi proiion9ant la iiiort civile on ayant bill of attniuder. ex-post-factolaw, im effet rctroactif, ni de loi portant atteinte anx or law impairing the obligation of eugaseineiits par conti-ats, ni accorder de titi-es de ^""tracts, or grant any title of no- f " '^ ' bilitv. noblesse. l\iragraphe 1. Aucun Etat ne pourra, sans le Claused. No state shall, without consenteiuent du Congres, etablir d'inipots on ^^^^ consent of the Congress, lay , ., , . ^ ^. 1 , ^. any impost or duties on imports or droits sur les mipoitations on les exportations, • ' ^ , . , . ^ ' ' exports, except wliat may be ab- exeepte ce qui sera absolument necessaire pour soluteiy necessary for executing its execnter ses lois d'inspection ; et le produit net inspection laws -. and the net prod- de tons droits et inipots, etablis par un Etat, sur "^'^ "^ ^^^ f^''^'^^-^ •'^'"^ impost, laid 1 . , ,. ,1 , ,• 1 i.' ' by any State on imports or exports, les importations et les exportations, sera destine : .■, \ . ^, , ., ^ ^ ^ '^ ' shall be tor the use of the treasury a Tusage dn tresor des Etats-Unis ; et tontes lois of the United states; and all such de cette nature seront souniises a la revision et laws shall be subject to the revision ail COUtrole du Congres. ^"*i control of the Congress. I\u'agr(ij)Jte 3. Isul Etat ne pourra, sans le Claused. No State shall, without consenteiuent du Congres, etablir aucun droit de "^^ ^°°'^"* «^ Con-ress, lay any ^ ^ . 1 ^ , . duty of tonnage, keep troops or tonnage, entretenir des troupes, ou des vaisseaux i-* - ... , » ' 1 - ships of-war, m time of peace, en- de guerre, en temps de paix, ni faire aucune con- ter into any agreement or compact vention ou pacte avec un autre Etat, ou avec une with another state, or with a for- puissanceetrangcre, ni s'engager dans une guerre, ^'=" powt>r, or engage m war, nn- ,,. ". , ,, ""t , . ; . less actually invaded, or in such a moms d invasion reeile, ou de danji-er si imniin- . . , : n . ^ ■♦ ' o imminent danger as will not admit ent qu'il n'admette point de delai. of delay. ARTICLE II. — Departement executif. ARTICLE II.— Executive Department. SiXTioN I. — Paragrajphc 1. Le pouvoir exe- Section l.—CUo/xe 1. The ex- cutif sera confie a un President des Etats-Unis *'°""^'" P""'"'" '^^" ^' "''^^''^ ^" * ,, . , . T -n ' • 1 r . President of the United States of d Amenque. Le President restera en fonctions America. He shall hold his office pendant un terme de quatre ans, et, conjointe- during the term of four years, and, mcnt avec le Vice-President, uomme pour le together with the Vice-President, mcmc terme, sera elu comine suit : '■''"^'^" ^°'' *''*^ ^''''"' ^^^"^' ^« *^'''=*- ed as follows : Paragraphe 2. Cliaque Etat nominera, de la ClnuHe 2. Each state siiaii ap- maniere qui sera indiqu^e par sa Legislature, un 1*°'"*' i" such manner as the Legis- , ,,,;, , , , 1 1 ' fc Ihe laws winch exist in the ordneter, iioeh irgend eiiie Person, welcbe ein state?, providing for the inspec- Anit unter den Vereinigten Staaten bekleidet, tion of flour, meat, etc., the laws soil zuin Wahbnann ernannt werden konnen. ^^ *''® ^^^^^^ ^°^ regulating their internal commerce, and those with Clausel 3. (Man bat es nicbt notig gefnnden, respect to turnpike roads, ferries, diese Clausel ins Deutscbe zu Ubertragen.) ^^^-i ^^^ '^^lid and are not within the power given to Congress to regulate commerce. The Indian tribes within a State, or in the national territories, are regarded as domestic nations, ex- ercising the powers of govern- ment, but dependent on the United States, and holding their territory only by right of occu- pancy. Clause 4. By an act of Congress, passed in 1790. a foreigner was required to reside two years in the United States before he could become nat- uralized ; in 1795, the period of previous residence was extended to five years ; in 1798, it was still far- ther extended to fourteen years ; in 1802, it was reduced to five years, where it remains at pres- ent. Any alien, being a free white person, in order to become a citi- zen of the United States, must first declare, on oath or affirmation, be- fore some national or State court, at least two years before his appli- cation for admission as a citizen, that it is his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce all allegiance to the gov- ernment of which he is a subject. This is called his declaration of in- tention. Afterward, at the time of his ap- 52 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FKENCII. ENGLISH. Cewx qui voudraient s'exercer a ecrire en t^^e greatest number of votes of iU '. ■ J J 7 • ' ,„ 7, y,., • Electors shall be the Vke-PrcsideHt. y /i(-/ifyt*oo, / i/ii" ' 2J,<^ ij there should reiiutm two or sitl/ie paragraphe. j^ore irho hare equal roles, the Sen- ate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice- Pi'esidcnt.] The foregoing Clause was repealed iii 1804. It is quoted here merely for reference. Article XII. of the Amendments re- places it in the Constitution, and is liere inserted instead of the orig- inal Clause. Amendkment, Article XII.— Les ifilectenrs se Amendment, Auticle XII.- „- .'i- i. i. i. The Electors shall meet in their reuniront dans leurs Ltuts respectifs, et vuteront respective states, and vote by ballot au SCrutill secret pour le Pl-esident et le V ice- foj. Pi-esident and Vice-President, President dont Tun, au nioius, ue devra pas etre one of whom, at least, shall not 3 . -T' i„„^ 1 ^ ,v,A.v./^ Vfnf ,l^^n c'-ji. i^be the President, if such number trrand notubre de vuix pour President, sera Je ■ ■, c ,\ , , , „. » ^ ^ . . be a majority of the whole number President, si ce nonibro rep re sen te la niajorite du ^^ Electors "appointed ; and if no nonibre total des Electeurs designes; et si per- person have such majority, then Sonne n'a obtenu la dite niajorite, alors, parini les fr.mi the persons having the high- , , 1 , 1 1 „ 1 est numbers not e.xceeding three personnes avant obtenu le plus grand nonibre de / 1 • • 11 1 °" ^ those voted for as voix, trols au plus, SUr la liste de celles pour les- president, the House of Represen- y ballot, the President. But in scnitiii secret, le rresident. Mais, en elioisissant "^'"''''"S the President, the votes . - fihail be taken by States, the repre- le President, les votes scront pnspar Ltats, la re- dentation from each state having presentation de cluu][ne Etat n'ayant qu'uiie seule one vote; a quorum for this pur- voix ; il suffira, pour cet objet, de la presence Po«e shall consist of a member or ,, 1 . 1 1 J i.' J niembers from two-thirds of the d un on phisieurs nienibres des deux tiers des _, , , • •. r n .i *^ ^ states, and a majority of all the Etats, et la inajorite de tons les Etats sera neces- states shall be necessary to a choice, saire pour qu'il y ait election. Et si la Cliatnbre And if the House of Representa- des Representants re clioisit pas de President, tives shall not choose a President 1 1 , .^ 1, 1 • • 1 • J ' 1 whenever the richt of choice shall qnand le droit den clioisir un lui sera devoJu, , , .u i * »i i _ ' devolve upon them, hefore the avant le quatrienie jour du inois de mars suivant, fourtii day of March next follow- alors le Vice-President exercera les fonctions de ing, then the Vice-President shall President, coniine dans le cas de deces on d'autre ^ct as President, as in the case of .,, j_-i_ ^- 11 1 r>''i i. T the death or other constitutional incai)acitc constitutionnclle du President. Le ,. ..,., „ ,, „ ., , „, i disability of the President. The candidat, qui aura obtenu le i)lus grand nombre person having the greatest number de voix pour la Vice-Presidence, sera le Vice- of votes as Vice-President, shall be President, si ce nombre represente la majorite du t^^e Vice President, if such number , -,11 -I'^i i 3' • ' • „• be a majority of the whole number nombre total des Electeurs desio;nes inais si ^^, •• •' . ^ "^ of Electors appointed; and if no per- personne ii'a obtenu la majorite, alors, parmi les son have a majority, then from the deux candidats avant le plus grand nombre de two higiiest numbers on the list, voix sur la liste, le Senat clioisira le Vice-Presi- the Senate shall choose the Vice- d. •! rii i. 1 • 4. J 1 ' „„ j„ President ; a quorum for the pur- ent ; il suinra, pour cet obiet, de la presence des ,. ,, . , ,• , ^ ' ' * o 1 pose shall consist of two-thirds ot deux tiers du nombre total des Senateurs, et la tj^^ ^^j^^le number of Senators, and majorite du nombre total sera necessaire pour a majority of the wliole number cette election. Mais nuUe personne constitution- s'l-'^^l ^^ necessary to a choice. But n 1. • 'T M 1 -c ^i.' „ A T> ' • 1 i. no person constitutionally ineligi- nellement ineligible aux lonctions de President, ,, , ^ ^ ,. . ,' , ,, ^ -ir T^ ^^^^ to the office of President shall ne sera eligible a celles de V ice-President des be eligible to that of Vice President Etats-Unis. of the United States. ParagrapJie 4. Le Congres pourra fixer I'e- Clanse 4. The Congress may de- poque de la nomination des Electeurs, et le jour termine the time of choosing the * ^ . A 1 , Electors, and the dav on winch ou lis devront voter ; ce jour devra etre le meme ^^^^^^. ^,^^^,i ^j^,^ ^heir v'otes ; which dans tOUte I'ctendue des Etats- Unis. day shall be the same throughout the United States. Paragraphe 5. Nul, a moins d'etre citoyen de C'^'"«<' 5. No person except a 7 5 1 J 'j J z^.< J z"" • " ' 7' ' natural-born citizen, w a citizen of j\a.iss&nce, OU a etf'c ciiot/eii des Mats- Lms a Le- ^, ,, ., , o. . ... .