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6 
 
 HISTORICAL ADDRESS, 
 
 RELATING TO THE 
 
 = 
 
 COUNTY OF BROOME 
 
 IN THE STATE OF 
 
 ]SrE^V\^ YORK. 
 
 Delivered at Binghamton, July 3, 1876, 
 
 GEORGE BURR, M. D. 
 
 Published under the Direction of the Committee of 
 Arrangements. 
 
 IE 
 
 = 
 
 BINOHAMTON : 
 
 CARL, STOPPARD & CO., STEAM JOB PRINTERS. 
 
 1876. 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS, 
 
 RELATING TO THE 
 
 COUNTY OF BROOME 
 
 IN THE STATE OF 
 
 ISTE^W YORK. 
 
 Delivered at Binghamton, July 3, 1876, 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE BURR, M. D. 
 
 Published under the Direction of the Committee of 
 Arrangements. 
 
 BINGHAMTON: 
 
 CARL, STOPPARD & CO., STEAM JOB PRINTERS 
 
 1876. 
 
 

EISTORIC/L /BD^USS 
 
 relatixct to the 
 
 COUNTY OF BROOME, 
 
 BY 
 
 GEO. BUER, M. D. 
 
 To my Fellow Citizens of the County of Broome : 
 
 It having been recommended by a joint resolution of the 
 Senate and House of Eepresentatives, addressed to the people 
 of the States, "that they assemble in their several Counties or 
 Towns on the Centennial Anniversary of our National Inde- 
 pendence ; and that they cause to have delivered on such day 
 an historical sketch of said County or Town, from its founda- 
 tion, and that a copy of said sketch may be filed in print or 
 manuscript in the Clerk's Office of said County, and an addi- 
 tional copy in print or manuscript be filed in the Office of the 
 Librarian of Congress, to the intent that a complete record may 
 thus be obtained of the progress of our institutions during the 
 first Centennial of their existence," — and the same having been 
 promulgated by the President of the United States, by procla- 
 mation bearing date " the 25th day of May, in the year of our 
 Lord 1876, and of the independence of the United States the 
 one hundredth," — at the request of the appropriate Committee 
 for making arrangements for this celebration, I have under- 
 taken this duty ; and I now rise to submit for your considera- 
 
4 HISTOEICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 tion, though in a manner somewhat desultory, such historical 
 incidents and facts as I have been able to collect, relative to the 
 early settlement and to the subsequent development of this 
 County. 
 
 A history of the County of Broome for the last century 
 would include every change in its condition from that of a wild 
 waste and an untamed forest to that of its present highly culti- 
 vated condition. One hundred years ago to day, the area of 
 land now included within the boundaries of this County was 
 an unbroken wilderness — a region of solitude undisturbed by 
 the footsteps of man, save now and then by a party of red men, 
 engaged in hunting or intent upon the war path. Its present 
 cultivated hills, and its rich productive valleys, were then cov- 
 ered with the primeval forests, through which roamed the pan- 
 ther, the bear, the wolf, the deer, and other species of wild an- 
 imals. This entire region was then the hunting grounds of 
 various tribes of Indians, chiefly of the Six Nations, who, as you 
 well know, had their villages and council fires in the central 
 portion of our State. Here likewise may have been encounter- 
 ed parties of the Algonquin tribes, from the central portion of 
 Pennsylvania. There were no lodges nor permanent villages 
 in this jDart of the country, unless, perhaps, one at Ouquaga. 
 We hear of the old Indian castle situate within a few miles of 
 this jDlace, but there is no evidence or reason to believe that it 
 was in any way used as a permanent residence, as were tl\e vil- 
 lages of the Iroquois nations in another section of the State. 
 
 We cannot inquire, for we have no records or legends to in- 
 form us, of what may have transpired in the solitude of the 
 wilderness while the savage tribes held sway. And yet the im- 
 agination will picture before the mind scenes of thrilling per- 
 sonal adventure, perhaps of intense suffering, of cruel practices 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 5 
 
 — the torture of prisoners, and the exciting and hazardous 
 chase, which under the shadow of the dense forest may have 
 been enacted in localities we daily visit. Our very dwellings 
 even may stand upon sites where some luckless Indian captive 
 in years gone by has suffered all the tortures which the refined 
 cruelty of the red man so well knew how to inflict. 
 
 In order fully to comprehend the mighty change which a cen- 
 tury has wrought, we must not confine our view to the com- 
 paratively small space which our County only occupies ; but we 
 must remember that one hundred years ago the entire settle- 
 ments and population of the State of New York were confined 
 to a belt of Counties on each side of the Hudson Eiver, extend- 
 ing from the Island of Manhattan to the mouth of the Mohawk, 
 and from thence extending up the valley of that river a distance 
 not exceeding sixty miles. From the mouth of the Mohawk, 
 northwardly, there was a chain of communication to the head 
 of Lake George, thence down the Lake through Lake Champlain 
 to Montreal. This communication was the old route during 
 the French war, and at first was strictly a line of military posts, 
 such as Fort Edward, Fort William Henry and Fort Ticonda- 
 roo-a. After the close of the French war, settlements to a great- 
 er or less extent were scattered along the route, though they 
 were very feeble, and in many respects defenceless. 
 
 Passing up the Mohawk, standing on what is now the village 
 of Eome, was Fort Stanwix, then the farthest outlying, and the 
 remotest military post in the State. It guarded the portage be- 
 tween the Mohawk river and the Oneida Lake, so that commu- 
 nication might be kept open between the settlements and Lake 
 Ontario. 
 
 In the region south of the Mohawk and west of the Hudson 
 river tier of Counties, extending to the Lakes, an unbroken 
 
6 HISTOEICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 wilderness — one waste of woods tmd sky — was only to be seen. 
 True, there was at Cherry Valley, and I think at Harpersfield, 
 now in Delaware County, small settlements, which had recently 
 heen commenced, but they were early in the war destroyed by 
 the Indians under Brandt. In no other portion of this vast re- 
 gion could a white man be found. 
 
 The County of Broome was organized by an Act of the Leg- 
 islature passed March 28th, 1806, and was formed from Tioga 
 County. It was named in honor of John Broome, then Lieut. 
 Governor — Morgan Lewis being Governor of the State. In re- 
 sponse to this compliment, Lieut. Governor Broome had de- 
 signed, prepared and presented to the County, the silver seal 
 long in use at the Clerk's Office, and which I in common with 
 other former Clerks, have so often employed in attesting papers. 
 The beautiful design still remains the seal of this County, though 
 1 iK'lieve it Itecame necessary some years ago to have it engraved 
 upon a new Ijlock. 
 
 I have said that our County was taken from a portion of Tiogji 
 County, of which, until that time, it had formed a part. The 
 ])etter to understand the manner and order in which the coun- 
 ties were organized, it may be well to call attention to the fact 
 that at the beginning of the Revolution the County of Mont- 
 gomery, then called Tryon County, extended westwardly and 
 south westwardly to an indefinite extent ; the whole territory of 
 Central and Southern New York being included in its unde- 
 fined limits. From the southwestern portion of this region the 
 County of Tioga was erected in 1791. At the time of its 
 organization it included within its territory all of what is now 
 the County of Broome, a portion of the County of Chenango, 
 a portion of Tompkins, and the whole of Chemung. It will be 
 seen from this statement that the two principal cities in the 
 Southern Tier were once in the same Countv ; and it mav be 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 7 
 
 further stated that courts were held for the County in both 
 phices, a part of the time at Chenango Point, now Binghamton, 
 and at other times at Newtown, now Elmira. In 1806 the 
 County of Broome was erected from the eastern portion of this 
 territory. At that time it not only included the territory now 
 within its boundaries, but also the towns of Owego and Berk- 
 shire in Tioga County. These two towns remained attached 
 to the County of Broome until 1821, when they were set back 
 to the County of Tioga. It was while these two towns were a 
 part of Broome County that the following incident occurred : 
 A citizen of Chenango Point was a candidate before the people 
 for some County office, and desirous of success as a matter of 
 course, he sent a friend over into Berkshire for the purpose of 
 advancing his interests by calling upon the voters and asking 
 their support. After an absence of three or four days the friend 
 returned and reported tliat he had seen all the voters, that the 
 prospect was very favorable, and that everything was all right. 
 The election took place, and when the returns were received it 
 was found that the candidate in this place had received but one 
 vote in the entire town. Meeting his quondam friend the next 
 day he dryly observed to him that " there must have been one 
 man over in Berkshire that he did not see." 
 
 At the time of the organization of the County, the territory 
 now comprising it consisted 'only of the towns of Union, Lisle 
 and Chenango. The town of Union extended from the Penn- 
 sylvania hne to the south line of the town of Lisle and com- 
 prised what are now the towns of Vestal, Union and Maine. 
 The town of Lisle was wont to be called the State of Lisle, on 
 account of its great extent of territory. It included the present 
 towns of Nanticoke, Lisle, Triangle and Barker. The remain- 
 ing portion of the County was known as the town of Cbenango. 
 This, for a single town, was a large territory, for it included 
 
8 HISTOKICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 every acre east of tlie Chenango river and a strip of land on its 
 west side a mile or more in width, and which extended to the 
 Pennsylvania line. One year thereafter, however, the town of 
 Windsor was erected. This new town included within its 
 limits what are now the towns of Windsor, Colesville and San- 
 ford, The towns of Colesville and Sanford were formed from 
 Windsor on the 2d day April, 1821. Vestal was next separated 
 from Union in January, 1823, and Conklin from Chenango in 
 March, 1824. A part of Windsor was taken off in March, 
 1824, and a further portion was annexed to Conklin from Wind- 
 sor in 1851. Nanticoke, Triangle and Barker were formed out 
 of the old State of Lisle in 1831 ; Maine from Union in 1848 ; 
 the towns of Binghamton and Port Crane (the latter now 
 changed to Fenton) from Chenango in December, 1855 ; and 
 Kirk wood from Conklin in November, 1859. 
 
 The City of Binghamton was included in the old town of 
 Chenango, and for all town jonrposes was a portion of that 
 town and the more recently erected town of Binghamton, until 
 it was chartered a city. It was first incorporated a village, 
 with certain municipal powers, in May, 1834, since which time, 
 under various amended charters, it remained an incorporated 
 village until April 9, 18G7, when, by an act of the Legislature, 
 its corporate character was changed to that of a city. 
 
 The County of Broome is centrally situate in the southern 
 tier of Counties in the State of New York, bordering on the 
 State of Pennsylvania. Its southern boundary is the Pennsyl- 
 vania line ; on the east it is bounded mostly by the County of 
 Delaware ; on the north by the Counties of Chenango and 
 Cortland ; and on the west by the County of Tioga. Its area 
 contains about eight hundred square miles. 
 
 Topographically considered, it has a southern inclination. 
 Its surface is a succession of liills and valleys. The ranges of 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 9 
 
 hills and most of the valleys have a direction from south to 
 north. The hills are what are known as the Alleghany table 
 lands — the dwindling away of that range of high mountains in 
 the State of Pennsylvania, in a north-easterly direction, to dis- 
 appear at the southern border of the Mohawk valley, or to 
 terminate in the Catskill range, on the west of the Hudson 
 river. 
 
