Class K'^^ ' S Book- •7. GREEK EXERCISES; AN INTRODUCTION TO GREEK COMPOSITION: so CONSTRUCTED AS TO LEAD THE STUDENT FROM THE ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR '^jZB^. TO THE HIGHER PARTS OF SYNTAX ; ^ TO EEFER THE GREEK: OF THE WORDS NOT TO THE TEXT, SUT TO A LEXICON AT THE END ; TO WtllCM SPECIMENS OP THE GREEK DIALECTS, AND THE CRITICAL CANONS OF DAWES AND PORSON ARE ADDED. BY THE REV. F. E. J. VALPY, M.A, SEVISED AND RE-ARRANGED FROM THE LAST LONDON EDIITON, BY J. M. CAIRNS, M.A, €£,A8SICAL IiXSTBUCTOR IN THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL OJ? COHJMBIA COLLEGE, NEW-YORK : U. AND C, AND H. CARVILL, 183L TK' ,i^ M^ Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty One, by G. and C. and H. Carvill, in the Clerk^s Office of the Southern District of JVeW'York. /^ <* J W. E. DEAN, PRINTlft. PREFACE. The Reader may be inclined to ask two questions : What is the use o^ Greek composition ? and, What is the use of a new work introductory to it ? It is granted that many of the apologies for Latin com- position are not applicable to Greek composition. But whoever considers how much Latin composition familiar- ises the Student with the Latin language ; how it insensi- bly gives him a command over the signification of I^atin words, and over the structure of Latin phraseology ; how it enables him to read the Roman writers with more ease^ accuracy, and pleasure ; will be satisfied that the same results with respect to the Greek language may be ex- pected to follow from composing in Greek, So that the question of the propriety of Greek composition in gene^- ral, almost rests on another, whether the Greek language is worth learning at all. Then, as to the present work in particular, its hading feature, in which it varies from all others which the Au- thor has seen, is that the Greek renderings of the English words are not placed by tlie side of or under them, but are transferred to an index at the end of the work. The disadvantage to the memory and progress of the Student in the common system is too obvious to need exposure. It is singular that a method, which is rarely found in w^orks on Latin composition, should have been so gene- rally adopted in those on Greek. But this is not the only point in which this work makes pretensions to superiority. Great pains have been taken to discover the radical meanings of the Prepositions, and to deduce from them those various and sometimes oppo- site significations which are usually set down without or- der or connexion, to the disgrace of a language which of all others is the most connected and harmonious. The Syntax also has been carefully attended to. It will be no slight recommendation to this work, that its rules and examples on Syntax have been for the most part taken from tlie Idioms of Yiger, and the Grammars of MatthicB and Valpy. Care has been taken throughout the Syntax to explain, where it was necessary, the rea- sons of tlic deviations from tlie plain and proper usages of speech. Ti^c writer Hatters himself that, amongst other constructions, those of (p<3avw, Xav^avw, and Tu/^avw, are satisfactorilv accounted for. The government of the Conjunctions has not been here directly treated of. To have done justice to this part of Syntax, it would have been necessary to have abridged what is already an abridgment of the work of Hoogeveen on this subject. As the writer could not promise himself to accomplish this in a satisfactory manner, he refers the reader to the Abridgment of Hoogeveen's work. As the passages adduced in it are translated, it will be easy for him to re-translate them into the original. Nevertheless the reader will meet, in the course of the present work, with numerous sentences involving the conjunctions j and he will find them sufficient to make him pretty well acquainted with their construction. It will be necessary to give the Student the following directions towards the use of the work. The words in Italics, not included in brackets, are al- ways to be omitted. The abbreviatory marks are so simple, that it is neces^ sary to state only, that by art is meant that the article is to be added to the word to which it is affixed ; and that a\ ppl means the first 'aorist passive plural ; and aim pi the first aorist middle plural. When words are linked together, as * without-neces- sity,' < in-after-time,' * extremely-grieved,' the reader will 1* find these in the Ind^x under the first word, ' witliout,'' * in,' ' extremely.' But, when the article, or the sign of the comparative and superlative, or the verb, * to be,' is linked on witli other words, as * the-knowing,' ' more-fa- vorable,' ' being-willing,' ' to be-wise,' the reader will look for the principal word, ' knowing,' * favorable,' * willing,'^ * wise.' ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION. The Author begs to express his obhgations to an ur^- known panegyrist in the Lilerarij Chronicle, and to request him to observe, that his observations on the style of the English have been particularly attended to. The First Edition presented such numerous insertions in the text, of Greek expressions or idioms, as to make the work approximate too nearly to those already before the public, in which the wltole of the Greek words are append- ed to the text in a collateral or in an interlineary manner. The instances which remain in the present Edition are very rare. This improvement has totally removed such obsolete verbs, as Xa/3ecj and ^viw, which disfigures the pages of the farmer Impression^ Numerous instances of such compound verbs, as anti- cipated in their formation the rule given in p. 18., appear- ed in the former Edition, but have been removed in the; present. Words put in a parenthesis are to be used instead gT those which precede thews* Vlll ADVERTISEMENT. In the accentuation it has seemed desirable to omit al- together the soft breathing on words beginning with a vowel. Young students, it is found, will give no attention to either soft or aspirate on the usual plan of printing them indiscriminately. And the omission will be found useful to those who, through bad sight, whether they are masters or scholars, distinguish with difficulty between the breathings. It is quite unnecessary to dilate on the manifest im- provement of subjoining to this Edition specimens, with English Translations, of the different Greek Dialects, and the Critical Canons of those distinguished scholars Dawes and Porson. CHARLES ANTHON, ESQ. L.L.D. JAY PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES IS COLUMBIA COLLKGK. PEAR SIR :- 1 take the liberty of inscribing to you this Httle volume, with the diffidence of one who feels that, though his offering is humble, his respect is sin- cere. Knowing how rarely our youth excel in Greek composition, I have endeavoured to prepare a book which may lead them to a more thorough knowledge of the idioms and structure of the lan- guage. Whatever may be the merit of my la- bours or the quahfications of the work, let this give evidence of the very high estimation in which I hold your abilities as a Scholar, your skill as a Teacher, and your qualities as a Man, 1 am. Dear Sir, Your most obedient Servant, J. MYLNE CAIRNS, miD-York, 1831. THE EDITOR'S PREFACE, This Edition of Valpy's Exercises has been prepared chie% for the use of the Students of the Grammar School of Colum- bia College ; but it is hoped that the merits and plan of the work will procure for it a more general circulation. In this edition a new arrangement has been introduced in several of the parts ; particularly in those sections which treat of the Article and Prepositions. Some exercises on the con- struction of the Particles av and s/, chiefly taken from the small work of Professor Sandford, are added, which will be found use- ful in explaining the force of these particles in other parts of the work. Various Notes have been added by the Editor, not only for the purpose of explaining difficulties in the exercise given, bat for illustrating the use and general meaning of the word to which they may refer. As the first part of the original work contained many examples far too complicated for the pu* pils of the generality of our schools, most of them have been left out in this edition ; and that part is now both shorter and more simple. The instructor can multiply the examples by varying the Tense of the verbs given. It was the Editor's in- tention to have appended to this work a " System of Greek Prosody," compiled for the use of schools and colleges, and which would have aided the student in translating the poetical examples in the Exercises ; but, in order not to increase the size of this volume, and that the Prosody may appear in a more en- larged and complete form, it will be published separately. In the exercises on the Verh^ the Editor has given some addi^* tional examples of middle verbs. He is aware that many able echolars uphold, that what is termed the perfect middle is only a XU EDITOR'S PREFACE. 