CICERO S ORATIC .GUNNISON AND HA^LEY . - , ■ ■•'... - . ■ . . • ■ .. . • . . . ■ ... Tl ^ , | | m . _*.':--- 0' q5 -^a. c / : '•V* % ? v ^% : ^ ^. \ v • W * > . • V ^ ^ d? ' f ^- O0 l ^ ^ ,^ v ^ d> ^. ,0 o ■■, A v Marcus Tullius Cicero From the bust in the Vatican MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO SEVEN ORATIONS WITH SELECTIONS FEOM THE LETTERS, DE SENECTUTE, AND SALLUST'S BELLUM CATILINAE EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX, AND PROSE COMPOSITION WALTER B. GUNNISON, Ph.D. PRINCIPAL OF ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL BROOKLYN, NEW YORK AND WALTER S. HARLEY, A.M. TEACHER OF LATIN, ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO l ) Copyright, 1912, by Silver, Burdett and Company ©CI.A314830 K PREFACE The great success of the plan of the previous Latin books of this series has been an encouragement to the authors to present this volume of the works of Cicero and other read- ing matter for the third year in college preparatory work. The orations selected are* those usually required for read- ing, 'supplemented, by selections from Cicero's Letters "and De Senectute and from Sallust', as recommended by the American Philological Association and by the Regents of the State of New York. ^wxX , *Mq UU^ *vL Jhe general arrangement of the book is that which was followed in the Caesar text which preceded it, — - that is, sufficient grammar has been furnished for the full explana- tion of the text, with careful references to all the standard grammars for fuller explanation. This is followed also by exercises in prose composition giving as much as usu- ally can be done during the year by an ordinary class. A very careful effort has been made to present the essential grammatical points of the author and the essential charac- teristics of hi^ style. , This, together with the full vocabulary and notes, it is hoped will equip the pupils fully for the read- ing of ffie xhim year. ^^^'^ -^c^-U^j w~c- * .c ,• — W£,wish to acknowledge the valuable criticism of t T&2y^u "^~ ^^uUJ^XZ > tej , < j^-^ i- ?> V^ A Roman sacrificial procession. From reliefs belonging to the j^ * L ^^mlrra^sin^n^palleria clegli TJffizi, Florence;*^ • fi a ^' ^ A Roman in the toga, .sacrificing: Vatican, Rome *.' . . 54 '■' A Roman aliar. t Altar of Juturna, Roman Forum ". ""."■' . 50 A corner inajRoman house. The wall painting at the leftfshow& H%«C*»vw va*w ■•.., • • - _ Daedalus, pointing out to Pasiphae the wooden cow that he -'has made. The painting at, the right represents the pnnish- . , , meiit of Ixion ; the prominent standing figure is that of ■•' : Mercury ; Juno sits on a throne at the right. From a din- ing-room in the house of the Vettii, Pompeii ... 58 A Vestal Virgin. Found in the Atrium Vestae. Now in the Museo delle Terme Diocleziane, Rome 59 The Atrium in the house of the Vestal Virgins. Showing the statues of the Vestals, and the marble-lined cisterns for receiving rain water 65 A painting from a household shrine (Pompeii). In the center the goddess of Fortune sacrificing, while a servant brings the pig destined for an offering ; on the right and left, two Lares ; below, two serpents at the altar. Museo Nazionale, Naples. Photograph, G. Sommer & flglio .... 69 Scipio Africanus, the elder. Capitoline Museum, Rome . . 70 Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Galleria degli Uffizi. Brunn-Arndt photograph. (For discussion, see Ber- noulli, v. I, p. 132 ; Burckhardt, pp. 524, 525 ; Dutschke, v. Ill, p. 293) 73 Cn. Pompeius. From the bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples . 76 The triumph of a Roman general. Relief from a sarcophagus in the Vatican, Rome ........ 78 Medea. From the painting by N. Sichel. By courtesy of the Franz Hanfstaengl Fine Art Publishing House, 28 West 38th Street, New York 85 xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Ostia. Showing the river and the main street bordered by ruined shops 90 Cn. Pompeius Magnus. From the statue in the Palazzo Spada, Rome. (See Helbig, No. 953) 95 Fortuna. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome ... 96 M. Claudius Marcellus. From the statue in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. Photograph, Anderson .... 97 Quintus Hortensius. From the herma in the Villa Albani, Rome. Photograph, Anderson 99 The Appian Way. Showing the aqueduct of Claudius . . 102 Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Capitoline Mu- seum, Rome. (See Burckhardt, v. I, p. 166) . . . 109 Headpiece : Poet and Muse. The poet is evidently reciting from the scroll in his left hand. Relief from a sarcophagus, British Museum, London 110 Antioch personified. The mural crown distinguishes her as a city goddess. Below her feet the god of the Orontes issues from the ground. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome . 112 A comic poet, with muse and actors' masks. On the wall above the table, a writing tablet. The muse is supposed to have held a stilus in her right hand, ready to write down the poet's words. From a relief in the Lateran, Rome . . 118 Ennius. From the bust on the Scipio tomb, in the Vatican, Rome 119 Orpheus, Eurydice, and Hermes. From the relief in the Villa Albani, Rome 120 The bust of Ennius on the Scipio sarcophagus. The Vatican, Rome. (For translation of inscription, see Helbig, No. 127) 122 Alexander the Great. From the bust in the Capitoline, Rome . 123 Calliope, the muse of epic poetry. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome 125 Thalia, muse of comedy. Vatican, Rome 126 Tailpiece : Roman bronze lamp (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, Naples 127 IN THE SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING Julius Caesar. From the bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples . 128 The Piraeus, the harbor of Athens, where Marcellus was assassi- nated . . 134 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii PAGE A girl with tabellae and stilus. From a Herculanean wall painting in the Museo Nazionale, Naples .... 143 The harbor at Baiae . 145 Arpinum (general view) 147 A grain mill at Pompeii. A corner of a baker's shop, showing the baking oven at the left ; grain mills at the right . . 148 A group of Roman women. From a Herculanean wall painting, sometimes called "The Tiring of the Bride." Museo Nazio- nale, Naples 149 A Roman woman sacrificing. From the statue sometimes called "Livia" (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, Naples . . . 151 Tombs on the Appian Way 157 Themistocles. From the bust in the Vatican, Rome . . . 160 Appius Claudius entering the Senate. From the painting by Maccari 162 Activities on shipboard. A ship entering port. From a relief on the end of the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche, Pompeii . .163 Homer. From the bust in the British Museum, London . . 164 Socrates. From the herma in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. Visconti has translated the Greek inscription as follows : " Not only now, but always, it has been my habit to follow the dictates of my own judgment. Mature reflection, I find, after strict examination, to be the best of all things" . . 165 An ancient theater (Tusculum) 167 Tailpiece : A cinerary urn. Vatican, Rome .... 169 IN THE NOTES The temple of Jupiter Stator. Restoration from Dump's His- tory of Borne . 182 The Palatine Hill as seen from the Forum. View from the Tabularium 184 Caius Marius. From the bust in the Uffizi, Florence . . 187 Subsellium. A bench about six feet long and one foot wide, used in the Senate house. Trollope, Illustrations of Ancient Art, London, 1854 193 A Roman house. Showing the shrine (sacrarium) in place. House of Castor and Pollux, Pompeii 197 The Rostra. Restoration after Fig. 30, Huelsen, The Boman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 1909 . . .203 XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Gladiators. From a stucco relief on the tomb of Umbricius Scauras, Pompeii. Beal Museo Borbonico, Naples, 1824 . 207 Cicero in the toga. (See description of cut, p. xlii) . . . 215 Tabellae et stilus. Objects in order : tablets, double inkstand, stilus, inscribed parchment. Beal Museo Borbonico, 1824 . 220 A Roman sacrifice. Showing the altar, the ram destined as an offering, and the person sacrificing holding the patera. From a relief in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . . 222 Gladiatorial combats. Showing a vanquished gladiator holding up his thumb in an appeal to the populace for mercy. From a relief on the tomb of Umbricius Scaurus, Pompeii. Beal Museo Borbonico, Naples, 1824 225 Cato (Uticensis) and Porcia (so-callfd). From the portrait group in the Vatican, Rome 229 A section of the career. Showing the upper chamber and the lower, or Tullianum, where the conspirators were put to death. From Duruy's History of Borne 230 Sella curulis. A chair about fourteen inches high, which could be folded together like a modern camp stool, and so could be carried about after the consul whenever he appeared in pub- lic. Trollope, Illustrations of Ancient Art, London, 1854 . 231 Plan of a shop (Pompeii). From Man's Pompeii. By courtesy of the Macmillan Company . 238 A baker's shop. From a Pompeian wall painting. Museo Nazio- nale, Naples 239 Front elevation of the Rostra. Restoration after Fig. 27, Huel- sen, The Boman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., 1909 . . 245 Coin of Mithridates VI, king of Pontus (b.c. 121-63). Ban- meister, Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885 246 Coin of Perseus, last Greek king of Macedon. Baumeister, Denkmaler cles klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885 . . 262 A rostral column. The columna rostrata of Duillius. From the restoration in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Photo- graph, Anderson 263 Children at dice play. Medea with a knife, at the right. From a Pompeian wall painting. Museo Nazionale, Naples. Pho- tograph, G. Sommer & figlio, Naples 276 Orpheus with his lyre. From a Pompeian wall painting. Mu- seo Nazionale, Naples 279 Plato. From the herma in the Vatican, Rome .... 283 BIBLIOGRAPHY [The following authorities may prove helpful in connection with the objects pictured in this book, and with other monuments of the time of Cicero.] Amelung, Walther. Ftihrer durch die Antiken in Florenz, Munich, 1897. Baumeister. Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885. Bernoulli, J. J. Rbinische Ikonographie, Stuttgart, 1882-1902. Brunn. Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Sculptur. Unter Leitung von Heinrich Brunn herausg. von Friedrich Bruckmann, Munich, 1888- Brunn u. Arndt. Griechische und romische Portrats. Nach Aus- wahl und Anordnung von Heinrich Brunn und Paul Arndt her- ausg. von Friedrich Bruckmann, Munich, 1891- Burckhardt, Jacob. Der Cicerone, Leipzig u. Berlin, 1900. Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiq- uities, in the British Museum, London, 1904. Dutschke. Antike Bildwerke in Oberitalien, Leipzig, 1878. Helbig, Wolfgang. Guide to the Public Collections of Classic Antiq- uities in Rome. Translated by J. F. and F. Muirhead. Leipzig, Karl Baedeker, 1895. Huelsen, Ch. The Roman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 1909. Mau, August. Pompeii: Its Life and Art. English translation by F. W. Kelsey, Macmillan, 1899. Michaelis. Ancient Marbles in Great Britain. Monaco, Domenico. A complete handbook to the National Museum at Naples. English translation by E. Neville Rolfe, Naples, 1906. Trollope, Edward. Illustrations of Ancient Art, London, 1854. Scenes from the Life of a Famous Roman 1 INTRODUCTION MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 1. Early Life. — Marcus Tullius Cicero, the foremost Roman orator and writer, was born Jan. 3, 106 b.c. His birthplace was Arpinum, a small country town about seventy miles southeast of Rome, famous also as the birthplace of Marius. His father, a member of the equestrian order, was descended from a family of old standing. Quintus, a younger brother of Marcus, became a praetor at Rome, and afterwards won distinction as one of Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul. The two brothers were early taken to Rome and placed under the care of the best instructors. One of these was Archias, the Greek poet, whose citizenship the orator defended in later years before Quintus, when the latter was pre- siding judge. After a general training in grammar, rhetoric, and the Greek language, Marcus began the study of law under Mucius Scaevola, the greatest lawyer of his time. This study he supplemented by attending the courts and the Forum, listening to such advocates as Crassus and Antonius. Then at the age of eighteen a short military campaign under Pompeius Strabo, uncle of Pompey the 1 The group at the left represents the great man's triumph. Note the horses, and Victory with the palm. The central group shows him sacri- ficing ; and the third represents his marriage. Notice that the principal figure is made carefully the same in all three groups ; that in the two first, however, he is represented in the tunic, and in the third, as wearing the toga. xvii XV111 INTRODUCTION "Cicero's Tower" at Arpinum Great, gave Cicero all the experience he desired as a soldier. Gladly he resumed his studies, — rhetoric, logic, philosophy, and oratory, — pursuing them for two years, at Athens, in Asia Minor, and at Rhodes. At Athens he met Pomponius Atticus, who be- came his intimate friend and correspondent. At Rhodes, he was instructed by the celebrated rhetorician, Apollonius Molo, who also taught Caesar. It was this instructor who said, after listen- ing to the young orator, " You have my praise and admiration, Cicero, and Greece my pity and commiseration, since those arts and that eloquence, which are the only glories that remain to her, will now be transferred to Rome." 2. Cicero as an Advocate. — Cicero's first appearance as an ad- vocate was in 81 B.C., in a civil suit in defense of Publius Quinc- tius, with the brilliant Hortensius as the opposing counsel. The following year he appeared in a criminal suit defending Sextus Roscius against a plaintiff who was a favorite of Sulla. His success in winning the case was therefore a special triumph. In MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO xix 77, after his return from foreign study, he resumed the practice of law, in which he was destined soon to take the leadership. 3. Cicero's Early Political Career. — It is significant of Cicero's qualifications that being a novus homo, i.e., one whose ancestors had never held office, he himself was elected to the four offices of the cursus honorum at the earliest legal age : quaestor at thirty, curule aedile at thirty-six, praetor at thirty-nine, and consul at forty-two. The quaestorship in 75 b.c. was spent in the prov- ince of Sicily, where his justice and impartiality endeared him to the people, while he greatly increased his popularity at home by sending grain from the province at a time of great scarcity. The holding of this office entitled Cicero to a seat in the Senate for fife. Five years later the Sicilians appealed to Cicero to prosecute their Roman governor Verres, for tyranny and extortion. He conducted the impeachment with such skill that Hortensius, the defendant's counsel, gave up the case and Verres voluntarily went into exile. In 69, as curule aedile, Cicero pleased the people by the public games which he furnished in good taste, though not with the lavish expenditure of his wealthier predecessors. His praetorship in 67 was made memorable by the passing of the Manilian Law, conferring upon Pompey supreme command in the war with Mithridates. Cicero's speech in behalf of the bill was the first he delivered to the people from the Rostra, an oration noted for its perfect form (see p. 243). By means of it he won the favor of Pompey, who was seen to become an important political factor, and, while incurring the opposition of the senatorial party, he secured the support of the populace. It paved the way to the consulship. 4. Cicero's Consulship. — Declining the governorship of a province at the close of his term as praetor, Cicero devoted his attention to securing the highest prize, the consulship. His name was presented in 64 b.c, with five other candidates, includ- ing Antonius and Catiline. Cicero owed his election to his clean record, which secured for him the solid support of the equites, his own order, and of many patricians of the better sort. He was the first novus homo to be elected since Marius, his fellow XX INTRODUCTION Arpinate. Antonius, second in the contest, became his colleague. During his term he opposed the agrarian law of Servilius Rul- lus, defended Rabirius, an aged senator falsely accused of murder, and also the consul-elect, Murena, charged with bribery. But the main event of his consulship, and indeed of his life, was the suppression of the conspiracy of Catiline (see p. 181). This task was the more difficult because his colleague was in sympathy with the conspirators, and Caesar and Crassus had supported Catiline in his candidacy. Furthermore, there was no strong garrison in Rome at the time, for the legions were with Pompey in the East, and the nearest troops were in Cisalpine Gaul. It was the con- sul's prompt action that made him pater patriae, and honored him with a supplicatio, the first given to a civilian. 5. Cicero in Exile. — Having passed the goal of his political ambition, Cicero spent the next four years as an active member of the Senate. In 62 b.c. he delivered his oration for the poet MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO So-called Ruins of Cicero's Villa at Tusculum Archias, his former teacher (see p. 269). He also defended P. Cornelius Sulla, who was charged with complicity in the con- spiracy of Catiline. In private life there was much that added to the enjoyment of the honors he had earned. His house was on the Palatine Hill, the best residential section of Rome. He had villas or country seats at Antium, Cumae, Formiae, Pompeii, and Tusculum, with their libraries and works of art. But a cloud hung over his pleasures. On the last day of his consulship, as he ascended the Rostra to give an account of his administration, Metellus, the tribune, had tried to prevent him by declaring that a magistrate who had put Roman citizens to death without trial, should not himself speak. The gathering storm of opposition burst in the tribuneship of Clodius, 58 B.C. This profligate patrician had become the personal enemy of the orator because the latter had testified against his character. As the agent of the triumvirs whom Cicero had offended, he pro- posed a bill that whoever had put to death a Roman citizen with- XXll INTRODUCTION out trial should be outlawed. It was evident against, whom it was aimed. Failing to receive assistance from Pompey and the consuls, Cicero went into voluntary exile. Immediately another bill of Clodius was passed, declaring Cicero a public enemy, confiscating his property, and prohibiting him from fire and water within four hundred miles of the city. Cicero fled to South- ern Italy, thence to Greece and Thessalonica. This was about the time of Caesar's battle with the Helvetians. The rest of the year he remained crushed in spirit and hopeless, notwithstanding the consolation and kindness extended to him by the provin- cials. But in Rome opposition was turning to favor. Clodius had lost his hold. Pompey and the new consuls and tribunes of 57 urged the return of the exile. A month after the bill recalling him was passed in the assembly of the people, he reached Rome. His homeward journey was marked with demonstrations of affec- tion. His entry into the city was like a triumphal procession. Later his house on the Palatine and his villas were rebuilt at the public expense. 6. Cicero as Ex-consul. — Cicero resumed his place in the Senate and in the courts, but his life was one of weakened influ- ence. His friendship was sought by Caesar, and finally won, so that he wrote to Atticus, "The delightful friendship with Caesar is the one plank saved from my shipwreck which gives me real pleasure." It was after his return from exile that Cicero began to write upon rhetorical and philosophical subjects (see sec. 10). In 53 B.C., he was honored with an appointment to the college of augurs. In 52, while attempting to speak in behalf of Milo, who was clearly guilty of the murder of Clodius, he was humili- ated by failure, breaking down " in the presence of the drawn swords of the soldiers, and of the intense excitement of the by- standers." The oration, which was delivered only in part, was afterwards written out, and is one of his best. The following year Cicero was made governor of Cilicia, a province that had been grossly misruled by his predecessor. The new governor won the hearty gratitude of his subjects by his reforms in many ways, and by subduing their enemies with his legions. He was MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO xxiii proclaimed imperator, and on his return to Rome would probably have been awarded a triumph, had the citizens not been distracted by Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon. 7. Cicero and the Civil War. — Cicero's position between Caesar and Pompey was indeed difficult. Both leaders had claims upon his friendship. Failing as a peacemaker, he finally took the side of Pompey, following him to Greece. After Caesar's victory at Pharsalus, he returned to Brundisium, await- ing for months the will of the conqueror, until the message came with a generous offer of pardon. This was in 47 b.c. With but little interest in politics, Cicero sought comfort in writing. Three busy years followed, in which he produced four works on rhetoric and oratory, three on ethics, two on philosophy, besides essays on other subjects. Domestic sorrows came. His wife Terentia was estranged, and finally divorced. This was followed by the death of his only daughter Tullia, to whom he was devotedly attached. Then came the assassination of Caesar in 44 B.C., which in the course of events, Cicero was more than ready to approve. Once again, at the age of 63, he threw his energy into the struggle for the freedom of the republic. He became the life and soul of the senatorial party, aiding the young Octavianus in his claims against Antony. His last oratorical efforts were called forth in the fourteen " Philippics," hurled against Antony, in which he declared the tyrant to be a public enemy, and called upon the Romans to maintain their liberty. But the voice of her greatest orator could not save the state. 8. Cicero's Assassination. — The formation of the second triumvirate blasted all hopes of the patriots. Once more the proscription lists were made, and to satisfy Antony, the young Octavianus consented to sacrifice Cicero. His brother Quintus was also proscribed. Marcus might have made his escape, but was overtaken by the assassins near his villa at Formiae, Decem- ber 7, 43 b.c. His faithful slaves would have fought to the end, but he permitted no resistance. It is recorded that his head and hands were taken to Rome and in mockery nailed to the Rostra by order of Antony. xxiv INTRODUCTION 9. Cicero as an Orator. — " It happened many years after," writes Plutarch, " that Augustus once found one of his grandsons with a work of Cicero's in his hands. The boy was frightened and hid the book under his gown ; but the emperor took it from him, and standing there motionless, read through a great part of the book; then he gave it back to the boy and said : ' This was a great orator, my child; a great orator, and a man who loved his country well.' " Rome was a nation of orators. Not only did Cicero hold the first place among them, but his influence has been recognized by all men of eloquence since his day. To natural ability, a com- manding voice and a pleasing personality, were added long and careful discipline and experience. It is true that he argued chiefly as an advocate, often exaggerating or evading facts in order to emphasize. He was criticised for being verbose, but this defect he partly corrected. With his incisive wit, his keen sense of humor, his wonderful mastery of words, he swayed the people and the Senate at his will. Of one hundred and seven orations attributed to Cicero, over fifty have been preserved en- tire, with fragments of twenty others. Most of these were re- vised for publication after being delivered. 10. Cicero as a Writer. — The name of Cicero is the greatest in Roman literature. Mackail says, " Cicero's imperishable glory is that he created a language which remained for sixteen centuries that of the civilized world, and used that language to create a style which nineteen centuries have not replaced, and in some respects have scarcely altered. He stands in prose, like Virgil in poetry, as the bridge between the ancient and the modern world." One can hardly understand how a busy man could find time to write so much upon so many subjects. His writings, as they have come down to us, fill ten volumes, about five thousand pages. Besides his orations and letters we have his works on rhetoric and philosophy. With his broad experi- ence no one could write with more authority than he upon rhetoric and oratory. In his De Oratore, Brutus, and Orator, he treats of the ideal orator, his education and training, and the history of oratory down to his own time. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO XXV The treatises in philosophy were written in the last years of his life. In 46-44 b.c. he produced fifteen works, including De Republica, De Legibus, De Officiis, De A?nicitia, De Senectute, De Finibus De Natura Deorum, and the Tusculan Disputations. He had studied Greek philosophy from his youth. But very little had been written in Latin on this subject. To reproduce the thoughts of the Greeks without aiming to be original, to teach the lessons of philosophy to his countrymen in their own tongue, this was his task. Of the Tusculan Disputations it was Erasmus who said: " I cannot doubt that the mind from which such teach- ings flowed was in some sense inspired by divinity. I always feel a better man for reading Cicero." 11. Cicero's Letters. — To the modern world most interest- ing are the letters of Cicero. Of these we have over eight hundred, written to his family and friends (Ad Familiares), to his intimate friend and publisher, T. Pomponius Atticus {Ad Atticwn), to his brother Quintus (Ad Q. Fratrem), and to Marcus Brutus (Ad M. Brutum). They cover a period of twenty-five years, 68 to 43 b.c, and are a priceless source of information of the times of Cicero, the last days of the republic. And yet as we read these charming and natural expressions of the great Roman, we are impressed with their modern tone and our com- mon civilization. 12. The Character of Cicero. — Historians vary greatly in their estimate of Cicero. Perhaps it is nearest the truth to say that he had many weaknesses but much strength. He was emotional, vain, sensitive. As a statesman he made many mis- takes. He failed to grasp the supreme problems of his time. He lacked force, will, and aim. He was vacillating in the civil war, but his choice of affiliation had to be made between two evils. That he was a patriot there can be no doubt. His greatest desire was to save and free the republic. That he was honest and in- corruptible is shown in his provincial administration. He was a man of peace and honor, pure in life and purpose, and sympathetic with the oppressed. A biographer well says : " His fidelity to his prudent friend Atticus, his affection to his loyal freedman Tiro, his unfailing courtesy toward his wife Terentia, the love he lav- XXVI INTRODUCTION *'NI«TVLI0> -tiiER, ished upon his daughter Tullia, his unworthy son Mar- cus, and his sturdy brother Quintus, stand forth in strik- ing contrast to the coldness of the typi- cal Roman of his day." ROMAN ORA- TORY 13. In the time of Cicero there were two styles of ora- tory, the Asiatic and the Attic. The for- mer style called for ornamentation, and attention to lan- guage and delivery rather than to thought ; the latter was di- rect, simple, natural. Hortensius represented the Asiatic; Cic- ero, the Attic, though being a pupil of the Rhodian School, he was inclined to strike a mean between the two extremes. 14. Orations were judicial, deliberative, or demonstrative. (1) Judicial orations, of which the Pro Archia is an example, were delivered in a court of justice. (2) Deliberative orations were delivered to the Senate or the popular assembly in the discussion of some public question. The oration for the Manilian Law and those against Catiline were of this kind. (3) Demonstrative orations were designed to praise or censure some one. These are illustrated by the oration Pro Marcello, by the portions of the Manilian Law eulogizing Pompey, and portions of the Catiline orations denouncing the conspirator. 15. The formal outline of an oration included six parts : ( 1) the exordium, or introduction ; (2) the narratio, or statement of the Raphael's Idea of Cicero (From his sketch book) ROMAN CITIZENS XXvii case, including the propositio, or statement of the main theme; (3) the partitio, or division of the argument . (4) the confirmatio, or affirmative argument from the speaker's side ; (5) the refutatio, or rebuttal of the opponent's argument; (6) the peroratio, or conclusion. ROMAN CITIZENS 16. The old distinction between patricians and plebeians was wiped out as early as 300 B.C., when both classes alike were en- titled to hold any office, civil or religious. But another dis- tinction arose, dividing the people into three classes, the sena- torial order, the knights, and the commons. 17. The Senatorial Order, or Optimates. — This order in- cluded all who were descended from a curule magistrate (31) or who had themselves held office. They therefore constituted an hereditary nobility. They practically held a monopoly of the offices, for while any freeborn citizen might be a candidate, the power of the senatorial party was against all except the nobles. Senators were excluded by law from trade and banking. Their distinctive dress was the tunic with a broad purple stripe. 18. The Equites, or Knights. — This term, originally applied to the cavalry of the state, came to be used of the men who had the property qualification of 400,000 sesterces, about 20,000 dollars (ordo equester) . They formed, therefore, an aristocracy of wealth, controlling capital and farming the public revenues. They had no constitutional privileges until the time of Gaius Gracchus, when they were given the exclusive right to sit on juries. The equites then lost their military connection and became influential in politics, often as rivals of the senators. The insignia of the order was a gold ring and two purple stripes on the tunic. 19. The Commons. — In Cicero's time the older families had all become senators or knights. The great body of the people constituted the populus, plebs, or populares. By amassing suffi- cient wealth one of the inferior class could rise to the equites; by holding the offices , he became a senator. Such a man ennobled his family, and being the first to hold office, was a novus homo (a man without ancestry). " The condition of the commons was xxvm INTRODUCTION pitiable. The combinations of capital shut them out of commerce and manufacture, while the competition of slave labor almost closed agriculture and trade against them. Some found employ- ment in the colonies and provinces, some eked out a scanty living on their farms, some made war their trade ; but the idle and de- graded flocked into the capital to live on the cheap corn provided by the treasury, and to sell their votes to the highest bidder." (Johnston.) 20. Freed slaves (liberti) and their descendants (libertini) were citizens and had the right to vote, but not to hold office until the taint of slavery was removed by two or more genera- tions. 21. Municipia, or municipal towns, were conquered com- munities subject to taxation and military service, but without suffrage. Civitates foederatae were communities whose privileges depended on special treaty with Rome. Colonies sent from the city (coloniae), as a rule, enjoyed full citizenship. A praefectura was a town in which justice was administered by a prefect sent from Rome. Individual foreigners were often honored with citizenship by special gift, sometimes conferred by a commander. THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES There were three assemblies based on three different divisions of the citizens. 22. The Comitia Curiata. — This was the old assembly of thirty curiae or wards. Originally its function was to confer imperium on the king and to decide on peace and war. In the time of the republic its only duty was the conferring of authority on the consuls and praetors as a matter of form, each curia being represented by a single delegate. 23. Comitia Centuriata. — This assembly began as a military organization in the days of Servius Tullius, when the people were divided into centuries (centuriae). The century or division to which a man belonged was determined by the amount of his wealth. About 250 b.c. the assembly was reorganized into three hundred and seventy-three centuries. This comitia elected the consuls, praetors, and censors, and for a long time decided ques- THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES xxix tions of peace and war. This latter function, however, was transferred to the "Senate. Its power of legislation was trans- ferred largely to the comitia tributa, and its judicial power to the standing courts. It could be summoned by a consul, praetor, or dictator. Being military in theory, its meetings were usually held in the Campus Martius. 24. Comitia Tributa. — This was an assembly of the tribes, thirty-five in number, growing out of the older concilium plebis. The assembly convened under either name according to whether the patricians were included (comitia tributa), or excluded (con- cilium plebis). Their functions were elective, legislative, and judicial. The comitia tributa elected curule aediles, quaestors, and certain lesser magistrates, and was presided over by a con- sul or praetor. Its enactments were known as leges. The con- cilium plebis, whose presiding officer was a tribune, elected the plebeian tribunes and aediles and came to be the chief legisla- tive body of the government. Its laws, known as plebiscita, had the same validity as the leges of the comitia tributa, and did not require the sanction of the Senate. Like the comitia cen- turiata, these tribal assemblies relegated their judicial authority to the standing courts, though as late as 63 B.C., Rabinius was tried before the tributa with Cicero as his defender. The ses- sions of these assemblies were held in the Campus for elections, and in the Forum for law-making. 25. Methods of Voting. Adjournment. — The assemblies mentioned above were called for taking action not for delibera- tion. The voting was done by secret ballot. At legislative meetings each voter received an affirmative and a negative ballot. At meetings to elect magistrates he received a blank tabella, on which he wrote the name of the candidate of his choice. In each century or tribe the individual votes determined the vote of the century or tribe which was then cast as a unit, a majority of these divisions deciding the vote of the assembly. So, for example, the favoring vote of eighteen of the thirty-five tribes would pass a bill, though the individuals represented might be less than those who opposed it. If the voting was not com- pleted by sunset, all was void. The session might then be ad- xxx INTRODUCTION journed by the presiding officer, by his colleague, or a superior officer, or by the occurrence of lightning or storm. Finally the voting would have to be repeated if the officer failed or refused to announce the result. 26. Contiones. — An assembly of citizens to listen to an ad- dress or to a discussion was a contio. The people came together as individuals. Though called together by magistrates only, the assembly could be addressed by private citizens. It had no powers, and adopted no resolutions. If action was to follow, a comitia had to be properly called. The second and third orations against Catiline and the oration for the Manilian Law were de- livered before contiones. 27. Political Parties. — As in all nations, two factions sprang up, the aristocratic and the democratic (optimates and populares) . Cicero defined the former thus : "All those are optimates who, no matter to what class of citizens they belong, bravely defend the institutions of our ancestors." They formed the conservative class, including the nobility as the chief element. " Those who wish the things which they do and say to be pleasing to the multitude," said Cicero, " are the populates." The intense party strife between these factions which began with the Gracchi lasted till the time of Caesar, who became the successful popular cham- pion. THE SENATE 28. Membership. — In the earlier days of the republic any citizen of proper age was eligible to the Senate, though the prefer- ence was given to ex-magistrates. After Sulla, the Senate be- came exclusively a body of ex-magistrates, serving ex-officio for life. Before admission to membership, a candidate must be declared worthy by the censor, must be thirty-one years old, and must abstain from certain occupations. While there was no property requirement, only men of means would be able to serve, as they did, without pay. The senators in a body were ad- dressed as patres conscripti, i.e. patres et conscripti, a phrase first used in 509 B.C. to include the original senators (patres) and the newly enrolled (conscripti) plebeians. The number of senators THE SENATE xxxi was fixed by Sulla at 600, by Caesar at 900, and afterwards re- duced to 600. 29. The Session. — The regular meeting place of the Senate was the Curia Hostilia on the north side of the Comitium, but any temple might be used instead. The first oration against Catiline was delivered in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, the fourth in the Temple of Concord. A session was called generally by a consul, praetor, or tribune, who became the presiding officer. None but members were admitted, but others might listen to the proceedings from the entrance. 30. Procedure. — After the senators had been summoned by the herald (praeco) or by proclamation, the presiding officer took the auspices. He then proposed the question to be considered (rem ad senatum referre), and called upon the members to ex- press their opinions (rogare sententias) . The privilege of speech was given first to magistrates-elect, then to ex-magistrates ranking as consuls, praetors, aediles, tribunes, quaestors. The presiding officer was entitled to speak at any stage of the debate. The members either spoke at length or simply ex- pressed agreement, or nonagreement with the motion. After the discussion the voting was by division. All voted except magistrates in office. A decision of the Senate which was not vetoed was called a senatus consultwn; but if vetoed by any magistrate having the right of veto, it was only a senatus auctoritas. To be valid, the decision must be reached before sunset. Filibustering was practised, for the opponent of a measure could prevent action on it by talking until sunset. 31. Functions. — The Senate was primarily an advisory body, giving advice only when asked, but by reason of the dignity of its members, it gained in power until it controlled all legislation and elections. Among its special powers were the following : 1. In religious matters the Senate ordered the consultation of the soothsayers or the Sibylline books, decreed a thanksgiving (supplicatio) , games, or holidays, and cooperated with the religious officers in times of peril. 2. In financial matters the Senate controlled taxation, reve- nues, appropriations, and coinage. xxxii INTRODUCTION 3. The Senate declared war and concluded peace, assigning troops and military commands, awarding the title of imperator and granting a triumph or a supplicatio. 4. The Senate could enter into an alliance by treaty with a foreign nation, assume the protectorate of a territory, or confer the title of king or friend of the Roman people on a foreign poten- tate. Embassies from foreign nations were sent to it, and de- mands addressed to a foreign nation were sent by the Senate. 5. The government of the provinces was under the jurisdiction of the senate, which assigned the proconsuls and the propraetors. 6. The Senate discussed bills which were to be presented to the legislative assemblies. 7. The Senate had the sole right of naming a dictator, or might suspend the ordinary laws by passing a senatus consultum ulti- mum, directing the consuls videant ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat. THE MAGISTRATES 32. There were six ordinary magistrates in the republican period : consul, censor, praetor, tribune of the plebs, aedile, quaestor. The dictator and magister equitum were extraor- dinary, appointed only in critical times. The consul and praetor (dictator and magister equitum) were magistrates with imperium, i.e. with supreme executive authority, military, civil, and judicial, which had formerly belonged to the kings. The other officials were magistrates with potestas. The consul, censor, praetor, curule aedile (dictator and magister equitum) were curule magistrates, i.e. were entitled to use the sella curulis, an ivory chair of peculiar shape, ds a symbol of authority. Non-curule magistrates used a subsellium, a low wooden bench. By a law in 180 B.C., a cursus honor um was established, making it neces- sary for one to have been quaestor before becoming praetor, and to have been praetor before becoming consul. Furthermore, it was considered desirable to be aedile before being praetor, though not essential. Besides this sequence, a minimum age limit was fixed for the incumbent of each office ; for quaestor, thirty-one ; aedile, thirty-seven; praetor, forty; consul, forty-three. The THE MAGISTRATES xxxiii date of the elections was usually set by the Senate for July, but postponements might occur. Quaestors were inaugurated the following December 5 ; tribunes, December 10; others, January 1. The term of office was one year, except for the censor, who served eighteen months. An interval of two years was necessary be- tween the different offices, and one of ten years before reelection to the same office. Every magistrate possessed the power of veto over his colleague or an inferior magistrate. There was no salary for public officials, but an ex-magistrate found a source of gain in the province to which he was assigned. 33. Consuls. — The two consuls were theoretically of equal power, exercising their authority on alternate months. They were the chief magistrates, checking by veto any other except a tribune. Each consul was limited by the veto power of the other and of the tribune, and was restrained by the fact that he would have to give an account of his administration to the people. In the transaction of foreign affairs, they presided over the Senate, and executed its orders. They conducted the election of the curule magistrates in the popular assemblies. They had the power to levy troops, and were nominally the commanders, but in Cicero's time it was unusual for them to take the field. In times of peril, the consuls were invested by the Senate with the power of a dictator. A consul whose authority was prolonged beyond his term of office became a proconsul and acted as governor of a province. The consular insignia were the toga praetexta, sella consults, and twelve lictors, who bore the fasces. 34. Praetors. — In case of the absence of both consuls from the city, the praetors acted in their place. But their chief duty was to act as judges. As the government developed, their number was increased from one to eight, as it was in Cicero's time. Of these, one was the praetor urbanus, in charge of cases between citizens ; another was the praetor inter peregrinos, in charge of cases between foreigners, or between a foreigner and a citizen ; the remaining six presided over the standing courts for special offences. The praetor urbanus was the chief judge of Rome. At the close of his year, a praetor became propraetor, in the ca- pacity of provincial governor. XXXIV INTRODUCTION 35. Aediles. — There were four aediles, two " curule " and two "plebeian." The former were chosen by the comitia tributa, the latter by the concilium plebis (24). Their duties were practically the same, the city being divided into four dis- tricts, one for each aedile. These duties were the care of the streets and public buildings, the water supply and the grain market, the superintending of the police, and the providing against fire. An important function was to provide for the public games and festivals. For this purpose there was a state appropriation of funds, but the desire to win the favor of the people often led the aedile to excessive expenditure which he expected to pay by means of later income in the provinces. 36. Quaestors. — The quaestors were the public treasurers. Before the third century b.c. they also prepared evidence in public prosecutions (hence the name, from quaero). They col- lected money due the state and paid it out by order of the Senate. They were also custodians of the public documents such as census lists, contracts, and copies of laws. Their number, at first two, was increased by Sulla to twenty. Two of these (quaestor es urbani), served in the city as general financial officers, while the others were with the army or in the provinces as paymasters. Their year of office began December 5, when they drew lots for assignments as referred to in Cat. IV. 7. 37. Tribunes. — The ten tribunes of the plebs were of neces- sity plebeian, either by birth or adoption (24). The office was first created to protect the people against the arbitrary action of a magistrate. Though they had no positive duties except to preside at certain elections (24) they came to be the most power- ful officers in the state, for bjr their power of veto (ius intercendi) they could prevent the act of any curule magistrate, the passage of laws by the assemblies, or the decree of the Senate. The only check upon them was the veto of a colleague. They could also convoke and preside over the Senate (28) and the comitia tributa, and initiate legislation. Their activity was confined to the city, from which they were permitted to be absent only a day at a time. As protectors of the people, the houses of the tribunes stood open day and night. Their persons were declared sacred, THE MAGISTRATES XXXV i.e. death might be inflicted on any man who harmed the tribune in the exercise of his authority. 38. Censors. — Two censors were elected every five years- They served for eighteen months and then abdicated, their duties for the remaining time being assigned to the other magis- trates. These duties were (1) to take the census, assess property, and arrange for the register of tribes, classes, and centuries; (2) to revise the lists of senators and knights, excluding the unworthy (28), and in general to supervise public morals ; (3) to sell the privileges of collecting taxes, and to let contracts for public buildings. A man could be degraded from his rank, remaining so for the current register. On the other hand, a master could free a slave by having him inscribed on the censor's list of citizens. In the last century of the republic the office lost much of its prestige, and from 86 to 70 B.C. no censors were elected (Archias, ch. 5). 39. Dictator. — In times of special peril the consuls appointed a dictator by order of the Senate. His authority lasted for six months, or less if regular order was restored. There was no appeal from his decisions. He appointed a military assistant to command the cavalry (magister equitum), while he commanded the infantry. There was no regular dictator after 202 B.C., for Sulla and Caesar, who were so called, usurped the office. 40. Religious Officers. — The religion of the Romans was a state institution. The priests were men of great influence and had much to do with public life. The most important of the priestly colleges were the pontiffs (pontifices) and the augurs (augur es). The former, 15 in number, supervised all religious observances, chose and guarded the Vestals, regulated the Calendar, fixing the days for legal business and for festivals. They held office for life. The president of the college, the ponti- fex maximus, was not prevented from engaging in secular pursuits. Thus Caesar was elected to this office at the age of thirty-six, and continued his public career. The augurs observed and inter- preted the auspices or reputed natural signs. These signs were derived from the heavens, including thunder and lightning, from the flight of birds, from the behavior of sacred chickens, and in XXXvi INTRODUCTION other ways according to traditional rules. Unless the auspices were first taken, no assembly, no meeting of the Senate, no elec- . tion could be held, neither could war be declared, nor could public business of any kind be transacted. Cicero was made one of the fifteen augurs in 53 b.c. Haruspices from Etruria foretold the future in detail, rather than simple answers " yes " or " no." They were an unofficial guild, consulted in special cases. THE COURTS 41. The Roman courts were in charge of the praetors (34). In cases of minor importance, the praetor either gave the deci- sion himself or referred it to a judge (iudex) or jury. For cases of greater importance, standing courts were established by Sulla, the quaestiones perpetuae, presided over by the praetors. These courts considered cases concerning misgovernment (extortion), murder, forgery, embezzlement, treason, assault, etc. Juries varied in number of men, and were selected by the presiding judge. After 70 b.c. a law provided that they should be taken equally from the senators, the knights, and the tribuni aerarii. Their service was honorary. Trials were first held in the open air at the tribunal of the praetor in the Forum, but after 184 b.c, often in the basilicas around the Forum. From the decisions of the standing courts there was no appeal. By the Valerian law (509 b.c.) citizens condemned to death or excessive fine by any magistrate had the right of appeal to the comitia centuriata and tributa respectively. But capital punishment and the flogging of citizens were abolished by the Porcian law (198 b.c.) . Imprison- ment as a penalty was not known in Rome, though one await- ing trial might be kept in the career. The ordinary penalties were a fine (multa), loss of citizenship (infamia), or exile. Exile was either voluntary, or practical^ imposed by the denial of the use of fire and water (aquae et ignis interdictio) . PROVINCES 42. A Roman province was organized under a charter prepared by the conquering general with the sanction of the Senate. Its THE FORUM XXXvii government was intrusted to a proconsul when an army was necessar3 r , to a propraetor when the province was quiet. As far as practicable, the freedom of the. provincials in local matters was not interfered with. " The tax exacted of a province was a tithe (decuma), or a fixed amount in money (stipendium) . Be- sides the tithe, the Senate might impose the burden of supplying further produce at a fixed price." (Gow.) During the later years of the republic, especially, the provinces were plundered by the governors as well as by the tax farmers. Although charges could be brought in the special court at Rome against the offender, yet in fact such action brought little permanent relief. THE FORUM AND THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS 43. The Forum was the low open space between the Capitoline and Palatine Hills, originally a market place. " It was about two hundred and twenty yards long, sixty yards wide near the Capitoline, narrowing to thirty-five near the Palatine." (Gow.) Adjacent to it on the northwest corner was a small square, the Comitium, used in earlier days as the center of public life. Between the Forum and ths Comitium stood the Rostra, the speaker's platform, from which audiences could be addressed on either side. It was from this platform that Cicero's orations to the people were delivered. The Capitoline Hill on the west was famed for its temple of Jupiter. The Palatine Hill on the southeast was the site of many shrines, and of the residences of wealthy citizens. On the north side of the Comitium was the Senate House, the Curia Hostilia, whose site is now marked by the Church of St. Adriano. At the western end of the Forum was the Temple of Concord, built to commemorate the final harmony between the patricians and the plebeians. The Temple of Jupiter Stator, in which Cicero delivered his first oration against Catiline prob- ably stood on the slope of the Palatine, a short distance to the east of the Forum. Among the other buildings of interest about the Forum were the Temple of Vesta, with its sacred fire ; the Regia, formerly the palace of the king, later the residence of the pontifex maximus; the basilicae, used for the law courts; and the tabernae, rows of shops. The Forum was therefore the center s.s I _ ■■•»■>' snujioiidvQ suofl xl INTRODUCTION of the religious, legal, and business interests. On the northwest corner stood the Tullianum or state's prison, which exists to-day, the place of the execution of Catiline's fellow-conspirators (see p. 32). WORKS OF REFERENCE 44. Beesly, A. H., Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius. Boissier, G., Cicero and his Friends. Collins, W. L., Cicero (Ancient Classics for English Readers.) Fatjsset, W. Y., The Student's Cicero. Forsyth, W., Life of Cicero. Froude, J. A., Caesar, a Sketch. Oman, Ch., Pompey (Seven Roman Statesmen). Plutarch, Life of Cicero. Strauhan-Davidson, J. L., Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic. Trollope, A., Life of Cicero. Cruttwell, C. T., A History of Roman Literature. Fowler, H. N., A History of Roman Literature. Mackail, J. W., Latin Literature. Middleton and Mills, The Students' Companion to Latin Authors. Sears, L., The History of Oratory. Abbott, F. F., Roman Political Institutions. Church, A. J., Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. Gow, J., A Companion to School Classics. Greenidge, A. H. J., Legal Procedure in Cicero's Time. Greenidge, A. H. J., Roman Public Life. Johnston, H. W., The Private Life of the Romans. Huelsen, Ch., Forum Romanum. Lanciani, R., The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome. Middleton, J. H., The Remains of Ancient Rome. Nichols, F. M., The Roman Forum. Cicero before the Senai (From the statue at Oxford) [xlii] M. TULLI CICERONIS ORATIO IN CATIL1NAM PRIMA IN SENATU HABITA The orator arraigns Catiline for his boldness. 1. Qua usque tandem abutere, Catilma, patientia no- stra ? Quam diti etiain furor iste tuus nos eliidet ? Quern ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hiC5 munltissimus habendi senattis locus, nihil horum ora vultiisque moverunt ? Patere tua consilia non sentis ? Constrictam iam horum omnium scientia teneri conitira- tionem tuam non vides? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consiliio ceperis, quern nostrum Ignorare arbitraris ? O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? Immo vero etiam in senatum venit, fit public! consili particeps, not at et deslg- nat oculls ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos is autem, fortes viri, satis facere rei piiblicae videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. 1 M. TULLI CICERONIS The Insignia of the Pontificate Ad mortem te, Catilma, duel iussu consulis iam pridem oportebat; in te conferri pestem, quam tti in nos machi- 20naris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei ptiblicae prlvatus interfecit; Catilmam orbem terrae caede atque incendils vastare cupientem nos consules per- ferernus? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. 25 Servllius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manti sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re ptiblica virtus, ut virl fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem pernicio- sum quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. Habemus senattis consultum in te, Catilma, vehemens et grave. 3oN6n deest rei piiblicae consilium neque auctoritas hiiius ordinis; nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. The Senate has decreed against Catiline, but he is allowed to live. 2. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Oplmius consul videret, ne quid res ptiblica detriment! caperet. Nox nulla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam sedi- 35tionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus; occisus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis. Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulil^us est permissa res ptiblica. Num tinum diem postea L. Saturninum tribtinum plebis et C. Servilium praetorem ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 3 mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est? At nos vicesi-40 mum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctori- tatis. Habemus enim huiusce modi senattis consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina recondi- tum, quo ex senattis consults confestim te interfectum esse, Catillna, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponen-45 dam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. Cupio, patres conscript!, me esse clementem, cupio in tantls rei publicae periculis me non dissoltitum videri, sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etmriae f auci- 50 bus conlocata; crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatti videmus, intestmam aliquam cotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. Si te iam, Catillna, comprehendl, si interne! iussero, 55 credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes born serius a me quam quisquam crtidelius factum esse dlcat. Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum addiicor ut faciam. Turn denique interficiere cum iam nemo tarn improbus, tarn perditus, 60 tarn tu! similis invenlrl poterit qui id non iiire factum esse fateatur. Quamdiu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, et vives ita ut vivis, multls mels et flrmis praesidils obsessus, 'ne commovere te contra rem publicam possis. Multorum te etiam oculi et aures non sentientem, 65 sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. The conspiracy is fully known. 3. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius ex- spectes, si neque nox tenebrls obsctirare coeptus nefarios nee prlvata domus parietibus continere voces conitira- tionis tuae potest, si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? 70 Muta iam istam mentem; mihi crede, oblivlscere caedis 4 M. TULLI CICERONIS atque incendiorum. Teneris undique; luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recog- noscas. Meministme me ante diem xn Kalendas Novem- 75bres dicere in senatu fore in armis certo die, qui dies fu- turus esset ante diem vi Kalendas Novembres, C. Man- lium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? Num me fefellit, Catilma, non modo res tanta, tam atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis 80 est admirandum, dies ? Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optimatium con- tulisse in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, turn cum multi prmcipes civitatis Roma non tanvsui conservandi quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profii- ssgerunt. Num mntiari potes te illo ipso die meis prae- sidiis, mea dlligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum, nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede te contentum esse dicebas? Quid? Cum te Praeneste Kalendis ipsis 90 Novembribus occupatiirum nocturno impetii esse con- flderes, sensistme illam coloniam meo iussii meis prae- sidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil mollris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. The meeting of conspirators at the house of Laeca. The attempt on the life of Cicero. 95 4. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superiorem ; iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad perniciem rei piiblicae. Dlco te priore nocte venisse inter falcarios (non agam obscure) in M. Laecae domum ; con venisse eodem compltires eiusdem amentiae sceleris- 100 que socios. Num negare audes? Quid taces? Convin- cam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatu quosdam qui tecum una fuerunt. ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA O dl immortales ! Ubinam gentium sumus ? In qua urbe vlvimus ? Quam rem publicam habemus ? Hie, hie sunt in nostro numero, patres conscript!, in hoc orbisi05 terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video consul et de re publica sententiam rogo, et quos ferro trucidar! oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero ! Fuisti igitur apud Lae- cam ilia nocte, Catilma ; distribuisti partes Italiae ; statuisti quo quemque proficlsci placeret; deie- gistl quos Romae relin- queres, quos tecum edii- ceres ; discripsisti urbis partes ad incendia ; con- firmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum ; dixistl paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod ego viverem. RepertI sunt duo equites Roman! qui te ista ciira l!berarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lticem me in meo lectulo in- terfectiiros pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam 130 coetii vestro dimisso, comperi; domum meam maioribus praesidiis muniv! atque flrmav! ; excltlsi eos quos tu ad me salutatum mane m!seras, cum ill! ips! venissent quos ego iam multis ac summls virls ad me id temporis venttiros esse praeclixeram. 135 -M % : :,'7 ~r st jjt" _... __.._.^.. mM^M^ :f^W''S. kMi^ .■ '':.: : '■'. The End of a Roman Bronze Bed 6 M. TULLI CICERONIS Catiline is urged to leave the city and join his waiting forces. _ 5. Quae cum ita sint, Catilma, perge quo coepistl. Egredere aliquando' ex urbe ; patent portae ; proficlscere. Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra deslderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos; si minus, 140 quam pliirimos ; ptirga urbem. Magno me rnetu. llbera- bis, dum modo inter me atque te mtirus intersit. Nobls- cum versar! iam dititius non potes ; non feram, non patiar, non sinam. Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsl 145 Iovi Statori, antlquissimo custod! Mius urbis, gratia, quod hanc tarn taetram, tarn horribilem tamque Infestam rei piiblicae pestem totiens iam efftigimus. Non est saepius in uno homine summa salus perlclitanda rei piiblicae. Quamditi mihi consul! designato, Catilma, Insidiatus es, 150 non publico me praesidio, sed privata diligentia defend!. Cum proxim!s comiti!s consularibus me consulem in campo et competltores tuos interficere voluist!, compress! cona- tus tuos nefarios am!corum praesidio et copi!s, ntillo tu- multti publice concitato; denique, quotienscumque me I55pet!st!, per me tibi obstit!, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate re! piiblicae esse coniunc- tam. Nunc iam aperte rem piiblicam iiniversam petis; templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium c!vium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas. 160 Qua re, quoniam id quod est primum, et quod hiiius imper! disciplmaeque maiorum proprium est, facere non- dum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad communem salutem utilius. Nam si te interne! iussero, residebit in re publica reliqua coniiiratorum manus ; sin 165 tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentlna re! piiblicae. Quid est, Catilma? Num dubitas id, me im- ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 7 perante, facere quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogans me, num in ex- silium ? Non iubeo ; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 170 All men fear Catiline because of his crimes. 6. Quid est enim, Catillna, quod te iam in hac urbe delectare possit, in qua nemo est extra istam coniura- tionem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo qui non oderit? Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non iniista vitae tuae est ? Quod prlvatarum rerum dedecus 175 non haeret in fama ? Quae libido ab oculls, quod f acinus a manibus umquam tuls, quod flagitium a toto corpore afuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quern corruptelarum in- lecebrls inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libldinem f acem praetulistl ? 180 Quid vero? Ntiper cum morte superioris uxoris no vis ntiptils domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibill scelere hoc scelus cumulastl? Quod ego praetermitto et facile patior silerl, ne in hac civitate tantl facinoris im- manitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 185 Praetermitto rulnas fortiinarum tuarum, quas omnes im- pendere tibi proximls Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio quae non ad prlvatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpittidinem, sed ad summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vltam 190 saliitemque pertinent. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catillna, aut huius caell splritus esse iticundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat te prldie Kalendas Ianuarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus stetisse in comitio cum telo, manum consulum et prInci-195 pum clvitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse, scelerl ac furorl tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam popull RomanI obstitisse? Ac iam ilia omitto (neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa j%m j .... " ;; ".# ■ BUI ' /._-; : : Br*'* iB -i i U. : #' '** 1 II k'2!.- spf* [8] ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 9 postea) ; quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem 200 interficere conatus es ! Quot ego tuas petitiones, ita coniectas ut vitarl posse non viderentur, parva quadam decllnatione et, ut aiunt, corpore efftlgi ! Nihil adse- queris, neque tamen conarl ac velle desistis. Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! Quotiens exci- 205 dit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. The senators show their hostility. Their country cries out against him. 7. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo 210 debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia totque tuls amlcls ac necessarils saltitavit? Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspectas con- tumeliam, cum sis gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppres- 215 sus? Quid, quod adventti tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constitutl fuerunt, simul atque adsedistl, partem istam subselliorum nudam atque inanem rellquerunt, quo tan- dem animo tibi ferendum putas? 220 Servi, mehercule, mel si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt omnes elves tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem ; tti tibi urbem non arbitraris ? Et, si me meis clvibus iniuria suspectum tarn graviter atque offensum viderem, carere me aspectu clvium quam Infestls omnium 225 oculls conspicl mallem. Tu cum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes sensiisque vulneras, eorum aspectum praesentiamque vltare? Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui neque eos tilla ratione placare230 10 M. TULLI CICERONIS posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculls aliquo concederes. Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nos- trum, odit ac metuit, et iam diu. nihil te itidicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare; htiius tti neque auctoritatem 235verebere nee itidicium sequere nee vim pertimesces? Quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit et quodam modo tacita loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annis f acinus exstitit nisi per te, nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi iini multorum clvium neces, tibi vexatio dlreptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac 240 libera; tti non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuistl. Superiora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut potul, tuli; nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter tinum te, quicquid increpuerit, Catilmam timer!, nullum 245videri contra me consilium iniri posse quod a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque hunc mini timorem eripe; si est verus, ne opprimar; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' Catiline has judged himself deserving of custody. 8. Haec si tecum, ita ut dlxi, patria loquatur, nonne 25oimpetrare debeat, etiamsi vim adhibere non possit? Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti, quod vitandae suspicionis causa ad M\ Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti ? A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id 255responsum tulisses, me ntillo modo posse Isdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod Isdem moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti. A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum opti- mum, M. Metellum, demigrastl; quern tu videlicet et ad 260 custodiendum diligentissimum et ad suspicandum saga- cissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 11 debere, qui se ipse iam dlgnum custodia itidicarit ? Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, dubitas, si emorl aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam multis sup- 265 plicils iustis debitlsque ereptam fugae solitudinique man- dare? ' Refer/ inquis, 'ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et, si hie ordo placere decreverit te Ire in exsilium, obtem- peraturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret270 a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catillna; libera rem pu- blicam metu; in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, pro- ficlscere. Quid est, Catillna? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid 275 exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis? At si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dlxis- §■'- f:-' X-o": ;•■/■ " _; f A City Gate 12 M. TULLI CICERONIS sem, iam mihi consull hoc ipso in templo itire optimo 280senatus vim et mantis intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum tacent, clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vllissima, sed etiam ill! equites Roman!, honestissiml atque optiml virl, ceterlque fortissimi 285 elves, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tti et frequentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diti mantis ac tela contineo, eosdem facile addticam ut te haec, quae vastare iam pridem studes, relinquentem tisque ad portas prose- 290 quantur. In the face of unpopularity Cicero again calls upon the enemy to go into exile. 9. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut tilla res frangat? Tti ut umquam te corrigas? Tu ut ullam fugam medi- tere ? Tti ut tillum exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem di immortales duint ! Tametsi video, si mea voce 295 perterritus Ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tem- pestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus recent! memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tantl, dum modo ista sit prlvata calamitas et a rel ptiblicae perlculls seiungatur. Sed tti ut vitils tuls com- 30omoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rel ptiblicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpittidine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si 305 mihi inimlco, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium. Vix feram sermones hominum, si id feceris; vix molem istlus invidiae, si in exsilium iussti consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servlre meae laudl et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna sceleratorum manu, ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 13 A Domestic Shrine confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos elves, secerne te a 310 bonis, Infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos Isse videaris. Quamquam quid ego te invltem, a quo iam sciam esse praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur 315 armatl ; cui iam sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio diem; a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuls omnibus confldo perniciosam ac fiinestam futtiram, cui doml tuae sacrarium constitiitum fuit, sciam esse prae- missam? Tu ut ilia carere dititius possis, quam venerarl320 14 M. TULLI CICERONIS ad caedem proficlscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulistl ? The character of Catiline. 10. Ibis tandem aliquando quo te iam prldem ista tua cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat ; neque enim tibi 325 haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natiira peperit, voluntas exercuit, forttina servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concuplstl. Nactus es, ex perditls atque ab omni non modo forttina verum 33oetiam spe derelictls conflatam, improborum manum. Hie tti qua laetitia perfruere, quibus gaudils exultabis, quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque vide- bis ! Ad huius vitae studium meditatl ill! sunt qui ferun- 335 tur labores tui : iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum Insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis otiosorum. Habes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus 340 te brevl tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum profeci turn, cum te a consulate reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod esset a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. The whole country demands that the consul punish the traitor. 345 11. Nunc, ut a- me, patres conscript!, quandam prope iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, per- cipite, quaeso, dlligenter quae dlcam, et ea penitus animis vestris mentibusque mandate. Eteni'm si mecum patria, quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si 350 omnis res publica loquatur : ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 15 'M. TullI, quid agis? Ttine eum quern esse hostem comperistl, quern ducem belli futurum vides, quern ex- spectari imperatorem in castrls hostium sentls, auctorem sceleris, principem coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus355 ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Nonne hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem rapl, non summo supplicio mactarl imperabis? Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne maiorum? At persaepe etiam prlvatl in hac re publica perniciosos elves morte multarunt. An leges, 360 quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At numquam in hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt civium ifira tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Prae- claram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, homi- nem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tarn 365 mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradtis extulit, si propter invidiae aut alictiius perlcull metum salutem civium tuorum neglegis. Sed si quis est invidiae metus, non est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda. An 370 cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta arde- bunt, turn te non exlstimas invidiae incendio conflagra- turum ? ' Cicero's reason for recommending exile rather than death. 12. His ego sanctissimls rel piiblicae vocibus et eorum hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus pauca respon-375 debo. Ego si hoc optimum factu itidicarem, patres con- script!, Catillnam morte multarl, tinlus usuram horae gladiatorl istl ad vlvendum non dedissem. Etenim si summl virl et clarissiml elves Saturnlnl et Gracchorum et FlaccI et superiorum compliirium sanguine non modo se 380 non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe veren- dum mihi non erat ne quid hoc parriclda civium inter- 16 M. TULLI CICERONIS fecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, 385 ut invidiam virttite partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. Quamquam non milll sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae imminent, non videant aut ea quae vident dissimu- lent; qui spem Catilinae mollibus sententils aluerunt coniurationemque nascentem non credendo corrobora- 390verunt; quorum auctoritate multi non solum improbi, verum etiam imperltl, si in hunc animadvertissem, crude- liter et regie factum esse dlcerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn stultum fore qui non videat coniiirationem esse factam, 395 neminem tarn improbum qui non f ateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se eiecerit secumque suos ediixerit et eodem ceteros undique collectos naufragos adgregarit, exstinguetur atque dele- 40obitur non modo haec tarn adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. All patriots will unite under the guidance of Heaven to save the state 13. Etenim iam diu, patres conscrlptl, in his periculis coniurationis Insidilsque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae matiiritas 405 in nostrl consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto la- trocinio iste iinus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metii esse relevati; perlculum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venls atque in vlsceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegrl morbo 4iogravI, cum aestu febrlque iactantur, si aquam gelidam biberunt, prlmo relevarl vident ur, deinde multo gravius vehementiusque adfllctantur, sic hie morbus qui est in re publica, relevatus istlus poena vehementius reliquls vlvis ingravescet. ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 17 Ruins of the Temple of Jupiter Statob, Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, tinum in 415 locum congregentur, muro denique, quod saepe iam dixi, secernantur a nobis ; desinant insidiari doml suae consul!, circumstare tribunal praetoris urban!, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad mflammanclam urbem com- parare; sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius cuiusque420 quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres conscript!, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligentiam, tan- tam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione omnia patefacta, inltistrata, oppressa, 425 vindicata esse videatis. Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa re! publicae salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio qui se tecum omni scelere parricidioque iunxerunt, pro- ficiscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, Iuppiter, 430 qui isdem quibus haec urbs auspiciis a Romulo es con- stitutus, quern Statorem huius urbis atque imperi vere nominamus, hunc et Mius socios a tuis ceterisque templis, a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arce- bis et homines bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones435 Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. [18] M. TULLI CICERONIS ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA AD POPULUM Cicero announces the departure of Catiline. 1. Tandem aliquando, Quirltes, L. Catillnam, furentem audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- tem, vobls atque huic urbi ferro flammaque minitantem, ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emlsimus vel ipsum egredientem verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. 5 Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moeni- bus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum hiiius belli domestic! ducem sine controversia vici- mus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versa- bitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in ctiria, non 10 denique intra domesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste niillo impediente bellum iustum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultls Insidils in apertum latrocinium conieci-io mus. Quod vero non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod el ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes elves, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflic- tum et profllgatum putatis ? Iacet ille nunc prostratus, 20 Quirites, et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad hanc urbem, quam e 19 1,6° 18° Italy in Cicero's Time [20] ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 21 suis faucibus ereptam esse luget; quae quidem mihi laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. 25 Why he was allowed to go without arrest. 2. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non comprehenderim potius quam emlserim, non est ista mea culpa, Quirltes, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. 30 Catillnam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperi severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent, quam multos qui etiam defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelll35 a vobls omne periculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catillnam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vltae perlculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne vobls quidem omnibus re etiam turn probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus40 persequl non possem, rem hue deduxl ut turn palam pug- nare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. Quern quidem ego hostem, Quirltes, quam vehementer forls esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus45 exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongilium mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta coeperat, Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contractum in poplna nullum rei publicae motum adferre poterat; rellquit quos viros, quanto aere alieno, quam valentes, 50 quam nobiles ! Cicero's contempt for the conspirators left in the city. 3. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanls legioni- bus et hoc dllectu, quern in agro Plceno et Gallico Q. 22 M. TULLI CICERONIS Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie com- 55 parantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex eis qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum ma- luerunt; quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitiis nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. 6oHos quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum suos milites eduxisset ; qui si hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium esse nobis quam hos qui exercitum deseruerunt perti- 65mescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod, quid cogitent, me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoven- tur. Video cui sit Apulia attribtita, quis habeat Etriiriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas 70insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt; patefeci in senatii hesterno die. Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit ; hi quid exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant 75 futiiram. These men should follow Catiline. 4. Quod exspectavi, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publicam videretis; nisi vero si quis est, qui Catilinae similes cum Catilina sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus; 80 severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce- dam: exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam con- sequentur. 85 fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentinam urbis eiecerit ! Uno, mehercule, Catilina exhausto, levata ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 23 mihi et recreata res piiblica videtur. Quid enim mall aut sceleris fingi aut cogitarl potest quod non ille conceperit ? Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis slcarius, quis parriclda, quis testamentorum subiector, 90 quis circumscripta, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier Infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis cor- ruptus, quis perditus invemri potest, qui se cum Catilma non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per hosce annos sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprumgs non per ilium? lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis inlecebra fuit quanta in illo ? Qui alios ipse amabat tur- pissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat; aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem parentum non modo im-100 pellendo, verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex a g r I s ingentem numerum perdito- rum hominum col- legerat ! Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo qui- dem in angulo totlus Italiae op- pressus aere alieno fuit quern non ad hoc incredibile sce- leris foedus asci- verit. A Gladiator's Helmet Fate overhangs these degenerate traitors. 5. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione per- 116 spicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad faci- 24 M. TULLI CICERONIS nus audacior qui se non intimum Catillnae esse fateatur, nemo in scaena levior et nequior qui se non eiusdem prope 120 sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque Idem tamen, stupro- rum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame et sitl et vigilils perferendls fortis ab istls praedicabatur, cum industriae subsidia atque Instrtlmenta virttitis in libldine audaciaque consiimeret. 125 Hunc vero si seciitl erunt sui comites, si ex urbe exierint desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, O nos beatos ! rem publicam fortunatam ! praeclaram laudem con- sulatus mel ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres hominum libldines, non hiimanae ac tolerandae audaciae; nihil I3ocogitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi raplnas. Patri- monia sua profiiderunt, forttinas suas obligaverunt ; res eos iam prldem deseruit, fides ntiper deficere coepit; eadem tamen ilia quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quodsl in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta 135 quaererent, essent illl quidem desperandl, sed tamen essent ferendl; hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines for- tissimls virls Insidiarl, stultissimos prudentissimls, ebriosos sobrils, dormientes vigilantibus ? Qui mihi accubantes in convlvils, complex! mulieres impudlcas, vino languidl, I4oconfertl cibo, sertls redimltl, unguentls obliti, debilitati stuprls eructant sermonibus suls caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. Quibus ego confldo impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam iam diu improbitatl, nequitiae, scelerl, libldinl debitam 145 aut Instare iam plane aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propa- garit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio quam perti- mescamus, niillus rex qui bellum populo Romano facere I50possit. Omnia sunt externa iinlus virtute terra marlque pacata; domesticum bellum manet; intus Insidiae sunt, ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 25 The End of a Roman Banquet intus inclusum perlculum est; intus est hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites; suscipio inimlcitias hominum perditorum ! Quae sanarl poterunt, 155 quacumque ratione sanabo; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut ex- eant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. 1 This illustration taken from a Pompeian wall painting shows very- well the Roman custom of reclining at a feast (accubantes in conviviis). Notice the little slave putting on his master's shoe ; the second, offering the wine cup, and the third, supporting one of the diners who is evidently vino languidus. 26 M. TULLI CICERONIS Cicero narrates the arraignment of Catiline. 160 6. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirites, a me eiectum in exsilium esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi possem, istos ipsos eicerem qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem con- sulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exsilium iussus 165 est, paruit, ivit. Hesterno die, Quintes, cum domi meae paene inter- fectus essem, senatum in aedem Iovis Statoris convocavi, rem omnem ad patres conscrlptos detull. Quo cum Catilma venisset, quis eum senator appellavit, quis salii- i70tavit, quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum clvem ac non potius ut importunissimum hostem? Quln etiam prin- cipes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum ad quam ille accesserat niidam atque inanem reliquerunt. Hie ego vehemens ille consul qui verbo elves in exsilium eicio 175 quaeslvi a Catilma in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. Cum ille homo audacissimus conscientia convictus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera ; quid ea nocte egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quern ad modum esset el ratio totlus belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesi- lsotaret, cum teneretur, quaeslvi quid dubitaret proficlsci eo quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum fasces, cum tubas, cum slgna militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. In exsilium eiciebam quern iam 185 ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Man- lius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit, et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. A Roman Sacrifice, showing Soldiers carrying the Signa Militaria (Notice also the aquila.) [27] 28 M. TULLI CICERONIS Kuins of the Roman Theatre at Fiesole (Faesulae) Cicero is willing to endure unpopularity. 190 7. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. Catilma consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumcltisus ac debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit, et ex 195 hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatiique depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens in exsilium eiectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur; et erunt qui 200 ilium, si hoc fecerit, non improbum sed miserum, me non diligentissimum consulem sed criidelissimum tyrannum existimari velint ! Est mihi tanti, Quirltes, htiius invidiae falsae atque inl- quae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis htiius horri- ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 29 bilis belli ac nefarii perlculum depellatur. Dicatur sane 205 eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, mihi credite, non est ittirus. Numquam ego ab dis immortali- bus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis voli- tare audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis ; multoque magis 210 illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dlcant, idem, si interfectus esset, quid dlcerent? Quamquam istl qui Catilinam Massiliam Ire dictitant, non tarn hoc 215 queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tarn miseri- cors qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem si, mehercule, hoc quod agit numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil adhuc220 praeter ipsius voluntatem cogitationemque accident, nisi quod vlvis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut eat in exsilium quam queramur. Six classes of men in Catiline's forces. 8. Sed cur tarn diii de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, quod 225 semper volui, mums interest, non timeo; de his, qui dis- simulant, qui Romae remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, nihil dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non tarn ulclsci studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rei piiblicae; neque id quare fieri non possit, si me audlre230 volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex qui- bus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde singulis medicinam consili atque orationis meae, si quam potero, adferam. 30 M. TULLI CICERONIS First : Men of wealth, unwilling to pay their debts. 235 Unum genus est eorum qui magno in aere alieno maiores etiam possessionem habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi niillo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est honestissima, sunt enim locupletes; voluntas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu agrls, tu aedificiis, tu argento, 240 tu familia, tii rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrahere, adqulrere ad fidem? Quid enim exspectas? Bellum? Quid ergo? In vasta- tione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futiiras putas ? An tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a Catilma ex- 245 spectant ; meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae ; neque enim istl qui possessiones habent alia ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum usurls frtictibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et 250 melioribus clvibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut dediicl de sententia possunt aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facttiri contra rem ptiblicam quam arma latuii. Second : Debtors ambitious for political power. 9. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam premun- 255 tur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potiri volunt; honores, quos quieta re ptiblica desperant, perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum scilicet et idem quod reli- quis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi 260 posse; prlmum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, pro- videre rel publicae; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis virls, magnam concordiam, magnas praeterea copias mlli- tum ; deos denique immortales huic invicto populo, claris- simo imperio, pulcherrimae urbl, contra tantam vim sceleris 265 praesentes auxilium esse latiiros. Quodsl iam sint id ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 31 quod summo furore cupiunt adept!, num illl in cinere urbis et in sanguine clvium, quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria concupiverunt, consules se aut dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futuros ? Non vident id se cupere quod, si adeptl sint, fugitlvo alicui aut gladiator! concedi sit necesse? 270 Third : Sulla's veterans, who hope for the spoils of another war. Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen exercitatione robustum ; quo ex genere iste est Manlius cui nunc Cati- llna succedit. H! sunt homines ex e!s colonils quas Sulla constituit ; quas ego iiniversas civ- ium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen el sunt colon! qui se in Insper- atis ac repentlnls pecu- nils sumptuosius Inso- lentiusque iactarunt. Hi dum aedificant tam- quam beat!, dum prae- dils lectls, familils mag- nis, convlviis apparatis delectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt, ut, si salvl esse velint, Sulla sit els ab Inferls ., j , • L. Cornelius Sulla. excitandus ; qui etiam nonntillos agrestes, homines tenues atque egentes, in ean-295 dem illam spem raplnarum veterum impulerunt. Quos ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum dlreptorum- 32 M. TULLI CICERONIS que pono. Sed eos hoc moneo, desinant furere ac pro- scrlptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum 300 temporum dolor inustus est clvitatl ut iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passtirae esse vide- antur. Fourth : Hopeless bankrupts. 10. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et tur- bulentum; qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 305emergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo nego- tio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; qui vadimonils, itidiciis, proscrlptione bonorum defatlgatl, permultl et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn mllites acres quam Infitia- 3io tores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines quam prlmum, si stare non possunt, corruant, sed ita ut non modo clvitas, sed ne vlclnl quidem proximl sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, quam ob rem, si vlvere honeste non possunt, perlre turpiter velint, aut cur minore dolore peritiiros se 315 cum multls, quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. The Interior of the Carcer To-day See note on 1. 319, p. 33. ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 33 Fifth : Criminals. Quintum genus est parricldarum, sicariorum, denique omnium facinorosorum. Quos ego a Catillna non revoco ; nam neque ab eo divelll possunt, et pereant sane in latroci- nio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos career capere non possit. Sixth : Catiline's body-guard of effeminate debauchees. Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum320 etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catilmae est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexii eius ac sinu ; quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbes aut bene barba- tos videtis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis, veils amictos, non togis; quorum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi325 labor in antelucanls cenis expromitur. In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulterl, omnes impiirl impudici- que versantur. Hi pueri tarn lepidi ac delicati non solum amare et amari, neque saltare et cantare, sed etiam slcas vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt. Qui nisi exeunt, 330 nisi pereunt, etiamsi Catillna perierit, scitote hoc in re ptiblica seminarium Catilmarum futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi istl miserl volunt? Num suas secum mulier- culas sunt in castra ducturi? Quern ad modum autem illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noctibus? Quo 335 autem pacto ill! Appennmum atque illas prulnas ac nives perferent? Nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem tolerattlros putant, quod ntldl in convivils saltare didicerunt. The forces of the State contrasted with those of Catiline. 11. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc sit habittirus Catillna scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! 340 Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn praeclaras Ca- tilmae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et prlmum gladiator! ill! confecto et saucio consules impera- 34 M. TULLI CICERONIS toresque vestros opponite; deinde contra illam naufra- 345 gorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totlus Italiae ac robur educite. lam vero urbes coloniarum ac muni- cipiorum respondebunt Catilmae tumulls silvestribus. Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illlus latronis inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. 350 Sed si omissis his rebus quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, senatti, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectigali- bus, ctincta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, si his rebus omissis causas ipsas quae inter se confllgunt contendere vellmus, ex eo ipso quam valde illl iaceant 355 intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor ptignat, illinc petulantia; hinc pudlcitia, illinc stuprum; hinc fides, illinc fraud atio ; hinc pietas, illinc scelus ; hinc con- stantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo ; hinc continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas, temperantia, 360 fortittido, prtidentia, virtutes omnes certant cum inlqui- tate, liixuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitils omnibus; postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione confllgit. In eius modi certamine ac 365proelio nonne, si hominum studia deficiant, dl ipsl im- mortales cogant ab his praeclarissimls virtiitibus tot et tanta vitia superarl? The consul calls for vigilance, and warns traitors of punishment. 12. Quae cum ita sint, Quirltes, vos, quern ad modum iam antea dlxl, vestra tecta vigilils custodilsque defendite ; 37omihi, ut urbl sine vestro motti ac sine ullo tumultu satis esset praesidl, consultum atque provlsum est. ColonI omnes miinicipesque vestrl certiores a me factl de hac nocturna excursione Catillnae facile urbes suas flnesque defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissi- 375 mam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 35 A Gladiator's Shield and Greaves pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Plcenumque praemlsl, aut opprimet hominem aut eius omnes motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquls autem de rebus constituency's, maturandls, agendis iam ad senatum380 referemus, quem vocarl videtis. Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catillna relict! sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt elves, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas;)85 adhtic si cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat erumperet. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum obllviscl meam hanc esse patriam, me horum esse con- sulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse morien- dum. Ntillus est portis custos, ntillus Insidiator viae; si 390 qui exire volunt, conlvere possum. Qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum tillum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in 36 M. TULLI CICERONIS 39i hac urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse egregios magistra- tes, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quern vindicem nefariorum ac manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse volue- runt. Order will be restored by the aid of the gods. 13. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirltes, ut maximae res minimo motii, pericula summa ntillo tum- ultii, bellum intestmum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam crtidelissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et imperatore sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si Ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac urbe poenam sui sceleris sufTerat. Sed si vis mani- festae audaciae, si impen- dens patriae periculum me necessario de hac animl lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tarn msidioso bello 422 vix optandum videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque poena vos omnes salvi esse possitis. Quae quidem ego neque mea prtidentia neque humanis An Orator in the Toga ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 37 consiliis fretus polliceor vobls, Quirltes, sed multis et non425 dubils deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego ducibus in hanc spem sententiamque sum ingressus; qui iam non procul, ut quondam solebant ; ab externo hoste atque longinquo, sed hie praesentes suo ntimine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos430 vos, Quirltes, precari, venerarl, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc omnibus hostium copils terra manque superatis a perditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. M. TULLI CICERONIS ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA AD POPULUM Cicero congratulates the Roman people on their safety. / " 1. Rem publicam, Quintes, vitamque omnium vestrum, bona, fortunas, coniuges llberosque vestros, atque hoc domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortunatjjssimam pulcher- rimamque ( nrbem, _hodierno die deofum immortalium I 5 summo ei^a ws amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculls mels e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobls conservatam ac restitutam videtis. Et si non minus nobis iucundi atque inlustres sunt el dies qmbus conser- vamur quam illl quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa lolaetitia est, nascendi incerta condicio, et quod sine sensii nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam ilium qui hanc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales bene- volentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit is qui eandem hanc urbem con- 38 ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 39 ditam amplificatamque servavit. I Nam toti jirbi , templls, 15 delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam Ignes circumdatosque restinximus ; idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. Quae quoniam in senatu inliis- trata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam 20 breviter, Quirltes, ut et quanta et quam manifesta et qua ratione investigata et comprehensa sint, ^os," qui et Igno- ratis et exspectatis, scire possltis. jx ^*"Principio, ut Catilma paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, cum sceleris sui socios, htiiusce nefarii belli acerrimos25 duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavl et provldi, Quirltes, quern ad modum in tantis et tarn absconditis In- sidiis salvi esse possemus. How written evidence was secured against the conspirators. 2. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catillnam eiciebam (non enim iam vereor huius verb! invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 30 timenda, quod vlvus exierit), sed turn, cum ilium exter- minarl volebam, aut reliquam coniiiratorum manum simul exittiram aut eos qui restitissent, Tnflrmos sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. Atque ego ut vldl quos maximo furore et scelere. esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum 35 esse et Romae remlnsigse, in eo omnes dies noctesque con- siimpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid mollrentur, sejrtlr^m ac vidirem, ut, quoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita comprehenderem, ut turn demum animis saltitl^b / vestrae provideretis., cum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis.^ ., Itaque, ut comperl legatos Allobrogum belli Transalpini et tumultus Gallic! excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse solli- citatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos elves eodemque itinere cum litteris mandatlsque ad Catillnam esse missos, comi-45 temque els aditinctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic [40] OKATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 41 esse ad Catillnam datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam putavl, ut, quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper optabam ab dis immortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a senatti et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. so Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C . Pomptmum prae- tores, fortissimos, atque amantissimos rei ptiblicae viros, ad me vocavlTrem exposui, quid fieri placeret ostendi. IllI autem, quromnia de re piiblica praeclara atque egregia sentlrent, sine reciisatione ac sine ulla mora negotium sus- 55 ceperunt, et cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mul- ^mmTpervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis vlllis ita J}ipertito fuerunt ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. \ Eodem autem et ipsi sine ctiiusquam susplcione multos fortes viros edtixerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatina complures60 delectos adulescentes, quorum opera iitor adsidue in rei ptiblicae praesidio, cum gladiis miseram. Interim tertia fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredi inciperent unaque Vol- turcius, fit in eos impetus ; edticuntur et ab illis gladii et a 65 nostris. Res praetoribus erat nota soils, ignorabatur a ceteris. How the conspirators and the Gallic envoys were brought before the Senate. 3. Turn interventu Pomptml atque Flacci pugna quae erat commissa sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in eo cornitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur ;7lpsI70 comprehensi ad me, cum iam pMucJsceret, deduciifetur. Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machina - torem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me nihil dum sus- jDicantem vocavi; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus 75 venit, credo quod in litterls dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte yigiJjj'at.I 42 M. TULLI CICERONIS Cum summis et clarissimls huius dvitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a some prius aperlri quam ad senatum deferrl placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus iniec- tus civitatl videretur, negavl me esse facturum, ut de perl- culo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram deferrem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea quae erant ad me Sodelata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar in tantls rei piiblicae perlculis esse mihi nimiam diligentiam pertimescendam. jSenatum fr^queniem celeriter, ut vidis- tis 7< coegi. AtquFTnterea statim a dmonit u Allobrogum C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum , misl, qui ex aedibus 9oCethegI, si quid telorum ^ssejb, efferret; ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. The testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls before the Senate. 4. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis; fidem publicam iussti senatus dedi ; hortatus sum ut ea quae sciret sine timore indicaret. Turn ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno 95timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilmam mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio titeretur, ut ad urbem quam primum cum exercitti accederet ; id autem eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quern ad modum discrlptum distributumque erat, incendissent cae- 100 demque Infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus coniungeret. IntroductI autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse 105 dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praesciip- tum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum autem sibi conflrmasse ex fatis Sibylllnls haruspicumque responsls se esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quern regnum huius urbis ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 43 The Cumaean Sibyl with the Sibylline Books 1 atque imperium pervenire esset necesse; Cinnam ante seno et Sullam fuisse. Eundemque dixisse fatalem hunc annum esse ad interitum hums urbis atque imperi, qui esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post Capitoll autem incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod lis Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. Four conspirators identify their letters and confess their guilt. 5. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussi- mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Prlmo ostendimus Cethego signum; cognovit. Nos linum incidimus, legi-120 mus. Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facttirum 1 See note on line 108, p. 42. 44 M. TULLI CICERONIS esse; orare ut item ill! facerent quae sibi eorum legati recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen 125 de gladils ac sicls quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa re- spondisset, dlxissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum fuisse, recitatis litterls debilitatus atque abiectus conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius ; cognovit et slgnum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt 130 tabellae in eandem fere sententiam ; confessus est. Turn ostendi tabellas Lentulo et quaeslvl cognosceretne slgnum. Adnuit. 