 The drainage of the County, with the exception of a part of 
 the Town of Sanford, is to the Susquehanna river. This river 
 enters the County from the north-east, and takes a southerly 
 direction for about twenty-five miles, when it leaves the County 
 as well as the State, and enters Pennsylvania. It soon, how- 
 ever, as if conscious of its inability to break through the barrier 
 of mountains which stand directly in its way, changes its direc- 
 tion to the west for some ten miles, when, as if discouraged 
 likewise in that direction, it turns again to the north, and re- 
 enters the County of Broome. This is the Great Bend of the 
 Susquehanna River. 
 
 The Susquehanna now seems better satisfied, for after keeping 
 a northerly course for about ten miles it changes again to the 
 west, when after being reinforced by the Chenango Eiver at the 
 point where we are now assembled, and farther on by the Nan- 
 ticoke and Owego Creeks, it at length receives the Chemung 
 River, when, as if conscious of its increased volume and power, 
 it boldly approaches the mountains thi"ough which it now makes 
 its way to the Wyoming Valley. 
 
 The other principal rivers and streams of the County are the 
 Chenango River from the north-east, the Tioughnioga River 
 from the north-west, the Otselic River, which occupying a mid- 
 dle situation, empties into the Tioughnioga at Whitney's Point, 
 and the Nanticoke Creek in the western part of the County. 
 
10 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 The settlement of the County by the whites did not begin 
 until some years after the close of the Revolutionary War — 
 and then there seemed to be a simultaneous movement to occupy" 
 lands in different parts of the County. 
 
 Capt. Joseph Leonard has tlie reputation of being the first 
 white man who settled within its boundaries. He came into 
 the Chenango valley in the year 1787. It is true that some 
 years before this, three or four white persons had been sent out 
 by Eev. Jonathan Edwards, then I Ijelieve of Northampton. 
 Mass., among whom was his own son, to the Indian settlement 
 at Ouquaga, now Windsor, for the purpose of studying the hab- 
 its, acquiring the manners, and learning the language of the 
 Indians, with a view to future missionary efforts in their behalf ; 
 and that they remained at Ouquaga for two or three years. 
 These persons, however, were not settlers in any sense of the 
 word. 
 
 Following the settlement of Chenango by Capt. Leonard in 
 1787, Ouquaga, Lisle and Union appear to have been settled 
 the year after. At Ouquaga the first pioneers were John 
 Doolittle, David Hotchkiss and John Garnsey. At Lisle, or its 
 vicinity, the first settler seems to have been one Lampeer, fol- 
 lowed the next year by Gen. John Patterson, one of the original 
 members of the Boston Company, and shortly after by Ebenezer 
 Tracy, Edward Edwards and David Manning. At ITnion and 
 its immediate neighborhood came Joshua Mersereau, John Mer- 
 sereau. Gen. Oringh Stoddard, Capt. William Brink, Moses 
 Chambers, Ezekiel Crocker, Oliver Crocker, Amos Patterson, 
 Medad Bradley, Elisha Bradley, Daniel Seymour, David Barney, 
 Daniel Price, and others. 
 
 These i)oints formed the nuclei of more extended settlements 
 and larger improvements. Slowly and by degrees, as the years 
 
HISTOKICAL ADDRESS. 11 
 
 ])assed by, the number of settlers in the vicinity of these places 
 increased, the forests gave way before them, and improved land 
 began to be seen. The smoke, rising from the log huts of set- 
 tlers, could be observed above tlie tree tops in different directions, 
 and the resounding blows of the woodman's axe and the crash 
 of falling trees, gave evidence of a sturdy purpose to ovei'come 
 the obstacles of the forest, and to bring out and utilize the re- 
 sources of the land. 
 
 One might here stop and inquire, what influences induced so 
 many to leave the comijaratively cultivated portions of the east- 
 ern States, and take up with the rude manners, the great in- 
 conveniences and the imminent dangers of a frontier life, such 
 as the first settlers of our own County encountered. In answer 
 it may be remarked, that a man usually turns his face from the 
 old to the new. Some indescribable influence excites him to ad- 
 venture, and in this way largo masses of men are impelled for- 
 ward to bring about results, or, if you so please to term it, the 
 designs of Providence, without their knoAving why or wherefore, 
 or being aware of the consequences, however momentous, that 
 may depend u])on their movements. The tide of humanity 
 from its earliest period has been directed from the rising towards 
 the setting sun. The Asiatics went west to people Europe ; 
 Eneas went west when, after the sack of Troy, lie sought a new 
 home, and laid the foundations of the lofty walls of Rome; 
 the Saxons went west to conquer the Britons ; Columbus also 
 sailed west to discover America ; and the people of this country 
 have, from its first settlement, l^eeu pushing forward in the same 
 direction, until now their progress has been arrested only by the 
 waves of the Pacific Ocean. The idea of "go west, young man," 
 is thousands of years older than the life-time of Horace Greeley. 
 
 The most efficient cause that invited immigration into this 
 County was undoubtedly the efforts of those who had obtained 
 
12 HISTOEICAL ADDKESS. 
 
 grants or patents of land. It had been, many years before, the 
 policy of the Home Government, for the Crown to issue grants of 
 extensive tracts of land — the Van Rensselaer and the Living- 
 ston grants being examples. The Colonial Government did the 
 same, and the State, after assuming the functions of an Inde- 
 pendent Power, followed the same practice. Grants or patents 
 of large tracts of land were consequently issued to various per- 
 sons, who after having procured the proper surveys, invited pur- 
 chasers to buy and to settle upon their lands. It is from these 
 sources — these land patents — that the land titles in our County 
 are derived. 
 
 The most extensive grant of land in the County was to an as- 
 sociation of men in Massachusetts, called the Boston Company, 
 who purchased a tract situate between the Chenango River and 
 the Owego Creek, containing about 230,000 acres. This tract 
 has been known and referred to in deeds of conveyance as the 
 Boston Purchase. There were several townships into which a 
 part of the purchase was divided — the townships of Chenango 
 and Nanticoke being within the County of Broome. The north- 
 ern portion of the purchase is known as the "Grand Division," 
 so that the deeds of the present landholders in that part of the 
 County describe the land as such and such lots either in the 
 Chenango township, the Nanticoke township, or in the Grand 
 Division of the Boston Purchase. A large proportion of the 
 settlers upon the Boston Purchase were Massachusetts people, 
 and were induced undoubtedly to take up lands there tlirough 
 the influence of the proprietors, one of whom. Gen. John Pat- 
 terson, set the example by locating at or near what is noAV Whit- 
 ney's Point. 
 
 The next patent, and i)erhaps the first in importance on ac- 
 count of its location, was that granted to William Bingham, a 
 merchant of Philadelphia. This was a strip of land one mile 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS, 13 
 
 wide on each side of the river, extending up and down the val- 
 ley of the Susquehanna. The City of Binghamton is built upon 
 land included in this patent, and the City bears the name of 
 the original patentee. Bingham-ton is the name of this City. 
 The interpolation of the odious p, which is often made in writ- 
 ing the word, does injustice to the original proprietor of the 
 land, and to a certain extent a benefactor of the place. Hence 
 the sensitiveness of our people upon this point. 
 
 Mr. Bingham, as has been remarked, when he came into 
 possession of this patent, was a merchant of Philadelphia, but, 
 about the year 1800, he left there and returned to England, 
 where he shortly after died. By his will his lands were placed 
 in the hands of five trustees, who assumed the charge, and they 
 have since executed the deeds of conveyance to purchasers. Two 
 •of these trustees were the firm of Baring Brothers, in London, 
 Alexander Baring, afterwards Lord Ashburton, and Henry 
 Baring, his brother. They both married daughters of Mr. 
 Bingham. 
 
 The patent boi-dering on Mr. Bingham's on the east, or up 
 the valleys, is known as Tnomas' Patent ; on the west, down the 
 river, we come to a tract purchased by Hooper and Wilson, and 
 the patent bears their name. This extends to the Tioga County 
 line. 
 
 On the north of Bingham's Patent, and east of the Chenango 
 River, is the tract known as Clinton and Melchers Patent, 
 Farther north is that granted to Jay and Rutherford. Harpur's 
 Patent is situate in and about the villages of Nineveh, Harpurs- 
 ville and Centerville, and down the river beyond is Hammond's 
 Patent. Nichol's Patent lies east of the Susquehanna, between 
 Windsor and Deposit. There are other and smaller patents of 
 land granted by the State situate in this County, but the fore- 
 going constitute the most important ones. 
 
14 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 Mr. Robert Harpur, the proprietor of Harpnr's Patent, like- 
 wise set the example of living npon the lands he had purchased? 
 and which he offered to settlers. The grant of land containing 
 20,000 acres was made to him in 1786, and in 1795 he removed 
 with his family from the City of New York, where he had been 
 a Professor in King's (now Columbia) College, to take up his 
 residence in the rude settlements of the frontier. He had like- 
 wise filled the office of Deputy Secretary of State, and he is 
 usually spoken of as Secretary Harpur. He was the father of 
 the late John Warren Harpur, Eobert Harpur and Mrs. Rev. 
 Dr. Andrews, all of whom were well known to our older citizens. 
 
 The first settlers of this County came from different parts of 
 the country. Those who took up land in the Boston Purchase 
 were, as has been remarked, generally from the State of Massa- 
 chusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Vermont 
 each had their representatives here. Another class came from 
 the eastern counties of this State, and from New York City. 
 
 The character of the early settlers of tliis County did not vary 
 much from that which usually characterizes all frontiersmen. 
 Almost every locality had its " Billy Kirby,-'"and very many each 
 its ''Squire Doolittle ;" and occasionally one would meet with a 
 " Richard Jones."' The great mass of those who first settled the 
 County came for the ])nrpose of "bettering their condition.'' 
 and were men and women of strong determination and will. 
 The land they had taken up they proposed not only clear and 
 fit for cultivation, but to pay for it, and to own the homes they 
 had chosen in the new settlements. Their houses and barns 
 were generally built of logs ; but these, when they were proper- 
 ly constructed, were very warm and comfortable. The houses 
 usually were built with but one room, which answered the pur- 
 poses of parlor, bedroom and kitchen. A large fire-place usually 
 occupied the whole of one side of the house. This, when well 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 15 
 
 filled with bliizing wood, as was always the case on a winter's 
 evening, cast a cheerful glow and a pleasing warmth over the 
 entire household, and often afforded sufficient light for the 
 various employments of the family. One of my first essais in 
 life was to teach a common school in a district which had not 
 then put off its frontier character. The school liouse was built 
 of logs, and so were most of the dwellings of the residents, and 
 as usual constructed with only one room. In one corner of the 
 room was the bed occupied by the husband and wife ; in tiie 
 corner opposite was the bed of the schoolmaster ; and between 
 the two was a trundle bed for the children. 
 
 The houses of the settlers were seldom in close proximity to 
 each other ; often there would be a distance of a mile or more 
 between the nearest neighbors. The means of communication 
 between neighboring dwellings at first were only foot-paths 
 through the woods, or if any attempt had been made towards 
 constructing a road, it was only to cut away the trees and brush 
 so that a team of oxen could pass. 
 
 The settler, on taking up his land, first made an opening in 
 the forest, whereon he could erect his " log cabin." This ac- 
 complished, he proceeded to enlarge the opening by falling the 
 surrounding trees, and in due time sufficient space was obtain- 
 ed, or, in the parlance of the day, a " clearing " was commenced. 
 To get rid of the superfluous wood, the trunks of the trees were 
 cut into suitable lengths, drawn together into large piles and 
 set on fire. This was the process of logging. 
 
