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 14. PRACTICAL GYMNASTICS WITHOUT A TEACHER. 
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 systems of physical training for the systematic development 
 of the body. This little manual is the result of his years of 
 experience 50 
 
SPALaDING'S 
 
 HANDBOOK j^^o 
 
 SPORTING RULES 
 
 TRAINING. 
 
 CONTAINING FULL AND AUTHENTIC CODES OF RULES GOV- 
 ERNING ALL POPULAR GAMES AND SPORTS. 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 GEO. H. BENEDICT, 
 
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PREFACE. 
 
 The remarkable success of Spalding's Library of Athletic 
 Sports and its very general recognition as a national authority 
 on all matters connected with the subjects of which they treat, 
 suggested the publication of this the thirteenth number of the 
 Library of Athletic Sports. The rules and descriptions which 
 it embodies, are gathered for the purpose of supplying a thor- 
 ough knowledge of any sport in which the reader is liable to be 
 called upon to participate, to referee, or to render a decision in 
 any capacity. The laws for the different sports are intended to 
 cover all disputed points, and we desire to see them adopted by 
 common consent of athletes, and athletic clubs. Before sign- 
 ing articles for a contest of any kind, each participant should 
 be particular to become familiar with some certain rules and 
 see that the papers contain a clause to the effect that those 
 rules are to govern the match; by so doing the chances of dis- 
 agreement or an unsatisfactory termination will be very slight 
 compared to a decision given simply on the judgment of the 
 referee. 
 
 The object of this book is not to give all the various codes or 
 rules adopted by the various societies under different names, 
 but to give one reliable set of rules governing each prominent 
 sport. Respectfully, 
 
 The Publishers. 
 
WHY ATHLETIC SPORTS 
 
 ARE A HYGIENIC NECESSITY. 
 
 THEIR INFLUENCE ON HEALTH. 
 
 Health is that condition of bodily perfection, which enables 
 us to perform our natural functions easily and happily ; a per- 
 fect working of the entire structure and parts, of which the 
 body is composed. 
 
 If these essential conditions do not exist in our bodies, then 
 disease takes the place of health. The question most im- 
 portant to every person, therefore, is how to acquire those 
 necessary conditions, in fact, " how to be healthy." 
 
 The science of hygienics teaches us that there are three in- 
 dispensable conditions necessary to the enjoyment of perfect 
 health. They are ;pure ai)\ proper food^ and exercise. 
 
 Air is free to all, and its quality is much more apt to be pure 
 and healthy than food or drink. 
 
 Food^ though not so free as air, is perhaps better understood 
 in regard to its quality than temperance. Intemperance, both 
 in eating and drinking is one of the most serious causes of ill 
 health. Simple food, without spices or stimulants, in moderate 
 quantities, is healthier, and practicable to all. 
 
 Exercise purifies the blood, improves the action of the heart 
 and lungs, and puts the whole organism in better working 
 order. It is of equal importance with air and food. Exercise 
 must have air during the time it is being taken ; it must have 
 food after it has been taken. The first is secured by an irresis- 
 tible inclination to breathe freely and deeply, while exercise is 
 progressing. The desire for food is caused by the cravings of 
 the appetite, improved by the action of the nutritious organs, 
 during the period of exercise. 
 
 The question, then, of most importance to all, either in 
 search of health or who desire to retain perfect health, is, how 
 to get the best and most beneficial exercise, in the most certain, 
 safe, and pleasant manner. 
 
 Athletic sports, as they are now patronized in nearly all the 
 larger and settled communities, furnish the best iijfluence by 
 which to mould the physical system. The practical athletes 
 are, to the rest of the world, the standards of physical excellence 
 and the reminders of their physical duties. 
 (6) 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. 7 
 
 This is a question that our best educational instituiions have 
 considered and set led in the alfirmative, and one that every in- 
 dividual should consider and settle for himself. In the battle 
 of life six hours of close confinement to business, to mental la- 
 bor will use up as much vital strength as does a whole day's 
 work of inanual labor. 
 
 Recreation and exercise are the best recuperators for this 
 daily loss of vital itv. They furnish to the physically weak a 
 means of gaining strength and acquiring muscular develop- 
 ment. They relieve the deadening "grind" of daily labor, by 
 a period of healthy enjoyment. 
 
 TRAINING. 
 
 The term •' out of condition " in a popular sense moans, that 
 the muscles of the body aie'not in a state to allow of the per- 
 formance of severe, sudden, or difHcult fea's of strength or en- 
 durance. The difference between " in training " and "out of 
 condition " in one state that of too little exercise fat accumu- 
 lates around the muscle and impedes its |)erfect action, or the 
 muscular fibers m ly even degenerate into fat. In training, 
 however, the opposite condition is obtained. The quantity and 
 hardness of the muscle is increased, the fat depo-ited in :i 
 period of quietude is absorbed, and the muscle is to be felt 
 hard and firm beneath the skin. The consequence is, the 
 amount of strength witliin the muscle is increased as is evident 
 by the increased power and capacity to execute muscular feats 
 which were previously impossible. _ ^^ 
 
 The object of traini^g is to enable the |>erson "in training' 
 to put his physical condition in the best possible shape to en- 
 dure the exertions and hardships of a contest in any line of 
 sport. When properly conducted and r gidlv followed it will 
 bring out all the latent powers of the individual ; it will trans- 
 pose him from a state of physical incapacity into a perfect state 
 oi health, with greatly increased strength, activity, wind and 
 power of enduring continued exertion. 
 
 In the davs gone by the regular course of training for a foot- 
 race, a rovving match, or a boxing contest, included many obser- 
 vanc'es now almost obsolete. Tne man was drugged, sweated, 
 and exercised until he could bear the system no longer. Under 
 that system some men really improved; but now that we have 
 the modern system,, a much more simple plan is persued, with 
 far less risk to the general health. 
 
 The old system served well enough to reduce w^eight and 
 give temporary DOwer; the new system improves the healtli, 
 strengthens the body, exercises the limhs, and brings the entire 
 
8 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 frame into that fine excellent condition which enables a man 
 to undergo great exertion without great fatigue, and perform 
 feats of strength and endurance without danger to his future 
 usefulness in the path of life. 
 
 "The ancient Greeks underwent ten months of the strictest 
 regimen, laborious hard work in the gymnasium daily, and 
 absolute temperance, while preparing for the solemn contest 
 at the public games. The Roman gladiators went through a 
 long and ver^' severe course of training and dieting, while 
 preparing for their ferocious and bloody combats in the arena 
 with man and beast, also for the battle with the castus, an 
 iron glove or band worn over the hands, with sharp spikes on 
 the back, long enough to penetrate the body like so many 
 daggers, and produce instant death. In training they were 
 first subjected to the evacuating process, by means of emetics, 
 which were preferred to puigati\'es, afier which they were 
 daily flogged in a nude condition with the branches of a tree 
 that were tough and pliable, until the blood flowed freely. 
 This cupping was to exercise their patience, and accustom 
 them to bear pain. All their exercises took place in the open 
 air, whether wet or dry, and they became so accxistomed to 
 the changes and vicissitudes of the weather by the exposure, 
 that it ceased to affect them. x\tter exercising, they immersed 
 in a tepid bath, and the skin was careiully gone over with the 
 sturgil (a peculiarly constructed brush of woolen pieces), then 
 they were diligently rubbed dry, anointed with oil, and if 
 thirsty they were given a small quantity of warm water to 
 drink. Their diet consisted of unfermented bread (they would 
 not eat leaven bread), dried figs, new cheese, and boiled grain 
 in the early stages; later on animal food was taken, pork 
 being preferred to any other kind of meat. Ancient scientists 
 asserted that there was more nutriment in pork than any 
 other animal food. The strictest temperance and sobriety 
 was adhered to, and after at least nine months' exposure to all 
 sorts of weather, the greatest self denial, a strict diet, and ter- 
 ribly severe daily castigations, which they bore like stoics, they 
 were considered in proper shape to do battle with man or 
 beast in the Roman arena. For the modern athlete six to 
 eight weeks is plenty of time to get into the very best possible 
 condition." 
 
 The modern system is based on the principle that perfect 
 health and bodily vigor are attainable by strict attention to the 
 three indispensable requisites to life: Fresh air, good exercise 
 and wholesome food, and no excesses. 
 
 We give to the reader the process of training as described 
 by one of the celebrated athletes of the present day : 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 9 
 
 " I rise at daybreak, muffle myself up in heavy flannels, put: 
 on heavy boots, take a short thick stick, and start off for a two- 
 mile run, leaving my trainer behind to have my things ready 
 by the time I come back. I am bathed, rubbed and washed 
 with a decoction of arnica, borax and Jamaica rum; then lie 
 down on the bed, and after a short rest go down to breakfast 
 with an appetite. 1 generally breakfast off a couple of mut- 
 ton chops, four slices of toast, four fresh eggs, and a bowl of 
 English breakfast tea. After breakfast, take a rest, then put 
 on heavy flannels for a run of twelve miles, at a ten-mile-an- 
 hour gate, get another good rubbing down, and dine on roast 
 beef or leg of mutton or broiled chicken with greens, potatoes 
 and toast, a bottle of Bass' ale and calves' foot jelly and cus- 
 tard to fill np with. After an hour's rest I play with light 
 dumbbells, fight the bag a while, then take a turn kicking the 
 foot ball, and about half-past three start out on another long 
 tramp at an easy gait, and strike at every object I meet with 
 the short stick I carry, so as to strengthen my wrist. After 
 the afternoon's walk it is generally supper time, then I take a 
 sponge bath. The supper is generally toast or stale bread, 
 gruel, port wine and currants, boiled eggs and tea. At 9 p. m. 
 go to bed and sleep." 
 
 The reader will notice that the above system, and, in fact, 
 all other systems of training, are for the purpose of enabling 
 the person "in training" to perform some particular feat, or to 
 take part in some kind of contest. For the purpose of im- 
 proving the general health, the same attention to active exer- 
 cise, bathing and temperate living will, even if but moderately 
 taken, prove of certain benefit to anybody. 
 
 Another method, successfully used by one of the most cele- 
 brated trainers of his day, is as follows: 
 
 "First. — Take a black draught. Any druggist will put it 
 up. Second. — Be sure and get at least seven or eight hours of 
 good sleep every day. Third. — In the morning when you first 
 get up^ drink a glass of hard cider, or sherry, with a raw egg 
 in it. Then start out and walk briskly for a couple of miles. 
 When you come back take a sponge bath and rub yourself dry 
 with a coarse towel. Rub until your skin is all aglow. 
 Fourth. — For breakfast eat a beefsteak, cooked rare, and stale 
 bread. Use no milk, no butter, no sugar and no potatoes, with 
 the exception of about once a week. If you wish you can eat 
 a roast or baked potato in the morning. Drink sparingly of 
 tea or coffee. Tea is the best. Fifth. — For dinner eat rare 
 roast beef and stale bread. Use no potatoes or vegetables of 
 any kind with this meal. For change you can occasionally 
 have a mutton chop. Sixth. — For supper a lean steak or mut- 
 
lO SPALDIXG S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 ton chop without fat. Do not eat any warm biscuit or warm 
 bread at any time. Stick to good, wholesome stale wheat 
 bread. Eat no pies, cakes or pastry of any kind, and use pep- 
 per, salt and other seasonings very sparingly. Seventh. — Use 
 no stimulants of any kind. Do not smoke. Drink sparingly 
 ct water. Do not eat berries or vegetables of any kind, except 
 occasionally a raw onion. Eighth. — If you feel weak in the 
 morning before breakfast, it comes from the bathing, and 
 should be discontinued for a few days. 
 
 "The system most approved of for hardening the muscles, 
 etc., is to be first sponged with a decoction of arnica flowers, 
 alum, borax and Jamaica rum, then bathed with hartshorn 
 liniment. The proportion of the ingredients used in the sponge 
 bath has hitherto been a profound secret with professional 
 trainers. For the benefit of the fraternity we here print them : 
 Take two pounds of arnica flowers, five cents' worth of borax, 
 five cents' worth of alum, and steep all together; after pulver- 
 tzing the alum and borax in a gallon or so of Jamaica rum, 
 and after letting it steep for twenty-tour hours, apply as before 
 stated." 
 
 In training for any purpose, no special rules can be made 
 that will apply to every constitution. Tlie exact details of how 
 much to eat, how much to drink, how far to walk, and how 
 long to sleep, cannot be told. The same system of training 
 will not suit every one, nor every purpose. The amount of 
 exercise and particulai- diet necessary for a short race will, of 
 necessity, be quite different from that followed for a struggle 
 of several hours. 
 
 Bear in mind, however, that the benefits derived from regu- 
 larity of diet and continued exercise are the basis of all pro- 
 cesses of training. Thetiaineror the person training should 
 study the needs of his constitution, and by his judgment en- 
 deavor to adapt every portion of his system to the require- 
 ments of the particular case. 
 
 The requisite average amount of food required for different 
 men of the same size varies considerably, according to their 
 vigor and the activity with which their bodily functions are 
 performed. To illustrate the very slight danger that is liable 
 to result from under feeding, we give the following table of 
 results from investigations respecting the average amount 
 of food required by man under different circumstances of 
 existence. 
 Daily Diet for Subsistance only i lb., 8.5 ozs. 
 
 •« " " Quiet Life 2 lbs., 0.5 " 
 
 " *' " Moderate Exercise 3 " 4-i " 
 
 *' " " Active Labor •^ " 11.8 " 
 
 "Hard Work 3 " i3-S " 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. ii 
 
 We give below a table showing the quantity of plain food 
 necessary daily for a man when engaged in severe training or 
 hard muscular labor : 
 
 1. Flesh, about i lb., o. ozs. 
 
 2. Bread, " i " S 
 
 3. Butter, " i-S ^' 
 
 4. Potatoes." 12 
 
 5. Milk, " 9.25 [\ 
 
 6. Sugar, " i-^S 
 
 7. Water, " 3 lbs., 7.25 " 
 
 8. Water, including' that contained in the food eaten 4 " 12 " 
 
 Under ordinarv circumstances, the times at which food will 
 be most conveniently and most beneficially taken are as follows : 
 
 1. Immediately after rising in the morning, say at six or 
 seven, drink a glassful (about half pint) ot cold water. This 
 should be taken after the mouth has been well rinsed and the 
 throat gargled. With some people, however, cold water in the 
 morning causes a depressing and heavy feeling in the region of 
 the stomach, which lasts for an hour or two, and deprives the 
 early riser of the anticipated enjoyment attendant on early ris- 
 ing. When such a condition ensues it will be found better to 
 take a small glass of milk; to this a wholesome biscuit, about 
 one ounce in weight, is a very grateful and satisfying addition. 
 
 2. At breakfast, say at nine o'clock, one or other of the fol- 
 lowing will be found sufficient: 
 
 A couple of eggs, and a medium sized or small well done 
 steak, or a couple of eggs, with broiled chicken or other fowl, 
 or one egg with a fat chop, well done, or two eggs with 
 bacon or ham, bread, to the amount of one or two slices of 
 stale or aerated bread, with a fair amount of butter, coffee, 
 limited to one cup, with milk in liberal proportions, and but 
 little sugar, is by far the best fluid for breakfast; Apollinaris 
 water is a good 'substitute for coffee, tea or milk for breakfast. 
 
 After breakfast is the best time to eat whatever fruits are in 
 season. The best for a man in training are: Grapes, rejecting 
 both the skin and the stones, oranges, figs, and pears quite ripe. 
 
 3. At dinner time, say one o'clock, the following ought to be 
 sufficient: 
 
 Boiled fowl in rice, or a chop, steak, or cutlets well done, a 
 slice of stale bread, two medium sized, well boiled potatoes, a 
 glass of cold water, or Apollinaris water. Avoid spiced meats, 
 sauces, or new potatoes. 
 
 4. At supper, about seven o'clock, one in training must be 
 most careful. Avoid soups, or shell fish, entrees, etc. 
 
 Eat meat cut from the joint, or fresh boiled fish. 
 With the meat eat one or two well boiled potatoes, a slice or 
 two of stale bread, cauliflower, rice, baked apples or pears. 
 
12 SPALDING'S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 Sweets, such as pastry, puddings, etc., should be avoided. 
 
 As dessert, grapes, oranges, figs, and bananas may be indulged 
 in moderately, but the morning is the better time for the con- 
 sumption of fruits. 
 
 Drink a small cup of coftee, with milk and little sugar, ortea 
 (first infusion) with milk. 
 
 In case a person is accustomed to it, a small quantity of beer 
 or ale can be taken with this meal. Wine should never be 
 taken unless symptoms of over training appear; then, and only 
 then, should a wine glassful be given during the meal. 
 
 While the meals should consist of light food, at the same 
 time something pleasant and tempting should be given to set 
 the appetite at work. 
 
 BATHING AND EXERCISE. 
 
 On getting up in the morning the body should be carefully 
 wiped all over with a sponge dampened with tepid sea- water, and 
 rubbed perfectly dry with soft, coarse towels. A moderate 
 walk of fifteen to twenty minutes, should then be taken to cre- 
 ate an appetite for breakfast, after which a rest of an hour or 
 more should be taken. 
 
 For the morning exercise, a walk of seven to ten miles, end- 
 ing in a fast walk or moderate run to heat the body and pre- 
 pare it for another sponging and rubbing, after which the body 
 should be thoroughly dried and wrapped with warm clothing. 
 
 After dinner another rest of an hour or two. The afternoon 
 ex-ercise should consist of at least one hour's hard work, fight- 
 ing the bag, swinging clubs, light sparring, running, walking, 
 rowing, or kicking a foot-ball, after which a long tramp at an 
 easy gait, followed by sponging and rubbing as before. 
 
 After supper a gentle walk, or other amusement to pass away 
 the time before retiring, w^hich should be at an. early hour. 
 
 As regards sleep, the proper amount to be taken is about 
 eight hours, retiring early and rising with the sun if possible. 
 The sleeping apartment should be particularly well ventilated, 
 with windows open at the top. Only sufticient clothing sliould 
 be used to keep the body comfortably warm. A firm hair mat- 
 tress with low pillows are the healthiest to sleep on, and the 
 clothing worn during the day should not be worn during the 
 night. 
 
 No man should start suddenly on any task at which he is 
 expected to undertake severe muscular exertion. If he is not 
 in the habit of walking, let him commence a fortnight or three 
 weeks before and gradually get himself into good condition. 
 
 The ordinary man, working daily, should, if he contemplates 
 
SPALDING S bPORTlNG RULES. I3 
 
 undertaking any severe physical task, and not have time for a 
 regular course of training, adopt some such scheme as the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 1. On arising in the morning, if not accustomed to take a 
 cold bath, sponge first one limb and then another carefully with 
 water with the chill taken off, dry each limb before sponging 
 another; cover up each part as soon as it is dried, so as to ex- 
 pose as little of the body at a time as possible. 
 
 2. Breakfast taken within half an hour from time of getting 
 out of bed, may consist of eggs and bacon, or a steak or chop. 
 Drink anything except tea or alcoholic stimulants; coflee, well 
 diluted with milk, Is the best breakfast beverage; should this 
 be unsuitable, any pure water is better than tea or milk. 
 
 3. Walk to the office, if it be a reasonable distance, if not, 
 take a walk with this object in view. At first two miles, then 
 three miles, and at the end of the week five or six miles must 
 be walked. Walk at the usual pace at first, then increase it to 
 a moderate, and finally a fairly quick pace. 
 
 4. For luncheon have a chop, one medium sized potato, and 
 about a tumblerful of water, with stale bread or toast and but- 
 ter Walk about same distance in the afternoon as in the 
 morning. The walk should be so arranged as to arrive at 
 home half an hour before dinner, and rest or dress until it is 
 time to dine. 
 
 5. Dine not later than 7 ;30or 8 o'clock, eat at dinner whole- 
 some food, and drink; if you must have some stimulant, one 
 glass of light ale or dry sherry is all that ought to be indulged 
 in. 
 
 6. Go to bed not later than eleven. If troubled with sleep- 
 lessness put on an extra blanket, or take a bowl of oatmeal 
 gruel before going to bed. Cold and hunger are chief causes of 
 sleeplessness in healthy people. 
 
 If some such care is not taken with the exercise and diet, 
 any man whose life is spent indoors will certainly come to 
 grief by persisting — in defiance of all teaching — to believe that 
 he is still young, and that his system can stand everything. 
 
 BATHING. 
 
 The beneficial influence of the bath and a thorough and brisk 
 rubbing of the entire body with a coarse towel cannot be over- 
 estimated. There are but few so delicate as to be injured or 
 even shocked by a liberal application of tepid or even cold 
 water. The body should be immersed, or thoroughly sponged 
 over, and followed by a continued rubbing to restore the body 
 to its proper degree of heat. 
 
*4 SPALDING'S SPORTIXG RULES. 
 
 The plunge will be found perhaps the most beneficial form 
 of bath, although the results of the shower produces the same 
 condition of freedom from fatigue. 
 
 SWEATING. 
 
 For the purpose of reducing the weight of a person contem- 
 platmg trammg for any particular purpose, the natural means 
 zs to clothe the bodj, particularly those portions which are over 
 supplied with flesh, with two or three thicknesses of thick 
 underclothing, thus clothed, a brisk walk or run continued 
 until the body perspires profusely, followed by sitting for an 
 hour or so near to a good fire, well covered with thick blankets 
 The clothing should then be removed, and the body well" 
 sponged with hot salt water and dried with a coarse towel. In 
 this operation, care should be taken to expose each portion of 
 the body for the shortest possible time. 
 
 Artifi'cial sweating may be produced by a Turkish bath, or 
 when this is not convenient a simple method may be used to 
 produce this result. Strip the body and wrap it including the 
 arms in a sheet partly saturated with cold water, around this wrap 
 a thick blanket or two, and get between two feather beds or 
 mattresses. In a short time a reaction will begin and a profuse 
 perspiration will be produced all over the body. Continue the 
 sweating for an hour or so, then take a cold shower bath and 
 rub dry. ' 
 
 •*-fr^^^ 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 SPORTING RULES. 
 
 DEFINITION OF AN AMATEUR. 
 
 An amateur is any jierson who has never competed in an open competi- 
 tion, for money, or under a false name, or with a professional for a prize or 
 wherever gate' money is charged, nor has ever at any time taught, pursued 
 or assisted at athletic exercises for money, or for any valuable considera- 
 tion. But nithing in this detinition shall' be coni-true'd to prohibit the com- 
 petition between amateurs for medals, cups or other prizes than money. 
 
 RECORDS. 
 
 Credit for records are only given for feats accomplished in public 
 matches or meetings, and which are properly attested to by regularly ap- 
 pointed judges and officials. 
 
 THE REFEREE. 
 
 The duties of a referee are to enforce the proper obedience to the rules, 
 and to decide disputed questions, lie should be familiar with the rules, 
 and experienced in that branch of sport in which he is called to officiate. 
 
 JUDGES. 
 
 This important position should only be filled by persons having a prac- 
 tical experience in tne style of contest for which they are called upon to 
 decide. Cool judgment and impartiality are absolutely necessary to pro- 
 
 Serly fill so important an office. In the event of the judges being unable to 
 ecide as to the winner of the contest, they shall so inform the referee, 
 whose decision will be final. 
 
 BETTING. 
 
 1. In all bets there must be a possibility to win. A bet made on a sure 
 thing, as in the case of collusion or fraud, deprives one party to the bet of 
 any chance to win, and is therefore void. 
 
 2. In a bet where a forfeit is posted, the bet cannot be declared off, ex- 
 cept by mutual consent. 
 
 3. In all cases the winner of the stake or prize is the winner of the 
 contest, (i. e., the person handicapped can only win by being first to pass 
 the scratch . ) 
 
 4. In all matches which are decided " a draw," all bets are off. 
 
 5. All liets on men, horses, or otherwise, which are disabled before 
 the time set for the contest, are void. 
 
 6. Unless otherwise agreed or understood, a contest shall be decided 
 on the first trial. 
 
 ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 The following rules are those generally adopted, and should, in all 
 ses, be rigidly enforced : 
 
 1. The officers of a running race shall be: A referee, two judges, time- 
 keeper, starter, and clerk of the course. The referee, judges, and clerk of 
 the course shall constitute an executive board. 
 
 2. The referee shall have general supervision of the race meeting. 
 He shall give judgments on protests received by him; shall decide all ques- 
 tions or objections respecting foul starting from the wrong mark or such 
 like offences, which he may be personally cognizant of, or which may be 
 
i6 Spalding's sportix^ rules. 
 
 brought to his attention bj' the judges or other officers. He shall act as he 
 may think for the best in cases of misconduct, and shall disqualify any com- 
 petitor who may become liable to disqualification. He shall decide all ques- 
 tions whose settlement is not otherwise jirovided for in these rules. His 
 decision in all cases shall be final. 
 
 3. The judges shall decide the positions of the men at the finish. One 
 shafl take the winner, another the second man; they shall also note the dis- 
 tance between them as they finish. 
 
 4. The timekeepers shall time every event, and in case of disagree- 
 ment, the intermediate time of the watches shall be the official time. Time 
 shall be taken from the flash of the pistol. 
 
 5. The scorer shall record the time made by each competitor, the order 
 of the men at the finish, and the time as given to him by the timekeepers. 
 Scorers shall have such assistance as may be necessary. 
 
 6. It shall be the duty of the starter, when it has been reported to him 
 by the clerk of the course that all the competitors are ready, to see that the 
 timekeeper is warned, and before starting the men to say, 'Are you 
 ready?" and if no replv to the contrary be given, to effect tlie start by re- 
 port of pistol. Should the pistol miss' fire, the start will be made at the 
 word •' Go." The starter may, at his discretion, put back to a distance not 
 exceeding one yard any competitor starting before the signal is given. Jn 
 case of a false "start, the competitors shall be called back by the starter, and 
 restarted. Any competitor refusing to obey shall at once be disqualified. 
 Time handicaps shall b • started by the word "Go." 
 
 7. The clerk of the course shall call competitors in ample time for 
 each event, and s: e that they are provided with numbers properly worn. 
 He shall report the contestants to scorers, see that they are on their ap- 
 pointed marks, and call their numbers for the scorers, as they cross the 
 line at the end of each lap. 
 
 8. The race mav start from a scratch or flying start. 
 
 9. In a flyintr start twenty yards shall be allowed for scoring, unless 
 otherwise mu'tuallv agreed upon. 
 
 10. When both men have one or both feet over the line the starter 
 shall give the word " Go," and whoever refuses shall be deemed to have 
 lost. 
 
 11. In back-tracking the hind man shall not tread on his opponent's 
 heel, or do anvthing to attempt to interfere with, or trip him up, on penalty 
 of being ruled out of the race. 
 
 12. In the event of a dead heat, it shall be optional with the contest- 
 ants, whether thev run over again, or divide the stakes. 
 