2d perfect act. without any middle sense. It is evident, how- ever, that they derive their doctrine from the assumed purely transitive meaning of a few verbs, whose perf : active are not in use, in what is here called the perfect middle. On attending to the signification of these verbs (ex. gr. didopxa) in different authors, it will be found that it varies between active-middle and middle-passive, always containing some reflex meaning. To such verbs, answering to the Latin deponent verbs, Kuster, in his work " De Verbis Mediis^^ applies the name Jictivo-Media^ or Passivo-JMedia. Sophocles uses dsdopxa in an active-middle ^ense, whereas Pindar uses the same word as a passive-middle. Few, it is believed, if any, examples of verbs with a middle form can be produced from good authorities having a purely transitive meaning. It would be more proper, therefore, to class as exceptions to a general rule, those verbs, which, with a mid- dle form, have partly an active sense, than to affirm that per- fects with a middle form have more rarely a middle than an active sense. The Grammar, to which reference is made in the work, is Professor Anthon's edition of Valpy's. This work is merely introductory, intended for those who are entering upon a course of Greek literature. To such, it is hoped, it may be found useful in aiding them to master the difficulties they have lo ent^ounter in the trying task of Greek composition. JfcxC'York, 1831. GREEK EXERCISES, 4'C. ire. PART FIRST. THE VERB. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Active Voice, Signs of the Present, am, are^ is, does, do. 1 strike. Thou sayest. He hears. You-two wonder, They-two guard. We send. Ye think. They teach. The hand writes. The little-child plays. A wolf flees an eagle. Love"^ covers all °*"* things, hopes all things, endures ail things. The eyes '^"''* of the boar glisten. We do not call (sUy) this "^"' forgetfulnefis. Hope does not yet slumber. , .^, Hand washes hand, and finger finger. The sun rises and the heaven shinesi Wisdom alone remains immortal Evil communications corrupt good manners. Th€ Gods eflfect many °«"* things unexpectedly. The Corinthians and Lesbians say these "*"* things. Wreaths of lightning shine-out. Very-fiery wreaths of lightning shine-out, and whirl-windg whirl the dust. Mars is-leading death and black fate. You announce bad "'"^ tidings, O father '«"=. 2 2 ACTIVE VOICE I bewail your fortunes. Why do you leave my house ? ( The Greek mark of interro- gation is our semicolan) . This day brings evil to the Argives -^"^ This altar saves thee not. They sacrifice to the sun ^**, and the moon, and earth, and fire. And water, and winds. Imperferfect Tense. Indicative. [Action incomplete^ or habitual; as opposed t©' the aorist, deliberate'] . I was weeping. Thou wast teaching. You two were writing. They*""' v/ere fleeing the lion. He was writing a letter. They were still building-the-wall. Rank"' did not nourish me. They two were guarding there. The others were ravaging the city. The soldiers were diggmg the ditch. The soldiers were buying ihe necessaries. The opinion of Ar- tabanus was vexing Cyrus. The brass was shining a-far, as the lightning of Father Jove. Future, shall^ loill I will strike. Ye ?w?o shall leave. I shall reprove you ''"^ . I will bring. They shall throw. Alas ' alas • what shall I say % Thou shalt not steal. We will say and do the.se things. I will not kill thee. The night shall hide the light. The barbarians will pursue and rout us. The wolf shall seize and scatter the sheep. Aorist, did, have, had, &c. [Time, past indefinite. Action, quick or 7no?uentaneous]. 1 struck. I saved you. They dug a deep ditch. He sent immediately one and twenty ships. ^CTITE VOICE- 3 We remained there three days. They have done bad things. The barbarians guic/dij turned the targeteers into flight. Juno sent two dragons. The cavalry of the Syracnsans wasted the territory. They guarded the passings of the streams and of the rivers, and blocked-up the way^s. Why did you amuse me, O miserable hope % Perfect, have. \_Action continued from the past\ I have wondered. I have written a letter. I have taken care. He has done this most-base deed We have said true things. I am married {i. e. I have been married, and still am married)^ The widow has hoped and still hopes. The day has approached and still approaches, A most unholy guest has perpetrated a most unholy deed. Pluperfect, had. I had struck you. They had written. , We had wondered. Ye had believed. You two had been-rich. The tree had much gro\vn. The wolf had seized the kid. The father and mother had ended their life. Second Aorist^ did., have.* - ; . He struck me. All fled. Gold has turned many. No-one has escaped death '^'^>.:* ♦ [The Second Future is omitted asfeeingnotliing else tlian the Altic t&rm of the First, The Second Aorist is formed from that Atltc form. The meaning of the two Aorists is the same, but as there are various dif- ferences in formation and quantity, the exercises above are given. — Vide Valpy's Grammar^ Anthon's Edit."] L ACTIVE VOICE. A certain man had two children. They two have left me. The brass did cut the ton^e^. Achilles killed Eetion. Ye have assassinated the best of the Grecians. I struck the body. I struck the mind. They have buried the lovely virgin. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. Draw, draw ine. Go thy- way, and offer the gift. And do 3^011, boy, bear (xofxi^w) me. Let the truce remain. Medea, hail. O hail, you also, son of the wise Pandion. Let liim hear. Farewell, O dear children. Do ye these things. Tlirow, throw, smite, smite "^ ""' . Let them strike {^dval and plural) me. First Aorist. Write, flee. Crucify, crucify him. O Muierva, O mistress, now, now help. Save ine. Sell all things y whatsoever thou hast. Sacriftce ye the fatted calf {the calf the fatted), Be-Bober''', watch. Publish the word, convince, rebuke. ^ Bind with-clasps this arm securely. O best of mortals, reinstate the city. StooND Aorist. Leave me, O child, leave me Fly. fly, O father. OPTATIVE. [Expressive of a xdsh) . PutyENT. May ye succeed. ACTIVE VOICE. *^ How therefore could (av with the opt.) such-a-man (Me such man) corrupt the young men ?* May Prudence, the fairest gift of the Gods, cherish me. May all the house perish. . Unless I guard over youP^ For if you should not (fxii) bring gifts, but should always be- angry sharply. . . . That {tO'the-e?id-thai) Aurora might bring light to immor- tals '*'^' and [as-zvell-as) mortals. First Aorist. Nor may the Deity turn {^oHc form) you thither. If some-one would call Ajax {^olic). Who can perfect this work ? {Here " c«n" is expressed by the ^olic Optative, accompayiied by xev), [^Observe, the Optative is used with civ or xs, to express uncertain- ty, conjecture, possibility^ volitiori]. Second Aorist. Then may the wide earth [land) gape/ar me*^"'. Not even if you should labour much. They would [opt. luith xsv) leave a boast to Priam '^**, and Helen to the Trojans. Let not (fXT^) the splendour of the graces leave me= SUBJUNCTIVE. (See Gram.1[) Present. Let us therefore no-more judge each-other. Let us pursue the Mm^s of pe9xe"^ Let a man try himself Let us be-sober. Let us not {ii^yj) slumber as the rest. As when the husband of tJie fine-haired Juno lightens [tvith av). , . * [The Optative of Ihe Future is never used as expressive of a wish, and is never accompanied by aV orKS. SarAford'\. t [.The Subjunctive (in the 1st person plural) is used in exhorfationf. viithout ^^v or Kii for the 2nd and 3rd persons the Optative is used]. 2* 6 ACTIVE VOICE. We entreat yov^ do not (fxyj) murder your children. First Aorist. Do not (|xii) steal. Do not commit-murder. Do not commit-adulterj. Do not seal the words of tliis book. Let not-any-pne deceive you p' . Do not wonder, O Athenians {Athenian men). - , Do not be-anxious p' . . 