 While the husband and father was thus engaged in subduing 
 the forest, the wife and mother had no less important duties 
 on her hands. It was her province to bear the children, to 
 take the best care of them she could, to prepare the food, to 
 manufacture the material of which their clothing was made, 
 
IG HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 and generally to make the garments for the entire family. These 
 garments probably were not always of a quality and fashion to 
 excite the admiration of a Chesterfield or of a Beau Brummell ; 
 but they answered every necessaiy purpose, and long before one 
 of them was cast aside as worn out, it presented, from frequent 
 patching of its most exposed ^"'arts, a decidedly variegated ap- 
 pearance ; and very often, from this cause, the attire of both 
 men and women assumed as great a variety of hues as did 
 Joseph's coat of many colors. 
 
 It must be remembered, that at this time the cotton gin had 
 not been invented ; that the reign of this product had not then 
 commenced. India cottons were 60 or 70 cents per yard, and 
 the settlers were too poor to buy them for ordinary or everyday 
 wear. The usual fabric for summer use — the drap (fete' of the 
 woods — was made of tow, and was manufactured in the house. 
 A tow shirt and trowsers. Avith sometimes a loose frock of the 
 same material, constituted a full pioneer dress. For fall and 
 winter clothing, if the wolves spared sheep enough to furnish a 
 supply of wool, a piece of woolen cloth, likewise spun and wo- 
 ven in the house, was prepared. A portion of this was finished 
 at the cloth dresser's, by being colored and pressed, for the use 
 of the women ; the rest, by the process of fulling, was made 
 into thicker and stronger cloth for the purposes of the men. 
 Usually the scanty supply of the material, and the diflficulty and 
 labor by which it was obtained, rendered the modern resort of 
 a " pull back " to display the outlines of one's form quite un- 
 necessary. There was no redundant material for the display of 
 panniers or other devices of fashion ; no time to ]"tut it on, and 
 no opportunity to exhibit it. 
 
 The means of subsistence of the early settlers, though not in 
 great variety, were ample. The forests were full of game, and 
 the streams abounded in fish. Were it not for these provisions 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. IT 
 
 of nature, the people must hav-e suffered for food. It was the 
 work of some years to bring the land under sufficient cultiva- 
 tion to produce the quantity requisite to supply the wants of a 
 family. It was likewise at one time forty miles to a mill capa- 
 ble of grinding grain into flour; the distance to be traversed on 
 foot or by canoe. If the meat of any domestic animal was at 
 any time used, it was generllly salted pork, purchased at some 
 store, a few pounds at a time. Of fruits there were none, 
 except such as grew wild — berries in their season, and wild 
 grapes. A little patch, cultivated among the stumps with a 
 hoe, would yield a scanty supply of potatoes, turnips, cabbage, 
 &c. Tea was, perhaps, the only luxury indulged in at the 
 table. This the good frontier matrons thought they must have, 
 to solace their griefs and to exhilarate their spirits. But not 
 all could afford even this, and substitutes were often resorted to, 
 such as infusions of sage, and of the young and tender leaves of 
 the birch. Sugar was early obtained by boiling the sap of the 
 hard or sugar maple, {acer sacchariaum;) the season for making 
 it being the early spring. The sap was collected by cutting a 
 small notch in the tree, adjusting a spout, and in this way con- 
 ducting it into pans or buckets, placed at the foot of the tree. 
 The sap was boiled down until the sugar would "grain,"' as 
 they termed it — i. e.. until the extractive matter became 
 solidified by the evaporation of all the water which it con- 
 tained. Sugar making was a season of hard work, yet it 
 gave opportunity for many pleasant gatherings, especially to the 
 younger people. Parties assembled when '•' sugaring off," were 
 as enjoyable then as are the picnics and croquet amusements 
 of the present day. 
 
 In the absence of hay, animals were subsisted upon coarse 
 
 straw, and by hrowsing, which consisted in cutting down soft 
 
 maple trees durins: the latter part of the winter, and allowinn^ 
 3 ^ 
 
IS HTSTORTCAL ADDRES-s 
 
 the cattle to eat the tender twigs and the swoiien loaf uii~. In 
 severe winters the whole time of the settler would be taken up 
 in efforts to keep from starvation his stock of animals — gener- 
 ally a few sheep, a yoke of oxen and perhaps a cow. 
 
 These were some of the hardships and privations suffered 
 more or less by the pioneer settlers ^of this County. But they 
 came here with brave hearts, strong arms and ready hands, and 
 it is to the indomitable courage, the hardy industry and 
 the unflinching determination which they brought with them. 
 that the wilderness has been transformed, and that the fertile 
 valleys and well cultivated hills of our County present the pleas- 
 ing aspect of to-day. All honor to the memory of the pioneer 
 settlers ; for who of our modem young men would shoulder 
 his axe and go forth to encounter and subdue the wilderness ? 
 
 " 'Tis fitting we sbonld cherish their remembrance ever ju?" 
 Their heroic toil, and stoic, and their high hopes and holv trasi : 
 They the sons of pilgrim fathers, who had dared the wintrv wave, 
 Trinmphed o'er the foe and famine, with stem aoala and spirits brave." 
 
 The habits of the frontier people were of a social and kind 
 nature, so far as their remote residences and incessant occupa- 
 tions would permit. A sense of mutual dependence upon eaeh 
 other under very many circumstances seemed to prevail, which 
 effectually suppressed all attempts to get up feuds or quarrels. 
 The security of life in the settlements, a necessity for making 
 L'ununon cause in defence of each other, and many other per- 
 ponal rights and pri\*ileges, were dependent upon a united sen- 
 timent and the cordial co-operation of the settlers. Hence they 
 cultivated friendly and neighborly relations, took a warm in- 
 terest in each other's affairs, and when necessary rendered 
 prompt assistance on all occasions of emergency, A practice 
 prevailed of helping each other when one had a heavy piece of 
 work to accomplish. For instance, if one of the settlers had a 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 19 
 
 large logging on hand, which he was unable to do alone on ac- 
 count of shortness of help or an insufficient team, he felt at 
 liberty to appoint a" day and invite all his neighbors, far and 
 near, to come with their teams to his assistance. This they 
 always did, and a half day's work by all hands would accomp- 
 lish more for the settler than he could do in a month single 
 handed. It was the same when one wished to put up a log 
 house or barn, work which he could not perform alone. His 
 neighbors would turn out to his assistance, and in a few hours 
 the heavy work would be completed. In putting up a log build- 
 ing it was necessary to cut notches in the end of each log to tit 
 corresponding notches in the log below and above. A chopper, 
 therefore, to each comer was always selected to perform this 
 work. This was the post of honor on such occasions, and the 
 chopper who first got up his corner was the champion of the 
 day. These gatherings were termed bees. They were alwavs 
 occasions of hilarity and good feeling — the inevitable whisky 
 jng was always present, and the affair terminated by a supper 
 of such quality, and .-erved in such style, as the circumstances 
 would allow. 
 
 The sources of information to the settlers were very scantv. 
 They had but few books — perhaps a Bible, and some scattering 
 volumes which they had picked up. Of newspapers they had 
 none. Information of what was transpiring in any part of the 
 world could only be obtained by the accidental arrival of some 
 new adventurer, or from some settler who. after makino- his 
 way back to his old place of residence, had again returned to 
 his new home. Their social gatherings were characterized by 
 an interchange of news, such as one might hear in one direc- 
 tion, and another in a different one, which, with a rehearsal of 
 their own local and domestic affairs, formed the chief subjects 
 of conversation. Information of current events seldom if ever 
 
20 HISTORICAL ADDRESS, 
 
 reached the frontier settlements. There were no post routes 
 nor i^ost offices for several 3'ears after the settlements were com- 
 menced, and it was long before any regular postal communica- 
 tion Avas established, and not oftener then than once in two 
 weeks. To us, who in an hour can receive the result of a po- 
 litical convention at Cincinnati or St. Louis by means of tele- 
 graphic connection, it appears almost incredible that stirring 
 events and important movements should take place and a por- 
 tion of the people remain in entire ignorance of them. The 
 news of the battles of Lexington, Concord and Bunker's Hill 
 did not reach the remote settlements until long after those en- 
 gagements had taken place. 
 
 There were and could be no schools in the new settlements. 
 In fact at the time when the settlements were first made in this 
 section, the State had taken no action to pro-\dde for the in- 
 struction of the children within its jurisdiction. It had organ- 
 ized a University, had chartered Colleges and Academies, but 
 had adopted no measures to promote a system of general instruc- 
 tion. It was not until 1795 that any action was taken upon 
 this subject. And when measures providing for public schools 
 were carried into effect, they were entirely inoperative in the 
 new settlements. The population was so sparse, the distance, 
 always through dense woods, too great for small children to as- 
 semble in any number, while the larger ones could be made use- 
 ful in various ways at home or in the clearings. The first set- 
 tlers consequently were deprived of the means of educating their 
 children, and many of them came to adult years unable to read 
 and Avrite, I myself had an elder relative who came to man- 
 hood under such circumstances, and who on his reaching the 
 age of 21 years went back to Connecticut, from whence he had 
 been brought when a young child, and entering a district school 
 began his course of instruction by learning the letters of the 
 English al job abet. 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 21 
 
 It must not be presumed, however, that tlie minds of the 
 young settlers were complete blanks in information on account 
 -of the want of instruction in schools. On the contrary many of 
 them were well educated in all matters pertaining to the situa- 
 tion in which they were placed. They were well versed in the 
 woods, were usually expert with the rifle and the fishing rod. 
 To bring down a deer while dashing through the thick brush 
 was not a very uncommon or extraordinary exploit. The man- 
 ufacture, and especially the repairing of their farming tools, 
 working in iron as blacksmiths, dressing the skins of animals 
 and making them into garments, moccasins, &c., and the con- 
 struction of their buildings, were frequently performed by those 
 whose only instruction and handicraft was the result of their own 
 ingenuity and practical observation. If they were ignorant of 
 the histories of Herodotus and Livy, or knew nothing of the 
 problems of Euclid, they could fall a tree wnereverthey wanted 
 it to lie, and could judae of the effect of the wind upon a rifle 
 ball at 30 rods, with as much accuracy as if they had been edu- 
 cated at West Point. 
 
 From the first settlement of the valley of the Chenango, an 
 impression seemed to prevail tliat a village at or near the con- 
 fluence of the two rivers must, from the nature of the locality, 
 be inevitable ; but the precise point where it would be laid out 
 was not fully determined upon. A little cluster of dwellings 
 had been erected a mile and a-half up the Chenango River, above 
 the foot of Mount Prospect, and the general impression was 
 that there the new village would be built. But as the land at 
 that point did not appear to be properly fitted for the purposes 
 of a village, other influences prevailed, 
 
 Mr. Bingham very naturally desired that the site of the pro- 
 posed town should be located on his patent, and through the 
 iinfluence of Joshua Whitney, then a young man and business 
 
t2 historical address. 
 
 agent for Mr. Bingham, the removal was accomplislied. By 
 general consent the present site of Binghamton was determined 
 upon — the ground was cleared of brush and logs by the united 
 efforts of the people, they making a bee for that purpose. The 
 street now known as Water street was laid out, and building 
 wii.s soon commenced. Tliis was in 1799, and the new village 
 thus begun was named Chenango Village. This was the 
 iivdeus of Binghamton. A few buildings were erected on 
 Water street, stores were oj)ened, mechanics' shop» were built, 
 and also a tavern by Lewis Keeler, where the Cafferty House 
 now stands. When the County was organized, in 1806, the 
 village became the County seat, and the erection of a Court 
 House and Jail and Clerk's Office soon followed. 
 