 13. In case either partv sto|is voluntarily or through accident or ex- 
 haustion, it shall be optional with the referee to order the other contestant 
 to discontinue, unless the umpires insist on his running the original dis- 
 tance. 
 
 ARCHERY. 
 
 The "Field Captain" shill have entire control of the ranges, targets 
 and order of shooting, and he shall appoint a "Target Captain" for each 
 target, who shall direct the order of shooting at his target. 
 
 Each "Target Captain" shall appoint a "Scorer" and a "Herald" to 
 act at his target. The "Scorer" shall keep a record of each arrow shot, 
 upon blanks provided for the purpose by the association. The "Herald" 
 shall announce the result of each shot. 
 
 An arrow must remain in the target until the value of the "hit" is re- 
 corded, otherwise the "hit" shall not be counted. 
 
 The targets shall be four feet in diameter, and placed on easels, the 
 center of the "gold" beinsr four feet from the ground. 
 
 The "gold" shall be 9 6-10 inches in diameter, and each ring shall be 
 4 8-10 inches in width. 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 1 7 
 
 The value of colors shall be: Gold, 9; red, 7; blue, 5; black, 3; white, i. 
 
 In case an arrow cuts two colors, it shall count as having- hit the inner 
 one. 
 
 All disputes shall be referred for decision to the captain of the target 
 where they arise. 
 
 Every' archer shall shoot with arrows bearing- his distinctive mark, and 
 every ar;ow leaving- the bow shall be deemed as having been shot, unless 
 the archer can reach it with his bow while standing inside the line from 
 which he is shooting. 
 
 No person, unless competing for prizes, shall be allowed within the 
 bounds of the Archers' grounds during the progress of the shooting. 
 
 ROUNDS AND DISTANCES. 
 
 Matches shall be shot at one of ^lie following "rounds," each archer 
 shooting three arrows at an end : 
 
 The "York Round," consisting of — 
 
 72 arrows at 100 vards 
 
 4S " " So ' " 
 
 24 " •• 60 " 
 
 ]^^ arrows. 
 The "American Round," consisting of — 
 
 30 arrows at 60 yards, 
 .^o " " 50 " 
 30 " " 40 " 
 
 00 arrows. 
 The "Columbia Round'* (for ladies), consisting of — 
 24 arrows at 50 yards. 
 24 " " 40 " 
 24 " " 30 " 
 
 BASE BALL. 
 
 The laws of base ball are revised and altered each season at the meet- 
 ing of the National League of Base ball Clubs. It is therefore unadvisable 
 to insert them permanently in this work. 
 
 The revised rules are published in cheap pamphlet form each year by 
 A. G. Spalding & Bros., under the official authority of the National League. 
 Price, postpaid, by mail, 10 cents. 
 
 BADMINTON. 
 
 Badminton is a modification, although not derived from the game of 
 Lawn Tennis. It is pi lyed over a net as in Tennis, but the materials used 
 are more after the order of the ordinary shuttlecock and battledore, al- 
 though the framework of the latter is covered with string like a racquet, 
 instead of parchment. The shuttlecock should be large and solid, made of 
 cork weighted with lead. 
 
 The rules of Badminton are simply the rules of Lawn Tennis adapted 
 to this game, and there is but little actual difference between the two 
 games. 
 
i8 Spalding's sportixg rules. 
 
 BAGATELLE. 
 
 This game is played by any number of players, either separately or 
 with an equal number on each side, from two upward, with nine balls, 
 two of which are usually colored and count double. 
 
 The king- ball is placed on the spot, and the plaj'er strikes at it with 
 the other colored ball, endeavoring to hole it and his own ball Ijy the same 
 stroke. He then i)lays with the other balls successively until the whole 
 nine have been sent up the table. 
 
 Any number of rounds may be played as agreed on at the commence- 
 ment of the game, and he who obtains the greatest score wins the game. 
 
 If the bull struck at rebounds from the cushion and passes the string 
 line, it is taken up and is considered lost for that round. Sometimes two 
 lines are drawn across the table, one to determine the string and the other 
 the lost balls. 
 
 It is an extremely easy game to play, and some persons are so ex- 
 tremely dexterous as to be able to fill all the holes, with the colored balls 
 in the eight and seven, in a single round. The colored balls counting sev- 
 erally sixteen and fourteen, it is possible to obtain sixty in a single go; or if 
 the red ball were placed in the center hole (the nine) and the black in the 
 eight hole, it is possible to score as many as sixty-two. But such score is 
 very unusual; a hundred in three goes bemg considered good play. 
 
 BICYCLING. 
 
 1. Entries and awards in amateur events shall be confined strictly to 
 amateurs, and persons entering for these races, who are not members of 
 bicycle or other athletic chibs whose rules of membership exclude profes- 
 sionals, must satisfy the executive board that they are not professionals, 
 either by their own statements in writing, or otherwise. 
 
 2. Tlie officers of a race meeting shall be: A referee, three judges at 
 the finish, three timekeepers, one starter, one clerk of the course, with as- 
 sistants if necessary; one scorer, with assistants if neces-ary, and one um- 
 pire for every one-eighth of a mile; the referee, judges and clerk of the 
 course shall constitute an executive board. 
 
 3. The referee shall have general supervision of the race meeting. 
 He shall give judgments on protests received by him; shall decide all ques- 
 tions or objections respecting foul riding, starting from the wrong mark or 
 such like offences, which he may be personally cognizant of, or which may 
 be brought to his attention by an umpire or other officers. He shall act as 
 he may think for the best in cases of misconduct by attendants, and shall 
 disqualify any competitor who may become liable to disqualification. He 
 shall decide all questions whose settlement is not otherwise provided for in 
 these rules. His decision in all cases shall be final. 
 
 4. The judges shall decide the positions of the men at the finish. Two 
 shall stand at one end of the tape, and the third at the other. One shall 
 take the winner, another the second man, and the other the third man; they 
 shall also note the distance between the first three as they finish. In case 
 of disagreement the majority shall decide. Their decision as to the order 
 in which the men finish shall be final and without appeal. 
 
 5. Thetimekeepers shall compare watches before the races are started, 
 and shall note any variance. They shall each time every event, and in 
 case of disagreement, the intermediate time of the three watches shall be 
 the official time. Time shall be taken from the flash of the pistol. 
 
 6. The scorer shall record the laps made by each competitor, the order 
 of the m-n at the finish, and the time as given to him by the timekeepers. 
 Scorers shall have such assistance as may be necessary. 
 
SPALDING'S SPORTING RULES. I9 
 
 7. It shall be the dutv of the starter, when it has been reported to him 
 by the clerk of the course that all the competitors are ready, to see that the 
 timekeeper is warned, and before starlintr the men to say "Mount," in a 
 few seconds after to say 'Are you ready?" and if no reply to the contrary 
 be given, to effect the start by report of pistol. Should the pis lol miss fire, 
 the start will be made at the word "Go.'' The starter may, at his discre- 
 tion, put back to a distance not exceeding- ten yards any competitor starting- 
 before the signal is given. In case of a false start, the' competitors shall be 
 called back by the starter, and restarted. Any competitor rcfuoing to obey 
 shall at once be disqualified. He shall announce to the competitors the 
 distince which they are to run, and shall indicate the; commencenu'nt of the 
 last lap by ringing a bell as the riders pass over the mark for the final lap. 
 In case of a fall within ten feet of the scratch line, the contestants shall be 
 recalled and the race started over again. Time handicaps shall be started 
 by the word "Go." 
 
 S. The clerk of the course shall call competitors in ample time for 
 each event, and see that they are provided with numbers properly worn. 
 He shall report the contestants to scorers, see that they are on their ap- 
 pointed marks, and call their numbers for the scorers, as they cross the line 
 at the end of each lap. 
 
 9. It shall lie the duty of an umpire to stand at such part of the field as 
 the referee may direct, to watch closely the riding, and immediately after 
 each race to report to the referee any competitor or competitors whose rid- 
 ing he may consider unfair, to the end that the referee, before making any 
 decision, may be credibly informed by an oflicial as to the facts. 
 
 10. It shall be the duty of the executive board to adjudicate any ques- 
 tionable entry, and they shall have the power to make any alteration in the 
 programme that they may deem necessary, or to disqualify competitors 
 without any protest Ijeing lodged by another competitor. 
 
 11. No person whatsoever shall be allowed inside the track, except 
 the officials. Authorized persons shall wear a badge. Competitors not en- 
 gaged in the race actually taking place shall not be allowed inside or upon 
 the track. 
 
 12. Any competitor making a false entry will be disqualified and de- 
 barred from any place or prize. 
 
 13. Choice or change of machine, and choice of costume, are not 
 limited, except that shirt and breeches must not bare shoulder nor knee. 
 In races distinctly slated on the programme of events to be for a particular 
 class of machine, this rule shall not apply so far as choice or change of 
 machine is concerned. 
 
 14. Every competitor will receive, in the dressing room, a ticket bear- 
 ing a number corresponding with his number on the programme, which 
 ticket must be worn by him on hi> back during the race. He shall inform 
 himself of the times at which he must compete, and await the call of the 
 clerk in the dressing room. 
 
 15. The drawing for positions in each event shall be done by the pro- 
 moters of the meeting, and the positions of the men shall appear on the 
 programme. When it becomes necessary to draw for positions on the 
 grounds the work shall be done by the clerk and starter in conjunction. In 
 heat races, the winner of the first heat shall take the pole In the next suc- 
 ceeding heat. ^Vhen races are run in heats and a final the winner of the 
 fastest heat shall take the pole in the final. 
 
 16. All starts, bicycle or tricycle, shall be from a standstill, with the 
 left hand toward the curb; and the machines are to be held in posi ion by 
 an attendant (the driver touching the starting line) until the signal is given 
 by the starter. Attendants, when pushing off competitors, must have and 
 keep both feet on the ground behind t'le markjrom vjhich the competitor ac- 
 tually starts. Should the attendant overstep that mark with either foot, 
 while touching the cycle, the competitor sh ill be disqualified. Any com- 
 petitor shall be at liberty, with the consent of the referee, to start from a 
 
20 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 mark behind the one allotted him in the race; but in such case, as in all 
 others, the point of contact of the first part of the machine with the 
 ground shall be considered the starting mark, which the attendant shall not 
 overstep. 
 
 17. The finish of all races shall be judged by the first part of the driv- 
 ing wheel which touches a tape fastened flat on the ground at the winning 
 post. 
 
 jS. Riders must pass on the outside (unless the man passed be dis- 
 mounted), and must he at least a clear length of the cycle in front before 
 taking the inside. The inside man must allow room for his competitor to 
 pass on the outside. A competitor overtaking another may pass between 
 him and the pole if there be ample room, but he does so at his risk; and 
 should a foul be claimed, the rt-ferees must decide if the rider was justified 
 in his course. Riders are cautioned that they must not pass inside, except 
 as a last resort. 
 
 19. Any competitor guilty of foul riding shall be disqualified and de- 
 barred from'any place or prizi-. 
 
 20. Any protest against a competitor respecting his qualification as an 
 amateur must be lodged with the referee before starting; and any protest 
 respecting foul riding or breach of rules must he made to the referee im- 
 mediately after the heat is finished. A competitor, upon being disqualified, 
 shall forfeit any entry fees he may have paid. 
 
 21. Competitors may dismount during a race at their pleasure, and 
 may run with their cycles if they wish to, but the • must keep to the ex- 
 treme outside of thepath whenever dismounted. If a rider be dismounted 
 by accident, or to change his machine, he shall not be allowed a push off in 
 starting again, but an attendant may hold his machine while he mounts it, 
 and he must so mount at the t xtreme outside of the path. 
 
 22. Clubs mav reverse the right to reject any or all entries, except en- 
 tries to championships run under their auspices. 
 
 2V The oflicers of a race meeting shall not be permitted to compete in 
 any race with which they are officially connected. 
 
 24. A novice's race is open only to those who, up to date of event, 
 have never won a prize, excepting in a club contest, and should properly be 
 the first race of a meet, 
 
 3v In a race without hands, the start shall be made as usual. Ten 
 seconds from the time of starting the starter shall ring his bell, and this 
 shall be the signal for the riders to take their hands off. The competitors 
 must then ride with the arms folde \ or the hands and arms otherwise kept 
 quite off the machine. Anv competitor touching any part of his machine 
 with his hands or arms shall be disqualified. 
 
 26. In a slow race, a straiohtaway cour e not less than three nor more 
 than five feet in width should be marked out for each competitor. Any 
 competitor who rides outside of these lines— to be judged by the center of 
 the driving wheel— or who comes to a standstill, or who is dismounted, or 
 who fails to start at the signal, shall be disqualified. 
 
 27. In a lap race, the position of each rider must be taken at the finish 
 of every lap. The first man shall count a number equal to that of the con- 
 testants at the start; the second man shall count one less; the third, two 
 less, and so on. The competitor who scores the greatest number of points 
 shall be declared the winner, whether he rides the whole distance or not. 
 
 2^. . In a team race the position of each rider must be taken at the finish 
 of every mile. The riders shall count as in a lap race, and the aggregate 
 scores of the team members shall decide the victory. 
 
 29. The contestants in a run-and-ride race shall be started on foot in 
 the usual manner, and umpires shall be stationed on the track at the mount- 
 ing and dismounting stations, who shall take account of the fairness of 
 mounting and dismounting. Mounting before reaching or dismounting 
 after passing the station shall be sufficient cause for disqualification. The 
 alternating distance shall be one-quarter of the distance of the entire race. 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 21 
 
 30. Entries in a consolation race shall be limited to those who have 
 won no prize in any event at the meeting-. 
 
 31. Ignorance of any of the forepfomg will not be considered a valid 
 excuse for violation. 
 
 BILLIARDS. 
 
 THREE BAJLIi GAME. 
 
 The Three- ball Carom Game, is 'as the name indicates) played with 
 three balls, two white and one red. The billiard table las three spots in a 
 line, dividing the table lengthwise, running from the center of the head 
 cushion to the center of the foot cushion. One of those spots, ruttmg the 
 line in two equal parts, is called the center spot, and the other two are sit- 
 uated half wav between the center sjiot and the he .d and foot cushions. 
 
 The spot a'ttnc head of the table is called the wiiite spot, and the one 
 at the foot of the table the red spot. Tlic center spot is only used when a 
 ball forced off the table finds both red and white spots occup ed. There- 
 fore, should the white ball when forced off the table have its spot occupied, 
 it would be nlaced on the red spot, or on the white spot if it be the red ball 
 that is forced off the table. 
 
 In beginning the game, the red ball and one white are placed on the re- 
 spective spots; the other white remains in hand, and is placed near the 
 white spot previous to the opening stroke of the irame. 
 
 The plaver can take any position within six inches of thew" ite spot on 
 aline parallel, or nearly parallel, with the head cushion, but he must strike 
 the red ball first before'a count can be effected. 
 
 In plaving the game the following Rules should be observed : 
 
 I.— Th'e game is begun by stringing for lead, the player who brmgs his 
 ball nearest to the cushion at the head of the table winning the choice of 
 balls, and the right to plav first, as in the American game. Should the 
 plaver fail to count, his opponent then makes the next play, aiming at will, 
 at either ball on the table. 
 
 2.— A carom consists in hitting both object-balls with cue ball in a tair 
 and unobjectionable way. Each carom will count one for the player. A 
 penallv of one shall also be counted against the player for every miss occur- 
 ring during the game. , , . . Cl IJ 
 
 3.— A ball forced off the table is put back on its proper spot. Should 
 the player's ball jump off the table after counting, the count is good; the 
 ball IS spotted, and the player plays fronx the spot. , ,, . 
 
 4.— If , in playing a shot, the cue is not withdrawn from the cue-ball be- 
 fore the cue-baH'comes in contact with the object-ball, the shot is foul, the 
 player loses his count, and his hand is out. ,. r 
 
 5.— If the balls are disturbed accidentally, through the medium ot any 
 agency other than the nlayer himself, they must be replaced by the referee, 
 and the player allowed to proceed. , ,, , 1 u- 
 
 6.— If, in the act of plaving, the player disturbs any ball other than his 
 own, he cannot make a coun ing stroke, but he may play for safety. Should 
 he disturb a bail after having plaved successfuUv, he loses his count on 
 %at shot, his hand is out, and the ball so cUsturbed is by the referee plaeed 
 back as nearly as possible in the position which it formerly occupied on the 
 table, the other balls remaining where ihey stop. 
 
 7.— Should a player touch his own ball with the cue, or otherwise pre- 
 vious to plaving, it is foul, and counts one for his opponent, and the player 
 cannot play'for safety. It sometimes happens that the player, after having 
 touched his ball, gives a second stroke; then the balls remain where they 
 stop, or are by the referee replaced as nearly as possible in their former 
 positions, at the option of the opponent. 
 
 S.— When the cue-ball is very near another, the player shall not play 
 
22 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES, 
 
 without warning his adversary that they do not touch, and giving- him 
 sufficient time to satisfy himself on that point. 
 
 9.— When the cue-ball is in contact with another, the balls are spotted, 
 and the player plays with his ball in hand. 
 
 10.— Playing with the wrong ball is foul. However, should the player 
 using the wrong ball play more than one shot with it, he shall be entitled 
 to his score just the same as if he had played with his own hall. As soon 
 as his hand is out, the white balls must change places, and the game pro- 
 ceed as usual. 
 
 CUSHION CAROMS. 
 
 A cushion carom is, as the name implies, when the cushion is struck by 
 the cue-ball at any time before effecting a carom, either by striking the 
 cushion before an object-ball, or by taking a cushion after contact with the 
 latter ball. 
 
 A ball frozen to a cushion must be played at or away from that cushion 
 to secure a carom. A doubt in the fairness of the .'-troke must be decided 
 against the striker. A direct carom on balls, from a ball frozen to a cushion, 
 is foul. 
 
 The making of a direct carom first, and then, afterward, a carom by 
 cushion on either ball, must be counted a fair cushion carom. 
 
 A doubtful stroke, calling for a "close decision," must be given in 
 favor of the doubt and against the striker, ;. e., when it is difficult to say 
 whether the cue-ball has struck a cushion before or after contact with the 
 carom-ball. 
 
 The rules of the Three Ball Carom game govern cushion caroms ex- 
 cept where they conflict with rules herein. 
 
 BAIiK LINE GAME. 
 
 I- — The table shall be prepared by the introduction of four lines dis- 
 tinctly marked upon the cloth, eight inches from each cushion and extend- 
 ing from end to end and from side to side of the table. The game is played 
 with three balls, 
 
 2,— The player winning the bank may require his antagonist's ball to 
 be placed on the radius spot and take the lead himself or he may have his 
 own ball spotted and require his opponent to open the game. The player 
 opening the game may play from anywhere within a six inch radius of 
 which the spot at the head of the table is the base, but can make no count 
 until his ball has hit the red before hitting tne white. After the opening 
 stroke the striker plays at either ball from any position in which he may 
 find his own, subject to the rules governing foul strokes in the three ball 
 French carom game of billiards, and the following special rules for this 
 game: 
 
 ist. It is a foul if more than two successive shots are made on balls, 
 both of which are within any one of the eight interdicted spaces. The only 
 way in which more than that number can be made in succession is by send- 
 ing one or both balls out and bringing them back in again. Both balls be- 
 ing within the space, the striker can play once on them without sending 
 either out. The next stroke must send at least one out. Should it return 
 and both balls be again inside, he can play one shot as before without send- 
 ing either out. This process may be repeated ad libitum. Should the 
 second stroke fail to send a ball out, it does not count. The striker's hand is 
 out, and the next striker plays at the balls as he finds them. 
 
 WHEN PLAYED AS A FOUR-HANDED MATCH. 
 
 In a four-handed match — two playing in partnership against two — the 
 foregoing rules of the single match must be substantially observed, with the 
 following additions: 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. 33 
 
 In this double match the phiver's partner is at libertv to warn him 
 aeainst ph^ying with the wrbn- ball, but he must not give him any advice 
 aftothemost advamageous mode of play, etc.. except it has been other- 
 wise agreed before the openintj of the s^ame. 
 
 AMERICAN, OR FOUR-BAXL GAME. 
 
 The 2-.ime is played with four balls, and consists of 34 points. 
 
 Each carom, whether on the two reds or on the wnite and red, counts 
 one. A carom on the three balls counts two. . , , u-« „ 
 
 , -Whoever playing from within the string against the lo^yer cushions 
 can bring his ball nearest to the cushion at which he stands is entitled to 
 the choice of balls and the lead, provided that the player's ball in stringing 
 has nut touched any other ball upon the table, in which case he loses tne 
 
 choice^ leading, the player's ball must be played with sufficient strength 
 to pass below the deep-red ball, or he loses his choice; but it must not be 
 played witli so much strength as to repass the deep-red ball the second 
 time, after having rebounded from the foot of the table. In the Utter cas., 
 he loses his choice of balls and lead, if his opponent so decides 1 . 
 
 3.— The player who has the "lav out" must play his balls eo as to rest 
 between the deep-red and the lower cushion. * »u„ ,.«^c 
 
 4.- The next player must hit the white ball before either of the red.s 
 before he can count. 
 
 POOL. 
 
 FLFTEEN BALL POOL. 
 
 The fifteen numbered balls are placed in a form of a triangle upon the 
 table. Each player is to pocket as many balls as he can; the number oteach 
 ball pocketed being scored to his credit, so that not he who pockets the 
 largest number of balls, but he whose hazards, when added up, yield the 
 largest total, will win the game. . 
 
 There is only one cue-ball (the white) used, each player playing with it 
 as he finds it on the table, or from behind the string if it be in hand. lUe 
 following are the rules: , , ^ , . ,. 
 
 The player may use the mace (not the butt of the cue\ and jam his own 
 ball against the others, not being obliged to withdraw the mace before the 
 cue-ball comes in cntact with the object-ball. 
 
 As the sum total of the figures on the hfteen balls amount to one hun- 
 dred and twenty, of which sixtv-one is more than half, whoever makes the 
 latter number first is winner; but if one player has a forfeit of three points 
 against him for any cause, and the other player scores fifty-nine, the one 
 having fifty-nine wins the game. , ,• 
 
 Three points are deducted from a plaver's score, for making a miss or 
 alosinghazard, or forcing the cue-ball off the table. 
 
 If the player pockets one or more of the object-balls and his own bail 
 at the same time, he cannot score, and the numbered balls must be place* 
 on the spot, or in a line behind it, if the spot be occupied, and he forfeits 
 three for his losing hazard. 
 
 PYRAMID POOL. 
 
 The game of Pyramid Fifteen- Ball Pool is played with fifteen object- 
 balls and one white ball not numbered. The latter is the cue-ball, and 
 each player plays with it as he finds it on the table, or from behind the 
 string if it be in hand. The fifteen balls are numbered from one to fifteen 
 respectively, and are aU of one color (usually deep-red). Before com- 
 mencing the game these fifteen balls are placed in the form of a triangle 
 
24 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 upon the table, a triangular frame being- used for this purpose to insure cor- 
 rectness. The triangle IS so placed lh;it the apex rests upon the deep -red 
 spot pointing toward the head of the table. Each player is to pocket as 
 many bulls as he can, and he who first scores eight balls wins the game. 
 The numbers on the balls are simply used for convenience in "calling" the 
 balls and do not in any way affect the score of the players. 
 
 A player shall forfeit one ball for making a miss, pocketing his own 
 ball or forcing his own ball off the table. Should a player having no ball 
 to his credit incur a forfeit, the first ball he scores thereafter shall be at 
 once placed upon the table as provided in rule fifth. 
 
 If a player pockets one or more of the object-balls and his own ball 
 goes into a pocket or off the table, he cannot score for the numbered balls 
 which must be placed upon the deep-red spot; or, if that be occupied, as 
 nearly below it as possible. 
 
 When the cue-ball is in hand, the player must play from within the 
 string; and he is not entitled to play at any ball which is not outside the 
 string. Should none of the balls be outside, that ball which is nearest out- 
 side the strinif must be spotted on the deep-red spot, and the player may 
 plav at it. 
 
 BOATING. 
 
 Start. — All races shall be started in thefollowing manner: The starter 
 shall ask the question, " Are you ready?" and receiving no reply, after 
 waiting at least three seconds, shall give the signal to start. 
 
 False Start. — If the referee considers the start false, he shall at once 
 recall the crews to their stations; and any boat refusing to start again shall 
 be disqualified. 
 
 A start shall be considered false if, during the first ten strokes, any of 
 the competing boats shall be disabled by the breaking of an oar or "any 
 other accident. 
 
 Pkopek Course. — Each boat shall keep its own water throughout the 
 race, and any boat departing from its own water shall be cisqualitied. 
 
 A boat's own water is its straight course from the station assigned to it 
 at starting to he finish, and the umpire shall be sole judge of a boat's de- 
 viation from its own water during the race. 
 
 Foul. — Xo fouling whatever shall be allowed; the boat committing the 
 foul shall be disqualified. 
 
 itshall be considered a foul when, after the race has commenced, any 
 competitor, by his own o ir, boat or person, comes into contact v/ith the oar, 
 boat or person of another competitor, unles-, in the opinion of the referee, 
 such coiitict is so slight as not to influence the race. 
 
 A claim of foul must be made to the referee by the competitor himself 
 previous to his getting out of the boat. 
 
 The referee, when appealed to, but not before, shall decide all ques- 
 tions as to a foul. 
 
 In the event of a foul, the referee shall have the power: i. To place 
 the boats, except the boat committing the foul, which is disqualified, in the 
 order in which they come in, provided that the fouled boat comes in first. 
 or that the first boat had a sufficient lead at the time of the foul to warrant 
 the race being assigned to it. 2. If the fouled boat does not come in first, 
 or if unable to decide which boat is in error, to order such of the leading 
 boats to row over again as in his opinidn are entitled to another com- 
 petition. 
 
 Accidents. — Every boat shall abide by its accidents. 
 
 Dead Heats. — In the event of a dead heat taking place, the same 
 crews shall contend again, or the crew or crews refusing shall be adjudgs-d 
 to have lost the race. 
 
 Assistants.— No boat shall be allowed to accompany a competitor for 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 25 
 
 the purpose of directing: his course or affording him other assistance. Any 
 boat receiving such direction or assistance shall be disqualified at the dis- 
 cretion of th^- rt-fcrce. 
 
 The Referke. — The jurisdiction of the referee extends over the race, 
 and all matters connected with it, from the time the race is specified to start 
 until its final termination, and his decision in all cases shall be final and 
 without appeal. 
 
 Any competitor refusing to abide by the deciMon, or to follow the 
 directions of the referee, shall be disqualified. 
 
 Boats shall be started by their sterns, and shall have completed their 
 course when the hows reach the finish. 
 
 The referee, if he thinks [proper, may reserve his decision, provided 
 that in every case such decision be given for the day of the race. 
 
 If, in co'nformitv with the rules, a second race is ordered, it shall not be 
 called on tne day when the first was rowed. 
 