'Est vero/ inquam, 'notum quidem slgnum, imago avi tui, clarissimi viri, qui amavit iinice patriam et elves suos; quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam miita i35revocare debuhV Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum popu- lumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus dlcere vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille prlmo quidem negavit; post autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, liosurrexit; quaeslvit a Gallis quid sibi esset cum els, quam ob rem domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum illl breviter const ant er que respondissent, per quern ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaeslssentque ab eo nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibylllnis lociitus, turn ille 145 subito scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset osten- dit. Nam cum id posset Infitiarl, repente praeter opmionem omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam propter vim sceleris manifestl atque deprehensl impuden- 150 tia, qua superabat omnes, improbitasque defecit. Volturcius vero subito litteras proferrl atque aperlrl iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catillnam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et slgnum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine 155 nomine, sed ita : ' Quis sim, scies ex eo quern ad te mlsl. Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quern in locum sis progressus. ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 45 Vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi auxilia adiungas, etiam mfimorum.' Gablnius deinde in- troduces, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex els quae Galli insimulabant negavit. 160 Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique iinius ciiiusque confessio ; turn multo certiora ilia, color, ocull, vultiis, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam inter sese 165 aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se ipsl viderentur. The Senate praises the consuls and praetors, decrees custody for the traitors, and a solemn thanksgiving to the gods. 6. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum con- sulu! de summa re ptiblica quid fieri placeret. Dictae sunt a prlncipibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, 170 quas senatus sine ulla varietate est sectitus. Et quoniam nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod vir- ttite, consilio, providentia mea res publica maximis periculls 175 sit liberata. Deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, quod eorum opera fortl fidellque tisus essem, merito ac iiire laudantur. Atque etiam viro fortl, collegae meo, laus impertitur, quod eos qui huius coniurationis participes fuissent, a suis et a rel ptiblicae consiliis removisset. Atque 180 ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetiira abdicasset, in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Sta- tilius, P. Gablnius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custo- diam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depo-185 poscerat; in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam attribiitam esse erat indicatum; in P. Furium, 46 M. TULLI CICERONIS qui est ex els colonls quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit; in Q. Annium Chllonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat 190 in hac Allobrogum sollicitatione versatus; in P. Um- brenum, libertlnum hominem, a quo prlmum Gallos ad Gablnium perductos esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate senatus est iisus, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione tanta- que hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem homi- 195 num perditissimorum poena re publica conservata, reli- quorum mentes sanari posse arbitraretur. Atque etiam supplicatio dls immortalibus pro singular! eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi prlmum post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his decreta 200 verbis est, 'quod urbem incendiis, caede elves, Italiam bello liberassem.' Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris sup- plicationibus conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec una conservata . re publica constituta est. Atque illud quod faciendum prlmum fuit, factum atque 205 transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patef actls indicils, confessionibus suls, iudicio senatus non modo praetoris ills, verum etiam clvis amlserat, tamen magi- stratii se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil 2ionominatim erat decretum, praetorem occlderet, ea nos re- ligione in prlvato P. Lentulo punienclo llberaremur. The victory of the state could not have been won easily with Cati- line in the city. 7. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissiml perlcu- losissimlque belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre- hensos tenetis, exlstimare debetis omnes Catillnae copias, 2i5omnes spes atque opes his depulsls urbis perlculls con- cidisse. Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catillna non mihi esse P. Lentull somnum nee L. CassI adipes nee C. Cethegi A Roman Sacrifice (The Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the background) [47] 48 M. TULLI CICERONIS furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat unus 220timendus ex istls omnibus, sed tarn diii dum urbis moeni- bus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnium aditiis tenebat ; appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat. Erat el consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque manus neque lingua deerat. lam ad certas res conficiendas cer- 225 tos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque vero, cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat; nihil erat quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret ; frigus, sitim, famem ferre poterat. Hunc ego hominem tarn acrem ; tarn audacem, tarn para- 230 turn, tarn callidum, tarn in scelere vigilantem, tarn in perditis rebus diligentem, nisi ex domesticis Insidiis in castrense latrocinium compulissem (dicam id quod sentio, Quirltes), non facile hanc tantam molem mall a cervicibus vestris depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituis- 235 set, neque tanto ante exitl ac fati diem rei ptiblicae de- ntintiavisset, neque commisisset ut signum, ut litterae suae testes manifestl sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam sit tarn palam inventum quam 240 haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. Quodsi Catilma in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius con- siliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos umquam, 245 cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculls rem publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio liberassemus. The will of the gods was clearly shown. 8. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a me ad- ministrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta et provlsa esse videantur. Idque cum coniectura 250consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani consili tan- ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTXA 49 The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol tarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn vero ita praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omit- tam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardorem- que caeli, ut fulminum iactiis, ut terrae motus relinquam, 255 ut omittam cetera, quae tarn mult a nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec quae nunc fiunt, canere di immortales vide- rentur, hoc certe, quod sum dicttirus, neque praetermitten- dum neque relinquendum est. Nam profecto memoria tenetis Cotta et Torquato con- 260 sulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum hominum deiectae et legum aera liquefacta et tactus etiam ille qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, quern in- auratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactantem uberibus265 luplnis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tem- pore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes 50 M. TULLI CICERONIS atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac domesticum et totlus urbis atque imperi occasum adpro- 27opinquare dlxerunt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione pla- catl, suo ntimine prope fata ipsa flexissent. Itaque illorum responsis turn et ltidi per decern dies fact! sunt, neque res tilla quae ad placandos deos pertineret praetermissa est. Idemque iusserunt simulacrum Iovis 275 f acere maius et in excelso conlocare et contra, atque antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere; ac se sperare dlxerunt, si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiam- que conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a 2sosenatu populoque Romano perspicl possent. Atque illud signum conlocandum consules illl locaverunt; sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque 1 nobis ante hodiernum diem conlocaretur. A new statue to Jupiter, by whom the magistrates were guided. 9. Hie quis potest esse, Quirites, tarn aversus a vero, 285 tarn praeceps, tarn mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem deorum immor- talium nutti ac potestate administrarl ? Etenim cum esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei pu- blicae compararl, et ea per elves, quae turn propter mag- 29onitudinem scelerum nonnullis incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo cogitata a nefarils clvibus verum etiam sus- cepta esse sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est ut nutu Iovis OptimI MaximI factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussti et conitiratl 295 et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae dticerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statueretur? Quo conlocato atque ad vos senatumque converso, omnia quae erant contra salutem omnium cogitata, inlustrata et patefacta vldistis. Quo etiam maiore sunt istl odio supplicioque dlgnl qui non ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 51 solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, seel etiam deorum 300 templls atque delubrls sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes Inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium • mihi sumam et non) sini fe'rendua Ille, ille Iuppiter re- ^ stitit ; ille Capi- tolium, ille haec £templa| ille cunc- tam urbem, ille vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Dls ego immortalibus ducibus hanc mentem, Quirltes, voluntatemque suscepi atque ad haec tanta in- dicia perveni. lam vero ab Len- tulo ceterisque domesticis hos- tibus tarn de- menter tantae res creditae et ig- notis et barbaris commissaeque litterae num- quam essent pro- fecto, nisi ab dls immortalibus huic tantae au- Jupiter daciae consilium 2 esset ereptum. Quid vero ? Ut homines Gall! ex clvitate male pacata, quae gens una restat, quae bellum populo Ro- mano facere et posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperi 52 M. TULLI CICERONIS A Roman Sacrificial Procession ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus 335oblatam neglegerent vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent, id non divinitus esse factum putatis, prae- sertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint ? This conspiracy compared with former civil dissensions. \ 10. Quam ob rem, Quintes, quoniam ad omnia pul- 340vmaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores dis immortalibus iiisti habiti sunt ac debitl, sed profecto itistiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac miserrimo interitu ; sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exer- 345citti, sine dimicatione, togati me uno togato duce et im- peratore vicistis. Etenim recordamini, Quirltes, omnes civlles dissensiones, non solum eas quas audistis, sed eas quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppressit ; C. Marium, custodem huius urbis, 35omultosque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 53 A Roman Sacrificial Procession collegam; omnis hie locus acervls corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario ; turn vero clarissimls virls interfectis lumina dvitatis ex- stincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem 355 postea Sulla ; ne did quidem opus est quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate rel pfiblicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo et fortissimo viro Q. Catulo ; attulit non tarn ipslus interitus rel ptiblicae luctum quam cetero- rum. 360 Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi quae non ad delendam, sed ad commiitandam rem pub- licam pertinerent. Non ill! nullam esse rem publicam, sed in ea quae esset se esse principes, neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunO Atque 365 illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rel ptiblicae quaesivit, eius modi fuerunt ut non reconcilia- tione concordiae, sed internecione civium dliudicatae sint. In hoc autem tino post hominum memoriam maximo crti- delissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria370 54 M. TULLI CICERONIS 371 cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catilma, Cethego, Cassio constitufca, ut omnes qui salva urbe salvi esse pos- sent, in hostium nu- mero diicerentur, ita me gessi, Quirites, ut salvi omnes conserva- remini ; et, cum hostes vestri tantum civium superfuturum putas- sent quantum Infini- tae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et ur- bem et elves integros incolumesque servavl. Cicero's own reward. 11. Quibus pro tan- tis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis praemium virtutis, nullum Insigne hono- ris, nullum monumen- tum laudis postulo praeterquam huius die! memoriam sempi- ternam. In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos meos, om- nia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis insignia condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, 400 nihil taciturn, nihil denique eius modi quod etiam minus dlgni adsequl possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, nostrae A Roman in the Toga, sacrificing ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 55 res alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentls inveterascent et corroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intel- lego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad saliitem. urbis et ad memoriam consulates mei, tinoque405 tempore in hac re publica duos elves exstitisse, quorum alter fines vestrl imperi non terrae sed caell regionibus ter- minaret, alter eiusdem imperi domicilium sedesque servaret. Cicero's safety depends upon his fellow-citizens. His personal am- bition. 4 12. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi, non eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum qui externa 410 bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum els vivendum est quos vici ac subegT, ill! hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos reli- querunt, vestrum est, Quirltes, si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne4io vobis nocere possent, ego provldl ; ne mihi noceant ves- trum est providere. Quamquam, Quirltes, mihi quiclem ipsi nihil ab istis iam nocerl potest. Magnum enim est in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum compara- tum est; magna in re publica dlgnitas, quae me semper 420 tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui negie- gunt, cum me violare volent, se. ipsi indicabunt. Est enim in nobis is animus, Quirltes, ut non modo nulllus audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro semper lacessamus. Quodsl omnis impetus domestioorum 425 hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, vobis erit videndum, Quirltes, qua condicione posthac eos esse velltis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus ; mihi quidem ipsi quid est quod iam ad vltae fmctum possit adqulrl, cum praesertim neque 430 in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quicquam videam altius quo mihi libeat ascendere? 56 M. TULLI CICERONIS /illud perficiam profecto, Quirltes, ut ea quae gessi in eonsulatu prlvatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est 435 invidia in conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re ptiblica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, ctiremque ut ea virtute, non casti gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirl- tes, quoniam iam est nox, veneratl Iovem ilium, custo- 440 dem htiius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite; et ea, quamquam iam est perlculum depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodils vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua pace esse possltis, providebq^/ A Roman Altar M. TULLI CICERONIS ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUAKTA HABITA IN SENATU The consul declares his will to suffer for his country. 1. Video, patres conscript!, in me omnium vestrum ora atque oculos esse conversos; video vos non solum de vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iticunda in malis et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed earn, per 5 deos immortales, deponite atque obliti saliitis meae de vobis ac de vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio consulattis data est, ut omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciattisque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque 10 Romano dignitas saltisque pariatur. Ego sum ille consul, patres conscriptl, cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consularibus auspicils consecratus, non curia, summum auxilium omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non 15 lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris umquam vacua mortis periculo atque Insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacul, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum consulatiis mei di immortales esse voluerunt, ut20 vos populumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, coniuges liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex "acerbissima vexatione, templa atque deltibra, hanc pulcherrimam 57 [58] ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 59 patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi : iini proponetur fortiina, subeatur. Etenim si P. Len- tulus suum nomen inductus a vati- bus fatale ad per- niciem rel publicae fore putavit, cur ego non laeter meum consulatum ad salutem popull Roman! prope fa- talem exstitisse? The Senate must pro- vide for this crisis, which is the grav- est of all. 2. Quare, patres conscriptl, consuli- te vobis, prospicite patriae, conservate VOS, COniugeS, ll- A Vestal Virgin beros fortunasque vestras, popull Roman! nomen salutemque defendite ; mihi 45 parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo sperare omnes deos qu! huic urb! praesident, pro eo mihi ac mereor relatiiros esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors fort! viro potest accidere neque immatura consular! nee 50 misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qu! fratris carissim! atque amantissimi praesentis maerore non 60 M. TULLI CICERONIS movear, horumque omnium lacrimls a quibus me circum- sessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non doraura saepe 55revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metii filia et parvulus fllius, quern mihi videtur amplectl res ptiblica tamquam obsidem consulates mei, neque ille qui exspectans huius exitum diel stat in conspectti meo, gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, uti salvl sint voblscum Goomnes, etiamsl me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et illl et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus. Quare, patres conscrlpti, incumbite ad salutem rei publicae, circumspicite omnes procellas quae impendent nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus 65plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios conci- tare conatus est, non L. Saturnlnus, quod C. Memmium occldit, in discrlmen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis iudicium addiicitur; tenentur el qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catillnam accipiendum 70 Romae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, slgna, mantis, deni- que tinlus ciiiusque confessio; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum con- silium, ut interfectls omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem popull Roman! nomen atque ad lamentandam 75tantl imperl calamitatem relinquatur. The prisoners have been condemned, but their punishment must be decided before nightfall. 3. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessl sunt, vos multls iam iudicils iudicavistis : primum quod mihi gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtiite atque dlligentia perditorum hominum coniiirationem patefactam 80 esse decrevistis; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare praettira coegistis; turn quod eum et ceteros, de quibus hldicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis; maximeque quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 61 togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistisss amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut el qui in custodiam nominatim dati sunt, sine tilla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tam- Cjuam integrum, et de facto quid iiidicetis et de poena 90 quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego magnum in re piiblica versari furorem et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam ; sed hanc tantam, tarn exitiosam haberi coniurationem a civibus numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae 95 mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit videtis. Huic si paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. Latius opinione disseminatum est hoc malum; manavit non solum per Italiam verum etiam transcendit Alpes, etioo obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi sustentando aut prolatando niillo pacto potest; quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. Silanus proposes death as a punishment; Caesar, life-imprisonment. 4. Video duas adhiic esse sententias : finam D. Silani, qui censet eos qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esseios multandos ; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam re- movet, ceterorum suppliciorum Omnes acerbitates am- plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitiidine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos qui nos omnes vita privare conati sunt, qui delere im-110 perium, qui populi Romani nomen exstinguere, punctum temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritti non putat oportere; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos cives in hac re piiblica esse ustirpatum recordatur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse 115 62 M. TULLI CICERONIS supplier causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem esse. Itaque earn sapientes numquam invltl, fortes saepe etiam libenter oppetlverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe ad 120 singularem poenam nefaril sceleris inventa sunt. Muni- cipiis dispertiri iubet. Habere videtur ista res inlquita- tem, si imperare veils; difficultatem, si rogare. Decer- natur tamen, si placet. Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, 125 non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gra- vem poenam municipils, si quis eorum vincula ruperit; horribiles custodias circumdat et dlgnas scelere hominum perditorum; sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos con- demnat aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit; i3oeripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in miseriis consolari solet. Bona praeterea publican iubet. Vltam solam relin- quit nefarils hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multos una dolores animi atque corporis et omnes scelerum poenas ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formldo improbls I35esset posita, apud Inferos eius modi quaedam illl antlqul supplicia impils constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellegebant his remotls non esse mortem ipsam perti- mescendam. It would be safer to adopt the proposal of Caesar, the popular leader. 5. Nunc, patres conscrlptl, ego mea video quid inter- 140 sit. Si eritis secutl sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc is in re piiblica viam quae popularis habetur sectitus est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendl ; sin illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negotl contrahatur. 145 Sed tamen meorum perlculorum rationes utilitas rel pub- licae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, slcut ipslus dlg- nitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 63 tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellectum est quid interesset inter levitatem contiona- torum et animum vere popularem, saluti populi consulen- 150 tern. Video de istis qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sententiam ferat. Is et niidius tertius in custodiam elves Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices 155 hesterno die maximls praemiis adfecit. lam hoc neminl dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesitorl gratulationem, indicl praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa iudi- carit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam esse de clvibus Romanls constittitam ; qui autem rel pub- ieo licae sit hostis, eum civem esse niillo modo posse; deni- que ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iniussu populi poenas rel piiblicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largl- torem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi RomanI, exitio huius urbis tarn acerbe, tarn crudeliter 165 cogitarit, etiam appellarl posse popularem. Itaque homo mltissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum ne quis huius supplicio levando se iactare et in pernicie populi RomanI posthac popularis esse possit. Adiungit 170 etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnes animl cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas ac mendlcitas consequatur. But no punishment can be too severe for crimes so unnatural. 6. Quam ob rem, slve hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iiicundum ; slve Sllani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque 175 vos a crtidelitatis vituperatione populo Romano purgabo, atque obtinebo earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, patres conscrlptl, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris im- manitate punienda crudelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu 64 M. TULLI CICERONIS I8oiudico. Nam ita mihi salva re publica voblscum perfrul liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atroeitate animl moveor (quis enim est me mltior?) sed singular! quadam htlmanitate et misericordia. Videor enim mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque 185 arcem omnium gentium, subito tino incendio concidentem ; cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque msepultos acervos clvium; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. Cum vero mihi proposui regnantem Lentulum, sicut 190 ipse se ex fatis sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic Gabmium, cum exercitii venisse Catillnam, turn lamentationem matrum familias, turn fugam virginum atque puerorum ac vexationem virginum Vestalium per- horresco ; et, quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera 195 atque miseranda, idcirco in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero, si quis pater familias, liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occlsa, incensa domo, supplicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac misericors 200 an inhumanissimus et criidelissimus esse videatur ? Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, qui coniuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt, qui smgulas unlus cuiusque nostrum 2osdomos et hoc universum rel publicae domicilium delere conatl sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis huius urbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperl conlocarent, si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habe- bimur; sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis 210 crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda est. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et amantissi- mus rel publicae, crudelior ntidius tertius visus est, cum [65] 66 M. TULLI CICERONIS sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et 215 audientem vita prlvandum esse dixit, cum avum suum iussu consulis interfectum filiumque eius impuberem, legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile factum ? Quod initum delendae rei ptiblicae consilium ? Largitionis voluntas turn in re pub- 220 blica versata est et partium quaedam contentio. Atque illo tempore huius avus Lentull, vir clarissimus, armatus Gracchum est perseciitus. Ille etiam grave turn vulnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur ; hie ad evertenda rei piiblicae fundamenta Gallos arce sit, 225servitia concitat, Catillnam vocat, attribuit nos trucldan- dos Cethego et ceteros elves interficiendos Gablnio, urbem Inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam dlripien- damque Catillnae. VereaminI, censeo, ne in hoc scelere tarn immanl ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse vid- 230 eaminl ; multo magis est verendum ne remissione poenae crudeles in patriam quam ne severitate animadversionis nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamur. The unanimity of good citizens of all classes. 7. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscrlptl, dissimulare non possum. Iaciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad 235aures meas, eorum qui vererl videntur ut habeam satis praesidl ad ea quae vos statueritis hodierno die transigenda. Omnia et provlsa et parata et constittita sunt, patres con- scrlptl, cum mea summa cura atque dlligentia, turn etiam multo maiore populi RomanI ad summum imperium retinen- 240 dum et ad communes fortunas conservandas voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium gener- um, omnium denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena templa circum forum, plenl omnes adittis huius tempi! ac loci. Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa 245 sola in qua omnes sentlrent unum atque idem, praeter eos ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 67 qui, cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus potius quam soli perlre voluerimt. Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter, neque in improborum clvium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos puto. Ceteri vero, dl immortales ! qua 250 frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque consentiunt ! Quid ego hie equites Ro- manos commemorem? qui vobls ita summam ordinis consillque concedunt ut voblscum de amore rel publicae certent ; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius 255 ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus dies voblscum atque haec causa coniungit. Quam si con- iunctionem, in consulate conflrmatam meo, perpetuam in re ptlblica tenuerimus, conflrmo vobls nullum posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rel publicae partem 260 esse venturum. Pari studio defendendae rel publicae con- venisse video tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros ; scrlbas item universos, quos cum casii hie dies ad aerarium fre- quentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem com- munem esse conversos. Omnis ingenuorum adest mul-265 tittido, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim cui non haec templa, aspectus urbis, possessio llbertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et commune patriae solum cum sit carum turn vero dulce atque iucundum? Even freedmen and slaves show their loyalty and good will. 8. Operae pretium est, patres conscrlptl, llbertlnorum 270 hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam huius clvitatis consectitl vere hanc suam esse patriam iudicant, quam quldam hie natl, et summo natl loco, non patriam suam sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed quid ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, quos 275 privatae fortiinae, quos communis res publica, quos deni- que llbertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae 68 M. TULLI CICERONIS defendendam excitavit? Servus est nemo qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servittitis, qui non audaciam 280civium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare cupiat, qui non quantum audet et quantum potest conferat ad communem salutem voluntatis. Quare si quern ve strum forte commovet hoc, quod audi- tum est, lenonem quendam Lentull concursare circum 285tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium atque imperitorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tempta- tum, sed null! sunt inventl tarn aut fortuna miser! aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus cotidiani locum, qui non cublle ac lectulum 290suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum qui in tabernis sunt, immo vero (id enim potius est dicendum) genus hoc universum amantissimum est oti. Etenim omne mstrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus frequen- 295 tia civium sustentatur, alitur otio ; quorum si quaestus occlusis tabernis minui solet, quid tandem incensis futfi- rum fuit? Quae cum ita sint, patres conscriptl, vobis populi Roman! praesidia non desunt; vos ne populo Romano 30odeesse videamini providete. The foundation of the government must never hereafter be shaken. 9. Habetis consulem ex plurimls periculis et Insidiis atque ex media morte non ad vltam suam, sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. Omnes ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce 305 consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et telis impiae coniurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria communis; vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium Ignem Vestae sempiter- num, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 69 A Painting from a Household Shrine (Pompeii) muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra 310 vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque llberorum anima, de fortums omnium, de sedibus, de focls vestris hodierno die vobls iudicandum est. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblltum sui, quae non semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnes3i5 homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civil! causa hodierno die primum videmus, tinum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus fundatum im- perium, quanta virtute stabilltam libertatem, quanta deo- rum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas, una nox320 paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo conficl, sed ne cogitarl quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die providendum est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, loctitus sum, sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re ptiblica prmceps, officio 325 functa consular! videretur. 70 M. TULLI CICERONIS Whatever may befall the consul, he will never repent of his course. 10. Nunc, antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimlcorum multitudinem suscepisse video ; sed earn esse iudico turpem et mfirmam et abiectam. QuodsT ali- quando alicuius furore et scelere concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rel publicae dlg- nitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque consilio- rum numquam, patres conscript!, paenitebit. Etenim mors, quam ill! f ortasse minitantur, omni- bus est parata ; vitae tan- tam laudem, quanta vos me vestris decretls hon- estastis, nemo est adsecti- tus. Ceteris enim bene 350 gesta, mihi uni conservata re publica gratulationem decre- vistis. Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hanni- bal in Africam redlre atque Italia decedere coactus est; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes huic 355imperio Infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque, dele- vit; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit ; sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et Scipio Africanus, the Elder ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 71 metu servitutis libera vit ; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius res gestae atque virtutes Isdem quibus solis cursus360 regionibus ac terminls continentur; erit prof ec to inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius est patefacere nobis provincias quo exlre posslmus, quam curare ut etiam illl qui absunt habeant quo victores rever- tantur. 365 Quamquam est iino loco condicio melior externae vic- toriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut op- pressl serviunt aut receptl in amlcitiam beneficio se obli- gatos putant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia aliqua depravatl, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos 370 cum a pernicie rel piiblicae reppuleris, nee vl coercere nee beneficio placare possls. Qaare mihi cum perditls clvibus aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum perl- culorum, quae non modo in hoc populo qui servatus est, 375 sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haerebit, a me atque a mels facile propulsarl posse confldo. Neque tilla profecto tanta vis reperiefcur, quae coniunc- tionem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam con- splrationem bonorum omnium confringere et labef actare 380 possit. Cicero asks for nothing but the recollection of his consulship, and protection for his son. 11. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro provincia quam neglexl, pro triumpho ceterlsque laudis Inslgnibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salu- tis custodiam repudiata, pro clientells hospitilsque pro- 385 vincialibus, quae tamen urbanls opibus non minore labore tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro mels in vos singularibus studils, proque hac quam per- spicitis ad conservandam rem publicam dlligentia, nihil a 72 M. TULLI CICERONIS 39ovobis nisi huius temporis totiusque mei consulates me- moriam postulo ; quae dum erit in vestrls flxa mentibus, tutissimo me miiro saeptum esse arbitrator. Quod si meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobls parvum meum fllium, cui profecto satis 395 erit praesidl non solum ad saliitem verum etiam ad dig- nitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo sollus perlculo conser- varit, ilium filium esse memineritis. Quapropter de summa salute vestra popullque Roman!, de vestrls coniugibus ac llberls, de arls ac focls, de fanis 400 atque templls, de totius urbis tectls ac sedibus, de imperio ac llbertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re piiblica decer- nite dlligenter, ut Instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem qui et parere vestrls decretls non dubitet et ea quae statueritis, quoad vlvet, defendere et per se ipsum 405praestare possit. Marcus Tullius Cicero (From the bust in the Uffizi) [73] [74] M. TULLl CICERONIS DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEI AD QUIRlTES ORATIO Cicero's first address before the popular assembly. 1. Quamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus vester multo iticundissimus, hie autem locus ad agendum am- plissimus, ad dlcendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites, tamen hoc aditti laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vltae meaes rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea per aetatem nondum htiius auctoritatem loci attingere auderem statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum ingenio, elaboratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum tempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. 10 Ita neque hie locus vacuus umquam fuit ab els qui vestram causam defenderent, et meus labor in privatorum perlculis caste integreque versatus ex vestro iudicio fructum est amplissimum consecutus. Nam cum propter dilationem comitiorum ter praetor primus centurils cunctis reniintia- 15 tus sum, facile intellexi, Quirites, et quid de me iiidicaretis et quid alils praescriberetis. Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quantum vos honoribus mandandls esse voluistis, et ad agendum facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilant! ex forensi 20 usti prope cotldiana dicendi exercitatio potuit adferre, certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos iitar qui earn mihi declerunt, et si quid in dlcendo consequi possum, 75 76 M. TULLI CICERONIS els ostendam potissimum qui ei quoque rei friictum suo 25iudicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in prlmls mihi laetandum iiire esse video, quod in hac Insolita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendi causa talis oblata est in qua oratio deesse nemini possit. Dlcen- dum est enim de Cn. Pompei singularl ex- imiaque virtiite ; htiius autem orationis diffi- cilius est exitum quam prmcipium invenlre. Ita mihi non tarn copia quam modus in dlc- endo quaerendus est. The situation in the East. The main points to be considered. Cn. PompIius 2. Atque ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur unde haec omnis causa diicitur, bellum grave et periculosum vestrls vectigalibus ac sociis 45 a duobus potentissimis regibus mfertur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter lacessitus occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur. Equitibus Romanls, honestissimis viris, adferuntur ex Ada cotidie litterae, quorum magnae res aguntur in 50 vestrls vectigalibus exercendis occupatae ; qui ad me, pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam rei publicae perlculaque rerum suarum detulerunt; Blthyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 77 esse complures ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod flnitimum est vestrls vectigalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate55 L. Lticullum magnls rebus gestls ab eo bello discedere ; huic qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum bellum administrandum ; unum ab omnibus socils et clvibus ad id bellum imperatorem depose! atque expetl, eundem hunc unum ab hostibus metul, praeterea neminem. 60 Causa quae sit videtis; nunc quid agendum sit con- siderate. Prlmum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de magnitudine, turn de imperatore deligendo esse dlcendum. Genus est enim belli eius modi quod maxime vestros ani- mos excitare atque Inflammare ad persequendl studium65 debeat ; in quo agitur popull RomanI gloria, quae vobis a maioribus cum magna in omnibus rebus turn summa in re militari tradita est; agitur salus sociorum atque aml- corum, pro qua multa maiores vestrl magna et gravia bella gesserunt ; aguntur certissima popull RomanI vectl- 70 galia et maxima, quibus amissls et pacis ornamenta efc subsidia belli requiretis ; aguntur bona multorum clvium, quibus est a vobis et ipsorum et rel piiblicae causa con- sulendum. The honor of Rome must be maintained. 3. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter cet-75 eras gentes atque avidl laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis ilia macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae penitus iam Insedit ac nimis inveteravit in popull RomanI nomine, quod is qui fino die, tota in Asia, tot in clvitati- bus, tino niintio atque una slgnificatione litterarum elves 80 Romanos omnes necandos trucldandosque denotavit, non modo adhuc poenam nullam suo dlgnam scelere suscepit, sed ab illo tempore annum iam tertium et vlcesimum regnat ; et ita regnat ut se non PontI neque Cappadociae latebrls occultare velit, seel emergere ex patrio regno 85 atque in vestrls vectlgalibus, hoc est in Asiae luce, versarl. 78 M. TULLI CICERONIS The Triumph of a Roman General 1 (From a Eoman sarcophagus) Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt im- peratores ut ab illo Insignia victoriae, non victoriam re- portarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena 90 de Mithridate, duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores, sed ita triumpharunt ut ille pulsus superatusque reg- naret. Verum tamen illls imperatoribus laus est tribu- enda quod egerunt, venia danda quod reliquerunt, propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res piiblica, 93 Murenam Sulla revocavit. The strength of Mithridates. The services of Pompey and Lucullus. 4. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con- tulit; qui postea, cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque classes exercittisque permagnos quibuscumque ex genti- 100 bus potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanls, finitimls suis, bellum inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legatos ac litteras misit ad eos duces quibuscum turn bellum gere- bamus, ut, cum duobus in locis disiunctissimls maxime- que diversis iino consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum 1 Notice the captives kneeling ; the crown and the palm, both em- blematic of victory. DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 79 terra marique gereretur, vos ancipitl contentione district! 105 de imperio dlmicaretis. Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae atque Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmament! ac roboris habe- bat, Cn. Pompei divlno consilio ac singular! virtiite depul- sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo, summo viro, 110 est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna atque praeclara non fellcitatl eius sed virtiitl, haec autem extrema, quae ntiper acciderunt, non culpae sed fortiinae tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Liicullo d!cam alio loco, et ita dlcam, Quintes, ut neque vera laus el detracta ora- 115 tione mea neque falsa adficta esse videatur; de vestri imper! d!gnitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus orationis meae, videte quern vob!s animum suscipiendum putetis. The allies of Rome are in danger; they silently appeal for Pompey's aid. 5. Maiores nostr! saepe mercatoribus aut naviculari!s 120 nostris initiriosius tractatis bella gesserunt; vos, tot mili- bus civium Romanorum tino nuntio atque uno tempore necat!s, quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legat! quod erant appellat! superbius, Corinthum patres vestr!, totius Graeciae lumen, exstmcfum esse voluerunt; vos eumi25 regem inultum esse patiemin!, qu! legatum popul! Ro- man! consularem vinculls ac verberibus atque omn! sup- plicio excruciatum necavit? 111! l!bertatem imminutam c!vium Romanorum non tulerunt; vos ereptam vltam neglegetis? Ills legationis verbo violatum ill! persecut!i30 sunt ; vos legatum omn! supplicio interfectum relinquetis ? Videte ne, ut illis pulcherrimum fuit tantam vob!s imper! gloriam tradere, sic vobls turpissimum sit id quod accepis- tis, tuerl et conservare non posse. Quid ? Quod salus sociorum summum in periculum ac 135 80 M. TULLI CICERONIS discrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis? Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius popull Ro- man! atque amicus; imminent duo reges toti Asiae non solum vobis inimicissimi, sed etiam vestrls sociis atque 140 amicis ; clvitates autem omnes ciincta Asia atque Graecia vestrum auxilium exspectare propter periculi magnitudi- nem coguntur; imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere, cum praesertim vos alium mlseritis, neque audent neque se id facere sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. Vident 145 et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, unum virum esse in quo summa sint omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius; cuius adventii ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen impetus hostium repressos esse intellegunt ac retardatos. Hi vos, quoniam isolibere loqul non licet, tacite rogant ut se quoque, sicut ceterarum provinciarum socios, dignos existimetis quorum .salutem tali viro commendetis; atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in provinciam eius modi homines cum im- pend mittimus, ut etiamsi ab hoste defendant, tamen 155 ipsorum adventus in urbes sociorum non multum ab hos- tili exptignatione differant. Hunc audiebant antea, nunc praesentem vident tanta temperantia, tanta mansue- ttidine, tanta hurnanitate, ut el beatissiml esse videantur, apud quos ille diutissime commoratur. The revenues of the state are imperiled. 160 6. Quare si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria lacessiti, maiores nostrl cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aetolls, cum Poenls bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit iniuriis provocatos sociorum salutem una cum imperi vestri dlgnitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis 1G5 vestrls vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Quirltes, tanta sunt ut els ad ipsas provincias DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 81 tutandas vix content! esse posslmus ; Asia vero tarn oplma est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate frtic- tuum et magnitudine pastionis et multitudine earum rerum quae exportentur facile omnibus terrls antecellat. no Itaque haec vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pads dignitatem retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate sed etiam a metti calamitatis est defendenda. Nam in ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, turn detrlmentum accipi- tur; at in vectlgalibus non solum adventus mall sed 175 etiam metus ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium copiae non longe absunt, etiamsi irruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agrl culttira deseritur, merca- torum navigatio conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumls neque ex scrlptura vectlgal conservarl potest ; 180 quare saepe totlus annl frtictus iino rumore perlcull atque tino belli terrore amittitur. Quo tandem animo esse exlstimatis aut eos qui vectl- galia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent atque exigunt, cum duo reges cum maximls copils propter adsint, cum 185 una excursio equitatus perbrevl tempore totlus annl vec- tlgal auferre possit, cum publican! familias maximas quas in saltibus habent, quas in agrls, quas in portubus atque custodils, magno perlculo se habere arbitrentur? Puta- tisne vos illls rebus frul posse, nisi eos qui vobis frtictuli90 sunt conservaritis non solum, ut ante dlxl, calamitate sed etiam calamitatis formldine llberatos ? The private fortunes of Roman citizens are affected. 7. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quod mihi ego extremum proposueram cum essem de belli genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona clvium Ro-195 manorum pertinet; quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, Quirites, habenda est ratio dlligenter. Nam et publican!, 82 M. TULLI CICERONIS homines honestissiml atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum 200 per se res et forttmae vobis curae esse debent. Etenim si vectlgalia nervos esse rel publicae semper duximus, eum certe ordinem qui exercet ilia firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse dlcemus. Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavl atque in- 205dustrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absen- tibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pecunias magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur hiimani- tatis vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate prohibere, sapientiae videre multorum civium calamita- 210 tern a re publica seiiinctam esse non posse. Etenim pri- mum illud parvi refert, nos piiblicanis omissis vectlgalia postea victoria recuperare; neque enim Isdem redimendi facultas erit propter calamitatem neque alils voluntas propter timorem. 215 Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri- dates initio belli Asiatic! docuit, id quidem certe calami- tate doctl memoria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia res magnas permultl amlserant, sclmus Romae solti- tione impedlta fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una 220 in clvitate multl rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo perlculo prohibete rem publicam, et mihi credite, id quod ipsi videtis: haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum quae Romae, quae in foro versatur, implicata est cum illis 225 pectinils Asiaticls et cohaeret ; ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem labefacta motu concidant. Quare videte, num dubitandum vobis sit omnl studio ad id bellum in- cumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestrl, saltis sociorum, vectlgalia maxima, forttinae plurimorum civium conitinctae 230 cum re publica defendantur. r DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 83 Lucullus must be praised for his great achievements. 8. Quoniam de genere belli dixl, nunc de magnitiidine pauca dlcam. Potest enim hoc did, belli genus esse ita necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum ut sit pertimescendum. In quo maxime laborandum est ne forte ea vobis, quae diligentissime providenda sunt, con- 235 temnenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant me L. Lucullo tantum impertlre laudis, quantum fortl viro et sapientl hominl et magno imperatorl debeatur, dico eius adventti maximas MithridatI copias omnibus rebus ornatas atque instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae240 clarissimam nobisque amlcissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et oppiignatam vehementissime, quam L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate, consilio, summis obsidionis periculis libera vit; ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus245 SertorianTs ad Italiam studio Inflammata raperetur, supe- ratam esse atque depressam; magnas hostium praeterea copias multis proeliis esse deletas, patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex omnl aditii clausus fuisset ; Sinopen atque Amisum, qui- 250 bus in oppidls erant domicilia regis, omnibus rebus orna- tas ac refertas, ceterasque urbes Ponti et Cappadociae permultas tino aditii adventuque esse captas; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse ; atque haec omnia 255 salvis populT RomanI sociis atque integris vectlgalibus esse gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, ut hoc vos intellegatis, a niillo istorum qui huic obtrec- tant legi atque causae, L. Liicullum similiter ex hoc loco esse laudatum. 260 84 M. TULLI CICERONIS The escape of Mithridates, the rising of many eastern nations, the retreat of Lucullus, and the defeat of part of his army. 9. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. Cognoseite, Quirites; non enim hoc sine causa quaeri videtur. Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit 265 ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in eis locis, qua se parens persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum col- lectio dispersa maerorque patrius celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates fugiens maximam vim aurl 270 atque argenti pulcherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a maioribus acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio 275maeror, hos laetitia tarda vit. Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Armenius, excepit diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit et adflictum erexit perditumque recreavit. Ciiius in regnum postea- quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam 280 gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat enim metus iniectus els nationibus quas numquam popu- lus Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandas putavit; erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opinio quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fani locu- 285 pletissimi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nos- trum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regno ceperat et proeliis us.us erat secundis, tamen nimia longin- 29oquitate locorum ac desiderio suorum commovebatur. 185] 86 M. TULLI CICERONIS Hie iam plura non dlcam; fuit enim illud extremum, ut ex els locis a militibus nostrls reditus magis maturus quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem et suam manum iam conflrmarat, et eorum qui se ex 295ipslus regno collegerant, et magnls adventicils auxilils multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Nam hoc fere sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum adfllctae fortunae facile multorum opes adliciant ad misericordiam, maxi- meque eorum qui aut reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut 300 els nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur. Itaque tantum victus efncere potuit quantum incolumis numquam est ausus optare. Nam cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus quod el praeter spem acciderat, ut illam, posteaquam pulsus erat, terram 305umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum clarum atque victorem impetum fecit. Sinite hoc loco, Quirltes, sicut poetae solent qui res Romanas scrlbunt, praeterlre me nostram calamitatem, quae tanta fuit ut earn ad aures imperatoris non ex proelio 3ionuntius, sed ex sermone rtimor adferret. Hie in illo ipso malo gravissimaqiie belli offensione L. Lucullus, qui tamen aliqua ex parte els incommodls mederi fortasse potuisset, vestro iussu coactus, quod imperl diuturnitatl modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, partem 3i5mllitum qui iam stlpendils confecti erant dlmlsit, partem M'. GlabrionI tradidit. Multa praetereo consulto, sed ea vos coniectura per- spicite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod coniungant reges potentissiml, renovent agitatae nationes, 320 suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat vetere exercitu pulso. DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 87 In Pompey are the four qualifications of a good general. First : knowledge of warfare. 10. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor quare esset hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine peri- culosum ; restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dlcendum esse videatur. 325 Utinam, Quirltes, virorum fortium atque innocentium copiam tantam haberetis ut haec vobls dellberatio difficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus Cn. Pompeius qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt 330 gloriam, sed etiam antlquitatis memoriam virtute superarit, quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit? Ego enim sic exlstimo, in summo impera- tore quattuor has res inesse oportere, scientiam rel mlli- taris, virtutem, auctoritatem, fellcitatem. 335 Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut esse debuit? qui e liido atque pueritiae discipllnls bello maximo atque acerrimls hostibus ad patris exercitum atque in mllitiae discipllnam profectus est ; qui extrema pueritia miles in exercitti fuit summl imperatoris, ineunte 340 adulescentia maximl ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius cum hoste confllxit quam quisquam cum inimlco concer- tavit, plura bella gessit quam ceterl legerunt, pltires pro- vincias confecit quam alii concuplverunt ; cuius adules- centia ad scientiam rel mllitaris non alienls praeceptls, 345 sed suls imperils, non offensionibus belli, sed victorils, non stlpendiis, sed triumphls est erudlta. Quod denique genus esse belli potest in quo ilium non exercuerit forttina rel publicae? Civile, Africanum, Transalplnum, His- paniense mixtum ex clvitatibus atque ex bellicosissimls 350 nationibus, servile, navale bellum, varia et dlversa genera et bellorum et hostium non solum gesta ab hoc uno sed 88 M. TULLI CICERONIS etiam confecta nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam mllitari, quae huius viri scientiam fugere possit.. Second qualification : ability. Pompey's is attested by many nations. 355 11. lam vero virttitl Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre? Neque enim illae sunt solae virtiites imperatoriae quae vulgo existimantur, labor in negotiis, fortitudo in perl- 360 culls, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, con- silium in providendo ; quae tanta sunt in hoc iino quanta in omnibus reliquls imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut audivimus, non fuerunt. Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius 365virtiite et subsidio confessus est liberatam. Testis est Sicilia, quam multis undique clnctam perlculis non terrore belli sed consill celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, quae magnis oppressa hostium copils eorum ipsorum sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legioni- 370 bus nostrls iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione pate- factum est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime pliirimos hostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis est iterum et saepius Italia, quae, cum servili bello taetro periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente ex- 375 petivit ; quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum. Testes nunc vero iam omnes sunt orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia cum universa, turn in singulis oris omnes sinus atque porttis. 380 Quis enim toto marl locus per hos annos aut tarn flrmum habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, aut tarn fuit abditus ut lateret? Quis navigavit qui non se aut mortis aut ser- vitiitis perlculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto praedonum marl navigaret? Hoc tantum bellum, tarn DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 89 turpe, tarn vetus, tarn late divlsum atque dispersum, quis 385 umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus uno anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore confici posse ? Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per hosce annos? Quod vectlgal vobis tutum fuit? Quern socium defendistis ? Cui praesidio classibus vestrls fuistis ? 390 Quam multas exlstimatis Insulas esse desertas, quam multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas urbes esse sociorum ? The long struggle with the pirates was soon ended by Pompey. 12. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit hoc quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani longe a domo395 bellare et propugnaculls imperi sociorum forttinas, non sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercittis vestri num- quam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint ? Qui ad vos ab exteris nationibus venirent, captos querar, cum 400 legati populi Romani redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in prae- donum potestatem pervenerint? Cnidum aut Colopho- nem aut Samum, nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portus, atque 405 eos portus quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse potestate sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Caietae celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium Inspectante prae- tore a praedonibus esse direptum ; ex Mlseno autem eius ipsius llberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellumiio gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque igno- miniam reT ptiblicae querar, cum prope mspectantibus vobis classis ea cui consul populi Romani praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est? Pro di4is immortales ! tantamne unius hominis incredibilis ac [90] DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 91 divina virtus tarn brevi tempore lticem adferre rel pfib- licae potuit, ut vos qui modo ante ostium Tiberinum classem hostium videbatis, el nunc ntillam intra Oceani ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis? 420 Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendi quaes- tus studio tarn brevi tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tantl425 belli impetus navigavit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad navigandum marl * Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit, in Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rel publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque munivit. Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus His- 430 paniis et Gallia Transalpine praesidiis ac navibus confir- mata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria maximis classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit; ipse autem ut Brundisio profectus est, undequmquagesimo die totam435 ad imperium populi Roman! Ciliciam adiunxit; omnes qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique sunt, partim tinius huius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. Idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum tisque in Pamphyliam legatos deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non 440 ademit obsidesque imperavit. It a tantum bellum, tarn diuturnum, tarn longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit. 445 Pompey's moral qualities. His scrupulous honesty. 13. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera- toris. Quid ? Ceterae quas paulo ante commemorare coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt? Non enim 92 M. TULLI CICERONIS bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore 4ooquaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae huius ad- ministrae comitesque virtiitis. Ac primum quanta inno- centia debent esse imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio, quanta hiimanitate ! Quae breviter qualia sint 455 in Cn. Pompeio consideremus. Summa enim omnia sunt, Quirltes, sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese cognoscl atque intellegl possunt. Quern enim imperatorem possum us ullo in numero putare cuius in exercitii centuriattis veneant atque venie- 46orint? Quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re ptiblica cogitare, qui pecuniam ex aerario depromptam ad bellum administrandum aut propter cupiditatem pro- vinciae magistratibus dlvlserit aut propter avaritiam Romae in quaestti reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio facit, 465 Quirltes, ut agnoscere videaminl qui haec fecerint; ego autem nomino neminem ; quare IrascI mihi nemo poterit, nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter hanc avaritiam imperatorum quantas calamitates, quocumque ventum sit, nostri exercitus ferant, quis ignorat ? Itinera 470 quae per hosce annos in Italia per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint, recorda- mini; turn facilius statuetis quid apud exteras nationes fieri existimetis. Utrum pltires arbitramini per hosce annos militum vestrorum armls hostium urbes an hiber- 475 nls sociorum civitates esse deletas? Neque enim potest exercitum is continere imperator qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse in ifidicando qui alios in se severos esse iiidices non vult. Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, 480 cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint ut non modo manus tantl exercitus sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dlcatur? lam vero quern ad modum DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 93 mllites hibernent, cotidie sermones ac litterae perferuntur ; non modo ut sumptum faciat in mllitem neminl vis adfer- tur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis 485 enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostri in sociorum atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. His self-control, good faith, and kindness. 14. Age vero, ceteris in rebus qua sit temperantia, considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tarn in- credibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non enim ilium 490 eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudlta quaedam gubernandi aut ventl aliqui novi tarn celeriter in ultimas terras per- tulerunt, sed eae res quae ceteros remorari solent non retardarunt ; non avaritia ab Instituto cursii ad praedam aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoeni- 495 tas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, non denique labor ipse ad quietem; postremo signa et tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existimavit. 500 Itaque omnes nunc in els locis Cn. Pompeium sicut aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo delapsum intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse homines Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod iam nationibus exterls incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videbatur. 505 Nunc imperi vestri splendor illls gentibus lucem adferre coepit. Nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos turn, cum ea temperantia magistrates habebamus, servire populo Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. Iam vero ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberae queri-sio moniae de aliorum initiriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dlg- nitate principibus excellit, facilitate Infimis par esse vddeatur. Iam quantum consilio, quantum dlcendi gravitate et 94 M. TULLI CICERONIS 5i5copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dlgnitas impera- toria, vos, Quirltes, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. Fidem vero eius quantam inter socios exlstimarl putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iiidi- carint? Humanitate iam tanta est ut difficile dictti sit 520utrum hostes magis virttitem eius pugnantes timuerint an mansuetudinem victl dllexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quin huic hoc tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda dlvlno quodam consilio natus esse videatur? Third qualification of a general : personal influence. 525 15. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis adminis- trandls multum atque in imperio mllitarl valet, certe neminl dubium est quin ea re Idem ille imperator plurimum possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella adminis- tranda' quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostrls 530 existiment, quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis rebus ut aut contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut ament opmione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri? Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clarius fuit? Cuius res gestae pares? De quo 535homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et tarn praeclara iudicia fecistis? An vero tillam tisquam esse oram tarn desertam putatis quo non illius die! fama pervaserit, cum iiniversus populus Romanus, referto foro completlsque omnibus templls, ex quibus hie locus con- 540 spiel potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit? Itaque, ut plura non dlcam neque aliorum exemplls conflrmem quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiilrum exempla suman- 545 tur; qui quo die a vobls maritimo bello praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vllitas annonae ex summa inopia WL |J8|y>,,'!3 '3 . Hr \ 1 •s|3lfc'- - yffi ■ i mflMjt& f I f •. ;- : - ■■ 1' ; BBh '' B : : .i:_: Cn. Pompeius Magnus [95] 96 M. TULLI CICERONIS et caritate re! frumentariae consecuta est unlus hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix ex summa ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 550 lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio de quo vos paulo ante invitus admonui, cum socii pertimuissent, hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad ipsum discrlmen eius temporis divlnitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones f ortuna popull Roman! attulis- set. Huius adventus et Mithridatem Insol- ita Inflammatum vic- toria continuit et Tigranem magnls copiis minitantem Asiae retardavit. Et quisquam dubitabit quid virtute perfec- turus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perfecerit, aut quam facile im- perio atque exercitti socios et vectigalia conservatiirus sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore def enderit ? Fourth qualification of a general: good fortune. 16. Age vero ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem hominis apud hostes popull Roman! DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 97 auctoritatem, quod ex locls tarn longin- quls tamque dlversls tarn brevi tempore omnes huic se iinl dediderunt ! Quod Cretensium legatl, cum in eorum Insula noster imperator ex- ercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas prope terras venerunt, eique se omnes Cretensium civitates dedere velle dixerunt ! Quid ? Idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum usque in Hispaniam mlsit ? Eum quern Pompeius legatum semper itidicavit, el quibus erat molestum ad eum potissimum esse missum, specula- torem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt ? Potestis igitur iam constituere, Quirites, hanc auctoritatem, multis postea 605 rebus gestis magnisque vestrls iudicils amplincatam, quan- tum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes vali- turam esse existimetis. Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero6io possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, M. Claudius Marcellus 98 M. TULLI CICERONIS timide et pauca dlcamus. Ego enim sic exlstimo, Maximo, Marcello, Sclpionl, Mario, et ceteris magnls imperatoribus non solum propter virttitem sed etiam propter fortunam 6issaepius imperia mandata atque exercitiis esse commissos. Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis virls quaedam ad amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene geren- das dlvlnitus aditincta fortuna. De huius autem hominis felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione 62odIcendl, non ut in illlus po testate fortunam positam esse dlcam, sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videa- mur, ne aut invlsa dls immortalibus oratio nostra aut ingrata esse videatur. Itaque non sum praedicaturus quantas ille res domi 625mllitiae, terra manque quantaque felicitate gesserit, ut eius semper voluntatibus non modo elves adsenserint, socil obtemperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam ventl tem- pestatesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dlcam, ne- minem umquam tarn impudentem fuisse, qui ab dls im- 630 mortalibus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas dl immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut ill! proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirltes, cum communis salutis atque imperi turn ipslus hominis causa, slcutl facitis, velle et optare debetis. 635 Quare cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegi non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit adminis- trandum, et cum el imperatorem praeficere possltis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirltes, quln hoc 64otantum bonl, quod vobls ab dls immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem ptiblicam conservandam atque amplifi- candam conferatis ? DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 99 Pompey's advantage of being near the enemy. Catulus and Hortensius. The objections of 17. Quodsl Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus atque mittendus ; nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates haec 645 quoque opportunity adiungatur, ut in eis ipsis locis adsit, ut habeat exercitum, ut ab els qui habent accipere statim possit, quid ex- spectamus ? Aut cur non ducibus dis immortalibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rel publicae commissa sunt, hoc quo- que bellum regium com- mittamus ? At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rel piibli- cae, vestris benefichs am- plissimis adfectus, Q. Catulus, itemque summls ornamentls honoris, for- ttinae, virtutis, ingenl praeditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissenti- unt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis piurimum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac causa, tametsi cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritati- bus ipsa re ac ratione exquirere possumus veritatem, atque 670 hoc facilius, quod ea omnia quae a me adhtic dicta sunt, idem isti vera esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse et magnum et in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. Quintus Hortensius 100 M. TULLI CICERONIS Quid igitur ait Hortensius? Si iinl omnia tribuenda 675sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen omnia deferrl non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio, re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu idem, Q. HortensI, multa pro tua summa copia ac singular! facultate dlcendl et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. 68oGabInium, graviter ornateque dlxisti, cum is de fmo im- peratore contra praedones constituendo legem promul- gasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item contra earn legem verba fecistl. Quid? Turn, per deos immortales, si plus apud populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam 685ipsius populi Romani salus et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium teneremus? An tibi turn imperium hoc esse videbatur, cum populi Romani legati, quaestores praetoresque capiebantur, cum ex omnibus provinces commeatii et privato et publico 690 prohibebamur, cum ita clausa nobis erant maria omnia ut neque prlvatam rem transmarlnam neque publicam iam obire possemus ? The law of Gabinius restored Roman naval supremacy. 18. Quae clvitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse 695dicitur; non Carthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac maritimls rebus valuerunt ; non Rhodiorum, quorum tisque ad nostram memoriam discipllna navalis et gloria remansit, — quae clvitas, inquam, antea tarn tenuis, quae tarn parva insula fuit quae non portiis suos et agros et 70oaliquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet? At hercule aliquot annos continuos ante legem Gablniam ille populus Romanus, cuius usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus piignls permanserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non modo 705 utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperl caruit. Nos quorum DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 101 maiores Antiochum regem classe Persemque superarunt omnibusque navalibus pugnis Carthaginienses, homines in maritimls rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vice- runt, el nullo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse potera- 710 mus ; nos qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habebamus, sed omnes socios in ultimls oris auctoritate nostrl imperl salvos praestare poteramus, turn, cum Insula Delos, tarn procul a nobis in Aegaeo marl posita, quo omnes undique cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta dlvitils, 7i5parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, Idem non modo pro- vinces atque oris Italiae maritimls ac portubus nostris, sed etiam Appia iam Via carebamus; et els temporibus non pudebat magistratus popull RomanI in hunc ipsum locum escendere, cum eum nobis maiores nostrl exuvils 720 nauticls et classium spolils ornatum rellquissent ! The question of appointing Gabinius as Pompey's lieutenant. 19. Bono te animo turn, Q. HortensI, populus Romanus et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia dlcere exlstimavit ea quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute communl Idem populus Romanus dolorl suo maluit quam auctoritati 725vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, tinus vir, unus annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine llberavit, sed etiam effecit ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus gentibus ac nationibus terra marlque imperare. Quo mihi etiam indlgnius videtur obtrectatum esse 730 adhuc — Gablnio dlcam anne Pompeio an utrlque, id quod est verius ? — ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pom- peio expetentl ac postulantl. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum quern velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum ceterl ad expllandos socios diripiendasque 735 provincias quos voluerunt legatos eduxerint; an ipse, cuius lege salus ac dlgnitas populo Romano atque omnibus gentibus constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae eius im- [102] DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 103 peratoris atque eius exercitus qui consilio ipsius ac perl- culo est constitutes? An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latiniemsis, 740 Cn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris causa nomino, cum tribiml plebl fuissent, anno proximo legatl esse potuerunt ; in tino Gabinio sunt tarn dlligentes, qui in hoc bello quod lege Gablnia geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, quern per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse 745 deberet? De quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteor relatiirum ; neque me impediet cuiusquam iniml- cum edictum quo minus vobls fretus vestrum ius bene- ficiumque defendam, neque praeter intercessionem quic-750 quam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, istl ipsl qui minantur etiam atque etiam quid liceat conslderabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirltes, tinus A. Gablnius belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius ascrlbitur, prop- terea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum vestrls755 suffragils detulit, alter delatum susceptumque confecit. A reply to the objections of Catulus. 20. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catull auctoritate et sen- tentia dlcendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobls quaere- ret, si in iino Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habitiirl, cepit magnum 760 suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse dlxistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille non et consilio regere et integritate tuerl et virtute conficere possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime 765 dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos im- mortales licet, frul debet summl viri vita atque virtute. At enim ne quid novl flat contra exempla atque Instituta 104 M. TULLI CICERONIS 770 maiorum. Non dlcam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in pace consuetudinl, in blll^>utilitatl paruisse, semper ad no\ios casus temporum. novorum consiliorum rationes accommodasse ; non dlcam duo bella maxima, Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab tino imperatore esse confecta, 775 duasque urbes potei*tissimas, .quae huic imperio maxime minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Nufcantiam, ab eodem Sclpione esse deletas ; non commemoraDo niiper ita vobls patribusque vestrls esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes imperl poneretur, ut Idem cum Iugurtha, idem cum Cim- 780brls, Idem cum Teutonls bellum administraret. In ipso Cn. Pompeio in quo novi constitul nihil vult Q. Catulus, quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli voluntate con- stittita recordaminl. New precedents already established in the career of Pompey. 21. Quid tarn novum quam adulescentulum privatum 785 exercitum difficill rel publicae tempore conn cere ? Con- fecit. Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductii suo gerere? Gessit. Quid tarn praeter consuetudinem quam hominl peradulescentl, cuius aetas a senatorio gradti longe abesset, imperium atque exercitum darl, Siciliam permittl, 790 atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum ? Fuit in his provincils singularl innocentia, gravitate, vir- tute ; bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exer- citum deportavit. Quid vero tarn inauditum quam equitem Romanum 795 triumphare ? At earn quoque rem populus Romanus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio vlsendam et concele- brandam putavit. Quid tarn inusitatum quam ut, cum duo consules clarissiml fortissimlque essent, eques Ro- manus ad bellum maximum formldolosissimumque pro sooconsule mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore, cum esset non nemo in senatii qui dlceret non oportere DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 105 mitt! hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus dixisse dicitur non se ilium sua sententia pro consule sed pro consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo re! piiblicae bene geren- dae spes constituebatur ut duorum consulum miinus unlus 805 adulescentis virtut! committeretur. Quid tarn singulare quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus soliitus consul ante fieret quam iillum alium magistratum per leges capere licuisset ? Quid tarn incredibile quam ut iterum eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet ? 8io Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post hominum memoriam constitiita sunt, ea tarn multa non sunt quam haec quae in hoc iino homine videmus. Atque haec tot exempla, tanta ac tarn nova, profecta sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catul! atque a ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissi-815 morum hominum auctoritate. Hortensius and Catulus should therefore withdraw their objections. Pompey especially fitted for the war in Asia. 22. Quare videant ne sit periniquum et non ferendum, illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine iiidicium populique Roman! auctoritatem impro-820 barl, praesertim cum iam suo itire populus Romanus in hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea quod Isdem istis reclamantibus vos tinum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quern bello praedonum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere fecis-825 tis et rei piiblicae parum consuluistis, recte istl studia vestra suls consilils regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus turn in re piiblica vidistis, vos els reptignantibus per vos- met ipsos dignitatem huic imperio, saltltem orbl terrarum attulistis, aliquando istl prlncipes et sibi et ceteris populism Roman! univers! auctoritat! parendum esse fateantur. Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum m!litaris 106 M. TULLI CICERONIS ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. 835 Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria, regmsque interiorum nationum ita versari nostrum imperatorem ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde, etiamsi qui sunt pudore ac temperantia moderations, tamen eos esse tales propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo 840 arbitratur. Difficile est dictii, Quirltes, quanto in odio simus apud exteras nationes propter eorum quos ad eas per hos annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. Quod enim fanum putatis in illis terns nostris magistra- tibus religiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum 845 satis clausam ac munitam fuisse? Urbes iam locupletes et copiosae requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter dirip- iendi cupiditatem mferatur. Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, summis et clarissimis viris, disputarem; noverunt enim 85osociorum vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias audiunt. Pro socils vos contra hostes exercitum mittere putatis, an hostium simulatione contra socios atque amicos? Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo im- peratoris aut legati, sed unius tribunl militum animos ac 855spiritus capere possit? The bill is supported by many eminent men. 23. Quare, etiamsi quern habetis qui conlatis signis exercitiis regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit idem qui se a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum coniugibus ac liberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum, qui 860 ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regium- que mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse quae locuples sit, ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata esse videatur? Ora maritima, Quirltes, Cn. Pompeium DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 107 non solum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 865 animi continentiam requisivit. Videbat enim impera- tores locupletari quotannis pecmiia publica praeter paucos, neque eos quicquam aliud adsequl classium nomine, nisi ut detrimentls accipiendis maiore adflcl turpitiidine vide- remur. Nunc qua cupiditate homines in provincial et870 quibus iacturis, quibus condicionibus proficlscantur, igno- rant videlicet isti qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur. Quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suis virtutibus, turn etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse videa- mus. Quare nollte dubitare quin huic uni credatis omnia, 875 qui inter tot annos tinus inventus sit quern socil in urbes suas cum exercitti venisse gaudeant. Quodsi auctoritatibus hanc causam, Quirltes, confir- mandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servllius, cuius 880 tantae res gestae terra marique exstiterunt ut, cum de bello deliberetis, auctor vobis gravior esse nemo debeat; est C. Ctirio, summls vestrls benefices maximisque rebus gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestrls honoribussss summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis ; est C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, constantia singularl. Quare videte horum auctoritatibus, illorum orationl qui dissentiunt responderene posse videamur. Cicero encourages Manilius and pledges his support. 24. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manill, prlmum istam tuam890 et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laudo vehemen- tissimeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor ut auctore populo Romano maneas in sententia neve cuiusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. Prlmum in te satis esse animi per- se verantiaeque arbitror ; deinde, cum tantam multitudinem 895 cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc 108 M. TULLI CICERONIS in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut de re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus ? Ego autem quicquid est in me studl, consill, laboris, 90oingenI, quicquid hoc beneficio populi RomanI atque hac potestate praetoria, quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia possum, id omne ad hanc rem conficiendam tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac defero; testorque omnes deos, et eos maxime qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui 905 omnium mentes eorum qui ad rem publicam adeunt maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere ctiius- quam, neque quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliarl putem, neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam ampli- tudine aut praesidia perlculls aut adiiimenta honoribus 9ioquaeram; propterea quod pericula facile, ut hominem praestare oportet, innocentia tectl repellemus, honorem autem neque ab tino neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia nostra laboriosissima ratione vltae, si vestra voluntas feret, consequemur. 915 Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Quirltes, id ego omne me rel ptiblicae causa suscepisse confirms; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam quaeslsse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non neces- 920sarias, vobls non intitiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore praeditum, tantls vestrls beneficils adfectum statu!, Quirltes, vestram voluntatem et rel publicae digni- tatem et saltitem provinciarum atque sociorum mels omni- bus commodls et rationibus praeferre oportere. Marcus Tullius Cicero (From the bust in the Capitoline Museum) [109] M. TULLI CICERONIS PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA ORATIO AD IUDICES. Cicero's own indebtedness to Archias. 1. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non mfitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina 5 profecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iiire debet. Nam quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memoriam recordari ulti- 10 mam, inde tisque repetens hunc video mihi prlncipem et 110 PRO ARCHIA ORATIO HI ad suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse. Quodsi haec vox huius hortatu praeceptisque conformata nonnullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id accepimus quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, 15 et opem et salutem ferre debemus. Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes quae ad 20 humanitatem pertinent habent quoddam commune vincu- lum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. _ Cicero begs indulgence for his unusual plea. /Ok ft ^, 2. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me in quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res agatur apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et25 apud severissimos indices, tanto conventu hominum ac frequentia, hoc iiti genere dicendi, quod non modo a con- suetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone abhorreat, quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc veniam, accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quern ad mpdum 30 spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo homine dicentem, hoc concursii hominum litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente iudicium, patiamini de studiis humani- tatis ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in eius modi 35 persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis periculisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodanl et in usitato genere dicendi. |Quod si mihi a vobis trmui conce- dique sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, 40 verum etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse. 112 M. TULLI CICERONIS Archias in his youth won fame in the East. Coming to Italy, he was welcomed by men of high rank. 42 3. Nam lit primum ex pueris excessit Archias, atque ab els artibus quibus aetas puerllis ad humanitatem In- formari solet se ad scrlbendi studium contulit, primum Antiochiae (nam ibi natus est loco no- bill), celebrl quon- dam urbe et copiosa atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalis- simisque studiis adfluentl, celeriter antecellere omni- bus ingeni gloria coepit. Post in ceteris Asiae parti- bus cunctaque Graecia sic eius adventus celebra- bantur ut famam ingeni exspectatio hominis, exspecta- tionem i p s I u s adventus admlra- tioque superaret. Erat Italia turn plena Graecarum artium ac discipli- narum, studiaque Axtioch Personified haec et in Latio vehementius turn 72colebantur quam nunc Isdem in oppidis, et hie Romae f|^ m||| - IM i lM dMW|fr ™ PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 113 propter tranquillitatem re! publicae non neglegebantur. Itaque hunc et Tarentln! et Locrenses et Reglni et Neapoli- tan! civitate ceterlsque praemiis donarunt, et omnes qui 75 aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare cognitione atque hos- pitio dlgnum exlstimarunt. Hac tanta celebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus notus, Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est primum consules eos quorum alter res ad scribendumso maximas, alter cum res gestas turn etiam studium atque aures adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus etiam turn Archias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Et erat hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam naturae atque virtutis, ut domus quae huius adulescentiae 85 prima favit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. Erat temporibus illis iticundus Q. Metello ill! Numidico et eius Pio filio, audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre et filio, a L. Crasso colebatur; Lucullos vero et Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum 90 domum devinctam consuetiidine cum teneret, adficiebatur summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte simulabant. Archias has fulfilled the conditions of Roman citizenship. 4. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 95 Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracllam. Quae cum esset civitas aequissimo itire ac foedere, ascrlbl se in earn civitatem voluit, idque, cum ipse per se cllgnus putaretur, turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus im-ioo petravit. Data est civitas Silvan! lege et Carbonis : Si QUI FOEDERATIS CIVITATIBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT J SI TUM, CUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ITALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT \ ET SI SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOREM ESSENT PRO- 114 ■ M. TULLI CICERONIS 105FESSI. Cum hie domicilium Romae multos iam annos haberet, professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum, familiarissimum suum. Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico amplius; causa dicta est. Quid enim horum Inflrmarl, noGrattl, potest? Heracllaene esse eum ascriptum nega- bis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, M. Ltlcullus, qui se non opinarl sed scire, non audlvisse sed vldisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Hera- clienses legatl, nobilissiml homines; huius iudicT causa 115 cum manclatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt, qui hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas deslderas Heracllensium ptiblicas, quas Italico bello in- censo tabulario intensse sclmus omnes. Est rldiculum ad ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non I2opossumus; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem, integerriml municipl itis iiirandum fidemque, ea quae depravari niillo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas, quas Idem dlcis solere corrumpi, desiderare. An domi- 125 cilium Romae non habuit is qui tot annls ante clvitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum Romae conlocavit ? An non est professus ? Immo vero els tabu- lls professus quae solae ex ilia professione collegioque praetorum obtinent piiblicarum tabularum auctoritatem. The records involved are trustworthy. 130 5. Nam cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae dlcerentur, Gablnl, quamditi incolumis fuit, levitas, post damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem reslg- nasset, Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium, tanta diligentia fuit ut ad L. Lentulum prae- i35torem et ad indices venerit et unlus nominis litura se PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 115 commotum esse dlxerit. His igitur in tabulis nullam lituram in nomine A. LicinI videtis. Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate dubi- tetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit ascriptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et aut nulla 140 aut humili aliqua arte praeditls gratuito civitatem in Graecia homines impertiebant, Reglnos credo aut Lo- crenses aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentlnos, quod scaenicis artificibus largiri solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito gloria noluisse ! Quid ? Cum ceteri non modo post 145 civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas inrepserunt ; hie qui ne utitur quidem illls in quibus est scrlptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse voluit, reicietur ? Census nostros requiris. Scilicet; est enim obscurumi50 proximls censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. Lticullo apud exercitum fuisse; superioribus, cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia; prlmis, IHlio et Crasso, nullam populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non ius clvitatis confirmat ac tantum modo indicat eum qui sit 155 census ita se iam turn gessisse pro cive, els temporibus, quern tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium Romanorum iure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit nostris legibus et adiit hereditates civium Romano- rum et in benefices ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo 160 pro consule. Quaere argtimenta, si quae potes; num- quam enim hie neque suo neque amicorum iudicio re- vincetur. The study of literature relaxes as well as cultivates. It preserves the examples of the past. 6. Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur.* Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc 165 forensi strepitti reficiatur et aures convicio defessae con- 116 M. TULLI CICERONIS quiescant. An til exlstimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod cotidie dlcamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros doctrina excolamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse 170 contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus? Ego vero fateor me his studils esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat, si qui ita se litterls abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex els neque ad communem adferre fructum neque in aspectum lticem- que proferre; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita 175 vivo, indices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut com- modo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit aut denique somnus retardarit ? Quare quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi iure suscenseat, si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, 180 quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animl et corporis conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tempestlvls convlvils, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tan- tum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero? i85Atque hoc eo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his studils haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas, quae, quan- tacumque in me est, numquam amlcorum perlculls defuit. Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum i90praeceptls multlsque litterls mihi ab adulescentia suasis- sem nihil esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi iaudem atque honestatem, in ea autem persequenda omnes cru- ciatus corporis, omnia perlcula mortis atque exsill parvi esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in tot ac I95tantas dlmicationes atque in hos profllgatorum hominum cotidianos impetus obiecissem. Sed plenl omnes sunt librl, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas ; quae iacerent in tenebrls omnia nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines, non solum ad 200 intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum, fortissimorum PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 117 virorum expresses scrlptores et Graecl et Latlnl rellquerunt ! Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica pro- ponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione homi- num excellentium conformabam. Nature and culture unite to produce the greatest men. 7. Quaeret quispiam : ' Quid ? 111! ipsl summl virl 205 quorum virtutes litterls proditae sunt, istane doctrma quam tu effers laudibus erudltl fuerunt?' Difficile est hoc de omnibus conflrmare, sed tamen est certum quid respondeam. Ego multos homines excellentl animo ac virtute fuisse sine doctrma et naturae ipsius habitu prope 210 divino per se ipsos et moderatos et graves exstitisse f ateor ; etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem naturam sine doctrma quam sine natura valuisse doctrmam. Atque Idem ego hoc contends, cum ad naturam eximiam et inlustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque 215 doctrlnae, turn illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri viderunt, di vinum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et con- tinentissimos ; ex hoc fortissimum virum et illis tempori-220 bus doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem ; qui profecto si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litterls adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. Quodsi non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex his studils delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut oplnor, hanc225 animl remissionem htimanissimam ac llberalissimam iudi- caretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aeta- tum ominum neque locorum ; at haec studia adulescentiam alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversls perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant doml, non im-230 pediunt forls, pernoctant noblscum, peregrlnantur, rtisti- cantur. 118 M. TULLI CICERONIS All true artists deserve our admiration, sacred. Poets have been called 8. Quodsi ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus etiam cum 235 in aliis videremus. Quis nostrum tarn animo agrestl ac A Comic Poet with Muse and Actors' Masks dtiro fuit ut RoscI morte nuper non commoveretur ? Qui cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem artem ac venustatem videbatur omnmo mori non debuisse. Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a 240 nobis omnibus; nos animorum incredibiles motus celeri- tatemque ingeniorum neglegemus? Quotiens ego hunc Archiam vidi, indices (utar enim vestra benlgnitate, quoniam me in hoc novo genere dlcendi tarn dlligenter attenditis), quotiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scrlpsisset PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 119 Ennius (From the bust on the Scipio Tomb) nullam, magnum numerum optimorum versuum de eis245 ipsis rebus quae turn agerentur dlcere ex tempore; quo- tiens revocatum eandem rem dlcere commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero accurate cogitateque scrlp- sisset, ea sic vldi probari ut ad veterum scriptorum laudem 120 M. TULLI CICERONIS Orpheus, 1 Eurydice, and Hermes 250 255 pervenlret. Hunc ego non diligam, non admirer, non omni ratione defendendum putem? Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepi- mus, ceterarum rerum studia ex doctrma et praeceptls et arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere et mentis viribus excitarl et quasi divino quodam spiritu Inflari. Quare suo iure noster ille Ennius 'sanctos' appellat poetas, quod 1 ^ee note on lines 260-262, p. 121. PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 121 quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis esse videantur. Sit igitur, indices, sanctum apud vos, humanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla umquam barbaria viola vit. Saxa et solitudines vocl 260 respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt ; nos Instituti rebus optimls non poetarum voce moveamur? Homerum Colophonii clvem esse dicunt suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salamlnil repetunt, Smyrnael vero suum esse corifirmant itaque etiam delubrum eius in 265 oppido dedicaverunt ; permultl alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque contendunt. Archias should be honored for celebrating the glories of the Roman people. 9. Ergo illl alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam expetunt; nos hunc vlvum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster est, repudiabimus, praesertim cum omne270 olim studium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad popull RomanI gloriam laudemque celebrandam? Nam et Cimbricas res adulescens attigit et ipsl ill! C. Mario, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, iiicundus fuit. Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis qui non mandarl 275 versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athenls virum, dlxisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur quod acroama aut cuius vocem libentissime audlret : l eius, a quo sua virtus op time praedicaretur.' Itaque ille Marius item eximie280 L. Plotium dllexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse celebrarl. Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile et in multa varietate terra marlque versatum, totum ab hoc expressum est; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissi-285 mum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam popull RomanI nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit Lu- 122 M. TULLI CICERONIS cullo imperante Pontum, et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa natura et regione yallatum; popull Romani exercitus 29oeodem duce non maxima manu. innumerabiles Arme- niorum copias fudit; popull Romani laus est urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omnl impetu regio atque totius belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam; nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur L. Lu- 295 cullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri triumphi. Quae quorum ingeniis efferuntur, ab els popull Romani fama celebratur. Carus fuit Africano superiori noster sooEnnius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore; cuius laudibus certe non solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato tollitur ; magnus honos populi Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique The Bust of Ennius on the Scipio Sarcophagus PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 123 ill! MaximI, Marcelll, Fulvil non sine communi omnium 305 nostrum laude decorantur. The great leaders of history have longed to be remembered in verse. 10. Ergo ilium qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem, maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt ; nos hunc Hera- cllensem multis civita- tibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus consti- tutum de nostra civi- tate eiciemus ? Nam si quis mino- rem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis ver- sibus percipi quam ex Latlnis, vehementer errat, propterea quod Graeca leguntur in om- nibus fere gentibus, Latina suis finibus ex- iguis sane continentur. Quare si res eae quas gessimus orbis terrae regionibus defmiuntur, cupere debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem gloriam famamque penetrare; quod cum ipsis330 populls de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn els certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum et perlculorum incitamentum est et laborum. Quam mul- tos scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum habuisse dlcitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Slgeo ad 335 Achillis tumulum adstitisset : '0 fortunate/ inquit, Alexander the Great 124 M. TULLI CICERONIS 1 adulescens, qui tuae virttitis Homerum praeconem in- veneris ! ' Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, Idem tumulus qui corpus eius contexerat nomen etiam obruisset. 340 Quid? Noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scrlptorem rerum suarum, in contione militum clvitate donavit; et nostrl illl fortes virl, sed rusticl ac mllites, dulcedine qua- dam gloriae commotl, quasi parti cipes eiusdem laudis, 345 magno illud clamore approbaverunt ? Itaque, credo, si clvis Romanus Archias legibus non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore clvitate donaretur perficere non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos et Gallos donaret, credo, hunc petentem repudiasset ; quern nos in contione vidimus, 350 cum el libellum malus poeta de populo subiecisset, quod epigramma in eum fecisset tantum modo alternls versibus longiusculls, statim ex els rebus quas turn vendebat iubere el praemium tribui, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scrlberet. Qui sedulitatem mall poetae dtixerit aliquo 355tamen praemio dlgnam, hfiius ingenium et virtutem in scrlbendo et copiam non expetlsset? Quid? A Q. Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui clvitate multos dona- vit, neque per se neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? Qui praesertim usque eo de suls rebus scrlbl cuperet ut etiam 36oCordubae natls poetls, pingue quiddam sonantibus atque peregrlnum, tamen aures suas dederet. The desire for praise and fame is common to all. 11. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurari non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. 365lpsl illl philosophl, etiam in els libellls quos de contem- nenda gloria scrlbunt, nomen suum Inscrlbunt ; in eo ipso, in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, prae- dicarl de se ac nominarl volunt. Decimus quidem PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 125 Brutus, summus vir et imperator, Acci, amlcissiml sui, carminibus templorum ac monumentorum aditus exor-370 navit suorum. lam vero ille qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, Fulvius, non dubi- tavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Quare in qua urbe imperatores prope armatl poetarum nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent togati iudices a Musa- rum honore et a poetarum salute abhorrere. Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis, iudices, indicabo et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acrl fortasse verum tamen ho- nesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute huius urbis atque im- peri et pro vita clvium pro- que universa re publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque incohavit. Quibus audltls, quod mihi magna res et iucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adhortatus sum. Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum periculo-395 rumque deslderat praeter hanc laudis et gloriae ; qua quidem detracta, iudices, quid est quod in hoc tarn exiguo vitae curriculo et tarn brevi tantis nos in laboribus exer- ceamus ? Certe si nihil animus praesentlret in posterum, et si quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, *oo elsdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se laboribus frangeret neque tot curls vigililsque angeretur Calliope, the Muse of Epic Poetry 126 M. TULLI CICERONIS nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. Nunc Insidet quae- dam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctes ac dies animum 405gloriae stimulls concitat, atque admonet non cum vitae tempore esse dlmitten- dam commemorationem nominis nostrl, sed cum omni posteritate adae- quandam. Literature a lasting monu- ment. Archias must be re- ceived and protected as a citizen. 12. An vero tarn parvl animT videamur esse omnes, qui in re piiblica atque in his vitae perlcu- lls laboribusque versa- mur, ut cum usque ad extremum spatium nul- lum tranquillum atque otiosum splritum duxe- rimus, noblscum simul morittira omnia arbitre- mur? An statuas et imagines, non animorum simulacra sed corporum, studiose multl summl homines rellquerunt ; con- siliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summls ingenils expressam et polltam? Ego vero omnia quae gerebam iam turn in 430gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis Thalia, the Muse of Comedy PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 127 terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est slve, ut sapientissimi homi- nes putaverunt, ad aliquam animl mei partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. Quare conservate, indices, hominem pudore eo, quern 435 amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate turn etiam vetustate; ingenio autem tanto quantum id convenit exlstimari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis expetltum esse videatis; causa vero eius modi quae beneficio legis, auctoritate miinicipi, testimonio Luculli, tabulls Metelli440 comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis, indices, si qua non modo htimana verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, qui vestros imperatores, qui populi RomanI res gestas semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostrls vestrlsque 445 domesticls perlculls aeternum se testimonium laudis daturum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper apud omnes sanctl sunt habitl itaque dictl, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 450 Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter simplici- terque dlxl, iudices, ea confldo probata esse omnibus; quae a forensl aliena iiidicialique consuetudine et de hominis ingenio et commfmiter de ipso studio locutus sum, ea, indices, a vobls spero esse in bonam partem 455 accepta ; ab eo qui indicium exercet, certo scio. C. Julius Caesar (From a bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples) [128] SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING M. TULLI CICERONIS PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO Marcus Claudius Marcellus was a distinguished advocate, consul in 51 b.c, and leader of the senatorial party. He was a bitter enemy of Caesar, even proposing the latter's recall from his province. After the battle of Pharsalus (48 b.c.) and the defeat of Pompey, he retired to the island of Lesbos, and engaged in the study of philosophy. He dis- dained to seek the conqueror's pardon, though appealed to by Cicero to do so. In 46 B.C. pardon was granted him through the efforts of a relative, Gaius Marcellus, whose entreaty as he threw himself at the feet of Caesar was seconded by the whole Senate. When Caesar generously offered to grant the request, and put the question to a formal vote of the Senate, Cicero in his turn delivered the panegyric, known as "The Ora- tion for Marcellus." Marcellus, however, did not live to return to Rome, for on his way he was assassinated at the harbor of Athens by one of his own party. The Athenians honored him with burial in their own Acad- emy. Cicero's silence is broken by Caesar's clemency. 1. Diuturnl silentl, 1 patres conscript!, quo eram 2 his temporibus tisus non timore 3 aliquo, sed partim dolore, partim verecundia, finem hodiernus dies attulit idemque initium, quae vellem quaeque sentirem, meo prlstino more dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tam inusi-5 tatam inauditamque clementiam, tantum in summa po- testate rerum omnium modum, 4 tam denique incredibilem 1. * Cicero had not spoken in the Senate since 52 b.c. 2 eram usus, we should expect the pres. perf . 3 timore, etc., abl. of cause. 4 moderation. 129 130 M. TULLI CICERONIS sapientiam ac paene divlnam tacitus praeterlre nullo modo possum. M. enim Marcello 5 vobis, patres con- 10 script!, reique piiblicae reddito non illius solum, sed etiam meam vocem et auctoritatem et vobis et rei piiblicae con- servatam ac restitutam puto. Dolebam enim, patres conscript!, et vehementer ange- bar virum talem, cum 6 in eadem causa in qua ego f uisset, 15 non in eadem esse f ortuna ; nee mihi persuadere poteram, nee fas esse dticebam, versari me in nostro vetere curriculo, 7 illo aemulo 8 atque imitatore 9 studiorum ac laborum meorum quasi quodam socio a me et comite distracto. Ergo et mihi meae pristinae vitae 20 consiietudinem, C. Caesar, interchlsam aperuisti, et his 10 omnibus ad bene de omni re piiblica sperandum quasi signum u aliquod sustulisti. Intellectum est enim mihi quidem in 12 multis et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante omnibus, 13 cum M. Marcellum senatui reique piiblicae 25 concessisti commemoratis praesertim offensionibus, te auctoritatem huius ordinis dignitatemque rei piiblicae tuis vel doloribus vel suspicionibus anteferre. Ille 14 quidem frtlctum omnis ante actae 15 vitae hodierno die maximum cepit, cum summo consensu senatiis, 16 turn 3oiiidicio tuo gravissimo et maximo. 17 Ex quo profecto intellegis, quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, cum in accepto sit tanta gloria. Est vero fortiinatus ille, cuius ex salute non minor paene ad omnes, quam ad ipsum ventura sit, laetitia pervenerit ; quod quidem el merito atque optimo 35iiire contigit. Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut pro- bitate 18 aut optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut ullo laudis genere praestantior ? 5 abl. abs. w. reddito. 6 though. 7 routine. 8 rival. 9 imitator. 10 these senators. u standard, a military term. 12 in the case of. n contrasted w. mihi. 14 Marcellus. 15 ante actae, past. 16 The Senate unanimously re- quested the pardon of Marcellus. 17 most significant. 1S honesty. PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 131 Caesar's pardoning of Marcellus excels even the glory of his mili- tary achievements. 2. Nullius l tantum flumen 2 est ingenl, nullius dicendi aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dlcam exor- nare, 3 sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. 40 Tamen adfirmo, 4 et hoc pace 5 dlcam tua, nullam in his 6 esse laudem ampliorem quam earn, quam hodierno die con- secutus es. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere idque 7 libenter crebris ustlrpare 8 sermonibus, omnes 9 nostrorum im- peratorum, omnes exterarum gentium potentissimorum- 45 que populorum, omnes clarissimorum regum res gestas cum tuis 10 nee contentionum magnitudine nee numero proeliorum nee varietate regionum nee celeritate con- ficiendi nee dissimilitudine bellorum posse conferri; nee vero disiunctissimas terras citius passibus ctiiusquam50 potuisse peragrari, 11 quam tuis non dlcam cursibus, sed victoriis liistratae 12 sunt. Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea vix cuiusquam mens aut cogitatio capere 13 possit, aniens u sim; sed tamen sunt alia maiora. Nam bellicas laudes55 solent quidam extenuare 15 verbis easque detrahere duci- bus, communicare 16 cum multis, ne propriae sint impera- torum. Et certe in armis militum virtus, locorum oppor- tiinitas, auxilia sociorum, classes, commeatus multum iuvant ; maximam vero partem quasi suo iure Forttina 60 sibi vindicat 17 et, quicquid prospere 18 gestum est, id paene omne dticit suum. At vero huius gloriae, 19 C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante adeptus, socium habes neminem; totum hoc, quantum- 2. x of no one. 2 stream. 3 extol. 4 assert. 5 permission. 6 sc. rebus gestis. 7 the fact, stated in the following clause. 8 speak of. 9 w. res gestas. 10 sc. rebus, modifying conferri (be compared). n have been traversed. 12 visited. 13 compass. u senseless. 15 belittle. 16 share. 17 claims. 18 successfully. 19 derived from the pardon of Marcellus. 132 M. TULLI CICERONIS 65 cumque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus, nihil cohors, nihil turma 20 decerpit ; 21 quin etiam ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, 22 Fortiina, in istius societa- tem gloriae se non offert ; 23 tibi cedit, tuam esse totam et 70 propriam f atetur. Numquam enim temeritas cum sapien- tia commiscetur, 24 neque ad consilium casus admittitur. Caesar, the conqueror of nations. 3. Domuisti x gentes immanitate 2 barbaras, multi- ttidine innumerabiles, locis Infmitas, omni copiarum genere abundantes ; 3 sed tamen ea vlcisti, quae et naturam et 75 condicionem, ut vinci possent, habebant. Nulla est enim tanta vis, quae non ferro et viribus debilitari frangique possit. Animum vincere, iracundiam 4 cohibere, victoriae temperare, 5 adversarium 6 nobilitate, ingenio, virtute prae- stantem non modo extollere 7 iacentem, sed etiam ampli- soncare eius pristinam dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego eum cum summis viris comparo, sed simillimum deo itidico. Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur illae quidem non solum nostrls, sed paene omnium gen- 85 tium litterls atque Unguis, nee filla iimquam aetas de tuls laudibus conticescet ; 8 sed tamen eius modi res nescio quo modo, etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi 9 clamore militum videntur et tubarum sono. 10 At vero cum aliquid cle- menter, mansuete, 11 hlste, moderate, sapienter factum, 90 in 12 iracundia praesertim, quae est inimica consilio, et in victoria, quae nattira msolens et superba est, audimus aut legimus, quo studio incendimur non modo in gestis l3 20 troop. 21 claims a share. 22 mistress. 23 thrust. 24 united. 3. l subdued. 2 ferocity. 3 rich. 4 anger. 5 be moderate (in the time of). 6 adversary. 7 raise. 8 will be silent. 9 be overwhelmed. 10 sound. 11 with humanity. 12 in a time of. 13 real. PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 133 rebus, sed etiam in fictis, 14 ut eos saepe, quos numquam vidimus, dlligamus ! Te vero, quern praesentem 15 intue- mur, cuius mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid 95 belli 16 fortuna reliquum 17 rei publicae fecerit, id esse salvum veils, quibus laudibus efferemus, quibus studiis prosequemur, qua benevolentia complectemur ! 18 Parie- tes medius fidius, 19 ut mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, 20 quod brevl tempore futiira sit ilia 100 auctoritas 21 in his rnaiorum suorum et suls sedibus. Caesar, the conqueror of himself. 4. Equidem x cum C. 2 Marcelli, viri optimi et com- memorabill 3 pietate praediti, lacrimas modo vobiscum viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus 4 memoria obftidit, 5 quibus tii etiam mortuis M. Marcello conservato 105 dignitatem suam reddidisti 6 nobilissimamque familiam iam ad paucos redactam 7 paene ab interitu vindicasti. Hunc tu igitur diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus gratulationibus iiire antepones. Haec enim res tmlus est propria C. Caesaris; ceterae duce te gestae magnaeno illae quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque comitatti. Huius autem rei tu Idem 8 es et dux et comes ; quae quidem tanta est, 9 ut tropaeis et monumentls tuis adla- tura finem sit aetas (nihil est enim opere et manu fac- tum, quod non aliquando conficiat et constimat vetustas) ; 115 at haec tua hlstitia et lenitas animi florescit cotidie magis, ita ut, quantum tuis operibus dititurnitas detrahet, tan- tum adferat laudibus. Et ceteros quidem omnes victores bellorum clvilium iam 14 imaginary. 15 present. 16 w. fortuna. 17 reliquum fecerit = relique- rit. 18 honor. 19 medius fidius (sc. iuvet), I declare. 20 are eager. 21 i.e. that influential man, Marcellus. 4. l for my own part. 2 brother or cousin of Marcus. 3 memorable. 4 breast, heart. 5 filled. 6 have restored. 7 reduced. 8 at once. 9 tanta est ut (anacoluthon) , is so great that while ... at, yet. 134 M. TULLI CICERONIS The Piraeus, the Harbor of Athens (Where Marcellus was assassinated) 120 ante aequitate et misericordia viceras ; hodierno vero die te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc, quod dicam, perinde 10 intellegl possit auditum, atque ipse cogitans sentio : ipsam victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea, quae ilia erat adepta, victis remisisti. Nam cum ipsius victoriae condicione i25omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae iudicio con- servati sumus. Recte igitur unus invictus es, a quo etiam ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est. Caesar's love of peace shown by the pardon of Marcellus. 5. Atque hoc C. Caesaris iudicium, patres conscriptl, quam late pateat, attendite. Omnes enim, qui ad ilia I30arma fato sumus nescio quo rei ptiblicae misero fiinesto- que x compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur 2 erroris humani, scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam, cum M. Marcellum deprecantibus vobis rei ptiblicae conservavit, me et mihi et item rei ptiblicae ntillo deprecante, reliquos amplissimos 10 perinde atque, exactly as. 5. x fatal. 2 are guilty of some fault. PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 135 viros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quorum et frequen-135 tiam et dignitatem hoc ipso in consessu. 3 videtis. Non ille hostes induxit in curiam, sed iudicavit a plerisque 4 ignoratione potius et falso atque inani 5 metu. quam cupi- ditate aut criidelitate bellum esse susceptum. Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum putavi, 140 semperque dolui 6 non modo pacem, sed etiam orationem civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Neque enim ego ilia nee iilla umquam sectitus sum arma civilia, semperque mea consilia pacis et togae socia, 7 non belli atque armo- rum fuerunt. Hominem 8 sum sectitus privato 9 officio, 145 non publico ; tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis memoria valuit, ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem priidens 10 et sciens tamquam ad interitum ruerem u voluntarium. Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum 12 fuit. 150 Nam et in hoc ordine integra re 13 multa de pace dixl et in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mei periculo sensi. Ex quo nemo iam erit tarn iniiistus existimator u rerum, qui dubitet, quae Caesaris de bello voluntas fuerit, cum pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris 15 155 fuerit iratior. Atque id minus mirum fortasse turn, cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli; qui vero victor pacis auctores diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse non dimicare quam vincere. Let Caesar continue to exhibit his generosity. 6. Atque huius quidem rel M. Marcello sum testis. 160 Nostri enim sensiis ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam in bello congruebant. 1 Quotiens ego eum et quanto cum 3 assembly. 4 most of them. 5 groundless. 6 grieved. 7 on the side of, allied to. 8 i.e. Pompey. 9 from personal devotion. 10 with eyes open. 11 rushed on. 12 concealed. 13 integra re : i.e. before the war. 14 critic, judge. n dat., at the rest. 136 M. TULLI CICERONIS dolore vldl cum Insolentiam 2 certorum hominum, turn etiam ipslus victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! 3 Quo i65gratior tua Hberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus, debet esse. Non enim iam causae sunt inter se, sed vic- toriae comparandae. Vidimus tuam victoriam proelio- -rum exitti terminatam, gladium vagina vacuum 4 in urbe non vidimus. Quos amisimus elves, eos Martis 5 vis per- noculit, non Ira 6 victoriae, ut dubitare debeat nemo, quin multos, si fieri posset, C. Caesar ab Inferls excitaret, quoniam ex eadem acie conservat, quos potest. Alterius vero partis nihil amplius dlcam quam, id quod omnes verebamur, nimis Iracundam 7 futiiram fuisse victoriam. 175 Quidam enim non modo armatls, sed interdum etiam otiosis minabantur; nee quid quisque sensisset, sed ubi fuisset, cogitandum esse dlcebant ; ut mihi quidem videan- tur dl immortales, etiamsl poenas a populo Romano ob aliquod delictum 8 expetlverunt, qui 9 civile bellum tantum 180 et tarn luctuosum 10 excitaverunt, vel placatl iam vel satiatl u aliquando omnem spem salutis ad clementiam victoris et sapientiam contulisse. Quare gaude tuo isto tarn excellentl bono, 12 et fruere cum fortuna et gloria turn etiam natura et moribus tuls, 185 ex quo quidem maximus est friictus iticunditasque 13 sapientl. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsl persaepe virtutl, tamen plerumque 14 fellcitatl tuae gratulabere ; de nobis, quos in re ptiblica tecum simul esse voluistl, quo- tiens cogitabis, totiens de maximls tuls beneficils, totiens 190 de incredibill liberalitate, totiens de singularl sapientia tua cogitabis; quae non modo summa bona, sed nlmi- rum 15 audebo vel sola dlcere. Tantus est enim splendor in laude vera, tanta in magnitudine animl et consill dlg- 2 presumption. 3 dreading. * vagina vacuum: unsheathed. 6 of Mars. 6 wrath (after). 7 angry. 8 offense. 9 when they. 10 sorrowful. n satisfied. 12 disposition. 13 pleasure. 14 generally. 15 certainly. PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 137 nitas, ut haec a Virtute donata, cetera a Fortuna com- modata 16 esse videantur. Noli igitur in conservandls 195 bonis viris defatigari, 17 non cupiditate praesertim aliqua aut pravitate 18 lapsis, 19 sed opmione offici stulta fortasse, certe non improba, et specie quadam rei publicae. Non enim tua tilla culpa est, si te aliqui timuerunt ; contraque summa laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. 200 The safety of Caesar is the safety of all. 7. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querellam * et atrocis- simam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis quam cum 2 omnibus civibus, turn 3 maxime nobis, qui a te conservatl sumus, providenda est; quam etsl spero fal- sam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo. 4 Tua enim cautio 5 205 nostra cautio est, ut, si in alterutro 6 peccandum 7 sit, malim videri nimis timidus quam parum prudens. Sed quisnam est iste tarn demens ? De 8 tuisne ? — tametsi qui magis sunt tui, quam quibus tu saltitem Insperantibus reddidisti ? — an ex hoc numero, qui una tecum fuerunt ? 210 Non est credibilis tantus in tillo furor, ut, quo duce omnia summa sit adeptus, huius vitam non anteponat suae. An, si nihil tui 9 cogitant sceleris, cavendum est, ne quid inimici? Qui? Omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua per- tinacia 10 vitam amiserunt aut tua misericordia retinue- 215 runt, ut aut null! supersint de inimicis aut, qui fuerunt, sint amicissimi. Sed tamen cum in animis hominum tantae latebrae sint et tanti recessus, 11 augeamus sane suspicionem tuam ; simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis est omnium 220 16 lent. 17 become weary. 18 from depravity. 19 when they have erred. 7. l complaint. 2 omit in translating. 3 but. 4 make light of. 5 caution for you. 6 in one way or the other. 7 err. 8 some one of. 9 your friends. - 10 obstinacy, shown by their continuing opposition after the battle of Pharsalus. n retired spots. 138 M. TULLI CICERONIS tarn ignarus 12 rerum, tarn rudis 13 in re publica, tarn nihil umquam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans, qui non intellegat tua salute continerl suam et ex tinius tua vita pendere omnium ? Equidem u de te dies noctesque, 225 ut debeo, cogitans casus dumtaxat 15 Mmanos et incer- tos eventtis valettidmis 16 et naturae communis fragilita- tem extimesco 17 doleoque, cum res publica immortalis esse debeat, earn in tinius mortalis anima consistere. Si vero ad hiimanos casus incertosque mottis valettidinis 230sceleris etiam accedit msidiarumque consensio, 18 quern deum, si cupiat, posse opitulari rei ptiblicae credamus? Caesar is not to consider his life's work ended. 8. Omnia sunt excitanda x tibi, C. Caesar, uni, quae iacere sentis belli ipsius impetti, quod necesse fuit, perculsa atque prostrata; constituenda itidicia, revocanda fides, 235 comprimendae libidines, propaganda suboles ; 2 omnia, quae dilapsa iam diffluxerunt, 3 severis legibus vincienda 4 sunt. Non fuit rectisandum 5 in tanto civill bello, tanto animorum ardore et armorum, quin quassata 6 res publica, quicumque belli eventus f uisset, multa perderet et omamenta 240 dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis suae, multaque uterque dux faceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sananda sunt, quibus praeter te mederi nema potest. Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam 245 vocem 7 invitus audivi : ' Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel gloriae.' Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae, addo etiam, si placet, gloriae; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe parum. Quare omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum homi- 12 ignorant. 13 inexperienced. u for my part. 15 merely. 16 health. 17 am made afraid. 18 conspiracy. 8. x All our institutions must be restored. 2 the population must be increased. 3 have become lax or disordered. 4 must be strengthened. 8 non recusandum : could not be avoided. 6 violently shaken. 7 saying, PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 139 num 8 in contemnenda morte prudentiam 9 ; noli nostro periculo esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad aures meas te 250 idem istud nimis crebro 10 dicere, tibi satis te vixisse. Credo ; sed turn id audirem, si tibi soli viveres aut si tibi etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem clvium cunc- tamque rem piiblicam. res tuae gestae complexae sunt; tantum abes a perfectione maximorum operum, ut fun- 255 damenta nondum, quae cogitas, ieceris. 11 Hie 12 tu modum 13 vltae tuae non salute rei piiblicae, sed aequitate 14 animl definies ? Quid, si istud 15 ne gloriae tuae quidem satis est ? Cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvis 16 sis sapiens, non negabis. 260 'Parumne igitur/ inquies, ' magna 17 relinquemus ? ' Immo vero alils quamvis multis satis, tibi tini parum. Quicquid est enim, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum turn, cum est aliquid amplius. Quodsi rerum tuarum immor- talium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futiirus fuit, ut devictis 18 265 adversariis rem piiblicam in eo statu relinqueres, in quo nunc est, vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admlrationis plus sit habittira quam gloriae, siquidem gloria 19 est inlustris ac pervagata 20 magnorum vel in 21 suos elves vel in patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama meritorum. 270 Let Caesar win undying fame by reestablishing the State. 9. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est, hie restat actus, 1 in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem piiblicam constituas, eaque 2 tu. in prlmis summa tranquillitate et otio perfruare ; turn te, si voles, cum et patriae, quod debes, solveris et 8 i.e. the philosophers. 9 wisdom. 10 frequently. u laid. 12 under these circumstances. 13 duration. ii aequitate animi : resignation (willingness to die). 15 that sentiment " satis diu," etc. 16 although, however. 17 pa- rum magna: achievements too small. 18 de+vinco. 19 Order: gloria est fama magnorum meritorum. 20 widespread. 21 toward. 9. J act; Caesar has a part to play. 2 sc. re publica. 140 M. TULLI CICERONIS 275 naturam ipsam expleveris 3 satietate vlvendl, satis diu vlxisse dicito. 4 Quid enim est omnlno 5 hoc ipsum "diu," in quo est aliquid extremum? Quod cum venit, omnis voluptas praeterita pro nihilo est, quia postea nulla est futura. Quamquam iste tuus animus numquam his 280 angustils, quas natura nobis ad vlvendum dedit, content us fuit; semper immortalitatis amore flagravit. Nee vero haec tua vita dticenda 6 est, quae corpore et splritu con- tinetur ; ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, quae vigebit 7 me- moria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas alet, quam 285 ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tti mservias, 8 huic te ostentes oportet ; quae quidem, quae mlretur, iam prl- dem multa habet ; nunc etiam, quae laudet, exspectat. Obstupescent 9 posterIcerteimperia, provincial, Rhenum, Oceanum, Nllum, pugnas innumerabiles, incredibiles 290 victorias, monumenta, miinera, 10 triumphos audientes et legentes tuos. Sed nisi haec urbs stabillta tuis consilils et Institutls erit, vagabitur u modo tuum nomen longe atque late ; sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habebit. Erit inter eos etiam, qui nascentur, slcut inter 295 nos fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum res tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requlrent, idque vel maximum, nisi belli clvllis incendium salute patriae restmxeris, ut illud 12 fatl fuisse videatur, hoc 13 consili. Servl 14 igitur els etiam itidicibus, qui multls post saeculis 300 de te iudicabunt, et quidem haud scio an incorruptius 15 quam nos ; nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate et rursus sine odio et sine invidia itidicabant. Id 16 autem etiamsi turn ad te, ut quldam putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe 3 expleveris . . . vivendi : shall have satisfied with a full life. 4 imper- ative. 5 quid . . . omnino: for what is the meaning, anyway, of , etc. 6 to be considered. 7 will flourish. 8 be subservient. 9 will stand amazed. 10 games, the public shows given when he was a magistrate. n will be talked about. n i.e. bellum civile. 13 i.e. salus. 14 imperative, give heed to. 1E more honestly. 16 i.e. the judgment of posterity. PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 141 pertinet esse te talem, ut tuas laudes obsciiratura nulla umquam sit oblivio. 305 The war being ended, all will unite to protect the conqueror. 10. Diversae voluntatis civium fuerunt distractaeque sententiae. Non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis etiam et castris dissidebamus ; 1 erat enim obscuritas quae- dam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces ; multi dubita- bant, quid optimum esset, multi, quid sibi expediret, 2 3io multi, quid deceret, 3 nonnulli etiam, quid liceret. Per- ftincta 4 res publica est hoc misero fatallque bello ; vicit is, qui non fortiina Inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate leniret, nee qui omnes, quibus iratus esset, eosdem exsilio aut morte dignos iudicaret. Arma ab aliis 5 posit a, ab aliis 6 315 erepta sunt. Ingratus est iniust usque civis, qui armorum perlculo liberatus animum tamen retinet armatum, ut etiam ille melior sit qui in acie cecidit, 7 qui in causa animam profudit. Quae enim pertinacia 8 quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia videri potest. 320 Sed iam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, exstincta aequitate victoris ; restat, ut omnes finum velint, qui modo habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis. 9 Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia, qua cum antea, turn hodie vel maxime iisus es, manente, salvi esse 325 non possumus. Quare omnes te, qui haec salva esse volu- mus, et hortamur et obsecramus, 10 ut vltae tuae et saluti consulas ; omnesque tibi u (ut pro aliis etiam loquar, quod de me ipse sentio), quoniam subesse 12 aliquid putas, quod cavendum sit, 13 non modo excubias 14 et custodies, sed 330 etiam laterum nostrorum oppositiis et corporum pollicemur. 10. 1 were at variance. 2 was expedient. 3 was becoming. 4 has fin- ished. 5 by some. 6 from others. 7 fell. 8 obstinacy. 9 good sense. 10 en- treat. u w. pollicemur. 12 (to be) concealed. 13 must be avoided. u pro- tection. 142 M. TULLI CICERONIS Caesar's crowning kindness. 11. Sed ut, unde est orsa, 1 in eodem terminetur oratio, maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, maiores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex 335 omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire potuistl. Sed quia non est omnibus stantibus 2 necesse dlcere, a me certe dici volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo ; et, quod fieri decet, 3 M. Marcello a te huic ordini populoque Romano et rei piiblicae reddito, fieri id intellego. Nam laetarl omnes 340 non de unlus solum, sed de communl salute sentio. Quod autem summae benevolentiae est, 4 quae mea erga ilium omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimo et amantissimo fratrl, praeter eum quidem cederem neminl, cum id sollicitiidine, 5 cura, labore tamditi praestiterim, 345 quamditi est de illlus salute dubitatum, certe hoc tempore magnls curls, molestils, 6 doloribus liberatus praestare debeo. Itaque, C. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago ut, omnibus me rebus 7 a te non conservato solum sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua in me tinum innumerabilia merita, 8 quod 350 fieri iam posse non arbitrabar, maximus 9 hoc tuo facto cumulus accesserit. 11. 1 began. 2 stantibus dicere : to stand and speak. Cicero was a per- sonal friend of Marcellus. 3 quod decet : which is proper, w. antecedent id, explained by laetari omnes. 4 quod. . . . est : as for that which is the duty of the deepest affection. 5 anxiety. 6 distress. 7 abl. of specification. 8 benefits. 9 maximus cumulus : crowning favor. £?'■ * ""*„""'' v v'.l > ■ ' •■■.■"■ ., . ■ XJMBk '£. -llisit 1 ".otf^ BBa A Girl with Tabellae and Stilus (From a Herculanean wall painting) M. TULLI CICERONIS EPISTULAE SELECT AE 1 1. To Pompey in Asia. 2 M . Tullius M. F. 3 Cicero S. D. Cn. Pompeio Cn. F. Magno Imperdtori. S. T. E. Q. V. B. E. 4 Ex litterls tuis, quas publice 5 mlsistl, cepl una cum omnibus mcredibilem voluptatem; 1. > See Introduction, 11. 2 Written at Rome, 62 B.C., after Pompey 's dispatches to the Romans announcing his victory over Mithridates. 3 M. F. = Marci filius. S. D. = salutem dicit (greets, says greeting). Cn. F. = Gnaei filio. 4 The initials stand for si tu exercitusque valetis, bene est. 5 officially. 143 144 M. TULLI CICERONIS tantam enim spem otl 6 ostendistl, quantam ego semper omnibus te uno fretus pollicebar. Sed hoc sclto, tuos 5 veteres hostes, novos amicos vehementer litteris perculsos atque ex magna spe deturbatos 7 iacere. Ad me autem litteras quas mlsistl, quamquam exiguam slgnificationem tuae erga me voluntatis habebant, iamen mihi sclto iucundas fuisse; nulla enim re tarn laetarl 10 soled quam meorum officiorum 8 conscientia, quibus si quando non mutue respondetur. 9 apud me 10 plus n offici residere facillime patior. Illud non dubito, quin, si te mea summa erga te studia 12 parum mihi adiunxerint, res piiblica nos inter nos conciliattira coniuncttiraque sit. is Ac, ne ignores, quid ego in tuis litteris deslderarim, 13 scrlbam aperte, slcut et mea natiira et nostra amlcitia postulat. Res 14 eas gessl, quarum aliquam in tuis litteris et nostrae necessitudinis et rel piiblicae causa gratula- tionem exspectavl; quam ego abs te praetermissam esse 20arbitror, quod vererere, ne cuius animum offenderes. Sed sclto ea, quae nos pro salute patriae gessimus, orbis terrae iudicio ac testimonio comprobarl; quae, cum veneris, tanto consilio tantaque animl magnitudine a me gesta esse cognosces, ut tibi, multo maiorl quam Africa- 25nus fuit, me, non multo minorem quam Laelium, 15 facile et in re piiblica et in amlcitia aditinctum esse patiare. (Ad Fam. V. 7.) 6 of peace. 7 disappointed. % services. 9 non . . . respondetur: no re- turn is made. 10 apud me : in my favor. n the balance. n zeal. 13 missed. 14 I.e. the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, to which he expected Pompey to refer. 15 Africanus and Laelius were ideal friends. EPISTULAE SELECTAE 145 The Harbor at Baiae 2. To Atticus, in Rome. Cicero Attico Sal. 1 Epistulam cum a te avide exspectarem ad vesperum, ut soleo, ecce tibi 2 ntintius pueros 3 venisse Roma ! Voco ; quaero, ecquid litterarum. Negant. " Quid ais?" in- quam, " nihilne a Pomponio? " PerterritI voce et vultu confess! sunt se accepisse, sed excidisse in via. Quid 5 quaeris ? Permoleste tuli ; nulla enim abs te per hos dies epistula inanis 4 aliqua re titili et suavi venerat. Nunc, si quid in ea epistula, quam ante diem xvi Kal. Maias dedisti, 5 fuit historia dlgnum, 6 scribe quam prl- 2. 1 salutem dicit. Cicero was writing in his villa near Antium, Apr. 59 b.c, to his intimate friend, T. Pomponius Atticus. 2 look you (115, b). 3 == servos ; indir. disc. w. vb. implied in nuntius. 4 without. 5 sent. 6 historia dignum : of importance. 146 M. TULLI CICERONIS 10 mum, ne ignoremus ; sin nihil praeter iocationem, 7 redde 8 id ipsum. Et scito Ciirionem adulescentem venisse ad me salii- tatum. Valde eius sermo de Piiblio cum tuis litteris congruebat 9 ; ipse vero mlrandum in modum "reges 10 odisse 15 superbos." Peraeque u narrabat incensam esse iuventutem neque f erre haec posse. Bene habemus 12 nos, si in his spes est ; opinor, aliud 13 agamus. Ego me do historiae. Quam- quam licet me Saufeium 14 putes esse, nihil me est inertius. Sed cognosce itinera nostra, ut statuas ubi nos visiirus 20 sis. In Formianum 15 volumus venire Parllibus 16 ; inde, quoniam putas praetermittendum nobis esse hoc tempore Cratera 17 ilium delicatum, 18 Kal. Mails de Formiano proficiscemur, ut Anti 19 simus a. d. v Nonas Maias. Ltidi enim Anti futtiri sunt a mi ad pr. Nonas Maias. 25 Eos Tullia spectare vult. Inde cogito 20 in Ttisculanum, 21 deinde Arpinum, 22 Romam ad Kal. Ifinias. Te aut in Formiano aut Anti aut in Tfisculano cur a ut videamus. Epistulam superiorem restitue nobis et adpinge 23 aliquid novi. (Ad Att. II. 8.) 3. To Atticus, in Epirus. 1 Cicero Attico Sal. Numquam ante arbitror te epistulam meam legisse, nisi mea manu scriptam. Ex eo colligere 2 poteris, quanta 7 joking. 8 repeat. 9 agreed. w ob j . of odisse, referring to the Trium- virate. n to the same degree. 12 bene habemus : are well off. n let us do something else, giving up politics. 14 because, like Saufeius, he wrote much. lh the villa at For miae. 16 on the feast of Pales (Apr. 21). 17 ace, Crater, a bay near Baiae. 18 charming. 19 at Antium. 20 sc. ire. 21 to the Tusculan villa. 22 to Arpinum. 23 add. 3. 1 The first paragraph of a letter written at Rome, Aug., 59 B.C. 2 infer. EPISTULAE SELECTAE 147 occupatione 3 distinear. 4 Nam, cum vacui temporis nihil haberem et cum recreandae voculae 5 causa necesse esset 5 mihi ambulare, haec dictavl ambulans. (Ad Att. II. 23.) 4. To Quintus Cicero, at Ephesus. 1 Praeterea Aesopi 2 tragoedl, nostrl familiaris, Licinius servus, tibi notus, aufugit. Is Athenis apud Patronem 3 Epicureum pro libero fuit. Inde in Asiam venit. Postea Plato quidam Sardianus, 4 Epictireus, qui Athenis solet esse multum 5 et qui turn Athenis f uerat, cum Licinius eo 5 3 business. 4 am engaged. 5 my weak voice. 4. 1 A paragraph about a runaway slave, fiom a letter by Cicero at Rome, Nov., 59 b.c, to his brother, then governor of the province of Asia. 2 of Aesopus, a Roman tragedian. 3 Patron, the Epicurean. 4 of Sardis, 5 much {of the time) . 148 M. TULLI CICERONIS A Grain-mill at Pompeii (Notice the baking oven at the left) venisset, cum eum fugitivum esse postea ex Aesopi litteris cognosset, hominem comprehendit et in custodiam Ephesi tradidit, sed 6 in piiblicam 7 an in plstrmum 8 non satis ex litteris eius intellegere potuimus. Tu, quoquo lomodo est, quoniam Ephesi est, hominem investlges velim summaque dlligentia vel tecum deducas. Noll spectare quantl homo est ; parvi enim preti est, qui iam nihil! est ; sed tanto dolore Aesopus est adfectus propter servl scelus et audaciam ut nihil gratius facere possis, quam si ilium per te 15 recuperarit. 9 (Ad Q. Frat. I. 2.) 6 but (whether) . by slaves. 9 recover. 7 sc. custodiam. 8 a grain-mill, sometimes worked EPISTULAE SELECTAE 149 £ A Group of Roman Women (From a Herculanean wall painting) 5. To his Wife and Family, in Rome. 1 Tullius S. D. Terentiae et Tulliolae et Ciceroni Suis. Noli putare me ad quemquam longiores epistulas scribere, nisi si quis ad me pltira scripsit, cui puto rescribi 5. 1 Written at Thessalonica, Oct., 58 b.c, during Cicero's exile. 150 M. TULLI CICERONIS oportere ; nee enim habeo, quod scrlbam, nee hoc tempore quidquam difficilius facio. Ad te vero et ad nostram 5Tulliolam 2 non queo 3 sine plurimis lacrimis scrlbere ; vos enim video esse miserrimas, quas ego beatissimas semper esse volul idque praestare 4 debui et, nisi tarn timidl fuissemus, praestitissem. Plsonem 5 nostrum merito eius amo pliirimum; eum, ut 10 potul, per litteras cohortatus sum gratiasque egi, ut debui. In no vis tribunis pi. 6 intellego spem te habere ; id erit fir- mum/ si Pompei voluntas erit, sed Crassum tamen metuo. A te quidem omnia fieri fortissime et amantissime video, nee mlror, sed maereo casum eiusmodl, ut tantls tuls miserils 15 meae miseriae subleventur. 8 Nam ad me P. Valerius, homo officiosus, 9 scrlpsit, id quod ego maximo cum fletti legl, quemadmodum a 10 Vestae ad tabulam u Valeriam ducta esses. Hem, 12 mea lux, meum deslderium, 13 unde omnes opem petere solebant ! te nunc, mea Terentia, sic vexarl, 20 sic iacere in lacrimis et sordibus, 14 idque fieri mea culpa, qui ceteros servavl, ut nos perlremus ! Quod de domo scrlbis, hoc est de area, 15 ego vero turn denique mihi videbor restitiitus, si ilia nobis erit restituta. Verum haec non sunt in nostra manu ; illud doleo, quae 25 impensa 16 f acienda est, in eius partem 17 te miseram et despoliatam venire. Quod si conficitur negotium, 18 omnia consequemur ; sin eadem nos fortiina premet, etiamne reliquias 19 tuas misera proicies ? Obsecro te, mea vita, quod ad sumptum attinet, 20 sine 21 alios, qui possunt, si 30 modo volunt, sustinere, et valetiidinem istam Inflrmam, si 2 little Tullia. 3 I am able. 4 to have secured. 5 Tullia's husband 6 for plebis. 7 a safe thing (to depend on). 8 are relieved. 9 obliging 10 sc. templo. n the office of Valerius, probably a bank. 12 alas. 13 love. u mourn- ing. 15 de area : about its site, Cicero's house had been destroyed when he was banished. 16 quae impensa : the expense which. v in eius partem venire: share. 18 i. e., his recall from banishment. 19 what you have left. 20 quod . . . attinet: as to the expense (of my support) . 21 imperative. A Roman Woman Sacrificing [151] 152 M. TULLI CICERONIS me amas, noli vexare. Nam mihi ante oculos dies noctesque versaris ; omnes labores te excipere video ; timeo, ut sustineas. Sed video in te esse omnia 22 ; quare, ut id, quod speras et quod agis, consequamur, servi vale- 35 tudinl. Ego, ad quos scrlbam, nescio, nisi ad eos, qui ad me scrlbunt, aut ad eos, de quibus ad me vos aliquid scrlbitis. Longius, quoniam ita vobis placet, non discedam ; sed velim quam saepissime litteras mittatis, praesertim si 40 quid est firmius, quod speremus. Valete, mea desideria, valete. (Ad Fam. XIV. 2.) 6. To Caesar, in Gaul x Cicero Caesari Imp. 2 S. D. Vide quam mihi persuaserim te me esse alterum 3 non modo in els rebus, quae ad me ipsum, sed etiam in els, quae ad meos pertinent. C. Trebatium cogitaram, quocumque exirem, mecum ducere, ut eum meis omnibus studiis, 5beneficils quam ornatissimum domum redticerem. Sed postea quam et Pompei commoratio diiiturnior erat, quam putaram, et mea quaedam tibi non ignota dubitatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe tardare, vide quid mihi stimpserim. Coepi velle ea 10 Trebatium exspectare a te, quae sperasset a me, neque mehercule minus el prolixe 4 de tua voluntate promisl, quam eram solitus de mea polliceri. Casus 5 vero mlri- ficus 6 quidam intervenit quasi vel testis opmionis meae vel sponsor 7 humanitatis tuae. Nam cum de hoc ipso Tre- 22 all (our hopes) . 6. x Part of a letter from Rome, Apr., 54 B.C., recommending Tre- batius, a famous jurist, to Caesar. 2 imperatori. 3 te . . . alterum: that you are my second self. 4 freely. 5 coincidence. 6 extraordinary. 1 a -pledge. EPISTULAE SELECTAE 153 batio cum Balbo nostro loquerer acciiratius 8 domi meae, 15 litterae mihi dantur a te, quibus in extremis scrlptum erat : " Mescinium Riifum, quern mihi commendas, vel regem Galliae faciam, vel hunc Leptae delega, 9 si vis. Tti ad me alium mitte, quern ornem." Sustulimus 10 mantis et ego et Balbus ; tanta fuit opportunities, ut illud nescio quid non 20 fortuitum, 11 sed divinum videretur. Mitto igitur ad te Trebatium atque ita mitto, ut initio mea sponte, post autem invitatu tuo mittendum duxerim. 12 Hunc, mi Caesar, sic velim omni tua comitate 13 complectare, ut omnia, quae per me possis addtici ut in meos conferre veils, 25 in unum hunc conferas. (Ad Fam. VII. 5.) 7. To Trebatius Testa, in Gaul. 1 Cicero Trebatio. Ego te commendare non desisto ; sed, quid proficiam, ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo in Balbo, ad quern de te diligentissime et saepissime scribo. Illud soleo mlrari, non me totiens accipere tuas litteras, quotiens a Quinto mihi fratre adferuntur. 5 In Britannia nihil esse audio neque auri neque argenti. Id si ita est, essedum 2 aliquod capias, suadeo, et ad nos quam primum recurras. Sin autem sine Britannia tamen adsequi, quod volumus, possumus, perfice, ut sis in famil- iaribus Caesaris. Multum te in eo frater adiuvabit meus, 10 multum Balbus, sed, mihi crede, tuus pudor et labor pluri- mum. Imperatorem liberalissimum, aetatem 3 oppor- 8 with unusual earnestness. 9 intrust. 10 lifted in surprise. n accidental. 12 believed. 13 kindness. 7. 1 From Rome, May, 54 b.c. Trebatius was with Caesar, to gain military experience. 2 a war-chariot, neut. 3 Balbus was thirty-five. 154 M. TULLI CICERONIS ttinissimam, commendationem certe singularem habes, ut tibi tinum timendum sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare. (Ad Fam. VII. 7.) 8. To Tiro, at Patrae. 1 Tullius et Cicero S. D. Tironl Sud. Septimum iam diem Corcyrae tenebamur ; Qulntus autem pater et fllius 2 Buthrotl. 3 SollicitI eramus de tua valetiidine mirum in modum, nee mlrabamur nihil a te litterarum ; els enim ventls istim 4 navigatur, qui si 5essent, nos Corcyrae non sederemus. Cura igitur te et conflrma et, cum commode et per valetudinem et per anni tempus navigare poteris, ad nos amantissimos tul veni. Nemo nos amat, qui te non dlligat ; cams omnibus exspectatusque venies. Cura ut valeas. Etiam atque 10 etiam, Tiro noster, vale. (Ad Fam. XVI. 7.) 9. To L. Papirius Paetus. 1 Cicero Paeto. Heri 2 veni in Cimianum, 3 eras ad te fortasse. Sed cum certum sciam, faciam te paulo ante certiorem. Etsi 4 M. Caeparius, cum mihi in silva Galllnaria 5 obviam ve- nisset 6 quaeslssemque, quid ageres, dixit te in lecto esse, 5 quod ex pedibus laborares. Tull scilicet moleste, ut debul, sed tamen constitul ad te venire, ut et viderem te et vlserem et cenarem etiam ; non enim arbitror coquum 7 8. 1 From Cicero and his son Tullius to Tiro, his secretary ; written at Corcyra, Nov. 17, 50 b.c. 2 The younger Quintus, son of Cicero's brother. 3 at Buthrotum. 4 thence, from Patrae. 9. 1 Written at Cumae, Nov. 19, 46 B.C. Paetus was a friend living near Naples. 2 yesterday. 3 my Cumaean estate. 4 and I shall come although. B a wood in Campania, near Cumae. 6 obviam venisset: had met. 7 the cook. EPISTULAE SELECTAE 155 etiam te arthrlticum 8 habere. Expecta igitur hospitem cum minime edacem, 9 turn inimlcum cenis stimptuosis. (Ad Fam. IX. 23.) 10. To C. Cassius Longinus, in Syria. 1 Cicero Cassio Sal. Vellem Idibus Martils me ad cenam invitasses ; re- liquiarum 2 nihil fuisset. Nunc me reliquiae vestrae exer- cent, et quidem praeter ceteros me. Quamquam egregios consules habemus, sed turpissimos consulages ; senatum fortem, sed Infimo 3 quemque honore fortissimum. Populo 5 vero nihil fortius, nihil melius, Italiaque tiniversa ; nihil autem foedius Philippo et Pisone legatis, nihil nagitio- sius ; qui cum essent missi, ut Antonio ex senatus sententia 4 certas res nuntiarent, cum ille earum rerum null! paruisset, ultro 5 ab illo ad nos intolerabilia postulata rettulerunt. io Itaque ad nos concurritur, 6 factique iam in re salutan 7 populares sumus. Sed tii quid ageres, 8 quid acttirus, ubi denique esses, nesciebam. Fama nuntiabat te esse in Syria ; auctor erat nemo. De Brtito, quo 9 propius est, eo firmiora videntur 15 esse quae ntintiantur. Dolabella 10 valde vituperabatur u ab hominibus non msulsis, 12 quod tibi tarn cito succederet, cum tti vixdum xxx. dies in Syria fuisses ; itaque con- 8 attacked with gout. 9 greedy. In joking with Paetus, Cicero always pretended to be a great eater. 10. i Written at Rome, Feb. 2, 43 b.c. Cassius, the leading conspira- tor against Caesar, was governor of Syria, 44-42 b.c. 2 fragments, leav- ings, i.e., Anthony would also have been killed. The cena was the assas- sination of Caesar, which Cicero applauded. 3 infimo . . . honore : the lowest in rank. 4 in accordance with the vote. 6 on his part. 6 i.e., my house is thronged. 7 in re salutari : though supporting a sound constitu- tional measure. 8 trans, the impf., ageres, esses . . . erat by the pres. (180). 9 as. 10 Dolabella, who was to succeed Cassius, scarcely allowed him the legal month's grace to leave the province. " was criticised. 12 non insulsis : of wit. 156 M. TULLI CICERONIS stabat eum recipl in Syriam non oportere. Summa laus et 2otua et BrutI est, quod exercitum praeter spem exlstima- minl comparasse. Scrlberem pliira, si rem causamque nossem ; nunc quae scribo, scribo ex oplnione hominum atque fama. Tuas litteras avide exspecto. Vale. (Ad Fam. XII. 4.) Tombs on the Appian Way M. TULLI CICERONIS CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER AD T. POMPONIUM ATTICUM Cicero's essay " De Senectute " is a treatise in praise of old age, so charmingly written that Montaigne said of it, that " it made one long to grow old." It is cast in the form of a dialogue, in which Marcus Cato the Elder, in his eighty-fourth year, converses with two young companions, Scipio Africanus and Gaius Laelius. Cicero says, " I introduced Cato, the old man, speaking, because no personage seemed better fitted to talk concerning old age, than he who had been an old man a very long time, and in old age itself had flourished beyond others." Old age not burdensome to Cato. 2. Scipio. Saepe numero 1 admirari soleo cum hoc C. Laelio cum ceterarum rerum tuam excellentem, M. Cato, perfectamque sapientiam, turn vel maxime, quod 2. ! very often. 157 158 M. TULLI CICERONIS numquam tibi senectutem gravem 2 esse senserim, quae 5plerlsque senibus sic odiosa est, ut onus se Aetna gravius dicant sustinere. Cato. Rem haud sane difficilem, Scipio et Laell, admlrari videminl. Quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis ad bene beateque vlvendum, els omnis aetas gravis est ; qui 10 autem omnia bona a se ipsl petunt, els nihil malum potest viderl, quod naturae necessitas adferat. Quo in genere est in prlmis senectus ; quam ut adipiscantur omnes optant, eandem accusant adept! ; tanta est stultitiae 3 inconstantia 4 atque perversitas. Obrepere 5 aiunt earn citius quam 15 putassent. Prlmum quis coegit eos falsum putare ? Qui 6 enim citius adulescentiae senectus quam pueritiae adules- centia obrepit ? Deinde qui 6 minus gravis esset els senec- tus, si octingentesimum annum agerent quam si octo- gesimum ? Praeterita enim aetas quam vis longa, cum 20effluxisset, 7 nulla consolatione permulcere 8 posset stultam senectutem. Quocirca si sapientiam meam admlrari soletis (quae utinam dlgna esset oplnione vestra nostroque cognomine! 9 ), in hoc sumus sapientes, quod naturam optimam ducem tamquam deum sequimur eique paremus ; 25 a qua non verl simile est, cum ceterae partes aetatis bene dlscriptae 10 sint, extremum actum tamquam ab inertl poeta esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid extremum, 11 et tamquam in arborum bads 12 terraeque fructibus, maturitate tempestlva quasi vietum 13 et 30 cadticum, 14 quod ferendum est molliter 15 sapientl. Quid est enim aliud Gigantum 16 modo bellare cum dls nisi naturae repugnare ? Laelius. AtquI, 17 Cato, gratissimum nobis, ut etiam 2 burdensome. 3 of folly. l inconsistency . 5 comes on. 6 how? 7 has streamedby. 8 soothe. 9 my surname "Sapiens." 10 composed, actum: act. Cf. Shakespeare's Seven Ages of Man. » end. n in the case of the fruits. 13 a time oj 'bending. u a time of falling. 15 patiently. 1C of giants. v and yet. CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 159 pro Scipione pollicear, feceris, si, quoniam speramus, volumus quidem certe senes fieri, multo ante a te didi-35 cerimus, quibus facillime rationibus ingravescentem aeta- tem ferre possimus. Cato. Faciam vero, Laeli, praesertim si utrique vestrum, ut dicis, gratum futurum est. Laelius. Volumus sane, nisi molestum est, Cato, tarn- 40 quam longam aliquam viam confeceris, quam nobis quoque ingrediendum sit, isttic, 18 quo pervenisti, videre quale sit. He consents to discourse on the enjoyments of old age. 3. Cato. Faciam, ut potero, Laeli. Saepe enim inter- fui querelis x aequalium 2 meorum (pares autem vetere 45 proverbio cum paribus facillime congregantur) , quae C. Salmator, quae Sp. Albums, homines consulares, nostrl fere aequales, deplorare solebant, turn quod voluptatibus carerent, sine quibus vltam nullam putarent, turn quod spernerentur 3 ab els, a quibus essent coll 4 solitT. Qui 50 mihi non id videbantur acctisare, quod esset accusandum. Nam si id culpa senectiitis accideret, eadem mihi usti venirent 5 reliquisque omnibus maioribus natu, quorum ego multorum cognovi senecttitem sine querela, qui se et libidinum vinculis laxatos 6 esse non moleste ferrent, nee a 55 suis despicerentur. Sed omnium istius modi querelarum in moribus est culpa, non in aetate. Moderati 7 enim et nee difficiles 8 nee inhiimani senes tolerabilem senectiitem agunt ; importiinitas 9 autem et inhumanitas omni aetati molesta est. 60 Laelius. Est, ut dicis, Cato ; sed fortasse dixerit 18 istuc quo quale sit : what is the character of that stage at which. 3. i have been conversant with the complaints. 2 contemporaries. 3 were despised. 4 to be respected. 5 usu venirent : would happen. 6 set free. 7 temperate. 8 morose. 9 rudeness. 160 M. TULLI CICERONIS quispiam tibi propter opes et copias et dignitatem tuam tolerabiliorem senectutem viderl, id autem non posse multis contingere. 65 Cato. Est istud quidem, Laeli, aliquid, sed nequaquam 10 in isto sunt omnia. Ut Themistocles fertur Seriphio u cuidam in itirgio 12 respondisse, cum ille dixisset non eum sua, sed patriae glo- ria splendorem 13 adsecutum : " Nee hercule," inquit, u si ego Seriphius essem, nee tii si Atheni- ensis, clarus um- quam fuisses." Quod eodem modo de senectute dici potest. Nee enim in summa inopia levis esse senectus potest, ne sapient! quidem, nee Insipi- enti etiam in sum- ma copia non gra- vis. Aptissima 14 omnino sunt, Scipio Themistocles e ^ L ae Ji ? arma Senec- tutis artes exercitationesque virttitum, quae in omni aetate cultae, cum diu multumque vixeris, mlrificos 15 efferunt 9ofructtis, non solum quia numquam deserunt ne extremo quidem tempore aetatis (quamquam id quidem maximum est), verum etiam quia conscientia bene actae vitae multo- rumque bene factorum recordatio 16 iucundissima est. 10 by no means. n a Seriphian. 12 a dispute. 13 eminence. 14 fittest. 15 wondrous. 16 recollection. CATO MAIOR DE SENEOTUTE LIBER 161 The topics of his theme. 5. Etenim, cum complector animo, quattuor reperio causas, cur senecttis misera videatur: tinam, quod avocet95 a rebus gerendis ; alteram, quod corpus f aciat Inflrmius ; tertiam, quod privet fere omnibus voluptatibus ; quartam, quod haud procul absit a morte. Earum, si placet, causa- rum quanta quamque sit iusta una quaeque, videamus. Youth and age. 6. "A rebus gerendis 1 senectus abstrahit." Quibus?ioo An els, quae iuventute geruntur et viribus ? Nullaene igiturres sunt seniles, 2 quae vel 3 Inflrmls corporibus animo tamen administrentur ? Nihil ergo agebat Q. Maximus, nihil L. Paulus, pater tuus, socer 4 optimi virl, fill mel ? Ceteri senes, Fabricil, Curii, Coruncanil, cum rem pu- 105 blicam consilio et auctoritate defendebant, nihil agebant ? Ad Appi Claudl 5 senecttltem accedebat etiam, ut caecus 6 esset ; tamen is, cum sententia senatus incllnaret ad pacem cum Pyrrho foedusque faciendum, non dubitavit dicere ilia, quae versibus persecutus 7 est Ennius : no Quo 8 vob!smentes,rectae quae stare solebant Antehac, dementes sese flexere vial? ceteraque gravissime 9 ; notum 10 enim vobls carmen est ; et tamen ipslus Appi exstat oratio. 11 Atque haec ille egit septimo decimo anno post alterum consulatum, cum inter 115 duos consulates annl decern interfuissent censorque ante 6. 1 a rebus gerendis, from our activities. 2 activities for old men. 3 even. 4 father-in-law. 5 Appius Claudius, censor 312 b.c, consul 307 b.c. He commenced the Appian Way and completed the Appian Aqueduct. From him Roman jurisprudence, oratory, grammar, and Latin prose date their beginning. 6 blind. 7 expressed. 8 quo, w. viai (archaic gen. of via) — quern in locum : " On what wild course have wits, once true, but witless now, misguided you?" 9 in the most dignified style. 10 hence there is no reason for quoting further from Ennius. u the speech against peace w. Pyrrhus. [162] CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 163 superiorem consulatum fuisset ; ex quo intellegitur Pyrrhi bello grandem 12 sane fuisse ; et tamen 13 sic a patribus accepimus. Nihil igitur adferunt, u qui in re gerenda versarl 120 senectutem negant, similesque 15 sunt, ut si qui guberna- torem 16 in navigando nihil agere dicant, cum alii malos 17 scandant, 18 alii per foros 19 cursent, aliisentlnam exhauriant, ille autem clavum 20 tenens quietus sedeat in puppi, non f a- ciat ea, quae iuvenes, at vero multo maiora et meliorai25 faciat. Non viribus aut velocitate aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur, sed consilio, auctoritate, sen- tentia ; quibus non modo non orbari, 21 sed 22 etiam augeri senectus solet. Nisi forte ego vobis, qui et miles et tribunus et legatus et consul versatus sum in vario genere bellorum, ces- sare 23 nunc videor, cum bella non gero. At se- natui quae sint gerenda praescribo, et quo modo ; Karthagini male iam diu cogi- tanti bellum multo ante u denuntio ; de qua vereri non 140 desinam, quam illam excisam 25 esse cognovero. 12 aged, sc. eum as subj. of fuisse. 13 i.e., although old, he exhibited such ability and energy. u say nothing to the point. 15 similesque. . . qui : and are like those who. 16 pilot. 17 masts. 18 climb. 19 gangways. 20 rudder. 21 to be deprived (of). 22 repeat quibus, by which. 23 to be inactive. 2i i.e., before it is declared by the state. 25 destroyed. It was Cato who used to end all his speeches in the Senate with censeo delendam esse Karthaginem. Activities on Shipboard (From a Pompeian tomb-relief) 164 M. TULLI CICERONIS The wisdom of old age. 10. Videtisne, ut l apud 2 Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet ? Tertiam iam enim aetatem 3 hominum videbat, nee erat ei verendum, ne vera praedi- 145 cans de se nimis videretur aut Insolens aut loquax. Ete- nim, ut ait Homerus, "ex eius lingua melle 4 dulcior fluebat oratio/' quam ad suavitatem 5 niillis egebat corporis viribus. Et tamen dux ille Graeciae nusquam 6 optat, ut Aiacis 7 similes habeat de- cern, sed ut Nesto- ris ; quod si sibi accident, non dubi- tat, quin brevi 8 sit Troia peritiira. The pleasure of agri- culture in old age. 17. Multas ad res perutiles Xeno- phontis librl sunt ; quos legite, quaeso, studiose, ut facitis. Quam copiose ab eo agri cultiira lauda- Homer tur in eo libro, qui est de tuenda re 166 familiar!, 1 qui Oeconomicus Inscribitur ! Atque ut in- tellegatis nihil el tarn regale videri quam studium agri colendi, Socrates in eo libro loquitur cum Critobulo 3 generation. 4 honey. 5 sweetness. 6 nowhere. 7 Ajax. 10. i how. 8 sc. tempore. 17. i on the management of one's property. CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 165 Cyrum minorem, Persarum regem, praestantem ingenio atque imperi gloria, cum Lysander Lacedaemonius, virno summae virtutis, venisset ad eum Sardls 2 eique dona a sociis attulisset, et ceteris in rebus comem 3 erga Lysandrum atque huma- num 4 fuisse et el quen- dam consaeptum 5 agrum diligenter consitum 6 ostendisse. Cum autem admiraretur Lysander et proceritates 7 arborum et derectos 8 in qumcuncem 9 ordines et humum sub- actam 10 atque puram et suavitatem odorum, qui adflarentur ex floribus, turn eum dlxisse mirarl se non modo dlligentiam, sed etiam sollertiam u eius, a quo essent ilia dlmensa atque discripta ; et Cyrum respondisse : u Atqui ego ista sum omnia dimensus; mei sunt ordines, mea di- scriptio, 12 multae etiam istarum arborum mea manu sunt satae." 13 Tum Lysandrum intu- Socrates 2 ace. to Sardis. 3 affable. 4 kind. 5 fenced. 6 planted. 7 the i 5 arranged. 9 in fives. 10 cultivated. n skill. 12 plan. 13 planted. ■M ■■ ; .' If///! k ■-"■" ";//! • y i ,: . ' ! &£ [166] CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 167 entem purpuram eius et nitorem 14 corporis ornatumque 15 200 Persicum multo auro multlsque gemmis 16 dixisse : " Rite 17 vero te, Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virtutl tuae fortuna coniuncta est." Spartan respect for old age. 18. Lysandrum Lacedaemonium, cuius modo feci men- tionem, dicere aiunt solitum Lacedaemonem * esse ho- 205 nestissimum clomicilium senectutis ; nusquam enim tan- tum 2 tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectiis honoratior. Quln etiam memoriae proditum est, cum Athenis ludis quidam in theatrum grandis 3 natu venisset, magno con- sessu 4 locum nusquam el datum a suls civibus ; cum au- 210 tern ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legatl cum essent, certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse 5 omnes ill! dlcuntur et senem sessum 6 recepisse. Quibus cum a ciincto consessti plausus 7 esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex eis quendam Athenienses scire, quae recta essent, sed facere nolle. 215 The harvest time of life. 19. Horae quidem cedunt et dies et menses et anni, nee praeteritum tempus umquam revertitur, nee, quid sequa- tur, sciri potest ; quod cuique temporis ad vivendum da- tur, eo debet esse contentus. Neque enim histrioni, 1 ut placeat, peragenda fabula 2 est, modo, 3 in quocumque22o fuerit actti, probetur, neque sapienti usque ad " Plaudite " 4 veniendum est. Breve enim tempus aetatis satis longum est ad bene honesteque vivendum ; sin processerit lon- gius, 5 non magis dolendum est, quam agricolae dolent 14 splendor. 15 attire. 16 jewels. 17 rightly. 18. i Sparta. 2 so much respect. 3 grandis natu : elderly. 4 assembly. 6 to have risen up. 6 to a seat. 7 plausus multiplex : rounds of applause. 19. 1 actor, dative. 2 the play. 3 if only. 4 " applaud " the word with which the chief actor closed the play. 5 sc. aetate. 168 M. TULLI CICERONIS 225 praeterita verni 6 temporis suavitate aestatem autum- numque venisse. Ver enim tamquam adulescentiam significat ostenditque fructus futuros, reliqua autem tem- pora demetendls 7 fructibus et percipiendis 8 accommo- data sunt. Fructus autem senectutis est, ut saepe dlxl, ante 230 partorum bonorum memoria et copia. The soul is immortal. 22. Apud x Xenophontem autem moriens Cyrus maior haec dicit : " Nolite arbitrary o mihi carissimT Mil, me, cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. Nee enim, dum eram vobiscum, animum meum videbatis, sed 235 eum esse in hoc corpore ex els rebus, quas gerebam, in- tellegebatis. Eundem igitur esse creditote, 2 etiamsi nul- lum videbitis. Nee vero clarorum virorum post mortem honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi effi- cerent, quo diutius memoriam sui teneremus. Mihi 240quidem numquam persuaderl potuit animos, dum in cor- poribus essent mortalibus, vivere, cum excessissent ex els, emori ; nee vero turn animum esse Insipientem, 3 cum ex Insipienti corpore evasisset ; sed cum omni admixtione 4 corporis llberatus purus et integer esse coepisset, turn esse 245 sapientem. Atque etiam cum hominis nattira morte dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum 5 est quo quaeque discedat ; abeunt enim illuc 6 omnia, unde orta sunt; ani- mus autem solus, nee cum adest nee cum discedit, ap- paret. lam vero videtis nihil esse morti tarn simile quam 250somnum. AtquI dormientium animi maxime declarant dlvlnitatem suam ; multa enim, cum remiss! 7 et liberi sunt, futiira prospiciunt. Ex quo intellegitur, quales futiiri sint, cum se plane 8 corporis vinculis relaxaverint. 6 of spring. 7 reaping. 8 gathering. 22. 1 in. 2 you must believe. 3 without consciousness. 4 connection (with). 5 clear; rerum limits quaeque. 6 to the place. 7 released. 8 entirely. CATO MAIOR DE SEXECTUTE LIBER 169 Quare, si haec ita sunt, sic me colitote," 9 inquit, "ut deum ; sin una est interitiirus animus cum corpore, vos 255 tamen. deos verentes, qui hanc omnem pulchritudinem 10 tuentur et regunt, memoriam nostri pie inviolateque n servabitis." 9 you must reverence. l0 beautiful {world) . n affectionately and sacredly. C. SALLUSTI CRISPI BELLUM CATILINAE Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus, 86-35 B.C.) was tribune of the people in 52 ; was expelled from the Senate in 50, being an opponent of Cicero, and Pompey, but restored later by Caesar ; was praetor in 46, and gov- ernor of Numidia. After Caesar's assassination he wrote Bellum Cati- linae and Bellum Iugurthinum. In the former he gives an account of the conspiracy of Catiline and the moral condition of the times. The speeches of Caesar and Cato before the Senate, concerning the punish- ment of the conspirators, are of special interest (chapters 51, 52). The character of Catiline. 5. L. Catillna, nobill genere natus, fuit magna vi et animl et corporis sed ingenio malo pravoque. 1 Huic ab adulescentia bella intestlna, caedes, raplnae, discordia clvllis, grata fuere 2 ; ibique 3 iuventutem suam exercuit. 5 Corpus patiens mediae, 4 algoris, 5 vigiliae, supra quam cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus, 6 varius, cuius rei libet simulator ac dissimulator ; 7 alien! 8 adpe- tens, sui proftisus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquen- tiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus 9 animus immoderata, io incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post dominationem L. Sullae libido maxima invaserat rei publicae capiendae ; neque id quibus modls adsequeretur, dum sibi regnum pararet, quicquam pens! 10 habebat. Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei 15 familiaris et conscientia scelerum ; quae utraque els 5. i depraved. 2 = fuerunt. 3 and in these. 4 hunger. 5 cold. 6 subtle. 7 pretending and dissembling anything you please (libet). 8 other mens property. 9 insatiable. 10 scrapie. 170 ^ELLUM CATILINAE 171 artibus auxerat, quas supra memoravi. Incitabant prae- terea corruptl civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa n inter se mala, liixuria atque avaritia, vexabant. Virtues of the Ancient Romans. Res ipsa hortarl videtur, quoniam de moribus clvi- tatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere ac 12 paucis In- 20 stittita maiorum doml militiaeque ; quo modo rem ptiblicam habuerint quant amque reliquerint; ut, paulatim immu- tata ex pulcherrima atque optima, pessima ac flagitio- sissima facta sit, disserere. 6. Urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, 1 condidere 2 25 atque habuere initio Troiani, qui Aenea duce profugi 3 sedibus incertis vagabantur ; cumque els Aborigines, genus hominum agreste, 4 sine legibus, sine imperio, liberum atque solutum. 5 Hi postquam in una moenia 6 convenere, dispari genere, dissimili lingua, alii alio more30 viventes, incredibile memoratti est quam facile coaluerint. 7 Sed postquam res eorum, civibus, moribus, agrls aucta, satis prospera satisque pollens 8 videbatur, sicutl 9 pleraque mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur reges popullque fmitimi bello temptare ; 10 pauci ex amlcis 35 auxilio esse, 10 nam ceteri metu perculsi a periculls aberant. At Romani doml militiaeque intent! u festinare parare, alius alium hortarl, hostibus obviam 12 ire, libertatem, patriam, parentesque armis tegere. Post ubi pericula virtiite propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant, 40 magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis amicitias parabant. Imperium legitimum, 13 nomen imperi regium 14 habebant. Delect!, quibus corpus annis Infirmum, in- 11 contending. 12 w. disserere (1. 24), to describe. 6. » understand. 2 = condiderunt. 3 as exiles. 4 savage. 5 uncon- trolled. 6 city. 7 united. 8 powerful. 9 sicuti . . . habentur : as is gen- erally the case in human affairs. 10 historical inf. " intend festinare : with alertness made haste. 12 met. ls regulated by laws. 14 monarchy. 172 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI genium sapientia validum erat, rel publicae consultabant ; 45 el vel aetate vel ctirae similitudine 15 patres appellabantur. Post ubi regium imperium, quod initio conservandae libertatis 16 atque augendae rel publicae fuerat, in super- biam dominationemque se convertit, immutato more annua imperia bmosque imperatores sibi fecere ; eo modo 50 minime posse putabant per licentiam msolescere 17 ani- mum humanum. 7. Sed ea tempestate 1 coepere se quisque magis ex- tollere 2 magisque ingenium in promptti habere. 3 Nam regibus boni 4 quam mall 5 suspectiores sunt, semperque 55eis aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incredi- bile memoratu est, adepta 6 llbertate quantum brevl 7 creverit ; tanta cupido gloriae incesserat. lam primum iuventus, simul laboris ac belli patiens 8 erat, in castris per tisum militiam discebat, magisque in decoris 9 armls et 60 mllitaribus equis quam in scortis atque convivils libidinem habebant. Igitur talibus viris non labor Insolitus, non locus ullus asper 10 aut arduus u erat, non armatus hostis formidolosus ; virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maxi- mum certamen inter ipsos erat : se quisque hostem ferire, 12 65mtirum ascendere, conspici dum tale facinus faceret, pro- perabat. Eas divitias, earn bonam famam magnamque nobilitatem putabant. Laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales erant ; gloriam ingentem, divitias honestas 13 volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locls maximas hostium copias 7opopulus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes natiira munitas pugnando ceperit, nl 14 ea res longius nos ab in- cepto traheret. 8. Sed profecto fortiina in omnl re dominatur ; ea res 15 similarity. 16 sc. causa. 17 grow overbearing. 7. i period. 2 to seek distinction. 3 in promptu habere : show. A the meritorious. 5 the undeserving . 6 secured. 7 sc. tempore. 8 able to bear. 9 fine. 10 difficult. n inaccessible. 12 to wound. 13 moderate. u but that. BELLUM CATILINAE 173 cunctas ex libldine magis quam ex vero celebrat 1 obscurat- que. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti ego aestimo, satis 75 amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto minores tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere 2 ibi scriptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Athe- niensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea verbis potuere 80 extollere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano num- quam ea copia fuit, quia pmdentissimus 3 quisque maxime negotiosus erat ; ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat ; optimus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab alils bene facta laudarl quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 85 9. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur ; concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat ; itis bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam nattira valebat. Iiirgia, 1 discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant ; elves cum clvibus de virtiite certabant. In suppliers 2 deorum 90 magnifici, domi parcl, 3 in amlcos fideles erant. Duabus his artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate, seque remque piiblicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saepius vindicatum 4 est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem 95 ptignaverant, quique tardius, revocati, 5 proelio excesse- rant, quam 6 qui slgna relinquere aut puis! loco cedere ausi erant ; in pace vero quod benefices quam metfi imperium agitabant, 7 et accepta iniuria ignoscere quam persequl malebant. 100 Caesar's speech in the Senate Dec. 5, 63 B.C. Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a consule huiusce modi verba loctitus est : 8. x she (ea) makes famous. 2 flourished. 3 most talented. 9. 1 strife. 2 the worship. 3 frugal. 4 punishment was inflicted. 5 when commanded to retreat. 6 sc. in eos. 7 managed. 174 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 51 (a). " Omnes homines, patres conscrlptl, qui de rebus dubils consultant, ab odio, amicitia, Ira, atque 105 misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud 1 facile animus verum providet, ubi ilia officiunt, 2 neque quisquam om- nium libldinl simul et usul 3 paruit. Ubi intenderis 4 ingenium, valet : si libido possidet, 5 ea dominatur, animus nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandl, 6 patres no conscrlptl, qui reges atque populi Ira aut misericordia impulsl male consuluerint. Sed ea malo dicere, quae maiores nostrl contra libidinem animl sul recte atque ordine 7 fecere. Bello Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Rhodiorum clvitas magna atque magnifica, us quae populi RomanI opibus creverat, Inflda atque ad versa 8 nobis fuit. Sed postquam bello confecto de Rhodils consultum est, maiores nostrl, ne quis dlvitiarum magis quam iniuriae causa bellum inceptum dlceret, impunltos eos dlmlsere. 9 Item bellls Ptmicls omnibus, cum saepe 120 Carthaginienses et in pace et per indtitias multa nefaria facinora fecissent, numquam ipsl per occasionem 10 talia fecere ; magis quid se dlgnum foret, 11 quam quid in illos iiire fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobls providen- dum est, patres conscrlptl, ne plus apud vos valeat P. i25LentulI et ceterorum scelus quam vestra dlgnitas, neu magis Irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si dlgna poena pro factls eorum reperltur, novum consilium 12 adprobo ; sin magnitudo sceleris omnium ingenia 13 exsu- perat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus comparata sunt. 130 51 (6). Plerique eorum, qui ante me sententias dixerunt, composite atque magnifice 1 casum rei piiblicae miseratl 51(a). i not. 2 obstruct the view. s interest. 4 freely exert. 5 holds possession. 6 i.e., I could easily mention. 7 properly. 8 hostile. 9 left. 10 when opportunity offered. « = esset. 12 i.e., of putting citizens to death in violation of law. 13 imaginations. 51 (b) . ! in studied and impressive language. BELLUM CATILINAE 175 sunt. Quae belli saevitia 2 esset, quae victls acciderent, enumeravere ; rapi virgines pueros ; divelli llberos a parentum complexu ; matres familiarum pati quae vic- toribus conlibuissent ; 3 fana atque domos spoliarl ; cae- 135 dem, incendia fieri ; postremo armls, cadaveribus, 4 cruore, 5 atque luctu. omnia complerl. Sed, per deos immortales, quo 6 ilia oratio pertinuit ? An uti vos Infestos coniura- tioni faceret? Scilicet, quern res tanta et tarn atrox non pernio vit, eum oratio accendet. 7 Non ita est, nequei^o cuiquam mortalium iniiiriae suae parvae videntur ; multi eas gravius aequo 8 habuere. Sed alia aliis licentia est, patres conscrlpti. Qui demissl 9 in obsciiro vltam habent, si quid Iracundia dellquere, 10 paucl sciunt ; fama atque f orttina eorum pares sunt ; qui magno imperio praediti 145 in excelso n aetatem agunt, eorum facta ctinctl mortales novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima licentia est ; neque studere 12 neque odisse, sed minime IrascI decet ; quae apud alios Iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio 13 superbia atque crtidelitas appellatur. Equidem ego sic exlstimo, 150 patres conscrlpti, omnes cruciatus minores quam facinora illorum esse. Sed plerlque mortales postrema meminere et in hominibus impils sceleris eorum obllti de poena disserunt, 14 si ea paulo saevior fuit. 51 (c). D. Sllanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certoi55 scio quae dixerit, studio 1 rel ptiblicae dlxisse, neque ilium in tanta re gratiam aut inimlcitias exercere ; eos mores eamque modestiam 2 virl cognovl. Verum sententia eius mihi non crudelis (quid enim in tales homines criidele fieri potest ?) , sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. 160 Nam profecto aut metus aut initiria 3 te subegit, Sllane, 2 barbarity. 3 should please. 4 corpses. 5 blood. 6 to what end. 7 will inflame. 8 than was right. 9 sunk. 10 have done wrong. " in an exalted station. 12 to show favor. 13 in the powerful. u talk. 51 (c). 1 from zeal for. 2 moderation. 3 the nature of the crime. 176 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI consulem designatum, genus poenae novum decernere. De timore super vacaneum 4 est disserere, cum praesertim dlligentia clarissimi virl, consulis, tanta praesidia sint in I65armis. De poena possum equidem dlcere, id quod res habet, 5 in ltictu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum 6 requiem, non cruciatum esse ; earn cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere ; ultra neque ctirae neque gaudio locum esse. Sed, per deos immortales, quam ob rem in sententiam non 170 addidistl, uti prius verberibus in eos animadverteretur ? An quia lex Porcia 7 vetat ? At aliae leges item condem- natis civibus non animam eripi, sed exsilium permittl iubent. An quia gravius est verberarl quam necari? Quid autem acerbum aut nimis grave est in homines tanti 175 facinoris convictos ? Sin quia levius est, qui 8 convenit 9 in minore negotio legem timere, 10 cum earn in maiore neglegeris ? 51 (d). At enim quis reprehendet quod in parricidas rei piiblicae decretum erit? Tempus, 1 dies, 2 fortiina, cuius 180 libido 3 gentibus moderatur. 4 Illis merito accidet, quic- quid evenerit ; ceterum 5 vos, patres conscript!, quid in alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla 6 ex rebus bonis orta sunt. Sed ubi imperium ad ignaros 7 eius aut minus bonos pervenit, novum illud exemplum 185 ab dignis 8 et idoneis ad mdlgnos et non idoneos trans- ferer. Lacedaemonii, devictls Atheniensibus, triginta viros imposuere, 9 qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. Ei primo coepere pessimum quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum necare ; ea populus laetari 10 et merito 4 needless. 5 id . . . habet: what is the truth. 6 from hardship. 7 the Porcian Law ordained that no one should bind, scourge, or kill a Roman. 8 how. 9 is it consistent. 10 observe. 51 (d). l sc. reprehendet. 2 the course of events. 3 caprice. 4 sways, w. dat. 5 but. 6 i.e., examples of severe punishment. 7 into the hands of the ignorant. 8 sc. poena. 9 appointed. 10 hist. inf. BELLUM CATILINAE 177 dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, itixta n 190 bonds et malos libldinose 12 interficere, ceteros metti terrere ; ita clvitas servitiite oppressa stultae 13 laetitiae graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor Sulla cum Damasippum 14 et alios eius modi, qui malo rel pfiblicae creverant, iugularl iussit, quis non factum eius laudabat ? 195 Homines scelestos 15 et factiosos, qui seditionibus rem publicam exagitaverant, merito necatos aiebant. Sed ea res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam utl 16 quisque domum aut villain, postremo 17 vas 18 aut vestlmentum alicuius concuplverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscrlptorum 200 numero esset. Ita illi, quibus DamasippI mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi trahebantur, neque prius finis iugulandl fuit, quam Sulla omnes suos dlvitiis explevit. 19 Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus vereor, sed in magria civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. 205 Potest alio tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in manti sit, falsum aliquid pro vero credl ; 20 ubi hoc exemplo per senattis decretum consul gladium ediixerit, quis ill! flnem statuet aut quis moderabitur ? 51 (e). Maiores nostrl, patres conscriptl, neque consili2io neque audaciae umquam eguere ; neque illls superbia obstabat, quo minus aliena Instituta, si modo proba 1 erant, imitarentur. Arma atque tela mllitaria ab Sam- nltibus, Insignia magistratuum ab Tuscls pleraque stimp- serunt. Postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes2i5 idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exseque- bantur ; 2 imitarl quam invidere 3 bonis malebant. Sed eodem illo tempore Graeciae morem imitatl verberibus animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatls summum 4 11 without discrimination. 12 at their pleasure. 13 imprudent. 14 before Sulla's victory Damasippus had put to death some of the senators. 15 wicked. 16 when. 17 or even. 18 plate. 19 satisfied. 20 may be credited. 51 (e). ! worthy of regard. 2 adopted. 3 envy. 4 i.e., death. 178 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 220 supplicium sumebant. Postquam res ptiblica adolevit 5 et multitudine clvium factiones valuere, circumveniri 6 innocentes, alia huiusce modi fieri coepere ; turn lex Porcia aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus exsilium damnatis permissum est. Hanc ego causam, patres 225 conscript!, quo minus novum consilium capiamus, in prl- mis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia maior illls fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tantum imperium fecere, quam in nobis, qui ea bene parta 7 vix retinemus. Placet igitur eos dlmitt! et auger! exercitum Catilmae? 23oMinime. Sed ita censeo, publicandas eorum peciinias, ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia, quae maxime opibus valent ; neu quis de els postea ad senatum referat neve cum populo agat ; qui aliter fecerit, senatum exlsti- mare eum contra rem publicam et saltitem omnium fac- 235 turum." The Execution of the Conspirators. 55. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit, consul optimum factu ratus 1 noctem quae In- stabat antecapere, 2 ne quid eo spatio novaretur, 3 trium- viros 4 quae supplicium postulabat parare iubet. Ipse 240 praesidiis dispositis Lentulum in carcerem 5 deducit; idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod Tullianum 6 appellatur, ubi paululum 7 ascenderis ad laevam, 8 circiter duodecim pedes hum! depressus ; 9 eum miiniunt undique parietes atque insuper 10 camera lapideis 245 f ornicibus iuncta; 11 sed incultu, 12 tenebrls, odore, foeda atque terribilis eius facies 13 est. In eum locum postquam 5 grew. 6 to be involved. 7 acquired. 55. x thinking. 2 to anticipate. 3 ne quid novaretur: that no new de- velopments might arise. 4 the three officers in charge of executions. 5 the city prison. See Introd. 43. 6 See cuts on pp. 32 and 231. 7 a little. 8 to the left. 9 humi depressus : sunk in the ground. 10 above. n camera . . . iuncta, a chamber formed of stone arches. 12 neglect. 13 condition. BELLUM CATILINAE 179 demissus est Lentulus, vindices 14 rerum capitalium, qui- bus praeceptum erat, laqueo 15 gulam l6 fregere. Ita ille patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui consulare imperium Romae habuerat, dignum moribus 17 f actisque 250 suls exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Caepario, eodem modo supplicium sumptum est. 14 punishers. 15 with a noose. 16 neck. " character. abbr. abs. adj. adv. App. appos. Ar. cf. (confer) comp. conj. cons. def. dem. dep. dir. disc. ff- ■ freq. F. P. i.e. (id impers impf. indecl. indef. indie. interj. interrog. est) ABBREVIATIONS abbreviated intr intransitive absolute Introd. . . . Introduction adjective irr irregular adverb I line Appendix lit literally apposition loc locative Archias num numeral compare obj object comparative P Pompey's conjunction Command consonant p page defective part. . . . ■ . participle demonstrative pass passive deponent perf. .... perfect direct discourse plup pluperfect distributive poss possessive following pred. .... predicate frequentative prep preposition future perfect pron pronoun that is rel relative impersonal s.c. (scilicet) . . supply imperfect subj subject indeclinable subjv subjunctive indefinite sup superlative indicative tr transitive interjection trans translate interrogative w with 180 NOTES References to Latin Grammars are indicated as follows: A., Allen and Greenough's New ; B., Bennett's ; Bur., Burton's ; G., Gildersleeve and Lodge's ; H., Harkness's Complete ; HB., Hale and Buck's. References without a preceding initial are made to the Grammatical Appendix of this book. FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE INTRODUCTORY NOTE 1. Catiline. — Lucius Sergius Catiline, who was born about 108 b.c, belonged to a patrician family that had fallen into poverty. According to Cicero and the historian Sallust, he was a man of remarkable powers of body and mind, but a reckless debauchee whose strong influence was perverted. He appears first in history in connection with the proscriptions of Sulla. His own hands were stained, it is said, with the blood of his wife, his son, and his brother-in-law. Catiline was praetor in 68 b.c. and governor of the province of Africa in 67. Returning to Rome, he was prevented from standing for the consulship in 66 by threats of prosecution for extortion in his province. He then formed a plot to kill the consuls-elect, Cotta and Torquatus, on January 1, 65 b.c, and to make himself and Autronius consuls in their place. This so-called first conspiracy was discovered and failed, and on a second attempt, February 5, was frustrated because Catiline gave the signal too soon. 2. The Conspiracy. — In 65 and 64 b.c, Catiline again sought the consulship but failed, Cicero and Antonius being elected for 63. Maddened by his fourth failure at the election, in July 63, he planned his insurrection, known as " The Conspiracy of Cati- line." The plot included the murder of Cicero, the massacre of enemies, the burning of the city, and the seizing of the government. The city was filled with dangerous classes, men who had lost their fortunes acquired during the civil wars, and discontented veterans 181 182 NOTES of Sulla. These Catiline would stir to revolution by hope of " new tablets," being emboldened himself by the silent approval of many men of rank. Recruits for his army were to be drawn from the colonies in Italy and Gaul. " The wild shepherds, the brigands of the hills, the slaves and gladiators were all to play their part." Cicero was fully informed of the details by the mistress of one of the conspirators. When he disclosed the con- spiracy to the Senate on October 21, that body virtually declared martial law by its decree " Let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm." On October 27, Manlius raised the standard of the rebel forces at Faesulae, in Etruria. The next day Cicero foiled the projected murder of the Optimates. On November 1 the rebels attempted to seize the fortress of Praeneste near Rome, but were successfully resisted by the inhabitants, upon Cicero's warning. Then occurred the meeting of the conspirators in the house of Laeca on the night of November 6, when two men volun- teered to murder Cicero. But the consul learned of the design in time to take precaution. 3. The First Oration. — On the 8th of November, 63 B.C., the Senate met for safety in the temple of Jupiter Stator, on the Palatine Hill, surrounded by a special guard of knights. Catiline The Temple of Jupiter Stator (Kestored) FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 183 boldly took his place among the other senators, conscious in all probability of the purpose of the meeting. It was then that Cicero delivered the oration which is one of the world's masterpieces of eloquence, The First Oration against Catiline. Consult Forsyth, W., " Life of Cicero," Vol. I, p. 131 ; Strachan-Davidson, J. L., "Cicero," Ch. V; Froude, J. A., " Caesar," Ch. XI. For a defense of Catiline, see Beesly, A. H., " Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius," and " Catiline as a Party Leader." OUTLINE I. Propositio — a. Catiline's audacity, Ch. 1. b. Catiline deserving of punishment, Ch. 2. II. Narratio — The movements and plans of the conspirators, Ch. 3, 4. III. Hortatio — Catiline exhorted to leave the city, Ch. 5-10. IV. Peroratio — Reasons for allowing Catiline to go unpunished, Ch. 11-13. Chapter 1 „ „ PAGE i. abutere : fut. ind. In the second sing, pass., Cicero regu- 1 larly uses the ending -ris only in the pres. indie, -re in other tenses; HB. 151. Catilina : case, 96. 1 patientia : case, 147. 2 2. Quam diu etiam : how much longer? furor iste tuus : that frenzy of yours. 3. audacia : sc. tua. Nihilne : not at all, stronger than nonne. For the case of nihil see 129. 3 For the repetition of nihil in the following phrases, " anaphora," see 235. The sentence may be rendered in the passive : are you not alarmed at all by the night guard ? 4. Palati : the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills on which Rome was built. It was famous for its temples, for the resi- dences of prominent men, including Cicero, and later for the pal- aces of the emperors. Hence our words "palatial," "palace." The conspirators would attempt to seize this part of the city. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB 1 — 398 340 171 201 402 400 2 — 572 410 218 407 477 429 » — 522 ,397 185 333 416 387 184 NOTES PAGE 1 The Palatine Hill as seen from the Forum 5. bonorum : i.e. good citizens. They had probably assem- bled outside the Temple of Jupiter Stator, in which the Senate had met for safety (hie . . . locus, 1. 6). The Senate house was the Curia Hostilia (Introd. 43), but a session might be held in any temple for special reasons. 6. horum : i.e. the senators. 7. moverunt : alarmed, disturbed. Pater e : note the order of words ; 233, a. non : used for nonne. 8. Constrictam . . . teneri : is held in check, as might be said of a wild beast. 9. proxima (nocte) : Nov. 7. superiore : Nov. 6 ; see Introd. Note, p. 184. 10. egeris, fueris, etc. : subjunctives in indirect questions, de- pending on ignorare ; 202. 1 quid consili : what plan; consili : gen. of the whole ; 103. 2 A. B. G. H. HB. 574 300 467 649 537 346 201 367 441 346 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 185 PAGE ii. quern . . . arbitraris : what man of us do you think is not 1 aware? nostrum: for the form of this gen., see 162, b. 1 12. tempora: ace. of exclamation; 130. 2 haec : the con- spiracy, consul : Cicero. 13. hie : Catiline. 14. fit . . . particeps : takes part in the public deliberations. consili : case, 104. 3 15. oculis : i.e., as he glances about ; abl. of means. 16. fortes : ironical, satis facere videmur (sc. nobis) : we think we are doing our duty (lit., seem to ourselves, etc.). 17. istius : of that scoundrel, vitemus : subjunctive in indir. disc, depending on videmur (we think). 18. te duci oportebat : you ought to have been led. For the 2 pres. inf. translated as if perf., see 209, b. 4 iussu consulis : the Senate had given the consuls special authority by its decree of Oct. 21. See Introductory Note, p. 182. 19. conferri : w. oportebat, ought to have been fought. See note on 1. 18. 20. An : this particle ordinarily connects the members of a double question, with the meaning or. Here, as in early Latin, it is used somewhat like -ne, or nonne, but putting strong em- phasis on the preceding statement ; 89, 6. 5 Trans, did not a most honorable man . . . kill . . . ; (and) shall we endure (perferemus, 1. 24) . . .? 21. Scipio, Gracchum: Tiberius Gracchus, a tribune of the people in 133 B.C., had aroused the opposition of the wealthy by reviving the law limiting the amount of land to be held by an individual. Though he was a patriot and reformer, he was not always legal in his methods. He was put to death by a mob of his opponents led by P. Scipio Nasica. The latter is called a private citizen (privatus, 1. 22) because the high priest was not classed as a magistrate. 24. Nam . . . quod : for I pass over that precedent as too Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. x — 663 295 242 304 500 254 2 — 501 397 183 343 421 399 3 — 425 349 204 374 450 354 4 — 948 486 270 653 617 582 8 — 368 162, 4, 236 186 NOTES PAGE 2 ancient, that. The plural ilia may imply other similar prece- dents in the mind of the speaker. 25. Maelium : M. Maelius, a rich plebeian, in the famine of 439 b.c. obtained grain for the sufferers. Charged by the patricians with seeking favor in order to make himself king, he was summoned before the dictator Cincinnatus, but refusing to obey the summons was slain by Ahala, the master of horse. 26. Fuit, fuit : the figure of anaphora ; 235. ista : such. 29. senatus consultum : the decree of Oct. 21. in te : against you. 30. rei publicae : dat. w. deest ; trans, the republic does not lack, huius ordinis : i.e. the Senate. Chapter 2 32. Decrevit : " A Roman citizen had the right to appeal to the people in a case of life or death, but the Senate found means of suspending this right, when it wished to get rid of an enemy, by establishing a special commission or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum.' 1 '' — -Abbott, quondam: in 121 b.c. ut . . . videret, ne . . . caperet, object clauses ; 205, a. 1 34. intercessit: between the passing of the decree and the execution. 35. C. Gracchus : a more able statesman than his brother Tiberius (1. 21). As tribune in 123 and 122 b.c, he accom- plished many reforms in the interest of the people. His in- fluence, however, was undermined by the Senate, whose su- premacy he had attacked. Defeated for the tribuneship of 121, he met the fate of his brother in the insurrection which followed, patre, etc. : abl. of description. The father of Gracchus had been censor, twice consul, and twice honored with a triumph. His mother Cornelia, famed for her " jewels," was the daughter of Cornelius Scipio (avo), the conqueror of Hannibal. 36. Note the emphatic position of occisus est, and of decrevit, interfectus est above; 233, a. Fulvius : it is said that three thousand of the followers of Gracchus perished after him. 37. Mario, Valerio : datives. Marius, the conqueror of the Cimbri and Teutones, was consul for the sixth time in 100 b.c. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. * — 826 563 295 546 565 502 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 187 PAGE As leader of the democracy, he was to some extent in sympathy 2 with Saturninus and Servilius (1. 39), but because of their un- scrupulous action, ending in the murder of their rival Memmius, he was compelled to carry out the Senate's decree against them. 38. res publica : the safety of the republic. Num . . . re- morata est? in the case of . . . was death delayed . . . ? (Lit., did death delay them?) 40. mors ac poena : omit ac ; poena explains mors, rei publicae : 98. 1 vicesimum : Cicero uses round numbers. From Oct. 21, when the de- cree was passed, to Nov. 8 was eighteen days. 41. aciem : edge, as of a sword. 43. tabulis : i.e. the public records, vagina : the meta- phor of a sword is continued. 44. ex : according to. te . . . convenit : you should have been put to death (lit., it was fitting, etc.). 47. patres conscripti : conscript fathers, a phrase used in 3 addressing the senators in a body. The expression was prob- ably patres et conscripti at first, patres referring to the original senators, who were patricians, conscripti to the plebeians who were enrolled and admitted later. (Introd. 28.) 49. inertiae : for the case, see 105. 2 50. Etruria faucibus : at Faesulae (modern Fiesole), about three miles from Florence. "It is a position of great natural strength, commanding a wide view of the valley of the Arno Caius Marius Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 402 343 199 363 440 344 a — 431 352 208 378 456 342 188 NOTES PAGE 3 and the Tuscan plain. To the northwest lie the passes (fauces) by which the great roads crossed the Apennines." — Nicol. 52. imperatorem ducemque : Catiline. 55. comprehendi : w. iussero. Trans, iussero as if pres. Latin is more exact than English in its use of tenses, and there- fore uses the fut. perf. here. 56. credo . . . dicat : the sentence is ironical. Cicero means that he fears the charge of slowness rather than of severity in his treatment of the conspirators. Trans. / shall have to fear, I suppose, that all good citizens will not say my action was too tardy, rather than that any one should say it was too severe, non : modifies dicant (to be supplied w. omnes boni), but not dicat. 59. certa de causa : for a definite reason, stated in the next sentence, ut faciam : to do. 61. tui : for the gen. w. similis, see 119, a. 1 qui . . . fateatur : as not to admit; rel. clause of result ; 192, a. 2 62. qui . . . audeat : a clause of description ; 192. 3 63. multis et firmis : English omits the connective. 64. commovere te : to raise a hand against. 65. sentientem : though you do not perceive; 223. 4 Chapter 3 67. quod . . . exspectes : a descriptive clause ; 192. 5 69. domus : the house of Laeca ; see 1. 98. parietibus : paries, wall of a house ; moenia, walls of a city ; murus, the general word for wall. 70. omnia : nom. ; note the position. 71. caedis : for the case, see 108. 6 4 72. luce : note the position ; 233, a. 73. licet recognoscas : you may recall (lit., it is permitted that you recall). The subjunctive verb here has a substantive force, subject of licet ; 205, d, note. 7 ante . . . Nov. : = Oct. 21 ; see 248. 8 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. y— 410 385 204 359 435 339 2 — 798 537 284 631 591 521 3 — 798 535 283 631 591 521 4 — 991 496 337 667 638 604 5 — 798 535 283 631 591 521 6 — 438 350 206 376 454 350 7 — 828 565 295, 6 607 564, 1 531 8 — 604 631 371 App. 754 660 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 189 PAGE 75. dicere : used for dixisse. futurus esset : indirect discourse. 4 78. Num . . . fefellit . . . res: was I mistaken either (lit., not only) in the fact or (verum). 81. idem: also, w. ego. contulisse : appointed. 82. in : the object is the phrase ante . . . Nov. 83. conservandi : singular for plural, because of the ap- parently singular form sui. Trans, for the purpose of saving themselves. 84. cum . . . profugerunt : the indicative in a clause of date, not of description ; 195. l 88. nostra ( = nostri, gen. pi.) caede : with the slaughter of us; 164, b. 89. cum . . . dicebas : see note on 1. 84. Quid : again. Praeneste : an ancient town, twenty miles southeast of Rome. 92. agis, moliris, cogitas : note the climax ; 239. Chapter 4 95. noctem superiorem : night before last, i.e. Nov. 6. 96. iam : note the difference in the meanings of iam in the Vocab. 97. priore : = superiore. 98. inter falcarios : among (i.e. into the street or quarters of) the scythe makers. 99. eodem : adv. eius amentiae : in the same madness. 103. Ubinam gentium? where in the world f gen. of the whole; 5 103. 2 106. hoc consilio : i.e. the Roman Senate, noted for its dig- nity, nostro omnium : of all of us; we should expect nostri, gen. pi. of nos ; see note on 1. 88. 107. qui . . . cogitent : a descriptive clause, 192. 3 de huius urbis : w. exitio. 109. sententiam rogo : it was the custom for the presiding officer of the Senate to call upon the members, in order of rank, to express their views upon the question before them. " The senator might express verbal agreement, or simply nod or raise his hand, or he might rise and make a speech." Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 857 545 288 580 600 550 412 346 201 367 441 346 798 535 283 631 591 521 190 NOTES PAGE 5 115. distribuisti partes: i.e. assigned to different conspirators divisions in which they were to carry out the plans of Catiline. 116. quo: where? quemque : i.e. each one of the conspira- tors. 118. quos relinqueres : may be a purpose clause, men {whom) to leave; or an indirect deliberative question, whom you would leave (direct, whom shall we leave?). I3i. confirmasti: = confirmavisti. 124. paulum : w. morae, a gen. of the whole. 127. equites : knights, members of the equestrian order, qui . . . liberarent : a clause of purpose. 129. in meo lectulo : in my very bed. 133. salutatum : supine. This refers to an early morning call or greeting which prominent Romans received from their clients, venissent : causal and temporal. 134. id temporis : at that time; id is an adverbial ace, tem- poris a gen. of the whole. Chapter 5 6 136. Quae . . . sint: causal, since these things are so. 137. Egredere : imperative. 138. Nimium diu desiderant : has too long been missing; 173, c. 1 castra : the camp referred to in 1. 49. 139. Educ : used for educe, si minus : if 7iot. 141. dum modo : if only, introducing a clause of proviso ; 199. 2 me atque te : the Latin order is the reverse of the English. 142. feram, patiar, sinam : synonyms, used for emphasis. 144. Magna : w. gratia, 1. 145. habenda est : is due. atque : and especially, huic : the orator pointed to the statue of the god in whose temple the Senate was assembled. 145. Iovi Statori : the flight of the Romans from their enemies, the Sabines, in the time of Romulus, was said to have been stayed by Jupiter. Hence the epithet stator, stayer. 147. saepius : too often. 148. in : in the case of. homine : i.e. Catiline, periclitanda : passive in meaning ; 220, a. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 749 466 259 230 533 485 2 — 929 528 310 593 587 529 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 191 PAGE 149. consuli designato : Roman officers were elected in July, 6 usually, and entered upon their duties the following January. During the intervening half year they were designati, elect. 151. Cum voluisti: temporal, w. indie; 195, b. 1 proximis comitiis : abl. of time when, at the last election; not held until Oct. 28 (63 b.c), owing to political disturbances. For Roman elections see Introd. 25. 151. campo : the Campus Martius, a plain in Rome along the Tiber, dedicated to Mars, where the general assembly of the people (comitia centuriata) was held. 152. competitores : Decimus Silanus, Lucius Murena, and Ser- vilius Sulpicius. The first two were elected. 153. nullo tumultu . . . concitato : without causing any public disturbance. Cicero might have called upon the forces of the . state for aid. 155. petisti : aimed at. 157. Nunc iam : now actually. 160. id quod est primum : namely to put Catiline to death, huius imperi proprium : in accordance with this authority. Cicero refers to the special power conferred on him by the Senate. For the gen., see 119, b. 2 162. ad : as regards. 165. quod te iam dudum hortor : as (lit., which) I have long been urging upon you. For the tense of hortor, see note on 1. 138. 166. tuorum comitum: a defining gen., consisting of your followers, sentina: dregs; primarily, the bilge water of a ship; 243. If Catiline should go from the city, his associates would follow. 167. me imperante : abl. abs. 168. quod faciebas : which you were preparing to do, i.e. to leave the city. For this force of the impf., see 174, 6. 3 Exire . . . hostem : note the word order. Chapter 6 171. Quid est : : what is there f 172. possit, metuat, oderit : subjunctives in descriptive clauses. A. H. Bur. B. G. HB. 1 — S57 545 288 580 600 550 2 — 410 385 204 359 451 339 3 — 752 470 260 233 530 484 192 NOTES PAGE 7 174. oderit: the perf. tense of this def. vb. has the force of the present, nota inusta : runaway slaves were branded on the forehead as a punishment, domesticae : referring to domestic or family scandal ; privatarum rerum : of private life, in a broader sense. • 176. haeret in fama : clings to your name. Quae libido . . . afuit : from what lust have your eyes ever been free4"~ 178. Cui adulescentulo : w. praetulisti, before what young man f quern inretisses : a descriptive~ciause, meaning a young man such as you had ensnared. 179. ad audaciam : i.e. for some daring deed. 180. praetulisti : as a slave by night carried a torch before his master to light the way, so Catiline guided the youth into crime. 181. Quid vero : but again, morte : abl. of means, novis nuptiis : dat. of purpose. 182. alio scelere : the murder of his son in addition to the implied murder of his first wife. 183. cumulasti : = cumulavisti. praetermitto : the orator, by pretending to omit, really emphasizes the statement. This figure of rhetoric is called praeteritio, a passing over. 184. tanti facinoris immanitas : a crime so enormous. 185. non vindicata esse : to have been left unpunished. 186. omnes : to be taken w. ruinas in the main clause, utter ruin. 187. proximis Idibus : Nov. 13. Debts. . were due on the Kalends and Ides of each month. 190. summam rem publicam : the highest welfare of the state. 193. cum : causal, horum : the senators. 194. Lepidus and Tullus were consuls in 66 b.c. On Dec. 31 of that year Catiline had planned to kill the new consuls, Cotta and Torquatus, who were to take office the following day. 195. comitio : see Vocab. cum telo : armed. 196. paravisse : repeat te as subj. sceleri ac f urori : w. obstitisse; trans, passively, and that your criminal frenzy was checked. 198. fortunam: fortunately for the state the first conspiracy of Catiline had failed, because the signal was given too soon. ilia : the following, omitto : see note on 1. 183. 199. neque . . . postea : your later crimes are indeed neither un- known nor few in number, non multa : few; the figure litotes ; 242. FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 193 PAGE 200. designatum : sc. consulem. 9 201. petitiones : thrusts, as made by gladiators. 203. declinatione et corpore : hendiadys ; 240. 205. iihLL dat. of reference w. manibus, from your hands. 206. Quae . . . nescio quod : / know not by what ceremonies, etc. . . . because. 207. initiata : it was customary for assassins to consecrate their weapons to some deity. Chapter 7 209. Nunc ve.ro : the orator here begins a calmer appeal, based on Catiline's present life. 211. debeo : sc. permotus esse, nulla: not at all. 213. hoc: this (lack of greeting), post: within. 214. vocis contumeliam : the reproach of speech. 216. Quid . . . putas : and again, with what feelings, I ask, ought you to bear the fact that, etc.? The two quod-clauses are subjects of ferendum (esse); 204. x ista : those near you. SUBSELLIUM subsellia : the low seats of the senators, distinguished from the sella curulis, the official chair of the consul. 217. consulares : Catiline's place was with the other ex- praetors next to the exconsuls (consulares). tibi : dat. of agent, used w. a compound tense; 116. 2 218. fuerunt : have been, used for sunt to denote what is no longer true. 221. si . . . metuerent: if my slaves feared me, not if they should fear ; a condition contrary to fact ; 198, a. z The subject servi is more emphatic by its position. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. -822 572 299 525 588 552 -480 374 189 354 431 373 194 NOTES PAGE 9 223. putarem: I should think, the conclusion of the con- ditional sentence. 1 meis civibus : dat. of agent; 116. 2 225. carere me (subj.) aspectu : to withdraw from the sight (lit., to be without the sight) ; 149. 3 226. Tu : emphatic position. 230. odissent : expresses the same time as timerent ; see Vocab. neque : and not. 10 232. patria : our country. 234. huius : of her. Note the absence of interrogative words here and in lines 214 and 223 ; 88, c. 4 236. Quae : now she. tacita : though silent. 237. aliquot annis : for several years; abl. of time within which. 238. tibi uni : in the case of you alone; dat. of reference ; 115. 5 239. neces : Catiline took part in the proscriptions of Sulla, in 82 b.c. vexatio : referring to Catiline's misgovernment of Africa during his propraetorship in that province in 67 b.c. 240. quaestiones : the law courts; Introd. 41. In 65 b.c. Catiline had been tried for his extortion in Africa, but by bribery secured an acquittal. 243. me totam : that I, the whole state, in contrast w. unum te. 244. quicquid increpuerit : at every sound (lit., whatever makes a noise). 245. a . . . abhorreat : is not connected with; subj. because the clause is descriptive. 247. mihi: from me; dat. of separation ; 113. 8 Chapter 8 249. si . . . loquatur : a condition less probable, should speak; 198, c. 7 251. Quid . . . dedisti? What of the fact that of your own accord (ipse) you put yourself in custody? Catiline had been Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 919 514 301 589 571 581 2 — 480 374 189 354 431 373 3 — 528 409 214 405 458 425 4 — 363 330 162 454 378 231 5 — 470 376 188 356 433 366 6 — 477 381 188 345 427 371 7 — 915 514 301 596 571 573 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 195 PAGE accused of inciting to riot (de vi). A citizen who was to be 10 tried for a crime against the state might place himself under the protection (custodia libera) of some man of rank who be- came responsible for his appearance at court. Note that such protection was refused Catiline by an ex-consul, by the consul Cicero, and by a praetor. 252. ad : = apud, at the house of. 254. domi meae : locative, at my house; 154. 255. tulisses : had received, isdem parietibus : in the same house walls; loc. abl. moenibus (1. 257) : by the same city walls; abl. of means. 256. qui . . . essem : since I was; a causal rel. clause ; 192, c. 1 259. optimum : said w. irony. M. Metellum : a friend of Catiline, of whom little is known, videlicet : of course, ironical. 262. quam longe videtur : how far does it seem that he, etc. (lit., does he seem) f 263. dignum custodia ; 150. 2 iudicarit : perf. subj. 11 264. emori, abire : i.e. suicide or exile. 265. suppliciis : abl. of separation. 268. Refer ad senatum : sc. rem, lay the matter before the Senate; a technical expression. The Senate, however, had no power to banish a citizen. 270. id quod abhorret : an act which is foreign to. 271. faciam ut intellegas : / will make you understand. 273. hanc vocem : this word, i.e. exsilium. 274. attendis, animadvertis : synonyms. 276. auctoritatem loquentium, etc. : the expressed command of those whose silent desire. 277. si . . . intulisset : a condition contrary to fact ; 198, o. 3 278. Sestio : a friend of Cicero who was now quaestor. Mar- cello : Marcellus became consul in 51 b.c. Cicero delivered an oration Pro Sestio, in 56 b.c. and another Pro Mar cello in 46 b.c. 279. hoc in templo : a temple was a place of special safety. 12 280. vim et manus : violent hands; what figure of speech? 281. quiescunt: are silent; tacent: say nothing. Note the climax in this passage. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. — 807 535 283 626 592 523 — 587 418 226 397 481 442 — 919 514 304 597 577 581 196 NOTES PAGE 12 282. hi (i.e. the senators), equites, cives : the orator includes all classes of citizens, as arrayed against Catiline. 286. studia : sympathies, feelings, voces : shouts, raised by the crowd, when the conspirator entered the temple, or during the speech. 287. iam diu, iam pridem : see note on 1. 138 and 1. 165. 289. prosequantur : it was the custom for citizens going into exile to be escorted to the city gate by their friends. Chapter 9 291. Quamquam: and yet, a common meaning in transitions. The clauses Te ut . . . frangat, etc. are exclamatory questions, 1 and may be explained as subjects of potestne fieri (can it be?) to be understood. Note the emphatic position of the pronouns. Trans. You be subdued by anything! You ever reform! 293. Utinam . . . duint: a wish expressing possibility. that the gods may give; 188. 2 294. duint : an old form of do, = dent. 295. animum induxeris : you determine (lit., bring your mind to). The tense is fut. perf., which is to be translated by the pres. after si. 296. nobis : indirect obj. of impendeat. si minus : if not. 297. recenti memoria : abl. of cause, at : at least, impen- deat : indir. question w. quanta. 298. est tanti : it is worth while (lit., of such value); 110. 3 dum modo : if only, introducing a clause of proviso ; 199. 4 privata : i.e. confined to myself. 300. commoveare : for the ending, see note on 1.1. tem- poribus : to the needs; cf. " hour of need." 301. est postulandum: the ut-clauses preceding are the sub- ject, is : such a man. 303. ratio : reason. 305. vis : from volo. 306. feram, si f eceris : for the form of condition see 198, c. 5 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 772 462 558 559 503 2 — 773 441 279 260 558 510 3 — 424 417 203 380 448 356 4 — 929 528 310 573 587 529 6 — 911 514 301 589 571 573 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 197 307. istius : this pronoun expressing contempt is used in ref- erence to Catiline twelve times in this oration. 309. mavis : from malo. 311. latrocinio : in brigandage, a me: modifies eiectus and invitatus. 312. ad alienos : sc. isse. 3 14. quid . . . invitem ? why should I invite t A deliberative question; 201. l a quo . . . sciam : a descriptive clause ; 192. 2 315. Forum Aurelium: a small town about fifty miles north of Rome, praestolarentur : sub j. of purpose. 316. cui: dat. of agent, cum Manlio diem: Oct. 27; see 1.76. 317. a quo: i.e. Catiline ; modifies esse praemissam. aquilam illam : a standard which, according to Catiline, had been in the army of Marius in the war with the Cimbri. It was regarded PAGE 12 13 * R' Ml I ^^"**ij||g^|a^| .;. JFjJ , c A Roman House (Pompeii) (Showing the shrine (sacrarium) in place) A. B. G. H. HB. 444 277 265 642 513 535 283 631 591 521 198 NOTES PAGE 13 with reverence, and kept in a sacred place or shrine (sacrarium) to bring good fortune to the cause of Catiline. 320. Tu ut . . . possis : the same construction as in 1. 291. Chapter 10 14 323. tandem aliquando : at last (lit., some time at length). iam pridem rapiebat : has long been hurrying; 174, c. 1 325. haec res : i.e. joining Manlius in rebellion against the country. 326. peperit : from pario. voluntas : desire. 327. Nunquam non modo : not only . . . never. 329. ex perditis atque derelictis conflatam : composed of men morally ruined, and deserted, ab f ortuna : modifying derelictis. The abl. of agent is used instead of the abl. of means, because fortuna is personified. 331. Hie: here, i.e. in company with such men. perfruere : note the ending of the second person singular, gaudiis : abl. of cause. 334. Ad . . . studium : for the pursuit of a life like this. meditati sunt : were designed. The deponent verb is here passive in meaning. f eruntur : see Vocab. 