 It is now proper that I should allude briefly to certain indi- 
 viduals, who not only laid the foundations of Binghamton, 1)ut 
 who largely contributed to its growth iind to its subsequent 
 prosperity. 
 
 First and foremost of all was tlie late Cen. Joshua Whitney, 
 He came here with his father al)out the year 1788, a young 
 man only 18 years of age. Here he grew to maturity, and en- 
 tered upon the active business of life. Some years after. I tliink 
 about the year 1800, Mr. Bingham appointed him his agent, 
 and entrusted to him his interests in tlie patent of which he 
 was the pro])rietor. From that time Mr. Whitney Avas the 
 ruling spirit of the place. He entered ardently into his work, 
 became an active business man in the new village, opened a 
 store, erected a dwelling liouse, and in every project of a public 
 character or interest he was first and foremost. His influence 
 was powerful, and was always exerted to promote what he be- 
 lieved to be the best interests of the people. In his manner he 
 was somewhat brusque, and was positive in enforcing what his 
 judgment told him was right ; yet he was kind of heart and 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 23 
 
 generous in nature. Many of the early settlers were greatly 
 benefited by the aid and comfort which he not unfrequently 
 afforded them, under some adverse or embarrassing circum- 
 stances. 
 
 I only knew Gen. Whitney in the later years of his life, when 
 he had long been retired from business. But even then he re- 
 tained more or less of his former influence, and was every where 
 treated by his fellow citizens with evidences of the greatest re- 
 spect and veneration. Gen. Whitney represented this County 
 in the Assembly during its fortieth session — 1816-17. 
 
 Jacob McKinney appears to have been the next most prom- 
 inent business man who early located at Chenango Village. He 
 oame from Northumberland County, Pa., making his way up 
 the river in a boat loaded with goods. He opened a store, and 
 soon after formed a co-partnership with Gen. Whitney, and en- 
 tered with zeal into all the projects for building up the new 
 village. He was one of the first on the ground, and his efforts 
 began with the earliest. He served as Sheriff and County 
 Clerk of this County. 
 
 Christopher Eldredge is also entitled to special mention 
 in this connection. He came into this section of the country 
 from Stonington, Conn., in 1801, and in 1806 commenced bus- 
 iness as a merchant, and for more than fifty years was one of 
 the most prominent business men in Binghamton. Mr. Eldredge 
 died less than twelve years ago in the 81st year of his age, and 
 his memory is yet cherished and honored by those who knew 
 him in his life time, and who are now enjoying the advantages 
 which he contributed so much towards securing. 
 
 Following the three persons just mentioned, came other active 
 business men and mechanics, who bought lots, opened their 
 stores, built their shops, and gave to the new village an air of 
 
24 
 
 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 industry and thrift. The names of some of these men may be 
 here mentioned as those who laid the foundations and com- 
 menced the superstructure of our present City. The limits of 
 this sketch, however, will not allow me to enter into details of 
 the personal history of each individual. One general remark 
 applies to them collectively. They were mostly young men 
 with the world before them, adventurous, hardy and enter- 
 prising. These names I will now give ; they are as follows : 
 
 Lewis Keeler, 
 Zenas Pratt, 
 Selah Squires, 
 James Squires, 
 David Brownson- 
 Myron Merrill, 
 John B. Mcintosh, 
 Marshall Lewis. 
 Jeremiah Campbell, 
 .Julius Page, 
 Henry Mather, 
 (rilbert Tompkins, 
 Thomas Evans, 
 Samuel Peterson, 
 Joseph B. Abl)ott. 
 Oliver Ely, 
 William Wentz, 
 Vincent Whitnev, 
 
 John Townley, 
 Henry T. Shipman, 
 William Woodruff, 
 Benjamin Sawtelle, 
 Lewis St. John, 
 James C. Smead, 
 CoL John Stone, 
 Augustus Morgau, 
 Samuel Smith, 
 Richard Mather, 
 Martin Hawley, 
 Isaac Tompkins, 
 James Evans, 
 Hazard Lewis, 
 Stephen Weed, 
 Levi Dimmick, 
 Virgil Whitney, 
 Franklin Whitnev. 
 
 Most of these men liave passed away. " Life's fitful fever 
 over,'' they now rest from their labors, amidst the scenes of 
 their early toil : 
 
 •• By the river golden storied with their worth and virtues tried." 
 A few of them remain, however, and are now our oldest and 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 25 
 
 most respected citizens. Cliief among the living is the venera- 
 ble Samuel Peterson, now nearly 85 years of age, who, not- 
 withstanding his years, daily walks our streets with the brisk- 
 ness of youth, and with the elastic step of a boy. It would 
 trouble most men twenty years younger to keep pace with him 
 now. 
 
 Virgil Whitney, eldest son of Gen. Joshua Whitney, still 
 lives among us, a revered and venerable citizen, now in the 81st 
 year of his age. He was born and reared here, amid the scenes 
 and incidents of early pioneer life. He has witnessed the entire 
 transformation of the County from a wilderness to a rich and 
 cultivated section ; has seen all its changes ; has been instru- 
 mental in promoting its interests and in securing its present 
 superior advantages ; and through a long and active life has 
 contributed his share to the advancement and prosperity of the 
 County. 
 
 EicHARD Mather. Col. Jos. B. Abbott, William Wentz, 
 and Charles W. Sanford still remain to recount their early 
 experience in frontier life, and to tell, not how fields, but how 
 fortunes, were won. The life of each of these citizens has been 
 passed in the successful prosecution of business, adding by their 
 efforts to the material wealth of the locality, and transposino- 
 crude material into useful and valuable products. 
 
 The professions were early represented in the settlement of 
 the County, and, it is claimed, contributed their full share to its 
 permanent advancement. 
 
 Of the lawyers who first came into the County may be men- 
 tioned Daniel LeRoy, David Rogers, Horace Williston, Mason 
 Whiting, and William Stuart. These were all able men and 
 good lawyers. They came here during the years from 1801 to 
 1805. The three first named, after residing here for several 
 
*.ib HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 yeai"s, removed to other places ; Mr. TThiting and Judge Stuarr 
 remained, entered into active business, spent tlieir lives here. 
 and their graves are now in our midst. In 1S09 Mr. John A. 
 Collier, then a young lawyer fresh from the law school at Litch- 
 field, Conn., located here : George Park came about 1810 : Geu. 
 Thomas G. "Waterman followed in 1813 : Peter Eobinson in 
 1821 : and Daniel S. Dickinson in 1831. William Seymour 
 located for the practice of law at Windsor as early as 1805. 
 These were the leading lawyers who cast their fortunes in this 
 County at its beginning and during its earher period. They 
 were all men of education, refinement and abihty. The bar of 
 the County was noted for its strong men, especially Mr. Collier. 
 Mr. Eobinson and Mr. Dickinson. All achieved at least the 
 meed of fame, and served the County in various offices. Mr. 
 Whiting represented the County in the Assembly of 1816, and 
 was District Attorney from 1831 to 183T. 
 
 Mr. Jolin A. CoUier held the office of District Attorney for 
 the County from 1818 to 1822. He was a Representative in the 
 22d Congress from this District, and was Comptroller of the 
 State from 18il to 1842. George Park did not enter exten- 
 sively into the practice of law, his tastes and studies tending 
 more to the Xatural Sciences. He held the office of Surrogate 
 from 1823 to 1833 ; was twice appointed Deputy County Clerk, 
 and served as a Magistrate of the Town for many years. It is 
 but a few weeks since we laid him in his grave, at the advanced 
 age of 87 years — one of the last of the pioneer settlers. 
 
 Thomas G. Waterman was a member of the Assembly in 1824, 
 and represented the 6th Senatorial District in the Senate of this 
 State during the years 1827, 1828, 1829 and 1830. He Hkewise 
 was District Attorney for a short time. 
 
 Peter Robinson was District Attornev from 1823 to 1831. He 
 
HISTOEICAi ADDRESS. - » 
 
 represented the County in the Assembly for six years, from 1826 
 to 1831 inclusive. At the session of 1829 he was made Speaker 
 of the House. He also was appointed Surrogate in 1821, per- 
 forming the duties of this oface about two years. 
 
 Daniel S. Dickinson's first public appearance was his election 
 to the Senate of this State in 18-36. He *erved his term of four 
 years, and in 1842 was elected lieut. Governor. In November, 
 LS44, he was appointed by 'Gov. Bouck a Senator in Congress to 
 fill the unexpired term of :S'. P. Tallmadge, and in February, 1815, 
 was elected by the Legislature United States Senator for the 
 fuH term, commencing the 1th of March foUowing. He sub- 
 sequently held the office of Attorney General of the State, and 
 was holding the appointment of United States District Attor- 
 ney for the Southern District of Xew York at the time of his 
 death- 
 William Seymour resided in Windsor for many years. In 
 1833 he was appointed First Judge of the Comity, and removed 
 to Binghamton. He was elected in 1834 a member of the 24th 
 Congress, and served during the sessions of 1835 and lS3t^. 
 
 I have purposely omitted the name of WiUiam Stuart until 
 now. He was a brother-in-law to DeWitf Clinton ; was a law- 
 yer by profession, a man of marked ability, was an officer in the 
 army of the Kevolution. and, as has been seen, early came to 
 thisplace. His title of Judge came from the fact that he held 
 the appointment of a Judge of Common Pleas for a time. The 
 principal office which he held was that of District Attorney, an 
 office somewhat different from the present one. At that time 
 the State was divided into districts, seven in number. To each 
 district an Attorney for the People was assigned, with the title 
 of District Attorney. The district in which Broome County 
 was situate was composed of the Counties of Tioga, Onon- 
 
28 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 daga, Cayuga, Ontario, Steuben, Alleghany, Broome, Seneca, 
 Genesee, Niagara, Chautauqua and Cattaraugus. Judge Stuart 
 was appointed District Attorney for this district in 1802, and 
 served until 1810 ; was reappointed in 1811, and was succeeded 
 by Vincent Matthews in 1813. Since then this arrangement 
 has been changed so that each county has a prosecuting officer, 
 but the title by which he is designated remains as formerly. 
 
 While the lawyers generally and very naturally located at the 
 place of holding courts, the pioneer medical men were found 
 scattered among the settlements, in the vicinity of those who 
 needed their services. In so doing they shared with the fron- 
 tiersmen all the hardships, privations and inconveniences to 
 which they were subjected ; and it may be claimed, felt them 
 with more severity. Many of the pioneer medical men were 
 well educated, and more or less accustomed to the refinements 
 of cultivated society. The contrast, therefore, was the more 
 appreciable and the more keenly felt. 
 
 The first physician of whom any knowledge can be obtained, 
 who settled in this county, was Dr. Ozias Crampton. He locjated 
 in what is now the town of Wmdsor, in 1791. Dr. Daniel A. 
 Wheeler settled in the town of Chenango in 1793, but a few 
 years after removed to Whitney's Point. Here he practiced his 
 profession the remaining portion of his life. Dr. Chester Lusk 
 came to the toAvn of Union in 1800, and was the only physician 
 in that part of the County for some years. The fate of Dr. 
 Lusk illustrates some of the perils to Avhich the early medical 
 men were exposed. Eeturning from visiting a patient, during 
 a very dark night, he was thrown from his carriage, and the 
 injuries he received caused his death in a few days. 
 