 BOXING. 
 
 QUEENSBERBY RULES. 
 
 To be a fair stind-up boxing match, in a 24ft. ring, or as near the size 
 as practicable. 
 
 Twi) judges and a referee, who are familiar with the rules, shall be 
 appointed. 'I'heir decisions in all cases shall be final. 
 
 No wrestling or clinching allowed. 
 
 The rounds to be of three minutes' duration, and one minute time 
 between rounds. The nu'.nber of rounds to be mutually agreed upon. 
 
 If either man fall, he must get up unassisted ; ten seconds to be allowed 
 him to do so, the other contestant meanwhile to return to his corner, and 
 when the fallen man is on his feet the round is to be resumed and continued 
 until the three minutes have expired. If either man fails to come to the 
 scratch in the ten seconds allowed, it sliall be in the power of the referee to 
 give his decision in favor of the other man. 
 
 A contestant hanging on the ropes in a helpless position shall be con- 
 sidered down. 
 
 No seconds or other person, except the referee, to be allowed in the 
 ring during the rounds. 
 
 Should the contest be stopped by any unavoidable interference, the 
 referee to name time and place, as soon as possible, for finishing the con- 
 test; so that the match must be won and lost, unless the backers of both 
 men agree to draw the stakes. 
 
 The gloves to be fair-sized boxing gloves of the bes^ quality, and new. 
 
 Should a glove burst, or come off, it must be replaced to the referee's 
 satisfaction. 
 
 A man on one knee is considered down, and if struck is entitled to the 
 stakes. 
 
 No shoes or boots with spikes to be worn. 
 
 The contest in ail other respects to be governed by the revised rules of 
 the London Prize-ring. 
 
 The only recognized authority on amateur boxing contests in the United 
 States are the rules of the New York Athletic Club, which are as follows: 
 
 1. Competitors shall spar in a space of twenty-four feet square, or 
 other suitable jilace, in slippers, or shoes, without spikes. 
 
 2. One attendant allowed outside the ring to each competitor. 
 
 ^. There Shall be three rounds both in the trial and final bouts, and 
 each round shall last three minutes. 
 
26 spaldixg's sporting rules. 
 
 4. No wrestling, roughing, or struggling at the ropes. 
 
 5. Time between each round, thirty seconds. 
 
 6. Style in sparring is essential. 
 
 The division of weight shall be: Feather, 115 lbs. and under; light, 135 
 lbs. and under; middle, 15S lbs. and under; heavy, over 158 lbs. 
 
 PRIZE RING RULES. 
 
 The London Prize Ring Rules, according to the last revised code, are 
 as follows: 
 
 1. The ring shall be four-and-twenty feet square, formed ot eight 
 stakes and ropes, the latter extending in double lines, the uppermost line 
 being four feet from the ground, and the lower two feet from the ground. 
 
 2. That each man shall be attended in the ring by two seconds. 
 
 3. Two umjiires shall be chosen by the seconds or backers to watch the 
 progress of the battle, and take exception to any breach of the rules here- 
 after stated. A referee shall be chosen by the umpires, unless otherwise 
 agreed on, to whom all disputes shall be referred; and that the decision of 
 this referee, whatever it may be, shall be final and strictly binding on all 
 parties. 
 
 4. At the conclusion of the round, the seconds shall step into the ring, 
 affording their principals the necessarv assistance. 
 
 1;. On the expiration of thirty seconds the referee appointed shall call 
 "Time," upon which each man shall walk to his own side of the scratch 
 unaided; the seconds immediately leaving the ring. 
 
 6. On no consideration whatever shall any person except the seconds 
 or the referee be permitted to enter the ring during the battle. 
 
 7. It shall be a fair "stand up fight," and if either man shall willfully 
 throw himself down without receiving a blow, whether blows shall have 
 
 Previously been exchanged or not, he shall be deemed to have lost the 
 attle; but that this rule shall not apply to a man who in a close slips down 
 from the grasp of his opponent to avoid punishment, or from obvious acci- 
 dent or weakness. 
 
 8. Butting with the head sh ill be deemed foul, and the party resorting 
 to this practice shall be deemed to have lost the battle. 
 
 9. A blow struck when a man is thrown or down shall be deemed a 
 foul. A man with one knee and one hand on the ground, or with both knees 
 on the ground, shall be deemed down; and a blow given in either of these 
 positions shall be considered foul, providing always that, when in such 
 positions, the man so down shall not himself strike or attempt to strike. 
 
 10. A blow struck below the waistband shall be deemed foul, and 
 that, in a close, seizing an antagonist below the waist, by the thigh or 
 otherwise, shall be deemed foul. 
 
 11. All attempts to inflict injury by gouging or tearing the flesh with 
 the fingers or nails, and biting, shall be'deemed foul. 
 
 12. Kicking or deliberately falling on an ant;igonist with the knees or 
 otherwise when down, shall be deemed foul. 
 
 13. All bets shall be paid as the battle money, after a fight, is awarded. 
 
 14. Referee and umpire shall take their positions in front of the center 
 stake, outside the ropes. 
 
 15. Should the fight not be decided on the day, all bets shall be drawn, 
 unless the fight shall be resumed the same week, between Sunday and Sun- 
 day, in which case the referee's duties shall continue and the bets shall 
 stand and be decided by the event. The battle money shall remain in the 
 hands, of the stakeholder until fairly won or lost by a fight, unless a draw 
 be mutually agreed upon, or, in case of a postponement, one of the princi- 
 pals shall be absent, when the man in the ring shall be awarded the 
 stakes. 
 
 16. Any pugilist voluntarily quitting the ring previous to the deliberate 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 2"] 
 
 judgment of the referee being obtained, shall be deemed to have lost the 
 tight. 
 
 17. On an objection being made by the seconds or umpire the men 
 shall retire to their corners, and there remain until the decision of the 
 appointed authorities shall be obtained; that if pronounced foul the battle 
 shall be at an end; but if fair "time" shall be called by the party 
 appointed, and the man absent from the scratch eight seconds after shall be 
 deemed to have lost the fight. The decision in all cases to be given 
 promptly and irrevocably, for which purpose the umpires and referee 
 sh uld be invariably close together. 
 
 18. If a man leaves the ring, either to escape punishment or for any 
 other purpose, without permission of the referee, unless he is involuntarily 
 forced out, shall forfeit the battle. 
 
 19. The use of hard substances, such as stones, or sticks, or rosin in 
 the hand during the battle shall be deemed foul, and that on the requisition 
 of the seconds of either mau the accused shall open his hands for the 
 examination of the referee. 
 
 20. Hugging on the ropes shall be deemed foul. That a man held 
 against the stakes, or upon or against the ropes, shall be considered down, 
 and all interference with him in that position shall be foul. 
 
 21. All glove or room fights be as nenrly as possible in conformity 
 with the foregoing rules. 
 
 BOWLING. 
 
 TEN PINS. 
 
 The games to be played shall be the American Ten Frame Game. 
 
 1. — In all games to be played a line shall be drawn si.xty feet from the 
 head or front pin. 
 
 2. — No balls shall be used exceeding twenty-seven inches in circum- 
 ference, and the dead wood must be removed from the alley after each ball. 
 Should a pin fall in removing the dead wood, it must be respotted. 
 
 7, — A regulation pin must be used in match playing. Each pin, except 
 the king pi 1, to be not over fifteen inches in circumference at ihe thickest 
 part, and from fifteen to sixteen inciies in length. 
 
 4. — No lofting or throwing of balls upon the alley will be allowed; the 
 balls must be rolled. Such balls will be considered foul at the discretion of 
 the Umpire. 
 
 5. — In playing, two alleys shall be used; two players to play at a time, 
 and to change alleys every frame. The game shall consist of ten frames on 
 each f-ide All strikes and spares made in the tenth frame shall be com- 
 pleted before leaving the alley, and on same alley as made. Should there 
 be a tie at any singli game, play shall continue until a majority of points 
 upon an equal number of frames shall be attained, which shall conclude 
 the game. 
 
 6 — F'ive men shall constitute a full team, and may be either active or 
 honorary members, in good standing in the club they represent, thirty days 
 prior to "the beginning of such Tournament. 
 
 7. — In all cases of disputes and differences the decision of the Umpire 
 shall be final. He shall, after each game, and before leaving the alley, 
 declare the winning club. 
 
 8. — A plaj'er must not step on or over the line in delivering his ball, 
 nor after it has been delivered, nor allow any part of his body to touch on 
 or beyond the line. Any ball so delivered shall be deemed foul, and the 
 pins made on such balls, if any, shall be respotted. Should any ball de- 
 livered leave the alley before reaching the pins, or any ball rebound from 
 the back cushion, the j)Lns, if any, made on such balls, shall not count, but 
 must be respotted. All such balls to count as balls rolled. 
 
28 SPALDIXG's sporting RULEi,. 
 
 9.— Any club that shall be detected in tamperlngf with the persons set- 
 ting up the pins, or by any unfair means seeking- to win a victory, sh 11, on 
 proof of the same, forfeit their rights in all games played by them . 
 
 10. —Each person or club shall play one game with every other person 
 or club in the Tournament. The club winning the greatest number of 
 games shall be entitled to the match. 
 
 II.— Should there be a tie between two or more contestants such tie or 
 ties shall be j)layed off according to these rules on such alley and at such 
 date as may be agreed upon. 
 
 NINE PINS.— KF. AT) PIN OUT. 
 
 I . The pins are placed on all spots, except head spot. 
 2 The player is entitled to three balls of any style in each inning, if 
 requisite. 
 
 3. One pin of th J nine must be left standing — no more or no less, or 
 the inning go.s for naught. 
 
 4. There are no penalties .attached, nor is the dead wood removed. 
 
 5. Ten innings constitute a game. 
 
 6. Ten points are the maximum. 
 
 COCKED HAT. 
 
 This game, in an American sense, cannot be placed under the above 
 heading, as in days gone by it was termed more scientific than that of 
 American Ten-Pins. It is played with only the head and two lower corner 
 pins set up on the alley. 
 
 Any siyle of ball within the regulation size (27 inches in circumference) 
 can be bowled, but the smallest balls, or what are termed "Pony" balls, are 
 generally used. They must be rolled, not thrown. 
 
 The rules of American Ten-Pins govern the game, strikes and spares 
 counting in the same ratio as if the ten pins were set up. If a bowler 
 bowls down tl;e three pins with his first ball, it is a strike, and is marked 
 on the board in the same manner as in the parent game. Whatever the 
 bowler scores with his next two balls is placed to his credit on the inning 
 the strike was made in; for instance, if the bowler bowls down two pins 
 with his next two balls, 2 is added to the 3 made by the strike, making 5 in 
 all. Spares also possess the same value as in the parent game; in fact, .he 
 
 fame is played precisely like American Ten- Pins, excepting poodles, or 
 alls rolled down the gutter, go for naught, and the dead wood is allowed 
 o remain. The maximum is c/d. 
 
 FOUR BACK. 
 
 1. The pins are spotted on the four back spots only. 
 
 2. Each pin counts 1, and spares and strikes count as in the American 
 ten-pin game. 
 
 3. Thore are no penalties attached, nor is the dead wood removed. 
 
 4. Ten innings constitute a game. 
 
 5. Three balls of any size are allotted to each inning, if requisite. 
 
 6. 120 points are the" maximum. 
 
 CALEDONIAN GAMES. 
 
 RUNNING HIGH JUMP. 
 
 1. The height of the bar at starting shall be determined by a referee. 
 
 2. The bar must be cleared without displacement. 
 
 3. Each competitor will be allowed three trials at each height. 
 
 4. Competitors must jump in rotation, as their numbers or names are 
 called. 
 
SPALDING'S SPORTING RULES. 29 
 
 5. The bar shall be raised at the discretion of the referee. 
 
 6. The raising- of the bar shall be continued until only one competitor 
 can cle;ir it, who shall be declared the victor. 
 
 7. When a competitor displaces the bar, the next in rotation will take 
 his turn. When only two remain, the first having- cleared the bar, the 
 other must then make his three trials in succession, or make the jump 
 clear. 
 
 Each competitor shall start at the lowest bar, and take his jumps in 
 regular order. 
 
 KUNNINQ LiONa JUMP, 
 
 1. At the starting- point two lines must be drawn thirty-six inches 
 apart, the scratch and the foul line. The sprinff must be taken between 
 these lines. If the toe passes over the scratch line it will be declared a 
 foul, and must stand as one of the three trials. 
 
 2. Measurement to be made from the toe to the first break made by the 
 heel or foot. 
 
 3. Falling- backward, or if any part of the body touches the ground 
 within the space cleared by the jump, it is a foul, and must stand as one of 
 the three trials. 
 
 4. The run is unlimited. Each competitor shall be allowed three 
 trials. The contestant covering the greatest number of feet and inches to 
 be declared the victor. 
 
 STANDING -WTDE OR BKOAD JUMP. 
 
 1. Competitors must toe the scratch mark and jum;i from the first 
 spring. 
 
 2. Each competitor shall be allowe \ three trials. 
 
 3. Stepping any part of the foot over the scratch mark shall be de- 
 clared " no jump,"' and shall count as one of the three trials. 
 
 4. The measurement shall be from the scratch Ime directly in front of 
 the jumper's toes, to the first break of ground made by the rear heel or 
 foot. 
 
 5. Falling backwards or if any part of the body touches the ground 
 within the space covered by the jump, it is a' foul, and must stand as one of 
 the three trials. 
 
 STANDING HIGH JUMP. 
 
 1. Competitors are allowed to stand facing, or right or left side to the 
 bar. 
 
 2. No double spring will be allowed. When the feet leave the ground 
 it must de declared either a jump or as one of the three trials. 
 
 All other rules shall be the same as in the running high jump. 
 
 HURDLE RACING. 
 
 1. The distance shall be 120 yards, over ten hurdles, height, three feet 
 six inches upright, not less than twelve or more than twenty feet apart, 
 unless otherwise agreed. First hurdle shall be placed fifteen yards from 
 the scratch mark. 
 
 2. Hurdle races may be arranged for any distance and any height of 
 hurdle. 
 
 3. Hurdles must be cleared with a jump. Touching the hands to the 
 hurdle will be declared foul, and the offender disqualified. 
 
 4. Each contestant must keep as nearly as possible in his direct line of 
 starting. Any willful deviation from such line will subject the offender to 
 disqualification. 
 
 VAULTING ■WTTH POLE OR POLE-LEAPING. 
 
 1. The uprights shall be nine feet apart, and the bar placed on pins 
 projecting two inches. 
 
30 SPALDIXG S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 2. The pole must fall so as not to touch the bar. 
 
 3. A competitor touching the bar without causing it to fall shall be 
 considered to have cleared it. 
 
 4. The height of l^ar at starting shall be determined by the referee. 
 
 5. Competitors will be allowed three trials at each height. 
 
 6. The bar shall be raised at the discretion of the referee, and so con- 
 tinued until only one competitor vaults over it, who shall be declared the 
 victor. 
 
 7. Three balks shall be called "no vault," and must be recorded as 
 one of the three trials. 
 
 THROVTENQ THE HAMMER. 
 
 1. The hammer head shall be of solid iron, perfectly round, standard 
 weights, 12 lbs. for light and 16 lbs. for heavy, exclusive of handle. Length 
 of handle, three feet six inches over all. The handle should be made from 
 seasoned hickory wood. 
 
 2. The competitor must stand at the scratch with one foot touching the 
 scratch-mark. A throw with one or both hands is a fair throw. 
 
 3. Touching the ground, over the scratch-mark, with any portion of 
 the body before the hammer strikes, shall be declared "no throw," and 
 must be recorded as < ne of the three trials. 
 
 4. Permitting the hammer to swing a competitor from his balance or 
 letting the hammer slip out of time must stand as one of the three trials. 
 
 1;. When the head and handle strike the ground at the same time the 
 head or iron is the measuring mark, at the first break of the ground made 
 by it. Should the hande strike first, one length of the handle, in a direct 
 line with the throw, must be added. The measurement must be from the 
 scratch-mark, midway between the thrower's feet, to the first break, in 
 accordance with above rules. 
 
 PUTTING THE SHOT. 
 
 1. The shot must be of solid iron and perfectly round, standard weight 
 16 pounds. The shot must be put Irom the shoulder with one hand, not 
 thrown from the side or under swing. 
 
 2. Competitors will take their position between two parallel lines, said 
 lines beinvf seven feet apart. Passing the toe mark, or touching the ground 
 outride of the mark, with any part of the body before the shot strikes the 
 ground, will be judged and recorded a foul, "no put," and must stand as 
 one of the three trials. 
 
 3. Each competitor is entitled to three trials. The measurement shall 
 be from the scratch-line or mark opposite the toe print to the first or nearest 
 break of the ground made by the shot. 
 
 TUQ OF "WAR. 
 
 1. The rope shall be one and one-half inches in diameter. 
 
 2. The mark on the rope shall be of red or white and sewed into the 
 layers of the rope. The side creases twelve feet on each side from center 
 crease. 
 
 3. The center crease to be over scratch-mark when the word " heave " 
 is given or the pistol is fired. 
 
 4. The team hauling the center crease to its own side to be declared the 
 winners. 
 
 5. No foot holes for bracing to be made before the signal to heave is 
 given . 
 
 6. Boots or shoes must be without projecting nails or spikes. 
 
 7. Immediately after weighing, the captains of all the competing 
 teams shall draw and tug in the order of drawing. 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING Rl'LES. 3I 
 
 S. The captains must draw or toss for choice of ground. If the same 
 two teams tug more than once, they must change ends at each successive 
 tug. 
 
 9. With two teams they must tug best two out of three, unless stipu- 
 lated single tug. 
 
 10. With three teams i and 2 shall pull, then 2 and 3, next 3 and i. 
 
 11. With four teams i and 2 shall pull, next 3 and 4, and the winners 
 pull the final. 
 
 12. Witli five teams, first round or pull, i and 2, next 3 and 4; the 
 winner of first heat will now pull with 5, and the winner of this heat pulls 
 the final witii the winner of second heat of first round. 
 
 13. With six teams, first round of pull, i and 2, next 3 and 4, then 5 
 and 6. 
 
 14. Second round or pull shall be with winners of first and second 
 heats, the winner of this heat now pulls the final with winner of third heat 
 in first round. 
 
 15. When more than six teams are entered, they shall tug on the same 
 principle as in the above examples. 
 
 16. No man shall be substituted for another who has alread}' pulled 
 in one trial, nor shall any man be allowed to pull with more than one team 
 in any of the trials for tlie same prize. 
 
 17. 1 he limit of time must be agreed upon. 
 
 iS. The weights in "Tug of War " shall be: Feather weight, 125 lbs. 
 and under; light weight, 150 lbs. and under; middle weight, 175 lbs. and 
 under; heavy weight, any weight above 175 lbs. Men to be weighed in 
 their regular exercising dress. 
 
 19. The earth shall he dug up or loosened to a width not exceeding 
 three feet, and a depth not le^s than six inches. 
 
 THROWING FIFTY-SIX POUND WEIGHT. 
 
 1. This must be of solid iron. No restriction as to shape of weight or 
 handle. The weight, including handle, must weigh exactly 56 lbs. 
 
 2. The competitor must stand at the mark or scratch, grasping the 
 weight by the handle, and throw it with one hand. 
 
 3. Touching the ground over the scratch-mark with any portion of the 
 body before the weiirht strikt s shall be declared " no throw," and must be 
 recorded as one of the three trials. 
 
 4. Each competitor allowed three trials. 
 
 5. Kach competitor shall be credited with the best of his three throws. 
 
 6. The measurement must be from scratch-mark in center of thrower's 
 eft foot, if he throws with the right hand, or the reverse if with the left, to 
 
 Ihe first break of the ground made by the weight. 
 
 HITCH- AND-KICK. 
 
 1. The contestants must spring, kick, alight and hop twice on the same 
 foot before touching the other to the ground. 
 
 2. The run unlimited. 
 
 3. The height of tambourine at starting shall be determined by the 
 referee. 
 
 4. Three trials allowed at each height. 
 
 5. Each competitor must take his trial in the order of his number or 
 name being called. 
 
 6. Touching the tambourine or object with foot or any part of the leg 
 below the knee, counts as a lair kick and nothing else. 
 
 7. Springing and kii king without touching the object kicked at counts 
 as a try, and must be recorded as one of the three trials. 
 
 BUNNING HOP, STEP AND JUMP. 
 
 If the competitor jiasscs the scratch-mark he loses the jump, and is 
 counts as one trial. 
 
32 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 Three trials allowed each contestant. The measurement to be from 
 the toe mark to the nearest heel mark. Xo weights to be used. All other 
 rules the same as for Running Jump. 
 
 TOSSING THE CABER. 
 
 The caber shall be i6 feet in length, not over S inches in diameter at the 
 larger end and not less than 4 inches at the smaller end. The contestants 
 shall toss from the scratch-mark. Three trials shall be allowetl each con- 
 testant. The caber shall be tossed so that the small end shall fall beyond 
 the butt. 
 
 The distance of the toss to be measured from the scratch to the farther 
 end of the caber as it lies. 
 
 WAXKING AND RX7NNINQ. 
 
 (See Rules governing Athletic Sports.) 
 
 CLUB SWINGING. 
 
 Two judges and a referee shall be appointed. The judges shall report 
 their decision to the referee, who will announce the victor. In the event 
 of the judges disagreeing, the referee shall decide as to the winner, and his 
 decision shall be final. 
 
 The weight of club shall be optional with each contestant, unless other- 
 wise agreed. In a contest for a given weight of club the contestants shall 
 use the same clubs. 
 
 The points to be taken into consideration are: i. Number of move- 
 ments; 2. Number of difficult movements; 3. Number of combinations; 4. 
 Perfection of movements; 5. Ease and grace in swinging; 6. Arrangement 
 of routine and effect of performance. 
 
 Juggling shall not be considered as club swinging. 
 
 CRICKET. 
 
 1. The ball must weigh not less than five ounces and a half, nor more 
 than five ounces and three-quarters. It must measure not less than nine 
 inches, nor more than nine inches and one-quarter in circumference. At 
 llie begmning of each innings either party may call for a new ball. 
 
 2. The bat must not exceed four inches and one-quarter in the widest 
 part; it must not be more than thirty-eight inches in length. 
 
 3. The stumps must be three "in number; twenty-seven inches out of 
 the ground; the bails eight inches in length; the stumps of equal, and of 
 sufficient thickness to prevent the ball from passing through. 
 
 4. The bowling crease must be in a line with the stumps; six feet 
 eight inc les in length; the stumps in the center; with a return crease at 
 each end toward the bowler at riij ht angles. 
 
 5. The popping crease must be four feet from the wicket, and parallel 
 to it; unlimitecf in length, but not shorter than the bowling crease. 
 
 6. The wickets must be pitched opp site to each other by the umpires 
 at the distance of twenty-two yards. 
 
 7. It shall not be lawful for either party durmg a match, without the 
 consent of the other, to alter the ground by rollinir, watering, covering, 
 mowing, or beating, except at the commencement of each innings, when 
 the ground may be swept and rolled unless the next side going in object to 
 it. This rule 'is not meant to prevent the strikt- r from beating the ground 
 with his bat near to the spot where he stands during the innings, nor to 
 
spaldixg's sporting rules. 33 
 
 prevent the bowler from filling up holes with saw-dust, etc., when the 
 ground is wet. 
 
 S. After rain the wickets may be changed with the consent of both 
 parties. 
 
 p. The bowler shall deliver the ball with one foot on the ground be- 
 hind the bowling crease, and within the return crease, and he shall bowl 
 one "over" before he change wickets, which he shall be permitted to do 
 twice in the same innings; and no bowler shall bowl more than two overs 
 in succession. 
 
 10. The ball must be bowled ; if thrown or jerked the umpire shall call 
 no ball. 
 
 1 1 . The bowler may require the striker at the wicket from which he is 
 bowling to stand on that side of it which he may direct. 
 
 12. If the bowler shall so toss the ball over" the striker's head, or bowl 
 it so \yide that in the opinion of the umpire it shall not be fairly within the 
 reaclf of the batsman, the umpire shall adjudge one run to the party receiv- 
 ing the innings, either with or without an appeal; which rn shall be put 
 down to the score of wide balls; such halls shall not be reckoned as one of 
 the four balls; hut if the batsman shall by any means bring himself within 
 the reach of the ball, the run shall not be adjudged. 
 
 13. If the bowler delivers a "no ball," or a "wide ball," the striker 
 shall be allowed as many runs as he can get, and he shall not be put out 
 except by running out. In the event of no run being obtained by any other 
 means, then one shall be added to the score of " no balls," or " wide balls," 
 as the case may be. All runs obtained for "wide balls" to he scored to 
 " wide balls." The names of the bowlers who bowl " wide balls," or " no 
 ball," in future to be placed on the score, to show the jjarties by whom 
 either score is made. If the hall shall first touch any part of the striker's 
 dress or person (except his hands) — and a run be scored— the umpire shall 
 call " leg bve." 
 
 14. At the beginning of each innings the umpire shall call " play;" 
 from that time to the end of each innings, no trial hall shall be allowed to 
 any bowler. 
 
 15. The striker is out if either of the bails be bowled off, or if a stump 
 be bowled out of the ground. 
 
 16. Or, if the ball, from the stroke of the bat, or hand, but not the 
 wrist, be held before it touch the ground, although it be hugged to the body 
 of the catcher. 
 
 17. Or, if in striking, or at any other time while the ball shall be in 
 play, both his feet shall be over ihe popping crease, and his wicket put 
 down, except his bat be grounded within it. 
 
 18. Or, if in striking at the ball he hit down his wicket. 
 
 19. Or, if under pretence of running, or otherwise, either of the strik- 
 ers prevent a ball from being caught, the striker of the ball is out. 
 
 20. Or, if the ball be struck, and he wilfully strike it again. 
 
 21. Or, if in running the wicket be struck down by a throw, or by the 
 hand or arm (with the ball in hand) before his bat (in hand) or some part of 
 his person be grounded over the popping crease. But if both bails be off, 
 i. stump must be struck out of the ground. 
 
 22. Or, if any part of the striker's dress knocks down the wicket. 
 
 23. Or, if the striker touch or take up the ball while in play, unless at 
 the request of the opposite party. 
 
 24. Or, if with any part of his person he stops the ball which, in the 
 opinion of the umpire at the bowler's wicket, shall have been pitched in a 
 straight line from it to the striker's wicket, and would have hit it. 
 
 25. If the players have crossed each other, he that runs for the wicket 
 which is put down is out. 
 
 26. A ball being caught, no run shall be reckoned. 
 
 27. A striker being run out, that run which he and his partner were 
 attempting shall not be reckoned. 
 
34 
 
 spaldixg's sporting rules. 
 
 28. If a lost ball be called, the striker shall be allowed six runs; but if 
 more than six shall have been run before "lost ball" shall have been called, 
 then the striker shall have all which have been run. 
 