1 will bury them, lest [that not) some-one should insult them. Perfect. Provided they have said so. Second Aorist. Whither might I flee the hands of my mother ? Let some snare kill me. What should we drink ? I dread her, lest she should kill the king. INFINITIVE -Prlbckt, To strike. To write. To hear. To be angry. To speak true things. I wish to speak of the Atridse, anct 1 wiih to sin^5 of Cadmus. First Future. To be going \o reiuxn. About to inhabit the celebrated land {plain) of Sparta. Unless he believed ""p^ (hat he mas going to speak-truth. They v/ere intending to lead the army. First Aorist. Permit me to remain this one day "*. They did not deign * ' to speak. Your {tfie your) natures are difficult to rule. I am-desirous to hear your {the your) troubles fully. I am-content to make-clear to you"^^' thus-much only. 1 am-unwilling to disturb your mmd {understanding p'). Perfect. The Lacedemonians thought ""p^ that the Athe- nians **"' had broken {loosed) the treaty first {former*-"^ ?'). Second Aorist. Tell me. A sight dreadful to behold.. Permit them to escape. ACTIVE VOICE. T But will you dare to kill jour offspring ? He did not wish ""p^ to leave his horses there. PARTICIPLE. Present. Flee pleasure bringing mischief ultimately. Hastening, he will come to me ^"^ hastening. Seeing they saw'"'^'" in- vain, hearing {hearkening) they heard ""rf not. Unwilling he struck * * me unwilling ^^'^. - I will send them holding gifts, and bearing a thin robe and a gold-wrought crown. She flies, shaking her hair, wishing to throw-down * ' the garland. Future. I come to telF'^"' the calamity of the spouse. Whompi the Athenians sent^ ^ to dwell there. The}'' send-off Eurymedon*""* carrying 120 [tiventy and hun- dred) talents of silver, and at-the-same-time to report these things. The Lacedemonians, as being to send-off a reinforcement, were suppljang it themselves, and were compelling the other Peloponnesians to do the same. First Aorist. Having persuaded me. She trembles, having changed her colour. The ships of the Peloponnesians, ha^dng overcome them^ take four ships of the Athenians. A most hateful pestilence, having pressed-violently on it, agi- tates the city. Whjf do you'"*'" wet your pupils with fresh tears***', having turned yonr white cheek in-the-contrary-direction ? Perfect. Having conquered, he was plundering him. He was carrying his'""* father, who was very old. I, who have lived ninety-nine years ="", and have been con- versant it'fM many and manifold tempers**^*, write these things. Seconp Aorist. Having beheld, I pitied'''. ACTIVE VOICE. Him, ha\'ing remarked thus, the end oi death shaded ^V Thej^ fly, having left their relatives and their paternal land. CONTRACTIONS OF THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE. Present. Ye injure and defraud. The yowwg imagination loves not to grieve. You seem to me'^^' not to do {carry on) just things. Some of the continentals show it even-till-now, ^^whom'^"' it is a grace to do {carry on) this well. Love"* suffers long ; love"' envies not. You too much exaggerate the favour. The envious man {the envying). Associate-with the good. Do 3-0 u not see ? Honour your parents. Be silent, be silent. They dare to injure me. Let us look'"''] within. Envy no-one {not-one) of those-who-get-gain {the getting- gain) unjustly. Why are you down-cast and shed tears ? Finish quickly what-you-have-resolved-on. But may ye prosper "''^ dearest hand, and mouth dearest to me"', &.nd thov, nobk vi.sage oi my children, may ye fare-well '•'. Hate the flattering as ( just-as ) the deceiving. 1 wish to assist you. I;yiPERFECT. I was toiling to-no-purpose. The whole house was sounding, We were conquering. Trumpets were sounding {shouting). Stagi were skipping. You were doing {carrying-on) these things, being prudent. PASSIVE VOICE. 9 PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. The house is harassed. Thou art named. They are nourished. Jupiter is not appeased. - Every tree, not (fxii) producing {making) good {fair) fruit, is cut-down. The sprains arc then moved (x/vsw). She abhors her children, nor is rejoiced ichen seeing {mark- ing) them. Imperfect. They were being destroyed. The ships were being manned. Sedition was being excited. The Athenians were being hurt much. Perfect. I have been, and still am persuaded. It has been authorised. It has been ever done badly. The word was ever thrown out in vain. We have already been punished sufFxciently. We were compelled to fight on foot. O me'^*^ how {how-that) have we been insulted. This was announced to us. Have I counselled ill ? {The question is here expressed by /j.wv). Pluperfect. He had been left there. He had been stretched at length as a worm. The chariot had been adorned altogether-beautifully. Ambrosial sleep had been shed around. It had been proposed (•ra^aCxsuaJo)). Splendid tapestry had been stretched out. Paulo-Post-Future. [The Third Future Passive is pro ^ perly, both inform and meaning, co^npounded of Perfect and Fu- ture ; and since the Perfect often expresses a continued state, this signification remains in the Third Future. It sometimes expresses rapidity of action ; hence the common name of Paulo Post.-^ Sandford.l 10 PASSIVE VOICE. He shall stand enrolled. This deed '^ shall be done. It shall ever be called Bosporus. But nevertheless it shall be said. Sad grief is going to be left to me*^"' particularly. I shall possess. I shall ever remember. {Vide " to acquire;^ '^ io recollect^) It shall be done instantly. First Aorist. He was surnamed. The sun was darkened. It was said. I was thoroughlj^-blinded. Many men were taken aUve. The five and twenty ships of the Corinthians were manned. They were stoned ; they were sawed asunder. And there his = *=" breath was loosened, and his strength. The Athenians were exceedingly troubled. More°^"* than three oboli were agreed-to/or each man*^^-. First Future. I shall be punished (xoXa^w). They two shall appear. Thou shalt be compelled. This shall then be completely effected. Happy are the piteous, because they shall be pitied {comyni- serated). Happy are the peace-makers, because they shall be called the sons of God. Happy are thcy-who {say " the^'' with a plural 'participle) hunger-after and thirst-after justice^'"', because they shall be satisfied. Second Aorist. He was buried. The crew wastcd-away. The whole spear was broken. But when the tenth morning was made-to-appear, then they pouring-tears, bore'""''^ brave Hector. Second Future.* You will be hurt. We shall all be changed. The old woman will be buried splendidly. Fear {shudder-at) ye the dead, if they shall have been hidden iu-the-earth ? • [See Valp^'s Grammar, and note on the 2nd Future Actirel- ?ASSIVK. VOICE. 1 1 He shall be made-to-appear {i. e. shall appear) bright with armour to you^^^ and the citizens. Unless you shall desert this plain, this man shall be slain. IMPERATIVE. Present. But come-on, be armed, my heart. Let the eooty flame be hurled. Let these men be tried first. Perfect, Be ye not {{kri) too-much dismayed. Let thus-much have been said. In a 7niddle or active sense. Beware to do these things. First Aorist. Be rejoiced, ye nations. Let the eyes of them be darkened. Be saved. I wish zV, be thou cleansed. Second Aorist. Let him be struck. Let him be slam. Appear the bravest. Let another prodigy of Jove appear. Appear, that-thou-may-hear the woes of your sovereign, OPTATIVE MOOD. {Vide Gram : remarks on the Moods). Present. If you are persuaded, let us send^^ '"M the guests. Hearing {hearkening) he would be delighted {opt : with av). .... Things such-as any-one, both sajdng and doing, would be thought {opt. with av) most pious. Q^uick favours fl!/-e sweeter : but if {in-case) you delay'"*':, all the favour is void, nor may be said to he a favour. First Aorist. How he might proceed {opt. ivith av). Nor a house well managed (owsw). There even an immortal having beheld"^ ^ it would have been dehghted {opt. with xs). Ail the polity of the Persians may {opt, with dv) be shown very-shortly. 12 PASSIVE VOICE. Second Aorist. As {as-altogether) any one {each-om) of you would be ashamed {opt. with a\) to leave his "^ post. Jove was driving away the Fates, lest the boy should be sub- dued. 1 will disfigure jour-eyes, that you may be made-to-appear [opt. with dcv) unsightly to all the suitors, and to your wife and boy '^^'. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present. In case they are drawn-up in-any-other-mannerj they-will-get-into confusion instantly. First Aorist. Look about, lest you should be harmed. Judge ye not (iJ^-n), that {to-the-end-that) ye be not (fAij) judg- ed. That [how-it-is-that) he may be saved. Come-on, O my miserable hand, do not be made-cowardly. It is-necessary for him"""' to be punished {give"^ condensa- tion)^ that he may be taught {subj. with av) to acquiesce-in the govei^rinient'^'^^ of Jove. Second Aorist. Whenever Aurora has been made to ap- pear. Danaus, the father of fifty daughters, left** the fairest water of the Nile, which fills whenever the snow has melted. INFINITIVE. Present. I'o be struck. To be turned. To be rebuked. Perfect. It is permitted that he possess it. Jt was necessary ybr them<^'* to be thus arranged. Having made-an-agreemenf^', he will seem not to (,aii) to remember it. I judge that no-one »" of them was loved. It 8eem« tous'^-^^ that the words of this man andyour*^'* wordi bftve been angrily spoken. Paulo-Post-Future. To be on the point of being sent PASSIVE VOICE. 13 First Aorist. He ordered * * that the Greeks should be thus arranged. I am ready to die, old-man, before I am ordered '°*". First Future. I imagine thai Dion will be chosen. Second Aorist. 1 wish, I wish to be mad. To be slain is dreadful. {Express ^Hd'^ by to, followed by an infinitive,) PARTICIPLE. Present. Appearing. Being named. The things seen are temporary, the things not (jxi^) seen are eternal. Perfect. The students. {The having-been-instructed,) The words spoken =""^ are right \have rightly). I speak words rough and sharp. In an active sense. I kill {intercept) the men, having lain-irl'- wait-for the?n. Paulo-Post-Future. Being on the point of being enrolled. (Written). Being on the point of being struck. First Aorist. I am arrived, being ordered. . O hated handicraft. They being persuaded, sent^ ' a messenger. In an active sense. She turned ' * her cheek in-the-CGntrary= direction, having abominated ^Ae entrance p^ of her children. First Future, Going to be struck. Second Aorist. Being struck he was reduced-to-ashes * *» These having appeared ^^°''. Subdued they consult-about flight. Wretched Prometheus, who-hast-appearedf"^ a common as* sistance to mortals ^^\ why dost thou suffer these things ? 54 MIDDLE VOICE, MIDDLE VOICE. INDICATIVE. Present. We turn ourselves. They wash themselves. Imperfect. I was beginning. They were clothing them- selves {tkey ivere putting on). They were-taking-up-for-themselves. Perfect. \_The student should here bear in mind the distinctive force of the perfect in all the voices — the continued state or action expressed by it.'] I have awaked-myself-and-continue-awake. I have appeared. I am broken. » And weeping '■^'" I am wasted. {I have been and am melted.) This dust has-hidden-and-does-hide {xsv6u) Archedice. • The stolen fountain of fire has appeared the teacher of every art /o mortals ''^^ They trusted in the truce ''''^ No one knows p*" "'•'^ {beholds) what you are thinking of**', but sees what you are doing ^''K I perceive p*" "'^ this one of the attendants of Jason, coming {tending). He has left the plains sounding-under-the-tread-of-hovses, Pluperfect. You had all cried-out together. The Syracusans had done this. No one had rejoiced. First Aorist. O woman, having-cut-in-pieces thy dress {the dress of Myse//"), hast-thou-caused-to-be-made arms*" to They took-their-station there. So many evils did he contrive. You have honoured •'' (respected) me, but have greatly hurt (done-harm-to) the people of the Greeks. Hail, father. — I have accepted this dear address. MIDDLE VOICE. 15 First Future. Though having been injuredpf p"^", we will be silent. It shall appear a marvel to you ^^\ Deserted, I shall fly [ftit. mid. Attic) this knd. For [As) never again, but now for-the-last-time, shall I look- towards the ray and orb of the sun. In a passive sense. The war will be terminated without fighting. They will be prevented by the scarcity ^^' of resources *'•', Second Aorist. They obeyed promptly. They '"«"^ were left orphans. The point-of-the-spear bent {turned) like (as) lead. IMPERATIVE. First Aorist. Beware-of ^Ae sharped-mouthed griffins, th& dumb dogs of Jove, and beware-of Arimaspus, the one-eyed army. Raise-yourself, and walk-about '^^^ p*". 'Salute ye Urbanus and Rufus. Second Aorist. Be ye persuaded, as I discourse to you'^*'. OPTATIVE. First Aorist. The time would fail {leave : opt. act. a. 2, zuith av) us, if we should enumerate the actions of that man. The army would not censure {optative with av) me, if I should do °p* P"" ^''' these things cautiously. Second Aorist. Let him go-back p"-, nor let harm be left. tous'^^^ and to our children hereafter. {Or^ nor let him leav€ har?n.) SUBJUNCTIVE. Present. If we are-upori-our-guard {vjith iav). Whom they may-please {ivish with olm) to assist * *. Perfect. I will nod, that {with-ihe-vievj-that) you may trust me. {Jupiter is speaking.) IS MIDDLE VOICE. FiRfaT AoRisT. Let us put-on armour. Do not censure all the female race. Do not (fill) you at-ieast do (zvork) these things. Second Aorist. Do-you-wish that I should turn-myself ? He will not (ou |xii) be persuaded.* I Overtake {imperative plural) the horses of Atrides speedily, nor be left *^"^^ here. Does any-one attend ? Why do ye loiter t Whither should I turu-myself. INFINITIVE Present. To wound-one's-self. To teach-oneVself. First Aorist. Give*^ y^ to 3/02/?- mother "^^^ your right hand to salute. Wishing {inclined) to force the entrance-to-the-harbour, they were fighting-a-naval-battle. It is time {occasion) to consult about these things. It behoves you to beware-of these men. First Future. He asserted '^ that many of the soldiers^ who now clamor, would clamor '•''^' differently. He asserted ^ ^ that the same persons would not vote {Jlttie Infinitive). Second Aorist. So g^ood was it thai a son survived ; since he punished-' * " {payed) the parricide. PARTICIPLE Perfect. Nor let any-one, having trusted tahis horseman- ship''*^ and manliness^ desire {^SiJ^oLTCA} for juosfAa^eVw) to fight alone. They fled * ^ profound destruction, having fled war and the «ea. First Aorist. Often-times I have wondered*' ' by what * (The Subjunctive Second Aorist middle, \vilh the particles tv p^, bai* Uie same force as the Future Indicative. Dunbar.] CONTRACTS OF PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. 17 mminer o/" arguments''^''' the accusers o/* Socrates persuaded * ^ the Athenians. The Greeks having-caused-to-be-made images (s»xwv) of them placed ^ ^ them (placed-up) in (into) Delphos. The Corinthians, having hired two hundred heavy-armed- men, sent "" * Ihem. It is to be feared lest he, having been enraged, should do (work Old =^ * subj) some evil. First Future. They -have-come to enslave the land. They warred " ^, to obtain the territorj^ Second Aorist. Having jdelded [obeyed) to him '^''^ I kill- ed *- my "' mother. CONTRACTIONS OF THE PRESENT AND IM- PERFECT PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. PRESENT. Indicative. The roaring echo of thunder bellows. . Since you desire it, it behoves me to speak : hear then {sure- Do you accuse ms 1 He is incensed. Imperative. Endeavour to raise-up my body. Be ye glad, exult. Be-manlyp', be-firm. Guard-against reproof more than danger. Optative. Certainly I should (xsv ivith opt.) be called timid and base, if I should (express " shouW by the future) concede to you''"' every thing (deed). Why should I fear, to whcm-^^' it is not fated to die^ ^ ? (Ex- press " shoidd^^ by av ivith the optative). Subjunctive. When (ivitk av joined) they communicate ^x\y thing to you^*'. . . . He kills those whom he may think (regard : with av) to be- elever, 3* 18 AUGMENTS OF COMPOUND VERBS. Infinitive, No-one wishes {is mcliiied) to have {obtain) poor friends, I do not wish {lam not inclined) when poor to present flW]/ thing to one-who-is-rich {the being-rich^ ^^), lest I should seem«"''i p"^ to beg. Participle. By -no-means pull-back^ * *"^j the boy rush- ing-impetuously. I am chagrined, seeing {marking) myself thus treated-with- contumely. I pitied " *, having beheld * ^ the hundred headed impetuous , Typhon being subjugated. IMPERFECT. 