 Dr. Isaiah Chapman came to the town of Lisle, now Triangle, 
 in 1799. He and Dr. Wheeler were the only medical men in 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 29 
 
 the nortlieru part of the County at this period. At Windsor, 
 succeeding Dr. Crampton, was Dr. Enoch Alden, who settled 
 tliere in 1799, and Dr. John Moore, who studied his profession 
 in that phice and received his license to practice from the Court 
 of Common Pleas of Tioga County in 1799. Dr. Ezra Seymour 
 also was licensed to practice in 1803, and I think resided in that 
 part of Windsor which is now Colesville, 
 
 At Binghamton the earliest physician of any celebrity was 
 Doctor Bartholomew, He was educated at Yale College, 
 and came to Clienango Village about 1800, There were like- 
 wise, for a short time only, a Dr. Slocum and a Dr. Blanchard 
 residing here. Dr. Bartholomew was soon re-inforced by Dr. 
 Elihu Ely, who came here from Lyme, Conn., in 1805, and by 
 Dr. Tracy Robinson in 1810, and by Dr. Ammi Doubleday in 
 1812. Neither of these gentlemen devoted their attention ex- 
 clusively to their professional duties, but engaged in other pur- 
 suits. Dr. Robinson, in addition to other business than the 
 practice of medicine, held the appointment of First Judge of 
 the County for many years, and in that capacity administered 
 law as well as physic to the people. Dr. Ely and Dr. Double- 
 day also engaged in other business. Dr. Ely opened a drug store, 
 and afterwards a dry goods store. Dr. Doubleday engaged in va- 
 rious enterprises, but his attention was mostly directed to the 
 purchase and sale of lands situate in the County. 
 
 Dr, Silas West removed to Binghamton in 1823. He devoted 
 his whole attention to the practice of his profession, and followed 
 it for many years. His son, Dr. Henry S. West, who was born 
 and brought up in Binghamton, entered the service of the 
 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions as a 
 Missionary physician, and was stationed at Sivas, in Turkey in 
 Asia. Here he distinguished himself as a Surgeon, having per- 
 formed the operation of lithotomy over one hundred and fifty 
 
30 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 times. I am sorry to add that Dr. West died at Sivas on the 
 1st day of April of this Centennial year. Cotemporary with 
 Dr. West at%inghamton were Dr. G. L. Spencer, at Triangle, 
 and Dr. P. B. Brooks, at Lisle. Dr. Thomas Jackson came to 
 Binghamton a few years later, about the year 1828. He was a 
 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, and up to the time 
 of his death, luid been a resident of this place for more than 
 thirty years. He Avas a successful practitioner, and commanded 
 the respect and confidence of the entire community. 
 
 These were the early medical men of the County who for any 
 length of time served the people as physicians in their remote 
 and humble dwellings. Tlie ricles were long and tedious and 
 could only be performed on horseback, and many times, in order 
 to give the necessary attendance, the physician must be in the 
 saddle for 24 hours or more continuously. The early physicians 
 by their efforts in protecting the health of settlers, surely did 
 their share in develo]nng the country, and changin": it from a 
 wilderness to a productive and fertile region. 
 
 Neither were the settlements long without " the benefit of 
 clergy." Many of the settlers before emigrating were religious 
 people, and were accustomed to the duties and privileges of the 
 church. But in the depths of the wilderness, among the remote 
 settlements of the frontier, no such opportunity was had. " The 
 sounding aisles of the wild wood " were the only temples of 
 worship in which the people could jissemble, and tne voice of 
 God could reach them only in the wind and in the storm. To 
 establish the privileges of religious instruction, and to reclaim 
 the " lost sheep of the House of Israel," was the task of tlie 
 early pioneer clergymen. 
 
 The first clergyman on the ground whose name comes to us 
 was the Eev. Mr. Howe, a Baptist. He came here prior to 1800, 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 31 
 
 and commenced the work of collecting the people and organizing 
 a church. His efforts at first were successful, but did not con- 
 tinue so, for after an existence of a very few years his church 
 became extinct. 
 
 There was a Kev. Mr. Palmer in this vicinity and in the vi- 
 cinity of Union in the early days of the settlements. He was a 
 minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, and I think came here 
 from New Jersey. He likewise became discouraged and dis- 
 gusted in consequence of the failure of a church he had organ- 
 ized, and left the County, as I liave been told, uttering anathe- 
 mas against the valley of the Susquehanna and its settlers. 
 
 Rev. Seth Williston was in the settlements acting as a mis- 
 sionary to the people as early as 1797. He, I believe, was not 
 permanently settled in any place, but labored wherever his ser- 
 vices appeared to be the most needed. He spent considerable 
 time at Lisle, organized the church in that place, and became 
 its pastor for a number of years. This was about the year 1797, 
 and was probably the earliest organization of the kind in this 
 section of the country. His missionary labors extended over a 
 wide region of the State, including that east of this County. 
 I have a dim recollection of his being at my father's house, and 
 of sitting upon his knee and listening to his words as he sought 
 to adapt them to my childish comprehension. Mr. Williston 
 was a good man, and of a high character in his profession. 
 
 There was likewise a Rev. Mr. Camp who visited, and I do 
 not know but lived entirely in the settlements during the ear- 
 lier years. He, however, had no charge of any church or society, 
 nor did he have a stated or regular field of labor, but visited and 
 oflSciated as opportunity offered. 
 
 A Congregational Church is reported as having been formed 
 in Windsor in 1793, under the direction of Rev. Mr, Judd, but 
 
32 HISTORICAL ADDEESS. 
 
 whether it remained a permanent organization I do not know, 
 Eeligions services were also conducted in 1793 in what is now 
 Coles ville, by Eev. Joseph Badger, and in 1799 St. Luke's 
 Church (Episcopal) at Harpursrille was organized. A Baptist 
 Church at Upper Lisle is also mentioned as having been formed 
 as early as 1802 ; and the Union Chapel (Methodist Episcopal) 
 Society at East Eandolph, in the Town of Windsor,, in 1803. 
 A Baptist Church was also organized and located at Harpurs- 
 ville in 1811. These appear to have been the earlier church or- 
 ganizations of the County. They originated sporadically, 
 without any general effort or systematic labor. 
 
 It was not until about 1815^ and during the fifteen years suc- 
 ceeding, that any thing like a general movement was instituted 
 by the settlers to provide religious privileges and opportunities 
 for themselves and their children. By this time the religious 
 element had become greatly augmented, and the importance of 
 public worship and the restraints of religious influences were 
 acknowledged. In organizing church associations the various 
 denominational differences were duly maintained. The people 
 of the sparsely inhabited hamlets could not assemble together 
 and collectively worship God. Th'e different tenets of the Church 
 of England, of Roger Williams, of John Wesley, or of John 
 Calvin, were regarded by the partisans of each as of equal im- 
 portance, or rather as constituting an essential portion of true 
 religion. Consequently Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, Presb}'- 
 terian and Congregational societies were organized in different 
 directions, oftentimes two or m'ore in the same neighborhood or 
 settlement. These differences of opinion in matters of faith 
 were not always the most harmonious element among the people ; 
 they sometimes excited a spirit of rivalry and intolerance, and 
 often engendered sentiments very far from those of Christian, 
 charity or of brotherly love. In this, the one hundredth year of 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 33 
 
 our National existence, it is proper to record the fact that much 
 of the sectarian asperity of former years no longer exists. 
 
 In Binghamton in 1810 an Episcopal society was organized 
 under the title of St. Ann's Church ; hut whether from in- 
 difference to the honor on the part of the patron saiut, or from 
 want of influence we cannot tell, but the society was soon dis- 
 solved. In 1816 it was re-organized under the name of Christ 
 Church, and was tlie commencment of the present large and 
 influential Episcopal society. The early rectors of Christ 
 Church were Rev. James Keeler, Rev. F. H. Cumming, Rev. 
 Mr. Gear, Nathaniel Huse, Rev. Hiram Adams and Rev. Mr. 
 Shimeall. These gentlemen occupied the situation but a short 
 time each. In 1836 Rev. Edward Andrews, D. D., became the 
 rector and continued so for many years. He was an able, 
 scholarly man, an eloquent preacher, and was largely instru- 
 mental in the prosperity of his parish. Dr. Andrews died a few 
 years since. One of his successors. Rev. Chas. H. Piatt, has 
 followed him — dying here at his post, in the midst of his labors. 
 
 The present Presbyterian Church of Binghamton was organ- 
 ized in 1817, and the Rev. Mr. Nileswas ordained and installed 
 pastor of it in 1818. Mr. Niles remained in charge of the 
 church until July, 1828, when he died. He was immediately 
 succeeded by Rev. Peter Lockwood, who continued his pastoral 
 relation until 1833. Following Mr. Lockwood came the Rev. 
 John A. Nash, and in 1838, Rev. David D. Gregory became 
 the pastor. He continued his labors for ten years — an earnest, 
 sincere man. It is less than two years since his remains were 
 deposited in Spring Forest Cemetery. Rev. John Humphrey 
 succeeded Mr. Gregory and at his death, Rev. Wm. H. Good- 
 rich of New Haven was called to the pastorate. He remained 
 in charge a few years when he removed to Cleveland, Ohio. 
 His health, however, becoming impaired, he finally went 
 
34 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 abroad and died in Europe, I think u}Don the same day that 
 Mr. Gregory died in Binghamton. The Presbyterians and 
 Congregationalists had some men of more than ordinary 
 strength in other parts of the County during this period. I 
 may mention the names of Eev. Mr. Ward, of Union, Rev. 
 Henry Ford, of Lisle, and afterwards of Maine, and Rev. Mr. 
 "Woodruff, of Chenango Forks. Mr. Ford was a man of signal 
 ability and of a strong logical mind. His favorite themes were 
 what are termed the "doctrines" of the Bible, and in tenacity 
 of belief and in firmness in enforcing his views he must have 
 been equal to Calvin himself. More than 35 years ago I listened 
 to a discourse from him, directed to a church whose soundness 
 on the "doctrines" had begun to be distrusted. His text was, 
 " Whom He will He hardeneth." Every proposition advanced 
 was sustained by copious quotations from the Scriptures, and at 
 the close of every argument he would remark, " if you think 
 these are 'hard sayings,' my brethren, I can only reply that 
 they are found in the Bible ; the words are not mine." Of all 
 the clergymen whose names I have mentioned in connection 
 with the Presbyterian Church in this County none are living 
 except Rev. Mr. Lockwood. He still survives — the sun of his 
 life setting tranquilly, a beloved and venerated father in his 
 church. 
 
 We have already seen that the Baptists were early in the field, 
 and that prior to 1815 they had societies in operation at Upper 
 Lisle and at Harpursville. The Baptist Church at Bingliam- 
 ton was not organized until 18!<59 — the Rev. Michael Frederick 
 being its first pastor. The following are the next succeeding 
 pastors of the Binghamton Baptist Church down to about the 
 yearl83G, viz : Revs. Jason Corwin, Henry Robertson, William 
 Storrs, and J. M. Coley. The growth of this society through 
 all the years since its organization has been continuous and un- 
 interrupted. 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 35 
 
 The Methodist denomination has by no means acted an insig- 
 nificant jiart in the religious movements which have been insti- 
 tuted in the County. Their itinerant ministers followed close 
 upon the coming of the early settlers, and they penetrated every 
 hamlet. We have already seen that a society was organized at 
 East Eandolph as early as 1803. Now, at the present day, their 
 small white churches are to be seen in every direction, and are 
 easily accessible to every neighborhood. 
 