 29. After the ball shall have been finally settled in the wicket keeper's 
 or bowler's hand, it shall be considered dead; but when the bowler is about 
 to deliver a ball, if the striker at his wicket f^o outside the poppino- crease 
 before such actual deliver}, the said bowler may put him out unless (with 
 reference to ♦he 21st law) his bat in hand, or some part of his person, be 
 within the T^opping crease. 
 
 30. The striker shall not retire from his wicket and return to it to com- 
 plete his innings, after another has been in, without the consent of the op- 
 posite party. 
 
 31. No substitute shall in any case be allowed to stand out or run be- 
 tween wickets for another person without the consent of the opposite party; 
 and in case any person shall be allowed to run for another, the striker shall 
 be out if either he or his substitute be off the ground in manner mentioned 
 in laws 17 and 21, while the ball is in play. 
 
 32 In all cases where a substitute shall be allowed, the consent of the 
 opposite party shall also be obtained as to the person to act as substitute, 
 and the place'in the field which lie shall take. 
 
 33. If any fieldsman stop the ball with his hat, the ball shall be con- 
 sidered dead, and the opposite party shall add five runs to their score; if 
 any run they shall have five in all. 
 
 34. The ball having been hit, the striker may guard his wicket with 
 his bat or any part of his body except his hands, that the 23d law may not 
 be disobeyea. 
 
 35. The wicket keejier shall not take the ball for the purpose of stump- 
 ing, until it has passed the wicket; he shall not move until the ball be out 
 of the bowler's hand; he shall not by any noise incommode the striker; and 
 if any part of his person be over or before the wicket, although the ball hit 
 it, the striker shall not be put out 
 
 THE UMPIRES' DUTIES. 
 
 36. The umpires are tlic sole judges of fair nnd unfair play, and all 
 disputes shall be determined liy them, each at his own wicket; but in case 
 of a catch, which the umpire at the wicket bowled from can not see suffici- 
 ently to decide ujion, he may apply to the other umpire, whose opinion shall 
 be conclusive. 
 
 37. The umpires in all matches shall pitch fair wickets, and the parties 
 shall toss up for choice of innings. The umpires shall change Avickets after 
 each party has had one innings. 
 
 35. They shall allow two minutes for each striker to come in, and ten 
 minutes between each innings. When the umpire shall call " play," the 
 parties refusing to play shall lose the match. 
 
 39. They are not to order a striker out, unless appealed to bj^ their 
 adversaries. 
 
 40. But if one of the bowler's feet be not on the ground behind the 
 bowling crease and within the return crease when he shall deliver the ball, 
 the umpire at his wicket, unasked, must call "no ball." 
 
 41. If either of the strikers run a short run, the umpire must call "one 
 short." 
 
 42. No umpire shall be allowed to bet. 
 
 43. No umpire is to be changed during a match, unless with the con- 
 sent of both parties, except in violation of 42d law; then either party may 
 dismiss the transgressor. 
 
 44. After the delivery of lour balls, the umpire must call " over," but 
 not until the ball shall be finally settled in the wicket-keeper's or bowler's 
 hands — the ball shall then be considered dead; nevertheless, if an idea be 
 entertained that either of the strikers are out, a question may be put previ- 
 ously to, but not after the delivery of the next ball. 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 35 
 
 45. The umpire must take cspeciiil care to call "no ball" instantly upon 
 delivery; "wide ball" as soon as it shall j)ass the striker. 
 
 46. The players who go in second shall follow their inningrs, if they 
 have obtained So runs less than their antaa^onists, except in all matches 
 limited to one day's play, when the number shall b • 60 instead of So. 
 
 47. When one of the strikers shall have been put out, the use of the 
 but shall not be allowed to any person until the next striker shall come in. 
 
 SINGLE WICKET. 
 
 1. When there shall be less than five j)laycrs on a side, bounds shall 
 be placed twenty two yards each in a line from the off and lea'-stump. 
 
 2. The ball must be hit before the bounds to entitle the striker to a 
 run, which run cannot be obtained unless he touch the bowling- stump or 
 crease in a line with his bat, or some pi.rt of his person, or go beyond them 
 returning to the popping crease as at double wicket, according to the 
 2 1 St law. 
 
 3. When the striker shall hit the ball, one oMMs feet must been the 
 ground, and behind the popping crease, otherwise the umpire shall call "no 
 hit." 
 
 4. When there shall be less than five players on a side, neither byes 
 nor overthrows shall be allowed, nor shall the striker be caught out behind 
 the wicket, nor stumped out. 
 
 5. The fieldsman must return the ball so that it shall cross the play 
 betwt-en the wicket and the bowling stump, or between the bowling stump 
 and the bounds; the striker may run until the ball be so returned. 
 
 6. After the player shall have made one run, if he start again, he must 
 touch the l)owling stump, and turn before the ball cross the play to entitle 
 him to another. 
 
 7. The striker shall be entitled to three runs for lost ball, and the 
 same number for ball stopped with hat, with reference to 2Sth and 33d laws 
 of double wicket. 
 
 S. When there shall be more than four players on a side, there shall 
 be no bounds. All hits, byes, and overthrows shall be allowed. 
 
 9. The bowler is subject to the same laws as at double wicket. 
 
 10. Not more than one minute shall be allowed between each ball. 
 
 CROQUET. 
 
 TIGHT CROQUET. 
 
 1. The jP" rounds shall be sTuooth, well leveled and graded, and shall 
 not be less tnan forty feet in width by sixty feet in length, nor more than 
 sixty feet in width by one hundred feet in length, and shall be laid out in 
 the same manner as any regular croquet field, with nine arches, the wires of 
 the middle arch being placed on a line with the st:irting and turning posts. 
 
 The arches shall be of round iron, not t > exceed half an inch in thick- 
 ness, and shall be seven inches in width in the clear. They shall be set 
 firmly into the ground, and shall be designated by thenumbers one to seven 
 inclusive, from the starting post to the turning- post, and by the letters A to 
 G inclusive from the turning post to the starting post. 
 
 The balls shall be of lignum-vita;, and shall be three and three-eighths 
 inches in diameter. 
 
 The mallets may be of such size and shape as may suit the whims and 
 tastes of the players. 
 
 2. At the bt ginning of a game, the player must place his ball on a 
 straight line equidistant from the starting post and the middle of the first 
 arch; but if there is a ball in the way, so as to obstruct the player from mak- 
 ing his first arch, the player-has the right to place his ball at right angles, 
 
36 Spalding's sporting rules. 
 
 at one side of said starting point, so that he has an imobstructed play, so 
 far as possible, for the first arch. 
 
 3. The ball must be struck, and not pushed, shoved, or poked, and al- 
 ways with tlie face of the mallet. In making a stroke, the mallet must not 
 follow the ball after croqueltin/ another, or hitting a wire of an arch. 
 
 4. The balls are to be plaved in the order of starting. 
 
 5. If a player play out of his turn he loses his next turn; but if not 
 discovered until he has made the second stroke, he will be entitled to finish 
 his run. 
 
 6. If the player play with the wrong ball, or make a roquet with the 
 wrong ball, he must replace the bal or balls and lose his turn. 
 
 7. If a ball f nils to make the first arch, it is in the game, but it can not 
 roquet another ball until it has passed through the first arch. A ball may 
 by one stroke be driven through more than one arch. A ball is not through 
 an arch if a straightedge when laid across the two sides of an arch from 
 whence the ball came, louches the ball without moving the arch. If a ro- 
 quetted ball stops so that any part of the roquetting ball is placed within 
 the arch that it is for, in making the croquet, the roquetting ball must re- 
 turn out of the arch before it can pass through. 
 
 S. A ball after passing through an arch or arches, or hitting the turn- 
 ing post, by one stroke, is entitled to another stroke. 
 
 9. If a ball after passing through an arch, or h tting the turning post, 
 roquets another ball, it must croquet that ball, after which it is dead on 
 that ball, and has no right to roquet it agaiu until after another arch or the 
 turning post is made. 
 
 When a ball roquets another ball, it must croquet it before proceeding- 
 with another stroke, to which it is then entitled. A croquet can not be 
 waived. 
 
 10. A stroke counts if the ball is moved. 
 
 11. A croquet is made if the croquetted ball is moved, 
 
 12. When a ball roquets another ball, the play of the roquetting ball 
 is finished at the place of contact with the roquetted ball (provided a rico- 
 chet is not made), and should the bail, before stopping, make an arch or hit 
 a stake, it can not be counted. A ball may roquet or croquet another 
 ball through an arch or against a post, which will be counted. 
 
 13. In a ricochet, if the ball makes an intermediate arch or turning 
 post, the arch or turning post will be counted. In a ricochet the balls must 
 be croquetted in the order in which they wi;re ro(juetted, before proceeding 
 with another stroke. 
 
 14. When a ball is croquetted, if it hit another, the ball so hit must be 
 replaced. 
 
 15. When a ball, in croquetting, escapes froin the hand or foot, if it 
 hit another ball, the ball so lilt and the croquetting ball, whether it hit or 
 not, must be replaced, wlien the player is entitled to proceed with another 
 stroke. 
 
 16. A ball is entitled to play upon a ball, upon which it is dead, for the 
 purpose of roquetting another ball, or making an arch or po t, but the ball 
 upon which it was dead, so hit, must be replaced before proceeding with 
 another stroke. A ball is entitled to carrom from an arch or post in making 
 a roquet, arch or post. 
 
 17. When a stroke is made, and the ball or balls pass outside the 
 bounaary line and hit the boundary rail of the ground, the stroke is finished 
 at the point of contact with the boundary rail, and if the ball or bails, 
 before stopping, return within the boundary line and hit another ball or 
 make an arch, or hit a post, it will not be counted, but the balls will remain 
 as they are. 
 
 18. When a ball is struck or driven outside the boundary line, it must 
 be placed just within the boundary line, at a right angle from the boundary 
 rail, and in case of a roquet, the roquetted ball must be placed at a suffici- 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 37 
 
 ent distance within the boundary line to allow the croquetting ball to be 
 placed just within the boundary line, before proceeding- with the croquet. 
 
 19. When a stroke is made anil the ball passes outside the boundary 
 line and stops at a ri^^ht angle behind another ball, just within the boundary 
 line, the player has the option of placing his ball on eitlicr side of the other 
 ball, at a distance of the diameter of a ball. WTien balls are replaced 
 within the boundary line, they must be placed at a distance of a diameter 
 of a ball from each other. 
 
 20. When a stroke is made by a ball outside of the boundary line, or a 
 roquet is made upon a ba.l outside of the boundary line, the play will there- 
 upon cease, and the player will lose his turn. Should a player croquet a 
 ball and then make an arch and hit the croquettcd ball, within "the boundary 
 line before the croquetted ball has stopped, the play will ce;ise, and the 
 player will be debarred from making anolner stroke in that inning. 
 
 21. A player playing upon a ball upon which he is dead (except as 
 hereinbefore provided) will lose his turn and play, and the ball so hit must 
 be replaced. If such play is not discovered until after tlie second stroke is 
 made, the player will continue his run, and the balls will remain as they are 
 at the close of the run. 
 
 23. A rover can not be put out by an opponent's ball, or by a ball that 
 is not a rover. To put a rover out of the game, the rover nuist hit the start- 
 ing post, or be roquetted or croquetted against it by a partner's rover ball. 
 
 23. If a rover roquets a partner's rover ball against the starting post, 
 the ball so roquetted is out of the game and must be removed, and the 
 roquetting rover must make his next stroke from where his ball stops, or 
 where it is brought inside the boimdary line. 
 
 24. Previous to making a stroke the ball must not be displaced by 
 picking it up, or intentionally moving it. After a roquet is niiide, the 
 roquetted ball, if within the boundary line, must not be displaced by pick- 
 ing it up or intentionally moving it in making the croquet. A person 
 offending against this rule will lose his succeeding play. 
 
 25. During a game the plavers and spectators are strictly prohibited 
 from doing or saying anvthing tfiat will tend, in the least, to annoy or dis- 
 concert a player or players, and should an offense against this rule be com- 
 mitted by a player, he will lose his next turn. JShouId the offense be com- 
 mitted by any of the spectators, it ^vill be the dutv of any member of the 
 club to call their attention to this rule, and if the offense is repeated it will 
 then he the duty of any member of the cluli to politely request and insist 
 that the person so offending shall leave the grounds. 
 
 26. Durino^ a game a player can ask an opponent or partner as to what 
 arch or place he or they are for, or as to what ball or balls he or they are 
 alive or dead upon, and the plaver so asked is required to give the desired 
 information, if within the scope of his knowledge; but Such questions 
 must not be asked when the player is about to deliver his stroke. Partners 
 can advise and consult each other in their play. An umpire may be chosen 
 in any game, whose duties shall be to see that these rules are observed and 
 enforced. 
 
 27. In lagging for partners the two balls nearest the starting post wil 
 be partners on one side, and tne two balls next nearest will be partners on 
 the other side. The partners nearest to the starting post will have the 
 choice of the stroke, in beginning the game. The side that is beaten in a 
 g-ame will have the choice of stroke in beginning the succeeding game. 
 
 In lagging for partners, each person must lag for himself, and should 
 a person refuse to play after lagging, his position will revevt to the ball 
 next nearest the starting post. Lagging for position for another is pro- 
 hibited. When there are more than four members of the club present who 
 wish to play, after a game is finished, the members of the club will lag 
 again. 
 
 28. The game is finished and won by the rover's side who first suc- 
 ceed in hitting the starting post. 
 
38 Spalding's spurting rules. 
 
 loose croquet. 
 RULE I.— The Field. 
 
 Section i. The field shall be either a parallelogram, or an ellipse in 
 shape, not less than forty feet by sixty feet, nor more than sixty feet by one 
 hundred feet. 
 
 Sec. 2. There shall be a distinct boundary line, formed by laying a 
 white cord upon the surface, at least thirty inches inside of any per- 
 manent inclosure. 
 
 Sec. z. The field shall be furnished with posts and wickets placed,, 
 numbered and lettered. 
 
 RULE IL— Implements. 
 
 Sec. I. The implements of the game shall consist of a ball, mallet and 
 tally-cUp for each player. 
 
 Sec. 2. Until some better material shall be found, the standard ball 
 shall be of composition known as "Tenax," three and three-eighths inches 
 in diameter, and weighing three-fourths of a pound troy.* 
 
 Sec. 3. The colors of the balls shall be red, white, blue and yellow, 
 covering the whole surface, and they shall be played in the order of their 
 colors as above. 
 
 The tiUy-clips shall be painted in corresponding colors. The wickets 
 and posts shall be painted white. 
 
 Sec. 4. The wickets shall be of three-eighths inch round iron, not less 
 than five nor more than six inches span, and shall stand not less than ten 
 nor more than twelve inches out of the ground. 
 
 Sec. 5. The cage or center wicket shall be in the form of a cross, not 
 less than five nor more than six inches in width, by fourteen inches in 
 length of channel. 
 
 Sec. 6 The posts shall be one and a half inches in diameter, and shall 
 stand not less than six nor more than twelve inches out of the ground. 
 
 Sec. 7. The mallets shall be such as each player may choose. 
 
 * Since the adoption of this rule the manufacturers have ceased making 
 the "Tenax" ball. Instead of the Tenax the Committee would recom- 
 mend Spalding's " Ebonite Croquet Balls," which are equally as good as 
 the Tenax. 
 
 RULE IIL— The Players. 
 
 Sec. I. The game shall consist of four players, two on a side, playing 
 alternately, in the order of their colors; or two persons, playing two balls 
 each, m ly constitute a game. 
 
 Sec. 2. When a g-ame has been arranged, the captains shall lag for 
 choice of inning, from a point abreast of the second wicket, and the one 
 landing his ball nearest the home post shall have \he choice, 
 
 Sec. 3. Partners m ly confer together during the progress of the gam e^ 
 but not to delay the game more than one minute at any one time, and in case 
 of controversy between i)artners the player shall finally decide. 
 
 Sec. 4. In case of a match game the captains shall choose the umpire. 
 If they fail to agree, they shall lag for choiie. 
 
 Sec. 5 No player shall refuse, when asked, to give any information 
 regarding points of the gam , position or condition of balls, or rights 
 of play; Dut he shall not be required to volunteer information. 
 
 Sec. 6. No player or other person shall be permitted to interfere with 
 the result of a game by any word or act calculated to embarrass the player, 
 nor shall any one speak to a player while in the act of shooting, except to 
 prevent an error. 
 
 Sec. 7. The umpire shall preserve order, and decide all questions 
 promptly, without debate; but he shall not voluntarily interfere to prevent 
 errors or otherwise. 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 39 
 
 RULE IV.— Rights and Privileges. 
 
 Sec. 1. At the opening- of each game the side which has won the 
 choice of inning shall have the right to open or follow, as they may elect, 
 and may also name the member of their own team to open the game. 
 
 Sec. 2. At the opening of each inning the player is entitled to one 
 shot. If this results in a point, he is then entitled to another shot. If it 
 results in a hit, he is then entitled to a split and a straight, hut failing to 
 make a pointer a hit, his play terminates. 
 
 bEc. 3. A ball \\ hicn has failed to majte first wicket, must remain 
 where it rests, unle-s displaced by following players, who have full rights 
 upon it under the rules. 
 
 Sec. 4. All balls are alive to the runner at the opening of each inning, 
 and also after each point made, but a ball hit is dead to the runner until 
 another point is made, in the same inning. 
 
 Sec. 5. Making two or more points at the same shot gives no more 
 rights than one. 
 
 Sec. 6. A ball may advance either by a shot, a hit, or a contact. 
 
 Sec. 7. A ball may be advanced by a mate any step in the game, either 
 by a hit or a contact. 
 
 Sec. S. a ball may be advanced by an opponent any step in the game, 
 except the last. 
 
 Sec. 9. A ball gains no additional nrivilegcs by becoming a rover. 
 
 Sec. 10. The runner may strike a dead ball at any time, but gains no 
 rights unless, by the same shot, it also makes a point or a hit. 
 
 Sec. II. A shot can not be made by striking any intervening object 
 with the mallet. 
 
 Sec. 12, No play shall be allowed outside of the boundary line, but 
 a ball shot or driven over the boundary shall be immediately returned at 
 rights angles to the boundarv lirbc. 
 
 Sec. 13. If a runner, when brought in, interferes with a live ball, it 
 shall be deemed a hit, and the player may move ihe captive, if necessary, 
 two balls' diameter within the line; but if it interferes with a dead ball, the 
 runner shall be placed a ball's diameter on either side, as the player may 
 elect. 
 
 Sec. 14. A hit gives the player two shots, namely, a split, and a 
 straight. The split must always be played, but the straight may be 
 declined. 
 
 Sec. 15. A player may, with consent of 0])ponents, take his ball out 
 of a hole or depression which would be liable to cause an overshot, but he 
 shall not move it to the right or the left, but directly backwards in the same 
 line of play. 
 
 Sec. 16. Where a field is furnished with a cushion, players shall be 
 entitled to any advantage gained by carrom or rebound from the cushion. 
 
 Sec. 17. At the end of his runj each player shall place his tally-clip 
 upon his next objective point. 
 
 RULE v.— Shooting. 
 
 Sec. I. When the ball is struck intentionally, with the face of the 
 mallei, a blow sufficient to cause a perceptible movement of the ball, it shall 
 be deemed a shot. 
 
 Sec. 2. The ball shall be struck one distinct, fair blow, with the face 
 of the mallet, and not pushed or shoved, either in a straight or curved line; 
 but this shall not be construed to bar the follow shot. 
 
 RULE VI.— Running Wickets. 
 
 Sec. 1. A ball has not made its wicket when it can be touched by 
 a straight edge laid across the front of the wicket. 
 
 Sec. 2. If a ball, in running its wicket, collides with a dead ball 
 lying less than a ball's diameter beyond the wicket, it is not a hit; the 
 
40 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 runner must pass clear of ihe front of its wicket, in order to renew its life. 
 
 Sec. 3. The normal condition of the wickets shall be true and upright, 
 but if a player shoots for a leaning' wicket, he shall not be allowed to 
 straighten, or in any manner move the wicket in determining his position. 
 
 Sec. 4. In running the cage, a straight edge laid against the front of 
 the last wires, shall determine if the ball is through. 
 
 Sec. 5. If a ball fails to make the cage at one shot, but rests wholly 
 within its outer limits, it shall be deemed to be in position, and may com- 
 plete the run at a subsequent inning. 
 
 RULE VII.— Position. 
 
 Sec. I. The position of a ball shall not be reckoned while it is in 
 motion; its position can only be determined when it is at rest. 
 
 Sec. 2. A ball driven'from in front of its wicket, and resting under 
 the wire, is in position. 
 
 Sec. 3. A ball driven from behind its wicket, and resting under the 
 wire, is not in position. 
 
 Sec. 4. A runner laid under a wicket for the purpose of a split is not 
 in position. 
 
 Sec. 5. A ball driven through is wicket in the wrong direction into 
 position, from whence, without resting, it rolls back through in course, has 
 not made the wicket. 
 
 Sec. 6. A ball driven through its wicket in course, and, subsequently, 
 without resting, rolling back to position, has not made the wicket. 
 
 Sec. 5. A ball driven from behind, but not through its wicket into posi- 
 tion, from whence it rolls through in course, has ma^le the wicket. 
 
 Sec. S. a ball may be deprived of position either by a hit or a contact. 
 
 * RULE VIII.— Errors and Penalties. 
 
 Sec I. If a player shoots out of turn, and the error is announced 
 before the next player has made a shot, the player in error forfeits his 
 inning, and the next player in regular sequence takes the balls where they 
 rest. Example: Red has played. Blue plays in error, but is detected be- 
 fore next inning. Blue forfeits, and White plays in regular sequence. 
 
 Sec. 2. If a player shoots out of turn, and the error is not announced 
 before the next player has commenced his run, the original error sliall stand 
 but the second player shall forfeit his inning, unless he is playing in regu- 
 lar sequence, in which case he shall finish his run, and the player in error 
 forfeits his next inning. Example: * While has played; Yellow plays in 
 error, but finishes; Blue plays in regular sequence. Error announsea, but 
 stands. Blue proceeds, and Yellow forfeits next inning. Or, White has 
 played; Yellow plays in error, but finishes; Red plays in sequence to Yel- 
 lo%v whose error stands, and Red forfeits, and Blue plays. 
 
 Sec. 3. If a player shoots with a wrong ball, and the error is an- 
 nounced by his opponent, they shall have the right to transpose the b Us 
 and take them where they rest, the player in error losing his play. Exam- 
 ple : Owner of Red shoots with Blue and leaves it near Yellow. White 
 and Yellow detect the error, and demand transposition of Blue and Red. 
 Red forfeits his inning. 
 
 Sec. 4. If a player shoots with a wrong ball, and the error is an- 
 nounced by his side, he shall have the ri<iht to transpose the balls and finish 
 the run. Example : Owner of White shoots with Blue, but discovers the 
 error and elects to transpose Blue and White and proceed. 
 
 Sec. 5. If an error in sequence is discovered, and the error can not be 
 located, the error shall stand, the other balls following in the order of their 
 colors. 
 
 Sec. 6. If a player omits a point in his regular course, he shall forfeit 
 his play and all points made in that inning. 
 
 Sec. 7. If a player misplaces his tally-clip, and an opponent is mis- 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. 41 
 
 led thereby to his disadvanUige, the player in error shall Ibrfcit his next 
 inningf. 
 
 Sec. S. If a player fails to properly place his tally-clip at the 
 end of his run, no other error resulting, he shall forfeit a point. 
 
 Sec. 9. It a player fails to move the captive in executintf the split 
 shot, his oponents shall have the option to allow the shot to stand or de- 
 mand its repetition. 
 
 Sec. 10. If a player uses a wrong ball, the play is void, and the balls 
 revert to the next player where they rest, unless correct play has been re- 
 sumed before the error is announced. 
 
 Sec. II. If a ball is stopped by an opponent, the player may repeat 
 the shot, or not, at his option. 
 
 Sec. 12. If a ball is stopped by a partner, the opponents may demand 
 a repetition of tlie shot if they choose to. 
 
 Sec. n- if -^ l^-^ll is interrupted by any person or object not pertaining 
 to the field, the shot may be repeated, or allowed to stand, at the option of 
 the player. 
 
 Sec. 14. If a player intentionally moves any ball, except by a fair shot 
 or as provided in Sections 12, 13, or 15, Rule IV.', he shall forfeit his play. 
 
 RULE IX.— Accidents. 
 
 Sec I. If a runner makes a hit, and subsequently a wicket at the 
 same shot, the hit only can be claimed. 
 
 Sec. 2. If a player makes a wicket and subsequently a hit at the same 
 shot, he shall take both. 
 
 Sec. 3. If a runner is frozen to a dead ball, the player may strike his 
 ball as he likes, but his play terminates unless he makes'a point or a hit at 
 the same shot. 
 
 Sec. 4. If a runner is frozen to a live ball the player shall use them as 
 in case of a hit. 
 
 Sec. 5. If a runner strikes several balls at the same shot, the first live 
 one only is a hit. 
 
 Sec. C\ a ball accidentally misplaced must be returned to its former 
 position. 
 
 CURLING. 
 
 I. Each player has a large stone of from thirty to fifty lbs. weight, 
 with an iron handle in the top. The first player's object is to slide the stone 
 as near the tee as possible, and in front or it. The next endeavors to beat 
 the first, either by getting the stone neari. r to the tee or by driving that of 
 the first player away. A stone gliding by the tee is almost sure to be cut 
 out of the game. Those of the same side, either guard their partner's 
 stone, if it is in a very likely place, or attempt to obtain a better position for 
 themselves. A piece of level or strong ice is selected upon which a "rink" 
 or course is planned out. The course shall be ten feet wide and from thirty 
 to fifty yards in length, as the ice will admit. At each end of the occurs 
 a small hole is made called a "tee." Around the tee two circles are drawn 
 called "broughs," one larger than the other. The broughs are intended 
 for the more ready measurement of the distance of each stone from the tee. 
 A line called the "hog score" is drawn across the rink at each end at a 
 distance from the tee equal to one-sixth of the rink, whatever that may be. 
 When all have been played, the stone nearest the tee counts one, and all 
 those of the same side which are not beaten by one of the other also score 
 one " shot" as it is called. The full number of counts to the game is 
 thirty -one. 
 
42 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 FLY CASTING. 
 
 1. No rod shall exceed eleven feet six inches in length, and it shall be 
 used with a sing-le hand. 
 
 2. Any style of rtel or line will be allowed, but a leader, or castings 
 line of single j^ut, of not less than eig^ht feet in length, to which three flies^ 
 one stretcher and two droppers shall be attached. 
 
 3. No allowance of distance shall be made for difference in length of 
 rods. 
 
 4. Persons entering these contests shall draw lots to determine the 
 order in which they will cast, and will be ready to cast when called by the 
 judges. 
 