1 suppress other evils such-as you were machinating. The curse of father Satmii, which he cursed '"'i'*^, shall be accomplished^"' V Cyrus *'' hearing these thi?igs was afflicted. For the Corinthians thought "^ ^ '" {regarded) that-they-were- overcoming '"•" '"p*", if they were not being much overcome ; and the Athenians thought ''"p*" that-they-w^ere-being-defeat- ed '"'■ '•^p*', if they were not much defeating. Any-one was fined, if he offended opt impf (p^/^ «' Jlny^one'"' after " j/,^* instead of at the begi7im7ig.) AUGMENTS OF VERBS COMPOUNDED WITH PREPOSITIONS. Rule. Verbs compounded with prepositions take the augment between the preposition and the verb. Jls ^rpotf-zSaXXw, flrpotf- liSaXXov* Poraemia was admiring-very-much the valor of Mucius. * [Prepositions, except Trepfand rprf, suffer elision before the augment^ but in r(,6 is often contracted with the following vowel.] AUGMENTS OF COMPOUND VERBS. 19 The Britons were confounded * ^ having beheld * * a wild-ani- mal not-seen-before and immense. Cutting-off the foliage of myrtle branches, he crowned** {croiuned-thoroughlij) all the altars. We all hesitate, seeing the pilot of the ship confounded ?<". Such a boldness is-bj-nature p^ {springs-in) to you ^*'. You have enjoined * ^ this to us '^*' not unwilling f ^w, Talthybius- was jointly-laying-waste, the Phrygians. The land was convulsed^'' and the air was jointly-agitated p^ They were Hving-together. They were reconciled ^ ^. They shut-up-together * ^ you and Hermione. Caesar was attempting to pass-over a great river. An echo of the battering of steel rushed-through * * the inner- most-part of the caverns. He has thus repaid ,=' ^ me. He had prophesied the future. They were making-adverse-preparations. There are some exceptions to this rule : He was sitting-down close-upon the fountain ^^K He was sleeping close-upon an elm s^".* They cleaned'^ * the tables ivith sponges '^-'^ having-many -holes. Some Verbs take an augment either before or after the preposi- (ion : f was desiring. So7ne Verbs take an augment both before and after the preposi- lion : I bore-with ^ ^ ^v. They were reinstating the city, y" [KaOivSa in the imperfect has koQtjvSov or iKddevSor.^ 20 THE VERB "EllU, I AM. THE VERB Eifx/, i am * I am what I am. Lead {Conduct) foward, daughter ; for (as) you are an eye to n blind foot ^'', as a star is to sailors *^^'. Neither is there to me ''^' a father, and venerable mother. Within is brass, and gold, and much-wrought iron, Covetousness is the root of all evils. (Say, Root of all the evils is the covetousness). We women are such-as "''"^ ''"^ we are. Ye are the light of the world. There are three daughters to him ''*'. Words are the healers of wrath. I was once, but now am not any-more- Minerva was silent, nor said '^ "* (remarked) any thing. There was a plain there, all (airag) level just-as the sea, and full of wormwood. Both"^"^' werc^"^' red-haired'^ "^', both not-yet-grown-up, both taught (i. e. skilled) to play-on-the-pipe, both ta^ight to sing. The Syracusans were much^'"^' "«"' morerousedp'" p'^'"'. (Prs. fix to the participle the Attic reduplication.) They would have been intercepted-by-a-wall p^ p*'"'. (Ex- p^ess " ivould have been'" by the Imperfect with c/.v.) I shall be head (prince) of our house and slaves whom the chvine Ulysses obtained-by -plunder '^ * "'"^ for me ''^^ * [If we compare, says Thiersch, tlie three parts (1st. *^d. and 3d. sing.) of this verb witli the Latin esse and the CJerraan wesen,\\e shall perceive the root of it to be fj, the root of wliich is thellebrew Hesch, Fire. Again, compare cj with the German word signifying to p* to me <^^^ to grow-oldif not (f*^) magnificently, at-least safely. old-man, oh- that, as spirit is to you, so firm strength were° p^ to yoM^^^. Neither could a mortal man ascend {a. 2. opt. with \sv : ava -^hehig contracted into ajx — ) zV, not-even {followed by ys) if there were {opt. contracted) to him ^^^ twenty hands and feet. If {Provided) you are •"''j fond-of-learning, you shall be much- learned. The Gods ordained ' ^ ™ destruction to men '^**, \\idX {to-the-end' that) there might be •"''j a song to future '^*' men. He is a just man who {whoever) wishes to be just, and not {Contract the two last ivords into one) merely to seem to be so. 1 think {imagine) that you will be '"^ yet thcrjieads of this land. This is a diseased"^"* state of things, when {luith av joiiied) a depraved man has »"^j authority, being nothing before {before this). He nourished '^ ^ me when-I-was {being) little. He knew {had ascertained : Attic) the things which are, and which will be, and which were before {Say, Me"*"* p\ being and the to be i'^'"V and being before p'«p). 22 OTHER VERBS IN jJU ! ACTIVE. EXAMPLES OF OTHER VERBS IN ^u. ACTIVE VOICE. Time alone manifests a just man. The winds dissipate the clouds. He gives to herdsmen "^"^ the babe to expose * *. When ginng, give nothing (wo^o«e"^"*) mean. Truly they know jour abominable disposition. Consider ^ * ™ (Speculate-on), what {what-kind-of) a tempest and inevitable extremity-of-evils is coming-upon you*'=% unless (provided-not) you obey » M"»'» '"I'j, But go, leave the resplendent seat of the Goddess. Do not stand "^""^ {sdrri^i) thus grieving. Not another wife {woman) would thus keep-aloof-from {opt. with xs) her husband^''" {man), who had come-back " ^°p* {arrived) to-her {(it) after-having-toiled-through (a. \. participle) many evils. Alas, alas, how {how -that), V7\iQn {loith av joined) the Deity gives '"^3 good-things {well) to the bad ''**, they are-insoknt, as- if-they-were-to-be-fortunate (fut. participle of s\j •jr^ao'fl'w, preceded by ^g) always ! In-case a general arranges *"''j {places) things *'^* rightly, he is-fortunate. It did not please ''"p^ the magnanimous Ajax {dative, as after Placet in Latin) to stand (sWi^fjii) where the other sons {vTg as) of the Grecians were standing {standing-off). It-is-right that he should swear to it. Lycian Phoebus, be-willing * * °r' to place these things in your mind*^'*. The old-man rejoiced** and answered '^p' : O child {off- spring), certainly it is good to give the due gifts to the im- i/iorlals '^*'. It is said that the PhcBnicians did not discover the letters of OTHER VERBS IN fAl I ACTIVE. 23 the alphabet^ but thai they only changed'"^ * ^ their"* forms (types). I find some proposing ^o /Ae wrestlers^** a public contest, worthy of toil. Thump, thump your head (x^ara which is the accusative)^ giving '^*'" beatings of your hand. Holding ^^'^ wild cubs of wolves in-their-arms, they were giving them white milk. The maid-servants were bearing them and placing them out- of-doors. Having placed-down * ^ their lances, all the slaves were cast- ing their hands towards the work *=^ This is the huge Ajax, the fence of the Greeks ; and Idome- neus stands p*" on-the-other-side as a God. You have caused '^ * (placed) to your parents '^*' unspeakable lamentation and sadness. Ajax, God has given * * to you ^^^ greatness and might. You have not-yet given p*", but will perhaps give retribu- tion. Wherefore have ye been standing * - thus stupid as (like-as) hinds '? They laid-down =" ^ Patroclus ; and his dear companions stood-round {a. 2. in the shortened form) lamenting. The ships of the Syracusans having been put-in-disorder » * delivered-up "" ^ the victory to the Athenians '^*'. O Jupiter, dwel!ing-in the splendid folds "*= of heaven, save • ^ us, and give * ^ reconciliation to my children "^*^ Since you dared '""p^ to do the things not ((av^) fair, suffer »> (tolerate) also the things not (jji.oi) pleasant. Heap-up '■ * a mound, and place-on '^ ^ it memorials to me *'*; and let my sister give (a. 2. imperative) her tears and Aer tresees /o my sepulchre '^^*. L*ay-down * ^f^ the bows quietly (guiet °<""). May Me Gods give '^ ^ t' ^o you "^'^ and to this guest ^j/^f such-as°«"' I wish. 24 OTHERS IN pil PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. May the Gods make * ^ °p* {place : contracted form) all these things vain. O me "^^S which- way should I go * ^ '"^3 {journey) ? where {in- w hat-place) should I stand ^^ 2 sub^ 2 The master being indignant » * p"^ delivered * * him to the tormentors '^**, until he should give-back » ^ sub^ ^n which-was-' owed (^/^e"^"' iem^ owed) to him"^^'. Do not {m) give^^"^^]P* the sacred thi?ig to the dogs '^^'j lest-at-any-time they tread you down =* ^ *"'']. {Piii " tread do2on" in one word.) Give*^ me'^''* whatever {whichever : with xs) gift your dear heart impels you to give * ^ me '^^'. Why {How) do you wish to make * ^ {place) my labour use- less ? Achilles having stood-up * ^ thus spoke-among '""p^ ^Ae w^ar- ioving Argives'^*^ PASSIVE AND MIDDLE VOICES. A good tree is not able to produce {make) bad {xoicked) fruits., nor a corrupt tree to produce fair fruits. She lies fasting, yielding ^"^ her body to sorrows'^*'; and hears, when advised, as a rock or a swell-of-the-sea. We are undone. They lie dead near together, both the daughter and her old father. See * ^ "" {Behold), there is a mat ; lie-down on it. I am not able {opt. with av) to wipe-away-from » ' ""'J my mind ^*° {understanding) your suffering. You can (0/?