 The first Methodist society in Binghamton was organized in 
 1817, and was generally known as the Henry Street M. E. Church. 
 After a series of events continuing for many years, which it is 
 not worth while to attempt to trace or to detail, this organiza- 
 tion now finds itself possessed of the beautiful church edifice on 
 Court street, which they built some years since, and which they 
 have named the "' Centenary M. E. Churcli," so called in com- 
 memoration of the introduction of Methodism in America, 
 one hundred years before the year in which their church was 
 erected, viz : 1869. Their membership and congregation are 
 large. On account of the peculiar policy of this denomination 
 in changing their preachers every two years, I am unable from 
 want of space and time to give the names of those who have 
 had this people in charge. One of the veteran preachers of this 
 denomination, long a resident of Binghamton, and one of its 
 early settlers, I may, however, mention. I refer to the late Rev. 
 Solon Stocking, whose memory will be readily recalled by those 
 who knew him in his life time, and who still survive him. 
 
 In 1835 Edward White, Esq., removed to Binghamton with 
 his family, consisting of his wife, his wife's sister. Miss Grifiin, 
 and three daughters. They were all natives of Ireland, educa- 
 ted and refined. The Misses White and Grifiin opened a board- 
 ing school for young ladies, which for many years was conduct- 
 ed successfully. This family were Roman Catholic in their re- 
 
36 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 ligion, and it is believed was the first Roman Catholic family in 
 the County. They set up the altar of their church, and com- 
 menced the worship of God according to its forms and ceremo- 
 nies. This was the commencement of a Catholic mission, as it 
 is termed, and has resulted in the large and widely diffused 
 Catholic element throughout the County. 
 
 At first the mission was visited only at intervals by clergymen 
 of the Roman Catholic faith, among whom was the late Father 
 O'Reilly, then of Silver Lake, Pa. In 1843 or 1844 Bishop 
 Hughes gave the Binghamton mission in charge to the Rev. A. 
 Doyle, who was succeeded the following year by the Rev. John 
 Sheridan, and, owing to his removal to Owego, the Rev. James 
 Hourigan, the present pastor, was appointed in July, 1847. 
 The work of Father Hourigan was to visit, become acquainted 
 with and bring under the influences of the church all the scat- 
 tered members of its faith within a territory extending, in some 
 directions a distance of 50 miles. For the last 29 years he has 
 thus been engaged, and a most indefatigable worker he has 
 proved. In addition to the public ministration of the word, 
 and the common or ordinary parochial duties of a clergyman, 
 the Roman Church requires its priests to attend, if not utterly 
 impossible, whenever summoned to visit a dying member, for the 
 purpose of administering the last rites appointed for such oc- 
 casions. This duty necessarily imposes a gi*eatly increased 
 amount of labor upon the priest, for no inclemency of weather, 
 nor darkness of night, nor distance even, nor all combined, can 
 excuse him if he should not make every effort to attend. Pos- 
 sessed of a vigorous frame, and earnestly devoted to his work, 
 Father Hourigan has rarely failed to perform his whole duty. 
 There is not an hour of the day or night that I have not seen 
 him, at some period during the last twenty-five years, by the bed 
 side of some one of his people, to administer to them the con- 
 solations of their faith. 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 37 
 
 The Catholic congregation in this place is large. Three sev- 
 eral masses are said on every Sunday morning during each of 
 which the spacious church is crowded with a different set of 
 worshipers. 
 
 The foregoing reference to the churches in Binghamton em- 
 braces all of the original or primary religious organizations of 
 the place. 
 
 The Congregational Church was formed in 1836 by the pro- 
 cess of reproduction described by naturalists as fission or fissi- 
 parous generation. The parent body divides, a new organism 
 is produced, which becomes possessed of individual life and 
 capable of a separate existence. The original members of the 
 Congregational Church were all members of the Presbyterian 
 Church, and separated from it to organize and form what has 
 since proved to be a most efficient and independent living body. 
 
 The process has been repeated twice since in the parent body, 
 and within a few years, giving origin to the TSTorth Presbyterian 
 Churcli and later to the West Presbyterian Church, 
 
 The same has also taken place in the parent Methodist Church, 
 and the Main Street Tabernacle and the High Street M. E. 
 Churches are the products. 
 
 Christ Church, in Binghamton, has likewise given to the 
 world in this manner the Church and the House of the Good 
 Shepherd, situate in the Fifth Ward. 
 
 There is a Free Methodist Church of Binghamton, organized 
 in 1862, its jilace of worshijD being the corner of Court and Car- 
 roll streets. Two Colored Churches also exist in Binghamton, 
 xiz : the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, organized 
 in 1836, and the African Methodist Episcopal Bethel Church, 
 organized in 1838, 
 
3S HrSTORIOXL ADDRESS. 
 
 In the Town ^ Binghamt-oin, j»t H«vrkyton, there aw twi» 
 
 Chnrcliesi, » Methodist Episcopal ;iiid a l^resl\vrc-mn : and in 
 the ^"icinity of tbe Asj^lnm ihcrc .Msts ?) Reformed Pro testa-nt 
 £piso.opa] Society, 
 
 In Barker there are three churchei! — ^a Congregational at 
 Chenango Porks, the Adams Streiet Methodist Episcopal ChuTy:*h» 
 and the Methodist Episcopal Chnrch of Barker. 
 
 Chenango has the First Methodist Episeojml Society at Che- 
 nango Forks, a Baptist C'hnrch at Castle Creek, a Methodist 
 Episcopal Chnrch at Castle Cre«k, and at KattleTille and at 
 Olen Castle. 
 
 In Colesrille there are St^ Luke's (Episcopal) Chnrch. the 
 First Baptist Chnrch, and the Methodist Episcopal Chnrch at 
 HarpnrsTille. the First Methodist Episcopal Chnrch at ^STew 
 Ohio, the PresTjTterian Chnrch and t^e Methodist Episcopal 
 Chnrch at Xineveh, the Baptist Chnrch at West ColesviUe, the 
 Methodist Episcopal Chnrch at Onqnaga, the Free Chnrch at 
 Cole's Hill, and tlie Methodist Episcopal Chnrch at Oshom 
 HoUov. 
 
 In Oonk-Iin there are three chnrcbes — First Baptist Chnrch, 
 sitnate on the riTer, near the center of the t.own ; the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Chnrch, on Little Snake Creek, and the Presby- 
 terian Church at Conklin Station," or Millmrn. 
 
 Fenton has three churches — ^a Baptist Church and a Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church at Port Crane, and a Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church at North Fenton. 
 
 Kirkwood has two churches — a Methc»dist Episcopal Church 
 at Kirkwood Village, and a Christian Church, t^o miles down 
 
 the river. 
 
 Ill lisle there are a Methodist Episcopal Church and a Con- 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 39 
 
 gregational Church at Lisle Village, and a Baptist Church and 
 Methodist Episcopal Church at Killawog. 
 
 In the town of Maine there are seven churches — a Methodist 
 Episcopal Church at Union Center ; a Congregational Church, 
 a Baptist Church and a Methodist Episcopal Church at Maine 
 Village ; a Methodist Episcopal Church at North Maine, a 
 Presbyterian Church at East Maine, and the Abbott Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 Nanticoke has four churches— a Methodist Episcopal Church 
 and a Christian Church at Glen Aubrey, and a Baptist Church 
 and a Methodist Episcopal Church at Lamb's Corners. 
 
 Sanford has three religious societies — a Baptist Church in the 
 north part of the town, a Free Will Baptist Church and a Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church in another direction. 
 
 It is but just to remark here that the religious character of 
 the citizens of our County who live at Deposit, ought not to be 
 reflected upon or suffer in any way because no churches or 
 church organizations have been mentioned as existing there. 
 There are, as is well known, several churches and church edifices 
 at Deposit, and that the citizens of that place are regular in 
 their attendance on public worship. But it so happens that the 
 line between this County and Delaware County passes through 
 the center of the village, and that all the church buildings are 
 on the other side of the line. Consequently they are without 
 the limits of Broome, and could not properly be included in 
 this sketch. Our citizens residing at Deposit have their homes 
 and transact their secular business in their own County, but 
 their devotions and their religious acts are all performed in the 
 County of Delaware. 
 
 Triangle numbers thirteen churches, viz : The First Baptist 
 Church and the Universalist Church at Upper Lisle ; Baptist 
 
40 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 Church and Methodist Episcopal Church at Triangle ; Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, Baptist Church, First Congregational 
 Church, Grace Church, and the Catholic Mission, at Whitney's 
 Point ; First Baptist Church at Hazard's Corners, and Congi'e- 
 gational Church at Triangle. 
 
 Union has four churches — a Presbyterian Church, a Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church and a Protestant Episcopal Church at 
 the village, and a Congregational Church at Union Center. 
 
 Vestal has five churches — a Methodist Episcopal Church at 
 Vestal ; a Baptist Church at Vestal Center ; a Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church and two Reformed Methodist Churches at Tracy 
 Creek. 
 
 Windsor has eight churclies — the Union Chapel at East Ran- 
 dolph, Methodist Episcopal Church at East Windsor, Baptist 
 Church at Randolph Center, Christian Advent Church at Wil- 
 mot Settlement, First Wesleyan Church at Hazardville, Wes- 
 leyan ^Methodist Episcojial Church at East Randolph, Zion 
 Episcopal Church at Windsor, and First Free Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church at Windsor Village. 
 
 From the summary of church organizations now given, it is 
 evident how great an advance has been made in all that pertains 
 to the religious culture and improvement of the people of this 
 County during tlie first century of our national existence. The 
 numerous church organizations which on all sides are to be met 
 with, indicate that amidst all the excitements and the engross- 
 ing cares of life, there is yet a strong element in the human 
 cliaracter which impels man to make preparation for the life 
 that is to come. 
 
 For a period of sixty years next succeeding the first settle- 
 ments, the leading interest and the staple production of the 
 County was its lumber. In almost every section and especially 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 41 
 
 along the several streams were extensive tracts, thickly covered 
 with pine timber. As this was the only product that could be 
 taken to a market, and as it usually commanded a ready sale, 
 the manufacture of lumber became the leading business of the 
 County, and the timber lands were first sought after and taken 
 up. There seemed to be no other way to obtain money but by 
 the sale of pine boards. Hence in every section saw mills were 
 in active operation, the clearing up of the forests was in a meas- 
 ure suspended, and every energy was directed to the manufacture 
 of lumber. It was marketed by floating it down" the river ; 
 whenever by reason of rains, or the melting of the snow in the 
 spring, the river had sufficient water to float the lumber when 
 made into rafts. During the fall and winter the pine trees were 
 fallen, cut into the proper length, and drawn to the mills. 
 Such mills as had sufficient water to run the entire year, were 
 stocked with a quantity enough to keep them in operation all 
 the time. The lumber sawed into boards was piled upon the 
 l)ank of the river in some convenient place. Of course when 
 manufactured at mills remote from the river it had to be drawn 
 there by teams. All these operations kept a good many men 
 in employment. The lumberman was a person sui generis. 
 To him, the sun rose and set solely to enable him to work a pine 
 tree into boards. As a species of the human race, the lumber- 
 man has in this vicinity become extinct, as have also the pine 
 trees themselves. 
 