• ^.." ' . "^ , y^ • • "'^ L nited States at the tune of the poque de Cadoj>tton de la presente ConsUhihon, „,7,,^,;^„ ^f fj,i. Constitution, shall ne sera eligible aux fonctions de President ; et be eligible to the office of Presi- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 55 GERMAN. die Auswahl anf drei Namen beschranken nnd soUeii bei dieser Wahl die Stimmeti iiach Staa- ten abgegeben werden uiid die Vertretiing jedes Staates eine Stimme liaben; das Wahlcomite soil aus einem oder mehrereii Mitgliederii von zwei Drittebi der Staaten bestebeu nnd eine Majoritat aller Staaten soil fiir eine Wahl erforderlich sein. Falls das Abgeordnetenbans vor deni vierten Marz des folgenden Jalires niclit einen Prasi- denten erwiiiden sollte, wenn das Reclit der Wahl ihni znsteht, so soil der Vice-Prasident als Prasident handeln, ebenso wie im Falle des Todes oder danernder Unfahigkeit des Prasi- denten. Derjenige, welcher die hochste Stini- nienzahl fiir Yice-Prasident erlialt, soil Vice- Prasident sein ; falls diese Stimmen die Mehr- zalil der ernannten Wahler bilden and wenn Niemand die Majoritat besitzt, soil der Senat ans den zwei hochsten Namen anf der Liste den Vice-Prasidenten erwahlen ; das Wahlcomite zn diesem Zweck soil aus zwei Dritteln der ganzen Anzahl der Senatoren bestelien nnd eine Majori- tat der ganzen Zalil soil fiir eine Wahl erforder- lich sein. Aber Niemand, der verfassungsgemiiss znm Amte des Prasidenten unfahig ist, soil zum Yice-Prasidenten der Vereinigten Staaten er- nannt werden konuen. Clausel 4. Der Congress kann die Zeit der Wahl bestimmen, aueh den Tag, an welchem die Stimmen abgegeben werden sollen nnd dieser Tag soil derselbe in den ganzen Vereinigten Staaten sein. Clausel 5. Niemand, ansgenommen ein einge- borener Biirger, oder loer Burger der Vereinig- ten Staaten zur Zeit der Annahme dieser Gon- stitution war, kann zum Amt des Prasidenten NOTES. Clause 5. It is lawful for any person to take uncoined gold or silver to the mint in order to have it coined, free of charge, if not of less value than one hundred dollars. Clause 8. An author may have the exclu- sive right to publish his book for twenty-eight years. This privilege is called a copyright, and is renew- able for fourteen years. A person may have the exclu- sive right to manufacture and sell any machine of which he is the inventor, for seventeen years. This privilege is called a patent right, and is renewable by act of Congress only. Clause 10. The pimishment for piracy or felony committed on the high seas is death. An action is done on the "high seas," when done beyond low water mark. Clause 11. By letters of "marque and re- prisal " are meant commissions granted b}' the government to a private individual to seize and take the property of a foreign state, or of its citizens or subjects, as a reparation for an injury com- mitted by such state or its sub- jects or citizens, for which it has refused satisfaction. Reprisal means a taking in re- turn ; marque means the passing of the boundaries of a country for the purpose of such taking. Clause 13. In consequence of repeated hos- tilities upon our commerce in the Mediterranean Sea, by the Bar- 56 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH. mil ne sera eligible a ces fonctions, s'il n'a attaint dent ; neither shall any person be ,,. ^ I. ^ • „4. '„• 1 c ^,,„«.^„. „ „. „ elicible to that office who shall not 1 aire tie trente-cinq ans, et reside qiiatorze ans , ^ .:,.., - ., . . ^ ^ -^ ^ have attained to the age or tliirty- aux JlitatS- u UlS. gyg years, and been fourteen years resident witliin the United States. 27ie italicized part is obsolete. Paragraphe 6. En cas de deposition du Prcsi- <^'«"^'' «. In case of the removal , . , . 1 ' • • • -i. ' 1 of the President from office, or of dent, on de mort, demission, on mcapacite tie , . , . . ^. . ,.,.^ ' ' _ ' ^ . Ills death, resignation, or inability remplir les charges et devoirs de ses fonctions, ^^ discharge the powers and duties celles-ci seront devolnes an Vice-President, et le of the said office, the same shall Congres ponrra, par nne loi, pourvoir an cas de devolve on the Vice-President, and ,, .^. i.j''- • -L' L >r ^ the Congress mav by law provide deposition, mort, demission ou mcapacite, tant un , . ^ c ' i ^ .i t^ ' ' i ' for the case of removal, death, re- President que du Vice-President, declarant quel gignation, or inability, both of the fonctionnaiie agira alors COmme President, et tout President and Vice-President, de- fonctionnaire agira en consequence jusqu'ace que claring what officer shall then act ,,. .!»•.'./ • i> ' • as President ; and such officer shall I'lncapacite soit ecartee, on qu un nouveau rresi- ^ ,. ', ^._, ,. ,.,.^ f^ _ ' -i act accordingly until the disability dent SOlt ein. l^e removed, or a President shall be elected. Paragraphe 7. Le President recevra, a des Clause 7. The President shall, , 3 • . • ' ' ' i- „. „ ^ at stated times, receive for his ser- epoqnes determmees, line remuneration pour ses . ^. , . , , „ 1 ^ ' ^ , , vices a compensation which shall services, laqnelle ne devra etre ni augmentee ni j^^j^^^^^ ^^ increased nor dimin- diminuee pendant la periode pour laqnelle il aura i^hed during the period for which ete eln ; et il ne recevra durant cette periode an- lie shall have been elected, and cnn autre traitement ni des l:tats-Unis, ni d'aucun ^'"^ ^^'f not receive within that -^ period any other emolument from ■'^'''^''- the United States, or any of them. Paragrax>h^ 8. Avant d'entrer en fonctions, le Clau»e%. Before he enter on the President prctera serment on fera Taffirmation sni- execution of his office, he shall take . the following oath or affirmation : — vante :— " Je jure (ou aftirme) solennellement que .. j ^^ solemnly swear (or affirm) je reniplirai fideletnent les fonctions de President that I will faithfully execute the des Etats-Unis, et que je conserverai, protegerai office of President of the United et defendrai, de mon mieux, la Constitution des ^♦'''*'^^' ''■'"'^ ^^"' *° ^^'^ ^^'* °^ ™y ■^f f TT ■ » ability, preserve, protect, and de- fend the Constitution of the United States." Section 1 1. — Paragraphcl. Le President sera section ii.—CTj/w1. ThePre- commandant en chef de I'armee et de la marine sident shall be commander-in-chief des :fctats-Unifl, et de la milice des divers fitats, of the army and navy of the United - . . States, and of the militia of the quand celle-ci sera appelee au service actif des ,^^^^^i states, when called into the Etats-Unis; il ponrra e.xiger Topinion, par ecrit, actual service of the United states; du principal fonctionnaire de chacun des departe- lie ^lay require the opinion, in CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 57 GERMAN. NOTES. erwalilt werden ; audi soil Niemand wahlbar bary powers, commencing in 1784, sein, der iiicht das Alter von fiiiifnnddreissicr "^« H«"s^ ^^ Kepresentatives, in T 1 . 1 , 1 i T • 1 T 1 T^- 1794, resolved "that a naval force, Jahren erreiclit hat und vierzelm Jahre Em- ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ protection of the wohuei- del- Vereinigteii Staateii gewesen ist. commerce of the United states against the Algerine corsairs, ought Clausel 6. Iin Falle eiiier Amtsentsetznng des to be provided." This was tiie Prasidenten, Oder iin Falle seines Todes, seiner origin of onr navy. In 1797, three -r, . . T TT /•••! • 1 • T -nn- ^ • frigates, built in pursuance of the Resignation oder Unfaliigkeit, die Pflicliten sei- ^^^^^ resolution, were completed, nes Amtes ZU erf iillen, soil der Vice-Prasident and were named the Constitution, dasselbe iibernelimen nnd der Congress kann the United states, and the Con- dnrch Gesetze iin Falle von Entsetziing, Tod, ^^^"'^tion. They were the first T-, , . , T^ r T • 1 • 1 1 1 T-. • three vessels commissioned for our Resignation oder Lnfahigkeit sowolil des Priisi- ^.^vice and constituted the whole denten wie des Vice-Prasideiiten bestinimen, of our naval force. welclier Beanite als Prasident liandeln soil, der Clause 17. The object of this clause was to das Anit zu bekleiden hat, bis die Unfaliigkeit gehoben oder ein neuer Prasident erwahlt wor- provide a permanent and secure den ISt. location for the seat of govern- Clausel 7. Der Prasident soil zn bestimmter ment, which should not be within Zeit fiir seine Dienste eine Entschadignng erhal- ^^'^ ^'°""*^' °* ^ particular state, , , , , . . "^ the inhabitants of which mioht in- ten, welche wahrend seiner Amtsdauer weder ^^^^^ -^^ terrify Congress or^nter- erholit noch verinindert werden soil, anch soil er rupt its proceedings. M'ahrend dieser Zeit keine anderen Einkiinf te von I" the year 1800, the seat of the den Vereinigten Staaten oder einem einzelnen national government was removed j~, , . , to the city of Washington, in the Staate beziehen durfen. j^.^^^.^^ ^^ Columbia, a tract ten Clausel 8. Ehe er sein Amt antritt, soil er miles square, which had been den folgenden Eid leisten :— " Ich schwore (oder ''^'^^^ *" "''^ ^'"^''^ ^^^*^' ^^ "''' • 1 , , . • , r • 1 • 1 i 1 .11 . States of Maryland and Virginia. versicliere) liiennit reierlichst, dass ich das Amt m *• a • a t ^t^ ■ ■ / ' The portion derived from Virginia des Prasidenten der Vereinigten Staaten treu was ceded back to that state in verwalten nnd nach meinen besten Ivraften die 1846, and the District is now con- Yerfassnng der Vereinigten Staaten erhalten, be- ^'"^-^ *" ^^'^ Maryland side of the 1 ... T ^ -T -n M Potomac River. scnutzen und verteidigen will. „i * * *t, jv ^ The seat ot government had been established at Philadelphia, Pa., Section II. — Clausel 1. Der Prasident ist commencing September 5, 1774, Oberbefehlshaber der Armee nnd der Marine and May 10, 1775; at Baltimore, der Vereinigten Staaten, so wie der Miliz der December 20, 1776; at Phiiadel- , o . 