335. iacere : in appos. w. labores (practices), ad . . . stu- prum : to watch for some intrigue. 338. bonis otiosorum : for the property (goods) of peaceable men. ubi ostentes : an opportunity to display (lit., where you may display) ; rel. clause of purpose ; ubi = locum in quo. 339. patientiam : Catiline, according to the historians, was a man of great physical strength and endurance. His character is here depicted in darkest colors. 340. Tantum : so much, explained by the following ut-clauses, which are appositive clauses of result. 341. a consulatu reppuli : kept from, etc. Catiline had been a candidate for the consulship in the election of 63 b.c. His defeat was brought about by Cicero, exsul, consul : a play upon words. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. -753 471 260 234 535 485 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 199 Chapter 11 PAGE 345. Nunc, patres conscripti : the peroration or conclusion 14 (chapters 11-13) is thought by critics to have been added or at least revised by Cicero when he wrote the oration later for pub- lication. It seems too elaborate to have been delivered as here given. 346. detester ac deprecer : I may avert by -protest and entreaty, 347. dicam: future, quae is relative not interrogative, penitus : adv., but may be rendered inmost, w. animus. 350. loquatur : should speak. The conclusion of this condi- tion is implied in the first sentence of chapter 12 : His . . . voci- bus . . . respondebo. 351. Tune : = tu + ne, to be taken w. patiere, 1. 355. hostem : 15 pred. ace. ; 122, a. 1 354. servorum : eight years before this time the slaves under Spartacus had defeated several Roman armies and even threat- ened the city itself. 355. emissus, immissus : another play upon words (lit., let out, let into), driven out, let free against; cf. 1. 341. 357. duci, rapi, mactari : a pass. inf. may be used w. impero instead of the regular ut and the subj. 358. mactari : note the meanings of this word, as given in the larger dictionaries : 1. to honor the gods; 2. to honor a man; 3. to present a man with anything good; 4. to present a man with an evil, hence to punish. 359. persaepe : this is an exaggeration. In chapter 1, Cicero mentions only one instance of a private citizen, that of P. Scipio, which was exceptional. 360. leges : the Valerian law of 509 b.c, the Porcian law of 198 b.c, and the Sempronian law of 122 b.c, provided that no Roman citizen should be scourged or put to death without the consent of the people, and that voluntary exile might be sub- stituted for these penalties. 362. qui a . . . def ecerunt : who have been traitors to. 363. invidiam posteritatis : it was the odium resulting from Cicero's prosecution of the conspirators that led to his banish- ment in 58 b.c. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. l — 389 284 168 211 612 319 200 NOTES PAGE 15 364. praeclaram gratiam : ironical, fine gratitude. 365. hominem . . . cognitum : Cicero was a novus homo, i.e. he was the first of his family to hold the higher offices ; see Introd. 3. nulla commendatione : abl. of description, tarn ma- ture : Cicero held all his offices at the earliest legal age ; see Introd. 32. 366. omnes honorum gradus : what were they? See Introd. 32. 369. severitatis : arising from severity; poss. gen. Chapter 12 374. His ego, etc. : see note on 1. 350. 375. hoc idem: i.e. that Catiline should be put to death. mentibus : sentiments. 376. hoc: explained by Catilinam . . . multari. optimum factu : the best thing to do; 229. l si iudicarem, dedissem : Cicero uses the impf. iudicarem rather than the plup., because he is still of the same opinion. Trans, if I judged (not if I should judge); 198. 2 378. gladiatori : used as a word of reproach. 379. Saturnini, etc. : these names recall the incidents men- tioned in chapter 2. 380. superiorum : men of former times. 382. verendum . . . erat : I had no need to fear, quid : w. invidiae, gen. of the whole, parricida : cf. patria, quae com- munis est parens, 1. 232. The abl. abs. w. interfecto has the force of a condition. 16 383. mini redundaret : shoidd overwhelm me, as a wave (unda). 384. hoc animo fui ut putarem : I have been disposed to con- sider (lit., been of such a mind that I considered) . The ut-clause expresses result. 385. gloriam, non invidiam: pred. ace, as glory, not unpopu- larity. 387. qui videant: subjv. in a descriptive clause, ea quae imminent : we might expect a subjv. by attraction, but the indie, is used when the relative clause forms a circumlocution Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. x — 1017 510 340 436 635 619 2 — 919 517 304 597 579 581 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 201 PAGE that may be expressed by a single word. Here ea quae imminent 16 is equivalent to pericula. 1 388. qui aluerunt: while this clause is descriptive, it is nol closely attached to the antecedent (nonnulli), and hence does not take the subjv. 2 389. non credendo : by not believing that there was a con- spiracy. 392. regie : after the expulsion of the Tarquins, a word sug- gesting king was odious to Roman ears. 393. intendit : sc. ire. pervenerit : perf. subjv. in indir. dis- course, used for a direct fut. perf. ; 216, b. z 395. Hoc uno interfecto : conditional, as in 1. 382. uno = solo. 397. reprimi, comprimi : repress (or check), suppress. "** s [Chapter 13J 403. diu versamur: we have long been living, i.e. since the time of Catiline's first conspiracy, 65 b.c. nescio quo pacto : somehow (lit., I know not in what way), nescio quo is used as a compound indef. pron. 404. maturitas erupit : the full development has burst {upon). 406. latrocinio : concretely, a band of brigands. 408. inclusum penitus : deep hidden. 409. Ut, sic (1. 412) : introducing clauses of comparison. Ut saepe : as it often happens that. 410. cum: when, aestu febrique : by the heat of fever. What figure? 413. relevatus : concessive, reliquis vivis : conditional abl. abs. 415. secedant : let them begone; subjv. of command ; 187, 6. 4 17 416. quod : rel. pron., having as antecedent the clause muro . . . secernantur. 418. circumstare tribunal : for the purpose of intimidating the court. The tribunal was a raised platform on which the praetor's Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. — 905 593 629 — 806 568 — 794 484 269 514 644 470 — 768 439 275 263 559 501 r\ rvo o 202 NOTES PAGE 17 chair (sella curulis) was placed, praetoris urbani : see Introd. 34. cum gladiis : with swords (in their hands) ; abl. of accom- paniment. 419. curiam : Introd. 29. malleolos : fire darts, shaped like hammers having the end covered w. lighted pitch or tow. 420. sit inscriptum : let it be written once for all. The perfect tense is here used w. more positiveness than the present; HB. 490. 427. Hisce ominibus : with these words of warning, cum salute : to the safety. These ablatives denote attendant circum- stance ; 140. l 430. Iuppiter : the orator addresses his final words to the deity whose statue was before him. 431. qui : whose worship, haec urbs : sc. constituta est. The temple to Jupiter vowed by Romulus was not built till 294 b.c. 432. Statorem : protector ; cf. chapter 5, 1. 145. 436. foedere : abl. of means, inter se : together. 437. vivos mortuosque : the Romans believed in a future existence. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. a — 556 221 473 422 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE INTRODUCTORY NOTE At the conclusion of Cicero's oration against him, Catiline replied in his own defense, but upon speaking abusively of the consul, was interrupted by the senators, who called him " traitor " and "assassin." (See Sallust, Ch. 31). That night he left the city, pretending to go to Marseilles into exile, but in reality to join his army in Etruria, and assume the insignia of a consul. The Rostra (restored) The Second Oration was delivered the following day (Nov. 9, 63 b.c.) from the rostra before the people in the Forum, to ac- quaint them officially of the facts, and to justify his own course. OUTLINE I. Exordium — Catiline's departure, Ch. 1. II. Narratio — 1. Cicero's defense against the charge of (a) Too great leniency, Ch. 2-5 ; (b) Too great severity, Ch. 6, 7. 2. The forces of Catiline, Ch. 8-10. 203 204 NOTES PAGE 19 3. The forces of the republic, Ch. 11. III. Peroratio — The consul's vigilance and the protection of the gods. Chapter 1 i. Tandem aliquando : an emphatic expression, now at last. Quirites : fellow citizens. This word, of uncertain origin, was applied to the Romans as civilians ; Romani, as warriors and rulers. 3. ferro flammaque : we say with fire and sword. 4. eiecimus, etc. : an anticlimax. Note the climax and asynde- ton in the next sentence, Abiit, etc. See 237 and 239. ipsum : of his own accord. 5. verbis : with words of farewell, used in irony. For the same thought see Oration I, line 289. 6. Nulla iam : see Vocab. for iam w. negatives. 7. moenibus ipsis : dat. of ind. obj., against the city, i.e. the walled city. 9. inter versabitur : will play about, sica ilia : the famous dagger, referred to in Oration I, 1. 205. 10. campo, foro, curia: .'.'the three chief centers of Roman public life." 11. domesticos parietes : Cicero may have had in mind the attempt on his own life, loco motus est : he was forced from his position, i.e. vantage ground, as a wrestler or gladiator. 13. bellum iustum : a regular war, i.e. with an open enemy, not with insidious conspirators. 16. Quod : causal, vero : but. cruentum : red with blood, used as a pred. adj. 17. ei: dat. of reference, 115, a. 1 20. Iacet prostratus : as a defeated gladiator. 21 23. e suis faucibus : the figure of animal of prey. 24. evomuerit, proiecerit : subjv. in a quoted causal clause ; 196. 2 Chapter 2 26. quales . . . oportebat : as all ought to have been; see note on Cat. I, 1. 18. If the citizens had all desired the arrest of Catiline, the consul's task would have been easier. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. — 471 377 188 350 425 368 — 886 540 2S6 541 588 535 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 205 PAGE 26. qui . . . accuset : a clause of description, in hoc ipso : 21 in this very thing, i.e. the fact of Catiline's departure. 30. Interfectum esse : the perf. tense is here used for em- phasis instead of the pres. ; HB. 490. 31. adfectum: we should expect this word to precede inter- fectum, as it does in thought. 32. mos maiorum : see Cat. I. 1. 362. huius imperi : of this authority, vested in the consul. 33. res publica : the public welfare. 34. qui . . . crederent : a clause of description, def errem : subjv., by attraction. 35. defenderent : sc. eum. si iudicarem : if I judged; a condition contrary to fact. 38. periculo : at the risk, cum : causal, ne . . . probata : as the matter had not even then been made clear to all of you. 40. multassem : should punish; a subjv. in indir. disc, for multavero. 41. hue: to this point, ut . . . possetis : a clause of result. 43. Quern hostem : to preserve the emphasis, trans, as for this enemy, quam . . . putem : indir. question, depending on intellegatis, how much I think he should be feared. 44. licet intellegatis : you may know (lit., it is permitted that you know), intellegatis (without ut) is the subject of licet, hinc : explained by the following clause. 45. quod exierit: subjv. as if quoted from another person, parum comitatus : with so small an escort. 46. Utinam eduxisset ; 188. l 47. Tongilium, etc. : friends of Catiline, mini : an ethical dat. not easily translated. / see, bless me, thank Heaven, are suggested equivalents ; 115, b. 2 in praetexta : see Vocab. 50. quanto aere alieno : how much in debt (lit., of how great debt); abl. of description. Chapter 3 52. ilium exercitum : of Catiline, prae : in comparison with. Gallicanis legionibus : the Roman garrison in Cisalpine Gaul. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 773 441 279 260 558 510 * — 478 380 18S 351 432 372 206 NOTES PAGE 22 54. Metellus : the praetor mentioned in Cat., I, 1. 257. habuit : has made, his copiis : w. prae, 1. 52. 55. magno opere : greatly, ex senibus : referring to the veterans of Sulla ; the abl. denotes material, 134, a. 1 56. ex agresti luxuria : abstract for the concrete, of luxurious countrymen, a phrase nearly repeated in ex . . . decoctoribus. 57. vadimonia : these men in debt were under bail to appear at court, quam : rather than. 58. quibus si : = et si eis. aciem : the battle array. 59. edictum praetoris : at the beginning of his year of office, the praetor or judge issued a statement of the principles he would follow in his administration. These of course would concern the bankrupts. 61. unguentis, purpura: the use of these was a sign of de- generation in the eyes of the sterner Romans. 62. mallem: a potential subjv., I should prefer; 189. 2 Here it takes the place of utinam before eduxisset, to express a wish ; cf. 1. 46., suos milites : pred. ace, as his soldiers. 66. quid cogitent : indir. question, object of scire. 68. cui sit . . . attributa : Catiline had assigned the various parts of Italy to his lieutenants. 70. has . . . insidias : the execution in the city of these plots of murder and of fire. 71. superioris noctis : Nov. 6, when the meeting was held at Laeca's house. 73. Ne : surely, or / assure you. Chapter 4 76. Quod : what, explained by the noun clause ut . . . videre- tis, that you should see. 78. nisi si : unless, quis : any one. Catilinae similes : men like Catiline (cf. " the likes of "). Catilinae is in the gen. case, like tui in Cat. y I, 1. 61. 81. concedam : fut. exeant : let them begone, nepatiantur; 187. b. 3 desiderio sui : with longing for them. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. — 539 403 396 467 406 — 776 447 280 257 556 519 — 768 439 275 263 559 501 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 207 82. miserum : in misery. Aurelia via : abl. of the route taken ; 146. l This road extended from Rome along the coast to Pisa. Another road would have been more direct to the camp of Man- lius, but Catiline was pretending to go to another place ; see 1. 215. 83. ad vesperam : by evening. 85. O rem publicam : cf. O tempora, Cat., I, 1. 12. sentinam urbis, exhausto : the figure of the ship of state. Catiline is com- pared to the " bilge water " of the ship. 88. quod . . . conceperit : a descriptive clause. 89. tota Italia : the loc. abl. may omit in when tota modifies the noun. 97. lam vero : and again. 98. alios : some; aliorum (1. 9^ 99. serviebat : ministered to. aliis, aliis : to some, to others. 100. impellendo : 227, d. 2 PAGE 22 23 , of others. Repeat qui as the subject. 116. eius studia . ferent sphere of life. Chapter 5 ratione : his varied activities in a dif- Gladiators (From a Pompeian tomb relief) 117. ludo gladiatorio : gladiators were trained in schools in Rome, Capua, and other places. They were slaves, originally captives taken in war. Bur. A. B. — 581 429 218 —1014 501 338 G. HB. 426 611 208 NOTES PAGE 24 118. audacior: bolder, than the rest ; so levior (1. 119). fate- atur : subjv. in a descriptive clause. 1 19. nemo in scaena : actors as well as gladiators were slaves as a rule, their art being considered unworthy of Romans. 121. exercitatione : abl. of means, adsuef actus frigore . . . 122. perferendis : trained to endure cold (lit., in enduring); abl. of specification. Cicero spoke of Catiline's powers of endurance in Cat., I, 1. 339. fortis : pred. adj. w. praedicabatur. 123. cum: concessive, industriae subsidia: the aids of in- dustry. 126. O nos beatos : for the ace, cf. 1. 85. 129. libidines, audaciae : used concretely, deeds of passion, acts of boldness. 131. res: money, fides: credit. 133. quae erat (sc. eis) : which they had. in abundantia : in their (time of) prosperity. 134. comissationes solum: if they aimed only at revelry, they would be tolerable, but they mingle their revelry with plans of murder and fire. 136. hoc : explained by insidiari. quis possit : who would be able? potential subjv. in a rhetorical question; 201. * 138. mihi : ethical dat., implying sarcasm or disgust, which we may express by the tone of the voice ; or trans, bless me. accubantes : it was the Roman custom to recline at table. 143. Quibus: = sed eis: dat. w. impendere ; 112, b. 2 144. improbitati : dat. w. debitam. 146. sanare : sc. eos as obj. sustulerit : fut. perf . 147. breve nescio : = quoddam breve ; cf. Cat. I, 1. 403. 150. externa: sc. bella. unius virtute : i.e. of Pompey, who had suppressed the Mediterranean pirates, and conquered eastern nations, terra marique : loc. abl. 151. pacata: ended, intus, intus : anaphora; 235. 3 25 154. Huicbello: dat. w. ducem ; 118. 4 156. quacumque ratione : sc. potero. quae resecanda erunt : Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. *— 771 268 277 259 557 519 2— 456 367 187 346 426 362 s— 1070 350 666 632 *— 461 366 436 363 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 209 whatever will have to be cut away, a figure derived from surgery page or from pruning. Chapter 6 160. etiam : still, sunt qui : there are some who. 26 161. Quod si : now if . . . this, verbo : i.e. by a mere word 163. videlicet : used in irony. 165. paruit, ivit : note the frequent occurrence of asyndeton ; 237. 168. patres conscriptos : see note Cat., I, 1. 47. Quo: there. 169. Quis (senator) : the usual adj. form is qui. 170. ita . . . ut: as (lit., so . . . as). 171. Quin etiam: why even; cf. Cat., I, 1. 213. 173. Hie: adv., hereupon, at this point. 174. vehemens : ironical. 175. in nocturno . . . necne : a double indir. question, whether . . . or not. utrum (or ne), whether, is omitted; 89. 179. ei: by him; dat. of agent, ratio: plan. 180. teneretur : was caught ("cornered"), eo, quo: to that place, to which. 181. secures, fasces: symbols of authority, carried by lictors before Roman magistrates. 182. aquilam : cf. Cat., I, 1. 317. 184. cum scirem : causal ; note the anaphora in the sentence. 185. credo : J suppose. 186. iste : said with contempt. 189. Massiliam: a city of Gaul founded by a Greek colony. It was a favorite place of exile for Romans. Chapter 7 190. condicionem miseram : grievous task. 28 192. consiliis meis : by my counsels. Note the asyndeton in this line. 193. pertimuerit : becomes alarmed. The conditional clause si . . . converterit includes five verbs in the fut. perf. ; the conclusion begins w. non ille (1. 196). 196. non ille : w. dicetur (1. 199), he will not be said, spoliatus, obstupefactus, perterritus, depulsus : sc. esse w. each and connect w. dicetur. armis : of the arms; separation. 199. eiectus : w. esse, vi et minis : with threats of violence; hendiadys. 210 NOTES PAGE 28 203. Est . . . tanti : it is worth while for me; 110. x 204. dum modo : introducing a clause of proviso ; 199. 2 a : from. 29 205. Dicatur : let him be said. 210. triduo : time within which. 211. ne . . . sit : in appos. w. illud. invidiosum : a cause (source) of unpopularity, quod emiserim : that I let him go. The subjv. is used because the orator is quoting his enemies. The quod-clause is subj. of sit. 213. profectus sit : he has gone away (of his own will). 214. idem quid dicerent : what would the same men say? Quamquam : and yet. 216. verentur : the associates of Catiline feared that he had gone to Massilia, and hence had given up the war. tarn miseri- cors : these men preferred to have him lead the army, even to certain death, than be safe in exile. 217. qui . . . malit : a descriptive clause of result. 218. Ille : w. mallet : he would prefer. 222. vivis nobis : abl. abs., leaving us alive; but nobis may here refer to Cicero alone, optemus : hortatory ; 187. 3 Chapter 8 225. quod: as (lit., which), referring to murus interest; cf. Cat, I, 1. 141. 226. dissimulant : conceal their sentiments, in contrast w. fatetur (1. 225). 229. sanare sibi ipsos : to cure them for their own sakes (lit., for themselves), placare : reconcile to. 230. neque : = et non. 232. generibus : classes. 233. singulis : to each of the classes, quam : any, sc. medi- cinam adferre. 30 235. est : consists, eorum : pred. gen. in aere alieno : con- cessive, though in debt. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. — 424 417 203 3S0 448 356 — 929 528 310 573 587 529 — 768 439 274 263 559 501 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 211 PAGE 236. quarum : = sed earum. dissolvi : reflexive, to free them- 30 selves. 238. voluntas: intention. 239. Tu . . . sis et dubites : a potential rhetorical question 1 implying a negative answer, is it possible that you are . . . and (yet) hesitate? Tu : used without reference to a particular per- son, agris, etc. : abl. of means. 240. familia : slaves, not family. 241. fidem : credit. 244. tabulas novas : debtors were sometimes relieved by a law providing for new accounts (lit., new tablets), the creditors receiv- ing only a part of their due. Catiline proposed to cancel debts entirely. 245. meo beneficio : thanks to me (lit. by my kindness). 247. Quod si : = et si id. 248. cum usuris : against the interest on their debts. 249. fructibus : with the profits, locupletioribus his uteremur : we should find them richer. It would be wiser, he says, to sell part of their property and pay the creditors. 250. minime : least of all the classes. 252. permanebunt : sc. in sententia, cling to their opinions. Chapter 9 254. Alterum : secundum, est : consists. 256. honores : i.e. offices. 257. Quibus . . . videtur : to whom it seems necessary to give this warning, hoc: explained by me vigilare, etc. (1. 260). 259. reliquis omnibus : ind. obj. of praecipiendum est, which is to be supplied, ut desperent : expressing purpose. 261. animos : courage. 265. praesentes : in person, used w. deos. sint : w. adepti : this perf. subjv. stands for a fut. perf. ind. of dir. disc. 267. quae : referring to cinere et sanguine. 31 270. gladiator! : i.e. to some man like Spartacus, who for two years (73-71 b.c.) headed a band of gladiators and slaves against the Roman forces, sit necesse : it would be necessary. 271. aetate adfectum (adj.) : feeling the effects of age, advanced in years. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. l — 771 444 277 466 559 503 212 NOTES PAGE 31 277. quas Sulla constituit : Sulla gave land to 120,000 of his men, after the civil war with Marius. He planted one colony in Faesulae, where Catiline's army was now encamped. 278. universas : as a whole, civium : pred. gen. esse : con- sist of. 284. sumptuosius : render by too. 292. salvi : solvent, freed from debt. 293. sit excitandus : would have to be summoned. Sulla died in 78 b.c. 295. agrestes : countrymen, the neighbors of the farming veterans. 296. rapinarum veterum : such as they had in their soldier days. 32 298. eos hoc moneo : J give them this advice; 121. l desinant : let them cease. This is the medicina (1. 233) for the third class of revolutionists, proscriptiones, dictaturas : recalling the days of the civil war in which these men had served. 300. ista non modo, etc. : non is understood after modo, but it is simpler to connect ne (not) w. passurae. Trans, not only men but even beasts seem to me to be unwilling to endure such things. Chapter 10 303. sane : utterly; in 1. 318, by all means. 304. premuntur : have been overwhelmed. 305. emergunt : rise, i.e. from their sea of debt, male ge- rendo negotio : by badly managing their affairs. 307. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione : the three legal steps in a case against debtors : 1. the giving of a bail bond to appear at court ; 2. the trial ; 3. the confiscation or sale of the property to pay the claim of the creditor. 310. quam primum : as soon as possible. 311. corruant : sub j v. expressing command. 312. Connect ne (not) w. sentiant ; cf. 1. 301. 318. pereant : expressing command. 319. career : the state prison was built in the time of the kings and still exists, covered by a small church. It was used for Bur. A. B. G. H. -504 390 178 333 412 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 213 PAGE executions, or for detention until the time of trial, imprisonment 33 as a punishment being unknown. See cuts, pp. 32 and 231, and description, pp. 178, 179. 321. genere : character, quod . . . est: one that is Catiline's own. Catilinae : gen. case; 119, 6. 1 322. de complexu . . . sinu : composed of his bosom friends. 323. pexo : i.e. elaborately dressed, capillo : abl. of descrip- tion, imberbes : because of their youth, bene barbatos : with well-trimmed beards, a mark of affectation, since it was not the custom for Romans to wear beards at this time. 324. manicatis tunicis : the tunic was the main garment of the Romans, worn with or without the toga. Ordinarily it had very short sleeves and reached only to the knees, velis non togis : these dandies wore togas (the outer garment or robe) so large that they were compared to sails. 325. quorum . . . expromitur : trans, actively, who spend all the energy of their lives and wakeful nights (lit., labor of keeping awake). 331. scitote : know; a fut. imperative used for the pres., which is lacking for this verb, hoc : sing, to agree w. seminarium. We should say these men. 333. isti miseri : such wretches. Chaptek 11 339. pertimescendum : ironical, cum : causal. 340. cohortem praetoriam : a general's bodyguard. 341. Instruite nunc contra: here begins a notable passage of rhetorical comparison. 343. gladiatori : Cicero again selects this word to express his contempt of Catiline. 345. florem : i.e. the best or finest part. 34 347. tumulis silvestribus : these hillsides around Faesulae were all that Catiline yet possessed. 350. eget : w. quibus ; 149. 351. equitibus : knights, not cavalry. 354. quam . . . iaceant : how powerless they are (lit., how prostrate they lie). Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 410 385 204 359 435 339 528 409 214 405 458 425 214 NOTES PAGE 34 355- ex hac parte : on this side, illinc : on that (side), pudor : modesty, pudicitia : purity. 358. honestas : honor. 359. aequitas, etc. : the four cardinal virtues, according to Plato were justice, self-control, courage, wisdom. 362. bona ratio cum perdita : sound (political) principle against corrupt. 363. omnium rerum desperatione : utter despair. Chapter 12 368. cum : causal, quern ad modum : as. 369. antea : the speech, as written, contains no earlier use of these words (defendite, etc.). 370. mini : contrasted w. vos (1. 368) ; dat. of agent w. consultum; 116 j 1 trans, actively, I have taken care, urbi : dat. of possessor w. esset. 371. Coloni : Roman citizens who became colonists of other parts of Italy. 372. municipes : inhabitants of free towns who gained the right of Roman citizenship. 374. quam : for agreement w. manum see 167, b. 2 375. certissimam : most faithful, animo meliore : better dis- posed. 35 376. patriciorum : some of Catiline's leading associates were patricians. 377. hoc : i.e. the present state of affairs. 381. quern vocari videtis : officers were probably summoning senators to a meeting, as Cicero spoke. 386. hoc exspectavit : has had this object. 36 387. Quod reliquum est : as for the future. 389. mihi vivendum : that I must live; 225, a. 3 390. portis, viae : dat. of possessor. 391. Qui vero : but he who 396. carcerem : the state prison ; see note on 1. 319. 399- voluerunt : intended. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. - 480 374 189 354 431 373 - 707 306 250 614 396 326 -1000 500 337 251 621 600 SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 215 Chapter 13 403. res : se. sedentur, shall be brought to an end. 408. togato : the toga was the garb of peace, distinguished from the paludamentum, or military cloak. The phrase therefore implies that there would be no real warfare. 410. Quod : = et id. 417. patriae : ind. obj. of impendens. 422. optandum : to be hoped for. 424. mea prudentia fretus : relying on my prudence; 150. 1 425. et : omit, non dubiis : unmistakable. 426. quibus ducibus : under whose leadership; abl. abs. 431. quam urbem hanc : trans, hanc urbem quam. In the Latin order the rel. clause precedes, for emphasis. PAGE 36 37 Cicero in the Toga Bur. A. B. G. H. — 576 431 218 401 476 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE INTRODUCTORY NOTE The Senate promptly declared Catiline an enemy of the state and offered amnesty to all his followers who would lay down their arms. To Cicero was assigned the guarding of the city, and to his colleague, Antonius, the command of the army. The documentary evidence needed against the conspirators was sup- plied by the Allobroges who had come to Rome to secure aid for their financial difficulties. Their patron at Rome was Q. Fabius Sanga. To him they reported the overtures made to them by the conspirators, and he in turn informed Cicero. By design they were to feign enthusiasm and require written statements from the leaders. On the night following December 2, they left Rome with Volturcius, and were arrested on the Mulvian Bridge three miles north of the city. The Gauls and the leading conspirators were brought before the Senate, which hastily convened in the Temple of Concord. The meeting was prolonged till the dusk of evening, when Cicero gave an account of it to the people who were await- ing the news outside the temple. This was the Third Oration against Catiline (December 3, 63 B.C.). OUTLINE I. Exordium — The exposure of the conspiracy, Ch. 1. II. Narratio — 1. The arrest of the Allobroges, Ch. 2, 3. 2. The testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls before the Senate, Ch. 4, 5. 3. The action of the Senate, Ch. 6. 4. Success due to the absence of Catiline, and to divine aid, Ch. 7-9. III. Peroratio — The people exhorted to express their gratitude and to fulfill their duties as citizens, Ch. 10-12. 216 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 217 Chapter 1 PAGE I. Rem publicam . . . videtis : this long sentence illustrates - 38 the "period" in Latin rhetoric; 234. l We may translate the objects first, then introduce the verb and the participles, vitam : we should say lives. 3. domicilium : urbem is an appositive. 4. deorum : subjective gen. w. amore ; 98. 2 7. non minus iucundi : the figure of litotes ; 242. 9. salutis . . . condicio : the joy of safety is certain, (while) our lot at birth is uncertain; i.e. whether we are destined to good fortune or not. sensu : consciousness. II. prof ecto : w. debebit. ilium: i.e. Romulus. 13. benevolentia famaque : with our loyalty and regard for his fame, sustulimus : exalted. The Romans deified their heroes and leaders. As a deity Romulus was called Quirinus. 14. debebit : he (Cicero) will deserve. 15. urbi, etc. : dat. w. subiectos, circumdatos. 39 20. comperta : logically should precede inlustrata. exponam : / will tell (the facts). 21. et quanta . . . sint : obj. of scire. 22. investigata, comprehensa : investigated, detected (lit., tracked, caught). 23. exspectatis : are waiting to hear. 24. ut : ever since. 26. cum reliquisset : having left. Chapter 2 29. cum eiciebam : indicative because the clause is merely temporal, and not descriptive ; 195, b. 3 30. ilia : sc. invidia. 31. quod exierit : sub j v., quoting what men will say ; 196, a. 4 33. restitissent : what form would the direct discourse re- quire? 216, b. 5 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 600 351 684 685 630 — 402 343 199 363 440 344 — 857 545 288 580 601 550 — 886 540 286 541 588 555 — 794 484 319, a 516 541 469 218 NOTES page 34. putabam : / was thinking; the time denoted is the same 39 as that of eiciebam and volebam ; of. putavi, 1. 48. 36. in eo : explained by the noun clause ut . . . sentirem ac viderem, in the effort to know and see. 38. auribus : ind. obj. w. minorem fidem faceret : found too little credence in your ears. 39. faceret : subjv. by attraction, oratio mea : my words. 40. ut . . . comprehenderem : stating the purpose of viderem, 42. Allobrogum : this Gallic tribe had been conquered by the Romans in 121 b.c. Their envoys had come to Rome to com- plain of the provincial government. 43. Lentulo : one of the praetors who was allied with Catiline. 44. eodem itinere : i.e. through Etruria, where Catiline had his headquarters. 46. Volturcium : he was sent along as an agent of the con- spirators. 41 49. ut : repeating ut of 1. 48, for emphasis. 51. praetores : there were eight praetors in the city. Though they were primarily legal officers, judges, they had also the power to command troops (imperium). 52. amantissimos rei publicae (gen.) : most patriotic. 54. qui . . . omnia sentirent : who entertained all sentiments, a descriptive causal clause. 56. pontem Mulvium : across the Tiber, about two miles north of the city, now called Ponte Molle. 60. praefectura Reatina: a provincial town governed by an officer (praefectus) sent from Rome, and having Cicero as a patron (patronus). Introd. 21. Chapter 3 69. erat commissa : had begun, litterae : letters; the pi. may mean either letter or letters. 70. integris signis : with seals unbroken, ipsi : the Allobroges and Volturcius. 73. Gabinium : this man had brought about the conference of the Allobroges and the conspirators. 76. credo : ironical, I suppose. Lentulus was known for his sluggishness as well as his wickedness, in litteris dandis : in writing the letter. This letter, however, was very short ; see chapter 5, 1. 155. THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 219 PAGI 78. viris placeret : it seemed best to the men. The subject of 42 placeret is the infinitive clause litteras . . . aperiri . . . deferri. 80. prius : to be taken w. quam. 81. tumultus iniectus (esse) civitati : English inverts this construction, the state was thrown into panic. 82. negavi . . . def errem : / said that I would not fail to lay before the public council (the Senate) the case as a whole which concerned the public peril (lit. would not act so as not to refer, etc.). 87. frequentem : full. 89. qui efferet : purpose. 90. si quid . . . esset : any weapons there might be. esset : subjv. by attraction. Chapter 4 92. fidem publicam : a promise of pardon in the name of the state, because of his turning state's evidence. 93. quae sciret: subjv. by attraction. 96. litteras : a letter, ut uteretur : advising him to employ. 98. ut . . . esset ille : a noun clause explaining consilio. 100. caedem infinitam: the plan was to kill the senators and as many other citizens as possible. 103. litteras: letters. 105. sibi praescriptum . . . mitterent : that they had been directed to send. 108. ex fatis Sibyllinis : according to the Sibylline prophecies. The tradition was that the Cumaean prophetess, Sibyl, had sold to King Tarquin her books of prophecy, written in Greek hexam- eters. These books were destroyed in the Capitol fire, in 83 b.c, but were replaced by others, haruspicum : the soothsayers foretold the future and interpreted the divine will chiefly by inspecting the entrails of animals slain in sacrifice. 109. Cornelium : his full name was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura. no. esset necesse : it was ordained. Cinna : L. Cornelius Cinna, the successor of Marius as leader of the popular party. 43 in. Sulla : L. Cornelius Sulla, the dictator and rival of Marius. fatalem : ordained by fate. 113. virginum absolutionem : six Vestal Virgins guarded the sacred perpetual fire in the Temple of Vesta. If a Vestal broke her vows, she was to be buried alive. Nothing is known of the acquittal referred to. PAGE 43 220 NOTES 114. Capitoli incensionem : the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter, was burned in 83 b.c. 115. Cethego : dat. of possessor. 116. Saturnalibus : on the Saturnalia, a festival of merriment and good will in honor of Saturn, beignning Dee. 17. Revolu- tionists select holidays as the time for executing their plots. Chapter 5 118. ne longum sit: not to be tedious, tabellas : short letters were written on tablets (tabellae) made of two or more thin boards 44 Tabellae et Stilus fastened together. The inner surfaces were hollowed out and the depressions filled with wax, so as to leave a raised rim, re- sembling our slates. Writing was done upon the wax by means of a pointed instrument (stilus). The letter was bound with a thread (linum), and sealed on the knot with wax (cera). 119. datae : written; sc. esse. 120. signum : the seal made on the knot with a signet ring. 121. Erat scriptum : the sub j. is the inf. clause following. 123. orare : the subj. is sese (Cethegus). sibi recepissent: had undertaken for him, i.e. had promised him (Cethegus). 124. qui: = cum is, although he; 192, b. 1 125. apud ipsum : at his house. A. 535 B. 283 G. 634 H. 593 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 221 PAGE 127. recitatis litteris : by the reading of the letters, abiectus 44 conscientia : conscience-smitten. 129. manum: handwriting. 130. in eandem sententiam : to the same purport. 133. avi tui: P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 b.c. 135- revocare debuit : ought to have recalled. 136. eadem ratione : of the same character; abl. of description. 137. si vellet: subjv. in implied indir. disc. 139. exposito atque edito : given and taken down (recorded). 140. quid sibi esset : what he had to do (lit., what there was to him). 144. fatis Sibyllinis : cf. 1. 108. 145. subito : adv. 146. posset infitiari : might have denied. 147. eum: obj. of defecit (1. 150). 151. litteras: the letter. 154. Erant: it was. sine nomine: the customary greeting was omitted, as well as the name of the writer. 156. quern in locum : to what position, in the plot. 158. infimorum: of the lowest, referring to the slaves. 45 161. cum . . . turn : not only . . . but also. Chapter 6 168. Indiciis . . . editis : cf. 1. 139. The evidence was recorded by the clerks of the Senate. 169. de summa re publica : for the highest welfare of the state. fieri placeret : should be done (lit., was pleasing to be done). 170. principibus: i.e. the leading men of the Senate, includ- ing ex-consuls and consuls elect. See Introd. 30. 171. sine ulla varietate : without any dissenting voice, unani- mously. 176. sit liberata : subjv. in a quoted reason. 177. forti fidelique : may best be taken as pred. adj. Trans. / had found (usus essem) their service brave and loyal. 178. collegae meo : C. Antonius, the other consul. He was in sympathy with Catiline, but was made neutral by the promise of the province of Macedonia for his proconsulship. 181. abdicasset : see Vocab. A Roman magistrate could not be brought to trial until he resigned his office, in custodiam : cf. Cat. 1, 1. 251. 222 NOTES PAGE 45 46 184. hoc decretum est: this decree was passed (lit., this was decreed). L. Cassium : a senator mentioned in 1. 105. 187. Apulia: a district used chiefly for grazing; cf. Cat. II, 1. 68. indicatum : proved. 188. deduxit : " deducere is the technical word for leading forth or conducting a colony to a place. The Roman colonia marched out in military style, sub vexillo." — Nicol. 190. versatus : engaged. 192. ea . . . ut : such . . . that. 194. novem hominum : of this number Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and Gabinius were already under arrest ; Ceparius fled from Rome when the conspiracy was discovered, but was ar- rested later ; the rest escaped punishment by flight. 197. supplicatio : a solemn thanksgiving to the gods for vic- tory, declared by the Senate. The student will recall the instances mentioned in Caesar's Gallic War. 199. togato : i.e. in a civil capacity. 202. hoc interest : there is this difference (lit., differs this), hoc: ace. used adverbially. 1 The indicative (inter- est) is used because the difference exists whether the comparison (conferatur) should be made or not. 203. gesta : sc. re publica. 204. quod primum fuit : the resignation of Lentulus men- tioned in the next sentence. 206. indiciis, confessionibus : abl. of cause, iudicio : abl. of accordance. 208-211. Order: ut in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberare- mur ea religione, quae . . . fuerat (which had not prevented A Roman Sacrifice Bur. A. B. G. H. 504 390, c 176, 2, 332 409, 1 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 223 PAGE Marius), quo minus . . . occideret (from killing Glaucia) de 46 quo . . . decretum. 208. quae Mario (dat. of possessor) fuerat : lit., which had not been to Marius. 209. Glauciam : praetor in 100 B.C. He was allied with Saturninus, the tribune, in opposing the senatorial party. See note on Cat. I, 1. 37. Chapter 7 216. cum pellebam : indie, because the clause merely defines the time of the main verb ; 195, b. 1 218. somnum, adipes, temeritatem : the characteristics of the men were well known to Cicero's audience. " This Cassius had not a lean and hungry look." — Nicol. 220. tarn diu dum : (only) as long as. 48 221. norat: = noverat, he knew (lit., had learned), omnium aditus : access to everybody; objective gen. 223. consilium : ability, shrewdness. 224. lam : moreover. 226. mandarat : = mandaverat. The indicative w. cum here denotes repeated action, whenever, etc. ; 195, c. 2 neque confec- tum putabat : i.e. he did not assume that his command was obeyed. 227. quod : the ace. is required only by obiret ; occurreret takes the dat. vigilaret, laboraret : watch for, toil for. frigus, etc. : cf . Cat. I, 1. 339. 231. domesticis : i.e. within the city. 234. Non ille . . . constituisset : he (emphatic) would not have fixed upon the Saturnalia (but upon an earlier date), con- stituisset, denuntiavisset, commisisset are subjunctives of " ideal certainty " (Hale), or potential subjunctives, denoting action contingent upon the condition implied, si in urbe remansisset : 189. 3 235. tanto ante : so long in advance. 236. neque commisisset : nor have permitted (made the mis- take of allowing). 243. ut levissime dicam : to say the least. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. l — 856 545 288,1 580 600 550 2 — 904 548 288,3 584 601 579 3 — 919 446 280 597 553 519 224 NOTES PAGE 48 244. dimicandum fuisset : we should have had to fight. The past indie, is more common than the subjv. (fuisset) in a peri- phrastic conclusion ; 198, note 2. 1 246. tanta pace, etc. : abl. of attendant circumstance. Chapter 8 247. Quamquam : and yet. 249. Id consequi : to reach that conclusion, cum : not only. 250. quod : because, vix humani consili esse potuisse : could scarcely have been within the power of human wisdom, con- sili : pred. gen. ; 111. 2 49 251. ita praesentes : so clearly present. 254. ab occidente : in the west, the unlucky quarter of the heavens, faces : meteors. 255. fulminum iactus : flashes of lightning, terrae motus : earthquakes. 256. nobis consulibus : in our consulship. 260. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : the year was 65 b.c. 261. de caelo percussas : struck by lightning. 262. depulsa : overthrown, from their pedestals. 263. legum aera : the laws were engraved on bronze tablets, tactus : struck. 264. quern . . . meministis : which you recollect was in the Capitol, gilded, small, and suckling, clinging to the breast of a wolf. A bronze group of Romulus and Remus with the wolf-nurse, now in the Capitoline museum, is marked as if by lightning and is thought to be the statue to which Cicero refers. 266. Quo tempore cum : when at this time. 267. haruspices : Etruria was noted for its soothsayers. See note on 1. 108. 50 270. omni ratione : by every possible means. 271. prope fata ipsa: even the gods were subject to fate and could not change it. 272. responsis : abl. of accordance, ludi : public games were celebrated as religious rites. They included chariot racing and gladiatorial combats. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 921 517 304, 3 597, R. 3 582 582, 3 2 — 408 343 203 366 447 340 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 225 Gladiatorial Combats (From a Pompeian tomb relief) 275. in excelso : on a high situation, contra atque . . . fuerat : opposite to its former position. 277. illud signum : that statue, just finished. 281. conlocandum locaverunt : gave the contract for setting up. 282. superioribus consulibus : in the preceding consulships. 283. nobis : sc. consulibus. 50 Chapter 9 284. Hie : in this matter, aversus a : obstinate against. 285. mente captus : deprived of reason (lit., captured in mind). qui . . . neget : as to say that . . . not; a descriptive clause of result. 288. esset responsum : by the soothsayers. 289. rei publicae : dat., for, etc. et ea : and that too. 292. Illud . . . est : was not this fact so opportune (praesens) ? Illud is explained by the second ut- clause following (ut . . . statueretur), the first ut- clause expressing result. 293- Optimi Maximi : best (and) mightiest. 294. per forum in aedem : the conspirators were taken from Cicero's house on the Palatine Hill, and hence would have to be led through the Forum to reach the temple on the Capitoline Hill. 299. Quo : wherefore, odio digni : for construction see 150. l 302. Quibus si : = et si eis. restitisse : from resisto. si dicam : if I should say; 198, c, 2. 2 51 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 587 418, b 226,2 397, 2 481 442 2 — 915 516,6 303 596 576 580 226 NOTES PAGE 51 303. non ferendus : unbearable, ille, ille Iuppiter : he, yonder Jupiter, said with a gesture toward the new statue. 314. suscepi : I have cherished. 322. creditae : entrusted. 324. commissae : given over. 327. nisi . . . ereptum : unless prudence had been taken from this great audacity, i.e. from these bold men. audaciae : dat. of separation, 113. 1 331. Quidvero: sc. dicam. 52 334. patriciis hominibus : Catiline, Cethegus, Lentulus, etc. 336. id : explained by the preceding noun clause ut homines . . . anteponerent. praesertim qui : especially since they. Chapter 10 339. pulvinaria : altars, more exactly cushioned couches on which the images of the gods were laid before the altars. Food and wine were set before the images in the feast called lectister- nium. 340. celebratote : imperative fut., second pers. plur. 342. iusti : connect w. ac debiti, just and deserved, habiti sunt : have been paid. 345. me uno togato : cf. Cat., II, 1. 408. 347. civiles dissensiones : the instances of civil strife cited by Cicero in 11. 348-360 occurred during the war between the democratic party under Marius and the aristocratic party under Sulla, 88-77 b.c. 348. Sulla . . . Suspicium : P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune of the plebs in 88 b.c, proposed a law transferring the command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched upon Rome and drove out his enemies. Sulpicius was killed ; Marius escaped to Africa. 349. Marium custodem : so called because he saved Rome from the Cimbri and Teutones in 102 b.c. 351. Octavius . . . collegam : in 87 b.c. the consuls were Cn. Octavius, a partisan of Sulla, and L. Cornelius Cinna, leader of the democratic party in the absence of Marius. Cinna proposed to enlarge the franchise privileges of the Italians and began an Bur. A. B. G. H. KB. 477 381 188, d 345 427 371 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 227 PAGE agitation in favor of his party. In the riots that followed 10,000 53 are said to have perished. Octavius was victorious, and Cinna fled from Rome. 352. hie locus : the Forum. 353. redundavit: was filled, w. acervis; ran, w. sanguine; an instance of zeugma ; 247. 1 Cinna cum Mario : these leaders returned to the city at the head of a large army and took ven- geance upon their enemies. 354. clarissimis viris : including Octavius the consul, Anto- nius the orator, Scaevola the highpriest. Marius died a few days after the victory and Cinna returned to power. 356. Sulla : having finished the war with Mithridates, 83 b.c, Sulla entered Rome and placed 5000 names upon his proscription lists, remaining dictator till his death, 78 b.c. ne . . . opus est : it is quite needless to say. 358. Lepidus, Catulo : consuls 78 b.c. The former, a Marian, attempted to overthrow Sulla's constitution, but was driven from the city by his colleague. 359. rei publicae : dat. w. attulit. 367. quaesivit : aimed at. 369. uno maximo : without exception (lit., alone) the greatest. 370. quale bellum : a war such as. 371. quo in bello : a war which. 54 372. constituta : laid down, ut omnes . . . ducerentur : that all should be classed as enemies, etc., a noun clause explaining lex haec. salva urbe : abl. abs. 379. tantum civium : only so many citizens. 382. restitisset : had survived. The subjv. depends on putas- sent, and would be fut. perf. in dir. disc. Chapter 11 388. pro : in return for. rebus : services. 397. In animis : note the emphatic position. 399. condi et conlocari : to be stored and treasured. Nihil mutum : as a statue. 401. nostrae res : my deeds. 402. litterarum monumentis : in the records of literature. 55 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. -1070 374 690 751 631 228 NOTES PAGE 55 403. eandem diem intellego propagatam esse : / feel sure that the same time has been granted. Cicero means that his consulship will be remembered as long as the city stands. 406. quorum alter : i.e. Pompey, who had conquered Mithri- dates. 408. terminaret : limited; the subjv. depends on intellego. alter : i.e. Cicero himself. Chapter 12 410. quae illorum : as {in the case) of those men. 411. mini . . . illi : contrasted emphatically. 413. vestrum est : it is your duty. The subj. of est is pro- videre (1. 417). si ceteris . . . prosunt : if others deservedly profit by their acts, ceteris : ind. obj. 414. Mentes : designs. 417. mini nihil noceri potest : no harm can be done to me (lit., in no way can harm be done to me), nihil is an adverbial ace. For the passive noceri see 112 ; note 2. 1 419. quod: rel. mini : forme. 421. tacita: concessive, though silent, conscientiae : i.e. Cicero's own feeling that he had done his duty, quam qui neg- legunt : = et ei qui neglegunt earn. 423. is animus : such spirit. 424. nullius : used as gen. of nemo, audaciae : dat. 426. in me unum : within five years Cicero was forced to go into exile because of his part in punishing the conspirators. 427. qua condicione : in what position, i.e. what is to be their lot. 429. mini ipsi : as for myself; dat. w. adquiri. 430. ad vitae fructum : to life's enjoyment. 431. quicquam altius : Cicero now held the highest office in the state. 58 434. ut privatus . . . ornem : that as a private citizen I will uphold and dignify. 435. laedat, valeat: supply a connective, ut mini valeat ad gloriam : that it may redound to my glory. 437. gesserim : subjv. by attraction. 440. vestrum : objective gen. pi. of vos. 441. aeque : see Vocab. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 459 369 187 346 426,3 364 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE INTRODUCTORY NOTE 1. The penalty. — On December 4, the Senate voted rewards to the Allobroges and Volturcius, and heard further evidence. Fi- nally, on December 5, this body met in the Temple of Concord at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, to consider the question of punish- ment for the prisoners. Silanus advocated the death penalty ; Caesar, life imprisonment and the confiscation of their property. Then the consul, as the presiding officer, reviewed the two opin- ions in his Fourth Oration against Catiline. He was followed by M. Porcius Cato, the young tribune-elect, who in a speech of great vigor declared that the conspirators were criminals who deserved death. The Senate had been strongly impressed by M. Porcius Cato (Uticensis) and his Wife 229 230 NOTES the proposal of Caesar, but, after hearing Cato, decided for imme- diate execution. 2. The execution. — Without delay, the five prisoners were taken to the state's prison, known as the Tullianum, where in the gg~T sSHlli Sia A Section of the Tullianum (Showing the upper and the lower dungeon pictured on page 32 of the text. See Sallust's description, chapter 55, page 178.) lower dungeon, death was inflicted by strangling. (See Introd. 43.) On his way across the Forum Cicero announced to the populace " Yixerunt" " they have lived." Although the law provided that Roman citizens should not be put to death without appeal to the people, Cicero attempted to justify the Senate's course on the plea that such men were not to be treated as citizens. 3. The fate of Catiline. — Early in 62 b.c. the rebel forces, attempting to escape into Cisalpine Gaul, were annihilated near Faesulae, between two divisions of the Roman army. Of Cati- line, who led them, the historian Floras wrote, Catilina longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, pulcherrimd morte, si pro patrid sic concidisset. FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 231 OUTLINE I. Exordium — The welfare of the state alone to be consulted, Ch. 1, 2. II. Narratio — The two propositions for punishment, Ch. 3-5. III. Propositio et Confirmatio — The relative merits of these propositions, Ch. 6-9. IV. Peroratio — The Senate's duty to the state and to the consul, Ch. 10, 11. Chapter 1 page i. in me : toward me. vestrum : poss. gen. of vos. 57 3. vestro : sc. periculo. depulsum sit : implied indir. disc, for depulsum erit. 4. iucunda : pleasing, grata : welcome. 7. si . . . data est : i.e. if the consulship has been given to me on these terms. 9. f eram : fut. 13. aequitas continetur : justice is centered. The reference is to the law courts of basilicas, located around the Forum, cam- pus consecratus : the consuls were elected by the Comitia Cen- turiata, which met in the Campus Martius. But no election could take place until the auspices were favorable. 14. auxilium . . . gentium: the Senate, meeting usually in the Curia, determined the policy of the Roman government toward foreign nations. 16. lectus : cf. Cat. I. 1. 129. haec sedes : the sella curulis, or curule chair, a symbol of authority for a consul, censor, praetor, curule aedile, dicta- tor, or magister equitum. It was shaped like a camp chair, without a back, resting on ivory legs. 19. meo quodam dolore : with some pain on my own part; abl. of attendant circum- stance, in vestro timore : i.e. while you were Sella Curulis afraid. 20. ut . . . eriperem : a noun clause explaining hunc exitum. 22. virgines Vestales : cf. note on Cat., Ill, 1. 113. 27. subeatur: let it be endured; 187, b. 1 fatale : cf. Cat., Ill, 59 1. 111. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. l — 768 439 275 263 559 501 232 NOTES PAGE 59 34. cur non laeter : why should I not rejoice ? A deliberative question; 201. x Chapter 2 47. praesident : watch over, pro eo ac mereor : in such measure as I deserve. 48. gratiam ; see Vocab. si quid obtigerit (fut. perf.) : if any- thing happens, put mildly for if I shall be killed. 50. consulari : death could not be untimely for a man who had held the highest office. 51. sapienti : Roman philosophy taught that one should en- dure with calmness whatever fate might befall him. 52. fratris : Quintus Tullius Cicero, the praetor elect. In 54 b.c. he served as a legatus with Caesar's army in Gaul; Caes, B. G., Bk. V, 38-52. praesentis : now present. 60 53- horum : his friends among the senators. 54. Neque . . . revocat : and often my thoughts are recalled homeward by, etc. neque non : = et. 55. uxor : Terentia. filia : Tullia. parvulus Alius : Marcus, now only two years old. Cicero in his letters gives evidence of his affection for his family. 57. obsidem : the thought of his son's name and welfare would strengthen Cicero's purpose. If he failed while performing his duty, the state would protect his heir. 58. gener: C. Calpurnius Piso, Tullia's husband. He was not a senator, and therefore stood with the other spectators at the entrance of the temple. 59. in earn partem uti : to the end (or purpose) that. 61. una peste : in one common destruction. 62. incumbite, circumspicite : lit., bend to the oars, look out for. These words with nautical meaning suggest the ship of state. 64. Non Ti. Gracchus . . . adducitur : (it is) not Tiberius Gracchus . . . (who) is brought. 69. vestram omnium : = omnium vestrum. 72. servitia : = servi, abstract for the concrete. Bur. A. B. G. H. -771 444 277 265 642 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 233 Chapter 3 PAGE 76. indices : the witnesses, rei : from reus. 60 77. iudiciis : the official measures explained in the following statement. 82. dandos : sc. esse. 83. qui honos : an honor which. 85. praemia : Sallust says that the Senate had offered to any 61 slave who should give information, freedom and 100,000 ses- terces ; to a freeman, impunity and 200,000 sesterces. 87. nominatim : the names are given by Sallust, Cat., 47, 4. 90. tamquam integrum : as an open question. 91. praedicam: will say first, sunt consulis : belong to the consul (to say) ; pred. gen. of possession. 92. nova . . . mala : that certain strange evils were brewing and 94. haberi : was being made. 96. ante noctem : to be valid, a decree of the Senate must be passed before sunset. 97. delatum sit : has been reported. 99. Latius opinione : more widely than is supposed. 100. transcendit Alpes : this refers to the Allobroges. 101. provincias : Catiline expected aid from Spain, and from Mauretania in northern Africa. 102. sustentando aut prolatando : by forbearance or delay. Chapter 4 104. sententias : the motions offered, or opinions expressed by the senators, when called upon by the presiding officer ; cf . Cat. I. 1. 109. D. Silani : being consul elect he was entitled to speak first ; see Introd. 30. 105. haec : these things, i.e. this city. 106. C. Caesaris : Gaius Julius Caesar, leader of the popular party. He had been quaestor and aedile and was now praetor elect for 62 b.c. 108. amplectitur : (but) includes; asyndeton, pro : in accord- ance with, rerum : the crisis. 109. versatur : is in favor of, advocates. Alter : i.e. Silanus ; subj. of putat. in. punctum : ace. of duration. 234 NOTES PAGE 61 112. vita: abl. w. frui; 147. 1 115. Alter: i.e. Caesar, intellegit: recognizes the fact that. 62 116. necessitatem : a necessity, when resulting from natural causes, laborum (obj. gen.) quietem (1. 117) : a rest from toils, when self-inflicted. This was the teaching of the Epicurean phi- losophers regarding death. 118. inviti: used adverbially, unwillingly. 119. Vincula et ea sempiterna : imprisonment and that too for life. In this argument it must be remembered that Cicero him- self favored the death penalty. Life imprisonment, as he shows, would be more severe than death, but it was not legal as a penalty, and besides there were no prisons for the purpose. 121. iubet: i.e. he proposes to order them (sc. eos). Habere : to involve, ista res : that proposition, iniquitatem : it would be unfair to the towns to impose the burden of responsibility for the prisoners, difficultatem (1. 122) : a refusal to take them would embarrass the towns in their relations with Rome. 122. si velis: if you (i.e. any one) wish; the indef. second person sing, requires the subjv. in subordinate clauses. 2 De- cernatur : let it be decreed. 124. reperiam : sc. eos. 125. esse suae dignitatis : (it) is consistent with their honor; pred. poss. gen. recusare : the obj. is id. 126. eorum : w. vincula. ruperit : subjv. in implied ind. disc, representing a fut. perf. 128. eorum : of these men, limiting poenam. 134. ademisset: the idea that there was no life after death was held by many of Cicero's hearers. But this declaration does not agree with Cicero's own sentiment expressed at the close of the First Oration; Cat. I. 11. 430-437. improbis (dat.) esset posita : might be inspired in the wicked. 135. apud inferos : contrasted with in vita, eius modi : modi- fying supplicia. illi antiqui voluerunt : the ancient (writers) held, or maintained. 137. his remotis : abl. abs. expressing condition. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. ! — 572 410 218 407 477 429 * — 912 518,a 302,2 595 388,3 504,2 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 235 Chapter 5 139. mea quid intersit : what is for my interest; i.e. to advo- cate Cicero's plan. For the abl. mea see 107. 1 141. hanc viam : that course, politically. Caesar was leader of the popular party at this time, popularis : popular, democratic. This word, occurring six times in this chapter, passes into the meanings devoted to the people's interest, and agreeable to the people. 142. hoc auctore : abl. abs. 143. populares : of the people, pertimescendi : w. erunt. 144. alteram : sc. eritis secuti. nescio an : possibly, or / am inclined to think (lit., / do not know whether), contrahatur : subjv. in an indir. question. 145. rationes : considerations. 146. vincat : outweigh; subjv. of command. 147. maiorum amplitudo : in the Aeneid the gens to which Caesar belonged is traced to lulus, grandson of Venus. 149. Intellectum est quid interesset : it was seen (when Caesar spoke) what a difference there is. levitatem : " irresponsible utter- ances." — Nicol. 152. de istis : eorum. 153. non neminem : one or more. Cicero may have had in mind particularly the tribune elect, Q. Metellus Nepos, who with his veto a few weeks later prevented Cicero from addressing the people on the ground that the consul's execution of the con- spirators was illegal, de capite : regarding the life, or civil rights. The power to condemn a citizen to death did not belong to the Senate, but to the people in the Comitia Centuriata. 154. sententiam f erat : cast a vote. Is : singular in form, re- ferring to non neminem. 155. mini : in my honor. 156. Order: lam . . . dubium est, quid, . . . iudicarit, qui. . . decrerit (= decreverit, subjv. by attraction). 157. quaesitori: the investigator, i.e. Cicero. 158. re et causa: the fact (of the conspiracy) and the case (i.e. the legal question). I 59- legem Semproniam : the law of C. Sempronius Gracchus reaffirming the right of Roman citizens to appeal to the people Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. -434 355 210 381 449 345 236 NOTES PAGE 63 before they could be punished with death. But enemies of their country cannot be protected by this law (1. 161). 162. latorem : if Gracchus himself was not saved by his law, how can these men be saved by it ? 163. rei publicae : dat. of ind. obj. 164. largitorem et prodigum: concessive, however lavish a giver. 166. popularem : a friend of the people, homo mitissimus : referring to Caesar. 169. se iactare : to make himself conspicuous, in pernicie : while ruining. Chapter 6 173. sive hoc statueritis : i.e. if you pass Caesar's motion. 174. comitem ad contionem : a companion for the assembly. After the meeting of the Senate the consul would be expected to call an informal assembly of the people (contio), and announce the Senate's decision, as he did in delivering the third oration. It was the custom for the man who proposed the bill to stand with the consul, as he thus addressed the people, populo : w. carum atque iucundum. 176. populo Romano : in the eyes of the Roman people; dat. of reference. 178. quae: w. crudelitas. tanti sceleris immanitate : a crime of such enormity (lit., the enormity of so great a crime). 179. de meo sensu : by my own feelings. 64 180. ita mini liceat : so may I be permitted. 181. ut non moveor : as I am not actuated. 186. animo : abl. of means. 187. versatur, etc. : there rises before my eyes, mini : dat. of reference. 189. proposui: I have pictured. 190. ex fatis : in accordance with the fates; cf. Cat. Ill, 1. 111. purpuratum huic (dat. of reference) : his prime minister (lit., clad in purple), suggesting the court of an oriental king. 192. familias : an old form of the gen. sing. 199. de sumpserit : inflict upon (lit., take from), utrum . . . videatur: depending on quaero (1. 196). 201. qui . . . lenierit : a descriptive causal clause. 202. nocentis : referring to the slave (1. 196). in : in the case of. FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 237 PAGE 206. id egerunt : have aimed at this, ut . . . conlocarent : 64 in appos. w. id. 210. fama : in the sense of infamia. 212. L. Caesar : consul 64 b.c, a distant relative of C. Caesar. His sister Julia was the wife of Lentulus. 214. virum: husband, praesentem : who was present. 66 215. dixit: for mood see 195,6. avum : M. Fulvius Flaccus, the grandfather of L. Caesar. He was a partisan of C. Gracchus, and was killed with him ; see Cat. 1, 1. 36 and note. 216. filium: in the revolution led by Gracchus, the son of Fulvius, eighteen years old, was sent to compromise with the government. He was thrown into prison by the consul Opimius and put to death. 218. Quorum . . . factum: what deed of theirs was like this (crime of the conspiracy) ? 219. Largitionis voluntas : the spirit of lavish giving, referring to the giving of grain and land at low rates to the people, par- tium : of political parties. 223. hie : i.e. this our Lentulus, contrasted w. ille. 228. Vereamini : you should fear, said with irony. The subjv. here expresses obligation. Chapter 7 233. exaudio : overhear; said of the sentiments expressed by the senators in an undertone. 235. ut : what is the meaning after vereri ? 205, b. 1 237. Omnia et pro visa, etc. : hence there is no^ause for fear. 238. cum . . . turn etiam : not only . . . but also. 239. multo maiore : w. voluntate. 241. generum : classes. 243. huius templi : i.e. the Temple of Concord. 244. inventa : known. 252. Quid commemorem : why should I mention f A question 67 of deliberation; 201. 2 253. summam ordinis consilique : preeminence in rank and counsel, ita ut : only to. de : in. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. -838 564 296 550,2 567 502,4 -771 444 277 265 642 503 238 NOTES PAGE 67 68 255. ex dissensione huius ordinis : after a quarrel with this order. The quarrel between the Senate and the equites arose over the question who should be the jurors in the courts of justice. This right originally held by the senators alone was transferred to the equites by C. Gracchus. Sulla restored the right to the sena- tors. By the Aurelian law in 70 b.c, the jury was divided be- tween the senators, the equites, and the tribunes of the treasury. 262. tribunos aerarios : their duties are not clearly defined, but were first connected with raising and disbursing the war tax. At this time they constituted an order in the state, scribas : on Dec. 5, the date of this oration, the clerks were customarily assigned by lot (sors) to the quaestors, to serve in the provinces. Cicero says that they had come away from the treasury because they were more interested in the fate of the conspirators than in their own fortune. 263. quos : = eos, them, cum : conj. aerarium : the treasury was in the Temple of Saturn, near the Temple of Concord. 265. ingenuorum : of free-born men, opposed to libertini, f reed- men. 266. non : w. cum (1. 268), not only. Chapter 8 270. libertinorum hominum : their freedom was gained either by purchase with their own sav- ings, or as a gift from the master in recognition of their merit. 273. quidam: members of the conspiracy, loco : abl. of source or origin ; 134. 1 278. nemo : adj., no. qui modo sit : providing he be ; 199. 2 281. quantum: w. voluntatis. 283. hoc quod auditum est: Plan of a Shop (Pompeii) ,, . 7 . -. , . v F ' this rumor, explained by lenonem 1. Entrance 3. Place for a fire ;m«o.-;+««««, 2. Counter 4. Stairway to upper floor ' " * "nperiTOrum. 5,5. Backrooms 283. tabernas : the shops of Bur. A. 1 — 532 403 » — 929 528 B. 215 310 G. 395 573 H. 467 587 413 529 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 239 A Baker's Shop (This cut from a Pornpeian wall painting shows the typical corner counter (see plan on p. 238) ; the loaves of bread on the counter; the clerk, the customers, and the little slave reaching up to take the purchase.) tradesmen and artisans, especially those along the north and south sides of the Forum, pretio : by money. 288. voluntate perditi : corrupt in purpose, qui non velint : as not to wish; subjv. of description, sellae : i.e. the workmen's bench. 291. salvum : preserved. 293. genus : class. 294. omne instrumentum : their whole stock in trade. 295. frequentia sustentatur, alitur otio : " chiastic " order ; 238. quorum si : = et si eorum. PAGE 68 240 NOTES PAGE 68 296. futurum fuit : would have happened; a conclusion con- trary to fact, the condition being implied in incensis (tabernis). For the form see 198, note 2. 1 Chapter 9 302. media : the midst of. 306. supplex : as a suppliant. 307. arcem et Capitolium : " the Capitoline Hill had two sum- mits, the arx or ancient citadel, and the height crowned by the Temple of Jupiter." 308. aras Penatium: sc. publicorum. The state had its Penates as well as each family. The national Penates were wor- shiped on the Palatine, and were fabled to have come from an- cient Troy, ilium ignem : ever burning in the temple of Vesta. 69 314. vestri : the form regularly used for the objective gen. pi. quae facultas : an advantage which. 318. quantis . . . imperium : with how great labor the govern- ment (was) founded. 320. una . . . delerit : (and) how one night almost destroyed (all). Literally, of course, imperium, libertatem, fortunas are obj. of delerit. una noi : the night of the meeting at Laeca's house, • or perhaps of the arrest of the Allobroges at the Mulvian Bridge. 325. officio : 147. 326. functa : sc. esse. Chapter 10 70 337. ad sententiam (sc. rogandam) : to asking your opinions, as Cicero had begun to do ; cf . 1. 96. 328. quanta : as great as; correlative w. tantam. 334. Quodsi . . . concitata : a forecast of the exile into which Cicero was driven a few years later. 339. me meorum factorum paenitebit : 106. 2 343. quam illi minitantur: with which they threaten (me). 345. vitae : during life (lit., of life). 347. honestastis : = honestavistis. 350. bene gesta : sc. re publica ; abl. abs. denoting cause. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. — 923 517, d 304, 3 597, R. - 582 581, a -444 354 209 377 457 352 FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 241 PAGE 352. Sit, ornetur, etc. : 187, b. 1 Scipio : the elder Seipio, who 70 was the victorious leader in the Second Punic War. 353. Italia : we should expect ex. 354. alter Africanus : P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, son of Aemilius Paulus, but adopted into the Scipio family ; hence his name. He captured Carthage in 146 b.c. and Numan- tia in 133, thus ending the wars with Carthage and Spain. 356. Paulus : father of the younger Scipio just mentioned. The Macedonian king Perses was defeated by him at Pydna in 168 b.c. 358. bis liberavit : by his victory over the Teutons in 102 b.c, and over the Cimbri in 101. 360. res gestae : exploits, deeds, solis cursus : sc. continetur. 71 363. quo : = ad quas. 364. quo: a country to which (lit., whither). 366. Quamquam : and yet. uno loco : in one respect. 368. oppressi serviunt : (when) conquered become our slaves. 371. cum reppuleris : when you have driven. 372. possis : you can (w. the force of potes). Both verbs are in the subjv. because of the indef . second person, mihi : dat. of agent. 377. a me : abl. of separation. 380. conspirationem : not conspiracy ; see Vocab. Chapter 11 382. pro imperio : in place of the military command. The rich province of Macedonia had fallen by lot to Cicero for his procon- sulship, but he had conceded it to his colleague Antonius, to secure the latter' s neutrality. 385. clientelis : clientships. A province or provincial town might appoint an ex-governor or other influential person to be its representative (patronus) at Rome. The provincials were then his clients (clientes). hospitiis : ties of friendship, formed by two citizens of different states, by which they were bound to protect and aid each other; or a community might honor an individual by making him their hospes. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. -768 438 273 263 559 500 242 NOTES PAGE 71 386. urbanis opibus : by my influence in the city. 387. pro (meis studiis) : in return for. 72 391. quae dum : for as long as this (memory). 396. suo solius periculo : with risk to himself alone. What would solo mean ? 405. praestare : be responsible for (stand good for). Read Introductory Note, p. 229. THE MANILIAN LAW INTRODUCTORY NOTE 1. Mithridates. — One of Rome's most formidable foes was Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, a country south of the Black Sea. As early as 90 b.c. he had extended his power over a large part of Asia Minor. Allying himself with Tigranes, king of Armenia, he overran the Roman province of Asia, i.e. Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia. In 88 b.c, by his edict, 80,000 Italians on the Asiatic Coast were cruelly murdered. His next step was to invade Greece. At this time Sulla, the Roman gen- eral, was sent against him, who within four years reestablished the Roman power, causing the king to give up his conquests, surrender 80 war vessels, and pay a heavy fine. This was the First Mithridatic War (88-84 b.c). The Second Mithridatic War (83-82 b.c) was of little importance, though resulting in the defeat of Murena, whom Sulla had left in command. 2. The Third Mithridatic War (74-63 B.C.). — For eight years the king increased his forces and strengthened his cause. In 74 he renewed hostilities by invading Bithynia. The Romans were led in succession by Lucullus, Glabrio, and Pompey. Lucullus, who was an able general, conquered both Mithridates and Ti- granes taking the greater part of Pontus and the Armenian capital. But this conquest was left incomplete by the mutiny of his sol- diers and his recall, secured by his enemies at Rome (74-67 b.c). Taking advantage of this situation, the king succeeded in recov- ering all his lost territory, while the incompetent Glabrio, who succeeded Lucullus, remained inactive (67-66 b.c). It was then that the Romans turned to Pompey. 3. Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) was preeminently a soldier. Born in 106 b.c, he was, at the age of 17, a subordinate to his father in the Social War. He had distinguished himself in Italy under Sulla, in Africa against the Marians who had fled there, in Gaul, in Spain against Sertorius, and, on his return from Spain, 243 244 NOTES against Spartacus and the slaves. In 70 he was made consul, though under legal age, and not having been praetor or quaestor. The bill of the tribune A. Gabinius, in 67 B.C., gave him supreme command for three years over all the Mediterranean and its coasts for ten miles inland. It was in the exercise of this com- mand that Pompey won his greatest fame, by promptly clearing the Mediterranean of the pirates who had been a menace to com- merce for many years. 4. The Manilian Law. — With the popularity naturally result- ing from this career, Pompey was logically the man for the war with Mithridates. The tax-farming Equites and all classes ex- cept the conservative Optimates demanded him. C. Manilius the tribune nominated him early in 66 B.C., in the bill known as the Manilian Law. The Optimates, represented by Catulus and Hortensius, opposed the law on the ground that it bestowed too much power on an individual. Cicero, who was serving as praetor, was the chief advocate of the bill. The speech which he then delivered was his first from the Rostra to the popular assembly. It is noted as a model for " clearness of statement, beauty of diction, and regularity of construction." But it has been criticised because it treats the questions of public policy but superficially, conjuring with facts rather than weighing argu- ments. 5. End of the War. — The bill was passed by the Comitia, and Pompey, who was still in Cilicia, hastened to encounter Mithridates. Within three years (66-63 B.C.), the king was completely vanquished, and perished in the Crimea, to which he had fled. Consult Forsyth, W., " Cicero," Vol. I, p. 100; Strachan- Davidson, J. L., " Cicero," p. 86; Plutarch, " Lives of Sulla, Lucullus, Pompey." OUTLINE I. Exordium — Reason for the speech, Ch. 1. II. Narratio et Partitio — The statement of the case, Ch. 2. III. Confirmatio — 1. The character of the war, Ch. 2 (par. 3)-7. 2. The greatness of the war, Ch. 8, 9. 3. The choice of a commander. Pompey's qualifications : a. Military knowledge, Ch. 10 ; b. Ability (his soldierly and other virtues), Ch. 11-14 ; THE MANILIAN LAW 245 c. Prestige, Ch. 15, 16 (par. 1) ; d. Good fortune ; nearness to the scene of the war, Ch. 16 (par. 2)-17 (par. 1). IV. Refutatio — The objections of Hortensius, Catulus, and others, Ch. 17 (par. 2)-23. V. Peroratio — Appeal to Manlius and to the citizens, Ch. 24. Chapter 1 PAGE i. frequens conspectus vester : the sight of your crowded as- 75 sembly. 2. hie locus : i.e. the rostra in the Forum. The right of ad- dressing the people on a question of legislation (ius agendi) be- Front Elevation of the Rostra (Restored) (The small rectangles on the front indicate the positions of the beaks of ships with which the rostra was ornamented and from which it took its name.) longed only to a magistrate (hence amplissimus, most dignified), though he might delegate the privilege to a private citizen (hence ornatissimus, most honorable. 4. aditu laudis : pathway to fame, optimo cuique : to all the best men. 6. vitae rationes : plan of life, in the practice of his legal pro- fession, ineunte : early (lit., beginning). 7. per aetatem : a citizen under forty years could not be prae- tor, and hence had not the ius agendi. See Introd. 32. 246 NOTES PAGE 75 76 8. perf ectum : refers to the thought in an address ; elaboratum to its form ; ' ' nothing save the finished product of talent and painstaking industry." — Nicol. io. temporibus : the necessities, periculis (1. 12) legal dangers, trials. 13 caste integreque : the Cineian law (204 b.c.) made it illegal for advocates to receive fees. Cicero here implies his own innocence. 14. dilationem : the election for the eight praetors, which was held in the Comitia Centuriata, was declared void on two occasions in 67 b.c. possibly because of some political disturbance. On each occasion Cicero had been elected first and unanimously before the postponement (dilationem) occurred. 19. honoribus mandandis : by conferring honors {offices). 20. ex forensi usu : i.e. from practice in the courts. 24. ei rei : for this ability, i.e. in dicendo. quoque : as well as for other qualifications. 26. laetandum esse : is a cause for rejoicing (lit., w. pass, force, must be rejoiced over). 39. copia : abundance of material, modus : proper limit. 43. 46. Chapter 2 ducitur : is derived, originates. alter relictus : Mithridates, after being defeated by Lu- cullus, had been allowed to escape, alter lacessitus : Tigranes had been provoked to warfare by the demand to surrender Mith- ridates, his father-in-law, who had taken refuge with him. 47. Asiam : the Roman province consist- ing of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia. 48. Equitibus : the members of the equestrian order, because of their wealth, were the financiers of Rome. 49. magnae res aguntur: capital is at stake. 51. necessitudine : Cicero himself came from an equestrian family. 52. detulerunt : the obj. of this verb ex- Coin of Mithridates tends to neminem (1. 60). THE MANILIAN LAW 247 PAGE 53. vestra provincia : Bithynia had been bequeathed to the 76 Romans by Nicomedes III. in 74 b.c. quae . . . est: paren- thetical, and not affected by the indir. disc. 54. regnum Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia, bordering on Pontus. 77 56. magnis rebus gestis : concessive. 57. qui successerit : the successor of Lucullus was Glabrio, who was incompetent for the task, esse paratum : sc. eum as subj. 58. unum : one man, Pompey. imperatorem : pred. ace. 64. quod ( = ut id) . . . debeat : a descriptive clause of result. 65. persequendi : sc. belli : of prosecuting it, i.e. following it up to the end. 71. pads ornamenta, subsidia belli : chiasmus; 238. 1 73. a vobis : abl. instead of dat. of agent, to avoid confusion w. quibus which is dat. of ind. obj. Chapter 3 77. ilia macula: explained by quod (1. 79) . . . regnat (1. 84), etc. bello superiore : the First Mithridatic War, 88-83 b.c. 78. insedit : from insido. 80. una significatione litterarum : by one stroke of the pen, as we should say. Mithridates commanded that all Italians in his dominions be put to death. Eighty thousand are said to have perished. 85. latebris : abl. of means, but trans, in the hiding places. 86. versari : to flaunt himself. 88. insignia victoriae : i.e. the triumphal procession in Rome, 78 granted by the Senate on the return of the victorious army. 89. Sulla's triumph was celebrated in 83 b.c, Murena's in 81. 93. quod : sc. propter id : for what they did, etc. 94. res publica : the political situation, caused by the renewed supremacy of the Marian faction, while Sulla was absent. To meet this, Sulla returned to Rome, leaving his lieutenant Murena in command. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 1067 59S 350 682 666 628 248 NOTES Chapter 4 PAGE 78 98. qui : subj. of misit ; trans, w. postea cum, afterward, when he. 99. classes exercitusque : for an account of his new forces and equipment, read Plutarch's Lucullus. 100. potuisset : subjv. by attraction. 102. ac litteras : we should say with despatches, eos duces : i.e. Sertorius and his associates, who succeeded Marius in Spain. Sertorius, who was a very able leader, agreed to send the king Roman military instructors in exchange for a fleet. 103. disiunctissimis . . . diversis : Pontus and Spain, widely separated and most remote (in opposite directions) from Rome. 104. binis : used for duobus. 1 79 106. de imperio : for the supremacy. 107. alterius partis : from one quarter. no. in altera parte : in the East, res: affairs. in. initia . . . gestarum : his exploits at the beginning. 114. alio loco : in chapter 8. 115. vera: undeserved, ei : dat. of separation. Chapter 5 120. Maiores . . . gesserunt : the statement refers to cam- paigns against the Illyrian pirates, in 229 B.C. 121. iniuriosius : the force of the comp. is somewhat, rather; so in superbius, 1. 124 ; see 160. 2 tot milibus : see note, 1. 80. 124. appellati superbius : Sparta desired to withdraw from the Achaean League and appealed to Rome for help. Commissioners were sent to Greece to settle the difficulty (148 b.c.), but they were insulted in the assembly at Corinth, prevented from speaking, and, as some say, imprisoned. Cicero states the offense mildly for the sake of argument. 125. exstinctum : agreeing in gender w. lumen ; Corinthus is feminine. 126. legatum consularem : M. Aquillius, who had been con- sul with Marius in 101 b.c. He was sent in 90 b.c. to restore the Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. — 218 137 81 97 164 247 — 642 291 240 297 498 241 THE MANILIAN LAW 249 PAGE kings of Cappadocia and Bithynia to their thrones, from which 79 Mithridates had driven them. But, urging Nicomedes to invade Pontus and leading an army himself against that country, he for- feited his rights as an ambassador, and justly so in the eyes of Mithridates. 128. libertatem imminutam : the infringement of the liberty. Notice this use of the participle instead of a noun w. a limiting gen. ; cf. ante urbem conditam. 131. relinquetis : leave unpunished. J 35- Quod : the fact that, vocatur : is brought. 138. duo reges : see 1. 45. 80 143. alium: Glabrio. 146. omnia : all qualifications, propter : adv. quo : for which reason, carent : sc. eo and see 149. l 148. maritimum bellum : i.e. the war w. the pirates, venerit : subjv. due to indir. disc. 151. quorum salutem commendetis : to have you intrust their safety; 192, c. 2 152. hoc (abl.) etiam magis : and that too all the more. 154. cum imperio : with full authority, ut: denoting result. Chapter 6 161. Antiocho : the Roman people fought with Antiochus, king of Syria, on behalf of Pergamus and Rhodes, 192 b.c. Antiochus was aided by the Aetolian League (cum Aetolis). The war with Philip V, of Macedonia, was undertaken for the Athenians ; the three Punic wars, for allies in Sicily, Spain, and Africa. But the protection of allies in all these wars was merely a pretext for con- quest. 165. de vectigalibus agatur : = vectigalia agantur. 166. tanta : {only) so great, scarcely enough to pay the troops. 166. eis contenti : see 150. 3 81 171. belli utilitatem : the advantage gained by war, derived from the resulting revenues. 173. in: in the case of . Stir. A. 528 401 798 535 576 431 B. 214 405 462 425 G. H. 405 462 631 591 401, 6 476 282 631 591 513 219 401, 6 476 438 250 NOTES PAGE 81 178. pecuaria . . . conquiescit : "The English prefers the concrete, the ranches are deserted, the fields left untitled, the trading vessels lie idle." — Nicol. 179. ex portu : duties on imports and exports, collected at the harbors, decumis : tithes (" tenths "), the tax on farm products. scriptura : a tax on cattle grazing in the public lands, according to the number listed (scribere). 181. fructus : income. 184. exercent: men " farmed " the taxes, i.e., took the con- tract for collecting them. The contract was awarded to the highest bidder, who paid the stated amount annually into the treasury, keeping as his profit any additional amount collected. The revenue farmers, or publicans, were of the equestrian order, the wealthy class. In the case of large provinces the revenues were farmed by great stock companies, which kept their head- quarters at Rome. 187. familias : bands of helpers, chiefly slaves. 189. custodiis : the watchtowers, where officials guarded against smuggling. 190. fructui : a source of income ; 114. 1 Chapter 7 193. ne illud quidem : that too must not, etc. 194. extremum : as the last topic; see 11. 62-74. 195. quod . . . pertinet: an appos. clause explaining illud, the fact that, etc. 197. ratio : regard, consideration, et : omit. The correlative is deinde, 1. 204. 82 198. rationes et copias : interests and resources. 199. ipsorum per se : on their own account. 201. eum ordinem : the equestrian order; see note, 1. 184. 205. partim, partim : some, others. 207. humanitatis, sapientiae : see 111. 2 210. a re publica : = a calamitate rei publicae. 211. parvi ref ert : it matters little ; see 107. 3 publicanis omis- sis : i.e. if we leave them to their fate. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 483 382 191 356 433 360 2 — 408 343 198 366 447 340 s — 434 355 210 381 449 345 THE MANILIAN LAW 251 PAGE 212. redimendi : of contracting for {them); sc. vectigalia. 82 216. belli Asiatici: the First Mithridatic War. id: antece- dent of quod, 1. 215. 218. res: fortunes, amiserant : see 195 6. 1 220. ut non trahant : without drawing (lit., so as not to draw). 223. ratio pecuniarum : financial system. 224. in foro : the center of the banks. Rome at this time was the greatest commercial city, implicata est et cohaeret : is closely involved. 226. ut non lab ef acta concidant : without causing to totter and fall. Chapter 8 232. belli genus : = bellum genere, the war in its nature. 83 234. maxime laborandum est (mini) : / must take special care. 235. vobis contemnenda : unworthy of your attention. 239. Mithridati : an alternate form of the gen. 241. Cyzicenorum : an appos. Cyzicum would seem better here. The city was important and prosperous, situated on an island in the Propontis opposite Byzantium (Constantinople). It is noted to-day for its extensive ruins. 244. periculis : abl. of separation. 245. ducibus Sertorianis : abl. abs., under Sertorian leaders. The fleet of 50 ships with 10,000 men was sent to Italy by Mith- ridates and Sertorius (recall their alliance, note, 1. 102). It was destroyed by the ships of Lucullus near Lemnos 73 B.C. 246. raperetur : was being hurried. 249. legionibus : dat. 253. uno aditu : by his mere approach. This applies only to permultas. It took Lucullus nearly two years to complete the reduction of Pontus and its fortresses. 254. alios reges : especially to his son and son-in-law, the kings of Bosporus and Armenia. 256. integris vectigalibus : Lucullus completed his work with- out drawing upon their allies or their resources. 257. ita : sc. dicta, so expressed. 259. huic legi : i.e. legi Maniliae. hoc loco : the Rostra ; cf. 1.2. Bur. A. B. G. H. » — 857 545 288 580 601 252 NOTES Chapter 9 84 262. reliquum : what remains of; w. bellum. 265. Medea : daughter of the king of Colchis. According to the story she helped Jason, leader of the Argonauts, to win the Golden Fleece and then fled with him to Greece, taking her brother Absyrtus with her. Colchis was north of Pontus and not in fact part of it (eodem Ponto). 267. eorum collectio dispersa : the collecting of the scattered re- mains. 269. vim auri, etc. : the Roman soldiers who pursued the flee- ing Mithridates were attracted by some bags of gold that had burst, and they let the king escape. For the story see Plutarch's Lucullus, sec. 17. 270. pulcherrimarum rerum : works of art. 272. omnem : note the emphatic position. 274. ilium : the father of Medea. 277. diffidentem rebus suis : while despairing of his fortunes ; for the dat. see 112, b. 1 adflictum . . . recreavit "raised him up from his abasement and put new life into his ruined fortunes." — Nicol. 283. gravis . . . opinio : a deep-seated and strong conviction, which was quite natural. 288. urbem : Tigranocerta. 289. ususerat: had fought, secundis : successful. 290. suorum : of their friends, commovebatur : there was a mutiny of the army. 86 291. illud extremum : the result. 294. eorum : modifies auxiliis, coordinate w. adventiciis. 296. fere : almost invariably, sic : omit. 298. multorum opes : many men of resources, who are moved to pity. 301. incolumis : i.e. in the days of his power. 303. eo : explained by the ut-clause following. 307. poetae : probably Naevius, who wrote of the First Punic War, and Ennius, who wrote the annals of Rome, both in verse. 308. nostram calamitatem : the Romans under a lieutenant of Lucullus were almost annihilated at Zela, 67 b.c. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 455 367 187 346 426 362 THE MANILIAN LAW 253 PAGE 310. ex sermone rumor: rumor in conversation. 86 312. aliqua ex parte : in some measure, incommodis : disad- vantages, a euphemism for great disasters. 314. modum : a limit, vetere : i.e. of the ancestors. 318. factum: sc. esse ; has become. 319. coniungant : unite in waging. Chapter 10 322. quare : to show why. esset : this tense is required by 87 sequence after fecisse ; trans, by the pres. 324. restat . . . videatur : in addition it seems necessary to speak. 327. ut . . . esset : i.e. it would be difficult to decide. 331. antiquitatis memoriam : put illogically for the glory of the men recorded in the past. Cicero's statement of course was made for effect, and must be properly discounted. 334. res : qualities, virtutem : ability, capacity, auctorita- tem: personal influence (due to reputation). 336. scientior : sc. rei militaris. debuit : deserved. 338. patris : Cn. Pompeius Strabo, who commanded the army of the Senate in the Social War, 89 b.c. Pompey was then seventeen years old (extrema pueritia). 339. extrema : 159. 1 340. summi imperatoris : the father just mentioned. 341. ipse imperator : at the age of twenty-three Pompey raised three legions to aid Sulla on his return from the East. With these he won several victories over detachments of the Marian army, and was saluted " imperator " by his commander. 342. hoste, inimico : what is the difference in meaning? 347. stipendiis : campaigns, years of service, triumphis : one over Africa in 81 b.c, and another over Spain ten years later. 349. Civile, etc. : during the civil war between Marius and Sulla, Pompey conducted a victorious campaign in Sicily; in Africa he conquered the Marian forces and their ally, King Hiarbas of Numidia; in Transalpine Gaul, he drove back the mountain tribes, who attempted to prevent his march to Spain ; in Spain he fought against Sertorius, whose army was com- posed (mixtum) of Romans, Spaniards, and Orientals. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. * — 646 293 241 291 497 244 254 NOTES PAGE 87 351. servile: the war against Spartacus and the slaves. navale : against the pirates, diversa : in different localities. 88 353. in usu . . . militari : within the range of military ex- perience. Chapter 11 355. virtuti : ability; the word is here used in a comprehen- sive sense, including soldierly and personal virtues; see 1. 335. oratio : words. 359. labor in negotiis : activity in routine, labor . . . con- silium : briefly, these five virtues are energy, courage, diligence promptness, prudence. Pompey's special virtues are mentioned in chapter 13. 361. tanta quanta non fuerunt: greater . . . than (lit., as great as they were not). 364. Italia, Sulla : during the Civil War, Pompey was Sulla's ablest general; see note, 1. 341. For his services in Sicily, Africa, and Gaul, see note, 1. 349. 366. non terrore belli : on Pompey's arrival one of the demo- cratic leaders in Sicily evacuated the island without resistance. 368. eorum ipsorum : of those very enemies. 369. testis, testis, testis: what figure is this? legionibus : dat. 371. Hispania, saepissime : Pompey, however, accomplished but little in Spain until the death of Sertorius in 72 B.C., and on one occasion was saved from defeat only by the arrival of his colleague Metellus. 373. servili bello : Crassus had practically ended this war, before Pompey on his way back from Spain met and easily destroyed a remnant of the army of Spartacus, who were trying to escape into Gaul. But Pompey claimed the honors of the bellum servile, taetro : disgraceful, because the enemy were slaves and gladiators, periculoso : because the slaves had defeated four Roman armies in succession. 374. absente : Pompey was in Spain. 375. quod : = et id. attenuatum . . . est : trans, by the part., having wasted and dwindled away. 378. cum universa : not only in their whole extent. 382. servitutis : the pirates often sold their captives into slavery. THE MANILIAN LAW ' 255 PAGE 383. hieme : men might risk the storms of winter, in order 88 to escape the pirates who would then be inactive, ref erto : governs either the gen. or abl. ; 104. 1 385. vetus : piracy in the Mediterranean had begun many 89 years before Pompey was appointed commander (67 B.C.). divisum : extended, quis . . . arbitraretur : who would ever have thought? 201. 2 Chapter 12 395. proprium: characteristic, " the peculiar pride; " 119, 6. 3 a domo : the prep, is regularly used after longe. 396. propugnaculis : i.e. the army and navy. 398. dicam : am I to say; subjv. ; see 201, 4 and cf. com- memorem, 1. 405. Note the omission of an interrogative word. 399. Brundisio : a famous seaport, which still has some commercial importance. It was the terminus of the Appian Way and the starting point for Greece and the East. For the use of the prep, see 133, b. 5 hieme summa : in midwinter; cf. note on 1. 383. transmiserint : intr., see Vocab. 401. legati : it is not known who these envoys were. 402. duodecim secures: by metonymy for " two praetors," who were attended outside the city by six lictors each. As a symbol of authority each lictor carried an ax in a bundle of rods (fasces). Plutarch mentions the incident in his Life of Pompey, sec. 24. 406. quibus . . . ducitis : owing to the decline of Italian farming and the increase in the population of Rome, it was necessary to obtain foreign supplies. The ports to which Cicero refers were sources of grain. 408. inspectante praetore : under the eyes of a praetor. His name is unknown. 410. liberos : a rhetorical exaggeration. According to Plu- tarch, a daughter of Marcus Antonius was captured by the Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. ! — 429 349 204 374 453 347 2 — 771 444 277 265 642 519 3 — 410 3S5, c 204, 2 359 435, 4 339, * — 771 444 277 265 642 503 5 — 530 428 229, 2 391 462, 3 453 256 NOTES PAGE 89 pirates and ransomed for a large sum. Antonius, who had fought against them in 102 b.c, was the grandfather of the triumvir. 412. Ostiense : Ostia was the port of Rome, sixteen miles away, at the mouth of the Tiber. The pirates had burned the Roman fleet in the harbor and plundered the town. 413. cum : at the time when; hence followed by the indie. ; cf. transmiserint (1. 399), where the subjv. is due to the in- volved idea of cause. 414. ea cui : = ea ut ei, a fleet such that a consul, etc. The subjv. clause is descriptive. 416. unius hominis : Pompey. 91 419. ei: the same persons, emphasizing vos. Oceani ostium : i.e. the Straits of Gibraltar. 422. a me : stronger than the usual dat. of agent. 425. celeriter : omit, tanti . . . navigavit : " the storm of so great a war swept the sea. The impetus was Pompey's fleet of 500 war galleys." — D'Ooge. 426. nondum tempestivo : navigation on the Mediterranean was suspended from November till March. 428. frumentaria subsidia : granaries. 430. duabus Hispaniis : two provinces, citerior and ulterior, divided by the river Ebro. 433. omnemque Graeciam : and in fact all Greece. Achaia was the southern part, the Peloponnesus, duo maria : the Adri- atic and the Tuscan. 435- ut : from the time when. 436. Ciliciam : the stronghold of the pirates. 439. Cretensibus : dat. of separation w. ademit. The Cre- tans had been almost subdued by Metellus, but sent envoys to Pompey, hoping for more favorable terms from him. usque in Pamphyliam : not far from Crete ; the great distance implied would be from Rome. Chapter 13 446. haec : i.e. bellandi virtus, as given in chapters 11 and 12. 447. Quid : transitional, but further. Ceterae : sc. virtutes, distinguished from military ability. 92 450. artes : qualities. 451. innocentia: Pompey's integrity, scrupulous honesty in money matters, is set forth in the rest of the chapter. THE MANILIAN LAW 257 PAGE 454. Quae : these qualities. 92 455. Summa : of the highest order. 456. ex aliorum contentione : from a comparison with (the qualities of) others, ipsa per sese : by themselves. 458. ullo in numero : of any standing, of any account. 459. centuriatus : centurions were selected from the ranks by the commander-in-chief because of good service, veneant: from veneo. 460. Quid magnum aut amplum : obj. of cogitare ; sc. possu- mus putare : what great or noble thoughts . . . can we suppose that this man has? 462. provinciae : sc. retinendae. The governor bribed men of influence (magistratibus) to secure for him a longer term of office. 463. propter avaritiam : Caesar speaks of the avarice of generals in B.G., I, chap. 40. 464. Romae : loc. facit . . . videamini : makes it evident that you recognize; 205, c. 1 467. ante : beforehand, voluerit : fut. perf. 469. ventum sit: they have come; impers., see 172, b; 2 subjv. by attraction. 470. per hosce annos : during the time of the Social and the Servile wars. 472. quid . . . existimetis : the question, being deliberative, would also be in the subjv. in dir. disc. Utrum ... an : a double question; 89. 3 474. hibernis : the allies maintained the Roman army in winter quarters unless they were released from the burden by a money payment. 477. in iudicando : sc. alios. The governor of a province was judge as well as general. 479. Hie : under these circumstances, ceteris : excellere gov- erns the dat. 480. non modo manus : the second non is omitted ; trans. not only no hand in so great an army. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 842 568 297 553 566 521,3 2 — 346 208, d 138 208 302 201, c 3 — 372 335 162,4 458 380 234 258 NOTES PAGE 92 482. quern ad modum hibernent : i.e. how the soldiers eon- duct themselves. 93 484. ut . . . in militem : to incur expense for the soldiers (lit., for the soldiery), nemini vis adf ertur : no one is compelled (lit., force is brought upon no one). 485. hiemis . . . perfugium : a shelter from winter (objective) , not for avarice (subjective). Pompey's integrity then is established because : (1) he is not bribed in selecting centurions ; (2) he does not misappropriate war funds ; (3) he does not allow the allies to be oppressed. Chapter 14 488. Age : this imperative is used as an interj. in transitions, and hence is not pi. temperantia : self-control; abl. of descrip- tion. 490. cursum inventum : sc. esse ; progress was made possible. 491. eximia vis : extraordinary force (crew). War galleys were propelled with great speed by trained bands of rowers. 494. instituto cursu : i.e. the course set before him. 495. amoenitas : sc. locorum ; the charm of beautiful scenery did not lure him to the enjoyment of it. 497. signa, tabulas, ornamenta : statues, paintings, works of art. Rome was full of art treasures of conquered peoples. 503. fuisse : really were. 504. quod : a fact that. 507. maiores suos (their) : subj. of maluisse. habebamus : 195, 6. 1 510. privatorum: Pompey was ready to receive private citizens who sought to interview him. liberae : freely allowed. 94 516. hoc loco: the Rostra, from which Pompey had spoken. He was not a trained orator, however. 517. Fidem: good faith. 518. omnium generum : to be taken w. hostes. iudicarint : subjv. in a causal clause. 519. humanitate : on Pompey's kindness see Mommsen, Vol. IV, p. 114. dictu: see 229, b. 2 Bur. A. !— 857 545 a — 1017 510 H. HB. 601 550 635 619 THE MANILIAN LAW 259 Chapter 15 PAGE 525. auctoritas : personal influence, -prestige; cf. 1. 335. 94 Cicero has already spoken of knowledge (chapter 10), and ability (chapters 11-14). 527. plurimum possit : is preeminent. 528. Vehementer . . . ad . . . quis ignorat : who does not know that it has very much to do with, etc. 531. ut contemnant: to despise; construe w. commoveri. 532. opinione et fama : by common opinion and report. 533. ratione certa : well-founded reason, commoveri : are in- fluenced. 536. iudicia fecistis : as shown in the conferring of offices and commands. Pompey was consul in 70 b.c. An . . . puta- tis : 89, b. 537. quo : = ut eo, that to it. illius diei : the day when Pompey was put in charge of the war against the pirates, 67 b.c. 544. omnium . . . egregiarum : of all excellence, sumantur : independent subjv. of command; 187, b. 2 545. qui quo die : on the day that he. 546. vilitas : prices fell because the pirates no longer inter- fered w. commerce, ex : after; in 550 (ex eo), as the result of. 548. ex . . . agrorum: conditional, = si ubertas agrorum 96 summa fuisset. 550. proelio : the battle of Zela. 551. paulo ante : in chapter 9, 1. 308. invitus : adverbial. 553- provincia : Asia. The force of cum extends to haberet. 554. ad ipsum discrimen : at the critical moment. 559. inflammatum : flushed (with). 572. ipso nomine ac rumore : by the mere mention of his name. The people said, " The very name of Pompey has terminated the war." — Plutarch. Chapter 16 574. Age vero : well then; cf. note, 1. 488. ilia res : that fact, 97 explained by the quod-clauses. 584. Cretensium : cf. note 1. 439. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 368 335 6 162, 4, a 457 380, 3 236 768 439 275 263 560 501,3 260 NOTES ' PAGE 97 585. cum: concessive, noster imperator: a commander of ours, i.e. Quintus Metellus. 589. ultimas terras : Pamphylia. 598. eum: subj. of iudicari. 600. ei . . . missum : those to whom it was annoying (Pom- pey's rivals) that he (the envoy) was sent to him (Pompey) rather than to any one else. The incident is not fully understood. We know that Mithridates was negotiating with Sertorius (1. 102), against whom Pompey and Metellus were fighting. It has been suggested that " Pompey caught a spy of the king in his camp and was led by his vanity to believe that Mithridates was making overtures to him." Pompey 's rivals considered this a slight to Metellus, who outranked him. 606. multis . . . gestis : by many later achievements, iudiciis : cf. note, 1. 536. 609. praestare de : guarantee for. 610. meminisse : asyndeton, but which, etc. 611. aequum est: sc. dicere. 98 612. Maximo : Q. Fabius Maximus, who defended Rome against Hannibal by his policy of delay. 613. Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, a brilliant general, the conqueror of Syracuse, 212 b.c. Scipioni : either Scipio Africanus the Elder, conqueror of Hannibal, or more probably Scipio Aemilianus the Younger, who destroyed Carthage in 146 b.c. 616. Fuit : w. adiuncta, has been granted, quaedam : as it were. ad : for. 618. f ortuna : emphatic by position. 621. videamur : it may be seen that we. 624. non sum praedicaturus : one of many instances of praeteritio, the figure by which the orator emphasizes what he pretends to omit. 625. militiae : loc, and in the field (of battle), ut: how. 626. voluntatibus : ind. obj. w. four following verbs. 632. Quod ut : = et ut id. 634. sicuti facitis : just as you do (wish). 639. dubitatis quin conf eratis : do you hesitate to devote f dubito, hesitate, usually takes an infinitive to complete it, but may take quin w. a subj v., when a negative is implied, as here. THE MANILIAN LAW 261 Chapter 17 rAGE 644. erat deligendus : would deserve to be chosen. Why indie? 99 See 198, note 2. 1 646. ut . . . adsit, etc. : appositive clauses explaining oppor- tunitas. 648. ab eis : i.e. Lucullus and Glabrio ; see chapter 9. acci- pere : sc. exercitus. 649. quid exspectamus : why do we hesitate f 652. cetera : sc. bella. 655. regium : against the kings Mithridates and Tigranes. committamus : deliberative, should we commit. 657. At enim: but indeed, introducing an objection to the argument just given. 659. beneficiis : referring to the offices of state. 660. adf ectus : honored. Catulus : a man of fine character, consul in 78 B.C., and leader of the aristocratic party. 664. Hortensius : a famous orator and rival of Cicero. He was an ex-consul (hence honoris), and a man of great wealth fortunae). ratione : view. 666. locis : occasions. 670. re ac ratione : hendiadys, by a consideration of the facts. 672. idem isti : they likewise, isti : referring to the opponents of the bill, et necessarium, etc. : explaining ea omnia. 678. Hortensi : the regular voc. ending for nouns in -ius. 100 pro : in accordance with. 680. Gabinium : the tribune who proposed the law giving Pompey command against the pirates, 67 b.c. graviter ornate- que : with weight and eloquence, referring to the thought and the expression of it. 681. promulgasset : a proposed law had to be announced at least seventeen days before it was voted on. 685. vera causa : real interests. 689. commeatu : from intercourse; abl. of separation, ex omnibus provinciis : with all the provinces, modifying commeatu (lit., a going back and forth from all the provinces). 582, 3 Bur. A. B. G. H. -921 517, c 304, 3 597, 3 583 262 NOTES PAGE 100 Chapter 18 694. Atheniensium, etc. : the naval supremacy of Athens over the Aegean began with the Persian wars in the fifth cen- tury b.c. Carthage held the Mediterranean for years before the First Punic War. Rhodes became a maritime power after the death of Alexander, and had assisted Rome with her fleet. 696. rebus : resources. 700. regionis : of its territory; modified by maritimae. 702. ante legem Gabiniam : see note 1. 680. 703. invictum: Cicero omits notable exceptions, however. 704. permanserit : subjv. in a relative clause of concession ; 192, b. 1 ac : and indeed, parte : abl. w. caruit ; 149. 2 101 706. Antiochum : the war with Antiochus III, of Syria (192- 189 b.c.) included two naval battles disastrous to the king. Persem : the last king of Macedonia. After his defeat at Pydna in 168 b.c, he surren- dered to the Roman admiral on the island of Samothrace without a naval battle. " The final supremacy of Rome upon the sea was all the more remarkable because the Romans were not naturally a nation of sailors. The wars with Carthage com- pelled them to build and equip fleets and learn how to use them successfully against the best seamen in the world." — D'Ooge. 709. ei : we, repeating nos, 1. 705. pares : a match (for). 712. Delos : after the fall of Corinth the Romans made this sacred island an impor- The Coin of Persetjs tant commercial center. 715. idem: referring to nos. 717. Appia Via: the famous road from Rome to Brundisium, built as far as Capua by Appius Claudius, 300 b.c. carebamus : were obliged to avoid, because of the pirates. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 1 — 807 535, e 283 634 593 523 2 — 528 409 214 405 458 425 THE MANILIAN LAW 263 719. exuviis ornatum : the Rostra took its name from the " beaks " or prows, of captured ves- sels, with which it was adorned. Chapter 19 721. Bono animo : with good motives, modifying dicere ; emphatic by position. 723. ea quae sentie- •batis: i.e. your senti- ments in regard to the Gabinian law. in salute : in (a matter affecting) the safety. 724. dolori : feelings, of indignation against the pirates. 725. una lex : the law of Gabinius ; cf . note, 1. 680. unus vir : Pompey. unus annus : 67 b.c. 729. indignius obtrec- tatum esse : objection has been made the more un- deservedly. 730. dicam: delibera- tive, shall I say? 731. ne legaretur Ga- binius : that Gabinius might not be appointed lieutenant. Lieutenants in the provinces were chosen by the Senate, who might consult the preference of the gover- nor. Pompey desired to have Gabinius as his PAGE 101 A Rostral Column howing- the beaks of ships, similar probably to those on the Eostra) 264 NOTES PAGE 101 lieutenant for this war. But legally no man nor any of his relatives could be appointed to an office created under his own statute. This applied to Gabinius, for the proposed law of Manilius only added to the imperium that was conferred by the Gabinian law. 732. Utrum idoneus . . . impetret: does he not deserve to obtain ? utrum, an (1. 735) introduce a double direct question ; see 89. 1 733- quern velit: descriptive (a lieutenant) whom he wishes. qui impetret: 192, c. 2 734. cum : translate when, but the clause is concessive. 103 738. periculo : at his peril. The proposer of a law was treated as if responsible for its results. Even at the time when the bill was passed Gabinius narrowly escaped death at the hands of the senators who opposed it. 740. An : here = nonne. 741. honoris causa : with respect. From the use of this phrase it is inferred that the men were still living, cum : although. 742. plebi : a gen. used for plebis w. tribunus. 743. in: in the case of. diligentes : scrupulous. Cicero implies that the opposition to Gabinius was due to his having been tribune the preceding year ; but the true reason was his author- ship of the law bearing his name ; cf. notes on 11. 680 and 731. 744. in (hoc imperatore) : under. 746. De : the question of. 748. inimicum e dictum : Cicero as praetor might bring a matter before the Senate for consideration, unless forbidden by a higher magistrate, quo minus defendam: from defending; 205, e? 750. intercessionem : the tribunes had the right to veto the action of any magistrate. 751. minantur : i.e. to exercise the power of veto. 752. quid liceat : the will of the people would have to be re- spected. " In fact Gabinius did serve with Pompey under the new commission, and took advantage of the position to amass a fortune." — Kelsey. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. l — 372 335 162 458 380 234 2 — 798 535 283 631 591 513 » — 829 558 295 549 568 502 THE MANILIAN LAW 265 Chapter 20 pAGE 758. cum quaereret: at the time of his address before the 103 assembly (contio). 759. omnia : all your dependence, si quid factum esset : if any- thing should happen to him (lit., should have been done with him). 760. in quo : interrogative. 762. in eo ipso : i.e. in Catulus. 766. quo minus, hoc magis : the less, the more; abl. of degree of difference. 769. At enim : introducing the objection of Catulus. ne quid : let nothing. 770. Non dicam : what figure ? hoc loco : at this point. 104 771. consuetudini, utilitati paruisse : followed custom, con- sulted expediency. 772. novorum consiliorum rationes : new measures. 773. Punicum : the Third Punic War. 774. uno imperatore : Scipio Aemilianus the Younger. Prec- edent was violated in his case, for he was chosen consul before he had been praetor, and later was reelected consul when it was illegal to hold that office twice. 777. nuper : over forty years before. 778. esse visum: it seemed best. Marius was elected consul several times in succession, owing to the stress of the Cimbrian War, though the law then required a lapse of ten years. 