^ loith av) not have all things. Permit me to save " * Greece, if {in-case) we are able ' "^'5. Nothing is more delightful than when reviled to be able to bear it. Not the man not (/xii) acting-unjustly is a just man, but the vian who {whoever) being able to act-unjustly does not (/xV]} will it. OTHERS IN (Ji.» PASSIVE AND MIDDLE. 25 She lacerates™'"^ her cheek, making {placing""'^) her nail bloody. The multitude stood round >™pf -"id weeping (crying). I knew* {loas-familiar-ioiih '^'^^^)the misfortunes and the death of Agamemnon. Ulysses and his illustrious son laid-down ^ ^ "^'^ '^"^^ their arms within. After they had dismissed ^ ^ mid ^^g^V desire of drink and of food, young-raen crowned * ^ "^'^^ [crowned-over) the bowls. But do you put-on ^ ^ a propitious spirit. Let each-man sharpen {a. 1. mid. imperative) well his speai {lo 00 den-spear) and well prepare ( place : a. 2. mid. imperative) his shield. If you should give {a. 2. opt. withxs) him to me*^** to be- come ^ - the keeper of my stalls, he would make-for-himself (place : a. 2. m. opt. with xs) a big thigh, although [even) drink- ing onhj whey. Let us cast-off'' ^ "?^'^ '"""j the works of darkness ^""^ and put- on {get-into : a. 1. m. suhj.) the armour of light ^'■', Why did you, if (if -altogether) you were-inclined ^ ^ p to do (place : a. 2. m.) a favour to this man <^^', kill " * the child ? Penlope, having placed^ " "" a very -beautiful chair, was hear- ing the discourse of each. Thus having said (isierted: a. 2. w?.), Minerva touched* * "''^ him, and dried-up * * his (him *^**) fair skin. * ErnVra/iaij though a compound word, takes the augment at the be- ginning. The meaaing of the simple seems to have been so much alter- ed ihat the compound almost became a distinct verb. {hLCTap.ai, seems to be the middle voice of ipbrrini, retaining the Ionic form.] 26 OTHER IRREGULAR VERBS, EXAMPLES OF OTHER IRREGULAR VERBS. Willing, willing I have sinned ^ ^ ; I will not deny it. When {At-the-time-when) it became ^ ^ dusk, raised-dust ap- peared ^ ^ P as {just-as) a white cloud. Become a friend slowly ; but, having become * ^ one^ endea- vour to persevere in being so, for it is equally shameful to have no-one a friend and to change-one-after-the-other many com- panions. Every-one, who-has-cultivated {having cultivated ^ ') good- qualities, is ashamed to become "" ^ bad. Have you indeed come ^^ p"' {come-from) to inspect <""' p"^ my had fortimes % Come-on, take*" ^ your sword. Think {Seem) to do all things as going to escape-the-obser- vation-of *""' p^""* none : for-indeed though (av loith a. 1. subjunc- tive) you hide anything at-the-moment, you will be discover-- g^j f ut 1 pass afterwards. They had escaped-the-observation-of p'"p ""'^^ each-other. Learn* ^ all these things summarily. I will tell {say) you '^•" clearly every thing whatever you request to learn * ^. /, the miserable, have suffered v^ "^^'^ things grateful to my enemies ^^\ ■ I suffer and have suffered pf '"'J and yet shall suffer '"''^, Ye shall learn-by-enquiry whatever ye wish-further, al- although I am ashamed ivhile speaking '"'='". sister {fellow-born) dearest to me ''^', I am-incredulous, having been informed-of * ^ •" things wonderful to me ^^\ Having learnt-by-enquiry p^ i"*" these Mzw^s, I have arriv- ed ' ^ hither. 1 have arrived {jif. mid. ^oith Attic reduplication') to signi- fy rut pan these {such) things to you. ARTICLE. 27 The days shall arrive when (ivith ocv joined ) the bridegroom shall be taken-away ^^ ^^^]. The servants shall bring gifts to you ^''K One brought ^ * one gift and another another. {Say, Another brought another gift.) Bring ^^ my dress to me "^^^ as-quickly-as-possible. After-that she ran * ^ directly, and kissed ^ ^ his head {pate)^ and {as-ioell-as) addressed ^"p*' him. The ships quickly ran-through ^ ^ the fishy paths. Hecuba produced ^ ^ the beginnings of these {the) evils, by ha\ing produced ^ ^ nom p^ris. He professed =" ^ to be a teacher. Ye cannot find {a. 2. opt. ivith av) any other man more wretched {trist). PART SECOND. THE ARTICLE. I. The article serves to signify, that the noun with which it stands, indicates either a determinate object amongst several which are comprehended under the same idea, or the luhole species. 1 . The Attics use the article in all cases where an object entirely indefinite is not to he expressed— for distinction and emphasis. Demosthenes the orator. Thucydides the historian. Homer the poet. The poet described ^ ^ the shield of Achilles. The herds-man having-heard ^^ these things, and having- taken-up^ * the little-boy wentP^'^ '"^'^ {Attic)* the same way back, and comes (a-Triwsofjoaj) into the cottage. The {previously men" maiden became a wine-skin. * [According to Matthias ^a, or ijia, is notan Attic but an Ionic form, ^a, (ea) for ^v. In confirmation of this opinion, it is added that ija or ^'ia never have the signification of a perfect, but of an aorist or imperfect.] 28 ARTICLE, 2. It is used emphaticaMy in many cases lohere in English the definite article is not used : Thy son. A son of thine. All men. All the men. Honourable is the reproach %oith which yoxs, reproach {re- proach-utterhj') me'^''*. Indeed (fxsv) he spoke not an {the) ignoble speech. Calling- {calling-out) him a {the) traitor. Calling {calling-out) him a {the) benefactor, a good man {the man the good). Darius having-reigned ^ * six and thirty years in all {the all). you shall call him o^ from such lengthy speeches {the many)- (a-TraXXairCoj, to call-off). Cyrus ^""^ summoned this very battalion {this the). 3. Hence the article is used before proper names ; except in Ho- meric or tragic po€try J in lohich the usage scarcely ever occurs :* Now at length the Cyrus was thus engaged {was in this). The celebrated Themistocles advised '""p*" the Athenians to de- spatch himself as quickly-as-possible to the city Lacedaemon""'. He indeed having-spokcn ^ 2 (remarked) to-this-purport, did not persuade '"^rf the man Alcidas. The man Paches having-gone^ ^ *" (come-from) to the Mity- lene ^"^^ reduced '^ ^ "" the Pyrrha and Eresus. At {in) Tanagra of the Boeotia. Up-to this time many "^"* parts of the Greece live '"'^ {pas- ture) in the ancient manner''^'. Suppose {you may say) having-thrown-a-bridge-over the Flellespont, an army was-led {driven) through the eov.ntry Eu- rope §■''" into the land of Greece "'. 4. It is used before proper names in Comic poetry {Jlttic) : with the names of places commonly^ but not uniformly. * [In tragic poetry the article is not prefixed to Proper names, except on account of emphasis, or in the beginning of a sentence where a parti" cle is inserted. Sav(lfor(L] ARTICLE. 29 For the master himself will-know you, and Proserpine, since lYiQyd^^i also (xai) are {being) a, pair of deities ^"""K The article sometimes gives a general sense to the noun to lohich it is prefixed— luhen the noun is intended to embrace all persons to whom it can be applied. The counsellor and the sycophant differ in this. A malignant thing, O Athenian men, a malignant thing the sycophant ever is. 5. The article is often used ivith the substantive understood. The Attic ^^"^ territory {yy} being understood). My *"^'° opinion (yvwjxii being understood) prevails. The morrow (say r) av^m, f)iis^a. being understood). The equestrian ""■* (''sx^^)- The "'^ ^^"^ way (c^o'v understood) to {beside) the wall ""=% By the quickest ^^^ ^^"^ {speediest) way. By the straight *<^^ ^^^ loay (i. e. Right on). The^^*" of the other Greeks, whether {both-ivhether) we-ought to call * ^ {remark) it malice or {and-iuhether) want-of knowledge or {and-ivhether) even both these things. The service lue pay to God is moderate : but the service we pay to men "^ is immoderate. Having abandoned * ^ the sailing to Chios "* ^", he sailed' ^p^ to Caunus (^'■-) {^'■''). No {no-hy) the God ^". By the Goddess. You"°'", O Athenian men — ^but when-I-say the"*"* word You, I mean the city, It-is-right that we ^"^ {Ionic) should divide-into-parties '"' : respecting the "«"* ?