11 • -r^- phia, March 4, 1777 ; at Lancaster, einzelnen Staaten, wenn solclie zn activem Dien- p^^ September 27 1777- at York ste der Vereinigten Staaten einbernfen ist; er Pa., September 30, 1777 ; at Phiia- kann von den obersten Beaniten jeder Regier- deiphia, July 2, 1778 ; at Prince- 58 COIS^STITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH. merits exccntifs, snr tout snjet relatif anx devoirs writing, of the principal officer in It r .• ■■ „*. •! „ „ 1^ ,. „ eacli of tlie executive departments, de lenrs functions rcspectives et n aura Je pou- , . ,5 ' ^ ^ ^ upon any subject relating to tlie voir d'accorder des sursis et des graces pour duties of their respective offices ; offenses envers les £tats-Unis, excepte dans les and he shall have power to grant Cas de declieance. reprieves and pardons for offences against tlie United States, except in cases of impeachment. Pararjraphe 2. II pourra, par et avec Favis et Clausc'i. He shall have power, le consentenient du Senat, conclure des traites, byand with the advice and consent -, c^ • i. ' i. of the Senate, to make treaties, pourvu que deux tiers des Senateurs presents provided two-thirds of tlie Senators soient d'accord ; et il dcsignera, et par et avec Tavis present concur ; and he shall noml- et le consentenient du Senat, noniinera les am- nate, and by and with the advice bassadeurs, les autres ministres publics et les con- ^nd consent of the Senate shall ,,. Ti/^, OA ii 1 appoint ambassadors, other public suls, les iuo;es de la Cour Supreme, et tons les V. , , , • j *«i, ' J ^ ^ ^ . , . ministers and consuls, judges of the autres fonctionnaires des Etats-Unis, a, laiiomina- supreme Court, and all other of- tion desquels il n'est pas autrement ponrvn par ficers of the United States whose les presentes, et dont la nomination sera etablie appointments are not herein other- , . •!/-(' 1 • wise provided for, and which shall par une loi ; mais le Congres pourra, par nne loi, , .,,.1111 , * x, » ' » t ' r _ ' be established by law ; but the investir a son gre du droit de nommer certains congress may by law vest the ap- fonctionnaires subalternes, soit le President seul, poiutment of such inferior officers, soit les coiirs de justice, soit les clrefs de departe- ^s they think proper, in the Presl- . dent alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. Paragraplie 3. Le President aura le pouvoir (jiaxm 3. The President shall de remplir toute vacance qui viendrait a se pro- '^^ve power to till up all vacancies duire en Fabsence du Senat, en accordant des that may happen during the recess . of the Senate bv irraiiting commis- commissions qui expiieront a la fin de la session ^ions which shaifexpire at the end suivante du Senat. of their next session. Skctiox III. — Le President devra rendre Section III. —He shall from compte de temps en temps an Congres de la situa- time to time give to the Congress tion de rUnion, et soumettre a son examen toute "^formation of the state of the ,. . , , Union, and recommend to their mesure qu il jugerait necessaire et avantageuse ; consideration such measures as he il pourra, en cas d'ui-gence, COnvoquer les deux shall jndge necessary and expedi- Chambres, on Tune d'elles, et en cas de desaCCOrd ent; he may, on extraordinary 00- entre elles sur Tepoque de leur aiournement, il ^^^'•'"^' °°"^^"'^ ^'^"^ houses, or , . either of them, and in case of dis- pourra les ajourner a telle date qu il croira con- a^,,,^,,,,^ between them with re- venable ; il recevra les ambassadeurs et les autres gpect to the time of adjournment, ministres publics ; il veillera a la fidele executiou te may adjourn them to such time CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 59 GERMAN. ungsabteilnng deren scliriftliche Meinungsans- serung in ]3ezng auf irgeiid eine in ihr liessort fallende Ano-eleo-enheit einholen nnd er soil die Macht haben, Strafsaufscliub nnd Begnadigungen fiir Yergehen gegen die Yereinigten Staaten zu gewahren, ansgenonnnen ini Falle von " Impeach- ment." Clausel 2. Er soil die Macht haben, anf den Rat nnd mit der Zustimnnmg des Senates, Yer- triige abzuscliliessen, voransgesetzt, dass zwei Drittel der anwesenden Senatoren einverstanden sind ; nnd er soil, auf den Hat iind mit der Zn- stimmnng des Senates, Gesandte und Consnln, Richter des obersten Grerichtshofes ernennen konnen, ebenfalls alle anderen Beamten der Yer- eini«:ten Staaten, deren Ernennnno; hier nicht be- sonders vorgesehen ist und welclie durch Gesetz bestimmt werden wird ; aber der Congress kann die Ernennnng soldier unteren Beamten, wenn an- gemessen, dem Prasidenten allein, den Gerichts- hofen oder den Departementschefs iiberlassen. Clausel 3. Der Pnisident soil die Macht ha- ben, alle Liicken, welche \valirend der Senats- ferien eintreten, auszufiillen, doch sollen diese Yollmacliten am Ende der nachsten Sitzung ab- 1 auf en. Section III. — Er soil von Zeit zu Zeit dem Congresse einen Bericht iiber die Yerhaltnisse der Union einreichen und seiner Beriicksichtig- ung solehe Massnahmen empfehlen, welclie er fiir iiotwendig und vorteilhaft erachtet ; er kann unter besonderen Umstiinden beide Hauser oder eins von ilinen einberufen uud im Falle einer Meinungsverschiedenheit zwischen ihnen in Bezug auf eine Yertagung kann er sie bis zu passender Zeit vertagen ; er soil Gesandte und NOTES. ton, N. J., June 30, 1783 ; at An- napolis, November 26, 1783 ; ut Trenton, November 1, 1784; at New York City, January 11, 1785 ; at Philadelphia, August 12, 1790. The inhabitants of the District of Columbia are not regarded as citizens of any State, and cannot therefore send Representatives to Congress or vote for President or Vice-President. They are liable, however, to be taxed by Congress, because the power " to lay and collect taxes " is a general one, without limitation of place ; and their local affairs are regulated by Congress. The jurisdiction of Con- gress over places purchased by the general government, with the con- sent of a State, is exclusive. The State cannot punish for offences committed there. Section IX. — Clause 1. This clause is obsolete. Before the Revolution, several of the Colonies passed laws pro- hibiting the importation of slaves ; but these laws were negatived by the British Government. Congress forbade tlie fitting out of slave vessels, March 22, 1794. One of the main objects of this clause was to enable Congress to put an end to the introduction of slaves after the year 1808, and to restrain their importation until then by a tax ; but the clause in- cludes within its language the mi- gration of other persons as well as the importation of slaves. On January 1, 1808, Congress imposed heavy penalties upon per- sons engaged in the slave-trade ; and in 1820 declared the slave- trade to be piracy, punishable with death. (See Appendix, Table E.) 60 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH. des lois, et nommera tous les fonctionnaires des i^s he shall think proper -, he shall TTfatR TTniR receive ambassadors and other pub- lic ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully execut- ed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section IV. — Le President, le Yice-President, Section- IV. — The President, et tous les fonctionnaires civils des EtatS-Unis, Vice-President, and all civil officers ,,,,., , / , . 1 of the United States, shall be re- seront deposes s ils sont accuses et convaincus de j * « • , . t . moved from office on impeachment traliison, de corruption, ou d'autres grands crimes for, and conviction of, treason, OU dclitS. bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLIj m. — Departement judiciaire. ARTICLE ill — judicial Department. Section L— Le pouvoir judiciaire des fitats- Section I.-The judicial power TT • i • ' /-I c • ^ ' i. ^ of the United States shall be vested Unis est reniis a une Cour ouprenie, et a toutes . „ /-, * j • i ^ ' m one Supreme Court, and in such cours inferieures que le Cougres pourra de temps inferior courts as the Congress may a autre civer et etablir. Les juges, tant ceux de from time to time ordain and es- la Oour Supi-eme que ceux des cours inferieures, tablish. The judges, both of the , . n .- ..VI I'i. Supreme and inferior courts, shall resteront en ronctions tant qu ils se conduiront , , , , . ^ , . , , '^ hold their offices during good be- bien, et reeevront, a epoques determinees, pour jja^.j^r, and shall, at stated times, lenrs services, un traitement qui ne pourra etre receive for their services a compen- diminue pendant la duree de leurs fonctions. nation which shall not be dimin- ished during their continuance in office. Section II. — Paragraj)he 1. Le pouvoir judi- Section U.— Clamel. The ju- ciairesMtendraatousiescas,deloiond'(:'quite,qui *^'"*^ P^'^^'" "^''"'•^ ^'^^^'"^ *^ ^'^ .. ^ 1 , ^ .. 11. 1 cases, in law and equitv, arising naitront sous la presente Constitution, les lois des ^^^^^^ this Constitution, "the laws Etats-Unis, et les traites faits, ou a faire, sous of the United States, and treaties leur autorite ; — a tous les cas affectant les ambas- made, or which shall be made, nn- sadeurs, autres ministres publics, et consuls;— a '^*''' *''^^'" a"thority ;-to all caises . 1 1, . .' ^ 1 . -T ,. . . affecting ambassadors, other public tous les cas d amiranteet de luridiction maritime; • ., , , f. „ii J ^ ministers, and consuls ; — to all — aUX contestations auxquelles auront part les cases of admiralty and maritime Etats-Unis ; — aux contestations entre deux Etats jurisdiction -,—10 controversies to ou davantage ;— entre un Etat et les citovens d'un '^^'''^' *^^ ^"'^"^ ^*''^' ''^^'^ ^' ^ - " party ; — to controversies between autre Etat; — entre les citovens de differents two or more states ,- between a Etats; — entre citovens du ineme Etat reclamant state and citizens of another state -, des terres sous des concessions de differents Etats, — hetween citizens of different CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED SPATES. 