Secujttff BilUloti, 1906 \ V 'i" \ \ .^ >,v \\i / / \ / • ^^^^ '. '"o 0^' . „^_ <>. v^ ■"c , Ci .0 ^' '^/^. xO<^<. c> -^^ xO^r. * 8 1 A ■> X^ •>^' » -A X^ '-^- 8.V' \\^^ . -, ^--- ^-^ N°\.f^ . ""'^ \0 <• ■/ o . X ■* \'^ <^ -^ I * s '^ r^ .0 o , V -^ \\ ■ o •/- -bo' .#• '' * A ^r '/ \ A^ o * -, S ■ ^0- -O * » , A ° , ^ « * ■^^ '^ ^ ^' ,0^ ^0°^. O i o ^ < vJ . / ..^' ■'■■ » I ^ •/'. ^■^ <: s^ ^. WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF The Bureau oe Immigration OF THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. OFFICERS AND MEMBERS: GRANVILLE PENDLETON. Presikent. Aztec. ALFRED GRONSFELD, Ar,Br'QrEBOt)iC. ■W. B. BUNKER, ViOE President, Las Vegas. W. E. LINDSBV, PORTALES. J. W. BIBLE, Tre.\svrer. Hanoveb. RAMON ARMIJO, Socorro. MAX. FROST, SErRETARv. Santa Fe. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE A Handbook of the Resources, Products, Industries and Climate of New Mexico. .«&. W Published under and by Authority of NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION. Compiled and Edited by MAX. FROST and PAUL A. F. WALTER. SANTA FE, N. M.: NEW MEXICAN PRINTING COMPANY 1906. f' D ^r Members ancl Officers of the New JTIexica Bureau of Immigration. Granville Pendleton, President, Aztec W. B. Bunker, Vice President, Las Veg-as J. W. Bible, Treasurer, Alfred Grunsfbld, W. E. Lindsey, Ramon Armijo, Max. Frost, Secretary, Hanover Albuquerque Portales Socorro Santa Fe APR 14 1906 a 4j J PREFACE. The first edition of six thousand opies of ''The Land of Sun- shine" met with so favorable a reception that it was exhausted in less than one year from the date of its issue. Eequests for additional copies are being received in constantly increasing numbers, and therefore the Bureau of Immigration of the Territory of New Mexico has authorized the printing of a second revised and en- larged edition of this Handbook which is in great demand, especially by those who are seeking locations for settlement in the Southwest, but desire before leaving the old home to learn as much as possible about the advantages, and the drawbacks, if any, of the Land of Sunshine. The railroad companies of the Southwest have recog- nized the value of this volume as a medium to draw immigration as well as tourists to New Mexico, and have made request for as large a number for distribution by them as can be furnished by the Bureau. However, it is in answer to the many questions which are being asked daily and that are submitted by anxious inquirers to the Bureau of Immigration, that this manual was prepai.'ed, and it seeks to present in an interesting, yet conservative manner, by text and by picture, an accurate and complete survey of the physical characteristics and of every phase and branch of activity and ad- vancement of the Territory of New Mexico. Considerable more space is" given in this new edition to the mining industry and the latest official information and statistics systematically classified are embodied in the work in order to make the book more valuable for reference. About two hundred full-page pictures, reproductions of recent photographs, tell a graphic story of the growth and pres- ent-day conditions in every part of this great domain, and testify that the text accompanying them is free from exaggeration and misstatements even where it speaks Avith glowing enthusiasm of New Mexico's manifold attractions. The Authors. Santa Fe, Januarv 1, 1906. PART I. A LAND OF OPPORTUNITIES. Xew Mexico is a land of opportunities. The major part of its wealth is latent, the bulk of its natural resources is undeveloped. There are three hundred acres of land to each inhabitant, and only •one acre out of every three hundred is under cultivation. Few of the almost three himdred mihiiig districts have been thoroughly prospected, much less systematically developed. Manufacturing industries are in their infancy and have but begun to utilize the water power and the immense stores of fuel and of ruAv material that destine the Territory for a manufacturing commonwealth. For the Capitalist. Capital is invited, for money is a prime requisite 'nowadays for the development of resources. Good returns upon carefully invested capital are certain in a greater measure than in any other part of the Union, not excepting the Philippines or Porto Rico. For the Manufacturer. Manufacturers are needed to make use of the raw material that Sew Mexico can and does furnish in large quantities. It has grazing upon its thousand hills six million sheep of improved grades, therefore it produces the raw material for many woolen mills. At present it ships its wool, half of it without being scoured, almost 3,000 miles to the large dealers, who transport it again to the scouring plants and woolen mills along the Atlantic seaboard, which in turn ship considerable of their product to New Mexico or through Kew Mexico to Mexico, the Pacific Coast and the Orient. By scouring and manufacturing the wool into yarn and- cloth in iSTew Mexico, for which every facility and advantage exist, more than five thousand miles of transportation can be saved, as well as insurance in transit, the profits of middlemen and other incidentals and losses that are inevitable in the process of manufacturing sev- eral thousand miles from the base of supplies and from the markets to be supplied. Thus in other industries. The Territory has 1,000.000 cattle and 250.000 goats; canaigre is a native plant; therefore here is produced the raw material for scores of tanneries, shoe and glove factories and allied industries. The people use THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 9 over a million pairs of shoes and boots, fifty thousand pairs of gloves, twenty thousand sets of harness and other leather products aniiually, and many freight oars filled with these pass through the Territory from the east to Mexico, Arizona, California and the Orient. The best sugar beets in the world are raised within the borders of New Mexico, and the inducements for beet-sugar factories are worthy of consideration by investors. The rubber plant is indigenous and mineral products are of such extent and variety that industries that need them for raw material, or incidentally in the process of manufacture, will find in this part of the United States a location much more favorable than most of the eastern manufacturing centers. There exist large deposits of iron ore, fluxing material and fuel for furnaces, steel mills and smelters, and there are but few branches of manufacture which could not be established with profit in this part of the Southwest. Besides the raw material there are offered the water power, the fuel, the cheap labor, special inducements such as exemption from taxation for the first five years and a low assessment thereafter, favorable legislatioin, cheap building sites, railroad facilities, free- dom from excessive competition, the increasing home demand of a growing commonwealth of vast resources and proximity to the mar- kets of Mexico and the Orient. For the Husbandman. Farmers are urged to come to till the fertile soil under the most favorable conditions, and with home markets that pay better prices than can be obtained anywhere else. Only a quarter of a million of acres are under cultivation, and most of these oinly in forage plants or in products that demand little attention ; four times that area is immediately available for agricultural purposes. Not one- half of the flowing water is utilized, and not one-fiftieth of the flood water is stored. There are undeveloped possibilities of farming by the Campbell or dry-soil method. New Mexico raises the finest fruit in the world and every other crop that cam be pro- duced an3'where in the temperate zone. Yet, it imports annually millions of dollars' worth of fiour, alfalfa, hay, potatoes, fruit, garden produce, poultry, eggs, butter, cheese, honey, beef, pork and other products of the farm and dairy that it can and should raise at home. Free lands, the finest climate in the world, irrigation, churches, schools, railroad facilifies, home markets, good prices and extensive range, are all factors which help to make the life of the farmer and stock grower in New Mexico pleasant and pros- perous. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 11 ' ';:•■*-■-/:>:' For -the Miner. A great field for the miner ! Xe^v Mexico lies in the same mineral zone, as Colorado, with the difference that Colorado has been well prospected, while in Xew Mexico, although mining is an old in- dustn', there are man}- virgin mineral districts and even the oldest mining sections have been incompletely })rospected aind but little developed. To the west are situated the bonanza copper mines of Arizona and to the south the rich mining districts of Chihuahua and Sonora and other Mexican states. It stands to reason, that hemmed in on three sides ]>v the richest mining sections of the Xorth American continent, and traversed by the same mountain system, that Xew Mexico will make as many fortunes for pros- pectors and miners as have the mines of Colorado, Arizona and Mexico. For the Business IVIan. The businessmen of Xew Mexico have most of them come from the east and it seems that, ^yithout exception, they have done ex- ceedingly well. There is probably 'no other commonwealth which has recorded so few failures during the past decade, and in but few other sections have so many merchants risen from a small beginning to affluence. Good businessmen with capital will find many an opening in their line in the older towins as well as in the growing new settlements. Hotels, private sanitariums, steam laundries and other branches of business are among the immediate wants of Xew Mexico towns. For Meclianics. While Xew Mexico is no manufacturing commonwealth, yet mechanics are needed in the building trades, i'n the coal mines, in the railroad shops, or to go into business for themselves on a small scale. There is promise for such of good wages as well as oppor- tunities to be independent, as are seldom presented in the crowded centers of population. For the unskilled laborer, however, the Territory offers no inducement in his line, for it sends cheap labor into the coak camps of Colorado, into the sugar-beet fields of that state, and furnishes it to the railroads in Arizona and California. The native people of Mexican or Spanish decent, as well as the Pueblos and other Indians, make excellent day laborers, with whom the eastern laborer will find it difficult to compete. The Territory supplies its own sheep herders, cowboys, farm hands and teamsters. The laboring man who has accumulated a few hundred dollars and wants to better bis condition, will find opportunities to buy farming THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. Id land cheaply, or to branch out for himself along other lines than those by which he formerly gained a living. There is also an almost always existing opportunity to find employment at good wages in railroad construction and lumber camps. For Clerks and Professional Men. Positions are open for good bookkeepers, stenographers, clerks, teachers and journalists. But those who must depend upon finding such employment had better communicate with business firms or advertise for positions before leaving their present homes, and should, if possible, acquaint themselves with the Spanish language before coming, although this is not absolutely necessary; it is merely a help. First-class professional men are likely to succeed in the larger towns or to build up a good practice and influence in the more thickly populated country districts. For the Health Seeker. Healthseekers are invited. New Mexico does not intend to shut the door upon them. Physicians the world over recognize that its climate offers the best, and in most circumstances the only condi- tions under which those suffering from liDng, throat and nervous trouble can be cured. California's climate is good, Coloi ado's and Arizona's climates are better, but New Mexico's climate is best of all, both from the standpoint of comfort and salubrity. No- where else, according to official reports of the United States Weather Bureau, is there such a high per cent of sunshine, year in and year out, combined with rarity and dryness of atmosphere, low range of temperature, cool summers and mild winters. The United States has put the stamp of its approval upon New Mexico's climate by ■ establishing here its only two sanitariums for the cure of consump- tion, one under the Marine Hospital Service at Fort Stanton and the other, the Army and Navy Hospital, at Fort Bayard. The great Fraternal Sanitarium for the cure of tuberculosis has been located by the united fraternities of America at Las Vegas Hot Springs for the same reason. The stories of the cures that have been effected at the first two mentioned hospitals are now part of the official records of the government, and can be consulted by those who still doubt the testimony of the thousands who have found health and have been virtually snatched from the brink of the grave by the sunshine and bracing atmosphere of the Sunshine Territor}-. Ample accommodations are to be found at tent cities, hotels, sanitariums and homes in the larger towns, as well as in the smaller settlements : also at the various hot springs, which last named are gaining well- AMONG THE ASPENS ON THE SCENIC HIGHWAY, NEAR SANTA FE. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 15 deserved renown for their potent medicinal virtues. Those who desire to do their own housekeeping, or to live in tents of their own, can do so as cheaply in the. Rock}' Mountains as they can in the Alleghenies or the Adirondacks. For the Tourist. New Mexico extends the g-lad hand to the tourist. It will givt; him his money's w^orth, he he interested in scenery, in ethnology, in romance, in history, in the quaint, in the picturesque, or in the sublime. Superb mountain scenery, deep canons, snowclad peaks, difficult mountain trails, min,ir:g camps, picturesque and pretty val- leys, historic spots by the score and ruins of prehistoric origin by the thousand ! It is the land of 'the Cliff Dwellers, the Pueblos, the Navajos, the Apaches, of the Indian dances, of the Conquistadores a'nd their descendants, of mission churches antedating by centuries those of California, of towns, buildings and monuments older tlian the most ancient in any other part of the United States ; of scenery grand and unique. To the sportsman it offers bear, mountain lion and lesser game, trout, bass and other fish, and to those who love to trod quiet and forsaken by-ways of nature or of history, or who seek rest in deep forest or along babbling brooks, there is no more attractive region than that of this old and yet 'new land. PART II. A LESSON IN GEOGRAPHY. Xew Mexico invites metaphors, it compels superlatives. Bathed in sunshine, swept by the cool winds of the mountains, endowed with untold mineral wealth, colored with the hues of the sunset and hallowed by the romance of the Cliff Dwellers, the Pueblos, the Conquistadores and the Fraaciscans, it shines brilliantly and with a color all its own, in the galaxy of the stars of the Union. The Land of Sunshine, one talented author calls it, and New Mexico has adopted and learned to love that name. The Land of Poco Tiempo, a name now outgrown. The Land of Sunsliine, Silence and Adobe, now no longer strictly true. The Land of the Turquoise Skj', beautiful and expressive ; the Land of the Conquistadores ; the Land of the Pueblo Pyramids; the Land of tlie Sun King, and many more have been the attempts to coin a distinctive phrase to characterize the vivid impression that New Mexico's climatological, physical and ethnological characteristics make upon the visitor. "The Sun Land of Promise, Romance and Health," though not quite so euphonious as some of the above, comes, perhaps, closer than those cited in summarizing what gives the Territory its dis- tinctive atmosphere and color. But there are volumes of romance, of history, of scenic beauties, of climate, of natural wealth, of progress, that can be written in addition to those that have been published with New Mexico, its people and their traditions as their subjects. But after all has been said, the fact remains, that its cli- mate, its sunshine, its history and its resources, set the Territory apart from other commonwealths; that directly or indirectly in- fluence all. its industries, all its activities, its very nature. Nowhere else in the world is there found a more perfect climate, and but few sections can boast of a climate as good. It is not only a lovely day now and then, not only a fine summer or a pleasant winter, but a perfect all-the-year-around climate that is making New Mexico the sanitarium of the world, the refuge of those stricken by one or the other of the many forms of lung, throat and nervous troubles, borne constantly in mind when reading of New Mexico's resources, developed and undeveloped we'alth, and its manifold industries, as thev are brieflv outlined in this volum^. FALLS OF THE NAMBE, NORTH OF SANTA FE. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 19 Location and Area. Xew Mexico covers an area of 122.469 square miles upon the southeastern portion of the Rofky Mountain phiteau in the United States. This is an area greater than tlie Ki'iigdom of Italy and of any state in the Union, excepting Texas, California and Mon- tana. It is situated between the parallels of 31 and 37 degrees north and the meridians of 103 and 109 degrees west. It is there- fore in the south temperate zone, but its diversity of altitude from less than 2,900 feet to over 14,000 feet, gives it every variety of cli- mate, except that sunshine and dryness of atmosphere are nearly the same at the lowest as at the highest points. The Territory is divided into twenty-fivo counties. Its chief executive, secretary and district judges are appointed by the President of the United States, its legislation is subject to the ap])roval of Congress and must conform to the Organic Act enacted l)y tlie Congress of the United States, but otherwise the Territory governs itself, elects its own legislature, its own county and municipal officers, maintains its own institutions, manages its own finances and regulates its own internal afPairs. History. In less than fifty years aftt'r the discovery of America by Colum- bus, the Spaniards visited and began to occupy that part of the United States now known as Xew ^lexico. The conquest and Christianization of the Piiyblo Indians began before the dawn of the seventeenth century and several decades before tlie first perma- nent settlements by the English on the Atlantic Coast. In 1680, the Pueblo Indians succeeded in driving the Spaniards from this then Spanish province, but in 1692 Xew Mexico was reconquered by the Spaniards. When ]\Iexico threw off the yoke of Spain, Xew Mexico became part of the new republic and shared its vicissitudes until the United States took ])ossession in 1846, durimg the war with Mexico. Through the (xadsden purchase, the southern portion of the Territory was acquired by the United States from Mexico. It is only since the coming of the railroads, a quarter of a century ago, that the Territory has attracted immigration and has taken a position among the progressive and prosperous commonwealths of the Union. Such is a brief outline of a history of three hundred years, that teem with romance, with wars with mighty deeds, with heroic self-sacrifice and with thrilling episodes in comparison with which the history of Massachusetts, Virginia or even Kentucky appears tame. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 21 Population. New Mexico today has 300,000 people within its boundaries. Less than one-half of these are of Spanish, Mexican and Indian descent, most of these people using the Spanish language in prefer- ence to English, although a steadily growing per cent is as well able to converse in English as in Spanish. A few more decades will witness the complete amalgamation of the native people, both as to language and as to customs, with the 'new comers of Anglo- Saxon origin. In 1850, when the Territory was organized, although it then included what is now Arizona and part of southern Colorado, its population was only 61,547. In 1860 it was 93,516. In 1870, when New Mexico had contracted into its present boundaries, the population was only 91,874. In 1880 it was 119,565, and it was the coming of the railroads about that time, that has almost trebled the population of the Territory since 1880, each decade showing a larger per cent of increase in population than did the rest of the United States. In 1890 the population was 153,593 ; in 1900 it was 195,310, and in 1905 it was 300,000. But it is not only in population that New Mexico has progressed during the past twenty-five years. A public school system has been established and is being maintained liberally, its city schools com- paring favorably with those of eastern cities of much larger popu- lation, rinanciall}^, the Territory is in excellent condition, for despite a low rate of assessment, its income is not only sufficient to pay all obligations as they fall due, to support fifteen territorial institutions, and to aid many quasi-territorial charitable institu- tions, but also to pay ofE bonded indebtedness and to accumulate a large sinking fund. The cities and towns are progressive and the idea that the Territory is upon the ragged edge of civilization is entirely erroneous, for civilization is older in New Mexico than in any other part of the United States. Every settlement has its church and its school house, and social organizations and fraterni- ties were organized in the centers of population as long as fifty years ago, the Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges at Santa Fe, for instance, having both celebrated their semi-centennial, and are older than any other lodges west of the Missouri River, except the Masonic lodge in Salem, Orego'n. Progress. Irrigation enterprises, a network of railroads, colleges, acade- mies, high schools, territorial institutions of learning and of char- ity, sanitariums, all testify to a spirit that aims to keep abreast with the times. The larger towns have electric light works, two of THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 23 the cities have electric street railways, all of the larger towns have water works, four of the cities have free delivery of mail, rural mail routes have heen estahlished, the Territor}^ has entered upon a pro- gram of good road l)uilding, and on every side there are evidences of civic s])irit and pride manifested in beautiful homes, prosperous farms and progress along every line of public and private activity. A description of each -county and of the larger towns is reserved for the concludiiiig chapters of this volume. Physical Features. Xew Mexico is part of the roof of the continent. From one side of this roof the waters flow into the Atlantic, and from the other into the Pacific. The roof not only slopes to the east and to the west, but also from the north to the south, there being a difference of 3,000 feet in the average altitude of its northern and of its southern boundaries. The ridge of the roof which traverses the western part of New Mexico varies in altitude from 4,000 to over 13,000 feet. From this ridge branch off at right angles or run almost parallel to it, many majestic mountain ranges, extensive foothills and table lands cut by canons and arroyos or hiding be- tween their slopes valleys of great fertility and beauty. The mountains, though locally and geographically designated by various names, are all a ])art of the Eocky Mountain system, whose backbone in the northern part is the Sangre de Cristo range, the Alps of the Southwest, lofty and massive, over a score of its peaks rising to an altitude of from r2,000 to above 13,000 feet. It ex- tends from the Colorado line through Taos, C^olfax, Mora and San ]\Iiguel, i'nto Santa Fe County, and from its wooded peaks and flanks flow the streams that water the fertile Santa Fe, Fspanola, Taos, Mora, Cimarron and other valleys. The Culebra, the Taos, the Picuris, the Cimarron, the Pecos, the Glorieta and the Santa Fe ranges are part of this beautiful mountain system, and the Cochiti, the Jemez, the Valles, the San Mateo and the Zuni moun- tains, a little northwest of the center of tlie Territory, may be con- sidered a continuation of it. As the middle of the Territory is gained, going southeast, the" mountain ranges are more disconnected and less lofty, althougli still massive. Here the Sandia, the Ortiz, the San Pedro, the San Tsidro, the Manzanos, the C4allinas and the Jicarillas are names for mountains, some of them rich in mineral wealth and others well timl)ered to their jagged summits. Farther south, four distinct ranges, broken of course, can be traced, their axes all convcrafing, apparently towards the center. The eastern bra'nch is the loftiest and is known as the White Moun- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 25 tains, rising to an altitude of almost 12,000 feet. Continuing toward the south it is called ihe Sacramento Eange, while the Gua- dalupes in the far southeast are an apparent extension. The second branch is also east of the Eio Grande, commencing as the Oscuro range and continuing southward as the San Andreas and Organ mountains and terminating in the Franklin range. The third branch consists of the :\Iagdalenas, the San Mateo Mountains, the San Cristobal, the Caballos and the Black Eange ; while the most western branch consists of the Datils and the San Francisco, Tula- rosa and Mogollon ranges, extending into the Burro Mountains in Grant County. Besides these, there are many apparently independ- ent mountain groups and ranges, such as the Floridas, the Cooks range, the Las Animas hills, the Ladrones, the Peloncillo, and others, whose geographical appellations are hardly of interest to the general reader, and whose importaince to the Territory is only as to the extent of their watersheds and the direction they give to the flowing streams, and their mineral wealth. A list of the better known peaks of 10,000 or more feet in alti- tude is as follows : Truchas Peaks, 13,306, 13,275 and 13,150 feet ; Taos Mountain, 13,145; Jicarilla Peak (Pecos), 12,944; Cone Peak, 12,690; Costilla Peak, 12,634; Santa Fe Baldv, 12,623; Pecos Baldy, 12,500; Elizabeth Baldy, 12,491; Sierra Mosca, 12,- 400; Lake Peak, 12,380: Sierra Blanca, 11,800; Santa Clara. 11,507; Bassets Peak, 11,500; Elk Mountain,' 11,500; Mount Taylor, 11,389; Thomas Mountain, 11,275; Pelade Peak, 11,260; Abiquiu Peak, 11,240; Eound Mountain, 11,000; Agua Fria Peak, 10,965; San Antonio Peak, 10,833; Mount Magdalena, 10,798; IJnited States Mountain, ' 10,- 734; Sandia Mountain, 10,609; Chaperito Mountain, 10,600; New York Mountain, 10,594; Thompson Peak, 10,546; Osha Peak, 10,223; Hermit's Peak, 10,200; Ute Peak, 10,151; Manzano Peak, 10,086; Mimbres Peak, 10,061; Nacimiento Peak^ 10,045; Mount Capitan, 10,023; Grass Mountain, 10,000. On the Pecos Forest Eeserve alone, an area less than 700 square miles, there are mapped three peaks exceeding 13,000 feet in height, ten between 12,000 am'd 13,000; twelve between 11,000 and 12,000, and seven between 10,000 and 11.000 feet, or thirty-two peaks in all, whose altitude exceeds 10,000 feet, while there are a hundred or more peaks higher than any mountains east of the Mississippi. The elevation of the principal passes is as follows; Costilla Pass, 10,188; Cumbres or Toltec Pass, 9,622; Taos Pass, 9,353; Volcano Pass, 8.871;^ Eaton Pass, 7,623; Glorieta Pass, 7,432; Capitan Pass, 7,398 ;'Pedernal Pass, 7.181; Mora Canon. 6,528; VERTICAL SECTION OF THE EARTH'S CRUST IN NEW MEXICO. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 27 Emery Gap, 6,46'-^; tJppt^i' -^'jo Pass, 0,431; Tijeras Pass, 6,314; San Augustioe Pass, 5,094 ; Organ Pass, 5,407 ; Magdalena Pass, 4,755; Florida Pass, 4,000. The lowest points in New Mexico are Eed Bluff, on the: southeastern houndary, 2,877 feet; Carlsbad, 3,123; Eoswell, 3,505; Anthony, 3,789; Las Cruces, 3,888, and Dona Ana, 3,910 feet, the elevation even of these, however, exceed- ing one half mile. Geology. Although the systematic study of the geology of Xew Mexico has been thus far neither comprehensive nor thorough, a general view of the principal formations has been gained. From both a mining and a scientific standpoint, the rocks of Xew Mexico are of exceptional interest. In fact, erosion has exposed the geologic for- mations at ma«y points, so that they may be read even b}' the casual observer, and it seems that there are but few places in the United States where the study of geology and mineralogy can be pursued under as favorable conditions. The escarp of the Sandia Mountains, for instance, which faces the Eio Grande, exposes fully 5,000 feet of its formations and is classic in that respect. West of Mount Taylor, toward the Zuni Reservation, erosion has had a gigantic playground, and nowhere else in the world, geologists say, has the tooth of time, wind and water played such fantasies. The wide range of geologic formations represented, the large and diversified deposits of ores and other mineral values which these formations are known to contain, aaid the fact that the mineral wealth of the region has been exploited upon a small scale only, all go to make Xew Mexi<^o a very interesting field to the geologist, the mining curgineer, the expert, the prospector, the miner, and the man who ultimately profits l)y their discoveries, the investor and capitalist. It is with the older eruptive rocks that the valuable minerals are mostly associated, as well as in the later gravels, in the carbonifer- ous limestone and in the upper cretaceous sandstones. Low-grade copper ore is disseminated widely throughout the "red beds,"' espe- cially in strata of shale and sandstone, copper having in many places replaced fossil plants and trees in the form of a high-grade glance. However, the spasmodic appearance . of these glances and the low grade of the ore in the surrounding formation, have thus far not made the working of these deposits profitable. The upper Cretaceous sandstones contain the coal deposits which are dis- tributed in the Laramie and the Fox Hills series, the Cerrillos and Carthage fields ])elon2:ino- to the latter, the coal of these two ■a^p.icx}^^ p9^ ^1 ^i^O^^SiUZ'T S--»-OU^^7. liO<^,tVQ --^v ^ '3i<&^s9tiezyS7*fia^/'2Zco^W»^ ^^^'H\ 'vi V >u ~ ' 7^1\ THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 29 districts being superior to those in the Laramie series, especially on account of their fine coking quality. Much of the copper and all of the principal lead and zinc ores are found in intimate asso- ciation with the carboniferous limestones. Gold and silver ores are nearly always found in intimate connection with the meta- morphic and eruptive types of rock, especially with porphyry. Lead, copper, zinc and other ores are, as a matter of fact, found intermixed with the gold and silver ores. In the placer and black sands have been discovered traces of platinum and other rare min- erals. The geological formations comprise five very marked classes of rock material. At the base is a great mass of crystallines, chiefly granites, gneisses and schists with some metamorphic elastics which cannot always be distinguished from the members of the fudamental complex. The latest Paleozoics are widely distributed and are chiefly known by the thick blue limestones which form the crests and back slopes of many of the principal mountain ranges; these are carboniferous. A third class of rocks is found in the thick and exteinsive beds of massive yellow sandstones, the geological age of which is Cretaceous. Over all these indurated rocks is a mantle of soft clays and sands, largely deposited during the Ter- tiary period. Later than all of these are vast outflows of igneous rocks, which cover many thousands of square miles, covering nearly one-sixth of the Territory's area. The period during which these volcanic rocks were enipted extended from the late Tertiary down to within historical times. It was at the end of the Tertiary period that the Mai Pais was formed. It is to this period that New Mexico owes many of its most fertile river valleys, the rivers hav- ing been dammed by lava flows, forming lakes, which after the rivers again eroded a bed through the lava, were unwatered, leav- ing valleys deeply covered with fertile soil. Thus the Espanola Valley and the Eio Grande Canon, sixty miles long, above Embudo, were formed, as were also the valleys along the Gila and San Fran- cisco rivers. Only in the southern extremity of the Sangre de Cristo range is it thought that true Archaean rocks are exposed. Possibly, also some of the basement crystallines of the Mogollon and Burro moun- tains in western New Mexico, and in the Sierra de los Caballos, in the south central part, may prove to be of Archaean age. Even in these localities, the areas, which may be properly referred to the Archaean, are quite limited. Most of the mountain ranges are great tilted blocks, having one long sloping side, and one steep face, originally a fault scarp. In THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 31 the abruptly rising faces, considerable portion of the basal part is often found to be made up of quartz plates, micaceous and horn- blendic schivsts, gncis.ses ain!d granites. The foliation of these highly metamorphosed rocks is usually nearly vertical. When they meet the basal quartzites and limestones above, they are sharply beveled off and the stratification of the last named beds is nearly at right angles to the planes of lamination beneath. These highly metamorphosed masses are here referred to the Algonkian age. They are more or less mineralized in the various mountain systems. They contain many of the extensive deposits of copper, iron, silver, gold, zinc and some of the rarer metals. These rocks are well disi)layed in the Sandia, Manzano, San Andreas, Magdalena, Caballos, Black Range, Sangre de Cristo, Sacramento and other ranges. In central Xew Mexico, in the Sandia, Caballos, and San Andreas ranges, there is a massive quartzite, fifty to one hundred feet in thickness, the lower part of which is a conglomerate, lying between the carboniferous limestone and the metamorphics. It is conform- able with the limestones immediately above it. This quartzite member reposes upon the upturned ages of the Algoinkian forma- tions, indicating clearly that an enormous erosion interval separates the two. In some mountain ranges this quartzite carries important copper deposits. On the whole, the carl)oniferous rocks are very important forma- tions. They are found in the majority of the principal mountain ranges. In most localities they are important ore carriers. As guide horizons they deserve the fullest consideration in the loca- tion of mines. Four important series of formations belong to the carboniferous, the middle carboniferous, the upper carbonifer- ous and Oklahoman series. The nether series of the carboniferous has been clearly differentiated in a number of localities. Principal of these places is Lake Valley, in Sierra County. In the Sacra- mento Mountains the faunal equivalent of the Burlington lime- stone of the Mississippi valley is well exposed. The great limestone plates which cap the principal mountain ranges in central New Mexico, and which form their back slopes, are carboniferous in age. Immediately beneath the ffreat limestone formations is found, usually a white quartzite, which often passes downward into a coarse conglomerate. The quartzite, with its coarse phase, rests uncomfortably on the upturned edges of the metamorphic series. The great limestones are easily distinguishable by their black and blue to gray color, their peculiar compact texture, and the ■t'Ut^'pl'^ "b -iieA'u-o^ -i-ifsvoritt-^^ THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 33 fossils whicii they contain. The thickness of the limestone is from 300 to probably 1,000 feet. It is massively bedded, and in some localities contains some very thick beds of pnre whitish lime rock. This great limestone formation forms a remarkable cornice on the Sa'ndia mountains, clearly seen from the railroad station at Albuquerque. It is also an important part of the Manzano, Mag- dalcna, Socorro, Caballos, Ladrones, San Andreas and Sacramento ranges. In most of the districts the carboniferous limestone carries im- portant lead and silver deposits. The quartzite also carries copper. Above the blue limestone of the carboniferous lies an im- portant sandstone, and then a sequence of shales and sandstones conspicuous for their remarkable red coloration. "Eed beds" they are generally called. These Permo-carboniferous red beds are found everywhere at the foot of the back slope of the central Xew Mexico mountain ranges. They are 200 to 1,000 feet thick and often form a con- spicuous feature in the landscape. In the Sandia moimtains the lower sandstone is called the Coyote sandstone from Coyote Springs, and the upper member of the Ber- malillo shales. These red sandstones and shales are notable for the copper ores everywhere distributed through them. There appears to be small doubt that the upper part of the great formation, long called the "red beds," belongs to a later geological age than the carboniferous. American geologists prefer to denom- inate the lower part of the Threefold Mesozoic, the Jura-Trias. These beds are largely developed in the northeastern part in the Cimarron, Canadian and Pecos valleys, and in the central part in the Eio Grande valley. In thickness the" measurement is probably greatly in excess of 500 feet. The important ore dqjosits are chiefly those of copper and iron. Gypsum, fire clays and cement materials abound. The cretaceous formatioms are the most extensive surface rocks. They probably cover more than one-third of the whole area. Both the upper and lower cretaceous sediments are well represented. In the Canadian and Pecos valleys, particularly around the west- ern and northern borders of the Llano Estacado, there lies above the "red beds" a remarkable sequence of sands, chalky rocks and clays. These have been called the Trinity sands at the base, the Fredericksburg limestone, and the Washita sands. At the base of the upper cretaceous is a sandstone at least 300 feet in thickness. This is one of the chief artesian well reservoirs. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 35 la northeastern New Mexico particularly, the (l(/lorado forma- tion is well defined. It there attains a thickness of fully 800 feet. Tt comprises chiefly shales with numerous bands of limestone and several thick sandstones. Attaining a development of 1,500 feet in the northeastern sec- tion, the Montana is well represented by at least two important terraces, known further north as the Pierre shales and the Fox Hills sandstone. The shales are ];revailingly gray and drab, becoming yellowish above and blackish below. Here the beds generally referred to the Laramie are upwards of 2,000 feet in thickness. The rocks are chiefly gray sandstones and shales, with numerous beds of coal. Most of the coal of the region is believed to belong to the Laramie age. The coals of the Raton, Dawson, Cerrillos, Carthage and the Bear mountains are all re- garded as Laramie coals. In northeastern New Mexico and in the Eio Grande valley there are two large areas of gray shales which reach a maximum thick- ness of over 800 feet. They have been referred to as the early Ter- tiary, and are called the Puerco series. The later Tertiary beds are widely distributed. The Lhmo Esta- cado formation of the eastern part, over 800 feet in thickness, appears to belong to this age. On Galisteo creek, south of Santa Fe, certain sands are referred to the Neocene, as are the Santa Fe marls so extensively developed north of the City of Santa Fe. The marls extend down the valley of the Rio Grande at least as far as Socorro. New Mexico is 'pre-eminently a mountain country. Geologically its mountains are interesting on account of their valuable mineral deposits; topographically, on account of being the sources of the life-giving rivers, without which the Territory would be a desert. River Systems. New Mexico has three large river systems. That of the Colorado, draining the entire region west of the Continental Divide into the Pacific Ocean, the Rio Giande and the Canadian systems, the latter two draining the waters of the eastern and larger part of the Territory into the Atlantic. There are in addition several inde- pendent systems whose waters never reach the ocean, the principal of these being that of the Mimbres River in the southwestern portion. None of the rivers of the Territory are navigable nor are there any large standing bodies of water, although there are nu- merous mountain lakes and several lakes formed by irrigation MONUMENT ROCK IN SANTA FE CANON. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 37 systems^ while at certain seasons of the year the submersion of deep places on the plains or mesas forms lakes and lakelets. Of the most importance to New Mexico is the system of the Eio Grande. The river rises in Colorado and bisects the Territory, almost 500 miles of its course being within New Mexico. In its valley and tributary valleys live two-thirds of the population of the Territory, and with its tributaries it furnishes the irrigation water for three-fourths of the land under cultivation. During flood seasons, it carries an immense amount of water that spreads over the lowlands, but during the dry season, it dwindles into in- significance in many places, although a large volume of water flows under the sandy bed at all times. In the northern part of its course the river flows through precipitous canons, opening into the Es- panola valley, and then rushes through the White Eock canon. South of this, its valley grows wider and the stream more sluggish, the banks being low or consisting of sand bluffs, excepting in lower Socorro and in Sierra counties, where the Elephant Buttes close in upon the stream, which for a short distance flows more rapidly again, but below the Buttes spreads out into the Mesilla valley, one of the garden spots of the Southwest. This river has been called the "Nile of New Mexico," and this name is truthful within certain limita- tions. Egypt without the Nile would be a desert. New Mexico without the Eio Grande would still be a rich and prosperous com- monwealth, although its population would be only half of what it is today, and instead of being, first of all an agricultural, it would be more a stock and mining country. The Eio Grande has many tributaries, along which are situated some of the loveliest and most fertile valleys. Commencing in the north, the most important are the Costilla, Cabresto, Taos, Em- budo, Petaca, Chama, Santa Cruz, Pojoaque, Santa Fe, Jemez, Galisteo, Puerco and Salado rivers. South of the last named the Eio Grande is practically tributaryless for over a hundred and fifty miles, except during the spring months or after heavy rains. Next to the Eio Grande, the longest river in the Territory is its largest tributary, the Pecos. It rises in Mora county, on the Pecos Eiver Forest Eeserve, and flows southeasterly for over 400 miles through the Territory and finally enters the Eio Grande in Texas. Along its upper course it is a mountain stream, but in Guadalupe county it assumes the characteristics of the lower Eio Grande, a wide, shifting sandy bed, cutting through bluffs or spreading over lowlands, carrying an immense volume of water during floods, seep- ing into the ground along certain stretches during drouth, but THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 39 always having a strong underflow. In Chaves and Eddy counties, the flow of the river is more permanent and of greater volume, but here, too, it fluctuates according to the season. The waters of the Pecos are more alkaline than those of the Rio Grande, especially from Santa Eosa south. The Pecos has a number of long tribu- taries, but none of them carries a great volume of water except after heavy rains or during flood season. The river system next in importance is that of the Canadian, which drains the eastern slope of the main Rocky Mountain range as far south as the headwaters of the Pecos river. Its principal tributaries, the Cimarron, the Vermejo, the Ocate and the Mora, carry a considerable amount of water, while there are a number of lesser tributaries, perennial in their flow in their upper courses. These streams have more or less the characteristics of mountaiii streams, with rock bottoms. Still, they have considerable under- flow, and as the Canadian approaches the eastern boundary, its waters seep into the sandy bed and its tributaries are mere arroyos. The third great .system is that of the Colorado, exceeding the other two systems in the amount of water carried, but inferior to them in the number of acres under cultivation and tributary to it, and the population dependent upon its water for irrigation. Tha largest affluent is the San Juan with its important tributaries, the Las Animas and the La Plata, draining southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. To the Colorado system also belong the Zuni, the Gila and the San Francisco rivers, all important on account of the large volume of water they carry. Of the independent river systems, those of the Mimbres, the Tularosa, the Tres Rios and the Datil are alone worthy of more than mere mention. While the rivers of New Mexico are not great highways of com- merce, yet, owing to the necessity of irrigation, they are the ar- teries upon whose flow prosperitv depends to a great extent. They differ in many respects from rivers in the east owing to peculiari- ties of climate, of soil and the uses to which their waters are put. So-called arroyos or dry water courses, furrow New Mexico in every direction, in addition to the rivers and streams. These ar- royos carry water only after rains or when the snow Is melting in the mountains. Most of them have an underflow, but ordinarily they appear to the eye as rivers that have been dried up by the sun and the winds. Irrigation. Crops are raised in the mountain valleys much the same as in the more humid east. On large areas, especially in draws, sinks and THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 41 former river and lake bottoni.s, the Campbell method of soil cul- ture will enable the energetic husbandman to do well without irri- gation or with scant irrigation, but as a rule, irrigation is necessary to the successful pursuit of agriculture, and it is really the ideal co^ndition under which to raise crops, as has been proved by five thousand years of history in the fertile valleys of Egypt, Mesopo- tamia, Hindostan, China, North x\frica and northern Italy. No excessive moisture, 'no drouth, worries the liusbandman who possesses an irrigation right in a perennial stream, who has fortified himself with a reservoir, or who has struck artesian water, or who has wells from which he can pump. Irrigation means intensive farming, it means that the land will be fertilized at the same time that it is watered, it means certain crops and a maximum produc- tion per acre. In its perfectio'n, agriculture by irrigation is as distinct an advance upon the methods of agriculture in the more humid states, as manufacturing Avith machinery is over manual labor. When it is remembered that out of a total area of over 78,000,000 acres onlv a little over a cpiarter million are in actual cultivation under irrigation ditches, then it will be seen that there is a vast opening for enterprise in reclaiming broad areas of as fertile lands as God ever created, lying under a perfect sky, and in a well-nigh perfect climate. Nor is there a lack of water for reclaiming at least a portioai of the vast arid, domain. The flood waters which flow to waste annually, the ordinary flow of rivers and streams that is wasted or not utilized, the tremendous underflow in most of the broad valleys, the feasibility and cheapness of pumping water from unfailing wells in many sections, and the undoubted existence of large artesian belts, all promise that sooner or later a large part of New Mexico will be under successful irrigation. Sufficient data have been gathered and published in the report of the Territorial commission of irrigation of 1898 and by the United States Geological Survey to make it quite practicable to select the most available reservoir sites and to determine upon projects, which at a minimum cost would benefit the greater num- ber of people. The Territory may properly be divided into three distinct regions, the eastern plains, the Rio Grande valley and the western plateaus. The eastern portion is an extension of the high plains of Texas, l)roken l)y the courses of the Canadian and Pecos Elvers. This broad stretch of open grazing land continues to the uplands which form the southern extension of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. This portion is a favored section for the cattle growers and sheep THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. • 43 raisers. Beyond this broken country is the Rio Grande Talley, and still further west are elevated arid table lands. These extend to the mountains^ which lie about the headwaters of the Gila and Salt rivers. In the extreme northwestern part of the Territory, where are the fertile valleys of the San Juan river and its tribu- taries, there has been recently a considerable development of irri- gation. In the Eio Grande section there are a few very large irrigation canals and many small community ditches held by the small farm- ers and the Pueblo Indians. The origin of these ditches is lost, even in local tradition, and it is probable that many more of them were in use before the advent of the Spaniards. IJinder the com- munity system, each ditch is held and controlled by the owners of the land it irrigates, these living usually together in a village or pueblo. In the fall of each year a mayordomo is elected, who has control of the ditch for the following season. He assesses the land for the labor necessary to -clean the ditch and to keep it in repair during the irrigation season, apportions the water to each con- sumer according to the local conditions, and in general supervises all matters pertaining to irrigation. While the apportionment of labor varies, it is generally such that a farmer holding a tract of six acres is required to furnish the labor of one man in cleaning and repairing the entire ditch in the spring, while he who holds twelve acres furnishes a man's labor when necessary during the whole season. The ditches have no regular gates or sluices, and flooding is the only means of irrigation. Consequently, the use of water is extremely wasteful. The development of the agricultural resources depends largely upon the control of the waters of the Rio Grande and its many tributaries. The seepage and inflow from tributaries maintain the river at a good volume in northern New Mexico. Sites suitable for reservoirs along the Rio Grande and its principal tributaries are frequent, and several of them excellent. Large dams constructed at these points would render it possible to hold large quantities of water for irrigation of a number of open valleys along the course of the river. The Reclamation Service of the United States Geologic Survey has completed the preliminary work for the building of a diverting dam at Penasco Rock and a dam at the Elephant Buttes, in the Rio Grande, north of the Mesilla valley. Water Users' Associa- tions have been organized as the first step toward having the Reclamation Service undertake actual constructioaj work upon this project. \ THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 45 The reservoir will be forty miles in length, and its capacity will be 2,000,000 acre-feet, or ample for the 180,000 acres of land to be supplied by it. The cost of the project, including reservoir and all diversion works and canals above El Paso, is estimated at $7,200,-- 000, or $40 per acre on 180,000 acres. This is beloiv the value of irrigated land in the valley, and those best informed pronounce the project desirable at the price. The main item of cost is the dam, which will require 300,000 barrels of cement, a large amount of machinery, gates, etc., entailing a very heavy outlay for freight. It is estimated that the dam will cost approximately $5,500,000. As projected, the dam will be arched up stream and on a six degree curve, the upstream edge or crest having a radius of 955.4 feet- Its dimensions are to be as follows : Height from bedrock forma- tion to top of parapet walls or crest, 255 feet; thiclcness at bottom, 180 feet; on top, 20 feet; length of crest, 1,150 feet. The roadway is five feet below the crest, between parapet walls on each side, and is 14 feet wide. The spillway at a natural gap on the west side of the valley is several miles north of the d-am and about 175 feet higher than the level of the present river bed. It will have a total length of 800 feet. The Eeclamation Service is taking water measurements on the Sapello, Gallinas and Tecolote rivers, in San Miguel county, as a preliminary to considering a project for the construction of a reser- voir on the Las Vegas grant. Private companies have from time to time constructed irrigation systems in the valleys tributary to the Eio Grande, and a number of other projects a-re under consid- eration at present. The largest irrigation system in the Territory, and probably in the United States, is situated on the Pecos river, in Chaves and Eddy counties. In the lower part of its course in New Mexico, the Pecos receives large quantities of water from numerous springs, which are a notable feature, many of them emerging from the earth with such volume and force as to prove beyond question that their source is high upon the snowclad ranges to the northwest of them. The drainage area of the catchment basin of the Pecos river lying within the Territory and available for irrigation pur- poses is estimated at 20,000 square miles. The irrigation system of the Pecos Irrigation Company has a water s^ipply sufficient to irrigate 250,000 acres, although thus far only 20,000 acres are under cultivation. This system has been transferred and sold to the United States Eeclamation Service and will be improved and extended by it at a cost of $650,000. The Eeclamation Ser- vice is building a reservoir on the Hondo, a tributary of THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 47 the Pecos, which will be completed in 1906, and which will place under irrigation at first 9^000 acres, and ultimately about 14,000 acres. Another project in this drainage basin, the Lake Urton reservoir, has been approved by the Eeclamation Service for con- struction. The Felix irrigation system, owned by private parties, furnishes the water for a large area in southern Chaves County. Irrigation ditches in this drainage basin are confiined almost wholly to the tributaries, the course of the main stream being for the greater part through a canon, from which it does not emerge until it nears the boundary. Important irrigation systems are supplied by the Cimarron, Vermejo and Mora rivers, those of the two first mentioned streams being among the most extensive in the Territory. Two large canals, constructed by a corporatio'n, are located on the Maxwell grant, a tract containing 1,491,755 acres of grazing, agri- cultural, timber and mineral lands, including within its boundaries the headwaters of the Canadian, Yermejo and Cimarron rivers. Along the line of these canals is a series of natural basins or an- cient lake-beds, favorably situated, in which large quantities of water are stored. Many smaller natural reservoir sites, located at elevations where evaporation is comparatively slight, are found near the headwaters of nearly all the streams which originate in this basin. Eleven reservoirs, with a combined capacity of 5,000 acr^-feet, have been constructed on the Vermejo. On the Cimarron there are thirteen community or individual ditches and one cor- poration ditch. Connected with these are four storage reservoirs, with an aggregate capacity of 6,000 acre-feet. The area irrigated by the ditches of this stream is 8,000 acres. The Mora river and its tributaries supply water for practically all the rrrigation sys- tems in Mora county. Two ditches have been constructed, by which, during the periods of greater scarcity, water is taken from the Eio del Pueblo in Taos county and diverted through passes in the mountains. All the ditches along the Mora and its tributaries are either private or community ditches. In the western plateau region the total number of acres irrigated is small, compared with the other two main divisions of the Ter- ritory. The waters affording supply for this region are the San Juan, the Gila, the Zuni and the Mimbres rivers. The lands irri- gated by the San Juan river are in the 'northern part of San Juan county. The sources Df this river are in the San Juan and La Plata mountains in (Colorado, and the affluents which it receives from the south are unimportant. Near the Colorado line the San Juan has a mean flow of 960 feet per second. This is aug- mented by the waters of the Eio del los Pinos, which has an esti- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 49 mated flow of eighty cubic feet per second. The most important tributary is the Animas, which has a normal flow at a point below Aztec of 855 cubic feet per second. In the drainage basin of the San Juan there are fifty-two ditches located as follows : On the Animas twenty, irrigating 7,500 acres ; on the San Juan nineteen, irrigating 4,000, ajid on the La Plata fifteen, irrigating 3,000 acres. The total area irrigated by the San Juan and its tributaries is 15,500 acres. The United States Rec- lamation Service is considering the feasibility of an irrigation pro- ject to reclaim 20,000 acres west of the La Plata. A private cor- poration has taken the preliminary steps to reclaim 20,000 acres in the vicinity of Blanco, on the San Juan river. In Grant County a considerable acreage is irrigated by the Rio Mimbres. This stream flows southeast through the counties of Grant and Luna, to within a few miles of Deming, then turns ab- ruptly to the east and discharges its waters upon the Florida plains, where they are lost in the sands. The area irrigated by it is 6,000 acres. The flow is permanent and only a small portion is used. The Rio Mimbres Irrigation Company has leased territorial lands on the Upper Mimbres for the purpose of reclaiming them by irrigation works storing the flood waters of the river. Between the basins of the Gila and the San Juan rivers, there is a small area drained by the Zuni river. Portions of this area are irrigated by the Zuni Indians. The Indian Office is constructing a reservoir for the Pueblo Indians on the Zuni reservation which will impound sufficient water to irrigate 6,000 acres. Lands of New Mexico. Of the 78,374,000 acres of land surface in New Mexico, only 6,000,000, or 6.5 per cent, are included in farms, and only 400,000 are improved. Of the improved land 385,000 acres are located out- side of the Indian reservations. The importance of irrigation is demonstrated by the fact that the cultivated area outside of the Indian reservations is only a little more than 250,000 acres. In 1889 the corresponding cultivated area was but 91,755 acres. Of the farms of the Territory 72.2 per cent is wholly or partially irrigated, while of the improved acreage 57.2 per cent is cultivated. The average area of improved land in such irrigated farms is thirty- three acres, of which twenty-six are cultivated. The average 'number of acres of cultivated land for eacli mile of ditch reported is eighty-six. The area under ditch for each mile is 272 acres, or over three times the average cultivated area. In many states where there is a larger percentage of new irrigation ^jii^^m.- ^^:;-_ : LARGEST ^i^l , in THE. ^H| . PECOS WPB VALLEY. THE LARGEST WELL IN THE PECOS VALLEY. THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 51 enterprises than' in this Territory, the area cultivated bears a much smaller ratio to the area under ditch. In the sections of New Mexico where irrigation has been practiced for centuries, the effect on the old canals of the diversion of water at points further- up the stream is shown by the difference between acreage under ditch and acreage actually cultivated. This is especially evident along the Rio Grande. On the other hand, in the valleys of the Pecos and San Juan rivers and their tributaries, the difference is due to the existence of modern irrigation systems. The average cost of constructing the ditches is $1,738 per mile and $6.40 per acre of land under ditch. The irrigated farms make greater use of the public domain for grazing purposes than do those which are unirrigated, and an in- come is thus secured in addition to that obtained directly from the land owned and leased. Sufficient has been done in irrigation to demonstrate wiiat might be and eventually will be accomplished. The irrigation works in the lower Pecos Valley have placed under ditch an area equal to the entire number of acres now under cultivation in the Terri- tory; they have built cities and villages, turned a desert into a garden, arid created millions of dollars of wealth where formerly there was but an unproductive waste. And yet, this is only the beginning, even for that section of the Territory. On the Maxwell land grant in Colfax County equal progress has been made in building irrigation works on scientific principles, and the results are similar to those achieved in the Pecos valley. In San Juan County there are miles upon miles of irrigation canals, while many more miles are being added without exhausting the available water supply. For the Pueblo, as well as the Navaho Indians, the national government is constructing such reservoirs and irrigation canals; and it will undertake the same work in the near future for farmers who are not wards of the United States. In the Rio Grande valley and the valleys of its tributaries and along every stream and river are irrigation systems, some of them primi- tive and wasteful, it is true, and sooner or later to be supplanted by scientific irrigation, yet, sufficient to demonstrate that this is first of all an agricultural commonwealth. It was the first to practice irrigation and will be the greatest beneficiary eventually under the reclamation policy of the national government. Xew Mexico does not depend altogether upon water from flowing streams or stored flood waters for the moisture to raise crops. Besides a number of valleys and mesas where the rainfall is sufficient, there are artesian areas, developed to their greatest ARTESIAN WELL NEAR ARTESIA. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 53 extent in Chaves and Eddy Counties,, where there are scores of flow- ing wells,,but existing also in' Colfax" County and about to be de- veloped in other Sections. Besides fiowimg wells, there are inex- haustible wells in: which the water does not rise quite to the sur- face, such as in the- Estancia Valley in Torrance County, in the Mimbres Valley in Luna'County, in Eoosevelt. and other counties. There is a heavy underground flow in nearly every river valley, which is available by pumping. Experiments successfully con- ducted at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Mesilla Park, have demonstrated that water sufficient for irrigation purposes can be raised with a gasoline pump at a maximum cost of from ■fifty-one to fifty-four cents an acre, the well being forty-eight feet deep. When it is considered that in India 6,000,000 acres are irri- gated from wells. by pumping, it can be. seen what a future there is for New Mexico in agricultural development alone. The Campbell and Other Dry Climate Methods. In Eoosevelt County, in Quay County, on Johnson's Mesa, on the Barela Mesa, in the White, Sacramento and Pecos mountains, thou- sands of acres are under, cultivation, depending upon the annual rainfall. , It has been demonstrated- that the real difficulty in the arid region is not a lack of rainfall, but the loss of too much water by evaporation, and this can be properly controlled by culti- vation, especially by the Campbell method of soil culture, which consists in cultivating the soil frequently and deeply and covering the surface with a dust mulch that prevents the evaporation of the moisture stored in. the ground. It has been proven by careful laboratory and field work that eight inches of rainfall are ample to grow good crops, providing the water is all utilized. The average rainfall for New Mexico is twice as much, and in portions^ three times as much. A description of such a dry culture farm north of Alamogordo, in the most arid portion of the Territory, gives an idea of the practicability of raising crops without irrigation in the arid region. It says : "It is the cleanest, neatest ranch conceivable. The weeds lining every irrigating ditch and in every irrigated field are conspicuous by their absence. The intense dark green foliage of the trees strikes one's attention upon approach and the evidence of thrift and health in every growing thing is so convincing that one is utterly confounded. All the preconceived notions as to the absolute necessity for abundant water to raise a crop in New Mexico are swept away at a glance. One who has seen thousands of dollars expended to bring a small stream of water for a few miles to develop a little ranch is dumb- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 55 founded to see the desert blossom as the rose, under simply the magic touch of labor in common with methods of good farming. It is only four years since the first work was done on this desert farm. Several acres of land were cleared of sage brush and after crop- ping to corn or small grain, fruit trees were planted. Many of these are bearing this year. It will pay one to visit this ranch to see what can be done without irrigation. One will find there a thriving crop of l)arley, and corn six feet tall, all kinds of garden truck, and trees of many varieties. There are large cottonwoods, and fruit trees loaded with blossoms and fruit. Apricots, pears, peaches, plums, walnuts, apples, grapes, blackberries and rhubarb are all doing well by the simplest method of cultivating throughout the summer." This method of dry farming is especially successful in Union, Quay and Roosevelt Counties, but can certainly be adapted to reclaiming millions of acres now lying idle in every part of the Territory. Great success with this method has been obtained in eastern Colorado and western Texas, in each of which States companies have been organized to reclaim lands upon a large scale by the Campbell method. Says a successful expert of this method: "'There is more than one way to bottle up water, and the best is tb use the soil itself as a, bottle. If the soil is deep, it will hold all that falls upon it without leaking out below. If the farmer plows it deep, subsoils it in the fall and lets it lie rough through the winter and spring, he opens the bottle ready to catch all the water. If he keeps it blanketed with a few inches of very loose dry soil by cultivation when the soil is in a condition to crumble nicely, and then cultivates frequently thereafter through the summer, lie effectively corks up the bottle so that but a rela- tively small part of it gets out into the air. He then also keeps all weeds down and prevents the enormous leakage through the roots, stems and leaves of the plants which would otherwise take place." Beaver County, Oklahoma, boasts of its fine crops raised without irrigation, and yet just across the State boundary, in Xew ]kIexico, the rainfall for the past &ix years has averaged 36-100 of an inch per month more durimg the growing season, giving promise of the arid plains and. mesas of New Mexico being in the near future converted into fertile farms. PART III. INDUSTRIES— AGRICULTURE. The" up-to-date New Mexico farmer is the aristocrat of his craft. With. twenty or thirty acres of fertile land and ample irrigation rights he is- independemt. If his ranch is well located he fears neither excessive moisture nor drouth, neither hard times noi panics. There is always a good market in which his products com- mand top prices, and as to crop failure, it is out of the question, if he knows his business. New Mexico is attracting more attention today than at any former time on account of its agricultural possibilities. Homeseek- ers are, coming to the Territory in great numbers, taking up or purchasing large areas of land in valleys or on the mesas, and build- ing new agricultural communities of considerable importance. Forty-one per cent of the people in the Territory in gainful occu- pations are engaged 'in agricultural pursuits — quite a creditable showing. In the great agricultural state of Illinois, having a popu- lation of 3,8O4,<)40, engaged in gainful occupations there are 863,- 781 persons, or only thirty-one per cent, as against forty-one per cent in New Mexico, who are engaged in agricultural pursuits. The area and valuation of farm lands and the value of farm property in New Mexico have materially increased since 1890, as is shown in the following table : Farm Statistics. 1890. 1900. Total number of farms . *4,458 **11,834 Acres in farms 783,883 5,130,878 Total value of farm propertv $33,543,141 $53,737,834 Lands, fences and buildings 8,140,800 30,888,814 Implements and machinery 391,140 1,151,610 Live stock on hand June 1 . 35,111,303 31,737,400 *Not less than three acres, reportin'g not less than $500 gross income. **Not less than three acres, and reporting the sale of not less than $500 in produce. Today, at least 50 per cent must be added for present-day valua- tions. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 59 This shows tliat from 1890 to IDUU the number of farms increased 165 per cent, the area of farm lands 550 per cent^ the total value of farm property GO per cent, the value of lands with their improve- ments 15G per ceui't, the value of implements and machinery 295 per cent, and the value of liva stock 2G per cent. These figures give an idea of the rapid development, aiid they are also indicative of what may be expected in the future. Another matter that is well worthy. of record here is the fact that the producing capabilities per capita of those engaged in agricultural pursuits have increased amazingly. The annual value of farm products increased in the teni! years, 1890 to 1900, from nearly $2,000,000 to a little over $10,000,000, or an increase of -100 per cent in the ten years, while the agricultural population has not increased 100 per cent. The following table, taken from the twelfth United States census, will give some idea of the importance of several of the leading Xew Mexico crops during the census j^ear of 1900 : Value. Acres. Bushels. Total cereals $1,077,377 . 96,210 Corn 519,936 41,345 677,305 Wheat 390,616 37,907 603,303 Oats 154,347 15,848 342,777 Barley . 12,475 1,110 23,107 Hay and forage 1,427,317 87,458 Beams ' 73,001 . 3,349 Peas 20,365 2,220 Sugar beets 16,859 1,298 Irish potatoes 49,552 1,122 72,613 Sweet potatoes 4,588 47 6,180 Orchard products 197,331 Flowers and plants 5,300 11 Nurseries 4,343 22 Vegetables 278,412 6,501 Not dassi^ed 33,717 In the year 1905, which, owing to a wet spring, saw a larger area than ever before in crops, the acreage, yield and value are estimated to be 50 per cent higher than in the census year of 1900. Agricultural Possibilities. There are many thousands of acres in New Mexico, aside from those already in use, which cauT be utilized for agricultural and horticultural purposes. The portions of the Territory which are best suited to cultivation are the river bottoms or valleys, and the smaller vallevs along the mountain streams. There are also large THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 61 areas, commonly known as the mesas or uplands, which have the finest soil, and parts of which produce good crops by intensive cul- tivation and the Campbell dry culture method. The largest agri- cultural-horticultural districts are the Rio Grande valley, extend- ing from Embudo to the Texas line, taking in portioois of the Counties .of Rio Arriba, Santa Fe, Sandoval, Bernalillo, Valencia, Socorro, Sierra and Dona Ana; the Pecos valley, in San Miguel, Guadalupe, Chaves and Eddy Counties; the Animas and the San Juan valleys in San Juan County, and the Mimbres valley in Grant County. Other notable but smaller sections are found in the Coun- ties of Colfax, Otero, Lincoln, Rio Arriba, Mora and San Miguel. Their altitude ranges from 3,000 to 7,500 feet. The soil varies .from a sandy loam to a heavy clay, and is ordi- narily fertile enough to produce good crops if water is 'obtainable for irrigation, or under the Campbell method of soil culture. Its fertility is demonstrated by the ramk and rapid growth of trees and plants. ... Since New Mexico lies in the arid zone the rainfall being insuffi- cient oannot be depended upon for the growing of fruits and vege- tables, except by special . methods of cultivation, which can be profitably employed only in certain localities. In the mountain districts, where the rainfall is more abundant, as well as on the mesas and plains, crops of fruits and vegetables are grown with- out irrigation. However, by irrigation, other things being equal, the largest crops of excellent quality can be grown, and the danger from floods and drouths is in a great measure mitigated. It is true, that the irri- gation of fruits and vegetables costs money, energy and some skill, but the rewards are great and sure. With irrigation, the crops need oot suffer from either too much or too little water, and the land can be made to produce abundantly every year. In order to bring into play the favorable soil, water and climatic conditions Jo the best advantage, the adaptability of varieties of trees and plants should be considered. It is not infrequently found that. some varieties, although they may be among the leading ones in^other states, are partially or entirely worthless in New Mexico, particularly of the stone fruits. -Om the other hand, some less valuable kinds in other sections succeed admirably in many parts. In other words, the proper selection of varieties is an impor- tant factor in the success of agricultural and horticultural oper- ations, and this is being realized more and more. Considerable success is also attending the introduction and propagation of crops especially adapted to the arid regions. ARTESIAN WELL AT ROSWELL. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 63 While agriculture is the leading indtistrial interest and the majority of the people is more or lesis engaged in some branch of it, the possibilities in this direction are not fully realized and only a small part of the land that is adapted to agriculture has been used. The Counties of Union, Chaves, Eddy and Eooscvelt, on the extreme eastern side of the Territory, are still devoted mostly to stock raising, except in the Pecos valley, principally in the Counties of Chaves and Eddy, where west of the Pecos river an artesian belt exists, which is constantly extending and in which artesian wells are being drilled. In eastern Eoosevelt many homesteads have been! taken up during the past three years and farming has been quite successiul. The Counties of Otero, Lincoln, Guadalupe, Quay and Torrance in the central and eastern portion of the Territory are also prin- cipally stock raising counties, but agriculture is extending steadily and the acreage in crops is increasing rapidly. Colfax, Mora, San Miguel, Santa Fe, A'alencia, Socorro and Dona Ana Counties are partly agricultural and partly stock raising subdivisions. Taos, Eio Arriba, San Juan, Sandoval and Bernalillo may be placed in the same category. In McKinley County, agriculture is not practiced to any large extent. In Grant, Sierra and Luna, the stock-raising industry is paramount and agriculture is practiced mostly in the valleys of the permanent streams and water courses. The prices of agricultural lands under irrigation systems, public or private, and with permanent water rights, are from ten to two hundred dollars per acre, according to location, nearness to rail- roads and towns, crops, fruit trees, water rights, ditch systems and general condition's. As a geuieral proposition it may be said that the lands in the val- leys of the rivers, as the Rio Grande and its affluents in the central part of the Territory, the Canadian and its tributaries in the north- eastern portion, the Pecos River and the streams entering into it in the central and southeastern, part, the San Juan and its tribu- taries in the nortlyvestem section, are in private ownership under irrigation and cultivation by means of community or private ditch system, and are held all the way from ten dollars per acre up. ac- cording to location and nearness to railroads, irrigation facilities and water supply, crops planted thereon and other considerations. In these valleys there is a vast amount of good land on the second and third benches from the river valleys proper, but these have, as yet, no water systems and are not under irrigation except in a few instances. THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 65 Automatic Fertilization. The soil of the valleys of New Mexico is superior in productive capabilities to the alluvial soil of the prairie states. The secret of its producing power probably lies in the large amount of sedi- ment contained in the irrigation waters. The Nile valley, with its irrigation waters loaded with sediment, is considered one of the most fertile in the world, and yet in New Mexico there are a num- ber of Nile valleys in miniature. The crops are not seriously troubled by fungus diseases. In- sect pests, formerly unknown, have made their appearance in late years, but not to such an extent as in the humid regions. Much sunshine and dry air prevent the growth of fungi, and, therefore, these are not likely to become troublesome. The insect pests that have found their way here can generally be controlled by proper treatment It is quite a common custom, especially with the. native popula- tion, to grow two crops on the same land in one season, that is, a crop of wheat and a crop of corn. This system would be inadvisable in the rain belt, but in sections where irrigation is employed and the water applied is loaded with rich sediment, it is a question if ainy serious criticism of this practice can be made. New Mexico's climate is a source of wealth to its people. Agri- cultural operations, especially in the southern half, are carried on throughout the year. Ground may be plowed any time during the winter, and cereals and alfalfa are so^Yn during this season of the year, thus leaving the summer months free in which to harvest the cereal crops and the four or five cuttings of alfalfa. Alfalfa. Much has been written about alfalfa It is known more or less m every state of the Union. Alfalfa is grown in all the irrigated sections of New Mexico up to an altitude of 8,000 feet. It is grown considerably in dry farming sections, where there is no irrigation. In New Mexico alfalfa does well in almost every class of soil. The chemical constituents of the soil seem to have little to do with the growth of the crop, provided the surface is level and the proper amount of water is given. It grows well on light, sandy loam, as well as on the heaviest adobe. It is said by an able writer that alfalfa will not stand "wet feet." That is true if he means that it would not grow in a water-logged soil. Where the soil is well drained it will extend its roots to the water table and grow luxuriantly, even if the water table is only a few feet below the surface of the ground. The area of alfalfa in New Mexico E-t O O !zi «1 "-3 < in" H •J 1-3 m w THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 67 increased from 13,139 acres in 1890 to 55,467 in 1900. The aver- age annual yield m the Territory 'is about three tons per acre. The cost of production, including taxes, water rent, growing, harvest- ing, baling and placing on board the car, does not exceed $4 per ton. There are some alfalfa farmers who are able to place alfalfa on the oar at a much less figure because they have perfected their system of irrigation and handle the hay with improved machinery. The net profit in growing alfalfa under irrigation is considerably larger than the average net profits realized on wheat and corn in the older agricultural sections. It is a crop that requires little labor, if the field has been made le^^el and the soil well prepared before seeding, after which the operations are simple, resolving themselves into irrigation and harvesting. On many soils, one irri- gation will produce one crop, which may vary from one-half to two tons per acre. The price of alfalfa varies in different parts of the Territory, depending upon the production, amount consumed by stock being fattened, and the shipping facilities. The demand for alfalfa, aside from that of local consumption, comes from cities and towns, mining and railroad camps, and the thousands of isolated stock ranches scattered over the arid and semi-arid sections, as well as a considerable demand from portions of Texas and the Republic of Mexico. At harvest time the price of alfalfa is com- paratively low, usually not exceeding $8 per ton, but the fore- handed farmer who holds his product until winter, usually gets from $10 to $13 per ton. Alfalfa farming has proven very attractive and profitable, and it is not surprising that the area increased from 12,000 to 55,000 acres in ten years. As to the feeding value of alfalfa, it is conceded throughout the country that it leads all other forage crops in its total digestible food constituents and nitrogen contents. Forage Crops. While alfalfa is the main forage crop, it is not the only one. There are some twenty to thirty varieties cf grasses that grow wild upon the range and which are harvested for hay, the chief and probably the most nutritious being gramma grass, which during wet years yields as high as two tons per acre. Large quantities of it are harvested on the public range and sold during the winter or fed to stock. Attempts to cultivate bromo grass, a drouth and •cold resisting forage crop of great value to stockmen, yielding three to four heavy crops per year, have proven successful, especially on the Sparks ranch on the upper Pecos. Clover does well, as do nearly all the other forage plants of the temperate zone. Of THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 69 late, the value of wild peas for the feecliug of stock has been recog- nized, and as the yield per acre in nutritive value is equal to that of an acre of alfalfa, there should be a future for those who will go into the feeding of lambs and beeves in New JMexico, as the wild pea and lupine require very little attention. Oats do very well in the mountain valleys as well as od the plains farm, and the yield per acre is quite profitable. In fact, oats have become a staple crop in the northern part, even where the raising of other crops is not attempted. The cultivation of the spineless cactus also opens vast possibilities to the stockman, for cacti and mesquite are as native here as are the sagebrush and the pinon. Wheat. Wheat is a sure and good crop if sown early. The yield of wheat per acre is equal to the yield in the leading wheat-growing states. New Mexico wheat received first premium at the World's Fair at Chicago and at other expositions. Before the building of the railroads the Taos and other valleys were considered the gran- aries of the Southwest. Eye, barley, millet and the other cereal crops do equally well, and there is a good home market for all that can be produced. Corn. Corn stands next to alfalfa in acreage and value of total product. Where water for irrigation purposes is plentiful the yield of corn compares favorably with the yield of this crop in the corn belt. Kaffir corn grows as well if not better than ordinary com. In some sections and counties it is grown almost exclusively for feeding stock. In the Pecos valley, Kaffir corn is one of the leading crops. It yields from twenty-five to fifty bushels per acre, besides producing a large quantity of excellent stover. Both the grain and stover are fed to cattle and sheep in the fattening pens. Kaffir corn is an excellent drouth resister, and in Roosevelt County is raised without irrigation. Sorghum also yields good crops and in many localities is grown for its sugar contents. Potatoes. By many the potato has been considered an impossible crop, and yet the value of the potato crop in 1903 was nearly $50,000. The difficulties in growing potatoes seem to be those of varieties and management under irrigation. Colorado failed in its first attempts to grow potatoes, but mow this crop forms an important source of wealth in the Centennial State. Sweet potatoes are grown without THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 71 difficulty. The best success with potatoes lias been achieved in the higher mountain valleys. On the Viveash ranch, on the upper Pecos, for instance, at an elevation of 10,000 feet, as well as on the Sparks ranch, the yield of potatoes both in quality and quantity surpasses that of the potato fields of Greeley in Colorado. Potatoes also do well in the Estancia valley. Vegetables. New Mexico produces vegetables as well as the staple crops, and wherever water for irrigation can be had, vegetables thrive. While truck gardening is not carried on very extensively, it is nevertheless increasing every year. Celery can be grown to perfection in the parts of the Territory where the soil and climatic conditions are favorable and where some care in growing it is exercised. Among the best known celery- growing sections are Santa Fe, the Eio Grande Valley and Eos- well. The latter place is probably the most noted for its celery. It produces a large quacitity, but not enough to supply the demand. It is claimed that the Eoswell celery is superior to the product from California, Michigan' and Louisiana, and will sell equally as well in the markets outside of the Territory. Fine Eocky Ford cantaloupes are raised here. Cantaloupe grow- ing is getting to be quite a business in the southern portion of the Territory. Early varieties are grown at Las Cruces, which are shipped mostly to the local markets, but the larger areas are found at Carlsbad and Eoswell. From these points carloads of canta- loupes are sent to the eastern markets. It seems that there is no material difference between the New Mexico and the Colorado Eocky Ford cantaloupes. New Mexico, however, has the advantage of Eocky Ford inasmuch as the cantaloupes can be placed on the markets earlier. The tomato grows well and is quite an important crop. While it is growni more or less in all sections, the largest fields are in the Mesilla valley. A canning factory is established at Las Cruces which cans a large quantity of excellent tomatoes. The canned tomatoes are sold in New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Colorado and other states. The demand for these tomatoes is greater than the supply. The canned product has also added to the reputation of the Territory. New Mexico is famed for the superior onions which it pro- duces. Probably the Eio Grande and tributary valleys are the largest onion-growing districts, and there it is where the old "El Paso" onion, which has given New Mexico a reputation as an THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 73 onion-raising section, grows so well. It is not i'lifrequent to see _ specimens weighing one and one-half pounds. The yield per acre is large. The results of the Agricultural Experiment Station show that such varieties as the Eed Victoria will produce 32,000 pounds per acre. Beans arc a staple crop and the annual yield foots up many hundred tons. Peas do equally as well, and the production of chili or peppers is a distinctive feature of native hushandry. Cabbages and beets attain an enormous size and the average yield per acre would be considered phenomenal in the east. The garden vege- tables all flourish and the openings for energetic truck farmers are especially inviting m the vicinity of towns and villages, despite the fact that one merchant garden at Albuquerque gives an annual yield of $30,000, and that there are extensive truck gardens in the Mesilla valley. In tlic vicinity of Deming, Chinamen conduct truck gardens that arc very profitable, despite the fact that every bit of water for irrigation) must be pumped. Okra, peanuts, spinach, rhubarb, squash, melons, pumpkins, all do well, especiallv in the river valleys. Sugar Beets. New Mexico ranks first among localities best suited to the growth of high-grade sugar beets. In nearly all localities where good beets can be grown there may also be found fuel, limestone and water of good quality, as well as cheap lahor. In the face of these facts, it seems that New Mexico should soon have sugar fac- tories. Conditions are veiy similar to those in Colorado. la fact, in some respects superior, for both labor and land are cheaper. No doubt when it becomes known that New Mexico is even better suited than Colorado for both the growing of beets and the manu- facture of sugar, capital will develop this industry as it has others. New Mexico laws exempt a41 sugar factories from taxation for a period of six years. The United States Department of Agriculture, through a series of experiments for a mumber of years, has proven conclusively that a mean temperature for themonths of June, July and August, of about 70 degrees, is the best temperature for the growing of beets of high saccharine contents. The isothermal sugar zone, or that belt of the United States best adapted to the growth of sugar beets, has been carefully mapped by Dr. H. W. Wiley, chemist of the United States Department of Agriculture. It extends east and west across the United States, and embraces that portion having a mean summer temperature between 69 and 71 degrees Fahren- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 75 heit. Entering the northern boundary of Colorado, it passes through the entire state and into New Mexico where it forms a loop in the extreme southern part of the Territory somewhere north of and 'near Las Cruces, and passes upward again and out in the extreme northwestern part. The entire agricultural part has the proper climatic conditions for the cultivation of sugar beets, although the Mesilla and the lower Pecos Valleys in less degree than the more northern valleys. Beets grown, when fully matured, have shown high sugar contents. Dr. Wiley, who is undoubtedly the principal authority on sugar beets today, has the following to say : "It is evident that there are many localities in New Mexico where conditions of temperature are most favorable to the growth of beets. There are also large areas of comparatively level lands which are capable of irrigation. Wherever the temperature of these regions is sufficiently low to permit the proper development of the beet, and where sufficient water for irrigation cam) be secured, there is good reason to believe that the industry may be established and will prove profitable. While the summer days of New Mexico are not so long by an hour or more as in the regions farther north, the amount of sunshine which the growing beets will receive, is practically as great as in more northern localities, because of the comparative absence of cloudy and rainy days." The same scientist tabulates analyses of sugar beets grown in the different states and territories. It will be seen that New Mexico grown sugar beets have a higher percentage of sugar than those of any other state which at that time had sugar factories in operation. It will also be observed that the percentage of purity of juice from New Mexico is very high. The following table gives the sugar contents and purity of juice in beets from New Mexico and from other states in which beet sugar factories have been located : STATE. Sugar in beet. Purity in juice. Per cent. Per cent. Michigan 14. 7 . 81 . 1 California 16.8 Colorado 13.6 76.6 Utah 14.3 81.1 Nebraska '. . . 12.9 76 . 9 New York 15.0 82 . 4 Washington ^. 13.7 80 . 7 Wisconsin 15.8 83 . 3 Ohio 13.8 79.1 Minnesota 11.0 79.2 New Mexico 17.2 82 . THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 77 It is estimated that the people of New Mexico consumed 16,000,- 000 pounds of sugar last year. Not one pound of this sugar was manufactured in the Territory, notwithstanding the fact that nat- ural conditions are better suited to sugar-lieet growth and beet- sugar manufacture than in almost any otlier place in the United States, and possibly in the world. Tobacco. Tobacco has been cultivated for hundreds of years. It is more than likely that tobacco originated here and found its way into other countries. Wild tobacco, called "puncha," grows along the foothills of the mountains. Many farmers continue to grow tobacco of seeds from the original plant, preferring it to Havana or any other variety. The cultivated plant is very similar to the native. The native farmers do not sow the seed in beds and trans- plant, but drill in rows. The plants are from five to five and a half feet high and have about forty leaves. They are small and resemble Turkish more than any other variety in growth and shape of leaf. Sumatra, Turkish, Havana, Conaiecticut, Virginia and Kentucky hurley seed were sown and covered with glass, as an experiment, in Bernalillo County iii' recent years. This was necessary, as it was late in the season and the plants had to be forced. If the beds 1 ad been sown late in February or the early part of March, a covering of canvass or cheese-cloth would have been sutficient. Suitable lands were selected for the experiment. The crop grew nicely and gave a fine yield of superior quality, with points ip favor of Ken- tucky hurley and Turkish. Tobacco of all varieties will grow well and has an unusually fine flavor and aroma. Several acres of Sumatra have been planted between rows of Kaffir corn six feet apart. It was shown by this experiment that the corn gave sufficient shade to the plants to make a very fine leaf, and that the great expense of covering the field with canvass is not necessary. Cotton. Cotton is raised successfully in Eddy County. A cotton gin has been erected at Carlsbad. Cotton is also grown on a small scale m Chaves, Eoosevelt and Quay Counties. Two thousand acres were under cultivation in Eddy County during the 1904 season, and in 1905 the acreage was increased. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 79 Canaigre and Rubber Plant. Both of these plants grow wild on a large scale. The first named is valuable on account of its high contents of tannic acid, a neces- sity in tanning leather. An experimental plant at Deming several years ago showed that sooner or later the canaigre root will be the principal som'ce of tannic acid. Eeeent experiments have shown that the rubber plant will yield a good quality of crude rubber and that its cultivation for manufacturing purposes can be made profitable. Several companies have been organized to utilize the wild rubber plant for that purpose. HORTICULTURE. Fruit growing is assuming large proportions, with practically no serious obstacles in the way of its becoming still greater, pro- vided proper precautions are taken to keep down insect and fungus pests, as is done elsewhere in fruit-growing sections. New Mexico's orchards are equal to, if not superior, to those in the best horti- cultural sections in the United States. Of all the fruits, the apple is the most extensive and the most profitable crop. Notwithstamding the topography of the Territory, this fruit is well adapted to the different horticultural districts. The counties of San Juan, Colfax and Santa Fe in the north, Bei'^ nalillo and Socorro in the central. Grant, Dona Ana and Otero in the south, and Linicoln and Chaves in the southeast, are favorably known for their superior apples, not only in the United States, but abroad. Their fruit is placed in competition with the world at the great expositions. In 1901 at Buffalo the apples from New Mexico were conspicuous, and the fruit from Eoswell, in Chaves County, received a first prize, while in 1900 the New Mexico apples were carried across the continent and the Atlantic Ocean to the Paris Exposition. There New Mexico was counted in with the best apple growing sections in the Union, as specimen apples from Dona Ana County received second premium. Similar were the results of the exhibit of New Mexico apples at the Chicago and St. Louis Expo- sitions. This may give an idea as to the kind of fruit that can be grown. Not only is the fruit of superior quality, but the crops produced are enormous; as a rule the trees tend to overbear. The apple orchards vary from small family places to very large commercial orchards. The larger commercial plantations are located in the Mimbres Valley, the Mesilla Valley, San Juan County, Santa Fe Countv, Rio Arriba Coimty and at Roswell. The Eoswell district, which seems destined to become the largest apple- growing section in the Southwest, is particularly noted for its THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 81 large orchards. The hirgest bearing orchard is that of J. J. Ha- german, a.nd comprises something over 540 acres. The most profit- able varieties grown are the winter apples, such as the Ben Davis, Gano, Missouri Pippin, Winesap and Mammoth Black Twig. In a lesser degree, the early varieties are also prolific. Among the leading kinds may be mentioned the Early Harvest, Eed June, Yellow Transparent and the Maiden's Blush. Other pomaeious fruits, like the pear and quince, thrive as well as the apple, but these are not so important, nor are they planted in such large areas. The pear has a marked adaptability, the trees usually bear early, are among the best drouth resisters, and are long lived and hardy. The fruit, especially of the larger varieties, like the Bartlett, Idaho, Beurre, Easter and Clapp's Favorite, grows very large, and is of fine quality. There is a bright future for the extensive planting of this fruit. While peaches are grown in all the fruit growing sections, the larger commercial orchards are found ifni the Mesilla Valley, the upper Eio Grande Valley, and at Carlsbad. These districts are espe- cially adapted for certain varieties of peaches, which find their way into the Colorado and Kansas City markets. The early-ripening varieties, such as the Alexander, Sneed, Waterloo, Arkansas Trav- eler and Hyne's Surprise, are among the successful and sure bear- ers. This is due to the fact that, as a rule, the early varieties are the late bloomers, blossoming late enough to escape the late spring frosts. The late-ripening peaches ordinarily bloom from eight to ten days later than the early kinds. The peach trees usually begin to bear at three years from the time of planting. The tendency of the trees is to overbear, and it becomes necessary to thin them in order that the fruit may not be too crowded. In size and quality, New Mexico peaches are not exceeded by peaches from the best peach growing states. It is the common opinion of those who have tasted both the California and New Mexico peaches that the latter are the better in quality. The fruit is, as a rule, highly colored, due, perhaps, to the more continuous sunshine during the ripening period. Probably the profitable period of the peach tree here is from ten to twelve years. By replanting an orchard at intervals of five to eight years, a profitable orchard can be kept up almost in- definitely. In New Mexico, as in other places where the apricot grows, it has given evidence of greater longevity than that of any orchard tree, with the possible exception of the pear. It is not uncommon to see very old seedling apricot trees growing in the native home places in the Mesilla Valley, and at Santa Fe seedling apricot trees are THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 83 known to be about 200 years old. The fruit from the improved kinds is as large and as good in quality as the California apricots. The Blenheim, Moorpark, Eoyal, St. Ambroise and Luizet are de- sirable for home planting. Cherries are only grown on a small scale. The trees of both the sour and sweet groups grow well. Varieties of the sour cherries are the best bearers, but the fruit is not so large as that from the sweet varieties. The latter attain a size and flavor that are unknown to the product of eastern orchards. The sour varieties predominate, as they have proved to be more regular and surer bearers. The Early Eiehmond, English Morello, Osthem, Xapoleon, Tartarian and the Montgomery are among the leaders. The plum is making a place for itself. There is a growing de- mand for it. The tree is perfectly hardy, although there is some variation as to the fruitfulness among the trees of different types. The three types are, first, the European plum, which is the plum that gives rise to the old varieties, such as the Green Gage, Yellow Egg, Damson, and the various prunes; second, the Japanese plums, which are entirely different from the former ; and, third, the native type, such a.'? the Wild Goose. As already stated, it is a well estab- lished fact that the selection of varieties is an important considera- tion, and this is particularly true in regard to plums. The Euro- pean plums do admirably. The trees are thrifty, heavy and sure bearers. 'These plums are well adapted in every respect to the Xew 'Mexico conditions, and large and excellent quality fruit can be produced. A few of the leading kinds of this group which have been tested are the Clayman, Jefferson, Imperial and Transparent Gage, Yellow Egg, Pond's Seedling, Washington, and the French and German Prunes. The Hiative plums, such as the Wild Goose, Golden Beauty, and Pool's Pride, are sure bearers. Nectarines and mulberries do especially well in New Mexico. The rapid growth of the latter, as well as the dry climate, should even- tually lead to the introduction of silk worm growing in the South- west. In fact, experiments made at Santa Fe on a small scale in this industry have been, very successful. The TerritoiT is celebrated for its grapes. The European, or the so-called California grapes, succeed well, and these at present are the kinds grown for the market. The native or American grapes are equally as satisfactory for commercial purposes, but are grown mostly for family use, and at Santa Fe excellent results have been obtained with the Diamond, Concord, Catawba and other native varieties, while in the Estancia Valley last year several thousand plants have been set out, these varieties being especially valuable THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 85 on account of being drouth resisting and immune to the phylloxera. The European grape has been cultivated for over a century, but its culture, generally speaking, has been confined to the southern and hotter valleys, and particularly to the Kio Grande Valley, from the Texas line to Santa Fe. The varieties that constitute the commer- cial vineyards are the Missouri, Muscat of Alexandra, and, more or less, the Gros Colman and Flame Tokay. These grapes are shipped to the Texas, Louisiana and Colorado markets, where they have givf.n New Mexico a reputation for fine grapes. The Mission grape, while quite late in ripening, is the most popular, and possesses ex- cellent qualities as a table and wine grape, and is the grape of New Mexico at present. The Eio Grande Valley, and particularly the Mesilla Valle}', is especially suited to the grape, and when its possi- bilities in this direction are more fully understood by the people, New Mexico will become a vast grape producing section. The grape-shipping season extends from about the 20th of August until the last of September. This short season is due to the commercial grapes being all midseason varieties. Early and late ripening varieties need to be added to the large vineyards in order to extend the shipping period. There were 1,180 acres in bearing vines in 1900, and 9,000 acres in young vines. Orchard Crops. There were 719,057 bearing fruit trees in 1900, which produced 263,870 bushels of fruit. The value of all oi chard products in 1899 was estimated at $197,335. It is double that this year, and there is a noticeable increase in the amount of dried and evaporated fruits, which indicates that the culls and unmarketable products are being more generally utilized. In the near future. New Mexico will surely be able to supply its own market with jams, jellies, marmalades, etc., manufactured from such fruits as usually go to waste, thus effecting a great saving, Eoswell, Farmington, Las Gra- ces and other points, having in recent years erected evaporating plants and fruit canneries. Results. At the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, an agricultural and horticultural exhibit from New Mexico received two gold med- als, three bronze medals, and five certificates of honorable mention, in competition with the rest of the North American, as well as the South American, continent. At the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- tion, at St-. Louis, peaches from Eoswell and Carlsbad received first premium in competition with peaches from California, and THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 87 apples and ether fruit received honorable mention. The following figures are culled at random from reports in local newspapers, made to them by farmers and horticulturists, or by reports made to the Bureau of Immigration: The Casey ranch of 112 1-2 acres, 100 acres of which are in alfalfa, one-half mile north of Las Cruces, had an average income per year since 1896 of $6,000. J. L. Wilson, of Eoswell, sold $800 worth of tomatoes from a two-acre lot, on which the net profit was $550. Samuel Johnston, on a three-acre lot at Eoswell, raised $2,500 worth of garden truck, one-half of which was profit. George Davis, from thirteen acres of fruit in Chaves County, in one year sold $1,807 worth. A. J. Glimour, of Flora Vista, San Juan County, sold $600 worth of onions from one acre. W. H. Williams, of San Juan County, harvested 350 tons of alfalfa from sixty acres. One apple tree in Otero Countj^ in 1900, yielded 6,000 pounds, and a peach orchard of 3,000 trees yielded 200,000 pounds. Andrew Stevenson, of the San Juan Valley, received $3,200 from an alfalfa crop of 100 acres. W. M. Farmer, of Eoswell, made $6,000 from twenty acres of celery. At the United States Industrial Indian School in Santa Fe, on three-fourths of an acre, 11,800 pounds of the best onions were raised, giving the school its entire winter supply of this important food vegetable, and which, if bought in the market, would have cost four cents a pound, or $472. The Territorial penitentiary at Santa Fe, on a plat of five acres, raised sufficient vegetables of all varieties, except- ing potatoes and tomatoes, to supply the officials and inmates, about 300 in number, all the year round. G. W. Chisholm paid $22 per acre for land near Artesia two years ago. In 1905 he realized $30 per acre from his alfalfa crop, and his oats yielded 67 bushels for every bushel sown. His neighbor, S. W. Gilbert, in 1904 put 45 acres in alfalfa as a nurse crop and for winter pasture. He sowed at the same time two bushels of oats per acre. After selling some in the sheaf, and feeding some, he threshed 2,508 busliels, receiving therefor 50 cents a bushel. The oats were sowed in September, and not irrigated until late in the spring. On a mesa west of Capitan, Lincoln County, 10,000 bushels of corn were raised without irrigation in 1905; this in ad- dition to a good crop of hay, potatoes and vegetables. The apple crop of T. C. Tillotson, Lower Penasco, Chaves County, paid him $44 net per tree, in 1905, receiving two cents per pound for the crop. One of his four-year-old Ben Davis trees yielded $88 without the windfalls. B: Cleve, of Elk, Chaves County, in 1905 had 161 apple trees in bearing on one and a half acres, and they yielded him $1,800. in addition to 10.000 pounds of windfalls. From this mm- i «'..;■ :;:il.,:-5^ S J^ ;||; c v...fM m y,M^-:' ;:;ii 4MfM^ ■■ .M^' ];■ |:-gi|iiipK;v 1 I :;B 1 ^■Bli^iilSSlH ?;:;:v : ..f!^^.^.:^> MlMja: " :^^'^ -^^■^^■^^■^^^^^^^^^^ . . . 'S ^mm^^EJ Ss' : .«'C^~ ; fft;'^ 1 1 ' ■ .i-r ■ <> - ■ - THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 89 section came apples weighing 23 ounces each. From the La Cueva Ranch in Mora County, in 1905, were sold 700,000 pounds of oats, 90,000 pounds of apples, 4,000 tons of alfalfa and other hay, and 1,500 head of heef cattle. In the Tesuque Yalley, a German less than twenty years ago took up a twenty-acre ranch and planted it in apples. His capital was $300, good health and a willingness to work. Today he is drawing $70 a month from money out on in- terest, he has a bank account of good proportion, his fruit ranch is valued at $9,000, and there is not a year that his fruit crop alone does not yield him from $2,000 to $4,000. These instances may be multiplied, and the average yields from such orchards as the Boquet orchard at Pojoaque, the Prince orchard at Angostura, the Hobart and Gould Ranches at San Ildefonso, indicate that as a money maker, a well cared for New Mexico orchard or farm is hard to beat. The following were among some of the exliibits at recent agricultural fairs in the Territory: Barley seven feet high; oat heads thirty inches long ; pears, nineteen ounces ; peaches, twelve ounces; Muscat grapes weighing twenty-five ounces' per bunch; nectarines weighing six ounces; watermelons, forty pounds; heads of cabbage, forty-two pounds; a bunch of nine sweet potatoes weighing eighteen pounds. The following are average yields per acre: Oats, seventy to one hundred bushels; corn, forty to sixty bushels ; barley, sixty to eighty-live bushels ; wheat, thirty to forty- five bushels; alfalfa, three to five tons; potatoes, 300 to 500 bush- els; sweet potatoes, 600 to 1,000 bushels; cotton, one bale; tobacco, 1,000 pounds ; canaigre root, two to three tons ; onions, 500 bushels : sugar beets, sixteen to twenty-two tons, yielding from sixteen to twenty-two per cent of saccharine matter; Mission grapes, 112,744 pounds, making 910 gallons of wine. One acre of asparagus, from the third year, yields 200 pounds a day for sixty days of each year. In Eddy County the average return for each acre of sugar beets was $67, and the average cost to the farmer, $22. Bees average sixty-five pounds of honey each year per hive, although as high as 196 pounds per hive have been realized at Artesia, Eddy County. The average profit per colony per year is $10. In years of amp3-f rainfall an immense amount of gramma grass is harvested on the public range, an acre yielding from two to three tons of hay. Hot Houses and Floriculture. Only a beginning has been made in the Territory in floriculture, land in raising early vegetables and flowers in hot houses. N'early every town offers a good opening to the right kind of men in that THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 91 line. Eoses and a large variety of flowers do well in gardens, and carnations, chrysanthemums and many other flowers cultivated in the temperate zone, present no difficulties in cultivation. Early vegetables, strawberries and other fruits are imported from other commonwealths and bring prices sufficiently high to make it worth while to raise them in hot beds or in hot houses. Apiaries. With mild winters and abundant bee pasture, in the form of •alfalfa, tomillo, etc., the apiarian products have increased over sixfold in ten years, and are of considerable importance all over the cultivated areas. Bee culture and the production of honey are very profitable, and a pursuit" especially adapted to those who are able to do only light out-door work. Santa Fe, Taos, San Juan, Dona Ana, Chaves and Eddy Counties lead in the production of honey. Poultry and Poultry Products. Annually thousands of dollars are poured into the pockets of Kansas and Nebraska farmers in payment for poultry and eggs consumed here, yet the Territory is well adapted to the raising of poultry. It has most of the advantages with but few of the disadvantages of other sections. Insect pests are no worse, while disease is rare. Prices are high, being governed by the price of the foreign product plus the transportation charges, therefore the home product has the best of it. It is evident that the New Mexico farmer is taking advantage of these favorable conditions, for the number of dozens of eggs produced increased from 1890 to 1900 from 280,000 to 840,000. yet there is need of a greatly increased production to supply the demands. Dairying. Dairying has kept pace with the demand in the vicinity of cities and towns where the products are sold in the form. of milk and cream. There is not enough butter and cheese manufactured, how- ever, to supply the needs, although there has been a considerable increase in their production. In 1889 there were manufactured 105,000 pounds of butter and cheese; this number swelled to 380,000 pounds in 1899. Eoswell and Farmington have cream- eries, and if there is any branch of husbandry that should pay well in 'New Mexico it is the dairy and creamery business. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 93 THE STOCK INDUSTRY. Next to agriculture, the stock industry is the greatest source of wealth, in fact, as far as the area devoted to it, it leads. This is easily explained by the extensive private range, 50,000,000 acres of public range, and the fact that the climate is all that can be wished for by stock raisers. Many fortunes have been made in stock raising, and with each year the grade of stock is being im- proved, and thus becomes more valuable. Cattle. Over 1,000,000 cattle are on the ranges of the Territory, and m Chaves County are to be found some of the highest grade cattle in the United States, Herefords predominating. Chaves, Grant, Sierra, Luna, Otero, Dona Ana, Union, Guadalupe, Roosevelt, Col- fax, Eddy, Lincoln and Quay are the principal cattle raising coun* ties, and have many large cattle companies and individual owners in addition to smaller outfits. But it must be understood that the control of water means the control of the range, and it is not an easy matter for the stranger to come in and secure, at this day, sufficient public range for a large herd of cattle, although there is always room for a small bunch. • Om the extensive forest reserves especially, grazing permits can be secured at slight expense and a nominal charge per head, and, since the range on these is (protected, it is the best in the Territory. It is also found ad- visable to make more or less provision for winter feeding, to guard against unexpected losses. But with feeding during winter storms, with a good home ranch and water, the cattle business proves very profitable. The business of feeding beeves for market, while prac- tically untried, should prove very remunerative on account of the mild climate and the abundance of forage plants. During the vear 1905 about 210,000 head of cattle and about 40,000 hides wer;; shipped to eastern markets. Sheep. There are between five and six million sheep upon the ranges. The mild winters, the grassy mesas and watered valleys, the shel- tered canons, help to make sheep raising very profitable. The wool produced annually is between 20,000,000 and 25,000,000 pounds, and as railroad facilities are ample, there is no difficulty in get- ting the wool clip to market. A moderate capital invested in sheep, a home ranch and ample range will bring success to the sheep raiser if he possesses good business tact and experience. In 1905, for instance, most sheep owners doubled their herds by THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 95 natural increase or were paid as much for their hinibs as their ewes were worth last fall, receiving for the unscoured wool as high as 25 cents, and. for the scoured wool, 65 cents per pound. During the year 1905, about 2,150,000 lambs and wethers and about 2-4,- 000,000 pounds of wool were sold to eastern markets. Goats. Equally as profitable and as free from difficulties is the raising of goats. Especially on the foothills and on the mountain mesas, goats do better than sheep. There are many thousand square miles of such pasture in the Territory. In Sierra, Lincoln, Otero, Santa Fe, and other mountainous counties, there are many large goat farms, much attention being given to high grade Angoras. Incidental to the profit from the hair of the Angoras, their skin and their meat, they will clear land from l)rush and thus make it available for cultivation. The goat is very hardy, can subsist upon a range that would starve any other animal, and is free from dis- eases which often play havoc with other stock. New Mexico, it is estimated, has 225,000 goats. Horses, Mules, Asses and Burros. Of late 3'ears there has been an increased demand for range horses, which New Mexico stockmen are in good position to supply. Some effort has been made to improve the blood of the horses, and the success attained should encourage more stockmen to enter this profitable business. The demand for mules for draught purposes is steadily growing. The burro has been at home in New Mexico for centuries, and has been the burden bearer in many districts where horses cannot be used profitably. The burro is very hardy and thrives upon pasture which would starve other stock. Hogs. Upon the Chisum ranch in Chaves County, hog raising upon a large scale has been very successful and profitable. The hogs are shipped to Kansas City, although almost every pound of pork sold in the Territory is imported. On a small scale, too, the raising of hogs has shown that the animals are freer from disease in the climate of New Mexico than anywhere else, and that they fatten rapidly on alfalfa and corn. MINING. Mining antedates all other industries of the Territory, and in importance as a wealth producer and employer of labor it stands secOiud only to agriculture and stock raising. Professor Fayetto THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. £7 A. Jones, in New Mexico Mines and Minerals, enumerates more than 200 minerals found in the Territory. As early as 1540, Cor- onado invaded the Southwest in search of gold, and since then the stream of argonauts and prospectors has been large and steady, although, even to this day, this historic mining region has been but partially prospected and much less developed. Yet, New Mexico produced gold many years before any other portion of the United States, and the placers of Santa Fe County were worked systematically by white men two hundred years before gold was discovered in California. There are traditions of vast treasures buried at Gran Quivira, and under the ruins of other pueblo villages, but history records that the Conquistadores were disappointed in their efforts to locate a Golconda. There are a number of mines and prospects, now abandoned, which antedate the Pueblo Eevolution of 1680, but it was not until after 1800 that the systematic exploitation of mineral wealth began. In that year Governor Chacon said : "Cop- per is abundant and apparently rich, but no mines are worked, and coal is plentiful." Three years later Lieutenant Pike reported that there was only one mine in New Mexico, that at Santa Rita. To date. New Mexico has produced $30,000,000 worth of gold, and perhaps a little more of silver. The annual mineral production foots up $5,000,000, coal leading with almost $1,800,000; zinc being second with almost $900,000 ; copper, $700,000 ; iron, $500,- 000; gold, $400,000; silver, $150,000; lead, $150,000; precious stones, $75,000'; all other minerals, $335,000^ Under the head of each county will be enumerated the principal mining camps and producing mines. Coal. The first coal mine worked in the Territory was near Carthage, Socorro County, in 1863, and was knowTi as the Government mine, although the widespread existence of coal beds was known as early as 1800; in fact, the outcroppings could not have escaped the at- tention of the earliest settlers. The second coal mine was opened at Madrid, Santa Fe County, in 1869. By 1870 coal was known to exist near Taos, on Galisteo Creek, near Hagan, on the Vermejo, in the Eaton Mountains, near Maxwell City, near Las Vegas, on the Rio Puerco, in the San Mateo Mountains, and near Fort Win- gate, but owing to the absence of railroad facilities and manufac- turing industries, only 400 tons were mined in that year. The area of the prospected coal lands is 1,500,000 acres, or about one- fiftieth of the total area of the Territory. It is thus seen that THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 99 New Mexico is well endowed with fuel, the first requisite for suc- cessful manufacturing, smelting and railroading. The United States mine inspector reports olficially that the coal in sight in these prospected fields amounts to almost nine billion tons, and at the present rate of production, it will take 6,000 years to ex- haust the fields now kno^ni. Considerable of the coal is of a good coking quality, and the production of coke during the past five years was 200,000 tons. The coal produced during the same period was 7,000,000 tons, valued at $10,000,000 at the mines. Colfax and McKinley Counties lead in production. Lincoln County this year must yield third place to Santa Fe County, owing to the closing of its principal producer at Capitan, while Santa Fe County will, in the near future, yield that place to San Juan County, which has coal seams forty feet thick, and to which have been given railroad facilities. . Rio Arriba and Socorro Counties are steady producers of coal to the annual value of about $50,000 each, and can increase that amount to meet the demand. Valencia County has extensive coal beds, and Sandoval County has mines that are developed to such an extent that they can produce 100,000 tons per year. A railroad is now being built. to these mines. Many acres of coal land are still to be located under the federal laws, but as it takes capital to develop coal mines and the placing of their product, is to a certain extent dependent upon railroad facilities, their exploitation is best handled by corporations or in- dividhals with ample capital. The number of coal mines worked at present is forty, with new ones being opened every year and older mines being closed because it is more profitable to open a new coal seam than to ' work the old mines after they have reached a great depth. At Madrid, both bituminous and anthra- cite coal have been mined, and the Cerrillos apd Carthage coals are deemed the best, although those produced in the other mines are very good bituminous. The Dawson coal merits special mention for its quality. . In some of the coal fields the coal is lignite, and near Eoswell a bed of peat has been recently discovered. Zinc. It is only within very recent years that much attention has been paid to zinc mining, for a long time the Mineral Point Zinc Com- pany having been the only shipper of zinc ore out of the Terri- tory, but more attention is being given to that mineral today, and the Graphic, Key and other mines in Socorro County, formerly lead a,nd silver producers, are now shippers of zinc, while several other mines, which formerly deemed zine as an undesirable by-product THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 101 hard to get rid of, are preparing to ship ore for its zinc contents mainly. Within the last few months the Tres Hermanos mining district in. Luna County has come to the front as an important producer. The annual production in the Territory is valued at $900,000, but is certain of continual increase. Copper. Next to coal among the minerals, copper has added most to the wealth of New Mexico, although at present the production of zinc exceeds it in value. Grant County produces ninety per cent of the copper mined in the Territory. Santa Fe, Dona Ana, Eio Arriba, San Miguel, Otero, Luna, Valencia, Socorro, Sandoval, Colfax. Union, Taos, Mora and other counties have deposits of copper and many copper locations, but few developed mines, the most important of these being located near San Pedro, in southern Santa Fe County, but this mine, together with its smelter, has been idle a number of years, although valued at $500,000. The total production of copper has advanced from 700,000 pounds in 1897 to about 7,000,000 pounds in 1905; the total production during the past ten years having amounted to 55,000,000 pounds, valued at $6,000,000. Iron. While the iron deposits of New Mexico are extensive, only one of these is being worked, that at Fierro, Grant County, which pro- duces over 130,000 tons annually. Eastern Socorro, western Lin- coln, southern Santa Fe, San Miguel, Sierra, Otero, Sandoval and Colfax Counties, and other localities have prospected iron fields. The iron ore contains a high percentage of phosphorus, and when free from silver and copper, is excellent for steel making. The proximity of big fields of fuel should make iron mining one of the future wealth producers. Gold. Gold ranks fifth as a mineral producer of wealth in New. Mexico and is the easiest mined. There are but few counties along the eastern border and central portions, as well as San Juan County in the northwest, which do not lay claim to a steady gold production', and even in these, gold finds are reported from time to time, and colors are plentiful. Almost one-half of the gold pro- duced, which amounts to somewhat less than half a million dol- lars a year at present, comes from the placers. The richest and largest producer of placer gold is the Moreno Vallev, in western ' -."