 5. Each contestant will be allowed five minutes to cast for distance, 
 and will then stand aside until called in his turn to cast for delicacy and ac- 
 curacy, when he will be allowed five minutes for this purpose. 
 
 6. The distance shall be measured by a line with marked buoys 
 stretched on the water; said line shall be measured and verified by the 
 judges at kast once each day of the casting. A mark shall be made from 
 the stand from which the buoy line shall be measured, and the caster may 
 stand with his toes touching this mark, but may not advance beyond it. 
 Should he step back of it, unless directed so to do by the judges, the Joss in 
 distance shall be his. 
 
 7. The stretcher fly must remain at the end of the casting line in all 
 casts. The others are not deemed so important. A contestant may claim 
 time for repairs, which shall be allowed by the judges. Or the judges may 
 order the next on the list to cast while repairs are made, in their discretion. 
 
 S. In the absence of an appointed judge the committee will fill the 
 vacancy. 
 
 9. Any person who shall have won the first prize in class A, will not 
 be permitted to compete for prizes in either class B or C; or, having won 
 the first prize in class B, to compete in class C. Nor will any person hay- 
 ing v/on the first prize in class D he permitted to compete for the prizes in 
 class E. 
 
 SALMON FLY-CASTING. 
 
 The foregoing rules shall govern, except that the rods shall not exceed 
 eighteen feet in length, and may be used with both hands, and that only- 
 One flv will be required. 
 
 HEAVY BASS-CATCHINQ. 
 
 Rods shall not exceed nine feet in length; any reel may be used, but the 
 line shall be of linen not less than No. 9. The casts sh^ll be made with 
 sinkers weighing two and a ha f ounces. (These will be furnished by the 
 committee.) The casts shall be made in lane, formed by the buoy line and 
 a line paralleled to it and distant twenty-five feet. Each contestant will be 
 allowed five casts. His casts within the lines only shall be measured, 
 added and divid.d by five, and the result shall constitute his score. 
 
 LIGHT BASS -CATCHING. 
 
 The above rules shall govern, except that the sinker shall be one and a 
 half ounces, and there shall be no restriction as to lines. 
 
 FOOT BALL. 
 
 1. In every match there shall be one referee, and he absolute. The 
 same referee shall ofiiciate at all championship matches. 
 
 2. For intentional delay of game, or offside play, intentional violation 
 
^^PALDING S SPORTING RULES. 43; 
 
 of rule II, a player shall be disqualified, and his side shall lose five yards 
 for each offence. No delay, arising- from any cause whatsoever, shall con- 
 tinue more than five minutes. 
 
 3. The grounds must be 330 feet in length and 160 feet in width, with 
 H gail placed in the middle of each goal line, composed of two upright 
 posts, exceeding 20 feet in height, and placed iS feet 6 inches apart, with 
 cross-bar ten feet from the ground. 
 
 4. The game shall be played by teams of eleven men each; and in case 
 of disqualified or injured player a substitute shall Uike his place. 
 
 5. The time of a game'is an hour and a half, each side playing forty- 
 five minutes from each goal. There shall be 10 minutes' intermission be- 
 tween the two halves. The game shall be decided by the score of even 
 halves. Either side refusing to play after ordered to by the referee shall 
 forfeit the game. 
 
 6. No one wearing projecting nails, iron plates or gutta-percha on his 
 shoes shall be allowed to play in a match. Ordinary rubber soles allowed, 
 but not rubber tips. No sticky or greasy substiince shall be used on the 
 person of players. 
 
 7. The captains shall toss up before the commencement of the match, 
 and the winner of the toss shall have his i hoice of goal of kick off. The 
 same side shall not kick-off in two s iccessive halves. 
 
 S. The ball shall be kicked off at the beginning of each half; and 
 whenever a goal has been obtained, the side which has lost it shall kick-off. 
 
 9. The penalty for fouls and violation of rules, where judged as in- 
 tentional, except otherwise provideil, shall be a down for the other side. 
 
 10. The following shall be the value of each point in the scoring: 
 
 Goal obtained by touch-down 6 
 
 Goal from field kick 5 
 
 Touch-down failing goal 4 
 
 Safety by opponents 2 
 
 11. No unnecessary roughness, hacking:, throttling, butting, tripping 
 up, Uickling below the hips, or striking with closed fist, shall be allowed. 
 
 12. The side which has a free kick must be behind the ball when it is 
 kicked. At kick-off the opposite side umst stand at least ten yards in front 
 of the ball until it is kicked. 
 
 13. A player may throw or pass the bal in any direction, .except to- 
 ward opponents' goaf. If the ball be batted or thrown forward, unless a 
 fair catch is made, ii, shall go down on the spot to opponents. 
 
 14. If a player having the ball be tackled and tie ball fairly held, the 
 man so tackling shall cry "//i'A/," the one so tackled must cry "Z><?rt/«," 
 and some plaj'er of his side put it down for a scrimmage. The snapper- 
 back and the man opposite him-cannot pkk out the ball with the hand until 
 it touch a third man. If thesnapi)er-back be off side in the act of snapping- 
 back the ball must be snapped again, and if this occur three times on same 
 down the b ill goes to opponents. The man who first receives the ball 
 when snanped back from a c/otch, or thrown back from a fair, shall not 
 carry the l)all forward under any circumstances whatever. If, in three 
 consecutive y<«//-.<- and </orf«^, unless the ball cross the goal line, a team 
 shall not have advanced the ball five or taken it back ten yards, it shall go 
 to opponents on spot of fourth. Consecutive means without leaving the 
 hands of the side holding it. 
 
 15. If the ball goes into touch, whether it bound back or not, a player 
 on the side which touches it down must bring it to the spot where the line 
 was crossed, and there either (I) bound the b ill in the field of play at right 
 angles to the touch line, and then run with it, kick it or throw it back, or 
 (II) throw it out at right angles to the touch line, or (III) walk out with it,, 
 at right angles to touch line, any distance not less than five nor mor.; than 
 fifteen yards, and there put it down, first declaring how f:ir he intends 
 walking. The man who puts the ball in must face field or opponents'' goal 
 and he alone can have his loot outside touch line. Any one, except him» 
 
44 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 who puts his hands or feet between the ball and his opponent's goal is off 
 side. If it be not thrown at rig-ht ang-les, either side may claim it thrown 
 over again, and if it fail to be put in play fairly in three trials it shall go to 
 opponents. 
 
 i6. Kick-out must be a drop-kick from not more than twenty-five 
 yards outside the kicker''s goal. If the ball go into touch before striking a 
 player it must be kicked out again; and if this occur three times in succes- 
 sion it shall be given to opponents, as in touch on twenty-five yard line on 
 side where it went out. At kick-out opponents must be on twcntv-five 
 yard line, or nearer their own goal. 
 
 17. Chargmg is lawful for opponents if a punter advances beyond his 
 lines, or in case of a place- kick, immediately the ball is put in play by 
 touching the ground. In case of a punt-out, not till ball is kicked. 
 
 18. A player who has made and claimed a fair catch shall take a drop- 
 kick or a punt, or pace the ball for a place-kick. The opponents may 
 come up to the catcher's mark, and the ball must be kicked from some spot 
 behind that mark on a parallel to touch line. 
 
 19. If a plajer, when otTside, interferes \vith an opponent trying for a 
 fair catch by touching him or the ball, or waving his hat or hands, the op- 
 ponent may have a free kick or a down where the interference occurred. 
 
 20. No player shall lay his hands upon, or interfere with, an oppo- 
 nent, unless he has the ball. 
 
 FENCING. 
 
 FOIL FENCING. 
 
 1. The foil shall be 34 inches in length, have a flat blade, and be unat- 
 tached to the hand or wrist. 
 
 2. A successful free thrust must be followed by a pause. 
 
 3. Reprisals, or double thrusts, not allowed, the competitor who has 
 lunged must return on guard. 
 
 4. Time thrusts delivered without the lunge, count only in favor of the 
 giver, provided he is not hit himself; if both are hit simultaneouslv, the 
 count must be given to the competitor who is extended; if both are 
 extended, neither count. 
 
 5. A disarm counts one point. If the foil is lost while making an 
 attack and hitting the opponent, the count is not lost. 
 
 6. Parrying or taking an opponent's foil with the disengaged hand is 
 foul. 
 
 7. The number of points shall be not less than five or more than ten, 
 to be decided by the judges or referee, the competitor first making the full 
 number of points to b j declared the winner. 
 
 S. I'he buttons of the foils must be chalked before each round, and 
 competitors must wear a black body cover in order to distinguish between 
 a clean thrust and a glance or passe. 
 
 BROAD-SWORD FENCING. 
 
 1. The sword shall be 34 inches long, have a flat blade three-quarters 
 of an inch broad at hilt and half an inch at point, and be unattached at hand 
 or wrist. 
 
 2. All cuts must be made with the edge of the blade upon any pro- 
 tected part of the body above the waist. No cuts with the flat of the" blade 
 allowed. 
 
 3. A successful cut must be followed by a pause. 
 
 4. Where two cuts are delivered at the same time, the count belongs 
 to the competitor who is extended; if both are extended, neither count. 
 
 5. A disarm counts one point. If the sword is lost while making 
 attack and hitting the opponent, the count is not lost. 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. 45 
 
 6. Neither of the competitors must, in any case, allow his hands to 
 come in violent contact with his opponent's body. 
 
 7. The number of points shall be not less than five nor more than ten, 
 to be decided by the iudjjes or referee, the competitor first making the full 
 number of points to be declared the winner. 
 
 SINQIiE STICK FENCING. 
 
 1. The stick shall be made of ash or hickory, five-eighths of an inch at 
 the grip, and tapering at the end, 36 inches long. 
 
 2. Blows only count on the tnask and arms. 
 
 3. A successful blow must be followed by a pause, 
 
 4. If both contestants are hit simultaneously, the count belongs to the 
 competitor who is extended; if both are extended, neither count. 
 
 5. A disarm counts one point. If the stick is lost while making an 
 attack and hitting the opponent, the count is not lost. 
 
 6. Neither of the competitors must, in any case, allow his hands to 
 come in violent contact with his opponent's body. 
 
 7. If a com|)etitor seize his opjionent's stick with his hand (his own 
 weapon being free), it shall count one point against him. 
 
 8. The number of points shall be not less than five nor more than ten, 
 to be decided by the iudges or referee, the competitor first making the full 
 number of points to oe declared the winner. 
 
 GYMNASTICS. 
 
 Two judges and a referee shall be appointed. The judges shall report 
 their decision to the referee, who will announce the victor. In the event of 
 the judges disagreeing, the referee shall give the final decision. 
 
 "Each contestant shall be allowed a given number of trials, to be 
 decided by the contestants or referee. The movement or number of move- 
 ments performed by a contestant at each trial shall be optional, but shall 
 score as one movement. 
 
 Falling from the apparatus or in leaving the apparatus shall be con- 
 sidered a ])0<)r performance, and score as blank. 
 
 The points to be taken into consideration are: i. Degree of skill re- 
 quired to perform the movement; 2. Number of single movements; 3. 
 Number of combinations; 4. Perfection of movements; 5. Ease and grace 
 in performing movements; 6. Effect and appearance of performance. 
 
 HAND BALL. 
 
 1. A game of hand ball shall consist of twenty-one aces, to be played 
 with a ball about two inches in diameter. 
 
 2. A game to be played by two persons shall be called a single hand 
 game, by four persons a double trame. 
 
 3. When a match is made, be it double or single, the players (after 
 entering ihe court) shall toss for the first hand, the wmner to have one hand 
 only in the first inning. 
 
 4. Th." winner of the toss shall stand inside of a line called the ace 
 line (which is supposed to be in the center of the court) bound the ball on 
 the fioor, striking it with his hand against the front wall. He shall serve 
 it to the player or players beyond the ace line. 
 
 4^. In scoring the game each player shall be credited with an ace ac- 
 cording as it may be scored by " service " or "return." 
 
 5. The striker failing to strike the ball over the ace line three times in 
 succession is a hand out. 
 
46 Spalding's sporting rules. 
 
 6. If the striker when serving: the bull strikes either side wall before 
 striking the front wall, it is a hand out. 
 
 7. If the striker or his partner stops the ball intentionally before it 
 bounds after leavinsf the front wall, it is a hand out. 
 
 8. If the striker or his partner stops the ball intentionally while on its 
 way to the front wall, it is a hand out. 
 
 9. If a hall struck by the player strikes the striker or his partner, it is 
 a hinder, and it shall be played, over again. 
 
 10. When a ball is served short to the player he has the privilege of 
 striking it with his hand or foot; if struck with the foot and it fails to go 
 upon the front wall it does not score for the striker. If struck with the 
 hand and it fiiils to strike the front wall it is an ace for the striker. 
 
 11. A ball that is served short to the player and he strikes it with his 
 foot upon the front wall, the striker after returning it on the wall, has the 
 privilege of preventing the player from striking It again. 
 
 12. If a ball is struck with the foot and assisted by the hand on to the 
 front wall, it is foul. 
 
 13. When the player is about to strike the ball and his opponent jostles 
 him or gets in his way intentionally, it is an ace or a hand out. 
 
 14. When a ball "is served to the player, he shall strike it on the fly or 
 first bound; failing to do so counts an ace for the striker. 
 
 15. In a match for a prize the contestants are allowed one minute for 
 refreshments at the expiration of each game before commencing another. 
 The one failing to respond to the call of time Joses the match. 
 
 16. In a double match the striker's partner shall stand with his back 
 against either side wall, inside of the ace line, until the ball leaves the front 
 wall; failing to do so is foul. 
 
 17. If a ball served to the player goes over the back board or strikes 
 the gallerv before bounding on the floor, it is a foul. 
 
 iS. The striker shall call time before serving the ball, and shall not 
 serve the ball before the player or players are outside of the line. 
 
 19 In all cases when a ball is taken foul and the players play it or not 
 it shall be decided as a foul ball. 
 
 20. In strikmg the ball the player shall not toich the ball with any 
 part of his person other than the hand or foot, under a forfeit of an ace or 
 hand out. 
 
 21. If the striker in serving the ball strikes himself or his partner with 
 the ball and it goes over the ace line, it is at the option of the player whether 
 he plays to it or not, as it can be called a hinder. 
 
 22. In case there are only boundary lines drawn, and no side walls, if 
 the ball after striking the front wall rebounds outside the side boundary 
 line, such ball is foul, and is a hand out. 
 
 23. All disputed balls shall be decided by a referee chosen by the 
 players, whose decision in all cases shall be final. 
 
 LAWN TENNIS. 
 
 I, The single court is seventv eight feet long, and twenty-seven feet 
 wide. It is divided across the middle by a net, the ends of which are at- 
 tached to two posts, standing three feet outside of the court on either side. 
 The height of the net is three feet, six inches at the posts, and three fcec in 
 the middle. At each end of the court, parallel with the net, and thirty-nine 
 feet from it, are drawn the ba e lines, the ends of which are connected by 
 the side lines. Half wav between the side lines, and paralK 1 with them, is 
 drawn the half court line, dividing the space on each side of the net into 
 two equal parts, the right and left courts. On each side of the net, at a dis- 
 tance of twenty-one feet from it, and parallel with it, are drawn the service 
 lines. 
 
 (The double court, for three and four-handed games, is in length the 
 
spaldin'g's sporting rules. 47 
 
 same as the single court, but it is enlarg-ed in width from twenty -seven to 
 thirty-six feet, but the service courts a.Tc the same size as in the single 
 ■court. The net line, in a double court, is necessarily extended to forty-two 
 feet in length.) . 
 
 2, The ball shall measure not less than two mches and hfteen thirty- 
 seconds of an inch, nor more than two and a half inches in diameter; and 
 shall weigh not less than one ounce and fifteen-sixteenths of an ounce, nor 
 more than two ounces. 
 
 3. The choice ot sides, and the right to serz-e in the first game shall be 
 decided by toss; provided that, if the winner of the toss choose the right 
 to serve, the other player shall have choice ot sides, and rice versa. If one 
 player choose the court the other may elect not to serve. 
 
 '4. The players shall stand on opposite sides of the net; the player who 
 first delivers the ball shall be called the server, and the other the striker- 
 out. 
 
 5. At the end of the first game the striker-out shall beeome server, and 
 the server shall become striker-out; and so on alternately in all the subse- 
 <juent games of the set, or series of sets. 
 
 6. The server shall serve with one foot on the grouud outsid- of the 
 base line, and with the other on the ground within, or upon that line. He 
 shall deliver the service from the right and left courts, alternately, begin- 
 ning from the right. 
 
 7. The ball served must drop between the service line, half court line, 
 and side line of the court, diagonally opposite to that from which it was 
 served. , . , ,, , 
 
 S. It is a Fault if the server fail to strike the ball, or if the ball served 
 drop in the net, or beyond the service line, or out of court, or in the wrong 
 court; or if the server do not stand as directed bv I>aw 6. 
 
 9. A ball falling on a line is regarded as falling in the court bounded 
 by that line. 
 
 10. A Fault cannot be taken. 
 
 11. After a Fault the server shall serve again from the same court from 
 which he served tliat Fault, unless it was a Fault because he served from 
 the wrong court. 
 
 12. A Fault cannot be claimed after the next service is delivered. 
 
 1.3. The " Server " shall not serve till the " Striker-out " is ready. If 
 the latter attempts to return the service he shall be deemed ready. 
 
 14. A Service or Fault delivered when the Striker-out is not ready, 
 counts for nothing. 
 
 11;. The Service shall not be "Volleyed," viz., taken, before it has 
 touched the ground. 
 
 16. A Ball is in Play on leaving the server's racquet, except as pro- 
 vided for in Law S. 
 
 17. It is a good return, although the ball touch the net; but a service, 
 otherwise good, which touches the net, shall count for nothing. 
 
 18. The server wins a stroke (or point) if the striker out " volley " the 
 service, or if he fail to return the service or the ball in plav; or if he return 
 the service or the ball in play so that it drops outside of his opponent's 
 court; or if he otherwise lose a stroke, as provided liy Law 20. 
 
 19. The Striker-out wins a stroke if the Server serve two consecutive 
 faults; or if he fail to return the ball in play; or if he return the ball in play 
 so that it drops outside of his opponent's court; or if he otherwise lose a 
 stroke, as provided bj Law 20. 
 
 20. Either plaver loses a stroke if he return the service or the ball in 
 play so that it touches a post of the net; or if the ball touch him or anything 
 that he wears or carries, except liis racquet in the act of striking; or if he 
 touch the ball with hisracqiet more than once; or if he touch the net or 
 any of its supports while the ball is in plaj; or if he "volley" the ball 
 before it has passed the net; or if the service or the ball in play touch a 
 ball lying in his court. 
 
48 Spalding's spokiing i^llks. 
 
 21. On either player \vinning his first stroke, the score is called fifteen 
 for that player; on either player winning his second stroke, the score is 
 called thirty for that player; on either player winniny^ his third stroke, tlie 
 score is called forty for that player; and the fourth stroke won by eit er 
 
 E layer is scored giime for that player, except as below: If both players 
 ave won three strokes, the score is called Deuce; and the next stroke 
 won by either player is scored Advantige for that player. If the same 
 player wins the next stroke he wins the g-ame; if he loss the next stroke 
 the score returns to Deuce; and soon until one player wins the two strokes 
 immediately following the score of Deuce, when Game is scored for that 
 player. 
 
 22. The play r who first wins six games wins the "Set," except as 
 below: If both players win five games the score is called Games All; and 
 the next game won Dy either player is scored Advantage Game for that 
 player. If the same player wins the next game he wins the set; if he loses 
 the next game the score returns to Games All; and soon, until either player 
 wins the two games immediately following the score of Games All, when 
 he wins the Set. 
 
 23. The player shall change sides at the end of ev.ry set; but the 
 umpire, on appeal from either player, before the toss for choice, may 
 direct the players to change sides at the end of every game of each set, if, in 
 his opinion, either side have a distinct advantage, owing to the sun, wind, 
 or any other accidental cause; but if the appeal be made after the toss for 
 choice, the umpire can only direct the players to change sides at the end of 
 every game of the odd or deciding set. 
 
 24. When a series of sets is played, the player who served in the last 
 game of one set shall be striker-out in the first game of the next. 
 
 25. The above laws shall apply to three-handed and four-handed 
 games, except as below: 
 
 26. For the three-handed and four-handed games the court shall be 
 thirty-six feet in width. Four and a half feet inside the side lines, and 
 parallel with them, arc drawn the service side lines. The service lines are 
 not drawn beyond the point at which they meet the service side lines. 
 
 27. In tlie three-handed game, the single player shall serve in every 
 alternate game. 
 
 2S. In the four-handed game, the pair who have the right to serve in 
 the first game shall decide which partner shall do so; ana the opposing 
 pair shall decide in like manner for the second game. The partner of the 
 player who served in the first game shall serve in the third, and the partner 
 of tlie player who served in the second game shall serve in the fourth, and 
 the same order shall be maintained in all the subsequent games of the set. 
 
 29. At the beginning of the next set, either partner of the pair which 
 struck out in the last game of the last set may serve. 
 
 30. The players shall take the service alternately throughout the 
 game; a player cannot receive a service delivered to his partner; and the 
 order of service and striking out once established shall not be altered, nor 
 shall the striker -out change courts to receive the service till the end of the 
 set. 
 
 31. It is a fault if the ball served does not drop between the service 
 line, half -court line, and service side line of the court, diagonally opposite 
 to that from which it was served. 
 
 32. In matches, the decision of the umpire shall be final. Should 
 there be two umpires, they shall divide the court between them, and the 
 decision of each shall be final in his share of the court. 
 
 33. A Bisque is one point which can be taken by the receiver of the 
 odds at any time in the set except as follows : 
 
 (rt) A bisque cannot be taken after a service is delivered. 
 (/>) The server may not take a bisque after a fault, but the striker -out 
 may do so. 
 
SPALDING S SPORTIXG RULES. <_ 49 
 
 34. One or more bisques may be given to increase or diminish other 
 odds. 
 
 35. Half fifteen is one stroke g-iven at the beginning- of the second, 
 foTirlh, and every subsequent alternate game of a set. 
 
 36. Fifteen is one stroke given at the beginning of every game of a set. 
 
 37. Half thirty is one stroke given at the beginning of the first game, 
 two strokes given at the beginning of the second game, and so on alter- 
 nately in all the subsequent games of the set. 
 
 3S. Thirty is two strokes given at the beginning of every game of a set. 
 
 39. Half "forty is two strokes given at the beginning of" the first game, 
 three strokes given at the beginning of the second game, and so on alter- 
 nately in all the subsequent games of the set. 
 
 40. Forty is three strokes given at the beginning of everv game of a 
 set. 
 
 41. Half Court: The players mav agree into whicii half court, right 
 or left, the giver of the odds shall play; and the latter loses a stroke if the 
 ball returned by him drop outside any of the lines which border half court. 
 
 LACROSSE. 
 
 THE CROSSE. 
 
 1. The Crosse may be of any leugth to suit the player; woven with oaf 
 gut, which must not be bagy^ed. ("Cat-gut" is intended to mean raw-hide, 
 gut or clock-strings; not cord or soft leather.) The netting must be flat 
 
 ^hen the ball is not on it. In its widest part the crosse shall not exceed 
 one foot. A string must be brought through a hole at the side of the tip of 
 the turn, to prevent the point of the stick catching an opponent's crosse. A 
 leading string resting upon the top of the stick may be used, but must not 
 be fastened, so as to form a pocket, lower down the stick than the end of 
 the length strings. The length strings must be woven to within two inches 
 of their termination, so that the bail cannot catch in the meshes. 
 
 2. No kind of metal, either in wire or sheet, nor screws or nails to 
 stretch things, shall be allowed upon the crosse. Splices must be made 
 either with string or gut. 
 
 3. Players may change their crosse during a match. 
 
 THE BAX,L,. 
 
 4. The ball to be used in all match games must be of sponge rubber. 
 In each match a new ball must be used, furnished by the home team. It 
 shall become the property of the winning team. 
 
 15, The ball shall be of the size of the ball marked No. 40 regulation, 
 by the manufacturers. 
 
 THE OOAIiS. 
 
 6. The goals must be at least 125 ya. ds from each other, and in any 
 position ag-reeable 10 the captains of bo u sides. The top of the flag-poles 
 must be six feet above the ground, including any top ornament, and six 
 feet apart. In matches they must be furnishedby the challenged party. 
 
 7. No attacking player must he within six feet of either of the flag- 
 poles, unless the ball has passed coverpoint's position on the field. 
 
 S. The referee shall be selected by the captains. His authority shall 
 commence from the time of his appointment. 
 
 9. When "foul" has been called by either captain, the referee shall 
 immediately call "time," after which the ball must not be touched by 
 
50 SPALDING'S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 either part\-, nor must the players move from the positions in which they 
 happen to be at the moment, until the referee has called "play." If a 
 player should be in possession of the ball when "time" is called, he must 
 drop it on the ground. If the ball enters goal after "time" has been called, 
 it shall not c unt. 
 
 10. When game is claimed and disallowed, the referee shall order the 
 ball to be faced for, from where it is picked up; but in no case must it be 
 closer to the goals than ten (lo) yards in any direction. 
 
 UMPrRES. 
 
 1. There shall be one Umpire at each goal. They shall stand behind 
 the flags when the ball is near or nearing their goal. In the event of game 
 being claimed, the Umpire at that goal shall at once decide whether or not 
 the ball has fairly passed through the flags, his decision snnply being 
 "game" or "no game," without comment of any kind. He shall not be al- 
 lowed to express an opinion, and his decision shall in all cases be final, 
 without appeal. 
 
 2. No person shall be allowed to speak to an Umpire, or in any way 
 distract his attention, when the ball is near or nearing his goal. 
 
 3. In the event of the Field Captains failing to agree upon the Um- 
 pires, after three nominations have been made by each party, it shall be the 
 duty of the Referee to appoint one or more Umpires as may be required, 
 who shall not be one of the persons objected to, who must be duly qualified 
 as required by this rule. 
 
 CAPTAINS. 
 
 Captams to superintend the play shall be appointed by each side previ- 
 ous to the commencement of a match. They snail be members of the club 
 by whom they are appointed, and no other. They may or may not be 
 players in the match; if not, they shall not carry crosse, nor shall they be 
 dressed in JLacrosse uniform. They shall select Umpires and Referees, 
 as laid down in these Rules, toss for choice of goals, and these alone shall 
 be entitled to call " foul " during a match. They shall report any infringe- 
 ment of the laws during a match to the Referee. 
 
 NAMES OF PLAYERS. 
 
 The players on each side shall be designated as follows: "Goal- 
 keeper," who defends the goal ; " Point," first man out from goal; ** Cover- 
 point," in front of point; "Center," who faces; " Home," nearest oppo- 
 nent's goal; others snail be termed " Fielders." 
 