781. novi nihil : nothing new. 782. summa voluntate : with the full approval. Chapter 21 784. adulescentulum : cf. 1. 341, and note. 785. conficere : should raise. 786. ductu suo : under his own leadership ; cf. suis imperiis, 1. 346. 788. senatorio gradu : the age required for admission to the Senate was thirty ; Pompey was twenty-four when he was sent to Sicily by Sulla. 789. permitti : should be intrusted. 790. bellum administrandum : the management of the war (lit., the war to be managed). 794. equitem triumphare : only men of consular or praetorian 266 NOTES PAGE 104 rank were entitled to triumph. This special privilege was con- ferred on Pompey by the Senate ; cf . 1. 347 and note. 796. studio : with enthusiasm. 798. duo consules : Lepidus and Brutus declined their right to take the command against Sertorius. 801. non nemo : = nonnulli. 105 804. se mittere : i.e. that he voted to send. 807. legibus solutus : the legal age for the consulship was forty-three ; Pompey was only thirty-six. Furthermore he had not been quaestor or praetor, as was required of candidates for the consulship. Hence the need of a decree in his favor. 808. ante, quam : = antequam. 810. iterum: cf. 1. 347 and note. 811. Quae nova: the innovation which, in: in the case of. 814. profecta sunt in: have been conferred upon (lit., have proceeded to). Chapter 22 817. videant: i.e. Catulus, Hortensius, and other objectors, non f erendum : intolerable. 818. illorum: i.e. the optimates, who had conferred honors on Pompey, which were ratified by the people. Now, he claims, the optimates in turn should support the will of the people. 819. vestrum : asyndeton, but that your judgment. 822. vel : even. 823. isdem istis : i.e. Catulus, etc. 826. parum consuluistis : had too little regard for. studia : enthusiasm. 828. in . . . vidistis : showed deeper political insight. 830. sibi . . . parendum esse : that they and all the others must bow. populi : w. auctoritati. 106 837. qui : indef . pudore . . . moderatiores : of greater self- control because of their sense of honor and regard for moderation. 842. libidines et iniurias : acts of lust and injustice. 843. nostris magistratibus : dat. ; trans, in the eyes of, etc. Cicero said in another address that Pompey, when he took Jerusalem in 63 B.C., permitted nothing in the temple to be touched. 846. quibus . . . inf eratur : a clause of purpose. 851. Pro sociis : in defense of allies. THE MANILIAN LAW 267 PAGE 852. hostium simulatione : under the -pretense of acting against 106 the enemy. 854. sed : but even, animos ac spiritus capere : to satisfy the arrogance and insolence. Chapter 23 856. conlatis signis : i.e. when the battle has been joined. 857. nisi erit idem qui : unless he is also a man who. The rel. clauses are descriptive. 861. idoneus qui mittatur : the man to be sent (lit., suitable who should be sent) ; a rel. clause of obligation or propriety ; 192, c. Cf. impetret, 1. 733. 862. pacatam, locuples : the state would not be considered subdued as long as plunder was possible. 864. Ora maritima : of Asia Minor. 866. Videbat : the subj. is ora. 107 868. eos : refers to imperatores, not to paucos. classium nomine : with their so-called fleets, existing only in name. The money for the support of these fleets had been embezzled by the commanders ; see 1. 468. 869. maiore : greater than if we had not fought, videremur : we were seen. 870. cupiditate : desire for gain. 871. iacturis : expenditures, in purchasing their appointments. 873- Quasi videamus : a conditional clause of comparison takes the subjv. non : w. videamus. 875. quin . . . credatis : we should expect the infinitive here, since dubitare means hesitate. 879. est vobis auctor : you have as an authority. 880. Servilius had fought against the pirates and the Isauri ; Curio (1. 883) against the Thracians and Dardanians. 881. exstiterunt: = fuerunt. 884. praeditus: honored (beneficiis), distinguished (rebus), possessing (ingenio). 885. Lentulus : consul 72 B.C., lieutenant under Pompey in the war with the pirates, pro : in keeping with. 888. auctoritatibus : abl. of means, orationi : argument. 889. responderene : whether, etc. We should expect the enclitic -ne to be written w. horum instead of respondere. 268 NOTES Chapter 24 PAGE 107 892. auctore : with the approval of. 893. neve : and not. 896. iterum: the first time was when the bill of Gabinius was passed. 108 897. quid est quod : what reason is there to. 898. re : the proposal, perficiendi facultate : the power to carry it through. 900. beneficio : in electing him praetor. 904. templo : not temple, but sacred spot; i.e. the Rostra. The word is applied to any space marked off by the augurs. 905. ad . . . adeunt : enter the service of the state. 907. neque quo : nor because. 909. honoribus : what office was still to be sought by Cicero ? 910. ut . . . oportet : as one ought to do. 912. ab uno : from any individual, hoc loco : where political addresses were made. 913. feret : permits it. 917. tantum abest ut videar: so far am I from seeming, ut videar is subj. of abest; ut intellegam is a clause of result. 920. hoc honore : the praetorship. 921. adf ectum : the recipient of . 924. rationibus : interests, praeferre : me is the subj. THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS INTRODUCTORY NOTE 1. Archias. — The poet, A. Licinius Archias, was a Greek, born at Antioch in Syria about the year 119 b.c. In his youth he acquired considerable fame among his fellow citizens for his poetical ability, and, traveling in Asia Minor, Greece, and South- ern Italy, was received with honor by men of rank. In 102 b.c, he came to Rome, where the Luculli in particular were his pa- trons, for whom he took the gentile name of Licinius. Accom- panying Marcus Lucullus, he visited Heraclea in Lucania, where he was honored with citizenship. Later he accompanied Lucius Lucullus upon his Asiatic campaign. In 89 b.c. the lex Plautia-Papiria gave the Roman franchise to all residents in Italy who were enrolled as citizens in any allied town, provided that they should register before a Roman praetor within sixty days. That same year Archias was registered by Quintus Metellus Pius at Rome, in accordance with the law. It was not until twenty-seven years later (62 b.c.) that a man named Grattius called his citizenship into question. This he did under the lex Papia, passed in 65 b.c, which required the removal of all foreigners from Rome. The charge was aimed not so much at Archias as against his patron, Lucius Lucullus, who had many political enemies, and whose victories had been celebrated in verse by the poet. 2. The Oration. — Cicero undertook the defense of the poet, partly, as he says, because of his personal indebtedness to him. The case was tried before a jury, with Cicero's own brother as presiding judge (62 b.c). The oration was irregular in the fact that the orator argued the case but briefly, discoursing at greater length on the benefits of literature. " Strange words these to fall from the pleader's lips in the dusty atmosphere of the praetor's court ! non fori, neque iudiciali consuetudine, says Cicero himself, in the few words of graceful apology with which the speech ends. 269 270 NOTES But in truth, as tie well knew, he was not speaking to the respect- able gentlemen on the benches before him. He addressed a larger audience : posterity and the civilized world." — MackaiVs " Latin Literature." The defense was undoubtedly successful, for Archias is men- tioned later as a resident of Rome. OUTLINE 1. Exordium et propositio — The orator's reasons for defending Archias, Ch. 1, 2. II. Narratio — The early life of Archias in Greece and his re- moval to Italy, Ch. 3, 4 (par. 1). III. Confirmatio — 1. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen, Ch. 4-5. 2. Proof that Archias ought in any case to be a Roman citi- zen, Ch. 6-12 (par. 1). IV. Peroratio — Archias should be protected in his rights, Ch. 12 (par. 2). Chapter 1 i. ingeni : natural ability, talent, iudices, judges, "gentle- men of the jury," composing the court over which the praetor presided; cf. note, Cat., IV, 1. 255. quod: = et id. 2. exiguum : the modesty here assumed by the orator was intended to conciliate the jury, exercitatio dicendi : readiness of speech, derived from practice. 3. versatum : best taken as an adj. 4. ratio : theoretical knowledge, of the art of public speaking. This is the third requisite of an orator, the others being in- genium and exercitatio. optimarum artium : of the liberal arts. Cicero means that an orator must have broad general culture. 5. profecta : derived (from), a qua: to which, confiteor : " Roman juries looked on the literary barrister as unpractical ; hence the faltering way in which Cicero owns to a knowledge of Greek literature." — Reid. tempus : lit., subj. ace. of abhorruisse, but trans, as ace. of duration. 6. abhorruisse : (7) have been averse, earum rerum : i.e. the three essential qualities, vel : strengthens in primis, especially. 7. A. Licinius : Cicero skillfully assumes the Roman citizen- ship of his defendant by using only his Latin name. THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 271 PAGE 8. quoad longissime : as far back as. 110 io. repetens : looking back, mini principem : my guide. ii. suscipiendam : referring to the resolution, ingrediendam to the actual undertaking. rationem : pursuit. Ill 12. exstitisse : = fuisse. 13. nonnullis : to any. saluti : 114. 1 After fuit trans, de- bemus ferre . . ., quantum . . ., huic . . ., a quo . . ., quo . . . possemus. 14. ceteris, alios : others, some, quo . . . possemus : a descriptive clause. 15. quantum . . . nobis: as far as in me lies. 17. hoc ita dici : i.e. that I am so indebted to the poet. 18. facultas ingeni : natural ability. 20. dediti : devoted, fuimus : used rather than sumus be- cause dediti has the force of an adj. 21. humanitatem : culture. Chapter 2 24. quaestione legitima : in a legal inquiry, conducted in a regular court, iudicio publico : in a state trial, one in which the state was a party, cum agatur : though the case is tried. 25. praetorem : Q. Cicero, brother of the orator, lieutenant a few years later in Caesar's army. 26. tanto . . . frequentia : in so crowded an assembly; abl. of attendant circumstance. Note the hendiadys. 29. abhorreat : differs. The difference consisted in this, that Cicero proposed to speak in praise of literature, as well as argue the case. 30. vobis : (and) to you. 32. hoc concursu, hac . . . humanitate : in this assembly, with such culture on your part; abl. of attendant circumstance. 33. hoc praetore : Q. Cicero wrote some poetry himself, but only a few verses remain. 34. de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum : about the pursuit of culture and the study of literature. 35. in . . . persona : in the case of a character. A. B. G. H. 382 191 356 433 272 NOTES PAGE 111 36. persona : lit. mask, a word borrowed from the stage, in iudiciis periculisque : in courts and lawsuits. 39. perficiam ut putetis : J will cause you to think. 40. segregandum : sc. esse. 41. asciscendum fuisse : ought to have been; in dir. disc, asciscendus fuit; 198, note 2; 218. 1 Chapter 3 112 42. ut primum: as soon as. ex pueris excessit: grew out of boyhood. 43. ab eis artibus : modifies contulit, which is coordinate w. excessit. ad (humanitatem) : with a view to. 44. scribendi : of composition, primum : w. coepit. 46. loco nobili : of a noble family. 47. quondam : Antioch had lost much of its importance because of the Mithridatic wars and the quarrels of the Seleucidae. urbe : a noun in app. w. a loc. (Antiochiae) is in the abl. 59. celebrabantur : the tense implies customary action. 61. exspectatio : anticipation in regard to the man. 63. ipsius : of the man himself. 64. admiratio : the admiration he excited. Italia : i.e. southern Italy, known as Magna Graecia. 68. disciplinarum : sciences, studia haec : i.e. the study of poetry. 113 73- tranquillitatem : in the interval between the Gracchan disturbances (121 b.c.) and the Social War (90-88 B.C.). 74. vehementius : with greater zeal. 76. aliquid iudicare : to form any opinion, de ingeniis : about men of genius. 78. Hac tanta celebritate famae : because of this fame so widely spread, absentibus : sc. nobis, to us who were far away. 79. Mario, Catulo : consuls in 102 b.c. consule is singular because Marius was the more famous. 80. eos : such, quorum alter : Marius. res maximas : the victory over the Cimbri and Teutones. 81. alter : Catulus, who was a soldier and shared with Marius the glory of his victory. He was also a man of literary taste ; hence studium et aures : appreciation and attention. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. » — 921 517, c 304, 3 597 582 581 THE CITIZENSHIP OP ARCHIAS 273 PAGE 82. posset : subjv. in a descriptive clause. Luculli : a noble 113 Roman family distinguished by Lucius and Marcus, praetexta- tus: a youth, properly applied to a Roman boy who wore the toga praetexta until his seventeenth year ; not to be taken lit- erally here, for the honors mentioned would scarcely have been given to one so young. 84. hoc : explained by the noun clause ut . . . senectuti. ingeni ac litterarum : an evidence of his literary ability; pred. gen. 87. illi : the well known. Numidico : Metellus was so called because of his victories over the Numidians. 88. Pio : a surname given to the younger Metellus because he sought the recall of his father from exile. Aemilio : a great statesman and orator, vivebat : associated. Catulo et patre et filio : the father was the colleague of Marius (1. 81) ; the son was consul in 78 b.c, and was a prominent leader of the aris- tocracy. 89. L. Crasso : a famous orator about 95 b.c. 90. Drusum : a political leader early in the first century b.c, assassinated because of his efforts at reform. Catonem : prob- ably the father of Cato Uticensis. 91. devinctam consuetudine : bound by ties of friendship. 92. eum colebant : cultivated his acquaintance. 93. si qui : whoever. Chapter 4 95. satis longo intervallo : after quite a long interval; the abl. may be taken as absolute. 97. decederet : was returning. Rome was still his place of residence. Heraclia : nothing remains to-day of this old Greek city of southern Italy. Quae cum: = et cum (causal) ea. 98. esset aequissimo . . . foedere : enjoyed very favorable treaty rights (with Rome) ; abl. of description. 99. cum : while, turn : at that time. 101. civitas : citizenship, lege: known as the lex Plautia- Papiria from the gentile names of the tribunes who proposed it in 89 b.c. 101. si qui: i.e. (civitas data est) eis qui. Note that the law is stated in the form of a quotation ; hence the subjv. verbs which in dir. disc, would be fut. perf . 274 NOTES PAGE 113 103. ferebatur : is parenthetical and not part of the wording of the law. 104. praetorem: a praetor; see Introd. 34. essent prof essi : i.e. declared their intention to become citizens. 114 109. causa dicta est : Archias has met the three conditions of the law : he was a citizen of an allied town, Heraclea, had long been a resident of Rome, and had made his declaration before a praetor, Metellus. no. Gratti : voc. Grattius was the prosecutor who claimed that Archias was not a citizen. in. religione et fide : scrupulous honor and good faith, non : not that. 113. interfuisse : was present (when it was done), egisse : i.e. by his influence. 1 14. huius indici : of this trial. 117. Italico bello : in the Social War of 90 B.C. 118. ad ea : in reply to the proofs. 120. litterarum memoriam : documentary evidence. 121. et : sc. est ridiculum. amplissimi viri : Metellus. 122. religionem : conscientious testimony, municipi : before the Social War, Heraclea was an allied town without Roman citizenship (civitas foederata) ; afterwards, a town enjoying full citizen rights (municipium) ; see Introd. 21. 124. quas idem : you yourself. An : introducing a rhetorical question; 89, b. ; B. 162, 4, a; Bur. 368; HB. 236; cf. Cat., I, 1.20. 125. tot annis : Archias came to Rome in 102, thirteen years before citizenship was granted (ante civitatem datam). 128. collegio : board, consisting of eight praetors. Chapter 5 130. Appi : Appius Claudius Pulcher, whose records were kept too carelessly (neglegentius). 131. Gabini : = et Gabini. quamdiu . . . f uit : before he was tried (lit., as long as he was safe). After his praetorship Gabinius was convicted of extortion practiced while he was governor of Achaia. 132. calamitas : he lost his civil rights, tabularum fidem : confidence in his records. 133. Metellus : the third praetor mentioned. THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 275 PAGE 138. quid est quod dubitetis : what reason is there for doubting? 115 The clause is descriptive. Archias, therefore, was a citizen not only of Heraclea but of other towns. 140. mediocribus multis et praeditis : dat. arte (1. 143) : abl. of means. 142. credo : J suppose, used w. irony. The four towns referred to were in Magna Graecia, called here Graecia. 143. quod: the antecedent is id (1. 146). scaenicis artifici- bus : the Romans of the Republic regarded acting on the stage as unworthy of citizens. 146. legem Papiam : the alien act of the tribune Papius, passed in 65 B.C., providing that all foreigners should be ex- pelled from Rome. It was under this act that Archias was brought to trial. 150. Scilicet . . . obscurum: of course, for I suppose (ironical) it is not known. 151. proximis censoribus : during the time of the last censors, 70 b.c, and also those of 86 (superioribus) the poet was absent. The first censors (primis) after he became a citizen in 89, resigned without taking the census. 152. apud exercitum : with the army, as a guest of the com- mander, cum eodem quaestore : with the same man (Lucullus) when he was quaestor, under Sulla. 156. ita : thereby, pro : as. eis temporibus : beginning the main clause ; construe w. fecit. 157. quern: he whom. 158. et (omit) testamentum fecit, etc. : only citizens could perform these acts. 159. civium : i.e. bequeathed by Romans. 160. in beneficiis : among those to be rewarded. The proconsul (pro consule) on returning from his province would report the names of his followers who were to be rewarded for their ser- vices. The naming of Archias implied that Lucullus regarded him as a citizen. 162. suo . . . iudicio : the poet and his friends have acted as though he were really a citizen. Chapter 6 165. ubi: = id quo, the means by which (lit., wherewith); i.e. his poetry, ex: after. The clause is descriptive. 276 NOTES PAGE 115 117 1 66. convicio : the wrangling of the courts. 167. An : cf. 1. 126, and Cat., I, 1. 20. suppetere . . . posse : that we could have ideas. 168. quod dicamus : a purpose clause, nisi excolamus : the subjv. may be due to the indir. disc, or may be a condition less probable (should cultivate). 171. deditum: cf. dediti sumus, 1. 21. Ceteros pudeat: let others be ashamed. ~~~- 173. adferre, proferre : either in speaking or writing some- thing new. 174. quid pudeat: cf. Cat., I, 1. 314. Two Children at Dice-play (From a Pompeian wall painting) THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 277 PAGE 175- vivo: have lived, tempore: needs, in court; time of 116 peril. 178. quis reprehendat : a potential question, or a question of " ideal certainty." (Hale.) 179. si: w. sumpsero, 1. 186. quantum temporum tantum : as much time as. suas res obeundas : attending to their business. 182. tempestivis : protracted, beginning before the usual hour, which was three or four in the afternoon. 183. alveolo : gambling flourished notwithstanding many laws condemning it. pilae : throwing and catching formed the basis of the different games of ball, but the bat seems not to have been used. See Johnston's The Private Life of the Romans. 185. eo : w. magis, the more. 186. crescit oratio et facultas : the power of public speaking is improved. 187. periculis : a term referring to criminal trials. 188. Quae : this ability, quae summa sunt : the principles of living, derived from philosophy. 190. multis litteris : by wide reading. 191. magno opere : = magnopere. laudem : true merit. 193. parvi : of little importance; see 110. x 196. impetus : the attacks resulting from the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy. 197. exemplorum : the examples of men who have practiced these high principles. 199. accederet : were thrown upon them. Literature pre- serves the examples of great men. imagines, expressas : words used of the work of a sculptor or painter. Chapter 7 208. est . . . respondeam : it is clear (to me) what answer I 117 shall give. The question is deliberative (dir. what shall I reply?). 209. animo ac virtute : attributive w. homines. 210. sine doctrina : pred. phrase w. fuisse. naturae . . . di- vino : by an almost divine quality of their very nature. 212. ad laudem valuisse : has availed to produce true merit. 214. idem ego : I further. Bur. A. B. G. -424 417 203 380 278 NOTES PAGE 117 215. ratio . . . doctrinae : systematic training derived from instruction. 216. nescioquid: see Vocab. 218. Africanum: Scipio Africanus the Younger, conqueror of Carthage, a scholar and statesman as well as soldier. Scipio, Laelius, and Furius were patrons of Greek culture at Rome, after the conquest of Greece in 146 b.c. 220. illis temporibus : abl. of time, but trans, for (i.e. con- sidering) those times. 221. Catonem: Cato, the Censor, who lived 234r-149 b.c, was the father of Latin prose. " He was considered by men of later times as the ideal of Roman character." 222. ad percipiendam : in appreciating. 223. adiuvarentur : were continually aided. 227. ceterae : sc. animi remissiones. This passage in Cicero's tribute to letters is deservedly famous, temporum : gen. of pos- session. Chapter 8 118 234. deberemus : it would be our duty. 236. Rosci : Roscius, the comic actor, died a few months be- fore this trial. He had been a slave, but lived to realize a large fortune by his profession, and became the friend of Cicero and other public men. 237. excellentem . . . venustatem : the excellence and charm of his art. 240. animorum motus : mental activity, celeritatem ingeni- orum : natural quickness. 243. novo genere dicendi : cf. 1. 27. 244. cum : concessive, litteram nullam : not a single word. 119 246. quae agerentur : which were then going on; i.e. current events. The subjv. is due to attraction, revocatum: i.e. en- cored. 247. eandem rem dicere : treat the same theme. 249. scriptorum : the Greek writers, of the same country as Archias. 120 250. diligam, etc. : deliberative subjv. ; cf. 1. 176. 253. ceterarum . . . constare : the study of other things (than poetry) is based on theory, rules, and practice. 254. poetam : sc. sed. valere : derives his power (from). Poeta nascitur, non fit was a Latin proverb. THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 279 PAGE 256. ille : well-known, great. Ennius, " the father of Latin 120 poetry," was born in Calabria 239 B.C., and came to Rome in 204. 260. Saxa . . . bes- *^1 tiae : when Amphi- on, king of Thebes, was building the walls of his city, ac- cording to the story, he caused the stones to take their places by the music of his lyre. Orpheus in the same way drew after him wild beasts and even trees. 266. pugnant in- ter se : there were seven cities claiming the honor of being the birthplace of Homer. Chapter 9 270. repudiabi- mus : in questions of deliberation the fut. ind. is some- times used instead of the pres. subjv. ; Bur. 757; HB. 572. 271. omne studi- um : his utmost zeal. 273. Cimbricas res Orpheus with his Lyre (From a Pompeian wall painting) the war w. the Cimbri. 274. durior : too rude. Marius boasted that the camp and battle field were his only school. 275. aversus a : unfriendly to. 277. Themistoclem : Themistocles, the Athenian statesman and commander, the victor in the battle of Salamis, 480 b.c. ilium, ille (1. 280) ; cf . 1. 256. 278. quaereretur : impers. acroama : performer. This Greek 280 NOTES PAGE 121 word (lit., thing heard) comes to mean an entertainment, as a play, dance, or recitation ; then the person who gives the enter- tainment. 281. Plotium : the first Roman teacher of rhetoric, a friend of Marius. 284. ab hoc : i.e. by Archias. 287. aperuit : especially to Roman merchants. 122 289. natura et regione : by natural situation ; hendiadys. populi Romani : note the repetition and emphatic position of this phrase. 290. non maxima : no very great. Plutarch says that Lucullus had 10,000 men against an army of 200,000. Armeniorum : the allies of Mithridates. 292. urbem Cyzicenorum : Cyzicus was an important city on the southern coast of the Propontis, friendly to Rome, eiusdem : Lucullus. 293. ore ac faucibus : the open jaws (lit., mouth and jaws). 294. nostra f eretur : as ours (the battle) will be spoken of. 296. apud Tenedum pugna : the battle off Tenedos, 73 b.c. So it is named, though really fought near Lemnos. 298. Quae . . . efferuntur : by whose genius these deeds are 'proclaimed. In trans, begin w. the antecedent clause ab eis, etc. 299. Africano superiori : the elder Scipio. 300. is : i.e. his statue. In Cicero's time, according to Livy, there were three statues at the entrance of the tomb of the Scipios, one of which was thought to be that of Ennius. 303. huius : of the present Cato (Uticensis). Cato : the Cen- sor. His praises were sung by Ennius, who had served as a sol- dier under him in Sardinia. It was in Cato's army that Ennius first came to Rome in 204 b.c. Chapter 10 123 307. haec : sc. carmina. fecerat : the word for " poet " in Greek means maker. Rudinum hominem : Ennius, born at Rudiae of Greek origin, became a Roman citizen late in life. 309. civitatibus : dat. of agent. 320. Graeca leguntur : Greek is (or Greek writings are) read. Archias wrote in Greek, Ennius in Latin. 322. suis finibus : to its own boundaries (lit., by, etc.). sane : THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 281 PAGE we must admit. Latin was spoken in Latium and in the Roman 123 colonies, Greek in the whole civilized world. 327. quo : wherever. The antecedent is eodem. 329. pervenerint : subjv. in an indir. clause. 330. cum . . . turn : while . . . at the same time. 331. haec: i.e., these poems, ampla : honorable. 332. de : at the risk of. 337. qui . . . inveneris : a rel. causal clause ; 192, b 1 . 124 338. vere : sc. dixit. 340. Magnus : a surname given to Pompey by Sulla. 342. in contione . . . donavit : citizenship was often conferred by generals in this way. 344. eiusdem laudis : the same as Pompey received from Theophanes. 346. credo : ironical. 347. perficere non potuit : could not have managed; 198, note 2. 2 349. petentem : = si petisset. quern : i.e. Sulla ; subj. of iubere (1. 352). 350. de populo : from the common people, untrained ; cf . Archias loco nobili (1. 46). ei subiecisset : had handed up to him, sitting upon the tribunal at the auction of the goods of the con- quered. 351. quod fecisset: causal, giving Sulla's reason, in eum : about him. 352. longiusculis : the only merit of the writing was its verse- form, consisting of alternate lines of five and six feet (elegiac couplets). 355. huius : Archias. 358. qui . . . cuperet : especially since he (Metellus) so much desired to have his own deeds written about. 360. pingue . . . peregrinum : though uttering something dull and provincial. Chapter 11 363. prae nobis ferendum : must be openly acknowledged. 364. optimus quisque : all the best men. Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. J — 807 535 283 634 592 523 2 — 921 308, c 304,3 597 511 582,3 282 NOTES PAGE 124 366. iii eo ipso.: in the very act. 367. despiciunt: express contempt for. praedicari . . . no- minari : to be named and praised. 125 369- amicissimi sui : his own most intimate friend. 373. ille Fulvius : Fulvius Nobilior, who was criticised by Cato the Censor for taking Ennius with him (comite), 180 b.c. 374. Musis : Fulvius built a temple in Rome to Hercules and the Muses. 376. prope armati : i.e. before laying down their arms. 381. a abhorrere : to disregard. 384. me indicabo : / will betray (accuse) myself; said in a jocular spirit. The phrase is generally used of criminals who give themselves up to the authorities, quodam: here used to soften the following phrase. 392. hie : Archias. The poem dealing with the suppression of the conspiracy was probably never completed. 393. res : subject, theme. 397. quid est quod : ef. note, 1. 140. 401. nee tantis : the conclusion begins here. 126 403. Nunc : as it is, opposed to si nihil (1. 399). 404. Optimo quoque : cf. 1. 364. virtus : a noble impulse. 408. cum adaequandam : must endure to; " must be made co- existent with.''' — Reid. Chapter 12 412. videamur : are we to seem? Deliberative subjv. 416. cum : concessive, spatium : sc. vitae : moment of our lives. 423. imagines : portraits, molded or carved ; perhaps the wax portrait masks of ancestors who had been curule magis- trates, simulacra : as representations ; pred. ace. in relation to statuas et imagines. 427. effigiem : a delineation. 428. nonne debemus : and ought we not? expressam : accu- rately drawn. 429. omnia: obj. of spargere ac disseminare. 127 432. sapientissimi : especially the Greek philosophers Pythag- oras, Socrates, and Plato, who taught immortality. 433. pertinebit : shall continue in relation. 435. pudore, ingenio (1. 437), causa (with a cause, 1. 439) : abl. of description. 437. vetustate : by the duration (of his friendship). THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 283 438. quod . . . videatis : descrip- tive, summorum . . . ingeniis : by men of the highest genius. 439. beneficio le- gis : the lex Plau- tia-Papiria. 443. ut eum : w. accipiatis (1. 449), depending on peti- mus. 451. de causa: i.e. on the question itself, chapters 1-5. 452. omnibus: dat. of agent. 453. a aliena: at variance with. 454. de studio : on the pursuit of lit- erature, chapters 6- 12, PAGE 127 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX PART I. INFLECTION NOUNS FIRST DECLENSION SINGULAR N. porta l G. portae D. portae Ac. portam Ab. porta portae portarum portis portas portis SECOND DECLENSION SINGULAR N. amicus puer ager vir bellum G. amici pueri agri viri belli D. Ab. amicd puero agro viro bello Ac. amicum puerum agrum virum bellum PLURAL N. amid pueri agri viri beUa G. amicorum puerorum agrorum virorum belloru: D. Ab. amicis pueris agris viris bellis Ac. amicos puero s agros viros beUa 1 The base of a noun is found, in any declension, by dropping the end- ing of the genitive singular ; the stem, by dropping -rum of the genitive plural in the first, second, and fifth declensions, -um in the third and fourth : base, port-, stem, porta. 284 NOUNS 285 THIRD DECLENSION SINGULAR N. consul mercator pater legio G. consulis mercatoris patris legionis D. consuli mercatori patri legioni Ac. consulem mercatorem patrem legion em Ab. consule mercatore PLURAL patre legidne N. Ac. consule s mercatore s patres legiones G. consulum mercatorum patrum legionum D. Ab. consulibus mercatoribus patribus legionibus N. lex G. legis D. leg! Ac. legem Ab. lege SINGULAR prmceps miles clvitas principis militis civitatis principi mlliti civitati prmcipem militem civitatem principe miKte clvitate (The plural is regular) SINGULAR N.Ac. G. D. Ab. fltimen fmminis flumini fliimine opus operis x open opere PLURAL tempus temporis 1 tempori tempore caput capitis capiti capite N.Ac. G. D. Ab. fltimina fltiminum fluminibus opera operum operibus tempora temporum temporibus capita capitum capitibus 1 Many words in -s, of all genders, change s to r between two vowels : aes, aeris ; mos, moris ; ius, iuris. 286 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX SINGULAR N. caedes navis hostis mons nox G. caedis navis hostis montis noctis D. caedi navi host! monti nocti Ac. caedem navim(- -em) 1 hostem montem noctem Ab. caede navi(-e^ ) 2 hoste monte nocte PLURAL N. caedes naves hostes monte s nocte s G. caedium 3 navium 3 hostium 3 montium 3 noctium 3 D.Ab. caedibus navibus kostibus montibus noctibus Ac. caedis (-es) 3 navis (-es) 3 hostis (-es) 3 montis (-es) 3 noctis (-es) 3 SING. IS!. Ac. cub lie G. cubllis D. Ab. cubili 5 8. PLUR. SING. PLUR cubilia '• vectigal vectigalia 4 cubilium 4 vectigalis vectigalium cubllibus vectigali 5 vectigalibus FOURTH DECLENSION N. G. D. Ac. Ab. manus manus manui (-u) manum manu SINGULAR lacus lacus lacui (-u) lacum lacu domus domiis domui domum domo (-u) cornu cornu cornus cornu cornu Locative sing, domi, at home. 1 Ace. sing, in -im or -em is found in febris, navis (usually -em), puppis (usually -im), securis, sementis, turris. 2 Abl. sing, -i or -e is found in avis, civis, classis, febris, finis, Ignis, imber, navis, orbis, puppis, sementis, turris. 3 Gen. plur. -ium and ace. plur. -is or -es are found in, — a. Nouns in -es or -is (having the same number of syllables in nom. and gen.). b. Polysyllables in -ns or -rs, and sometimes -tas ; also proper names in -as. c. Monosyllables in -s or -x, following a consonant. d. imber, linter, and nox. 4 Gen. plur. -ium, nom. and ace. plur. -ia, are found in neuters with nom. in -e, -al, -ar. 5 Abl. sing, -i is found in neuters with nom. sing, in -e, -al, -ar. NOUNS 2 PLURAL N. mantis lac US domus cornua G. manuum lacuum domuum cornuum D. Ab. nianibus lacubus (-ibus) domibus cornibus Ac. manus lacus domos (-us) cornua 9. FIFTH DECLENSION SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. N. dies dies res res G. die! dierum rei re rum D. die! diebus rei rebus Ac. diem dies rem res Ab. die diebus re rebus 287 Note. Other nouns of the fifth declension lack the plural forms, though the plural nominative and accusative are found in acies, effigies, species, spes, and a few other words. SPECIAL NOUNS 10. SINGULAR N. deus senex vis iter G. dei senis vis itineris D. deo sen! vi itineri Ac. deum senem vim iter Ab. deo sene PLURAL vi itinere N. dei, dii, di senes vires itinera G. deorum, deum senum virium itinerum D. Ab. deis, diis, dis senibus viribus itineribus Ac. deos senes viris (-es) itinera 11. N. Archias * Perse s * Delos 2 Iuppiter G. Archiae Persae Deli Iovis D. Archiae Persae Delo Iovi Ac. Archian (-am) Persen Delon Iovem V. Archia Perse Dele Iuppiter Ab. Archia Perse Delo love 1 A Greek noun of the first declension. 2 A Greek noun of the second declension. 288 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX ADJECTIVES 12. N. G. D. Ac. Ab. N. G. N. G. 13. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS SINGULAR PLURAL M. F. bonus bona boni i bono / ~bonum bono bonae bonae bonam bona N. bonum boni boni bonoru: bono bonis bonum bonos bono bonis M. liber liberi bonarum bonorum bonis bonis bonas bona bonis bonis / — I — i X -* SINGULAR PLURAL F. N. M. F. N. libera liberum liberi liberae libera liberae liberi liberorum liberarum liberorum etc. x etc. 1 M. SINGULAR F. N. M. PLURAL F. N. noster 2 nostra nostrum nostri nostrae nostra nostri nostrae nostri nostrorum nostrarum nostrdrum etc ] etc. SINGULAR M. F. N. M. F. N. N. aUus__ alia aliud alter alterius altera alterius alterum G. alius alius alius alterius D. alii alii alii alteri alteri alteri Ac. alium aliam aliud alterum alteram alterum Ab. alio alia alio altero altera altero M. F. N. M. F. N. N. neuter 3 neutra neutrum iinus 4 una iinum G. neutrius neutrius neutrius iinius iinius iinius D. neutri neutri neutri unl iini iini Ac. neutrum neutram neutrum iinum tinam iinum Ab. neutro neutra neutro tino una tino 1 Other cases like bonus. 2 Possessive pronoun, used as an adjective. 3 So also uter. 4 So also nullus, solus, totus. ullus. ADJECTIVES 289 THIRD DECLENSION 14. Adjectives of Three Endings SINGULA *.R PLURAL M. F. N. M. F. N. N. ' acer acris acre acres acres acria G. acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium D. Ab. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus Ac. acrem acrem acre acris (-es^ ) acris (-es] ) acria 15. Adjectives of Two Endings SINGULAR PLURAL M. & F. N. M. & F. N. N. fortis forte fortes fortia G. fortis fortis fortium fortium D. Ab. forti forti fortibus fortibus Ac. fortem forte fortis (-es) fortia SINGULAR PLURAL M. & F. N. M. & F. N. N. longior longius longiore s longiora G. longioris longioris longiorum longiorum D. longiori longiori longioribus longioribus Ac. longior em longius longiore s longiora Ab. longior e longiore longioribus longioribus 16. Adjectives of One Ending SINGULAR PLURAL M. & F. N. M. & F. N. N. potens potens potentes potentia G. potentis potentis potentium potentium D. potenti potenti potentibus potentibus Ac. potent em potens potentis (-es) potentia Ab. potenti (-e) potenti (-e) potentibus potentibus 290 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX SINGULAR PLURAL M. & F. N. M. & F. N. N. vetus vetus veteres vetera G. veteris veteris veterum veterum D. veteri veteri veteribus veteribus Ac. veterem vetus veteres vetera Ab. vetere (-i :) vetere (-1 ) veteribus veteribus 17. SPECIAL ADJECTIVES SINGULAR PLURAL M. & F. N. M. & F. N. N. plus pltires phira G. pluris phlrium pliirium D. pltiribus pluribus Ac. plus pliires pltira Ab. phlre pluribus pluribus M. F. N. M. & F. N. N. duo duae duo tres tria G. duorum duarum duorum trium trium D. Ab . duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus Ac. duos duas duo tris, tres tria 18. REGULAR COMPARISON POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE latus, ■ -a, -um latior, -ius latissimus, -a, -um fortis, -e fortior, -ius fortissimus, -a, -um potens potentior, -ius potentissimus, -a, -um velox vel5cior , -ius velocissimus, -a, -um acer, acris, acre acrior, - ius acerrimus, -a ,-um liber, - era, -erum liberior, -ius liberrimus, -a, -um facilis, -e facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um 1 19. IRREGULAR COMPARISON bonus, -a, -um melior, melius optimus, -a, -um malus, -a, -um peior, peius pessimus, -a, -um magnus, -a, -urn maior, maius maximus, -a, -um 1 So also difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis. PRONOUNS 291 multus, -a, -um , plus plurimus, -a, -um parvus, -a, -um minor, minus minimus, -a, -um senex senior maximus natii iuvenis, -e iunior minimus natu vetus vetustior, - ius veterrimus, -a, -um exterus exterior extremus, extimus Inferus inferior infimus, imus posterus posterior postremus, postumus superus superior supremus, summus [cis, citra] citerior citimus [in, intra] interior intimus [prae, pro] prior primus [prope] propior proximus [ultra] ulterior ultimus 20. COMPARISON [ OF ADVERBS POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE late latius latissime libere Hberius liberrime facile facilius facillime acriter acrius acerrime fortiter fortius fortissime bene melius optime male peius pessime magnopere magis maxime multum plus plurimum parum minus minime prope propius proxime diu diiitius diutissime saepe saepius saepissime 21. PRONOUNS PERSONAL REFLEXIVE SING. PLU. SING \. PLU. SING. PLU. N. ego nos tu vos G. mei nostrum, -tri tui vestrum l, -tri sui sui D. mihi nobis tibi vobis sibi sibi Ac. me nos to- vos se, sese se, ses Ab. me nobis te vobis se, sese se, ses 292 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 22. POSSESSIVE Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, are used and declined like adjectives. 23. DEMONSTRATIVE SINGULAR PLURAL M. F. N. M. F. N. N. hie haec hoc hi hae haec G. hums hiiius hiiius horum harum horum D. huic huic huic his his his Ac. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec Ab. hoc hac SINGULAR h5c his his PLURAL his M. F. N. M. F. N. N. ille 1 ilia illud illi illae ilia G. illius illius illius illorum illarum illorum D. mi ill! iUi illis illis illis Ac. ilium illam illud illos illas ilia Ab. illo ilia SINGULAR illo illis illis PLURAL illis M. F. N. M. F. N. N. is ea id el, ii eae ea G. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum D. ei el ei eis, iis eis, iis eis, iis Ac. eum earn id eos eas ea Ab. eo ea SINGULAR e5 els, iis eis, iis PLURAL eis, iis M. F. N. M. F. N. N. Idem eadem idem eidem 2 eaedem eadem G. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem D. eidem eidem eidem eisdem 3 eisdem eisdem Ac. eundem eandem idem eosdem easdem eadem Ab. eodem eadem eodem eisdem 3 eisdem eisdem 1 Iste, ista, istud, is declined like ille. 2 Or idem. 3 Or Isdem. PRONOUNS 293 24. SINGULAR M. F. N. ipse ipsa G. ipsius ipslus D. ipsi ipsi Ac. ipsum ipsam Ab. ipso ipsa INTENSIVE N. ipsum ipsius ipsi ipsum ipso M. ipsi ipsorum ipsis ipsos ipsis PLURAL F. ipsae ipsarum ipsis ipsas ipsis N. ipsa ipsorum ipsis ipsa ipsis 25. M. N. qui G. cuius D. cui Ac. quern Ab. quo RELATIVE SINGULAR F. quae cuius cui quam qua N. quod cuius cui quod quo M. qui quorum quibus quos quibus PLURAL F. N. quae quae quarum quorum quibus quibus quas quae quibus quibus INTERROGATIVE SINGULAR M. & F. N. G. D. Ac. Ab. quis cuius cui quern quo N. quid cuius cui quid quo The plural of the interrogative quis is like that of the relative qui. When used as an adjective, the singular also is like that of the relative. 27. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS The indefinite pronouns are : — 1. quis (qui), quae (qua), quid (quod), any (one), anything. 2. aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid (-quod), some (one), some thing. 3. quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam (quod-), any (one) at all. 4. quisquam, quicquam, any (one) at all (169). 5. quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (quod-), any (one) you please. 6. quivis, quaevis, quidvis (quod-), any (one) you wish. 7. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quod-), a certain (one). 294 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 8. quisque, quaeque, quidque (quod-), each {one), every {one). 28. The indefinite quis is declined like the interrogative quis (26), but has quae or qua in the neuter plural, and, when used as an adjective, in the feminine singular. Aliquis has aliqua, not aliquae, in the feminine singular and neuter plural. a. The feminine singular forms of quis, aliquis, quispiam, and quisque, are not used as pronouns, but as adjectives. In all words the neuter singular form in quid is used as a pronoun, in quod as an adjective. b. Quidam has n instead of m before d in quendam, quandam, quorundam, quarundam. Quisquam has c for d in the neuter quicquam. VERBS 29. FIRST CONJUGATION Principal Parts ACTIVE jlaudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum, praise. [laudor, laudari, laudatus sum, be praised. Indicative Present SINGULAR PLURAL I praise, am praising laudo laudamus laudas laudatis laudat laudant PASSIVE SINGULAR PLURAL I am praised laudor laudamur laudaris (-re) laudamini laudatur laudantur Imperfect I was praising {I praised) I was praised laudabam laudabamus laudabar laudabamur laudabas laudabatis laudabaris (-re) laudabamini laudabat laudabant laudabatur laudabantur / shall praise laudabo laudabimus laudabis laudabitis laudabit laudabunt Future / shall be laudabor laudabimur laudaberis (-re) laudabiminl laudabitur laudabuntur VERBS 295 Perfect / have praised, I praised I have been (or / was) ; laudavi laudavimus laudatus sum laudati sumus laudavisti laudavistis laudatus es laudati estis laudavit laudaverunt (-ere) laudatus est laudati sunt Pluperfect / had praised I had been praised laudaveram laudaveramus laudatus eram laudati eramus laudaveras laudaveratis laudatus eras laudati eratis laudaverat laudaverant laudatus erat laudati erant Future Perfect I shall have praised I shall have been praised laudavero laudaverimus laudatus ero laudaveris laudaveritis laudatus eris laudaverit laudaverint laudatus erit laudati erimus laudati eritis laudati erunt 30. Subjunctive Present I may praise l SINGULAR PLURAL laudem laudemus laudes laudetis laudet laudent I might praise x laudarem laudaremus laudares laudaretis laudaret laudarent / may have praised x laudaverim laudaverimus laudaveris laudaveritis laudaverit laudaverint / may be praised x SINGULAR PLURAL lauder laudemur lauderis (-re) laudeminl laudetur laudentur Imperfect I might be praised x laudarer laudaremur laudareris (-re) laudareminl laudaretur laudarentur Perfect I may have been praised * laudatus sim laudati simus laudatus sis laudati sitis laudatus sit laudati sint 1 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 296 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Pluperfect / should l have praised 2 J should 3 have been praised 2 laudavissem laudavissemus laudatus essem laudati essemus laudavisses laudavissetis laudatus esses laudati essetis laudavisset laudavissent laudatus esset laudati essent 31. lauda, praise thou laudate, praise ye laudato, thou shalt praise laudato, he shall praise laudatote, you shall praise laudanto, they shall praise Imperative Present laudare, be thou praised laudamini, be ye praised Future laudator, thou shalt be praised laudator, he shall be praised laudantor, they shall be praised 32. Infinitive Pres. laudare, to praise Perf. laudavisse, to have praised Fut. laudaturus esse, to be about to praise laudari, to be praised laudatus esse, to have been praised laudatum Iri, to be about to be 33. Pres. laudans, praising Fut. laudaturus about praise 34. Gerund G. laudandi, of praising D. laud and 6, for praising Ac. laudandum, praising Ab. laudando, by praising Participles Perf. laudatus, having been praised to Fut. laudandus (Gerundive), to be praised Supine Ac. laudatum, to praise Ab. laudatu, to praise 1 You, he, they would have praised. 2 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 3 You, he, they would have been praised. 35. Pkincipal Parts VERBS SECOND CONJUGATION 297 fmoneo, monere, monui, monitum, advise [moneor, moneri, monitus sum, be advised ACTIVE » PASSIVE » Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Pres. moneo moneam moneor monear mones moneas moneris (-re) monearis (-re) monet moneat monetur moneatur monemus moneamus monemur moneamur monetis moneatis monemini moneamini monent moneant monentur moneantur Impf. monebam monerem monebar monerer Fut. monebo monebor Perf. monui monuerim monitus sum monitus sim Plup. monueram monuissem monitus eram monitus essem F. P. monuero monitus ero SINGULAR Pres. raone 2 Fut. moneto moneto Imperative PLURAL monete monetote monento Infinitive Pres. monere 2 Perf. monuisse Fut. moniturus esse SINGULAR monere 2 monetor monetor moneri monitus esse monitum iri PLURAL monemini Participles Pres. monens Perf. monitus Fut. moniturus Fut. monendus (Gerundive) Gerund Supine monendi, etc. monitum, -u 1 Omitted forms and meanings are like those of laudo. 2 The meanings are as given in 31 and 32. 298 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 36. THIRD CONJUGATION ^ -r, frego, regere rexl, rectum, rule Principal Parts _ _ regor, regi, rectus sum, 6e rwZed ACTIVE PASSIVE Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Pres. rego regam regor regar regis regas regeris (-re) regaris (-re) regit regat regitur regatur regimus regamus regimur regamur regitis regatis regimini regamini regunt regant reguntur regantur Impf. regebam regerem rege bar regerer Fut. regam reges reget, etc. regar regeris (-re) regetur, etc. Perf. rexl rexerim rectus sum rectus sim Plup. rexeram rexissem rectus eram rectus essem F. P. rexero rectus ero Imperative SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL Pres. rege regite regere regimini Fut. regito regitote regitor regito regunto regitor reguntor Infinitive Pres. regere regi Perf. rexisse rectus esse Fut. recturus esse rectum iri Participles Pres. regens Perf '. rectus Fut. recturus Fut. regendus (Gerundive) Gerund Supine regendi, etc. rectum, -u VERBS 299 37. THIRD CONJUGATION IN -10 Principal Parts [ capio, eapere, cepi, captum, take [capior, capi, eaptus sum, be taken The perfect and supine systems are regular; see rego. ACTIVE PASSIVE Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Pres. capio eapiam capior capiar capis capias caperis (-re) capiaris (-re) capit capiat capitur capiatur capimus capiamus capimur capiamur capitis capiatis capimini capiamini capiunt capiant capiuntur capiantur Impf. capiebam caperem capiebar caperer Fut. capiam capiar capies capieris (-re) capiet, etc. eapietur, etc. Imperative Pres. cape capite eapere capimini Fut. capito capitote capitor capito capiunto capitor capiuntor Infinitive Pres. eapere capi Participl es Pres. capiens Fut. capiendus (Gerundive) Gerund capiendi, etc. 38. FOURTH CONJUGATION Principal Parts \ [ audio, audire, audivi, auditum, hear [audior, audiri, auditus sum, be heard 300 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX ACTIVE PASSIVE Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Pees, audio audiam audior audiar audis audias audiris (-re) audiaris (-re) audit audiat auditur audiatur audimus audiamus audimur audiamur auditis audiatis audimini audiamini audiunt audiant audiuntur audiantur Impf. audiebam audirem audiebar audirer Fut. audiam audiar audies audieris (-re) audiet, etc. audietur, etc. Perf. audivi audiverim auditus sum auditus sim Plup. audiveram audivi ss em auditus eram auditus essem F. P. audivero auditus ero Imperative SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAF, : PLURAL Pees, audi Fut. audito audlto audit e auditote audiunto audire auditor auditor audimini audiuntor Infinitive Pres. audire Perf. audlvisse Fut. audltiirus esse audiri auditus esse audltum iri Participles Pres. audiens Fut. audlturus Perf. auditus Fut. audiendus (Gerundive) Gerund Supine audiendi, etc. audltum, -u VERBS 301 39. ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION Indicative Pres. laudaturus sum, to praise Impf. laudaturus eram Fut. laudaturus ero Perf. laudaturus fui Plup. laudaturus fueram F. P. laudaturus fuero / am about Pres. Subjunctive laudaturus sim Impf. laudaturus essem Perf. Plup. laudaturus fuerim laudaturus fuissem Infinitive Pres. laudaturus esse Perf. laudaturus fuisse 40. PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION Subjunctive laudandus sim laudandus essem laudandus fuerim laudandus fuissem Indicative Pres. laudandus sum, / am to be Pres. praised, I have to be praised Impf. laudandus eram Impf. Fut. laudandus ero Perf. laudandus fui Perf. Plup. laudandus fueram Plup. F. P. laudandus fuero Infinitive Pres. laudandus esse Perf. laudandus fuisse 41. DEPONENT VERBS Examples Conj. I. hortor, hortari, hortatus sum, exhort Conj. II. vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear Conj. III. sequor, sequi, secfitus sum, follow 1 Conj. IV. potior, potiri, potitus sum, become master of 1 Pres. indie. : sequuntur. sequor, sequeris, seqmtur, sequimur, sequimini, 302 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX In the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative, these verbs are conjugated like the passive of regular verbs. All the forms, except the gerundive, are active in meaning. Imperative ■s. hortare verere sequere potlre hortator veretor sequitor potltor Infinitive Pres. hortari vererl sequi potlri Perf. hortatus esse veritus esse secutus esse potitus esse Fut. hortattirus esse verittirus esse seciiturus esse potiturus esse Participles Pres. hortans verens sequens potiens Fut. hortattirus verittirus seciiturus potiturus Perf. hortatus veritus secutus potitus Ger. hortandus hortandi hortatum verendus sequendus potiendus Gerund verendi sequendi potiendi Supine veritum sectitum potltum 42. There are four semi-deponent verbs, having the active form in the present system, but the passive in the perfect system, with the active meaning throughout: audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare; gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, rejoice; soleo, solere, soli- tus sum, be accustomed; fido, fidere, fisus sum, trust. 43. IRREGULAR VERBS Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui, futurus Indicative Subjunctive Present Present I am I may be l 1 The translation of the subjunctive varies. VERBS 303 SINGULAR sumus estis sunt sim SIS sit simus sitis sint Imperfect / was Imperfect / might be 1 eram eras erat eramus eratis erant essemus essetis essent Future / shall be ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt Perfect / have been, I was ful fuisti fuit fuimus fuistis Perfect / may have been * fuerim fuerimus fueris fuerunt (-ere) fuerit fueritis fuerint Pluperfect / had been Pluperfect / should have been x fueram fueras fuerat fueramus fueratis fuerant fuissem fuisses fuisset fuissemus fuissetis fuissent fuero fueris fuerit Future Perfect / shall have been fuerimus fueritis fuerint 1 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 304 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Imperative SINGULAR Pres. , be thou Fut. esto, thou shalt be est5, he shall be PLURAL este, be ye estote, ye shall be sunto, they shall be Infinitive Pres. esse, to be Perf. fuisse, to have been Fut. futurus esse, to be about to be 44. Participle futurus, about to be Principal Parts: possum, posse, potui, be able. Indicative Pres. possum, potes, potest possumus, potestis, possunt Impf. poteram Fut. potero Perf. potui Plup. potueram F. P. potuero Infinitive Pres. posse Perf. potuisse Subjunctive Pres. possim, possis, etc. Impf. possem, posses, etc. Perf. potuerim Plup. potuissem Participle Pres. potens (adj.) 45. Principal Parts: fio, fieri, f actus sum, be made, be done. Indicative Pres. fio, fls, fit fimus, fitis, flunt Impf. flebam Fut. flam, fies, etc. Perf. factus sum Plup. factus eram F. P. factus ero Imperative Pres. fi, fite Subjunctive Pres. flam, flas, etc. Impf. fierem Perf. factus sim Plup. factus essem Participles Perf. factus Fut. faciendus (Gerundive) VERBS 305 Infinitive Pres. fieri Perf. factus esse Fut. factum irl 46. Principal Parts : eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum, go. Subjunctive Indicative Pres. eo, is, it, imus, itis, eunt Impf. ibam Put. ibo Perf. ii, isti, iit (it) iimus, istis, ierunt (-re) Plup. ieram F. P. iero Imperative Pres. i, ite Fut. ito, itote ito, eunto Infinitive Pres. ire Perf. isse Fut. itiirus esse Pres. earn Impf. irem Perf. ierim Plup. issem Participles Pres. iens (Gen. euntis) Fut. itiirus eundi, etc. itum -u Gerund Supine ._ ^ -p, r fero, ferre, tuh, latum, bear 47. Principal Parts :< . *-,-,. 7 I f eror, fern, latus sum, be ACTIVE PASS IVE Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Pres. fero feram feror ferar fers feras ferris feraris (-re) fert ferat fertur feratur ferimus feramus ferimur feramur fertis feratis ferimini feramini ferunt ferant feruntur ferantur Impf. ferebam ferrem ferebar ferrer Fut. feram ferar Perf. tuli tulerim latus sum latus sim Plup. tuleram tulissem latus eram latus essem F. P. tulero latus ero 306 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Imperative Pres. fer, ferte ferre, ferimini Fut. ferto, fer tote fertor ferto, ferunto fertor, feruntor Infinitive Pres. ferre ferri Perf. tulisse latus esse Fut. latiirus esse latum iri Participles Pres. ferens Perf. latus Fut. latiirus Fut. ferendus {Gerundive) Gerund Supine ferendi, etc. latum, -u {volo, velle, volui, be willing, wish. nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling. malo, malle, malui, prefer. Indicative Pres. vol5 nolo malo vis non vis mavis vult (volt) non vult mavult volumus nolumus malumus vultis (voltis) non vultis mavultis volunt nolunt malunt Impf. volebam nolebam malebam Fut. volam, voles, etc. nolam malam Perf. volui nolui malui Plup. volueram nolueram malueram F. P. voluero noluero Subjunctive maluero Pres. velim, veils, etc. nolim malim Impf. vellem, velles, etc. nollem mallem Perf. voluerim noluerim maluerim Plup. voluissem noluissem maluissem VERBS 307 Imperative Pres. noli nollte Fut. nolito nolito Infinitive nolitote nolunto Pres. velle nolle malle Perf. voluisse noluisse Participle maluisse Pres. volens nolens 49. do, dare, dedi, datum, give, is conjugated like the verbs of the first conjugation, but the stem vowel a is short in all forms except the second person singular of the present active indicative and imperative (das, da), and the nominative singular of the present participle (dans). 50. DEFECTIVE VERBS Indicative Perf. coepl, I began meminl, / remem- ber odl, / hate Plup. coeperam memineram, I remem- bered oderam, I hated F. P. coepero meminero, I shall re- member Subjunctive odero, / shall hate Perf. coeperim meminerim oderim Plup. coepissem meminissem Imperative odissem SINGULAR PLURAL memento Infinitive mementote Perf. coepisse meminisse odisse Fut. coeptiirus esse ostirus esse 308 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Participles Perf. coeptus, begun osus Fut. coepturus ostirus 51. The defective verb inquam, saij, introduces direct quota- tions. It has the following forms, but only the first three are in common use. Indicative Pres. inquam inquis inquit inquimus inquitis inquiunt Imp. inquiebat Fut. inquies inquiet Perf. inquil inquisti inquit Imperative Pres. inque Fut. inquito 62. IMPERSONAL VERBS Principal Parts: licet, licere, licuit (licitum est) it is allowed. Indicative Subjunctive Pres. licet liceat Impf. licebat liceret Fut. licebit Perf. licuit (licitum est) licuerit (licitum sit) Plup. licuerat (licitum erat) licuisset (licitum esset) F. P. licuerit (licitum erit) Infinitive licere, licuisse, liciturum esse PART II. THE FORMATION OF WORDS 53. Root. — A root is a monosyllable which contains the funda- mental meaning of a word. Thus due- implies the idea of lead- ing in the noun dux and in the verb duco. A root may vary in quantity or in spelling, as due-, due- (in duco, dux) ; teg-, tog- (in tego, toga). 54. Stem. — A stem is a fixed part of an inflected word. In some words it is the same as the root, as in dux (duc-s), in which NOUNS. PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 309 the stem and the root are both due-. In others the stem is the root with one or more added letters, as in duc-e-, the stem of duco, and in flu-min-, the stem of flumen. 55. Suffix. — A suffix is one or more letters added to a root or to a stem, to modify the meaning. Thus -tor is the suffix added to the root due-, to make ductor, a leader; but added to the stem audi-, to make auditor, a hearer. 56. Prefix. — A prefix is one or more letters joined to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning : ab-duco, I lead away. 57. Word Formation. — Word formation treats of the deriva- tion of words from roots or stems by the use of suffixes and pre- fixes. 58. Derivative Words. — A word formed from a root or a verb- stem is called a primary derivative : vic-tor, victor. A word de- rived from a noun-stem or an adjective-stem is called a second- ary derivative : victor-ia, victory. NOUNS: PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 1 59. The suffixes -tor, -sor, form nouns denoting the agent or doer: orator, one who speaks (oro) ; defen-sor, one who defends (defendo). (a) gladia-tor, one who uses the sword, is probably from the stem of an obsolete verb. (6) Other suffixes denoting agency are seen in scrib-a, col-onus pa-ter (one who protects). 60. The suffixes -io, -sio, -tio, -sus, -tus (gen. us), -tura, -ina, -ium form nouns denoting action or, concretely, the result of action : leg-io, a levying, a legion (lego) ; incen-sio, a setting fire to (incendo) ; ora-tio, a speaking (oro) ; vi-sus, a looking, act of seeing (video) ; adven-tus, a coming to, approach (advenio) ; iac-tura, a throwing (iacio) ; rap-ina, act of robbery (rapio) ; gaud-ium, joy (gaudeo). Note. — In general, nouns denoting action are primarily ab- stract, but often become concrete, that is, they lose the idea of action and come to denote the result, the means, or the place of action. 61. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -monia, -monium form nouns denoting action, the means, or the result of action : ag-men, that which is led (ago) ; flu-men, a flowing (fluo) ; orna-mentum, 1 Some of the less common suffixes are omitted. 310 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX that which adorns (drno) ; detri-mentum, that which is worn away, loss (detero) ; queri-monia, a complaining (queror) ; testi- monium, evidence (testor). 62. The suffixes -brum, -crum, -trum, -ulum, -bulum, -culum, -bra, -ula, -bula, etc., form nouns denoting the means, the instru- ment, or the place: delu-brum, a place of cleansing, a temple (deluo) ; simula-crum, a likeness (simulo) ; vinc-ulum, a bond (vincio) ; pa-bulum, that which nourishes (pa-, nourish) ; guber- na-culum, a helm (guberno) ; late-bra, a hiding-place (lateo). 63. The suffix -or forms masculine abstract nouns denoting a mental state: am-or, love (amo) ; tim-or, fear (timeo). NOUNS: SECONDARY DERIVATIVES 64. The suffixes -lus, -la, -lum, -ulus, -cuius, etc., form nouns called diminutives. These words follow the gender of the words from which they are derived : libel-lus, little book (liber) ; tabel-la, small board, tablet (tabula) ; lect-ulus, little couch (lectus). 65. The suffixes -tas, -tus, -tudo, -ia, -tia, -ium, -tium form abstract nouns denoting quality or condition : boni-tas, goodness (bonus) ; vir-tus, manliness (vir) ; audac-ia, boldness (audax) ; amici-tia, friendship (amicus) ; servi-tium, slavery (servus). 66. The suffix -ium is much used in both primary (60) and secondary (65) derivatives. The following secondary derivatives denote action : auspic-ium, augury (auspex) ; remig-ium, rowing (remex). 67. The suffix -arius added to a noun-stem denotes a dealer or maker; -arium, the place where things are kept : falc-arius, scythe- maker (falx) ; tabul-arium, record-office (tabula). 68. The suffixes -o, -lis, -nus (gen., -i) added to a noun-stem may denote the person concerned, frequently an officer : cen- turi-6, commander of a century (centuria) ; aedi-lis, commissioner of buildings (aedes) ; tribu-nus, head of a tribe (tribus). 69. The suffixes -atus, -ura, added to the stem of a personal name, denote office; -Ina, an art: consul-atus, office of consul (consul) ; praefect-ura, office of commander (praefectus) ; medic-ina, the healing art (medicus). ADJECTIVES: PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 70. The suffixes -ax, -icus, -idus, -ulus form adjectives, chiefly with the meaning of the present participle : aud-ax, daring DERIVATION OF VERBS 311 (audeo) ; am-icus, loving, friendly (amo) ; tim-idus, fearful, timid (timeo) ; cred-ulus, quick to believe (credo). 71. The suffixes -ilis, -bilis, -tivus form adjectives, chiefly with a passive meaning, sometimes denoting capability: fac-ilis, that may be done, easy (facio) ; credi-bilis, that may be believed (credo) ; cap-tivus, captured (capio). ADJECTIVES: SECONDARY DERIVATIVES 72. Adjectives meaning belonging to, relating to, derived from, are formed with the following suffixes : -cus, -icus, -ticus ; -ius, -icius ; -nus, -anus, -enus, -inus ; -alis, -elis, -ilis, -ulis ; -aris, -arius ; -ivus, -timus ; -ensis ; -cer, -cris, -ter, -tris, -ester, -estris, -estis : bell-icus, of war (bellum) ; frater-nus, of a brother (frater) ; reg-alis, of a king (rex) ; consul-aris, of a con- sul (consul) ; mari-timus, of the sea (mare) ; agr-estis, of the field (ager). 73. The suffixes -osus, -lentus, -tus form adjectives meaning fidl of, provided with : pericul-osus, full of danger, dangerous (periculum) ; turbu-lentus, disorderly (turba) ; hones-tus, honorable (honor) ; iiis-tus, just (ius). 74. The suffix -eus forms adjectives denoting material; idus, denoting state or condition: argent-eus, made of silver (argentum) ; luc-idus, bright (lux). 75. The suffixes -anus, -enus, -inus, -icus, -ius, -ensis, form adjectives denoting place of origin : Rom-anus, of Rome (Roma) ; Ital-icus, Italian (Italia) ; Athen-i-ensis, of Athens (Athenae). 76. The suffixes -ernus, -urnus, -tinus form adjectives from nouns or adverbs denoting time: hodi-ernus, of this day (hodie) ; noct-urnus, at night (nox) ; cras-tinus, of to-morrow (eras). DERIVATION OF VERBS 77. Primary Verbs. — Some verbs are derived from roots, either directly or by the addition of a vowel. In this class are most verbs of the third conjugation and irregular verbs : reg-e-re, es-se, i-re, fer-re, vel-le, da-re. Others are formed from nouns, adjectives, or other verbs. 78. Denominative Verbs. — Verbs derived from nouns or adjectives are called denominative : liber-6, set free (liber) ; nomin-6, name (nomen) ; flor-eo, bloom (flos, flower) ; met-ud fear (metus) ; fin-io, put an end to (finis). 312 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 79. Verbs Derived from Verbs. — These include : (a) Frequentative or intensive verbs, denoting repeated or intense action. They are of the first conjugation, and end in -to, -so, -ito, -tito, -sito : iac-to, toss (iacio) ; ag-ito, move vio- lently (ago) ; cur-so, run about (curro). (b) Inceptive or inchoative verbs, denoting the beginning of an action. These end in -sco, and are added to present stems : hebe-sco, grow dull (hebeo, be didl). Note. — Some verbs of this class apparently come from nouns or adjectives : advesperascit, evening approaches (vesper) ; inveterasco, grow old (vetus). (c) Causative verbs, signifying a causing to act : caedo, cause to fall (cado, fall) ; fugo, put to flight (fugio, flee) ; sisto, cause to stand (sto, stand). DERIVATION OF ADVERBS 80. Adverbs are derived chiefly from adjectives, nouns, or pronouns. 81. Adverbs in -e are formed from adjectives of the second declension : late, widely (latus). In bene and male, -e is short. 82. Adverbs in -ter (-iter) are formed chiefly from adjectives of the third declension : gravi-ter, heavily (gravis). 83. Adverbs in -am, -em, -im, -um, and some in -e are the accusative singular of nouns or adjectives ; those in -a, -as are the accusative plural : quam, vicem, partim, multum, facile, cet- era, alias. 84. Adverbs in -a, -6, -6, and some in -e, -e, are the ablative singular of adjectives, nouns, or pronouns : recta, primo, modo, forte, hodie. 85. Adverbs in -tus (-itus) are formed from nouns or adjec- tives and denote source or time : antiquitus, anciently (antiquus) ; divinitus, by divine favor (divinus). COMPOUND WORDS 86. Compound words are formed by the union of simple words. (a) Nouns : agri-cola, tiller of a field, farmer ; arti-fex, master of an art (ars, facio) ; bene-volentia, good-will ; inter-regnum, in- terval between two reigns; res-publica, commonwealth. SYNTAX 313 (6) Adjectives : omni-potens, almighty; parti-ceps, partaking, sharing (pars, capio) ; vene-ficus, poisoning (venerium, facio). (c) Verbs : ab-eo, go away; anim-ad-vertd, turn attention to, observe; prae-dico, foretell; satis-facio, make amends (do enough for) ; ven-eo, go to sale, be sold (venum, eo). (d) Adverbs : ad-huc, hitherto; postri-die, the next day. 87. Prefixes. — The prefixes of compound words are the fol- lowing : a, ab, abs, away, off, without. ob, before, against. ad, to, toward, near. per, through, thoroughly. ambi-, around. post, after, behind. ante, before. prae, before. circum, around, about. praeter, beside. com-, con-, co-, together. pro, pro, por, forth, before, for. de, away. re-, red-, back. dis-, di-, apart. se-, sed-, apart. e, ex, out, without. sub, under. in, in, into, against; not. subter, beneath. inter, between. super, supra, over. intro, within. trans, across. PART III. SYNTAX 88. Questions. — Questions, in Latin, may be introduced by an interrogative pronoun, interrogative adjective, or interroga- tive adverb, especially -ne, nonne, num. Nonne implies the answer yes; num, the answer no: -ne is an enclitic, attached to the first word of the question, and implies nothing about the answer. 1. quis te salutavit ? who saluted you? Cat. I. 7. 2. quanta in voluptate bacchabere ? in what pleasure will you revel f Cat. I. 10. 3. quid taces ? why are you silent? Cat. I. 4. 4. mosne maiorum (te impedit) ? does the custom of our an- cestors hinder you? Cat. I. 11. 5. nonne hunc in vincula duel imperabis ? will you not order him to be put into prison? Cat. I. 11. 6. num negare audes ? you dare not deny, do you ? Cat. 1. 4. 314 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX a. -ne is sometimes used for nonne or num, when the answer is understood : potestne tibi haec lux esse iucunda ?■ can this light of day be pleasant to you? Cat. I. 6 (answer " no "). b. Tandem or the enclitic -nam are sometimes used to empha- size a question: quo usque tandem? how far, pray? Cat. I. 1. c. Questions are sometimes expressed without an interroga- tive word : patere tua consilia non sentis ? do you not see that your plots are exposed? Cat. I. 1. d. For indicative questions see 184 ; for subjunctive questions see 201 ; for questions in indirect discourse see 215, d. 89. Alternative or Double Questions. — These inquire which of two or more suppositions is true. The first member begins with utrum, -ne, whether, or without an introductory word ; the second member begins with an, or, negative annon, or not: utrum is clemens an inhumanissimus esse videatur, whether he would appear to be mild or most inhuman; Cat. IV. 6. a. Necne, or not, may be used instead of an non in the second member of a double indirect question (202) : quaesivi in conventu fuisset necne, / asked whether he had been at the meeting or not; Cat. II. 6. b. An may introduce a single question, being equivalent to -ne, nonne, or num, with added surprise or emphasis upon a preceding statement : an Scipio Gracchum interfecit ? did not Scipio kill Gracchus? Cat. I. 1. 90. Rhetorical Question. — A rhetorical question is one whose answer is self-evident, and is put by way of emphasis for a declarative statement: quis dubitat ? who doubts? (= nobody doubts). 91. Answers. — The answer " yes " is expressed by repeating the verb or another emphatic word, or by vero, etiam, ita, certe, etc. The answer " no " is expressed by repeating the verb with non, or by non minime, etc., without a verb. NOUNS 92. Agreement. — A noun used as an appositive or predicate of another noun or pronoun agrees with it in case : Opimius, consul, Opimius the consul; Cat. I. 2; viro forti, collegae meo, to a brave man, my colleague; Cat. III. 6. NOUNS 315 Nominative Case A noun in the nominative case may be used as follows : — 93. Subject of a finite verb : senatus haec intellegit, the Senate knows these things; Cat. I. 1. 94. Subject of an " historical " infinitive (213) : Caesar frumentum flagitare, Caesar kept demanding grain. 95. Predicate nominative, after a. The intransitive verbs be, become, seem, etc. : patria, quae est parens omnium, our country, which is the parent of all; Cat. I. 7. 6. The passive verbs be made, be called, be chosen, etc. : habea- tur vir egregius Paulus, let Paulus be regarded as an extraordinary man; Cat. IV. 10. Vocative Case 96. The name of the person or thing addressed is put in the vocative case. This is spelled like the nominative except in the singular of -us nouns of the second declension, which have the vocative in -e : quo usque abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? how long, Catiline, will you abuse our patience? Cat. I. 1. a. Filius and proper names in -ius form the vocative singular in -i : fill, son; Marce Tulli, quid agis? Marcus Tullius, what are you doing? Cat. I. 11. Genitive Case The genitive case is used with nouns, adjectives, and verbs. A. Genitive with Nouns 97. Possessive genitive, denoting the possessor: ex aedibus Cethegi, from the house of Cethegus; Cat. III. 3. 98. Subjective genitive, denoting the agent or subject of an action or feeling implied by another noun : deorum erga vos amore, with the love of the gods for you; Cat. III. 1. 99. Objective genitive, denoting the object of an action or feel- ing implied by another noun : invidiae metus, the fear of unpopu- larity ; Cat. I. 11. 100. Descriptive genitive, used to describe another noun. In this use the genitive is modified by an adjective or pronoun : hiiius modi consultum, a decree of this kind; Cat. I. 2. 101. Genitive of material, denoting the material of which some- thing consists ; talentum auri, a talent of gold. 316 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 102. Appositional genitive, having the force of an appositive : hoc poetae nomen, this name of poet; Ar. 8. 103. Genitive of the whole, depending on a word denoting a part. The word denoting the part may be a noun, a pronoun (indefinite or interrogative), an adjective (numeral, comparative, or superlative), or an adverb (denoting quantity or place) : quid consili? what plan? Cat. I. 1; ubinam gentium? where in the world? Cat. I. 4. a. The ablative with de or ex may be used instead of the genitive of the whole, especially after cardinal numerals : unus ex istis, the only one of these; Cat. III. 7. B. Genitive with Adjectives 104. The objective genitive is used with adjectives denoting desire, knowledge, memory, fullness, participation, or their oppo- site : plenissimum navium, very full of ships ; P. 12. a. For the genitive with proprius, similis, see 119 a, b. C. Genitive with Verbs 105. With verbs of accusing, acquitting, condemning, a genitive is used to denote the charge : me inertiae condemno, / find myself guilty of inactivity ; Cat. I. 2. 106. The impersonal verbs of feeling, miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, and taedet, take an accusative of the person concerned, and a genitive of that which causes the feeling : me meorum fac- torum paenitebit, / shall repent of my deeds (lit. it will repent me of) ; Cat. IV. 10. 107. Interest and refert take the genitive of the person or thing concerned, if expressed by a noun, but the ablative feminine singular of the possessive, if expressed by a pronoun. The degree of interest is expressed by the genitive of value or by an adverb : parvi refert, it matters little ; P. 7. mea quid interest, what is for my interest; Cat. IV. 5. 108. Verbs of memory, memini, obliviscor, reminiscor, take the genitive or accusative. If the object is a person, obliviscor takes the genitive only, and reminiscor the accusative only : obliviscere caedis, forget murder; Cat. I. 3. 109. The genitive is sometimes used with potior (147) ; rerum potiri, to get control of affairs ; Cat. II. 9. NOUNS 317 110. With est and verbs of value, the genitive adjectives magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris, plurimi, denote indefinite value : est tanti, it is of such value, it is worth while; Cat. I. 9. 111. Predicate Genitive. — A possessive or descriptive geni- tive may be used in the predicate : unum genus est eorum, one class consists of those men; Cat. II. 8 ; est sapientiae, it is the part of (belongs to) wisdom; P. 7. Dative Case The uses of the dative case are as follows : — 112. Dative of indirect object, a. With transitive verbs : (tabellas) ostendimus Cethego, we showed the tablets to Cethegus; Cat. III. 5. 6. With intransitive verbs meaning favor, help, please, trust, and their opposites ; believe, persuade, command, obey, serve, resist; envy, threaten, pardon, spare: huic urbi minitantem, threatening this city; Cat. II. 1. mihi credite, believe me, Cat. II. 7. Note 1. — Some verbs of these meanings are transitive and govern the accusative, as delecto, iubed, iuvo, laedo. Note 2. — In the passive these verbs are used only imper- sonally (172, b) : mihi nihil noceri potest, in no way can harm be done to me; Cat. III. 12. c. With some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, de, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super : cui adulescentulo facem praetulisti, before what young man have you carried a torch f Cat. I. 6. d. With verbs compounded with satis, bene, and male : satis facere rei publicae, to satisfy (do enough for) the state; Cat. I. 1. 113. Dative of separation, with verbs meaning take away, used of words denoting persons : hunc mihi timorem eripe, take away this fear from me; Cat. I. 7. 114. Dative of purpose or tendency, denoting the purpose for which anything is done, or the object toward which anything tends : eos qui fructui sunt, those who are (for) a source of income; P. 6. a. The dative of purpose is often used in connection with the dative of reference (115) : eos qui vobis fructui sunt, those who are (for) a source of income to you; P. 6. 318 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 115. Dative of reference, denoting the person or thing con- cerned by the action : tibi unl vexatio sociorum impunita fuit (for) in the case of you alone the harassing of our allies has been unpunished; Cat. I. 7. a. The dative of reference may be equivalent to a possessive genitive or adjective : tibi manibus, from your hands; Cat. I. 6. b. The dative of personal pronouns, mihi, tibi, etc., is often used with expressions of emotion, interest, surprise, or derision. This is called the ethical dative or dative of feeling. It is in reality a dative of reference : Tongilium mihi eduxit, bless me, he did take along Tongilius; Cat. II. 2. 116. Dative of the agent, used with a passive periphrastic form, or with a perfect participle : erit verendum mihi, / shall have to fear; Cat. I. 2. tibi constituti fuerunt, they have been designated by you; Cat. I. 7. 117. Dative of the possessor, used with forms of sum : est vobis auctor, you have (as) an authority; P. 23. 118. Dative with personal nouns, instead of the genitive : nullus est portis custos, there is no guard for the gates; Cat. II. 12. 119. Dative with adjectives meaning near, like, fit, sufficient, acceptable, friendly: proximi Germanis, next to the Germans; B.G. I. 1. a. Similis may take the genitive instead of the dative, espe- cially of words denoting persons : tui similis, like you (the like of you) ; Cat. I. 2. b. Proprius may take a possessive genitive instead of the dative : huius imperi proprium, characteristic of this authority; Cat. I. 5. Accusative Case The uses of the accusative case are as follows : — 120. Direct object of a transitive verb : ducem hostium vidi- mus, we see the leader of the enemy; Cat. I. 2. 121. Secondary Object. — Some verbs meaning ask, demand, teach, or conceal, may take two objects, one of the person (direct object), the other of the thing (secondary object) : hos sententiam rogo, i" ask them their opinion; Cat. I. 4. id quod nos Mithri- dates docuit, what Mithridates taught us; P. 7. In the passive construction these verbs retain the secondary object in the accusative. Note. — The verbs so used are oro, posco, rogo, interrogo, NOUNS 319 flagito, postulo, doceo, celo. Peto always takes ab with the abla- tive of the person asked, and quaero takes ab, de, or ex. Posco, flagito, and postulo may take ab ; interrogo, quaero, may take de and the ablative of the thing asked about, instead of the direct accusative. 122. Predicate Accusative. — The verbs make, call, choose, regard, show, etc., may take two accusatives, one of the direct object, the other a predicate accusative : quern Statorem nomi- namus, whom we call protector; Cat. I. 13. In the passive these verbs take a predicate nominative (95), instead of the predicate accusative of the active construction. a. Certain infinitives like esse, with a subject accusative, may take a predicate accusative in agreement with the subject : quern esse hostem comperisti, whom you have learned to be an enemy; Cat. I. 11. 123. Subject of an Infinitive. — The accusative is used as the subject of any infinitive except an historical infinitive (213) : si te interfici iussero, if I shall order you to be put to death; Cat. I. 5. 124. Object of Certain Prepositions. — For these prepositions see 231. 125. An accusative may follow the adjectives propior, proxi- mus, and the adverbs propius, proxime, pridie : pridie Kalendas, the day before the Calends; Cat. I. 6. 126. Accusative of place to which, with ad, in, or sub : ut te ad portas prosequantur, to follow you to the gates; Cat. I. 8. a. A preposition is not used with the accusative of the names of towns, small islands, domus, or rus, but names of towns may take ad when it means towards, or near to : se Massiliam conf eret, he will go to Massilia; Cat. II. 6. 127. Accusative denoting duration of time or extent of space : domicilium Romae multos annos habuit, he had a residence at Rome many years; (Ar.) 4. a. The preposition per is sometimes used with the accusative of duration : per decern dies ; Cat. III. 8. 128. Cognate Accusative. — A verb may take the accusative of a noun having a meaning similar to its own. Such an accusative is called cognate; cum tridui viam processisset, when he had gone forward a three days' journey; B. G. I. 38. 129. Adverbial Accusative. — An accusative, chiefly of neuter pronouns and adjectives, may be used as an adverb : quid taces, why are you silent? Cat. I. 4. 320 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 130. Accusative of Exclamation. — The accusative is used in exclamations : O tempora ! the times! Cat. I. 1. Ablative Case 131. The ivith-QSbse was originally the instrumental, them-case was the locative, and the /rora-case was the ablative. As the instrumental and the locative passed out of use, the ablative absorbed their functions. The uses of the ablative are as follows : — 132. As the object of certain prepositions. For these preposi- tions see 231. 133. Ablative of separation, with or without ab, de, or ex. A preposition is generally used with words denoting persons. A preposition is generally omitted with verbs of figurative separa- tion, free, relieve, deprive: 1 cura relevatus, relieved of care; Cat. I. 13 ; dum modo a vobis periculum depellatur, provided the danger be removed from you; Cat. II. 7. a. This includes the ablative of place from which, generally used with ab, de, or ex : exire ex urbe, to go out of the city; Cat. I. 5. 6. With the ablative of the names of towns, small islands, domus, and rus, the preposition is not used, except in the mean- ing from the neighborhood of: Roma prof ectus est, he went away from Rome; Cat. II. 7. a Brundisio, from (the port of) Brun- disium; P. 12. 134. Ablative of source or parentage. Ex or ab is sometimes used, especially with pronouns : summo nati loco, born of the highest rank; Cat. IV. 8. a. Ablative of material, with ex or de : exercitum collectum ex senibus, an army composed of old men, Cat. II. 3. 135. Ablative of agent, with ab, denoting the person by whom the action of a passive verb is done : dictae sunt a principibus sententiae, opinions were expressed by the chief men; Cat. III. 6. 136. Ablative of accordance, denoting that in accordance with which something is done. The preposition, if used, is de or ex : iudicio senatus, according to the decision of the senate, Cat. III. 6. 137. Ablative of comparison, following a comparative adjec- tive or adverb when quam, than, is not used : patria mihi vita mea carior, my country, dearer to me than my life; Cat. I. 11. 1 abdico, exuo, levo, libero, prlvo, solvo, spolio. NOUNS 321 a. Quam is used when the first of the words compared is in the genitive, dative, or ablative, and may be used when the first is in the nominative or accusative. If quam is used, the two words compared are in the same case. b. Amplius, longius, plus, or minus, may be used without affecting the case of the following noun : amplius pedum mille sexcentorum, more than 1600 feet; B.G. I. 38. 138. Ablative of accompaniment, with cum : occisus est cum liberis Fulvius, Fulvius was killed together with his children; Cat. 1.2. a. Cum may be omitted in military phrases, when the noun is modified by any adjective except a numeral : pedestribus copiis, with the infantry; B. G. III. 11. 139. Ablative of manner, with or without cum : magno cum strepitu egressi, having gone out with great uproar; B. G. II. 11 ; aequo animo moriar, / shall die with a calm mind; Cat. IV. 2. 140. Ablative of attendant circumstance, expressing the situa- tion or circumstance of an action. The preposition, if used, is cum : hisce 6 minibus, with these omens; cum summa salute, to (with) the highest welfare; Cat. I. 13. 141. Ablative of means or instrument, without a preposition : nox tenebris obscurare non potest, night with its darkness cannot conceal; Cat. I. 3. 142 . Ablative of cause or reason, generally without a preposition : confessionibus suis, because of his own confessions ; Cat. III. 6. 143. Ablative of description, denoting quality or characteristic. This ablative is always modified by an adjective or genitive : litterae eadem ratione, letters of the same character, Cat. III. 5. 144. Ablative of specification, denoting that in respect to which anything is or is done : impudentia, qua superabat omnes, his impudence, in which he surpassed all men; Cat. III. 5. 145. Ablative of degree of difference, used (a) with compara- tives and words implying comparison ; (6) with absum, con- sido, etc., to denote the interval of space : multo carior, much dearer; Cat. I. 11. 146. Ablative of the route taken, denoting the way or route by which, without a preposition : Aurelia via profectus est, he has gone by the Aurelian road; Cat. II. 4. 147. The ablative is used with utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds : quo usque abutere patientia nostra? how far will you abuse our patience? Cat. I. 1. 322 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX a. Potior may take the genitive (109). 148. The ablative is used with opus est and usus est, there is need : si opus facto esset, if there should be need of action; B.G. I. 42. 149. The ablative of plenty or want, used with some adjectives and verbs : 1 carere aspectu, to be without the sight; Cat. I. 7. 150. The ablative is used with dignus, indignus, contentus, and fretus : dignum custodia, deserving of custody; Cat. I. 8. mea prudentia fretus, relying on my own wisdom; Cat. II. 13. 151. Ablative absolute. — An ablative absolute is a phrase consisting of a noun or pronoun in the ablative, and a participle, an adjective, or another noun in agreement with it. a. An ablative absolute may express time, cause, condition, concession, manner, means, situation. It may be best rendered by a clause beginning with when, because, if, although, etc. vivis nobis, while we are alive; Cat. II. 7. hoc interfecto, if this man were put to death; Cat. I. 12. recitatis litteris, by the reading of the letters; Cat. III. 5. b. The phrase is often to be translated by an active participle with the noun as object, when the agent is the same as the subject of the main verb : eo opere perfecto praesidia disponit, having completed this work, he stationed guards; B.G. I. 8. 152. Ablative denoting time when or within which, without a preposition: quid proxima nocte egeris, what you did last night; Cat. I. 1. 153. Ablative of place where (" locative ablative "), with in or sub : in Italia, in Italy; Cat. I. 2. a. The preposition may be omitted with such words as loco, parte, parietibus, and with any noun modified by totus, medius, ciinctus, and the like : tota Italia, in all Italy; Cat. II. 4. b. Plural names of towns express place where by the ablative without a preposition : Athenis, at Athens. Locative Case 154. The locative case, denoting place where, is used instead of the ablative in the singular of names of towns and small islands of the first, second, and sometimes the third declension ; also in domi, at home; mflitiae, in military service; run, in the country. The ending of the locative is -ae in the first declension, -i in the second and third : qui Romae remanent, who stay in Rome; Cat. II. 8. 1 conf ertus, inanis, opimus, ref ertus ; abundo, careo, compleo, egeo. ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS 323 ADJECTIVES 155. An adjective is attributive when it describes a noun di- rectly ; predicate, when it forms part of the predicate with sum, or with a passive verb like be named, be called, be chosen (95). 156. Agreement. — An adjective or participle (220), whether attributive or predicate, agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case: fortes viri, brave men; res publica (commonwealth), the state. a. With two or more nouns connected by et, -que, or atque, the adjective or participle is usually plural, but it may be singu- lar if the nearest noun is singular : signum et manum suam, his seal and hand; Cat. III. 5. b. With two or more nouns of different genders an attributive adjective takes the gender of the nearest ; a predicate adjective or participle is generally masculine if one or more of the nouns denote living things, neuter if they denote things without life : vitam, bona, fortunas, coniuges, liberosque vestros, your lives, property, etc. ; Cat. III. 1. Uses of Adjectives 157. An adjective may be used as a noun, chiefly in the plural : boni, good citizens; omnia, all things. 158. An adjective may be used with the force of an adverb : inviti, unwillingly; frequens, in great numbers. 159. Some adjectives may denote a part of an object, as extre- mus, the end of, infimus, the bottom of, summtis the top of: extrema pueritia, at the end (close) of his boyhood; P. 10. 160. A superlative adjective or adverb may be best translated by very; a comparative, by too, rather, unusually : serius, too late; superbius, somewhat arrogantly. a. A superlative with quam or quam possum is translated as . . . as possible : quam maximis potest itineribus, by as long ■marches as possible. PRONOUNS 161. When pronouns are used as nouns, the rules for the cases of nouns apply ; when used as adjectives, they follow the rules for the agreement of adjectives (156). 162. Personal Pronouns. — There is no special pronoun of the third person, but a demonstrative pronoun may be so used : si eos placare non posses, if you could not pacify them; Cat. I. 7. 324 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX a. The nominatives ego, tu, nos, vos, are used for emphasis : pestem, quam tu machinaris, the ruin which you plot; Cat. I. 1 ; nos consules desumus, we, the consuls, are at fault; Cat. I. 1. b. The genitives nostri, vestri, are objective (99) ; nostrum and vestrum, as a rule, are genitives of the whole (103) : quern nostrum, what man of us? Cat. I. 1. ducem memorem vestri, a leader mindful of you; Cat. IV. 9. c. The plural of personal pronouns is sometimes used for the singular : vides nos multa conari, you see that I (we) attempt many things; Orator, 30. 163. Reflexive Pronouns. — The reflexive se and the posses- sive suus may refer to the subject of the clause in which they stand (direct reflexive) : se suaque dediderunt, they surrendered themselves and their property; B. G. II. 15. a. Se or suus in a subordinate clause may refer to the sub- ject of the verb upon which the clause depends, if the clause expresses the thought of that subject (indirect reflexive) : his mandavit ut ad se referrent, he ordered them to report to him; B. G. I. 47. b. Se or suus may refer to a person mentioned in the sentence, not the subject : desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, let them cease to plot against the consul in his own house; Cat. I. 13. c. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons may be used in a reflexive sense, that is, they may denote the same person as the subject : me condemno, I find myself guilty ; Cat. I. 2. 164. Possessive Pronouns. — Possessive pronouns agree in gender, number, and case, with the word with which they are used, not with the word denoting the possessor : quis te ex tot tuis amicis salutavit? who of so many friends of yours saluted you? Cat, I. 7. a. The possessive pronoun suus is used reflexively, that is, it refers to the subject of the sentence (163). When some other person or thing is meant, his, her, its, or their is expressed by the genitive of a demonstrative, eius, eorum, etc. : eius socios, his allies; Cat. II. 2. illorum responsis, according to their answers; Cat. III. 8. b. The ablative of a possessive pronoun may be used in place of the objective genitive of a personal pronoun : nostra (= nostri) caede, with the slaughter of us; Cat. I. 3. 165. Demonstrative Pronouns. — Demonstrative pronouns, when not used as adjectives, take the gender and number of the P RON OUNS . 325 noun to which they refer: quis eum senator appellavit? what senator called him by name? Cat. II. 6. a. Hie, this, refers to what is near the speaker in place, time, or thought ; iste, that (of yours), to something near the person spoken to ; ille {that) to what is remote : hie tamen vivit, yet this man lives; Cat. I. 1. ista subsellia, the benches near you; Cat. I. 7 ; aquilam illam argenteam, that silver eagle; Cat. I. 9. b. Hie . . . ille may mean the latter . . . the former: hie cum auxilium ferret, ilium eripuit, when the latter brought help, he rescued him (the former) ; B. G. IV. 12. c. Iste may be used to express contempt, especially when addressing opponents : istius furorem, the frenzy of that scoundrel; Cat. I. 1. d^u r \JUay l^tJUr^JiJ' QXf-f^Ut^ >'VU^ d. Ille may mean that famous: Mr Catonem, ilium senem, Marcus Cato, that (famous) old man; Ar. 7. -(-^ -v-ft •> & / VN-g/ fa 166. Intensive Pronoun. — The pronoun ipse emphasizes the word to which it refers : Catilina ipse profugit, Catiline himself has fled; Cat. II. 3 ; erat scriptum ipsius manu, it had been written in his own hand; Cat. III. 5. ^jlk^JIjl^^ C^puH a. Ipse may mean very, exactly, of one's own accord; 'Catilinam ipsum egredientem, Catiline departing of his own accord; Cat. II. 1. 6. Ipse may be used as a reflexive pronoun : si quid ipsi (= sibi) opus esset : if he needed anything (lit. if any need was to himself); B. G. I. 34. Oli^ , / 167. Relative Pronoun. — The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person ; its case depends upon the structure of the clause in which it stands : me quid pudeat, qui vivo? why should I be ashamed who live? Ar. 6. V~* N fV a. With two or more antecedents a relative pronoun may agree with the nearest or follow the rule for a predicate adjective (156) : otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, leisure and wealth which 'men consider of the first importance; Sail. Cat. 36. , I ...&9, £t*^/ v ■■<■ x J VERBS 327 VERBS 171. Agreement. — A finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person : haec consul videt, the consul sees these things; Cat. I. 1. 'jj^fcj^+u^Lt+S- a. If there are two'or more subjects, connected by et, -que, or atque, the verb may agree with the nearest or be plural: Asia atque M^thridates nos docuit, Asia and Mithridates taught us; p. 7. ..,/., ,. t ,y b. If singular subjects are connected by words meaning either, neither, the verb is usually singular : neque agri cultura nee ratio atque usus belli intermittitur, neither the cultivation of the land nor the theory and practice of war is interrupted; B. G. IV. 1. c. If two singular subjects form one idea, the verb is singular : Matrona et Sequana dividit, the Marne and Seine separate; B. G. I. 1. L J^f oJUbw "» -^AJL. d. A collective noun generally takes a singular verb, but may take a plural : cum tanta multitudo tela conicerent, when so great a crovjd threw spears; B. G. II. 6. e. If two or more subjects are of different persons,' the first person is preferred to the other two, and the second to the third : si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, if you and Tullia K are well, Cicero and I are well; Cic. Epist. lJL^^/v-v v -^"' / ^*^' 0-vvJ 172. Impersonal Verbs. — Some verbs are used only in the indicative and subjunctive, third person singular, and in the infinitive, without a personal subject. To this class belong : — a. Verbs meaning it happens, it is permitted, it is necessary, etc. Such verbs take a phrase or a clause as the subject : quae licet recognoscas, and these things you may recall (lit. it is permitted that you recall) ; Cat. I. 3. A-^A^O *Ch b. Intransitive verbs used in the third person singular of the ' passive (112, Note 2) : quocumque ventum sit, wherever they came (lit. it was come) ; P. 13. c. Verbs of feeling : me paenitebit, / shall repent' (lit. it will re- pent me) ; Cat. IV. 10. . . , <^UL d. The passive periphrastic of deponent verbs : mihi laetandum esse video, / see that I must , rejoice ^ (lit. it must be rejoiced by me); P. 1., ; Tenses of the Indicative 173. Present Indicative. — The present indicative represents action as taking place at the time of speaking or writing : urbis H 328 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX tecta defendunt, they are defending the houses of the city; Cat. II. 13. a. The present is often used instead of a past tense to de- scribe an action more vividly. It is then called the historical present : litteras proferri iubet, he orders the letter to be produced; Cat. III. 5. b. The historical present may be used with dum, while (195, d). c. With diu, iam, iam diu, iam dudum, the present is used of an action beginning in the past and continuing in the present : ni- mium diu te castra desiderant, the camp has too long been missing you; Cat. I. 5. 174. Imperfect Indicative. — The imperfect indicative repre- sents action as going on in past time : putabam, / was thinking; Cat. III. 2. a. The imperfect may be used in descriptions : erant duo itinera, there were two ways; B. G. I. 6. b. The imperfect may represent an action as customary or attempted : classem hostium videbatis, you used to see the enemy's fleet ; P. 12. quod faciebas, which you were preparing to do; Cat. I. 5. c. The imperfect with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam pridem, is used instead of a progressive perfect or pluperfect : iam pridem rapiebat, has long been hurrying; Cat. I. 10. 175. Future Indicative. — The future indicative represents action as taking place in time to come : me metu liberabis, you will free me from fear; Cat. I. 5. 176. Perfect Indicative. — The perfect indicative has two uses : a. The present perfect (translated by have), representing an ac- tion as completed in the present time : audivi, I have heard. b. The historical perfect (English past), representing the action as an historical fact. This is the tense of narration, as the imperfect is the tense of description : ad praetorem venisti, you went to the praetor; Cat. I. 8. 177. Pluperfect Indicative. — The pluperfect indicative repre- sents action as completed before some other past action : qui convenerant, who had assembled; Cat. III. 3. 178. Future Perfect. — The future perfect represents action which is to be completed before some other future action : si te interne! iussero, residebit coniuratorum manus, if I order (shall have ordered) you to be killed, there will remain a band of conspirators ; Cat. I. 5. VERBS 329 179. In some verbs a perfect, pluperfect, or future perfect have the force of a present, past, or future : memini, / remember; memineram, I remembered. 180. Epistolary Tenses. — In letters a writer often takes the position of the receiver and uses the imperfect or historical perfect for a present, and a pluperfect for a present perfect : haec ego scribebam, I am writing this (lit. was writing). 181. Primary and Secondary Tenses. — The present, future, and future perfect indicative, and the present and perfect sub- junctive are primary tenses. The imperfect, perfect, and plu- perfect indicative, and the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are secondary tenses. Tenses of the Subjunctive 182. The four tenses of the subjunctive may denote the same time as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, or each tense may have a future force. a. In subordinate clauses future time may be expressed by the present subjunctive after a primary tense ; by the imperfect after a secondary tense : venit ut videat, he comes that he may see; venit ut videret, he came that he might see. b. In subordinate clauses future perfect time may be expressed by the perfect subjunctive after a primary tense ; by the plu- perfect after a secondary tense : he says that if he goes (shall have gone, dicit si ierit ; he said that if he should go (should have gone), dixit si isset. c. In both clauses of conditional sentences the present sub- junctive may denote future time, and the imperfect may denote present time (198). 183. Sequence of Tenses. — In subordinate clauses the tense of the subjunctive depends on the following general rule : The present (or perfect) subjunctive is used after a primary tense ; the imperfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive is used after a second- ary : venit ut videat, he comes to see; rogabo quid feceris, I shall ask what you did; venit ut videret, he came to see. a. The historical present may be regarded as either primary or secondary, and hence may take either sequence. b. The present perfect, though properly a primary tense, often takes the secondary sequence : mihi ut satis esset praesidi provisum est, / have arranged that there should be ample protection; Cat. II. 12. 330 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Uses of the Indicative 184. In principal clauses the indicative is used to express direct statements of fact and questions of fact. The negative is non : decrevit quondam senatus, the Senate once decreed; Cat. I. 2. meministine me dicere, do you remember that I said? Cat. I. 3. 185. The indicative is used in the following subordinate clauses : a. Noun clauses with quod, that: quid quod te in custodiam dedisti? what of the fact that you gave yourself into custody? Cat. 1.8. b. Parenthetical clauses with ut, as: ut saepe dixi, as I have often said; Cat. I. 9. c. Clauses of comparison with ut . . . sic, as ... so: ut saepe homines ... sic hie morbus . . . ; Cat. I. 13. d. Certain types of relative (191), temporal (195), causal (196), concessive (197), conditional (198) clauses. The Subjunctive in Principal Clauses 186. The subjunctive expresses action as willed, desired, or possible. Accordingly we distinguish : — a. The subjunctive of will, or volitive subjunctive. b. The subjunctive of desire, or optative subjunctive. c. The subjunctive of possibility, or potential subjunctive. 187. In principal clauses the volitive subjunctive may express : a. An exhortation, in the first person plural of the present tense (negative, ne) : optemus, let us wish; Cat. II. 7. b. A command, in the third person of the present tense (nega- tive, ne) : secedant improbi, let the ill-disposed begone; Cat. I. 13. ne patiantur, let them not allow; Cat. II. 4. 188. In principal clauses the subjunctive of wish or desire (optative subjunctive) takes the present tense to imply that the desire may be realized ; the imperfect to imply that the desire is not now realized ; the pluperfect to imply that the desire was not realized. Utinam may be used with the present, and generally is used with the other tenses. The negative regularly is ne : utinam di immortales duint, that the gods may give; Cat. I. 9 ; utinam suas copias eduxisset, that he had taken his forces ; Cat. II. 2. 189. In principal clauses the subjunctive may express action as possible or conditional (potential subjunctive), and is trans- lated by may, might, can, could, should, would. The negative is non : dicat aliquis, some one may say. VERBS 331 The Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses 190. The subjunctive is used in the following subordinate clauses : — a. Purpose clauses (193). b. Result clauses (194). c. Clauses of proviso (199). d. Indirect questions (202). e. Certain types of : relative clauses (192), temporal clauses (195), causal clauses (196), concessive clauses (197), conditional clauses (198), noun clauses (203), direct questions (201). Relative Clauses 191. The indicative is used in the following relative clauses : — a. Clauses that state what person or thing the antecedent is (determinative clauses) : hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, those men who have deserted the army; Cat. II. 3. Note. — Determinative clauses are used as pronouns, and must be distinguished from descriptive clauses which are used as adjectives (192). b. Clauses that state a fact parenthetically, or that add a fact not necessary to the main statement (parenthetical clauses) : Santonum fines, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, the country of the Santones, which is not far from the country of the Tolosates; B. G. I. 10. 192. Relative clauses that state what hind of person or thing the antecedent is, are called descriptive or characteristic clauses. The subjunctive is used in descriptive clauses, if they are essen- tial to the completeness of the sentence ; otherwise, the indicative is used (191, b). The preceding independent clause often con- tains a statement of existence like est qui, sunt qui: sunt qui dicant, there are some who say; Cat. II. 6 ; quam diu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, as long as there will be a man who dares to defend you; Cat. I. 2. a. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote pur- pose or result (193, 194) : ut praesto esset ille, qui fugientes exciperet, that he might be on hand to cut off the fugitives ; Cat. III. 4 ; nemo tarn improbus, qui non fateatur, no one so depraved as not to admit; Cat. I. 2. b. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote cause, concession, or condition: qui (= cum ego) magno in periculo 332 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX essem, since I was in great peril; Cat. I. 8 ; Cethegus, qui (= cum is) respondisset, Cethegus who (although he) had replied; Cat. III. 5 ; mihi ferreus, qui (= si is) ndn suum dolorem lenierit, to me (he would seem) hard-hearted, who (if he) did not soothe his grief; Cat. IV. 6. c. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote obli- gation, after dignus, indignus, idoneus: dignos, quorum salutem commendetis, worthy to have you entrust their safety (lit. whose safety you should entrust) ; P. 5. Purpose Clauses 193. The subjunctive with ut, ne, or a relative may express purpose: ut timere desinam, that I may cease to fear; Cat. I. 7 ; ac ne longum sit, and not to be tedious; Cat. III. 5 ; praetorem misi, qui efferret, / sent a praetor to bring; Cat. III. 3. a. In clauses containing a comparative, quo ( = ut eo) is used instead of ut to express purpose : quo facilius prohibere possit, that he may be able to prevent more easily; B. G. I. 8. b. Purpose may be expressed also by a gerund (227), a gerun- dive (226), or by a supine (229). Result Clauses 194. The subjunctive with ut, ut non, or a relative may express result: mons impendebat, ut prohibere possent, a mountain was overhanging, so that they could prevent; B. G. I. 6. a. There is often in the principal clause a correlative word meaning so, such, so great, as ita, sic, tarn, talis, tantus, is, iste : tarn improbus, qui non fateatur, so depraved that he does not admit; Cat. I. 2. Temporal Clauses 195. In temporal clauses : — a. Ubi, ut (when), postquam, posteaquam, cum primum, simul atque, take the indicative, usually the perfect, sometimes the historical present : ubi se paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua incendunt, when they thought they were ready, they burned their towns; B. G. I. 5. b. Cum (when) takes the indicative to define the time of the action of the main verb ; the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive to describe the circumstances of the main action : turn, cum ex urbe eiciebam, at the time when I drove him from the city; Cat. VERBS 333 III. 2 ; cum haesitaret, quaesivi, when he hesitated, I asked; Cat. II. 6. Note. — Cum may denote cause or concession in connection with time. c. Cum, whenever, introducing repeated action, generally takes the indicative, but may take the subjunctive : cum aliquid mandarat, whenever he had given a commission ; Cat. III. 7. d. Dum, meaning while, generally takes the indicative histori- cal present (173, 6) : dum moratur, while he delayed (lit. delays) ; B. G. I. 39. e. Dum, quoad, or quam diu, meaning as long as, take the indicative : quam diu quisquam erit, as long as there shall be any one; Cat. I. 2. /. Dum, donee, or quoad, meaning until, take the indicative of an actual event, but the subjunctive of an expected event : quoad potuit, restitit, he resisted as long as he could; B. G. IV. 12 ; dum naves eo convenirent exspectavit, he waited until the ships should arrive; B. G. IV. 23. g. Antequam and priusquam take the indicative to denote an actual event, but the subjunctive to denote an expected event : priusquam pervenerunt, before they arrived; B. G. I. 53. prius- quam quicquam conaretur, before he should attempt anything; B. G. I. 19. Causal Clauses 196. In causal clauses : — a. Quod, quia, quoniam, and quando take the indicative when the speaker or writer gives his own reason, but the subjunctive when he gives another's reason, or a reason not surely known by him- self : quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto ilium maerore esse adflictum putatis, because he left the city standing, with what sorrow do you think he has been filled? Cat. II. 1 ; urbs mini laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem proiecerit, the city seems to me to rejoice, because (as she says) she has cast out so great an evil; Cat. II. 1. 6. Cum, meaning since or because, and qui (= cum is) take the subjunctive : quae cum ita sint, since these things are so; Cat. I. 5. Concessive Clauses 197. Concessive clauses grant or concede something. They are formed as follows : — 334 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX a. Quamquam, although, takes the indicative : quamquam sunt hostes, although they are enemies; Cat. II. 12. b. Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, even if, although, generally take the indicative, but may take the subjunctive like conditional si (198) : etsi prope exacta aestas erat, although summer was almost over; B. G. III. 28. c. Cum, quamvis, and qui (= cum is), although, take the sub- junctive : cum id posset infitiari, although he could have denied it; Cat. III. 11 ; Cethegus, qui respondisset, Cethegus, who {al- though he) had replied; Cat. III. 10. Conditional Sentences 198. Conditional sentences are complex sentences, one clause of which expresses a condition, the other a conclusion. The con- nective may be si, sin, nisi, or a relative. The negative is non. The condition may be of the following kinds : — a. Present condition : — 1. Stated as a fact ; present indicative : si vincit, bene est, if he is conquering, it is well. 2. Contrary to fact ; imperfect subjunctive : si vinceret, bene esset, if he were conquering, it would be well. b. Past condition : — 1. Stated as a fact ; a past indicative : si vicit, bene fuit, if he conquered, it was well. 2. Contrary to fact ; pluperfect subjunctive : si vicisset, bene fuisset, if he had conquered, it would have been well. c. Future condition : — 1. More probable (shall, will) ; future or future perfect : si vincet, bene erit, if he conquers (shall conquer), it will be well. 2. Less probable (should, would) ; present or perfect subjunc- tive : si vincat, bene sit, if he should conquer, it would be well. Note 1. — The verb in the conclusion may differ in form from the verb of the condition, as, for example, when command, wish, or exhortation is to be expressed. Note 2. — In the conclusion of a condition contrary to fact, the verb may be in the indicative (the past tenses) : — a. In expressions of ability, duty, or necessity. b. With either of the periphrastic conjugations : (si tabernae incensae essent), quid futurum fuit? what would have happened? VERBS 335 Cat. IV. 8 ; si privatus esset, erat deligendus, if he were a private citizen, he would deserve to be chosen; P. 17. Note 3. — For conditional sentences in indirect discourse, see 218. Clauses of Proviso 199. The subjunctive is used with modo, dum, dummodo, if only, provided, so long as, to express a proviso. The negative is ne : dum modo periculum depellatur, if only the danger be re- moved; Cat. II. 7. Subjunctive by Attraction 200. In clauses depending on a subjunctive or on an infinitive, the verb may be put in the subjunctive " by attraction," as sciret in the following : hortatus sum, ut ea, quae sciret, indi- caret, / urged him to tell what he knew; Cat. III. 4. Subjunctive in Questions 201. The subjunctive is used in direct questions expressing deliberation or perplexity, surprise or indignation, possibility, obligation, propriety. The negative is non : quid te invitem? why should I invite you? Cat. I. 9; quis possit? who would be ablet Cat. II. 5 ; tu agris ornatus sis? can you be rich in lands? Cat. II. 8. 