^°'t question which {lon\) of us {Ion) shall do {work) the country {one^s country) more-good. 6. The neuter article with a neuter adjective is often used as a substantive: some substantive being understood, as ri&oSy ysvdg^ 4* 30 Great old age. {The over-old.) Eagerness. {The eager.) Prosperity. Goodness. {The good.) Beauty. {The beautiful.) Confidence. {The confident.) Unfeelingness. {The unfeeling^ The-diiFerence. {The different V^ .) Right. {The rightful^'.) You. {The your ^K) The quality. {The of -w hat-kind.) The quantity. {The hoiv -much.) The commonwealth. {The common.) The subjects-collectively. ( The subject,) The enemy. {The contrary.) The barbarians. (TAe barbaric.) The Dorians. {The Doric.) The citizens. {The civic.) In like manner it is used with a participle. Procrastination. {The procrastinating. ) The-estimation-in-which-the-city-is-held. {The being esteem- i of the city.) The article is frequently used loith a participle in other con- structions : It was difficult in those times =""' to find ^ ^ those- who-were- inclined (Men being inclined) to rule. Philosophers. {The philosophizing .) My-mistress. {The my having obtained '^^ .) Bad "' counsel is most bad to-him-who-counselled (rcjj with aor. I. part, of /^ouXsuw) it. There are those-who-say {the saying). There will be no-one to-show-the-way (6 luith the future participle). That-there-were those-who-would-war (tou^ luith the future participle) against Philip'^'", seemed-like J'*" '""^ {Attic prefix) sornc heavenly benefit '^*^ Always shall the grievous-weight of the present evil molest ARTICLE. 31 yoiv; for there is {has spnmg-up'p^) not any-one-who-will-re- lieve (o loithfut. participle) you. The Tegeetans were-the-first-who-came to the wall ''''% and these were they-who-pillaged (oj with first aorist participle) the tent of Mardonius ^""^ Him-who-assists {The assisting) the commonwealth most"''"' pl acc_ I m J self saw * ^ {beheld) these mines ^""^ ; and those of them were bj-far the most surprising which {the) the Phoenicians discovered ^ ^ {detected)^ those- who-colonized ^ ^ (ol with partici- ple) this island ^'^. Shouting-out Jove {i. e. the name of Jove) ^ him-who-guided ^ ^ (tov loith participle) mortals to-wisdom {to reflect). I miserable have been utterly-destroyed pf by blind destruc- tion^^" {ruin) ; I who-am-named (o ivith perfect participle) as the son- of the best mother, / who-am-addressed ^ ^ {spoken-to : 6 ivith participle passive) as the son {production) of Jove. You will find, O men, all ready to succour me '^^S the person who-corrupts (toj with participle)^ the person who-does-ill-to {t^ with participle) their {the of them) domestics ^", as Melitus and Anytus assert ! You, the-hater {the ^ «"" hating) ! you hate forsooth in word*^*^ but m deed '^^^ are-allied- with the murderers'^''* oi yonx {the) father ! Is Medea, she-who-has-workedp^ P''" (>j with participle) these {the) dreadful evils .^ in this house p^ % {Express the interrogation by apoc.) The article is sometimes omitted : It is all the work of the inventor {having invented '^ -). He who has learnt'' ^ p^''* differs {hears-apart) vastly /?'^w him who has not {]^y\) learnt « 2 gen part . ^j^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^_ plined differs vastly from the moM not disciplined. The article with the participle is used in the neuter gender and in the singular number in a collective i 32 ARTICLE.' The numbers coming-in ^^° becoming continually greater (more : Ionic). If you shall overturn {Ionic) these men and those-who-hold- out at {ill) Sparta, there is no other tribe of men which {the), O king, will stand-against {Ionic) you '*". No one opposed ''"p^, seeing {marking) the-conspirators {the •'^"' having conspired p*") numerous. 7. The neuter article is often put absolutely with the genitive of the substantive. God ^'^ directs the affairs of men. The afairs (-rpa^ixaTa) of the Thebans are-in-a-bad-state (has ill). We must bear the visitations of the Gods. The resources of friends are nothing, in-case any-one is-un- fortunate '"^j. The honours of the dead p' {deceased). To' think {refect) the thoughts of the Athenians, {i. e. to be on the side of the Athenians). I seem to-myself {me'^^ ) to have suffered p*" "'''^ the fate of- the-horse-of-Ibycus {of the Ibycean horse). Both you and Simmias seem ''"^ tome to fear {to be alarmed) the fear of children, {i. e. to have the same fear as boys.) Wrath. (T/zepi"s.ng of ivrath-'K) Skill. {The^' of skilh'K) Fortune {The^^ of fortune "') has sharp tongues. Such is the nature of the Gods that (so that) they-are-brib- ed'"^*" by gifts &«"'^ The saying of Homer "', I am born (/ sprang-up p*") neither from oak nor from rock, but from men. According-to the "•=<= remark of Solon ='"'. Parmenides appears to me, as Homer says {the of the Homer) to he at-the-same-time both venerable and terrible. (Kae?z/s relating-to {according-to) V^usdiXims ^'"' thus ended *^ The "^"* circumstances relating to war ^""^ {ace). Miltiades the Marathonian. {Miltiades the in JSIarathon.) Hunt-after the pleasures which-are-attended {the) with {in- company -10 iih) reputation ^^°. His [The) enemies having-brought * ^ {led : with Attic prefix) Miltiades to {under) the judgment-seat ^""^ prosecuted ^ ^ him for ' the government =^° which-hc-exercised {the) in the Chersonesus. The Syracusans raised {made-to -stand) a trophy on account of the naval-battle ^^", and the previous {up-above) interception * [This union of the article with an adverb or preposition is general- ly explained by supplying a participle suited to the sense, particularly (5v. Matthiae.] 34 ARTICLE. of the heavy-armed-men which-took-place {the) at (-rrpog) the wall<^^\ Sometimes a participle is supplied. The waggon-road ^'="= {or public way) led.ding {br in gin g) to the Piraeeus ^'=^ A way leading to true ^""^ instruction *^^ The part turned p^ towards Lybia ^". 10. Under this head come the phrases oi d(xa)i or "jrspi luith a Pro- per name, lohich indicate ^ I. The person with his companions.^ followers.^ SfC. Pisistratus-and-his-troops. {The around Pisistratus.) Thrasjbuhis-with-his-soldiers. Cecrops-\\'ith-his-assessors-in-judgment . 11. Sometimes denotes merely the person lohom the proper name expresses. Of Pittacus and Bias and the-Milesian-Thales [of the around, Priam and Panthous and Hicetaon. offsprmg of-Mars {the around, ^-c). III. It is used to mark not the person but his co^npanions,'^ The companions of Archidamus. {Plato adds hrcupoi.) The fiiends of Parmenides and Zeno, (add Srarpoi). Fro?n these must be distinguished, the cases in which the preposi* tion is not followed by a proper name, or when the article is neuter. The hunters. (The around the hunt). Those who study pliilosophy. The °^"' occurrences at (about) Lampsacus. The constitution of the Thebans. (T/^e°^"* about.) What belongs to war. (The "*"* about.) Virtue. (The ''^''^ around the.) The circumstances connected with (about) the guilt. ( The two last examples are circumlocutions for aperii and ajxapr/a.) * [This occurs particularly in later writers.] ARTICLE. 35 11. The article frequently stands in the accusative neuter before adverbs ; governed by xclto. or e^, <^c. {Prefix TO.) Formerly. Of-old. Further-on. Entirely. {Prefix T(x.) Now. For-the-most-part, {the last^ with or without Bg). Sometimes sa/at is added with the article in the singular. Now. To-day, {i. e. xara to tf^spov sTvai.) Sometimes the article is placed in the genitive with a ^ prefixed : On {From) the instant {instantaneously). 12. The article frequently stands in the accusative neuter before prepositions^ in the sense of adverbs. After (Frow) this ''^"'. Before this.- Upon this, {ox ^ Here- upon). By (xaTo,) himself, {i. e. Privately.) As-far-as-lies- m {The "^"^ upon) me "*=. As far as concerns {The °^"' to) me, As-far-as-concerns {The ''^''^ according to) i]id,i art^''^ As-far- at-least-as-it-regards me ^'"'. Minos ''^' employed'™]?^ {used) Radamanthus^'"* {dative) as a. keeper-of-the-laws as-regarded the town """"^ and as-regarded {the °^"^ p^ according to) the-rest-of-Crete {the other Crete) he em- ployed Talus " * ( dativ e). En/aj is sometimes added at the end : As-far-as-regards {The "^"^ according to) him. As-far-as-lay -in (TAe^^ut ^j;^^^^ them"*^ (xarol ro moL\ s-ff' auTouj.) 13. The article is sometimes put adverbially in the muter with adjectives {zg or xaTo. being understood).