 THE GAME. 
 
 MiSCELLAXpOUS. 
 
 1. Twelve players shall constitute a full team. 
 
 2, The game must be started by the Referee facing the ball in the cen- 
 ter of the field between a player on each side. The ball shall be laid upon 
 the ground between the sticks of the players facing, and when both sides 
 are readv the Referee shall call " play." The players facing shall have 
 their left side toward the goal they are' attacking, and shall not be allowed 
 to use a left-handed crosse. 
 
 2. A match shall be decided by the winning of most goals in every 
 match, unless otherwise agreed upon. Games must in all cases be won by 
 putting the ball through the goal from the front side. 
 
 3. Either side may claim at least five minutes* rest, and not more than 
 ten, between each game. 
 
 4. After each game players must change goals. 
 
 5. No change of plavers must be made after a match has commenced 
 except for reason of accident or injury during the game. 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. 51 
 
 6. Should any player be injured during a match, and compelled to 
 leave the field, the opposite side shall drop a man to equalize the teams. 
 In the event of any dispute between the Field Captains as to the injured 
 player's fitness to continue the game, the matter shall at once be decided by 
 the'Referee. 
 
 \ 
 Rule X. 
 
 No player shall wear spiked soles or boots, and any player attempting 
 to evade this law shall bo ruled out of the match. 
 
 The ball must not be touched with the hand, save in cases of Rules xii. 
 and xiii. 
 
 The Goal-keeper while defendinsr goal within the goal-crease, may pat 
 away with his hand, or block the ball in any manner with his crosse or 
 body. 
 
 Should the ball lodge in any place inaccessible to the crosse, it may be 
 taken out with the hand, and the party picking it up must " face " with his 
 nearest opponent. 
 
 Balls thrown out of bounds must be "faced"' for at the nearest spot 
 within the bounds, and all the players shall remain in their places until the 
 ball is faced. The Referee shall see that this is properly done, and when 
 both sides are ready shall call play. The " bounds " must be distinctly set- 
 tled by the Captains before the commencement of the match. 
 
 Should the ball be accidentally put through a goal by one of the players 
 defending it, it is game for the side attackinu' that goal; should it be put 
 throuLrh the goal by any one not actually a player, it shall not couHt. 
 
 Should the ball catch in the netting, the crosse must be struck on the 
 ground to dislodge it. 
 
 The following shall constitute fouls and be punished as such by the 
 Referee: 
 
 I. No player shall grasp an opponent's crosse with his hands, hold it 
 with his arms or between his legs, nor shall any player more than six feet 
 from the ball hold his opponent's crosse with his crosse, run in front of him 
 or interfere in any way to keep him from the ball until another player 
 reaches it. 
 
 Xo player with his crosse or otherwise shall hold, deliberately strike 
 or trip another, nor push with the hand, nor wrestle with the legs so as to 
 throw an opponent. 
 
 Xo player shall hold the ball in his crosse with his hand or person, or 
 lay or sit on it. 
 
 No player shall charge into another after he has thrown the ball. 
 
 The crosse or square check which consists of one player charging into 
 another with both hands on the crosse so as to make the crosse strike the 
 body of his opponent, is strictly forbidden. 
 
 No plaver shall interfere in any way with another, who is in pursuit of 
 an opponent in possession of the ball. 
 
 " Shouldering "' is allowed only when the players are within six feet of 
 the ball, and then from the side only. No player must under any circum- 
 stances run into or shoulder an opponent from Ijehind. 
 
 The Referee shall be the judge of fouls, and shall call time to decide 
 them only at the request of the captains or the men appointed by them. 
 
 When a foul is allowed by the Referee, the player fouled shall have the 
 option of a free "run " or " throw " from the place where the foul occurred. 
 For this purpose all players within ten feet of said player shall move away 
 to that distance, all others retaining their positions. But if a foul is allowed 
 ■within twenty yards of the goal, the man fouled shall move away that dis- 
 tance from goal before taking the run or throw allowed him. 
 
 If a foul is claimed and time called, and the foul then not allowed, the 
 player accused of fouling shall be granted a free "run "or " throw " under 
 the conditions above mentioned. 
 
52 SPALDING S SPORTIXG RULES. 
 
 No player shall throw his crosse at a player or at the ball, under any 
 circumstances; and such action will be considered a "foul." Should a 
 player lose his crosse during^ a game, he shall consider himself "out of 
 play," and shall not be allowed to touch ihe ball in any wav until he again 
 recovers it. Kicking the ball is absolutely prohibited to pfayers without a 
 crosse. 
 
 Any player considering himself purposely injured during play, must 
 report to his captain, who must report to the Referee, who shall warn the 
 player complained ot. 
 
 For deliberate fouls which occasion injury to opponents or affect the re- 
 sult of the game, for the first offence the Referee shall have power to sus- 
 pend the player committing it, tor the rest of the game (not match); for a 
 second offence, the Referee may remove the offending player and compel 
 his side to finish the match short-handed. 
 
 Any player deliberately striking another, or raising his hand to strike, 
 shall be immediately ruled out of the match. 
 
 In the settlement of any dispute, whether by the Umpires or Referee, it 
 must be distinctly understood that the Captains, with one player each, to be 
 selected by them, have the ria^ht to speak on behalf of their respective 
 clubs; and any proposition or facts that any player may wish brought be- 
 fore the Referee must come through the Captains, or players selected by 
 them . 
 
 In event of a flag pole being knocked down during a match, and the 
 ball put through what would be the goal if the flag pole were standing, it 
 shall count game for the attacking side. 
 
 POLO. 
 
 1. Each team shall consist of five plavers in a contest. 
 
 2. The ball shall be the Reoulation Polo Ball ; the sticks shall be the 
 Regulation Stick, and shall not exceed four feet in length or one inch in 
 diameter, and shall not exceed fourteen ounces in weight. 
 
 3. The goals shall be the Spalding Cage Goal, und shall be set ten 
 feet from each end of the rink surface. The referee shall personally super- 
 vise the setting of go ils, and shall prohibit championship games from be- 
 ing played with the use of any other goal, except by written permission of 
 the Secretary of the League upon tlie request of the nianaijers of both 
 teams previous to the clubs going on the surface. The dimensions of the 
 League cage goal shall be six feet wide, three feet hig^h, and three feet 
 deep, and shall be after the style manufactured bj A. G. Spalding & Bros., 
 of Chicago and New York. 
 
 4. No person shall take part in a championship match who has played 
 in any other team within thirty days previous to each match, and he must 
 also have been a regular member of the team during the above time, unless 
 by consent, given in the presence of the referee, by both the captains. 
 
 5. Only one person shall tend goal at a time. 
 
 6. The referees shall have the exclusive control of the surface during 
 the game; shall decide all points of dispute. Referees are also empowered 
 to eject any players or player from the surface for each and every violation 
 of these rules. Referees shall positively refuse to recognize or argue any 
 point of law or any rule with any player on the surface during a contest, 
 except the manager or captain of a club. There shall be no appeal from 
 the referee's decision for the violation of any of the League rules, but 
 managers shall have the right to appeal regarding a referee's decision on a 
 point of law, and during the pendency of said appeal and until decided by 
 said board of officers, said referee's decision shall stand. 
 
 7. The visiting team shall have choice of goals in the first game, the 
 home team the choice in the second game, and for the third game the ref- 
 eree shall, in the presence of both captains, toss for positions, and in no 
 case are the positions of the teams to be reversed after the game is called. 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. 53 
 
 S To start the game, the ball shall be placed at the middle of a 
 straight line drawn throu<?h the center of each goal, and at the whistle of 
 the referee shall be charged upon by a player from each team, who shall 
 start without assistance one and a half feet to the left on a Ime with the 
 
 ^°\ ° To constitute a championship game, the club scoring the greatest 
 number of goals in 30 minutes, actual playing time from the blow of the 
 referee's whistle at the start of the game, shall be declared the wmncrs of 
 the game, provided three out of five goals have not been scored by either 
 club. In case of a tie at the expiration of 30 minutes the game shall be 
 played off on the next afternoon. ,,,,,, .. , . • . 4.1, 
 
 10 A goal is won by the passage of the ball from the front into the 
 cage * If bv accident, the ball should bound from the cage it shall not 
 count as a goal. To count as a goal, the ball must remain in the cage, and 
 under no circumstances be removed by any one excejit the referee. Miou d 
 any plavcr touch the ball while in the cage either with his jierson or stick, 
 or anything else, that indicated his intention to remove the ball, the referee 
 shalldecide a goal for the other side. 
 
 1 1 If a ball go out of bounds the referee shall blow his whistle to call 
 game and place the ball at the point oi)posite where it went out, at least 
 four teet from the rail. In recommencing play the players who do so must 
 stand in position t > knock the ball lengthwise of the surface, with their 
 backs toward the sides, the -ball to be midway between the two playerj, 
 whose hands must not be lower than the point indicated on the stick. 
 
 12 Game shall be called by the referee whenever a foul occurs, or 
 whenever one is claimed, unless'the referee is satisfied by his own observa- 
 tion at the moment that no just claim exists. Upon claim of foul, if game 
 is to be renewed, the ball must be placed where the foul occurred. 
 
 n It shall be deemed a foul : i. If any player stop or strike the ba 1 
 when any part of his person is touching the surface. 2. If any player catch 
 or bat the ball with his hands or arm. 3. If any player (save the goal tend, 
 who may do so) kick the ball with his foot or skate, though he may stop 
 the ball with either. 4. If any player strikes down the stick of his oppo- 
 nent or if any player trip or strike another intentionally with st'ck, hand or 
 skate. 5. If any player throws his stick in the pa h way of a player or at a 
 ball 6. If a player sha'l raise his stick above his hip in striking a ball, ex- 
 cept in such case's when the ball is in the air, above the hip, then only can 
 he raise his stick to stop it. ., , . , , 
 
 14. Any act by any ]ilayer that is manifestly intended as an unwar- 
 rantable interference by one player with another may be declared a foul by 
 the referee, upon complaint of the captain of the offended side. 
 
 ic. Three fouls, other than wh n the ball leaves the bounds, made by 
 either side during a contest for a goal, shall constitute a goal for the op- 
 
 ^""'iri.^Sf the referee decides a foul made by the goal tend prevented a 
 goal from it shall be adjudged as a goal for the opposite team. 
 
 17. If any club refuse to abide by the decision of the referee, which in 
 all cases ^half be final, the game shall be declared forfeited to the oppos- 
 ing club, unless the club aggrieved shall appeal from the referee's decision 
 within twenty-four hours after such decision is rendered. Such appeal 
 must be made by the captain and manager of the offended club, with a clear 
 and concise stateme t of the facts pertaining thereto; shall be given to the 
 referee alone, and be by him acted upon within the specified time. 
 
 18.. All championship games shall be played on rink skates with plain 
 boxwood revolving rollers, without the use of additional appliances to 
 hinder the free running of said rollers. Any wood, rubber, or any other 
 material attached in any manner to any skate, shoe or boot is positively pro- 
 hibited, and any skater going on the surface with the same, upon complaint 
 of the captain of the opposing club, the referee shall order such player 
 from the surface, and the club containing such jjlayer shall, after his re- 
 
54 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 moval from the surface, continue the game without the use of a player to 
 take his phice. 
 
 19. All referees shall prohibit slugging polo, and require players on 
 penalty of removal from the floor to adhere strictly to nursing or coaching 
 polo. After once notifying anv team to desist from slugging or rough 
 playing, the referee shall decitfe the same in favor of the opposing club. 
 From this rule there shall be no appeal. 
 
 20. In cases of accident or injury to any player a substitute may be ap- 
 pointed. Such substitute must at all times during a game be in uniform 
 near the surface and re idy for immediate use. 
 
 21. No person, except the players and referee, shall be allowed on any 
 part of the surface during a game. 
 
 22. If the rusher, whose place it is to charge upon the ball to start the 
 
 fame, continues to jockey, or tries to st;irt before the whistle is blown, or 
 oes not start from the designated spot, the referee warns him once; but if 
 he persists in doing it again the referee has the authority to call for a new 
 rusher to start the game. 
 
 2.^. All openings leading to the surface of a rink must be closed dur- 
 ing the game. 
 
 24. A new ball shall be used at every game, which becomes the prop- 
 erty of the team winning the game, the losing team paying for the same. 
 
 QUOITS. 
 
 1. The distance to be eighteen yards from center of mott or pin, the 
 player to stand not more than three leet from the mott played from. 
 
 2. Each player shall select his own size of quoit. 
 
 3. The pin must be at an angle of 45 degrees and one-half inch, above 
 the level with the clay. 
 
 4. Measurement to be made from the center of mott to the neares 
 visible part of quoit. 
 
 5. A referee shall be appointed, whose decision shall be considered 
 final. 
 
 6. The lead to be decided by a toss, the one getting the first pitch to 
 lead at the other end, playing alternately. 
 
 7. In case of a tie, two opposing quoits being equal, it shall be de» 
 clared a draw. 
 
 S. Points of game : Two or four hand, twenty-one points; six hand, 
 fifteen points ; eight hand, eleven points. 
 
 RACQUET. 
 
 1. Gentlemen wishing to play will enter their names on the slate (bona 
 fide), in their own handwriting, and shall be entitled to the Court, accord- 
 ing to their number, a tour de role. 
 
 2. Exchanging numbers will be allowed only when it is done to- 
 equalize a match, and with the approbation of those next entitled to the 
 Court. 
 
 3. The regular game will consist of a rubber of fifteen aces for a sin- 
 gle or double match. 
 
 4. On commencing a game in a double match, whether odds are 
 given or not, the side winning the toss shall have but one hand; but in a 
 single match the party receiving the odds shall be entitled to them from 
 the beginning. 
 
 5. The first service in each game of the rubber must be in the right 
 Court from the left ring, and then in the left Court form the right ring, and 
 so on alternately throughout the game, the out hand goino- on in the same 
 rotation. 
 
SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 55 
 
 6. The out hand shall have the privlleg^e of asking the service for the 
 last ace of each game in either Court, and, in a double match, of placing 
 either partner in that Court, but must remain there imtil the end of the 
 game. 
 
 7. .The server must stand with at least one foot in the ring and serve 
 the ball first over the line on the front wall, and within the right or left 
 Court, otherwise the ball will be foul. Serving two foul balls, missing the 
 ball or failing to strike the front wall, puts the hand out. No line ball is 
 fair. 
 
 8. All balls served or played in the galleries, or out of the Court 
 although they may return to tKe floor, will count against the striker. 
 
 9. In serving or returning a ball, if it strikes the tell-tale, it is a hand 
 out or an ace. 
 
 10. When a ball is served fair, the player alone in that Court is entitled 
 to return it. If the ball be foul either ])arlncr may return it. 
 
 11. A ball stopped by tiie striker or his partner, before either of the 
 adversaries has struck at it, loses him either a hand or an ace. 
 
 12. If a ball going from tlie Racket strikes one of the opposite party 
 above the knee, it is a let, and must be played over, unless the oall reached 
 the front wall before touching the floor; if below or on the knee, the 
 striker loses, unless the ball reaches the front wallas before. Should the 
 ball strike his partner, it counts against the striker, though the ball should 
 go up. 
 
 13. A ball must be taken either before or on the first bound, and not 
 touch the floor before reaching the front wall. 
 
 14. No ball will be dead until on or after its second hop. Using two 
 hands to the Racket, " foul." 
 
 15. A ball returning from the front wall and striking a beam, or any 
 part of the roof, or above the lower gallery, is foul. 
 
 16. As players must sometimes be involuntarily in each other's way, 
 the marker will decide (when a " hinder " is claimed) if they are entitled to 
 it. (There can be no hinder allowed when a ball has been struck at.) 
 
 17. One Rubber only can be played by the same party; but should any 
 of those going out be wanted to make up Ihe ne.\t match, they must draw 
 lots. 
 
 iS. Only one set allowed. 
 
 19. On commencing the game, parties must toss for the first service, 
 in making which they must cry "Play,"' or time must be called. In other 
 cases "Time " can only be ciUed before the server has struck. 
 
 20. A double match always to take precedence over a single match. 
 
 21. The marker's decision must be final, and without further appeal, 
 in all cases when judgment is asked. 
 
 22. The out-player only can call for a new ball except it be torn. 
 
 23. Any person striking a ball unnecessarily, on or after the second 
 hop, shall be liable to a fine. 
 
 24. No one will be allowed to play in the Court \vith nails in his shoes. 
 The Racket Shoe should have an extra sole of buff leather. 
 
 RUNNING. 
 
 (See also Athletic Sports.) 
 
 1. All contestants must be started from the scratch, except when dis- 
 tance starts are allowed, then the starts shall be measured 24 inches from 
 the pole. 
 
 2. No contestant allowed any support in starting. 
 
 3. Contestants must be in line at least three seconds before starting ; 
 cautioned by "Are you ready?" and started by the word " Go." 
 
 4. The men shall draw for position. 
 
56 Spalding's sporting rules. 
 
 5. A leader must hug the pole and thus allow a competitor in his rear, 
 room to pass. Should the leader be more than three feet from the pole, the 
 rear man is entitled at his own risk to puss on the inside. 
 
 6. In the event of a dead heat, it ib optional with the men whether the 
 race be skated over again, or the stakes divided. In case they arrive at no 
 agreement, the referee shall decide, and appoint day and hour for the race. 
 
 7. All races must be finished, and in case of men dropping out, the 
 remaining one or ones must finish. No prize can be awarded to any man 
 who does not cover the distance. 
 
 S. The referee's decision is final, and all stakes, wagers, etc., must be 
 awarded aecordingly. 
 
 SHOOTING. 
 
 rLIilNOIS STATE SPOKTSMEN'S ASSOCIATION. 
 
 1. All matches shall be shot from II and T plunge or ground trap, 
 linless otherwise agreed upon. 1 he traps shall be set five yards apart. The 
 rise, at single bird shooting, shall be twenty-one yards; at double bird 
 shooting, eighteen yards. Tiie boundary, at single bird shooting, shall be 
 eighty yards; at double bird shooting, one hundred yards; measured from 
 a point equidistant from, and in a direct line between, the two center traps, 
 when flags or posts have been set, not to exceed twenty-five yards apart, 
 as indicating the boundary, they shall be recognized "as being correctly 
 measured, and in all cases' of dispute, the referee shall declare any bird as a 
 lost bird which shall be wholly out of a direct line from the two nearest 
 flags or posts. 
 
 2. Two judges and a referee shall be appointed before the shooting 
 commences. The judges and the referee shall appoint a shot judge. One 
 judge shall call IIil; shooter to the score, and shah act for him — watching his 
 interest under these rules. The other judge shall watch and claim all in- 
 fringements of these rules by the shooter, calling the attention of the 
 referee to any intVingement of them; and shall, in all cases where there is 
 any doubt as'to a bird being a dead bird, require the shooter, or his gath- 
 erer, to bring the bird to tbe referee at the score. The judge shall call the 
 attention of the referee, and not of the shooter, to any supposed error of the 
 shooter; as in case of not holding the gun properly, not standing at score, 
 etc.; and the referee shall call the shooter's attention, prior to shooting, if 
 possible. 
 
 3. The charge of shot shall not exceed one and one-fourth ounces, 
 measured in a Dixon's stimdard No. 1106 or 1107 measure, struck off. The 
 shot judge shall examine one or more of the cartridges of all contestants 
 prior to their use; and if they contain more than above specified, the shooter 
 shall obtain other cartridges; and such cartridges as have been accepted by 
 the shot judge shall not be liable to after challenge. All ttmtestants shall 
 keep such cartridges at the stand, near to the score, and shall remove only 
 one in single bird shooting, or two in ( ouble bird shooting, as may be re- 
 quired for imme liate use, and shall use no others. Any contestant who 
 shall load from any others than those which have been accepted by the shot 
 judge, shall forfeit all rights in the contest. 
 
 4. Guns shall not be loaded before going to the score; and in single 
 bird shooting, but one barrel shall be loaded. Misfires, if not caused oy 
 the negligence of the shooter, sl.all not operate against him. Breech- 
 loaders shall not be considered as loaded until the breech and barrel are 
 closed; muzzle-loaders, not until the gun has been capped. 
 
 5. AVhen a person is at the score, and ready to shoot, he shall call 
 •' Pull," when the puller shall immediately release the bird or birds. Should 
 the bird or birds not take wing immediately upon pulling the trap or traps, 
 the shooter may declare •' No bird." In case a bird has taken wing, and 
 
spaldixg's sporting rules. 57 
 
 alights prior to being shot at, the referee shall determine whither another 
 bir^, or pair of birds, be given or not. In double bird shooting, bo h traps 
 shall be sprung, and both birds must take wing, simultaneously; and both 
 birds must be on the wing when the first is shot at. If both birds are killed 
 with one barrel, they shall be scored as dead birds Birds may be made to 
 take wing bv pulhng a cord having on it any artificial means for alarm- 
 ing the bird ; "but the same shall bj used uniformly for each contestant. No 
 other means shall be used to make a bird take wmg. I i single bird shoot- 
 ing, should more than one trap be opened at a time and both birds take 
 wing, the shooter may take a bird or not, at his pleasure. If he shoots, a 
 bird must be scored. 
 
 6. The gun shall be held with the butt below the elbow from the time 
 the shooter calls " Pull," until a bird takes wing. Should the trap or traps 
 be pulled before the word pull is given, the shooter may take the bird or 
 birds, or not; but if he shoots, the bird or birds shall be scored. In tourna- 
 ment or club shooting, but a sinj^^le puller shall be allowed to a squad; and 
 the puller shall pull as nearly uniform as possible. In single match shoot- 
 ing, each contestant may have his own jjullcr. 
 
 7. A bird being shot at while on the ground, or on a trap, and killed, 
 the referee shall decide '* Xo bird." and allow another bird. Any bird 
 shot at and missed, shall be declared a lost bird. In case of throwing' up a 
 dead bird, it shall be declared as '" No bird." 
 
 S. If any bird shall fly so that to shoot at it would be to endanger a 
 
 Eerson or property, it shall not be shot at, but the referee shall allow another 
 ird in its stead. If a bird be shot at by any person other than the party at 
 the score, the referee shall decide whether it shall be scored or another 
 bird allowed. In case any contestant is balked or interfered with, or if 
 there is any other satisfactory reason to the referee why it should be done, 
 he may allow him another bird. 
 
 9. A shooter may either gather his own bird or appoint a person for 
 that purpose; but no extraneous means shall be used to gather it; and no 
 other person shall be allowed to assist in gathering. No bird shall be 
 scored as dead, if challenged, until delivered to the rt^ferce at the score. 
 Time allowed, three minutes for each bird, from tlie time of challenge. In 
 case a gatherer is interfered with, the referee may allow the shooter another 
 bird. No person, other than the gatherer, shall go between the referee and 
 the bird being gathered. No b:rd shall be scored as dead, unless shot 
 marks exist. 
 
 10. In case of a tie at single birds, the distance shall be increased five 
 yards, and^shall be shot off at five birds. In case of a second tie, the dis- 
 tance shall again be increased five Jiirds, and this distance shall lie main- 
 tained until the match is decided. The tie in double bird shooting shall be 
 shot off at twenty-one yards rise, without any increase, at five double rises, 
 each contestant, unless otherwise agreed. In handicap shooting, no con- 
 testant shall be placed at a greater distance from the trap than thirty yards; 
 and ties shall be shot off at handicapped distance. 
 
 11. All matches shall be in class shooting, unless otherwise agreed. 
 
 12. No shooting within the inclosure, or in case there is no inclosure, 
 no shooting within two hundred yards of the score, shall be allowed, other 
 than at the scowe. 
 
 13. No pulling of the feathers, or otherwise maiming or injuring a bird 
 shall be allowed. 
 
 14. No person whose conduct is ungentlemanly upon the grounds, 
 shall be permitted to participate in a contest; and the referee shall so 
 determine. 
 
 11;. A referee's decision in all cases shall be final. 
 
 16, In five ground -trap contests, the traps shall be numbered from one 
 to five inclusive. They shall be set five yards apart, and each trap shall be 
 thirty yards from the score. The cord« to the traps shall be so arranged 
 that, in opening any trap, the shooter cannot be apprised as to the trap 
 
58 
 
 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 which is to be opened. The selection < f the trap shall be by hazard, with 
 dice-box and numbers, or otherwise, in such manner as to be equally fair to 
 each contestant; and the number shall only be known to the puller and 
 referee, until the bird has been sprung. The shooter may use one or both 
 barrels at each bird; but shall not use the second barrel after having left 
 the score. A bird shot at while not on the wing, with the tirst barrel, shalt 
 be declared " No bird." A bird shot at while on the wing with the firsl 
 barrel, may be shot at with the second barrel, either while on the ground or 
 on the wing, and shall be scored. If the first barrel misses lire and the 
 second is used, the bird shall be scored; if the second is not u^ed, the 
 referee shall declare no bird. If the first is used and the second misses fire, 
 the bird shall be scored. Misfires, caused by the negligence of the shooter, 
 shall be scored against him. Ties shall be decided at thirty yards rise. 
 
 17. The rules hereinbefore given for II and T contests, so far as they 
 relate to boundaries, appointment and duties of judges and referee, charge 
 of shot, loading of guns, the use of cartridges, rise and flight of birds, hold- 
 ing of guns, shooting at a bird so as to endanger person or property, balk- 
 ing of shooter, gathering of dead birds, lime, etc., of delivering to referee, 
 class shooting, and shooting within inclosure, pulling of feathers, ungen- 
 tlemanly conduct, decision of referee, etc., are herein adopted as applying 
 to the rules for five-trap contests. 
 
 iS. No gun with larger caliber than No. 10 shall be allowed in any 
 contest held under these rules. 
 
 BELL'S LLFE OR ENGLISH RULES. 
 
 1. The gun must not be carried to the shoulder till the shooter has 
 called "Pull." 
 
 2. A misfire no shot, provided the shooter has a cap or tube on the gun, 
 and it be cocked and loaded. 
 
 3. If a person pulls the trap without notice from the shooter, he has 
 the option to take the bird or not; should, however, he fire at it, the bird 
 must be scored. 
 
 4. If, on the trap being pulled, the bird does not rise, it is at the option 
 of the shooter to take it or not, but if not, he must declare it by saying 
 "No bird." 
 
 5. Each bird must be recovered within the boundary by the shooter, 
 or the person he denutes, and thtre must not be more than one person to 
 gather the said birci; and he must not go outside the bounds in order to 
 drop upon the bird, which must be recovered within ten minutes from the 
 time it was shot at, rit.berwise the bird must be scored lost. 
 
 6. If a bird that has been shot at afterward settles on the top of the 
 boundary fence, or any of the buildings, or on a tree within the ground, it 
 is scored a lost bird. 
 
 7. Should a bird, after it has been shot at, settle on the boundary 
 fence, or on any of the buildings, or on a tree in the ground, and then fall 
 dead within the bovmds, it is a lost bird. 
 