202. The subjunctive is used in indirect questions : video quis habeat Etruriam, / see who holds Etruria, Cat. II. 3. Noun Clauses 203. A clause may be used as the subject or object of a verb, or in some other case relation. It is then called a noun clause or substantive clause. Noun clauses may have the verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or infinitive. 204. Indicative Noun Clauses. — A noun clause beginning with the conjunction quod, that, takes the indicative : res quod omnes se dediderunt, the fact that all surrendered; P. 16. 205. Subjunctive Noun Clauses. — Noun clauses beginning with ut, ne, quin, quominus, or an interrogative word take the subjunctive, as follows : a. Noun clauses with ut or ne are used after verbs meaning 336 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX advise, command, 1 determine, decree; induce, permit, 2 persuade, request, urge, desire, wish : 2 decrevit senatus ut consul videret ne quid res publica detriment! caperet, the Senate decreed that the consul should see to it that the republic suffered no harm; Cat. I. 2. Note. — After verbs meaning advise, command, etc., the sub- junctive may be used without ut. The subjunctive may then be a quoted imperative (215, c). b. Noun clauses with ut or ne are used after verbs meaning fear. Here ne means lest or that; ut means that . . . not: vereri ut habeam satis praesidi, to fear, that I may not have enough protec- tion; Cat, IV. 7. c. Noun clauses with ut are used after verbs meaning accom- plish, cause, and the like ; also after verbs meaning expect, wait for: vestra admurmuratio facit ut agnoscere videamim, your murmuring makes it clear that you recognize; P. 13. d. Noun clauses with ut are used with verb phrases and imper- sonal verbs meaning it happens, it remains, it is permitted, it is necessary, customary, advantageous: accidit ut esset luna plena, it happened that there was full moon;- B. G. IV. 29. Note. — Sometimes without ut : licet recognoscas, you may recall (lit. it is permitted that you recall) ; Cat, I. 3. e. Noun clauses with ne, quin, or quominus are used after verbs meaning hinder, prevent, refuse; and with quin, if a negative is expressed or implied, after words meaning doubt, be ignorant, 3 and sometimes hesitate: neque me impediet quominus defendam, nor will it prevent me from defending; P. 19. nemini dubium est quin plurimum imperator possit, it is doubtful to no one that the general is preeminent ; P. 15. /. Noun clauses beginning with an interrogative word are in- direct questions (202). 206. Infinitive Noun Clauses. — An infinitive with subject accusative may be used in a noun clause after verbs meaning say, think, etc. (212). Use of the Imperative 207. The imperative is used to express command, in the second person of the present tense, and in the second and third 1 Except iubeo, which takes the infinitive (212). 2 With verbs meaning permit or wish the infinitive may be used (212). 3 Used affirmatively, these verbs take the infinitive (212). VERBS 337 persons of the future: proficiscere ; educ omnes tuos, depart; take out all your companions; Cat. I. 5. 208. Negative command (prohibition) in the second person may be expressed by noli (nolite) + a present infinitive : nolite dubitare, do not hesitate; P. 23. Tenses of the Infinitive 209. The present infinitive denotes the same time as that of the principal verb ; the perfect, time before; the future, time after that of the principal verb ; that is, the time denoted is relative : dicit se audire, he says that he hears, dicit se auditurum esse, he says that he will hear, dixit se audire, he said he was hearing; dixit se audivisse, he said that he had heard. a. Periphrastic Future Infinitive. — As a substitute for a future infinitive, fore or futurum esse with ut and the subjunctive of the given verb may be used. This construction is necessary when the verb has no future participle : videbamus fore ut nemo eis resisteret, we saw that no one would resist them. b. A past tense of debeo, oportet, or possum is often used with a present infinitive to express ought to have, might (could) have: te duci oportebat, you ought to have been led; Cat. I. 1. Uses of the Infinitive 210. The infinitive with or without a subject may be used as the subject of a verb, as a predicate nominative, or in apposition : est mihi tanti subire, it is worth while for me to undergo; Cat. II. 7. 211. The infinitive without a subject may be used as the object of transitive verbs, or the complement of verbs meaning can, dare, begin, ought, seem, hesitate, etc. : qui def endere audeat, who dares to defend; Cat. I. 2 ; vastare cupientem, desiring to devastate; Cat. I. 1. 212. The infinitive with subject accusative may be used after verbs meaning say, think, know, perceive, etc. ; also with iubeo ; l veto, decerno, prohibeo, sino, cogo (compel), cupio, patior, volo, licet, oportet : tabellas prof erri iussimus, we ordered the tablets to be produced; Cat. III. 5. 213. Historical Infinitive. — The infinitive may be used with a subject nominative in lively narration. It is then called the 1 For the subjunctive with impero see 205, a. 338 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX historical infinitive, and is equivalent to an imperfect or perfect indicative : Caesar Haeduos frumentum flagitare, Caesar was demanding grain of the Haeduans; B. G. I. 16. Indirect Discourse ygl^. When a sentence is quoted in dependence upon a verb of saying, knowing, or the like, the quotation is said to be an indirect statement or indirect discourse : direct, ibimus, we shall go; indirect, (dixerunt se) ituros esse, they said they would go; B. G. I . 13. L2157 Moods in Indirect Discourse. — In indirect discourse, a principal verb is generally in the infinitive, standing for a direct indicative ; a subordinate verb is in the subjunctive, standing for a direct indicative or subjunctive. In other words, when direct discourse is made indirect : — a. A principal declarative verb in the indicative becomes infinitive : direct, merit! sumus, we have deserved; indirect, dixe- runt se meritos esse, they said they had deserved; B. G. I. 11. b. A subordinate verb, if indicative, becomes subjunctive ; if subjunctive, remains so : direct, id si fiet, if this happens (shall happen) ; indirect, intellegebat id si fieret, he knew that if this should happen; B. G. I. 10. c. An imperative verb becomes subjunctive : direct, rever- timini (imperative), return; indirect, (dixit) reverterentur, he said they should return; B. G. I. 7. d. Most interrogative verbs become subjunctive, but those in rhetorical questions (90) become infinitive with subject accusa- tive : direct, quid venitis, why do you come? indirect, quid venirent, why did they come ? B. G. I. 47 ; direct, num memoriam deponere possum? can I forget (lit. blot out memory)? indirect, num. . . posse? could he forget? B. G. I. 14. L216J Tenses in Indirect Discourse. - — The tenses of the infini- tive are used according to 209 ; those of the subjunctive, accord- ing to the rule for sequence (183). a. A future tense in a direct subordinate clause becomes present subjunctive in indirect discourse, if it depends on a verb in the present ; imperfect, if it depends on a verb in a past tense : direct, si conabimini, if you (shall) attempt; indirect, si conentur, if they attempt, B. G. I. 8 ; direct, si pacem populus faciet, if the people (shall) make peace; indirect, si . . . faceret, if the people should make peace, B. G. I. 13. VERBS 339 b. A future perfect tense in a direct subordinate clause becomes perfect subjunctive, if it depends on a verb in the present ; pluperfect, if it depends on a verb in a past tense : intellego si iste pervenerit, / know that if he goes (shall have gone, in dir. disc.) ; Cat. I. 12 ; eos, qui restitissent, Infirmos fore putabam, / was thinking that those who should remain (restiterint in dir. disc), would be powerless; Cat. III. 2. CUf] Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. — In changing from the first to the third, ego becomes se ; meus or noster becomes suus. In changing from the second person to the third, tu becomes ille or is ; tuus or vester becomes suus or the genitive of is : mihi minus dubitationis datur, / feel less hesitation, becomes sibi minus dubitationis dari ; B. G. I. 14. U21S. Conditions in Indirect Discourse. — The verb of the con- ditional clause in indirect discourse is always in the subjunctive ^215, b), the tense depending on the rule for sequence (183). The verb of the conclusion, being a principal verb, is generally in the infinitive (215) ; in the conclusion of a less probable condi- tion (198, c) the future infinitive is used. In conditions contrary to fact (198) note the following : — Aa. The verb of the conditional clause remains unchanged. W. The conclusion, if active, is expressed by an infinitive con- sisting of the participle in -urus + fuisse : direct, venissem, / would have gone; indirect, sese venturum fuisse, he would have gone; B. G. I. 34. c. The conclusion, if passive, is expressed by futurum fuisse ut with an imperfect subjunctive : direct, si pugnavissent, victi essent ; indirect, si pugnavissent, futurum fuisse ut vincerentur, if they had fought, they would have conquered. d. The conclusion, if indicative (198, note 2), is expressed in indir. disc, by the perfect infinitive : direct, si non esset (civis), asciscen- dus fuit ; indirect . . . asciscendum fuisse, if he were not (a citizen), he ought to have been received (as one) ; Ar. 2. 219. Informal Indirect Discourse. — When a quotation de- pends on a verb of saying not expressed but implied in the sen- tence, the indirect discourse is said to be informal : si dicere vellet, feci potestatem, if he wished to speak, I gave him permission; Cat. III. 5. 340 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX Participles 220."~Participles are verbal adjectives, and agree with nouns in gender, number, and case (156). The active participles are the present and the future ; the passive are the perfect and the future (or gerundive). The negative is non. a. Deponent and semi-deponent verbs have four participles, all active in meaning, except the gerundive, which is always passive. 221. The present participle denotes the same time as the main verb of the clause or sentence in which it stands : videor videre hanc urbem concidentem, I seem to see this city falling. 222. The perfect participle denotes time before that of the main verb. It may be used to modify a noun directly, as an adjective, or to form the compound tenses of the passive voice : his rebus cognitis discessit, having learned of these things, he departed. a. The perfect participle of deponent verbs is sometimes used as if present : isdem ducibus usus, employing the same men as guides; B. G. II. 7. 223. The present and the perfect participle are sometimes to be translated by a relative clause, or by a clause expressing time, cause, condition, concession : Pompeio postulanti, to Pompey who demands; P. 19. te non sentientem, though you do not notice (them) ; Cat. I. 2. 224. The future active participle is used with the verb sum to form the active periphrastic conjugation, and denotes future or intended action: cum sit habiturus, since he is going to have; Cat, II. 11. 225. The future passive participle is used with sum to form the passive periphrastic conjugation, and denotes necessity or obligation: magna gratia habenda est, great gratitude (must be felt) is due ; Cat. I. 5. a. The passive periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are often used impersonally : mini vivendum esse, that I must live; Cat. II. 12. 226. The Gerundive. — The future passive participle (220) when used in direct (attributive) agreement with a noun, is called the gerundive. It is so used in the following cases, singular and plural : — a. Genitive : condicionem conservandae rei publicae, the task of saving the republic; Cat. II. 7. VERBS 341 b. Dative : rare in Cicero. c. Accusative: ad deponendam audaciam, to lay aside your boldness; Cat. I. 2. d. Ablative : supplicio levando, by alleviating the penalty; Cat. IV. 5. Note. — A gerundive in the accusative with ad, or in the geni- tive with causa, may express purpose : vitandae suspicionis causa, for the purpose of avoiding suspicion; Cat. I. 8. The Gerund 227. The gerund is a verbal noun, found in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The present infinitive is used for the nominative. a. Genitive : dicendi exercitatio, skill in (of) speaking; Cat. III. 5. b. Dative : rare in classical Latin. c. Accusative : tempestivo ad navigandum mari, the sea being fit for sailing; P. 12. d. Ablative : non credendo, by not believing; Cat. I. 12. Note. — A gerund in the accusative with ad, or in the genitive with causa, may express purpose : praedandi causa, for the pur- pose of plundering ; B. G. II. 17. 228. In the genitive or ablative a transitive gerund may take an object, but the gerundive is more common. If the object is a neuter adjective or a neuter pronoun, only the gerund is used : artem vera ac falsa diiudicandi, the art of distinguishing the true from the false. After prepositions the gerundive is regularly used (226, c). The Supine 229. The supine is a verbal noun found in the accusative and ablative cases. a. The supine in -um is used with verbs of motion to express purpose : quos tu ad me saliitatum miseras, whom you had sent to greet me; Cat. I. 4. b. The supine in -u is used to denote specification, especially with adjectives meaning easy, good, strange, or the opposite : optimum factu, the best thing to do; Cat. I. 12. 342 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX ADVERBS 230. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They may express time, manner, degree, place, etc. a. Ne is the negative adverb for commands and expressions of will or desire ; non is used in statements and questions of fact, and with infinitives, participles, and gerunds. 6. Two negatives generally make an affirmative : non neminem, some one, more than one; Cat. IV. 5. PREPOSITIONS 231. A preposition shows a relation between a word in the accusative or ablative case and some other word. a. The prepositions used with the accusative are ad, adversus, ante, apud, circa, circum, circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra, in, infra, inter, intra, iuxta, ob, penes, per, post, praeter, prope, propter, secundum, sub, supra, trans, ultra, versus. b. The prepositions used with the ablative are a, ab, abs, cum, de, e, ex, in, prae, pro, sine, sub. c. With the accusative, in and sub denote motion to a place, with the ablative, rest in a place. CONJUNCTIONS 232. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank, or principal with subordinate clauses. a. Coordinate conjunctions (connecting expressions of equal rank) : et, -que, ac, atque, etiam, quoque ; aut, sive, vel ; nee, neque ; at, autem, enim, nam, sed, tamen. b. Subordinate conjunctions (connecting subordinate with principal constructions) : (1) Temporal, denoting time : cum, ubi ; dum, donee, quoad ; antequam, priusquam ; postquam, posteaquam, simul. (2) Causal, denoting cause : cum ; quod, quia, quoniam, quando. (3) Conditional, denoting condition: si, sin, nisi. (4) Concessive, granting something : cum, etsi, tametsi, quamquam, quamvis. (5) Comparative, denoting com- parison : ac, atque, quam, ut. (6) Final, denoting purpose : ut (uti), quo, ne. (7) Consecutive, denoting result : ut. WORD ORDER 343 WORD ORDER 233. There is no fixed rule for the order of words in a Latin sentence. A common order is (1) the subject with its modifiers, (2) the modifiers of the verb, (3) the verb. a. To produce emphasis, a word may stand out of its normal position : patere tua consilia non sentis ? do you not see the exposure of your plots? Cat. I. 1. 6. Nouns in the genitive usually follow the words they modify, but precede causa, for the sake, gratia, on account of: ex faucibus fati ; pacis causa. c. A vocative generally stands after one or more words of the sentence : quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit ; Cat. I. 7. d. Demonstrative and intensive pronouns and adjectives of quantity usually precede their nouns ; other adjectives precede or follow, according to the emphasis intended : in hac urbe. The adjective Romanus regularly follows its noun : populus Romanus. e. An adjective modifier may be separated from its noun by a preposition : summa cum laude, with the highest praise. f. Relative pronouns and interrogative words generally stand first in their clauses, unless governed by prepositions. g. A preposition generally stands before its object, but cum is an enclitic with personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns : tecum, quibuscum, secum. h. The conjunctions autem, enim, and vero do not stand first in a sentence, but second or third, igitur usually second. With ne . . . quidem the emphatic word comes between. i. Inquam and inquit stand after one or more words of a direct quotation: " refer," inquis, " ad senatum." j. Adverbs regularly stand before the words they modify. But fere, paene, prope, usually follow. 234. Period. — A period is a sentence in which the subordinate phrases or clauses all stand before the main verb, the thought thus being suspended till the end of the sentence. The periodic style is common in Latin ; see Cat. Ill, lines 1-7. 344 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX FIGURES OF SPEECH 235. Anaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences : intus insidiae sunt, intus peri- culum est, intus est hostis, within are snares ; within, the danger ; within, the enemy; Cat. II. 5. 236. Antithesis is the placing of words in contrast or opposi- tion : non alienis praeceptis, sed suis imperils, not by the -precepts of others, but by his own command; P. 10. 237. Asyndeton is the omission of a connective : frigus, sitim, famem ferre poterat, he could bear cold, thirst, hunger; Cat. III. 7. 238. Chiasmus. — When two similar phrases have the order of words reversed, the figure is called chiasmus : pads ornamenta, subsidia belli ; P. 2. 239. Climax (" ladder " ) is a series of phrases or clauses arranged with increasing force : nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, you do nothing, plan nothing, think of nothing; Cat. I. 3. 240. Hendiadys (" one through two ") is a figure in which two nouns of the same case are connected by a conjunction, when we should expect one noun to modify the other : declinatione et corpore, by a turning aside of the body; Cat. I. 6. 241. Irony is saying the opposite of what is meant, when the falsity is evident : credo, erit verendum mihi, / suppose I shall have to fear; Cat. I. 2. 242. Litotes is a negative statement used instead of the equiva- lent affirmative : non multa, few ; Cat. I. 6. 243. Metaphor is an implied resemblance : sentina rei publi- cae, the dregs of the state; Cat. I. 5. 244. Metonymy is the use of one name for another suggested by it : duodecim secures, for duo praetores ; see note P. 1. 402. 245. Polysyndeton is the repetition of a connective, as et, with several words or clauses : turpem et infirmam et abiectam, base and weak and downcast; Cat. IV. 10. 246. Pretention is a figure by which one pretends to omit what he really inserts and emphasizes : non dicam duo bella esse confecta, I will not say that two wars were ended; P. 20. 247. Zeugma is a connection of two words with a verb which strictly applies to only one of them : hie locus acervis corporum et sanguine redundavit, this place was filled with heaps of bodies, and flowed with blood; Cat. III. 10. ROMAN CALENDAR, ROMAN NAMES 345 ROMAN CALENDAR 248. The Roman year was designated by the names of the two consuls holding office for that year, as if we should say, " during the presidency of Washington." The names were in the ablative case with consulibus, forming an ablative absolute : Lepido et Tullo consulibus Cat. I. 6. a. The Romans did not number the days of the month as we do, but called the first day the Calends (Kalendae), the fifth (seventh of March, May, July, and Oct.), the Nones (Nonae), and the thirteenth (fifteenth of March, May, July, and October) the Ides (Idus). The days between the Calends and the Nones were reckoned as so many days each before the Nones ; the days between the Nones and the Ides as so many days each before the Ides ; the days after the Ides as so many days each before the Calends of the next month. But they counted both the day from which and the day to which they reckoned. Therefore, to determine a date falling before the Calends, add two to the number ,pf days in the current month before subtracting the given ordinal.'- Thus, the phrase ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembris means Oct. 21, for 31+ 2 - 12 = 21. b. A phrase like ante diem quintum Kal. Apr. is idiomatic, for which we should expect dies quintus (or die quinto) ante Kal. Apr. ROMAN NAMES OF PERSONS 249. It was customary for Romans to have three names : a praenomen (individual name), a nomen (name of the gens or tribe), and a cognomen (family name) : Marcus Tullius Cicero. a. There were less than twenty praenomina, such as Gaius, Gnaeus, Marcus, Publius, etc. The nomen ended in -ius. The cognomen often originated as a nickname : Cicero, chickpea. b. Women had no personal names, but were given the feminine form of the tribe name : Tullia, a daughter of Cicero. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION BASED ON CICERO Introductory Note. — The following thirty lessons in prose composition are intended to furnish a general review of the principles of syntax, as found in the orations read. Questions, commands, conditions, and the independent uses of the subjunctive, are treated in the first seven les- sons, because of their importance and early use in Cicero. Other topics are presented in the usual order of the gram- mars. The vocabulary, with few exceptions, is confined to the orations read. In the connected passages at the end of each lesson, the pupil should consult the text upon which it is based, rather than the general vocabulary. The references to grammars are explained on p. 181. LESSON I Indicative Questions 1. Direct questions: 88 ; x Bur. 363; A. 330; B. 162; G. 450; H. 378; HB. 231. 2. Alternative or double questions : 89 ; Bur. 372 ; A. 334 ; B. 162, 4 ; G. 458 ; H. 380, 1 ; HB. 234. 3. Answers: 91; Bur. 370; A. 336; B. 162, 5; G. 471 ; H. 379 ; HB. 232. 4. Word order: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351; G. 684; H. 685; HB. 630. x See Grammatical Appendix. 346 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 347 Note 1. — The connectives in double questions may be : — I. utrum ... an II. -ne ... an III. — ... an Note 2. — In the second member or not is expressed by annon, or necne. The latter is used rarely in direct questions, but often in indirect. Exercise 1 (Cat. I. Chapters 1, 2) 1. Who delivered the orations against Catiline? 2. Where was the first oration delivered? 3. How-many orations were delivered against the same conspirators? 4. Into what strongly-fortified place were the senators called together? 5. Why were all good citizens afraid? 6. Have you not heard the decree of the Senate and the plan of the consul? 7. Will the number of the enemy increase? 8. Does not the consul condemn himself for (of) 1 inactiv- ity? He does (he condemns). 9. Patriots will not plot the ruin of the republic, will they? 10. Do we seem to be doing enough for the republic, or not? 11. By whom was Gaius Gracchus killed? 12. Gaius Gracchus was the son of Cornelia, was he not? 13. Were the Gracchi patriots, or did they desire to devastate Italy with fire and sword (slaughter) ? 14. Will Catiline see the eyes of many who are watching him? No (he will not see). 15. To whom shall we intrust [the welfare of] l the republic ? Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 1, 2) Catiline has too long abused the patience of the people. His boldness has been unbridled. But he will not carry out (perficio) his designs, if the consul does (fut. tense) his duty by (enough for) the republic. For the Senate has intrusted to Cicero [the welfare of] the republic. Once 1 Words in parentheses ( ) are explanatory or to be used in transla- tion ; words in brackets [ ] are not to be translated. 348 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION citizens were put to death because of a suspicion of insur- rection. And so the consul has ordered (iubeo) Catiline to be arrested, and will do what ought (oportet) to be done. LESSON II Commands 1. The imperative: 207; Bur. 931; A. 448; B. 281 G. 266 ; H. 560 ; HB. 495. 2. The subjunctive of command: 187, b; Bur. 768 A. 439; B. 275; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 501. 3. Negative command (prohibition) : 208 ; Bur. 934 A. 450 ; B. 276 ; G. 271 ; H. 561 ; HB. 501. 4. The vocative : 96 ; Bur. 398 ; A. 340 ; B. 171 ; G. 201 ; H. 402 ; HB. 400. Note 1. — Die, due, and fac are used for dice, duce, face. Note 2. — In commands of the third person, the negative is ne. Compare the following : — Positive Negative 2 pers. scribe, scribite, write. noli (nolite) scribere, do not write. 3 pers. scribat, let him write. ne scribat, let him not write. scribant, let them write, ne scribant, let them not write. Note 3. — Distinguish between let used in translating the sub- junctive of command and let meaning allow, which requires a separate Latin word : sine (let, allow) eos scribere. Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 3, 4) 1. Send two Roman knights to the consul before day- break (light). 2. Call all patriots together and encourage them. 3. Fortify and strengthen your homes, citizens, with stronger (greater) guards. 4. Let them not condemn the consul for (of) inactivity. 5. Let Catiline be arrested and put to death. 6. Let all good men say [that] it was done too late. 7. Marcus Tullius, will you allow (patior) the ene- mies of the republic to live? 8. Don't change your mind. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 349 9. Be not lax in [the midst of] these dangers. 10. Lead out all the forces of the state and free us from danger. 11. Fear the guards of the city, Catiline, and lay no plots (plot nothing) in your camp in Etruria. 12. Who will defend you, Catiline? 13. Were you not hemmed-in on-all-sides ? 14. Were your plans not clearer to me than day (light)? 15. Was your conspiracy confined within (by) the walls of a private house or the walls of the city ? Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 3, 4) Were you not at the house (domi) of Laeca, Catiline? The walls of that private house have not contained the voices of your conspirators. My guards have surrounded you, and you will not be able to lift-a-finger (move your- self). You 1 have planned for (de) the destruction of the city, but I l for her safety. Listen-to (hear) the opinions of these senators. Those men whom you have chosen will not set-fire-to the city, but will be patriotic citizens. LESSON III Subjunctive in Independent Sentences 1. Hortatory, expressing exhortation: 187, a; Bur. 768; A. 439; B. 273; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 500. 2. Optative, expressing a wish ; 188; Bur. 773; A. 441; B. 279; G. 260; H. 558; HB. 510. 3. Potential, expressing possibility: 189; Bur. 777; A. 446; B. 280; G. 257; H. 552; HB. 516. Note 1. — For the independent subjunctive in commands, see Lesson II ; in deliberative questions, see Lesson VII. Note 2. — The negative for hortatory and optative sentences is regularly ne ; for potential sentences, non. 1 Use a pronoun. 350 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 5, 6) 1. Let us defend the city with all our forces. 2. May the consul defend the city. 3. that (would that, utinam) the consul were defending the city. 4. Would that the consul had defended us against (ab) this band of conspira- tors. 5. Let us not say [that] the consul was too cruel. 6. O that you had gone to the camp of the enemy. 7. Some one (aliquis) may think [that] Jupiter is not the most ancient guardian of the city. 8. You may [possibly] say [that] the gates are open and [that] many leading men have fled. 9. May all good citizens be grateful (have gratitude) to the immortal gods, who have checked these wicked attempts. 10. Let us do what (that which) is most expe- dient (useful) for the common safety. 11. Did you not stand in the Comitium, ready to kill the consuls and the chief men of the state? 12. Offer to this young man a better gift than a sword and a torch. 13. that he were offering a better gift. 14. Let them not stand in the Comitium (Lesson II, Note 2). 15. Did they stand in the Comitium or in the Forum ? Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 5, 6) Let Catiline depart with all his friends and go to the camp of Manlius. He has often attacked (peto) the con- sul-elect and his rivals. By this time (iam) all know his life and hate him. They are unwilling [to have] him live (him to live) in the city which he dooms (calls) to destruc- tion. They fear the dagger which has been consecrated by sacred [rites]. May the good fortune of the Roman people stand-in-the-way-of his madness (dat.). LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 351 LESSON IV The Infinitive 1. Tenses of the infinitive: 209; Bur. 939; A. 486; B. 270; G. 281; H. 617 ; HB. 472. 2. The infinitive without subject : 211 ; Bur. 951 ; A. 456 ; B. 328 ; G. 423 ; H. 607 ; HB. 586. 3. The infinitive with subject-accusative: 212; Bur. 954; A. 459; B. 331 ; G. 527; H. 613 ; HB. 589. 4. The infinitive with possum, licet, oportet, debeo 209,6; Bur. 944; A. 486, a; B. 270; G. 254, R; H. 618; HB. 582, 3. Note 1. — Can and could are expressed by the forms of possum : / can do this, hoc facere possum ; / could (was able to) do this, hoc facere poteram. Note 2. — May and might, denoting permission (not possibil- ity) are expressed by licet : I may do this, licet mihi (or me) hoc facere (lit. it is permitted me to do this). Note 3. — Must may be expressed by oportet or necesse est ; ought, by debeo or oportet: (1) I ?nust do this, me hoc facere necesse est (or oportet) ; (2) / ought to do this, hoc facere debeo, or me hoc facere oportet. Note 4. — To say could have done, might have done, ought to have done, Latin uses a present (not perfect) complementary infinitive. 1. / could have done this, hoc facere potui. 2. / might have done this, mihi (or me) hoc facere licuit (per- mission) ; hoc facere potui (possibility). 3. / ought to have done this, hoc facere debui, or me hoc facere oportuit. Note 5.— Debeo denotes obligation based on duty to one's self ; oportet denotes obligation based on duty to others. Note 6. — With oportet the person affected is expressed by the accusative ; with licet, necesse est, by the dative or the accusa- tive. Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 7, 8) 1. Catiline was ordered (iubeo) to go into exile. 2. He said he would go into exile. 3. He is said to have gone 352 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION into exile. 4. Catiline ought to have gone into exile. 5. You know, Catiline, that you ought to have gone into exile. 6. Ought the consul to have been moved by hatred or by pity? 7. Why did you attempt to come into the Senate? 8. Did not the senators hesitate to salute him? 9. Cicero desired to do his duty by (do enough for) the republic. 10. Cicero said that he desired to do his duty by the republic. 11. Who was not able (impf.) to hear the voices of those who stood around the Senate? 12. All could have heard them a little while ago. 13. My slaves must (oportet) not fear me. 14. A slave may not (i.e. is not permitted ; Note 2) to come into the Senate. 15. Let us compel all the friends of Catiline to go out with him. Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 7, 8) No one of (from) that great throng dared (to) salute Catiline in the Senate. For good citizens feared him, and thought he was the common enemy of them all. Did he not discern (perspicio) their will? Would that he had heard the voice of his country, which silently (silent) spoke to (with) him. Catiline desired to give himself into custody, but no one received him. Even his friend Metellus rejected him. And so Cicero said that he ought to leave (go out of) the city. LESSON V Conditional Sentences 1. Conditions stated as a fact: 198, a, b; Bur. 911; A. 515; B. 302; G. 595; H. 574; HB. 579. 2. Conditions more probable (shall, will) : 198, c; Bur. 911 ; A. 516 ; B. 302 ; G. 595 ; H. 574 ; HB. 579, a. 3. Conditions less probable (should, would) : 198, c ; Bur. 915 ; A. 516 ; B. 303 ; G. 596 ; H. 576 ; HB. 580. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 353 Note 1 . — Latin often requires a future or future perfect where English uses a present tense : if he does (Latin shall do) this, it will be well. Note 2. — Conditions less probable are sometimes called possi- ble or less vivid conditions. Note 3. — A negative condition is generally introduced by nisi, unless; if the negative is applied to a single word by si non. Exercise 1 1. If he was in the Forum, he heard Cicero's speech. 2. If he is in the Forum now, he is listening-to (hears) Cicero's speech. 3. If he goes (Note 1) to the Forum, he will hear Cicero's speech. 4. If he should go to the Forum, he would hear Cicero's speech. 5. If Catiline should go, who would salute him? 6. If you are patriotic citizens, do not let (patior) the enemy (to) collect their troops. 7. If we have a decree of the Senate against (in) the conspirators, let them fear its authority. 8. If Catiline did not send ahead his silver eagle, he did not wish to go to his army. 9. If I say this to Marcellus, men will lay violent (violence and) hands on me (dat.). 10. The consul will not order you to leave (go out of) the city, unless you hesitate (Note 1). 11. The consul would not order you to leave the city, unless you should hesitate. 12. If Catiline was rejected by Lepidus, he ought to have gone (Lesson IV, Note 4) to Metellus. 13. Ought we not call all good men together? 14. We ought to call all good men together. 15. How long, Catiline, do you think you can abuse our patience ? Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 9, 10) All [men] know, Catiline, that you will never reform (correct yourself). And so a storm of unpopularity over- hangs you (dat.). If you wish to declare (infero) war upon your country, your army in Etruria is ready. Go straight to that army, and let hatred be kindled (conflo) 354 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION against me (dat.). Go to that band of scoundrels, with whom you may revel (subjv.) in pleasure. O that the gods had given you a better purpose (mens). But do not think that you will ever distress the republic [as] a consul. LESSON VI Conditional Sentences (Continued) 1. Conditions contrary to fact: 198, a, b; Bur. 919 A. 517; B. 304; G. 597; H. 579; HB. 581. 2. Conditions with debeo, oportet, possum : 198 Note 2 ; Bur. 921 ; A. 517 ; B. 304 ; G. 597 ; H. 582 ; HB 581. 3. Proviso: 199; Bur. 929; A. 528; B. 310; G. 573 H. 587; HB. 529. Note. — Debeo, oportet, possum, necesse est often stand in the indicative instead of the subjunctive, in the conclusion of a condi- tion contrary to fact. The imperfect represents present time, the perfect or pluperfect, past time : delerl exercitus potuit, si per- secuti victores essent, the army might (could) have been destroyed, if the victors had pursued. Exercise 1 1. They will conquer, if they fight bravely. 2. They would have conquered, if they had fought more bravely. 3. If they had heard the speech, they would have praised the orator. 4. If they were listening-to (hearing) the speech now, they would praise the orator. 5. If they should hear the speech, they would praise the orator. 6. If the con- sul had not ordered Catiline to leave (go from) the city, he would not have gone. 7. If Cicero had feared unpopu- larity, he could not have saved the state. 8. We shall reach (pervenio ad) the camp before evening, provided we go by the shortest road. 9. If the friends of the con- LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 355 spirators had gone into the temple, who would have sa- luted them? 10. If you had spoken with (cum) them, they ought to have feared your authority. 11. If I were in Italy, I should see the cities which the Romans built (aedifico). 12. Would you encourage the soldiers, if you were the commander-in-chief? 13. Let us separate these conspirators from patriotic men. 14. Many thought that Cicero was embarrassed by the customs of the ancestors. 15. Do not fear unpopularity, but show (refero) gratitude to the Roman people, by whom you have been raised to the highest office. Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 11-13) I ought not to neglect the safety of my [fellow] citizens. If only Jupiter will aid us, I promise (to) you that I shall bring all things to light. Let all know that I will not give one hour to this gladiator. If I punish him, many will say that I have acted cruelly. But I shall keep him and his allies from the houses of the city and the temples of the gods. LESSON VII Subjunctive Questions 1. Indirect questions : 202; Bur. 846; A. 330; B. 300; G. 460; H. 649; HB. 537. 2. Double questions : 89, and a; Bur. 372 ; A. 334 ; B. 162,4; G. 458; H. 380; HB. 234. 3. Questions of deliberation, possibility, propriety: 201 ; Bur. 771 ; A. 444 ; B. 277 ; G. 465 ; H. 559, 4 ; HB. 503. 4. Sequence of tenses : 183; Bur. 781 ; A. 482; B. 266; G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. Note 1. — Whether, in single questions, is expressed by -ne or num (without difference of meaning) ; in double questions, by 356 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION utrum or -ne : quaesivit salvusne esset filius, he asked whether his son was safe; quaerit utrum verum an falsum sit, he asks whether it is true or false. Note 2. — The future tense in indirect questions is expressed by the subjunctive of the active periphrastic conjugation: rogo quid facturus sis, / ask what you will do (are about to do) ; rogavi quid facturus esses, / asked what you would do (were about to do) ; rogo quid facias means I ask what you are doing. ■ Note 3. — The person asked is expressed by the accusative with rogo ; by ab, de, or ex + the ablative with quaero ; by ab + the ablative with pet6 and postulo. Exercise 1 1. Why, Catiline, are you an enemy of your country? 2. I ask you, Catiline, why you are an enemy. 3. I ask you, Catiline, whether you are an enemy or not. 4. The consul asked Catiline why he was an enemy. 5. The con- sul asked him how long he had been an enemy. 6. I ask you, whether you were an enemy of your country yester- day. 7. I ask you, Catiline, whether you will be an enemy. 8. He asked Catiline whether he would be an enemy. 9. I shall ask Catiline whether he is an enemy or a good citizen. 10. I-am-in-doubt ; what shall I say about the punishment of this man? 11. Why should you go (pres. tense) [as] an ambassador to the camp of the enemy ? 12. What was I to do ? (not inf. ; cf . what am I to do ? i.e. what shall I do ?) 13. I didn't know (nescio) what I was to do. 14. Let all men declare what they have heard about the perils of the republic. 15. If you know in what peril the republic is, tell the consul (dat.). 16. He ought to have told the consul what he knew about the perils of the republic. Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 1, 2) At last, fellow-citizens, we know that Catiline has gone. Those weapons, with which he threatened us (dat.), we LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 357 shall no longer need (it will be necessary [for] us) to fear. Let us rejoice because there is no foe within the city- walls. Who will blame me, if I do not think that Catiline ought to be put to death now ? If I had put him to death, how many would have accused me severely? Even many senators did not believe all (neut. pi.) that I said. LESSON VIII Agreement 1. Agreement of nouns : 92; Bur. 381-389; A. 281; B. 169; G. 321; H.393; HB. 319. 2. Agreement of adjectives : 156, a, b; Bur. 629; A. 285; B. 234; G. 211; H. 394; HB. 320. 3. Agreement of relative pronouns : 161, a, b; Bur. 703; A. 305; B.250; G.614; H.396; HB. 281. 4. Agreement of verbs: 171, a-e; Bur. 735; A. 316; B. 254; G. 211; H. 388; HB. 328. Note. — In a compound infinitive, depending on a personal verb like dicuntur, the participle is in the nominative form : — 1. dicuntur secuti esse, they are said to have followed. 2. Miles dicitur secutus esse, the soldier is said to have fol- lowed. 3. dicitur (impersonal) militem seciitum esse, it is said that the soldier followed. Exercise 1 1. Cicero [when] consul delivered the orations against Catiline, the senator. 2. These men said they had come [as] ambassadors. 3. All good soldiers desire to be and to seem brave. 4. Cicero said that his son and daughter were safe. 5. Many men and women, who saw the brave sol- dier, saluted him. 6. Gabinius was the first to be called (was called first) to the consul. 7. You and Metellus came unwillingly (unwilling). 8. Did they not assemble (come together) in-great-numbers? 9. Labor and pleas- 358 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION ure are unlike (dissimilar things). 10. Were the swords and daggers, which were in the camp, handed over to the consul? 11. Neither the lieutenant nor the praetor could overtake the men who went out of the city. 12. At last we have warded-off the sword and flame that threatened the city (dat.). 13. There came together a great number of citizens, who had heard that Cicero would deliver an oration. 14. Let all patriots thank the gods (dat.), as (that which) I have often said. 15. The temple of Jupiter was on the top of the hill. Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 3, 4) Do you ask from what countries the enemy have gath- ered their forces? They have come from Italy and Gaul. In the army of Catiline are desperate men of all classes, who would rather (prefer to) fight for (pro) their leader than for their country. If they do not know that this leader has gone out, I will tell (to) them that he has gone by the Aurelian Way. O that these young men had never lived on intimate terms with him ! LESSON IX Pronouns 1. Personal: 162, a, b; Bur. 661; A. 295; B. 242; G. 304; H. 500; HB. 254. 2. Reflexive: 163, a-c; Bur. 666; A. 299; B. 244 G. 309 ; H. 502 ; HB. 260. 3. Possessive: 164, a, b; Bur. 618; A. 302; B. 243 G. 312; H. 501; HB. 254. 4. Relative: 167, a-c; Bur. 693; A. 304; B. 250 G. 610; H. 510; HB. 281. 5. Intensive: 166, a, b; Bur. 671; A. 298; B. 249 G. 311; H. 509; HB. 267. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 359 Note. — Distinguish between the reflexive and the intensive pronoun. Se is not intensive or emphatic, but gets its meaning from the fact that it refers to the subject ; ipse is generally used for emphasis, though it may be reflexive : Roman! se def endunt, the Romans defend themselves; Roman! ipsi oppidum defendunt, the Romans themselves defend the town. Exercise 1 1. Manlius has pitched his camp against us in the pass of Etruria. 2. Manlius said he would pitch his camp in Etruria. 3. Manlius is said to have attempted to seize the pass. 4. Who will not fight for (pro) his country, which is the parent of us all? 5. Who of us will say that this is not the fairest of all lands ? 6. If the praetors over- take the Allobroges, will they arrest them and seize their letters? 7. I (emphatic) gave myself into custody; why did you not receive me? 8. Fellow-citizens, you must (Lesson IV, Note 3) defend yourselves and your property against (ab) the attacks which these men are making. 9. Our ancestors themselves have left (to) us many examples of their virtues. 10. Lentulus and Cethegus, the friends of Catiline, acknowledged their seals and hand- writing (hands). 11. Do you know their seals and hand- writing, Marcus Tullius? 12. These men say they will escort you to the very gates of the city. 13. Catiline easily endured hunger and cold, which weaken most men. 14. He asked Catiline whether he easily endured hunger and cold. 15. The letter had been written by his own hand to (ad) his son and daughter, who were in Gaul. Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 5, 6) If I had known that Catiline was the companion of gladiators and desperate men, I would have compelled him to leave the city, which he wishes to destroy. You all know what slaughter and burning they have planned. 360 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION Do you think we need (it is necessary [for] us) to dread foreign nations and kings? Greater dangers are within. Let the Senate be called together, and let the whole mat- ter be laid before the conscript fathers. Then I will ask Catiline whether Manlius, his centurion, has pitched a camp and is now waiting-for him. LESSON X Pronouns {Continued) 1. Demonstrative: 165, a-e; Bur. 711; A. 296; B. 246 G. 305; H. 505; HB. 271. 2. Interrogative: 168; Bur. 679; A. 333; B. 90 G. 106; H. 511; HB. 275. 3. Indefinite: 169, a, b; Bur. 682; A. 309; B.252; G. 313 H. 512; HB. 276. 4. Alius, alter: 170, a, b; Bur. 729; A. 315; B. 253 G. 319; H. 516; HB. 279. Note 1. — Hie, iste, and ille are demonstratives of the first, second, and third persons, respectively. Note 2. — Ullus, any, is the adjective in negative expressions, corresponding to the pronoun quisquam : sine ullo periculo, without any danger. Note 3. — The same as is regularly expressed by idem qui (eadem quae, idem quod) : ego idem sentio quod tu, I think the same as you. Exercise 1 1. One of the consuls was Catiline's enemy, the other was said to be his friend. 2. Some of the conspirators went out by the Aurelian Way, others remained in the city. 3. Some witnesses said one thing, some another (170, b). 4. Every one of us knows where your friends met last night. 5. If any one should ask why the Allobroges were in the city, Lentulus could (would be able) to tell them. 6. If any one had asked why they were in the city, Lentulus LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 361 could have told (Lesson VI, Note) him. 7. Who does not know that certain of (ex) the chief men have fled? 8. These soldiers fought most valiantly ; those guarded the camp which had been pitched in the middle of the hill. 9. Don't think, Catiline, that those companions of yours will accomplish their undertakings without punishment. 10. That letter was written by the same hand as (by which) this. 11. How can we escape the weapons of that [scoun- drel]? 12. Some men may say that the Gauls will not form a conspiracy against the republic. 13. The consul ought to summon to himself all (169, b) the best and noblest. 14. If the consuls do their duty by (to) the state, we shall not need to fear the attacks of any one. 15. Those who heard the oration learned that the republic was in great peril. Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 7, 8) If Catiline should change his mind and go out of the city, some would say that Cicero had driven him into exile. And yet if he had put him to death, the same men would have said that he was a tyrant. But Cicero was willing to undergo unpopularity, provided the state was not in peril. He knew there were six classes of men in Catiline's army. The first of these were deeply (in great) debt, but expected that by the aid of Catiline their property would be saved. LESSON XI The Genitive with Nouns 1. Possessive Genitive: 97; Bur. 401 ; A. 343 ; B. 198 G. 362; H. 440; HB. 339. 2. Subjective Genitive : 98; Bur. 402; A. 343 ; B. 199 G. 363; H. 440; HB. 344. 3. Objective Genitive : 99; Bur. 425 ; A. 348; B. 200 G. 363 ; H. 440 ; HB. 354. 362 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 4. Descriptive Genitive : 100 ; Bur. 421 ; A. 345 ; B. 203; G. 365; H. 440; HB. 355. 5. Appositional Genitive: 102; Bur. 411; A. 343; B. 202; G. 361; H. 440; HB. 341. 6. Genitive of the whole: 103; Bur. 412; A. 346; B. 201 ; G. 367 ; H. 441 ; HB. 346. Note 1. — The subjective and objective genitives are dis- tinguished by converting the phrase into a sentence : the love of a father (amor patris) may mean the father loves (pater amat), and hence the genitive is subjective ; or it may mean one loves his father (amat patrem), in which case the genitive is objective. Note 2. — Numerals and quidem are generally followed by ex or de and the ablative rather than by the genitive of the whole : unus ex militibus, one of the soldiers. Note 3. — The adjective omnis is not followed by the genitive of the whole : all of us, nos omnes (not nostrum). Exercise 1 1. Were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the sons of Cor- nelia? 2. Whose letter is this? 3. Cicero said that Cati- line was a man of great boldness. 4. This soldier's knowledge of war is extraordinary. 5. The name of king was always hateful to the Roman people. 6. How much authority was given to the consul? 7. Do you know how much authority was given to the consul? 8. If all the soldiers should fight bravely, we would conquer. 9. Cer- tain of (Note 2) the knights were unfriendly to Cicero. 10. Love of country did not stand-in-the-way-of Catiline's purposes (clat.). 11. Cicero said that the customs of the ancestors and the safety of the republic demanded the severest punishment. 12. Is not this the fairest of all lands? 13. Let the conspirators be disturbed (moved) by the fear of the people. 14. We all know what (of) plan you formed (took). 15. We heard that the Senate decreed a thanksgiving of twenty days. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 363 Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 9-10) Cicero said that the second class of the conspirators' army were burdened with debt but did not despair of honors (ace). But they could not become consuls or kings in the ashes of the city. In (in) the third class were Sulla's soldiers, who were impelled by the hope of plunder. They would not have fallen into such debt, if Sulla had been alive. With this army of criminals of all classes, what did the leader expect he could do? LESSON XII The Genitive with Adjectives and Verbs 1. Genitive with adjectives: 104; Bur. 425; A. 349 B. 204; G. 374; H. 450; HB. 354. 2. Genitive with verbs of accusing: 105; Bur. 431 A. 352; B. 208; G. 378; H. 456; HB. 342. 3. Genitive with verbs of feeling and interest : 106, 107 Bur. 434; A. 354; B. 209; G. 377; H. 457; HB. 352. 4. Genitive with verbs of memory: 108; Bur. 438 A. 350; B. 206; G. 376; H. 454; HB. 350. 5. Genitive of indefinite value (with est): 110; Bur. 424; A. 417; B. 203; G. 380; H. 448; HB. 356. 6. Predicate Genitive: 111; Bur. 408, 421; A. 343; B. 203; G. 366; H. 447; HB. 340. Exercise 1 1. The Romans were always desirous of victory and mindful of their allies. 2. Are your friends mindful of you (pi., 162, &)? 3. It will be worth-while (tanti) for us (dat.) to do this, provided our friends are willing. 4. It is [the duty] of the consul to defend the city and the temples of the gods. 5. He says that the sixth class con- sists (is) of the friends of Catiline. 6. The consul will not 364 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION repent of his acts. 7. He says that he does not repent (it does not repent him) of his acts. 8. Do not forget me, and that I am your consul. 9. It concerned the consul greatly (110) that his colleague should be (inf. clause) a friend. 10. It concerns you (107) also that your colleague be a friend. 11. The orator accused Catiline of many things which the senators had not heard before. 12. Re- member your former victories, soldiers, if you fear the enemy. 13. The lieutenant was a man most-experienced in (of) war. 14. It will concern us (107) little whether the enemy are in our camp or not. 15. He thinks that four thousand men are in camp. Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 11-13) If these are Catiline's forces, citizens, do you dread war? Can that wounded gladiator conquer in a contest of this kind? I have been informed that all the colonists will easily defend their towns. Metellus, who is experi- enced in warfare, will check all attempts outside of the city. If any friends of Catiline remain in the city, they will see that I am a watchful consul. If the gods will be our leaders, I promise that every loyal man will be safe. LESSON XIII The Dative Case 1. Indirect object with transitive verbs: 112, a; Bur. 450; A. 362; B. 187; G. 345; H. 424; HB. 365. 2. Indirect object with intransitive verbs : 112,6; Bur. 456; A. 367; B. 187.; G. 346; H. 426; HB. 362. 3. Indirect object with compound verbs: 112, c, d; Bur. 464; A. 370; B. 187; G. 347; H. 429; HB. 376. Note 1. — Some intransitive verbs are used in the passive voice impersonally : persuadetur mihi, I am persuaded (it is persuaded to me) ; persuadetur tibi, you are \ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 365 Note 2. — Mitto and scribo take either the dative of indirect object, or the accusative with ad. The accusative is used if the idea of motion predominates : tibi, or ad te, scribam, / shall write to you. Exercise 1 1. Who will envy his friend's glory ? 2. It is [the duty] of every man to resist the leaders of that conspiracy. 3. To you, Cicero, our country has intrusted the lives (life) and property (goods) of her citizens. 4. He ought to obey the decree of the Senate and go into exile. 5. He is persuaded. I have been persuaded. 6. Can you not per- suade him? 7. Can he not be persuaded? 8. Let not these desperate men threaten us with sword and flame. 9. Cicero said that foreign nations preferred to serve the Roman people [rather] than rule over others. 10. The Allobroges said that Lentulus had written a letter to Catiline (Note 2). 11. Did the Senate give most liberal rewards to the ambassadors of the Allobroges? 12. Cicero promised (to) the citizens that every loyal man would be safe. 13. We ought, conscript fathers, to consult for [the interest of] these men and women who are in peril. 14. If we lay hands on Catiline and his friends, we shall do our duty by (enough for) the republic. 15. When was Man- lius placed-in-command-of the army ? Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 1-3) By Cicero's plans and labors the state was saved. Fire had almost been placed under the temples, but it had been extinguished. Then in the Forum, the consul told (to) the people how great their peril had been. He had heard that certain Gauls would cross the Mulvian Bridge and that they had letters for (ad) Catiline. He arrested them and some of the conspirators, and then laid the whole matter before the Senate, which he had quickly assembled. 366 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION LESSON XIV The Dative (Continued) 1. Dative of purpose: 114; Bur. 483; A. 382; B. 191 G. 356; H. 433; HB. 365. 2. Dative of reference : 115; Bur. 470; A. 376; B. 188 G. 356; H. 433; HB. 366. 3. Dative with adjectives: 119; Bur. 487; A. 384 B. 192; G. 359; H. 434; HB. 362. 4. Dative of the possessor: 117; Bur. 479; A. 373 B. 190; G. 349; H. 430; HB. 374. 5. Dative of the agent : 116 ; Bur. 480 ; A. 374; B. 189 G. 354; H. 431; HB. 373. 6. The passive periphrastic conjugation : 225 ; Bur. 1000; A. 500; B. 337; G. 251; H. 621; HB. 600. Note 1. — In expressions of possession the genitive emphasizes the possessor ; the dative, the fact of possession : bonus servus est consulis, the good slave is the consul's; bonus servus est consul!, the consul has a good slave. Note 2. — To avoid confusion with another dative connected with the passive periphrastic, the agent may be expressed by the ablative with a, ab : hostibus a nobis parcendum est, we must spare our enemies. Exercise 1 1. Can this day be pleasant to wicked men? 2. Your safety will be (for) the greatest concern (care) to all your friends. 3. The men who saved the state are (for) an honor to themselves. 4. We must defend our wives and children. 5. They say that they must defend their wives and children. 6. You have many brave generals and thousands of soldiers. 7. Cicero said that he would pro- vide for the safety of the Roman people. 8. Our country ought (Lesson IV, Note 3) to be very dear to us. 9. Is LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 367 this boy like his father or his grandfather ? 10. We must praise the consul and give thanks to the immortal gods. 11. I learned that the ambassadors had a letter, and that it was Catiline's (see Note 1). 12. Give a signal to those guards who are nearest to the gates. 13. Catiline asked whether those gladiators would be faithful to him. 14. I ought to be pardoned (it is fitting to be pardoned to me, 112, Note 2). 15. If your voice has been [a means of] (for) safety to any one, you ought to be pardoned. Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 4-6) Volturcius and the Gauls said that some of the con- spirators were ready to burn the city and that Cethegus wished to do this before the Saturnalia. We know that the house of Cethegus was full of good weapons. In the Senate the tablets of the conspirators were read. I asked them whether they recognized the seals of the tablets. All confessed. Then the Senate thanked me and the praetors who had commanded the troops of the state. LESSON XV The Accusative 1. Directobject: 120; Bur. 493 ; A. 387; B. 172; G. 330 H. 404; HB. 390. 2. Secondary object: 121; Bur. 507; A. 396; B. 178 G. 339; H. 411; HB. 393. 3. Predicate accusative : 122; Bur. 506; A. 393; B. 177 G. 340; H. 410; HB. 392. 4. Subject of infinitive: 123; Bur. 526 ; A. 397; B. 184 G. 343; H. 415; HB. 398. 5. Prepositions with the accusative : 231 ; Bur. 1019 A. 220; B. 141; G. 416; H. 420; HB. 455. 368 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION Note. — Moneo, advise, warn, may be followed by two accusa- tives, one of the person, and the other a neuter pronoun or ad- jective, expressing the thing : eos hoc moneo, / gave them this warning (warn them this). Exercise 1 1. Have you read the letter that Cicero wrote to (ad) his son? 2. Many citizens asked Caesar his opinion about the conspiracy. 3. Caesar, having been asked his opinion, spoke as follows (said words of this kind). 4. The Roman people did not elect Catiline consul. 5. He says that the Roman people could have elected (Lesson IV, Note 4) Catiline consul. 6. Let us inform the consul that (inf. clause) the gates are open. 7. It is said that the leaders sought (peto) aid even of (121, a) the slaves. 8. Jupiter was rightly called the stay of the city. 9. Didn't the Haeclui call their magistrate " vergobretus " ? 10. The consul has given the enemy this warning (Note) . 11. Every senator called Catiline a dangerous citizen. 12. Caesar wrote that he had led his army into the farthest part of the province. 13. Tell me who was-in-command- of the tenth legion. 14. Let the boys remember their friend and his words (108). 15. The leaders think that they will not lack infantry (infantry will not be lacking to them). Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 7-9) Now, fellow-citizens, you need (oportet) not fear the forces of Catiline. The leader himself was very shrewd and watchful, a man of great endurance. If we had not driven him from the city, we should have had to watch (plup. ind. ; 211, Note 2) day and night (ace. pi.). It was not [in the power] of the consuls, but of the gods to withstand his attempts. They have surely aided (brought aid to) us, all these days, and especially Jupiter, whose new statue has been set up in the temple. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 369 LESSON XVI The Accusative (Continued) 1. Place to which: 126, a; Bur. 513; A. 426; B. 182 G. 337; H. 418; HB. 365. 2. Duration and extent : 127 ; Bur. 518 ; A. 423 ; B. 181 G. 335; H. 417; HB. 387. 3. Cognate accusative : 128; Bur. 502; A. 390; B. 176 G. 333; H. 409; HB. 396. 4. Adverbial accusative : 129 ; Bur. 524 ; A. 397; B. 185 G. 333; H. 416; HB. 387. 5. The accusative in exclamations : 130 ; Bur. 501 A. 397; B. 183; G. 343; H. 421; HB. 399. Note. — Years of age may be expressed by annos natus with a numeral : triginta annos natus, thirty years old, at the age of thirty. Exercise 1 1. A certain Gaul came to Rome to the Senate. 2. An attack was made on (in) the Allobroges (ace), who had come to Italy. 3. Cicero and Antonius were consuls one year. 4. Rome, the most famous of all cities, was fifteen miles away from (a) the sea. 5. Why do these citizens stand-about the Senate in-great-numbers? 6. We know that this army has marched many miles to-day. 7. Cicero delivered these orations [when he was] forty-three years old (Note). 8. Did you see the Roman knights who went to Cicero's house? 9. Let us ask (quaero, Lesson VII, Note 3) the lieutenant whether he went home or to Geneva. 10. Cicero allowed (patior) the friends of Cati- line to return to their homes. 11. Cicero made this reply (replied these things) to the ambassadors. 12. What reply would he make (what things would he reply) to the ambassadors if they should consult him? 13. If he had consulted us, we should have made the same reply as (should 370 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION have replied the same which) he. 14. Do you remember that the Helvetians were very powerful (were able most) ? 15. fortunate city, if all its citizens are patriotic! Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 10-12) If a thanksgiving has been appointed (decreed), let us celebrate these days of safety. You have been saved without bloodshed (blood), which has not happened since (post) the memory of man (men). Let no reward be given to me, provided you remember that in my consulship the state was saved. But it will be your [duty] to defend me against (a) the attacks of these most daring men, and to worship Jupiter, the divine guardian of this city and of us all. LESSON XVII The Ablative 1. Prepositions with the ablative: 231; Bur. 1020 A. 220; B. 142; G. 417; H. 490; HB. 456. 2. Ablative of Separation: 133; Bur. 528; A. 400 B. 214; G. 390; H. 461; HB. 408. 3. Ablative of Source: 134; Bur. 532; A. 403; B. 215 G. 395; H. 467; HB. 413. 4. Ablative of Agent: 135; Bur. 535; A. 405; B. 216 G. 401; H. 468; HB. 406. 5. Ablative of Comparison : 137 ; Bur. 541 ; A. 406 B. 217; G. 296; H. 471; HB. 416. 6. Ablative of degree of difference : 145 ; Bur. 582 A. 414; B. 223; G. 403; H. 479; HB. 424. Note 1. — To resign an office is expressed by se abdicare a se a praetura abdicavit, he resigned the praetor ship. Note 2. — When an agent is looked upon rather as a means through which something is done, per with the accusative is used instead of ab with the ablative. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 371 Exercise 1 1. We must wrest that dagger from (de) his hands. 2. Could any other [manj have freed (Lesson IV, Note 4) Rome from her perils? 3. Which conspirator was com- pelled to resign his office? 4. If Cicero had resigned the consulship, Catiline would not have gone out of the city. 5. For many years our country has been without (careo, 149) provinces and harbors. 6. Let the enemy fear the assembly of patriotic men more than the swords of the soldiers. 7. Cicero asked the Senate who was milder than himself (166, b). 8. Do you think that Cicero was a much greater consul than Caesar? 9. He asked whether Catiline had more (amplius) than two thousand soldiers. 10. All the colonists have been informed by the consul with-regard-to (de) the attempts of the enemy. 11. Caesar was said to have descended (orior) from (ab) Trojan blood. 12. Cicero was born of an equestrian family (134). 13. It was learned through (Note 2) scouts that the enemy had marched in (into) another direction. 14. In-comparison- with the forces of the enemy, we ought not to despise our legions. 15. In-return-for all his labors, Cicero demanded nothing except (nisi) the memory of his consulship. Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 1-3) The eyes of all Romans were turned toward the consul who had rescued them and their children from all perils, forgetful of his own safety. They thought not only about themselves, but about the family of the consul. They knew that he was deeply moved by the grief of his wife and daughter. They saw the accused who had con- fessed, and Lentulus who had resigned his praetorship. So they hoped that the Senate would punish the criminals without delay. 372 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION LESSON XVIII The Ablative (Continued) 1. Ablative of means: 141; Bur. 570; A. 409; B. 218 G. 401; H. 476; HB. 423. 2. Ablative of cause: 142; Bur. 546; A. 404; B. 219 G. 408; H. 475; HB. 444. 3. Ablative of manner : 139; Bur. 554; A. 412; B. 220 G. 399; H. 473; HB. 445. 4. Ablative of accompaniment : 138 ; Bur. 550 ; A. 413 B. 222; G. 392; H. 473; HB. 418. 5. Ablative of description : 143 ; Bur. 557 ; A. 415 B. 224; G. 400; H. 473; HB. 443. 6. Ablative of specification: 144; Bur. 586; A. 418 B. 226; G. 397; H. 480; HB. 441. 7. Ablative with deponent verbs : 147 ; Bur. 572 ; A. 410 B. 218; G. 407; H. 477; HB. 429. 8. Ablative with certain adjectives: 150; Bur. 587 A. 418; B. 226; G. 397; H. 481; HB. 442. Note. — Cause is sometimes expressed by the accusative with ob or propter : ob earn rem, for this reason; propter timorem, on account of fear. Exercise 1 1. The soldiers will not be content with such (of this kind) booty. 2. How is the city defended? Is it not (defended) by garrison and watches? 3. You will never repent (it will never repent you) of having fought (to have fought) with so great bravery. 4. They will not be satisfied with the punishment of you (not gen. ; see 164, b) who have remained in the city. 5. You have heard that Catiline was a man of great endurance of hunger and thirst. 6. This general is worthy of the highest praise because he has conquered without bloodshed (blood). 7. Cicero wrote that nothing could be better than friend- LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 373 ship. 8. Caesar went to a town of the Allobroges, Geneva by name. 9. Sulla's soldiers hoped (themselves) to be able to secure greater booty on this account (because of this). 10. Cicero says that he did this relying on the aid of the gods. 11. The men whom Catiline left in the city are much more powerful than those whom he took with him. 12. If you wish to enjoy (utor) peace, to-day, sur- render yourselves and all your [property] to the Roman people. 1 13. Catiline, a man of the greatest boldness, came into the temple with the other senators. 14. Why did Catiline use that silver eagle, of (de) which we have heard so much (many things)? 15. Don't flee from the city because of fear; these soldiers will bravely defend you from (ab) the enemy. Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 4-6) Silanus, the consul-elect, who was asked his opinion (121) in the Senate, thought the conspirators were deserving of death. Caesar said that imprisonment for life (chains ever- lasting) was a more (magis) suitable punishment for them. Cicero saw what was for his interest (what concerned him, 107) ; for he knew that Caesar was a friend of the people. But he preferred to follow the opinion of Silanus, and did not fear the charge of cruelty in (the case of) these most bitter enemies. LESSON XIX The Ablative (Concluded) 1. Ablative absolute: 151; Bur. 558. A. 419; B. 227; G. 409; H. 489; HB. 421. 2. Ablative of time: 152; Bur. 599. A. 423; B. 230; G. 393; H. 486; HB. 439. 1 The Latin phrase reverses the order : populus Romanus. 374 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 3. Ablative of place where and whence : 153 ; 133, a, b; Bur. 588, 530; A. 426; B. 228, 229; G. 385, 390; H. 483, 491; HB. 433, 409. 4. Locative Case: 154; Bur. 606; A. 427; B. 232; G. 411; H. 483; HB. 449. 5. Dates: 248; Bur. 603; A. 631; B. 371; G. App.; H. 754; HB. 660. Note. — An adjective or pronoun limiting a noun in the locative case is put in the genitive : suae domi, at his house. Exercise 1 (Use the ablative absolute when possible) 1. Cicero said that in Catiline's camp there was not any (169) good man. 2. If these men alone are punished, the danger will not be removed. 3. At my command (me commanding) the gates will be open. 4. Tell us where you were last summer and what you saw. 5. These ora- tions which we are reading were delivered in the consul- ship of Cicero and Antonius. 6. My friends were at Brundisium two years ; they will go to Geneva within ten days. 7. I- wish-that (utinam) you had been at my house last night. 8. Having delivered this speech, the senator returned to his house. 9. I know that this letter was written on the first (248) of October. 10. It ought to have been written (Lesson IV, Note 4) on the thirteenth of September. 11. I shall write you (Lesson XIII, Note 2) another letter on the fifth of November. 12. Do you know whether the ambassador has come from Rome or not? 13. Do you prefer to live in the city or in the coun- try? 14. Because these scoundrels have been driven out, do not think we have been freed from all peril. 15. The third oration against Catiline was delivered on the third of December; the fourth, on the fifth of December. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 375 Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 7-8) Do you think, senators, that I do not have enough protection? The whole city is full of loyal citizens of all classes. Why should I fear (deliberative subjv.) the attacks of others? Even the freedmen and slaves con- tribute as much as they can to (ad) the common safety. The shopkeepers (those who are in shops) also know that their profits are maintained by peace. And so if this harmony is pleasing to all men, we shall preserve our common country and the temples of the gods. LESSON XX Review of the Indicative 1. Uses of the indicative : 184, 185; Bur. 743; A. 437; B. 271; G. 254; H. 523; HB. 545. 2. Tenses of the indicative : 173-179; Bur. 745; A. 465; B. 259; G. 227; H. 532; HB. 468. 3. Tenses with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam prldem : 173 c; 174c; Bur. 749; A. 466; B.259,4; G.230; H. 533; HB. 485. 4. Order of words: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351; G. 684; H. 685; HB. 630. Note 1. — With expressions of duration, like iam diu, iam dudum, the present tense is translated by have and the imperfect by had: te iam dudum hortor (hortabar), for a long time I have (had) been urging you. Note 2. — Remember that iam with a negative means no longer. Exercise 1 1. The Senate used-to-consult (174, b) for the safety of the allies. 2. The Gauls kept-making sallies from the town and attacks on (in) the Romans (ace). 3. My brother has been living now a long time in that city. 376 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 4. Catiline has long been plotting the destruction of the city and the slaughter of the citizens. 5. The general had not known for a long time in what direction the enemy were marching. 6. The Allobroges had now for a long time been complaining of the unjust rule of the Roman people. 7. If Catiline goes to Marseilles, certain of (Lesson XI, Note 2) his friends will follow him. 8. Did you remember that I said he would go to Geneva? 9. Why did all good citizens hate you, Lentulus? 10. They will hate all these desperate men, the enemies of their country. 11. Do you think that Cicero will refer this question (thing) to the Senate to-day? 12. If Catiline goes into exile, we shall no longer need (oportet) to fear. 13. Such men will never repent (106) of their purposes, as I have often said. 14. They may (Lesson IV, Note 2) go to Marseilles, provided they do not levy an army on the Gauls (112, 6). 15. It concerns us (107) greatly that the temples of the gods be defended (inf.) by guards as strong as possible. Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 9-11) You see, conscript fathers, that all ranks of citizens are- of-one-opinion (think one and the same). They know that our country is beset by the weapons of impious con- spirators. Therefore it is for-us (ours) to decide to-day whether (Lesson VII, Note 1) these temples and shrines shall remain or be destroyed. Many illustrious generals have opened new provinces for us, but no one must be praised more than that consul who has saved the state. In-return-for this service (thing) I know that the Roman people will remember (memoria teneo) my consulship, and will provide for the safety (dat.) of my son. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 377 LESSON XXI Relative Clauses 1. Relative clauses with the indicative : 191, a, b; Bur. 797; A. 535; B. 311; G. 610; H. 589; HB. 499. 2. Relative clauses with the subjunctive : 192, a-c; Bur. 798; A. 535; B. 283; G. 631; H. 591; HB. 521. Note 1. — In the sentence, " the soldier, who reported the vic- tory, is named Galba," the clause merely designates (points out) the particular soldier and is called determinative, having its verb in the indicative : miles, qui victoriam nuntiat, appellatur Galba. If we say "Galba is a soldier who fights bravely," the clause describes the soldier and requires a subjunctive verb : Galba est miles qui fortiter pugnet. Note 2. — Descriptive clauses often follow such expressions as sunt qui, there are those {some) who; nemo est qui, there is no one who; solus (unus) est qui, he is the only one who; quis est qui, who is there who? Note 3. — Descriptive clauses also follow dignus, indignus, idoneus : non erit idoneus qui mittatur, he will not be a suitable man to send (to be sent) ; hie liber dignus est qui legatur, this book is worth reading (worthy to be read; worthy that it should be read). Note 4. — Relative clauses expressing purpose, result, cause, and concession are treated in later lessons. Exercise 1 1. This is the oration which Cicero delivered in the temple of Jupiter. 2. Catiline was not worthy to be elected consul. 3. The Gauls are the only nation that can make war on us (dat.). 4. There are gladiators who are better disposed (of better spirit) than certain of the senators. 5. These brave soldiers are worthy to be praised by the lieutenant. 6. There is no one who does not know how many dangers we have escaped. 7. There were some who did not hear the things he said. 8. There were two consuls in Rome, one of whom was said to be a friend of 378 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION Caesar. 9. Who is there in all this empire who does not think that Pompey ought to be chosen commander-in- chief? 10. There are no other legions which we can send to (ad) this war if these are defeated (abl. abs.). 11. Let us choose a commander, fellow-citizens, who is able to protect our allies from these powerful kings. 12. Don't you think that he is a suitable [man] to be chosen as commander-in-chief? 13. Those whom Catiline has left at Rome must be informed [that] the consuls are watchful. 14. He is the only man whom we must fear. 15. Fortune favors the brave : if our commanders rely-upon them- selves, their soldiers will rely on them. Exercise 2 (Pomp. 1-3) During the praetorship of Cicero, two powerful kings of Asia were making war on the allies of the Roman people. It was necessary to put a general in-command-of the army. The praetor who had not delivered an ora- tion to the people before, spoke concerning the virtues of Gnaeus Pompey. He said that the tributaries of the republic were in danger and that the commander was about to return to Rome. Pompey, a man of remark- able wisdom, had carried on many wars on land and sea. No one else could (impf .) wipe out the disgrace incurred in the former war. LESSON XXII Purpose Clauses. Noun Clauses 1. Purpose clauses with ut, ne, or a relative : 193 ; Bur. 812; A. 531; B. 282; G. 545; H. 568; HB. 502. 2. Noun clauses after verbs of fearing : 205, b; Bur. 838; A. 564; B. 296, 2; G. 550; H. 567; HB. 502, 4. 3. Sequence of tenses: 183; Bur. 781; A. 482; B. 266; G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 379 Note 1. — A relative pronoun, relative adjective, or relative adverb introduces a purpose clause when there is a close con- nection with the antecedent. Note 2. — In the earlier form of expression, ne accidat, timeo, as two sentences, meant let it not happen, I am afraid, i.e. / am afraid that it may happen. This came to be the meaning of the complex sentence timeo ne accidat, in which ne means that. Sim- ilarly accidat, timeo meant let it happen, I am afraid, i.e. / am afraid that it may not happen. Accidat becoming subordinate to timeo, ut came to be the connective as the opposite of ne. Note 3. — Only the present and imperfect subjunctive are used in purpose clauses, except in the case of defective verbs like memini, or verbs like cognosco, whose meaning differs in the present and perfect systems. Exercise 1 1. Let the consuls be vigilant that the enemy may not be able to move (himself) against the republic. 2. Send soldiers to the camp to bring the rest of the weapons. 3. I am not afraid that men will say that I did this too cruelly. 4. Are you not afraid that you will not have enough (of) protection? 5. It is greatly to be feared that we may be too mild toward (in) these most bitter enemies. 6. Caesar will go to Geneva to find out what tribes are conspiring against the Roman people. 7. Refer the matter to the senate, so that no danger (not any of danger) may threaten the city. 8. Caesar used-to-send-ahead his cavalry to terrify the enemy. 9. If Catiline's forces are like these, we need not fear that our army will not be able to withstand them. 10. The lieutenant's friends will come by the Aurelian Way, that they may more easily (193, a) arrive at (ad) the camp. 11. If they had gone by another way, they would have found a place suitable for a camp. 12. What was there which could please a man like Catiline (104, a)? 13. May that weapon be wrested from (de) his hands. 14. There is no one who 380 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION does not know that they have attempted to kill the con- sul. 15. I inquired of the boy (Lesson VII, Note 3) whether he lived at Brundisium or at his home. Exercise 2 (Pomp. 4-6) Mithridates is now making-ready his fleets and armies to bring war upon us by land and sea. Even in Spain we are compelled to fight with his allies. Our ancestors punished those who had arrogantly addressed our am- bassadors. Ought we to disregard the loss of revenues and the massacre of Roman citizens? Unless you defend your tributaries in Asia from even the fear of calamity, you will lose the income of a whole year. LESSON XXIII Result Clauses. Noun Clauses 1. Result clauses with ut, ut non, or a relative: 194, 194, a; Bur. 818; A. 537; B. 284; G. 552; H. 570; HB. 521, 2. 2. Noun clauses with verbs meaning to accomplish: 194, c; Bur. 842; A. 568; B. 297; G. 553; H. 566; HB. 521, 3. 3. Noun clauses with verbs meaning it happens: 194, d; Bur. 843; A. 569, 2; B. 297, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 571; HB. 521, 3. 4. Sequence of tenses: 183, Bur. 781; A. 482; B. 266 ; G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. Note 1. — A relative clause of result is also a clause of descrip- tion (192, a), as in si quis est talis qui me acciiset, if any one is of such a mind as to blame me. Note 2. — With tantum abest two ut-clauses are used, one the subject of abest, the other a clause of result : tantum abest ut laudetur, ut etiam accusetur, so far is it from the truth that he is praised, that he is even blamed. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 381 Exercise 1 1. The city was so fortified that the people did not fear. 2. Cicero speaks in-such-a-manner that he seems to be moved by pity. 3. You are such [a man], Lentulus, that the memory of your grandfather has not recalled you from crime. 4. Who can be so hard-hearted as-not- to-be (who is not) moved by the grief of his friends? 5. Such a storm suddenly arose that it (rel.) drove (defer 6) our ships, some in one direction, and some in another (170). 6. The orator will let (make) the people know what the Senate has decreed. 7 It happened that the envoys of the Allobroges were at Rome that day. 8. It remains for-us-to (that we) consider what we must do. 9. We shall not make them hear. 10. We fear that we shall not make them hear. 11. I am so far from denying that this is true, that I now confess [it]. 12. Do not despair; we shall defeat them easily, if only (199) you are brave. 13. We have written letters to the Roman x knights to inform them about their property. 14. The result was that the Roman knights were informed about their property. 15. The general was informed that his cavalry could not overtake the enemy. Exercise 2 (Pomp. 7-9) I shall speak of your tax-collectors whose fortunes are- at-stake. These men are the support of the state, and their welfare ought to receive your careful attention (be for a care to you). Lucullus has conquered and sunk the king's fleet, and on this account (qua de causa) he must be praised. But the king has fled as a suppliant to other kings. If Lucullus had captured him, the war would no longer be dangerous. 1 The adjective Romanus regularly follows its noun. 382 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION LESSON XXIV Noun Clauses (Continued) 1. Clauses with ut or ne after verbs of commanding, persuading, requesting, etc.: 205 a; Bur. 826; A. 563; B. 295; G. 546; H. 565; HB. 502, 3. 2. Clauses with ne, quin, or quominus, after verbs of hindering, preventing, refusing: 205 e; Bur. 829; A. 558; B. 284; G. 549; H. 594; HB. 302. 3. Clauses with quin after verbs or phrases of doubting : 205 e; Bur. 833; A. 558; B. 298; G. 555,2; H. 595; HB. 519, 4, b. Note 1. — Ne is used after a positive verb of hindering or refus- ing ; quin ( = qui + ne, by which not), after a negative ; quominus (by which less), after either a positive or a negative: eum im- pedient ne (or quominus) hoc faciat, they will hinder him from doing this; eum n6n impedient quin (or quominus) hoc faciat, they will not hinder him from doing this. Note 2. — Prohibeo, prevent, is oftener followed by the infinitive than by the subjunctive (212) . Exercise 1 1. Cicero often advised Catiline to go into exile. 2. Let us urge all good citizens to hear the consul's speech. 3. The Senate will decree that our allies shall not suffer (capio) any (of) injury. 4. It is much better to persuade than to command men to do this. 5. Do you think you can persuade your friends (112, b) to go with you ? 6. Who can doubt that the immortal gods will defend this city? 7. There is no doubt that even the Gauls knew the plans of the conspirators. 8. The consul said that he was not yet induced to do this. 9. Let no one prevent the am- bassadors from speaking with the general. 10. These soldiers will not refuse to fight bravely, if you encourage them. 11. The general urged his soldiers to hinder the LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 383 enemy from crossing the river. 12. There are many who did not doubt that Pompey would quickly bring this war to an end. 13. The ambassador could not be persuaded (112, Note 2) to remain in Rome many days. 14. We ought to have prevented (Lesson IV, Note 4) the con- spirators from meeting-at (coming-together-to) the house (126) of Laeca. 15. If they had asked that they might (Lesson IV, Note 2) do this, they would have obtained- their-request. Exercise 2 (Pomp. 10-12) It seems to me to be necessary to put in command of this war a man in whom the four qualities (things) of a great commander exist. That Pompey is [a man] of great knowledge of military matters, many tribes and nations declare. There is no kind of warfare in which he has not been trained. The sea was so full of pirates that no Roman fleet could sail in safety. But has not Pompey driven them all from the sea within three months ? LESSON XXV Noun Clauses (Concluded) 1. Clauses with quod and the indicative: 204; Bur. 822; A. 572; B. 299; G. 524; H. 588; HB. 552. 2. Review of constructions with licet, oportet, necesse est: 205, d; 209, b; 212; Bur. 828, 948; A. 565; B. 295, 6; G. 535; H. 564, 618; HB. 513, 585. 3. Constructions with volo, patior, cogo : 205, a, and 212; Bur. 837; A. 563 b; B. 331, 296; G. 553, 2; H. 565, 2; HB. 502, 3, 586. Note 1. — After accedit, it is added, or accidit, it happens, either an indicative quod-clause or a subjunctive ut-clause may be used, though accidit usually takes an ut-clause (Lesson XXIII) 384 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION accedebat hue quod Dumnorix dixerat, furthermore (it was added to this that) Dumnorix had said. Note 2. — With licet, oportet, necesse est a subjunctive clause may be used (usually without ut) though the infinitive is more common, as explained in Lesson IV, Notes 2, 3 : licet hoc facias, you may do this; oportet hoc facias, you ought to do this; necesse est hoc facias, you must do this. Note 3. — After volo, patior, cogo, the infinitive is generally used instead of the subjunctive : verum audire non vult, he does not wish to hear the truth; mihi ere das velim, I wish you to believe me. Exercise 1 1. What [shall I say of the fact] that all our allies are demanding Pompey as commander for this war ? 2. Further- more (it is added that) there is no one else who is able to prevent the enemy from conspiring against us. 3. You may do this if it seems [best] to you. 4. We must ward-off the danger not only in Asia, but also in Spain. 5. Our ambassadors ought not to have been unjustly treated at Corinth. 6. The Gauls will compel the traders to tell what they have learned about the country. 7. We are allowing the enemy to treat our commanders unjustly. 8. There is no doubt that he might (Lesson IV, Note 4) have done this. 9. Who doubts that he could have done this? 10. He knows that he ought to have informed the consul about the plans of these men. 11. Cicero wished his friends to know that he would employ (use) their assistance in the protection of the republic. 12. The traders, who were crossing the sea, were afraid that their fortunes would not be safe. 13. There was the additional circumstance (it was added) that our armies crossed the sea in the dead-of winter to escape the pirates. 14. that we had troops worthy of such a leader! 15. Do not prevent him from telling us what must be done. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 385 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 13-15) If we compare Pompey with other generals, we shall see how many and how great are his virtues. Not only does he restrain himself, but he prevents his legions from harming conquered nations. And so he has caused (made) these nations to believe that he is like the old Romans, a man of great self-restraint. And indeed it greatly con- cerns the state what our allies think of a general to whom we have entrusted (Lesson XXI, Note 1) their welfare. LESSON XXVI Temporal Clauses 1. With postquam, ubi, etc. : 195, a; Bur. 870; A. 543; B. 287; G. 561; H. 602; HB. 550. 2. With cum: 195, b; Bur. 856; A. 545; B. 288; G. 578; H. 600; HB. 524. 3. With dum, etc. : 195, d, e, /; Bur. 876 ; A. 553 ; B. 293; G. 571; H. 603; HB. 507. 4. With antequam and priusquam : 195, g; Bur. 863 ; A. 551; B. 291; G. 574; H. 605; HB. 507. Note 1. — In direct discourse, as a rule, the indicative is used in all temporal clauses with these chief exceptions : (a) cum usually takes the subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect) to describe the circumstances of the main action ; (6) dum, antequam, and prius- quam, before, take the subjunctive to express an act as anticipated or expected, from a past point of view ; from a present point of view, the present subjunctive or the present or future perfect indicative. Note 2. When a subordinate clause merely defines or dates the time of the main action, cum or ubi is used with the indica- tive ; cum, with any past tense ; ubi, generally with the perfect or historical present. 386 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION Exercise 1 1. After the consul had reported the question to the senate, Caesar and Silanus expressed their opinions. 2. When I saw the letter, 1 I recognized the hand of my friend. 3. At the time when I was reading my friend's letter, I had already been informed of his safety. 4. While these things were going on at Rome, we were many miles away from the city. 5. Before you consider what must be done, listen to the witnesses who have been called to- gether. 6. As soon as the Roman 2 knights learned what was going on in Asia, they reported the situation to Cicero. 7. Our armies will be victorious as long as we have com- manders of such ability. 8. It was the plan of the general to fortify the camp before the enemy should know where his army was. 9. When this oration was delivered, the Forum was full of patriotic citizens who had come to hear the new praetor. 10. When this oration had been delivered, 1 all felt that Pompey was worthy to be chosen (Lesson XXI, Note 3) commander. 11. Lucullus was not recalled until he had been defeated by Mithridates with the loss of many men (many having been killed). 12. Do not give up (cease from) the battle, soldiers, until you put the king's forces to flight. 13. Catiline was driven from the city before he should be killed. 14. Catiline was driven from the city before his army was defeated. 15. Unless you send a large army to Asia to defend your allies, you will be unable to hold them in allegiance. Exercise 2 (Pomp. 16-18) Finally Pompey seems to excel all our great soldiers in good-fortune, which is a gift of the gods themselves. 1 Write in two ways : (1) with a clause ; (2) with an ablative absolute. 2 Order : knights Roman. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 387 And so I ask you, citizens, whether I have shown that he is the only man who should be sent to Asia as commander. Hortensius thinks that everything ought not to be put in the hands of one man. But if you had followed his opinion heretofore, the pirates would still hold the sea. LESSON XXVII Causal and Concessive Clauses 1. Causal clauses with quod, quia, quoniam : 196, a; Bur. 886; A. 540; B. 285; G. 539 ; H. 588 ; HB. 555. 2. Causal clauses with cum or qui : 196, b; Bur. 892 ; A. 540; B. 286; G. 586; H. 594; HB. 523. 3. Concessive clauses with quamquam, etsi : 197, a, b; Bur. 894; A. 527; B. 309; G. 603 ; H. 585 ; HB. 556. 4. Concessive clauses with cum or qui : 197, c; Bur. 807; A. 549; B. 309; G. 580, 634; H. 597, 593; HB. 525, 523. Note 1. — Quod and quia, because, give a reason based on fact, taking the indicative, if the reason is known, the subjunctive if it is quoted. Quoniam, since, introduces a self-evident or admitted fact, and hence takes the indicative : quoniam iam nox est, since it is already night. Cum, since, is used to express the circum- stances that cause an action : Haedui cum se defendere non possent, since (and when) the Haedui could not defend themselves. Note 2. — In concessive clauses, quamquam means this is so, but; licet, let this be so, yet; etsi, even if this is so, yet. Cum states the circumstances in spite of which the action occurs : nam cum id posset infitiari, for although (in spite of the fact that) he could have denied it. Note 3.— Quamquam often introduces an independent sen- tence, meaning and yet. Exercise 1 1. Let us rejoice because we have escaped this peril. 2. Since this is so, senators, do you hesitate to do-your- duty-by the state? 3. Return, O citizens, to your homes, 388 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION since there is no longer anything to fear (which must be feared). 4. Since they are not permitted (licet) to do this, they ask that you do not refuse to send them aid. 5. Although there are men who say that Catiline ought not to have been cast into exile, yet I do not fear them. 6. Although Cicero had heard many orations from the Rostra, yet he had never spoken from that place. 7. How- ever-much this war is to be feared, our forces will conquer under the leadership of Pompey (abl. abs.). 8. Even if the river is very wide and deep, we must try to cross it. 9. And yet it is not so wide that we cannot cross it. 10. A nation is fortunate indeed to have (which has) commanders of such ability and virtue. 11. These praetors, who (because they) were most patriotic, undertook (took upon themselves) the task. 12. The lieutenant, who (although he) had kept the soldiers in camp many days, on the seventh day sent cohorts to get grain. 13. The town could not have been captured, though there were few defenders. 1 14. We ought to thank the consul, because he has freed us from fear. 15. Who is there who does not think that we ought to thank the consul? Exercise 2 (Pomp. 19-21) Pompey wishes to take Gabinius with him as lieutenant, but objection is made because Gabinius was tribune last year. Nothing will prevent me from laying this matter before the Senate. But Catulus says that we must do nothing contrary to the customs of our ancestors. He is a man of great in- fluence. And yet he seems to have forgotten the new and important (great) precedents that have already been established in [the case of] this man. 1 Express in two ways (151) . LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 389 LESSON XXVIII Participles 1. Present and perfect participles: 221; Bur. 986 A. 490; B. 336; G. 282; H. 640; HB. 600. 2. Participles used for clauses : 223 ; Bur. 991 ; A. 496 B. 337; G. 664; H. 637 ; HB. 604. 3. The active periphrastic conjugation : 224; Bur. 327 A. 498; B. 337; G. 247; H. 531; HB. 600. 4. The periphrastic future infinitive : 209, a; Bur. 946 A. 569, a; B. 270, 3; G. 248; H. 571; HB. 472, c. Note 1. — With polliceor and spero, the future infinitive or posse, with subject-accusative, is commonly used : se obsides polliciti sunt, they promised to give hostages. Note 2. — Notice the difference between audio eum loqui and audio eum loquentem. Exercise 1 1. And so he [though] conquered, was able to accom- plish much. 2. We have read that the magistrates put to death men [who were] eager for a revolution. 3. Do you not see all orders of citizens holding the same opinion (thinking the same) ? 4. Cicero learned all the plans of the conspirators almost before their meeting was broken up (the meeting having been scarcely yet dismissed). 5. Following the Allobroges by the same road, the praetors arrested them near the Mulvian bridge. 6. I am about to speak of the great virtues of a man who has often con- quered our enemies. 7. I do not doubt that he is about to go to Marseilles. 8. Having made all things ready, the consul was able to carry out the measures (those things) which the Senate decided [upon]. 9. Never since the founding of the city (after the city founded) has such gratitude been due (to) the immortal gods. 10. He 390 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION promised to remain at his brother's house to-day. 1 1 . Two Roman knights are said to have promised to go to Cicero's house. 12. This young man hopes to live (that he will live) a-long-time. 13. The Gauls saw that it would happen (be, fore) that no one would be able (impf. subj.) to resist Caesar's army. 14. Cicero tried to persuade the Senate to pardon Brutus and his friends. 15. No one can be found so desperate as-not-to-believe (Lesson XXIII, Note 1) that Catiline is an enemy of the state. Exercise 2 (Pomp. 22-24) Even if these eminent men object, yet they see that the Roman people have never acted unwisely in [the case of] Pompey. They ought, therefore, to approve your judgment at this time. No other commander could live in Asia with such self-control. His very coming into their cities brings joy to our allies. I urge you, citizens, for these reasons, to approve this bill of Manlius and to appoint a man who will bring honor to our common country. LESSON XXIX Gerund. Gerundive. Supine 1. Uses of the Gerund: 227; Bur. 1003; A. 501; B. 338; G. 425; H. 624; HB. 611. 2. Uses of the Gerundive : 226 ; Bur. 1003 ; A. 503 ; B. 339; G. 425; H. 621; HB. 609. 3. Uses of the Supine : 229 ; Bur. 1015 ; A. 509 ; B. 340; G. 434; H. 632; HB. 618. 4. Expressions of purpose : 193, b; Bur. 1007 ; A. 533 ; B. 282 ; G. 544, Rem. 2 ; H. 622, 626 ; HB. 612. Note 1. — With the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, the gerundive ends in -I, without regard to gender or number. Note 2. — The expression of purpose may be illustrated as fol- LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 391 lows : envoys came to seek peace, legati venerunt, (1) ut pacem peterent; (2) qui pacem peterent ; (3) ad pacem petendam ; (4) pacis petendae causa ; (5) pacem petitum. Exercise 1 1. Let us take time for reflection (reflecting) before we decide upon this matter (thing). 2. The envoys came from the Allobroges to complain 1 of (de) their injuries. 3. Mith- ridates had (came into) great hope of seizing the neighbor- ing kingdom. 4. Even the freedmen have been aroused to defend 1 the republic. 5. I urged you to do this for the purpose * of freeing yourselves. 6. My friend was not less prompt in (in) doing things, than in planning [them]. 7. Cicero said that Catiline was living to strengthen x his audacity. 8. Caesar selected certain men to-be-sent (gerundive) to Gaul as centurions. 9. Citizens, we must not only feel grateful, but express our gratitude to the immortal gods, because we have conquered the enemy. 10. It is not easy to say whether this is the best thing to do. 11. It is not easy to say whether he is a suitable man to carry (Lesson XXI, Note 3) on the war with the Germans. 12. Many citizens went to the Forum to hear L the orator. 13. There were some who rejoiced that an opportunity of fighting was afforded them. 14. Who would aid (pres. subj.) the conspiracy (ace.) by keeping silent? 15. Who will prevent us from attempting to aid the consul? Exercise 2 (Archias, 1-2) Cicero thought that he ought to use his ability in behalf of the poet Archias because he had derived much from him, even [as] a boy. He feared that it might seem strange to the judges that he should speak of the study of literature before them, but he urged them to 1 Express in different ways. 392 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION remember that all arts are bound together by a-kind-of (a certain) relationship. LESSON XXX Indirect Discourse 1. Moods in indirect discourse: 215; Bur. 965; A. 580; B. 314; G. 650; H. 642; HB. 644. 2. Tenses in indirect discourse : 216 ; Bur. 966 ; A. 584; B. 317; G. 653 ; H. 644; HB. 593. 3. Conditional sentences in indirect discourse : 218 ; Bur. 979; A. 589; B. 319; G. 656; H. 646; HB. 536. Examples of Conditional Sentences 1. Direct : si vincit, bene est, if he is conquering, it is well. 2. Indirect : (a) dico si vincat, bene esse, I say that if he is conquering, it is well, (6) dixi si vinceret, bene esse, / said that if he was conquering, it was well. 3. Direct : si vincet, bene erit, if he conquers (i.e. shall conquer) it will be well. 4. Indirect : (a) dico si vincat, bene futurum esse, / say that if he conquers, it will be well, (b) dixi si vinceret, bene futurum esse, I said that if he should conquer, it would be well. 5. Direct : si vicerit, bene erit, if he shall have con- quered, it will be well. 6. Indirect : (a) dico si vicerit (perf. subjv.) bene fu- turum esse, / say that if he shall have conquered, it will be well, (b) dixi si vicisset, bene futurum esse, / said that if he should have conquered, it would be well. 7. Direct : si vincat, bene sit, if he should conquer, it would be well. 8. Indirect : (a) dico si vincat, bene futurum esse, I LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 393 say that if he should conquer, it would be well, (b) dixi si vinceret, bene futurum esse, / said that if he should con- quer, it would be well. 9. Direct : si vinceret, bene esset, if he were conquer- ing, it would be well. 10. Indirect : (a) dico (dixi) si vinceret, bene futurum esse, / say (said) that, if he were conquering, it would be well. 11. Direct : si vicisset, bene fuisset, if he had conquered, it would have been well. 12. Indirect : dico (dixi) si vicisset, bene futurum fuisse, I say (said) that if he had conquered, it would have been well. 13. Direct : si contendissent, victi essent, if they had fought they would have been conquered. 14. Indirect : dico (dixi) si contendissent, futurum fuisse ut vincerentur, I say (said) that if they had fought, they would have been conquered. Exercise 1 1. The consul said that the citizens would defend their homes. 2. The consul had told (to) the citizens to defend their homes (dir., defend your homes). 3. He writes to his lieutenant to come with his legion (dir., come with your legion) to the territory of the Allobroges. 4. He knew that the grain, which the Haedui promised, had not been given. 5. Let us honor the poet Archias. What did he say? He said that we should honor the poet Archias. 6. Shall (201) we read these books of the old writers? 7. He asks whether we shall read these books of the old writers. 8. The Senate thanked Cicero because he had freed the citizens from fear (the Senate's reason) . 9. The knights reported to Cicero that their property (things) in Asia would be in great peril, unless aid should 394 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION be sent by the Romans. 10. Do you know in what (how great) peril their property will be (Lesson VII, Note 2), if we do (shall) not send aid to them? 11. He said he would have assaulted the town, if he had thought there were so few soldiers within. 12. Do you think their property would have been lost if we had sent aid? 13. Cicero said that the plans of the conspirators could (198, Note 2) never have been brought to light, if he had not been guided by the gods. 14. If you had (were hav- ing) a residence at Rome, would you desire to be enrolled as a Roman citizen? 15. It ought to concern us (107) greatly, what the poets and philosophers have written. Exercise 2 (Archias, 3-5) Archias [when] a boy lived in An ioch, where (in which city) his fame was so great that he was thought worthy of hospitality by many men in Greece and Italy. When he came to Rome, he was received by the Luculli. After- wards by the Law of Silvanus and Carbo he obtained the right of a Roman citizen. Since he was enrolled by Metellus, who was a most careful and conscientious man, no one ought to doubt that he was a citizen. Exercise 3 (Archias, 6-8) Do you ask why Cicero was so delighted with Archias? He said that by the studies of the poet his mind was refreshed when it was wearied with daily strife, and his power of speaking was increased (act. inf.). He believed that the greatest men have added training to natural ability. A poet is a gift of the gods to us, and is worthy of special honor. LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 395 Exercise 4 (Archias, 9-12) Certainly we must receive as a citizen a man who by his verses has celebrated not only our generals, but the whole Roman people. Soldiers know that if there are no heralds of their valor, body and fame will be buried (fore ut) in the same tomb. Indeed, all of us (we all) are eager for glory, even the philosophers who pretend to despise it. For the hope of immortal fame makes us undergo all perils and labors of life. ENGLISH-LATIN AND LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARIES VOCABULARY ENGLISH-LATIN Note. — After verbs, 1 indicates that the parts are formed like those of laudo ; 2, like those of moneo ; 4, like those of audio. ability, ingenium, -i, N. able, am able, possum, posse, potul. about, around, circum w. ace. ; about, concerning, de, w. abl. abuse, abator, -i, -usus sum. accomplish, conficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus. accuse, accusb, 1. accused, the, reus, -i, M. acknowledge, confiteor, -erl, -fes- sus sum; cognosco. act, factum, -%, N. ; to act, facio. add, adiungo, -ere, -iunxl, -iunctum. added, it is, accedit, -ere, -cessit. address, appello, 1. advise, moneo\ 2. afraid, be afraid, timed, -ere, -ui. after, post, prep. ; postquam, conj. afterwards, posted. against, contra, in, w. ace. ago, ante, adv. aid, auxilium, -i, N. ; to aid, iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum; adiuvo. alive, vlvus, -a, -um. all, omnis, -e, every, the whole, all ; totus, -a, -um, all, en- tire ; universus, -a, -um, all (taken together). allegiance, officium, -I, N. allow, potior, -l, passus sum; licet, -ere, licuit. ally, socius, -i, M. alone, solus, -a, -um; unus, -a, -um. already, iam. also, et, etiam. although, quamquam, quamvis, cum. always, semper. am, sum, esse, fui, futurus. ambassador, legatus, -i, M. ancestors, mdiores, -um. ancient, antiquus, -a, -um. and, et, -que, ac or atque; and so, itaque; and yet, tamen. another, alius, -a, -ud. any, anybody, any one, any- thing, aliquis; in a negative sentence, quisquam, ullus; after si, nisi, ne and num, -quis; interrogative, ecquis. appoint, deligo, -ere, -legi, -tec- tum. 399 400 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY approve, comprobo, 1. arise, coorior, -iri, -ortus sum. army, exercitus, -us, M. around, circum, w. ace. arouse, excito, 1. arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -hendl, -hensum. arrive, pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven- tum. arrogantly, superbe.. art, ars, artis, F. as, ut, parenthetical, as long as, quamdiu. as much as, quantum. as soon as, simul ac (atque) ; cum prlmum. ashes, cinis, -eris, M. ask, rogo, 1 ; quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situm. assault, oppugnb, 1. assemble, intr., convenid; tr., cogo. assembly, conventus, -us, M. assistance, opera, -ae, F. at last, tandem. at the house of, apud, w. ace. at the time when, turn cum. attack, impetus, -us, M. ; to at- tack, peto, -ere, -vol, -Itum. attempt, cdndtus, -us, M. ; to attempt, conor, 1. audacity, auddcia, -ae, F. Aurelian, Aurelius, -a, -um. authority, auctoritas, -tdtis, F. avoid, vltb, 1. away, be, absum, -esse, afui. B band, company, manus, -us, F. be, sum; be not, neg. command, see Lesson II. be without, be deprived of, cared, 2. because, quod, quia, quoniam. become, be made, fid, fieri, f actus sum. before, ante, apud, w. ace. ; adv. previously, ante, anted; conj. antequam, priusquam. behalf, in behalf of, pro. believe, credo, -ere, credidi, creditum. beset, obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -ses- sum. better, melior, -ius. bill, law, lex, legis, F. bind together, contined. bitter, acerbus, -a, -um. blame, accuso, 1. blood, sanguis, sanguinis, M. body, corpus, -oris, N. boldness, auddcia, -ae, F. book, liber, libri, M. booty, praeda, -ae, F. born, be born, ndscor, -i, ndtus sum. boy, puer, -i, M. brave, forti's, -e; auddx, -dcis. bravely, fortiter, auddcter. bravery, virtus, -utis, F. bridge, pons, pontis, M. bring, bring out, effero, -ferre, extuli, eldtum; bring to, ad- fero; bring to an end, con- ficib, -ere, -feci, -fectum; bring to light, inlustro, 1 ; bring upon, infero. brother, f rater, frdtris, M. Brundisium, Brundisium, -i, N. build, aedifico, 1. burden, premd, -ere, pressi, pressum. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 401 burn, incendd, -ere, -cendi, -cen- ts win. burning, a, incendium, -i, N. but, sed, autem; but if, sin. by, a, ab. call, appelld, 1, address, call by name; ndmind, 1, name; vocd, 1, summon; convocd, 1, call together, camp, castra, -drum, N. pi. can, possum, posse, potui. capture, expugnd, 1, compre- hendd, -ere, -hendi, -hensum. care, cura, -ae, F. care for, provided, -ere, -vidi, -visum, w. dat. careful, dlligens. carry on (war), gero, -ere, gessi, gestum. carry out, transigo, -ere, -egl, -actum; perficid. cast (out), eicid, -ere, -ieci, -tectum. cavalry, equitatus, -us, M. ; equites, -um, M. cease, desino, -ere, -sii(-slvi), -situm; desisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitum. centurion, centurid, -onis, M. certain, a certain, quidam. certainly, certe. chain, vinculum, -i, N. change, muto, 1. check, comprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum. chief men, principes, -um. children, liberi, -drum, M. choose, deligd, -ere, -legi, -tec- tum. citizen, clvis, -is, M. citizenship, civitas, -tdtls, F. city, urbs, urbis, F. class, genus, -eris, N. clear, clarus, -a, -um. cohort, cohors, -His, F. cold, frlgus, -oris, N. colleague, collega, -ae, M. collect, colligo, -ligere, -legi, -ledum; cdgd. colonist, coldnus, -i, M. come, venid, -ire, veni, ventum; come together, convenid. command, imperd, 1 ; iubed, -ere, iussi, iussum; be in com- mand of, praesum, -esse, -fui. commander-in-chief, imperator, -oris, M. common, communis, -e. companion, ally, socius, -i, M. ; comes, -itis, M. compare, compard, 1. comparison, in . . . with, pro. compel, cdgd, -ere, coegi, codctum. complain, complain of, queror, -i y questus sum. concern, it concerns, interest, -esse, -fui. concerning, de. condemn, condemnd, 1. confess, cdnfiteor, -eri, -fessus sum. confine, contined, -ere, -ui, -ten- turn. conquer, vincd, -ere, vici, vic- tum; super d, 1. conscientious, sanctus, -a, -um. conscript, cdnscriptus, -a, -um. consecrate, initio, 1. consider, deliberd, 1 ; cdnsiderd, 1. 402 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY conspiracy, coniuratid, -dnis, F. conspirator, coniuratus, -I, M. conspire, coniuro, 1. consul, consul, -ulis, M. ; elect, deslgnatus, -I. consulship, cdnsuldtus, -its, M. consult, cdnsuld, -ere, -ul, -sul- tum, w. ace. ; w. dat., eon- suit for. contain, see hold. content, contentus, -a, -um. contest, certamen, -inis, N. contrary to, contra, w. ace. contribute, confer 6. Corinth, Corinthus, -I, F. Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae, F. could, see can. country, terra, -ae, F., land, earth; patria, -ae, F., na- tive country ; rus, ruris, N., country as opposed to city. crime, scelus, -eris, N. criminal, facinordsus, -I, M. cross trdnsed, -Ire, -ivl (-it), -itum. cruel, crudelis, -e. cruelly, crudeliter. custody, custodia, -ae, F. custom, mds, mdris, M. dagger, slca, -ae, F. daily, cotldidnus, -a, -um. danger, perlculum, -i, N. dangerous, importunus, -a, -um. dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum. daring, auddx, -dcis. daughter, fllia, -ae, F. day, dies, -el, M. and F. to-day, hodie; yesterday, hes- ternd die. dead of, the, summus, -a, -um. dear, cams, -a, -um. death, mors, mortis, F. ; put to death, need, 1. debt, aes alienum, N. December, December, -bris, -bre. decide, decide upon, statud, -ere, -ul, -utum. declare, decldrd, 1 ; cdnflrmd, 1. decree, decemd, -ere, -crevl, -cretum; decree of the Senate, sendtus cdnsultum, -I, N. deep, alius, -a, -um. deeply, vehementer. defeat, superd, 1 ; vincd, -ere, vlcl, victum. defend, defendd, -ere, -fendl, -fensum. defendor, defensor, -oris, M. delay, mora, -ae, F. delight, delectb, 1. deliver (an address), habed, 2. demand, posed, -ere, poposcl; postuld, 1 ; deposed. deny, say not, negd, 1. depart, proficlscor, -I, -fectus sum. derive, accipid, -ere, -cepl, -cep- tum. descend, be descended, orior, Irl, -ortus sum. deserving, be . . . of, mereor, 2. design, consilium, -I, N. desire, void, velle, volul; cupid, 4. desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. despair, desperd, 1. desperate, perditus, -a, -um. despise, contemnd, -ere, -tempsl, -temptum. destroy, deled, -ere, -evl, -etum. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 403 destruction, pestis, -is, F. ; exi- tium, -I, N. devastate, vcisto, 1. direction, pars, partis, F. disgrace, macula, -ae, F. dismiss, dlmitto. disregard, neglect, neglegb, -ere, -lexl, -ledum. divine, dlvlnus, -a, -um. do, facib, -ere, feci, factum. do not, negative command, see Lesson II. doubt, be in doubt, dubitb, 1 ; there is no doubt that, nbn est dubium quin. dread, pertimesco, -ere, -ul. drive, deferb; drive away, de- pellb, -ere, -pull, -pulsum; drive out, expellb; eicib, -ere, eiecl, eiectum. due, debitus, -a, -um. duty, do one's duty, satis facere. eager, be, studeo, 2 ; eager for, adj., cupidus, -a, -um. eagle, aquila, -ae, F. easily, facile. easy, facilis, -e. elect, creb, 1. else, alius, -a, -ud. embarrass, impedib, 4. eminent, clarissimus, -a, -um. empire, imperium, -I, N. encourage, cohortor, 1. end, bring to an, conficio. endurance, patientia, -ae, F. endure, patior, patl, passus sum. enemy, hostis, -is, M., of one's country; inimlcus, -I, M., a personal enemy. enough, satis. enroll, ascrlbo, -ere, -scrlpsi, -scrlptum. entrust, permitto; commendo, 1. envoy, legdtus, -I, M. envy, invideo. equestrian, equester, -tris, -tre. escape, vlto, 1 ; effugio, -ere, -fugl, -fugitum. escort, prosequor , -I, -secutus sum. especially, praesertim. establish, constitub, -ere, -ul, -utum. even, etiam. evening, vesper, -erl, M. everlasting, sempiternus, -a, -um every, each, quisque; every one, quisque, quaeque, quodque (quidque). everything = all things. example, exemplum, -I, N. excel, antecellb, -ere, w. dat. except, praeter, w. ace. ; nisi, after negatives. exile, exsilium, -I, N. exist, sum, -esse, -ful. experienced, perltus, -a, -um. express, dlcb; express grati- tude, gratids ago. extinguish, restingub, -ere, -stlnxi, -stlnctum. extraordinary, singuldris, -e. eye, oculus, -I, M. F fair, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. faithful, fidelis, -e; certus, -a, -um. fall into, incidb, -ere, -cidl. fame, fdma, -ae, F. 404 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY family (i.e. stock), genus, -eris, N., gens, gentis, F. famous, cldrus, -a, -um. far, longe; be so far from, tan- tum abest ut. farthest, extremus, -a, -um. father, pater, patris, M. fear, timor, -oris, M. ; metus, -us, M. ; to fear, vereor, 2 ; timed, 2 ; metud, -ere, -ul, metutum. feel, sentio, -ire, -sensl, sensum. feel grateful, grdtiam habeo. fellow-citizen, clvis, -is, M. ; pi., elves, Quirltes. few, pauel, -ae, -a. fifteen, quindecim. fight, pugnb, 1 ; contendd, -ere, -tendl, -tentum. find, invenio, -Ire, -venl, -ven- tum, discover ; reperib, -Ire, repperi, repertum, meet with ; cognbscb, -ere, -novl, -nitum, find out. fire, ignis, -is, M. ; incendium, -i, N. first, primus, -a, -um. fitting, it is, oportet, 2. five, quinque. flame, flamma, -ae, F. flee, fugib, -ere, fugl, fugitum; profugio. fleet, classis, -is, F. foe, see enemy, follow, sequor, -i, secutus sum. for, pro, ad, w. ace. ; nam, conj. ; for a long time, now for a long time, iam diu, iam dudum. force, vis, vis, F. ; forces, troops, copiae, -drum, F. foreign, exterus, -a, -um. forget, obllvlscor, -I, oblltus sum. forgetful of, oblltus, -a, -um. form, make, facio, -ere, feci, factum. former, prlstinus, -a, -um; su- perior, -ius. fortify, munio, 4. fortunate, fortundtus, -a, -um. fortune, good fortune, fortuna, -ae, F. ; fortunes, fortunae, res. forty, quadrdgintd. found, build (a city), condo, -ere, -didl, -ditum. four, quattuor. fourth, qudrtus, -a, -um. free, set free, llbero, 1. freedman, llbertlnus, -I, M. friend, amicus, -I, M. ; of the people, populdris. friendship, amlcitia, -ae, F. from, out of, e, ex; from, away from, «, ob; de, down from, full, plenus, -a, -um. garrison, praesidium, -l, N. gate, porta, -ae, F. gather, collect, colligo, -ere, -legl, -ledum. general, imperdtor, -oris, M. Geneva, Gendva, -ae, F. get grain, frumentor, 1. gift, dbnum, -I, N. give, do, dare, dedl, datum. gladiator, gladiator, -oris, M. glory, gloria, -ae, F. go, eo, Ire, il, itum; pergo, -ere, perrexl, perrectum; go out, exed; is going on, geritur. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 405 god, deus, del, M. good, bonus, -a, -um. good citizens, boul, -drum. grain, frumentum, -I, N. grandfather, avus, -I, M. grateful, be, grdtiam habeo. gratitude, gratia, -ae, F. great, magnus, -a, -um; how great, summus, -a, -um, quan- tum, -a, -um. greatly, magnopere, mdgnl. grief, maeror, -oris, M. guard, custos, -odis (a sentinel) ; praesidium, -I (a garrison) ; to guard, custodio, 4. guardian, custos, -odis, M. guide, duco, -ere, duxi, ductum. H hand, handwriting, manus, -its, F. hand over, trado, -ere, -didl, -ditum. happens, it happens, the result is, accidit, -ere, accidit; fit, fieri, factum est. harbor, portus, -us, M. hard-hearted, ferreus, -a, -um. harm, noceb, 2. harmony, concordia, -ae, F. hate, bdl, odisse, with present meaning, hateful, odiosus, -a, -um. hatred, odium, -i, N. ; invidia, -ae, F. have, habeo, 2. he, is, Me, hie. hear, audio, 4. hem in, teneo, -ere, -ui, -tentum. herald, praecb, -onis, M. heretofore, adhuc. hesitate, dubito, 1. highest, summus, -a, -um. hill, collis, -is, M. him, eum, se. himself, ipse, sul. hinder, impedio, 4. his, her, its, suus, -a, -um; eius. hitherto, adhuc. hold, teneo, -ere, -ul, -tentum; contineo. home, domus; homeward, do- mum; at home, domi. honor, honor, -oris, M. ; to honor, cold, -ere, -ul, cultum. hope, spes, spel, F. ; to hope, spero, 1. hospitality, hospitium, -I, N. hour, hora, -ae, F. house, domus, -us, F. ; at the house of, apud, or ad, w. aec. how, quam; in what manner, quo modo. how great, quantus, -a, -um. how long, quam diu. how many, quot, indecl. adj. ; quam multl, -ae, -a. how much, quantum. however much, quamvls. hunger, fames, -is, F. I I, ego. if, si, conj. ; if only, modo, dum, dum modo, conjs. illustrious, clarus, -a, -um. immortal, immortalis, -e. impel, impello, -ere, -pull, -pul- sum. impious, impius, -a, -um. in, in, w. abl. inactivity, inertia, -ae, F. 406 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY income, fructus, -its, M. increase, crescd, -ere, crevl, cre- tum. incur, concipid, -ere, -cepl, -cep- tum. indeed, at least, quidem; surely, profectd. induce, addiicd. infantry, pedites, -um, M., pi. ; peditdtus, -lis, M. influence, auctdritas, -atis, F. inform any one, aliquem cer- tiorem facid; be informed, certior fid. injury, iniuria, -ae, F. ; detri- mentum, -I, N. inquire, quaerd, -ere, quaeslvl, quaesltum. insurrection, seditid, -onis, F. interest, interest, -esse, -fuit. intimate, on . . . terms, fa- miliariter. into, in, w. ace. involved, be, versor, 1. it, is, ea, id; sul. joy, gaudium, -i, N. judge, index, iudicis, M. judgment, indicium, -I, M. Jupiter, Iuppiter, Iovis, M. keep, restrain, contineo, -ere, -ul, -tentum; keep off, arced, 2 ; keep silent, taced, 2. kill, interficid, -ficere, -feci, -fec- tum; occldd, -ere, -cidl, -ci- sum. kind, genus, -eris, N. ; of this kind, huius modi. kindle, cdnfld, 1. king, rex, regis, M. knight, eques, -itis, M. know, scid, 4 ; nosed, -ere, ndvl, ndtum; intellegd, -ere, -lexl, -tectum; not know, nescid, -Ire, -Ivl. knowledge, scientia, -ae, F. labor, labor, -oris, M. lack, desum, -esse, -ful. land, terra, -ae, F. large, magnus, -a, -um. last, proximus, -a, -um. late, serd, adv. law, lex, legis, F. lax, dissolutus, -a, -um. lay before, report, deferd, -ferre, -tull, -latum; lay on, inferd. lead, ducd, -ere, duxl, ductum; lead out, edited. leader, dux, ducis, M. ; prln- ceps, -ipis, M. leading men, prlncipes, -um, M. learn, cogndscd, -ere, cogndvl, cognitum. leave behind, leave, relinqud, -ere, -llqul, -lictum; exeo, -Ire, -il, -itum. legion, legid, -onis, F. let, see Lesson II ; allow, potior, patl, passus sum. letter, litterae, -arum, F. ; epis- tula, -ae, F. levy (upon), imperd, 1. liberal, amplus, -a, -um; llbera- lis, -e. lieutenant, legatus, -I, M. life, vita, -ae, F. light, daylight, lux, lucis, F. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 407 like, similis, -e; like, wish, void, velle, volul. listen, audio, 4. literature, litterae, -arum, F. little, parvus, -a, -um. live, vivo, -ere, vixl, vlctum. long, a long time, longer, longest, dlu, diutius, diutis- sime; no longer, non iam. long since, iam prldem. lose, amitto, -ere, -mist, -missum. loss, deminutio, -onis, F. loyal, bonus, -a, -um. M madness, furor, -oris, M. magistrate, magistratus, -us, M. maintain, aid, -ere, -ul, altum. make, facio, -ere, feci, factum; make upon, infero; make ready, paro, 1. man, vir, virl, M., distinguished from women ; homo, -inis, M. and F., human being. many, multi, -ae, -a. march, iter, itineris, N. ; to march, iter facio. Marseilles, Massilia, -ae, F. massacre, caedes, -is, F. matter = thing, may, see Lesson III. me, see I. meet together, convenio. meeting, coetus, -us, M. memory, memoria, -ae, F. middle, middle of, medius, -a, -um. might, expressing permission, licet. mild, clemens, -entis; lenis; -e. mile, mille passuum. military affairs, res militdris. mind, mens, mentis, F., under- standing; animus, -l, M., will. mindful, memor, -oris. month, mensis, -is, M. most, adj., plurimus; adv. plu- rimum; superlative ending of adj. or adv. move, moved, -ere, mdvl, motum; permoveo. much, multus, -a, -um; adv., multum, multo. Mulvian, Mulvius, -a, -um. must, see Lesson IV. my, meus, -a, -um. myself, ego. N name, nomen, nominis, N. nation, natio, -onis, F. natural ability, natura, -ae, F. near, prope, fere; ad, w. ace. nearest, proximus, -a, -um. need, be necessary, necesse est; oportet, 2. neglect, neglego, -ere, -lexi, -tec- tum. neighboring, flnitimus, -a, -um. neither . . . nor, neque . . . neque, nee . . . nee. never, numquam. nevertheless, yet, still, tamen. new, novus, -a, -um. night, nox, noctis, F. ; night before, nox superior. no, nullus, -a, -um. noble, nobilis, -e. nobody, no one, nemo; gen. and abl. supplied from nullus. no longer, non iam. 408 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY not, non, ne; not even, ne . . . quidem. not only . . . but also, non solum . . . sed etiam. not yet, nondum. nothing, nihil. November, November, -bris, -bre. now, nunc, iam. number, numerus, -I, M. ; in great numbers, frequens, -en- tis. O O that, utinam. obey, pared, 2. object, reclamo, 1. objection, make . . . to, ob- trecto, 1. obtain, obtain a request, im- petrb, 1. October, October, -bris, -bre. of, concerning, de. offer, praefero; obfero. office, imperium, -I, N. ; magis- trate, -us, M. often, saepe. old, senex, senis; vetus, -eris. on, in, w. ace. after verbs of motion ; w. abl. after verbs of rest. on all sides, undique. once, quondam. one, unus, -a, -um. one . . . another, alius . . . alius. one . . . the other, alter . . . alter. only, solus, -a, -um; unus, -a, -um. open, patefacio; be open, pateo, opinion, sententia, -ae, F. opportunity, facultds, -tatis, F. or, aut; in double questions, an non; in indirect double questions, necne. oration, oratio, -bnis, F. orator, orator, -oris, M. order, in order that, ut, conj. order, command, iubeo, -ere, iussl, iussum; impero, 1. order, rank, or do, -inis, M. other, alius, -a, -um; some . . . others, alii . . . alii. ought, debeo, 2 ; oportet, 2 ; see Lesson IV. our, noster, nostra, nostrum. out of, e, ex. outside of, extra, w. ace. overhang, impended, -ere. overtake, cbnsequor, -I, -secutus sum. own, his, suus, ipslus. pardon, ignosco, -ere, -ignbvl, ignotum. parent, parens, -entis, M. or F. part, pars, partis, F. pass, fauces, -ium, F. patience, patientia, -ae, F. patriot, bonus, -I, M. patriotic, bonus, -a, -um; amdns rel publicae. peace, pax, pads, F. people, populus, -I, M. peril, perlculum, -I, N. permit, allow, potior, patl, passus sum; licet, 2. persuade, persuaded, -ere, -sudsl, -suasum. philosopher, philosophus, -I, M ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 409 pirate, praedd, -dnis, M. pitch, pond, -ere, posui, posi- tum. pity, misericordia , -ae, F. place, locus, -i, M. ; pi. loci and loca. place in command of, praeficio, w. dat. plan, consilium, -i, N. ; to plan, cogito, 1 ; excdgitd, 1. pleasant, iucundus, -a, -um. please, delectd, 1, w. ace. ; placed, 2, w. dat. pleasing, gratus, -a, -um. pleasure, voluptds, -talis, F. plot, machinor, 1 ; mdlior, 4. plunder, praeda, -ae, F. poet, poeta, -ae, M. possible, as ... as possible, g warn + sup. of adj. power, facultas, -tatis, F. powerful, potens, -entis; be very powerful, plurimum posse or valere. praetor, praetor, -oris, M. praise, laus, laudis, F. ; to praise, laudo, 1. precedent, exemplum, -I, N. prefer, maid, malle, mdlul. preserve, conservo, 1. pretend, simulo, 1. prevent, deterred, 2 ; prohibed, 2. private, privatus, -a, -um. profit, fructus, -us, M. promise, polliceor, 2. prompt, prdmptus, -a, -um. property, res, rerum, F. ; bona, -drum, N. protect, defendd, -ere, -fendi, -fensum. protection, praesidiwm, -i, N. provide, provided; cdnsuld, -ere, -ui, -sultum. provided that, modo, dum, dum modo. province, prdvincia, -ae, F. punish, punid, 4 ; ulciscor, -i, ultus sum. punishment, poena, -ae, F. ; supplicium, -i, N. purpose, mens, mentis, F. ; con- silium, -l, N. ; for the pur- pose of, causa. put in command of, praeficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum. put to death, need, 1 ; interficid, -ere, -feci, -fectum. put to flight, in fugam do, dare, dedi, datum; fugd, 1. question, res, rei, F. quickly, celeriter. raise, efferd, -ferre, extuli, eld- tum. rank, drdd, -inis, M. reach, pervenid. read, lego, -ere, legi, lectum. ready, paratus, -a, -um; make ready, compard, 1. reason, cause, causa, -ae, F. recall, revocd, 1. receive, recipid, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. recognize, cogndscd, -ere, -ndvi, -nitum. refer, referd. reflect, cogito, 1. refresh, reficid. refuse, recusd, 1. 410 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY regard, with — to, de. reject, repudid, 1. rejoice, laetor, 1. rely (upon), cdnfidd, -ere, -jlsus sum. relying, fretus, -a, -um. remain, stay, maned, -ere, mdnsi, mdnsum; remaned; it re- mains, relinquitur. remaining, reliquus, -a, -um. remarkable, eximius, -a, -um. remember, meminl, meminisse; reminiscor, -i. remove, depelld, -ere, -pull, -pul- sum. repent, paenitet, -ere, -uit. report, deferd. reply, responded, -ere, -spondl, -spdnsum. republic, res publico, F. rescue, eripid, -ere, -ui, -reptum. residence, domicilium, -I, N. resign, abdicd (1) ab. resist, resistd, -ere, -stitl, -stitum. restrain, contined, -ere, -ul, -tentum. result, the was, factum est. return, revertd, -ere, -vertl, -ver- sum; deponent in pres. sys- tem ; reded, -Ire, -ii, -Hum; in return for, pro. revel, bacchor, 1. revenue, vectigal, -dlis, N. revolution, res novae. reward, praemium, -l, N. right, ius, iuris, N rightly, vere. rival, competitor, -oris, M. river, flumen, fluminis, N. road, via, -ae, F. ; iter, itineris, N. Roman, Romdnus, -a, -um; Romans, Romdni, -drum, M. Rome, Roma, -ae, F. Rostra, rostra, -drum, N. ruin, pestis, -is, F. rule, imperium, -i, N. ; to rule, regd, -ere, rexi, rectum; rule over, imperd, 1, w. dat. sacred rites, sacra, -drum, N. safe, tutus, -a, -um, well- guarded, secure ; salvus, -a, -um, incolumis, -e, unharmed, well. safety, saliis, -utis, F. sail, navigd, 1. sally, excursus, -us, M. salute, salutd, 1. same, the same, idem, eadem, idem. satisfied, contentus, -a, -um. save, servo, 1 ; cdnservd, 1. say, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum. scarcely yet, vixdum. scoundrel, implied in iste; sceieratus, -l, M. scout, expldrator, -oris, M. sea, mare, maris, N. seal, signum, -i, N. secure, potior, 4. see, video, -ere, vldi, visum. seek, petd, -ere, -ivi, -itum. seem, videor, -eri, iHsus sum. seize, occupd, 1 ; capid, -ere, cepi, captum; comprehendd, -ere, -hendi, -hensum. select, see choose. self, ipse, -a, -um; of himself, sul. self-control, temperantia, -ae, F, ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 411 self-restraint, continentia, -ae, F. Senate, sendtus, -us, M. senator, senator, -oris, M. send, mittd, -ere, mlsl, missum; send ahead, praemittd. separate, secernd, -ere, -crevl, -cretum. September, September, -bris, -bre. serve, servid, 4. set fire to, incendd, -ere, -cendl, -censum. set up, conlocd, 1. seventh, septimus, -a, -um. severely, vehementer. severest, summus, -a, -um. shop, taberna, -ae, F. short, brevis, -e. show, referd; ostendd, -ere, -I, -tentum. shrewd, callidus, -a, -um. shrine, fanum, -I, N. signal, slgnum, -I, N. silent, tacitus, -a, -um ; keep silent, taced, 2. silver, adj., argenteus, -a, -um. since, cum, quoniam. sink, deprimd, -ere, -pressl, -pressum. situation, res, rel, F. ; causa, -ae, F. six, sex. sixth, sextus, -a, -um. slaughter, caedes, -is, F. slave, servus, -l, M. so, tarn, ita, sic; so great, tantus, -a, -um; so that, ut. soldier, miles, mllitis, M. some one, something, some, aliquis, quldam, nescio quis. some . . . others, alii . . . alii. son, fllius, -I, M. soon, as as possible, quam prlmum. Spain, Hispania, -ae, F. speak, loquor, -I, locutus sum; died, -ere, dlxl, dictum. special, eximius, -a, -um. speech, dratid, -onis, F. spirit, animus, -i, M. stake, be at, ago, -ere, egl, actum. stand, std, -are, stetl, statum; stand about, circumstd; stand in the way of, obstd, -are, -stitl. state, res publica, F. ; clvitas, -tatis, F. statue, slgnum, -I, N. stay, stator, -oris; to stay, remaned, -ere, -mdnsl, -man- sum. storm, tempestas, -tatis, F. straight, adv., recta. strange, mlrus, -a, -um. strengthen, flrmd, 1. strife, convlcium, -I, N. strong, flrmus, -a, -um. strongly-fortified, munltissimus, -a, -um. study, studium, -I, N. such, of such a kind, talis, -e; is, ea, id; so great, tantus, -a, -um; in such a manner, sic. suddenly, subitd, repente. suffer, potior, patl, passus sum; suffer injury, detrlmentum capid. suitable, iddneus, -a, -um. summer, aestds, -tatis, F. summon, vocd, 1. suppliant, supplex, -ids, M. 412 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY support, firmamentum, -i, N. surely, profecto, adv. surrender, dedb, -ere, dedidi, deditum. surround, circumcludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum. suspicion, susplcio, -onis, F. sword, gladius, -i, M. ; ferrum, -% N. T tablet, tabella, -ae, F. take, capib, -ere, cepi, captum; take upon, undertake, sus- cipio; take (time), sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum; take with, edited. task, negotiant, -7, N. tax-collector, publicdnus, -7, N. tell, died, -ere, dixi, dictum; riarro, 1. temple, templum, -7, X. tenth, decimus, -a, -um. terrify, perterreo, 2. territory, fines, -ium, M. than, quam. thank (give thanks), grdtids ago. thankful, feel thankful, gratiam habeo. thanksgiving, supplicdtio, -onis, F. that, ille, is, iste; that of yours, iste; that, in order that, ut, quo; that not, ne, ut non; the fact that, quod; (doubt) that, quin. their, suus, -a, -um; eorum. themselves, se. there, in that place, ibi; to that place, eo; as an exple- tive, omitted. therefore, itaque, igitur. they, generally omitted ; pi. of is, ille, hie. thing, res, rei, F. ; neut. pi. of adj. think, reckon, puto, 1 ; believe, arbitror, 1 ; value, existimo, 1 ; think of, cogito, 1, w. ace. ; think with (some one), sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum. third, tertius, -a, -um. thirst, sitis, -is, F. this, hie, is. though, although, cum. thousand, mille, indecl. adj. in sing. ; pi., milia, -ium, noun, N. threaten, minitor, 1 ; impended, -ere. three, tres, trio. throng, jrequentia, -ae, F. through, throughout, per, w. ace. till, until, dum, quoad. time, tempus, -oris, N. ; now for a long time, iam diu, iam dudum; by this time, iam. to, ad, w. ace. to-day, hodie, adv. together, prefix com-; adv., una. too, comparative ending. top, the top of, summus, -a, -um. torch, fax, facis, F. towards, ad, in, w. ace. town, oppidum, -i, N. trader, meredtor, -oris, M. training, disciplina, -ae, F. treat, tracto, 1. tribe, civitds, -tdtis, F. tribune, tribiinus, -i, M. tributary, vectlgalis, -is, M. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 413 Trojan, Troidnus, -a, -urn. troops, copiae, -drum, F. true, verus, -a, -um. trusting to, fretus, -a, -um, w. abl. try, conor, 1. turn, converto, -ere, -vertl, -ver- sum. twenty, vlgintl. two, duo, duae, duo. U undergo, subed, -ire, -Ivl, -itum. undertaking, condtus, -us, M. unfriendly, inimlcus, -a, -um. unjust, inlquus, -a, -um. unjustly, iniuriose. unless, nisi, conj. unlike, dissimilis, -e. unpopularity, invidia, -ae, F. until, till, dum, quoad. unwilling, invltus, -a, -um; be unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolul. unwisely, imprudenter. urge, cohortor, 1. use, usus, -its, M. ; to use, utor, utl, usus sum. useful, utilis, -e. valiantly, fortiter. valor, virtus, -utis, F. vergobretus, vergobretus, -I, M. verse, versus, -us, M. very, ipse, when a noun is to be emphasized ; otherwise, su- perlative ending of adj. or adv. victorious, victor, -oris. victory, victoria, -ae, F. vigilant, vigildns, -antis. violence, vis, vis, F. virtue, virtus, -utis, F. voice, vox, vocis, F. W wall, murus, -I, M., the general term; moenia, -ium, N., city walls; paries, -etis, M'., the wall of a house, war, bellum, -I, N. ward off, propulso, 1 ; depello, -ere, -pull, -ptdsum. warfare, res militdris. watch, speculor, 1 ; vigilo, 1 ; watchful, vigildns, -antis. way, via, -ae, F. we, nos. weaken, conficio. weapon, telum, -i, N. weary, defessus, -a, -um. welfare, salus, -utis, F. what, pron., quis, quid; adj., qui, quae, quod. when, cum, ubi; interrog., quando. where, in what place, ubi; to what place, quo. whether, utrum, nam; -ne. which, see who. while, dum; a little while ago, paulo ante. who, which, what, qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. ; quis, quid, and qui, quae, quod, interrog. pron. and adj. whole, see all. why, cur, quid. wicked, nefdrius, -a, -um; im- probus, -a, -um. wide, latus, -a, -um. wife, uxor, -oris, F. 414 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY will, voluntas, -talis, F. willing, be willing, void, velle, volul. winter, hiems, hiemis, F. ; pass the winter, Memo, 1 ; winter- quarters, hiberna, -drum, N. wipe out, deled, -ere, -evi, -etum. wisdom, sapientia, -ae, F. ; con- silium, -i, N. wish, desire, be willing, void, velle, volul. with, in company with, cum. within, of time, expressed by abl. ; of place, intus, adv. ; intra, prep. w. ace. without, sine, w. abl. ; be with- out, cared, 2. withstand, obsistd, -ere, -stiti, -stitum. witness, testis, -is, M. woman, mulier, -eris, F. word, verbum, -l, N. worship, veneror, 1. worthy, dlgnus, -a, -um; it is worth while, tantl est. wrest, extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tortum. write, scribd, -ere, scripsi, scrip- turn. writer, scriptor, -oris, M. would that, utinam, adv. wounded, saucius, -a, -um. year, annus, -i, M. yesterday, hesternd die. yet, tamen; not yet, nondum. you, tit, vds. your, tuus, -a, -um; vester, ves- tra, vestrum. yourself, tul. youth, a young man, iuvenis, -is, M. ; adulescens, -entis, M. zeal, studium, -i, N. VOCABULARY LATIN-ENGLISH The figures 1, 2, and 4 after verbs indicate that the principal parts are like those of laudo, moneo, and audio, respectively. A., see Aulus. a (before cons.), ab (before vow- els or cons.), abs (before te) ; prep. w. abl. (away from), from, by; as prefix, away, off, un-. abdico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], tr., disown; se abdicare, re- sign, abdicate, w. abl. of the office. abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [do], tr., put away, hide, conceal, bury. abed, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., go away. abhorreo, -ere, -ui, — [horreo], tr. and intr., shrink from, be remote from, be foreign to, be averse; differ. abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [iacio], tr., throw away, give up, abandon. abiectus, -a, -um [abicio], cast down, downcast, prostrate, overwhelmed. abs, see a. absconditus, -a, -um [abscondo], hidden, concealed, secret. absens, absentis, adj. [absum], absent, distant. absolutio, -onis, F. [absolvo], acquittal. abstraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- tum [abs + traho], tr., draw away from. absum, abesse, afui [sum], be away, be distant, be ab- sent. abundantia, -ae, F. [abundo], abundance. abutor, -uti, -usus sum [utor], dep., use up, exhaust; abuse, outrage, try. ac, see atque. accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum [ad + cedo], intr., go to, come to, approach, be applied, Ar. 6. accelero, -are, -avi, -atum [ad + celero], intr., make haste, hasten. accido, -cidere, -cidi, — [ad + cado], intr., fall, happen. accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [ad + capio], tr., take to, re- ceive; hear; incur, sustain, P. 6 ; learn, P. 9. 415 416 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY A:;:u5. -i. M.. Acetm man poet, born 170 B.C. accommodatus. -a. -um [accom- modo\ suitable, -':. adapted, appropriate. accommodo. -are. -avi. -atum "commode", tr., adapt, suit, »»i modate. accubd. -are. — . — >d — cubo". intr :ne. accurate, adv. accuratns]. with accuso. -are. -avi. atum [ad — causa', tar., Home, find fault with. acer. acri? icre eager. jorous. acerre icerbus], bitterly, hly. acerr::Af -talis uerbusj. bitterness, secerity. acerbus. -a. -um [acer[. bitter. harsh, rio'. acerrus. -I. M.. heap. pile. Achaia.-ae.F.. A-:'- :: southern Greece. Achilles, -is. M.. AdUBes, Greek warrior and hero of Homer's Wad. acies. -ei. F.. tdge. line, battle- zrray, arr acriter. adv. [acer], s£ keenly, energetically, zealously. acroama. -atis. N so u n d. entertain men : former, Ar. 9. actus, -us. M. [ago] : I pi:.; ad. prep. near, at, at the house of, among: till. for. for the pur: in point of, as regards: as pre- fix, to, at. adaequo. -are. -avi -arum [aequo", tr.. make equal to. addo. -dere. -didi. -ditum ad — do", tr.. put to. add. adduco. -ducere. -duxi. -ductum [ad — duco[. tor., to; induce, imfim 1. adeo -ire. -ii. -itum [1. e goto, risit: enter upor 2. adeo. adv. [2. eo]. limit \ so far. ere'.. C::.. I. 2: actually. adeps. adipis. M. and F.. ; ".::. corpulence. Cat., II" adfero. adferre. artuli. adlatum [f ero] , tr . . bri ng to, bring, a pply : produce, cause, occasion, add. adficio. -ficere. -feci, -fectum [ratio], tr.. do to. tree impair: risit. honor >with : in pass tecum; sup- plicio adficere. punish. adfingo. -fingere. -firm, -fictum [nngo[. tr., add, bestc adfinis. -e [finis], adjoining. connected icith, implicated in. adflicto. -are. -avi. -atum [freq. of adfligo*. tr.. shatter, trouble, :.. I. 13. ai~:g: -rilgere -±:sf -ri;::u~ [fligd[. tr.. strike at. smite, aijRiet. distress, ruin. adflo. -are. -avi. -arum [fl --'- i >wards adfluens. -ends [adfluo], abound- ing, rich (in), /nil. adgrego.-are. -avi.-atum [grego [. LATIX-EXGLISH VOCABULARY 417 tr., bring together (in a flock). adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [habeo], tr., (hold toward), apply, use, employ: lend, furnish, supply. adhortor, avi, -atus sum [hortor] dep., encourage, urge on. adhuc. adv. [hue], hitherto, as yet, up to this time. adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum [emo], tr., take away. deny. adipiscor, -i. adeptus sum, dep. [aplscor], (come up with), attain, obtain, secure. aditus, -us, M. [1. adeo], access, approach, avenue, path. adiumentum, -i. X. [adiuvo], help, aid. adiungo. -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc- tum [iungo], tr., join to, add; impose, confer upon. adiuvo. -iuvare, -iuvi, -iutum [iuvo], tr., help, assist. adlicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectum [lacio], tr., allure; attract, influence. administer, -tri. M. [minister, servant], assistant. administra, -ae, F., handmaiden, assistant. administro. -are, -avi, -atum [ministro], tr.. care for. man- age, govern, conduct, arrange, execute. admiratio, -dnis, F. [admiror], admiration. admiror, -ari, -atus sum [miror], dep., wonder at, marvel at, ad- mire. admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum [mo- neo], tr., remind, warn ; advise. admonitus, -us, M. [admoneo], advice, suggestion. admurmuratio, -onis, F., a murmuring. adnuo, -nuere, -nui, — [nuo], intr., nod to, nod assent. adorno. -are, -avi, -atum [orno], tr., adorn, equip, provide. adprobo, -are. avi, -atum [ad + probo], tr., give assent to, ap- prove of. adpropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum [propinquo], intr., draw near (to), approach. adquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- situm [quaero], tr., add (to), acquire, gain. adscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptum [scribo], tr., enroll (as a citizen). adsentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- sum [sentio], intr., assent to, agree with. adsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum [sequor], dep.. follow up, over- take, reach; accomplish, effect, obtain, attain. adservo, -are, -avi. -atum [servo], tr., watch over, keep, guard. adsido, -sidere. -sedi, — [sido], intr., take a seat, sit down. adsidue, adv. [adsiduus], con- stantly. adsto, -stare, -stiti. — [sto], intr., stand near, stand by. adsuefactus, -a. -um [adsue- facio], trained, accustomed. adsum, -esse, -fui [sum], be near, be present: aid. assist. adulescens, -entis, M. [ado- lesco], young man, youth. 418 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY adulescentia, -ae, F. [adules- cens], youth. adulescentulus, -I, M. [adules- cens], very young man. adulter, -ten, M., adulterer. adultus, -a, -um [adolesco], mature, full-grown. adventicius, -a, -um [advenio], foreign. adventus, -us, M. [advenio], arrival, approach, coming. adversus, -a, -um [adverto], (turned, towards), facing, un- favorable; adversae res, ad- versity. advesperascit, -ere, — , hnpers., evening approaches, it grows dark. aedificium, -I, N. [aedifico], building, house, edifice. aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum [aedes, facio], tr., build. aedes -is, F., (a dwelling of the gods), temple; pi., (a dwell- ing for men), house. Aegaeus, -a, -um, Aege'an. aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick, suffering. aegre, adv. [aeger], with diffi- culty, reluctantly, bitterly. Aemilius, -i, M., Aemilius, a gentile name ; M. Aemilius Scaurus, consul 115 and 107 B.C. Aeneas, -ae, M., Aene'as. aeque, adv. [aequus], equally; aeque ac, just as. aequitas, -tatis, F. [aequus], justice, equity. aequus, -a, -um, even, equal; fair, just, right; favorable, calm; aequo animo, with a calm mind, with resignation. aerarium, -i, N. [aerarius], treasury. aerarius, -a, -um [aes], of the treasury. aes, aeris, N., copper, bronze, money; aes alienum, (an- other's money), debt; pi., bronze tablets. aestas, -tatis, F., summer. aestimo, -are, avi, atum [aes], tr., judge, estimate. aestus, -us, M., heat. aetas, -tatis, F., age, old age; life. aeternus, -a, -um, everlasting, eternal, endless. Aetoli, -orum, M., the Aetolians, inhabitants of Aetolia. Africa, -ae, F., Africa, especially the Roman province in the northern part of the con- tinent. Africanus, -a, -um [Africa], African; Africanus, a sur- name of two of the Scipios. ager, agri, M., field, land, country. agito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of ago], tr., disturb, agitate, rouse. agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum [ad + (g)nosco], tr. recog- nize, understand. ago, -ere, -egi, actum, tr., (put in motion), drive, do, act, act on; aim at; speak, plead; (aetatem) ; pass., be at , P. 2, 6; age vero, come now, well then. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 419 agrarius, -a, -um [ager], -per- taining to land; agrarii, M. pi., the agrarian -party (sup- porting agrarian laws). agrestis, -e [ager], of the coun- try, country (adj.) ; rude, boorish, ignorant; as noun, countrymen. agricola, -ae, M., farmer. Ahala, -ae, M., Ahala, a family name ; Gaius Servilius Ahala a Roman officer, 439 b.c. aio, ais, ait ; pi., aiunt, def. vb., say, assert. alea, -ae, F., a game with dice, gambling. aleator, -oris, M. [alea], gambler. Alexander, -dri, M., Alexander, the Great, king of Mace- donia, born 356 b.c. alienigena, -ae, M. [alienus, gigno], one of foreign birth; as adj., foreign. alienus, -a, -um [alius], belong- ing to another, of others, foreign; as noun, stranger, foreigner, alien. aliquando, adv. [ali- + quando], at some time, at any time, at length, finally, at last. aliquanto, adv. [aliquantus], (by some little), a little. aliquis, -quid, indef . pron. (App- 27, 28), some one, something; any-one, anything; as adj., aliqui, -qua, -quod, some, any. aliquo, adv. [aliquis], to some place, somewhere. aliquot [alius, quot], indecl. adj., some, several, a number of. aliter, adv. [alius], otherwise. alius, -a, -ud, adj. or pron. (App. 13), another, other (of more than two) ; pi. some, others; alius . . . alius, one . . . another; alii . . . alii, some . . . others Allobroges, -um, M. pi., the Allo'broges, a tribe south- west of Lake Geneva. alo, -ere, alui, altum, tr., feed, nourish; sustain, cherish, strengthen, Ar. 7. Alpes, -ium, F., the Alps. altaria, -ium, N. pi. [altus], an altar. alter, -era, -erum, adj. or pron. (App. 13), the other (of two), second (in a series), another; alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other. alternus, -a, -um [alter], alter- nate. altus, -a, -um [alto], high, deep. alveolus, -i, M. [alveus, a hollow], dice board, gambling. amans, -antis, adj. [part, of amo], loving, affectionate, fond (of), loyal (to) ; w. rei pub- licae, patriotic. ambi-, prefix, round, round about. ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., walk. am ens, -entis [a + mens], sense- less, foolish. amentia, -ae, F. [amens], folly, madness, insanity. amicio, -icire, — , -ictum [ambi- + iacio], tr., throw around, clothe. amicitia, -ae, F. [amicus], friend- ship. 420 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1. amicus, -I, M., friend. 2. amicus, -a, -um, friendly, dear. Amisus, -I, F. Ami'sus, a city of Pontus. amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum [mitto], tr., (send away), lose. amo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., love. amoenitas, -tatis, F. [amoenus], charm, beauty. amor, -oris, M. [amo], love. amplector, -plecti, -plexus sum [ambi + plecto], dep., twine about, embrace, include, Cat., IV, 4. amplified, -are, -avi, -atum [amplus, ratio], tr., enlarge, extend, increase. amplitudo, -inis, F. [amplus], breadth, greatness, eminence, honor. amplius, adv. [comp. of ample], more, further. amplus, -a, -um, great, ample; generous; illustrious, dis- tinguished, honorable. an, conj., usually introducing the second member of a double question, or; intro- ducing single direct questions it may be equivalent to -ne or nonne with added empha- sis or surprise; see 103, b; Bur. 368; HB. 236; intro- ducing an indirect question, whether. anceps, -cipitis, adj., [ambi-, caput], double, twofold, in two places. ango, -ere, anxi, — , tr., distress, trouble, torment. angulus, -i, M., corner, angle. anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum [an- helus, panting], tr. and intr., breathe forth; pant. anima, -ae, F., air, breath, spirit; life, soul. animadversio, -onis, F. [anim- adverto], attention, investiga- tion; punishment. animadverto, -vertere, -verti, -versum [animum + ad + verto], tr., (turn the mind to), perceive, notice, attend to; punish. animus, -i, M. mind, soul, feel- ing, feelings, spirit, disposition, heart, Cat., 1, 11. anne, = an. Annius, -i, M., Annius, a nomen or gentile name ; see Chilo. annona, -ae, F. [annus], yearly harvest, provisions, P. 15. annus, -i, M., year. annuus, -a, -um [annus], annual. ante, prep. w. ace, before; adv., before, beforehand; ago; paulo ante, a little while ago; just now; as prefix, before, in advance. antea, adv. [ante], before, hitherto, formerly. antecello, -ere, — , — [cello], intr., surpass, be superior to. antelucanus, -a, -um [ante, lux], lasting till daylight, all-night. antepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tum [pono], tr., place before, prefer. anten^iam, conj. [ante + quam], before. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 421 Antiochla, -ae, F., Antioch, a' city of Syria. Antiochus, -i, M., Anti'ochus, the Great, king of Syria, 223- 187 b.c. antiquitas, -tatis, F. [anti- quus], antiquity. antiquus, -a, -um [ante], former, ancient, old; M. pi., the men of old. aperio, -perire, -perui, -pertum [ab + pario], tr., open. aperte, adv. [apertus], openly, without reserve, plainly. apertus, -a, -um, open, undis- guised. apparatus, -a, -um [apparo], prepared; elaborate, sump- tuous. appareo, -ere, -ui, intr., appear. apparo, -are, -avi, -atum [paro], tr., make ready, prepare, pre- pare for. appello, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call (by name), name, address. Appennlnus, -I, M., the Apen- nines. appetens, -entis [appeto], covet- ous of. Appius, -I, M., Appius, a prae- nomen or first name; see Claudius. Appius, -a, -um, Appian; Via Appia, the Appian Road, ex- tending from Rome to Brun- disium. approbo, see adprobo. aptus, -a, -um, suited, fit. apud, prep. w. ace., among, with, at the house of, before, off. Apulia, -ae, F., Apulia, a dis- trict in southern Italy. aqua, -ae, F., water. aquila, -ae, F., eagle; especially the eagle of a Roman stand- ard. ara, -ae, F., altar. arbitror, -ari, -a us sum [arbiter, judge], dep., think, judge, con- sider. arbor, -oris, F., tree, arceo, -ere, -ui, — , tr., keep away, ward off. arcesso, -cessere, -cessivi, ces- situm [ad + caus. of cieo], tr., cause to come, summon, send for, invite. Archias, -ae, M. (App. 11), Archias; A. Licinius Archias, see p. 269 ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, intr., be on fire, be in flames, burn. ardor, -oris, M. [ardeo], (a burning), flame, fire, heat, brightness; passion. argenteus, -a, -um [argentum], silver, of silver. argentum, -i, N., silver. argumentum, -i, N. [arguo], proof, argument. Ariobarzanes, -is, M., Ariobar- za'nes, a king of Cappadocia. arma, -drum, N. pi., arms, equipment. Armenii, -orum, M., the Ar- menians. Armenius, -a, -um, of Armenia, Armenian. armo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., arm, equip. 422 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY ars, artis, P., skill, art, accom- plishment, quality, practice. artifex, -ficis, M. [ars, facio], artist, scaenicus artifex, actor. arx, arcis, F., citadel, fortress, stronghold. ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scensum [ad + scando], tr. and intr., climb, rise, ascend. ascisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -sci- tum [ad + seised], tr., admit (to), enlist (in). ascribo, -ere, ascripsi, ascrip- tum [scribo], tr., enroll, as- sign, appoint. Asia, -ae, F., Asia, Asia Minor. Asiaticus,-a, -urn [Asia], Asiatic. aspectus, -us, M. [aspicio], sight, view; appearance. aspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn [ad + spicio], tr., look at, look upon. assiduitas, (adsid-) -tatis, F. [assiduus], perseverance, per- sistent effort. at, conj., but, expressing con- trast or objection ; yet, yet at least. Athenae, -arum, F., Athens. Atheniensis, -e, of Athens; pi. as noun, the Athenians. atque (before vowels or cons.), ac (before cons.), and, and also, and especially; after words of comparison, as. atqui, conj., and yet, why! atrocitas, -tatis, F. [atrox], cruelty, fierceness, harshness. atrox, -ocis [ater, black], fierce, cruel, horrible, inhuman, mon- strous. attendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- turn [ad + tendo], tr., (stretch toward), w. or without ani- mum, observe, notice, mark, listen. attenuo, -are, -avi, -atum [tenuo, make thin], tr., make thin, reduce. Atticus, -i, M., Atticus; T. Pomponius Atticus, a corre- spondent of Cicero; Intro. 11. attingo, -ere, attigi, attactum [ad + tango], tr., touch, reach, attain to; approach; attempt, touch upon, Ar. 9 ; set foot on, P. 9. attribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [ad + tribuo], tr., assign, allot, distribute. attuli, from adfero. auctionarius, -a, -um [auctio], of an auction, of the auction- eer. auctor, -oris, M. [augeo], origi- nator, author, promoter, ap- prover. auctoritas, -tatis, F. [auctor], influence, authority, power, prestige; opinion. audacia, -ae, F. [audax], daring, boldness, courage; audacity, presumption, effrontery. audax, -acis [audeo] bold, daring, audacious. audeo, -ere, ausus sum, semi- dep., dare. audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., hear, hear of, listen to. aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum [ab + fero], tr., bear away, carry off. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 423 aufugio, -fugere, -fugi, — [ab + fugio], intr., run away, es- cape. augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, tr., increase, enrich. Aulus, -I, M., Aulus, a prae- nomen or personal name. Aurelius, -a, -um, Aurelian; see Forum Aurelium. auris, -is, F., ear; attention. aurum, -I, N., gold. auspicium, -I, N. [auspex], (divination by the flight of birds), augury; pi. auspices. aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, either . . . or. autem, conj., on the other hand, but; furthermore, moreover, besides, while. auxilium, -i, N. [augeo], aid, help, assistance; pi., auxiliary forces. avaritia, -ae, F. [avarus], greed, avarice. aversus, -a, -um [averto], turned away, averse, obstinate, hostile. avide, adv. [avidus], eagerly. avidus, -a, -um [aveo, crave], craving, eager for. avitus, -a, -um [avus], of one's grandfather. avoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], tr., call away. avus, -i, M., grandfather. B bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. [Bacchus, god of wine], (cele- brate the festival of Bacchus), revel, rage. barbaria, -ae, F. [barbarus], barbarism; foreign country, uncivilized people. barbarus, -a, -um, foreign, strange; as noun, foreigner. barbarus, -a, -um [barba], bearded. beatus, -a, -um [beo, make happy], happy, blessed, pros- perous, Cat., II, 9. bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum], warlike. bello, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., wage war, carry on war, fight. bellum, -i, N., war. bene, adv. (App. 20), well, suc- cessfully. beneficium, -i, N. [bene + fa- cio], (a well-doing), kindness, favor. benevolentia, -ae, F. [benevo- lus], goodwill, benevolence, loy- alty. benignitas, -tatis, F. [benignus], favor, courtesy, kindness. bestia, -ae, F., beast, animal. bibo, -ere, -bibi, — , tr., drink. bini, -ae, -a, two each, two. bipertito, adv. [bis + partitus], in two divisions. bis, num. adv., twice. BIthynia, -ae, F., Bithynia, a district of Asia Minor, south of the Black Sea. bonus, -a, -um, good, worthy, ex- cellent; as noun, bonum, ad- vantage; pi. boni, good men, loyal citizens, patriots; bona, -orum, goods, property, posses- sions. Bosporani, -orum, M., dwellers on the Bosporus. 424 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY brevis, -e, short, brief. breviter, adv. [brevis], briefly. Brundisium, -I, N., Brundisium, a town in southern Italy ; modern Brindisi. Brutus, -i, M., Brutus, a family name ; D. Iunius Brutus, con- sul, 138 b.c. C. for G., abbreviation of Gaius. caedes, caedis, F. [caedo], kill- ing, slaughter, murder, massa- cre. Caelius, -i, M., Caelius, a gen- tile name ; Q. Caelius, a tribune. caelum, -i, N., sky, heaven, the heavens. Caesar, -is, M., Caesar, a cog- nomen or family name ; 1. C. Iulius Caesar, the conqueror of Gaul, praetor 62 b.c, consul 59 b.c. ; 2. L. Iulius Caesar, consul 64 b.c Caieta, -ae,F., Caieta (ka-ye'ta), a coast town of Latium, with a harbor; now Gaeta (ga-a/ta). calamitas, -tatis, F., disaster, ruin, downfall, calamity, loss, injury, misfortune, distress. callidus, -a, -um, shrewd, crafty. campus, -i, M., a plain, field; especially the Cam-pus Mar- tins, a plain in Rome, dedi- cated to Mars, used for as- semblies of the people. cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, tr. and intr., sing, predict. canto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of cano], intr., sing. cantus, -us, M. [cano], song, music. capillus, -i, M. [caput], hair (of the head). capio, capere, cepi, captum, tr., take, receive, hold, contain, capture, take prisoner; w. consilium, form, adopt; w. de- trimentum, suffer. capitalis, -e [caput], deadly, mor- tal. Capitolium, -i, N. [caput], the Capitoline Hill; the Capitol, a temple of Jupiter situated on the Capitoline. Cappadocia, -ae, F., Cappa- docia, a country of Asia Minor. caput, capitis, N., head, life, civil rights. Carbo, -onis, M., Carbo, a fam- ily name ; C. Papirius Carbo, tribune of the people 89 B.C. career, carceris, M., prison. careo, -ere, -ui, — , fut. part, cariturus, intr., be without, want, be free from, be deprived of, withdraw from, Cat., I, 7. caritas, -tatis, F. [carus], dear- ness, high price. carmen, -inis, N., song, poem, verse. Carthaginiensis, -e, of Carthage; pi. as noun, the Carthaginians. Carthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a city in northern Africa. carus, -a, -um, dear, precious, valued. Cassius, -i, M., Cassius, a gen- tile name ; 1. Lucius Cassius, LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 425 a confederate of Catiline ; 2. C. Cassius, consul 73 b.c. ; 3. C. Cassius Longinus, prae- tor 44 b.c. caste, adv. [castus], purely, hon- estly. castra, -orum, N. pi., a camp. castrensis, -e, of the camp. casus, -us, M. [cado], (a falling), accident, chance, fate, calamity ; emergency, P. 20. Catilina,-ae,M., Ca'tiline (kat'i- lin), a family name; L. Ser- gius Catilina, the conspirator ; see p. 181. Cato, -onis, M., Cato, a family name; 1. Porcius Cato, a friend of Archias ; 2. Marcus Cato, the censor (234-149 B.C.). Catulus, -I, M., Ca'tulus, a fam- ily name; 1. Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul 102 b.c. ; 2. Q. Lutatius Catulus, son of 1, consul 78 b.c causa, -ae, F., cause, reason, case, interest, question; causa (following a gen.), on account (of), for the sake (of), for the purpose (of). -ce, enclitic emphasizing cer- tain pronouns. cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, intr., go from, withdraw; pass by (of time) ; yield, submit. celeber, -bris, -bre, populous, frequented, busy. celebritas, -tatis, F. [celeber], renown, celebrity. celebro, -are, -avi, -atum [cele- ber], tr., frequent, throng; celebrate, solemnize, keep, honor, extol. celeritas, -tatis, F. [celer], quick- ness, swiftness, celerity, rapid- ity, promptness. celeriter, adv. [celer], quickly. cena, -ae, F., dinner, banquet. ceno, -are, -avi, -atum [cena], intr., dine, eat dinner. censeo, -ere, -ui, censum, tr., tax, estimate, assess, enroll (as a citizen), resolve, decree, vote; think. censor, -oris, M., censor; see Introd. 38. census, -us, M. [censeo], cen- sus, a censor's list, census roll. centuria, -ae, F. [centum], cen- tury, a division of the people, originally numbering one hun- dred. centuriatus, -us, M. [centurio], the office of a centurion, cen- turionship. centurio, -onis, M. [centuria], centurion. Ceparius, -I, M., Ceparius, a gentile name ; Marcus Cepa- rius, a confederate of Catiline. cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, tr., separate, distinguish; see, perceive; decide, decree. certamen, -inis, N. [certo], con- test, rivalry. certe, adv. [certus], certainly, surely, at least. 1. certo, adv. [certus], with cer- tainty, certainly. 2. certo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., contend, struggle, fight, vie. certus, -a, -um [cerno], decided, 426 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY certain, sure; particular, defin- ite; faithful; certiorem facio, inform; certior fid, be in- formed. cervix, -icis, F., neck. ceterus, -a, -um, the rest, the other, other; pi. as noun, others, the others, the rest. Cethegus, -I, M., Cethegus, a family name; C. Cornelius Cethegus, a confederate of Catiline. Chii, -drum, M., the Chians, people of the island Chios in the Aegean. Chilo, -onis, M., Chilo, a family name ; Q. Annius Chilo, a con- federate of Catiline. cibus, -i, M., food. Cicero, -onis, M., a cognomen or family name; 1. Marcus Tullius Cicero, the orator; see Introd. ; 2. Q. Tullius Cicero, praetor 62 b.c. ; 3. M. Tullius Cicero, son of the orator, born 65 b.c. Cilicia, -ae, F., Cilicia, a Ro- man province in southern Asia Minor. Cimber, -bri, M., Cimber, a cog- nomen ; see Gabinius. Cimbri, -orum, M., the Cimbri, a people of northern Ger- many. Cimbricus, -a, -um [Cimbri], of the Cimbri, Cimbrian. cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, tr., surround. cinis, cineris, M., ashes. Cinna, -ae, M., Cinna, a family name ; L. Cornelius Cinna, consul 86-84 b.c, leader of the popular party. circum, prep. w. ace, around, about; as prefix, around. circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum [claudo], tr., hem in. circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum [do], tr., place around, sur- round with. circumscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptum [scribo], tr., bound. circumscriptor, -oris, M. [cir- cumscribo], cheat. circumsedeo, -sedere, -sedi, -sessum [sedeo], tr., sit around, surround. circumspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum [specio], tr. and intr., look about, look out for ; observe, consider. circumsto, -stare, -steti, [sto], tr., stand around, surround. cito, adv., quickly, promptly. civilis, -e [civis], of citizens, civil. civis, civis, M., citizen, fellow- citizen. civitas, -tatis, F. [civis], citizen- ship, state, tribe, nation. clam, adv., secretly. clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr., cry out, shout. clamor, -oris, M. [clamo], out- cry, shout. clarus, -a, -um, clear, bright; brilliant, renowned, famous, illustrious, honorable, eminent, conspicuous. classis, -is, F., division; fleet. Claudius, -i, M., Claudius, a gentile name; Appius Clau- dius Pulcher, praetor 89 b.c. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 427 claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum, tr., close. Clemens, -entis, adj., mild, for- bearing, merciful, lenient. clientela, -ae, F. [cliens], client- ship, clients. Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus. Cnidus, -i, F., Cnidus (nl'dus), a city of Caria in Asia Mi- nor. coepi, def. vb. (App. 50), began; w. a pass, complementary inf. coeptus sum, etc., is used. coeptus, -us, M. [coepi], begin- ning, undertaking. coerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum [con + arceo, confine], tr., restrain, check, correct, repress. coetus, -us, M. [co'+ eo], meeting, gathering, assembly, company. cogitate, adv. [cogito], thought- fully, with thought. cogitatio, -onis, F. [cogito], thought, purpose, plan, design. cogito, -are, -avi, -atum [con + agito], tr., consider (thor- oughly), ponder, think, think of, plan, plot. cognatio, -onis, F., relationship, kinship. cognitio, -onis, F. [cognosco], a becoming acquainted with, acquaintance. . cognitor, -oris, M. [cognosco], advocate, supporter. cognomen, -inis, N. [nomen], surname, family name. cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gnitum [con + gnosco], tr., learn, ascertain; recognize; note, notice, observe; perf., have learned, hence know; plup., knew. cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum [con + ago], tr., drive together, collect, assemble; compel, force. cohaereo, -haerere, -haesi, haesum [haereo], intr., cling together, be connected (with). cohibed, -ere, -ui, -itum [habeo], tr., hold together, keep. cohors, cohortis, F., cohort (tenth of a legion). cohortor, -avi, -atus sum [hor- tor], dep., encourage, urge. collectio, -onis, F. [colligo], a collecting, gathering. collega, -ae, M., partner in office, colleague. collegium, -i, N. [colligo], asso- ciation, board, college. colligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum [con + lego], tr., gather, col- lect; se colligere, assemble. colo, -ere, -ui, cultum, tr., cul- tivate, cherish, pay respect to; dwell in. colonia, -ae, F. [colo], colony. colonus, -i, M. [colo], colonist. Colophon, -onis, M., Colophon, a city of Asia Minor, north of Ephesus. Colophonii, -orum, M., the in- habitants of Colophon. color, -oris, M., color. comes, comitis, M. or F., com- panion, associate, comrade. comissatio, -onis, F. [comissor, revel], revelry. comitatus, -us, M. [comito], es- cort, retinue, company. 428 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY comitia, -orum, N. [con + eo], assembly, comitia; election. comitium, -i, N. [con, eo], the Comitium, a place of assem- bly adjoining the Forum. comitor, -ari, -atus sum [comes] dep., accompany, attend. commeatus, -us, M. [commeo], intercourse; supplies, pro- visions. commemoratio, -onis, F., re- membrance, mention. commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum [memoro], tr., call to mind; relate, mention, speak of. commendatio, -onis, F. [com- mendo], a commending, recom- mendation. commendo, -are, -avi, -atum [mando], tr., commit for protec- tion, intrust, commend, recom- mend. commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., go and come, visit, resort. committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum [mitto], tr., send together; intrust, commit, permit, allow; begin. commode, adv. [commodus], conveniently. commodum, -i, N. [commodus], advantage, interest. commoratio. -onis, F. [com- moror], a tarrying, lingering. commoror, -ari, -atus sum [mo- ror], dep., remain. commoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum [moveo], tr., put in violent motion, move, stir, dis- turb, affect, influence, concern, grieve; commovere, te, se, make a noise, lift a finger, stir. communis, -e [munus], common, in common, general, public. communiter, adv. [communis], * in common, in general, Ar. 12. commuto, -are, -avi, -atum [muto], tr., change entirely, change. comparatio, -onis, F. [comparo], preparation. comparo, -are, -avi, -atum 1. [paro], tr., prepare, make ready, provide; make up, compose, procure, acquire. 2. [compar, like], compare. compello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- sum [pello], tr., drive together, drive, force. comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum [pario], tr., learn, discover, as- certain, detect. competitor, -oris, M. [competo], rival opposing candidate, com- petitor. complector, -plecti, -plexus sum [com + plector], dep., em- brace, receive; comprehend. compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum [pleo], tr., fill completely. complexus, -us, M. [complector] an embracing, embrace. compliires, -a(-ia) [com + plures several, many, many of. comprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, -hensum [prehendo], tr., seize, capture, arrest, grasp, detect. comprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum [premo], tr., press together; repress, check, curb; suppress. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 429 comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum [probo], tr., approve, endorse, attest. con-, com-, co-, prefix, with, to- gether, completely, thoroughly, strongly. conatus, -us, M. [conor], at- tempt, effort, undertaking. concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum [cedo], tr., and intr., go away, withdraw; grant, con- cede, give up, yield. concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum [celebro], tr., attend in throngs, celebrate. concerto, -are, -avi, -atum [certo], intr., dispute, wrangle, contend. concido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado], intr., fall (together), fall to pieces, collapse; fail, P. 7. concilio, -are, -avi, -atum [con- cilium], tr., bring together, win over, win, gain. concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [capio], tr., take up, take, re- ceive, incur, conceive. concito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], tr., rouse, stir up, urge on, excite, agitate. concordia, -ae, F. [concors], union, harmony, concord; the goddess Concord, in whose temple the Senate often met. concupisco, -cupiscere, -cupivi, -cupitum [inceptive of cupio], desire, long for, covet. concurso, -are, -avi, -atum [curso], intr., run to and fro, run about. concursus, -us, M. [concurro], running together, throng, rally, assembly. condemno, -are, -avi, -atum [domno], tr., condemn, blame, convict, find guilty. conditio, -onis, F. [condico], agreement, condition, task, lot; circumstances, Cat., IV, 10. condo, -ere, condidi, conditum [con + do], tr., (put together), found, build; store, treasure, Cat., Ill, 11; post urbem conditam, since the founding of the city. confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [fero], tr., bring together, bring (upon), take, transfer; com- pare; appoint, fix, set; post- pone, put off; bestow, apply, devote, Ar. 9 ; conferre se, te, etc., betake oneself, turn, go. confertus, -a, -um [confercio], (crowded), filled, full, gorged, Cat., II, 5. confessio, -onis, F. [confiteor], confession. confestim, adv., immediately, without delay, at once. conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [facio], tr., do (thoroughly), accomplish, execute, end, fin- ish; raise (an army) ; exhaust, overcome, subdue, weaken, wear out, P. 9. confido, -ere, -fisus sum [fido, trust], semi-dep., trust (fully), have confidence, be confident, believe. confirmo, -are, -avi, -atum [firmo], tr., make firm, estab- 430 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY lish, secure, confirm, strength- en; prove, assert, promise, assure, reassure, P. 9. confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum [fateor], dep., confess, admit; de se confiteri, admit one's guilt. conflagro, -are, -avi, -atum [flagro], intr., burn up, be con- sumed. confligo, fligere, -flixi, -flic- tum [fligo], intr., strike to- gether, be in conflict, contend, engage. conflo, -are, -avi, -atum [flo, blow], tr., blow up, kindle, cause; bring together, make up, compose. conformatio, -onis, F. [con- formo], shaping, training. conformo, -are, -avi, -atum [formo], tr., form, mold, train. confringo, -fringere, -fregi, -frac- tum [frango], tr., break to pieces, shatter. congerd, -gerere, -gessi, -gestum [gero], tr., bring together, col- lect. congrego, -are, -avi, -atum [grex], tr., collect; pass. w. reflex. meaning, assemble (themselves) , Cat., I, 13. conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [iacio], tr., hurl, aim; drive. coniectura, -ae, F. [conicio], conjecture, inference; reflec- tion, P. 9. coniunctio, -onis, F. [coniungo], union, connection. coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, iunc- tum [iungo], tr., join together, connect, unite. coniunx, -iugis, M. or F. [con- iungo], (married person), hus- band, wife; spouse. coniuratio, -onis, F. [coniuro], conspiracy. coniurator, -oris, M. [coniuro], conspirator. coniuratus, -a, -um [coniuro], (bound together by an oath), allied; pi. as noun, conspira- tors. coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., take oath together, plot, con- spire. coniveo, -nivere, -nivi, [con + niveo], intr., shut the eyes; wink at, overlook, connive. conloco, -are, -avi, -atum [loco], tr., place, put, pitch (a camp), set up (a statue), establish, in- vest (money). conor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., at- tempt, try. conquiesco, -ere, conquievi, con- quietum [quiesco], intr., find rest, cease. consceleratus , -a, -um [con- scelero], wicked, depraved. conscientia -ae F. [consciens], consciousness, knowledge; con- science. conscriptus, -i, M. [conscribo], one enrolled; patres (et) con- script!, conscript fathers, i.e., senators; see note on Cat., I., 1.47. consecro, -are, -avi, -atum [sacro], tr., dedicate, conse- crate, devote. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 431 consensio, -onis, F. [consentio], agreement, unanimity, har- mony. consentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- sum [sentio], intr., (I think alike), agree, unite. consequor, -sequi, -secutus sum [sequor], dep., follow up, over- take, attain; obtain, secure, gain, accomplish; result, en- sue. conservo, -are, avi, -atum [servo], tr, save, protect, keep safe, preserve, maintain. considero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., look at closely, consider. consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum [sido], intr., sit down. consilium, -i, N. [consulo], plan, purpose, design, plot; delib- eration, wisdom., advice, coun- sel; shrewdness, Cat., Ill, 7; a council, deliberative body. consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum [sisto], intr., stand still. consolor, -ari, -atus sum [solor], dep., cheer, comfort, console. conspectus, -us, M. [conspicio], sight. conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn [specio], tr., see, look at, gaze upon, face. conspiratio, -onis, F. [conspiro], harmony. constanter, adv. [constans], with firmness, consistently, without faltering. constantia, -ae, F. [constans], steadfastness, firmness, con- sistency ; courage. constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- tutum [statuo], tr. and intr., place, station, set up; draw up, arrange, establish; decide, decide upon, resolve, fix; des- ignate, select, appoint, mark; make, prepare. consto, -stare, -stiti, -statum [sto], intr., (stand together), consist of, depend upon; im- pers., it is agreed, it is evident, it is proved. constringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -strictum [stringo], tr., bind, bind fast, fetter, hold in check. consuetudo, -inis, F. [consue- sco], custom, usage; intimacy. consul, -is, M., consul; see Introd. 33. consularis, -e [consul], of a con- sul, consular; as noun, ex- consul, a man of consular rank. consulatus, -us, M. [consul], consulship. consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultum, tr. and intr., deliberate, con- sider; w. ace., consult, ask advice of, refer to; w. dat. take counsel (for), consult for the welfare (of), take thought (for). 1. consulto, adv. [consultum], deliberately, purposely. 2. consulto, -are, -avi, -atum [consulo], intr., take counsel, deliberate. consultum, -i, N. [consulo], (de- liberation), decree, decision; resolution; see Introd. 30. consumo, -sumere, -sumpsi, -sumptum [sumo], tr., con- sume, waste, use up, spend. 432 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY contamino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., stain, defile, dishonor, con- taminate. contego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum, [tego], tr., cover, conceal. contemno, -temnere, -tempsi, -temptum [temno], tr., think lightly of, ignore, despise, scorn. contendo, -tendere, -tendi, ten- turn [tendo], tr. and intr., (stretch), strive, fight, con- tend, contrast, maintain, Ar. 7. contentio, -6nis, F. [contendo], a straining, strain, struggle, contest, rivalry, Cat., IV, 6; comparison. contentus, -a, -um [contineo], content, satisfied, contented. conticesco, -ere, conticui, — , [taceo], intr., become silent, be silent. continens, -entis, adj. [contineo], self-restrained, moderate. continentia, -ae, F. [continens], restraint, self-control, mod- eration. contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum [teneo], tr., hold together, con- nect; hold back, restrain, check, keep off; confine, in- close, bound, contain, hold. contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum [tango], tr. and intr., touch, border on; happen. continuus, -a, -um [contineo], continuous. contio, -onis, F. [conventio], as- sembly, mass-meeting ; speech, address, delivered before an assembly. contionator, -oris, M. [con- tionor], agitator, demagogue. contra, prep. w. ace, opposite, facing; against, in hostility to, Cat., I, 2. contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- tum [traho], tr., contract, in- cur, bring upon. contrarius, -a, -um [contra], opposite, contrary, opposed, conflicting. controversia, -ae, F. [contro- versy], controversy, dispute, question. contumelia, -ae, F., insult, re- ■ proach, abuse. convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- tum [venio], tr. and intr., come together, assemble, unite; impers., it is fitting, it is proper. conventus, -us, M. [convenio], (a coming together), meeting, assembly. converto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sum [verto], tr. and intr., turn, change, divert. convicium, -i, N., wrangling, strife, disputation. convinco, -vincere, -vici, -vic- tum [vinco], tr., overcome; convict, refute; show clearly, prove. convivium, -i, N. [convivo], feast, banquet. convoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], tr., call together, summon. copia, -ae, F., supply, plenty, abundance; fluency (of speech) ; pi., resources, wealth, supplies; forces, troops. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 433 copiosus, -a, -um [copia], well- supplied, rich, wealthy; co- piose, adv., fully. coram, adv. [co + 6s], face to face. Corduba, -ae, F., Corduba, a city in Spain, now Cordova, Corinthus, -i, F., Corinth, a famous city of Greece. Cornelius, -i, M., Cornelius, a nomen or gentile name ; see Scipio, Lentulus, Cinna, Sulla. corpus, -oris, N., body. corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum [con + rego], tr., make straight, set right; improve, correct, re- form. corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum [con, robur], tr., strengthen; en- courage. corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- tum [con + rumpo], tr., de- stroy, corrupt, falsify, tamper with. corruo, -ruere, -rui, — , intr. [con + ruo], fall together, fall. corruptela, -ae, F. [corruptus], a corrupting, temptation; pi., corrupting arts. corruptor, -oris, M. [corrumpo], corrupter, seducer. corruptus, -a, -um [corrumpo], depraved, corrupt, profligate. cotidianus, -a, -um [cotidie], daily. cotidie, adv. [quot + dies], every day, daily. Cotta, -ae, M., Cotta, a family name ; L. Aurelius Cotta, consul 65 b.c. eras, adv., to-morrow. Crassus, -i, M., Crassus, a fam- ily name; 1. L. Licinius Cras- sus, consul 95 b.c. ; 2. P. Licinius Crassus, censor 89 B.C. credo, -ere, credidi, creditum, tr. and intr., believe, suppose (often w. irony) ; trust, have confidence in; intrust. cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, intr., grow, increase, improve, rise. Cretensis, -e [Creta], Cretan; pi. as noun, Cretans. criminor, -ari, -atus sum [crimen], dep. charge, ac- cuse. cruciatus, -us, M. [crucio], tor- ture, torment, punishment. crudelis, -e [crudus, bloody], unfeeling, unmerciful, cruel. crudelitas, -tatis, F. [crudelis], cruelty. crudeliter, adv. [crudelis], cru- elly, severely. cruentus, -a, -um [cruor], blood- stained, bloody. cubile, -is, N., bed, couch. culpa, -ae, F., fault. cultura, -ae, F. [colo], cultiva- tion. 1. cum, prep. w. abl., with, against; written as an en- clitic after a personal, re- flexive, or rel. pron. 2. cum, conj., when, while, since, although ; whenever ; cum . . . turn (etiam), not only . . . but also. cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum [cumu- lus, heap], tr., heap up, add to, 434 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY cunctus, -a, -um [coniunctus], all together, all, the whole. cupiditas, -tatis, F. [cupidus], desire, passion, ambition. cupidus, -a, -um [cupio], eager (for), desirous (of) ; avari- cious. cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum, tr. and intr., desire, long (for), wish (for). cur, adv., why. cura, -ae, F., care, anxiety, con- cern, trouble, duty. curia, -ae, F., senate house, i.e. the Curia Hostilia in the Forum. Curio, -onis, M., Curio, a family name ; C. Curio, consul 76 B.C. euro, -are, -avi, -atum [cura], tr., care for, take care; main- tain; w. gerundive, cause, have (something done). curriculum, -i, N. [currus], course. currus, -us, M. [curro], chariot. curso, -are, — , — [freq. of curio], run about. cursus, -us, M. [curro], a run- ning, course, career; journey, P. 12 ; progress, P. 14. curulis, e [currus], curule; sella curulis, the curale chair. custodia, -ae, F. [custos], a guarding; guard, watch, sen- tinel; custody, protection; watch station, P. 6. custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [custos] tr., guard. custos, custodis, M., guard, Cyziceni, -orum, M., the people of Cyzicus (siz'i-kus), the Cyzicenes. D D., see Decimus. damnatio, -onis, F. [damno], condemnation. damno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., [damnum, loss], (inflict loss upon), condemn, convict. de, prep. w. abl., down from, from, concerning, about, of,- for, over; as prefix, down, off, away, completely, not. debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [de + habeo], tr., withhold, hence owe; ought (w. inf.); pass., be due. dehilis, -e, feeble, helpless, power- less. debilitd, -are, -avi, -atum [de- bilis], tr., disable, weaken, wear out, Cat., II, 5 ; over- come, overwhelm. debitus, -a, -um [debeo], de- served ; due. decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum [cedo], intr., go away, depart, withdraw. decern, indecl. adj., ten. decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- tum [cerno], tr., decide, deter- mine; decree, vote, vote for. decet, -ere, -uit, impers., it becomes, is proper. decimus, -a, -um [decern], tenth. Decimus, -i, M., Decimus, a praenomen. declaro, -are, -avi, -atum [claro], make clear, make evident, prove. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 435 declinatio, -onis, F. [declino], a turning aside. decoctor, -oris, M. [decoquo, boil away], spendthrift, bank- rupt. decoro, -are, -avi, -atum [decus], tr., adorn, honor, distin- guish. decretum, -I, N. [decerno], de- cree, decision. decuma, -ae, F. [decima, sc. pars], a tenth part, tithe, land tax. dedecus, -oris, N. [de + decus, honor], disgrace. dedico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], tr., dedicate. deditio, -onis. F. [dedo], sur- render. dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditum [do], tr., give up, surrender; devote. deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- tum [duco], tr., lead away, draw away, bring, dissuade; drive. defatigo, -are, -avi, -atum [fatigo], tr., weary, wear out. defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- sum [fendo, strike], tr., de- fend, protect. def ero, -f erre, -tuli, -latum [f ero], tr., carry down; lay before, re- fer; report, relate; confer, upon, bestow, intrust, proffer, P. 24. defessus, -a, -um [defetiscor], wearied, exhausted. deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [facio], tr. and intr., with- draw, revolt; fail, be wanting, desert. defigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum [figo], tr., fix, fasten, plunge. definio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [finio], tr., limit, bound. deflagro, -are, -avi, -atum [flagro], tr., burn up, destroy by fire. deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [iacio], tr., throw down, thrust deinde, adv., denoting order, then, afterward, secondly, furthermore. delabor, -labi, -lapsus sum [labor], dep., slip down, de- scend. delectatio, -onis, F. [delecto], enjoyment, pleasure, delight. delecto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of delicio, entice], tr., delight, charm, please, give pleasure to. 1. delectus, -a, -um [deligo], chosen, picked, select. 2. delectus, -us, M., see dilectus. delego, -are, -avi, -atum [lego], tr., send away; intrust. deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr., blot out, destroy, eradicate. deliberatio, -onis, F. [delibero], deliberation; question, P. 10. delibero, -are, -avi, -atum [libero], tr. and intr., think about, consider, deliberate. delicatus, -a, -um [deliciae], alluring, delightful; effemi- nate, Cat., II., 10. deligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectum [lego, gather], tr., choose, select. Delos, -i, F. (App. 11), De'los, an island in the Aegean Sea. delubrum, -i, N. [luo], (place 436 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY of purification), shrine, sanc- tuary, temple. demens, -entis, adj. [mens], (out of one's senses), mad, raving, maddened. dementer, adv. [demens], madly, foolishly. dementia, -ae, F. [demens], folly, madness. demigro, -are, -avi, -atum [migro], intr., move away; go away, depart. deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [minuo], tr., lessen, diminish, take away, detract. deminutio, -onis, F. [deminuo], diminution, loss. demonstro, -are, -avi, -atum [monstro], tr., point out, show. demum, adv., at length, at last. denique, adv., at last, lastly, finally; in short. denoto, -are, -avi, -atum [noto], tr., mark out, mark, desig- nate. denunti6, -are, -avi. -atum [nuntio], tr., announce. depello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum [pello], tr., drive out, drive; ward off, avert, remove; over- throw. dependo, -ere, dependi, — [pendo, weigh], pay. deploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro], tr. and intr., weep bitterly, lament; mourn, bewail. depono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tum [pono], tr., lay aside, give up, abandon. deporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], tr., bring back, bring home. depesco, -poscere, -poposci, — [posco], tr., demand, beg. depravo, -are, -avi, -atum [pra- vus, crooked], tr., pervert, corrupt, deprave, tamper with. deprecator, -oris, M. [deprecor], intercessor. deprecor, -ari, -atus sum [pre- cor], dep., avert by prayer, deprecate, avert. deprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, hensum [prehendo], tr., seize upon; grasp, detect, discover. deprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum [premo], tr., press down, sink. depromo, -promere, -prompsi, -promptum [promo], tr., draw, take from. derelictus, -a, -um [part, of derelinquo], deserted, for- saken, abandoned. describo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptum [scribo], tr., write down, lay down, arrange, assign. desero, -serere, -serui, -ser- tum [sero], tr., leave, desert, give up; fail, forfeit, Cat., II., 3 desiderium, -i, N. [desidero], a longing (for), want, desire; love. desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., long for, demand, call for, desire. designates, -a, -um [designo], elect, elected, chosen; consul designates, consul elect. designo, -are, -avi, -atum [signo], tr., (mark out), point out, mark, designate. desino, -sinere, -sii, -situm LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 437 [sino], tr. and intr., cease, desist. desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum [sisto], intr., (stand away from), desist, cease. desperatio, -onis, F. [despero], despair. desperatus, -a, -um [despero], despaired of, desperate. despero, -are, -avi, -atum [spero], tr. and intr., be hope- less, despair, despair of. despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn [specio], tr., look down upon, despise. despoliatus, -a, -um, impov- erished. destringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -strictum [stringo], tr., un- sheathe, draw. desum, deesse, defui [sum], intr., be lacking, be wanting, be at fault, fail. detestor, -ari, -atus sum [testor], dep., (curse), avert by protest, remove. detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- tum [traho], tr., take away, withdraw, deny, withhold. detrimentum, -i, N. [detero, rub away], loss, injury, harm, damage; defeat, overthrow. deus, -I, M. (App. 10), god. devincio, -vincire, -vinxi, -vinc- tum [vincio], tr., bind fast, closely attach. devinco, -vincere, -vlci, -vic- tum [vinco], tr., conquer. devoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], tr., call away, turn aside. devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -votum [voveo], tr., voiv, devote, offer, dedicate. dextera, or dextra, -ae, F. [dexter, right; se. manus] right hand. di, pi. of deus. dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, tr., say, express, speak, declare, call. dictator, -oris, M. [dicto], dic- tator; see Introd. 39. dictatura, -ae, F. [dictator], dictatorship. dictito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of dicto], tr., say repeatedly, dicto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of dico], tr., repeat; dictate. dies, diei, sing. M. or F., pi. M., day, time, season. See singuli. differo, differre, distuli, dila- tum [fero], tr. and intr., bear apart, differ. difficilis, -e [dis + facilis], not easy, difficult. difficultas, -tatis, F. [difficilis], difficulty, trouble. diffidd, -fidere, -fisus sum [fido], semidep., distrust, despair of. dignitas, -tatis, F. [dignus], dignity, merit, worth, authority, Cat., Ill, 12. dignus, -a, -um, worthy (of), deserving, befitting; w. abl. diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum [iu- dico], tr., distinguish; decide, settle. dilatio, -onis, F. [differo], post- ponement, adjournment. 438 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY dilectus, -us, M. [diligo], a choosing, choice, levy, enroll- ment. diligens, -entis, adj. [diligo], industrious, attentive, diligent, faithful, careful, scrupulous, P. 19. diligenter, adv. [diligens], care- fully, diligently, attentively, Ar. 8 ; faithfully. diligentia, -ae, F. [diligens], carefulness, industry, atten- tion, diligence, care. diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum [lego], tr. (choose out), esteem, love. dilucesco, -ere, diluxi, — [lucesco], intr., grow light. dimetior, -metiri, -mensus sum [metior], dep., measure, meas- ure out. dimicatio, -dnis, F. [dimico], contest, struggle. dimico, -are, -avi, -atum [mico, brandish], intr., fight, contend, dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum [mitto], tr., send away, discharge; dismiss, adjourn, break up; discontinue, Ar. 11. direptio, -onis, F. [diripio], a plundering, pillaging. direptor, -oris, M. [diripio], plunderer. diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum [rapio], tr., tear asunder; plunder, pillage. dis-, di-, prefix, apart, away, not. dis, see deus. discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum [cedo], intr., go away, depart, withdraw. discerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum [cerno], tr., separate, distin- guish. discessus, -us, M. [discedo], departure, withdrawal. disciplina, -ae, F. [disco], train- ing, teaching, discipline, in- struction. disco, -ere, didici, — , tr., learn. discordia, -ae, F. [discors], discord; sedition (w. civilis). discribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptum [scribo], tr., mark out, divide, assign, distribute. discrimen, -inis, N. [discerno], (that which parts), decision, crisis, peril, danger. disiunctus, -a, -urn [disiungo], separated. dispar, -paris [par], adj., dif- ferent. dispersus, -a, -um [dispergo], scattered, dispersed. dispertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [partio], tr., distribute. disputo, -are, -avi, -atum [puto], tr., discuss, argue. dissemino, -are, -avi, -atum [se- mino, sow], tr., scatter widely, spread abroad, disseminate. dissensio, -onis, F. [dissentio] (difference of opinion), dis- sension, strife, quarrel. dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, sen- sum [sentio], intr., disagree, dissent, differ. dissero, -serere, -serui, -ser- tum, tr. and intr., argue, dis- cuss, explain, talk. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 439 dissimilis, -e [similis], unlike, different. dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum [simuloj, tr. and intr., (make unlike), dissemble, pretend not to; conceal. dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum [supo, throw], tr., spread abroad, scatter, disperse. dissolutus, -a, -um [part, of dissolvo], lax, remiss, neg- lectful of duty. dissolvo, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- tum [solvo], tr., separate, free (from debt), dissolve. distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, -in- fo utum [tribuo], tr., assign, distribute. distringo, -stringere, -strinxi, -strictum [stringo], tr., (stretch apart), distract, oc- cupy. diu, adv. (App. 20), long (in time), for a long time; quam diu etiam? how much longer? Cat., I, 1 ; iam diu, long since. diutius, comp. of diu. diuturnitas, -tatis, F. [diutur- nus], length of time, long duration. diuturnus, -a, -um [diu], long- continued, long, lasting. divello, -vellere, -velli, -vul- sum [vello], tr., tear apart, tear away, separate. diversus, -a, -um [diverto], separated, different, diverse, remote, P. 4. divido, -videre, -visi, -vi- sum, tr., divide, separate; extend, P. 11; distribute, P. 13. divinitus, adv. [divinus], di- vinely, by the gods, provi- dentially. divinus. -a, -um [divus], divine, godlike, marvelous, providen- tial. divitiae, -arum, F. [dives], riches, wealth. do, dare, dedi, datum (App. 49), tr., give; put, place; allot. doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, tr., teach. doctrina, -ae, F. [doceo], teach- ing, learning, knowledge, in- struction. doctus, -a, -um [doceo], taught, learned. documentum, -i, N. [doceo], proof, evidence. doleo, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and intr., grieve, deplore. dolor, -oris, M. [doled], pain, grief, distress, sorrow, horror, torture. domesticus, -a, -um [domus], of the house, of the family, domestic, internal; w. bellum, civil. domicilium, -i, N. [domus], habitation, dwelling, home, seat, abode, residence. dominatio, -onis, F. [dominus], mastery, supreme power, tyranny. dominor, -ari, -atus sum [domi- nus], dep., rule. domo, -are, -ui, -itum, tr., overcome, subdue. domus, -us, F. (decl., App. 8), 440 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY house, home; domi, loc, at home. dono, -are, -avi, -atum [donum], tr., present' (as a gift). donum, -i, N. [do], gift. dormio, -ire, -IvL -itum, intr., Drusus, -i, M., Drusus, a family name; M. Livius Drusus, tribune 91 b.c. dubitatio, -onis, F. [dubito], doubt, hesitation. dubito, -are, -avi, -atum [du- bius], intr., doubt (usually followed by quin) ; delay, hesitate (usually w. comple- mentary inf.). dubius, -a, -um, doubtful; neut. as noun, sine dubio, beyond doubt. duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, tr., lead, draw, attract, take; think, consider. ductus, -us, M. [duco], leader- ship, command. dudum, adv. [diu + dum], a while ago; iam dudum, this long time, now for a long time. duint, an old pres. subjv. of do, = dent. dulcedo, -inis, F. [dulcis], sweet- ness, charm. dulcis, -e, sweet, delightful. dum, conj., while, as long as, until; dum modo, if only, provided that. duo, duae, duo, adj. (App. 17), two. duodecim [duo + decern], twelve. durus, -a, -um, hard, harsh, rude, insensible. dux, ducis, M. [duco], leader, general. E e (before cons.), ex (before vowels or cons.), prep. w. abl., out of, from, of; accord- ing to, on, after; as prefix, out, forth, completely, up, off. ebriosus, -a, -um [ebrius], given to drink, drunk. ecquid, adv. interrog. [ecquis], at all? indir., whether, if at all. ecquis, -quid, interrog. pron., any one, anything; whether any one, whether anything; as adj., any. edictum, -I, N. [edico], edict, proclamation. edo, edere, edidi, editum [do], tr., give out, publish, record. edoceo, -docere, -docui, -doc- tum [doceo], tr., teach (thoroughly) ; show. educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum [duco], tr., lead out, take out; (of swords) draw. efferd, efferre, extuli, elatum [ex + fero], tr., bear out, carry out, bring; bring forth; raise up, exalt, Cat., I, 11 ; praise, extol, Ar. 7, 9. efficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [ex + facio], tr., accomplish, produce, cause, do. effigies, -ei, F. [effingo], copy, image, portrait, effigy. effrenatus, -a, -um [ex + frena- tus], unbridled, ungoverned, unrestrained. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 441 effugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugitum [fugio], tar., escape. egens, -entis, adj., needy, desti- tute, poor. egeo, -ere, ui, — , intr., need, lack, not to have. egestas, -tatis, F. [egens], poverty, destitution, want. ego,mei, pers. pron. (App. 21), /; egomet, emphatic nom. form, / myself. egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [gradior], dep., go out, depart. egregius, -a, -urn [grex], excel- lent, extraordinary, superior, distinguished, eminent. eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum [iacio], tr., throw out, cast out, drive out, banish, Cat., I, 12 ; reject, Ar. 10. elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum [labor], dep., slip away. elaboro, -are, -avi, -atum [laboro], tr., work out, elabo- rate. eludo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum [ludo, play], tr., elude, avoid, baffle; mock, make sport of. emergo, -mergere, -mersi, -mer- sum [mergo], tr. and intr., raise up; rise, emerge, come forth, escape, free oneself. emitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum [mitto], tr., send out, drive out; let go. emorior, -mori, -mortuus sum [morior], dep., (die off), die. enim, conj., postpositive (App. 233, h), for; indeed, now (in transitions). Ennius, -i, M. Ennius, the father of Roman poetry, born 239 B.C. 1. eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum (App. 46), go. 2. eo, adv. [is], to that place. eodem, adv. [idem], to the same place, in the same place. epigramma, -atis, N. (Greek), an epigram. epistula, -ae, F., letter. eques, equitis, M. [equus], horseman; knight, one of the equestrian order. equidem, adv., indeed, verily. equitatus, -us, M. [eques], cavalry. erga, prep. w. ace., towards, for. ergo, adv., therefore, conse- quently, then; now (in argu- ment). erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, [rego], tr., raise up; animate, encourage. eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum [rapio], tr., snatch away, take away, wrest; rescue, free, deliver. erro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., err, be mistaken. eructo, -are, — , — [ructo], tr., belch forth. erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [rudio], tr., educate, train. eruditus, -a, -um [erudio], edu- cated, cultivated, learned, ac- complished. erumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- tum [rumpo], tr. and intr., break out, burst forth, be dis- closed; rush out, Cat., II, 1. escendo, -ere, escendi, escen- 442 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY sum [scando, climb], tr. and intr., climb up, mount, ascend. et, conj., and; et . . . et, both . . . and. etenim, conj. [et + enim], for indeed, for; and indeed; stronger than enim. etiam [et + iam], adv. and conj., also, and also, even, further- more, now too, still; etiam atque etiam, again and again; see diu. etiamsi, conj. [etiam + si], even if, although. Etruria, -ae, F., Etruria, a division of Italy, north of Latium. etsi, conj. [et + si], although, and yet. evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum [vado], intr., escape. everto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sum [verto], tr., overturn, overthrow, subvert, destroy. evocator, -oris, M. [evoco], summoner, instigator. evomo, -vomere, -vomui, -vomi- tum [vomo], tr., vomit forth, cast out, expel. ex, see e. exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum [agger], tr., heap up. exanimatus, -a, -um [exanimo], (out of breath), fainting, ex- hausted. exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [audio], tr., overhear, hear (from a distance). excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum [cedo], intr., go out, depart, withdraw. excellens, -entis, adj. [excello], eminent, distinguished, su- perior, excellent. excello, -cellere, -celsi, -eel- sum [cello], intr., be eminent, be superior, surpass. excelsus, -a, -um [excello], ele- vated, high; neut. as noun, a high position. excido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado], intr., fall, drop. excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [capio], tr., take out, except; take up, undertake, catch, intercept. excito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of excio], tr., call out, raise, Cat., II, 9; excite, rouse, stimulate, Ar. 8. excliido, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- sum [claudo], tr., shut out, exclude, refuse to admit. excolo, -ere, -ui, excultum [colo], tr., cultivate, refine, im- prove. excrucio, -are, -av!, -atum [cru- cio], tr., torment, torture. excursio, -onis, F. [excurro], (a running out), expedition, ex- cursion, sally, raid, inroad. exemplum, -i, N. [eximo], sample, example, precedent, Ar. 6 ; instance. exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., go out, go forth, withdraw. exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum [arceo], tr., train, exercise, employ, keep busy; trouble, distress; conduct, preside over, Ar. 2 ; collect, farm (vectigalia). exercitatio, -onis, F. [exerceo], LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 443 practice, exercise, training, skill. exercitatus, -a, -um [exercito], practiced, trained. exercitus, -us, M. [exerceo], (a trained body of men), army. exhaurio, -haurire, -hausi, -haustum [haurio], tr., draw out, drain, take away, remove, exhaust. exigo, -igere, -egi, -actum [ago], tr., drive out; collect, P. 6; of time, spend, pass, end. exiguus, -a, -um [exigo], (driven out), limited, narrow, little, eximie, adv. [eximius], exceed- ingly, greatly. eximius, -a, -um [eximo], (taken out), exceptional, conspicuous, extraordinary, excellent. existimo, -are, -avi, -atum [aestimo, value], tr., estimate, judge, consider, deem, sup- pose, think. exitiosus, -a, -um [exitium], destructive, dangerous. exitium, -i, N. [exeo], destruc- tion, ruin. exitus, -us, M. [exeo], (a going out), outcome, result, end, termination. exorno, -are, -avi, -atum [orno], tr., adorn. exorsus, -us, M. [exordior], beginning. expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum [pello], tr., drive out, expel. expers, -pertis, adj. [pars], with- out part in, without. expeto, -petere, -petivi, -peti- tum [peto], tr., seek after, seek, claim, request. expilo, -are, -avi, -atum [pilo, rob], tr., pillage. explano, -are, avi, atum [planus], tr., make plain, clear. explico, -are, -avi, -atum [plico. fold], tr., extricate. exploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro], tr., explore. expono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tum [pono], tr., set forth; declare, tell, relate; explain. exporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], tr., carry out, carry away, export. exprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- sum [premo], press out, set forth, relate; draw, portray, Ar. 6. expromo, -promere, -prompsi, -promptum [promo], tr., ex- hibit, display. expugnatio, -onis, F. [expugno], a taking by storm, capture. exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- situm [quaero], tr., search out, arrive at (w. Veritas). exsilium, -i, N. [exsul], banish- ment, exile. exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, — [sisto], intr., (stand forth), arise, appear; be done, be com- mitted; exist, be. exsolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum [solvo] tr., set free} deliver. exspectatio, -onis, F. [exspecto], a waiting, anticipation, ex- exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum [specto], tr. and intr., wait 444 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY for, await, expect, look for; wait. exstinguo, -ere, exstinxi, ex- stinctum [stingud, quench], tr., destroy, extinguish. exstiti, from exsisto. exsul, -is, M. or F., exile. exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of exsilio, spring forth], intr., exult, revel, indulge. exsupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., exceed, transcend. extermino, -are, -avi, -atum [ter- minus], tr., drive out, banish. externus, -a, -um [extra], ex- ternal, foreign. exterus, -a, -um [ex], on the outside, foreign. extollo, -tollere, — , — , tr., lift up, exalt, praise. extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tor- turn [torqueo, twist], wrest away, obtain by force, extort. extra, prep. w. ace, outside of, beyond, apart from, without. extremus, -a, -um [sup. of exterus], outermost, extreme, last, the end (close) of; ad extremum, at last. exuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum [iiro], tr., burn up, burn. exuviae, -arum, F. [exuo], (that which is stripped off), spoils, booty. F facile, adv. [facilis], easily. facilis, -e [facio], (App. 18), easy. facilitas, -tatis, F. [facilis], affa- bility, accessibility. facinorosus, -a, -um [facinus], criminal; as noun, a crimi- nal. facinus, -oris, N. [facio], deed; misdeed, reckless act, crime, villainy. facio, facere, feci, factum, tr., do, make; cause, bring about; offer; pass., fio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. (App. 45), be made, be done, become, happen. factiosus, -a, -um [factio], parti- san, factious. factum, -i, N. [facio], action, act, deed, fact. facultas, tatis, F. [facilis], ability; opportunity, means, power, advantage; facility. Faesulae, -arum, F., Faesidae (fes'ti-le), a city of Etruria, now Fiesole. Faesulanus, -a, -um [Faesulae], of Faesulae, Faesulan. falcarius, -i, M. [falx, scythe], scythe-maker. Falcidius, -i, M., Falcidius, a gentile name ; C. Falcidius, a tribune, fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, tr., deceive, disappoint; pass., be deceived, be mistaken. falso, adv. [falsus], falsely. falsus, -a, -um [fallo], deceptive, false, unfounded, undeserved. fama, -ae, F. [for, speak], report, fame, reputation, renown. fames, famis, F., hunger, famine. familia, -ae, F. [famulus, slave], slaves of a household, servants, retinue; household, family; familias, old gen. sing, familiaris, -e [familia], of the LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 445 household; familiar, intimate, friendly; as noun, friend, comrade; sup., intimate friend. familiariter, adv. [familiaris], intimately. fanum, -i, N. [for, speak], shrine, temple. fascis, -is, M., bundle; pi., the fasces, a bundle of rods 'con- taining an ax as a symbol of authority. fatalis, -e [fatum], of fate, or- dained or decreed by fate, des- tined, connected by destiny. fateor, -eri, -fassus sum [for, speak], dep., admit, own, con- fess, acknowledge. fatum, -i, M. [for, speak], (utter- ance), fate, destiny; oracle, prophecy. fauces, -ium, F. pi., throat, jaws; pass, defile, entrance. faveo, -ere, -favi, fautum, intr., favor. fax, facis, F., torch, firebrand; meteor, shooting star. febris, -is (abl. -i), F., fever. fefelli, see fallo. felicitas, -tatis, F. [felix], good fortune, felicity. femina, -ae, F., woman. fere, adv., almost, about, nearly. fero, ferre, tuli, latum, tr., bear, carry; endure, suffer, tolerate; say, report, talk about, Cat., I, 10; w. responsum, receive; w. lex, pass. ferox, -oris, adj., wild, violent. ferocitas, -tatis, F. [ferox], fierce- ness, cruelty. ferramentum, -i, N. [ferrum], (implement of iron), tool, weapon. ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum], made of iron; unfeeling, hard- hearted. ferrum, -i, N., iron; (iron im- plement), sword, weapon. fertilis, -e [fero], fertile, produc- tive. festino, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., make haste. festus, -a, -um, festal, festive. fictus, -a, -um [fingo] false, imag- inary, fictitious. fidelis, -e [fides], faithful, loyal. fides, ei, F. [fido], trust, pledge, faith, good faith, confidence, protection; honesty; cre- dence; credit, Cat., II, 8. Fidius, -i, M. [fides], the god of faith, a surname of Jupiter. figo, -ere, fixi, fixum, tr., fix, fasten, establish. filia, -ae, F., daughter. filius, fill, M., son. fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum, tr., form; imagine, devise. finis, -is, M..,end, limit; pi., bor- ders, territory; quern ad finem to what limit f to what lengths f finitimus, -a, -um [finis], border- ing on, adjoining, neighboring ; as noun, neighbor. fio, fieri, f actus sum, dep., see facio. firmamentum, -i, N. [firmo], strengthening, support, main- stay. firmo, -are, -avi, -atum [firmus], strengthen, secure. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm, powerful; trusty, trustworthy. Flaccus, -i, M., Flaccus, a fam- ily name; 1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, consul 125 b.c. ; 2. L. Valerius Flaccus, con- sul 100 b.c. ; 3. L. Valerius Flaccus, praetor, 63 b.c. flagitiose, adv. [rlagitiosus], basely, infamously, shame- fully. rlagitiosus, -a, -um [flagitium], shameful, disgraceful, infa- mous. flagitium, -i, N. [flagito], shame- ful act, outrage, disgraceful thing. flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., demand (urgently), clamor for. flamma, -ae, F. [flagro], flame, fire. flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum, tr., turn, move, appease. fletus, -us, M. [fleo], weeping. florens, -entis, adj. [floreo], blooming, flourishing. floreo, -ere, -ui, — [flos], intr., flourish; be eminent. flos, floris, M., flower. flumen, -inis, N. [fluo], river, fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxum, intr., flow. focus, -i, M., fire-place, hearth; home. foederatus, -a, -um [2. foedus], allied, confederate. 1. foedus, -a, -um, foul; shame- ful, disgraceful, impious, Cat., IV, 1. 2. foedus, -eris, N., league, treaty, compact, association. fons, fontis, M., fountain, source. foras, adv. [ace. of fora], out of doors, forth. fore, = futurus esse. forensis, -e [forum], of (in) the Forum, public, forensic. foris, adv. [abl. of fora, door], out of doors, outside, abroad. formldo, -inis, F., dread, fear, terror. formidolosus, -a, -um [formldo], formidable. fortasse, adv., perhaps, pos- sibly. forte, adv. [abl. of fors], by chance, perchance. fortis, -e, strong, brave, coura- geous, gallant, fearless, stal- wart, Ar. 7 ; pi. as noun, brave men. fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely. fortitude, -inis. F. [fortis], brav- ery, courage, fortitude. fortuna, -ae, F. [fors], fortune, chance; good fortune, mis- fortune; lot, fate, destiny; pi., fortunes, property, possessions. fortunatus, -a, -um [fortuno], happy, fortunate. forum, -i, N., open space, court, market place, forum; espe- cially the Forum (the open space between the Capitoline and Palatine hills). Forum Aurelium, -i, N., Forum Aurelium, a small town in Etruria on the Via Aurelia. frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, tr., LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 447 break, subdue, crush, weaken, bend, wear out, Ar. 11. f rater, fratris, M., brother. fraudatio, -onis, F. [fraudo, cheat], fraud. frequens, -entis, adj., repeated, frequent, crowded, full; pi., in crowds, in great numbers. frequentia, -ae, F. [frequens], assembly, crowd, throng, mul- titude. frequento, -are, -avi, -atum [frequens], tr., visit frequently, bring in crowds. fretus, -a, -um, relying, depend- ing, trusting. frigus, -oris, N., cold. frons, frontis, F., forehead, brow. fructus, -us, M. [fruor], enjoy- ment, fruit, benefit, advantage, gain, reward, profit, Cat., II, 8. income, products. 'frumentarius, -a, -um [frumen- tum], of grain; res frumen- taria, grain supply, grain. fruor, frul, fructus sum, dep., enjoy. fuga, -ae, F., flight. fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, tr. and intr., flee, escape, elude. fugitivus, -a, -um [fugio], fleeing, fugitive; as noun, runaway slave. fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, — , intr., glitter, gleam. fulmen, -inis, N. [fulgeo], thun- derbolt, lightning. Fulvius, -i, M., Fulvius, a gen- tile name; 1. M. Fulvius Flaccus, consul 125 B.C., parti- san of C. Gracchus ; 2. M. Fulvius Nobilior, consul 189 b.c, a patron of Ennius, the poet, fundamentum, -i, N. [fundo], foundation. 1. fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., found, establish. 2. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, pour, scatter, rout. funestus,-a, -um [furius], deadly, fatal, destructive. fungor, fungi, functus sum, dep. perform, fulfill. furiosus, -a, -um [furia], (full of madness), raging, frenzied, furious. Furius, -i, M., Furius, a nomen or gentile name ; 1. P. Furius, a confederate of Catiline ; 2 L. Furius Philus, consul 136 B.C. furo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., rage, rave, be mad. furor, furoris, M., madness, rage, frenzy. furtim, adv. [furtum], by stealth, stealthily. furtum, -i, N. [fur], theft, rob- bery. Gabinius, -i, M., Gabinius (ga- bin'i-us), a gentile name; 1. P. Gabinius, praetor 89 b.c ; 2. P. Gabinius Cimber, a con- federate of Catiline ; 3. A. Gabinius, tribune 67 b.c Gabinius, -a, -um, of Gabinius, - Gabinian. Gaiiis, Gai, Gaio, etc., M., 448 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Gaius (ga/yus), a praenomen or personal name ; abbr. C. Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul. Gallicanus, -a, -um, Gallic. Gallicus, -a, -um [Gallia], Gallic, of Gaul. Gallus, -a, -um, of Gaul, Gallic; masc. as noun, a Gaul; pi., the Gauls. ganeo, -onis, M. [ganea], glutton, debauchee. gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, semidep., rejoice, be glad. gaudium, -i, N. [gaudeo], joy, gladness. gaza, -ae, F., treasure, wealth. gelidus, -a, -um [gelu, ice], very cold. gener, -eri, M., son-in-law. gens, gentis, F., tribe, race, nation. genus, generis, N., birth, race; nation; kind, class, character, style, nature. gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, tr., do, manage, carry on, wage; se gerere, conduct oneself, act; res gestae, deeds, ex- ploits. Glabrid, -onis, M., Glabrio, a family name; M'. Acilius Glabrio, a Roman commander in the Third Mithridatic War. gladiator, -oris, M. [gladius], gladiator, ruffian. gladiatorius, -a, -um [gladiator], of gladiators. gladius, -i, M., sword. Glaucia, -ae, M., Glau'cia, a family name ; C. Servilius Glaucia, praetor 100 b.c. gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame, honor, renown. Gnaeus, -i, M. , Gnaeus (ne'us) , a praenomen or personal name. gnavus, -a, -um [cf. (g)nosco], busy, diligent, active. Gracchus, -i, M., Gracchus; pi., the Gracchi; a family name; 1. Tiberius Sem- pronius Gracchus, tribune, 133 b.c; 2. Gaius Sem- pronius Gracchus, brother of Tiberius, tribune 123 and 122 B.C. gradus, -us, M., step, grade, degree, rank. Graecia, -ae, F., Greece. Graecus, -a, -um, Greek, Gre- cian. gratia, -ae, F. [gratus], favor, good will, influence; thanks, gratitude; gratias agere, thank, give (express) thanks; gratiam referre, show grati- tude, reward. Grattius, -i, Grattius, the prose- cutor of Archias ; see note, Ar., 1, 112. gratuito, adv., without pay, for nothing, for no particular reason. gratulatio, -onis, F. [gratulor], manifestation of joy, public thanksgiving, Cat., IV, 5. gratus, -a, -um, acceptable, wel- come; thankful, grateful; pleasing. gravis, -e, heavy, weighty, bur- densome; severe, authorita- tive; august, dignified; im- portant, grave, serious, P., 2, 9. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 449 gravitas, -tatis, F. [gravis], weight; authority, dignity. graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily, seriously, severely, deeply, gravely. gravo, -are, -avi, -atum [gravis], tr., weigh down, load; pass., object, be unwilling. grex, gregis, M., flock, herd; band, throng. gubernatio, -onis, F. [guberno], (a piloting), direction, manage- ment. guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., steer, pilot, manage. gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., taste, appreciate. habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., have, hold; feel, entertain, consider; w. oratio, deliver, make; w. honor, pay. habito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of habito], intr., dwell, re- side, live. habitus, -us, M. [habeo], con- dition, quality, Ar., 7. haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum, intr., stick, cling, adhere, be fixed, remain. haesito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of haereo], intr., (stick fast), hesitate. Hannibal, -is, M., Hannibal, the Carthaginian general. haruspex, -icis, M., soothsayer ; see Classical Dictionary. haud, adv., not, not at all. haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, tr., draw, derive. hebesco, -ere, — , — , incep- tive vb. [hebeo, be dull], grow dull, 83, b. Heraclia (-ea), -ae, F., Heraclea (her-a-kle'a), a Greek city of southern Italy. Heracliensis, -e [Heraclia], Heracle'an; as noun, Hera- cle'an, inhabitant of Heraclea. hercule, adv., or interj. [voc. of Hercules], by Hercules, verily. hereditas, -tatis, F. [heres], in- heritance. hesternus, -a, -um, of yesterday; hesterno die, yesterday. hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum [hi- bernus], winter, pass the win- ter. hibernus, -a, -um, pertaining to winter; hiberna (sc. castra), winter quarters. 1. hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this, this man, this thing, he, she, it; pi., these, these men, these things. 2. hie, adv., here; at this point (of time), hereupon; on this point (subject). hiems, hiemis, F., winter. hinc, adv., from this place, hence; from this fact; on this side. hisce = his, w. emphasis. Hispania, -ae, F., Spain. Hispaniensis, -e, [Hispania], Spanish, of Spain. Hispanus, -a, -um, Spanish; masc. as noun, a Spaniard. hodie, adv. [hie, dies], to-day, this day. hodiernus, -a, -um [hodie], of 450 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY this day; hodiernus dies, to-day, this day. Homerus, -I, M., Homer. homo, hominis, M. or F., (human being), man. honestas, -tatis, F. [honor], honor. honeste, adv. [honestus], with honor, honorably. honesto, -are, -avl, -atum, tr. [honestus], honor, distinguish, grace. honestus, -a, -um [honos], honored, respected, honorable, distinguished, respectable, Cat., II, 8. honor (or honos), honoris, M., honor, respect; an honor. honoratus, -a, -um [honoro], honored, respected. hora, -ae, F., hour. horribilis, -e [horreo + bilis], terrible, dreadful, horrible. hortatus, -us, M. [hortor], en- couragement. Hortensius, -i, M., Hortensius, a gentile name ; Q. Horten- sius, the orator, consul 69 B.C. hortor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., urge, encourage, exhort. hosce, emphatic form of hos. hospes, -itis, M., guest-friend, guest, friend. hospitium, -i, N. [hospes], (the relation of host and guest), hospitality, tie of friendship, Cat., IV, 11. hostilis, -e [hostis], of an enemy, hostile. hostis, hostis, M., (stranger), an enemy (of the state) ; pi., the enemy. hue, adv., hither, to this place; to this point. huiusce, more emphatic than huius, this very, this. humanitas, -tatis, F. [humanus], human nature, humanity; kindness; refinement, culture, civilization. humanus, -a, -um [homo], hu- man, cultured, refined; reason- able, Ar. 7. humilis, -e [humus], low, ob- scure, humble, inferior. humus, -i, F., earth, ground, soil; humi, loo., on the ground. iaceo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., lie, lie prostrate, be powerless. iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, tr., throw; w. voces, utter. iacto, -are, -avl, -atum [freq. of iacio], tr., throw, toss, toss about; w. se, vaunt, display; make a display. iactura, -ae, F. [iacio], (a throw- ing away), loss. iactus, -us, M. [iacio], a throw- ing, hurling, falling, Cat., Ill, 8. iam, adv., w. pres. tense, by this time, now; w. past tense, al-' ready, at length, now, hitherto; w. fut. tense, presently, at once, now; w. negatives and interrogatives implying a neg- ative, longer; see diu, pridem, turn, vero. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 451 Ianuarius, -a, -um [ianua], of January. ibi, adv., there, in that place; then, thereupon. idcircd, adv. [id + abl. of cir- cus], on that account, for that reason. idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., [is], (App. 23), the same, the same man; also. ideo, adv., on that account, there- fore. idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit, deserving. Idus, -uum, F., the Ides, the fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, the thir- teenth of other months. igitur, conj., then, therefore, ac- cordingly. ignavia, -ae, F. [ignavus], inac- tivity, laziness, cowardice. ignis, -is, M., fire. ignominia, -ae, F. [in + nomen], disgrace, dishonor, ignominy. ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., not to know, be ignorant of, be unaware. ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum, intr., (not to know), par- don. ignotus, -a, -um [ignosco], un- known; as noun, stranger. Ilias, -adis, F., the Iliad, the epic poem by Homer. ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that (yonder), that man, he, she, it; the famous, the great; pi., those, they, those men, those things. illinc, adv. [ille], from that place, thence; on that side. Illyricus, -a, -um, of Illyricum, Illyrian. im-, see in-, as prefix. imago, -inis, F. [cf. imitor], (an imitation), likeness, image, portrait, model. imberbis, -e [barba], without a beard, beardless. imitor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., copy, imitate. immanis, -e, monstrous, enor- mous, frightful, savage, Ar. 8. immanitas, -tatis, F. [immanis], monstrous size, vastness, enor- mity. immaturus, -a, -um [maturus], unripe, premature, untimely. immineo, -ere, — , — [mineo], intr., impend, threaten. imminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [minuo], tr., lessen, diminish, encroach upon. immitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum [mitto], tr., send into, let in. immo, adv., on the contrary; immo vero, nay more, aye, indeed, or rather, Why! Cat., I, 1. immortalis, -e [mortalis], im- mortal. immutatus, -a, -um [immuto], changed, altered, transformed. impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [in, pes], tr., entangle, hinder, en- cumber, prevent; suspend, P. 7. impello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum [pello], tr., strike against; in- cite, instigate, rouse. impended, -ere, — , — [pendeo, 452 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY hang], intr., overhang; threaten; be near, be at hand, impend. imperator, -oris, M. [impero], commander-in-chief, general. imperatorius, -a, -urn [impera- tor], of a commander, worthy of a commander. imperitus, -a, -urn [peritus], in- experienced, ignorant. imperium, -I, N. [impero], com- mand, control, power, supreme power, authority, dominion; government, office, empire. impero, -are, -avi, -arum, tr. and intr., command, demand, levy (upon). impertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [par- tio], tr., share with; give, be- stow (upon), impart. impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., obtain one's request, gain one's end; secure, obtain. impetus, -us, M., attack; vio- lence, fury. impius, -a, -um [pius], irreverent, ungodly, treasonable, wicked, impious. implico, -are, -avi, -atum [plico], tr., fold into; involve. imploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro] , tr., beg earnestly, implore. importunus, -a, -um, unfit, rude, cruel, unnatural, un- feeling, relentless. improbitas, -tatis, F. [impro- bus], wickedness, iniquity, de- pravity, recklessness. improbo, -are, -avi, -atum [im- probus,] tr., reject, disapprove. improbus, -a, -um [probus], wicked, depraved, shameless, worthless; pi. as noun, profli- gates, scoundrels, the ill-dis- impubes, -eris, adj. [pubes], youthful, beardless. impudens, -entis, adj. [pudens], shameless, impudent, pre- sumptuous, P. 16. impudenter, adv. [impudens], shamelessly, impudently. impudentia, -ae, F. [impudens], shamelessness, impudence. impudicus, -a, -um [pudicus], shameless, without modesty. impunitus, -a, -um [punitus], unpunished, unrestrained. impurus, -a, -um [purus], un- clean, impure. in, prep. w. ace, (of motion) into, to, on, upon, toward, against, for, concerning ; w. abl., (of rest) in, on, at, in the case of, in regard to; as prefix, in, into, over, on, at, against; neg. prefix, not. inanis, -e, empty, deserted; use- less, idle, vain. inauditus, -a, -um [audio], un- heard of, unknown. inauratus, -a, -um [inauro], gilded. incedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum [cedo], intr., advance; per- vade. incendium, -i, N. [incendo], a burning, fire, flame, confla- gration. incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen- sum, tr., set fire to, burn. incensio, -onis, F. [incendo], burning. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 453 inceptum, -i, N. [incipio], be- ginning, undertaking. incertus, -a, -um [certus], un- certain; unsettled. incido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado], intr., fall in, fall into, incur. incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum [caedo], tr., cut into, cut. incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [capio], tr. and intr., under- take; begin. incitamentum, -i, N. [incito], incentive, inducement. incito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], rouse, urge on. inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr., turn, incline, lean. includo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- sum [claudo], tr., shut up, con- fine, inclose. incoho, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., begin, begin to treat, Ar. 11. incolumis, -e, safe, unharmed. incommodum, -i, N. [incom- modus], inconvenience, dis- advantage; loss, disaster. incredibilis, -e [credibilis], in- credible, marvelous, extraor- dinary. increpo, -are, -ui, -itum [crepo, rattle], intr., make a noise, sound. incumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, cubitum, intr., bend to, devote oneself, apply oneself. inde, adv., thence (of time or space), from that place, from that point, P. 2. indemnatus, -a, -um [damna- tus], uncondemnned, without a trial. index, -dicis, M. or F. [indico], (one who points out), in- former, ivitness, accuser. indicium, -i, N. [indico], in- formation, proof, evidence, testimony, indication. indico, -are, -avi, -atum [index], tr., point out, indicate, de- clare, reveal, tell, prove; be- tray, accuse. indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum [died], tr., proclaim, declare (upon). indigne, adv. [indignus], un- worthily, undeservedly. indignus, -a, -um [dignus], un- worthy. induco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum [diicd], tr., lead into, lead on, bring to, induce. industria, -ae, F. [industrius], diligence, industry. industrius, -a, -um, industrious, enterprising. indiitiae, -arum, F., truce. ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr., enter, enter upon, form, engage in, begin; pres. part, as adj., early, the beginning of. iners, -ertis, adj., unskillful, inactive, indolent, Cat., II, 5. inertia, -ae, F. [iners], inactivity, idleness, indolence. infamia, -ae [infamis], ill report, disgrace, infamy. infamis, -e [fama], notorious, in- famous. infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [fero], tr., bring upon, lay upon, ap- ply; wage, make upon. inferus, -a, -um, below, lower; 454 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY m. pi. as noun, the dead; apud Inferos, in the lower world. infestus, -a, -urn, unsafe, hostile, dangerous, troublesome; in- dignant (at). Infidus, -a, -urn, faithless. Infimus, -a, -urn [sup. of In- ferus], lowest, meanest, basest. Inflnltus, -a, -urn [finitus], end- less, countless. inflrmo, -are, -avi, -atum [In- firmus], tr., weaken, refute, disprove. Inflrmus, -a, -um [firmus], weak, powerless, delicate, infirm. Infitiator, -oris, M. [Infitior], denier ; debtor. Infitior, -ari, -atus sum [infitiae], dep., deny. lnflammo, -are, -avi, -atum [flammo], tr., kindle, set fire to, burn; inflame, arouse. Inflo, -are, -avi, -atum [no, blow], tr., (blow into), inspire. informo, -are, -avi, -atum [formo], tr., mold, train. ingenium, -I, N. [ef. gigno], native talent, ability, genius. ingens, -gentis, adj., vast, great. ingenuus, -a, -um, native, free- born. ingratus, -a, -um, ungrateful. ingravesco, -ere, — , — [in- ceptive of Ingravo, weigh down], intr., increase, grow worse. ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [gradior], dep., go into, enter, enter upon, come upon. inhio, -are, -avi, -atum [hid], intr., open the mouth (for), gape. inhumanus, -a, -um [humanus], inhuman. initio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [iacio], tr., throw in, cast on; cause; inspire. inimicitia, -ae, F. [inimicus], unfriendliness, enmity. inimicus, -a, -um [amicus], un- friendly, hostile; as noun (personal), enemy, foe. inlquitas, -tatis, F. [inlquus], unfairness, injustice. inlquus, -a, -um [aequus], un- even, unfair, unjust. initio, -are, -avi, -atum [initium], tr., initiate, consecrate. initium, -I, N. [ineo], a begin- ning. iniuria, -ae, F. [ius], wrong, in- justice, injury; iniuria, un- justly. iniuriose, adv. [iniuriosus], un- justly, unfairly. iniussii, abl. sing. M., without the command. inlecebra, -ae, F. [inlicio], en- ticement, allurement, charm. inlustris, -e [lux], bright, brilliant, illustrious; famous, glori- ous. inlustro, -are, -avi, -atum [lus- tro], tr., light up, illuminate, make illustrious, bring to light, make clear, explain. innocens, -entis, adj. [nocens], harmless, blameless, innocent, honest, P. 10. innocentia, -ae, F. [innocens], innocence, integrity, P. 13. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 455 innumerabilis, -e [numerus], countless, innumerable. inopia, -ae, F. [inops], want, lack, scarcity. inquam (inquis, inquit), dep. vb. (App. 51), I say. inrepo, -repere, -repsi, — [repo, creep], intr., creep in, be stealthily inserted. inretio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum [rete, net], tr., catch in a net, en- snare, entrap. inscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scriptum [scribo], tr., write upon, inscribe, entitle. insepultus, -a, -urn [sepelio], unburied. insideo, -sidere, -sedi, — [sedeo], tr. and intr., sit upon, be seated, dwell, exist. insidiae, -arum, F. [insideo], snare, ambush, plot, treachery. insidiator, -oris, M. [insidior], (one who lies in wait), high- wayman insidior, -ari, -atus sum [in- sidiae], dep., lie in wait (for), plot against. insidiosus, -a, -um [insidiae], treacherous. insido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum [si do, sit], tr. and intr., sit in, settle on, be fixed, sink in, P. 3. insigne, -is, N. [insignis], mark, badge, sign, token. insignis, e [signum], marked, dis- tinguished, notable. insimulo, -are, -avi, -atum [simulo], tr., charge, accuse, insipiens, -entis, adj. [sapiens], unwise, foolish. insolens, -entis, adj. [soleo], (unusual), insolent. insolenter, adv. [insolens], un- usually, insolently. insolitus, -a, -um [insoleo], un- usual, strange. inspecto, -are, -avi, -atum [in- spicio], tr. and intr., look at, look on, observe. insperatus, -a, -um [spero], un- expected. instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- tum [statuo], tr. and intr., put in place, establish, train, Ar. 8 ; begin; determine, de- cide, intend. institutum, -i, N. [instituo], cus- tom, institution. insto, -stare, -stiti, -statum [sto], intr., be at hand, draw nigh. instrumentum, -i, N. [instruo], instrument, tool, means, stock in trade, Cat., IV, 8. instruo, -struere, -struxi, -striic- tum [struo], tr., build; array, marshal, draw up; equip, P. 8. insula, -ae, F., island. insum, inesse, infui [sum], be in, exist in, be present. integer, -gra, -grum [cf. tango], untouched, whole, unbroken, sound, entire, unhurt; fresh; irreproachable, of integrity. integre, adv. [integer], wholly, without reproach. integritas, -tatis, F. [integer], (soundness), integrity. intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 456 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY [inter -f- lego, gather], tr., learn, perceive, know, understand, be sure, recognize, see clearly. intendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- turn [tendo], tr. and intr., stretch out; aim, purpose, in- tend. inter, prep. w. ace, between, among; as prefix, between. intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum [cedo], intr., go between, intervene, elapse. intercessio, -onis, F. [intercedo], intervention, veto, protest. interea, adv. [inter + ea], in the meantime, meanwhile. intereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., perish, be lost. interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [facio], tr., kill, put to death, murder. interim, adv., meanwhile, in the meantime. interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum [emo], tr., (take from the midst), kill, murder. interior, -ius, comp. adj. [intra], interior, inland, P. 22. interitus, -us, M. [intereo], ruin, destruction, death, overthrow. internecio, -onis, F. [nex], mas- sacre. interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum [rogo], tr., ask, inquire of, question. intersum, -esse, -fui [sum], be between; be different, differ; be present; impers., it con- cerns, it interests. intervallum, -i, N., interval (of space or time). interventus,-us,M. [intervenio], (a coming between), inter- vention. intestinus, -a, -um [intus], in- ternal; civil. intimus, -a, -um [sup. of in- terior], inmost; as noun, most intimate friend, bosom friend. intra, prep. w. ace, within. introduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- tum [intro + duco], tr., lead in, bring in, introduce. intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum [tueor], dep., look upon, gaze at. intus, adv. [in], within, on the inside. inultus, -a, -um [ulciscor], un- punished. inuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum [uro], tr., burn in, brand upon, impress (upon), Cat., II, 9. inusitatus, -a, -um [usitor], un- usual. inutilis, -e [utilis], useless, un- profitable. invado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum [vado], tr., enter; possess. invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum [venio], tr., (come upon), find, discover, detect, invent. investigo, -are, -avi, -atum [vestigium], tr., track, hunt out, investigate. inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi, — [inceptive of invetero], intr., grow old, become estab- lished, become fixed. invictus, -a, -um [victus], un- conquered, invincible. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 457 invidia, -ae, F. [invidus], envy, hatred, unpopularity, odium. invidiosus, -a, -um [invidia], causing unpopularity, hate- ful. invidus, -a, -um, envious; as noun, envious person. invisus, -a, -um [invideo], dis- invltatus, -us, M. [invito], in- vitation. invito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., in- vite, summon. invitus, -a, -um, against the will, unwillingly. Iovis, see Iuppiter. ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. (App. 24), self; (I) myself, (you) yourself, (he) himself, etc. ; very. Ira, -ae, F., anger. iracundia, -ae, F. [Ira], excessive anger, wrath. Irascor, -I, Iratus sum [Ira], dep., be angry. irruptio, -onis, F. [irrumpo], (a breaking in), invasion, incursion, attack. is, ea, id, dem. pron. (App. 23), that, this, he, she, it; such; pi., these, those, they. Isdem = eisdem. Isse = Ivisse [1. eo]. iste, ista, istud, dem. pron. (App. 23), that (of yours), yonder; that man (in irony or scorn), that scoundrel; such, he. ita, adv., so, thus, in such a man- ner; ita ut, just as. Italia, -ae, F., Italy. Italicus -a, -um, Italian. itaque, conj. [ita + que], and so, therefore, accordingly. item, adv., likewise, also, be- sides. iter, itineris, N. [1. eo], way, course, road; journey, march. iterum, adv., again, a second time; iterum et saepius, again and again. iubeo, -ere, iussl, iussum, tr., order, direct. iucundus, -a, -um [iuvo], pleas- ing, pleasant, agreeable. iudex, iudicis, M. [ius + dico], judge, juror. iudicialis, -e [iudex], of a court, judicial. ludicium, -I, N. [iudex], judg- ment, decision, verdict, opin- ion; trial, court of justice. iudico, -are, -avi, -atum [iudex], tr., judge, decide, determine, think, consider. iugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., kill. iugulum, -I, N. [iugum], (collar bone), throat. Iugurtha, -ae, M., Jugurtha, a king of Numidia. Iulius, -I, M., Julius, a gentile name ; see Caesar. iungo, -ere, iunxl, iunctum, tr., join. Iuppiter, Iovis (App. 11), M., Jupiter, the chief god of the Romans. ius, iuris, N., right, justice; the principle of right upon which law (lex) is based ; iure, rightly. 458 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, N., oath. iussu, abl. of obsolete iussus [iubeo], by order. iuste [iustus], adv., rightly, justly. iustus, -a, -urn [ius], just, right, proper, fair, regular, Cat., II, 1. iuvenis, -is, adj., young; as noun, youth, young person. iuventus, -tutis, F. [iuvenis], youth, young person. iuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum, tr., help, aid, assist. Kalendae, -arum, F. pi. (abbr. Kal.), the Calends, the first day of a month. Karthago, -inis, F., Carthage. L., see Lucius. labefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- tum [labo + facio], tr., shake, disturb, overthrow. labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum [labefacio], tr., freq., cause to totter, weaken, destroy. labes, -is, F., spot, stain. labor, -oris, M., exertion, labor, work, hardship, activity; in- laboriosus, -a, -um [labor], laborious. laboro, -are, -avi, -aturn [labor], intr., labor, toil, strive, be careful; suffer. lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum [lacio, entire], tr., challenge, provoke, rouse. lacrima, -ae, F., tear. lactans, -antis, pres. part, [lacto], (taking milk), suck- ling. Laeca, -ae, M., Laeca, a family name ; M. Porcius Laeca, a Roman senator, at whose house the conspirators met. laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, tr., wound, injure. Laelius, -i, M., Laelius, a gentile name ; C. Laelius, consul 140 B.C. laetitia, -ae, F. [laetus], glad- ness, joy, delight, happiness. laetor, -ari, -atus sum [laetus], dep., rejoice, be glad; rejoice over. lamentatio, -onis, F. [lamentor], wailing, lamentation. lamentor, —ari, -atus sum [la- mentum], dep., bewail, lament. languidus, -a, -um, stupid, lan- guid. largior, -iri, -itus sum [largus], dep., give bountifully, bestow, confer. largitio, -onis, F. [largior], lavish giving, bribery, corruption. largitor, -oris, M. [largior], (one who gives lavishly), a liberal man. late, adv. [latus], widely. latebra, -ae, F. [lateo], hiding place, recess. lateo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., lie concealed, lie hid, escape notice. Latiniensis, -e [Latium], of Latium; as noun, a surname. Latinus, -a, -um [Latium], Latin. Latium, -i, N., Latium (la/- LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 459 sh(y)um), a district in central Italy, lator, -oris, M. [fero], bearer, proposer. latro, -onis, M., robber, brigand. latrocinium, -i, N. [latro], brig- andage, robbery; concretely, band of brigands. latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum [latro], dep., be a brigand, live as a bandit. latus, lateris, N., side, body. latus, -a, -um, broad, wide. laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., praise. laus, laudis, F., praise, merit, fame, renown, glory. lectulus, -i, M. [lectus], small couch, bed. lectus, -i, M., couch, bed. lectus, -a, -um [lego], chosen, choice, Cat., 11,9; excellent, eminent. legatio, -onis, F. [lego], em- legatus, -i, M. [lego], ambassa- dor, envoy; lieutenant. legio, -onis, F. [lego, collect], legion. legitimus, -a, -um [lex], estab- lished by law, legal. lego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., appoint . (or commission) as lieutenant. lego, -ere, legi, lectum, tr., gather, collect; choose, select; read, read of, P. 10. lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [lenis], tr. , soften, soothe, alleviate. lenis, -e, soft, smooth; mild, moderate, merciful, lenient. lenitas, -tatis, F. [lenis], mild- ness, gentleness, lenity. lend, -onis, M., seducer, agent, tool. Lentulus, -i, M., Lentulus, a family name; 1. L. Corne- lius Lentulus, praetor 89 b.c. ; 2. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, tribune of the people ; 3. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodia- nus, consul 72 b.c. ; 4. P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a confederate of Catiline, consul 71 b.c. ; see Cethegus, Cinna, Sulla. lentus, -a, -um [lenis], slow; shirking. lepidus, -a, -um, charming. Lepidus, -i, M., Lepidus, a family name ; 1. M. Aemilius Lepidus, consul 78 b.c ; 2. M'. Aemilius Lepidus, consul 66 B.C. levis, -e, light; trifling, fickle, trivial. levitas, -tatis, F. [levis], light- ness, shallowness, fickleness, trifling conduct, Ar. 5. leviter, adv. [levis], lightly; slightly. levo, -are, -avi, -atum [levis], tr., lighten; relieve, modify, alleviate. lex, legis, F., law. libellus, -i, M. [liber], little book, book, manuscript. libenter, adv. [libens], gladly, with delight, cheerfully, will- liber, libri,M., (inner bark), book. liber, libera, liberum, free; M. 460 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY pi. as noun, (free persons), children. liberalis, -e [liber], liberal. libere, adv. [liber], freely. libero, -are, -avi, -atum [liber], tr., free, release, deliver. libertas, -tatis, F. [liber], liberty, freedom. libertinus, -a, -um [libertus], of a freedman; libertinus homo, freedman. libet, -ere, libuit or libitum est, impers., it pleases, it is pleas- ing. libido, -inis, F. [libet], pleasure, desire, lust, passion. licentia, -ae, F. [licens], free- dom, license; want of control. licet, licere, licuit, impers. (App. 52), it is permitted, it is allowed. Licinius, -i, M., Licinius, a gentile name ; see Archias. lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language. linum, -i, N., (flax), thread, string. liquefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- tum; pass., -fio, -fieri, -f ac- tus sum [liqueo + facio], (make liquid), melt. littera, -ae, F., letter (of the alphabet) ; pi., letter (epistle) or letters; literature. litteratus, -a, -um [littera], (lettered), learned, cultured. litura, -ae, F. [lino, smear], (smearing of the wax tablet), erasure. loco, -are, -avi, -atum [locus], tr., place, put, set; let a con- tract, order. Locrenses, -ium, M., Locrians, inhabitants of Locri, in southern Italy. locuples, -pletis, adj. [locus, pleo], rich in lands, wealthy, rich. locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum [locuples], tr., make rich, en- rich. locus, -i, M. ; pi. loca, -orum, N., place, locality, region, position, site, room, station, rank, point, instance. longe, adv. [Longus], far, by far; long, for a long period. longinquitas, -tatis, F. [longin- quus], distance, remoteness. longinquus, -a, -um [longe], distant, far off. longiusculus, -a, -um [longior], rather long, a little longer. longus, -a, -um, long; far, dis- tant, remote; tedious. loquax, -acis, adj. [loquor], talkative, garrulous. loquor, loqui, locutus sum, dep., speak, say. Lucius, -i, M., Lucius, a prae- nomen or personal name. luctus, -us, M. [lugeo], mourn- ing, grief. Lucullus, -i, M., Lucullus, a family name ; 1. L. Licinius Lucullus, Roman commander in the Third Mithridatic War ■ 2. M. Licinius Lucullus, brother of 1. ludus, -i, M., play, game; school. lugeo, -ere, luxi, luctum, tr. and intr., mourn over, lament. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 461 lumen, -inis, N. [luceo, shine], light. lupinus, -a, -um [lupus], of a wolf. lux, lucis, F., light, daylight; help, relief, hope of safety, P. 12. luxuria, -ae, F. [luxus], luxury, excess. M M., see Marcus. M'., see Manius. machinator, -tdris, M. [machi- nor], contriver, inventor. machinor, -sal, -atus sum [ma- china], dep., devise, invent; contrive, plot. macto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., glorify, sacrifice; put to death, afflict (with punishment), Cat. I, 11. macula, -ae, F., stain, disgrace. Maelius, -i, M., Maelius, a gen- tile name ; Spurius Maelius, a rich plebeian, slain 439 B.C. maereo, -ere, — , — , tr. and intr., grieve, lament, mourn. maeror, -oris [maereo], M., sorrow, grief. magis, comp. adv. (App. 20), more, rather. magistratus, -us, M. [magister], civil office, magistracy ; magis- trate. magnifies, adv., grandly, glori- ously. magnificus, -a, -um [magnus, facio], great, magnificent, fond of display, powerful. magnitude, -inis, F. [magnus], greatness, enormity, magni- tude, extent. magnopere, adv. [magno opere], greatly. Magnus, -i, M., Magnus, the Great, a surname, especially of Pompey. magnus, -a, -um, great, large. maior, maius, adj. [comp. of magnus], larger, greater; pi. as noun, ancestors, elders. male, adv. [malus], badly, wrongly, scarcely. maleficium, -i, N. [male, facio], evil deed, crime. malleolus, -i, M. [dim. of malleus, hammer], firebrand. maid, malle, malui (App. 48), [magis + volo], tr. wish rather, prefer. malus, -a, -um, bad, evil; neut. as noun, evil, misfortune, calamity. mandatum, -i, N. [mando], commission, order, instruc- tion, message. mando, -are, -avi, -atum [manus + do], tr., (put in hand), commit, intrust, consign, order, confer, P. 1. mane, adv., in the morning, early in the morning. maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, intr., remain, persevere. manicatus, -a, -um [manicae, long sleeves], long-sleeved. manifesto, adv. [manifestos], openly, manifestly, clearly. manifestus, -a, -um, clear, open, manifest; apparent, evident, 462 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Manilius, -I, M., Manilius, a gentile name ; C. Manilius, tribune 66 b.c. Manius, -i, M., Manius, a gentile nanie. Manlianus, -a, -um, of Manlius. Manlius, -i, M., Manlius, a nomen or gentile name ; Gaius Manlius, the officer in charge of Catiline's forces at Faesulae. mano, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., trickle; extend, spread. mansuetudo, -inis, F. [man- suetus], gentleness, mildness. manubiae, -arum, F. [manus], spoils. manus, -us, F., hand; hand- writing; band, company. Marcellus, -i, M. [dim. of Mar- cus], Marcellus, a family name; 1. M. Claudius Mar- cellus, the conqueror of Syra- cuse ; 2. M. Claudius Mar- cellus, consul 51 b.c. Marcus, -i, M., Marcus, a praenomen. mare, maris, N., sea; terra marique, on land and sea. maritimus, -a, -um [mare], of the sea, on the sea, maritime; ora maritima, seacoast. maritus, -i, M., married man, husband. Marius, -i, M., Marius, a gentile name ; Gaius Marius, the celebrated general and con- sul, died 86 b.c. Mars, Martis, M., Mars, god of war ; figuratively, war. Massilia, -ae, F., Massilia, a Greek city in Gaul, now Marseilles. Massilienses, -ium, M. pi. [Massilia], the people of Mas- silia. mater, matris, F., mother; mater familias (old gen. sing, of familia], matron, mistress of a household. mature, adv. [maturus], early, soon. maturitas, -tatis, F. [maturus], ripeness, maturity. maturo, -are, -avi, -atum [ma- turus], tr. and intr., make ripe, bring to maturity; hasten. maturus, -a, -um, ripe, mature; early, speedy. maxime, adv. [sup. of magis], most, very greatly, especially, entirely, ever so much, Cat., I, 12. maximus, -a, -um, sup. of magnus (App. 19), greatest, largest; very great; see ponti- fex. Maximus, -i, M., Maximus, a family name; Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator 217 b.c Medea, -ae, F., Medea, daugh- ter of Aeetes, king of Colchis. medeor, -eri, — , dep., heal, cure, remedy. medicina, -ae, F. [medicus], remedy, medicine. mediocris, -ere [medius], moder- ate, ordinary, of moderate attainments, Ar. 5. mediocriter, adv. [mediocris], moderately, slightly. meditor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 463 think over, consider, meditate, -plan, prepare; design, Cat., I, 10. medius, -a, -urn, the middle of. mehercule, adv. [= me Her- cules iuvet, may Hercules help me], by Hercules, as- suredly, verily. mel, mellis, N., honey. melior, comp. of bonus. membrum, -I, N., limb. mementote, imperative pi. of memini, remember (ye). memini, -isse, dep. vb. (App. 50), remember; perf. system used w. meanings of the pres. system. Memmius, -i, M., Memmius, a gentile name. memor, -oris, adj., mindful (of), remembering, w. gen. memorabilis, -e [memor], deserv- ing of record, memorable. memoria, -ae, F. [memor], memory, recollection; post memoriam, within the memory. memoro, -are, -avi, -atum [memor], tr., recall, recount, relate. mendicitas, -tatis, F. [mendl- cus], beggary, extreme pov- erty. mens, mentis, F., mind, intel- lect; spirit, feeling; dispo- sition; thought, purpose, plan, intention, design. mensis, -is, M., month. mercator, -oris, M. [mercor], trader, merchant. merces, -edis, F. [merx], pay, reward. mereor, -eri, -itus sum, dep., deserve, merit. meritd, adv. [meritum], de- servedly, justly. meritum, -i, N. [mereor], merit, service, kindness, favor, bene- fit. merx, mercis, F., merchandise. Metellus, -i, M., Metellus, a family name ; 1. Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, consul 109 b.c; 2. Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, praetor 89, consul 80 b.c. ; 3. Q. Cae- cilius Metellus Creticus, tri- bune 75 b.c. ; 4. Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, praetor in 63 b.c. ; 5. M. Metellus, an associate of Catiline. metuo, metuere, metui, — [metus], tr., fear, dread. metus, -us, M., fear. meus, -a, -um, poss. pron., my. miles, -itis, M., soldier. militaris, -e [miles], of a soldier, military; res militaris, the art of war, warfare. militia, -ae, F. [miles], military service, military skill ; militiae, loc. in the field, in war. mille, indecl. adj., thousand; milia, milium, N. pi. as noun. minae, -arum, F., threats. minime, adv. [sup. of parum], least, very little, by no means. minimus, -a, -um [sup. of par- vus], least, minitor, -ari, -atus sum [freq. of minor], dep., threaten, men- ace. 464 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 1. minor, -ari, -atus sum [minae], dep., threaten. 2. minor, minus, adj. [comp. of parvus], less. Minucius, -I, M., Minucius, a gentile name. minuo, -ere, minui, minutum, tr., make less, lessen, dimin- ish. minus, adv. [comp. of parum] (App. 20), less, not. miror, -ari, -atus sum [mi- nis], dep., wonder at, mar- vel at, admire, wonder; see modus. mlrus, -a, -um, wonderful, mar- velous. misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum, tr., mix; devise, Cat., IV, 3. Misenum, -i, N., Misenum (mi-se'num), a town and promontory near Naples. miser, -era, -erum, wretched unhappy, miserable, unfortu- nate; grievous. miserandus, -a, -um [miseror], -pitiable, to be pitied. miseria, -ae, F. [miser], wretched- ness, misery, trouble. misericordia, -ae, F. [mise- ricors], pity, compassion, mercy. misericors, -cordis, adj. [misereo, pity, cor, heart], (tender-hearted), merciful. miseror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., deplore. Mithridates, -is, or -i, M., Mithridates, king of Pontus, who fought w. the Romans 88-63 B.C. Mithridaticus, -a, -um, of Mith- ridates, Mithridatic. mitis, -e, mild, gentle, merciful. mitto, -ere, mlsi, missum, tr., send. mixtus, -a, -um [misceo], mixed, promiscuous ; mixtum ex, in- volving. moderatio, -onis, F. [modera- tus], moderation. moderatus, -a, -um [moderor], moderate, restrained, self-con- trolled, wise, Ar. 7. moderor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., guide, restrain, moderate. modestus, -a, -um [modus], (within due measure), dis- creet, honorable, scrupulous. modo, adv. [modus], only, just; lately, a little while ago. modus, -i, M., measure, limit, extent, amount; way, man- ner, kind, sort; moderation; eius modi, of such a nature, such; mirandum in modum, wonderfully. moenia, -ium, N. pi., defensive walls, city walls, city (inclosed by walls). moles, -is, F., mass, weight, load, burden, Cat., I, 8. moleste, adv. [molestus], with trouble, with vexation; moleste fero, be vexed, be annoyed, be troubled. molestus, -a, -um [moles], troublesome, disagreeable, an- noying. molior, -iri, -itus sum [moles], dep., endeavor, attempt; con- trive, plan, plot. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 405 mollis, -e, mild, gentle; timid. moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., warn, advise. monstrum, -i, N. [moneo], di- vine omen; monster, Cat., II, 1. monumentum, -I, N. [moneo], (reminder), memorial, monu- ment; record. mora, -ae, F., delay, hesita- tion. morbus, -I, M., disease, sickness. morior, mori, mortuus sum, fut. part., moriturus [mors], dep., die. mors, mortis, F., death. mortalis, -e [mors], mortal. mortuus, -a, -um [morior], dead. mos, moris, M,, custom, man- ner; pi., customs, character, the ways of men, Cat., I, 1 ; principles. motus, -us, M. [moved], move- ment, motion, action; com- motion, disturbance, shock. moveo, -ere, movi, motum, tr., move, disturb, affect, influence. mucro, -onis, point or edge of a sword; sword. mulier, -is, F., woman. muliercula, -ae, F. [dim. of mulier], mistress. multitudo, -inis, F. [multus], great number, multitude. 1. multo, adv. [multus], by much, much, far. 2. multo, -are, -avi, -atum [multa, a fine], tr., fine, punish. multum, adv. [multus], much. multus, -a, -um, much; pi., many. Mulvius, -a, -um, Mulvian. municeps, -cipis, M. or F. [munia, official duties, capio], citizen of a free town. municipium, -i, N. [municeps], free town, free district, one whose people were Roman citizens, but governed by their own laws and magis- trates. munio, -ire, -Ivi, -itum, tr., fortify, protect. munitus, -a, -um [munio], for- tified, defended; safe, secure. munus, -eris, N., task, duty; present, favor, Ar. 8. Murena, -ae, M., Murena, a family name ; L. Licinius Murena, commander in the Second Mithridatic War (83- 81 B.C.). murus, -i, M., wall. Musa, -ae, F., Muse, one of the nine goddesses of music, poetry, and other arts, muto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., change. mutus, -a, -um, mute, speechless, silent, voiceless. Mytilenaeus, a, -um, of Mytilene (mit-i-le'ne), a city on the island of Lesbos. N nam, conj., for; now (introduc- ing an explanation). nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, dep., obtain, find. narro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr., tell, narrate, recount. nascor, -i, natus sum, dep., be born; rise, grow; natus, born. 466 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Nasica, -ae, M., Nasica, a fam- ily name ; see Scipio. natio, -onis, F., (birth), race, tribe, nation. natura, -ae, F. [nascor], birth; nature. naufragus, -a, -urn [navis, frango], shipwrecked; ruined; pi. as noun, men of wrecked fortunes, bankrupts. nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], of sailors, nautical, naval. navalis, -e [navis], pertaining to ships, naval. navicularius, -i, M. [navicula], sh ipowner, shipmaster. navigatio, -onis, F. [navigo], sail- ing, navigation. navigo, -are, -avi, -atum [navis], intr., sail, put to sea. navis, -is, F., ship. -ne, enclitic particle, introduc- ing questions ; w. direct questions, not to be trans- lated ; w. indirect questions, whether. 1. ne, adv., not; ne . . . qui- dem, not even. 2. ne, conj., that . . . not, lest; after word of fearing, that. 3. ne, interj., truly, verily. Neapolitan!, -orum, M., the in- habitants of Neapolis, or Naples. nee, see neque. necessario, adv. [necessarius], of necessity. necessarius, -a, -um [necesse], necessary, inevitable, unavoid- able; as noun, connection, kinsman, relative. necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. necessitas, -tatis, F. [necesse], necessity. necessitudo, -inis, F. [necesse], close relationship, connection. necne, conj., or not, used at the end of a double question. neco, -are, -avi, -atum [nex], tr., put to death, kill. nefandus, -a, -um [ne + for, speak], unspeakable, abom- inable. nefarie, adv. [nefarius], im- piously. nefarius, -a, -um [nefas], im- pious, abominable, nefarious, wicked, infamous, Cat., I, 10. neglegenter, adv., carelessly. neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum [nee + lego], tr., disregard, neglect, ignore, treat lightly. nego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr., say no, deny; refuse; say . . . not. negotior, -ari, -atus sum [nego- tium], dep., do business, trade. negotium, -i, N. [nee + otium], business, affairs; task, trouble; matter. nemo, dat. nemini, ace. nemi- nem, gen. and abl. from nullus, M. [ne + homo], no one, nobody. nepos, -otis, M., grandson; spendthrift, Cat., II, 4. nequam, indecl. adj., worthless, vile. neque (before vowels or cons.), nee (before cons.), conj., and not, nor; neque (nee) . . . neque (nee), neither . . . nor. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 467 nequior, comp. of nequam. nequitia, -ae, F. [nequam], worthlessness ; neglect, negli- gence, remissness, indecision. nervus, -l, M., nerve, sinew; force, strength. nescio, -ire, -ivl (ii), — [ne + scio], tr., not know, be ignorant. nescio quis, nescio quid, (I know not who), some one, (I know not what), something. neve, or neu, conj. [ne + -ve], and that not, and not. nex, necis, F., violent death, murder. nihil, indecl. noun, or nihilum, ~i, N., nothing; ace. as adv., not at all; nihil-dum, nothing as yet. nimis, adv., too, too much. nimium, adv., too. nimius, -a, -um [nimis], exces- sive, too much, too great; as a noun, too much, Cat., Ill, 9. nisi, conj., if not, unless, except, but. niteo, -ere, -ui, — , shine, glisten. nitidus, -a, -um [niteo], shining ; sleek. nix, nivis, F., snow. nobilis, -e [nosco], well-known, famous, noble, of high rank. nobilitas, -tatis, F. [nobilis], fame, renown; high birth, nocens, -entis, adj. [noceo], guilty; as noun, guilty man, criminal. noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., harm, injure. nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], by night, at night, nightly, noc- turnal. nolo, nolle, nolui, — [non + volo] (App. 48), irr., be un- loilling, not wish. nomen, -inis, N., name. nominatim, adv. [nomino], by name, expressly. nomino, -are, -avi, -atum [no- men], tr., name, call (by name). non, adv., not. nondum, adv. [non + dum], not yet. nonne, interrog. adv., expecting affirmative answer, not. nonnullus, -a, -um [non + nullus], (not none), some; pi. as noun, some. nonnumquam, adv. [non + numquam], sometimes, at times. nos, gen. nostrum or nostri, pers. pron., we; see ego. nosco. -ere, novi, notum, tr., learn; perf., know. noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., our, of us; sometimes = meus, my. nota, -ae, F., mark, sign, brand. noto, -are, -avi, -atum [nota], tr., mark, brand, single out. notus, -a, -um [nosco], known, well-known. novem, adj., indecl., nine. November, -bris, -bre [novem], of November. novus, -a, -um, new, unusual; novae res, pi., change of gov- ernment, revolution. nox, noctis, F., night. 468 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY nudius tertius [nunc dies tertius est], day before yesterday. nudus, -a, -um, naked, bare, vacant. nullus, -a, -um [neg. of ullus], (App. 13), not any, no, none, no one. num, interrog. particle; in a dir. question implies a neg. answer, but has no equiva- lent English word; in an indir. question, whether. Numantia, -ae, F., Numantia, a city of Spain. numen, -inis, N. [nuo, nod], command, will, divine will, authority. numerus, -i, M., number. numquam, adv. [ne + um- quam], never. nunc, adv., now. nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., report, announce. nuntius, -i, M., messenger; mes- sage, order. nuper, adv., recently. nuptiae, -arum, F. [nubo, marry], marriage, wedding. nusquam, adv., nowhere. nutus, -us, M. [nud, nod], nod, command, order, will. O 6, inter j., 0! oh! alas! ob, prep. w. ace, on account of, for; as prefix, towards, against, in front of. obeo, -Ire, -H, -itum [eo], tr., and intr., go to meet, attend to; reach, Cat., Ill, 10 ; accomplish, commit, transact, P 12, 17. obicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [iacio], tr., throw before, ex- pose. oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum [lacto, allure], tr., delight, entertain. obligo, -are, -avi, -atum [ligo, bind], tr., bind up; pledge, mortgage, place under obliga- tion. oblino, -linere, -levi, -litum [lino], smear over, cover. oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblino. oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblivis- cor, forgetting, forgetful. oblivio, -onis, F. [obliviscor], a forgetting, oblivion. obliviscor, -I, oblitus sum, dep., forget. oboedio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum [ob -f- audio], intr., listen to, give heed to, obey. obrepo, -repere, -repsi, -rep- tum [repo], creep up, steal on, come on. obruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutum [ruo], tr., overwhelm, bury. obscure, adv. [obscurus], darkly, obscurely, stealthily. obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum [ob- scurus], tr., hide, conceal, ob- scure, veil, keep secret, Ar. 11. obscurus, -a, -um, dark, ob- scure, concealed, unknown, secret; neut. as. noun, ob- scurity. obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum [sacro, tr., entreat, implore. obsecundo, -are, -avi, -atum [secundo], intr., yield to, favor, comply with. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 469 obses, -sidis, M. or F., hostage; pledge. obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum [sedeo], tr., (sit down against), besiege, hem in, surround, Cat., I, 2 ; watch for, Cat., I, 10. obsidio, -onis, F. [obsideo], siege, invasion, Cat., IV, 10. obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum [sisto], intr., stand in the way, oppose, resist, withstand. obsolesco, -ere, obsolevi, ob- soletum [olesco], intr., be out of date, become obsolete, lose force, P. 17. obsto, -stare, -stiti, — [sto], intr., stand before, thwart, hinder, check. obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- tum, pass, fid, -fieri, -factus sum, tr., astound, daze, over- power. obstupesco, -ere, obstupui, — [stupesco], intr., be stunned, be oimazed, be astounded. obsum, -esse, -fui, — [sum], intr., be against, injure, harm. obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum [tempero], submit, obey; com- ply with, P. 16 ; consult, P. 19. obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum [teneo], tr., hold, possess; maintain, retain, prove, Cat., IV, 6. obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, — [tango], intr., fall to the lot of, befall, happen. obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum [tracto], tr. and intr., make objection to, be opposed to, decry. occasio, -onis, F. [occido], oppor- tunity. occasus, -us, M. [occido], a fall- ing, downfall; setting. occidens, -entis, M. [occido] (sc. sol), the sunset, the west. occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum [ob + caedo], tr., kill, slay. occludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- sum [ob + claudo], tr., shut up, close. occulte, adv. [occultus], secretly. occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., conceal, hide. occultus, -a, -um [occulo, cover], secret. occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., seize, take possession of, oc- cupy; invest, P. 2. occurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- sum [ob + curro], intr., run to meet, meet; encounter, op- pose. Oceanus, -i, M., the ocean. Octavius, -i, M., Octavius, a gentile name; 1. Cn. Octa- vius, consul 87 b.c. ; 2. L. Octavius, consul 75 b.c. octingentesimus, -a, -um, eight hundredth. oculus, -i, M., eye. odi, odisse, dep. vb. (App. 50), hate; perf. system w. mean- ings of pres. system. odiosus, -a, -um [odium], hate- ful, odious. odium, -i, N. [odi], hatred. odor, -oris, M., smell, odor, per- fume. 470 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY offensid, -orris, F. [offendo], (a striking against), disaster, reverse, loss. offensus, -a, -um [offendo], odious, detested, offensive, an object of offense. offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum [ob + fero], tr., present, offer; expose, give. officium, -i, N. [opus, facio], ser- vice, kindness, duty. olim, adv., formerly, long ago, Ar. 9. omen, -inis, N., omen. omitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum [ob + mitto], tr., let go; pass over, disregard, say nothing of, omit, abandon, P. 7 ; set aside, P. 17. omnino, adv. [omnis], altogether, entirely; w. neg., at all. omnis, -e, all, every, the whole, the whole of. onus, -eris, N., load, burden; cargo. opera, -ae, F. [opus], service, work, assistance, effort; occu- pation; see pretium ; operam dare, take pains, use influence. Opimius, -i, M., Opimus, a gentile name ; L. Opimius, consul 121 b.c. opimus, -a, -um, fat; rich. opinio, -onis, F. [opinor], opin- ion, notion, idea, impression; expectation. opinor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., think, suppose, imagine. opitulor, -ari, -atus sum [ops, fero], dep., bear aid, help. oportet, oportere, oportuit, im- pers. (App. 52), it is neces- sary, it ought. oppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum [ob + peto], tr., meet, en- counter. oppidum, -i, N., town. oppono, -ponere, -posui, -pos- itum [ob + pono], tr., set before, oppose, place in com- parison. opportunitas, -tatis, F. [oppor- tunus], opportunity,, fortunate circumstance, P. 17. opportunus, -a, -um [ob, portus], suitable, advantageous. opprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum [ob + premo], tr., (press against), crush, over- whelm, oppress, burden, weigh down, check, Cat., I, 13 ; de- stroy, P. 12. oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum [ob + pugno], tr., fight against, attack, assault. ops, opis, F. (nom. and dat. sing, not used), help; pi., resources, power, influence. optimas, -atis, adj. [optimus], of the best, pi. optimates, -ium, M., the optimates (op- ti-ma/tez), the nobles, the aris- tocracy. optime, adv., sup. of bene. optimus, see bonus. opto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., choose, wish, desire, hope for. opulentia, -ae [opulens], riches, opulence, prosperity. opus, -eris, N., work; nom. and ace. in phrases w. sum, need; opus est, there is need, it is LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 471 necessary; magno opere, greatly, thoroughly. ora, -ae, F., coast, shore; dis- trict. oratio, -onis, F. [oro], speech, address, oration, words, lan- guage; argument. orbis, orbis, M., circle; orbis terrae (or terrarum), (circle of land, i.e. around the Medi- terranean), the earth, the whole world. ordo, -inis, M., line, row; rank, class, order, body (referring es- pecially to the Senate or the equites) . orior, -iri, ortus sum, dep., rise, spring; oriens, -entis, as noun, the rising (sun), the east. ornamentum, -I, N. [orno], equipment; decoration, orna- ment, distinction; grace, glory, P. 17. ornate, adv. [ornatus], grace- fully, elegantly. ornatus, -a, -um [orno], fur- nished, equipped, adorned, honored, possessed of, pro- vided with; honorable, P. 1 ; substantial, P. 6. orno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., fit out, furnish, equip; honor, adorn, embellish, add lustre to. oro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., speak, beseech, implore, beg. ortus, -us, M. [orior], a rising; solis ortus, the east. 6s, oris, N., mouth, face, coun- tenance. ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- turn [ob + tendo], tr., stretch out, show, make evident, Ar. 7 . display. ostento, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of ostendo], tr., show, dis- _ play. Ostiensis, -e, of Ostia, the port of Rome, at the mouth of the Tiber. ostium, -i, N. [6s], mouth, en- trance. otiosus, -a, -um [otium], at leisure, at peace, peaceful, peaceable, unconcerned, tran- quil, quiet. otium, -i, N., leisure, ease, idle- ness; quiet, peace. P., see Publius. pacatus, -a, -um [paco], sub- dued, peaceful. paciscor, -i, pactus sum, dep., agree, agree upon, stipulate, paco, -are, -avi, -atum [pax], tr., make peaceful, subdue, pacify. pactum, -i, N. [paciscor], (agree- ment), manner, way. paene, adv., almost. paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., it repents. palam, adv., openly, plainly. Palatium, -i, N., the Palatine Hill. Pamphylia, -ae, F., Pamphylia, a country in southern Asia Minor. Papius, -a, -um, of Papius, Papian. par, paris (abl. pari, gen. pi. 472 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY parium), adj., equal, like; adequate; a match (for). paratus, -a, -um [paro], ready, prepared, equipped. parco, -ere, pepercl (parsl) parsum, intr., spare, be con- siderate of. parens, -entis, M. or F. [pario], parent; father, mother. pared, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., obey, submit (to), follow, bow (to), P. 22. paries, parietis, M., wall (of a house), house wall. pario, parere, peperi, partum (fut. part, pariturus), tr., bring forth, produce, create, form; procure, win, gain; incur, Cat., I, 12. paro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., make ready, prepare, provide, procure. parricida, -ae, M. [pater, caedo], (one who slays his father), parricide, murderer, assassin. parricidium, -i, N. [parricida], parricide, murder. pars, partis, F., part, side, direction; party, faction; measure, P. 9. particeps, participis, adj. [pars, capio], sharing, as noun, sharer, partaker, participant, accomplice. partim, adv., partly; partim . . . partim, partly . . . partly; some . . . others; either . . . or. partus, -a, -um, see pario. parum, adv. (App. 20), but little, too little. parvulus, -a, -um [dim. of par- vus], very small, little. parvus, -a, -um, small, slight, little, narrow. pastio, -onis, F. [pasco], pas- turing, grazing, pasturage. pastor, -oris, M. [pasco], shepherd, herdsman. patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum [pateo + facio], tr., lay open, open, reveal, disclose, relate, make known. pateo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., be open, be exposed, be manifest. pater, patris, M., father; pater familias, head of a household. patientia, -ae, F. [patiens], patience, forbearance, endur- ance, ability to bear, Cat., I, 10. patior, pati, passus sum, dep., suffer, endure; allow, permit. patria, -ae, F., fatherland, native land, country. patricius, -a, -um [pater], pa- trician; pi. as noun, the patricians. patrimonium, -i, N. [pater], inheritance (from a father), patrimony. patrius, -a, -um [pater], of one's father, ancestral. pauci, -ae, -a, few; pauca, -drum, a few things, a few words, briefly. paulatim, adv., little by little, gradually. paulisper, adv. [paulum], for a short time. paulo, adv. [paulus, little], by a little, a little; see ante. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 473 paulum, adv. [paulus], a little, somewhat. Paulus, -I, M., Paulus, a family name ; L. Aemilius Paulus, consul 168 b.c. pax, pacis, F., peace, harmony, concord. pecto, -ere, pexi, pexum, tr., comb. pecuaria, -ae, F. [pecu], cattle- raising. pecunia, -ae, F. [pecu, cattle], property, wealth, riches, for- tune, capital, money. pecus, -udis, F., a head of cattle, beast; pi., cattle. pedester, -tris, -tre [pes], on foot, of foot soldiers. pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, tr., beat, drive, rout; defeat; expel, banish. Penates, -ium, M., the Penates (pe-na'tez), gods of the house- hold. penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and intr., enter, penetrate. penitus, adv., inwardly, deeply, wholly. pensito, -are, -avi, -atum [pendo], tr., weigh out; pay. per, prep. w. ace, through, by; for; owing to, P. 1 ; during; as prefix, through, thoroughly, very. peradulescens, -entis, adj., very young. perbrevis, -e [brevis], very short. percello, -ere, -culi, -culsum, strike, down, cast down, dis- hearten. percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [capio], tr., (take fully), re- ceive, reap; perceive, hear, learn, appreciate, Ar. 7. percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cus- sum [quatio], tr., strike. perditus, -a, -um [perdo], lost, ruined, desperate; corrupt, criminal, depraved, worthless, profligate; as noun, scoundrel. perdo, -ere, perdidi, perditum [do], tr., ruin. perduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- tum [duco], tr., lead through, bring. peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum [peregrinus], dep., go abroad, travel. peregrinus, -a, -um [per, ager], foreign, strange, provincial. pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., perfectus, -a, -um [perficio], finished; perfect, ideal. perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [fero], tr., (bear through), carry, bring; report; suffer, endure, tolerate. perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [facio], tr., do thoroughly, ac- complish, complete, bring about, cause. perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, -fractum [frango], tr., break through, break down; violate. perfruor, -frui, -fructus sum [fruor], dep., enjoy fully. perfugium, -i, N. [perfugio], place of refuge, refuge, shelter. pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum [per + rego], intr., proceed, go on; continue. 474 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY perhorrescd, -ere, perhorrul, — [horresco], tr., shudder at, tremble at the thought of, Cat., IV, 6. periclitor, -ari, -atus sum [peri- culum], dep., try, test; imperil, endanger, risk. periculosus, -a, -urn [pericu- lum], dangerous, perilous. periculum, -I, N., trial; danger, peril, risk; lawsuit. periniquus, -a, -um [per + in + aequus], very (or most) peritus, -a, -um, skillful, skilled, experienced (in). permagnus, -a, -um, very great, very large. permaneo, -manere, -mansi, -mansum [maneo], intr., re- main. permitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum [mitto], tr., let go, give up, surrender, intrust; permit. permodestus, -a, -um [modes- tus], very modest. permoveo, -movere, -movi, -mo- tum [moveo], tr., move deeply; influence, impel, actuate. permulti, -ae, -a, very many, in great numbers. permultum, adv. [permultus], very much. pernicies, -ei, F., destruction, ruin, disaster, calamity. ■ perniciosus, -a, -um [pernicies], destructive, ruinous; danger- ous, traitorous. pernocto, -are, -avi, -atum [nox], intr., spend the night. perpetuus, -a, -um [peto], con- tinuous, perpetual, permanent, lasting; in perpetuum, forever. persaepe, adv. [saepe], very often, many times. perscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, -scriptum [scribo], tr., write out, write in full. persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum [sequor], dep., follow up, pur- sue, prosecute, revenge, avenge, P. 5. Perses, -ae, M. (App. 11), Perses, king of Macedonia. perseverantia, -ae, F. [perse- vero], perseverance. persona, -ae, F. [per, sono], (mask), character, person. perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn [specio], tr., see through, perceive, observe, see clearly. persuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, suasum, intr., persuade, con- vince. perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum [terreo], tr., frighten thor- oughly, terrify. pertimesco, -timescere, -timui, — [timesco], tr. and intr., be thoroughly frightened, become alarmed; dread, fear. pertineo, -ere, -ui, — [teneo], intr., extend, reach, tend; con- cern, pertain, belong, relate. perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. [turbo], throw into confusion, disturb, agitate, alarm. pervado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum [vado], tr., go through, spread through, penetrate, reach, per- vade, fill. pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 475 turn [venio], intr., arrive, come, reach, attain. pes, pedis, M., foot. pestis, pestis, F., plague; ruin, destruction; pest, curse, bane. petitio, -onis, F. [peto], thrust, blow, attack. peto, -ere, petivi, petitum, tr., seek, ask, beg; aim at, attack. petulantia, -ae, F. [petulans], impudence, wantonness. Philippus, -I, M., Philippus, Philip; especially Philip V., king of Macedonia ; L. Philip- pus, consul 91 b.c. philosophus, -i, M., philoso- pher. Picenus, -a, -um, of Pice'num, a district northeast of Rome. pietas, -tatis, F. [pius], devotion, piety, righteousness; filial affection. pila, -ae, F. ball, ball-playing, game of ball. pinguis, -e, fat, dull, stupid. Pius, -i, M., Pius, a surname, placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., please; impers., it pleases, it is agreed, it seems right, it is thought best. placo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., appease, satisfy, reconcile, pacify. plane, adv. [planus, level], plainly, clearly. plebs, plebis or plebi (or plebes, -ei), F., the common people, the people. plenus, -a, -um, full. plerique, -aeque, -aque, pi. adj., very many, most. Plotius, -I, M. Plotius, a gentile name ; L. Plotius Gallus, a rhetorician, plurimus, -a, um, sup. of mul- tus, most; plurimum, adv. (multum), most, plurimum posse, be most (or very) powerful. plus, comp. adj. and adv. [multus], (App. 17), more; pi., more, many. poena, -ae, F., punishment, penalty. Poenus, -i, M., a Phoenician, a iian. poeta, -ae, M., poet. polio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., polish, finish. polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum [pro + liceor], dep., promise, pledge. Pompeius (Pompei, Pompeio, Pompeium), Pompey, a nomen or gentile name ; Cn. Pompeius Magnus, the fa- mous general. Pomptinus, -i, M., Pompti'nus, a family name ; C. Pompti- nus, praetor 63 b.c. pono, ponere, posui, positum, tr., place, put, set; w. castra, pitch. pons, pontis, M., bridge. pontifex, -ficis, M. [pons, facio], priest, pontiff; pontifex maxi- mus, high priest. Pontus, -i, M., Pontus, a country of Asia Minor, south of the Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea) , from which the name is derived. 476 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY popina, -ae, F., cookshop, eat- ing house, tavern. popularis, -e [populus], popular, of the people, devoted to the people, acceptable to the peo- ple. populus, -i, M., people, nation ; the citizens (opp. milites). porta, -ae, F., gate. portus, -us, M., harbor, port. posco, -ere, poposci, , tr., demand. positus, -a, -um [p6no], placed, situated, lying. possessio, -onis, F. [possideo], possession, property. possum, posse, potui [potis, able + sum], (App. 44), irr., be able, can; usually w. a complementary inf. post, prep. w. ace., after, be- hind; within; as adv., after- wards. postea, adv. [post + ea], after- wards. posteaquam, conj., after. posterities, -tatis [posterus], the future; posterity. posterus, -a, -um [post] (App. 19), following ; pi. as noun, posterity, descendants; in posterum (tempus), for the future. posthac, adv. [hac], after this, hereafter. postquam, conj. [post + quam], after. postremo, adv. [postremus], finally, lastly. postremus, -a, -um [posterus], last. postulatum, -i, N. [postulo], a demand. postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ask, demand, claim (with reasons of right) ; request. potens, potentis, adj., power- ful. potestas, -tatis, F. [potis], power, opportunity, permis- sion. potior, -iri, -itus sum, dep., get possession of, secure, become master of. potissimum [sup. of potius], especially, above all, in prefer- ence to all others, P. 10. potius, adv. comp., rather, more. prae, prep. w. abl., before, in front of; in comparison with, Cat, II, 3; as prefix, before, over. praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [prae + habeo], tr., hold forth, offer, render, show, Cat, IV, 6; afford, furnish, Ar. 7. praeceps, -cipitis, adj. [prae + caput], (head foremost), rash, inconsiderate. praeceptum, -i, N. [praecipio], precept, rule. praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- tum [capio], take beforehand, advise, warn, direct. praecipue, adv. [praecipuus], especially. praecipuus, -a, -um [capio], (taken first), special, par- ticular. praeclarus, -a, -um [clarus], very bright, illustrious, re- LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 477 workable, extraordinary ; fine, Cat, I, 11; noble, honorable. praeco, -onis, M. [prae, vocd], herald, eulogizer. praeconium, -I, N. [praeco], 'proclaiming, publishing. praecurro, -currere, -cucurri, — [curro], intr., run before, excel. praeda, -ae, F., plunder, booty. praedator, -oris, M. [praedor], robber. praedicatio, -onis, F. [praedico], proclamation, praise. praedico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], tr. and intr., declare, assert; proclaim, say, call, mention. praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum [died], tr., foretell, predict, say first, Cat., IV, 3. praeditus, -a, -urn [prae+datus], gifted, endowed, possessing, en- joying. praedium, -i, N., a farm, estate. praedo, -onis, M., robber, pi- rate. praefectura, -ae, F. [praefectus], prefecture, either the office of governor in a province, or a city governed by a prefect. praefero, -ferre, -tuli, latum [fero], tr., bear before, carry before; offer, present; prefer. praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [facio], tr., set over, put in charge (of). praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum [mitto], tr., send ahead, send in advance. praemium, -i, N. [prae + emo], reward, gift. Praeneste, -is, N., Praeneste (pre-nes'te), a town in Latium now Palestrina. praepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tum [pono], tr., set over, put in charge (command) of. praescribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptum [scribo], tr., direct, enjoin upon, prescribe. praesens, -entis, adj. [praesum], at hand, present in one's midst, in person, evident, opportune. praesentia, -ae, F. [praesens], presence; the present time; in praesentia, at the present time. praesentio, -sentire, -sensi, sen- sum [sentio], tr., see in ad- vance, anticipate, look forward. praesertim, adv., especially. praesideo, -sidere, -sedi, — [sedeo], intr., guard, protect, watch over, preside over. praesidium, -i, N. [praesideo], defense, protection; guard, garrison ; force. 1. praesto, adv., at hand, ready. 2. praesto, -stare, -stiti, -sti- tum [sto], stand before, excel; guarantee, do, accomplish, keep. praestolor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., await, wait for, expect. praesum, -esse, -fui, intr., be at the head of, be in command of. praeter, prep. w. ace, except, besides, contrary to, beyond; as prefix, by. praeterea, adv. [ea], besides, moreover. 478 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr., go by, pass over, omit. praeteritus, -a, -um [praetereo], gone by, past; neut. pi., the past. praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum [mitto], tr., let go by, omit, pass over, overlook. praeterquam, adv., except, be- yond. praetextatus, -a, -um [praetexo], wearing the toga praetexta, in childhood. praetextus, -a, -um [praetexo], bordered; praetexta (sc. toga), the purple-bordered toga worn by Roman boys and magistrates ; in praetexta, in boyhood. praetor, -oris, M. [prae + eo], (one who goes ahead, com- mander), praetor, a Roman judge; see Introd. 34. praetorius, -a, -um [praetor], of a praetor, of a general; cohors praetoria, body guard. praetura, -ae, F. [praetor], praetorship. precor, -an, -atus sum [prex, prayer], dep., intreat, pray to, invoke. premo, -ere, pressi, pressum, tr., press, burden, oppress, distress, overwhelm. pretium, -i, N., worth, value, price; bribery; operae pre- tium, worth while. pridem, adv., long ago; iam pridem, long ago, for a long time. pridie, adv., the day before. primo, adv. [primus], at first, first. primum, adv. [primus], first, in the first place; for the first time; quam primum, as soon as possible. primus, -a, -um, first; in primis, especially. princeps, principis, adj., first in order, chief; as noun, chief, chief man, prince; leader, guide. principio, adv. [abl. of princi- pium], in the first place, first of all. principium, -i, N. [princeps], beginning. prior, prius (App. 19), former, preceding, first; prius, ace. as adv., before, first. pristinus, -a, -um, former, early. priusquam, conj. [prius + quam], before; often written prius . . . quam. privatus, -a, -um [privo], (apart from the state), personal, private, individual; as a noun, private citizen (opp. magis- trate), privo, -are, -avi, -atum [privus], tr., deprive. 1. pro, prep. w. abl., before, in front of, instead of, as, accord- ing to, in accordance with, in behalf of, for, in defense of, on account of. 2. pro, inter j., 0! proavus, -i, M. [avus], great- grandfather, ancestor. probo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., prove, approve, esteem, admire. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 479 procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum [cedo], intr., advance, procella, -ae, F., violent wind, storm, tempest. processio, -onis, F. [procedo], advance. procul, adv., afar off, at a dis- tance, far. procuratio, -onis, F. [procuro], (a caring for), charge, manage- ment, task. prodigium, -i, N., (prophetic sign), prodigy (of wicked- ness), Cat., II, 1. prodigus, -a, -urn, wasteful, lavish, prodigal; as noun, spendthrift. prodo, -ere, prodidi, proditum [do], tr., give forth; hand down, transmit. proelium, -i, N., battle. profectio, -onis, F. [proficiscor], departure. profecto, adv. [pro + facto], (for a fact), really, actually, cer- tainly, surely, truly. profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [fero], tr., bring forth, pro- duce, bring forward. professio, -onis, F. [profiteor], declaration, registration, Ar. 4. proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [facio], tr. and intr., make progress, succeed; accomplish, gain. proficiscor, -I, profectus sum [proficio], dep., set out, depart, go forth, go ; begin, proceed, P. 2. profiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum [fateor], dep., declare publicly, profess, make declaration, register; offer, promise. profligatus, -a, -um [profligo], abandoned, unprincipled, pro- fligate. profligo, -are, -avi, -atum [pro + fligo], tr., strike down, overthrow, overwhelm. profugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , intr., flee. profunda, -fundere, -fudi, -fu- sum [fundo], tr., pour out, squander, dissipate. progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum [gradior], dep., go forward, advance, proceed. prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [pro + habeo], tr., hold back, check, restrain, cut off, prevent, pro- tect, preserve. proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [iacio], tr., cast forth, cast out, throw away. proinde, adv., therefore. prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., extend, put off, delay. promitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum, tr., send forth, promise. promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum [mulgo], tr., bring forward, propose (a law). propago, -are, -avi, -atum [pango], tr., extend, prolong; add, Cat., II, 5; grant, Cat., Ill, 11. prope, prep. w. ace, near; adv., near, nearly, almost. propello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- sum [pello], tr., drive forward, drive away. 480 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY propero, -are, -avl, -atum [pro- perus], intr., hasten. propono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tum [pono], tr., put forth, set before, keep before, propose. proprius, -a, -urn, one's own, special, peculiar, characteris- tic; in accordance with. propter, prep. w. ace, on account of; adv., near, near at hand. propterea, adv., [ea], for this reason; propterea quod, for the reason that. propugnaculum, -i, N. [pro- pugno], defense, fortification, bulwark. propulso, -are, -avl, -atum [freq. of propello], tr., drive back, ward off. proscriptio, -onis, F. [proscribo], (public notice of sale) ; pro- scription; confiscation, seiz- ure. prosequor, -sequi, -secutus sum [sequor], dep., follow, accom- pany, escort, attend. prosperus, -a, -um [pro, spes], prosperous, flourishing. prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn [specio], tr. and intr., look forward; look out for, provide for, foresee. prosterno, -sternere, -stravi. -stratum [sterno], tr., spread out, prostrate; subdue. prostratus, -a, -um [prosternus], prostrate; subdued. prosum, prodesse, profui, — , [sum], intr., be useful, bene- fit. proverbium, -I, N. [verbum], old saying, proverb. providentia, -ae, F. [providens], foresight, prudence. provided, -videre, -vidi, -visum [video], tr. and intr., foresee; provide (for), Cat., II, 9; take care, arrange; guard against. provincia, -ae, F., province. provincialis, -e [provincia], pro- vincial, in a province. provoco, -are, -avl, -atum [voco], tr., call forth; provoke, incite. proximus, -a, -um [prope,] (App. 19), nearest, next, last, before. prudens, -entis, adj., foreseeing, wise, prudent. prudentia, -ae, F. [prudens], a foreseeing; prudence, wis- dom. pruina, -ae, F., frost. publicanus, -i, M. [publicus], publican, farmer or collector of revenue. publicatio, -onis, F. [publico], confiscation (seizure of private property for the state). publice, adv. [publicus], pub- licly, by the people. Publicius, -i, M., Publicius, a gentile name. publico, -are, -avl, -atum [pub- licus], tr., (make public), confiscate. publicus, -a, -um [populus], of the people, of the state, public; res publica, state, republic, commonwealth, affairs of state, interests of the country, public welfare. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 481 Publius, -I, M., Publius, a praenomen or personal name. pudet, -ere, -uit, impers. [pudor] it shames, it causes shame in. pudlcitia, -ae, F. [pudicus], purity, chastity. pudor, -oris, M., shame, a sense of right, honor, modesty, modest worth, Ar. 12. puer, -eri, M., boy. puerilis, -e [puer], of a boy, of boyhood. pueritia, -ae, F. [puer], boy- hood. pugna, -ae, F., fight, battle. pugno, -are, -avi, -atum [pugna], intr., fight, contend. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beauti- ful, fair; noble, honorable. pulvinar, -aris, N. [pulvinus, a cushion], (cushioned seat spread at a feast of the gods), altar, shrine; for decl. see App. 7. punctum, -I, N. [pungo], punc- ture, point; punctum tem- poris, moment, point of time. Punicus, -a, -um [Poenus], Punic, Carthaginian. punio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [poena], tr., punish. puppis, -is, F., stern. purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., make clean, cleanse, purify; free, acquit. purpura, -ae, F., purple, purple robe. purpuratus, -a, -um [purpura], clad in purple; as noun, courtier, prime minister. purus, -a, -um, clean, pure. puto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., reckon, think, suppose. Q., see Quintus. qua, adv. [qui], by which way, where. quaero, -ere, -quaesivi, -quaesi- tum, tr., ask, ask for, seek, in- quire; aim at. quaesitor, -oris, M. [quaero], investigator, investigating offi- cer. quaeso, -ere, — , — , tr. and intr., beg, entreat, beseech; generally parenthetical, as in Cat., I, 11. quaestio, -onis, F. [quaero], in- quiry, investigation ; trial, law court. quaestor, -oris, M. [quaero], quaestor; see Introd. 36. quaestus, -us, M. [quaero], gain, profit, business; in quaestu, at interest, P. 13. qualis, -e, adj., interrog., of what sort, what; rel., such as, as. quam, adv. and conj., how, as; w. comparatives, than, rather than; w. superlatives, as . . . as. quamdiu, conj. adv. [quam + diu], as long as. quam ob rem, interrog. phrase, for what reason? why? rel., wherefore, why, for this reason. quamquam, conj., although; in transitions, and yet. quamvis, adv., however. quando, adv., at any time, ever, 482 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY some day; conj., when, since, because. quantum, adv., how much; as far as. quantus, -a, -um, how great, how much, what; as great as, as much as; correl. w. tantus, as. quantuscumque, -tacumque, -tumcumque, rel. adj., however great, such as. quapropter, adv. [qua + prop- ter], wherefore. quare, adv. [qua + re], where- fore, why, for which; there- fore, and therefore. quartus, -a, -um, fourth. quasi, adv., as if, as it were. quattuor, indeel. adj., four. -que, enclitic conj., and. quern ad modum, interrog. phrase [modus], in what man- ner, how, as. querela, -ae, F. [queror], com- plaint. querimonia, -ae, F. [queror], complaint, accusation, re- proach. queror, queri, questus sum, dep., complain. qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, that; as. quia, conj., because. quicquam, see quisquam. quicquid, see quisquis. quicumque, quaecumque, quod- cumque, indef. rel. pron. and adj., whoever, whatever. quidam, quaedam, quoddam (quiddam), indef. pron. and adj., a certain, a kind of, some; as it were; pi., certain, some. quid em, adv., indeed, to be sure; ne . . . quidem, not even. quies, quietis, F., rest, quiet. quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum [quies], intr., rest; keep quiet, be still. quietus, -a, -um [quiesco], un- disturbed, quiet, peaceful. quin, conj. [qui + ne, how not], why not? but indeed; so that . . . not, that, but that, but; after words of hindering, from, w. verbal in -ing; quin etiam, why even, moreover. quintus, -a, -um [quinque], fifth. Quintus, -i, M., Quintus, a praenomen or personal name. Quirites, -ium, M. pi., Quirites (kwi-rl'tez), fellow citizens. 1. quis, quid, interrog. pron. (App. 26), who? which? what ? as adj., qui, quae, quod, which? what? as adv., quid, why? quid is often used in exclamation and transition, what of this, what of the fact, again, but mark this. 2. quis, quid, indef. pron. (App. 27), any one, anything, some, any; as adj., qui, quae, quod, any; used chiefly after si, nisi, ne. quisnam (quinam), quaenam, auidnam (quodnam), inter- rog. pron. and adj., who, pray? who? more emphatic than quis. quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam or quodpiam, indef, pron. and LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 483 adj., any one, any; some one. quisquam, quicquam, indef. pron. (App. 27), any one (at all), anything, any; used chiefly in neg. sentences or in questions involving a neg. answer. quisque, quidque, indef. pron. (App. 27), each, each one, every one. quisquis, quidquid, or quicquid, compound rel. pron., who- ever, whatever; only forms in common use are quisquis, quicquid, quoquo. 1. quo [qui], adv., rel. and in- terrog., to what place, whither, where, to which; for which reason, wherefore; before com- paratives, by how much, the; quo usque, how far ? 2. quo, conj. [= ut eo], (that thereby), that, in order that; because; quo minus or quo- minus, (by which the less), that not, from (doing any- thing) . quoad, conj. [quo + ad], as long as, until. quocirca, conj., wherefore. quocumque, adv., to whatever place, wherever, whichever way, Cat., IV, 3. quod, conj., because; that, the fact that, as to the fact that; quod si, but if, and if, now if. quominus, see 2. quo. quondam, adv., once, once upon a time, formerly. quoniam, conj. [quom(=cum) + iam], since, because, seeing that. quoque, adv., also, too, even. quot, adj., indecl., how many, as many as, as. quotannis, adv. [annus], every year, yearly. quotiens, adv. [quot], how often, as often as. quotienscumque, adv. [quotiens + cumque], just as often as, every time that. rapina, -ae, F. [rapio], robbery, plunder. rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, tr., carry off, seize; impel, drive hurry along, hurry off. ratio, -onis, F. [reor, think], reckoning, consideration, ac- count; reason, plan; course, system, way, method, means; theoretical knowledge; interest. re-, red-, prefix, back, again; sometimes not, un-. Reatinus, -a, -um, of Reate, an ancient town in central Italy. recens, -entis, adj., fresh, new, recent. recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [capio], tr., take back, receive, admit, take upon (sibi), under- take; se recipere, return. recito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], tr., read aloud, read. reclamo, -are, -avi, -atum [clamo], tr., cry out against, protest. recognosco, -cognoscere, -cog- novi, -cognitum [cognosco] 484 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY tr., know again, recognize, recall; review. recolo, -ere, -ui, -cultum -[colo], tr., cultivate again, review. reconciliatio, -onis, F. [recon- cilio], restoration, renewal. recondo, -condere, -condidi, -conditum [condo], tr., put away, hide, conceal. recordor, -ari, -atus sum [cor, heart], dep., call to mind, re- call, remember, recollect. recreo, -are, -avi, -atum [creo, ?nake], tr., renew, refresh, re- store, give strength to; se recreare, recover. recta, adv., [sc. via], straight- way, straight forward, right on, directly. recte, adv. [rectus], rightly, properly, wisely. recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., recover, regain. recurro, -currere, -curri, — [curro], intr., run back, re- turn. recusatio, -onis, F. [recuso], a declining, refusal. recuso, -are, -avi, -atum [re, causa], tr. and intr., object, refuse, decline. reded, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., go back, return. redimio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., crown, wreathe. redimo, -imere, -end, -emptum [emo], tr., buy back, redeem; buy up, contract for, P. 7; ransom, P. 12. reditus, -us, M. [redeo], a re- turn. reduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum, tr., bring back, bring home. redundo, -are, -avi, -atum [undo, surge], intr., overflow, redound, accrue; be filled. refercio, -fercire, -fersi, -fertum [farcio], tr., stuff, fill. refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum [fero], tr., bring back, return, report, refer; ad senatum re- ferre, lay before, refer to, the Senate; gratiam referre, show refert, -ferre, -tulit [res + fero], impers., it is of advantage, it concerns, it matters, P. 7. refertus, -a, -um [refercio], filled, crowded, swarming (with), abounding (in). reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum [facio], tr., make over, refresh. refuto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., refute, disprove. regalis, -e [rex], of a king, regal, royal. regie, adv. [regius], tyranni- cally. Regini, -orum, M., the inhab- itants of Regium, in southern Italy. regio, -onis, F. [rego], direction, line; boundary, region, dis- trict, country, territory, P. 18, regius, -a, -um [rex], of a king, royal. regno -are, -avi, -atum [regnum], tr., reign, rule. regnum, -i, N. [rego], royal power, kingdom. rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, tr., rule, direct, govern, manage. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 485 reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [iacio], tr., throw back, reject. relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum [laxo], tr., ease, relax, release. relevo, -are, -avi, -atum [levo], tr., lift up, lighten; relieve, ease. religio, -onis, F., (reverence for the gods), piety, religion; re- ligious scruple, scrupulous honor. religiosus, -a, -um [religio], sacred, revered, holy. relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lic- tum [linquo], tr., leave behind, leave, abandon; desert, for- sake; pass over, Cat, III, 8; reliquiae, -arum, F., leavings, what is left over. reliquus, -a, -um [relinquo], re- maining, the rest of, the rest, other; the future; reliquum est, it remains. remaned, -manere, -mansi, — [maneo], intr., remain, stay behind; last. remex, remigis, M. [remus, ago], a rower. remissio, -onis, F. [remitto], mitigation, mildness; relaxa- tion, recreation. remissus, -a, -um [remitto], re- laxed, lax, indulgent. remitto, -ere, -misi, -missum [mitto], tr., send back. remoror, -ari, -atus sum [moror], dep., hold back, delay, keep waiting. removed, -movere, -movi, -mo- tum [moveo], tr., move back, remove, take away; reject, Cat, IV, 4. renovo, -are, -avi, -atum [novo] tr., renew. renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum [nun- tio], tr., report, return (of an election), declare elected. repello, repellere, reppuli, re- pulsum [pello], tr., drive back, repel, keep from. repente, adv. [repens], sud- denly. repentinus, -a, -um [repens], sudden. reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum [pario, secure], tr., find out, find (by seeking or inquiring). repeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum [peto], tr., demand, claim; recall (to mind), look back, claim in turn, Ar. 8. reporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], tr., bring back, carry off. reprehendd, -ere, -hendi, hen- sum [prehendo], tr., lay hold of, blame, censure. reprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pres- sum [premo], tr., press back, repress, check. repudio, -are, -avi, -atum [re- pudium], tr., cast off, reject, refuse, scorn, repudiate. repugno, -are, -avi, -atum [pugno], intr., fight against, oppose. requies, -etis, F., rest, repose. requiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- situm [quaero], tr., seek again, seek out, demand, ask; be at a loss for, miss, P. 2 ; beg for, P. 23. 486 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY res, rei, F., thing, fact; circum- stance, situation, considera- tion, argument, plan, under- taking, event, incident, matter, affair, question, property ; qual- ity; see gerd, militaris, novus, publicus, secundus. resecd, -secare, -secui, -sectum [seed], tr., cut away, cut off- reservd, -are, -avi, -atum [servo], tr., keep back, reserve; keep, preserve. resided, -sidere, -sedi [seded], (sit back), remain behind, be left, remain. resignd, -are, -avi, -atum [signd], tr., unseal; destroy, Ar. 5. resistd, sistere, -stiti, — [sistd], intr., stand back, re- main; resist, withstand; sur- vive, Cat., Ill, 10. respicid, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn [specid], tr. and intr., look back, look back upon. responded, -spondere, -spondi, -spdnsum [sponded, promise], tr. and intr., answer, reply; be a match for, Cat, II, 11. respdnsum, -i, N. [responded], reply, answer. res publica, see publicus. restingud, -stinguere, -stinxi, -stinctum [stingud], tr., quench, extinguish. restitud, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- tum [statud], tr., (set up again), restore, renew. restd, -stare, -stiti, — [std], intr., withstand, oppose; im- pers., it remains. retardd, -are, -avi, -atum [tardd] tr., delay, hinder, retard. reticed, -ere, -ui, — [taced], tr. and intr., be silent, keep silence ; keep secret. retined, -ere, -ui, -tentum [tened], tr., hold back, pre- serve, maintain, uphold, keep. retorqued, -torquere, -torsi, -tortum [torqued], tr., (twist back), turn back. retundd, -ere, rettudi, retusum [tundd], tr., beat back, thrust back. reus, -i, M. [res], (one con- cerned in a thing), the defen- dant, accused, prisoner. revertd, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sum [vertd], usually dep. in pres. system, return. revincd, -vincere, -vici, -victum [vincd], tr., convict. revocd, -are, -avi, -atum [vocd], tr., call back, recall; turn, restore. rex, regis, M., king. Rhodius, -a, -um, of Rhodes; pi. as noun, the Rhodians. ridiculus, -a, -um [rided], ridicu- lous, absurd. rdbur, rdboris, N., oak; strength. rdbustus, -a, -um [rdbur], (of oak), firm, solid, strong, vig- orous, robust. rogatus, -us, M. [rogd], request. rogd, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ask, beg, request, implore; propose, enact, pass (laws). Roma, -ae, F., Rome. Rdmanus, -a, -um [Roma], Roman. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 487 Romulus, -I, M., Romulus, the founder and first king of Rome. Roscius, -i, M., Roscius, a fam- ily name ; Quintus Roscius Gallus, a celebrated actor. Rudinus, -a, -um [Rudiae], of Rudiae, in southern Italy, the birthplace of Ennius. ruina, -ae, F. [ruo], a rushing down, fall, downfall, ruin. rumor, -oris, M., rumor, re-port. rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, tr., break. ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, intr., rush down, fall, go to ruin. rusticor, -ari, -atus sum [rusti- cus], dep., go to the country. rusticus, -a, -um [rus], rural, of the country, rustic; without culture, Ar. 10. S sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred; sacra, -orum, pi. neut. as noun, sacred rites, ceremonies. sacrarium, -I, N. [sacrum]^ shrine, sanctuary. sacrosanctus, -a, -um [sacer + sanctus], sacred, inviolable. saeculum, -i, N., race, genera- tion; age; pi., ages, Cat, II, 5. saepe, saepius, saepissime, adv- often. saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptum [saepes], tr., hem in, inclose. saevus, -a, -um, severe, cruel. sagax, -acis, adj., sagacious, keen, shrewd. Salaminii, -orum, M., the people of Sala?nis, a town of Cy- prus. salto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of salio, leap], intr., dance. saltus, -us, M., woodland pas- ture, pasture lands. salus, salutis, F. [salvus], sound- ness, good health; safety, wel- fare. saluto, -are, -avi, -atum [salus], tr., greet, salute, call upon, pay respects to. salvus, -a, -um, sound, safe, saved, solvent (financially) . Samos, -i, F., Samos (sa'mos), a city on the island Samos, in the Aegean. sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum, tr., make sacred, ordain, enact. sanctus, -a, -um [sancio], sacred, holy; venerable; conscientious Ar. 5; inviolable, P. 14. sane, adv. [sanus], (soundly), by all means, if you wish; certainly, indeed, wholly, ut- terly. sanguis, sanguinis, M., blood, bloodshed. sano, -are, -avi, -atum [sanus], tr., make sound, cure, rem- edy. sanus, -a, -um, sound, whole* healthy; of the mind, rational, sane, sensible. sapiens, -entis, adj. [sapio], wise; as noun, wise man, philosopher. sapientia, -ae, F. [sapiens]' wisdom. Sardinia, -ae, F., Sardinia. satelles, -itis, M. or F., atten- 488 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY dant; assistant, tool, accom- plice. satis, indecl. adj., often used as a noun, enough, sufficient; satis facio, do one's duty (to) ; adv., sufficiently, quite, very. Saturnalia, -idrum, N. [Satur- nus], the Saturnalia, feast of Saturn, beginning Dec. 17. Saturninus, -i, M., Saturninus, a family name ; L. Apuleius Saturninus, tribune 100 b.c. saucius, -a, -um, wounded. saxum, -i, N., rock. scaena, -ae, F., stage (of a theater). scaenicus, -a, -um [scaena], of the stage, dramatic. scelerate, adv. [sceleratus], wickedly, impiously. sceleratus, -a, -um [scelero], wicked, infamous, vicious; as noun, scoundrel. scelus, sceleris, N., crime, wickedness. sciens, -entis, adj. [scio], know- ing, acquainted (with), skilled. scientia, -ae,F. [scio], knowledge. scilicet, adv. [scire + licet], you may know, in fact, of course (ironical). scio, scire, scivi, sciturrij tr., know. Scipio, -onis, M., Scipio, a fam- ily name; 1. P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, consul 138 b.c. ; 2. P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- nus Maior, "the elder Scipio," conqueror of Hannibal 202 b.c. ; 3. P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, destroyer of Carthage, 146 B.C. scortum, -i, N., harlot, mis- tress. scriba, -ae, M. [scribo], clerk, secretary. scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum, tr., write, enroll, Ar. 5. scriptor, -oris, M. [scribo], writer, author. scriptura, -ae, F. [scribo], (writ- ing), pasture tax. se-, sed-, prefix, apart, aside. secedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum [cedo], intr., go apart, go away, withdraw. secerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- tum [cerno], tr., separate, set apart. secundus, -a, -um [sequor], fol- lowing, second, favorable; se- cundae res, prosperity. securis, -is, F. [seed, cut], ax; see fasces. sed, conj., but. sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, intr., sit, remain. sedes, -is, F. [sedeo], seat, dwell- ing place, home, abode. seditio, -onis, F. [se, eo], (a going apart), dissension, insurrec- tion, sedition; trans, pi. as sing., Cat, I, 2. sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., (bring to rest), bring to an end, settle, check, stop. sedulitas, -tatis, F. [sedulus], industry, attention. segrego, -are, -avi, -atum [grego], tr., separate, exclude. seiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, iunc- LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 489 turn [iungo], tr., disunite, separate, disconnect. selectus, -a, -um [seligo], singled out, selected. sella, -ae, F., seat, work stool, chair. semel, adv., once. semen, seminis, N. [serd, sow], seed. seminarium, -I, N. [semen], nursery, school. semper, adv., always. sempiternus, -a, -um [semper], everlasting, perpetual, eter- nal. Sempronius, -I, M., Sempronius, a gentile name; see Grac- chus ; Sempronius, -a, -um, Sempronian. senator, -oris [senex], M., senator. senatorius, -a, -um [senator], senatorial. senatus, -us, M. [senex], Senate, see Introd. 28. senectus, -tutis, F. [senex], old age. senex, senis, adj., old, aged; as noun (App. 10), an old man. sensus, -us, M. [sentio], feeling, senses, Ar. 7. sententia, -ae, F. [sentio], (way of thinking), opinion, decision, sentiment, idea, purpose; pur- port, tenor, vote. sentina, -ae, F., bilge water, dregs, refuse, rabble. sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, tr., feel; perceive, see, notice; think, understand, know; agree. sepelio, -ire, sepelivi, sepultus, tr., bury, ruin. sepulcrum, -i, N. [sepelio], (place of burial), tomb. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, dep., follow, comply with, accede to, adopt, obey. Sergius, -i, M., Sergius, a gen- tile name ; see Catilina. sermd, -onis, M. [sero, join], speech, discourse, talk, re- mark, conversation, rumor. sero, adv. [serus], late; comp. serius, too late. serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum, intr., creep. serta, -drum, N. [sero, entwine], garlands, chaplets. Sertorianus, -a, -um, of Ser- torius, Sertorian. servilis, -e [servus], of a slave, of slaves, servile. Servilius, -i, M., Servilius, a gentile name; 1. Gaius Ser- vilius Ahala, master of horse 439 b.c. ; 2. Gaius Servilius Glaucia, praetor 100 b.c. ; 3. P. Servilius Vatia, consul 79 b.c. servio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [servus], intr., be a slave, serve, labor for, minister to, be subject to, P. 14. servitium, -i, N. [servus], ser- vice, slavery; pi., slaves, Cat, IV, 2. servitus, -tutis, F. [servus], slav- ery, servitude. servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., make safe, save, preserve; guard, keep, protect. 490 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY servus, -I, M., slave, servant. sese, see sni. Sestius, -I, M., Sestius, a gen- tile name ; P. Sestius, quaes- tor in 63 b.c. severe, adv. [severus], severely. severitas, -tatis, F. [severus], strictness, severity, sternness, rigor. severus, -a, -um, serious, strict, stern, severe, impartial, Ar. 2. sex, indeel. adj., six. sexaginta, num. adj., sixty. si, conj., if. Sibyllinus, -a, -um [Sibylla, a prophetess], Sibylline. sic, adv., so, thus, in such a manner. sica, -ae, F. [seed, cut], dag- ger. sicarius, -i, M. [sica], assassin. Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily. sicut or sicuti, conj. adv. [sic + ut], just as. Sigeum, -i, N., Sige'um, a prom- ontory near Troy. significatio, -onis, F. [significo], (a pointing out), expression, sign, token. significo, -are, -avi, -atum [sig- num, facio], indicate, repre- sent. signum, i, N., sign, standard, signal; seal; statue. Silanus, -i, M., Sila'nus, a fam- ily name ; D. Iunius Silanus, consul elect in 63 b.c. silentium, -i, N. [silens, still], silence, stillness. sileo, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and intr., be silent, seek silence; keep silent about, pass over in silence. Silvanus, -i, M., Silva'nus, a family name; M. Plautius Silvanus, tribune of the peo- ple 89 b.c. silvestris, -e [silva], overgrown with woods, wooded. similis, -e, similar, like. similiter, adv. [similis], in the same way, similarly. simpliciter, adv. [simplex], sim- ply, plainly. simul, adv., at the same time, at once; together, Ar. 11; as soon as (w. or without atque, ac). simulacrum, -i, N. [simulo], a likeness, image, statue, repre- sentation. simulatio, -onis, F. [simulo], pretense. simulo, -are, -avi, -atum [simi- lis], tr., make like, pretend. simultas, -tatis, F. [simul], en- mity, rivalry. sin, conj. [si + ne], but if. sine, prep. w. abl., without. singularis, -e [singuli], one only; unique, singular, matchless, unparalleled, extraordinary, special. singuli, -ae, -a, dist. adj., one at a time, single, each; in dies singulos, day by day. sino, -ere, sivi, situm, tr., set, place; allow, let, permit. Sinope, -es, (dat. -ae, ace. -en, abl. -e), F., Sinope (sin- o'pe), a city on the northern coast of Asia Minor. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 491 sinus, -us, M., fold, fold of a toga; bosom; bay, inlet, P. 11. sitis, sitis, F., thirst. sive, or seu [si + ve], conj., or if, if; sive . . . sive, whether . . . or, either . . . or. Smyrnaei, -orum, M., the peo- ple of Smyrna, in Asia Mi- nor. sdbrius, -a, -um [se + ebrius], not drunk, sober. societas, -tatis, F. [socius], fel- lowship, association, alliance, Cat, I, 13. socius, -i, M., partner, associate, companion; ally, accomplice, confederate. sodalis, -is, M., F., associate, comrade, boon companion, table companion, crony. sol, solis, M., the sun. solarium, -i, N., comfort. soleo, -ere, solitus sum, semi- dep., be accustomed, use. solitudo, -inis, F. [solus], soli- tude, loneliness; desert, Ar. 8. sollicitatio, -onis, F. [sollicito], inciting, tampering with. sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum [solli- citus], tr., disturb, incite, in- stigate; tamper with, solicit, corrupt. sollicitus, -a, -um, worried, anx- ious, alarmed. solum, -i, N., soil. solum [solus], adv., only, merely; non solum, not only. solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, dat. soli, alone, only. solutio, -onis, F. [solvo], (loos- ing), payment. solutus, -a, -um [solvo], released, lax, remiss. solvo, -ere, solvi, solutum, tr., loose, release. somnus, -a, M., sleep, drowsi- ness, Cat., Ill, 7. sono, -are, -ui, -itum [sonus], tr., sound, utter. sonus, -i, M., noise, sound. soror, -oris, F., sister. sors, sortis, F., lot, allotment. Sp., see Spurius. spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum, tr., scatter, sprinkle, mix. spatium, -i, N., space (of place or time). species, -ei, F. [specio], appear- ance. specto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of specio], tr. and intr., look at, face, see, attend; consider. speculator, -oris, M. [speculor], spy. speculor, -ari, -atus sum [spec- ula, watchtower], dep., watch, spy out. spero, -are, -avi, -atum [spes], tr. and intr., hope, hope for, expect, trust. spes, spei, F., hope, expectation. spiritus, -us, M. [spiro, breathe], breath, air, spirit. splendor, -oris, M. [splendeo, shine], brilliancy, splendor. spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., de- prive, plunder. spolium, -i, N., of an animal skin, hide; pi., spoils, booty, prey. sponte, F. (abl. of obsolete spons), of one's own accord. 492 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Spurius, -I, M., Spurius, a prae- nomen or personal name, stabilio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum [stabilis] , tr., make firm, establish. Statilius, -i, M., Statilius, a gentile name ; L. Statilius, one of Catiline's conspirators. statim, adv. [sto], (on the spot), straightway, immediately, at once. Stator, -oris, M. [sto], the Stayer, Defender, Protector; epithet of Jupiter. statua, -ae, F. [sto], statue. statuo, statuere, statui, stat- utum, tr., set, set up, place, put, establish; determine, de- cide, resolve, conclude. status, -us, M. [sto], state, con- dition, foundation, Cat, I, 1. stimulus, -i, M., spur, stimulus, incentive. stipendium, -i, N. [stips, coin + pendo, pay], tax, pay; service (military), campaigning, P. 9; campaign. stirps, stirpis, F., stock, root; source, origin. sto, stare, steti, statum, intr., stand. strenuus, -a, -um, vigorous, . strenuous. strepitus, -us, M. [strepo], noise. studeo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., strive, be eager, aim at, desire. studiose, adv., eagerly, carefully. studiosus, -a, -um [studium], fond (of). studium, -i, N. [studeo], eager- ness, zeal, desire, attachment; devotion, enthusiasm, good will, sympathy; (party) spirit; pursuit, study. stultitia, -ae, F. [stultus], folly. stultus, -a, -um, foolish, stupid. stuprum, -i, N., defilement, im- purity, debauchery; intrigue, Cat., I, 10. suadeo, -ere, -suasi, suasum, tr. and intr., advise, recom- mend; persuade. suavitas, -tatis, F. [suavis], sweetness. sub, prep. w. ace. and abl., under. subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr., undergo, endure. subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum [iacio], tr., throw under, place under, hand up to, Ar. 10. subiector, -oris, M. [subicio], forger. subigo, -igere, -egi, -actum [ago], tr., put down, subdue; induce. subito, adv. [subitus], suddenly. sublatus, from tollo. subsellium, -i, N. [sella], (low bench), bench, seat. subsidium, -I, N., support, aid, means; pi., sinews, P. 2. succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum [sub + cedo], tr. and intr., follow, succeed. suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sub- latum [sub -\-ieto], tr., under- go, suffer. suffragium, -I, N. [sub, frango], (fragment), ballot, vote. sui, sibi, se, reflex, pron. (App. 21), himself, herself, itself, themselves. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 493 Sulla, -ae, M., Sulla, a family name; L. Cornelius Sulla, the famous general and dic- tator. Sulpicius, -i, M., a gentile name; 1. C. Sulpicius Galba, praetor 63 b.c. ; 2. P. Sul- picius Rufus, tribune 88 b.c. sum, esse, fui, fut. part, futu- rus, irr., be. summa, -ae, F. [summus], su- premacy, preeminence. summus, -a, -um, sup. of supe- rus, uppermost, highest; the top of; greatest, most impor- tant, most distinguished, ex- cellent, eminent, supreme, ex- treme sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum [sub + emo], tr., take, take to oneself, assume; w. sup- plicium, inflict. sumptuose, adv. [sumptuosus], expensively, extravagantly. sumptuosus, -a, -um [sumptus], sumptuous ; expensive. sumptus, -us, M. [sumo], ex- pense, cost; extravagance. superbe, adv. [superbus], proudly, insolently, arrogantly. superbia, -ae, F. [superbus], pride, haughtiness. superbus, -a, -um, proud. superior, -ius, comp. adj. [su- perus, App. 19], higher, upper; former, preceding, elder; su- perior nox, night before last. supero, -are, -avi, -atum [su- perus], tr., overcome, conquer, defeat, surpass, exceed, get the upper hand. supersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus [super + sum], intr., be over, be left, remain. superus, -a, -um [super], upper, higher. suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum [sub, pes], tr., supply, fur- nish. suppeto, -ere, -ivi, -itum [sub + peto], intr., be at hand, be in store. supplex, -icis, adj. [sub, plico], bending under, beseeching; as noun, a suppliant. supplicatio, -onis, F. [supplied], (a public prayer), solemn thanksgiving, supplication. supplicium, -i, N. [supplex], punishment, penalty. supra, adv. and prep. w. ace, above, beyond; more. surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrectum [sub + rego], intr., arise. suscenseo, -ere, -ui, — [sub + censeo], intr., be angry (with). suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum [sub + capio], tr., undertake, incur, bring upon, adopt; suffer, P. 3; entertain, P. 4. suspectus, -a, -um [part, of sus- picio], distrusted, suspected; an object of suspicion. suspicio, -onis, F. [sub + specio, spy], suspicion. suspicor, -ari, -atus sum [sus- picio], dep., mistrust, suspect; surmise. sustento, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of sustineo], tr., uphold, sup- port; defer, put off. 494 LATIN -ENGLISH VOCABULARY sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- turn [sub + teneo], tr., hold up, sustain, bear, endure, re- lieve. sustuli, see tollo. suus, -a, -um, poss. pron., his (own) ?> /?e?*, its, their. Syria, -ae, F., Syria, a country of Asia, on the coast of the [Mediterranean. T., see Titus. tabella, -ae, F. [dim. of tabula], (little board), waxed tablet, letter, document. taberna, -ae, F., hut, booth, shop; tavern. tabesco, -ere, tabui, — [tabeo], intr., pine away, languish. tabula, -ae, P., tablet, record, account, list; painting. tabularium, -i, N. [tabula], record office. taceo, -ere, -ul, -itum, tr. and intr., be silent, keep silence; pass over in silence, be silent about. tacite, adv., silently. taciturnitas, -tatis, F. [tacitur- nus], silence. tacitus, -a, -um [taceo], silent, mute, in silence. tactus, see tango, taeter, taetra, taetrum, offen- sive, foul; shameful, disgrace- ful, abominable. talaris, -e [talus, ankle], of the ankles, reaching the ankles. talis, -e, adj., such, of such a nature. tarn, adv., so, so much. tamen, conj. adv., yet, never- theless, however. tametsi, conj. [tamen + etsi], although; and yet. tamquam, conj., just as, as if, as it were; as a sort of, Cat., IV, 2. tandem [tarn], adv., at length, finally, now; in questions and commands, pray, I ask. tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, tr., touch; strike, Cat., Ill, 8. tanto, adv. [tantus], so much; tanto opere, so greatly, so much. tantum, adv. [tantus], so much, so far; tantum modo, only, merely. tantus, -a, -um, such, so great, so much; tanti, gen. of value, of such value; est tanti, it is worth while. tarde, adv. [tardus], slowly, tardily, late. tarditas, -tatis, F. [tardus], slowness, delay. tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., delay, retard. Tarentini, -orum, M., the in- habitants of Tarentum, in southern Italy, tectum, -i, N. [tego], roof, shelter, house, home. tego, -ere, texi, tectum, tr., cover, protect. telum, -i, N., missile, weapon, javelin. temere, adv., rashly, without cause, heedlessly. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 495 temeritas, -tatis, F. [temere], rashness. temperantia, -ae, F. [tem- perans], temperance, modera- tion, self-control, P. 13. tempestas, -tatis, F., season, weather, storm. tempestivus, -a, -um [tempes- tas], timely, seasonable, suit- able; early, protracted, Ar. 6. templum, -I, N. (in augury a place marked off by the augur's staff), a consecrated place, temple. tempto, -are, -avi, -atum [in- terna, of tendo], tr., make trial of, attempt; attack, assail, Cat, I, 10; tempt, disturb. tempus, -oris, N., time, season; time of need; pi., the times; the needs, Cat., I, 9; ex tem- pore, offhand, without prepa- ration, extempore. tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum, tr., stretch, stretch out. tenebrae, -arum, F., darkness, shades. Tenedos (us), -i F., Tenedos, an island in the Aegean Sea. teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, tr., hold, holdfast, hold as prisoner ; preserve; memoria tenere, re- member. tenuis, -e, slender, thin; poor, humble, insignificant. ter, adv., three times, thrice. Terentia, -ae, F., Terentia, wife of Cicero. termino, -are, -avi, -atum [ter- minus], tr., limit, confine, ter- minate. terminus, -i, M., boundary line, limit. terra, -ae, F., land, country, earth, ground. terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., frighten, terrify. terror, -oris, M. [terreo], alarm, terror, scare. tertius, -a, -um, third. testamentum, -i, N. [testor], a will. testimonium, -i, N., [testis], proof, testimony, evidence. testis, -is, M. or F., witness. testor, -ari, -atus sum [testis], dep., call to witness, invoke. Teuton!, -orum, M., the Teu- tones, a nation of Germany. Themistocles, -is (-i), M., The- mis'tocles, the celebrated Athenian. Theophanes, -is, M., Theo'- phanes, a Greek writer of Mytilene, who accompanied Pompey in the East. Ti., see Tiberius. Tiberis, -is, M., the Tiber river. Tiberius, -i, M., Tiberius, a praenomen or personal name. Tigranes, -is, M., Tigra'nes, king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates. timed, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and intr., fear, be afraid. timide, adv. [timidus], timidly; reverently, P. 16. timidus, -a, -um [timeo], timid. timor, -oris, M. [timeo], fear, dread, alarm. 496 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Titus, -I, M., Titus, a personal name, toga, -ae, F. [tego], toga (the citizen's cloak or flowing robe). togatus, -a, -um [toga], wearing the toga, in the garb of peace. tolerabilis, -e [tolero], endurable, tolerable. tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., endure, bear. tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, tr., lift up, exalt; take away, carry off, remove; destroy, P. 11. Tongilius, -i, M., Tongilius, a gentile name. Torquatus, -i, M., Torqua'tus, a family name ; L. Manlius Torquatus, consul 65 b.c. tot, indecl. adj., so many. totiens, adv. [tot], so often, so many times, as often. totus, -a, -um (App. 13), the whole, the whole of, all, entire; adverbially, altogether, wholly. tracto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of traho], tr., draw, manage, conduct, Cat., Ill, 12; present, Ar. 2, treat. trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum [trans + do], tr., give up, give over, surrender, deliver; hand down, transmit, leave. traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, tr., draw; influence. tranquillitas, -tatis, F. [tran- quillus], stillness, tranquil state. tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tran- quil. Transalpinus, -a, -um, beyond the Alps, Transalpine. transcendo, -ere, transcendi, transcensum [scando], tr., climb over, cross. transfers, -ferre, -tuli, -latum [fero], tr., bear over, carry over; transfer, remove. transigo, -igere, -egi, -actum [ago], tr. (drive through), carry through, accomplish, execute, perform. transmarinus, -a, -um [mari- nus], beyond the sea. transmitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum [mitto], tr., send across, transmit; devote, intrust; intr., cross over, P. 12. tres, tria, three. tribunal, -alis, N. [tribunus], - judgment seat, tribunal. tribunus, -i, M. [tribus, tribe], tribune; see Introd. 37. tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [tribus, tribe], tr., assign, bestow, grant, give, devote; ascribe, attribute. triduum, -i, N. [tres -f dies], three days. triumpho, -are, -avi, -atum [triumphus], intr., triumph; rejoice. triumphus, -i, M., triumph, triumphal procession. Troiani, -drum, M., the Trojans. tropaeum, -i, N. (Greek), tro- phy. trucido, -are, -avi, -atum [trux, fierce + caedo], tr., cut to pieces, butcher, murder. tu, tui, pers. pron. (App. 21), thou, you, yourself. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 497 tuba, -ae, F., trumpet. tueor, -eri, tutus (tuitus), sum, dep., look at, care for, protect, defend, uphold, preserve. Tullia, -ae, F., Tullia, the daughter of Cicero. Tullius, -I, M., Tullius, a gentile name; voc. Tulli. Tullus, -i, M., Tullus, a family name; L. Volcatius Tullus, consul 66 b.c. turn, adv., then, at that time; turn cum, at the time when; iam turn, at that very time, even then ; turn . . . turn, at one time . . . at another. tumultus, -us, M. [tumeo, swell], uprising, insurrection; up- roar, confusion, excitement, tumult, disturbance. tumulus, -i, M. [tumeo, swell], mound, hillock, tomb. tunica, -ae, F., tunic, the garment worn under the toga. turbulentus, -a, -um [turba], confused, miscellaneous. turpis, -e, disgraceful, base, in- famous, shameful. turpiter, adv. [turpis], disgrace- fully, shamefully. turpitiido, -inis, P. [turpis], dis- grace, dishonor, infamy. tuto, adv. [tutus], safely, in safety, in security. tutor, -ari, -atus sum [tueor], dep., protect, defend. tutus, -a, -um [tueor], guarded, safe, secure, in safety. tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., your; iste tuus, that of yours. tyrannus, -i, M., tyrant. U uber, -eris, N., teat; breast. ubertas, -tatis, F. [uber], fer- tility, productiveness. ubi, conjunctive adv., where, when. ubinam, adv. [ubi + nam], where ? ubique, adv., anywhere. ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, dep., take vengeance on, punish, avenge. ullus, -a, -um (App. 13), any. ultimus, -a, -um, sup. adj. [ultra, App. 19], farthest, most distant; earliest, last. ultra, adv., and prep. w. ace, ultro, adv., of one's own accord voluntarily. Umbrenus, -i, M., Umbre'nus, a family name ; P. Umbrenus, one of Catiline's followers, umquam, adv., ever, at any time. una, adv. [unus], along (with), together; at the same time, at the same place. unde, adv., whence, from which; how, P. 14; from whom. iindequinq agesimus, -a, -um, forty-ninth. undique, adv. [unde + que], from all sides, on all sides, everywhere. unguentum, -i, N. [unguo], ointment. unice, adv. [unicus], singularly, greatly, especially. universus, -a, -um [unus + 498 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY versus], all together, whole, entire. unus, -a, -um (App. 13), one, alone, only. urbanus, -a, -urn [urbs], of the city, in the city. urbs, urbis, F., city, the city (i.e. Rome). iisquam, adv., anywhere. usque, adv., all the way, all the time, even, constantly; see 1. quo. usura, -ae, F. [utor], use, enjoy- ment; interest, usury. usiirpd, -are, -avi, -atum [usus, rapio], tr., seize for use, employ, use, practice. usus, -us, M. [utor], use, prac- tice, experience. ut or uti, conj. w. subjv., that, in order that, so that; after a verb of fearing, that not; w. indie., as, when, ever since; in comparisons, as; ut primum, as soon as. uterque, utraque, utrumque [gen. utriusque ; dat., utri- que], adj. and pron., both, each, either. utilis, -e [utor], useful, advan- tageous, expedient. utilitas, -tatis, F. [utilis], use- fulness, expediency, advantage. utinam, adv. [uti + nam], oh that! I wish that! if only! would that. utor, uti, usus sum, dep., use, employ, enjoy. utrum, interrog. conj. [uter], 1. introducing a double dir. question it has no English equivalent ; correlative of an; 2. in indir. questions, whether. uxor, -oris, F., wife. vacilld, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., (sway to and fro), stagger, totter. vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- tum [vacuus, + facio], tr., make empty, clear, free, vacate. vacuus, -a, -um [cf. vaco], empty, vacant, unoccupied, free, without. vadimonium, -i, N. [vas, bail], bail bond, bail, security. vagina, -ae, F., scabbard, sheath. vagor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., wander about. valde, adv. [validus], com- pletely, thoroughly, severely. valens, -entis [valeo], strong, powerful. valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., be strong, have power, have in- fluence; have weight, prevail, succeed, be strong enough, be able, be eminent, Cat., Ill, 5; vale, farewell. Valerius, -i, M., Valerius, a gentile name; L. Valerius Flaccus, consul w. Marius 100 B.C. valetudo, -inis, F. [valeo], health. validus, -a, -um [valeo], strong, vigorous. vallo, -are, -avi, -atum [vallum], tr., intrench, fortify, defend. varietas, -tatis, F. [varius], LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 499 variety, difference, dissent, di- versity, Ar. 9. varius, -a, -um, varied, various, versatile. vas, vasis, N., vessel; plate. vastitas, -tatis, F. [vastus], waste, desolation, devastation. vastatio, -onis, F. [vasto], de- vastation, destruction. vasto, -are, -avi, -atum [vastus], tr., (make empty), lay waste, ravage, destroy, devastate. vates, -is, M. and F., soothsayer, prophet, seer. vectigal, -alis, N. [veho], tax (on goods carried), revenue. vectigalis, -e [vestigal], tribu- tary; as noun, a tributary, tax payer. vehemens, -entis, adj., violent, forcible, emphatic, severe, earnest, strong, rigorous, Cat, IV, 6. vehementer, adv. [vehemens], violently, earnestly, strongly, greatly, exceedingly, vigorously. vel, conj. [volo], or; vel . . . vel, either . . . or; adv., even. velum, -i, N., sail. vena, -ae, F., vein. vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [venum, sale, + do], tr., sell. veneficus, -a, -um [venenum, facio], poisonous; as noun, poisoner. venenum, -I, N., poison. veneo, -ire, -ii, -itum [venum, sale + eo], intr., (go to sale), be sold. veneror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., worship, adore, venerate. venia, -ae, F., indulgence, for- bearance, pardon. venio, -ire, veni, ventum, intr., come. ventus, -i, M., wind. venustas, -tatis, F., [venus], beauty, charm. ver, veris, N., the spring. verber, verberis,N., lash, whip; scourging. verbero, -are, -avi, -atum [ver- ber], tr., scourge. verbum, -i, N., word. vere, adv. [verus], truly, rightly, really. vereor, -eri, -itus sum, dep., fear, dread. Veritas, -tatis, F. [verus], truth. ver 6 [verus], conjunctive adv., (in truth), in fact, indeed, really; but, however, on the other hand; iam vero, further- more, but now; see immo. verso, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of verto], tr., turn often, carry on (bellum) ; pass, as dep., move about, be employed, be engaged, be rife; be, exist, dwell, live, associate; be in- volved; be experienced, skilled, practiced; enjoy, Ar. 5. versus, -us, M. [verto], line, verse. verum, conj. [versus], but, but in truth; verum etiam, but also, but even. verus, -a, -um, true, real, genuine, well-founded; proper, fitting, reasonable. vespera, -ae, F., evening. 500 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY Vesta, -ae, F., Vesta, goddess of the hearth and household. Vestalis, -e [Vesta], of Vesta, Vestal. vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., your. vestigium, -i, N. [vestigo], foot- step, track, trace, vestige ; pi., Cat, IV, 6, ruins. vestimentum, -i, N., clothing, apparel. vestrum, (1) neuter of vester, (2) gen. pi. of tu. veto, -are, -ui, -itum, tr., for- bid. vetus, veteris, adj. (App. 16), old, long-standing, old-time, ancient. vetustas, -tatis, F. [vetus], old age, antiquity, Ar. 6; dura- tion, Ar. 12. vexatio, -onis, F. [vexo], harass- ing, troubling, distress, out- rage. vexo, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of veho], tr., toss violently; attack, Cat., I, 11; influence, disturb, annoy, injure, harass, distress, Cat, I, 10. via, -ae, F., road, way, course. vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., brandish. vicesimus, -a, -um, ordinal adj., twentieth. vicinus, -a, -um [vicus], neigh- boring; as noun, neighbor. victor, -oris, M. [vinco], victor, conqueror; as adj., victorious, P. 9. victoria, -ae, F. [victor], victory. vicus, -i, M., village. videlicet, adv. [videre, licet], (one may see), clearly, evi- dently, in truth; (w. irony), of course, forsooth, Cat, I, 8. video, -ere, vidi, visum, tr., see; pass., be seen, seem, seem good, seem best. vigilans, -antis, adj. [vigilo], watchful, vigilant, of active mind. vigilia, -ae, F. [vigil, awake], a watching, watch (a fourth part of the night) ; wakeful night, Ar. 11; want of sleep; pi., the watch, watchmen, sentinels. vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum [vigil, watchful), tr. and intr., watch, keep awake; watch for. vilis, -e, of little value, cheap. vilitas, -tatis, F. [vilis], cheap- ness. villa, -ae, F. country-seat, villa, farm. vinco, -ere, vici, victum, tr., conquer. vinculum, -i, N. [vincio], bond. chain, tie; pi., imprisonment; in vincula ducere, cast into prison. vindex, -icis, M. and F., aven- ger, punisher. vindico, -are, -avi, -atum [vin- dex], tr., lay claim to, demand, claim; punish; defend. vinum, -i, N., wine. violo, -are, -avi, -atum [vis], tr., treat with violence, injure, attack, dishonor. vir, viri, M., man (opp. mulier). virgo, -inis, F., maid, maiden, virgin. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 501 virtus, -tutis, F. [vir], (manli- ness), bravery, courage, valor; virtue, character, spirit, ex- cellence, merit, ability. vis, vis, F. (App. 10), force, strength, power, violence; amount; pi., vires, strength, vigor, force. viscera, -um, N., pi., vitals, vital organs. viso, -ere, visi, visum [freq. of video], tr., look at, witness; go to see, visit. vita, -ae, F., life. vitium, -i, N., fault, vice, of- fense. vito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., avoid, escape, evade. vituperatio, -onis, F. [vitupero], charge, reproach. vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, intr., live. vivus, -a, -um [vivo], alive, living. vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, hardly. vixdum, adv., scarcely yet, scarcely. voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., call, summon, bring. volito, -are, -avi, -atum [void, fly], hover about, flit about. volo, velle, volui (App. 48), tr. and intr., be willing, wish, desire, intend, mean, determine. Volturcius, -i, M., Volturcius, one of Catiline's confederates. voluntas, -tatis, F. [volo], will- ingness, consent, will, good will, wish, desire, purpose, inclination. voluptas, -tatis, F. [volo], pleas- ure, delight. vosmet, emphatic form of vos. votum, -i, N. [voveo], vow. vox, vocis, F., voice, speech, utterance, word, saying. vulgo, adv. [vulgus], commonly, generally. vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum [vul- nus], tr., wound, injure. vulnus, vulneris, N., wound; vultus, -us, M., the expression of the countenance, looks; the face. r*~*~ )ty ^a^t - )ula^ \JLuf ^ -Tv^^a, > v *V %. ^ % -V G>, \ • w A, ■V CL* V> % ■-V o N V «/ \ \V %^- .^' >,++ vV ^ %<§> .,*>■ % - <1 v \V tP * ^ -*. * ^ o N . ■ - - ,# .#•% .# ^ o x ,o o V V x % ^ W '^? W ^ > ■V cS> ^ (A ^ ,^ ,0* c s * "^i. ' ° ;