61 GERMAN. Bevollmaditigte empfangen ; er soil Sorge tra- geii, dass die Gesetze treu befolgt werden uiid soil alle Beainte der Vereinigten Staateii be- stallen. Section TV. — Der Priisident, Yice-Prasident, so wie alle Civilbeamten der Yereinigten Staa- teii sollen ilire Ainter verlieren, iiii Falle einer Anklage uiid Venirteilung wegeii Yerrat, Be- stechunir oder anderer schwerer Verbrecheii iiud Vergelieii. ARTIKEL III. — Abteilung, die richterliche Gewalt betreffend. Section I. — Die richterliche Gewalt der Ver- einigten Staaten soil ans eiueui obersten Ge- riclitshofe iind solclien niederen Gerichtshofen, welche der Congress von Zeit zn Zeit einsetzen kann, bestehen. Die Richter sowohl des ober- sten wie der niederen Gericlitshofe sollen ihr Aint verwalten, so lange sie dasselbe gut fiihren iind sollen zii bestinnnten Zeiten fiir ihre Dienste eine Vergiitung erhalten, welclie wahrend ihrer Aintsdauer nicht verringert werden soil. Section II. — Clausel 1. Diese richterliche Ge- walt soil sich erstrecken aut alle Falle, welche nnter diese Constitution, die Gesetze der Yerein- igten Staaten und Vertrage fallen ; auf alle Falle, welche Gesandte, offentliche Beanite und Con- suln betreffen ; auf alle Falle von Admii-alitats- und JVIarine-Justiz ; auf Streitfragen, in denen die Vei-einigten Staaten beteiligt sind ; auf Streitfragen zwischen zwei oder mehreren Staa- ten ; zwischen eineni Staate und Biirgern eines anderen ; zwischen Biirgern verschiedener Staa- ten ; zwischen Biirgern desselben Staates, welche Grundeigentum mit Bewilligung verschiedener NOTES. Clmise 2. The words habeas corpus mean "that you have the body." The object of this clause is to prevent illegal imprisonment. Any person who thinks liimself unlawfully confined or imprisoned, may petition a judge to be brought into open Court, in order that the cause of his imprisonment may be inquired into. Clause 3. A Bill of Attainder is a Bill passed by a Legislature, convict- ing a person of crimes and punish- ing him therefor without a regular trial. The objection to such a Bill is that it deprives the citizen ti his inalienable right of trial by jury. Ex-j)ost-facto laws are those made after the act has been done. Clause 5. This clause prevents Congress from injuring the commercial in- terests of any one of the States. Clause 7. The government of the United States cannot be sued by persons who have claims against it. Their only mode of redress is to obtain an act of Congress appropriating money from the Treasury to pay the claims. Clause 8. The political equality of all the citizens is a fundamental principle in our government. The prohibition does not extend to citizens who hold offices of profit or trust under a State. Gifts from foreign princes are sometimes sent to the President. They are deposited in the public oflices or sold by order of Congress. 62 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH, et Cntre nu Etat, on les citojens du dit fltat, et States ;— between citizens of the les etats, citoyens on sujets Strangers. ^^^^'^ ^^^^^ claiming lands under grants of different States, and be- tween a State, or the citizens there- of, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. Paragraphe 2. Dans tons les eas aifectant les Claxise 2. In all cases affecting ambassadenrs, autres iniiiistres publics, et les con- ambassadors, other public minis- 1 , 11 1 -e^, , .. , ters and consuls, and those in wliich snls, et cenx dans lesquels un Etat sera partie, a «,,,,, i ♦ *i q ^ . -^ t ' a State shall be party, tlie Supreme Com- Supreme jugera en premier ressort. Dans Court shall have original jurisdic- toUS les autres cas SUS-mentionnes, la Cour Su- tion. In all tlie other cases before preme jugera en appel, tant en point de droit mentioned,the Supreme Court shall ) . • 1. 1 i; -i. i 11 i- ^ V have appellate jurisdiction, both as qu en point de tait, sous telles exceptions et re- , , ^ , . •., i "^ (• /-, *^ '■^'^^ ^^^^ iikCi, with such excep- gles que pourra faire le Congies. tions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. Paragraphe 3. Le jugement de tous les crimes, Clmise 3. The trial of all crimes, excepte dans les cas d'accnsation publique, sera ^"""^P* '" "^^^^^ ""^ impeachment, r •. • i. 1 j-i. • i. T 1 sliall be by jury, ami such trial rait par lurv, et Je dit lUirement aura lieu dans , ,, , , u • !i, c^x . i /^ • •" ' ' , _ •> -^ _ shall be held m the btate where 1 Etat Oil les dits crimes auront ete commis; mais the said crimes shall have been quand ils n'auront ete commis dans aucun £tat, committed; but when not com- le jugement sera fait en tel lieu ou en tels lieux '"•"*'^^ '''^*'"" ^".^' ^t'^^^' *'^« *"»^ 1 /--( < , , . , 1 . shall be at such place or places as que le Congres aura desio;ne par une loi. „ ^ , , V ^■ ^ ^ or the Congress may by law have di- rected. Section III. — Paragraj)he 1. La traliison en- Section lU.— CImise 1. Trea- vers les fitats-Unis consistera seulement a susciter s°" against the United States shall i„ ^,, . ' J -• 1 consist only in levying war against la guerre contre eux, on a prendre parti pour leuis ,, . ,, '. ^, ,, .*' ^ . , ^ r r them, or m adherim,' to their eiie- ennemis, en donnant a ceux-ci aide et protection, niies, giving them aid and com- fort. Pai'agraphe 2. Nul ne sera convaincu de tra- Clnuse2. No person shall be con- hison, si ce n'est sur le temoignage de deux te- "^'^^^"^ °^ treason, unless on the 1 A . n , ^ ^ testimony' of two witnesses to the moins du meine acte nasrrant, ou sur un aveu en , , r • . ° ' same overt act, or on confession in pleine cour. open court. Paragraplie 3. Le Congres aura le pouvoir de Chnm 3. The Congress shall declarer la peine de la traliison; mais aucune have power to declare the punish- interdiction civile pour cause de traliison n'en- ment of treason ; but no attainder ,. ii'i' 1 .,«-. of treason shall work corruption of traiiiera la doelieance du sang, ni la rorfaiture, i, j * «• •♦ * ^ • r^' ' blood, or forfeiture, e.xeept during excepte duraiit la vie de la personne interdite. the life of the person attainted. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 63 GEKIVIAN. NOTES. Staateil beanspruchen und zwisclicn einem Staate, Sometimes Congress makes other oder desseii Biirgern uiid f reniden Staateii und P^^^^^^ts in return. deren Biirgern. Clausel 2. In alien Fallen, welche Gesandte, andere offentliclie Beanite nnd Consuln betreffen, so vvie in solchen Fallen, in denen ein Staat eine Partei ist, soil der oberste Gerichtshof ausschliess- licli Reclit spreclien. In alien anderen, vorlier ervvahnten Fallen soil der oberste Gerichtshof Appellations-Instanz sein, mit solchen Ausnah- men nnd nnter solchen Bedingungen, wie sie vom Congress bestimnit werden. Clausel 3. Der Process fiir alle Yerbrechen, ausgenomrnen in Fallen von " Impeachment," soil vor Geschworenen verhandelt werden nnd die Verhandlniig soil in dem Staate stattfinden, in dem das Yerbrechen begangen worden ist ; aber wenn nicht in einem bestiinniten Staate began- gen, soil der Process an solchen Platzen statt- finden, welche der Congress durch Gesetze dazu bezeichnet. Section HI. — Clausel 1. Ilochverrat gegen die Yereinigten Staaten soil nnr in einer Kriegs- erklarung gegen dieselben, oder in den Feinden zu leistendera Beistande bestehen. Clausel 2. — Niemand soil wegen Ilochverrat vernrteilt werden, wenn nicht anf Zengniss von zwei Zengen, oder anf Gestandniss vor offenem Gerichtshof e. Clausel 3. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, Hochverrath zn bestrafen ; aber keine Yernrteil- ung, wegen Hochverrats soil Familienschandnng noch Eigentiiinsverfall in sich schliessen, ausge- nomrnen, wahrend der Lebenszeit des Yerurteilten. Section X. — Clause 1. During tlie Revolutionary war, bills of credit were issued by Con- gress, and are known as "Conti- nental Money." They were issued to the amount of about $350,000,- 000, and gradually depreciated iu value till they became worthless. Charters of incorporation, grant- ed to private persons by a State Legislature, have been regarded as contracts between the corporations and the States, and they cannot therefore be altered, repealed, or impaired by the Legislature, with- out the consent of the incorporated body, unless the power to do so is reserved in the original act of in- corporation. By "Bills of Credit" is meant paper money or promises to pay issued by a State in such a way as to be used as a circulating me- dium. A legal tender is such an offer of payment as the creditor is obliged to accept or forfeit his claim to in- terest. The Supreme Court has decided that the States may pass insolvent laws, discharging contracts in cer- tain cases, in reference to future contracts, but not to those which are past. ARTICLE II.— Section I.— Clausel. Four years, the period finally agreed upon, is intermediate be- tween two years, the period for which Representatives are chosen, and six years, the period for which Senators are chosen ; so that, in one Presidential term, the House of Representatives may be twice 64 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH. ARTICLE IV.— Dispositions generales. ARTICLE IV.— General Provisions. Section I. — Foi et cuiifiance eiitieres seront Section I.— Full faith and credit J - 1 1 "C^*.„4. , „^(.^„ ,.,,1 i;^^ «,. shall be given in each State to the accordees dans cliaque htat aux actes publics, ar- ,,. '' , ,.,.., •^ T . . J J public acts, records and judicial chives et proccdlll-es JlldlCiaires de tons les autres p.