 8. If a bird that has been once shot at flies out of the ground, returns 
 and falls dead within the boundary, it must be scored a lost bird. 
 
 9. If the shooter advances to the trap and orders it to be pulled, and 
 does not shoot at the bird, or his gun is not loaded, or does not go off, 
 owing to his own negligence, that bird is scored lost. 
 
 10. Should a bird not fly when the trap is pulled, and the shooter does 
 not call out "No bird," but shoots at it, either on the trap or ground, and 
 misses, it shall be scored lost; but should he kill the same, it does not 
 score either way, but he must shoot at another bird. 
 
 1 1. Should a bird that has been shot at settle on the ground or be flying 
 away, and a "scout" fires at it and brings it down within the boundary, the 
 referee may, if satisfied that the bird would not ha^e fallen by the gun of 
 the shooter, order the shooter to shoot at another bird. 
 
 12. The bird must be killed when upon the wing to score a fair bird. 
 
SPALDING'S SPORTING RULES. 59 
 
 oi^'shooUn^^or'not! ^f he kSIK the bird .nust be scored ; but should he m;ss. 
 *''';? 'shoou"n°iY;om Traps, Double Shooting.- When more than 
 
 """.r- In matches or in sweepstakes when f"' "f lXm<'',h\''>-3^SS 
 
 «'"i'-z7st;t^'s'^"<!!np?;ii/.ruiihf.i'".c^^^^^^^^ 
 .^Te'ss';r,ip'i;S've\^^is.'o°-e^i;?ot^r;s^i^ 
 
 "' %°°' A s^hiSier may at any time object to the use oi a spring trap, either 
 in a match or sweepstakes. *;„ tv.^ 
 
 also be d-;;l''^"j^^j;ff; ^i^,^.hes or in Sweepstakes, or for Prizes.-The 
 
 a m"ch, may have the privilege of shooting at them at the commencement 
 ""' '7l 'The r'Sirdistance to shoot from the trap is ^'3-rds and boundary 
 
 3S?^iSSSIS5S^e?h^^is« 
 
 "^^''27''' Should a trapper place any feathers on or in any trap in order ta 
 baffl^theshooier.the^rhoofer can claim another bird witl^ the sanction of 
 the referee. 
 
6o Spalding's sporting rules. 
 
 28. Whenever a shooter is allowed the use of both barrels, providingf 
 he leaves the mark after firing- his first barrel, he cannot return to make use 
 of his second. Should, however, he do so and fire it off at ihe said bird, 
 that bird must be scored lost. 
 
 29. When the boundary is named and you are shooting on a common 
 or in fields, you measure the distance from the enter trap; and unless 
 otherwise specified, should the bird fall within bounds at the rear of the 
 shooter and is gathered, it must be scored to the shooter. 
 
 BOQARDUS KUIiES FOR HANDICAP GLASS BALL. SHOOTING 
 FROM FIVE TRAPS. 
 
 1. All matches or sweepstakes shall be shot from five traps, placed 
 five yards apart, and equidistant from the 2.3 -yard handicap score. The 
 handicap shall be from 20 to 25 yards, in divisions of one yard each from 
 the center trap. The center trap (No. 3) shall be set to throw a straight- 
 away ball; the two outside traps (Nos. i and 5) to throw a right and left 
 quartering ball at an angle thai will intersect the line of the ball thrown 
 irom the center trap, 15 feet in the rear of said trap; and traps Nos. 2 and 4 
 to throw an outwardly quartering-ball to intersect at right angles the line 
 of the ball from the outside trap nearest to them. The referee shall decide 
 the trap to be sprung by drawing numbered gun wads from his pocket, or 
 by throwing dice, and shall inform the puller. 
 
 2. Pulling of Traps.— The trap puller shall stand six feet behind the 
 shooter. The traps shall be numbered 1,2, 3, 4 and 5. The referee shall 
 have five gun wads, upon each a number corresponding to the trap. When 
 the shooter is at the score to shoot, the referee will then draw a wad from 
 his pocket and show it to the trap puller; the trap puller will then say, 
 Keady, after which the shooter calls Pull ! In all cases the puller must pull 
 fair for each shooter. If the trap is sprung before the shooter has given the 
 word, he can take the shot or not, but if he shoots, the ball or balls shall be 
 scored, whether broken or not, as the case may be. 
 
 3. Referee. — In all cases a referee shall be appointed, and his decision 
 shall be final. In case the trap, when sprung, breaks the ball, the referee, 
 in all cases, shall require the party to shoot at another ball, whether he 
 shoots or not. 
 
 4. Position .at the Score. — After a shooter has taken his place at the 
 score, he shall not level his gun, or raise the butt above the elbow until he 
 calls pull. Should he infringe on this rule, the ball or balls shall be scored 
 as lost, whether broken or not. 
 
 5. All balls must be broken in the air to count; if shot on the ground 
 shall be scored as lost. 
 
 6. There shall be no restriction as to size of shot used, or charge of 
 powder, but the charge of shot shall not exceed ij{ oz. Dixon measure. Any 
 one using larger quantity of shot shall forfeit all rights in the matches. After 
 a gun is loaded and challeng-ed, and the shooter discharges his gun, the 
 penalty will be the same as for overloading. 
 
 7. All ties to be shot off at the same distance of handicap, at five single 
 balls each, and in case of second tie, five more balls, and so on until decided. 
 In all cases, ties must be shot off before sunset, or postponed until next day, 
 unless the interested parties agree otherwise. 
 
 8. Ill double shooting, the distance shall be 16 yards rise, and from two 
 traps placed 10 yards apart. Ties shot off at iS yards rise, at three pair 
 balls each; and In case of second ties, three more pairs each, and so on until 
 decided. In all cases both traps must be sprung at the same time. 
 
 9. Time at the Score.-- -A participant in a match shall hold himself in 
 readiness to come to the score when his name is called by the scorer. If he 
 is longer than five minutes, it shall be discretionary with the referee 
 whether he shall allow him to proceed further in the match or not. 
 
 10. Misfire.— Should gun misfire or fail to discharge, from any cause, 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. 6i 
 
 it shall score as a lost ball, unless the referee finds, upon examination, that 
 the gun was properly loaded, and the misfire unavoidable, in which case he 
 shall allow another ball. 
 
 II. Loadin^i: Guns.— In case of briech-loaders, the party called to the 
 score shall not place his cartridge in the gun until he arrives at the score. 
 In case of muzzle-loaders, the party called to the score shall not place tlie 
 cap on his gun until he arrives at the score, 
 
 Xo one but a contestant has a right to challenge. 
 
 BOQARDUS' RULES FOR GLASS BALL SHOOTING. 
 
 1. All matches or sweepstakes shall be shot from three traps placed ten 
 yards apart, eighteen yards rise, and the choice of trap to be decided by the 
 referee, by drawing a gun wad from his pocket and showiner to the trap 
 puller. 
 
 2. Pulling of Traps.— The trap puller shall stand six feet behind the 
 shooter. The traps shall be numbered 1,2 and,]. The referee shall have 
 three gun wacls, upon each a number corresponding to the trap. When the 
 shooter is at the score to shoot, the referee will then draw a wad from his 
 pocket and show it to the trap pulter; the trap pulkr will then say Ready; 
 after which the shooter calls Pull! In all cases the puller must pull fair for 
 each shooter. If the trap is sprung before the shooter has given the word, 
 he can Uike the shot or not; but if he shoots the ball or balls shall be scored 
 whether broken or not, as the case may be. 
 
 3. Referee.— In all cases a referee shall be appointed, and his decisioa 
 shall be final. In case the trap, when sprung, breaks the ball, the referee, 
 in all cases, shall require the party to shoot at another ball, whether he 
 shoots or not. 
 
 4. Position at the Score.— After a shooter has tiikcn his place at the 
 score, he shall not level his gun, or raise the butt above the elbow, until he 
 calls pull. Should he infringe on this rule, the ball or balls shall be scored 
 as lost, whether broken or not. 
 
 5. All balls must be broken in the air to count: if shot on the ground, 
 shall be scored as lost. 
 
 6. There shall be no restriction as to size of shot used, or charge of 
 powder, but the charge of shot shall not exceed ij^ oz. Dixon measure. 
 Any one using larger quantity of shot shall forfeit all rij^hts in the matches. 
 After a gun is loaded and challenged, and the shooter discharges his gun, 
 the penalty will be the same as for overloading. 
 
 7. All ties to be shot off at 21 yards rise, at five single balls each, and 
 in case of second tie, five more balls, and so on until decided. In all cases 
 ties must be shot off before sunset, or postponed until next day, unless the 
 interested parties agree otherwise. 
 
 S. In double shooting the distance shall- be sixteen yards rise, and from 
 two traps placed 10 yards apart. Ties shot off at 18 yards rise, at three pair 
 balls each; and incase of second ties, three more pairs each, and so on 
 until decided. In all cases Doth traps must be sprung at the same time. 
 
 9. Time at the Score.— A participant in a match shall hold himself in 
 readiness to come to the score when his name is called by the scorer. If he 
 is longer than five minutes, it shall be discretionary with the referee 
 whether he shall allow him to proceed further in the match or not. 
 
 10. Misfires. — Should gun misfire or fail to discharge from any cause, 
 it shall score as a lost ball, unless the referee find, upon examination, that 
 the gun was properly loaded, and the misfire unavoidable, in which case he 
 shall allow another ball. 
 
 11. Loading Guns. — In case of breech-loaders, the party called to the 
 score shall not place his > artridge in his gnn until he arrives at the score. 
 In case of muzzle-loaders, the party called to the score shall not place the 
 cap on his gun until he arrives at the score. 
 
 No one but a contestant has a right to challenge. 
 
62 Spalding's sporting rules. 
 
 SKATING. 
 
 FANCY SKATING. 
 
 1. In case of a tie the contest shall be decided by a general display of 
 combined movements at the option of the contestants. The judges shall, at 
 the completion of each movement in a contest, mark on a slip of paper the 
 number of points for each contestant, and deposit the slip in a closed box; 
 these slips shall not be referred to till the close of the contest, when the 
 judges snail foot up all the slips, and the number of points gained by each 
 contestant shall constitute their award, which shall be final. 
 
 2. The order of taking the surface by each contestant shall be decided 
 by lot, and the number of figures to be executed shall be determined as 
 nearly as possible by the number of contestants. 
 
 3. No point shall be given for a movement under the head of special- 
 ties, if the skater who executed it has executed the same movement during 
 the programme, but if tlie skater, under a particular figure executes a 
 movement which the judges rule to belong to another figure, or to special- 
 ties, the skater shall have the right to e*cecute that figure in its proper 
 place. 
 
 4. In specialties, the leading contestant shall execute one specialty 
 which his opponent shall then execute if he can; the second contestant 
 shall then execute another, to be copied by his opponent, if he can, and so 
 on, leading alternately till the contestant whose turn it maybe to lead shall 
 not be able to execute any more, when he shall sit down, and the judges 
 shall score on the merits up to that point 
 
 . 5. Vv'hen the contestant falls in executing any movement he shall for- 
 feit one point; if, however, the judges unanimously consider the fall to 
 have been occasioned by unavoidable accident (such as obstruction in sur- 
 face, or breaking of a skate) they may allow him to recommence the figure 
 without forfeit. In specialties, a fall only counts against the skater in the 
 particular specialty in which it occurs. To define a fall, no part of the per- 
 son, except the feet or hands, shall touch the surface. 
 
 PROaRAMME FOB, SKATING CONTESTS. 
 
 1. Plain forward and backward movement. 
 
 2. *' Lap foot," as field step and cutting circle. 
 
 3. Outside edge roll, forward (" Dutch roll.") 
 
 4. Outside edge roll, backward. 
 
 5. Inside edge roll, forward. 
 
 6. Inside edge roll, backward. 
 
 7. Cross roll, forward. 
 
 8. Cross roll, backward. . 
 
 9. Change of edge roll, forward, beginning" either on outside or inside 
 edge. 
 
 JO. Change of edge roll, backvsrard, beginning either on outside or in 
 side edge. 
 
 11. («) " On to Richmond:" 1. ^., cross one foot in front of the other, 
 and with back stroke outside edge go backward or forward. 
 
 (^i) Reverse " On to Richmond: ■"/. ^., going forward by forward 
 outside edge stroke given alternately behind each leg. 
 
 12. " Locomotive," forward, backward, sideways; single and double. 
 
 13. Waltz step. 
 
 i'4. Spread-eagles, inside and outside edges. 
 
 15. Figure threes, (a) beginning inside or outside edge. On field and 
 
 in eight. Including " Flying threes." 0) Double threes, beginning 
 
 outside or inside edge. 
 
SPALDING'S SPORTING RL'LES. 63 
 
 16. Grape-vines, includingr " Philadelphia Twist Vine," etc. 
 
 17. Toe and heel movements, embracing- pivot circling, toe spins, 
 {firoueltes) and movements on both toes, etc. 
 
 iS. Smgle flat-foot spins, and double foot whirls. 
 
 19. Serpentines, (a) smji^le foot, forward ;ind b;icl<ward, ri^ht and left. 
 {b) Following feet, forward and backward, right and left. In "two 
 foot eight." 
 
 20. F"i2ure eight on one foot, forward. 
 
 21. Fissure eight on one foot, backward. 
 
 22. Changes of edge, single and double. 
 
 2^. One foot loops, mside and outside edges, simple and in combination. 
 
 24. One foot ringlets, inside and outside edges, simple and in combina- 
 tion. 
 
 25. Specialties, embracing original and pecnliar movements. 
 
 26. General display of combined movements at the option of the 
 contestant. 
 
 WALKING. 
 
 (See also Athletic Sports.) 
 
 1. In walking one foot must always be on the ground, i. e., as the toe 
 of the rear foot leg leaves the ground, the heel of the forward foot must 
 be on the ground. 
 
 2. Scratch races should be started by the word "Go," handicaps by 
 the report of a jMstol. 
 
 3. Where time starts are allowed, the men should be placed in a line 
 and cautioned to "get ready" at least three seconds before the time of 
 starting. Wheu distance start is allowed, stiirts shall be measurecT iS 
 inches from the pole. 
 
 4. The men shall draw for positions: A leader must hug the pole, and 
 thus allow a couipetitor in his rear room to pass. Should the leader be 
 more than three feet from the pole, the rear man is entitled at his own risk 
 to pass on the inside. 
 
 5. A man swerving across the track or "jockeying" a competitor in 
 his rear shall be cautioned for the first offence, and for a repetition of the 
 offence shall be disqualified. 
 
 6. In the event of a dead heat, it is optional with the men whether the 
 race shall be walked over again or not. In case they arrive at no agreement, 
 tlie referee shall decide and appoint the day and hour of the race. 
 
 7. Two cautions shall be allowed for unfair walking, and on each cau- 
 tion the referee shall have the power to set a man back from ten to fifty 
 yards, accordmg to the distance he may, in the referee's judgment, have 
 gained. A third caution shall disqualiJFj'. 
 
 S. Where an opponent abandons a contest, the referee shall have the 
 power to allow the winning man to stop, unless it is stipulated in the ar- 
 ticles that the race must be finished. 
 
 WRESTLmC RULES. 
 
 COLLAR AND ELBO"W. 
 
 1, The men shall wear short coats or jackets made of canvas, not ex- 
 tending below the hips, with strong collar and the elbow suitable for the 
 grasp of an opponent. They shall wear rubber sandals on the feet. 
 
 2. Each man shall take hold of the collar of his opponent with his right 
 hand, while with the left hand he must take hold of the right elbow. 
 
 3." Both men shall stand up breast and breast, with limber arms, and 
 show fair and equal play with the feet. 
 
 4. Either man breaking his hold with one or both hands, to save him- 
 self from a fall, shall forfeit said fall. 
 
64 Spalding's sporting rules. 
 
 5. Kicking the limbs or privates is strictly prohibited; a contestant 
 guilty of either offence to forfeit the match. 
 
 6. All falls must be square back falls, either two hips and one shoul- 
 der, or two shoul iers and one hip to be on the carpet simultaneously to con- 
 stitute a fall. 
 
 7. Striking upon the face, side, or knees, is no fall, and nothing- shall 
 be allowed for forcing a man from such positions to his back. Going down 
 on one or both knees is fair, as long as no holds are broken. 
 
 8. Butting is foul. 
 
 9. A rest of at least ten and not more tha 1 twenty minutes shall be al- 
 lowed between each fall. 
 
 10. Matches shall be made for first fall, best two in three^ or three in 
 five, to win according to mutual agreement. 
 
 11. The ring sh:'ill be twenty-to ir feet square, and nobody shall be al- 
 lowed inside except the referee and two umpires. 
 
 12. The decision of the referee shall in every case be final, and the 
 stakes shall be paid to the winner in accordance with his decision. 
 
 CATCH AS CATCH CAN. 
 
 1. The contestants can take any hold, trip or lock, they please. 
 
 2. To constitute a fall, two s'iioulders must strike the floor simul- 
 taneously. 
 
 3. Long or short drawers must be worn, and nothing heavier for the 
 feet will be allowed than socks and thin slippers. 
 
 4. A rest of at least ten and not more than twenty minutes shall be al- 
 lowed between each fall. 
 
 5. The umpires shall take their positions at a proper distance from the 
 contestants, an 1 there remain, and will not be allowed to talk to or advise 
 the principal^ during the contest. They shall, however, have the right to 
 call the attention of the referee to any point which, in their judgment, may 
 require his decision. 
 
 6. Striking, kicking, gouging, butting, pulling hair, full-nelson, 
 hanging, or doing anything to injure an opponent, shall be considered foul. 
 F"or each violation of this rule the offender shall be deemed to have lost a 
 fall, and if, in tlie judgment of the referee, an assault is made with a mali- 
 cious intent to injure an opponent, he shall have the power to award the 
 match to the injured party. 
 
 7. Matches shall be made for first fall, best two in three, or three in 
 five, to win, according to mutual agreement. 
 
 8. The decision of the referee shall in every case be final, and the 
 stakes shall be paid to the winner in accordance with his decision. 
 
 GR.aBCO-ROMAN. 
 
 1. Wrestlers are allowed to take hold from the head and not lower 
 than the belt or waist. Grasping the legs is strictly forbidden. 
 
 2. The men shall use open hands, and are not allowed to strike 
 or scratch ; to clasp one of their own hands within the other, nor interlace 
 their fingers, but thev can grasp their o>vn wrist to tighten their hold 
 around their oppo ent's body, or otherwise. 
 
 3. The principals shall "have their finger nails and hair cut short, and 
 must wrestle either barefooted or in their socks. 
 
 4. Should a wrestler fall on his knee, shoulder or side, a new start 
 must be made. 
 
 5. Should the principals roll over each other, the one whose shoulders 
 shall touch the ground first is deemed conquered. 
 
 6. A rest of not less than ten nor more than twenty-five minutes shall 
 be allowed between each bout. 
 
 7. Two shoulders touching the ground simultaneously constitutes a 
 fall. 
 
.Spalding's spc^rtinc; rules. 65 
 
 ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 Athletic sports, under which designation we class feats of 
 pedestrianism and of hurling heavy weights, but not oarsman- 
 ship or proficiency in pastimes, were popular pursuits at 
 schools many years before they were taken up by the Univer- 
 sities, or before athletic clubs were formed among adults. 
 Highland games used to be performed at the Annual Caledon- 
 ian Meetings, and to some extent the programme adopted at 
 these gatherings formed the basis of the list of feats practiced 
 in school athletics, with the chief exception of Tossing the 
 Caber, a feat whicli is essentially Caledonian. It will be seen, 
 therefore, that some remarks and suggestions on tliis subject 
 are especially in place in a work designed for young men. 
 
 The usual programme of an athletic sports contest runs 
 very much as follows: — Short distance race; long distance 
 ditto; one or more races at intermediate distances; a hurdle 
 race; high Jump and broad jump, with sometimes a pole jump; 
 putting tlie shot; and throwing the hainmer or throwing the 
 base-ball, I'his last now seldom finds place in programmes 
 among adult athletes. The usual sprint distance is 100 yards; 
 a mile race is most common, and sometmes there is also a two or 
 three mile race, and a steeplechase in addition, as a still fur- 
 ther test of stamina. A quarter-mile or 600 yards, and half- 
 mile race will be often found for the benefit of those who can 
 combine speed with a certain amount of stamina. Sometimes 
 there is also a Wiilking race. 
 
 SPRINTING. 
 
 Under this head are classed races which do not exceed 440 
 yards. In order to prepare himself for a hundred yaids' race 
 (irrespective of the training, of which we shall treat generally 
 in due course), the candidate cannot do better than begin by 
 steady walking exercise, at a medium rate of three and three- 
 quarter miles to four miles an hour, of about five miles in the 
 day, to harden his muscles. lie may run about 200 yards 
 twice during his walk, but should only run briskly, not vio- 
 lently; while he is' soft" it is a great mistake to put any undue 
 strain on the ligaments of the body. As he becomes firmer in 
 muscle, he may reduce the distance which he runs, and cover it 
 more rapidly, until he can run the actual 100 yards at top 
 speed. Still, it is wise not to run the course every day at his 
 f^rybest; the squeezing the last ounce out of the powers of 
 
66 Spalding's sporting rules. 
 
 the body too often tells a tale, even in so short a spin. If he 
 runs the distance within two or three yards of his best powers 
 this will do for two days out of three. E%'ery third day he may 
 see what he can really do, and try for himself whereabouts in 
 the course he best makes his one principal rush. A 600 yards 
 race is not often run at a homogeneous pace; there is some 
 space which the runner covers at greater speed than any other. 
 The runner should practice starts which are all important in a 
 short spin. He should stand thus; one foot (left for choice) 
 about its own length and three inches more in front of its fel- 
 low, the body upright, and all the weight on the hinder foot. 
 
 QUARTER MILE RACE. 
 
 This is about the severest course which can be run; it 
 requires both pace and stamina. The competitor should prac 
 tice walking exercise in the same way as for shorter distance 
 preparations, but he should run the racing distance only once 
 a day, and not run the full distance at first; 250 yards will 
 do to begin with, and this he can increase as he gets fitter till 
 he reaches full distance. He should not run himself quite 
 out more than twice a week, and should not do the 
 whole course at full pace within three or four days of his 
 race; during the last day or two starts of 50 yards, and spins 
 of 120, will sutftce to keep him in trim. For a half-mile he 
 should prepare himself in much the same way, but should 
 double the preparatory and practice distances, beginning at 
 500 yards early in training. 
 
 MILE RACING. 
 
 For this more preparatory walking exercise is wanted, and 
 the mile should be run daily at first, but to commence with, 
 the pace should be little moVe than a jog, at about two-thirds 
 of the runner's real powers. The speed may be increased as 
 practice progresses, but the full distance should not be run out 
 to the last gasp more than once a week, and not at all within 
 four or five days, or even a week, of the race. The same for 
 two miles, only that a still longer rest is needed between the 
 last trial at full speed and the day of the race. 
 
 HURDLE RACING. 
 
 This class of race is too much reduced to a sort of "sleight- 
 of-toe" among grown athletes. The distance and jumps 
 are usually uniform — 120 yards are ten flights of hur- 
 dles, three feet six inches high, and ten yards apart. The 
 runner practices his step for these and would be quite 
 thrown out if the distance between the flights or their 
 
Spalding's sporting rules. 67 
 
 height were suddenly varied unknown to liiin. With grow- 
 ing boys there is less MkeHhood of the science of tak- 
 ing the hurdles in the stride becoming so studied, for 
 their stride and strength are daily varying with growth. 
 Adults usually do the "three step" movement, which has super- 
 seded the "four step." They "buck" the hurdles, trotting over 
 them and not jumping them, lighting on the opposite foot from 
 that on which they took off, and going on thence in thtir 
 stride. Older boys may adopt the same step with advantage; 
 mere lads will not have stride enough to c(n'er the distance 
 between the hurdles in three steps; they will be forced to run 
 ynd jump, instead of "bucking." The best thing that they can 
 practice is to alight after each jump on one foot only, and to 
 step on with the next, taking off for the new stride 'with the 
 foot on which they land. To learn this "bucking" step the 
 runner should commence with low hurdles the regulation dis- 
 tance apart, and having acquired the step both as to take off, 
 landing, and continuation of the stride, then increase the 
 height until he can do the trick over full sized obstacles. He 
 can lower the hurdles by sloping them. lie may prepare him- 
 self as to exercise in the same way as for 100 yards racing, and 
 similarly practice starts. 
 
 For a steeplechase the runner should combine the jump, 
 ing practice of hurdle racing with the preparation for long-dis- 
 tance running. 
 
 JUMPING. 
 
 This is a feat which has greatly progressed with practice ot 
 late years. A quarter of a century ago any one who could 
 jump five feet was looked upon as a wonder; and four feet 
 eight inches often won a college or public school competition. 
 Now those who have a specialty for it practice it so much that 
 they soon add a foot or two to their range. The competitor 
 requires to get himself as light as he can, and to avoid all heavy 
 work with arms and back which may develop muscle where 
 not wanted for jumping The less lumber he carries the higher 
 he will jump. He should practice daily, but never tire him- 
 self The amount of run he takes to a high jump is very much 
 a matter of taste, but a dozen steps usually suffice. To time 
 the "take off" is the great art, and the distance for taking off 
 should be half the height of the jump, in front of the bar. The 
 legs should be tucked well up, and the whole body thrown 
 forward with just sufficient force to clear the bar, but all the 
 rest of the power should be expended on the upwatd spring. 
 
 Two upright deals, with nails driven in, and holes bored to 
 admit pegs, half an inch apart, with a light cross-bar laid on 
 
68 Spalding's sporting rules. 
 
 them, are all the apparatus needed for practice; the height 
 jumped should be measured, and a piece of paper may be hiid 
 down to mark tlie take off, until the eye gets used to ihe dis- 
 tance. The starting off and landing should both be from the toes. 
 In wide jumping the best practice is to cut a gutter in the 
 turf, whence to take off. Twenty paces suffice for the run. The 
 chief study, apart from development of the power of spring, is 
 to so time the step from the beginning of the run that the ia>t 
 stride before the spring may finish close on the edge of the 
 take off, without any necessity for shortening the stride to 
 make it fit, else impetus is wasted. 
 
 POLE JUMPING. 
 