 But the great carnival of the lumberman, the season of the 
 most absorbing interest of all others, was the rafting season ; 
 when everything else was laid aside, and all hands were 
 turned to, to construct the rafts and to prepare for the trij) 
 down the river. The trip down the river sometimes extend- 
 ed south as far as Norfolk, Va., and was an excursion which 
 every young man must of necessity make. These trips 
 
42 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 abounded in adventure, tlie narration of which relieved the 
 monotony of the remaining portion of the year. The perils 
 of running the various dams, the Towanda, the Nanticoke 
 and the Shemokin chutes, and likewise the Connawaug Falls, 
 were rehearsed in the most glowing styles to ready and imag- 
 inative listeners. 
 
 This class of people were a hardy and enduring set of men, 
 but more or less irregular in their course of life, and seldom lay- 
 ing up or saving property. Among all of the early lumbermen, 
 very few at the expiration of 20 years of hard work, were any 
 better off, or had much of property left. 
 
 It was the practice to anticipate the avails of their yearly la- 
 bor. Some merchant under an arrangement made, w^ould ad- 
 vance to and supply the manufacturer of lumber, with all the 
 necessary means of subsistence for the family and teams, also 
 the wages of the laborers out of the store, all to paid for from 
 the receipts of the lumber when sold. Many of the merchants 
 likewise bought smaller lots of lumber, paying for it out of the 
 store, and in this way became largely engaged in the trade. 
 
 The disadvantages of such a system of doing business, are 
 apparent. The merchant must necessarily impose a greater 
 profit upon his goods, thereby increasing the cost to the con- 
 sumer, while the uncertainty as to when returns w^ould be re- 
 ceived, and the not unfrequent failure of men engaged in the 
 business, entailed losses that quite often more than counteracted 
 the increased profits. But it was the way, and perhaps the 
 only way that business could be conducted. Every business 
 arrangement was to be consummated, every note was payable, 
 when the " rafts got back." Land was cheap, and was bought 
 up in tracts of considerable size, which subsequently became 
 the source of great wealtli to the proprietors. 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 43 
 
 I have already remarked that the himberman constituted a 
 species of the genus man, sui generis. This species can now 
 only be seen in the northern part of Michigan and in the pineries 
 of the upper Mississippi. They had a vocabulary peculiarly 
 their own, and were one of them to return here at the present 
 day, there would be a generation entirely ignorant of his lan- 
 guage, and would be as surprised and confounded at hearing 
 the terms of "panel," "common," "culls," "sample culls," 
 "oar stems," "oar blades," "grubs," "platforms," "stiffening 
 poles," &c., &c., as was Eip Van Winkle when, returning from 
 his protracted repose in the Catskills, he first heard of "Bunker 
 Hill," "Spirit of '76," "Geo. Washington," "the Continental 
 Congress," &c., which to him seemed an unintelligible jargon. 
 
 There is also another fact that may be recorded here. During 
 the process of getting off the lumber, agriculture was sadly 
 neglected, and the country had a most slovenly appearance. 
 The land from which the pine timber had been removed was 
 grown up to brush — no fences, no signs of improvement, and 
 no cultivation. That this had the effect to retard the improve- 
 ment of the County, and to delay its development as an agri- 
 cultural section, Avhich it now eminently is, cannot be denied. 
 There was no attention paid to the cultivation of the land until 
 the last pine tree had fallen. 
 
 There was another cause which delayed the settlement of the 
 County, and which diverted the current of emigration that for 
 a time was directed strongly towards it. In a note addressed 
 to me by Virgil Whitney, Esq., with a view to aid me in the 
 preparation of this sketch, he refers to this cause in the follow- 
 ing language : " Before the opening of the Erie Canal, the 
 County of Broome was filling up with inhabitants very rapidly, 
 but the opening was a complete stoppage, and it became a very 
 rare event for a new settler to come into the village or County. 
 
44 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 It then became apparent how isolated this section was. They 
 had plenty to eat, but no exchange or sale, consequently no 
 wealth, no fashions, no distinctions, but strange to say, more 
 real content, more real religion, and more character as a com- 
 munity." 
 
 The foregoing sketch brings us down in the history of Broome 
 County to about the 3'ear 1836. It was then that the County 
 first received the benefit of what was then termed the system of 
 internal improvements, by the construction of the Chenango 
 Canal. This was the first impetus to further advancement which 
 the County had received. 
 
 The building of the Erie Canal had for many years before en- 
 grossed the attention of the people of the State, and when it 
 became a fact accomplished and a water communication was 
 really established between Lake Erie and the Hudson River, the 
 clamor came from on both sides of the main Canal for lateral 
 or side canals which should connect with the Erie. This policy 
 was adopted by the State, and the construction of the Crooked 
 Lake Canal, the Seneca Lake Canal, the Chemung Canal, the 
 Chenango Canal, and the Black River Canal was the result. 
 The people interested in these several measures insisted upon 
 their completion with great pertinacity, while those not partic- 
 ularly affected by these measures began to think that the State 
 was too lavish in its expenditures for work of internal improve- 
 ment. This question became one of the leading elements in 
 every election, and for many years the politics of this County, 
 as well as others, were controlled by the question of the com- 
 pletion of the Chenango Canal. It was this pertinacity and 
 clamor, and uncontrollable determination that vexed the late 
 Mr. Samuel Young, of Saratoga, into the declaration that the 
 people of this section of the State were a set of " sturdy beggars." 
 Notwithstanding all the opposition encountered, the Chenango 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 45 
 
 Oanal was constructed, and it let the " dark out" of this pre- 
 viously sequestered region, and opened it to the outer world. 
 This was in 1837. 
 
 The completion of the Chenango Canal again attracted the 
 attention of emigrants, and once more the tide began to flow 
 towards this part of the State. The value of property was much 
 increased. The lands from which the pine timber had been 
 removed were now sold as farms, and the cultivation of the soil 
 was commenced in earnest. Freights and transportation were 
 low, and a sure market could always be relied upon. This, of 
 course, gave encouragement to the raising of farm products, and 
 the number of farms under cultivation soon began to multiply. 
 
 Twelve years later the Erie Railway was completed to Bing- 
 hamton, and two years afterwards was extended to Lake Erie. 
 Tlie construction of the road placed the County of Broome in 
 direct communication with New York City, and on one of the 
 principal through routes from the Atlantic to the great west. 
 The County, now no longer sequestered and remote, became 
 easily accessible, and the increase of its population corresponded 
 to its increased facilities. The further completion of the Del- 
 aware, Lackawana & Western Railroad, the Syracuse & Bing- 
 hamton Railroad, the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad, and the 
 Chenango Valley or Utica Railroad, which followed one after 
 another in a few years, brought the County within tlie focus of 
 a railroad center. There are but three Towns in the County 
 that have no railroad passing through them. The aggregate 
 assessed valuation of all the railroads in the several Towns upon 
 which taxes are paid is $1,087,353. All these advantages 
 have had their effect — the price of lands has largely increased, 
 the farming interest throughout the entire County is the pre- 
 vailing interest, and the population of the County is to-day still 
 increasing in numbers. 
 
46 HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 In 1810 the entire population of what is now the County of 
 Broome was only 6,524 ; in 1875 its inhabitants numbered 
 47,913. The increase of population in the County for the last 
 five years is about 4,000, In 1830 the population numbered 
 17,570 ; in 1840, 22,338 ; in 1850, 30,660 ; in 1860, 35,906, and 
 in 1870, 44,103. These figures indicate the steady, uniform 
 growth of our County. 
 
 Another fact may be mentioned which illustrates not only the 
 increase of our population, but of business also. In 1811 there 
 were but eight post offices in the County, then including Owego 
 and Berkshire. Ten years .after an office was established here, 
 it was kept by Wm. Woodruff in the second story of the toll 
 house, near the Chenango bridge. But for the purposes of de- 
 livery no office was necessary, as all the mail matter of a week 
 might have been carried in the Postmaster's hat. Now, I am 
 informed by Jas. H. Bartlett, Esq., Assistant Postmaster, that 
 7,000 letters are daily handled in the office, besides the mass of 
 papers, magazines and pamphlets which are likewise distributed. 
 The revenue of the office to the government annually is over 
 $27,000. The number of post offices now in the County is about 
 sixty. 
 
 The first mail route through this section was from Catskillto 
 Newtown. The mail was carried on horseback, and arrived 
 once in two weeks. As the population increased, other facilities 
 became necessary, and in 1810 there was a mail from the east, 
 the west and the north, brought on horseback once a week. In 
 later years, and up to the time of building the Erie Eailway, 
 there were three princii)ul stage routes from the central portion 
 of the State to New York City, viz : a route from Ithaca to 
 Catskill, running through the northern part of this County : 
 another from Geneva, via Ithaca, Owego, Binghamton, Great 
 Bend and Monticello to Newburg ; and a tliird from Owego 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS, 4? 
 
 through Montrose to Jersey City. The late Maj. Augustus Mor- 
 gan, Isaac Tompkins and Sidney T. Robinson had extensive 
 interests in these routes, and for many years were engaged in 
 the transportation of the mails, and the carrying of passengers. 
 These several lines constituted the only routes by which travel- 
 ers could take a public conveyance to the City of New York ; 
 and then it was a ride of two days and one night to reach that 
 city from Binghamton. The New York papers were received 
 here the third day after publication ; now, the morning's news 
 arrives at "Z P. M., and is read in Binghamton as early in the 
 day as it is by some of the residents of New York. The old 
 Newburg Stage Company, that run that route for many years, 
 was composed of the following gentlemen : Lewis Manning, 
 Augustus Morgan, Sidney T, Robinson, Henry S. Jarvis, Wm. 
 McLaury, Samuel Dimmick, Capt'. Hamilton and Halsey 
 Sweet. 
 
 In the most active period of staging, the average daily number 
 of passengers out of Binghamton could not have exceeded hoenty. 
 I am informed by Mr. Arthur Tiloston, the ticket agent at the 
 railway station in this city, that the average number of persons 
 daily purchasing tickets at the several railways, and leaving the 
 city by cars, will exceed fotir hundred. 
 
 The first newspaper attempted to be published in this section 
 was commenced at Union Village in 1800, but who the publish- 
 er was, or how long it remained in existence, I am not informed. 
 In 1812 Chauncey Morgan commenced the publication of the 
 Broome County Patriot at Binghamton. In 1815 it was 
 changed, in its name, at least, to that of the Phoenix, and was 
 conducted by Maj. Augustus Morgan and Dr. Tracy Robinson, 
 In 1819 it was discontinued and the Repuhlican Herald was 
 commenced, and successively published by Morgan & Howard, 
 Abraham Burrell, and Doreh'us Abbey, 
 
48 HISTORICAL ADUIlESb. 
 
 The Bruome Republican was established at Biugluimton iw 
 1822 by Maj. Augustus Morgan. It was afterwards published 
 as a weekly paper by Morgan & Canull, by Evans & Cauoll, by 
 CanoU & Cooke, by Davis & Cooke, by F. B. Penniman and by 
 E. B. Colston, until about 1849, when it was purchased by Wm. 
 Stuart, Es(j. Mr, Stuart commenced the publication of a daily 
 paper, and continued it for some years, when the establishment 
 was sold to Malette & Reid. The paper is now owned by an 
 association, and its publication is vigorously and ably sustained. 
 