^eeedings of every other state ; EtatS ; et le CoDgrCS pourra, par des lois gene- and the Congress may by general rales, prescril-e la fa90U dont les ditS actes, ar- laws prescribe the manner iu which chives et procedures pourront etre legalises, et ''''^' ^'^t^' ''''^'^' and proceedings , rr 1 ^• sliall be proved, and the effect les eftets des dits actes. thereof. • Section II. — PanKjrajplie 1. Les citoyens de Section II. — Clause 1. The chaque Etat auront droit a tons les privileges et citizens of each State shall be en- . , - . , IT -fSi. ^ titled to all privileares and immuni- iimnunites de citoyens dans les divers Etats. ^.^^ ^^ ^.^.^^^^^ .^ ^^;^ ^^^^^^^ g^^^^^ Pavagraphe 2. Toute personne accusee dans un Clmm 2. A person charged in fitat de trahison, fclonie, ou autre crime, laquelle any state with treason, felony, or ,..,.,. , . .1 . other crime, who shall flee from aura lui la lustice, et sera trouvee dans un autre . ^. j v * ^ • *i •> ' . , , justice, and be found in another Etat, devra, sur la demande de I'autorite execu- g^j^te, shall, on demand of the ex- tive de Vfitat d'ou. elle s'est enfiiie, etre livree, ecutive authority of the State from pour etre ranienee dans I'Etat qui a juridiction which he tied, be delivered up, to , . be removed to the State liaving ju- sur le crime. • j- .• **i risdiction of the crime. N.B. — Clause 3 is obsolete. Paragraphe 3. Aucune 'per^onne temie d un Clauses. No person lield toser- service ou a un travail dans un Mat, sous les lois «^ <^'" ^^^^ »" <'«* ^^'^^ «"<^'' ''*« T T. i^j , 1 ' 7 ,7 , laics thereof, escapinq into anotJier, da dit Etat.sechappantdaiis un autre, ne pourra, , „ . %. , ' . - 7 J shull, in consequence of any law or par suite d'aucune hi ou regie de cet autre, etre regulation therein, he discharged dechargee du dit service ou travail, mais devra from such service or labor, but shall etre livree, sur la reclamation d 1 -ri. i. 1 i. TT • -c ' shall guarantee to everv State in a chaqne Etat de cette Union nne tonne repu- ,,.,?. , ,. "^ ^ ■^ '■ tins Union a republican lorm or blicaine de gouvernenient, et proteger cliacnn government, and shall protect each d'en.K contre mie invasion, et anssi, snr deniande of them against invasion, and on de la Leffislatiire, ou de Texecutif (si la Legisla- application of the Legislature, or ture ne pent etre convoquee), contre toute vio- °^ *^^^ executive (when the Legis- ... X /' lature cannot be convened), against lence niteneure. domestic violence. ARTICLE v.— Droit d'Amendement. ARTICLE v. -Power of Amendment. LeCongres,qnand deux tiers decliaqnechambre '^^'^ Congress, whenever two- ,.",., , , thirds of both hon.«es shall deem it le luo-eront nocessaire, devra proposer des amende- , „,, ^ „^, „^^„^ J =5 ' r t necessary, shall propose amend- ments a la prosente Constitution, ou, SUr la de- ments to this Constitution, or, on mande des Lei!;islatures de deux tiers des divers the application of the Legislatures Etats, devra appeler nne convention pour propo- of two-thirds of the several states, , ' • 1 T. 11 shall call a convention for propos- ser des amendements qui, dans 1 un ou 1 autre .,^g amendments, which, in either cas, seront valables pour toutes fins et intentions, case, shall be valid to all intents coinnie faieant partie de la presente Constitution, and purposes, as part of this Con- lors(nrils aurontete ratiH6s par les Legislatures stitution, when ratified by the Le- , . 1 T -fS 1 gislatures of three-fourths of the detrOlS quarts des divers Etats, ou par des con- ;,.veral states, or by conventions in ventions dans trois quarts des ditS Etats, selon three-fourths thereof . as the one or que I'un ou Tautre mode de ratification pourra the other mode of ratification may etre propose par le Conjrres ; pourvu qu'aucun l'^ proposed by the Congress ; pro- , . •^'^^ c • I ' ' Tided that no amendment which amenuement qui ]>ourrait etre lait anterieurement , , • ♦ ♦! „> „ , , '^ } may be made prior to the year one a Tannee mil huit-ccnt huit n'affecte en quoi que thousand eight hundred and eight ce soil le premier et le quatrienie paragraphe de shall in any manner affect the first la neuvieme section du premier article; et qu'nn- »"'^ ^o"""*'^ ^'•''"'"^^ "^ *''« "'"♦'' -A,^ ^ •. • ' i , T section of the first article ; and that cun Etat ne soit prive, sans son consentement, do „, . „, . ■. . , „ ^ * ' 'no State, without its consent, shall son suffrage egal au Senat. be deprived of its e-iual suffrage in the Senate. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 67 GERMAN. NOTES. alle notigen Anordnuiisen nnd Bestimranngen to be accomplished. In actual uber das Gebiet oder amleres Eiijentnin der Ver- P''^^*^"^' *^'" ^^^'^""'^ ^'' '^''"''' . , ^ ,''.,.,. for tlie express purpose of votiug einigteii Staaten zii treffen und niclits in dieser ^^^ particular candidates, to do Constitution soil ZUtn Scliaden der Yereinigten which they are sometimes even Staaten oder einzelner Staaten ausgelegt werden pledged beforehand ; they are ex- I'Onnen pected to cast their votes for those candidates only, and not to exer- Section IV.— Die Yereinigten Staaten sollen ""'^^ ^''^ ^'^^^''''^ °^ ^^^^•''^ t^*^^" , , „ . . selves. It may nevertheless some- jedem emzelnen Staate dieser Union erne republi- tj^.g ^^^^^^^ ti^^t t,^^ selection kanisclie Regiernngsforra garantieren und sollen must be really made by the Eiec- jeden Staat bescliiitzen gegen Einfiille von Aussen, tors, as, for instance, in case of the so wie auf Yerlangen der Legislatiir oder der ^^^'"'"^ ^* ^^^^ «'' "^"'^ °^ *^^^ ^''^^- „ • 1 1 .. 1 /f"~n T T . 1 • 1 . didates before the election takes Execntivbehorde (rails die Legislatnr nieht em- ^^^^ berufen werden kann) gegen innere Unrulien. Each state is secured the same relative influence in the choice of President and Vice-President that it has in Congress. ARTIKEL v.— VoUmacht fur Abanderungen. Clause 3. Der Congress soil, wenn zwei Drittel beider At the election of the fourth Iliinser es ^notig finden, Andernngen an dieser P^'^sident, the electoral votes for r^ ,.. , . 11 1 fi ^ . Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Constitution VOrschlagen, oder soil anf Antrag ^.^e equal, and each received the der Legislaturen von zwei Drittelri der einzelnen votes of seventy-three Electors. Staaten, eine Yersanimlnng bernfen, urn Ander- The House of Representatives pro- iingen vorznnehinen, welclie in alien Fallen nnd ^*'^^^*^ *° ''^^^"^ ^ President. On ».. n ry 1 T 11 TT- c 1 1 ^^ -i ^hc first ballot, eight States voted fur alle Zweeke dieselbe Ivraft haben sollen, als f^^ Thomas Jefferson, six states wenn sie einen Teil dieser Constitution bildeten, for Aaron Burr, and the votes of sobald sie dureli die Legislaturen von drei Yier- t^o states were divided. There teln der einzelnen Staaten oder dnrcli offentliche "^^""^ *^'^" '^^*^^'' ^*^*^' "' ^^^ Yersaunnhingen in drei Yierteln derselben be- ^ The" balloting continued nearly statigt werden und soil die eine oder die andere a week, and thirty five ballots lYeise dieser Bestatigung vom Congresse be- """^re had, with the same result stimint werden, voransgesetzt, dass keine Aban- ""^ ^^'^ ^'■^^- '^^'^ '=°"^®®*^ "^^^ ''^''^ 1 1 T 1 '^'or^n 1 . • 1 11 ried on with violent party spirit. dernng vor deni J alire IbOb s;emacht wird, welclie -p- ,, ., .-u- , ■ 1-, iTn. » _ _ o , v.- v-i <.. Finally, on the thirty sixth ballot in irgend einer Weise Clausel eins und vier in der Thomas Jefferson received the votes neunten Abteilnng des ersten Artikels betrifft of a majority of the States and was und dass kein Staat olme seine Znstimmung seines ^'^^^^'-ed President; Aaron Burr, 1 . , Oi- 1 i • o . 1 • 1 having the next highest number of gleichen Stimmrechtes im Senate verkistig gelien ^^^^^^ ,^^^^^^ Vice-President. ^Oll. To prevent the recurrence of 08 CONSTITUTION OF TILE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. ENGLISH. ARTICLE VI. — Dispositions diverses. ARTICLE VI. — Miscellaneous Provi- sions. ParagrapJie 1. Tontes les dettes coiitractees, Clause 1. All debts contracted, et tons les engagements pris avant I'adoption de ^nd engagements entered into, be- , ' i /-( ^'i. i.' „.^. 4. , .„• „rj fore the adoption of this Constitii- a pi-csente Constitution, seront anssi valides ^. , ,, / ,., . ,„ i^ _^ ' tion, shall be as valid against the contre les Etats-Unis sous Tempire de la dite united states nnder this Constitu- ConstitUtion, que sous la Confederation. tion, as nnder the Confederation. ParagrapJie 2. La prcsente Constitution, et CUmse 2. This Constitution, and les lois des Etats-Unis qui seront faites en eonse- *l^« laws of the United States which , . . r^ ^-^ ^- . . 1 . •^' shall be made in pursuance there- quence de cette Constitution, et tons Jes traites „ j ,, * .• i , ■ , vjiiv^ii^v^ ' ^ ^ of ; and all treaties made, or which faits ou a faire sous Tautorite des Etats-Unis, shall be made, under the authority seront la loi supreme du pays; et les juges de of the United states, shall be the chaque Etat seront lies par cette loi; nonobstant s"P'eme law of the land; and the ,. . . , . , 1 /^ ^'i i' judges in ever3' State shall be bound toute disposition contraire dans la Constitution thereby, any thing in the Constitn- OU les lois d'uil Etat quelconque. tion or laws of any state to the con- trary notwithstanding. ParagrapheZ. Les Senateurs etReprosentants f^«"^<' 3. The Senators and- .. ' ,1 1 1 T ,^T' Representatives before mentioned, sus-mentionnes, et ies meinbres des diverses Le- ' ^ . , and the members of the several gislatures d'Etat, et tons les fonetionnaires exe- ^^^^^ Legislatures, and all execu- eiitifs et judidaires, tant des Etats-Unis que des tive and judicial officers, both of divers :&tats, seront tenus, par serment ou afRr- tl'^ United states and of the sev- . • 1 . • 1 ' , /^^„„i.:i.