^"M^^M W$ff'[W:-kir :, '€}6M:^.-:k:-S: ^S'^^^B Wiiix^'':kMMSl§m^^ : - ■Lw^'^^MIB^m »hBB^^^^^^^ ■^mmm f^raS^S-^m 1 El;;: " ' ,.,, j: liil^ ^^m iiiifitii 'Q:^^^'^\ ^'^^^^s^^^^f^^^'^ smmk h Jg9' '4^E«r'««iS3Si^«8i IIJI^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^H |||j||g^^^^^^^^^^ HmME ^^8 ^n ^^^ ^pH s ^^^^s ^^^H '^P^^^J MftM^ 4t ;:^^M ^^^ iSKi^ '^ jjte^'^ffi i^wWlBliiiHiil 3 ■ a I^^^S w^^m ^v^ ^^Km THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 103 Colfax County, although the Territory has a dozen lode mines, which were bonanzas in their time. The Old and New Placers of Santa Fe County, with their historic cement and gravel beds, the Sierra County placers, near Hillsboro and in the Caballo foothills, the placers at Jicarilla, Lincoln County, at Jarilla, Otero County, near Silver City, Grant County, and the placers on the upper Eio Grande and the Chama are of varying degrees of richness and ex- tent and only partly exploited. The lack of water and of appro- priate machinery for the recovery of the gold from gravel, sand and cement are the chief hindrances in the way of redeeming the millions of dollars' worth of gold that it is estimated are contained in these placers. The production of gold has fluctuated violently, having been up to a million dollars a year in 1900, and down to $245,000 in 1903, the lowest point reached in the past two de- cades. Since then there has been a small annual increase. In the last ten A^ears the production amounted to $5,000,000. Silver. New Mexico, as late as 1902, produced over half a million dol- lars' worth of silver annually, and in 1896 the production was al- most a million dollars, but today the white metal is produced mostly as a by-product of gold, copper, lead and zinc, although at this date several of the old famous silver mines, are about to be reopened and worked with modern machinery, which will make the mining of silver profitable once more. Sierra and Grant Counties were the principal silver producers, several of the mines of that section having yielded fortunes. The production of the past ten years has been valued at $5,500,000. Lead. Lead has been a staple product ever since smelting operations were begun within New Mexico's boundaries. The average annual production is about 12,000 tons, but can be greatly increased, as the mineral exists in large bodies in Santa Fe, Socorro, Dona Ana, Grant, San Miguel, Luna and other counties, and is at present mined only as a by-product. The production was as high as 18,240,000 pounds in 1897, but dropped to 1,226,000 pounds in 1903. The total production during the past ten years was 60,000,000 pounds, and during 1905 was valued at $135,000. Mica. Although only four or five States of the Union produce mica, the large deposits of that • mineral in New Mexico have been prac- GEM TURQUOISE MINE IN BURRO MOUNTAINS. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 105 tically neglected. Outside of shipments from a few deposits at Petaca, Kio Arriba County, no large shipments of mica have been made, but as so much mica is imported, it seems probable that sooner or later the many mica deposits will be found of great value. It is used both in sheets and ground, and a good quality will bring $10 to $50 a ton. Lieutenant Pike in 1804 mentioned the large deposits of mica in Santa Fe County, which furnished the material for windows those days, as it was not until after 1850 that glass came into general use. The settlement of Talco, Mora County, derives its name from the mica deposits, called "talco" by the natives. In addition to the mica deposits named, there are prospects north of Ojo Caliente, in Taos County; in the San Andreas Mountains ; at Nambe, in Santa Fe County ; in the Florida Mountains and in San Miguel County. Sulphur. In recent years New Mexico has produced some commercial sul- phur, a mill having been erected in the Jemez Mountains, San- doval County. However, it was one of the first minerals mined in the Territory, mainly to be used in the manufacture of gun- powder, Coronado having made use of sulphur mined at Jemez in the first half of the sixteenth century. In Lincoln and other counties and along the eastern border of the Territory the gypsum beds contain considerable sulphur. Alum. New Mexico has the largest alum deposits in the world. They are found on the upper Gila River, in Grant County, and include two thousand acres of pure alum. Another large deposit has been located twenty-five miles east of Wagon Mound, Mora County. West of Red River in Taos County, southeast of Springer, in north- western Sandoval County, and near Las Vegas in San Miguel County, the mineral also appears. Precious Stones. Among the precious stones enumerated by Professor Fayette A. Jones, in New Mexico Mines and Minerals, are the diamond, found in Santa Fe County, emeralds in Santa Fe County, peridots in the western part of the Territory, those found on the Zuni Res- ervation being pronounced the finest in the world, garnets in Mc- Kinley, Santa Fe and Taos Counties, opals in the Cochiti Moun- tains and at Santa Rita, sapphires in Santa Fe County, euclase near Taos, white agate, amethyst, tourmaline, quartz crystals. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 107 camelian, moonstone and chalcedony are distributed widely. In the production of turquoise, New Mexico leads the world, rivaling Persia in the beauty of its gems and the extent of their deposits. In 1901 the Territory produced turquoise to the value of $100,000, the following year, $125,000, but during the past year the pro- duction declined to less than $50,000, owing to the desire of dealers to restrict production. The turquoise mines in Santa Fe and Grant Counties were worked by the Indians before the coming of the Spaniards. The principal producers of turquoise are the mines of southern Santa Fe County, the mines in the Burro Mountains and near Hachita, in Grant County, and in the Jarilla Mountains in Otero County. Petroleum. New Mexico thus far has not produced petroleum on a com- mercial scale, but indications point to extensive fields, and con- siderable experimental drilling has been done. New Mexico petro- leum has an asphaltum base. Indications of oil are especially promising in Eddy, Guadalupe, McKinley, Santa Fe, Sandoval, Colfax, Union, Lincoln, Otero, San Juan, Socorro and Luna Coun- ties, but at present the only development work is being done in Eddy County. In McKinley County, wells have been sunk for oil to depths of 900 and 400 feet respectively, while in Colfax County one well was bored to a depth of 2,650 feet, and another to 1,535 feet without developing more than strong traces of oil and gas. Near Santa Eosa a well was sunk to a depth of 1,000 feet and at 700 feet yielded a small quantity of oil. Graphite. Near Eaton, in Tijeras Canon in Bernalillo County, and in Taos County exist deposits of graphite, those at Eaton being the most extensive. Not being of the purest quality, these deposits have not been worked extensively. Salt. The saline deposits of New Mexico are large and have produced salt from time immemorial, the Indians having sought these de- posits long before the advent of the Spaniards. The oldest and best known salt deposits are those of the big Salt Lake on the Es- tancia Plains in Torrance County. This lake also has heavy de- posits of bloedite, the only place in' the United States where this rare mineral has been found. It is a hydrous double sulphate of soda and magnesia. The Salt Lakes of the White Sands in Otero THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 109 County, the Zuni Crater Salt Lake in Valencia County, which produces the hest salt in the Territory and is in a constant pro- cess of formation, having at present a deposit of several million tons, the Salt Lakes in western Socorro County and the Salt Lakes east of the Pecos in Eddy County, are the principal salt producers, although saline flats and salt springs occur in other parts. Thus far, none of this crude salt is refined for commercial purposes, but is used only to salt stock or by the poorer people as a substitute for commercial table salt. Cement. The extensive marl beds furnish excellent material for Portland cement. Such beds are located on the Estancia Plains in Torrance County and near Springer, Colfax County, where a plant was in operation several years ago, in eastern Lincolni County and at other points. Gypsum. One of the most widely distributed minerals in the Southwest is gypsum, but it is only lately that plants have been erected at Ancho, Lincoln County, at Alamogordo and at Eoswell to utilize the gypsum for the manufacture of artificial stone, cement, plaster amd imitation marble. Some of these gypsum deposits attain a depth of 400 feet and cover many square miles, especially in Otero and Lincoln Counties, but are found in every county of the Territory. Lime. Lime rock is as widely distributed as gypsum in New Mexico, although until recently the Territory shipped all its lime from Texas, Colorado and Kansas. The largest lime ovens at present are in Tijeras Canon, Bernalillo County. Large lime ovens were formerly operated at San Antonio, Socorro County. At or near most of the larger towns lime is being burned to a considerable extent. The lime deposits about Santa Fe are of an especially fine quality. Clay. Many varieties of clay are found, from the finest kaolin for man- ufacture of porcelain, to the splendid brick clays, found near Santa Fe and Socorro. The aborigines used the clay for pottery making, and its wide diffusion is shown by the pottery made at all of the Indian pueblos and found in the cliff dwellings and abandoned pueblos. At Santa Fe alone, machine-made brick is manufactured, THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. Ill while hand-made brick is made at Las Vegas, Farmington, Socorro and other points. At Albuquerque cement brick is being man- ufactured. Building Stone. Granite, sandstone, marble, rhyolite and other building stones are found and quarried in every county of the Territory. In the Sandia Mountains are splendid quarries of granite, sandstone and limestone; west of Las Cruces mottled marble is quarried; south- east of Lordsburg are deposits of rhyolite ; at Silver City limestone and dark marble are used for building material; near lied K«,^ck, Grant County, beautiful ricolite is quarried; Las Vegas has fine sandstone of various shades, which is taken out of four quarries ; Eaton has gray sandstone; Socorro, light gray trachyte; Lamy, an excellent sandstone; marble, granite and sandstone of good quality are found at "Santa Fe; Roswell has good sand and lime- stone; north of Ancho flint is fou^d, which takes a high polish; Gallup has cretaceous sandstone, while the marble quarries of Ala- mogordo are beginning to supply El Paso with superb building material; White Oaks has beautifully mottled marble and 'ine sandstone. Lithographic Stone. A quarry of lithographic stone is worked at High Eolls, in Otero County. Similar deposits are being developed at Toltec, in Va- lencia County, and a lithographic stone of good quality has been found in the Organ Mountains, Dona Ana County. Pumice Stone. Deposits of pumice stone are worked near Grants, Valencia County. West of Socorro there exists a large bed; in fact, owing to the wide extent of the volcanic formations of the Territory, pumioe, tufa and other volcanic sto'nes are widely distributed. Ochre. At San Pedro, Santa Fe County, are deposits of ochre, or min- eral paint. One of the purest beds is found in the Sandia Moun- tains, Sandoval County. From almost every county have come reports of the existence of deposits of mineral paint, but thus far these deposits have not been exploited to any considerable extent. THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 113 Guano. Something like tliree thousand tons of guano have been shipped from bat caves near Lava Station, Socorro County, to California for fertilizing purposes, while a few shipments went as far as Honolulu, Hawaii. In Eddy and other comities similar deposits are found. MANUFACTURES. Xew Mexico has made but a beginning in manufacturing, al- though it presents every possible advantage for large industrial enterprises. There are large lumber mills and box factories at Albuquerque and Alamogordo, and numerous sawmills in the mountainous sections ; a door and sash factory at Albuquerque ; a woolen mill at Albuquerque; wool scouring plants at Albu- querque, Las Vegas, Eoswell and Tucumcari; breweries at Albu- querque, Alamogordo, Estancia, Las Vegas, Eaton, Gallup and Socorro; a foundry at iilbuquerque ; tie preserving plants at Alamogordo and Las Vegas; planing mills at Santa Fe and other towns; saw mills at various points in the timber districts; coke ovens at Dawson, Waldo and Van Houten; a distillery at Farm- ington ; canneries at Las Cruces, Eoswell and Farmington ; cream- eries at Eoswell and Farmington ; lime ovens at Tijeras, San An- tonio, Santa Fe and elsewhere; cemeMt plants at Ancho, Eoswell and Alamogordo ; brick yards at Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, Socorro, Farmington and elsewhere; artificial stone plants at Eos- well and Portales; smelters at Silver City and Deming, while ore treatment plants and concentrators are found in most of the pro- ducing mining camps; ice factories, steam laundries and electric light plants in most of the towns. There are large printing estab- lishments in the larger towns, and other small manufacturing plants are being established or have been planned. There are many large steam flouring mills and many small flour and grist mills, driven by water^ in the smaller towns and settlements. Here is room for vast expansion. New Mexico produces wool, hides, canai- gre, cement, lime, sugar beets, gypsum, rubber plants, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron and other minerals and other raw materials that many factories and mills must ship from a distance. It offers, in addition, abundant and cheap fuel, low priced land, water power, superior climate, good home markets and close prox- imity to Mexican and Pacific coast markets, railroad facilities, moderate priced labor, all of which are factors in conducting suecessfullv industrial establishments. Bv legislation, various THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 115 branches of manuraetiire are exempted from taxatioai for the first few years after establishment, and the larger towns are always ready to tender inducements to manufacturers who desire to locate, while there is a total absence of that animosity to capital and enterprise that has caused such costly labor troubles in many manufacturing centers during late years. The opening is espe- cially promising for woolen mills, tanneries, shoe, glove, furniture, paper and beet sugar factories, cement mills, glass works, can- neries, distilleries, furnaces, iron and steel works and brick yards. Lum' er. One of the big industries of the Territory is the manufacture of lumber, and the number of saw mills in different parts is quite large, although many of them are only small power plants. About 5,000,000 acres are covered with merchantable timber. Extensive lumbering operations are at present being carried on in the Sac- ramento Mountains in Otero County, there being saw mills, tic preserving and planing mills at Alamogordo; in Eio Arri'ja Count}', where a railroad has been built into the timber distrirr ; in Valencia and McKinley Counties, where the American Lumber Company is carrying on operations upon a large scale, the lumber being sent to a big mill at Albuquerque ; and upon a lesser scale in Taos, Santa Fe, Lincoln, Colfax, Sandoval, Torrance, San Mi- guel, Mora, Grant and other counties. New Mexico timber, which is mostly pine, is used in building operations and foi bridges and railroad purposes. Hundreds of thousands of pine and spruce railroad ties are cut annually. The establishment of extensive forest reserves has assured the future of the timber sup pi v, even though the cutting of timber on the reserves is much restricted. Railroads. Eailroad construction began in jSTew Mexico in 1879, and since then 2,500 miles have been built, while nearly 500 miles are under construction at the present time, not to speak of companies in- corporated to construct about one thousand miles more in the very near future. Today there is not a county without a railroad, while several counties enjoy the competition of several roads. The rail- road centers of the Territory are Santa Fe, Deming and Lords- burg, each having three railroads, all the lines at Santa Fe being terminals. Other towns have two lines, while a 'uaunber of others are situated at Junctions of main and branch lines. The principal system is the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, which, with its main and branch lines, reaches and penetrates Colfax, Mora, San Miguel, THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 117 Santa Fe, Sandoval, Bernalillo, Valencia, McKinley, Socorro, Dona Ana, Sierra, Grant, Lima, Chaves, Eddy and Eoosevelt Cour- ties, and with the Eastern Railway of New Mexico, now building, will, in addition, traverse Torrance, Valencia, Guadalupe and Lincoln Counties. It has a mileage of 1,100 miles in the Terri- tory and several of its depots are the finest structures of the kind in the Southwest. The larger towns that are along its lines are Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Santa Fe, Raton, Deming, Las Cruces. Silver City, Roswell, Carlsbad, Gallup, Portales, Socorro, Mag- dalena, Belen, Springer, Wagon Mound, Cerrillos, Bernalillo, L/Os Lunas, Artesia, Hagerman and Texico. The coal camps of Van Houten, Blossburg, Gardiner, Johnson's Mesa, Madrid, Carthage and Gallup are tributary to it. Next in mileage, although one of the newest roads in the Territory, is the El Paso and Southwestern, which has 036 miles of track. It traverses the counties of Dona Ana, Luna, Grant, Otero, Lincoln, Guadalupe, Quaj', San Miguel, Mora and Colfax,^ and contemplates a railroad through San * Juan and McKinley Counties. The larger towns on its lines are Dem- ing, Alamogordo, Santa Eosa, Tucumcari, Tularosa, Lordsburg, Hachita and Roy, while the coal camps of Capitan and Dawson are tributary thereto. The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad has 300 miles of track, including a lumbering line in Rio Arriba County, known as the Rio Grande and Southwestern, and a line just built from Du- rango, Colorado, to Farmington, San Juan County, fifty miles of which are in New Mexico. With the exception of the latter branch, this mileage is narrow gauge. This company enters Santa Fe. Taos, Rio Arriba and San Juan Counties. The principal towns on its lines are Santa Fe, Espanola, Chama, Aztec and Farming- ton. The coal mines of Monero, Rio Arriba County, and in the La Plata section of San Juan Count}-, are tributary to the road. The Santa Fe Central has 120 miles constructed and in operation, and has sixty miles under construction. It traverses Santa Fe, Sandoval, Torrance, Bernalillo and Lincoln Counties, while con- templated extensions of 200 miles to Durango, Colorado, from near Albuquerque, and of 110 miles from Torrance to Roswell, will traverse Chaves, Rio Arriba and San Juan Counties, in addi- tion. The principal towns on this line are Willard, Santa Fe and Estancia. The Hagan coal fields are tributary to it. The Southern Pacific has 107 miles of track in the Territorv and traverses Dona Ana, Luna and Grant Counties. The prin- cipal towns on its line are Deming and Lordsburg. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 119 The Eock Island system has 112 miles of track rimning through tTnion, Quay and Guadalupe Counties. Santa Rosa and Tucum- cari are the principal points on its line. The Colorado and Southern has 88 miles in the Territory, all in Union County, the principal towns on its line being Clayton and Folsom. The Colorado and Arizona railroad has surveyed a line from Durango, Colo., to Cochise, Ariz., the greater part of which will pass through Xew Mexico, traversing San Juan, McKinley, Valen- cia and Socorro Counties. The St. Louis, Eocky Mountain and Pacific Eailway, which has acquired and is working large coal deposits in Colfax County, is building a standard gauge railroad from Folsom, Union County, on the Colorado & Southern Eailway, to Elizabethtown, western Colfax County, via Eaton. Surveyors' are running an extension of this road from Elizabethtown to the Eio Grande Eiver. Various other companies have been incorporated or have sur- veyed lines that will be constructed at some future day, but upon which no actual work thus far has been done. A GENERAL INVITATION. Xew Mexico wants more people; it needs them; it has room and resources for them. It offers to immigrants a fine climate, free homesteads under the land laws of the United States, great natural resources; to the health seeker, health; to the tourist, scenic and historic attractions; to the sportsman, good fishing and hunting; to the summer and winter guests, the best sum- mer and winter climate on earth, hot and cold mineral springs, mountain retreats, ranch resorts, good hotel accommodations and the comforts and luxuries of modern communities ; to the farmer, good crops, not threatened by climatic vicissitudes; to the coal miner, permanent work and good pay ; to the prospector, extensive mineral deposits; to the mechanic and professional man, the same and better chances than any other country that is settling up, room on the top, if they deserve it ; to the stockman, a free range and the best climate "for stock raising; to the manufacturer, open- ings to establish factories and mills that should yield good profits ; to the real estate man, cheap land and a chance to make money by putting up modern residences, and to the capitalist, oppor- tunities to make more money and to buy anything that his heart may desire from a gold or copper mine worth a million dollars to a land grant as big as a European kingdom. Health seekers should come to Xew Mexico by all means. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 121 They should come bofore disease has made inroads upon the sys- tem, if they want to be sure of recovery; they should come if the disease has advanced noticeably, for possible cure or a certain prolongation of life, but they should not come without means or provision to pay their way, the first year at least. The jobs for health seekers are few and far between, and a health seeker should not work for a living for a time after coming if he defsires to re- gain his health speedily. Living is about as reasonable in cost as anywhere else in the United States. The health seeker can live in a tent on a vacant lot, or out on the mesa, and if he cooks his own meals, living need not cost him $4 a week; at a tent city, a hotel or a sanitarium he can have lodging and board from $6 to $15 a week, and at private houses at from $5 to $10 a week. The laws of competition and trade are the same here as else- where. Fortunes are very seldom made in one day. The poor man who comes here must expect to work and to work hard for a living; the capitalist must invest and invest judiciously to make money. After this is said, however, it can be truthfully added that New Mexico offers great opportunities to the honest and in- telligent worker to hecome independent and to gain affluence and civil and political prominence; and to the shrewd and careful capitalist, greater and surer returns on his investments than any other section on the face of the globe. It is to the home seeker, to the farmer, to the stock raiser, to the miner, to the merchant, to the manufacturer, to the capitalist, that New Mexico is an undeveloped empire of magnificent re- sources, which throws a peerless climate into the bargain with the rich returns that are offered to the man with capital to invest, or with brain and brawn to apply. HOW TO OBTAIN PUBLIC LAND. Land is the basis of all wealth, and New Mexico is one of the few parts of the globe that has yet millions of acres for home seekers. Its public domain comprises 52.000,000 acres, all subject to one or th'e other forms of homestead, desert or mineral entries. The Territory also has extensive areas of land to lease or sell, while the Santa Fe Pacific Railway Company owns a large grant of land in Valencia, McKinley and San Juan Counties. Land can be bought cheaply from companies or individuals owning land grants, or from private owners. Land withdrawn under the Eec- lamation Act will be thrown open to settlers as soon as the con- templated reservoir projects have been constructed. CIMARRON CANON, COLFAX COUNTY. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 123 Requirements Under the Homestead Law. All men and single women over 21 years old, widows, deserted wives and persons under the age of 31 years, who are the heads of families, who are not the owners of more than 160 acres of land, and who are citizens or have declared their intention to be- come citizens of the United States, are qualified to make a home- stead entry. As a general rule but one homestead entry can be made by one person, but there are exceptions to this rule, under which a sec- ond homestead entry can be made^ to-wit : 1. Anyone who, prior to June 5, 1900, made a homestead entry and for some reason failed to get title to the land, can now make a second entry. 2. Any person who, prior to that date, made a homestead entry and commuted it or paid for the land, can now make a second entry, which, however, cannot be commuted. 3. Any person who has heretofore made and proved up on a homestead of less than 160 acres, can now make a second home- stead entry of more land to make the full 160 acres. 4. Any person who, prior to March 1, 1889, made a home- stead entry of less than 160 acres, and Avho is still the owner and occupant of the land, can now make a second homestead entry of enough adjoining land to nvake 160 acres, which will be pat- .ented without further final proof. 5. Any person who has made linal proof on his homestead entry of less than 160 aeres can make an additional entry of enough land to make 160 acres, which need hot be contiguous to the land embraced in the original entry, provided he lives upon and cultivates said additional entry for the full period required by law and thereafter makes final proof as in his original entry. 6. When land has been entered by a mistake, or where it proves to be of such a character that a living cannot be made on it, if not done through the fault of the entryman, a new homestead entry will be allowed. Homestead entry papers can be executed either at a United States land office or before the Clerk of a Probate Court, Probate Judge or a United States Court Commissioner of the county in which the land is situated, or they can be executed before the same officer of another county within the land district in which the land is situated, provided the entr}Tnan makes an additional affidavit to the effect that said officer was the nearest and most accessible one before whom entrv could be made. #»»"t THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 125 The right to a tract of public land as a homestead can be se- cured by settlement, which will hold it for ninety days, when or during which time, entry must be made. On all homestead entries, made since July 26, 1894, final proof must be made within seven years after the date of the entry, or they will he canceled. Proof may be made any time after live years. Eesidence is absolutely required for five or seven years after date of entry. After fourteen months from the date of settlement, the home- stead claimant, if he has resided upon, improved and cultivated his claim during the last eight mo'nths, can make commutation proof and pay for the land at $1.25 per acre, if not within the limits of a railroad grant, or $2.50 per acre if within such limits. Soldiers who served in the war of the Eebellion, the Spanish, or the Philippine wars are entitled to have the time of their service, not exceeding four years, counted as residence on the land. If a homestead claimant dies, the land goes to the widow, if he leaves one; if not, to his heirs. Neither the widow nor heirs are required to live on the land but must keep up the cultiva- tion and improvements. The widow of a deceased soldier who never used his homestead right can make a soldier's homestead entry and is required to re- side personally on the land for one year. She must examine the land before making entry and must afterward improve and cul- tivate it for at least one year and this cannot be lawfully done through a lessee. If the widow of a deceased soldier is dead or has remarried, his minor children, through a guardian, can make a soldier's homestead entry. Abandonment or a change of residence from a homestead for six months or more, at any time, leaves it liable to contest, unless a leave of absence has been obtained. Laind unfit for cultivation or grazing purposes, or only valuable for its timber or stone, is not subject to homestead entry. Other- wise, as a rule, all public land, not mineral, may be so entered. The settler is required by law to make improvements upon the homestead and to cultivate part of the same during the period of residence. He must also make the tract his actual and bona fide residence and home. Expired Entries. Homestead entries made before July 26, 1894, expired by limi- tation of the law in eight years after the date of entry, those made THR LAND OF SUNSHINE. . 127 since that dali', in seven years. Desert land entries expire in four years, the hinds then reverting to the United States. Sucli entries are not canceled imniediatel}- upon the expiration of the statutory period, and the land cannot be entered by another settler until such cancellation is secured. If the law has been fully complied with for five years on a homestead, it is possible to make final proof at any time before the cancellation of the entry. Contests. All entries requiring settlement or improvements are subject to contest where the entryman has failed to comply with the law. The successful contestant acquires a preference right of thirty days to the land covered by the entry he .contests, that cannot be se- cured in any other way. Six months' absence from a homestead, where there is no leave of absence, is a sufficient ground for contest, and especially where there is a lack of good faith shown as to improvements and cultivation. It is not necessary to go to the land office to commence a con- test. Contest papers can be drawn up before a United States Court Commissioner or a Probate Clerk in the county in which the land is situated. Miscellaneous. It is no part of the duty of registers and receivers of land offices to prepare the papers required by settlers or by persons in- tending to make homestead or desert land entries. Generally they have not the time without neglecting their proper official duties; and if they had, it would often be improper for them to prepare papers upon the validity or legality of which they are afterwards to decide. The law requires that all applications, affidavits, etc., shall be presented to these officers properly drawn up and signed. The land embraced in a homestead entry cannot be levied upon and sold for any debt contracted before the patent is issued. In signing papers to be used in the land office, always sign one Christian name in full without abbreviation. To make a lawful entry of any kind, the settler must have been upon the land he seeks to enter, so as to be able to answer to its non-mineral character. To fence in public lands to which a settler has no claim, or to otherwise exercise exclusive control over them, is unlawful and subjects the offender to a fine and imprisonment. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 129 Land Office Fees. Before linal proof can be made on a homestead or desert land entry, application must be made in the laud office and a notice secured, which must be published in a newspaper to be designated by the Eegister. This application and notice must give the names and postoffice addresees of four persons, two of whom will be witnesses in making proof. Thereafter and upon due publication, final proof can be made at the land, office or before a United States Court Commis- sioner for the county, or a Probate Clerk or Probate Judge at the county seat of the county wherein the land is situated. In Kew Mexico land office fees are as follows : Acres. Land. Land. Homestead land $ 2.50 $ 1.25 Payable when application is made. . . 40 8.00 6.50 80 11.00 8.00 120 19.00 14.50 160 22.00 16.00 Payable when final proof is made. . . . 40 3.00 1.50 80 6.00 3.00 120 9.00 4.50 160 12.00 6.00 Soldiers who served ninety days or more in the war of the Ke- l^ellion, or in the Spanish or Pliilippine wars, or if dead, their Avidows or minor children have the privilege, not accorded to any other persons, of filing on a homestead, either in person or through an agent. Within six months from the date of filing, the soldier must be- come a resident of the land and make his home upon the entry. Desert Land. Every qualified person, a resident of New Mexico, may enter 320 acres, or less, of desert land that can be reclaimed by irriga- tion. Desert land is held to be land without a growth of natural timber, on which ordinary crops will not grow and mature with- out irrigation. A married woman can make a desert land entry, if it is for her own use and made with her own money. The settler must pay 25 ceilts an acre when the entry is made. He must expend not less than $1 per acre each year for three years in procuring water foi irrigation and in permanent improvements and must cultivate one- eighth of the land entered. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 131 Before the expiration of one year, after the date of the entry, the entryman must file in the land office a corroborated sworn state- ment showing how the $1 per acre has been expended. A failure to file this statement, within the specified time, is good ground for contest. Within four years from date of his entry, the claimant must prove its reclamation and pay a further government fee of $1 per acre. Desert land entries can be assigned to any qualified person who has never made or held an entry, and the assignee can comply with the law and make the final proof. 320 Acre Limit. The entry of agricultural land is restricted to 320 acres by any one person, under any or all of the agricultural land laws. For instance: If a 320-acre desert entry is made, a settler is not en- titled to a homestead, or if a homestead entry of 160 acres is made, a settler can then only enter 160 acres more for a desert entry. However, this does not apply to script entries nor to isolated tracts purchased at public sale. Coal Lands. Coal is abundant in the Territory and is found, as far as is dis- covered, in vast fields in Colfax, San Juan, northern Rio Arriba, Sandoval, Santa Fe, McKinley, Valencia, Lincoln and Socorro Counties. Coal Land Entries. Lands more valuable for coal than for any other purposes may be paid for by any qualified person at $10 per acre where they are situated more than fifteen miles from any completed railroad, or $20 per acre if within fifteen miles of such railroad; or, instead of paying for the land at once, the applicant may within sixty days after possession or settlement, file his declaration of intention to purchase, which will hold the land for fourteen months from date of settlement. Applications to file or purchase must be sworn to by the applicant, but all other matters pertaining thereto can be done by an attorney-in-fact. Assignments of the right to purchase are recognized. Script Entries. Soldiers' and sailors' additional homestead rights are now assign- able and can be located by the assignee upon any land subject to THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 133 homestead entry. These rights come in 40, 80 and 120 acres sizes, and are now selling at from $8 to $10 per acre. Other kinds of script are issued by the General Land Office of the Department of the Interior which can be located upon unappropriated public lands of the United States by simply filing in the proper land office' with an affidavit describing the land sought to be entered and proving that the same is of a non-mineral character and worth more for agricultural purposes than for minerals. These can be purchased from land script brokers and range in price from $6 to $40 per acre, according to value. Certain kinds of script can be located on unsurveyed land. Most classes, hovr- ever, can only be used on surveyed lands. Oil Lands. Lands supposed to contain petroleum may be entered under the placer mining laws. One person can locate a claim of twenty acres and an association of eight persons can locate a claim of 160 acres. There is no limit to the number of claims a person or association of persons can take. One hundred dollars' worth of work must be done on each claim on or before the last day of December of the year following the cal- endar year in which the location is made, or the claim is liable to be "jumped." All mining claims can be sold and transferred by deed and the transferee can secure the patent. Amendments. If a tract of land has been filed on or entered by mistake, with- out fault or carelessness of the claimant^, the error may be corrected, on application to the general land office, even, after patent has been issued, if the error is not discovered before. Repayments. When an entry has been canceled for conflict, or for any cause has been erroneously allowed and cannot be confirmed, the amount of purchase money, fees and commissions paid will be refunded on proper application to the general land office. « Leave of Absence. Any homesteader who, by reason of failure of crops, sickness or any other unavoidable casualty, is unable to make a living for him- self and family on his claim, can secure a leave of absence not ex- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 135 ceeding one year. Application, under oath, must be made to the register and receiver, corroborated by two witnesses, clearly setting forth the grounds upon which the request is made. There are no blank forms for these applications. In each case the 'application must be carefully drawn to cover the facts in that particular case. Any settler who for any reason is obliged to leave his claim for a time should report the facts and circumstances and ascertain if he is not entitled to a leave of absence. When a leave of absence is granted, the time the settler is absent must be made up at the end of the five years. Relinquishment, Homestead or desert land entries may be relinquished in whole or in part at any time. If a claimant has complied with the law in good faith, he"' has the right to offer for sale and sell his right and improvements, and such offer is no ground for contest. The relinquishment may be indorsed upon the receiver's receipt or made upon a proper blank form, and acknowledged the same as a deed. The receiver's receipt for the entry should be attached, or, if it be lost, affidavit to that effect should be made. Lost Receipts. When a settler has lost or mislaid his final receiver's receipt, and wishes to secure his patent from the land office, he must make affi- davit of such loss and that he is the present owner of the land. If the land has been sold, the actual owner, by making the required affidavit, can secure the patent. Territorial Lands. Sections 16 and 36 in each township are school sections and be- long to the Territory; these are leased by sections and are under the supervision of the Territorial Land Commissioner. In addi- tion to these, the Territory is the owner of large bodies of land in various parts of New Mexico. These lands are also in charge of the Land Commissioner at Santa Fe, and can be leased or pur- chased, and, in some cases, will be appraised and sold. Citizenship. W^hen an entry of any kind is to be made, evidence of citizenship will be required! If the applicant is native born, his own affidavit of that fact-will be sufficient. But if he was not born in the United States, in addition to his own affidavit, he must furnish a copy of THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. . 137 his declaration of intention to become a citizen, or of his certificate as a citizen. Land can be entered with script of any kind, or final proof can be made on a desert land entry or a homestead can be commuted by an alien who has only declared his intention to become a citizen ; but an alien must have taken out his last citizenship papers before he can make final proof on a homestead. Settlers on Unsurveyed Lands. Settlers on unsurveyed land who desire to perfect their titles can secure the survey of the township in which their claims are situated by applying to the United States Surveyor General of New Mexico and stating fully the necessity for such survey. Such application must be made by not less than three actual residents of the town- ship to be surveyed. This official will consider the application and, if funds are on hand and it is deemed for the best interests of all concerned, survey will be ordered by the General Land Office and made as speedily as practicable. Actual settlers, after such survey is completed, approved and the lands in the township declared to be open for entry, have priority right of entry for ninety days after such date, but such settlers should avoid the possibility of litiga- tion by making entry immediately upon the filing of "the plat in the local land office. A Hint to Settlers. Persons desiring to settle upon the public domain in New Mexico, either as homesteaders or upon desert entries, must "rustle" for themselves in order to find suitable quarter-sections for such locations. The choicest lands in. the Territory along the water courses, great or small, permanent or transitor}^, are now about all in private own- ership, title having been derived from confirmed Spanish or Mex- ican land grants or under the public land laws of the United States. Still, by careful search, even in the oldest settled sections, good locations for homesteads may yet be had. Reservoirs and Ditches. Under the act of March 3, 1891, any person, company or corpo- ration may locate a reservoir or reservoir site and ditches on public land for the purpose of irrigation, and can obtain a right to the same and fifty feet each side thereof that cannot be disturbed by any person or persons who may afterwards obtain title to the land on which such reservoir and ditches are located. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 139 In order to secure such right a careful survey of the reservoir^ ditches and laterals must be made, connecting them with the gov- ernment surveys of land and a map of such survey must be filed in the land office. A later law authorizes any person to file on 160 acres of land for the construction of a reservoir for watering stock, and filings under that act have been made. But, as the instructions of the General Land Office prohibit the fencing of the land and require the reservoir to be left open for public use, there is very little inducement for the construction of such reservoirs. By a recent act of Congress the Secretary of the Interior is au- thorized to expend all of the receipts from the sale of government lands in the construction of reservoirs and ditches to be used for irrigation and reclamation of arid lands. When the site of such reservoir is selected, the lands that can be irrigated from it will be subject only to entry under the home- stead laws, and each entry will be charged with a water right, pay- ment for which is to be made to the government by yearly instal- ments during a period of not to exceed ten years, and patents can- not be secured until the water right is paid for. The reclamation service of the Geological Survey of the Depart- ment of the Interior is now actively engaged in the construction of a reservoir called the Hondo reservoir, thirteen miles west of Eos- well, in Chaves County, where about thirteen thousand acres will be brought under irrigation. The United States Reclamation Service also has decided upon the construction of a reservoir in the Valley of the Eio Grande, named the Elephant Butte reservoir, which, when completed, will irrigate over a hundred and seventy-five thou- sand acres between the Elephant Buttes and a point about thirty miles south of El Paso, Texas. This land is situated in Sierra and Dona Ana Counties in Kew Mexico, and El Paso County, Texas. There is also under contemplation the construction of a reservoir to irrigate ten thousand acres near Las Vegas, in San Miguel County; another project under consideration is the construction of a reservoir west of the La Plata Eiver, in San Juan County. The Eeclamation Service will expend $625,000 in repairing and en- larging the Pecos Valley irrigation system in Eddy County, just acquired by the federal government from the Pecos Irrigation Company. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 141 Forest Fires. By an act of Congress, approved Ma}' 5, 1900, very severe penal- ties are imposed upon those who start forest fires on the public do- main, either wilfully or carelessly. The maximum fine is $5,000, or imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both. Campers should always take notice that, by the same act, any person who builds' a fire on public land, in or near a forest or other inflammable material, must, before leaving, totally extinguish the same. Any person failing to do so is liable to a fine not exceeding $1,000 or imprisonment for not more than one j^ear, or both. Railroad Lands. The Santa Fe-Pacific Eailroad Company is the owner of an ex- ' tensive land grant made by the United States of America forty miles north and forty miles south of its line between Albuquerque and the western boundary of the Territory. This grant consists of each odd section in each township within its area, namely : Sec- tions 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ■ 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27,. 29, 31, 33 and 35. There are numbers of quarter-sections Mdthin this grant suitable for homesteads. The necessary informa- tion concerning purchase, etc., of such quarter-sections from the company can be ascertained by addressing the treasurer of the At- chison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway Company, Topeka, Kansas. To Find Vacant Lands. The settler should select the locality in which he wishes to locate, and then get a township plat or plats showing the vacant land, which will enable him to examine such tracts as may seem desir- able. The plat of the particular township in which his location may be situated can be procured by application to the Register of the United States Land Office of the district wherein the land is situated, and will have to be paid for at the rate of from $1 to $4 per plat, according to the amount of work necessary thereon, by the intending settler. U. S. Land Offices. There are four United States Land Offices in this Territory at which homestead and desert land entries, as well as all other filings and entries, may be made upon the public lands contained within their districts. They are Santa Fe, Clayton, Las Cruces and Eos- well. By addressing the Eegister or Eeceiver at these land offices more particular information as to the land embraced within the districts and which is still open to entry, can be obtained. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 143 Jurisdiction of Land Offices. The United States Land Office at Santa Fe has jurisdiction over the public lands in the following counties : Santa Fe, Taos, Eio Arriba, San Juan, Sandoval, Bernalillo, McKinley, Valencia, the greater part of Torrance, and parts of San Miguel, Guadalupe, Mora, Colfax and Socorro. The Clayton Land Office has jurisdiction over the public lands in the following counties : Union and Quay, the eastern portions of Colfax, Mora, San Miguel and parts of Guadalupe and Eoosevelt. The Land Office at Eoswell has jurisdiction over the public lands in the following counties : Chaves, Eddy and Lincoln, the greater part of Eoosevelt and parts of Otero and Torrance. The United States Land Office at Las Cruces has jurisdiction over the public lands in the following counties : Dona Ana, Sierra, Grant, Luna and the greater part of Socorro and Otero. How to Reacli the Land Offices. By rail, the four land offices can be reached as follows: Santa Fe, via the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe from the north, east, south and west ; via the Denver & Eio Grande from the north and west; via the Santa Fe Central Eailway from the east and south. Clayton, via the Colorado & Southern Eailway from the north and south. Eoswell, via the Pecos Valley & Kortheastern Eailway from the north, east and south. Las Cruces, from the north, east, south and west via the Atchison, . Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway. IVIaps and Township Plats. There are no maps showing public lands open for entry. There are so many millions of acres of these that it is not practicable to make maps for that purpose. Township plats can be examined in the four land offices in the Territory, namely, Santa Fe, Clayton, Eoswell and Las Cruces, and the lands open for entry in the dif- ferent townships can be found thereon. It is impracticable for the Bureau of Immigration or the officials of the four United States land offices to give definite information concerning the public lands in townships to persons desiring homes in New Mexico, or wishing to make homesteads or desert land entries, unless the township, range and section are furnished. The number of townships con- taining public lands open to entry amount to many hundreds, and in each township there are 144 quarter-sections of an average of PERRY'S RANCH NEAR SANTA FE. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 145 160 acres, and the task of giving delinite information concerning connties or land districts cannot be undertaken by any official, especially as there is a considerable portion of the pnblic domain which is nnsiirveyed. Forest Reserves. The Department of the Interior has established six forest re- serves in New Mexico to conserve th-e headwaters of its largest streams. These are the Pecos, the Gila, the Jemez, the Lincoln, the Magdalena and the San Mateo Reserves. Lands have been withdrawn for the establishment of the Burro Mountain Reserve. Five million five hundred thousand acres, mostly mountain and forest, are included in these reserves, although they also contain agricultural, mineral and grazing lands. Permits for grazing cat- tle and sheep and, in some instances, goats, upon the reserves are granted by the Department of Agriculture upon application and the payment of a small per capita fee. These reserves are also natural game preserves and contain many fine trout streams. They are coming into favor as summer resorts and are of inestimable benefit to the Territory, both for the conservation of waters as well as for the preservation of timber and game. The Indians. There are 13,000 Indians in the Territory, 9,000 of them Pueblos or town Indians. Of the others, the Jicarilla Apaches number 800 and occupy a reservation im Rio Arriba County. The Mescalero Apaches number 450 and occupy a reservation in Otero County. The Navahos number about 3,000 in New Mexico, and occupy a reservation in the northwestern part. The Pueblos have reserva- tions of their own and are the most advanced of all Indian tribes, being husbandmen and self-supporting. The Apaches and Navahos have made considerable advance in civilization and till the soil or are owners of herds of cattle, sheep and goats. Some of them find employment as section men on the railroads or work in the sugar- beet fields of Colorado. They are law-abiding and send their chil- dren to the reservation or training schools provided by the Indian office. PART IV. CLIMATE.— MINERAL AND HOT SPRINGS. ATTRACTIONS FOR TOURISTS. "Climate is Fate !" exclaimed Helen Hunt Jackson, when racked with pain and in the grasp of the insidious destroyer, consumption. She sought the climate of California and of Colorado and was much benefited. Had she sought the climate of New Mexico, perhaps she might have lived another decade and have given the world an- other "Ramona." Thousands have risen to bless the sunshine, the invigorating and dry air of New Mexico, and thousands have died because they knew not of it or came too late to be restored. As the altitude gradually declines from 8,000 feet in the north to 3,000 feet in the south, the climate is modified as far as the mean annual temperature is concerned, but otherwise it is the same in the north as in the south, the sharp winter winds of the north being tempered by the warm sunshine and dry air; and the higher tem- perature of the south being moderated by the latitude, the dry air and the invariably cool nights. There is no other commonwealth, not even Colorado, with its high winds and greater annual pre- cipitation, nor Arizona, with its hot dust storms and great varia- tions in daily temperature, although both possess a fine climate that is a specific for lung trouble, that can compare its climatic advantages with those of New Mexico. The Territory until recently knew of no cases of native consumption, and in the higher altitudes and in certain localities^ of no enteric diseases, no malaria, no diptheria, no croup, no mosquitoes, no blizzards, no oppressiv'3 summer days or nights. At Santa Fe in winter, on sunny day.^ rhe temperature in the sun runs up from fifty to eighty degrees, and in the summer the shade temperature never exceeds ninety degrees except once or twice in a decade, ninety-seven degrees being the highest temperature on record in thirty years. Even a tempera- ture of ninety-seven degrees, on account of the great dryness of the atmosphere and the invariably cool summer nights, is not so oppressive as a maxinmm temperature of eighty degrees at Chicago or New York. At Carlsbad and Las Cruces the mean temperature for January is forty-four and forty-t.wo degrees respectively, and in July a little less than eighty degrees, giving the extremes of the mean temperatures for the year in southern New Mexico. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 149 The days of sunshine in eveiy year average from 300 to 320, partly cloudy days from twenty-five to forty-five, and cloudy days from twenty to thirty, there heing more cloudy days in summer than in winter; no other commonwealth in the United States has an average sunshine record equal to that of Xew Mexico, and for that reason it is known as the ""'Sunshine Territory." The year 1904 was by no means a favorable one as far as climate goes, yet the official record of the United States Weather Bureau at Santa Fe shows that there were only sixteen cloudy days dur- ing the entire year. The sunshine averaged 80 per cent of the total possible amount, or a total of 3,554 hours, almost ten hours of sunshine every day — spring, summer, fall and winter. In the month of December, when most needed, the sunshine percentage reached its maximum, 98 per cent. In October and N'ovember, other cool months, it was 96 per cent. August, when cloudi- ness is grateful, had the minimum record, 69 per cent. The fol- lowing average is the monthly sunshine record for the past fifteen years: January, 76 per cent; February, 71; March, 73; April, 78; May, 75; June, 79; July, 69; August, 73; September, 77; October, 81; November, 80; December, 79; average for the fifteen years, 77 per cent. These are official statistics of the United States Weather Bureau and not manufactured to bolster up claims to superiority of climate which facts will not sustain. These same records show that the precipitation during 1904 was 14.19 inches, nearly twelve inches occurring during the months from June to October, inclusive, while during the other seven months it did not amount to three inches. The wind movement during ,the year averaged less than seven and a half miles an hour, while the maximum velocity re- corded was forty-six miles an hour, and there was but one other record of a velocity greater than forty miles an hour. The relative humidity, an important factor of salubriousness, reached only 42 per cent. The highest monthly average was 61 per cent, caused by unusually heavy rains on a few days in October. In April of 1904 the remarkably low average of 28 per cent was recorded. Not a single fog was observed at Santa Fe during the year. The tem- perature of 1904, at Santa Fe. averaged 49.3 degrees, which, ac- cording to a carefully considered formula of the United States weather bureau, is equal to 65.4 degrees at sea level. The coldest month was January, with an average of 27.4 degrees, but an average in the snn of 53 degrees. The warmest month was July, with an average of 69 degrees. The highest temperature recorded was 86 degrees, on Julv 10. The lowest was zero, on December 27. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 151 The mean daily range in teniperatnre was only 22.1 degrees, while the greatest daily range recorded was only 35 degrees. This equa- bility in the teniperatnre is a great factor in the comfort of health- seekers and of well persons, and helps to make Santa Fe the great- est climatic summer and winter resort on the western continent. It has been stated by medical writers that tuberculosis can be treated successfully in any climate. All experience is against such a conclusion. It has been demonstrated beyond question that cer- tain sections of the United States possess climatic characteristics which are peculiarly adapted to the successful management of the disease. The so-called arid regions of the great southwest, which comprise portions of southern Colorado, all of Kew Mexico and Arizona, together with that part of western Texas known as the "Llano Estacado," may be included in this favored section. The vast and salubrious stretch of country, which is so many times alluded to as a "land of sand, sagebrush and cacti," possesses in an almost unlimited degree those very elements which observation has proved to be of the utmost value in the treatment of tuber- culosis. Where medicines have failed the elements are succeeding-. A pure atmosphere, containing an abundance of oxygen and elec- tricity, in conjunction with a large amount of sunshine, is today fulfilling in an eminently satisfactory manner the mission hereto- fore mapped out for such agents as cod liver oil, creosote and the various medicinal concoctions known as serums. The importance of climate as a factor in the treatment of pul- monary tuberculosis is daily manifesting more and more its value, whether takein separately, or coupled with the various specific plans of therapy now advocated and employed in this important branch of practice. Physicians are informing themselves more widely upon this vital question, and the experiences gained by the prac- titioner living amidst such ideal climatic conditions as exist in New Mexico are being looked upon with more interest and kindly con- sideration than heretofore has been accorded them. The consensus of opinion, as expressed by the leading authorities on tuberculosis at the International Congress held at Moscow, Russia, a few years ago, and later at London, England; Madrid, Spain, and at Atlanta, Georgia, was unanimously in favor of the climatic treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis over all other methods considered. The southwestern section of the United States has thousands of residents who came as tubercular patients, some of them a- long as twenty-five years ago. They are today, and have been for THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 153 many 5'ears, in good health, have married and reared children who are to all appearances ahsolutely free from tubercular disease. Animals, as well as the human race, are likewise remarkably free from tuberculosis in this region, as has been shown by the re- searches of Herrera and Lopez in Mexico, where the climatic con- ditions are practically similar to those existing in IsTew Mexico. These investigators report that they have found but forty-five cases of tuberculosis in cattle out of 73,000 killed and examined at the government abattoir in the City of Mexico. It may be stated in a general way that all specific plans of thera- peutic treatment thus far suggested for the cure of tuberculosis, and especially of the pulmonary form, have failed, so that one must look to nature rather than to the laboratory for the weapons to combat this enemy of the race. The early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is of the utmost importance, for it is in the beginning of the disease that the greatest benefit is derived in the largest proportion of cases from the climate or the out-of-door plan of treatment. New Mexico is essentially a '^and of sunshine and blue skies." Here there is a dry and bracing climate, with no extreme heat or cold, a climate which, for the most part, admits of an existence out of doors almost all the year round. It is these qualities of air and sky that have caused this favored region to be known today over the entire civilized world as the "Land of Sunshine." The peculiar adaptability of such a climate to the successful management of consumption and other diseases of the \wags and respiratory tracts is causing invalids to flock here in great numbers, experience and observation having demonstrated beyond further question the fact that the sea coast resorts have proved dismal failures in exercising either a corrective or retarding influence upon the diseases men- tioned above. In the past few years the medical profession, as well as the laity, has been made aware, through various channels, of the vastly superior climatic conditions existing throughout the Territory of ISTew Mexico, and patients ,are seeking relief here by the hundreds where formerly they came only by the score. The famous Dr. Osier, recently much in the public eye, says: "The requirements of a suitable climate are a pure atmosphere, an •quable temperature not subject to rapid variations and a maximum amount of sunshine. " Given these factors, and it makes little dif- ference where the patient soes. so long as he lives an outdoor life. The purity of the atmosphere is the first consideration, and it is THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 155 this requirement that is met so well in the moiintaiais and the for- ests of A'^ew Mexico. The problem of the prevention of the further spread of tuber- culosis and its ultimate and complete eradication from the human race will be solved when physicians realize the importance of at once placing the patient suffering from, or threatened with, this disease, in a suitable climate. Childrein inheriting this peculiar condition of the cellular structures and cell elements known as a tubercular tendency will develop, in a favorable climate, a cell an- tagonism to the disease which can never be acquired in a climate where tubercular diseases are more common and one which favors the causes that lead to tubercular disease. It is generally conceded by writers upon bacteriology that cli- matic conditions play a most conspicuous part in both development and retardation of microbic life. Epidemic diseases which have for their vehicles certain condi\ions of the atmosphere, such as heat and moisture, constantly demonstrate their power of spreading contagion, the moisture contained in the air being the chief factor in preserving the vitality of the germ. To anyone familiar with the extreme climatic difference between the Atlantic coast states and the Southwest, the great role played by the climate in each locality named, will at once become strik- ingly apparent to the most indifferent observer. Epidemics, such as la grippe, so fatal and destructive in their train of sequelae, are little known in New Mexico. This is rather remarkable, in view of the fact that the majority of the people live in a humble and primitive state, scarcely ever employing any modern sanitary pre- cautions to guard against epidemic invasions. The climatic condi- tions existing throughout the Territory and in the mountain regions more especially, the rarity and purity of the atmosphere, together with the almost constant direct rays of the sun, are the most powerful bactericides known to science today. A climate where dis- carded animal and vegetable substances undergo prompt and rapid desiccation after l)rief exposure to the atmosphere, with but little manifestation of decomposition, argues most strongly against bac- terial development. The tuberculus bacilli lose their infective power in a very short time after exposure to the sun's rays in the arid atmosphere. This clearly explains the curative effect of cli- mate upon pulmonary tuberculosis. Constant inhalation of what may be properly termed an aseptic atmosphere, in time, brings about in the pulmonary tissues, inflamed by tuberculous deposits, that very desiccation effected upon animal and vegetable substance exposed directly to the air. * -.Iff '.' ' ' ' 5' J ," ' 1' %' i ■ ' « 'il»^-j^f.- _ -*- I.' *, -\i2 'tl' THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 157 Although there arc many invalids, principally persons with tuber- culosis, there is not a case of tuberculosis on record in New Mexico that was communicated from the diseased to the healthy through the medium of the atmosphere. That the native people of this section experience such wonderful immunity from tuberculosis, especially of the respiratory tracts, must have its explanation in the very favorable climatic conditions surrounding. In order to derive all possible benefit from such a climate as that of New Mexico, the health seeker should live out of doors. If he has the strength to get about at all, the best he can do is to go into the pine forests and camp out. The nomadic life of the tent dweller is the best treatment for incipient pulmonary tuber- culosis. It is ofteai a grave mistake for an invalid to seek a change of climate in a place where he has no friends, no occupation, noth- ing to distract his mind from himself and his malady. In a few months he exhausts the possibilities of mere curious interest in unfamiliar surroundings, and then he strolls about alone or with chance acquaintances until he becomes weary of the town and the monotony of his existence. Homesickness ensues, the mental dis- ease sometimes counterbalancing the climatic benefit, and the health seeker in desperation returns to his home, preferring the certainty of death among friends to the possibility of a prolonged existence under unsupportable conditions. If such a health seeker would procure a saddle horse, pack animals, and a camp outfit and go into the mountains with a good guide and agreeable companions, he would find no monotony, and no homesickness, but would gain strength and buoyancy of spirit and 'never know a dull hour. A year of out-of-door life in the dry, bracing air of New Mexico will arrest many a case of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis, if the sufferer has the necessary strength and vitality to begin such a course of treatment and takes ordinar}^ precautions against undue exposure and over exertion. Recognizing the superior climatic advantages of New Mexico for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system, the United States government has established, and now has in successful oper- ation, two large sanitariums, one operated under the auspices of the War Department and the other under the United States Marine Hospital Service. The action of the government in establishing its great sanita- riums for the treatment of consumption in New Mexico is a far greater and stronger eulogy on the climatic advantages of this Ter- ritory than anything that can be said or written upon the subject. Since the establishment, six vears ago, of the two government THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 159 sanitariums, one at Fort Bayard, and the other at Fort Stanton, hundreds of soldiers and sailors, afflicted with tuberculosis, have been' cured by the climatic treatment, which is the chief feature at both of these establishments. Liberal appropriations have been made by the national government for enlarging and improving both of these institutions, 'and they are destined to make a record in the future by the large and increasing per cent of cures they are effect- ing. Fresh air in abundance, both night and day, is the first and most important factor in the treatment. Coupled with this are sunshine, healthful and abundant diet, moderate exercise, amuse- ments and recreations of a suitable character. These constitute the plan followed at both places, and they are proving each d^y the im- mense advantages they possess over the old methods of treatment. Another triumph for Kew Mexico climate as a factor in the cure of consumption was achieved when, in the early summer of 1905 the representatives of the Associated Fraternities of the United States, after a searching and personal investigation of the climatic features of the Southwest, selected Las Vegas Hot Springs for the site of the Fraternal Sanitarium for the cure of consumption. The leading fraternal organizations of the United States have promised their aid, and it is planned ultimately to take care of thousands of healthseekers at this sanitarium, which will be conducted upon the cottage, tent and outdoor plan. Almost a million dollars' worth of land and buildings has been acquired for that purpose, and the re- sults promised would have been deemed impossible a few years ago. Private sanitariums are being established and this is a sure in- dication that at last capitalists, as well as scientific men, are begin- ning to admit in a practical way that New Mexico has great possi- bilities in this respect. At Santa Fe, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Silver Cit}^, Las Cruces and other points, are now in successful operation excellent sani- tariums conducted by private individuals. Add to these the various mountain resorts and springs where camp life is a feature, it will be readily seen that at the present time much excellent provision is already made for health seekers, whereas only a few years ago everything of this kind 'was extremely crude. Special attention is given at all these places to making the dietary varied and whole- some. This, with abundant sunshine and pure mountain spring water, constitute a trinity hard to surpass in the treatment of con- sumption. '^Sunmount,'' beautifully situated in the foothills southeast of Santa Fe, is the pioneer tent city of this region and the most important. Great care in the selection of the site has repaid the H < CD H I— I O H H o THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 161 managers, and the demand for accommodations increases daily. The latest" sanitary tent is in use there, and its construction is so ideal for the purpose that it permits of a comfortable life in the open air during the entire j'-ear. Grand scenery, eonsitant sunshine, pure water from mountain springs, a generous cuisine, competent medical supervision, trees with health-giving properties, like the spruce, cedar, pine and the Australian red gum or eucalyptus, to- gether with the altitude of 7,000 feet and the pure mountain air, form a strong combination of health and life-giving elements not to be found elsewhere, perhaps, on the continent. "Sunmount" is surely destinied to become the most noted health and pleasure resort in the entire southwestern country. A common mistake about this country is that it is a ver}^ expensive place to live in. At "Sun- mount" excellent tents comfortably furnished are to be had at $10 and $15 per month. Charles E. Linney, section director for New Mexico, of the United States Weather Bureau at Santa Fe, speaks as follows of the New Mexico climate : "It is easy to say that the climate of this or that place is the finest in the w^orld; it is less easy to show reliable facts and figures to bear out the statement, and it is least e.asy to convince the self- satisfied public that some other spot can be, or is, the more fa- vored ; facts, however, if they are facts, should be given credence. "It is with these barriers in view that a few facts (and simple figures) regarding the climate of central and northern New Mexico are presented, this vast empire being in many respects nicely typified by Santa Fe, local contour, latitude and altitude being considered. "Discarding fractional finesse, the annual mean temperature of Santa Fe (obtained from 33 years of carefully compiled records by the United States Weather Bureau) is 49 degrees, a degree higher than that of Chicago, the same as that of Boston, a degree lower than Denver, six degrees cooler than Asheville, North Carolina (which has the same latitude), seven degrees cooler than St. Louis, and twemty degrees cooler than Jacksonville. This comfortable average, too, is the result of balancing 29 degrees, the coldest month (January) with (59 degrees, the warmest month (July). In 32 years the temperature has never risen to 100 degrees, the highest record being 97 degrees in the month of August, 1878, and since the following year it has not touched 95 degrees; the average num- ber of da}'s each year with 90 degrees or higher is but two. The average daily maximum temperature (afternoon reading) of the warmest month (July) is but 81 degrees, while the average night • THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 163 temperature of this month is but 57 degrees, a summer temperature far more "comfortable than that of St. Louis, Washington, New York, Boston, Chicago, Denver or St. Paul, and only approached by the cities that nestle beside the frigid waters of Lake Superior. "On the other hand, winter is not bleak and cold; the average winter temperature is 31 degrees, just below the freezinig point. The temperature of the night falls to or below freezing a little over one hundred times each year, wdiile zero temperatures are rarely recorded. The lowest actual record is 13 degrees below zero ini December, 1879, and in January, 1883; many winters pass with- out a record of zero temperature. "The annual precipitation (including rain, snow, sleet and hail) is 14.3 inches; Denver the same; Chicago, 34.8; St. Louis, 41.1; Asheville, 42.5; Washington, 44.8; Boston, 45.0, and Jacksonville, 54.1 inches. While the rainfall is low, it should be borne in mind that 62 per cent of the amount occurs in the spring and summer months, leaving the fall and winter months dry and invigorating. July is the wettest month, averaging 2.8 inches, while but 0.70 of an inch (or less) are measured in ISTovember, December, January, February and March. The average number of days with 0.01 of an inch or more of precipitation is 81, against 111 at St. Louis, 120 at Chicago, 121 at Boston, 122 at Washington,' and 127 at Jack- sonville. These figures for Santa Fe, however, do not represent days with continuous rain^ but rather days with showers of short duration, for a day with continuoi:s rain is practically unknown. "The sunshine of Santa Fe is proverbial; there is annually re- corded 77 per cent of the possible amount, against 69 per cent at Denver, 65 per cent at St. Louis, 59 per cent at Washington, 54 per cent at Boston and 53 per cent at Chicago. With all of these cities, excepting Denver, Colorado, the greatest amount of sunshine occurs in summer, while here the highest percentage is in the fall, spring and winter, in the order named — expressed differently this means that there is a partial veiling of the sun's rays during the heat of the summer, but a full and free bestowal of its glorious rays during the remaining nine months of the year. Occasionally, the amount of sunshine reaches the marvelous total of 98 per cent of the possible 100 per cent (December, 1903), and 96 per cent in October, and also in November, 1903, and it has never fallen below 48 per cent (February, 1905). In actual hours of sunshine the record averages 3,352 hours in a year, 9.2 hours for each day. "The average relative humidity is slightly below 46 per cent; it is highest, slightly below 55 per cent, in January, and lowest, 33 per cent, in June. The annual relative humidity at Denver is 50 m 1 V THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 165 per cent; at St. Louis, 70 per cent; at Boston, 72 per cent; at Washington, 73 per cent; at Chicago, 77 per cent, and at Jackson- ville, 80 per cent. For the warmest months of the year — June, July, August amid September — the average at St. Louis is 66 per cent; Chicago and Boston, 75 per cent; Washington, 75 per cent, and Jacksonville, 83 per cent ; in other words, the humidity during the heiat of the summer in the eastern cities is considerably greater than the annual average, while just the opposite condition prevails in Santa Fe, where it is a dry heat, thus always free from enervat- ing effects. . "The average hourly wind movement is low (6.9 miles per hour), and it is rare indeed that a storm velocity (40 miles an hour or higher) is attained, there being but thirty-seven such records in twenty-one years. There is aio record of the wind ever having at- tained a velocity of 60 miles an hour at Santa Fe. "Summarized, the climate may be described as one that is mild and equable, much given to sunshine, free from great heat, high winds, humidity, and debilitating effects so noticeable in the central and eastern cities, free also from the cold, snow and storms of other northern cities, a climate of clear skies, small rainfall, few storms and those of short duration, one which is usually warm in the sun in winter and cool in the shade in summer." Mineral and Hot Springs. New Mexico is not only blessed with a climate that is a boon to healthseekers, but it also possesses mineral and hot springs whose waters have curative powers that are wonderful. Among the hot springs which ought to rank among the most re- markable in the United States are those at Ojo Caliente, Taos County, north of Santa Fe, and 6,290 feet above the sea level. There are four of these springs in a small area, each peculiarly adapted for the cure of particular diseases. The dissolving power of their waters is very great and they are especially recommended by physicians for rheumatism, gravel and other calcareous affections, gout and other kidney, stomach and blood disorders. The tempera- ture of the springs varies from 90 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit, and the largest is classed as a chalybeate spring, as it carries a large amount of iron carbonate. Its waters contain 1,686.84 grains of alkaline salts to the gallon, and no organic matter. The fourth spring of the group pours forth lithia water. The combined flow of these springs is 300,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. Ojo Caliente is reached by a short stage ride from Barranca on the Santa Fe-Antonito branch of the Denver and Eio Grande Railroad. .'^v-''S: ^"*- 'S^?'^^ ';f ': • ■ 4#* THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 167 Owing to the volcanic nature of tliat part of Taos County, it has other thermal springs, among the best in the Territory being those known as Wamsley's Hot Springs. They are located in a deep gorge of the Kio Grande on the road from the station of Tres Piedras, on the Denver and Eio Grande Railroad, to Taos. The water is lukewarm and in that respect similar to another group of mineral springs situated at Glenwoody, eighteen miles south. At Las Vegas Hot Springs, San Miguel County, 6,767 feet abov« the level of the sea, six miles from the City of Las Vegas, is a group of hot springs, whose waters resemble those at the famous hot springs at Teplitz, Austria, although their two chief active constituents, carbonate and sulphate of sodium, recall the waters of Carlsbad. There are forty of these springs. The waters from the different springs vary in temperature from 75 to 144 degrees. Their character is mostly alkaline-saline, although they vary from saline to lithia and sulphur. They are especially potent in stomach disorders, intestinal and liver troubles, kidney diseases, gout, dia- betes and kindred ailments. Mud baths and poultices for swollen joints due to gout and rheumatic difections, from the black, tena- cious mud about the springs, prove very efficacious. The water is conveyed by pipe into the bath houses and natatorium. Adjoining the springs is the palatial Montezuma hotel, which is the headquarters for the Fraternal Sanitarium for Consumptives, which also has control of the springs and bath houses. The springs are reached from Las Vegas by electric railroad and are located on> the famous Scenic Highway that is partly completed between Santa Fe and Las Vegas. There are two groups of fine medicinal springs less than fifty miles directly west of the City of Santa Fe, in the Valles Mountains, and they are counted among the most efficacious mineral waters to be founid in the Rocky Mountains. They are situated in the picturesque San Diego Canon in Sandoval County, and are known as the Jemez and the Sulphurs, or the upper and lower Jemez springs. The lower group embraces ten springs varying in tem- perature from 94 to 168 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature of the hottest of these is the highest of any spring in the Territory. Their altitude is 6,620 feet. The waters of the hottest and largest spring run about fifty gallons per minute, with escaping carbonic acid gas and depositing white carbonate of lime. One spring, with waters of 103 degrees, carries free carbonic acid gas, and its deposits are reddish brown. A third spring, of ll9 degrees, is impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogeni and iron. The other springs of the lower group are impregnated with sodium, lime and magnesia. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 169 Their solid constituents arc about .24 per one hundred parts of water. The upper sprinos, or Sul})liurs. are situated two miles above the lower group, at an altitude of 6,740 feet, and their temperature varies from 70 to 1U5 degrees. They flow from eaves of lime, form- ing a ridge 30 feet high and 200 feet long, and varying in size from a few rndies to twenty feet in height. The waters are strongly impregnated with sulphur and resemble those of Marienbad. The springs are both mud and vapor, and their principal constituents are chloride of sodium, sulphate and carl>onates of soda, lime and magnesia. They are especially potent in rheumatic and syphilitic disorders. Their solid constituents are .3726 to every one hundred parts of water. Hotel accommodations have been provided at both groups. In the same section of country is the San Ysidro mineral spring near Jemez, Avhose waters are carbonated and carry .5632 parts of solids in every one hundred parts of water, mostly sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, iron carbonate with traces of silica, potassa and lithia to every one hun- dred parts of water. Four to six miles west of the Sulphurs are the San Antonio Springs, which resemble the Jemez Springs and are equally effica- cious in kidney and stomach disorders. The mineral spring at Carlsbad, Eddy County, has the largest flow of any mineral spring in the Southwest. It is located two miles above the town. Its flow is about 5,500 gallons per minute and its waters are of medicinal value in cases of kidney trouble and dyspepsia. The waters resemble those of the Friedrichshalle Sprudel at Carlsbad, Bohemia, they being aperiemt and alterative. The famous Austrian spring, however, is heavy in magnesium chloride and carries but a small amount of carbonate of lime, while the Carlsbad spring is destitute of the magnesium compound and is heavily impregnated with carbonate of lime. The solids amount to 155.25 grains to the gallon, consisti'ng of over 50 grains of salt, 44 grains of Glauber's salts, 22 grains of Epsom salts,- over 17 grains of sulphate of lime, 14 grains of carbonate of lime, while silica, iron, alumina and carbonate of magnesia exist in snuill quantities. In the Eocky iVrroyo, Eddy County, is a sulphur spring that car- ries 90.47 parts of solids in every 100,000 parts of water, aind besides the magnesium sulphate is impregnated with carbonate of lime, sulphate of lime, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, silica and alumina. The sulphur springs near the Bottomless Lakes, Chaves County, THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 171 carry 2,528 parts of solids in every 100,000 parts of water, and the sulphnr spring on the Berrendo Eiver in the same county, carries 297 parts of solids in every 100,000 parts of vrater, 148 parts being commomi salt, 72 parts calcium sulphate, 35 parts magnesium sulphate, 17 parts calcium carbonate, 5.5 parts 'silica and one part alumina. Penasco fSpring, Chaves County, has faint traces of sulphuretted hydrogen and is a good aperient, being impregnated with calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, silica and alumina. The water of Water Grove Spriug, on the San Juan Mesa, sixty miles north, of Eoswell, is described as truly wonderful by the chemists, who claim that it has no equal in New Mexico for the cure of gout and rheumatic affections. Its main constituent is sodium chloride and potassium sulphate, although it is also heavily impregnated with potassium carbonate, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and shows traces of silica and alumina. Excelleirit hotel accommodations have been provided at the Fay- wood Springs, Grant County, three miles from Faywood Staition, on the Santa Fe Eailway. The water is 142 degrees Fahrenheit being among the hottest in the Southwest. It is efficacious in cases of rheumatism, stomach and kidney troubles, and blood and skin diseases, resembling the waters of Carlsbad. The altitude is 5,782 feet. The spring flows from the top of a come forty feet high, which has been built by the solids in the water. The reservoir around the spring is fifteen feet across and very deep. The water of the spring is alkaline and it flows 6,000 gallons an hour. Each gallon has 39.59 grains of solids, soda predominating, the other constituents being carbonate of lime, sulphates, silica, chloride, magnesia, potassa, iron and alumina. A group of hot springs, six miles north of Faywood, has a tem- perature of 150 degrees. Another group of hot springs is found in Grant County at OJo Caliente, on the Mimbres River, fifteen miles north of Mimbres postoffice. Commercially, the Coyote Mineral Springs, fourteen miles south- east of Albuquerque, in Coyote Canon at the foot of the Sandias, are perhaps best known in the Southwest, for 35,000 bottles of their waters are annually exported. Their waters are mildly laxa- tive and diuretic and are a specific in gout, rheumatism, dyspepsia, kidney and liver troubles. There' are three groups, the Harsch, the Chaves and the Topham springs. In 100,000 parts of water THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 173 of the Harsch Iron Springs, there are ahout 180 parts of solids, chiefly sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, potassium sulphate, iron, silica and alumina. The Cottontail Spring of the same group has only 147.0 parts of solids, the Chaves Spring 153 parts, and the Topham Artesian Spring only 88 parts. The last two named carry free carbonic acid gas in quantity. Whitoomb Sprimgs are situated at the foot of the Sandias, in Tijeras Canon, eighteen miles east of Albuquerque. The water of these springs carries a little over 11 grains of solids to the gallon, the chief constituent being calcium carbonate. On the Tejon grant, at the foot of the northern slope of th;-; Sandia Mountains, are hot springs which have not been analyzed, but are reputed to be of great medicinal virtue. Near Folsom, Union County, at an elevation of 6,500 feet, on the Colorado and Southern Eailroad, are hot springs of great medicinal value. ISTeaT by is beautiful Mount Capulin, with one of the most perfectly formed craters to be found in the Southwest, and is a famous landmark. Four miles east of Santa Fe, in the foothills of the Sangr;"! de Cristo range, and a few hundred yards from the Scenic Highway, are the Aztec mineral springs. Their principal constituents are calcium carbonate, magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, sodium chloride and silica, while the water contains emough carbonic acid gas to retain the carbonates of calciv.m and magnesium in solution as bi-carbonates. Formerly these waters were bottled and a hotel was maintained at the sprii^gs, but of }ate they have been abandoned, owing to the removal of their owner to the City of Mexico. At Las Palomas, in Sierra County, is a remarkable hot spring, cures almost miraculous having been effected by its waters in rheumatic affections. It is reached from Engle on the Snnta Fe line, or from Lake Valley. The principal constituents are chlorides and magnesia, while the waters are impregnated to a lesser extent with lime, carbonates, soda, sulphates, potash, magnesia and silica. No county in the Territory contains so many hot springs as Taos. There is a goojd sulphur spring at Eio Pajarito with a temperature .of 68 degrees. The water contains carbonic acid, hydrogen sul- phide, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, calcium and magnesium carbonates. At Ojo Sarco on the Eio Grande, miorth of Santa Barbara, Taos County, is a fine group of mineral springs. In the same county, three miles north of Ojo Caliente, are soda springs. Five miles THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 175 south of Taos as well as between Penaseo and Mora on the Rio Pueblo, are sulphur springs of rare medicinal virtue. Socorro County boasts of a large number of hot and mineral springs, the most noted being the Gila Hot Springs, situated on the upper Gila and Diamond creek, in the southwestern part of the county. They carry 27 parts of solids in evevy 100,000 parts of water, the chief constituents being soda and potash carbonates, silica, sulphuric acid combined with lime amid potash and ferrous sulphate. The City of Socorro is supplied with mineral water by its water works. The water has a temperature of 93 degrees, and flows" from the foot of the eastern slope of Socorro mountain. The flow is 700,000 gallons every twenty-four hours. The waters are alkaline, the solids amounting to 17 grains per gallon, the chief constituents being potassium sulphate, sodium sulphate, calcium carbonate, silica, sodium chloride and magnesium carbonate. Other noted springs in Socorro County are found at Caballo, five miles from old Fort McEae. Their waters are 136 degrees Fahren- heit. On the San Francisco river, in the 'southwestern part of the county, are springs with water heated to 130 degrees. ISTear the mouth of Diamond creek, in the same part of the county, are springs of 151 degrees. Four miles south of the Carrizo valley is a group of soda sprir.igs, and near Cherryville and Canada Alamosa are the Ojo Caliente Springs, the waters of which are mineralized and have a temperature of 85 degrees. In Torrance County are alkaline springs, notably the Dog Lake Spring not far from Estancia, the water of which is impregnated with 556 grains of magnesium sulphate, 437 grains of calcium sul- phate, 65 grains of potassium sulphate, 36 grains of magnesium chloride, 1 grain of alumina and 171 grains of volatile inatter in every gallon. Valencia County has its quota of hot and mineral springs. A saline soda spring is situated on the Antonio Sedillo graint near the settlement of Quelites, on the northeast bank of the San Jose River. The water is tepid, highly charged with carbon dioxide, and carries considerable iron. The flow is small, however, and comes from the top of a mound reared by its mineral deposits. The water is especially beneficial in stomach afnd kindred ailments. It is impregnated with 1563 grains of solids to every- gallon. The chief constituents are sodium chloride, 786 grains; sodium sul- phate,. 561 grains; calcium carbonate, 138 grains; potassium chlo- ride, 16 grains; sodium bicarbonate, 14 grains; magnesium, 57 grains; iron, 4 grains; silica, 2 grains, and traces of sodium bro- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 177 mide, sodium iodide, sodium borate, sodium phosphate, lithium, barium sulphate, alumina and manganese. Ten miles north of Coolidge, McKinley County, are the Stinking Springs, which are classed among the soda springs, although sul- phuretted. West of the Mesa Lucero, in McKinley County, are sulphur springs, while the springs at Ojo Caliente, twelve miles southwest of Zuni, have great repute among the Pueblo Indians for their medicinal virtues. In McKinley County there are mineral springs three miles east of Gallup, and another group fifteen miles west of Fort Wingate, the latter being alkaline. The waters of the Ojo Azufre, twenty miles west of Fort Wingate, are sulphuretted. There are mineral springs eighteen miles east of Abiquiu in Rio Arriba County, and soda springs four miles southeast of Petaca, in the same county. In the Chusca Valley in that county are sulphur springs, and warm springs have been located at the head of San Diego Canon', above the Jemez springs. Three miles northeast of Las Vegas, east of the Great Ranch, are alkaline and sulphuretted springs, while ten miles west of Santa Fa are iron springs, claimed to equal in medicinal virtue those at Manitou, Colorado. On Salado Creek, four miles south of San Ysidro, Sandoval County, have been discovered soda springs, and a similar group is situated thirteen miles northeast of Isleta, Bernalillo County. This is only a list of the better known and most accessible of the hot and mineral springs in New Mexico, whose healing waters have stood the test of time. Ko matter to what point the health- seeker goes, in the mountains, in the forests, or the plains, he is certain not to be far away from springs whose waters are healing or curative of many ailments to which the human flesh is heir. It is only at the more prominent springs, however, that ample hotel accommodations have been provided, but the climate of every part of the Territory is such that tent life at or near amy of the springs mentioned, is practicable the year round. Waters not mineral- ized are rather the exception than the rule in the Territory, and therefore the pure drinking water furnished the City of Santa Fe, or the soft water of the Estancia Springs, are noteworthy. The water derived from the mountain streams, especially in the north- em part of the Territory, is also very pure. Among the better known springs of pure water are Patterson's Springs, western So- corio County; Horse Springs, western Socorro County; Gallina Springs in eastern Lincoln County; the Antelope and Buffalo Springs on the Estancia Plains; Chico Springs, twenty miles from THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 179 Maxwell City, Colfax County ; Hermy Springs on the Pecos Forest Eeserve, on which, however, there are hundreds of other fine springs of pure water, and Gallo Spring at San Eafael, Valencia County. PREHISTORIC RUINS. New Mexico is as rich in prehistoric ruins and remains as it is in historic monuments and present-day interest. The Pajarito Cliff Dwellers' park, the Chaco canon, the Gila canon, western Valencia and Socorro couD'ties abound in cliff and communal build- ings, the age of which has puzzled scientists, but which are older than any other ruins on the American continent, and, probably, in the world. The most accessible cliff dwellers' region is the Pajarito Park, but one day's overland trip from Santa Fe or Espanola, in which 20,000 cliff dwellings and caves are situated within a com- paratively small area. The scenery of this natural park is superb ; "wonderful" is the only adjective that will do justice to the caves in the cliffs, high and inaccessible almost as eagles' nests, but show- ing many other signs of occupation besides the peculiar picture writings in the soft volcanic tufa of which the clifEs are composed. In addition to the cliffs, there are remains of communal buildings of later occupation, some of them containing as high as 1,200 rooms. There are also burial mounds with remains of ancient pot- tery. Along the eastern foot of this steep plateau flows the Kio Grande and lie the villages of San Ildefonso, Santa Clara and San Juan, while to the west rise the stupendous mountain masses of the Valles, the Cochiti and Jemez ranges, with their deep for- ests and canons, their famous hot springs, their Indian villages and their mines. Where else on earth is there so much of the beau- tiful in scenery, of romance, of historic monuments, of prehistoric remains, of the ancient, the unique, the picturesque, the sublime, to be found as within a radius of fifty miles of Santa Fe? One day's trip will take the wanderer from the historic Old Palace and San Miguel Church in the City of the Holy Faith, over the foot- hills of the Sangre de Cristo range from which rise in full view mountain peaks almosit 13,000 feet high, into the picturesque Tesuque valley aind by the ancient Indian pueblo of Tesuqne. The road winds through sand hills that the air and the rain have cut into grotesque shapes, huge as Titans and weird as the rock forma- tions in the Garden of the Gods. Then come once more fertile fields and the village of Cuymungue, 'formerly an Indian pueblo, now a native settlement. Along the Nambe river, with its grand falls, close by the Indian pueblo of ISTambe to the pueblo of San Ildefonso on the Rio Grande; then along that river through the . ■ J*- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 181 laughing Espanola valley, past the Black Mesa, a famous Tudian battleground, into the large Indian pueblo of Santa Clara and its mission church to Santa Cruz, also with a quaint and ancient church building, threads the wagon road across the river into Espa- nola. From there the road ascends the wildly beautiful Santa Clara canon, along a rippling trout stream up to the steep cliffs of the Puye and the Shufiniie, with their hundreds and thousands of prehistoric caves and communal buildings. And all that in one day's journey overland ! If the trip be prolonged, another day or two, the remarkable hot springs at Ojo Caliente and the hot springs in the deep chasm of the Kio Grande at Wamsley's, the Indian pueblos of Picuris and Taos, the finest trout streams and best haunts of wild game, or the Jicarilla Indian Eeservation, as well as busy lumber and mining camps, can be visited. And that is only in one direction from Sanita Fe! Going south, one days' trip will pass through the quaint settlements of Agua Fria, Cienega and Cieneguilla, by the Tiffany turquois mine-s, the old mining camp of Bonanza, the smelter at Cerrillos, the Ortiz gold placers, worked a hundred years before gold was discovered in California and still yielding gold dust amid nuggets, the coal mines at Madrid, where bituminous amd anthracite coal have been mined from the same hillside, the placer and gold mines of Golden and Sam Pedro, not to speak of sheep and cattle ranches and the beautiful scenery of the Cerrillos, Ortiz, San Pedro and Sandia Mountains. Another trip of one day from Santa Fe will take the traveler by the pueblo ruins of Arroyo Hondo, over Apache hill, the battle- grounds of Apache Springs, the interesting native settlement of Canoncito, over Glorieta Pass and the battlefield of Glorieta, to the upper Pecos river, by the ancient and historic Pecos church ruins, the village of Pecos and through the most beautiful summer-resort country in the SouthAvest, where trout streams babble in every canon and where from one summit can be surveyed tlie hoary heads of • eleven of the twelve highest peaks in New Mexico. Another day's trip out of Santa Fe will take the visitor up the rugged Santa Fe Canon, by the large reservoir and the Aztec min- eral springs to the Scenic Highway which crosses the Santa Fe range into the upper Pecos V-alley and unfolds at every step new moimtain views and panoramas magnificent beyond description. Nor do these trips exhaust the interesting points in and about Santa Fe. Almost every other town in the Territory offers sights and scenes of equal interest to the tourist and sightseer. The prehistoric ruins of the Chaco canon and Pueblo Bonito, in southeastern San Juan County, as well as those at Aztec, in the ■-.'fe x€ ,\ : « 't. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 183 same county, are more fully excavated than those of the Pajarito park, and m some respects are more palatial and more impressive. They can best be reached from Gallup or Thoreau on the Santa Fe Eailway in McKinley County. The prehistoric ruins on the Gila Forest Keserve, as well as those in western Valencia and Socorro counties, have not been thoroughly explored thus far, being distant from the highways of travel, but on this very accoumtt they should have a special charm and attrac- tion for the student of archaeology. Coming to more recent, although still ancient days, the ruins of the Gran Quivira and of nearby abandoned Pueblo villages, between the Jumanes Mesa and the Mai Pais and Jornado del Muerto, are of great historic interest. They are best reached from the sta- tion of Willard at the junction of the Santa Fe Central and Eastern Railway of New Mexico. Similar ruins are found in western Va- lencia, Socorro and other counties, a.nd divide the interest of the tourist with the many present-day Indian pueblos and Spanish set- tlements boasting of considerable antiquity. The Zuni, Navaho, Jicarilla and Mescalero Indian Reservations are well worthy a visit, and upon, the first two named are many prehistoric ruins. Foremost in interest and value in historic archaeology are the old mission churches of the FranciscaoB. In every occupied Indian pueblo and at the site of almost every abandoned pueblo, there is one of the monuments of those pioneers of Christianity and civiliza- tion, the Franciscan Fathers. Many of these are in a good state of preservation, while others are in ruiois, but every one is an object of historic interest. The old mission church of San Diego, which is the oldest of the California missions, was founded in 1769. It is almost a total ruin ; only the front remains in a good state of preservation. The side walls are still standing, but no portiotnis of the roof or interior remain. This is the most venerable and venerated historic monu- ment in the State of California, and is annually visited by thou- sands of tourists. It has stood for 164 years. It marks the begin- ning of civilizatiooi and Christianity in California. And yet, in New Mexico, on the upper Pecos, thirty-five miles west of Las Vegas, at the site of the abandoned Pueblo of Cicuye, are the ruins of the old Pecos church. The church is 300 years old. It was nearly 150 years old when the San Diego mission was founded. It was projected before the Spanish Armada was destroyed and ante- dates the coming of the Mayflower and the settlement of James- town. All that is said of the old Pecos church, may be said of that of Jemez. They were built at the same time. The one at Quivira THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 185 was foimded in 1C30, and is a fairly well preserved min. The churches at San Ildefonso and Santa Clara are in a complete state of preservation. They are nine years older than the oldest of the California niins. The old San Miguel mission in Samta Fe has been rehuilt. Its walls date from 1650^ the roof from 1694, or pos- siblv a few years later. From the old church at x\lgodones was taken a bell, cast in Spain in 1356, and at the Cathedral at Santa Fe and other churches are ancient relics and art treasures of old Spanish and Italiaiii masters. These are only a few examples se- lected at random from the large number of ancient churches of equally great interest scattered over New Mexico. Inscription Fiock, on the old road to Zuni, and every one of the pueblos from Taos on the north to Isleta on the south, and from the Rio Grande pueblos in the central part, to Zuni in the west, are worthy of a visit, both for historic and present-day interest. 'Not is there any other building in this country to compare in historic interest with the Old Palace at Santa Fe, which has been more to Xew Mexico than Faneuil Hall to Massachusetts or Liberty Hall to Peninsylvania, nor is there any other town in the United States which offers so much of interest to the tourist as the city of St. Francis de Assisi. SCENIC ATTRACTIONS. In addition to its manifold sights of prehistoric, historic and arch- aeological interest, ISTew Mexico possesses many scenic attractions. Its mountains equal the Alps in ruggedness and height; its valleys, lakes, streams and waterfalls have a picturesqueness of their own; its forests, such as are included in the Pecos and other forest re- serves, offer sylvan retreats of rare beauty; its mesas and plains are inot without their attractions, and a visit to its old settlements as well as to the Indian pueblos and the Indian reser^-ations is well worth many miles of travel, even from the scenic standpoint aloaie. The Scenic Highway that is being built between Santa Fe and Las A'egas, through the Pecos forest reserve, and over ihe highest and steepest divides of the Sangre de Cristo range, opens to the travel- ing public as Ijeautiful scenen' as any m the world. The Sacra- mento Mountain Railway in Otero County is an engineering wonder that brings travelers from all parts of the United States. The Gran Quivira ruins, the Salt Lakes, the White Sands, Inscription Rock, the Mai Pais, the Jornada del Muerto, the Guadalupe Caves, possess a weirdness or a picturesqueness that have made them world- famous. New Mexico's hot springs, mountain and summer resorts combine many advantages and attractions difficult to find anj- UWi s Hj ^HH ^^^H BH 1^^^^^ ^K'^^ ^E - /^ j^^^^k^^^b^^pMI H^H H hBI ^^^B^^^!^ '' ^^« mm 1 m ^^^I^BE^'^^^EBI WsJMI^M Mi ^K^p ^ ^•?'l: HHHH|^^^S^ mm 1 H qI^hB^' ~~f^^w ^^^^n ^^^^^gjlilli 1 1 THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 187 where else. New Mexico has an atmosphere and color of its own, just as Spain, Italy or Greece. Here the civilization of centuries ago and of today meet ; here are found prehisioric ruins and historic monuments, the history of yesterday and of today have left their impress side by side; the civilization of the Indian, the Spaniard, the Mexican and the Yainikee commingle. Still, New Mexico is strictly up-to-date in its government, in its hotels, railroad accom- modations, in the protection the law affords, in its universities, its colleges, its public schools, its sanitariums, its charitable institu- tions, in its progress and in its prosperity. Churches are found in every settlement, newspapers in every town, together with fine stores, banking institutions, and every safety, comfort and luxury that the centers of civilization of the east afford. NEAR CLOUDCROFT, OTERO COUNTY. f^.v? 4' ^:,>^'^^^ ''^^^1' BERNALILLO COUNTY COURT HOUSE AT ALBUQUERQUE. PART V. COUNTIES, CITIES AND TOWNS. Xew Mexico has an area of 122,4G9 square miles, exceeding tliat of tlie kingdom of Italy with its 35,000,000 people. Its popula- tion, according to the best and latest estimates, is 300,000, an in- crease of over 100,000 since the census of 1900. The Territory is divided into tweinty-five counties. Along the northern or Colorado boundary are the Counties of Union, Colfax, Taos, Kio Arriba and San Juan. Along the eastern boundary, bordering on Oklahoma, is the County of Union; bordering on Texas, the Counties of Quay, Eoosevelt, Chaves md Eddy. Bordering on Texas in the south, the Counties of Eddy, Otero and Dona Ana; bordering on Mexico, the Counties of Dona Ana, Luna and Grant. On the western boun- dary, bordering on Arizona, are Grant, Socorro, Valencia, McKin- ley and San Juan coimties. The north central counties are- Mora, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Guadalupe, Torrance, Sandoval and Ber- nalillo. The south central counties are Lincoln and Sierra. BERNALILLO COUNTY. This is the smallest and most populous of the counties. It covers 1,210 square miles, an area exceeding that of the State of Ehode Island. The population is 26,000, of which 15,000 live in Albu- querque, the county seat, and its immediate vicinity. The assessed valuation in 1905 was $3,572,454. The cnnty is a little north of the center of the Territory and is bounded o^:^. the north by San- doval, on the east by Santa Fe and Torrance, on ^^^e south by Va- lencia and on the west by Valencia County. Postoffice^ : Alameda, Albuquerque, Carpenter, Chilili, Griegos,Isleta, Martinez, Milagioc, Old Albuquerque, Padillas and Pajarito. The Sandia Mountains in the eastern part rise to an elevation of 10,500 feet, the south Sandia Mountain has an altitude of 9,500 feet. The San Ysidro Mountains in the eastern part attain an elevation of 8,000 feet. The morthern end of the Manzano Moun- tains in the eastern part, attains an altitude of 10,000 feet. From these mountain ranges the land slopes abruptly to the Rio Grande, west of which it rises to the mesas flanking the Rio Puerco on each side. These two rivers are the principal and only perennial streams of consequence, although the Arroyo Salado, tributary to THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 191 the Eio Puerco, often carries large volumes of water. Mineral springs are located in the Sandia Mountains, those best known being the Coyote Springs and Whitcomb Springs, the latter being a pleasant summer and winter resort. On July 1, 1905, there remained subject to entry 225,195 acres, 143,133 of these unsurveyed, but none of this land contains living streams. The county is in the Santa Fe land district. Much of it is mountainous and but a small part is fit for agriculture unless water is developed by the sinking of wells. A considerable portion is good range and some of it valuable coal and mineral land. In the eastern part, on the eastern slope of the Sandias, placer ground and extensive co'al croppings are found, the latter also ex- isting along the Rio Puerco, west of the Rio Grande. The Tijeras Canon district has been prospected more or less during the past fifty years, and in certain localities, along the lime and porphyry contact, gold and silver ores are found in the sulphides of iron and copper, although the district has never been a producer to any extent. The principal properties are the Silver Dollar, the Carnuel, the Long View and the Magnolia. In the Hell Canon district, south of Tijeras Canon and in the northern foothills of the Manzanos, the Milagros and Golden groups are situated, carrying gold and copper. Placer gold is reported to exist in the gulches. and arroyos of that section. Nearby is the Coyote district, better known for its mineral springs than its mines, although at a very early period the Spaniards prospected near Chaves Spring and old prospect holes are scattered over the district. The principal industries are manufacturing, farming, fruit growing, stock raising and railroading. Its central location, great diversity of topography and fine climate, railroad facilities and the fact that the Rio Grande, fianked by a fertile valley oin each side, cuts through the county from north to south, place its prosperity on a permanent basis. There are 250,000 acres which eventually can be placed under irrigation and 300,000 acres are considered good pasture. In seasons of average rainfall, the grass grows abundantly, and owing to its peculiar character, cures on the ground during the fall, and instead of washing out and becoming value- less, like the ordinary grass, it is like hay and makes as good feed in the winter as in the summer. The total area under ditch at present is 15,000 acres, of which about 5,000 are cultivated. There are several available reservoir sites and room for modern irrigation systems. An important project, that of a high land ditch from near Algodones to the valley surrounding Albuquerque, has been partly constructed. The soil of the valley is composed almost en- I tfrrii^i.f^fr'4^-' THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 193 tirel}' of detritus from the mountains and foothills and lacks only the addition of a verv little animal or vegetable matter now and then to keep it rich indefinitely. The true farming policy is to have small farms, closely cultivated and yielding as land can only be made to yield under irrigation. In addition to the ordinary grain and vegetable crops, tobacco does especially well, although not extensively cultivated. Some of the soil being alkaline, aspar- agus proves profitable. Besides the Eio Grande, the Eio Puerco flows through the county from northwest to southeast, but as it has cut its l)ed deep into the soil there is not much irrigation along the upper course of the stream. The Santa Fe Eailway traverses the county. The Santa Fe Cen- tral cuts through the eastern part, and the Santa Fe Pacific forms a junction' with the Santa Fe at Isleta, in the southern part. The Albuquercjue Eastern, a branch of the Santa Fe Central, is under construction from Moriarty to Albuquerc|ue, through the Tijeras Pass in the Sandias, a distance of forty-three miles. The county has forty miles of railroad, to which the Albuquerque Eastern, when completed, will add twenty-five miles. Isleta. one of the largest Pueblo Indian villages, is situated in^ the southern part, and as it is at the junction of the Santa Fe Railway and the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad, is much visited by tourists. The county seat and largest city in jSTew Mexico is ALBUQUERQUE. In every sense, modern and progressive, it is the acknowledged commercial center. Its merchants cover a trade territory larger than the six New England states, which gives it a wholesale trade greater than that of any eastern city of three times its size. Its population, according to the census of 1900, was 6,326. Old Albu- querque, which is practically a portion of the city proper, had 1,191 people, and the more distant suburban precincts had 4,613 inhab- itants, giving the city and suburbs a population of 12,042 in the census year. A very conservative estimate places the increase since 1930 at 5,000, making the present total more than 17,000. It has a fine system of public schools, with a large and modern school house in each ward, and a handsome high school building centrally located. There are in addition a number of good private schools, while denominational institutions are maintained by the Metho- dists, Catholics and Presbyterians. It is also the seat of the Uni- versity of New Mexico, established and maintained by the Ter-- ritory and endowed by the United States with a liberal donation THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 195 of public land. The University buildings are located upon an emi- nence about 200 feet above the general level of the town, with an unobstructed view for many miles in every direction. With the Sandia Mountains twelve miles to the east for a background, the view takes in the Jemez Mountains, sixty miles north, the San Mateos seventy miles west and the Socorro and Magdalenas, seventy-five miles south, while with the glass may be seen the Mo- gollons, more than 225 miles to the southwest. The institution has a first-class faculty and ranks among the best western colleges. "Hadley Hall," a handsome $20,000 structure, gives the University a department devoted exclusively to the study of climatology, with a special reference to the effect of climate on the cure and preven- tion of tuberculosis and kindred diseases, the only institution of the kind in the United States. Albuquerque is the location of a large U. S. Indian Training School, with more than 300 pupils. The city is the headquarters of the Second Judicial District and of the United States Marshal for New Mexico. The judicial district com- prises Bernalillo, McKinley, Valencia and Sandoval Counties. The Territorial District Attorney for the above counties, as well as for Torrance County, makes his headquarters at Albuquerque. In the matter of religious advantages, the toAvn is very thoroughly equipped. All the leading Christian denominations have congregations, with good commodious houses of worship. There is also a syna- gogue, which is well supported. There are places for pub- lic entertainment and amusement, including the Elks' Opera House. One of the institutions of Albuquerque worthy of special notice is the "Commercial Club." This represents a successful combination of business and social interests, and possesses within the one organ- ization all the principal features of a Chamber of Commerce and a social club. There is a system of water works, deriving its supply from deep wells. There are also electric light, power and gas plants, the streets being lighted by electricity. The city has an electric street railway, free delivery of mail, and the hotel facilities are good. Water for irrigation purposes can be secured anywhere in the valley from driven wells from ten to thirty feet deep. The streets are graded and along most of them are cement sidewalks, the material coming from the neighboring hills, being laid upon a foundation of gravel. St. Joseph's, one of the largest sanitariums in the west, is located here and is conducted by the Sisters of Charity. The Santa Fe Railway Company has built at this point the finest and most com- modious station building and hotel on the line of its road between THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 197 Chicago and San Francisco. The shops of the Santa Fe Pacific Eail- roacl, furnishing employment to over 700 men, and the Santa Fe hospital are located here. The manufacturing interests, in addi- tion to the railroad shops, are represented by the large lumber mills, the box, door and sash factories of the American Lumber Company, woolen mill, tie preserving plant, foundry and machine shops, a brewery and ice factories, flouring mills, mineral water establishments, planing mill, brick yards, cigar factories, broom factory, wool scouring plant, steam laundries, wagoni factory, and smaller establishments. Of the 24,000,000 pounds of wool pro- duced annually in New Mexico, Albuquerque merchants handle fully one-fifth, a portion of which is now .manufactured at home by a woolen mill of fair capacity. This enterprise is very compre- hensive in its scope and includes all the processes of pulling, scour- ing, dyeing, tanning and manufacturing wool and leather. The American Lumber Company has erected a large saw mill just north- west of the city with a capacity of 200,000 feet of lumber per day, as w:ell as a box factory and door and sash mill. There are openings here for a canning factory and a beet sugar factory, not to speak of a tannery, shoe and furniture factories, and other estab- lishments. The census of 1900 credited the county Avith $864,604 capital invested in manufacturies, $793,644 of that being invested in Albu- querque. This gave employment to 1,140 men^, and the value of their products was $2,007,772 that year. These figures have been doubled by this time. Nearly all lines of business, commercial, mechanical and professional, are represented. The town has two national banks, one private bank, and one trust company. There are two daily papers — The Albuquerque Journal, issued every morn- ing, and The Albuquerque Daily Citizen, issued every evening ex- cept Sunday. There are also a number of weekly papers in Eng- lish and Spanish, and several monthly publications. The town possesses the largest and best free public library in the Territory, which is maintained by a special tax and which occupies a fine building donated by a public spirited citizen. A second library is maintained in one of the public school buildings. Albuquerque has good railway facilities. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe gives it access to all points north and south, while the Santa Fe Pacific gives it direct communication with all the country between the Eio Grande and the Pacific Coast. That portion of New Mexico directly east of Albuquerque has never been in close touch with the city by rail, but the want of first-class facilities in that direc- tion will soon be supplied by the Santa Fe Central, tlie Albuquerque THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 199 Eastern and the Eastern Railway of New Mexico, now nearing com- pletion. The first named road is in operation, while the second has been partly graded. The climate of Albuquerque, while it possesses the characteristics of that of New Mexico in general, is milder in winter than that of the more northern towns, and owing to its lower altitude the city is a sanitarium for those health seekers who cannot bear the more severe winters and greater altitude of the northern counties. Dur- ing the summer months the near-by City of Santa Fe and the many convenient mountain resorts, including Whiteomb Springs, offer a refuge from the heat, which is at no time so oppressive as it is in the more humid east. It is only during the afternoon hours in the midsummer months that the thermometer occasionally indicates 100 degrees, which seems ten. to twenty degrees lower than it would in a more humid climate. . CHAVES COUNTY. Area 9,599 square miles and a population of 16,000. Bounded on the north by Eoosevelt and Guadalupe Counties ; on the east by Cochran and Yoakum Counties, Texas ; on the south by Eddy and Otero Counties ; on the west by Otero and Lincoln Counties. It is a plains country on the M^estern edge of the Staked Plains. The foothills of the White and Sacramento Mountains lie on its western border and- the Guadalupe Mountains on its southwestern boundary. Sand hills border the Staked Plains, the Pecos River flowing through steep bluffs in the northern part. The Pecos is the principal river and receives as tributaries from the west the Arroyo Yeso, Arroyo Conejos, Deep Creek, Salt Creek, the Hondo, the Berrendo and the Rio Feliz. The headwaters of the Penasco and several independent water courses are the streams of the southwestern part, known as the Lower Penasco country. The county has many perennial and several mineral springs. The area subject to entry under the fed- eral land laws on July 1, 1905, was 4,993,088 acres, of which 2,016,673 acres were unsurveyed. Chaves is one of the most rapidly growing of the counties, and, while formerly the open range livestock interests were the main- stay, it is today a great producer of alfalfa, cereals, celery, canta- loupes and fruit. Its system of artesian wells and abundance of irrigation water from the Pecos and tributaries have brought to it a new glory. The splendidly stocked Hereford and Shorthorn breeding ranches and the sheep and wool growing industries, how- ever, are expanding, for the greater part of this little empire likely will always be grazing land, pure and simple. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 201 The irrigation systems at present obtain their supply of water from four sources — the immense springs in the vicinity of Eos- well, fed by subterranean streams of artesian nature, from which flow five limpid streams, the North Berrendo, Middle Berrendo, South Berrendo, North Spring and the South Spring Rivers, all stocked with black bass, offering sport to the disciples of Isaac Walton ; from artesian wells, which are making this region famous : from flood water of the great watershed of the White Mountain region and the canal system of the Pecos Valley, beginning near Eoswell and in which millions of dollars have been invested, and which, taken as a whole, is the finest in. the United States. That part of the system which is located in Chaves County is owned by the Felix Irrigation Company. To this will be added the Rio Hondo reservoir, under construction by the Reclamation Service and which will be completed in the fall of 1906. It will furnish water for 15,000 acres of land near and including part of Roswell. The Pecos River carries a large volume of water and divides the county into halves, crossing it from north to south. In the artesian well district are 475,000 acres of cultivatable soil, and there are over three hundred flowing wells and more coming in daily. The first flow is reached at a depth of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet, and it costs from two himdred to two hundred and fifty dollars to drill a well to reach it. The second flow is tapped at from three hundred to eight hundred feet, and a well to it costs two thousand to two thousand five hundred dollars. A fair average of the flow is six hundred gallons a minute, although a maximum of two thousand five hundred gallons is reached by one well, and there are others fiowing from one thousand to one thousand five hundred gallons a minute. With a storage reservoir, one well furnishes enough water to irrigate one hundred and sixty acres of land. The City of Roswell alone now has one hundred of these wells. ]\Iany have sufficient power to drive small hydraulic rams. The county has 1,800 acres in apple orchards, producing good fruit. Plums, pears and peaches, the last on high ground, do well. Cantaloupes and melons attain their greatest development in fiavor and general character right here, and celery has become a staple crop. Oats, rye, barley, alfalfa, sorghum, millet, Kaffir corn, milo maize, wheat, potatoes, onions and garden- vegetables flourish. A specialty is being made of high grade cattle, one ranch having 1,200 head of superb Herefords, including the famous An- cient Briton, costing $4,000. Hog raising on a large scale on alfalfa is successfid on the Chisum ranch. The raising of mules on a similar scale has been undertaken on a laro-e alfalfa ranch. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 203 The assessment in 1905 Avas $3,232,335. Sheep number 300,00.0 and cattle 100,000 head. The postoffices are Alelleni, Dexter, Elk, Felix, Glen, Hagerman, Kenna, Lake Arthur, Lower Penasco and Roswell. The county seat is Roswell, a city of 8,500 inhabitants, the fourth largest town in New Mexico, which is growing at a rapid rate. It is a pretty and progressive com- munity, situated in the commercial, lineal and geographical center of the Pecos Valley Eailroad system. It is located near the con- fluence of the abundant waters of the Pecos and Hondo Rivers and is the supply and shipping point of a large area for both cattle and sheep, surrounded by fertile lands and exhaustless irrigation resources, including the canal and the artesian wells. The town is daily adding to its importance and is one of the most active and prosperous business centers of New Mexico. Eoswell has scores of brick business blocks and residences, is the site of the New Mex- ico Military Institute, has two large modem public school build- ings, three newspaper plants, one daily — The Record, and two weeklies — The -Roswell Register and The Roswell Tribune; three national banks, an elegant and commodious club, ice factory, wool scouring plant, creamery, cement and artificial stone plant, electric light plant, two steam laundries, many churches, numerous wholesale and retail houses, and tributary and extensive stockyards. The town is incorporated and pro- hibits gambling. It is the principal point on the projected Torrance, Roswell & Gulf Railway, ami extension of the Santa Fe Central. An automobile line to Torrance at present furnishes passenger, mail and transportation facilities with the central portion of New Mex- ico; the Pecos Valley and Northeastern Railway, a part of the Santa Fe system, giving similar facilities with the south, north and east. "The city has a public library, a Commercial club and free delivery of mail. It is the headquarters of the Fifth Judicial Dis- trict and has the Land Office for Chaves, Eddy, Lincoln and parts of Roosevelt and other counties. The office of the Territorial Dis- trict Attorney for Chaves, Eddy and Roosevelt Counties is located at Roswell. The climate is noted for its healing effect in pulmo- nary affections, and every year sees an added influx of health seekers. Hagerman, is the second largest town and was laid out in 1893 by the Pecos Valley Town Company anrl was fittingly named in honor of THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 205 J. J. Hagerman, of Eoswell;, whose enterprise, sagacity and capital were the origin of the present great development. It was incorporated in 1905, is situated twenty-four miles southeast of Roswell, and is surrounded by thousands of acres of the choicest agricultural, fruit and grazing land in the country. It has a pop- ulation, with its immediate surroundings, of about 800, and the intelligence, thrift and morals of its people are plentifully attested by fine brick business houses, attractive and commodious homes, schools and churches, a weekly newspaper, a national bank, careful observance of approved sanitary principles and a general air of neatness and good order. The town and country adjacent have beeni settled by progressive and energetic people, chiefly from Illi- nois, Iowa, Xebraska and Kansas, and their wisely directed efforts have already transformed the barren waste of ten years ago into a veritable garden spot that blooms like a rose. With the magic touch of water, careful cultivation has achieved wonders here. The irrigation S3^stem constructed by the Pecos Irrigation Com- pany extends from a point four and one-half miles due east of Roswell thirty miles south, and irrigates the fertile body of land tributary to the town of Hagerman, and is now controlled by the Felix Irrigation Company. The water siipply thus afforded has lieen increased by the development of artesian water in many places. Many small farms are plentifully watered from these never-failing wells, and much of the supply in the canals is con- served for use on large tracts further down the valley. The value of these wells will be understood by readers unfamiliar with the fact when it is explained that a well flowing 100 gallons a minute, if none were lost by seepage or evaporation, would cover seventy- eight and one-half acres to a depth of twenty-four inches in a year. Allowing one-half for loss by evaporation in reservoirs and ditches, a 40Q-gallon well will then furnish twenty-four inches for a quarter section during the year. Considering that less than twenty inches of rainfall are enough to raise a crop, when much of it comes out of the season and often in injurious excess, and seven inches properly distributed are sufficient, then it will be readily understood that twenty-four inches stored in reservoirs and available Avhenever needed, are more than ample. This is not theory. It has been demonstrated, both at Roswell and a^" Hager- man, year after year. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 207 Dexter. This town was recently laid out and is eighteen miles south of Roswell. It has a weekly newspaper, a national bank, several gen- eral stores and is a prosperous agricultural community, similar to Hagerman. Lake Arthur. This is a new but prosperous agricultural settlement in the southern part of the county, with business houses, churches, schools and a weekly newspaper. COLFAX COUNTY. Nature has blessed Colfax County abundantly, and man is doing his best to make it one of the richest sections of the Sunshine Territory. The area is 3,897 square miles, it being one of the smaller counties of the Territory. It is bounded on the north by Las Animas County, Colorado ; on the east by Union ; on the south by Mora, and on the west by Taos. Its western part is very moun- tainous, while its eastern portion consists of lofty mesas cut deeply by streams and arroyos. The Taos and Cimarron ranges rise to elevations exceeding 13,000 feet, their loftiest points being Taos Peak, 13,145 feet; Costilla Peak, 12,634; Elizabethtown Baldy, 12,491; Agua Fria Peak, 10,965. The .Raton Mountains are scarcely less lofty, while such isolated mountains as Laughlin's Peak rise to 8,950; the Tinaja Peak, Clifton Peak and Green Mountains are higher. A characteristic of the county is its high mesas, upon some of which good crops are raised without irrigation. These are Johnson's, Black Lake, Barela, Eagle Tail, Gonzales, Eayado and Green Mountain, and Vermejo and Rocky Parks. In the eastern portion are many dead volcanos, extinct craters and extenisive lava fields. Colfax is in the drainage basin of the Canadian River and is well watered, the principal tribu- taries of the Canadian being the Vermejo and Cimarron. Other tributaries of the Canadian in the county are the Jaritas, the Ocate, the Llano, the Tinaja, Crow Creek, the Little Crow, the Chicorica, which has as tributaries the Una de Gato, Raton Creek and Eagle Creek. The Cimarron has as tributaries the Van Brim- mer, the Cerroso, the Ponil, the Moreno, the Rayado and Urac Creek, while the Ocate has as tributaries the Sweetwater, the Ver- mejo and the Arroyo Caliente. The headwaters of Coyote, a tributary of the Mora, rise in the southwestern part. In this part are also several beautiful lakes, the principal being Black THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. " 209 Lake, near the Mora County line. There are nian}^ fine resci- voir sites, and the Maxwell Land Grant Company has eonstrncted several irrigation systems excelled only by those of 'the lower Pecos Valley. The principal of these are the Cimarron or Springei system, which takes up the drainage of thirty miles of the majestic Taos Eange, and Yermejo system, along which there are twenty reservoirs. The county has a population of 15,000 and its assessed vtJu- ation in 1905 was $2,910,815. Its postotfices are Aurora. Baldy, Bell, Black Lake, Blossburg, Chico, Cimarron, Cohnor, Dawson, Dorsey, Elizal)ethtown, Gardiner, Hebron, Lynn, Maxwell City, Ponil, Raton, Rayado, Springer, Taylor, Van Houten and Yer- mejo. The county is rich in agricultural and stock resources, the chief industry of its southern part being cattle raising and agri- culture. Its main industry, however, is mining, principally coal mining. The Maxwell l^and Grant Company, which at one time owned more than one-half of the area comprised in the county and has done much for its development, still has on the market thousands of acres which it sells to homeseekers or leases upon very liberal terms. The area subject to federal land -entry on July 1, 1905, was 515,256 acres, of which 23,040 acres were un- surveyed. The western and central portions belong to the Santa Fe land district, and tlie eastern portion of ()oO,000 acres to the Clayton district. The gold mining districts are located in the western part, the principal being the Moreno, Willow Creek, Ute Creek and Ponil, all upon the slope of Mount Baldy, which has an- altitude of 12,491 feet and whose base is many miles in circumference. The entire area tianking the peak is a placer bed, the principal operations being conducted in the Moreno, the Ute Creek and Wil- low Creek Valleys, the El Oro dredge on the first named producing one-fourth of the gold credited to the Territory during the past year. Gold in this valley was discovered in 18GG and resulted in a stampede, which increased the population 6i Elizabethtown to 10,000 and made it the first incorporated city in the Territory, and for a time the county seat of the newly organized County of Colfax. About $2,500,000 in gold have come from the placer fields around Mount Baldy. In the Moreno district, in addition to the El Oro dredge, Joseph Lowry has been successfully working a hydraulic plant for the past thirty years. The Lynch Brothers and other producers are also located in this valley. In Willow Creek Valley the principal placers are the Last Chance, the Grub Flat and the Brown and Kaiser diggings. In the Ute Creek Val- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 211 ley the Dennison placers and the Picrson and Mead diggings are the principal locations. On the South Ponil are the Wallace plac- ers. Among New Mexico's bonanzas has been the Aztec lode on Ute Creek, which has produced almost $1,500,000. Other lodes in the Ute Creek district are the Montezuma, Thelma, Black Horse group, Eebel Chief group, Maid of Erin, Eosita, Puzzler, Monarch, Homestake, Bull of the Woods, Paragon, Little Jessie, Sweepstake, and Eeal. In the Ponil district are the French Henry, Smuggler, Guerilla, Mountain Witch, Paymaster group. Black Jose, Henry Bluff, Harry Lyons, and Mount Vernon. In the Willow Creek district are the Golden AJax, Legal Tender, Hidden Treasure, Golden' Dollar, Ophir, Only Chance, North and East Pacific, Grand View, Mystic, Victor, Indiana, Alabama, Little Wonder, Mark Twain, Grand Duchess, and Aristocrat. In the Moreno district are the Eed Bandana group, Abraham Lincoln, Heart of the World, Iron Mask, North Star, Baldy Mountain tunnel, Bobtail, Senate, Pinochle, Imperial No. 2, Sheridan, Golden Era, Gold Leaf and Admiral Dewey. Five miles northwest of Elizabethtown is the Hematite district, in which are the Black Wizard, Iron Bird, Chal- lenge, Kentucky^ Last Chance and Gold Belle. Tem miles south- west of Cimarron is the Urraca district, with both placer and lode prospects. The Mocking Bird group and the Big Missouri are in this district, which is also known as the Cimarroncito or Bonito district. All the districts enumerated are on the Maxwell Land Grant. It is as a coal producer that the county excels. Most of its coal is of coking quality, and its fields are among the most ex- tensive in the Territor}^, covering 345,000 acres as far as pros- pected, with 1,500,000,000 tons in sight. The net output has passed a million tons a year, the Dawson mines alone producing half a million tons last year, with the Willow mine at Van Hou- ten a close second. The capacity of either of these mines can be increased to 5,000,000 tons a year. At Dawson 500 coke ovens are in operation. A branch railroad is being built at present to Tin Pan Canon and Johnson's Mesa, which is underlaid with heavy coal seams. The production of these mines, the principal of which is the Brilliant mine, will soon rival that of the mines at Dawson and Van Houten. The Climax coal mine is a little over a mile northwest of Eaton and produces about 5,000 tons of coal a year. The Sugarite mine is located on the east slope of Bartlett Mesa, three and a half miles northeast of Eaton, and produces 5,000 tons a year. The Dutchman mine is six miles northwest of Eaton and produces about 200,000 tons a year. Other mines with a ;» vm THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 213 small oiit]nit are the Llewellyn, the Turner, the Sperrv and the Honeytield. The climate is tine and the altitude, which ranges from 5,000 to 12,000 feet, otfers invariably cool nights and cool summers, a diy, rarefied atmosphere and protection from the north and west winds. The principal agricultural sections are the valleys of the Sweetwater, the Eayado, the Cimarroncito, the Cimarron, the Ponil. the Vermejo, the Red River, the Una de Clato, the Chico, the Mo- reno and the Piedra, the Vermejo Park, the Black Lake section and Johnson and Barela Mesas, on which last two named, crops are raised without irrigat'on. Wheat, barley, potatoes, beets, cal)- bages, carrots, parsnips, turnips, artichokes, celery and other staple crops are produced. The region around Springer is especially adapted to the cultivation of the sugar beet. The Springer, Mills, Dawson, Chase and other large ranches are known for their fruit and alfalfa crops and their substantial buildings. Apples, peaches, pears and plums are the leading orchard products. The county is very favorably located for stock raising. The mild winters, the public range and the cheapness of the grazing privileges on the Maxwell Grant, as well as a good deal of water and comfortable shelter, make it a fine stock section. Timber is also a source of wealth, but only in the western part. On the slopes of the Raton and the Taos Ranges there are 500,000 acres of merchantable tim- ber, principally yellow pine and cedar. The Santa Pe Railway cuts through Colfax County from north to south and has branches to the temporarily abandoned coal camps of Gardiner and Bloss- burg, and to the camps at Van Houten and Johnson's Mesa. The Dawson Railway enters the southeastern corner and runs northwest to its present terminus at Dawson. The St. Louis, Rocky Mountain & Pacific Railway has a line surveyed from Folsom, Union County, near the eastern boundary of Calfax via Raton to Elizabethtown on the western boundary of the county, and has commenced grad- ing. The Colorado &' Southern has a lumber Ivne from Trinidad, Colorado, to Catskill in the northwestern part. The county has good wagon roads. It is a leader in education and even^ settle- ment has its school house and church. The county seat and fifth largest city in Xew Mexico is Raton. It is one of the most prosperous and progressive cities in the Territory. The last census gave it a population of 3.450, ])ut with its suburbs it now has 8,000 people and is adding to its population at the ratio of ten per cent per year. It is called the Gate City THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 215 of New Mexico. In ten years, from 1890 to 1900, it increased its population 200 per cent. It is situated in the shadow of the Raton Mountains and i: in the center of the finest coal belt in the south- west, surrounded by prosperous stock ranges, and has tributary a wide agricultural section. It is also iri' a promising oil field, and an important division point on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, the company maintaining shops there. This railway is at present double tracking its line from Raton over Raton Pass to Trinidad, Colorado. Over $50,000 a month are distributed by the railroad company at this point. The trade of the surrounding coal camps is transacted at the Gate City, which means a monthly pay roll of $400,000 in and about the city. The commercial lines are well represented, and a considerable wholesale business is done. The town has an excellent gravity water system, the water being taken from the Chicorico, a pure, purling mountain stream. Thou- sands of tons of ice are cut every winter and shipped to near-by as well as distant points. The water is piped from a reservoir of 52,000,000 gallons capacity, 500 feet above and six miles from the city, and the water company is at present enlarging its facilities. Raton has a good fire department, two of the finest school build- ings in New Mexico, and a substantial court house. The streets are graded and lighted by electricity. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway has a $50,000 depot here. The city has three national l^anks, a picturesque public park, long distance telephone with Col- orado and New Mexico points, cheap coal, lumber and building material, and a Building and Loan Association. It has a num- ber of church buildings, representing several Protestant denomi- nations and the Roman Catholic faith, and a hospital for miners, built and maintained by the Territory. One semi-weekly paper. The Range, and one weekly paper. The Reporter, are published. The elevation is 6,668 feet. The city attracts many health seekers, who find here a superior climate and comfortable accommodations. The office of the Territorial District Attorney for the Counties of Colfax and Union is located at Ratomi. Springer. This town was the county seat of Colfax County before that honor was bestowed upon Raton; it is second in importance, al- though only fifth in population in the county, the census crediting it with 558 people. It is the center of a fine stock and agricultural section and there are oil and coal indications in its vicinity. Cement rock and gypsum beds are located a few miles from that town. Its elevation is 5,769 feet. It is an important shipping point on THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 217 the Santa Fe Railway and controls the trade of a large extent of the country. Near Springer is an artesian well pouring out mineral water, which is bottled and exported to points far and near. The town is the trade center for the Elizabethtown, Ute Creek and Cimarron mining districts, and maintains a daily stage line to these points. It is near the irrigation systems of the Maxwell Land Grant Company. The weekly Colfax County Stockman is published here. The town has a good school system and several churches. The Colorado Telephone Company has ex- tended its long distaiDice telephone line from Raton to Albuquerque via Springer, Las Vegas and Santa Fe and other towns along the Santa Fe Railway. Dawson. The townsite, owned l)y the El Paso & Southwestern Railway, is heautifully situated and is the terminus of the Dawson Railway. Contiguous to it are the coal camps with their neatly built com- pany houses. With surrou'tiding camps the town has 4,000 people. Coke ovens to the numl)er of 750 are located there, and in the sur- rounding country are several fine cattle and fruit ranches. DONA ANA COUNTY. The garden of Xew Mexico, whose climate in winter approaches that of Egypt in its mildness, has an area of 3,818 square miles, or twice that of the state of Delaware. It is bounded on the north by Socorro and Sierra Counties, on the west by Sierra and Luna Counties, on the south by El Paso County, Texas, and Mexico, raid on the east by Otero C^ounty and El Paso County, Texas. It originally embraced a considerable area of what is now Arizona, and all of southwestern Xew Mexico. Assessed valuation' in 1905, $3,309,412; population, 13,000. Of its area 1,750,000 acres are still subject to entry under the federal land laws. The county lies almost wholly within the basin of the Rio Grande, which flows through it in a southeasterly direction for 100 miles, carrying enough water, properly stored and distributed, to make it a grand granary and vineyard. In the eastern part are the almost con- tinuous ramparts of the San Andreas Range, the Organ and Black Mountains, attaining their highest elevation in Organ Peak, which is 9,118 feet high, directly east of Ln'^ Cruces; Black Mountains and the Franklin Range. San Augustine Peak is 6,003 feet high, while San Augustine Pass, which separates the San Andreas Range from the Organ Mountains, has an elevation of 5,654 feet. Pyramid Peak, at the southern extremitv of the Or^j-an Mountains, is al- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 21& most 5,000 feet in altitude. The Caballos Mountains are in the northern part of the county, but east of the Rio Grande and be- tween them and the San Andreas Range lies part of the Jornado del Muerto, or Journey of Death. In the northeastern part is an ex- tensive salt marsh bordering on the White Sands, a plain of gyp- sum. The foothills of the Goodsight Mountains are in the western part, and just southwest of Fort Selden is Roblero Mountain, 5,575 feet high. In the southwestern part are extinct volcanos, craters and lava fields. MouD't Riley, the Guzman and Lookout groups and the Potrillo Mountains are in the extreme south- western corner. The Rio Grande is the only river, entering on the north and flowing in a southeasterly direction, leaving the county near the southeastern corner. In the Organ Mountains important mining operations are car- ried on. The Organ district has been a producer for many years. Its principal mines are the Stephenson-Bennett group, carrying lead and silver ores, discovered in 1849. These mines have pro- duced at least $500,000 and are now being worked on a large scale. Other important properties are the Torpedo, the Memphis, the Copper Bar, the Excelsior, the Merrimac, the Little Buck, from which last named $50,000 in gold and silver have been taken from near the surface. Gold Camp lies on the east side of the Organ Range and its principal properties are the Mountain Chief, the Mormon, the Dona Dora, the Oriental, the Mascot and the Phar- macy. Prospecting has been done in the Dona Ana Mountains, where surface indications are good. The Hembrillo district lies at the southern end of the San Andreas Mountains and its prin- cipal properties are the Base, the Little Monte and the Planet Mars. The best known region is the Mesilla Valley, lying at an^ altitude of 3,500 to 4,000 feet. The widest scope of cultivation surrounds the towns of Las Cruces, Mesilla Park, Dona Ana, Chamberino and La Mesa. This part of the valley is three to seven miles in width and its soil is very fertile. Orchards come into bearing the second year after planting, and saplings develop into trees with rapidity. Its peaches and grapes have carried its fame far and Vidde. Pears, plums, apples, apricots, nectarines, almonds, pecans, English walnuts and semi-tropical fruits and vegetables are grown. There is an ice plant and a cannery at Las Cruces and wines and brandies are manufactured. The valley has six flouring mills. About 60,000 acres are under ditch, although only two-thirds of this area is under cultivation. In the valley there is a tremendous underflow from the Rio Grande, which makes water available by THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 221 pumping. The national government lias completed the preliminary work for the construction of an irrigation system by damming the Rio Grande at the Elephant Buttes in Sierra County, north of the northern boundary of Dona Ana County, which would furnish abundant water to reclaim the entire Mcsilla Valley, and will build a diverting dam in the Eio Grande at Penasco Rock, eighteen miles north of Las Cruces. Fully 110,000 acres will be reclaimed in the county by these two project's, which will enitail an expendi- ture by the United States Reclamation Service of exceeding $7,- 200,000. Cultivated land in the vicinity of Las Cruces may be purchased at from $30 to $50 per acre. There are satisfactory railroiad facilities, the mileage being IGO. The Santa Fe Railway crosses it from the northwest to the southeast, the Southern Pacific in the southern part from east to northwest and the El Paso and Southwestern along the southern boundary from east to west. The county has 3,000,000 acres of range, which furnish pasture the year around for cattle, sheep, goats and horses. In the Organ and San Andreas Mountains there are successful goat ranches. The postoftices are Aden, Agricultural College, Anthony, Berino, Cham- berino^ Dona Ana, Earlham, Garfield, Hatch, Lanark, Las Cruces, Kent, Mesilla, Mesilla Park, Organ, Rincon, Rodey and Victoria; other settlements are Bosque Seco, Santo Tomas, San Miguel, La Mesa, Dios, Cambray, Afton, Brunswick, Mesquite, Leasburg, Fort Selden and Fort Thorn. The county seat and largest town is Las Cruces, the City of the Crosses, beautifully situated on the eastern edge of the far-famed Mesilla Valley and in the midst of the largest body of cultivated land within the Territory. This valley has an average width of about five miles and is seventy miles in length, embrac- ing 120,000 acres of rich alluvial soil. However, only a com- ])aratively small portion of the valley is under cultivation, ])er- haps 40,000 acres in all. Of course, all cultivation is by irriga- tion. For this ])urpose the Rio Grande furnishes an abundance of water usually, but in late years there have been occasional drouths for brief periods ; but the farmers and orchardists learned that there is an inexhaustible flow of water under the surface of the ground at a depth of about twenty-five feet, and that it is per- fectly feasible and profitable to utilize this undergronnd flow to supplement the river supply in times of scarcity. Consequently, a number of pumping plants have been erected in different parts of the valley and are now in use whenever required. When it is -considered what has been accomplished in California by the use THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 223 of water raised by means of pumps for irrigation, the advantages of this valley in this respect may be partially realized. Of course, the completion of the projected Elephant Buttes dam by the Re- clamation Service will serve to solve the water question for all time. The town of Las Cruces was laid out in the 3'ear 184:8, at the close of the Mexican war, by American officers at the post then existing at Fort Selden, eighteen miles north. Before that time the valley had been the habitat of the Apache Indians, who were so numerous and fierce that no one dared to settle at points in the valley outside of a little hamlet, six miles above the town, and the lands of the valley were totally unutilized. But with the pro- tection after the American occupation, settlers rapidly came and the valley mow has a population of approximately 12,000 people. Las Cruces is the largest town. The census of 1900 gave the two precincts in which the town is located a population of 2,906. The town proper has at present a population of 3,500. The town is regularly and symmetrically laid out and, in parts, well shaded. Its altitude of about 3,800 feet, which, combined with the latitude, renders the winter months the most delightful in the world, while the heat of the summer is tempered and cooled with the rains which come about the first of June and extend into the fall. The town has a solid and substantial basis for its prosperity. It is essentially supported by agriculture. With the completion of the Elephant Buttes reservoir, its population will quickly increase to 10,000 and over. There are about twenty general merchandise stores and the u.sual assortment of drug stores, hotels, restaurants and offices of professional men. It has a national and a state bank, ice factory, electric light works^ flouring mill and a canning factory with a capacity of 24,000 cans daily. A few miles to the east are the Organ Mountains, where gold, silver, copper and lead ores have been and are being mined profitably, contributing to the prosperity of the town. A company has been incorporated to build an elec- tric railway from this camp to Las Cruces and then along the Rio Grande to' El Paso, Texas. There are on the neighboring ranges many cattle, sheep and goat ranches, which are in a healthy con- dition.. Within two miles of the town, at Mesilla Park, is the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts and the Agricultural Experiment Station. These are institutions endowed liberally by the national government and the Territory, and under their super- vision. They are patronized by students from all parts of the Territory, from the neighboring sections of Texas and Mexico, and receive students from almost every State in the Union, who come for the sake of the opportunity afforded to acquire a knowx- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 225 edge of the Spanish language and Spanish stenography. The town has in late years become the Mecca of an ever increasing class of persons afflicted with hmg and throat troubles. These unfortu- nates have found in the mild winters and dry atmosphere the con- , ditions necessary to restore them to health. Some of them make it a practice to come every fall and winter, while others purchase ranches, farms and orchards and settle as permanent res- idents. Las Cruces is the headquai-ters of the Third Judicial Dis- trict and has a United States Land Office for the Counties of Dona Ana, Grant, Luna, Sierra and parts of Socorro and Otero. The office of the United States Attorney for the Territory is maintained here. The office of the Territorial District Attorney for the Counties of Dona Ana, Otero and Lincoln is situated here. The town has graded and well managed public and private schools. The Sisters of Lo- retto, a Catholic order, maintain an academy for girls. The Eoman Catholics and several of the leading Protestant denominations have church organizations. Two English weekly papers. The Citi- zen and the Eio Grande Eepublican, are published at Las Cruces, and three Spanish weeklies, El Labrador, El Eco del Valle, and El Tiempo. At the Agricultural College a monthly is published. Las Cruces has a Chamber of Commerce, which is doing much in mak- ing the advantages of the town and valley generally known. EDDY COUNTY. Area, 6,506 square miles; population, 7,500; assessed valua- tion in 1905, $2,036,360. It is bounded on' the north by Chaves County, on the west by Chaves and Otero Counties, on the south by El Paso, Loving and Winkler Counties, Texas, and on the east by AVinkler, Andrews, Gaines and Yoakum Counties, Texas. The county is the Eiviera of New Mexico. It is the garden spot of the ioM^er Pecos Valley, which extends north and south 120 miles, and east and west between the foothills from five to thirty miles. It is the most southeastern and the lowest in altitude of New Mex- ico counties, and is almost as large as the State of New Jersey. On July 1, 1905, there were 3,767,647 acres of its area subject to entry under the land laws of the United States, 2,229,701 acres being unsurveyed. The Pecos Eiver flows through the eastern half from north to south, and from the west receives a number of trib- utaries, several of which carry a considerable volume of water, as they drain the entire eastern slope of the Guadalupe Mountains. With the exception of Westwater, on the v^^estern boundary, and Monument, near the eastern boundary, all the settlements are lo- cated in the Pecos Valley, the postoffices being Artesia, Carlsbad, ^t^r-^.. f ,T COURT HOUSE OF EDDY COUNTY AT CARLSBAD. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 227 Dayton, Florence, Hope, Knowles, Lakewood, Malaga, Monument and Queen. The average summer temperature is 80 degrees. The county has a fine irrigation system, formed by the damming of the Pecos River. During the past year one of the dams of the system, Lake Avalon, was destroyed by floods and was not re- paired, thus cutting off from the lands under ditch the customary water supply. This system has been acquired by the United States and its capacity will be increased at an expenditure of $650,000. The principal river is the Pecos, traversing the county from north to south. Its principal tributaries are the Cottonwood, the Pen- asco, the Seven Elvers, Rocky Canon, Dark Canon, which furnishes Carlsbad with drinking water, tlie Black River with an important tributary called the Grape Vine, and the Delaware. The principal mountain system is the Guadalupe Range, in the southwestern por- tion, and the Mescalero Ridge of sandhills along the northern boundary. The Pecos River in many places has worn its bed deep into the sand blufiis which form its banks. Much of the water in the county is alkaline. Sufficient water is available to irrigate 200,000 acres of land, but only a comparatively small portion of this, something like 20,000 acres, is thus far under cultivalion. On this are raised large crops of alfalfa and peaches, although corn, sorghum, cotton, fruits and vegetables are also staple crops. In the northern part, especially at Artesia and Dayton, artesian water has been developed. Outside of the Pecos Valley st'->ckrai3- ing is the leading industry. For evorv acre under cultiv.-iiion tharo are more than 300 acres of grazing land. An abundance of water is being developed on the range and is lifted from welh by wi.id mills. The Pecos Valley and its vicinity present today greater inducements for the breeding of fine cattle than any other dis- trict in the southwest. Owing to the abundance of water for irri- gation purposes, it is able to furnish feed for thousands of thor- oughbred cattle and likewise for the building up of all surrounding stock ranches. Not only cattle, but sheep and goats do exception- ally well. In the Guadalup:3 Mountnins, the ;\rjgora goat finds superior range and home, while 200,000 head of shetp of well graded Merino and Shropshire strains and 80,000 head of cattle occupy the ranges. Bee culture can be made a profitable industry. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Pecos Valley & Northeast- ern Railway, which follows the Pecos Valley and is a part of the Santa Fe system. There are excellent oil indications south and north of Carlsbad, and copper prospects have been developed ini the Guadalupe Mountains, the principal being the Neumeyer copper THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 229 mine, recently purchased by the Standard Oil Company. The county seat is Carlsbad. It is often declared to be one of the most beautiful towns in the southwest, and it is certainly entrancingiy situated amidst orchards and broad, cultivated fields. Ever running waters in its irrigation ditches, its thirty-five miles of cottonwood and other shade trees, its wide streets and well built homes, all help to make it an attractive residence city. The suburbs of La Huerta and Hagerman Heights are far famed. The Bermuda and bluegrass furnish pretty emerald lawn settings. The ornamental shade trees include the catalpa, the Chinese umbrella. North Carolina and Lombardy poplar, weeping willow and Eussian mulberry, while encircHng hedges of gray cedar bush and the green bamboo cane are ever and anon broken by the shining spike of the giant cactus palm or Spanish dagger. Here and there can be seen roses of all hues and sizes, blooming many months in the year; geraniums of fifteen and twenty varieties, in all . the soft gradations of color from pure white to the deepest crimson and royal purple, and many other flowers in profusion. The trees of Eddy County include the walnut, the almond and the pecan, a flourishing grove of the latter in La Huerta growing more valuable every year. The altitude is 3,000 feet. It is 1,326 miles from Chicago, 868 miles from Kansas City and 1,083 miles from Denver. With im- mediate surroundings it has a population of over 2,000 people. Its public schools are up-to-date and housed in modern buildings. There are 500 children of school age in the city, and nearly all are enrolled in the public schools. There are churches of many denominations, a fine opera house, commodious business blocks, a $35,000 court house, electric light, telephone, water and sewer- age system, two national banks, a race track, graded and well kept streets, and three weekly newspapers, The Carlsbad Argus, The Current and The Sun. The town is a modern and model American community with healthy business conditions and a proir.ise of a great prosperity in the future. Last year $60,000 were expended for new buildings. A steel bridge ppans the Pecos River at this point and a power dam furnishes the power for the electric lighl plant. Just above the city a cement flume, an engineering marvel, crosses the Pecos Eiver. Near the town are mineral springs whose waters resemble those of Carlsbad, Bohemia. The town is on, the Pecos Valley & Northeastern Eailway, which has built a pretty brick depot at Carlsbad. COURT HOUSE OF GRANT COUNTY. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 231 Artesia. The discovery of artesian water in northern Eddy County has resulted in the founding of the flourishing town of Artesia on the Pecos Valley and jSTortheastern Kailway, which already boasts of two banks, a weekly newspaper, The Artesia Advocate, and a num- ber of business houses. Its population is above the one thousand mark and the town is growing rapidly, having been incorporated. Every quarter-section for miles "around has been taken up by set- tlers. Last year $100,000 were expended in the town in building. Artesia is connected by telephone with Eoswell and Carlsbad. Dayton. This is a new settlement in the northern part of the county within the southern part of the artesian district and surrounded by many acres of fertile soil. It has a weekly newspaper, The Echo; it is a station on the Pecos Valley and ;N'ortheastern Eail- way near the northern end of Lake McMillan, and during the year expended $25,000 for new buildings. The inhabitants number 500. Lakewood. This is a new town, formerly known as McMillan, and is en- trancingly situated on Lake McMillan, the largest artificial lake in the Southwest. Broad streets have been laid out and graded; thousands of trees, mostly elm, maple, box elder and mulberry have been set out. During the year $25,000 were expended for improvements. The place has 400 people. GRANT COUNTY. This county is second only to Socorro County in mineral pro- duction, and it is also one of the leading stock counties of New Mexico. Its area is 7,403 square miles; its population, 14,000; its assessed valuation in 1905 was $2,810,950 ; its annual mineral production exceeds $1,000,000; assessed valuation of its cattle, $1,000,000, the actual value being fully three times as much. It is bounded on the north by Socorro and Sierra Counties, on the east bv Sierra and Luna Counties, on the south by Mexico, and on the west bv Cochise and Graham Counties. Arizona. The post- offices are Bavard. Central, ClifE, Dwyer, Eaywood, Fierro, Fort Bayard, Gila," Goldhill, Hachita, Hanover, Leopold, Lordsburg, Mimbres, Pinos Altos. Eed Eock, Eodeo, Santa Eita, Separ. Sher- man, Silver City, Steeple Eock, Stein's, Swartz, Teel and White- water. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 233 The county has good railroad facilities. It is crossed in the southern part b}' the Southern Pacific Eailroad and the El Paso and Southwestern Eaihvay. In addition, the Santa Fe enters it and has two branches, one from Whitewater to Santa Pita, and the other from Hanover Junction to Fierro, and a narrow gauge railroad has just been completed from Silver City to Pinos Altos. The Lordsburg-Hachita Railway is entirely within the county, and the Arizona and Xew Mexico Railway has its terminus at Lords- burg. The area is equdl to that of the State of Kew Jersey, and almost 4,000,000 acres are still subject to entry under the federal land laws. The diversity of its industries has made it one of the best and most prosperous sub-divisions of the Territorv^ In the north- western part the Gila, and in its eastern portion the Mirnbres fur- nish a limited supply for irrigation, and there are about 150,000 acres adapted to agriculture that can be reclaimed, but less than G,000 acres are under cultivation. All the orchard products, grain and vegetables, do well in the county. The Mimbres Valley produces especially fine apples. In addition to cattle, sheep, goats and horses, hogs are raised with success. It is very mountainous, although none of the peaks at- tain a great altitude. The principal mountains are the Diablo Range, altitude 9,000 feet, on the Gila Reserve; the Black Range, altitude 9,000 feet, on the Gila Reserve; McMullea's Peak, alti- tude about 7,000 feet, on the Gila Reserve; the Burro Mountains, altitude 7,175 feet; Mimbres Ranged altitude 10,061 feet; Hen- drick's Peak, 7,574 feet ; Stein's Peak, Pyramid Mountains, 6,638 feet; Quartzite Mountains, Peloncillo Mountains, Hachita Moun- tains, 8,353 feet; Guadalupe Mountains, Animas Mountains, 6,106 feet; Big Hatchet Mountains. The principal rivers are the Gila with its tributaries, the Black, Diamond Creek, Apache Creek. East Fork, "West Fork, Little River, Sapello, Mogollon, Sacaton, Duck, Buckhorn, while the Dry, the Little Dry, Mule and Bear Creeks flow into the San Francisco; the ]\Iimbres wiih its trib- utaries, Mclvuight, Chicken aod Gavilon Creeks; Hanover, Cherry. Mangos, Faywood. Walnut, Animas, Cloverdale, San Simon and Guadalupe Creeks. Some of the oldest and most steady producers among the mines of the Territory are located here. The Central district embraces Hanover, Fierro, Santa Rita and other mining camps. The cop- per mines at Santa Rita were worked soon after 1800, and orig- inally the camp of Central was known as Santa Clara. As early as 1807 the annual production of the Santa Rita mines was 20,000 THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 235 mule loads of copper. Over 80,000,000 pounds of copper have thus far been produced by the property. Another old mine, almost as old as the Santa Rita, is the Hanover, near Fierro. It has pro- duced 1,000,000 pounds of copper. Another old producer in this^ vicinity is the San Jose. Prominent properties at Fierro are the Anson S., the Iron Head, the Copper Queen, the Modoc, the Emma, the Hanover jSTo. 3, the Nora, Dude and Holy Moses. In the Santa Rita basin are the Log Cabin and Belmont, and on Whitewater Creek, the Wild Cat. Half a mile east of Hanover is the Thunder- bolt, frbm which large quantities of zinc ore have been shipped to Mineral Point, Wisconsin. Nearby are the Copper Queen, Min- nie B., Philadelphia, Copper Kettle, Copper George, Peacock and the Hanover iron mine, which last produces over 125,000 tons of iron ore annually. In Gold Gulch are the Pactolus, the Owl, the Lucky Bill and the Dutch Uncle. Xear Central are the Texas, the Missouri, the Jasper and the Helen. The Lone Mountain district is four or five miles southeast of Central and has four patented silver prospects. The Mimbres district lies several miles northeast of Santa Rita and includes the camp of Georgetown, famous as a former pro- ducer of silver and having $3,500,000 worth of ore to its credir, although at present dormant. The principal mines are the Jack- son group, MciSTulty, Quien Sabe, Silver Bell and Naiad Queen. At the south end and upon the western slope of the Mimbres Mountains is the Carpenter district, the Grand Central, the Po- tosi and the Beanie lodes being the principal properties. This district will some day be a large producer of zinc and lead. Pinos Altos is the principal gold district and was a producer as early as 1860. The leading properties are the Pacific Extension, the Pacific, Mountain Key, Silver Cell, Cleveland group, Atlantic, Deep Down, Aztec, Manhattan, Mammoth, Gopher, Arizona. ISTo- gal, Blue Horse, Gold Bell, Alaska, Tom Boy, Dover, Ribbon, Nug- get, St. Louis, Comstock. Maud S., Giant, Esperanza and Pride of the West. The leading placer claims are the Log Cabin and Adobe. The district has thus far produced $5,000,000 worth of precious and base ores. From the Chloride Flat district, adjoining Silver City, $3,250,000 worth of silver has been taken. Six miles to the northwest are Camp Fleming and Bear Mountain, the principal property being the Granite Hill group. The Burro Mountain dis- trict is fifteen miles southwest of Silver City. This is a producer of both copper and turquoise. The principal properties aj'e the St. Louis, upon which is a 100-ton concentrator and around which the new camp of Leopold has been established ; the Klondike, Vir- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 237 ginia, King and Qneen, Comanche group, Jo E. Sliericlan, Carter, Morrill, Favorite, Samson, Silver City, Hazel, Fannie, Tarantula, Santa Ana, Connecticut and Amazon. The White Signal district lies a few miles southeast of the Burro Mountain district and, prom- ises to become a producer of turquoise, gold, silver, lead and cop- per. The best known properties are the Coplen group and the J. W. Carter. The Black Hawk district is at the north end of the Burro Mountains. The Black Hawk has produced $600,000 worth of silver. Other properties are the Alhambra, the Eose and the Hobson group. The Clark's Peak district is thirty miles west of Silver City. It has four patented claims with a showing of gold, silver, copper, iron and lead. The Virginia and Pyramid dis- tricts lie south of Lordsburg. These districts produce gold, silver,, lead and copper. In the Pyramid district are the Viola, Leiten- dorf and Silver Tree groups. In the Virginia districts are the Ab- erdeen, Superior, Misers Chest, Lena, Wabash, Cobra Negra, Dun- dee, Ontario, McGinty, Galena Prince, Shoo-Fly, Three Heroes, Carrie, Dacotah Pearl, Eighty-Five, Navy and Ninety-Nine prop- erties. The Gold Hill district is twelve miles northeast of Lords- burg. Gold and silver, with some copper, are the chief values. The main properties are the Gold Chief, Standard group. Little Chief, Lottie, Golden Culley, Summit, Allie, Carrie Lee, Beta, Gamma, Never Fail, Western Belle, Alma and Eattlesnake. North- west of Gold Hill is the Malone district, having both lode and placer claims. Southwest of the railroad station of Hachita about six miles is the Hachita district, where turquoise and silver-lead carbonates are found. The principal properties are the King, Klondyke, xA.merican, Copper Dick, Silver Bell, Prize, Lady Frank- lin and Michigan. Sontheast of the Hachita is the Fremont dis- trict. It produces copper, zinc and silver-lead carbonates. The properties are the Bee Hive, Jack Doyle, American and Sulphide. Adjoining the Fremont on the southeast is the Apache No. 2 dis- trict, in which the Apache group is the principal property. It pro- duces silver-copper carbonates. The Stein's Pass district lies on the Arizona border, southwest of Lordsburg. The ores pro- duced are gold, silver, copper and lead. The Black group is the principal producer at present. The Volcano, which has produced over $110,000 of ore, the Wyman. Fraction, Pashlyky, Boss, Bach- elor, Queen, Daley, Merrimac, Buckhorn, Carbonate Hill, Dewey, Coon, Volunteer, Mayflower. Horse Shoe, Iron Clad, Wild Eagle, Buckeye, Colorado, Arizona King, Ohio and Gold Quartz are the best known mining claims. South of Stein's Pass is the San Simon district. Its leadrng mining claims are the Granite Gap^ Johnny THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 239 Bull, Little Liicile, Mineral and Mineral Hill groups. The Cali- fornia district is near Eodeo and its minerals are copper, gold, sil- ver and lead. The Steeple Eock district is on the western boundary of the county. It has produced gold, silver, copper and lead. The chief groups are the Big Four, Carlisle, Jim Crow, Laura, Big Horse Shoe, National Bank, Billali, New Year's Gift, Summit, Alabama, Henrietta, Hortense and Little Mack. The A'nderson district is on the east bank of the Gila. It has a number of cop- per prospects. The Telegraph district is on the west bank of the Gila. Silver is the principal value, and the Tecumseh is the best developed property. Many of the mining properties above mentioned have been ex- tensively developed, and a few have been worked for over a century. In 1904 over half a million dollars' worth of copper was produced and about 150,000 tons of iron ore were shipped from Grant County. Several reduction works and mills are in operation. The principal mining camps are Hanover, Santa Eita, Fierro, Cen- tral, Gold Gulch, Pinos Altos, Leopold, Eed Eock, Steeple Eock, Stein's Pass, Lordsburg and Shakespeare. There are located in this county several hot and mineral springs, the best known being at Faywood, where there is a commodious hotel, and on the Gila Eiver just south of the Socorro boundary. The southern part of the Gila Forest Eeserve covers the north- western part of the County, and from Silver City start the prin- cipal roads into the Eeserve and to the Mogollon and CoA)ney min- ing districts. The county seat and largest town in Grant County is Silver City. Its location, protected on all sides by high hills, its dry atmos- phere and its almost constant sunshine, render this town a pretty and healthy residence place. Nine miles east of Silver City is Fort Bayard, where the United States government has located the army general hospital for the treatment of tuberculosis. The gov- ernment having put its stamp of approval, after careful investiga- tion, upon this climate for the cure of its soldiers and sailors, many other health seekers of late have been attracted to Silver City and surroundings. The census of 1900 gave the town a population of 2,735, and Silver City precinct a population of 2,971 persons. The present population is estimated at 3^500. It is a well built town of brick business blocks and many nice brick residences. It has a good supply of water, both for domestic use and for fire protec- tion. Its merchants are energetic and progressive, and heavy stocks of goods are carried because the city supplies a large area THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 241 of prosperous country. Two weekW newspapers are published, The Enterprise and The Independent. The public school system is very good and there is also located here one of the Territorial normal schools with a competent corps of teachers. Another edu- cational institution that does very good work is the Academy of Our Lady of Lourdes for girls. The city has an electric light plant and a telephone system that reaches all the important towns and mining camps surrounding it. There are several substantial church buildings of various denominations. There is one national bank and one savings bank here. There are also good hotels. The city has two smelters and reduction works, the Comanche smelter having a capacity of 2,000 tons a day and employing 250 men. The industries of the surrounding country are stock raising and mining. Mne miles north is located Pinos Altos, one of the oldest gold mining camps in the Territory. Mne miles east are Fort Bayard and the town of Central, while sixteen miles east are the mining camps of Santa Rita, Hanover and Fierro, in the center of the big copper and iron ore deposits. The trade of these towns and camps goes to Silver City. The climate makes it practicable to carry on mining every day in the year, both on top and under- ground. St. Joseph's sanitarium, under the care and direction of the Sisters of Mere}', is situated on an elevation in the western part of the town, and consists of two large brick buildings containing about thirty rooms. There is also located here a county hospital. The town is the terminus of the Deming-Silver City branch of the Santa Fe System and has railway connection Avith Pinos Altos. The office of the District Attorney for Grant County is located here. Lordsburg is situated at the junction of the SoTithcrn Pneific. the Arizona and Xew Mexico and the Lordsburg and Hachita Eailroads. With surroundings, it now has a population of about 1,200. The town was founded when the Southern Pacific Railroad was built through southern Xew ^Mexico and was made a division point. It has a large roundhouse and machine shops, an extensive yard of side- tracks, coal bunkers and two oil tanks with a capacity of more than 3,000,000 gallons, as the Southern Pacific is using- oil in most of its engines. There are good business houses, two of which do a jobbing trade. There are electric light and ice plants here. Lordsburg has three churches, a good public school building and one weekly newspaper. The Western Liberal. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 243 GUADALUPE COUNTY. Area. 3,952 square miles; ijopulatinn, 10,000; assessed valua- tion in 1905, $823,319. It is bounded on the north by San Miguel County, on the east by Quay and Roosevelt Counties," on the south l)y Chaves and Lincoln Counties, and on the wo^^t by Torrance, Bernalillo and San Miguel Counties. Postoffices are at Anton Chico, Casaus, Colonias, Conant, Cuervo, Epris, Fort Sumner, (Juadaluiie. Pastura, Pintada. Puerto de Luna, Eurli. Salado, Santa Posa and Sumiyside. The county is i-ajiidly developing. A few years ago it did not contain a mile of railroad, telegraph or telephone line. It was practically isolated from the world and even from its neighboring counties. But since, the Rock Island and El Paso and the El Paso and Xortheastern Railways, the latter now owned by the El Paso and Southwestern, have built into the county, forming a junction at Santa Rosa. With the railroads have come the telegraph, new towns, new settlers and new life. It is first of all a stock country. This year it produced 3.000,000 pounds of wool, and the sheep on its ranges are estimated at G00,000. Some of the highest grade wools produced in Xew Mexico come from this countv, thebulk being of Delainc-:\Ierino mixture. Cattle raising is an important business. About 10.000 Shetland ponies and about 10,000 goats are included in the county's wealth. In the eastern part are manv springs. On July 1, 1905, there were 1,562.578 acres subject to entry under the United States land laws, 44,566 acres being un- surveyed. and the range therefore is extensive. The Pecos River C'uts through from northwest to southeast and in its vallev are fer- tile agriculiural lands. Its principal tributaries are the Gallinas. Enteros, Agua Kegra Chiquita, San Juan de Dios, Alamogordo. Petrillo. Pintada, Salado and Los Lunas Creeks and Arroyos. The northwestern portion is in the draiiiage area of the Canadian ; the Pajarito and Cuervo are the principal tributaries. There are no modern or extensive irrigation systems. The county has no high UKuintain peaks or ranges, hut is, nevertheless, very rugged. Cuervo Hill attaining an altitude of 5,309 feet, and the Mesita de Guad- alupe 5.550 feer. One of the principal features of Gruadalupe County is its high table lands cut deep by arroyos, and its alkaline lakes. Part of its waters are alkaline. The crops raised are alfalfa, fruit, vegetables and cereals. There are no develo]ied mines, but indications of gold' and copper ores exist, and oil rock is quite prevalent around Santa Rosa and on the Agua Xegra Land Grant. Large deposits of good buHding THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 245 stone and pinion and cedar trees are found in the foothills. The county will always be a fine stock country, for it possesses stretches of grazing lands that are not likely to be invaded by the farmer, miner or factory hand. But it also has good farming possi- bilities, especially if the Campbell dry soil culture method is used. The soil is very fertile and the building of storage reservoirs or tlie development of water by means of windmills, gasoline engines or other power, will ultimately place large tracts under cultivation. Fort Sumner is an old army post, and near it has been laid out a new town, known as Sunnyside, and which is to be the principal settlement under the Lake IJrton reservoir project, now under contemplation by the Reclamation Service. It will be an import- ant station on the Easterns Eailway of New Mexico, now under con- struction across Guadalupe County. It has a weekly newspaper and several stores. Puerto de Luna was the former county seat and is the center of a good agricultural district. Pastura is the postoffice and shipping point for the sheep ranches of the Salado Live Stock Company. Anton Chico and Colonias are agri- cultural settlements. The county seat is Santa Rosa, which consists of an old and a new town, the latter having been laid out since the building of the El Paso and Northeastern Eail- way and its junction with the Eock Island System. Five hundred acres are embraced in the townsite, which is picturesquely situated on the Pecos Eiver, and platted around a plaza, one side of the plaza being reserved for a modern hotel. The handsome Eock Island passenger depot faces the plaza, while the commodious freight depot is close at hand. It may soon be the terminus of a railroad to Dawson, for which surveys have been made by the El Paso & Southwestern Eailway Company. It is a prosperous and growing railroad, trade and stock center with a population of 1,200. It has two weekly newspapers, The Santa Eosa Star and La Voz Publica, a bank, several churches, a good public school, railroad repair shops and round houses. The new town is situated at an elevation of 4,600 feet. The surrounding country, with the excep- tion of the valleys along the river, is prairie and devoted to cattle and sheep raising. In the valleys splendid fruit, grain and vege- tables can be grown. The water in the Pecos Eiver from the Santa Eosa crossing south is alkali, while 100 yards above the crossing it is fairly good. The alkaline character of the water below is caused by gypsum and alkali springs flowing into the river. A remark- able example of the well and windmill method of irrigation now THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. •24: exists in the county at the Sumner ranch, eight miles north of Santa Kosa. Santa Rosa is a division headquarters of the Eock Island and El Paso Eailroad. It is here also that the Eock Island and El Paso division of the El Paso and Southwestern Eaihvay starts. The town is sheltered by hills on two sides. It is subject to few wind storms which are so likely to spring up at any time in the less protected uplands, which make up the greater part of the county. The country surrounding is not without its scenic attractions and the climate is good. Santa Eosa sandstone quar- ries are already well known. In addition to its local use, the superb sandstone, including solid red, white and gray colors and variegated hues, should develop a shipping industry of wide radius and profitable returns. LINCOLN COUNTY. Area, 4,659 square miles; population, 7,500; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,044,535. It is bounded on the north by Valencia^ Tor- rance and Guadalupe, on the east by Chaves, on the south by Chaves and Otero, and on the west by Otero and Socorro Counties. It is one of the oldest, and out of its original area have been cut all the other southeastern counties. Its postoffices are : Alto, Analla, Ancho, Ar- abela, Angus, Bonito, Capitan^, Carrizozo, Corona, Fort Stanton. Glencoe, Hondo, Jicarilla, Lincoln, Meek, ^gal, Oscura, Parsons, Picacho, Eichardson, Eudioso, San Patricio and White Oaks. Com- prising an area larger than that of the State of Connecticut, Lincoln County on Julv 1, 1905, had 1,955,260 acres subject to entry under the United States land laws, 88,687 acres being unsurveyed. It lies within the drainage area of the Pecos Eiver, although only the headwaters of several of its tributaries are within its lines. The Eio Hondo, one of its tributaries, is the largest stream and has as its affluents streams of clear, cool water, known as the Bonito, Eagle, the Little Eagle and Euidoso Creeks. The headwaters of the Eio Felix and the Eio Salado are also in the county, ^^ogal Creek and a number of independent water courses on the west side of the White Mountains, often dry during several months in the year, flow towa'rd the Eio Grande, but their waters are lost in the sands before reaching that river. Storage reservoirs to sup- plement the present primitive irrigation systems could increase the cultivated area to 100,000 acres, but until new sources of water supplv are discovered the greater part of the county will be given up to stock ranges and mining operations. The prin- cipal mountain ranges are the Sierra Blanca, rising to an eleva- tion of 11,900 feet: the Capitan. which in Capitan Peak rises to MINING AND OTHER SCENES IN LINCOLN COUNTY THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 249 10,023 feet; the Gallinas, culminating in Gallinas Peak, 9,798 feet; Carizo, 9,390 feet; the Jicarillas, the Tecolotes and the Tres Cerros mountains. Climate and soil are very suitable for the raising of fruit and grain. The orchards on the Bonito, the Eui- doso and other streams produce fruit that cannot be surpassed out- side of Xew Mexico. Good crops of oats, wheat and barley are raised without irrigation on some of the mesas south of Nogal. Even alfalfa is thus grown. Wheat yields thirty bushels, cabbage, 30,000 pounds; beans, 4,000; apples and pears, 25,000 pounds, and grapes 9,000 pounds to the acre. It is estimated that there are in the county 200,000 sheep, 85,000 cattle, 10,000 goats and 3,000 horses. Naturally, it is a fine stock country. It is rich in coal, as well as in the precious and base metals. The coal production of the Capitan mines, lately closed, has been as high as 100,000 tons a year. Producing coal mines are located at White Oako. There are extensive undeveloped coal fields and iron ore deposits which presage future industrial prominence. Considerable timber covers the mountain sides, and the Lincoln Forest Eeserve, cover- ing 500,000 acres^ is situated in the county. There are two saw- mills, one flour mill and a number of reduction and cement works. At Fort Stanton, the United States Marine Hospital Ser- vice maintains a sanitarium for consuiuptives, thus giving con- vincing official testimony to the superiority of the climate of that part of ISTew Mexico. The Fort Stanton reservation has an area of 28,221 acres. Part of the Mescalero Indian Eeservation, hav- ing an area of 449,280 acres, is in the county. In the White Mountain mining district the Sierra Blanca lode was located as early as 1868, its principal values being gold. Placer prospecting is carried on in this district. The ISTogal district has been a producer and lies on the slopes of Nogal Peak, 9,983 feet high. The American mine has produced $85,000 in gold: the Eockford, $8,000; the Helen Eae, more than $15,000. An- other good property is the Ibex. The Bonito district includes the mining district of Parsons. The Parsons mine has been a big pro- ducer of gold. Other properties are the Etta, Bismark No. 1 and No. 2, Lady Francis, Jennie Lind, George Washington and the Crow and Eaven groups. A few miles southeast of the Bonito are the Eagle Creek and Eio Euidoso districts. Copper and silver predominate, but gold and lead ores are also found. The principal prospects are the Modoc, Chance, Eeturn, Comanche and Virginia. The White Oaks district is known far beyond the bounds of New Mexico. The North Homestake is the oldest mine and has pro- duced $400,000 in gold. The Old Abe is the deepest mine in New THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 251 Mexico, over 1,300 feet, and has produced $900,000 in gold. Other important properties are the Little Mack^ which has produced $50,000; the South Homestake, which has produced $600,000; the Lady Godiva, the Boston Boy^ the Compromise, the Eita, Henry Clay, Little Homestake, Comstock, Eip Van Winkle, Bristol, Thun- derer and Little Xell. The district has five mills and has produced almost $3,000,000 in gold. On Patos Peak, near White Oaks, is a coal mine that has been supplying the local demand. Other coal and extensive iron deposits have been located in the district. Pine building stone is found near the camp. The Jicarilla District has both lode and placer properties. Its elevation is 7,475 feet. On Jack Mountain, in this district, is an extensive iron deposit. Placer mining was conducted as early as 1850 there. The American Pla- cer Company has installed a dredge, which is idle at present. A mill has been erected in the district for the treatment of ores. The principal claims are the Iron King, Geneva, Mountain Boy, Com- ery, Eeady Relief, Admiral Dewey, Belmont, Good Luck, Belle of Memphis,^ Belle of New Mexico, Summit, Old Comrade, Little Giant, Eureka, Zulu, Richmond, Central, Revenue, Exit, Annex, Prince Albert, Dark Cloud, Queen Victoria, Jicarilla, Placer, Knickerbocker, Democrat, Cleveland, Hawkeye, Juana Gulch, Jan- uary and Jane Anderson. The Red Cloud district is located in the Gallinas Mountains. The principal locations are the Red Cloud, Tenderfoot, Deadwood, Old Hickory, Hoosier, Sunbeam, Buckhorse and Last Chance. Copper and lead are the principal ores, while large iron deposits are found, especially on the Harris group. At Ancho, a station on the El Paso & ^^ortheastern Rail- road, are cement works. The county seat is Lincoln a quaint old town with court house, school building and a num- ber of stores. The population of the precinct is 1,200. Rich farming land surrounds the settlement, which is OU' the Rio Hondo and is twelve miles from Capitan, the nearest railroad point. Fort Stanton, with its Marine Hospital for consumptives, is midway between Lincoln and Capitan. This town nestles in a spot surrounded on every side by rugged hills which rise on one side into the majestic Capitans and ter- minate on the other in the snow-capped Sierra Blanca, the Pike's Peak of New Mexico. These rugged hills rising in broken lint to meet the blue arch of heaven furnish ever-changing scenery WHITE OAKS, LINCOLN COUNTY, HOMES. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 253 for the eye, as every glance reveals some new beauty. The ethereal blueness of the sky and the verdant hills in summer, or the brown and sombre of winter form a contrast of colors more beautiful than ever painted on canvas. The census of 1900 gave the pre- cinct in which Capitan is located a population of 670. Capitan was, prior to 1904, the location of the New Mexico Fuel Company's coal mines, where several hundred men were employed and which had a pay roll of nearly $10,000 a month, but which suspended operations in the summer of that year. The fertile sur- rounding valleys produce crops of fruit, grain and vegetables; the range keeps thousands head of cattle sleek and fat the year around, while the mountains contain riches of gold, silver, lead, copper and iron. Capitan is situated practically in the geograph- ical center of the county and can be reached by a direct route from all parts of the county. Being thus favorably located, it is the supply point for the surrounding country, the headquarters for mining companies operating in that section, and a trading point for farmers and stockmen. It is also a railroad point, being the terminus of the Capitan branch of the El Paso & Southwestern Railwa3\ Wagon after wagon loaded with hay, grain, wool, hides, etc., may be seen coming into the town daily, which return loaded with supplies for Fort Stanton, Lincoln, Bonito, Euidoso, Picacho, Hondo and other points. Capitan has a $12,000 brick public school building. It has several churches and two weekly news- papers. The Capitan Xews and El Farol. White Oaks is the liost knowni town in the county, with a population, accord- ing to the census, of 804. It was located in 1880, and its fame rests upon its gold mines, principally the Old Abe and North and South Homestakc. It is six miles from the El Paso & North- western Eailway and twelve miles from Carrizozo, situated on the same railway, from where once a day a stage coach runs to the town. It ha? three churches and a $3,000 school house, with good public schools. The elevation is 6,400 feet above the sea level. There are two hotels and a planing mill. Good water is secured from near-by springs. It is located in a beautiful valley or natural amphitheater in the "White Oaks Range, sur- rounded by high peaks covered with evergreen, pine, cedar and jimiper While several large cattle, sheep and goat ranches are located m its immediate vicinity, from which it derives profitable trade, the principal sources of the town's business, those which in- duced its establishment at this point, are mining operations. Some- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 255 tiling more than twonty-iive yecars ago quartz veins, carrying vis- ible gold in large (juantities, were discovered in what are now known as the Xorth and South Homestake mines, and out of thest. discoveries and the "boom" created thereby grew the necessity for a trade center, and White Oaks was the result. It is inhabited by an enterprising class of citizens, who believe in good schools and churches. One weekly newspaper, The Outlook, is published here. The business houses would be creditable to a town of 3,000 to 5,000 people. Xo place can Ijoast of a better climate. LUNA COUNTY. This county was organized in 1901. Its area is 2,946 square miles; population, 4,500; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,559,548. It is bounded on the north l)y Sierra and Grant Counties, on the east by Dona Ana County, on the south by Mexico, and on the west by Grant County. The postoffices are Cambray, Columbus, Cooks, Deniing, Gage, Hcrmanas and Xutt. Four-fifths of the area is public land. The Mimbres Eivcr tra- verses it partly from north to south. There is running water along its upper course, but at and south of Doming it is an under- ground river. There are also several small water courses, dry part of the year, however. Florida and other lakes, in addition tc the wells, furnish the water supply. The principal mountains are the Goodsight Eange, the Cooks Eange, rising to an elevation of 8,300 feet; Eed Mountain, 5,416 feet; Black Mountain, 5,000 feet; Flor- ida, culminating in Florida Peak, 7,295 feet; the Little Florida Mountains, 6,000 feet, and the Tres Hermanas, reaching in Tres Hermanas Peak an elevation of 7,151 feet. The county is prin- cipally a cattle and mining section, although it has a fine, rich soil, which can be made to produce abundant crops* of all sorts. as well as fruits of the finest quality through the medium of irri- gation. The land under cultivation is mostly along the upper Mimbres Elver, although around Doming there are small truck gardens irrigated from wells. It has good railroad facilities, the Santa Fe, the Southern t'acific and the El Paso & Southwestern passing through, the last named having a branch line from Her- manas to Doming, where it forms a junction with the Southern Pacifie and the Saiiita Fe. The total railroad mileage is 257 miles. The mean altitude is 5,000 feet, and, excepting Dona Ana and Eddv, no county in New Mexico has a milder climate. The win- ters are warm and snow is rare. The summers are pleasant and the nights arc cool. There is no malaria lurking in the dry air, and Deming and surroundings are favorites with health seekers. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 2d < There are 300 days in the year which are classed "fair," while about forty-five days are recorded as partly cloudy, and only twenty as cloudy. As a cattle section, the county offers good facilities. It is dotted with wind mills, as good water is obtained from forty to fifty feet beneath the surface. Owing to the mild and equable climate and the abundance of water and grass, stockmen find it well adapted for breeding purposes. According to the best esti- mates there are 100,000 head of cattle in the county. Poultry and bees should prove very profitable, as good markets exist. The oldest and most important mining district is Cook's Peak. The total production of this district has beem $3,000,000, mostly lead carbonates. The Desdemona, Othello and Monte Cristo have produced $2,000,000; the Graphic group, $450,000; the Summit group, $350,000. Other important properties are the Teel and Poe, which have produced $200,000; the Lead King, the Conten- tion, Wisconsin and Minnesota, Mocking Bird, Cleveland, Excel- sior and Eoosevelt, Faywood, Wliite Oaks, Big Galena, Monitor and Bonanza. There are two camps, at Cooks and at San Jose. In the Floridas the Silver Cave has produced $60,000 worth of silver-lead ore. Copper also makes a showing in the district. The principal prospects are the Bear, Tiger, Iron Mask, Lead Car- bonate and Eoosevelt. In the Tres Hermanas district, twenty- fives miles south of Deming, the Cincinnati has produced $100,000 worth of silver-lead ore. The Yellow Jacket, the Hancock and the Hetty groups are the principal properties. Important dis- coveries of rich zinc ore were made in this district in 1905, and shipments of the ore are now being made at regular intervals. The Yictorio district is in the western part, and from the St. Louis and Chance mines $1,500,000 worth of silver-lead ore and gold have been taken. A new district is the Stonewall at Hermanas, in the southern part. It has a number of promising copper prospects. It was formerly known as Carizilillo. The county seat and largest town is Deming. It was founded in November, 1881, when the Southern Pacific Eailway reached that point with its tracks. Six months later the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe completed its line there and formed a junction with the Southern Pacific, and assured to Deming a position of prominence. The surrounding plains also began to settle up, especially in spots where water was found. These new settlers were engaged in the cattle industry, and that industry has since furnished a substantial support to the town. Pros- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 259 pectors located claims in the mountains 'round about, and as a consequence the mining industry, too, is contributing to the pros- perity of Deming and has helped to make it a business center. About a year after the completion of the railroads above men- tioned, a line was built into the mining district surrounding Silver City, which is now a branch of the Santa Fe Railway. In 1901 work was started on the construction of the El Paso & South- western Railway, the road being completed the year following, giving Deming direct railway communication with the great min- ing regions of southern Arizona and of Sonora, Mexico, and the distinction of being one of two towns in New Mexico, namely Santa Fe and Deming, having three independent railroads. The town's location is well chosen, standing as it does on a broad, level plain at an altitude of about 4,300 feet and surrounded by pic- turesque mountains. Its southern latitude prevents severe cold in winter and assures mild, even temperature all the year around. The people of the mining camps in the various parts of Lu*na and Grant Counties, to the west and to the north, come to Dem- ing for their supplies and to ship their ores. There is a 60-ton smelter there. The water is noted for its purity and the abun- dance of the supply, the Mimbres River sinking into the gravel about twenty miles north and running beneath the surface in an inexhaustible stream directly under the town. The water is as pure and soft as rain water, thus making the town, with its ex- cellent railway facilities, a peculiarly favored spot for manufac- turing enterprises. It has a population of about 3,000 and is in- corporated under the village incorporation act. Merchandising is an important industry, there being a number of large, well equip- ped general stores. Next in importance is the shipping of stock, about 100,000 head of cattle being shipped annually during the season. Another industry which brings the farmer large returns is the cutting of hay. The plains surrounding the town' furnish thousands of tons of hay, mostly gramma grass and wild peas. A brickyard does a good business, as a greater part 'of the business houses built during the past few years are substantial brick struc- tures. There is an ice plant and electric light works. The town has two banks and a town hall. The Adelphi Club is an organiza- tion of about one hundred business men, which has fitted up ele- gant club rooms and which is doing good work. The Deming hospital is aided by the Territory and was established in 1897. There are two weekly newspapers, The Graphic and The. Head- light. The public school system is very satisfactory. The present public school building is a handsome modern brick structure which THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 261 cost $20,000. Deming has a number of thriving church organi- zations. The office of the District Attorney for Luna County is located tJiere. M'KINLEY COUNTY. McKinley County was created in 1899. Its area is 5,377 square miles; population, 6,500; assessed valuation in 1905, $993,473. It is bounded on the north by San Juan and Sandoval Counties, on the east by Sandoval County, on the south by Valencia County, and on the west by x^.pache County, Arizona. Of its area, 885,847 acres were on June 1, 1905, still subject to public land entry, 138,924 acres of which were unsurveyed, the county being rrn the Santa Fe land district. Its principal wealth producing industry is coal mining, although a small area is under cultivation along the headwaters of the Zuni E'ver and Pescado Creek. Besides these the principal streams are the Big Puerco, Whitewater, Los Nutritas, San Miguel and Torreon. The county has no high moun- tain range, but is rugged. Hosta Butte attains an elevation of 8,837 feet; Choiskai Peak exceeds 8,000 feet in elevation; Powell Mountain is 8,851 feet high, and the Zuni Buttes are over 7,000 feet high. Many springs of good water are found in the hills and on the mesas. There are about 100,000 sheep and 5,000 head of cattle in the county. Over half a million tons of coal are produced annually, the mines being grouped around Gallup, the county seat. The Santa Fe Pa- cific Railroad traverses the county from east to west for seventy- five miles, and a branch road has been built from Thoreau into the Zuni Mountain timber districts, which are being exploited by the American Lumber Company. A north and south railroad has been surveyed, to be known as the Colorado & Arizona Eail- road, and is'to^be built from Durango, Colorado, to Cochise, Ari- zona. The principal coal mines are the Gallup, Weaver, which produces about 300,000 tons annually; Catalpa, Clark, which pro- duces 150,000 tons a year; Otero, Thatcher, Pocky, Cliff, Union, Black Diamond, Casna, Heaton, Canavan and Gibson. The coal field is the most extensive in New Mexico, covering 800,000 acres and has 5,000,000,000 tons in sight. Around the different mines, canips have grown, the largest being Clarkville, Weaver and Gibson. In the eastem part are good copper indications, while around Manuelito considerable prospecting for oil has been done, as the indications are very promising. South of Gallup are salt lakes which will ultimately be of commcrc^ 1 value. East of Gallup are mineral springs. A portion of the northern THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 263 part of the county is covered with lava. In the southern part are cliff dwellings and other prehistoric ruins. Excavations which have been made north of Thoreau have brought forth many relics, which are finding their way to eastern museums. The Chaca Canon and the "Pueblo Bonito, which are on the San Juan County line, are visited by many tourists, and contain some of the best preserved cliff dwellings in New Mexico. Part of the large ISTavaho Indian Eeservation, which covers 3,345,492 acres is New Mexico, is in the northwestern part. The Navahos are wealthy in sheep and horses and are good workmen, who are given employment on the railroads and in the sugar beet fields of Colorado. They are the tinest blanket weavers among Indian tribes, and their fame as silversmiths has spread far and wide. Part of the reservation is excellent range country, especially for sheep. Rich mineral in- dications, especially copper, also exist. In the southern part is the Zuni Indian Eeservation, the principal pueblo, Zuni, being one of the seven cities of Cibola and one of the most ancient and interesting pueblos in the southwest whose annual dances attract more and more tourists every year. The United States is building a $250,000 reservoir and irrigation system for the Zunis, who are husbandmen, their principal crops being Indian corn, beans, onions, melons and squashes. This system, when completed, will irrigate 6,000 acres of land. Many of the Zunis have small orchards of peach, apricot, apple, cherry and plum trees and grape vines. The majority of them have from ten to twenty acres under cultivation, while some as high as thirty to forty acres. The area of the re- reserve is 42? square miles and it;j population is 1,552. Just east of the Zuni Indian reserve is the Mormon agricultural settlement of Ramah, on Pescado Creek. Fdrt Wingate and its military res- cTv^ation are fifteen miles southeast of Gallup and cover an area of 83,200 acres. Fort Wingate iB the only military post in New Mexico occupied at present. The following are the postoffices: Blackrock, Clarkville, Fort Wingate, Gallup, Gibson, Guam, Man- uelito, Ramah, Thoreau, Tohatchi and Zuni. There are also set- tlements at Nutria, Savoia, Navaho, Defiance, Coolidge and Chaves. The county seat is Gallup on the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad. Gallup has at present a pop- ulation of 3,000 people, including the families in the coal camps* of the various companies at short distances from the city limits. As do many other western towns, Gallup possesses a notable con- tingent of thrifty, brainy Scotch, English and Irish folk, who THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 265 have added very materialh' to the rapid growth and solid devel- opment of the communit}'. The climate is dry, fairly equable and with few disagreeable features. The high altitude prevents exces- sive heat. The town has ample religious and educational facili- ties. The public school system is very creditable. The Indian trading stores on the Navaho and Zuni Eeservations get their sup- plies from Gallup merchants or by the way of Grallup. The Mc- Kinley County Eepublican is the only newspaper, being published weekly. Gallup is, above all, . a coal mining town and its coal industry is practically, thus far, only partly developed. Underneath the large region of which Gallup is the center, immense deposits of coal have been treasured by nature, awaiting the thrifty hand of capital to bring them to the surface and make it one of the richest coal mining centers in the Southwest. One mine alone, property of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, produced in one day (June 22, 1903), 1,550 tons of coal. The coal can be dug easily and there is practically no danger for the miner in the mines unless he should be exceedingly careless. No gas is to be feared. The coal is soft and of the best quality. The coal trade would nat- urally give the town a steady growth, but it is only one of its re- sources. Lying north is a field rich in oil-bearing sand and shale, samples of which experts in Pennsylvania oil fields have pronounced to be very rich in crude oil (kerosene). A vein of fire clay, free from iron and nodules and of excellent quality underlies the whole region, small and steady orders therefor being supplied to Arizona smelters. Pottery clay, brick clay, valuable sands, copper ore and other natural resources are found in the neighborhood. The great- est of all, however, lie above ground. The town is situated on the Puerco Eiver. The whole valley is filled for miles with rich soil, needing only water to make it one great, rich farm. Nature has kindly made a reservoir site four miles above the town, which drains an immense water shed that would supply sufficient water for the irrigation of the whole valley. Only a moderate amount of capital is needed to dam safely this site and to set going agricultural life that would make Gallup a much larger city and also give handsome returns for the money invested. The city is lighted by electricity, has water works, a telephone system, a large roundhouse and is a division point on the Santa Fe Pacific Kailroad. It has broad, clean streets and many of its buildings are of brick and stone. It has telephone connections with Fort Wingate. IN THE MORA VALLEY. ffHE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 267 MORA COUNTY. Area, 2,543 square miles; population, 13,000; assessed valua- tion in 1905, $1,311,325. It is bounded on the north by Col- fax County, on the east by Union County, on the south by San Miguel County, and on the west by Taos, Eio Arriba and Santa Fe Counties. Postoffices: Abbott, Chacon, Cleveland, Gascon, Guad- alupe, HalFs Peak, Holman, La Cueva, Lucero, Mora, Ocate, Roy, Shoemaker, Wagon Moimd and Watrous. Other settlements are Eociada, San Jose, Don Tomas, San Antonio, Cebolla, Carmes, Golondrinas, La Jara, Los Mascarenos, Fort Union, Talco and Loma Parda. Mora County's agricultural products are its mainstay and are not exceeded in value by those of any other New Mexico county. It can rightfully claim the honor of being one of the leading agri- cultural counties of the Territory. However, its stock interests exceed in value even its agricultural wealth. It is one of the four small counties, yet its area is greater than that of the State of Delaware, and 715,932 acres, or an area greater than that of the State of Ehode Island, were on July 1, 1905, subject to entry. The county is mountainous, some of the peaks rising to an altitude of 12,000 feet. In the western portion is the Sangre de Cristo Eange, which attains its highest elevation in the northwestern part, sev- eral peaks reaching an altitude of 12,000 feet. Independent moun- tain groups are the Turkey Mountains, attaining an elevation of 8,383 feet; the Comudo Hills, 7,325 feet high; Cerro Mongia, 6,564 feet; Maxon's Crater, 7,360 feet; Canadian Hills, Bald Moun- tain, Spruce Mountain and Null Peak. Volcanic formations, such as Ocate Crater, are characteristic. The hills are generally tim- bered, and a portion of the Pecos River Forest Reserve is .within the county limits. From the marni Sangre de Cristo Range, broken by foothills and picturesque canons, extends the mesa gently sloping toward the southeast. Mora County is nearly all within the drain- age area of the Canadian River, although the Pecos and the Santa C^ruz Rivers rise within its boundaries. The Mora, a tributary of the Canadian River, furnishes the principal supply for irrigation, although the Ocate and the headwaters of the Vermejo have a good flow. Besides these streams are the Wolf, 0. K., Las Cosas, Coyote, Cebolla, Perro and Piedra Lumbre and such lakes as Cherry, Gal- legos, La Cueva and others. The entire western part is covered by the Mora land grant and the Pecos Forest Reserve, the area of the latter being 431,040 acres and unparalleled in the Southwest for its mountain and forest ORA COUNTY COURT HOUSE AT MORA. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 269 scenery. The irrigation systems are primitive, excepting three reservoirs and canals built at La Cueva. There are many fine reservoir sites, however, and instead of 20,000 acres, the present area under cultivation, there could easily be three times that ex- tent under ditch. The county has 35,000 head of cattle, 150,000 head of sheep and 5,000 goats. The raising and fattening of beeves is a growing industry around Wagon Mound, Watrous, and other towns. The principal crops are wheat, oats, alfalfa, corn, barley, rye and vegetables, especially tomatoes. Horticul- ture< is a very successful pursuit. From the Mora Valley 2,000,000 pounds of corn and 300,000 pounds of oats are shipped annually. On the La Cueva ranch alone 2,000 acres are under cultivation, all in cereals, alfalfa and fruit trees. The following are the principal agricultural valleys : The Mora and its extension, the Agua Negra, twenty-two miles' long, the narrowest place being 400 yards wide which extends for about twelve miles, the remainder being from two to three miles wide. The Guadalupita Valley is five miles long and three miles wide along the Guadalupita and then runs ten miles to Lucero, averaging about a quarter of a mile in width. The Llano del Coyote is about three miles long and one mile wide. The La Cueva Valley, not including 10,000 acres of the La Cueva Eanch Company, has an area of about 5,000 acres. The Cherry and Watrous Valleys produce alfalfa principally, although a large quantity of grain is raised annually, being used mostly in fatten- ing cattle, there being about 20,000 head in these two valleys. Besides these valleys, which all have irrigation systems, there are the Lower Cebolla! Buena Vista, Carmen, Gascon and others that are productive. Mora has a great resource in the timber on the near-by mountains and seven million feet are shipped annually. _ Mineral indications of great pronnse exist in the mountains and foothills. Development work is being done in the Eociada, on the San Miguel Countv line, and Coyote districts. At Eociada, copper, gold, silver and zinc are the values, the principal mines beino- the Eisinff Sun, Azure, Joe and Jennie and Lone Star. T};*- principal group^at Covote is the Overton, a copper prospect. Mora will some day figure as a coal producer. Clay for brick making, red and white sandstone and limestone exist in large quantities and of commercial qualitv. The county is crossed from north to south by the Santa Fe Eailway for about forty miles. A railway has been surveyed from Las Vegas to Mora. The Dawson rail- way cuts across the eastern part. The county seat is STREET SCENES IN MORA. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 271 Mora. It was first settled in 1832 and is situated in a very pretty val- ley. It is surrounded by niountaiuo oji all sides except where the valley runs southward to Rociada and to San Miguel County. The Mora River supplies it vrith an abundance of water and fur- nishes power to several grist mills. The town has good roads connecting it with outside points, and is connected by telephone with Las Vegas. There are four general stores carrying large stocks. Mora has a nice court house, a Roman Catholic Church, a Presbyterian Church, a Catholic Convent, conducted by the Sisters of Loretto, who also maintain a school for girls, and quite a num- ber of pretty homes. The population is about 700. It is a pleas- ant summer resort and many fishing parties from Las Vegas and other points go there to fish for trout. The Rio de la Casa, which comes tumbling from the mountains, contains the speckled beau- ties. Promising mineral prospects are in the foothills near by. All that Mora needs to become a large and prosperous town is a railroad. Wagon Mound is the largest settlement, the census of 1900 giving Wagon Mound precinct a population of 895, while the population of the town itself is 500. Its elevation is 0,250 feet above sea level and it has a good climate. Mountain peaks make its surroundings especially picturesque. The principal occupation of its inhabitants is stock raising and merchandising. It is a prosperous commimity with a good public school, which is housed in a modern $5,000 building. There are two large mercantile houses doing an extensive busi- ness, two churches and a weekly newspaper, El Combate, Spanish, is published. Wagon Mound is situated on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, and, owing to its climatic advantages and beauty of surroundings, is attractive to health s-^sekers. It is a great wool and stock shipping point and the trad- ing center for the Ocate and Mora Valleys. The Santa Fe Rail- way Company has a large sheep dipping plant here. Several fine farms in the vicinity offer accommodations to health seekers. Roy is a new town, a station on the Dawson Railroad, which runs from Tucumcari in Quay to the great coal fields at Dawson in Colfax County. The town has at this time about 300 inhabitants, it has a large wholesale mercantile establishment and several smaller THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 273 stores and a weekly newspaper, El Hispano Americano. The town is surronnded by prosperous stock ranches. Watrous. The settlement of Watrons is a supply point for a large area and has 'round about it many prosperous stock ranches. It is situated near the site of old Fort Union and its business establish- ments are largely patronized by the agricultural settlements of the Mora Valley. There are extensive stone quarries near, from which much rock for ballast for the Santa Fe Railway tracks in New Mexico is produced. OTERO COUNTY. Area, G,870 square miles; population, 8,000; assessed val- uation m 1905, $2,027,937. Postoffices : Alamogordo, Avis, Brice, Cloudcroft, Hereford, Jarilla Junction, La Luz, Mayhill, Mescalero, Mountain Park, Oran, Orange, Russia, Three Elvers, Tularosa, Weed and Wright. The county is bounded on the north by Lincoln and Socorro Counties, on the east by Lincoln, Chaves and Eddy Counties, on the south by El Paso County, Texas, and on the west by Dona Ana and Socorro Counties. Excepting agricultural settlements at Tularosa, La Luz, Weed and a few other points, several scattered ranches and a few pros- pectors in the Jarillas and the Indians on the Mescalero Reserva- tion, Otero County in 1898 was practically uninhabited. It was in that year that it was- created a separate county, but since then it has grown rapidly in population and wealth. About 4,000,000 acres of its area, however, are still subject to entry. Over 2,500,000 acres are open range, and 138,000 acres are included in the "White Sands," a deposit of gypsum. The White, the Sacramento, the Hueco, the Jarilla and the Guadalupe Ranges are the principal mountain groups, reaching an elevation of 10,000 feet. The rivers are but small streams, periodical in their flow, and many, having no outlet, lose themselves in the sands. Tularosa, La Luz, Sacra- mento Creeks and the headwaters of the Lower Penaseo, of Eagle Creek and other brooks flow from the foothills down pictur- esque canons into the open valleys and tablelands. A considerable area is under cultivation, it being practical to raise crops in parts of the Sacramento and White Mountains without irrigation. A dam across Rinconada Canon, near Tularosa, which will impound sufficient water to irrigate 20,000 acres, is projected. The leading industries are stock raising, cattle, sheep and goats doing equally well ; mining, especially in the Jarillas, where gold, silver, copper. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 275 lead and turquoise deposits exist; lumbering, there being thou- sands of acres of virgin timber lands in the Sacramento Moun- tains, and manufacturing, there being lumber mills, tie preserving plants and railroad shops at Alamogordo. The Mescalero Apache Indian Eeservation and part of the Lincoln Forest Keserve are in the county. The agency is located at Mescalero, which is a settle- ment of considerable size and is reached by stage from Tularosa. The Jarilla mining district is a producer of gold, copper and turquoise, and a large smelter is to be built in the camp. The principal properties are the Three Bears, the Nannie Baird, the Little Annie, Garnet, Alabama, Last Chance, Monte Carlo, Alice, St. Louis, By Chance, Altamont, Penarilla, Lucky, Lincoln. Excel- sior, Maggie, North End, Red Hill and Seven-Come-Eleven. Ex- tensive placers are being worked in this camp, and from the Iron Queen 1,500 tons of iron ore have been shipped to the smelter at El Paso. The camp is now known as Brice. At Jarilla Junction, not far from the mining district, a town- site has been laid out, to be known as Oro Grande, and promises to become a prosperous town, for it is planned to build a large smelter there for the treatment of the ores of the Jarilla District. There are about one hundred houses already erected and many more are in course of construction. A £ipe line, fifty-five miles long, to convey water from the Sacramento River to the town, is being built. A weekly newspaper. The Oro Grande Times, is published. Prospecting is carried on in the Sacramentos, east of Alamogordo, and gold and copper ores have been found. At High Rolls a quarry of lithographing stone is being worked, and near Alamogordo fine marble quarries have been developed. In the vicinity of Tularosa mining operations are carried on. The county seat and largest town is Alamogordo, 4,500 feet above the sea level and probably the prettiest town in the Territory. The town was established only in recent years and has today over 4,600 inhabitants, broad streets, brick business blocks well stocked with merchandise, five churches, the Southwestern Baptist College, the Territorial Asylum for the Blind, two large saw mills, costing over $200,000 ; an electric light plant and ice factory, steam laundry, planing mill, an artificial stone plant, which utilizes the gypsum from the White Sands, a water works system which cost $100,000, a railway hospital, a Woman's Club, a park a mile long, two weekly newspapers. The Alamogordo News and the Otero County Advertiser; a fine railroad depot, an imposing THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 277 public school building and a public library. The streets arc lined with shade trees, and here and there about the city are beautiful parks. The city water supply is brought twelve miles from springs in Alamo Canon^ the last eight miles of the distance being piped. The water for the irrigation system is brought from I^a Luz Canon, seven miles away. A $35,000 court house has been constructed, and a $75,000 tie preserving plant. The town is the geographical and commercial center of a fine fruit growing section; has thou- sands of tributary fertile acres open to homestead entry; is on the main line of the shortest route between Kansas City^ Denver and El Paso to California and Mexico, and it is within several hours' jaunt of the famous Cloud City, a summer and scenic Southwestern resort, with which it is connected by the Sacramento Mountain Railway, one of the engineering wonders of the United States. The headquarters of the Sixth Judicial District, composed of the counties of Otero, Lincoln, Torrance, Guadalupe and Quay, are located in this thriving and attractive little city. Tularosa is situated oil the El Paso & Northeastern Railway. Its latitude is about 33 degrees north and it lies at the base of the White Mountains, whose highest peak, about twenty-five miles distant, rises to an altitude exceeding 10,000 feet. It is supplied with water by the Tularosa Creek, which is a mountain stream whose source consists of several mountain springs containing iron, mag- nesia and sulphur, on the reservation of the Mescalero Indians, flowing for about twenty miles through the canon which divides the White Mountains and the Sacramento Range. These mountains are covered with pine, fir, juniper, pinion and balsam fir, all of which endow the atmosphere with healing balm beneficial to the lungs. The temperature of Tularosa and vicinity ranges from the freez- ing point to ninety degrees Fahrenheit. This is the record for eighteen years. The thermometer reaches its highest point about the middle of iVugust, when for about two weeks it indicates ninety- four degrees at noon and remains there until 3 o'clock in the after- noon, when it begins to decline, aind at night a breeze sets in from the mountains, which renders a blanket necessary before morning. Fruits of the temperate zone grow to perfection in Tularosa. There is no record of a failure of the fruit crop since the set- tlement of the town in 1863. Grapes do well and alfalfa produces from one to two tons per acre at each cutting, and from three to five tons each year. Tomatoes grown here are large and of good THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 279 flavor. Watermelons and cantaloupes do well, the flavor of the cantaloupes being fine and the vines very prolific. Apiaries yield honey of good quality. The population in and near the town is about 1,000, the census of 1900 giving the precinct a population of 752. The town has a public school building and a weekly news- paper, The Tularosa Eeporter. The Catholic is the oldest church in the town. The mountain ranges show indications of gold, sil- ver, copper, iron and coal. Cloudcroft. At Cloudcroft, a scenic summer resort in the Sacramento Moun- tains, on the Sacramento Mountaiui Eailway, a branch of the El Paso & Southwestern Railway, is a prosperous settlement with good schools, churches and a weekly newspaper. Its elevation is 9,000 feet, and scores of comfortable summer cottages have been built in the natural park surrounding the resort. Hundreds of visitors from southern New Mexico, Arizona and Texas spend part of the summer season there. QUAY COUNTY. Area, 2,805 square miles ; population, 6,000 ; assessed valua- tion in 1905, $589,723. It is bounded on the north by Union and San Miguel Counties, on the east by Oldham, Deaf Smith and Parmer Counties, Texas; on the west by Guadalupe, and on the south by Eoosevelt County. On July 1, 1905, there were subject to public entry in this county 1,467,532 acres, 40,620 acres being unsurveyed. County seat, Tucumcari. Postoffices : Dodson, En- dee, Montoya, Moore, Quay, Puerto, Eevuelto and Tucumcari. The county was created by the Thirty-fifth Legislative Assembly in 1903 and was named in honor of the late United States Senator Matthew Stanley Quay, of Pennsylvania. Guadalupe and Union Counties gave the area to create the county, the greater part com- ing from Guadalupe. Tucumcari is a busy railroad center at the junction of the Chicago, Eock Island & Pacific Eailway and the Dawson Eailway. These two railroads traverse the county and give ample railway facilities, which have resulted in the coming of many settlers. Quav is classed as a plains county. l)ut it is by no means entirely level, the surface being broken by hills and peaks, which at times rise to the dignity of mountains, all being foothills of the great Eoeky Mountains. The southeastern portion is part of the Staked Plains. The county is in the drainage area of the Canadian Eiver in its northern part. Besides the Canadian, the Pajarito is the .iffmr 'se*T-^|*., '■0-'. A* f ,* THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 281 principal water course. The Plaza Largo, and the Triijillo are other streams, but are dry part of the year. Basins or holes dot the plains which are filled with water at times, forming, lakes in the rainy season. Being a grazing country, the stock industry flourishes. On its ranges are 150,000 sheep and 60,000 cattle. - Tucumcari has be- come a great wool shipping center, the grade of wool produced be- ing above the average. The mild winters, the extensive and well grassed ranges and a fair supply of water make the county especi- ally favorable to the stock industry. Agriculture is also carried on upon a limited scale, but is rap- idly extending and the Campbell soil culture method is prac- ticed more and more. Water for irrigation is supplied chiefly by wells. Water can be raised by windmills or with gasoline engines. On the Pajarito and other arroyos in the vicinity of Tucumcari are a number of good farms. A beginning has been made in raising fruit, the climate being especially adapted to horticulture, apiary, chicken farming and other branches of husbandry. Dry farming gives encouraging results. Excellent building stone is found, as well as clay for the making of brick. The climate, like that of the rest of the Territory, is a specific for lung and throat trouble. The winters are mild and the summers are cool, especially the sum- mer nights. The altitude varies between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. Around Tucumcari and in other sections of the county the public land has been pretty well taken up by homesteaders. Tucumcari is the principal town. There are small settlements at Dodson, En- dee, Montoya, Puerco and Eevuelto where postoffices and stores are maintained. Tlic town is beautifully situated, being at the foot of the Tucumcari Mountain, at the junction of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, the Dawson Railway and the survey of the Choctaw-Amarillo extension. The surrounding country is a rolling prairie, broken and intersected by small streams and the Canadian' River, which flows through the eastern portion. Tucum- cari has a population of 1,000, a $15,000 court house and jail, a $10,000 school building, a fine bank building, large mercantile establishments and pretty homes. It has two newspapers, The Times and The News. The town commands an extensive trade territory and is the center of a large sheep and wool industry. A wool scouring plant is in successful operation, 1,500,000 pounds of wool beins scoured there in 1905. The office of the Territorial ^1. TrZL.£%.*»af'..^ -#"-' 3 ^.■ THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 283 District Attorney for the Counties of Quay and Guadalupe is located here. RIO ARRIBA COUNTY. Area, ^5,932 square miles; population, 1900 census, 13,177; since then Espanola precinct of Santa Fe County has been added; pres- ent population of the county, 16,500; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,045,563. County seat, Tierra Amarilla. Postoffices : Abiquiu, Alcalde, Canjilon, Chama, Chamita, Cordova, Coyote, Dixon, El Eito, Edith, El Vado, Einbudo, Espanola, Gallina, Hopewell, Lum- berton, Lyden, Mariana, Monero, Park View, Petaea, Kanchitos, Rinconada, Kosa, Tierra Amarilla, Truchas, Tusas, Vallecitos and Velarde. It is the seventh largest county, having more than five times the area of the State of Rhode Island, thrice that of Dela- ware, a greater area than Connecticut, and is almost as large as Hawaii. The county is bounded on the north by Conejos, Archuleta and La Plata Counties, Colorado ; on the east by Taos, on the south by Sandoval, Santa Fe and Mora Counties, and on the west by San Juan County. On July 1, 1905, the area subject to public land entry was 2,339,021 acres, of which 728,166 were unsurveyed. The county is well watered, the principal rivers being the Rio Grande, which always has ample water for irrigation within the county, and the Chama. There are many lesser streams, including the Vallecitos, Brazos, Amargo, San Antonio, Pinos, San Juan, Coyote, Ojo Sarco, Santa Clara, Caliente, Las Trampas, Petaea, ISTutritas, Cebolleta, Canjilon, Gallinas and the headwaters of the Rio Jemez, A small portion of the Pecos River Forest Reserve, and the norlh- eni part of the Jemez Forest Reserve are within the county, as is also the Pueblo of San Juan with a grant of 17,545 acres, and the Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation, upon which the government has built a fine day school and irrigation works for 830 Apachas who live upon the reservation, which covers 404,788 acres. Re- cently a reservation of 33,000 acres was set apart by the President for the inhabitants of the Santa Clara Pueblo, which is partly in the county. Rio Arriba County is very mountainous, risi-ng in the Las Truchas Peaks in the southeastern corner to an elevation ex- ceeding 13,000 feet and over 12,000 feet in the peaks of the Cum- bres Range along the northern boundary. In addition to the Sangre de Cristo and Cumbres Ranges, the principal mountains are the Jemez, Gallinas, Cejita Blanca, Brazos, Capulin, White, San An- tonio, Ortiz and Tusas Peaks. Rio Arriba County has produced considerable mineral, princi- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 285 pally gold, coal and mica, although its copper mines are also im- portant, but mot great producers. The mining districts arc the Bromide, the Headstone, the Copper Canon, the Ojo Calient o and the Monero Districts. The Bromide District is forty miles west of Tres Piedras on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. Tusas Peak, 9,500 feet high, is the highest mountain in the district and the principal mines lie on the slopes or in the foothills of this peak. The first mine located was the Bromide, in 1881, and $18,000 worch of ore has been produced by the property. The ore yields silver only. The Dillon Development tunnel will cut through the ex- tensive schist formation of this district and is to be 6,300 feet long. The main properties in the district are the Payroll, Admira', Wedge, Blue Bell, Tampa, Whale, Mayflower, Sixteen-to-One, Sar- dine, War Eagle, Mexican King, Merrimac, Midnight, Wayne- Arriba, Last Dollar, Keystone, l.^ontiac, Walker, Iron Cla.l, r7old Pan, Butterfly, Red Fissure, Farragut, Agnes, Royal Purple, Inde- pendence, Strawberry, Jose D. and Big Sandy, thf, loading ores being copper carbonates and sulphides carrying gold and silver. The Hopewell district became first known for its gold placers, from which during the first three years one company took $175,- 000. A hydraulic plant has been erected on the Lowev Flat plac- ers. The ores of the camp are principally sulphides carrying gold. On the Mineral Point, 1,500 feet of development, work has bcun done. Other mines are the Jawbone, Good Hope, Crescent, Duck, Golden Age, Atlantic, Silent Friend, Hornet, Iron Mountain, Co- lumbia, Ten Better, Buckhorn, Hidden Treasure and Emerald. The Copper Canon district lies near Abiquiu. The best known location is the Lily Belle, on which a 60-foot tunnel has been driven. The ore is copper glance in white sandstone. The Ojo Caliente district is in the eastern part of the county. One group is the Antonio Joseph, which was Avorked in the early days by the Span- iards. It carries gold and silver. The Chicago and Big Missouri are other groups. The Mica Age is a fine mica prospect. The Petaca district is principally noted for its mica deposits, which are known as the Cribbensville deposits. Considerable mica has been shipped from these properties. The Monero district is a producer of bituminous coal, the annual production being about 50,000 tons, mostly consumed by the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. The mines are named the Monero, the McBroom and the Kutz. About sixty men are given employment on these properties. In the Chama River are extensive placer deposits, mostly in black sand, and many efforts have been made to reclaim the gold, but thus far unsuccess- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 287 fully. Prospecting is carried on in other parts of the county, but thus far Eio Arriba has not been a great mineral producer. Build- ing stone^ gypsum, clay and tufa are of common occurrence. Eio Arriba is one of the richest of Xew Mexico's sub-xiivisions, a bulletin' of 1902 showing that its agricultural wealth amounted to $3,566,000. As there are many good reservoir sites, a consider- able portion of the water supply will at some future day be avail- able for irrigation purposes, but at present most of it flows to waste, only about 50,000 acres being under ditch and 30,000 acres under cultivation. On the Lobato Grant the preliminary work has been done for the construction of a reservoir system to reclaim 20,000 acres. Near El Rito work is progressing on a reservoir and ditch system, which will place about 8,000 acres under irrigation in the El Rito A^alley. The county is in the drainage area of the Rio Grande^ except that small portion west of the Conti- nental Divide. Rio Arriba County has the dry, sunny mountain climate so much sought by health seekers. Aljout 140 miles of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad traverse it, in addition to about thirty-five miles of timber railroad with its present terminus at El Bado and connecting with the Denver & Rio Grande at Lum- berton. Sheep, cattle and goat raising is the main industry, the public range in summer being especially fine. The number of sheep in the county is about half a million. The mountains and foothills are ideal grazing grounds for goats. Next in importance are agriculture and horticulture. Some of the finest orchards in the Southwest are to be found in the Espanola and Chama Valleys. The shipments of fine fruit during 1905 amounted to 2,200,000 pounds. Then come the manufacture of lumber and mining. There are many attractions for tourists, among them being the cliff dwel- lings of the Pajarito Park. Some of the settlements are among the oldest in the United States. Tlerra Amarilla is the county seat and is situated in the beautiful Chama Valley with pretty agricultural settlements around it. The population of Tierra Amarilla and contiguous settlements, including the charming village of Park View, is about 2,200. A weekly news- paper, El Republicano, is published here. Tierra Amarilla and Park View boast of several fine business houses and are also the center of a good stock country. The office of the Territorial Dis- trict Attorney for Rio Arriba and San Juan Counties is located here. At Park View a fine modern steam flouring mill is in operation. CANON OF THE BRAZOS, RIO ARRIBA COUNTY. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 289 Chama is a modem railroad town on the Denver & Rio Grande Eailroad, on which it is a division point, and it is a shipping point for the wool, lumber and other products of the northern part. It has public schools and churches. Near the town are stone quarries, from which the stone for the Colorado Capitol at Denver was taken. Eanehes and stock ranges surround the town, and near by are sev- eral fine trout streams and good hunting grounds. The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad maintains here big dipping vats for sheep. The population is 500. Abiquiu is one of the oldest settlements in the Territory and is centrally located in the Valley of the Rio Chama. For many years it was an outpost against hostile Indians and many expeditions against the Apaches and TJtes were organized here. It has an interesting history and was, up to within thirty years ago, quite important in the county. It is today a good trading center and has, a number of fine orchards. In the Chama River Valley, north of Abiquiu, are placer gold deposits. El Rito. El Rito is a pretty settlement in the El Rito Valley. It has a substantial church, a number of modern residences and the New Mexico Reform School. It is to be the center, of an extensive irrigation system, work on the necessary reservoirs and ditch sys- tem being now in progress. . Espanola. Espanola is a prosperous commercial and agricultural commu- nitv with several large wholesale houses. It is the metropohs of the beaatiful and fertile Espanola Valley and an important ship- pin^ point on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. La Luz, a Spanish weeklv, is published here. Several of the best orchards in: New ^lexico, including the famous Sunshine Orchard at Angos- tura, are situated near Espanola. Chamita. An agricultural center around which cluster many settlements opposite the Rio Grande from the ancient and quaint Indian pueblo ' of San Juan. Chamita is probably the oldest white settlement m the United States, the Spanish Conquistadores having made their first settlemeat in the United States at San Gabriel, practically a part of Chamita. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 291 As is indicated by the postoffices, Eio Arriba County has many little towns, most of them charmingly situated and having mer- cantile establishments, public schools and churches. At Velarde is a Baptist mission school and church. ROOSEVELT COUNTY. Area, 3,110 square miles; population, 7,500. The census of 1900 gave this area a population of 383. Assessed valuation in 190o, $1,014,826. County seat, Portales. Postoffices: Arch, Bethel, Blacktower, Delphos, Elida, Floyd, Langton., Portales, Texico and Tolar. Eoosevelt County, named after the President, was created by the Thirty-fifth Legislative Assembly and came into existence May 1, 1903; of its area on July 1, 1905, there were still subject to entry 1,532,980 acres, of which 89,680 were unsurveyed. The county is bounded on the east by Parmer, Bailey and Cochran Counties, Texas; on the south by Chaves County, on the west by Chaves and Guadalupe Counties, and on the north by Quay County. The Pecos Valley" & Northeastern Eailway crosses it from northeast to southwest for fifty-four miles, and the Eastern Eailway of jSTew Mexico, now under construction, crosses its northern part from east to west, forming a Junction with the Pecos Valley & North- eastern at Texico. Along this line in the county the following townsites have been platted and will undoubtedly be the location of thriving settlements : Newman, sixteen miles west of Texico ; Sumner, sixty-three miles west of Texico, the public lands from Texico to Sumner, along the railroad, being almost all filed upon by settlers. It is distinctively a plains county, and, excepting a fraction of the northeast corner, is rectangular in form. It measures sixty miles from east to west and fifty-four miles from north to south. It is the eighteenth county in size and yet covers an area about three times the size of the State of Ehode Island. Its western boundary is approximately along the divide or watershed between the Pecos Eiver on the west and the Brazos Eiver on the east. The principal valley crosses the county from a point on the west boundary line, north of the center, to a point a little south of the center of the eastern boundary line, so that the entire couDty is traversed in a northwesterly-south- easterly direction by a broad valley, which has come to be known as the "Inland Valley." It is for the greater part of its length skirted on either side by low hills and bears all the indications of having been at one time the course of a broad, flowing stream of water. There are at intervals along the course of this valley, springs from which flow streams of pure, non-alkaline water. Par- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 293 ticularly is this true near the head of the valley, where there is a considerable number of such. The course of the drainage for the flow of waters divides at a point a little north and west of the center. The one part forms the head of what is known as the Black Water branch of the Brazos River, and the other forms the headwaters of the Yellow Horse branch of that stream. Numerous draws grade into the inland valley at various points, coming from different directions and distances, covering the entire country with a network of drainage. These draws and valleys are for the most part broad and the grade from the higher land is so slight that in passing over the surface the descent or the ascent is scarcely noticeable. To either side of the principal valley and beyond the narrow range of sand bluffs the surface broadens out into the wide plains, upon which the native grasses grow in abundance, providing pasture for cattle, sheep and horses, upon which they feed the year around and make Roosevelt a stock country par ex- cellence. From those pastures great numbers of, these animals are shipped and driven annually, both to the market and to the north- em States for feeding. Because of the mildness of the climate and the abundant growth of grasses, the region embraced within the limits of Roosevelt County is rightly considered a part of nature's stock breeding ground. It is crossed from the northeast to the southwest by the Pecos Valley & Northeastern Railway, a part of the Santa Fe system, operating seventy miles in the county. At this time 2,000 quarter-sections are occupied by actual settlers, who are mostly engaged in farming without irrigation as a means of earning a livelihood. There is throughout the Inland Valley an inexhaustible ilow at a depth of from 100 to 500 feet. This makes a convenient supply of good waiter that has been pronounced by experts to be more cheaply available for irrigation on small farms than could be otherwise obtained. The water can be raised to the surface by means of pumping engines at a comparatively low cost. This also makes possible intense cultivation'. The western range of townships lies in such proximity to the Pecos River Valley that a considerable body of land in that vicinity has been temporarily reserved under the provisions of the national irrigation law pending a survey to determine the feasibility of building an irrigation system. From a view of the situation it seems evident that nature especially intended that section for a natural reservoir into which the flood waters of the Pecos can be led at a minimum cost, and from this storage reservoir by a sys- tem of canals and ditches a large tract of level, fertile land can SCENES NEAR PORTALES. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 295 be brought imder irrigation and cultivation'. In a range of sand- hills extending from the northwest to the southwest, the Forestry Service of the federal government is making experiments in re- forestration with apparent success. This land has been withdrawn from entry on that account. There is every indication that horticulture will become a profit- able industry. Such fruit bearing trees as have reached a bearing age at the older farms have produced fruit of an unsurpassed quality. The elevation retards too early blooming in the spring, while the sunshine and soil conduce to the highest development of flavor, form and color. Almost every homesteader has planted an orchard, while" many thousands of forest, ornamental and shade trees have been set out. These are making satisfactory growth, and when the soil is properly prepared before setting and after- wards kept in a good state of cultivation, the growth of these is very rapid. The climatic cond-i'tions are favorable, and the elevation is suffi- ciently great to make epidemics of enteric diseases and malaria out of the question. Portales. The building of the Pecos Valley & Northeastern Eailway ex- tension connecting Koswell with Amarillo, during the fall of 1898, marked the beginning of the building of the town of Portales. While the railroad was being constructed there was a tent city on the townsite Avhich, for the most part, vanished after the tracks were laid and the depot built. Little was done in the line of set- tlement and the permanent building of the town imtil the fall of the year 1900. The altitude is 4,004: feet above sea level. It is ninety miles from Eoswell, 116 miles from Amarillo, and eighteen miles from the ISTew Mexico-Texas boundary. It lies in a valley in which rise the headwaters of the Yellow Horse branch of the Brazos Eiver. The general contour of the surrounding country is level prairie, and throughout the entire vicinity water may be had from springs that flow out at several points along the draw and from a depth of 100 feet or more. The growth of the town has been steady and has not exceeded tlie settlement and develop- ment of the surrounding country. Its population at present is 1,300, while the precinct has a population of over 2,000. There are two banks, one national and the other territorial. The town has two weekly newspapers. The Portales Times and the Portalte Herald; a fine concrete court house, built in the public square; ^:::si£^K^jsm^ ROOSEVELT COUNTY SCENES THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 297 three churches, good pnljlic schools, a branch creamery, a mill for the manufacture of artificial stone, a telephone exchange, a cold storage plant and modern business houses. Farming and stock raising are the industries that contribute mostly to the town's prosperity. Pure water, free from alkali, is obtained on the town- site from wells at a depth of eighteen feet. Elida is situated near the southwestern boundary. It is twenty-five miles from the county seat and is a station on the Pecos Valley & North- eastern Eailway. The land in its neighborhood is rolling prairie and covered with a luxuriant growth of mesquite and gramma grass. A townsite has been laid out. It covers eighty acres. A square is dedicated to the public. A public well, pumping plant and reservoir and a block for a postoffice building are inchided in this jjublic square. Elida has a postoffice, a general merchan- dise store, a hardware srore, a large lumber yard, a grain and feed store, a restaurant, a weekly newspaper. The Elida News; a black- smith shop and a carpenter sho]). In the town and immediate vicinity there is a population of 600 people. Beyond the present settlement and m every direction there are fine lands subject to entry under the homestead act. There are indications of coal in this vicinity. Texico is at the point where the Pecos Valley & ISTortheastern Eailway crosses the New Mexico-Texas boundary line and is the junction of the railroad named with the Eastern Eailway of New Mexico, now under construction. The townsite was surveyed and platted in August, 1902; it is twenty-two miles from Portales. The sur- rounding land is comparatively level. Its growth has been rapid. More than 300 c[uarter-sections of land in the immediate vicinity are occupied by actual settlers. The soil is a deep sandy loam, easy of cultivation and very productive. Surveys have been made out of Texico for railroad purposes eastward to Floyada and Quanah, Texas. There are here over a score of business houses, a national bank, and the population; of the town and immediate vicinity is almost 1,000. A school house has been built and a weekly newspaper. The Texico Trumpet, is published. Bethel, W'hich is nine miles from Portales, has a postoffice. A school is maintained here bv the Christian Church, which has erected build- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 299 ings for the accommodation of students. The land in the vicinity of Bethel for several miles in every direction has been entered under the homestead act and is being occupied and cultivated by actual settlers. Floyd. Nine miles west of Bethel is t^-e settlement and postoffice of Floyd. Floyd has a general store and a neat school building only recently completed. Practically every quarter-section of land for several miles around has been taken up and is occupied and under cultivation by homestead entrym'en. SANDOVAL COUNTY. Area, 3,833 square miles; population, 12,500; assessed valua- tion in 1905, $810,839; county seat, Bernalillo. Postoffices: Algodones, Bernalillo, Bland, Cabezon, Casa Salazar, Cuba, Hagan, Jemez, Pena Blanca, Perea, Plaeitas, Sandoval, Senorito and Thornton. The county was created Ijy an act of the Thirty-fifth Legisla- tive Assemblv in 1903, Bernalillo C nmty contributing the largest area. Of its area, ()94:,190 acres, 239,209 unsurveyed, are subject to entry under the federal land laws, while a considerable portion of the remainder is included in so-called private land grants. The Eio Grande traverses the southeastern corner. The Puerco Eiver rises in the county. Xext to the Eio Grande and the Puerco, the Jemez is the principal stream. Other streams are the Tortuga, La Jara, San Jose, Eio de la Vaca, Salado and Guadalupe. The Galisteo, the Frijole, the Una de Gato and the San Pedro are the streams in the eastern part. The southern part of the Jemez For- est Eeserve is situated in the county. The main range of the Eocky Mountains, here called the Valles, Cochiti and Jemez Eanges, and the Continental Divide iDene- trate into the .county, some of the peaks rising to an elevation of almost 12,000 feet. These mountains are cut by deep gulches and canons. In the southeastern part is the massive and picturesque Sandia Eange, rising to an elevation of 10,500 feet. It is the fifteenth in size among the twenty-five counties of the Territory, covering an area almost four times as great as does the State ofEhode Island. It is bounded on the north by Eio Arriba County, on the east by Santa Fe County, on the south by Berna- lillo County, and on the west by San Juan, McKinley and Valencia Counties. The principal industries are stock raising, farming, fruit growing and mining. Its central location, great diversity of THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 301 topography and fine climate, together with the fact that the Cen- tral Kio- Grande Yalle}^ starts in the county and extends through it for more than twenty miles give it prominence and attractive- ness. There are nearly 600,000 acres that can be brought under irrigation and about 1,500,000 acres are good pasture. The mesas or tablelands are usually long stretches of plain varying in width from five to twenty miles and extending from the base of the mountains in the direction of the valley with an inclination of only a few feet to the mile and ending abruptly in a range of bluffs or sand hills, which form a background of brown to the verdure of the valley. The mesas are the principal grazing dis- tricts. In seasons of average rainfall the grass grows well. This,, with the mild climate, makes Sandoval a prosperous stock growing section, almost 300,000 head of sheep grazing in the county. Cattle and goats also thrive. About 10,000 acres are uitcler ditch, only about 3,000 being under actual cultivation. The irrigation systems are primitive and there is abundant opportunity for profitable investment in irrigation works. The Indian villages of Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Sandia, Jemez, Santa Ana and Zia are in the county. The mountainous portion is well timbered. The greater portion of the proposed Pajarito National Park will be in this county, and within it are fotmd thousands of prehistoric cliffs, cave and communal buildings and the mysterious Stone Lions of Cochiti. Fruit, especially the Mission grape, vegetables and alfalfa do well in the Eio Grande bottoms. The principal mining camps are the coal camp of Hagan, at the foot of the Sandia Mountains, and the gold camp of Bland, in the Cochiti Eange, thirty miles west of the city of Santa Fe. Bland was a flourishing mining camp for a number of years, but at present very little work is being done in the district. The Albe- marle group produced $667,500 in gold and silver before clos- ing. It had a plant of 300 tons a day capacity. The main shaft is down 700 feet. The Lone Star, Washington, Crown Point, Laura S., Tip Top and Iron King have been producers. On the IroDi King, seven miles below Bland, is a 50-ton mill. Other prop- erties at Bland are the Posey, Black Girl. Little Casino, Allerton, Union, Lone Star, Mammoth, Ellen L., Hopewell, Good Hope, Iron Queen, Bull of the Woods, Fraction, Short Order, Iowa Ko. 3, Mon- ster, Corona, ISTo Name, Little Mollie, Tom Boy, Santa Fe, Hani- son, Famous, Old Dutch, Little Betsey, Ivanhoe, Aunt Betsey, Acme, Calumet, Del Fino, Morning Star, Shannon, Dewit, Strip THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 303 No. 2, Belle, Navajo, Golden Cochiti Tunnel, Sister C, Cross Keys, Puzzler, Midnight, Wilson and Sheridan. The Nacimiento district lies in the Nacimiento Mountains, a northern extension of the Jeniez Mountains, and copper and coal are the principal minerals found there. The Nacimiento Range rises to an elevation of 10,045 feet. The Jura Trias Company has done the most extensive development work on its claims. Twelve miles south of this group is the San Miguel district, and the principal property is the San Miguel group, the main ore being a low grade copper. The Placitas district is on the northern slope of the Sandia Mountains. Copper, gold, lead and silver are the principal ores. The following claims have been located: Bal- comb, AV. J. Bryan, Nineteen Hundred, Shamrock, Bibo, Iron Cap, Montezuma, Yellow Jack and Valley A^iew. East of the Placitas district is the Sandia district, in which are cement beds carrying gold, while copper, silver and lead ores are found. The leading groups are the Gold Ring and Maceo. At Hagan the Una de Gato coal mines have been extensively developed and a railroad is at present being built to take their product to market. Adjoining the Hagan coal fields, the Pina Vititas ana Coyote fields are partly developed. Oil indications are found in these districts. In the western part of and along the Rio Puerco are extensive coal fields. Mineral and hot springs of considerable fame for their curative powers are found at Jemez, San Antonio and Sulphurs in the Yalles Range almost directly west of Santa Fe and npon the Tejon Grant. The Santa Fe Railway traverses the southeastern part for about forty miles, and part of the branch road of the Santa Fe Central from Moriarty to the coal camp of Hagan via Frost, now under ',onstruction, is within the county limits. Bernalillo is the largest town and county seat. It has quite an interesting history and is one of the oldest European settlements in the Rio Grande Valley. It is picturesquely situated and is surrounded by fields and orchards which are irrigated from the Rio Grande. It has a modern flour mill, several substantial business houses, an academy for girls, good public schools and nice homes. Its cli- mate makes it a very agreeable place for health ' seekers. Round about are many prosperons agricultural settlements. The Indian pueblos of San Felipe and Sandia are within easy distance. The vineyards of the immediate vicinity are famous, the Mission grapes here attaining a size and flavor unexcelled. The town has a Roman THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 305 Catholic church. Bernalillo is situated on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway. The census of 1900 gave it a population of 766, but many more people live in its immediate vicinity. . • Thornton is a railroad station where there are several stores and is the ter- minus of the wagon road to the Cochiti mining district. Within a short distance are the Indian pueblos of Cochiti and Santo Domingo. Jennez is iU' the Avestern part. In its vicinity are the celebrated Jemez, Sulphur and San Antonio hot springs, the waters of which are especially efficacious in blood diseases, kidney complaints, rheu- matism, stomach troubles and other disorders. Not far away is the picturesque Indian pueblo of Jemez. • The excellent curative properties of these waters are well known throughout New Mexico, SAN JUAN COUNTY. From an agricultural and climatic standpoint, San Juan is one of the most favored counties in New Mexico. x\rea, 5,598 square miles; population, 8,500 (4,828 according to census of 1900); assessed valuation in 1905, $917,719. Postoffices: Aztec, Blanco, Bloomfield, Cedarhill. Crozier, Crystal, Farmington, Flora- vista, Fruitland, Hood, Jewett, Kirkland, La Boca, La Plata, Largo, Pendleton, Putnam 'and Shiprock. The county is bounded on the north by Montezuma and La Plata Counties, Colorado; on the west by Apache County, Arizona; on the south by McKinley County, and on the east by Eio Arriba and Sandoval Counties. It occupies the northwestern corner of the Territory. The govern- ment monument which marks its northwestern corner also marks the corner of New M:exico, Arizona, Utah and Colorado. It is adjacent to one of the richest mining fields in the United States, just over the Colorado line. It is an empire in itself. Of its area, 1,958,400 acres are included in the Navaho Indian Eeservation; 107,314 acres are part of the Ute Indian Eeservation; 1,481,043 acres are still subject to entry under. the land laws, 481,280 of these being unsurveyed; about 260,000 acres have been appropri- ated and about 300,000 acres are irrigable. It is five and one-half times as large as the State of Ehode Island, three times as large as Delaware, and it contains 900 square miles more than the State of Connecticut. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 307 Topographically, the coimt}', or at least the irrigable portion of it viewed from above, presents the appearance of a basin sur- rounded on all sides by mountains and high ridges, with a deep notch cut into one side through which the San Juan River flows. It is not mountainous, but it is located in the foothills, on the mesas and »in the valleys with gigantic mountain masses to the north in Colorado. Some of the hills_, however, rise to a consider- able altitude. Outside of the river valleys and the upper mesas, which are broad and level, the country consists of a series of double lands broken by arroyos and generally composed of fertile soil upon which the native grasses grow luxuriantly. The altitude ranges from 4,500 to 5,800 feet. The annual rainfall in the north- ern part amounts to fourteen inches. The water supply for irri- gation is abundant and is distributed by good systems of canals and ditches, several new systems being under construction. The Reclamation Service has surveyed a project to reclaim 20,000 acres west of the La Plata River. At Ship Rock, a boarding school for the Navaho Indians is maintained by the Indian office, and irrigation works are being built. At Jewett a mission school for the ISTavahos is in opera- tion. The irrigable areas are found on the table and bottom lands of the San Juan, Las Animas, La Plata and Los Pinos Rivers. About 100,000 acres are under ditch, of which 50,000 acres might be easily cultivated, but thus far only 18,000 acres are under actual cultivation. Alfalfa, the cereals and the best of fruits are the principal crops. Its apples are famous in eastern markets. Climate and conditions are especially favorable to dairying, poul- try, farming and bee culture. The live stock industry is important as by far the greater part of the area is public range. The greatest coal deposits of New Mexico are there, worked only on a small scale, but to be exploited extensively in the near future by the advent of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad standard gauge branch to Farmington, and now completed from Darango, Colo- rado, via Cedarhill and Aztec to Farmington, a distance of sixty miles from Durango. The Colorado & Arizona Railroad has a survey completed from Durango, Colorado, to Cochise County, Arizona, which cuts across the country from north to south and will tap the enormous La Plata coal deposits. The principal coal mines are the La Plata, one and one-half miles from Pendleton; the Enterprise, near Pendleton; the Morgan, south of La Boca; the Stevens, two and a half miles from Fruitland, with coal seams twelve feet thick; the Brimhall, adjoining the Stevens; the Kirk- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 309 land, two miles west of the Stevens, and the Thomas mine, forty- five miles south of La Boca, and witli a vein sixty feet thick, the largest in the Southwest. The coal is bituminous. The valleys of the San Juan River and its two principal tribu- taries in the county, the Animas and the La Plata, are thickly settled by enterprising farmers who are faring well by agricul- ture, horticulture < and stock raising. The orchards of that section are many and San Juan County fruit has already attained a very enviable reputation. There are indications of oil in various sections. Farmington is the largest town, having a, population of about 1,200. It is sit- uated on the San Juan River, between the mouths of the Animas and the La Plata Rivers, and is the terminus of a branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. It was an Indian trading post thirty years ago. There are large mercantite establishments, hotels, restaurants, a bank, a modern flouring mill run by water power, a distillery, an evaporator, two weekly newspapers, The Farming- ton Times-Hustler and The Farmington Enterprise; it is incor- porated, has a system of public water works and an electric light plant. It has a commodious brick school building. Aztec on the Animas, is the county seat. It is twenty-three years old. It has general stores, hotels, restaurants, a modern water power flour mill, three churches, a weekly paper, The Index; a $10,000 court house and jail, a high school building, a bank and a private college. The population is 900. Largo is quite a settlement on the San Juan River at the mouth of the Canon Largo. It is the oldest in the county and is supported by agriculture and stock raising. Blanco is a new town on the upper San Juan River which bids fair to attain considerable importance in the near future as it is the head- quarters of an irrigation company which has the construction of a krge canal and the bringing of 30,000 acres of land under irri- gation in view, and is preparing for this work. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 311 Fruitland. This is a pretty and prosperous agricultural settlement on the San Juan River, with several mercantile establishments, public school, church and a weekly newspaper. SAN MIGUEL COUNTY. Area, 4,893 square miles; population, census of 1900, 22,053; present population, 28,000; assessed valuation in 1905, $4,030,782; county seat. Las Vegas. Postofhces : Bell Eanch, Beulah, Chapelle, Chaperito, Chaves, Corazon, Cowles, Fulton, G^llinas Springs, Gonzales, Hot Springs, Las Vegas, Los Alamos, Mineral Hill, Onava, Pecos, Eibera, Eociada, Eomero, Eowe, Sanchez, San Jose, San Miguel, Sapello, Sena, Sibley, Tecolote, Trementina and Vil- lanueva. The county is bounded on the north by Mora and Union Counties, on the east by Union and Quay Counties, on the south by Guadalupe and Torrance, and on the west by Torrance and Santa Fe Counties. San Miguel, the "Empire County" of New Mexico, is not only one of the most favored sections of the Territory in point of early settlement and subsequent development, but it presents such diver- sity of resources that home seekers and investors are alike attracted to the region. The leading industry is stock raising, although it is also a producer of cereals. The small stock owners rather than the large concerns control the range. 'The mild winter climate, a fair supply of water and good shipping facilities are among its advantages. There are about 70,000 head of cattle and 400,000 sheep owned. Crop raising without irrigation is feasible in the mountain valleys. Wherever water is available for irrigation, pro- lific crops of grains, vegetables and fruits are raised. The lumber industry is important and the northwestern part is timbered, part of the Pecos Forest Eeserve being in the county and several saw mills are located there. The Santa Fe Eailway cuts through and is one of the principal factors in its prosperity. The Dawson Eail- way traverses the eastern portion, and a new line from Dawson via Las Vegas to Santa Eosa has been surveyed by the El Paso & Southwestern. Eailway. The climate is good and a number of health and pleasure resorts are located near Las Vegas, the hot springs being especially renowned and efficacious. The location of the Fraternal Sanitarium for Consumptives at the springs has given the climate of Las Vegas fame far and wide. The principal rivers are the Pecos, Mora, Bear, Willow, Davis, Gallinas. Sapello, Tecolote, Bernal, Concha, Trementina, Canadian, THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 313 Atarque and Tajarito. The mountains culminate in the Sangre de Cristo Range in the western part, several peaks attaining an altitude exceeding 12,500 feet. Of the area on July 1, 1905, there were 1,460,724 acres subject to public land entry, 39,192 acres of this tract being unsurveyed. The mineral resources of San Miguel County are varied. The most important mining operations are carried on in the Hamil- ton mining district on the Pecos Forest Eeserve. The Pecos Cop- per ComjDany is here developing upon a large scale a deposit of copper, zinc, gold, and silver-lead ores. Coal is found near, as well as ten miles south of the mines. Many locations of copper prospects have been made on this reserve. Xorth of Las Vegas, near the Mora County line, is the Rociada district, where much development work has been done on the Eisirig Sun and Azure groups. Other properties here are the Joe and Jennie, and the Lone Star groups. In the Selitre district are the Selitre, Copper Queen, Last Chance and Santa Rita groups. In the San Miguel and Mineral Hill districts are the Copper King, Santa Maria and Mystic groups. Most ot the properties in all of these districts are copper bearing. Las Veqas means "The Meadows." It is a city of over 10,000 inhabitants, situated on both sides of the Gallinas River and is the county seat. It lies in a pretty and fertile valley at the western edge of a wide plateau or tableland, stretching many miles eastward and at the foot of the main range of the Rocky Mountains, occupying a com- manding site in a commercial as well as climatic respect. Its his- tory commences definitely with the year 1835, when a colony was established there by the Republic of Mexico. A grant of land comprising nearly 500,000 acres in extent was given to the com- munity of Las Vegas for homestead and agricultural purposes, and through colonization the population gradually increased and the town or community was permanently established. Las Vegas of today, which is a modern city, is composed, strictly speaking, of the incorporated city of Las Vegas and the town, also incorpo- rated, lying west of the river. While portions of the old town have a quaint and picturesque appearance, adobe houses, narrow, crooked streets, old customs, handicrafts and occupations, always of interest both to residents and tourists, yet it as well as the new town east of the river, constitute distinctive modern cities. The streets are wide and well graded, while cement sidewalks line THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 315 most of them, as do growing trees. Three parks, with lawns and trees, add to the beauty of the place, as do handsome and well filled stores, elegant residences with attractive environments and nice lawns. The National Fraternal Sanitarium for Consumptives has been located at Las Vegas hot springs and will have the sump- tuous Montezuma Hotel as headquarters for a tent city and colony, which in a few years will number thousands of inhabitants. A tent city has been established at and adjoining St. Anthony's Sani- tarium. The air is pure, dry, rarefied and highly electrified, a certain cure for consumption if the cure be taken in time. The mineral waters of the hot springs nearby are a specific for liver, skin, rheumatic and blood disorders. The water supply is good and is taken from the Gallinas River, in the canon, about seven miles above the town. The latitude is about the same as that of central Tennessee, while the altitude is nearly 6,500 feet. This combination gives a peculiar and bene- ficial result. In the winter the thermometer seldom falls below forty degrees in the sun, while it often runs up to sixty-five de- grees or even more. On the other hand, in the summer the heat is never oppressive in the shade and no night is too warm for com- fortable sleep under one or two blankets. This, with the dryness of the air, caused by the slight precipitation of moisture; the resinous aroma coming from the pine-clad mountains, the large amount of electricity in the air, aud the ozone resulting from the altitude, as well as its location, land-locked by mountains and mesas, combine to produce an atmosphere which is a balm to the respiratory organs affected with disease. In the way of health and pleasure resorts, the town does well. It has a racing park and an annual fair and race meets. In a radius of twenty miles, in romantic mountain glens, are located many picturesque health resorts. Among them are Las Vegas Hot Springs, Harvey's Resort, Sandoval's Mineral Hill, Romero Ranch, Blake's, Spark's, Sapello and Rociada. There one can enjoy all outdoor sports, such as trout fishing, hunting, etc. The lover of nature has here the opportunity of viewing some of the grandest mountain scenery in all the Rocky Mountain region, the "Scenic Highway" at present being under construction across the Pecos Forest Reserve to Santa Fe. Las Vegas affords satisfactory educational advantages, having five public schools, one being a handsome stone structure costing $25,000, and the Territorial Normal School, which has an ad- vanced course of study. These schools employ upwards of twenty- '' A\Z THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 317 one teachers, with an enrolhnent of 2,200 children and students. Among other schools are the Academy of the Immaculate Con- ception, conducted by the Sisters of Loretto; a Presbyterian mis- sion, a Methodist Training, Manual and Commercial School in connection with the Normal Universitj^, as well as several music schools. The city has a Carnegie Library. Las Vegas is the headquarters of the New Mexico division of the Santa Fe Railway system and has railroad machine shops, railroad offices, tie preserving works and stockyards. It has two national banks and one savings bank, Avith deposits of nearly a million dollars, building and loan associations, a trust company, new and commodious hotels, restaurants and boarding houses, commission and wholesale firms carrying large stocks of merchan- dise. It is a noted wool center and the annual sales of that staple reach into thq, millions. Here is located a large sheep dip- ping plant and a number of scouring mills are operated. There are published at Las Yegas, The Optic, an eight-page daily news- paper, having the Associated Press service; several weekly publi- cations, including the Weekly Optic, The News, La Voz del Pueblo, El Independiente and La Revista Catolica. There are fine church buildings representing the various denominations. It has an electric railway, electric light plants and a roller flour mill, as well as a manufactory of mineral and carbonated waters^ car- riage and wagon manufactories, saddle and harness factories; plan- ing mills, as well as lumber yards ; foundry, machine . shop, ice plant and cold storage plant. The town has two telephone ex- changes, connecting with Denver and central and southern' New Mexico points. The system is completed via Santa Fe to Albu- querque. A large and well equipped sanitarium, known as the St. Anthony's, is conducted by the Sisteis of Charity. There are also quarries of building stone near the city. The Territorial Insane Asylum, having accommodations for 200 patients, is located here. The headquarters of the Fourth Judicial District is located here, also the office of the Territorial District Attorney for San Miguel and Mora Counties. San Miguel. This is one of the oldest settlements in the county and is situated on the Pecos River, near where it is crossed by the Santa Fe Rail- way. It has a historic church, an academy, mercantile establish- ments and public schools. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. . 319 Pecos. This is an' agricultural settlement on the Pecos Eiver, sur- rounded by farms and orchards. It has a fine stone church, stores and a public school. Rociada. Rociada is an agricultural settlement on the eastern boundary of the Pecos Forest Reserve. Near by are good mineral indica- tions, which have been partially developed. SANTA FE COUNTY. Area, 1,980 square miles; population, census of 1900, 14,658; present population, 18,000; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,796,573; county seat, Santa Fe; postoffiees, Cerrillos, Chimayo, Cow Springs, Galisteo, Glorieta, Golden, Hobart, Ildefonso, Kennedy, Lamy, Nambe, Pojoaque, San Pedro, Santa Cruz and Santa Fe. The county is bounded on the north -by Rio Arriba and Taos Counties, on the east by Taos, Mora and San Miguel Counties, on the south by Torrance, and on the west by Bernalillo and San- doval Counties. Of its area, 470,390 acres, 18,603 of these still unsurveyed, are subject to land entry. Of the Pecos Forest Re- serve, 188,900 acres are in the county, as is also the Nambe Indian Reservation of 7,680 acres, and part of the Santa Clara Reservation. The county is very mountainous, especially in the eastern and south- western parts. The principal range is the Sangre de Cristo, which, near Santa Fe, rises to 12,623 feet in Mount Baldy; 12,380 feet in Lake Peak, and 10,546 in Thompson's Peak. In the southwestern part are the Cerrillos, San Pedro, South and Sandia Mountains, at- taining an elevation exceeding 10,000 feet. In the western part are the foothills of the Valles, Cochiti and Jemez Ranges. It is these mountains that hold the vast mineral treasures that three hun- dred years ago brought the first prospectors and made the gold placers in the southern part of the county, the earliest worked of any in the United States by white man. They produced gold over 200 years before the discovery of that metal in California. The turquoise mines south of Santa Fe were worked by the aborigines. The principal placers are those upon the slopes of the Ortiz Moun- tains and the New Placers near Golden. They are producers to- day. There have been year's when these placers yielded as high as $80,000 in dust and nuggets, and one nugget was picked up which was valued at $3,400. On the Ortiz Mine Grant is the Ortiz gold mine, and upon it was erected the first stamp mill in New THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 321 Mexico. The Cunningham Mine, Candelaria, Brehm, Hiitehason,, Brown, Humboldt, and Shoshone are in the same district. In the New Placers district, adjoining the Old Placers, are the mining camps of Golden and San Pedro. At the latter, the Santa Fe Gold and Copper Company has developed extensively a copper mine and has erected a large smelter. The San Lazarus, Lincoln Lucky, Perry group of iron mines, Gold Standard, McKinley, Anaconda, Stockton, Alto, San Miguel, Gold King, Hazelton, Shamrock, Lu- cas. New Mexico, Good Enough, Oro Quay and Old Keliable are the best known lode mines, while the Monte Cristo, Baird, Morning Glory, Gold Dust, Red Bank and Viola are placer locations. The Racine Mining Company, the Gold Bullion Mining Company and others are doing extensive work upo'n these placers. In the Cerrillos District are the Tiffany and other turquoise mines, but it was through the discovery of sulphide ores, zinc, lead and silver that the district came into prominence in 1879. The following year two mining camps. Bonanza and Carbonateville, were laid out. In this district is the Mina del Tierra, the oldest lode mine in the West, which was worked prior to 1860 by Indian peons under the direction of the Jesuits. It carries silver, lead and zinc. The ores of the district are mostly heavy sulphides of zinc and lead, carrying silver, gold and copper, and' the most important properties are the Cash Entry, Grand Central, Tom Pain«, Golden Eagle, M. & L., J. B. Weaver, Galena Chief, Beta, Little Joe, Sunnyside, Whalen group and Ingersoll. At Cerrillos is a 50-ton smelter. In the Santa Fe Canon is the Owen group of molybdenum claims and the Montezuma mine, a low grade gold proposition. In the canons northeast of Santa Fe development is being done on copper-zinc-silver prospects. On the Dalton Divide are the Mailuchet and other copper claims, and on Indian Creek, the Annie Jones mine. Several gold prospects have been located on the slopes of the Sangre de. Cristo Range. Near Nambe exist extensive mica deposits. At and aroimd Glor- ieta are big iron deposits which have been extensively developed and from which shipments have been made to the Cerrillos smelter. Here there are also copper and gold prospects. At and near Santa Fe are found the finest brick clay in New Mexico and mountains of lime. The county also has gypsum deposits and splendid build- ing stone, including marble, found near Santa Fe and the Cer- rillos and Lamy sandstones. The principal mineral product, how- ever, is coal, the coal camp being that of Madrid, just south of Cerrillos. Here coal was mined as early as 1869, and anthracite THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 323 and bituminous coal have been worked within short distances of each other, the mine in operation until recently having been the Cerrillos Bituminous, which produced annually about 60,000 tons of coal, almost one-third of this being anthracite. Sixteen riiiles southeast of Madrid is the Block coal mine, which has a 600-foot slope and a fine seam of bituminous coal two and a half feet thick. Coal deposits have been developed in the immediate vicinity of Santa Fe, also on Galisteo Creek and in other parts of the county. This county does not occupy as conspicuously large an area as many other counties of New Mexico, but owing to the history of its political capital, whence it derives its name, its scenic and cli- 'matic attractions and its diversified resources, it naturally takes first rank in interest among the political subdivisions of the Ter- ritory. Of its area, 950,000 acres are officially pronounced avail- able for cultivation and pasturage, while thousands of the roughest mountain acres are clothed with timber and ribbed with valuable mineral bearing veins. It is crossed from east to west by the great transcontinental railroad of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe system which operates over seventy miles of road within its borders, and is tapped from the north by the New Mexico division of the Den- ver & Rio Grande Eailroad, which extends within the county from Santa Clara to Santa Fe, a distance of thirty miles. The Santa Fe Central Eailway has its terminal at Santa Fe, giving the capital direct communication with the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific system. The length of its main line in the county is fifty miles. A branch line of the Santa Fe system runs from Lamy to Santa Fe, a distance of eighteen miles. A short branch of the main line also extends to the Madrid coal fields. Wagon roads reach all the towns, and a telephone is in operation from Santa Fe to Cerrillos, while a long distance line has been built which connects Santa Fe with northern New Mexico, and with Albuquerque and other towns of southern New Mexico. From the summit of Mount Baldy the surface presents a mag- nificent panorama of mountains, mesas and valleys, with many streams of water running down high mountain slopes, over preci- pices and boulders into deep and narrow gorges and widening valleys, flashing in the sunlight like ribbons of silver in their hur- ried and heedless race to the Rio Grande on the west, and with lofty mountain peaks of southern and northern New Mexico swim- ming in the blue air of the dreamy distance. The mountain ranges shelter this favored locality from violent winds and render the ■climate remarkably mild and equable considering that the altitude THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 325 of the valleys varies from 5,500 to 7,500 feet above sea level. Doubtless this circumstance, together with the fertility of the soil, excellence of the water, plentitude of timber and the many marked manifestations of deposits of gold and silver bearing mineral a few miles south, prompted the intrepid Spanish explorers to locate a permanent colony and mission at Santa Fe, or the City of the Holy Faith of St. Francis of xA.ssisi, as early as 1603. The wisdom of the selection has been well demonstrated during the three centuries that have since melted into the past. With the exception of the twelve years following the bloody and tran- siently successful revolt of the Pueblo Indians in 1680, Santa Fe has ever since been recognized as one of the most important out- posts of civilization and commerce in. the southwestern country, being continuously the political, ecclesiastical and military capital of this region under both Spanish and Mexican rule, and though it has since seen the frontier line of the United States carried thousands of miles out into the Pacific Ocean, it still maintains its supremacy as the capital city of New Mexico, the county seat of Santa Fe County and the most delightful residence city in the Eocky Mountains. It may be added further that the county has thousands of acres of timber, about 470,000 acres of good grazing land, and about 500,000 acres are arable land, 200,000 acres of which could be irri- gated. In the absence of exact data, the land actually under culti- vation by means of irrigation is conservatively estimated at 10,000 acres, while 5,000 acres more are yearly planted to crops subject to chances of enough rain in the growing season to mature them. Wherever the valley and mesa lands have been brought under the magic influence of systematic irrigation, the results have uniformly proved very satisfactory, and naturally this stimulates enterprise annually to enlarge and extend existing irrigation systems and thus gradually increase the number of acres that can be depended upon to yield regular crops. In addition to the Eio Grande, never dry within the county and carrying a large volume of water, the Santa Cruz, the Nambe, the Pojoaque, the Santa Fe, the Santa - Clara, the Tesuque, Dalton, Macho, Indian, Holy Ghost, Manzan- ares, Glorieta, Apache, Eio de los Indes, Galisteo, Arroyo Hondo, Chiquito, Panchuello, Chupadero and Frijole, part of them being in the Eio Grande and part in the Pecos drainage, are the prin- cipal perennial streams, only a portion of whose waters are utilized for irrigation. Large areas can be reclaimed by pumping the heavy underflow in the principal valleys and by dry farming on THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 327 the mesas and in the mountains. There is a good range, not over- stocked. The agricultural valleys produce delicious fruits that are pronounced the finest that can be raised; alfalfa, cereals and vegetables. Santa Fe County has the best winter and summer climate in the United States. Owing to the historic interest!, the cliff dwellings, its trout streams, the Scenic Highway, the beauty of the scenery, its accessibility and itte exceptionally fine and equable climate, Santi Fe County attracts many tourists and health seekers. It contains a number of prosperous towns and settlements in addition to the territorial capital. Cerrillos is a mining camp which has a good public school and has a smelter, being the center of a mining country and near +^e extensive coal beds owned by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company at Madrid. Superior building stone is quarried near Cerrillos. In southern Santa Fe County is San Pedro, which, when the last census was taken, had 451 people. Here a fine copper smelter has been erected to treat the ores of the extensive workings of the Santa Fe Gold and Copper Company. Near San Pedro is Golden, a mining camp of 323 persons. Gal- isteo is an old agriculttural settlement in the center of a sheep and cattle district. Many nice ranches are in the vicinity. The pre- cinct is credited with 736 people. Glorieta is the starting point for most of the travel and traffic for the upper Pecos Kiver and the Pecos Forest Reserve, and near it are iron and copper ore deposits and coal veins and the interesting ruins of the abandoned Pecos pueblo. Northern Santa Fe County has a number of prosperous agri- cultural communities. These are Pojoaque, with 798 inhabitants; Santa Cruz, with 747; Tesuque, 348 people, the settlement being across tlie divide, six miles from Santa Fe; San Ildefonso, 392 people, near which the government has completed an irrigation canal for the San Ildefonso Pueblo Indians. Chimayo, in the extreme northern part, is credited with 319 people, and Canon cito or Lamy, seventeen miles southeast of Santa Fe, with 323 people. Lamy is a railroad junction point. A quarry of building and lime- stone is located near the place, as well as charcoal and lime ovens, and large cattle, sheep and goat ranches are in the vicinity. Just south of it is the settlement • of Cow Springs. Extensive beds of plaster of Paris are found a few miles north of Lamy; three miles south of Santa Fe is the agricultural settlement of Agua Fria, and still further south Cienega and Cieneguilla, while at the old mining camp of Bonanza is a large stock ranch and chicken farm, and nearby arc Turquesa and the Tiffany turquoise THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 329 mines. These settlements are not incorporated, yet they all have public schools and are the centers of fertile agricultural, stock or mining districts. Thexe are Indian pueblos, all very in- teresting for their primitive and quaint characteristics. The largest is Santa Clara, with 223 people; San Ildefonso, 137 In- dians; Kambe, 81;' Tesuque, 80, and Pojoaque, 12. Along the Santa Fe Central Eailway a number of stations have been located or townsites laid out. They are Kennedy, at the crossing of the Santa Fe Eailway ; Clark and Stanley near the O'Mara coal fields ; Donaciano, on the Arroyo Hondo, and Vega Blanca near a historic camping ground of the Comanches. At each of these points sta- tion buildings and store houses have been erected. Santa Fe. The historic seat of the government of the Territory of New Mexico, as well as the county seat of Santa Fe County, and the see of an archbishop of the Eonian Catholic church, enjoys the dis- tinction of being one of the oldest towns and is the oldest capital in the United States. Its permanent settlement by Europeans antedates the founding of Jamestown and also th'e landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth more than twenty years. The thril- ling and romantic incidents composing its history; the protracted and bloody struggles with hordes of savage Indians; the capture and pillage by hostile Pueblos in 1680; the general massacre of missionaries and explorers and flight of the governor and a few followers in the night to El Paso; the desecration and destruction of some of the Eoman Catholic churches and the restoration of the worship of stone idols; the reconquest by Diego de Vargas twelve 5^ears later; the terrible punishment visited upon the re- bellious Pueblos; the change from Spanish rule to the rule of the Eepublic of Mexico; the capture by the United States forces under General Kearny and the building of Fort Marcy; the stirring scenes accompanying the distribution of the immense traffic of the Santa Fe trail; the wild deeds of desperados and the fabulous hazards at cards in the days before the advent of the railroad, afford the material for an epic poem of deep interest. Here, so carefully preserved that the marks of its 300 years of age are not perceptible, is located the noted "Adobe Palace," which was the official residence of the S]3anish and Mexican governors, and since the Mexican war has been the headquarters of all the territorial governors or secretaries appointed by the different pres- idents of the United States. Here is situated the oldest house THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 331 standing on American soil, still used as a dwelling thougli built 400 years ago by Pueblo Indians, and near is the Saint Michael's Church, first built in 15-iO and still used as a place of worship. Here are the beautiful and imposing new capitol building, the massive modern Cathedral of St. Francis, the large and enduring stone Federal building, a modern penitentiary, St. Michael's Col- lege, old Fort Marcy, Guadalupe Church, Eosario Chapel, Loretto Convent, St. Katherine's and the United States Indian Indus- trial Schools, the 'New Mexico Institute for the Deaf and Dumb; Catholic, Presbyterian, Episcopal and Methodist Churches; the large Presbyterian Mission School for Girls, a High School building costing $35,000, St. Vincent's Orphan School, many mon- uments of historic interest, a beautiful plaza and smaller parks, besides fine business blocks and pretty residences. Santa Fe has a beautiful National Cemetery where are buried over a thousand Union soldiers. The city has a Federal building which is the head- quarters of the Internal Eevenue District, consisting of New Mex- ico and Arizona, of one of the four Federal Land Offices of the Territory ; of the United States Surveyor General for New Mexico ; the supervisor of the Pecos Forest Eeserve, and other federal offi- cials. The office of the District Attorney for Santa Fe and Taos Counties is here, and the city is the headcjuartiers of the First Judicial District and the Territorial Supreme Court. Here, also, side by side, are object lessons whereby the civilization of the Seventleenth and Eighteenth centuries can be studied in contrast with that of the present day as nowhere else in America. Environed by protecting hills and thus exempt from strong winds and sand storms; surrounded by enchanting natural scen- ery; beautified by orchards and gardens of flowers; blessed with a climate that is free from extremes of heat and cold, and air that is pure and tonic; supplied with an abundance of pure water for domestic, manufacturing and irrigation purposes from the ex- tensive storage reservoirs m rne mouth of the Santa Fe Canon; furnished with competing rail, express and telegraph communi- cation with all outside points ; the headquarters of the federal and Territorial officials, the meeting place of the Legislature, the Su- preme Court, the United States and Territorial District Courts, and the various Territorial Boards ; the see of the Archbishop of Santa Fe ; the headquarters of the New Mexico Historical Society ; a city having started a modern sewerage system ; possessing a pub- lic school system with a good high school and four ward schools, and endowed by the national government for public school pur- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 333 poses with the Fort Marcy Eeservation of almost seventeen acres in the heart of the city, Santa Fe is naturally forging to the front as a popular residence town. It has besides the Cathedral, three Eoman Catholic Churches, a Protestant Episcopal Church, and English and Spanish Presbyterian and Methodist Churches. An observation station and the office of the director of the New Mex- ico section of the U. S. Weather Bureau is located here. The two reservoirs of the Santa Fe Water and Light Company, located above the city on the Eio Santa Fe, cost $300,000, and consist of a large reservoir or artificial lake secured by means of a semi-circular dam across the canon 600 feet long, 350 feet wide, securely tied to bed-rock, and 120 feet high, with mains and service pipes extend- ing to every part of the city; and a smaller reservoir on Talaya Hill, which, with a new ditch line from the canon, supplies the power required to operate the city's electric light plant, which is supplemented by steam. There is here the oldest bank in New Mexico, and another bank is about to be established. The business houses command a large trade area, and it is a gateway through which passes a big share of the wool and other products of Eio Arriba, Taos and Santa Fe Counties, as well as of southern Colo- rado, bound for the south and for the east. • The Woman's Board of Trade is a unique and characteristic in- stitution. The public plaza aiid library are entirely under its di- rection. There are good hotel accommodations, besides a sani- tarium conducted by the good Sisters of Charity, and the Sun- mount tent city, which offers comfortable homes to health seekers and tourists. In the immediate vicinity is found some of the finest scenery in the West, including peaks with perpetual snow, sylvan lakes, forests, water falls and trout streams, to most of which the now famous Scenic Highway, starting at the city, is the key. Santa Fe is also the most convenient point from which to reach the very interesting Indian pueblos, a dozen hot and mineral springs, the cliff dwellings and the agricultural valleys and mining camps of Eio Arriba and Taos Counties. Draw a circle of fifty miles' radius with Santa Fe as the center ; it will take in the heart of New Mexico. Within it will be found a score of producing mining districts. Not only gold, but copper, silver, lead, zinc, iron, coal, turquoise, quarries of marble, build- ing stone, limestone, beds of clay, deposits of gypsum and veins of mica. In that circle are found some of the best agricultural lands in the Southwest. Here are raised some of the best fruits, the best sugar beets, the best grains in the world, and it includes the Es- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 335 panola, the Tesuqiie, the Chama, the Taos and other valleys. With- in that circle there is room and chance for profitable irrigation enterprises. In that circle flow the waters of the Rio Grande, the Nambe, the Rio Pueblo, the Truchas, the Pojoaqne, the Pecos, the Santa Clara, the Santa Cruz, the Chama and other streams, all perennial rivers with a never failing water supply in their upper courses. In that circle are found the water power, the fuel, the raw material for a hundred great industries. The circle is the most densely populated area in ISTeTv ^lexico or Arizona and offers cheap and plentiful labor for industrial enterprises and at the same time a good market. In that circle are superior sheep, cattle and goat ranges and forests. Kew Mexico has the finest climate in the world, and in that circle is the best climate in New Mexico. Within it are the great Pecos River and Jemez Forest Reserves, which insure a supply of water, summer retreats for tourists, health seekers, pleasure seekers, sportsmen and to the tired person who seeks quiet and rest in communion with nature in its most sublime and gentlest moods. Here are located the Scenic High- way, the famous cliff dwellings, the pyramids of America, ten Indian pueblos, the oldest buildings in the United States, a hun- dred spots which awaken memories of the romance of the great stretch of time between the coming of the Conquistadores and the supplanting of the Santa Fe trail by railroads. It is a circle invaded by three railroads and their important branches and connections, a circle near whose circumference are located the cities of Albuquerque and Las Vegas, which, with Santa Fe, form the three- largest and most important towns in the future "Sunshine State." In the center of the circle lies the city, whose name is one to conjure with, a name given to one of the great transcontinental railway systems, a town whose very name is an invitation to the health seeker, to the tourist, the capital of the coming Sunshine State, a county seat, an archbishop's see, the lo- cation of many Federal, Territorial, Catholic and Protestant church institutions, a town most charmingly situated, with a peer- less climate all the year around, and' a better summer climate than is possessed by any summer resort in the world and free from excessive heat and protected from the icy blasts of winter with the sun shining almost every day in the year. These and many more are the advantages, resources and attractions, the hub of which is the City of Santa Fe. The city and suburbs contain about 8,500 people, and this population is steadily on the increase. The city now enjoys telephone ::mmunications with I^as Vegas, Raton THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 337 and other Xew Mexico towns to the north, with Colorado towns to Denver, and with Albuquerque and intermediate towns to the south. SIERRA COUNTY. Area, 3,081 square miles; populatio'n, census of 1900, 3,168; present population, 5,000; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,397,865; county seat, Hillsboro; postoffices, Andrews, Arrey, Chloride, En- gle, Fairview, Hermosa, Hillsboro, Kingston, Lake Valley, Las Palomas, Monticello, Phillipsburg and Shandon. The county is bounded on the north by Socorro County, on the east by Socorro and Dona Ana Counties, on the south by Dona Ana and Luna, and on the west by Grant and Socorro Counties. Ten of the townships in the western part are included in the Gila Forest Eeserve. Of its area, 1,675,628 acres were subject to land entry on July 1, 1905, of which 374,379 acres were unsurveyed. Sierra County is one of the smallest of New Mexico's counties, only six having a less area, yet it is three times the area of the State of Rhode Island, and more than one and a half times the area of the State of Delaware. The census of 1900 gives the value of farms and live stock as $1,829,000. Sierra County is rough and broken. The principal mountain ranges are the Black, Mimbres, Fra Cristoval and Ca- ballos Ranges. The water supply is scant, the precipitation rang- ing from four to six inches during the summer, while the total per annum is probably in the neighborhood of ten inches. Irriga- tion is generally confined to the valleys of the few streams flowing eastward toward the Rio Grande. None of these, however, dis- ' charge water into the river, excepting during seasons of excessive sinowfall or heavy summer rains. The principal streams are the Cuchillo Negro, Rio Palomas, Las Animas, Arroyo Seco, Percha, Apache, Bt.<"ydo and Bear Creek. Although the water supply is small, it is constant and probably on this account a higher duty of water is reached in this district than in any other portioh of the Territory. Although there are about 5,000 acres under culti- vation, with increased irrigation facilities fully 50,000 more acres could be cultivated. In this county will be the Elephant Buttes dam aind reservoir, to be built by the United States Reclamation Service. Dairy products are in demand and bring high prices. Anything that will grow in southern Kansas and Oklahoma will grow here. Crops are certain, for, by irrigation, the farmer es- capes the possible occurence of floods and drouth. Fruit does exceedingly well in the river valleys, and there are a number of fine bearino; orchards. Natural reservoir sites are numerous. At THE LAND OP SUNSHINE. 339 comparatively small expense these advantages can be utilized for the storage of ilood. waters. The county has a fine range. It is one of the best stock counties in the Territory. There is a good underground water supply that can be developed by wells. Sheep men and goat raisers are beginning to realize that on account of the mild winters and the good range, the county is a fine sheep and goat raising country. It takes the lead in the Angora goat industry. In fact, its fame in that direction is becoming national. Some of the highest grade prize Angora ewes and bucks are to be found on ite famous goat ranches, and the names of its leading goat raisers are known in every one of the important goat markets in the United States. The industry is very profitable. The Santa Fe Eailway traverses the county from north to south. At Palomas Hot Springs are springs of remarkable medicinal virtue. The county is a treasure house of precious metals. It has produced millions of dollars' worth of gold, silver and lead, and today is one of the principal mineral producers of the Territory, especially of gold and silver, although lead, zinc and copper will in. the future figure in its mineral production. Hillsboro is the oldest camp, gold having been discovered there in 1877. Both placer and lode, mining are prosecuted, and the district has a production of $7,000,000, mostly gold, to its credit. The properties located there are the Opportunity, Eeady Pay, Battle Snake, Golden Era, Empire, Garfield, Butler, Kichmond, Eldorado, Bonanza, Morning Star, Snake, Moccasin, Wicks, Prosper, Cincin- nati, Mascot, Lupey, Summit, American, Virginia, Sherman, Eu- bicon, Whaleback, Pereha, Eureka, Bobtail, Bull of the Woods, Catherine, Liliput, and Prince Henry. From the Wicks' Gulch placers one company took $90,000 in gold in one winter. Copper and lead ores are also found near Hillsboro, and the largest body of vanadium ore in the world is the S. J. Macy lode, while among the rare minerals of the district is endlichite, found in a contact fissure 4,000 feet long. Seven miles north of Hillsboro is the camp of Andrews with the Golden Eule, Chance, Emperor, Little Nell, Ninety-Seven and Ninety-Eight groups. The Pittsburg dis- trict in the foothills of the Sierra Caballos, east of the Eio Grande, is a new placer district. Two companies are operating on the placers there, and the Marion, Eosa Lee and Napoleon lode claims have been located. The Iron Eeef district lies in the vicinity of Palomas Hot Springs and" the two main properties are the Iron Eeef and Meridian, both lead-silver propositions and also carry- insr some sold. One of the richest bodies of silver ore ever discov- LOG CABIN MINE, SIERRA COUNTY. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 341 ered was found at Lake Valley in the Bridal Chamber hx a l^lack- smith. It yielded 2,500,000 ounces of silver, while near-by workings produced as much more. Besides the properties of the Lake Valley Mines Company, the best known locations are the Stone CabiiD, Miles Standish, Teddy and Centennial State groups. South of Lake Valley is the Macho district, in which lead and silver are the principal ore bodies. The Dude, Hudson and Jim Crow are the properties in this district. The Ticrra Blanca dis- trict is fifteen miles northwest of Lake Valley on the eastern slope of the Mimbres Eauge. High grade sulphides and chlorides of silver are characteristic of the district. Occasionally pockets of gold with very high values are encountered. The Log Cabin, Look- cut, Tierra Blanca, Midnight and Bell are the principal groups. Kingston is a silver camp in the Black Eange, although also a pro- ducer of gold. The Iron King, Empire, Eclipse, Brush Heap, Black Eyed Susan, Lady Franklin, Gra}' Horse, Illinois, Saratoga, Templar, Virginius, Calamity Jane, Superior, Monaska, Keystone, Andy Johnsoin, Old Savage, Comet, Black Colt, Bonanza and Teddy groups have produced over $6,000,000 worth of silver. The Hermosa district lies twenty-five miles north of Kingston and has produced $1,250,000 in silver. Ores carrsdng considerable lead and copper values are also found. The principal properties are the Palomas Chief, which has a production of $150,000 of silver to its credit; the Pelican, Philadelphia, Antelope, Emberlight, Atlantic Cable, American Flag, Flagstaff amd Ocean Wave. In the Apache District jSTo. 1, situated partly in Sierra and partly in Socorro Counties and twelve miles north of Hermosa, is the min- ing camp of Chloride, and in the same district northeast of Chlo- ride are Fairview and Grafton. Silver, copper and gold are the ores of this district. The Silver Monument has produced $100,000 worth of silver; the Colossal, $70,000. Other properties are the U. S. Treasury, St. Cloud, Nana, Midnight, Eeadjuster, ISTordhati- sen, New Era, Ivanhoe, Ashville, Emporia, Braxton, Great Ee- public, Kingston, Triangle, .Julia, Chicago, Minnehaha, Crawford, Olympia, Sunrise, Gold Bug, Camden, Copper Queen, Bullion, Alaska, Montezuma, Golden Chance, Golden Eevenue and Ele- phant. The Cuchillo Negro district is also in the northwestern part, but in the Cuchillo Mountains, in which Edward's camp was situated. The better known locations are the Black Knife, Ger- man, Eifleshot, Dictator, Vindicator, Confidence, Enterprise and the Iron Mountain group, the last being a big iroiu deposit, while the others carry copper, lead, silver and zinc. Sixteen miles west SCENES NEAR HILLSBORO. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 343 of Engie a lead-zinc camp lias lately sprung into existence, at wliieh forty or more men are given employment; its name is Palo- mas, and the Southwestern Lead and Coal Company has a con- centrator and smelter there. Near Engle and in McCiay Canon are also coal indications. In the Apache Canon of the Caballo Mountains, opening into the Eio Grande, gold bearing placers have been worked successfully of late years, and the mining camp of Shandon has been established. Two companies are conducting hydraulic operations on a large scale, while in the near-by moun- tains lode mines are being developed. Hillsboro. is the largest settlement and is the county seat, the court house being a handsome brick and stone-trimmed structure. The town is reached by stage from Lake Valley, which is the terminus of the Lake Valley branch of the Santa Fe Railway System and an important shipping point, after two hours' ride, the distance being less than sixteen miles. It has a bank, a weekly news- paper. The Sierra County Advocate ; good stores and is surroumded by gold and silver mines and placers reached by good roads. The surface ores to a depth varying from 50 to 150 feet are much oxidized and constitute free milling ore. There are four mills in and around Hillsboro. East of the lode mines is an extensive area, comprising several thousand acres and known as the placers. With crude dry washers some $500,000 in gold have been taken from these placers. In the valley between Hillsboro and the mines are warm springs having medicinal and curative properties. Lake Valley. ' Lake Valley is reached by a branch line from Nutt Station on the main line of the Santa Fe Railway and is an important ship- ping point. The stage line for Hillsboro and other settlements starts here. In the vicinity are a number of famous silver mines. At Las Palomas and Monticello are agricultural settlements, while the other towns are mainly mining camps. SOCORRO COUNTY. Socorro County is the largest of New Mexico counties, covering an area of 15,065 square miles, being as large as a European king- dom. The postoffices are Alma, Bernardo, Burley, Clear Creek, Clyde, Cooney, Datil, Estey, Frisco, Joseph, Kelly, La Joya, Lemitar, Luna, Magdalena, Mogollon, Paraje, Pinoville, Polvadera, Puertocito, Quemado, Reserve Rosedale, Sabinal, Salt Lake, San Acacia, San Antonio, San Marcial, Socorro. The resources THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 345 are numerous, corre;jponding to its area in variety and extent. It is tirst of all a stoek grazing country, the number of sheep on its ranges reaching a million, and the number of cattle exceeding 100,000. Agriculture and horticulture in the Rio Grande Valley and along some of the minor streams are very successful. In the southwestern part, especially in the Gila Forest Eeserve, there are large areas in timber. The Rio Grande traverses the county, the Puerco being its principal tributary. The Gila and the San Francisco Rivers are important water courses in the western por- tion. Other streams are the Salado^ San Lorenzo, Alamillo, Chu- padero, Xogal, Parida, Water Canon, Datil, Alamo, Big Pigeon, Whitewater, Mangos, Largo, Apache, Bonita, Gilita, Diamond, Sil- ver, Pueblo and Beaver. The principal mountain ranges are the Sierra Oscura, San Andreas, Magdalena, San Mateo, Datil, San Francisco, Tularosa, Mogollon, Pinion, Elk, Black, Diablo and Ladron, some of them attaining an elevation of almost 10,000 feet. Im many parts of the county are evidences of volcanic action, such as lava fields, craters and hot springs. Alkali flats and salt lakes are found in the western portion, where there are also prehistoric clift' and communal buildings. On July 1, 1905, there were in the county 7,974,753 acres subject to federal land entry, of which 2,055,310 acres are still unsurveyed. The southwestern corner is taken up by the Gila Forest Reserve. Two new reserves, the San Mateo, covering 400,000 acres, and the Magdalena of 186,000 acres, recentl}' have Ijeen declared liy presidential proclamation. The county is bounded on the north by Valencia Count}'', on the east by Torrance, Lincoln and Otero Counties, on the south by Otero, Dona Ana, Sierra and Grant Counties, and on the v/est by Apache and Graham Counties, Arizona. Socorro County leads all other counties in mineral production and has more mining districts than any other county, two of which, the IMagdalena and Cooney Districts, are world famous. In the first named, two mines, the Graphic and the Kelly ha^ e to date produced $6,000,000 worth of silver and lead ore and are now pro- ducing a large amount of zinc. Other mines in the district are the Juanita, Juanita South, Ambrosia, Young America, Enter- prise, Hardscrabble, which has to its credit a productioai of $350,- 000; Cavern, Fifty-Eight, Tip Top, Grey Hound, Samson, Review, Ourar, Umpagre, Legal Tender, Silver Peg, Silent Friend, Grand Ledge, Cimarron, Xit, Imperial, Pearl, the Key grou]), upon whicli only recently a large body of cerussite was uncovered ; Oxide. Wheel of Fortune. Golden Key and Iron ]\Iask. Between the camps of THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 347 Magdalena acd Kelly is the Graphic smelter, and on the Iron Mask is a smelter which has never blown in. These districts have pro- duced $9,000,000 in lead, silver and zinc, the production of the latter during the last fiscal year having exceeded $1,000,000. The Cooney and Mogollon districts in the southwestern part of the county on t'he Gila Forest Eeserve have yielded several million dollars in gold, silver and copper. The Cooney mine alone has producetl $1,000,000; the Confidence and Black Bird equal that of the Cooney production; the Maud S. has produced $750,000; the Last Chance, $250,000; the Little Fannie, $1,250,000; the Deep Down, $75,000, and the entire district, $5,000,000. Besides the properties mentioned there are the following groups and lodes: Florida, Independence, Little Johnnie, Malachite, Little Charlie, Eberle, Kat and Kitten, Contention, Grey Hawk, Copper Queen and Leap Year. Southeast of Cooney is the Wilcox district, the principal locations being the Zacaton, Silver Prize, I. S., Western Star, Uncle John aod Butterfi}'', the ore carrying gold and silver, except the Zacaton group, which is a copper proposition. In the Tellurium district, adjoining the Wilcox district on the north, are the Tellurium ISTos. 1 and 2, and the Pine Hill. The Socorro Mountain district has produced $760,000, mostly in silver and lead. The chief production was by the Torrance and Merritt mines. Other properties are the Hammel and Volcanic Mountain. The Eose- dale District is a gold producer in the San Mateo Mountains. Thus far the Eosedale- has been the only producer, other properties bf^in -; the New Golden Bell, White Cap, Bay Horse, Ninety-One, May Dew, Baking Powder, New Year, New Year No. 1, Eockefellor. Golden Gate, Gold Cap, iVmy B., Greenwood and Graham. West of the Eosedale district is the Eed Hill district, which has gold and copper prospects. The Water Canon district lies on the north- east slope of the Magdalena Mountains and the principal proper- ties are Timber Peak, Buckeye, Iron King, Little Baldy, Jennie Lee amd Wall Street, the ores being gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc. In the Abbey mining district, eighteen miles northwest of Magdalena, copper and lead ore' and a fine coking coal are found. In the Cat Mountain district, twelve miles southwest of Magda- lena, the principal mines are the Abbey and Legal Tender, the values being a refactory low grade gold ore. In the Iron Moun- tain district, ten miles northwest of the Magdalena district, large deposits of iron are found, as well as lead and silver. The main locations are the Summit, Old Boss, Mammoth and Cabinet. The abandoned mining camp of Council Eock is in this district. The THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 349 Pueblo district lies immediately north of the mining camp o'f Mag- dalena and has produced silver ore, the principal prospects being the Eed Jacket,. Chloride, Sophia and Ace of Spades. The Lemi- tar district is north of Socorro Mountain and carries lead, zinc and silver with indications of copper. The San Lorenzo district is located eight miles west of San Acacia. Gold, copper, silver and manganese are the values and the leading locations are the Jerome, Camp Bird and Sacramento. The Hanson district is in the La- drone Mountains and gold, silver and lead prospects have been lo- cated in it. The Canoneito district is five miles north of San Acacia, but on the east side of the Eio Grande. Gold, silver, lead, iron, copper and manganese occur in this district. The only de- velopment work thus far has been on the Dewey group. Im' the Chupadero Mountain district, copper indications have been noted. The Jones district is in the northern end of the Sierra Oscura, the principal property being the Jones iron group. Besides the ex- tensive deposits of iron, there are indications of gold, silver, cop- per, lead and zinc. The Hansonburg district is on the western slope of the Sierra Oscura and is copper bearing, the principal lo- cation being the Alcazar group. The Estey City district lies in the southeastern corner of the county and Estey City is a copper camp. The district produced $10,000 in copper and the principal locations are those of the Dividend Mining and Milling Company, the Sierra Oscura Company and the Little Effie, Just Before and Lucky Jack. In the San Andreas district, which comprises several sub-districts in the San Andreas Mountains, are the Little Burro, Chicago, Mocking Bird, Boulder, Whirlwind, Coyote, Eattler, Bean, Grand View, Sixteen to One and Gold Eeserve. The ores are lead, silver and zinc. Mica deposits have been located in this district. Gold, silver, copper and iron are the ores of the Mound Spring district in the eastern part of the county. In Socorro County was located the first coal mine in the Territory, this being the Government mine in the Carthage district, which was opened in 1863. In this district are also the Hilton, Bernal and Emerson coal mines. Ex- tensive areas of coal land are found in the western part, as well as alum beds, gypsum and salt deposits. Socorro, the county seat, is also the largest town. The census of 1900 gave it 1,515 inhabitants. Elevation, 4,567 feet. The country 'round about is rich in mineral and agricultural resources. The waters of the Eio Grande, which flow near the city, are ample to irrigate THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 351 a large area, the waters of the Puerco and the Salado augmenting its volume considerabl}' twenty or thirty miles north. The Car- thage coal fields are so near to Socorro that they may be called tributary to the city, and the mining camps of Kelly, Magdalena and Water Canon are also tributary, making it a favorable smelter site. A large area of fertile land in the immediate vicinity of Socorro will be reclaimed by a colony of industrious Bohemians. The town has large brick yards, flouring mills and a brewery, is beautifully situated on a tableland at the foot of Socorro Moun- tain and is a favorite health resort. The Eio Grande is about two miles from it. The city owns and controls its own water works, the supply being derived from warm springs of exceptionally pure water flowing from the base of Socorro Mountain. The 'town has two banking institutions, two weekly papers, The Socorro Chief- tain and El Defensor del Pueblo, two substantial school buildings, churches and good business houses, amd is the headquarters of the District Attorney for Socorro County. The ISTew Mexico School of Mines is located here. Its present population is estimated at 2,300. A company has just been organized to furnish the city with electric light and power, the waters of the Socorro Hot Springs, near the city, to be used for generating power. The machinery for this plant has been ordered and construction work will begin shortly. So- corro is an important freight and passenger station on the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway. A branch line of this road, thirty miles long, runs from here to the Magdalena mining camp. This branch does a heavy business in freight of merchandise, ma- chinery, lumber and ores, and during the seasoini each year heavy shipments of sheep and cattle are made from the fine range country which it penetrates. Socorro enjoys a trade territory of great ex- tent, reaching one hundred miles or more to the west and fifty to sixty miles south and east. The system of the Colorado Telephone Company is being extended from Albuquerque south and will reach the town in about three months. San Marcial the second largest town, is attractive for the reason that twenty- five years ago the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway Company planted great avenues of cottonwood trees, and these have been constantly added to by citizens. It is important commercially be- eause it is the supply point for a large area of country. Four mercantile firms draw trade from a wide territory occupied by peo- ple engaged in the cattle and sheep business and the settlements of . /^^HH i» f. ml 9|||II^H|| '• ';• "'^^^HH -;f^UH|^^^H 9^ ^■BplH^I^^^^^II if Ti WEIGHING- -5TATION'"«'0ARH - sEIUHlNQr STATION """BARN /C-i^-Hi^': K^*: 5^ ?^.J'iiS-c a4*i| * x-v ^^ MOUNT MA(,DALENA SOCORRO COUNTY HYDRAULIC MINING IN COLFAX COUNTY. -•~»4 *3 , ^'^ #ik5^:;:t|-'** r COUNTY. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 353 Clyde, Eoscdale, Parajc, Engle and Chloride. Its population is almost 1,000. The town has a nice park. It is a division head- quarters of the Santa Fe Railway Company and here are located a roundhouse aind large repair shops. A modern flouring mill is conducted for the convenience of a large number of farmers in the rich Kio Grande Valley. Fruitful orchards surround it and it is a rich agricultural, horticultural, live stock and mining region. Alfalfa is extensively grown, and when there is an ample supply of water, which is taken from the Eio Urande through ditches, four crops in one season are of common occurrence. This finds a ready market, the price per ton ranging from $10 to $14. There is a good public school building and several churches; also a bank. Located near the center of the Territory at an elevation of a little over 4,000 feet, the climate makes it a sanitarium for consump- tives. San Marcial is not devoid of historical interest. One of the features of the town is a large and extensive promontory known as the Mesa. Here occurred the battle of Valyerde, fought Feb- ruary 20, 1862, by General Sibley's Texans and the Union forces under General Canby. The severest part of the battle occurred about the present site of San Marcial. Frequently cannon balls and other relics are plowed up on the east side of the river. Carthage is a coal camp and is to be connected by railroad with San An- tonio, a commercial center on the Santa Fe Railway. At San Acacia a weekly newspaper, El Comercio, is published, and here has been established a religious community called New Jerusalem, which publishes a ])aper. Xear the settlement are copper ore deposits. TAOS COUNTY. Area, 2,283 square miles; population, 13,000; census of 1900 population, 10.889; assessed valuation in 1905, $720,G61 ; county seat, Taos. Postoffices: Arroyo Hondo, Arroyo Seco, Cerro, Cos- tilla, Llano, Lobo, Ojo Caliente, Penasco, Pina, Questa, Ranches de Taos, Red River, Talpa, Taos, Trampas, Tres Piedras, Twining and Valdez. The county is Iwunded on the north by Conejos and Costilla Counties, Colorado ; on the east by Colfax and Mora Coun- ties, on the south by Mora amd Rio Arriba Counties, and on the west by Rio Arriba County. Part of the Pecos Forest Reserve is within its boundaries. The county is the most picturesque and in many respects one of the richest in mineral resources in New Mexico. It is also one THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 355 of the oldest in point of settlement by white men and one of the best watered. At one time it included Colorado south of the Ar- kansas Eiver, Colfax and Mora and part of Rio Arriba Counties, but at present it is small in extent. Yet its area is twice that of the State of Rhode Island and 323 square miles more than the State of Delaware. Of this almost one-half or 619,791 acres were open to entry under the federal land laws on July 1, 1905, and 286,041 acres are still unsurveyed. About 120.000 acres are re- served and 730,000 acres are appropriated, about 600,000 acres being included in private land grants. The county is one of the most densely populated, but could support five times its present population. The Rio Grande traverses it from north to south through rocky gorges, hence the cultivated lands are along its trib- utaries. The county is characterized by the great number of small perennial streams which, rising in high ranges on the east, de- bouch at about one-third the general width of the district upon the high mesas- forming the central and western thirds and flow into the Rio Grande. Besides the Rio Grande the principal rivers are the Pueblo, Santa Barbara^ Rio Grande del Ranchos, Rio Taos, Arroyo Seco, Las Trampas, Petaca, Latir, Cabresto, Costilla, Colo- rado, Rio Hondo, Lucero and Fernandez. Most of these are trout streams. The Taos Range, comprising the catchment area from which these streams derive their waters, ranges in altitude from 7,000 to 13,000 feet above sea level, with slopes tree-clad and with precipitation greater than in many sections of the Territory. Taos Peak has an altitude of 13,145 feet; Jicarilla Peak, 12,944 feet; Costilla Peak, 12,634 feet; United States Mountain, 10,734 feet; Costilla Pass, 10,188 feet; Ute Peak, 10,151 feet, and Taos Pass, 9,353 feet. On the northern boundary is the Sierra Blanca, 14,126 feet high, the loftiest peak in New Mexico. Only one-half of the available water is used, and with the build- ing of storage reservoirs the area under cultivation would be 200,- 000 acres instead of 20,000 acres. The cereals yield prolifically and vegetables and fruit grow well. About 200,000 sheep, 10,000 goats and 5,000 cattle graze on the ranges. At Ojo Caliente are famous medicinal hot springs. At Wamsley and near Taos are also hot springs which attract many health seekers. The railroad facilities are meagre. The Denver & Rio Grande has not quite fifty miles of narrow gauge tracks in the extreme western part, near the Rio Arriba boundary line, but Tres Piedras is the only settle- ment of any consequence it touches, although there is also a sta- tion at Embudo, which is several miles from the town of that name. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 357 The scenery along this railroad, especially from Embudo to Bar- ranca, is among the grandest in the Southwest. From Emlmdo, Tres Piedras and Servilleta stations to Taos there are roads with daily stage lines, while the mining camps of Eed River and Ami- zett and the settlements of Cerro and Questa also have road con- nections, as have to a lesser extent all the postoffices. Portions of the county are heavily timbered. On account of the difficulty in bringing the merchantable timber from the steep mountain sides to the railroad, saw mills are in operation in various parts, the principal being near Questa and Twining. Taos County is rich in minerals, but at present has no produc- ing mines, mainly owing to the lack of railroad facilities. The best known camp is that of Eed Eiver, near the Colfax County border. It is a gold camp and the principal properties are the Copper King, Golden Treasure, Jayhawk, Independence, Angola, Black Diamond, Peerless, Homcstake, Copper Dome, Anaconda, Standard, Laura B., Minnie L., Last Chance, Fort Eeno, Dead- head, Yankee Maid, J. 0. G., Deadwood, Eagged Pants Dick, Golden Treasure, Paxton, Copper Hill, Hornet, Eock of Ages, Sure Thing, Exile, Bueno, Commodore and Wild Eose. The Black Cop- per district is north of Eed Eiver and its leading group is the Black Copper, a gold proposition. The Midnight district lies in the northeastern part and the Cashier group is the leading prop- erty. The La Belle District lies near the Colorado border and its best known property is the Aztec. On the western slope of the Taos Eange is the Twining district. Placer gold and copper, gold and silver lodes are the features of the district in which the prin- cipal development has been done on the Eraser, which has a 100- totn smelter, the Bull of the Woods, South Fork, King Solomon, Berry Extension and Copper King. The Glenwoody district is on the Eio Grande and has placers as well as immense low grade quartz deposits carrying gold. The Glenwoody is the main prop- erty and has a 50-ton mill operated by water power from the Eio Grande. West of Glenwoody is the Copper Mountain district, where the principal operations have been carried on by the Copper Hill Mining Company and the Green Mountain Copper Company, the other groups worthy of mention being the Ural and the Wil- son. Near Ojo Caliente are mica deposits and considerable pros- pecting has been done in the same vicinity. Fernandez de Taos is the coimtv seat and is romantically situated* in a beautiful val- lev surrounded bv mountains wliicli rise al)ruptly from tlie plain. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 359 It is a very interestiug town, quaintly built around a large plaza. The Koman Catliolic church is of great antiquity. Before the ad- vent of railroads in Xew Mexico it was a commercial center of great importance, and even today enjoys a good trade. Among the early American residents were Colonel Kit Carson, Governor William Bent, who was assassinated during the Pueblo insurrection on Feb- ruary 17, 1847 ; Colonel Cera St. Vrain, Judge Beaubien, Lucien Stewart and others. Here the first printing press west of the Mis- souri Eiver was set up in 1837 by Eev. Antonio J. Martinez, and the first newspaper. El Crepusculo, was published. x\ good public school, mission schools and a Loretto academy are the educational facilities of this town. It has a population of 1,500. A weekly newspaper, the Revista de Taos, is published.. Only three miles to the northwest, under the shadows of the great mountains and occupying both sides of a clear, bright river, is the pueblo of Taos, a most interesting Indian settlement. Scores of tourists come to visit it annually, especially on its annual feast day, San Geronimo, September 30th. The Jicarilla Apache Indians, the Navahos, as well as the Pueblos from the south, send delegates to this festival, and the settlers from scores of miles around gather at the pueblo on that day. The population of the pueblo has decreased in num- bers during the past few decades, and is now but a few over 400. The Indians cling tenaciously to their primitive customs. Ranchos de Taos is four miles south of Fernandez de Taos and is the largest settlement. It has two flouring mills and is surrounded by or- chards. It is the center of 60,000 acres of fertile land, of which one-sixth is under cultivation. It has a public school and is the headquarters of the Presbyterian missions of this section. The population is 1,800. Red River is a romantically situated mining camp with about 300 population, a good public school and a weekly newspaper. The Red River Prospector. Tres Pieiras is a railroad, mining and lumber town on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad and a distributing point for the Bromide and Hopewell mining districts in Rio Arriba County, and the terminus of a daily stage line from Taos. A newspaper. The Mining Reporter, is published here. SCENES AT ANTELOPE SPRINGS, TORRANCE COUNTY. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 361 Embudo is a prosperous agricultural settlement on the Rio Grande, situated at the foot of high mountains. It has a railroad station several miles south of it from where a daily stage line for Taos, Twiaiing and other points starts. There is a public school and a mission school at Velarde^ four miles south of this place. Questa and Cerro are prosperous agricultural settlements. Costilla, Pima, Agua del Lobo, Arroyo Seco, Llano, Trampas and Penasco are agricultural settlements surrounded by fertile lands under cultivation. Picuris is a quaint Indian pue1)lo with a population of 100 and has. several historic Iniildinu;?;. TORRANCE COUNTY. This county, which came into existence on January 1, 1905, is almost in the geographical center of the Territory and covers 3.330 square miles. Its population is estimated to be 7,500. It is bounded on the north by Santa Fe and San Miguel Counties, on the east by Guadalupe and Lincoln Counties, on the south by Lin- coln and Socorro Counties, and on the west by Valencia and Berna- lillo Counties. Of its area, 2,118,162 acres were subject to land entry on July 1, 1905, of which 679,780 acres were unsurveyed. The" land ofhee.for its southern part is at Eoswell, and for its northern part at Santa Fe. The county has no rivers, but large springs and substrata of water which, in the Estancial plains rise to within a few feet of the surface. It also has many lakes, most of them alkaline, but two of them are salt. The Manzanos are its principal mountain range, rising to an altitude exceeding 10,000 feet and well timbered. Other mountains are the Gallinas. Animas, Pedernal and Cameleon Hills, the mpst prominent peaks being Manzano Peak, 10,086 feet; Mosca Peak, 9,723 feet; Peder- nal Peak, 7,580 feet; Bosque, Capillo and Eattlesnake Peaks, Cer- rito del Lobo and Cerro del Pino. The Santa Fe Central Railway cuts through the center of the county from north to south, and the El Paso & Xortheastern cuts the southeastern corner, forming a junction with the Santa Fe C\-ntral at Torrance. The Eastern Railwav of New ]\Iexico is being built in the county from Abo Pass to a junction with the El Paso eS: Xortheastern aad crossing the Santa Fe Central at Willard. From :\Ioriarty on the Santa Fe Central, the Albuquerque Eastern is under construction to Albu- querque and a coal ))ranch from Frost to Hagan. The assessment of the countv for 1905 is $319,981. Its postoffices are Duran, East- ESTANCIA SPRINGS. COTTAGE HOTEL AND STORE AT TORRANCE. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 363 view, Encirio, Estancia, Gran Quivira, Manzano, Moriarty, Moun- tainair, Palma, Puntia, Pinos Wells, Tajique, Torrance and Wil- lard. Stock raising is the principal industry, there being about a quarter million of sheep grazing on its ranges, as well as about 10,000 head of cattle. . Agriculture is also receiving considerable attention of late and settlers are taking up the fine lands of the Estancia Valley, in which dry farming will prove successful and in which plenty of water for irrigation can be obtained by pump- ing from low depths, while the mesas and hills bounding it afford excellent range in winter and summer. In the Manzano Mountains are several agricultural settlements, and at Manzano is an apple orchard one hundred years old. Considerable salt is taken from the Salt Lake near Estancia, which, besides supplying the home de- mand, also supplies, the ranchmen for a hundred and more miles distant. In the Manzanos some mining has been done, and in the Gallinas promising mineral indications have been discovered. Lum- bering is an important industry in the Manzano Mountains. The county seat and principal settlement is Estancia, a new town with about 1,000 inhabitants, good public school, churches and business houses. The shops of the Santa Fe Central Eailway are located here. A townsite with a public park has been laid out. A weekly newspaper, The Estancia Kews, is published. The town is noted for its fine springs of exceptionally pure water. It is the center of the magnificent Estancia Valley, which is rapidly filling with settlers. Farms are being laid out on every side and windmills dot the landscape in every direction. All the cereals and vegetables of the temperate zone can be raised, and there is every promise that horticulture will prove successful. West of Estancia are the famous salt lakes and a plant is to be built at Estancia for refining the salt. During the shipping season of last year, 100,000 sheep and 1,500,000 pounds of wool were shipped from this point. Moriarty. This settlement is at the junction of the Santa Fe Central and the Albuquerque Eastern, and many homestead entries have been made 'roimd about, as it is on the northern crest of the Estancia Valley and beautifully located. It promises to become an im- portant coal shipping and commercial point. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 365 Willard. This settlement is at the junction of the Santa Fe Central and the Eastern Eailway of Xew Mexico. It has a large store and a townsite has been laid out. It is in the southern part of the Es- tancia plains and near the alkali lakes, which dot the western part of the valley. Ample supplies of the finest water have been encoun- tered at a depth of from twenty to forty feet, both for domestic and irrigation purposes. There is every indication that the settle- ment will some day be an important railroad town with a large population. To the south twemty miles are the mysterious ruins of the Indian pueblos of Gran Quivera and Quanah. Torrance is at the junction of the Santa Fe Central and the El Paso & Xortheastern Railways and has a uniooi depot, business houses and is a trade center of some importance. Manzano, Punta de Agua, Pinos Wells, Eastview and Tajique are old settlements, while Mountainair is a new town near Abo Pass on the Eastern Eailway of New Mexico, now under construc- tion by the Santa Fe system. Mcintosh, eight miles north of Estaneia, on the Santa Fe Central Eailway, promises to be the center of an important agricultural settlement. During the last three months of 1905 over fifty homesteads have been made within a radius of a few miles of the station. UNION COUNTY. Area, 6,037 square miles; population, census of 1900, 4,528. Since then the county has given 255 square miles to the formation of Quay County. Its present population is 6,500. Assessed valua- tion in 1905, $1,714,627. Postoflfices : Albert, Barney, Beenham, Bryantine, Bueyeros, Clapham, Clayton, Cuates, Folsom, De Haven, Gallegos, Garcia, Geneva, Gladstone, Leon, Logan, ISTaravisa, Pas- amonte, Valley and Veda. The county is bounded on the north by Las Animas County, Colorado; on the east by Beaver County, Oklahoma; Dallam, Hart- ley and Oldham Counties, Texas; on the south by Quay a.nd San Miguel Counties, and on the west by Colfax, Mora and San Miguel Counties. The Canadian Eiver is the principal stream. Other streams are Ute Creek, Tramperos, Tucumcari, Los Cerros, Flag, Carriso, Major Long. Leon, Palo Blanco, Hoi Keo, Currumpaw, Travesier and the Dry Cimarron. The principal mountains are the Sierra Grande, in which Mount Capulin, an extinct volcano*. THE LAND OF SUNSHDSTE. 367 rises to an elevation exceeding 9,000 feet; tlie Don Carlos Hills, Eabbit Ear Mountain, and man}' isolated hills and blnffs. Union, the northeastern county of Xew Mexico, was formed in 1893 out of portions of Colfax, Mora and San Miguel Counties. It is more than five times as large as Rhode Island, three times as large as Delaware, and as large as the Hawaiian Islands. Of its area, only 727,771 acres have been appropriated, while 3,135,8 l-'i acres, with 322,743 acres unsurveyed, are still subject to entr;- under the United States land laws. At Clayton is the United States land office for the district. Stock raising is the principal industry and the source of its wealth. The mild winters, the free range and the abundant grasses make stock raising very profitable. Of the 60,000 cattle on the range, many of good grade Hereford and a number of model stock farms are to be found. The number of sheep exceeds 600,- 000, it leading in the sheep industry. At Clayton, the county seat, 3,000,000 poimds of wool are sold annually, while buyers of lambs for feeding and breeding purposes make frequent visits to Clayton and Folsom. Yearly over 100,000 lambs are shipped to Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas, where they are fed for juarket. Of late years cattle and sheep growers have been raising alfalfa on a small scale for feeding purposes. Altogether about 2,000 acres have been put under cultivation. The sheep growers will undoubt- edly soon follow this example. The cattle men are rapidly im- proving their stock by importing registered cattle from the States. The raising of goats is a growing industry, as well as the breeding of horses for market, both proving profitable. Railroads afford good facilities for the shipment of stock. Whenever water is available for irrigation purposes, crops of grain, vegetables and fruits can be raised with unvarying annual success. There are a number of orchards in which every variety of fruit of the temperate zone is grown. Wild fruits and nuts grow in 'abundance along the streams and on the mountain slopes. If the flood waters, which run down the river beds in the rainy sea- sons, were stored fully 100,000 acres could be brought imder culti- vation. Many natural reservoir sites exist. Ten miles west of Folsom commences the Johnson Mesa, 8,000 feet high, extending into Colfax County almost to Raton, on which, without irrigation, fine potatoes are raised, also large crops of oats. Under the Camp- bell system of soil -culture farming will eventiually reclaim many acres in this county. Mining is in its infancv, but there are undoubted indications of SCENES AT CLAYTON, UNION COUNTY. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 369 gold, silver, copper and lead ores in various precincts. Coal de- posits exist in the northern part, tlie veins heing an extension, of the Trinidad fields in Colorado. A good grade of hituminons coal is found near Clayton, and development/ work is heing done in a desultory way. Coal veins also underlie Johnso^u's Mesa. Indications of oil can be pointed out along many streams, and often in drilling for water oil sands and rock are encountered. Fine mineral springs are at Folsom, and there is hut little doubt that artesian water will he found at a moderatie depth. On Ute Creek are deposits of pure alum, while excellent lime quarries are worked near Folsom. The Colorado c^' Southern Kailway traverses the northeastern part of the county for a distance of eighty-four miles. The Chicago, Kock Island & Pacific passes through its southerii part. A survey of the St. Louis, Eocky Mountain & Pacific Eailway has been made from Folsom, on the Colorado & Southern in this county, to Eliza- bethtown, Colfax County, via Eaton. Actual construction work and grading on the western division of the road from Eaton to Eliza- bethtown is in progress. The climate is very good ; the altitude ranging from 4,000 to 8,000 feet gives the air a lightness that is especially beneficial in ])ulmonary troubles. The nights are always cool and the summer heati is moderated by the altitude as well as the cool breezes from the mountains, while the cold in winter is tempered by the con- stant sunshine and protection which the mountains afford from high winds. The county seat is Clayton, situated in the northeastern' part on tihe Colorado & Southern Eail- way. Here the federal land office for the northeastern part of Xew Mexico is situated. The town has a population of 800. It has electric lights and water works, a telephone systiem, a very good public school system and a fine public school building, Meth- odist, Baptist and Christian Churches, many business establish- ments, a $20,000 court house and contains nice homes. From here 3,000,000 pounds of wool, l(;o car loads of cattle and 700 car loads of sheep and lambs are shipped anijually. Two weekly newspapers, one in English, The Clayton I^nterprise, and the other in Spanish, El Fenix, are published here. There is a national bank. Of late vears the toAvn has attracted many health seekers. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 371. Folsom is the second largest town, having a population of 750. It is situ- ated on the Colorado & Southern Railway and is gaining fame as a health resort. It is 6^-iOO feet above sea level and is located in a beautiful valley. The Sierra Grande, twenty miles distant, rises to an altitude of 11,500 feet. During the summer months this mountain is one mass of flowers and is a magnificent sight. Sierra Capulin, five miles from the town, is 9,500 feet high and is an ex- tinct volcano with a perfect crater. The view from Capulin is grand. Nine miles from Folsom, on the Colorado & Southern Railway, are tihe so-called American Alps. Emery's Peak and Buf- falo Head are also visible. Twin Mountains, Robinson's Peak, Dale's Peak and Red Mountain can be seen on clear days, and 330 days of each year are clear at Folsom. The Cimarron Falls, near the Hotel Capulin, a sanitarium built at a cost of $75,000, but not completed, are fine. Numerous springs bubble forth from the sides of the mountains inclosing the valley of the Cimarron, in which Folsom is situated. The waiters of some of the springs are almost pure, while others are charged with mineral and are a cure for gout, rheumatism, neuralgia, stomach troubles and cer- tain forms of kidney diseases. Several sulphur springs and sul- phur wells near Folsom are beneficial to persons suffering from skin diseases and impure blood. The most celebrated spring is in Oak Canon, near the town, the waters of which are superior to those of the famous springs at* Manitou, Colorado. These waters contain sulphur, magnesia and carbonic acid gas. Folsom is an important trade center. Immense sheep dipping tanks have been erected here by the Colorado & Southern Railway and the shipments of wool, sheep, lambs and cattle from this point annually are very large. It has an $8,000 public school house. Water is found everywhere in tlhe Cimarron Valley at a depth of from fourteen to thirty feet and is free from alkali. Indications of gold, silver, copper and lead ores and coal are found near the town. Lime quarries are located near a.nd the product is being utilized in the manufacture of plaster. VALENCIA COUNTY. Area, 5,712 square miles; population, census of 1900, 13,895; present population, 15,000; assessed valuation in 1905, $1,315,- 074; county seat, Los Lunas. PostofEices: Belen. Bibo, Blue- water, Casa Blanca, Copperton, Cubero, Grant, Kettner, Jarales, San Mateo, San Rafael, Seama, Seboyeta and Tome. It is the THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 373 eighth largest of '^ew Mexico's counties, covering an area more than five times tihat of the State of Ehode Island, and greater than that of the State of Connecticut. Of this great stretch, 1,029,489 acres are still unappropriated, 33,528 acres being unsurveyed. The land office for the district is at Santa Fe. ■ The countiy is l)ounded ■ on the north Ijy McKinley, Sandoval and Bernalillo Counties, on the east by Torrance County, on the south by Socorro County, and on the west by Apache County, Arizona, (^uite a large portion is included in private Spanish and Mexican grante. The principal stream is the Kio Grande, traversing the county from north to south. There is a large area of irrigated land on both sides of the river along its entire course. The Puerco, whicii at times has a flood discharge of about 32,000 second feet, is a tributary of the Rio Grande and flows through the county. Along the Puerco Eiver and its tributaries, something like l-t.OOO acres are under irrigation. The character of the county through which the Puerco passes is hilly and l)roken. Other rivers are the Zuni, San Jose, Los Xutrias, Pescado, Colorado, Ponil, Bluewater and Alamosa. Many fine springs are found. The alti'tlude ranges fron? 4,000 to 7,000 feet and the annual precipitation is very light, averaging only seven inches on the plains, but doulile or more in the mountains. For that reason there are Init few perennial streams in the whole drainage area. Xaturally, almost every va- riety of topography is found. The Continental divide crosses the county from north to south. East of the Eio Grande, the Manzanos, over 10,000 feet in height, is the principal mountain range, form- ing a watershed between the Eio Grande drainage basin and the dry mesas of the eastern part. In the western par'H, the Zuni Moun- tains and the San Mateo Eange are the principal mountain sys- tems. In the latter. Mount Taylor attains an elevation of 11,389 feet, the highest point in the county. A lava bed extends entirely across the county east of the Continental Divide. A small part of the Zuni Ir.dian Eeserve is k\ t^he county. The Santa Fe Pacific Eailroad grant covers every odd section from the Eio Grande to the Arizona line, forty miles north and south of the line of that road. The county is rich in minerals. l)ut thus far comparatively little has been done to make tlie mineral wealth availal)le. Gold, silver, copper and iron ores, sulphur, litliographic stone, gypsum. brick clav, salt, pumice stone, ochre, building stone, cement, pot- ash and, most important of all. coal in almost limitless quantities, are found. Gold, silver and copper ore>^ exist in the Zuni Moun- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 375 tains, and in the Copperton. District considerable development "work has been done. In the western part are extensive coal fields and several salt lakes. The Santa Fe Eailway cuts through the central portion from north to south, entering south of Isleta and leaving north of Sa- binal, a distance of twenty-five miles. The Santa Fe Pacific Eail- way commences at Isleta and leaves Valencia County northwest of Bluewater, a distance of eight miles. The Eastern Eailway of New Mexico is being constructed from Belen via Abo Pass to Texico. The county has about 300 miles of telegraph lines and a telephone line which extends from Albuquerque to Belen via Los Lunas, The Colorado Telephone Company is now constructing its lines from Albuquerque to Socorro and these will pass through the county for twenty-five miles. The lands under irrigation are very fertile and the climate is good for the raising of grain, vegetables and fruit. Wheat from Valencia County captured first premium at the World's Fair at Chicago, and again a gold medal at the Charleston. Exposition, the wheat weighing fifty and one-half pounds per bushel. Oats grown on a farm six miles from Los Lunas took second prize at the Columbian Exposition. The principal crops are wheat, barley^ oats, corn, alfalfa and all vegetables and fruits of the south tem- perate zone. Some of the finest orchards in the Southwest are located here. Grapes are grown in large quantities, tihe Mission grape predominating, but other varieties, such as the Tokay, Sul- tana, Concord and Muscat do very well. Alfalfa is a staple crop. In some of the valleys in the Zuni Mountains and in several other hill districts, crops are grown without irrigation, the rainfall be- ing sufficient to mature them. The mild winters, cool summers, good water, nutritious grasses and sheltered valleys and canons have attracted the cattle raiser and the sheep grower. It is one of the leading sheep raising sections in Kew Mexico; it is esti- mated that there are within its limits 400,000 or more sheep and thousands of cattle and horses. Lately, some attention has been given to the raising of goats, and the success is such that the number of these animals will be very much on the increase during the next few years. At Belen is one of the largest flour mills in the Territorv. At Laguna and Peralta there are also fine modern flour mills. There are extensive timber lands, which of late have attracted the attention of the lumbermen and capitalists. The so- called Mitchell tract in the northwestern part covers 300,000 acres, on which, it is estimated, there are 2,000,000,000 feet of good. VIEWS IN BELEN. THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 377 white pine lumber. The Aiuerican Lumber Company, a syndicate, capitalized at $8,000,000, is cutting this timber. A logging road luis been l)nilt from Tlioreau, on the Santa Fe Pacific, to the tract. Belen is situated forty miles south of Alhucpu'rque on the Avt'st l)auk of the Rio tirande. It luis an altitude of 4,'^0O feet. Its population is 1,200. The stretch of country, in the center of which tlie town is located, cannot', be excelled for fertility and productiveness. Belen stands above all other communities in ISTcw Mexico in that it has the largest merchandise establishment, the largest flour mill, is the largest railroad shipping point in ])ro|)ortion to population, and raises the best grapes. The town has several large mercantile establishments. The First National bank attends to the banking Inisiness of the place. The Catholics, as well as the Protestants, liave each a comfortable and commodious church edifice. In front of the Catholic church stands one of the most artistic architec- tural luonuments in the Southwest — the Felipe Chaves Mausoleum, l)ui]t at a cost of $15,000. The school facilities of Belen ai'e good, there being three schools — the Felipe Chaves Girls academy, the Becker school and the public school. The Territory recently es- fahlished an orphans' home here. The railroad facilities consist of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway, connecting the cit\ with the extreme northern and southern portions of the Territory and the country that lies between. The Eastern Railway of Xew Mexico, under construction, will give direct connection with the Santa Fe Central Railway, the El Paso & Northeastern, and the Pecos Valley lines. This road, after reaching Belen, will be ex- tended to Puerco Station, a distance of thirty-five iniles, to a con- nection with the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad, thus completing a direct east and west line through central Xew ^Mexico frcun Texico, Roosevelt County, through that county, Guadalupe, Torrance, Va- lencia and ]\IcKinley to the western boundary of the Territory via Willard, Abo Pass and Belen, where the Rio Grande will be crossed on a magnificent steel lu'idge. Los Lui^.as is tlie county seat and is situated on the west bank of the Rio Grande, twenty-four miles south of Albuquerque. The population is 1,000. It has a large Catholic church. There is a substantial bridge across the Rio Grande opposite the town. There are two large general stores here. It is a prosperous shipping point, es- pecially for wool and alfalfa. A rich agricultural and stock region THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 379 surroimds it. The town is connected by telephone with Albu- querque. Southeast of Los Lunas, on the east bank of the Rio Grande, is Tome, at one time the capital of New Mexico for a few years. San Rafael is a populous settlement, having 1,500 inhabitants. It is the cen- ter of a rich agricultural and stock section and is located three miles from the Santa Fe Pacific Railway in the San Jose RiveT Valley. Forty years ago it was known as old Fort Wingate. The lands around it are irrigated by the waters of El Gallo Spring, the largest in New Mexico, filling a ditch of clear water six feet wide at the bottom and forty feet wide at the top. Along this ditch there are rich agricultural lands covering 4,000 acres, which produce all kinds of grain, vegetables and fruit. Peralta was the scene of a battle in the Civil war. It is situated in the Valley of the Rio Grande, opposite Los Lunas, and has 800 inhabi- tants. It is connected by long distance telephone with Albuquerque, twenty miles north. The town has a fine flour mill and five gen- eral rnerchandise stores. There is one Romac Catholic church and one Methodist church building. Kettner. This is a lumbering camp on the Bluewater, in the northwestern part of the county, fourteen miles south of the Santa Fe Pacific Railway and the terminus of a lumbering railway. It is the head- quarters of the lumbering operations of the American Lumber Company, has saw mills, a postoffice, store and about 500 in- habitants. Seboyeta. This is a historic agricultural settlement in the northeastern part of the county, the scene of sanguinary encounters with the Navahos. It is fifteen miles northeast of Laguna on the Santa Fe Pacific Railway and has a public school, church and business rvlaees. It is the principal settlement on the large Ceboletta Land Grant and is beautifully situated, with the San Mateo Mountains to the west and the Ceboletta Mountains to the north, while a branch of the Rio Puerco furnishes water for the fertile farms. Near by aro the well known Agua Blanca Springs. PART VI. STATISTICS. The immense resources and possibilities and what, has been ac- complished in New Mexico by the comparatively few people and with the employment of limited capital, are demonstrated by the following fignres, which have been carefully compiled from official statistics : Area. Total area, 132,469 square miles. By counties: Socorro, 15,065; Chaves, 9,599; Grant, 7,403; Otero, 6,870; Eddy, 6,506; Union, 6,037; Rio Arriba, 5,932; Valencia, 5,712; San Juan, 5,598; Mc- Kinlev, 5,377; San Miguel, 4,893; Lincoln, 4,659; Guadalupe, 3,952; Colfax, 3,897; Sandoval, 3,833 ; Dona Ana, 3,818 ; Tor- rance, 3,330; Eoosevelt, 3,110; Sierra, 3,081; Luna, 2,946; Quay, 2,805; Mora, 2,542; Taos, 2,283; Santa Fe, 1,980; Bernalillo, 1,240. United States Forest Reserves: Gihi, 4.000,000 acres; Jemez, 900,000; Lincoln, 500,000; Pecos, 431,040; San Mateo, 460,000; Magdalena, 186,000. Indian' Reservations: Xavaho, 2,345,492 acres; Mescalero Apa- che, 449,280; Jicarilla Apache, 404,788; Zuni Pueblo, 238,036; Southern Ute, 107,314; Santa Clara, 33,000; San Felipe, 13,817; Xambe, 7,680 ; Jicarilla Indian School, 40. Pueblo Indian Grants: Zuni, 215,040 acres; Laguna, 125,225; Isleta, 110,080; Acoma, 95,792; Santo Domingo, 74,743; San Fe- lipe, 34,767; Cochiti, 24,276; Sandia, 24,187; Pecos, 18,763; San Juan, 17,545; Zia, 17,515 ; Jemez, 17,510; Tesuque, 17,471; Pic- uris, 17,461; Santa Clara, 17,369; Taos, 17,361; Santa Ana, 17,- 361; San Udcfonso, 17,293; Xambe, 13,586; Pojoaque. 13,520. Military Reservations : Fort Wingate, 83,200 ; Fort Union, 66,- 880; Fort Stanton, 28,221; Fort Bayard, 8,840; Fort Sumner Post Cemeterv, 320 acres. Ponulation. On Julv 1, 1905, estimated, 300,000. Census of 1900, 193,310; 1890, 153,593; 1880, 119,565; 1870, 91,874; 1860, including Ari- zona, 87,034; 1850, including Arizona and southern Colorado, 61,- THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 383 547. Of the pretent population, 158,000 came from other States and Territories or are descendants of such ; 125,000 are of Spanish or Mexican descent; 1,600 negroes; 100 Chinese; 300 Japanese and 13,000 are Indians. Of the 100,000 wage earners, 40,000 are engaged in agricultural pursuits; 20,000 in domestic service; 10,- 000 in manufacturing; 8,000 in mining; 7,000 in railroading; 10,- 000 in trade and 5,000 in professional service and in political po- sitions. Males of voting age number 80,000; females of the same age, 75,000; children of school age, 70,000; children under the age of 5 years, 55,000; Indians, 15,000; residents not citizens, 5,000. Population by counties: San Miguel, 28,000; Bernalillo, 27,000; Colfax, 19,000; Rio Arriba, 17,500; Santa Fe, 16,500; Socorro, 15,500; Valencia, 15,000; Dona Ana, 14,500; Grant, 14,000; Mora, 13,500; Taos, 13,000; Sandoval, 12,500; Chaves, 12,000; Guada- lupe, 9,500; Otero, 9,000; Lincoln, 8,500; Eddy, 8,000; McKinley, 7,500: Eoosevelt, 7,500; Union, 7,000; San Juan, 6,500; Torrance, 6,000 ; Quay, 6,000 ; Sierra, 5,000 ; Luna, 4,000. Farms and Farm Products. Number of farms in 1890, 4,458; in 1900, 11,834; in 1905, 15,- 000. Acres in farms in 1890, 787,882; in 1900, 5,130,878 ; in 1905, 6,200,000. Value of farms in 1890, $33,543,141 ; in 1900, $53,- 737,824; in 1905, $62,500,000. Value of farm lands in 1890, $8,- 140,800; in 1900, $20,888,824; in 1905, $30,000,000. Value of farm implements in 1890, $291,140; in 1900, $1,151,610; in 1905, $1,500,000. Value of live stock in 1890, $25,111,201; in 1900, $31,727,400; in 1905, $44,000-,000. Value, of farm products in 1890, $2,000,000; in 1900, $10,000,000; in 1905, $18,000,000. Acres in alfalfa in 1890, 12,139; in 1900, 55,467; in 1905, 63,000. Acres under cultivation in 1890, 91,745; in 1900, 203,893; in 1905, 340,000. Butter, in 1890, 105,000 pounds; in 1900, 381,- 000; in 1905, 500,000. Eggs, in 1890, 280,000 dozen; in 1900, 840,- 000. dozen; in 1905, 1,000,000 dozen. Hay, in 1900, $1,427,317; in 1905, $2,250,000. Cereals, in 1900, $979.903 ; in 195, $1,500,- 000. Vegetables, in 1900, $278,413: in 1905, $350,000. Fruit, in 1900, $197,331 : in 1905, $500,000. Other products, in 1900, $374,573: in 1905, $500,000. Acres under irrigation in 1905, 350,000. Climate. Mean temperature in 1904, 53.7 degrees; the mean for July, the warmest month, 72.4 degrees: for January, the coldest, 31.9 de- grees. The highest temperature recorded was at Alamogordo, 105 THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 385 degrees, and San Mareial, 105 degrees; the lowest, 15 degrees below zero, at Lima, Socorro County. The highest mean annual temper- ature was at Carlsbad, 64.9 degrees; the lowest at Luna, 47.9 degrees. The greatest range in temperature was at Luna, 109 degrees; the least range at Cloudcroft, 81 degrees. The annual precipitation was 14.41 inches. The least monthly precipitation was in April, 0.15 of an inch, and the greatest in September, 4.34 inches. The lowest annual precipitation recorded was at Fruitland, 3.33 inches ; the greatest at Arabela, 26.24 inches. The snowfall averaged 12.3 inches. The relative humidity was 50 per cent at Las Vegas, 46 per cent at Santa Fe, and 33 per cent at Mesilla Park. The num- ber of cloudy days was 43 ; partly cloudy days, 96 ; clear days, 227. At Santa Fe there was 80 per cent of possible sunshine; the highest, 93 per cent in January ; the lowest, 69 per cent in August. The wind averaged 7.4 miles per hour at Santa Fe, with a maxi- mum velocity of 46 miles per hour. At Mesilla Park it averaged 7.8 miles per hour, with a maximum velocity of 48 miles per hour. Public Lands. On July 1, 1905, there were in New Mexico, 52,095,312 acres of public land subject to entry under Federal land laws. Of this area 14,495,363 acres were unsurveyed. Forest reserves covered 6,- 500,000 acres; Indian reservations, 3,599,447 acres; military res- ervations, 187,461 acres; Pueblo Inflian grants, 906,865 acres, and Territorial lands, 1,300,000 acres. Land entries in five fiscal years ending June 30, 1905, Santa Fe district, 774,670 acres, of which 372,369 acres were homestead entries; 320,235 acres Territorial selections; 22,736 acres desert land entries; 20,963 lieu selections; 16,285 coal declaratory entries; 6,710 acres land sold; 6,583 acres mineral entries ; 4,528 acres small holdings claims ; 3,146 acres coal lands sold; 1,160 acres Indian allotments. Roswell district, 1,- 365,619 acres, of which 623,197 were homestead entries; 290,038 desert land entries; 296,530 acres lieu selections, and 155,854 acres Territorial selections. Clayton district, 848,608 acres, of which 555,818 acres were homesteads; 160,437 acres lieu selections; 100,407 acres Territorial land selections; 31,946 acres desert land entries. Las Cruces district, 294,049 acres, of which 154,083 acres were homesteads; 13,834 desert land entries; 12,062 acres lieu se- lections, and 114,070 acres Territorial selections. The total num- ber of entries, in round figures, during those five years covered 3,300,000 acres, of which 1,705,467 acres were homestead entries; 690,566 acres Territorial land selections; 558,554 acres desert land entries and 489,992 acres lieu selections. The following is the area THE LAND OF SUNSHINE. 387 •of lands still subject to entrv July 1, 1905, according to counties: Socorro, 7,974,753 acres; Chaves, 4.993,088; .Grant, 3,920,494; Otero, 3,897,037; Eddy, 3,767,647; Union, 3,135,815; Rio Arriba, 2,339,021; Torrance, 2,1-^8,4^3; Lincoln, 1,955,260; Dona Ana, 1,933,637; Sierra, 1,695,628; Luna, 1,666,524; Guadalupe, 1,572,- 578; Roosevelt, 1,532,980; San Juan, 1,481,042; Quay, 1,467,532; San Miguel, 1,459,724; Valencia, 1,029,489; McKinley, 885,847; Mora, 715,932; SaDdoval, 694,190; Taos, 619,791; Colfax, 515,- 256; Santa Fe, 470,390, and Bernalillo, 225,195. Mineral Production. During the past one hundred years New Mexico has produced $27,000,000 worth of gold and $30,000,000 worth of silver. The annual value of the mineral production of the Territory at present averages $3,000,000. The producing mines of the Territory num- ber as follows : Coal, 30 ; gold and silver, 100 ; copper, 20 ; precious stones, 10; quarries, 10; zinc, 4; iron, 2; all other, 10. The num- ber of oflEicially surveyed mines is 995. During the past ten years New Mexico produced $4,855,000 worth of gold, $5,552,120 worth of silver, 55,646,000 pounds of copper, and 60,640,000 pounds of lead. During 1904 the gold production was valued at $381,930, the silver production at $124,103, copper at $646,382, lead at $134,- 283; zinc, $899,589. Coal. Area of prospected coal lands, 1,500,000 acres; amount of coal in sight, 9,000,000,000 tons, valued at $11,000,000,000. Coal pro- duced during the past ten years, 12,000,000 tons, valued at $15,- €00,000. Coke produced during the past five years, 170,000 tons, valued at $500,000. Production of coal for past fiscal year, 1,672, 406 tons; coke, 76,737 tons. Manufactures. In 1900 there were 174 manufacturing establishments, with cap- ital of $2,263,838, employing 2,578 people, earning $1,290,188, and producing $4,060,924. There were seven railroad shops, employing 1,080 people, paying $604,195 in wages, and producing $1,069,280. There were twenty-seven lumber mills, employing 617 people, pay- ing $188,222 in wages, and producing $522,289. In 1905 there were 199 manufacturing establishments, employing 3,700 people, paying $2,416,882 in wages, and producing $5,705,880. There were ten railroad shops, employing 1,736 people, paying in wages $1,319,904, and producing $2,250,845. There were twenty-three THE LAND OF SUNSHINE, 389 lumber mills^ employing 1,210 people, earning $638,802 in wages, and producing $1,315,364. Ele\:tion Figures. In the Xovember, 1904, election there were cast -±3,011 votes, of which 22,305 were for the Kepublican candidate, 17,125 for the Democratic candidate, 3,419 for the Independent Republican can- didate, and 162 for the Socialist candidate for delegate to the Fifty-ninth Congress. The legislature, elected at the same time, consisted of 11 Republicans and 1 Democrat in the council, and 21 Republicans and 3 Democrats in the house. In the November election of 1902 the total vote cast was 38,798, of which the Republicans received 34,222 and the Demo- crats 14,576, twenty counties giving Republican and four Demo- cratic majorities. To the legislative council 13 Republicans and no Democrats were returned, and to the house 33 Republicans and 3 Democrats. In the November election of 1900 there were cast 39,414 votes, of which the Republicans received 21,557 and the Democrats 17,857. To the legislature were elected 9 Republicans and 3 Democrats in the council, and 30 Republicans and 4 Demo- crats in the house. Railroads. On September 1, 1905, there were 2,556.44 miles of railroad in the Territory, valued commercially at $90,000,000. On June 30, 1904, there were 2,483.53 miles; June 30, 1903, there were 2,446 miles; June 30, 1903, there were 3,363 miles; June 30, 1901, 1,981 miles, and June 30, 1900, 1,679 miles, a total mileage built in five years of 878 miles, and in a quarter of a century of 3,500 milec. There are under construction at present 370 miles of railroad, while surveys were run during the year for 800 miles more, with prom- ise of construction in the near future. The lines under construc- tion are the Eastern Railway of New Mexico from Belen to Texico, 350 miles; the Albuquerque Eastern, from Moriarty to Albu- querque, 43 miles; the Hagan Coal Branch from Frost to Hagan, 18 miles; the St. Louis, Rocl % ^^ ^-^ A ' ^ ^ ->;-^-■• ^^> .^v o 0^ '^r. * V, » 1 ^ •^, * » 1 1 " .:-i''^;'c. s'^^ ^7" . o a\- V. = \ :■: ,\r :, ^ S -C ^-1/. f ^^^^- .0- ^■«'* 'V- .0^ 1: '^-4 .V-' °' * '. N ^ ^\V ,'^' <-•. .S^% .\^ A o. ■->\ %4 O 0^ ,•0" ^ Y » o 9 \ \' .0 C' ^ "'S^^^' ^ f>^^ ;;^'^ .,v' M r- -^ ^ * * ^ > „ ^ • ,0' :-^.^^ ',1,% ^ / .^" ^* s^^ % 'V 'oo ^ .0- -* #■ t ■ Oo. \0 -^ ^\^ \ -^ ' « ♦ "'':■ ,0' aO- ^■■-,::'-r%''°'°'"/^-"-^ 4-, I' /^ V, %. <.< ,^>^^' s. ^.»,, ./^ ..NO ^^ ^^ ^^^ . \^ o. ©0 *^*' kOO^