 The pole jump of athletes is dit^erent from practical pole 
 jumping. In the former the athlete quits the pole and throws 
 it from him as he completes his spring, and so adds to his im- 
 petus; in the latter, crossing a country, the pole is retained, 
 and dropped over the obstacle with the jump. A 12-foot pole, 
 of ash (or pine for a liglit weight), shod with iron spikes, is the 
 usual implement. It should be held witli palms facing each 
 other, one hand above the other. That hand should be upper- 
 most which is on the opposite side to the foot from which 
 the pupil chieflv takes his spring — /. e., the foot which last 
 leaves the ground. The lovver hand should be about the height 
 of the obstacle; this teaches the pupil to lift his whole body as 
 high as his hands on each spring. The pole should be held 
 straight in front, and in a high jump on the rise the feet should 
 be thrown to the outside, the whole weight on the hands, back 
 and shoulders siff, so as to admit of the body being like a bar 
 of iron, and horizontal as it passes over the bar. As the pupil 
 progresses he w 11 be able to elevate his whole body higher 
 than his hands at the moment he clears the bar. A good 
 jumper will clear more than the height of his pole. Swinging 
 his whole body over, supported on his hands, and then spring- 
 ing with the hands oft' the pole as he quits it, he will clear his 
 arms of the bar. In wdde jumping (especially at a dyke, in 
 the manner "n vogue in crossing the fens) great care 
 is necessary to keep the pole straight in the line of spring, else, 
 if the jump is to one side there is a risk of a fall in the water. 
 So long as tlie pole is straight in front the body rises for the 
 first half of the jump, and when it has reached its greatest ele- 
 vation, its own weight takes it over; but if the pole stands to 
 right or left the full elevation is lost, and so is the final swing 
 of descent which bears the body to the further shore. The 
 feet should be carried well in front in the broad jump, not swung 
 round as in clearing a height. 
 
SPALDING'S SPORTIN'(; RULES. 69 
 
 THROWING THE HAMMER. 
 This sport is Caledonian in origin. The regulation ham- 
 mer is 16 lbs., and handle three feet six inches long; but boys 
 require a lighter one. The most effective way of throwing is 
 to swing the hammer round the body twice, the arms fully 
 extended, and with a run, swaying the whole body with it in 
 the last half-turn, then letting "it go. The requisites are: i. To 
 let go in the right direction; 2. Not to lift the head of the 
 hammer higher than the hands in the swing; 3. To time the 
 step to the take off. It is a dangerous feat to be practiced by a 
 tyro within range of spectators; he may let the hammer go al 
 the wrong moment, and in the wrong direction. Seven feet is 
 the regulation run. Plenty of dumbbell exercise helps to 
 harden the muscles of the arms, shoulders and neck for this 
 feat, and for the next one mentioned. 
 
 PUTTING THE SHOT. 
 Sixteen pounds is the full sized shot for this feat, but young 
 boys require a lighter one. The regulation rvm is seven feet, 
 and the feet should not pass the "scratch" at or after delivery. 
 The "put" must be with one hand (the right, as we presume 
 the student to be right-handed). The left may be used to ad- 
 just the shot in the palm of the right; it may steady the shot 
 there till the moment of delivery, and then must quit it. The 
 putter s'ands on his toes left forward, and takes a rise or 
 two on his toes, to get up swing; then . he steps off wi;h 
 his right, and takes two hops on his left leg: on landing from 
 the second hop he strides on with his right, and delivers the 
 shot just as his right foot comes down. Then he must 
 stop his body and not cross the line, else it is "no put," though 
 it counts as a "try." 
 
 THROWING THE BASE BALL. 
 
 Hardly a schoolboy is imable to throw, yet the strongest 
 arm is not always the most propelling for a throw. The secret 
 of throwing is to keep shoulder, elbow and wrist joints all 
 loose when the arm is drawn back ; then to hurl out the arm, 
 to let all three joints straighten simultaneously, and to let the 
 missile quit the grasp at that juncture. If any one joint 
 straightens before the other, or the delivery is not timed to 
 coincide with the triple straightening, power is lost. A run 
 adds impetus to the throw. 
 
 TOSSING THE CABER. 
 
 This is essentially Scottish, and seldom, if ever, finds its way 
 into American athletics. Nevertheless, a description of it is 
 
70 SPALDING S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 necessary to complete the series of feats. The "caber" is a 
 spar, or rather beam (a young tree), heavier at one end than 
 the other. It is held perpendicularly, small end downward 
 and balanced in the hands against the chest; then with a run the 
 athlete "tosses" it, so as to make it fall on the big end and turn 
 over. The "caber'' is usually so big at first that no one can 
 toss it clean over. If all fail, then a bit is sawn off, and another 
 round is tried by competition, and so on until some one turns it 
 clean over, so that the small end lies away from the direction 
 whence it came. If more than one tosses it over, the 
 straighte^t fall and farthest loss wins. 
 
 HARE AND HOUNDS. 
 
 Tills, or what is called a "Paper Chase,'' is an old-standing 
 school recreation, which has at last developed into a sort of 
 athletic sport — /. e., the competitors train for it, run against 
 Father Time as well as against each other, and are just as keen 
 to beat each other in the run home, and even more so, than to 
 catch the "hare," in fact, the object of this game rather plays 
 second fiddle among the hounds. Metropolitan and other 
 athletic clubs have taken up the pursuit, as well as public 
 schools. Formerly the fun of a "paper chase'' was to explore 
 new country for each hunt; but when rivalry of records of 
 "time" began to establish itself, standard cases became more 
 popular, and the interest of finding the way over a new line 
 became subservient to that of competing against the best re- 
 corded pace of former performers over old lines of country. 
 The sport is now nothing more or less than a steeple-chase on 
 foot between the hounds. 
 
 In running a course of this sort, no "hound" can expect to 
 take his fences in his stride, «r to jump the majority of them at 
 all. They are not made-up fences, such as are found on a regu- 
 lation steeplechase course of artificial creation, but are the bo7ia- 
 tide landmarks of inclosures, and would often prove too much 
 for even a good hunter, unless the rider carefully picked a weak 
 spot. The best costume is a sailor's guernsey, which leaves 
 the arms free to play, keeps the body warm, and at the same 
 time ventilates it; below, flannel trousers, the ankle and calves 
 of them tucked into stout worsted stockings gartered out-idc. 
 This protects the legs against thorns better than mere stockings 
 below knickerbockers, and the thorns in a hedge that have to be 
 pierced through are no joke. Spiked slices are better avoided ; 
 ihey are well enough on a running path or on turf, but over 
 sticky places they carry mud to the soles and impede the runner. 
 The best shoe is a brown leather or leather and canvas "row- 
 ing" shoe, or what would be a lawn tenn s shoe bu for having 
 
SPALDING'S SPORTING RITLES. 7I 
 
 a leather rke an India rubber sole. The runner does not want 
 to run on his toes, but nearly flat-footed all the way. Judg- 
 ment (f pace is, next t ) training, the most important requisite 
 and this the runner can learn only by experience. The most 
 distressing part of the ru:i is often the early part of it, when 
 frst wind has gone and second wind has not come again. With 
 second wind a good plucked one strides along merrily. The 
 pack fhould keep together, if only to hit off the "scent" at 
 checks, during the early part of the run ; if they want^ to run 
 jealfjus', tic last mile or two, wlien they have rounded in sight 
 of home, is plenty of time to begin'to race for the honor of 
 pride of place. The "scent" is pap. r torn small, and strewn by 
 the hares as they go. I', is carried in canvas bags, and to in- 
 sure a pace one of the two hares can run a section of a circle, 
 while the other cu's the arc and meets him at the end of the 
 curve; then the one who has been husbanding his powers can 
 take up the pace, while his colleague in a like manner cuts 
 across to meet him. 
 
 Long runs, steady exercise, careful diet, and especially early 
 hours of bed-time, are requisite to p ep:u-e for a severe Hare 
 and Hounds match. The best "sprinter" is often nowhere at 
 the end of a mile or two of heavy ground in a run ot this sort, 
 and nothing but pluck ani stamina combined bring the leaders 
 to their places of honor at the finish. 
 
 WALKING. 
 
 Boys seldom have walking races. The gait of a walking 
 race is ungainly, and is more exnausling than a run of greater 
 speed. The walker ties himself down to an action of limb 
 which abandons all spring and impetus. In a run he flies 
 through the air between the touch of alternate feet on the 
 ground, and takes off with a spring from a bent knee. In a 
 walk he must progress "heel and toe." The heel must touch 
 the ground flrst, and one foot must always be on the ground, 
 else the gait becomes a run. The knee must always be straight 
 when the foot is put down and taken up. The chief art 
 in walking is to "twst the hips." Bv twisting them at each 
 step the stride is lengthened, and ihe leg carried forward by the 
 swing of the loins, to the relief of the ordinary muscles which 
 extend the leg. 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 With the e<ception of Hare and Hounds, fjr which we have 
 already specified the mo-t suitable dress, the costume to be 
 recommended for athletic racing is as follows: "Zephyr" jer- 
 sey and cashmere "drawers" (which are, in fact, loose, easy 
 trousers cut short just above the knee-cap). They should be 
 
72 SPALDING'S SPORTING RULES. 
 
 loose enough to allow the knee to bend freely, and not to ham- 
 per the extension of the leg in the stride. No braces, but a 
 buckle to support them. They fit better around the waist if 
 the top is worked in a waistband of itself, with /tw buttons, and 
 a buckle to adjust the girlh. A short sock, barely reaching to 
 the ankle-joint, elastic, of knitted wool. The shoe should be 
 easy, no heel, the sole well covering the foot, and spiked. The 
 spikes should be thin and sharp, so as to give a good footing, 
 and yet not to stick in the path. No spike in the heel is best, 
 and five spikes in the toes. In all short-distance running, the 
 runner moves only upon his toes. The shoe should lace close 
 round the instep, but should not pinch in any way. The athlete 
 should keep well clothed in flannel wraps till the moment he is 
 wanted to go to the post. On a chilly day it will greatly im- 
 prove the play of his muscles if he can get some friendly 
 attendant to stand behind him and chafe his calves to the last 
 moment allowed. 
 
 In ordinary practice the runner may with advantage wear a 
 woolen woven guernsey over his jersey, which he can peel off 
 when he wants to run against time. He will find it convenient 
 to have a pocket worked in the breast of his guernsey for his 
 handkerchief, so as to be independent of his coat pocket, while 
 taking his training runs. When he is only taking walking ex- 
 ercise, his flannel coat will not be out of place. It should be 
 borne in mind that flannel is the attire for all violent exercise; 
 that the body should never be allowed to chill afterward ; and 
 that it should be well rubbed down, until the skin is clean and 
 dry, before every-day attire is resumed. 
 
 W^HAT TO ATTEMPT. 
 Each athlete has some strongest point. Many do not know 
 •what their best feat is. A man may run quarter-miles for ages, 
 and be only second rate at them, and suddenly find that he is 
 really first-class at a mile. The pupil cannot too soon find out 
 where his forte lies, and devote himself only to that. Also, in 
 his special distance, he should ascertain by trials against the 
 clock, and finally trial horses, where to make his chief effort — 
 beginning, middle or end of the course. No boy should 
 attempt severe feats of endurance if his family are constitution- 
 ally delicate— at all events until he has been examined and 
 passed sound by a doctor. Nor if he feels palpitation of the 
 heart, or coughs after a run, should he persevere in training 
 himself for running. 
 
A LAWK 
 T TENNIS 
 
 The Largest General Sporting M: House in tlie Vorli 
 A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 
 
 Manufacturers, Importers and Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 
 
 QINEBJIL SF0BTIMQ GOODS 
 
 OF SUPERIOR QUALITY. 
 
 hn\m Tennis EQ/iTERmii. 
 
 Makino- a specialty of supplvin<,r clubs :ind the hest retail trade, we 
 have manufactured a line of E.A.WISr: TEISTKHS SETS which are beyond 
 question the Handsomest, I.ightkst, Uhst Finished, and most durable 
 sets to be found anywhere. 
 
 WE HAVE A LARGE STOCK OF THE 
 
 CELEBRATED KENWOOD, WINDERMERE, 
 UNION GLUB AND JUNIOR BATS, 
 
 — AND THE — 
 
 SPALDING" REGULATION TENNIS BALL, 
 
 ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL BALL OF THE KENWOOD LAWN 
 
 TENNIS CLUB. 
 
 ALSO A FILL LL\K OF 
 
 Handle Covers, Bat Cases, Nets, Poles, Court Markers, 
 
 etc. Also Lawn Tennis Uniforms, consisting of 
 
 Shirt, Pants, Cap, Belt, Hose and Shoes. 
 
 SPALiDIMW'S L.A.WN TKRTXIS II AMU Ali. — (Illustrated.) 
 Containing full instructions in the popular crame of Lawn Tennis. 
 Illustrated articles for bejjinners, and the new rules of the National 
 Lawn Tennis Association. 73 pages. Price, by mail, 10 cents. 
 
 Send for 16 Page Journal of Summer Sports and Catalogue of Lawn 
 Tennis Supplies. • 
 
 A. G. SPALDING & BROS, 
 
 108 Madison St., 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 241 Broadway, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
POLO SUITS. 
 
 Flannel or Jersey Cloth 
 
 ShirU. 
 
 Each.Pr.dz 
 No. 0. Lace, Button or 
 
 ehield front, exiraqaal.S5 (30 $54 00 
 No. 1. Lace, button or 
 
 shield front, let qnal. 4 00 42 00 
 No. 2. Lare, button or 
 
 shield front, 2d qual. 3 25 36 00 
 No. 3. While or gray 
 
 Shaker Flannel 2 25 24 00 
 
 Close Fitting Shirts , 
 
 Each. 
 Worsted knit, tight fitting 
 
 equt'Btrian shirts $3 50 
 
 Cotton, do 2 00 
 
 JEKISETS. 
 
 Each. 
 Fine heavy worsted, laced, with 
 turn-down collar, scarlet, 
 
 blue, white or maroon, made to order $5 00 
 
 Fne he-vy worpted, not laced, with stand- 
 ing collar, scarl t, blue, white or maroon, 
 
 made to order 4 50 
 
 Light weight, laced, turn-down collar 4 00 
 
 Flannel or Jersey- Cloth Knee Pants. 
 
 Each. Pr.dz. 
 No. 0. Extra qual. flannel or Jersey cloth$5 00 $54 00 
 No. 1. First " " " " 4 00 42 00 
 
 No. 2. Second" " " " 3 25 36 00 
 
 No 3. White or gray Shaker flannel ... 2 25 24 00 
 
 K\Ei: TI<,iHTM. 
 
 Each. 
 
 Worsted Knee Tights $3 00 
 
 Woolen " " 2 00 
 
 Cotton " " 1 00 
 
 »TOCHIXOfi$. 
 
 Per doz 
 
 No. 0, Best worsted yarn, anyc'lor $18 00 
 
 *• 2. Fine woolen ytrn. any color 12 00 
 
 *' 1. Good quality woole 1 yarn 9 00 
 
 " 3. 2dqaality 6 00 
 
 BELTiS. Each. 
 
 No. 0. Nickel plated buckle, worsted webbing $ 50 
 
 " 1. Leather mounted, wo'S'ed wehhing 40 
 
 " 4. Leather mounted, cotto^ webbing 25 
 
 A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 
 
 108 Madison St., CHICAGO. 241 Broadway, NEW YORK. 
 
BOXING CLOVES. 
 
 Wc would call special attention to those intcrestcci in the 
 manly art of self-defense, to our superior line of Boxing 
 Gloves. We have arranged with the leading American 
 manufacturers of these goods to make for us an extra qual- 
 ity of gloves, out of the very best material, and on the latest 
 improved patterns. Contracting as \ve do, in very large 
 quantities, we are enabled to ofler our customers these su- 
 perior gloves at comparatively low prices, and can recom- 
 mend them as superior to any Otner glove on the market. 
 
 Each gflove will bear our trade-mark to insure its ijenuineness, and 
 will be known as *' Spalding's Trade-marked Boxinjj Gloves." 
 
 PBTCE LIST. 
 
 Per Set of 
 Four Gloves. 
 
 No. lo. Boys' site, well itufled, and Un colored palms $350 
 
 No. 15 Men's size, same as No. 10 300 
 
 No. ao. Men's size, well stuffed and extra tan leather, palms 
 
 and wristi bound with fancy leather 4 00 
 
 No. 35. Men's size, same as No. 30; heel padded 4 50 
 
 No. 30. " " same as No. 20; fin<r quality - 4 50 
 
 No. 35. Same as No. 30; heel padded 5 00 
 
 No. 38. Fine Quality, strongly sewed and full padded, and 
 
 stronfir tan leather palms S OO 
 
 No. 40. Superior Quality, same as No. 38, only finer made 5 50 
 
 No. 45. Same as No. ^; neel padded 000 
 
 No. 50. Kid Glove, with tan -colored leather palm S 00 
 
 No. SJ. Kid Glove, with best buckskin palms 600 
 
 No. 60. I'inest Kid Gloves, with ventilated palm 700 
 
 No. 65. Same as No. fo; heel padded 7 SP 
 
 No. 70. Chand er's Pro essional Kid Glove, for sparing sparr- 
 ing exhibitions, being small and compactly stuffed 7 00 
 No. 80. Graham's S -fety Glove, the best practice glove made, 
 
 with padded fingers and ribbed center, 7 5<* 
 
 No. 85. Graham's Safety Glove, same as No 80,, with addi- 
 tional heel pad . . . , 8 OO 
 
i3jari3i-A-]xr oxjxj: 
 
 f^^ 
 
 CLUBS 
 
 Made to 
 Exact Size 
 and Weight 
 
 In introducing- our new Trade-marked Indian Clubs, we would call 
 special attention to the perfect shape, beautiful ebony finish, and correct 
 weijfht of e'4ch club. We select the very choicest timber for these 
 clubs, turn them by hand, and work each club down to the exact troy 
 weig^ht, and this care in making-, together with the beautiful ebony fin- 
 ish, highly polished, and banded in g-old, with nickel-plated heads, 
 makes them the most beautiful and desirable Indian Clubs ever placed 
 upon the market. We purpose keeping these clubs up to the very high- 
 est grade, and to protect ourselves and customers against clieap imita- 
 tions, our trade-mark will be stamjied on each club, as represented in 
 the above cut. The following- very low prices will make these clubs 
 very popular. 
 
 Prices of Spalding's Trade -marked Indian Clubs 
 
 Weigh 
 
 1 lb. 
 
 2 lbs, 
 
 Per Fair. 
 
 ii 25 
 
 1 50 
 
 2 00 
 2 25 
 2 7.=; 
 
 Weight. 
 
 61bs... 
 
 Per Pair. 
 . $3 00 
 . 3 SO 
 . 4 00 
 . 500 
 
 A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 
 
 241 Broadway, 108 Madison Street, 
 
 NE"W YORK. 
 
WHITE MAPLE INDIAN CLUBS, 
 
 Greatly reduced prices on our first and second quality Indian Clubs. 
 
 Our first quality Indian Clubs are made of clear, hard maple, after the 
 Benedict model, lathe polished, and first-class in every respect. These 
 clubs are all turned by hand, and finished up in the natural color of the 
 wood, with an ebonized band around the body of the club, and also eb- 
 onized knob, mounted with a large nickel-plated head. 
 
 Our second quality are made the same shape as the first quality, but 
 of timber which is not suitable for the first quality clubs, and have soma 
 checks and knots. They have a varnish finish, and compare favorably 
 with what other dealers will sell as a first quality club. 
 
 Trade Marked Cheap Indian 
 Indian Clubs, Clubs, 
 Weight. I'erPair. Per Pair. 
 
 lib $080 $050 
 
 2 lbs 100 60 
 
 .1 " ■ 125 So 
 
 4 " "75 100 
 
 5 " 200 1 10 
 
 6 *' 225 I 20 
 
 7 " 275 135 
 
 8 " 300 I so 
 
 9 " .3 25 
 
 10 " 3 75 
 
 "WOODEN DUMB BELLS. 
 
 Polished maple of our own manufacture. 
 " ^ pound each per pair § co 
 
 X " :: :; 5° 
 
 1 " " 60 
 
 2 ;; ;; ;; 75 
 
 3 " 1 00 
 
 4 ' ;; I 2S 
 
 These Wooden Dumb Bells are especially adapted for Ladies' Schoolj 
 and Kindergartens. 
 
 IRON DUMB BELLS. 
 
 Any weight from 3 lbs. to ik) His., per lb., 6 cts. 
 
 SWINGING RINGS. 
 
 Made of three nieces of wood glued together, per pair $ 75 
 
 Irtm Swinging Kings, leather covered, (1 inch, per pair 3 00 
 
 ^ " " .•? 50 
 
 ^STANDS. 
 
 Made of Black Walnut, per doz $3 00 
 
 ENGLISH MODEL IRON QUOITS. 
 
 4>4 inch, per set of four g 75 
 
 s., :: :: ;: §5 
 
 «;'4 I oo 
 
 6 " " " I 25 
 
 ^. €. SPALDiEG & BROS.» 
 241 Broadway, io8 Madison Street, 
 
 NEW YORK. CHICAGO. 
 
The pneumatic parlop I^oWing Machine. 
 
 IMITATES ROWING PERFECTLY. 
 
 Stroke haxd at the beginning, easy at the finish, recovery ii&asaisted. 
 
 Patented June 1, 1^>0, and June '21, 1S81. 
 
 7cr> 
 
 ^?£.::2C^^^ 
 
 Rowing is admitted by all authorities to be the most beneficial of 
 all exercises, because it calls into play every muscle in the body, and 
 gives to each one a full and equal share of work. 
 
 Many rowing macliines have been invented to supply this exercise 
 at home, during the part of the year when it is impracticable to use 
 a boat, but they have all failed to imitate rowing. 
 
 The Pneumatic Parlor Rowing-Machine 
 
 IS GUARANTEED TO GIVE AN ABSOIiUTELY PERFECT IMITATION 
 OF ROWING. 
 
 The oars turn so as to allow of feathering. Adjustable to any 
 strength. 
 
 The machine will be sent to any part of the world (at the expens.e 
 of the purchaser) on receipt of the price. 
 
 Price of Slachine complete, 91500 
 
 A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 
 
 241 Broadway, NEW YORK. ' 108 Madison St., CHIC AGO. 
 
Spalding's Trade Marked Base Baili 
 
 '^-.^^GUE BAL'--^ ^;^'^GUE B^^\: 
 
 No. 1. Spalding's Official Li?ague Ball.— As adopted by tlie Per 
 NiilioiKil Lc:iguii ;md other prominent professionul and Each. Dor. 
 amateur associalions for 1SS5, each ball wrapped in tin 
 foil and put up in a separate box, and sealed in accord- 
 ance with the latest I.cague rej^ulations $1 50 $15 OO 
 
 No. lA. Bpaldingr's Association Ball. — Made in accordance 
 with the spccirtoalions of the American Association, 
 each ball wrapped in tin foil and put up in a separate 
 box and sealed. W arranted to last a full pame without 
 ripping or losing^ its siiape I 25 13 5° 
 
 No. 2. Spalding's Professicnal Dead Ball, white.— The best 
 dead ball made, covered with selected horsehide. 
 Kvery l>all warranted to last a game of nine innings.. . i 25 l» OO 
 
 No. 2B. Spalding's Professional Dead Ball, red. — Same as 
 
 No. 2, only colored red I 25 12 00 
 
 No. 3. Spalding's Amateur Dead Ball, white.— Covered 
 with horsehide, and especially adapted for practice 
 games. Every ball wrrranted ICO 900 
 
 No. 3R. Spalding's Amateur Dead Ball, red.— Same as 
 
 No. 3, only colored red I 00 900 
 
 No. XX. Spalding's Amateur Lively Ball, white.— Cov- 
 ered with horsehide. '1 o meet the growing demand for 
 a good lively ball, at a medium price, we have this sea- 
 son added this grade lOO 9OO 
 
 No. 4. Spalding's American Club Ball, white.- Covered 
 •with horsehide. Agood serviceablebnll, andespecially 
 adapted for bovs' match games 75 750 
 
 No. 6. Spalding's King of the Diamond Ball, white. -Cov- 
 ered with horsehide, regulation size and \veight. A 
 good ball for catching and throwing 5'^ 5*^ 
 
 No. 6. Spalding's Grand Duke Ball, white.— Covered with 
 
 horsehide, r.giilation size and weight 3S 3 5** 
 
 No. 7. Spalding's Boys' Favorite, w^hite. — Regulation size 
 
 and weight. A good boys' ball 3$ * 5° 
 
 No. 8. Spalding's Eureka Ball, white.— A trifle under the 
 regulation size and weight. The best cheap ball for 
 the money on the market 30 a 00 
 
 No. 0. Spalding's Rattler Ball, white.— Size, 8^ inches; 
 
 weight, 4'/^ oz. The best and largest loc. ball made. . . 10 I 00 
 
 No. 11. Spalding's Nickel Ball.— Size, 7^ in. ; weight, 3 oz. 
 Packed one dozen in a box, half all red, half all white. 
 The best juvenile 5c. ballon the market 5 5!" 
 
 Spalding's Sample Case of Balls.— Containing one each of the above balls, 
 packed in a handsome partition case, suitable for traveling salesmen 
 or show windows. Special prices mude to dealers. 
 Any of the above balls mailed postpaid upon receipt of price. 
 
 Ac/Jresx, A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 
 108 Madison St., CHICAGO. 241 Broadway, NEW YORK. 
 
FOOT BAI.LS. 
 
 RUGBY AND ENGLISH ASSOC'N. BALLS OF OUR OWN IMPORTATION. 
 
 Ru^by or oval shape and Association or round Foot Balls are made 
 of the best India Rubber Bladder and outside leather case. Warranted 
 to stand any climate, and outlast three or more ordinary balls. 
 No. 3. 22 inches in circumference, Rusj-by or Association.... each, $2 50 
 
 No. 4. 24 inches in circumference, Rug-by or Association *• 3 25 
 
 No. j. 27 inches in circumferedce,Rus^by or Association. ... " 4 00 
 
 No. 6. 30 inches in circumference, Rug-by or Association " 5 OO 
 
 No. 7» 33 inches in circumference, Rugby or Association. .. . " t'l 00 
 
 PRICES FOR BLADDERS ONLY. 
 
 Nos. 34567 
 Each, $1 25 $1 50 $1 75 $2 00 $2 2:; 
 
 Foot Ball Inflators each, $1 00 
 
 THE AMERICAN TOOT BALL. 
 
 The Association or American 
 Foot Ball is made of heavy can- 
 vas, thoroug;hly saturated -with 
 
 rubber, strong- and durable. 
 
 Each. 
 No. I. 2oin. in circumference $1 25 
 No. 2. 22 in. in circumference I 5** 
 No. 3. 24 in. in circumference 1 75 
 No. 4. 26in.ini circiunferenCe 200 
 No. 5. 28in. in circumference 2 25 
 No. 6. 30 in. in circumference 3 50 
 No. 7. 33 in. in circumference 2 75 
 
 Extra Keys, each, loc. 
 Spalding's Illustrated Foot Ball 
 Rules and Keferees' Book. 
 Authorized and adopted by the 
 American Inter- Collegiate Asso- 
 ciation. Price each, bv mail, jo cents. 
 
 A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 
 
 941 Broadway, NEW YORK. 108 Madison St., CHICAGO. 
 
 We send Foot Balls by mail, postpaid on receipt of price.