„4.' ., . eral States, shall be bound by oath mation, de soutenir la presente Constitution ; ^ . , . „ ' ' or affirmation to support this Con- mais aucune qualihcation religieuse ne sera re- stitution; but no religious test shall quise COmme titre a un emploi ou pOSte public ever be required as a qualification sous les EtatS-Uuis. to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII.— Ratification de la Constitution. ARTICLE VII.-Ratification of the Constitution. La ratification par les Conventions de neuf The ratification of the conven- Etats suffira pour retablissement de la presente *j''"'^^f "J,"^ ^^f^l fl""_/"', '|'^ Constitution entre les fitats qui Tauront ainsi ficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratlliee. ratifying the same. Fait en convention, par le consentement unanime Done in convention, by the un- des :fctat8 presents, le dix-septieme jour de sep- animous consent of the states CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 69 GEKMAN. ARTIEEL VI. — Verschiedene Bestimmungen. Clausel 1. Alle Scliulden nnd Yerbindliclikei- ten, welche vor Annaiuue dieser Constitution ein- gesansen sind, sollen dieselbe ]A.eclitso;iiltio:keit tj-esen die Vereinigten Staaten iinter dieser Con- stitution, wie gegen die friilieie Confederation liaben. Clausel 2. Diese Constitution nnd die Gesetze der Yereinigten Staaten, welche in Folge dersel- ben erlassen werden sollen, ebenfalls alle bislieri- gen und zukiinftigen Yertrage, welche unter Zu- stinimung der Yereinigten Staaten abgeschlossen werden sollen, sollen die oberste Rechtsgrundlage des Landes bilden und die Richter in irgend einem Staate sollen daran gebunden sein, unbe- schadet der etwa daniit in Widerspruch stehenden Yerfassung oder Gesetze der einzelnen Staaten. Clausd 3. Die Senatoren und Abgeordneten, so wie die Mitglieder der verschiedenen Staats- legislaturen, eben so wie alle Gerichts- und Civil- beamten der Yereinigten Staaten und der ein- zelnen Staaten, sollen durcli Eid gehalten sein, diese Constitution aufrecht zu erhalten ; aber der religiose Glanbe soil nichts mit einer Befahigung zu einem Arate oder offentlichen Yertrauenspos- ten unter den Yereinigten Staaten zu thun lia- ben. ARTIKEjL VII.— Bestatigung der Constitution. Die Bestatigung der " Conventionen" von neun Staaten soil geniigend sein, urn diese Yer- fassung zwisehen den zustimmenden Staaten in Wirksainkeit treten zu lassen. So geschehen in Yersammlung laut einstimmigen Beschlusses der anwesenden Staaten, am 17 NOTES. SHch a state of things, Congress, on December 12, 1803, proposed to the Legislatures of the States au amendment to this part of the Con- stitution, wliich was adopted by three-fourths of the States, and was proclaimed by the President as a part of the Constitution, Sep- tember 25, 1804, and therefore takes the place of the original clause as the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution. The amendment still leaves with Congress the right to elect a Pres- ident and Vice-President, where there is no election by the people ; but it changes the mode of proce- dure. The principal alterations are the following: The Electors, instead of voting generally for two persons, are to vote for one person for Pres- ident and one person for Vice-Pres- ident in distinct ballots, and sep- arate lists of the persons voted for as President and as Vice-President are to be sent to the seat of govern- ment. If no person have a majority', the House of Representatives are to elect a President from the three highest persons on the list of those voted for as President, instead of the five highest, as in the original Article. If the House of Represen- tatives, whenever the choice of a President shall devolve upon them, shall fail to choose a President be- fore the fourth day of March next following, the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional dis- ability of the President. There was no provision similar to this in the original Article. As the Constitution at first stood. a Vice-President could not be de- signated until after the President 70 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. FRENCH. tenibre, en Tan de iiotre Seigneur mil sept-cent quatre-vingt sept, et la douzieine annee de ITn- dependance des Etats-Unis d'Amerique. En foi de quoi, nous avons appose ci-apres nos signatures. George Washington, President, et Depute de la Virginie. ENGLISH. present, the seventeenth donr \iM crime capital on infamant, si ce n'est snr ^'^^^ *° *"^^"" ^°'' ^ "'''P^^*^ "'^ , . .. 1 T ^ 11 1 otherwise infamous crime, unless Ja mise en accusation on le verdict d nn o^rand , . • j- * . , » on a presentment or indictment of jlirv, excepte dans les cas SUrvenant parnii les agrandjury, except in cases arising forces de terre ou de nici-, on dans la inilice, in the laud or naval forces, or in qnand elle est en service actif en temps de guerre *''*^ '"'^'^'*'^' "■''^" *" """^''''^ ^'''■''**"' , ,1 ) T i 1 • , ^ in time of war and public dancer; et de danorer public ; et nul ne sera siiiet, pour la , ,, > iT- . o 1 ^ ' _ _ , . "or shall any person be subject mcme offense, a etre mis deux fois en peril d'exis- for the same offence to be twice tence ou de mutilation; mil ne sera force, dans put in jeopardy of life or limb; (juelque cause criminelle quo ce soit, de temoiiiner "*^'" ^^'^^^ ^^ compelled m any crim- , . ^ . ., . , , " . inal case to be a witness against contre lui-meme, 111 ne pourra etre prive de sa vie, ,. ,„ ^ . j • i «v« ' ^ 1 ' himself, nor to be deprived of life, de sa liberte, ou de ses biens, sans procedure legale liberty, or property, without due reguliere ; et nulle propriete particuliere ne pourra process of law ; nor shall private etre prise pour cause d'utilite publique, sans juste pi-^perty be taken for public use, ,• without just compensation, compensation. •' * Article YI. — Dans toutes les poursuites an Article VI.— In all criminal criminel, I'accuse aura droit a un jugement prompt prosecutions, the accused shall en- et public, rendu par un jury impartial de I'Etat joy the right to a speedy and public ,,.,.^,, . ,, ., , trial, by an impartial jurv of the ou du district ou le crime aura etc commis, lequel o. . j j- * • * i ■ *u «,;^« ' i state and district wherein the crime district aura ete prcalablement determine par une shall have been committed, which loi ; et a etre informe de la nature et du motif de district .shall have been previously Taccusation ; a etre confronte avec les temoins a ascertained by law, and to be in- 1 . • < 1 r 1 • 1 formed of the nature and cause of charoje : a recourir a la force pour produire les ,, ^. , , « » j , , , , A . / t"^ accusation ; to be confronted temoins a decharge ; et a etre assiste d'un de- ^jth the witnesses against liim ; to f enseiir. have compulsory process for obtain- ing witnesses in his favor, and to li.ave the assistance of counsel for his defence. Article VII. — Dans les proces de droit com- Article VII.— In suits at com- niun, quand la valeur en litige excedera vingt mon law, wiiere the value in con- dollars, le droit au juiiement par jury sera con- troversy sh.-dl exceed twenty dol- „ . . " , . " lars, the right of trial bv jury sh.il' serve, et aucun fait luife par un piry ne pourra , ' i „ i i ^ * ■ a u ' J ^ 1 J J t be preserved, and no fact tried oy etre autrement examine a nouveau par ancune a jmy shall be otherwise re-exam COUr des EtatS-Unis, que d'apres les regies du ined in any court of the Unite' droit commun. AMENDMENTS. 79 GERMAN. NOTES. durcli Eid bestjitigt. sein iiiiissen nnd welche den Ort so wic die betreffendeu Persouen oder Sachen genau kennzeichneii. Artikel V. — Nieinaiid soil wegen eines Article V. Capital- Oder geineinen Verbrechens vevurteilt A presentment or indictment of , • 1 , 1 1 T-» 1 I • /n a erand jury is necessary before a werden, wenn incht dnrch Bescliluss^ ernes Ge- ^^_.^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ sclnvorei)engerichtes, ausgeiiomineii in Fallen, capital or otherwise infamous crime. welche die Land- nnd Seeniacllt oder die Miliz Cases arising in the land or naval in Kriegszeiten betreffen ; audi soil Nieinand forces are exempt from this mode , , , -r-r 1 -1 -VT- . of proceeding. They are tried by wecren desselben Vero;eliens zwennal znr Verant- ^ ^^ ... 3 ^ ^. Courts-martial. wortung gezogen werden konnen ; audi soil Nie- ^ grand jury is a body of from niand in eineni Criminalfalle gezwnngen werden, twelve to twenty-four men chosen gegen sicli selbst auszusageii ; audi nidit seines ^^ ''^'^ry term of a court having T "T T-i- . ^ ' T7I M 'i. 1 criminal iurisdiction. In the State Lebens, Eio-entuins oder seiner I'reilieit onne ^ ^/ , * j i ., ' i^ courts they are selected by the den iibliclien Reclitsgang beraubt werden ; audi ^j^^j.^g . j^ t^g Federal courts, by soil kein Privateigeutuin ohne passende Ent- the marshal. Their duty is to in- sdiiidigung flir offentliclie Zwed^e in Besitz ge- q"i'-« i»to all crimes committed 1 within the iurisdiction of the court noinnien werden. . , . , ,, ^^ a- . in which they are attending. Artikel V L— In alien Cnininaltallen soil der ,j,j^g ^.^^.