 The Binghamton Democrat is the product of a union of the 
 Broome County Coui-ier, a weekly paper commenced in 1831 
 by J. R. Orton, and the Broome County Democrat, which was 
 established in 1847. The two papers were purchased by J. R. 
 Dickinson, Esq., the name changed to the Binghamton Demo- 
 crat, and was conducted by Mr. Dickinson for some years, whert 
 at length it became the i)roperty of the present proprietors, 
 Messrs. W. S. & G. L. Lawyer. They have al>:o for a numljer 
 of vears publislied the Daily Democrat. 
 
 The BingJiamton Standard was first issued in 185o, by Jas, 
 VanValkenlmrg, and continued under different proprietors 
 until 1870, when it was consolidated with the Republican. The 
 ]ri.'<. the Susquehanna Journal, and one or two other papers, 
 were commenced at ditferent times, ])ut their publication was 
 not long continued. At Union, the Union News has been es- 
 tablished for more than twenty years, and is still being pub- 
 lished. At Whitney's Point the Bvoo^ne Gazette was commenced 
 in 1858, but this has been discontinued and its place supplied 
 by the Nioga Reporter, published by M. B. Eldredge. At 
 Deposit, although the luiblication office is just over the line in 
 Delaware County, the Courier is entitled to Ije reg:irded as \n 
 part belonging to Broome. The Binghamto/i Times is of a 
 much more recent origin, although a M'vy enicient and well- 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 49 
 
 conducted morning paper. The foregoing will give one an idea 
 of the nnmber and variety of the newspapers that have been 
 published within the County since its organization. But these 
 publications by no means indicate the extent of the reading of 
 daily papers in this community. More than five hundred New 
 York daily newspapers are sold in Binghamton alone each day, 
 besides large numbers of foreign weekly journals, and Bingham- 
 ton now is only a fraction of the reading community of Broome 
 County. 
 
 The first telegraph line connecting with Binghamton was jaut 
 up, I think, in 1849. It connected this place with Oswego by 
 the way of Owego and Ithaca. Not long after, under the di- 
 rection of the late Mr. Ezra Cornell, a line was erected from 
 Ithaca through Owego, Binghamton, Montrose, Carbondale, 
 Honesdale, and on to New York. The Erie Railway Company 
 did not at first employ the telegraph in the management of their 
 road, but ran their trains by printed instructions to the conduc- 
 tors for three or four years. 
 
 We have now telegraph lines in every direction, along all of 
 the railroads, besides the wires of the Western Union Company. 
 The increase of telegraphic business I have not been able to ob- 
 tain ; but that it corresponds favorably with the increase in the 
 number of letters and other mail matter I have no doubt. No 
 daily paper is now" complete without daily dispatches from all 
 sections of the country. 
 
 I have already remarked that when the lumber had all been 
 taken off, the people began to turn their attention to their farms, 
 and that now farming is the leading interest of the County. 
 This has wrought a most decided change in its general appear- 
 ance. Instead of slovenly, neglected lots of land, without fences 
 or comfortable buildings, the County in every direction presents 
 an aspect of the highest cultivation. The farm houses and. 
 
50 HISTOKICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 barns within the last thirty years have been almost enti)-ely re- 
 built, and the fields formerly grown np to brush and briars pro- 
 duce to their owners an ample crop of wheat, corn, oats, pota- 
 toes, &c. The most extensive farm product of our County is 
 butter.* Almost every farm produces more or less of this article 
 for sale. I have no means of knowing the quantity of butter 
 shipped to other markets from this County. That it is large I 
 cannot doubt, while our own City consumes no inconsiderable 
 quantity each day. 
 
 The assessed valuation of the real estate in Broome County 
 for 1875 was 17,326,303.00. 
 
 The manufactured products of the County at the present day 
 form no small or insignificant item. A gentleman well versed 
 in the business has furnished me with an estimate of the as- 
 gregate amount of leather manufactured, sold and ex^jorted from 
 the County every year. He estimates the entire amount as not 
 being less than one million, five hundred thousand dollars (II, 
 500,000.) 
 
 I am indebted to Benj. DeVoe, Esq., Collector of United 
 States Revenue for this District, for certain statistics in relation 
 to the single article of tobacco manufactured in this City alone 
 under the various forms in which it is consumed. The statis- 
 tics refer only to the City of Binghamton, and while we have 
 in mind that this City is the central point of the County, it 
 must likewise be remembered that there are other points within 
 the County where this article is manufactured. So that the re- 
 port of Mr. DeVoe even may not include all of this article ex- 
 ported from the County of Broome. 
 
 The number of cigars manufactured in the City of Bingham- 
 ton during the year 1875 was 10,700,000. The value of these 
 cigars is reported at 1500,000. 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 51 
 
 The ao-crreffate value of the tobacco otherwise manufactured 
 in this City during the same time was $130,000. » 
 
 The manufacture of boots and shoes in the City of Bingham- 
 ton amounts to at least $600,000 worth of exports each year. 
 
 The Jones Scale Works employs one hundred men, and the 
 annual product of the manufacture of scales at this establish- 
 ment amounts to $500,000. 
 
 The manufactory of eartheni ware of Wm. Roberts sells about 
 $20,000 worth of pottery every year. 
 
 The estabhshment of Messrs. J. P. Notes & Brother for 
 the manufacture of a single variety of horn combs is quite ex- 
 tensive, and employs a large number of men. The work is per- 
 formed by machinery of a very unique and ingenious character, 
 the invention of one or of both the proprietors. Five thousand 
 gross of combs are shipped from this estaldishment annually, 
 and their value amounts to $50,000. 
 
 A company has recently been organized for the manufacture 
 of children's'carriages, sleighs and velocipedes, under the title 
 of the Winton Manufacturing Company. This company sold 
 thirty thousand sleighs and about five thousand carriages during 
 the year 1875. The entire value of articles manufactured by 
 this company within the year is about $60,000. 
 
 There are likewise many private enterprises carried on, not 
 only in Binghamton but in every part of the County, in addi- 
 tion to those already alluded to, which not only employ num- 
 bers of men but add materially to the amount and value of the 
 aggregate of manufactured products. Numerous carriage mak- 
 ing establishments; furniture factories, foundries and ready- 
 made clothing houses are to be found carrying forward business 
 and transforming crude material into useful articles and real 
 
52 HISTOKICAL ADDRESS. 
 
 wealth. One clothing house in Binghamton manufactures and 
 sells ready-made clothing to the amount of $250,000 annually. 
 
 There were no banking institutions in this County until 1831, 
 when the Broome County Bank was chartered. It was organ- 
 ized under the old Safety Fund law, and continued its opera- 
 tions until the expiration of its charter, when it reorganized 
 under a later law of the State, and subsequently it came under 
 the National General Banking Law of the United States. Its 
 capital is $100,000. This was the only banking capital in 
 the County for many years. 
 
 The Binghamton Bank was organized December, 1838, with 
 an alleged capital of $100,000, and immediately went into 
 operation. It, however, existed but two or three years, when it 
 failed, and its affairs were wound up. 
 
 The Bank of Binghamton was organized under the General 
 Banking Law of this State in July, 1852, with a capital of 
 $100,000, which has since been increased to $200,000. 
 After the passage of the National Banking Law, and when it 
 was evident that this was the settled policy of the Government, 
 the Bank of Binghamton organized anew, and is now known as 
 the City National Bank of Binghamton. 
 
 The Susquehanna Valley Bank also was organized under tlie 
 General Banking Law of the State in January, 1855. Its cap- 
 ital is $100,000. This bank retains its original organization, 
 and is one of the few State Banks now in existence. 
 
 The First National Bank of Binghamton was organized under 
 the General or National Banking Law in December, 18G3. It 
 was the first National Bank chartered here. Its capital orig- 
 inally was $100,000, but has since been increased to $200,000. 
 
 The Merchants' National Bank, with a capital of $100,000, 
 
HISTORICAL ADDEESS. 53 
 
 is the last bank organized in this City. Its organization was 
 effected in January, 1874. 
 
 The aggregate amount of bank capital, with tlie surplus on 
 hand, in the several banks will exceed one million of dollars. 
 There is probably an equal amount held on deposit by the sev- 
 eral banks, and also a large amount by the Savings Banks. On 
 the 1st instant (July 1st, 1876,) the aggregate amount of loans 
 and discounts of all the banks was $1,515,536. 
 
 There are no distilleries in the County. There are rectifying 
 establishments in the City, where alcohol is transformed into 
 the various forms in which it is drank by the consumers ; but I 
 do not know of any place within the bounds of the County of 
 Broome where grain of any kind, the product of the earth and 
 the food of man, is subjected to the process of transformation 
 into alcohol. What we drink, therefore, we import, and it may 
 be a satisfaction to many to know that not a dollar of the in- 
 creased wealth of the County is owing to the distillation of 
 grain into ardent spirits, within its boundaries. 
 
 The County of Broome has never been wanting in patriotic 
 impulses, nor dilatory in the discharge of patriotic duties. 
 During the war with Great Britain in 1812-3, it sent its citizens 
 to the field to repel an invasion by British troops. In the war 
 with Mexico, the County was represented not only by private 
 soldiers in the ranks of the army, but by the present Gen. John 
 C. Eobinson, who, ^\itli U. S. Grant and others since distin- 
 guished, vv'as a second lieutenant in the U. S. Army, under Gen. 
 Taylor, at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, on 
 the 8th and 9th of May, 1846, and who served in Mexico during 
 the entire war. 
 
 When the rebellion of 18G1 broke out, not a month had 
 
54 HISTORICAL ADDBESS. 
 
 elapsed after the firing upon Fort Sumpter before three full 
 eompanies, from Binghamton and Tic-mi ty, were at the rendez- 
 vous, and were soon after incorporated into the 2 7th regiment 
 X. Y. S. Volunteers. 
 
 I jeam from Capr. E. C. Kattel, late ProTost Marshal of this 
 District, thai four thov sand, four hundred and fifty-four men 
 were sent from the County of Broome during the war, and that 
 in bounties and for other purposes connected with the objects of 
 the war, the County contributed the sum of one million, /""t 
 hundred and twenty-six thousand dollars. (1=1,426,000.) 
 
 This sketch would be incomplete were I to omit to notice a 
 public institution, located in our yicinity. I refer to the New 
 YoBK State Ixebeiate Asylum. 
 
 This institution was founded and built, and is now conducted, 
 in the full l>elief that the condition of the system which calls 
 for the the exeessixe use of alcoholic simulants, and which so 
 many are unable to resist, is a morbid condition : and that this 
 condition is amenable to treatment, and can be successfully 
 combated. It is the first institution of the kind ever projected. 
 The results hare fully met the expectations of its founders, and 
 returns establish the fact that at least 50 per cent, of the in- 
 mates of the institution are restored to useful pursuits, to soci- 
 ety and to the world, through its instrumentality. 
 
 In conclusion, my fellow citizens, I can only remark that our 
 devout acknowledgments are due to the Great Disposer of all 
 events — to Him who holds the destiny of nations in his 
 hands, for his safe guidance, his watchful protection and his 
 great deliverance of the people during the first century of our 
 existence as a nation, 
 
 Mav the same Providence on which our forefathers j) laced 
 
HISTORICAL ADDRESS. 55 
 
 such '^firmreliance,- continue its protecting care in directin^^ 
 the counsels of succeeding generations ; and may that which 
 ^'exalteth a nation" ever be the leading characteristic of our 
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