^^^^ ^^ t^^e grand jury are Angeklagte das Redlt ZU eineni scllleunigen Und private. They examine under oath offentlidien Verfaliren liabeii, vor eiiier unpartei- the party making the charge and • 1 T • 1 Oi. i 1 1 "o ^ ,*.,„ :„ his witnesses. They do not hear isdien Jury in dem btaate und der rrovmz in . . , ^ t^. , ^ . anv witness m deience. It twelve wddien das Verbredien begangen worden ist ; of "the jurors believe that there is dieser District soil vorher durcli Gesetz festge- sufficient evidence of guilt, the ac- stellt und der Angeklagte iiber das Wesen und cused is put on trial in court before dieUrsad.e der Anklnge aufgeklart werden ; er a petit jury of twelve men. soil mit den Zeugen gegen ihn confrontiert wer- Article VI. den, es soil ilim die Besdiaffung von Zeugen zu The impartiality of the jury is seinen Gunsten gewalirt werden und er soil den ^"^ther secured by a right which , ^ . the prisoner has, by law, to clial- Beistand eines Advocaten zu seiner Verteidigung ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^ to such jurors as Laben. have formed and expressed an Artikel YII. — In ocenieinen Reclitsfallen, in opinion about his guilt, or are weldien das Streitobiect den Wert von zwanzig otherwise disqualified to sit as *^ ivirors. Dollar iibersteigt. soil das Reclit des Scliwurge- riclits erlialten werden ; und kein Fall, der durcli Jury entscliieden ist, soil von irgend einem Ge- riclitsliofe der Yereinigten Staaten in anderer Weise verliandelt werden, als in Ubereinstim- 8Q AMENDMENTS. FKENCH. ENGLISn. States than according to the rules of the common law. Article YIII, — II iie sera point reqnis de can- Article VIII. —Excessive bail tion excessive, ni impose d'aniendes excessives, ni ^^^^^^ "'^*' ^« required, nor excessive .,,.,,,.. 1 ^ • • ' fines imposed, nor cruel and unu- intiige de chatwnents crnels et mnsites. ^^^^i punishments inflicted. Article IX. — L'enninoration de certains droits Article IX.— The enumeration dans la presente Constitution, ne pourra pas ctre "» the Constitution of certain rights, ^ , , . 1 • • shall not be construed to deny or interpretee coninie une negation on nne dnnniu- disparage others retained by the tion d'autres droits retenns par le penple. people. Article X. — Les pouvoirs non delegues anx article X.— The powers not fitats-Unis par la Constitution, ni enleves par delegated to the United States by elle anx Etats, sont reserves aux divers Etats, ou "'" Constitution, nor prohibited by . it to the States, are reserved to the au penple. States respectively, or to the peo- ple. Article XL — Le poiivoir judiciaire des fitats- Article XL— The judicial pow- Unis ne sei-a pas interprcte connne s'etendant a ^^ °^ *^'*^ United states shall not 1 .^ . •,' . be construed to extend to any suit aucun proces en droit ou en eqnitc, connnence ou . , .. , I _^ ^ ' in law or equity, commenced or poursuivi contre un des Etats-Unis par des citoj'- prosecuted against one of the Uni- ens d'nn autre Etat, ou par des citoyens ou sujets ted States by citizens of another dun etat etr'nioer State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. Article XII. — Yoyez page 52. Article XII.— See page 53. Article XIII. — Section 1. Ni csclavasje, ni Article -Kill.— Section 1. Nei- servitude involontaire, sauf conune chatinient ^^'^"^ ^^'■^^'^ "«'" ^^^^ol^^tary ser- . , , ,^ vitude, except as a punishment for d un crime, dont la personne aura ete dument ^^.^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ t,,^ p^^^^,^ ,l,^„ convaincue, n'existera dans les limites des Etats- have been duly convicted, shall I'liis, ni dans aucun lieu sujet a leur juridiction. exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdic- tion. Section 2. Le Congres aura le ponvoir d\assnrer s<'ction 2. Congress shall have Texecution de cet article par une legislation a cet power to enforce this article by ap- gffg|. • propriate legislation. Article XIV. — /S J. rr 1 1 i ■• • i -tT 1 date of the entire abolition of Sla- cler ±>etreiienae reclitniassior vei-urteilt worden ^, i m tt •* i a. . => very throughout the United states. ist. Section 2. Der Congress soil die Befugniss ha- ben, diesen Artikel durcli angeniessene Gesetz- gebung zu erzwingen. Artikel XIY. — Section 1. Alle Personen, wel- Article XIV. die in den Yereinigten Staaten geboren oder dort This amendment became a part naturalisiert sind, sind Biirger der Yereinigten of the Constitution, July 21st, 1868. Staaten und des Staates in welclieni sie wolinen. Kein Staat soil Gesetze erlassen und erzwiniren. 82 AMENDMENTS. FllKNCIT. ENGLISH, leges OU iinnilUUtes ■ i , 1 • 1 numbers, counting the whole nnm- des personnes dans chaqne Etat, a rexclnsion des bar of persons in each State exclud- Jndiens non imposes. Mais lorsque le droit de ing Indians not taxed. But when voter a nne election qiielconqne pour le cboix the right to vote at any election for , fii ^ 1 1^ ' • 3 i. i. 1 'XT' T> ' 'J 4. the choice of Electors for President des Electenrs du President et du Vice-rresident , ^^. ^ . , . ^ ., tt ■. , , and Vice-Fresident or the United des EtatS-Unis, des RepresentantS auCongres,des states, Representatives in Congress, fuiictionnaires executifs ou judiciaires d'un Etat, the executive or judicial officers of a on des inenibres de la Legislatui-e d'un Etat, sera State, or the members of the Legis- ,. , . 1 1 1 •, , ^ Ai 1 , i"^, . A , lature thereof, is denied to any of refuse a des habitants males de cet Etat, ages ^, , • i i •. * « i o/. " the male inhabitants of such State, de vingt-et-un ans et citoyens des Etats-Unis, ou being twenty-one years of age and restreint ])our line raison quelconqne excepte pour citizens of the United states, or in iiarticipation a line rebellion ou a iin autre crime, ^"^ ^^'^^ abridged except for parti- , , . . ' , ,• 1 IT. tV,^ i cii)ation in rebellion or other crime. la base de la representation dans le dit Etat sera ., , • ^ * ♦• *i • r the basis of representation therein reduite en proportion du rapport entre le nombre shall be reduced in the proportion des dits citoyens males et le nonibre total des which the number of such male citovens males ages de vingt-et-un ans dans le dit <='"^ens shall bear to the whole -A * number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. Xiil ne pourra etre Senateur ou Re- Section 3. No person shall be a presentant an Congres, ou Electeur pour le Presi- Senator or Representative in Con- dent ou le Vice-President, ni occuiier iin emploi P'^^^' «»• Elector of President or , ... .!• • ^^ • ' 1 Vice-President, or hold anv office, quelconqne, civil ou imlltaire, sous 1 autorite des eivil or military, under the'United fitats-Unis, ou d'un Etat quelconqne, si, apres states, or under any state, who, avoir prete serment romme membre du Congres, having previously taken an oath as oucommefonctionnaiie des Etats-Unis, oucomme ^ "i»^'»ber of Congress, or as an -_ , . , ,,^ „ officer of the United States, or as a membre d nne Legislature d Etat, ou comme fonc- ^^^-^^^ ^^ ^^^^. ^^^^^ Legislature, tioimaire execntil" on judiciaire d'un Etat, de sou- or as an executiveor judicial officer AMENDMENTS. 83 GERMAN. NOTES. welclie die Yorrechte unci Frivilegien von Blir- geni der Vereinigteii Staaten verkiirzen ; audi soil Iceiii Staat Jemanden an Lebeii, Freiheit und Eiorentuin oline anoremesseues Gerichtsverfahren strafen ; audi Niemandem iiinerhalb seiner Ge- richtsbarkeit den Schutz der Gesetze verweigern. Section 2. Abgeordnete sollen von den ver- seliiedenen Staaten ini Verlialtniss zu der be- treffenden Einwolinerzahl ervvahlt werden, indein die Gesammtzahl der Einwohner, ausscbliesslieh der niclit besteuerten Indianer, zu Grunde gelegt wird. Aber wenn das Iledit bei einer Walil zur Ernennung von Wahlern fiir Priisident und Vice- Prasident der Yereinigten Staaten, Congressmit- glieder, offentlidie oder geriditlidie Beamte eines Staates, oder Mitglieder der gesetzgebenden Ver- sanimluno; ii-o-end welchen der niannlidien Ein- wohner seiches Staates, weldier einundzwanzig Jalir alt und Biirger der Vereinigten Staaten ist, verweigert oder in irgend einer Weise verkiirzt wird, ansgenommen wegen Teilnalime an Aufruhr oder auderen Verbredien, so soil die Anzahl der Abgeordneten in demselben Verhaltnisse, in vvel- cliem die Zahl soldier mannlidier Einwohner zur ganzen Zahl der im Alter von einundzwanzig Jahren in dein betreffenden Staate sich beiinden- den steht, verringert werden. Section 3. Nieniand soil Senator oder Congress- initglied, oder Wahlmann fiir Prasident oder Vice-Prasident werden konnen, oder ein Civil- oder militarisdies Anit unter den Vereinigten Staaten, oder einem einzelnen Staate bekleiden konnen, weldier, nachdem er den Eid als Con- gressmitglied, Beaniter der Vei'einigten Staaten, als Mitglied einer Staatslegislatnr, oder als offent- liclier oder geriditlidier Beainter eines Staates, 84 AMENDMENTS. KKKXCII. ENGLISH. teiiir la Constitution des Etats-Unis, il a pris part of a»y State, to support tlie Consti- '1 ir t. ^ tution of the United States, sliall II une insurrection on a une rebellion eontre Jes , , . . ^ have engaged m insurrection or (lits Etats, on (ionn6 aide et protection anx enne- rebellion ;igaiust the same, or given mis des ditS EtatS. Mais le Congres pourra, par aid or comfort to tlie enemies tliere- nn vote des deux tiers de chaque clianibre, ecarter «f- »"* Congress may, by a vote ,, • .. ' of two-thirds of each house, remove cette mcapacite. , ,. , .,. ^ such disability. Section 4. La validite de la dette pnbliqne des Section 4. The validity of the ^tats-Unis, antorisee par la loi, y conipris les P"^'>« ^""^^ °^ *^»« ^'^^^^ ^t'^''^''' , , 1 • T • authorized by law, including debts dettes contractees pour le paienient de pensions .^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^^^^ ^^ p^^^^j^,,^ et de primes d'eno;;igement pour services rendus and bounties for services in sup- dans la suppression d'uno in.suri'ection on rebellion pressing insurrection or rebellion, eontre les Etats-Unis, no sera pas mise en qnes- sl'aH "ot be questioned. But nei- Vr • • 1 T> f • • -is^ ^ ther the United States nor any SUite tion. Mais ni les Etats- 1 nis in aucun Etat ne , ,, ; , ^ shall assume or pay any debt or pourra assumer on paver une dette ou obligation obligation incurred in aid of insnr- quelconque contractce pour venir en aide a Tin- rection or rebellion against the surrection ou a la iv])ellion eontre les Etats-Unis, United States, or any claim for the , , . .^ 1 i^ 1? ' loss or emancipation of any slave; III reclanier (luoi one ce soit pour la perte ou 1 e- , ,, , '^ ... ,. ' ^ ^ ' ' ' . but all such debts, obligations, and mancipation (Tun esciave <|uelconque ; mais tontes claims shall be held illegal and dettes de ce genre, obligations et reclamations, void, seront tenues pour illcgales, nuUes et non ave- nues. Section 5. Le C^ongr«''s aura le ]>ouvoir de faire Section 5. Congre.ss shall have exccuter, par legislation appropi-iee, les disposi- V^"^^^ to enforce, by appropriate , , ^ .^- 1 lesrislation, the provisions of this tioiis (In i>rcseiit article. ^^. , ' article. AurrcLK XV. — Section \. Le droit des citov- Akticle XV.— Section 1. The ens des Ktats-Unis de vote, ne pourra etre refuse "fe'l'ts of citizens of the United - • ,. 1 -gi. i. TT • • 1>i. 1. States to vote shall not be denied ni restremt i»ar les Etats-Unis, ni iiar nn Etat , , ,x . ■■ „ ' or abridged by the United States, quelconqne, pour cause de race, Couleur, on con- or by any state, on account of race, (lit ion prcalable de servitude. color, or previous condition of ser- vitude. Section 2. Le ('ongres aura le ponvoir d'assnrer Section 2. Congre.ss shall have Texecution du present article par une legislation power to enforce this article by ap. i ont. f.flfeL piopriate legislation. AMEIsDMENTS. 85 GERMAN, XOTE8. geleistet liat, die Vei-fassuiig der Yereinigten Staateu aufreeht zu erlialteii, sich an Aufruhr uiid Rebellion gegen dieselben beteiligt oder den Feinden derselben lliilfe und Beistand geleistet hat. Jedoc'h kann der Congress durcli das Votuni von zwei Diitteln jedes llauses solche Unfahig- keit beseitigen. Section 4. Die Reciitsgiiltigkeit der offent- lichen Schuld der Yereinigten Staaten, welche durch Gesetz festgestellt ist, einschliesslich der Yerpflichtnngen, welche fiir Zahhuigen an Pen- sionen und Praniien fur Dienste in Unterdriick ung von Aufruhr und Rebellion eingegangen sind, soil nicht in Frage gestellt werden. Aber weder die Yereinigten Staaten noch ein einzelner Staat sollen Schulden oder Yei-pliichtungen an- erkennen, oder bezahlen, welche zur Beihiilfe an Aufruhr und Rebellion gegen die Yereinigten Staaten oder flir irgend einen Ansprueli w^egen Yerlust oder Befreiung eines Sclaven eingegan- gen sind; und sollen alle solche Schulden, Yer- pflichtnngen und Anspruche fur ungesetzmassig und nichtig erklilrt werden. Section 5. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, durch angemessene Gesetzgebung die Ansfiilir- ung dieses Artikeis zu erzwingen. Artikel XY. — Section 1. Das Stimmrecht der Article XV. Biiro-er der Yereinigten Staaten soil weder durch This amendment was ratfitd die Re«'-ieruno- der Yereinigten Staaten noch eines March oOth, 1870. einzelnen Staates verkiirzt, oder erschwert wer- den, wegen Race, Farbe oder friiherer Kneclit- schaft. Section 2. Der Congress soil die Macht haben, die Durchfiihrung dieses Artikeis durch ange- messene Gesetzgebung zu erzwingen. APPENDIX. Table A. The rank of the States in population, iu 1790, was as follows: 1 . Virginia. 2. Massachusetts. 3. Pennsylvania. 4. North Carolina. 5. New York. 6. Maryland. 7. South Carolina. 8. Connecticut. 17. 9. New Jersey. 10. New Hampshire. 11. Maine. l;i. Vermont. Tennessee. 13. Georgia. 14. Kentucky. 15. Rhode Island. 10. Delaware. In 1880, the rank and the apportionment of Representatives was as follows; 1. New York 84 a. Pennsylvania .... 28 3. Ohio 21 4. Illinois 20 5. Missouri 14 6. Indiana 13 7. Massachusetts... 13 8. Kentucky 11 9. Michigan 11 10. Iowa 11 11. Texas 11 12. Tennessee 10 13. Georgia 10 14. Virginia 10 1.5. North CaroHna . 9 IH. Wisconsin 9 17. Alabama 8 18. Mississippi 7 19. New Jersey 7 • SiO. E[B,nsas 7 21. South Carolina . . 7 22. Louisiana (J 2:i. Maryland (i 24. California 6 25. Arkansas 5 20. Minnesota .") 27. Maine 4 28. Connecticut 4 29. West Virginia... 4 30. Nebraska o 31. New Hampshire.. 2 32. Vermont 2 33. Rhode Island 2 34. Florida 2 35. Colorado ... 1 3(i. Oregon 1 37. Delaware 1 38. Nevada 1 Table B. Q UAUFICATIONS. Representative Senator , President Vice-President How long a citizen.' Must be an inhabitant. 7 years. 9 years. Natural born. Natural born. When and where elected. When and where elected. 14 years in United States. ] 4 years in United States. Table C. List of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents. No. President. State. Term of office. By whom elected. , Vice-Presidents. 1. 2. .3. 4. 5. (i. 8. 9 George Washington . . . John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams.. Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren .... William H. Harrison.. John Tyler James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes.. James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur G rover Cleveland Benjamin Uarrison . . . Virginia Massachusetts. . . Virginia Virginia Virginia Massachusetts. . . Teimessee New York Ohio Two terms; 1789-1797 One term; 1797-18U1 Two terms; 1801-1809 Two terms; 1801M817 Two terms; 1817-1825 One term ; 1825-1829 Two terms ; 1829-1S:;7 One term ; 1837-1841 One month ; 1841 Whole people. Federalists.. . Rcpiiblicans.. Republicans. . All parties . . . House of Rep. Democrats . . . Deraocrflts . . . Whigs Whigs Democrats . . . Whigs Whigs Democrats . . . Democrats . . . Republicans.. Republicans. . Republicans. . Republicans.. Republicans.. Republicans.. Democrats . . Republicans. . John .\dams. Thomas Jeflfcrson. j Aaron Burr. ) George Clinton, j George Clinton. 1 Elbridge Gerry. Danie! D. Tompkins. John C. Calhnun. ( John C. Calhoun. "( .Martin Van Buren. Hichiird M. Johnson. John Tyler. George M. Dallas. Millard Fillmore. William R. King. J. C. Breckinriiige. 1 Hannibal Hamlin. 10. 11. 12. la. 14. 15. 16 Virginia Ti'nnessee Louisiana New York New Hampshire. Pennsylvania .. . Illinois 3 years 11 months : 1841-1845. One term ; 1845-1849 1 vear 4 months; 1849-1850. . 2 years 8 months : 1850-1853. One term ; 1K");+-1S57 One term : 1857-lWil One term, 1 month; 1861-1865. 3 years 11 months; 1865-1809. Two terms; 18()9-1S77 One term ; 1877-1881 6 months 15 days ; 1881 3 years 5 months 15 days ; 1881-1885 17. 18. 19 Tennessee Illinois Ohio 1 Andrew Johnson. ( Schuyler Colfax. '( Henry Wilson. William A. Wheeler. 20. 21. Ohio New York New York Indiana Chester A. Arthur. 9? One term. 1885-1889 Thomas A. Hendricks, 2:j. Levi P. Morton. APPENDIX. TABLE D. Hiatorinal Tabic of the United /States and Territo- ries, showing the date of ornanizaiion of Terri- tories and the date of admission of new IStates into the Union. Civil Divisions. THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. New Hampshire Massachusetts . . Rhode Island . . . Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania . . . Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina . South Carolina. . Georgia STATES ADMITTED. Kentucky Vermont Tennessee Maine Texas West Virginia . PUBLIC-LAND STATES AND TERRITORIES. States. Ohio Louisiana Indiana Mississippi Illinois Alabama Mis-souri Arkansas Michigan Florida Iowa Wisconsin California Minnesota . . . . Oregon Kansas Nevada Nebraska Colorado Territories. Wyoming New Mexico Utah Wasliington Dakota Arizona Idaho Montana Alaska Indian Territory District of Columbia. . . \ Act organizing Territory. March 3, May 7, April 7, Feb. :}, March 3, June 4, March 2, Jan. 11. March 30, June 13, April 20, 180.5 ISOO iTiiy 1809 1817 1812 1819 1S0.5 1822 1838 1836 March 3, 1849 Aug. 14, 1848 May 30, 18.54 March 2, 18K1 May 30. 1854 Feb. 28, 18tjl Act admitting State. July 2.5, Sept. 9, Sept. 9, March 2, March 2, Feb. 24, March 3, May 26. July 27, 1868 1850 18.50 1853 1861 1863 1863 1864 1868 July 16, 1790 March 3, 1791 Feb. 4. 1791 Feb. IS, 1791 June 1, 1796 March 3, 1820 Dec. 29, 1845 Dec. 31, 1862 April 30, April 8, Dec. 11, Dec. 10, Dec. 3. Dec. 14, March 2, June 15, Jan. 26, March 3, March 3, March 3, Sept. 9, Feb, 26, Feb. 14, Jan. 29. March 21, Feb. 9, March 3, 1802 1812 1816 1817 1818 1819 1821 1836 1837 1845 1845 1847 1850 1857 1859 1861 1864 1867 1875 TABLE E. Number of Slaves. 1790 <''i>'!',6»7 1800 893,041 1810 1,191,364 1820 1,538.022 1830 2,009,043 1840 2,487.455 1850.' 3,204,313 1860 3,953,760 Abolition of Slavery. Maine (part of Massachusetts), 1780. Vermont, 1777. Massach 11 .setts, 1780. Rhode Island. . j ^ . ^^j,^, abolition, having a few in 1S40. Connecticut . . . ( New York, gradual, commencing 1799. Abolition entire in 1827. New Jersey, gradual, 1804. In 1850 had 236. Pennsylvania, gradual, 1780. In 1840 had 64. Maine. New H.anipshire. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota. Kansas, Colorado, Ne- braska, California and Oregon never legalized Slavery. The Slave States, in 1860, were Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Flor- ida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and Arkansas. West Virginia was sep- arated from Virginia in 1862. Slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia, April 11, 1862, $1,000,000 being appropriated for compensation. Slaves of Secession-masters were emancipated Jar.unry 1, 1863. as the effect of President Lincoln's proclamation of September 22, 1862. December 18, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified by the required miijority of States, and from that date Slavery was abolished through- out the United States. H 33 89 '■ 4 'k.