*- At-first. {The at first neut pi or sing^j For-the-most-part. {The much ^ ox as the much.) For-the-future. ( The rest. ) Moreover { The rest ^« ° .) * [The article is often written with the adverb or adjective as one word.] - 36 AU-to-gether (The lohole). Truly (The true). Anciently. In the-mean-time. (The hehveen.) With feminines in the dual^ the article is often put in the mascu- line. The hands. The tivo women. The two cities. Of the tioo ladles. 14. Sometimes^ especially in Ionic writers^ the genitive article is severed from its noun^ and precedes the loord lohich governs it.* Some ^'"' of the spear-bearers. Some-one of the soldiers (Ionic). And a (some) part being pressed "" \ lighted * ^ (fell-into) on (into) the farm of a certain (particular) private-citizen ; and there was not a way-out. Several articles are sometimes found together xoithout a word he- tween them' : The art *" of-him-who-is (the ^'^") in-truth rhetorical and per- suasive. The eyes of the soul of-most men (of the many). The business of the art of-him-who-cards-wool (of the card- ing loool). The article is sometimes i Virtue '^■"^ does not issue from riches, but from virtue issue riches and all the other good "* things which aca-ue to men '»'*. The same thing. (Join the second article on to the adjective.) [The article is inseparable from the substantive or adjective added to the subject; viz. that of which any thing is said. Ihus, b [3affi\ev( Acoiviirji or Aci^viSrjs h paaiXevs, h aocpoi avrjp Or avtif h ao^og ', but not b Aew- viSrji (iaaiXtvi, b avijp aofog, nor, jSaaiXcof b Aeo}vi5t]i, except when taken as complete propositions, meaning " Leonidas is king"—" The man is wise.'*] ARTICLE. 37 The other (sVspo^) thing. {Join as above.) They hate your-unanimity. {The unanimity the your p^) They finished their-long-walls (the ivalis the of themselves the long). The other things which-fall-out-together [the-falling-out-tQ- gether) every day (according to each day ^^''). The Athenian people. ( The people the of Athenians. ) The article changes the sense of some adjectives : Many : The many (i. e. The greater number). Himself: The same. Others : The others (i. e. the rest). Another Greece: The-rest-of-Greece {The other Greece). More men {contracted) The more men {i. e. the more). Few men : The few (i. e. the oligarchs). II. The Infinitive is joined with article as a substantive. {^ Exercises on the Infinitive JMood.) III. 1. Originally^ and in the language of Epic poetry^ the article is a demonstrative pronoun signifying " this^^^ ivith or without the addition of a noun. , This man went to {upon) the swift ships of the Greeks. But this maid I will not release. This man^ these men mourn. You speak evil of this man {certain person) and of that {cer- tain person). Of this mother I- was-born p«^^ On account o/this ^-^ neut ^j^i^^ y^^ g-^ vilifying. In this^** "^'^^ case the city of Priam would fall-do wn-to-the- ground (a. 1. opt. ^olic.) The article according to this Idiom is sometimes translated ^Uhai ;" and without a noun sometimes rendered by " Ae" " s^e" " fi" " th&u ^^ 5 38 ARTICLE. 2. The use of ike article as a demonstrative pronoun is preserved also in Ionic and Doric, and sometimes, though rarely, in Attic Greek. And thai he wished'"^ having-received ^ ^ p"' them to-take- himself-away. Before this (i. e. formerly). If he had done ^ ^ this and that, he would not have died. All the people- (Attic) of the Thebans justly call ''"^j and of [out-of) these I particularly . But this at-least I know {have-ascertained^^''^ '"-'^) well. . . . 3, The article is used with [kiv and Si to distinguish between things set in opposition to each other, and signifies ^^ partly, partly. ^^ Good things are two-fo-ld ; some {partly) human, and some divine. They use(/ow;) partly the Cretan and partly the Carias laws. 4. If the noun separated he a noun singular, 6 jafv and o Ss signi' fy " the one, the other ;" o /xsv is sometimes omitted. The one, a robber, let-him-be cast-down ''"p ' ^ into the Pyri- phlegethon {litt. fire-blazing), the other, a temple-robber, let-him- be-torn-in-pieces '"^p * ^ by the chimfera. The one flying, the other pursuing behind, they both ran by. So {received-into) you differmtly from my expectations % You wdll be {Attic) more removed from my {me '^*') good-will ( That is, i/ou ivill be more an object of dislike to me.) ^ * [Sometknes in4 is put with the measure of the removal or distance rastead of with the place from which the distance is expressed, Mai ihiae.] 5* 42 Ex, E|. Far from the mark. The Stoics. (Say^ The^^ from the porch.) To drink beginning-with (from) the day. On the mother's side. ( The °« "* pi from the mother.) He killed '""^^ (put-to-death) them by means of a silver bow. I admired ''"p'" Hermogenes'^'^* on-account-of his (the) philo- sophy. To live upon plunder. Your opinion. { The '''«"' from you, ) Envy preceeding-from the chief men. From a love of justice. From zeal. From no crafty intention. Openly. (Say ^^ From the ope-n!^ neut^^ Having-their-own-laws according-to the alliance. To be appointed archons "=•= by-means-of beans. A constitution in which the governors are chosen according-to their circumstances. The fear caused-by the enemy p^ They affirm that these women were stoned-to-death ' ^ '"^ by the men-of-the-adverse-party. Ex before a consonant ; E| before a vowel : Radical meaning, Out of, or From; \hence After, In consequence of By.-\ Stones out-of which they make statues *'* . A grim brightness was beaming from his eyes. To choose-out the strongest men from the citizens. To fly out-of the city. Ajax was leading ships from Salamis. To carry (bear) phials from the girdles (that is^ suspended from the girdles) . To hang * ^ any-one by the foot. To lay-hold-of a horse by the tail. To have done sacrificing (To spring * ' •" frcm the sacrifice), ' To war after peace, and to agree * * again after war. npo. 43 After the sea-fight. We-received the report some-time-ago. Of old. (From ancient^ XP°^°" being understood.) Shut-out p^ by land and by sea. With all the mind. Unexpectedly. {From the unlooked-for ^K) Justly. (From the just ^K) It is-necessary that he should give * " his blood as libations to he earth '^** in consequence of the ancient resentment p" of Mars„ For these reasons he was detested. In consequence-of the vision. Does not the old-man hve (is) 1 Yes ; having prospered- ibundantly * ^ by-the-aid-of (from) the Gods. The things spoken by Alexander * The walls built by the Greeks. The things performed p' at-my-suggestion. (From me.) Of his-own-accord. (From himself.) My-self-and-two-others. ( From third p ^ ) IIpo. Radical meaning, Before, \hence More ih&n^ Rather than, For^ Before, as an action urged on by a motive, i. e. On account of.~\ Before die king. Before all the traops-in-battle-array. Before the doors. At-a-great-distance-from (Before much'''' ""^ s^*": i. e. much space before) the city. To be snatched-away before the proper-time. The day^^efoxQ the first (one *"*"') of the calends of March. They wish to undergo all dangers""* rather-than that (the "«"' eenj ^jjgjj^ ^^^g^ existing glory^*"^*^ should be lessened"*'"*". * [B* sametimes stands for ijra, especially ia Herodotus. Matihia.j 44 Ev. Consider (Make"^'^) neither (not-either) your children nor not-either) any (not-one) thing, else of- greater-consequence be- bre justice (the just ° ^"*), He valued {a. 2. ivith Attic redupl) him even before Jove him- .lelf To value {make '"''') above much. (That is, To value highly.) The3''-were-prompt to fight for their children and their wives [vjomen). {Properly, to fight before them so as to protect them) He would prefer (a. 2. opt. with dcv) to die (expire) for him often. Laboring {struggling) for {or, in the service of) an ungentle prince. He feared (iv as-affrighted) lest the Greeks should leave » ^ opt him as a prey to the enemies (devastating) on-account-of fear. I am driven fi-om-coun try-to-country (earth *=° before earth). One day before the calends of March. {Say^ Before one of the calends.) II. The Prepositions lohich Govern the Dative only are 'Ev and 2uv, Attic Huv. I. Ev. Radical meaning, In : [hence With, <^c,] In or at Carthage. Near Lacedsemon. At this time =""'. At which time. To be in fear. To be in a rage. There is in your {you 'i*^) breast p^ a certain inflexible mind. There is a great {much) army in the park. They abode '"'I''" like (so-as) ants, in Me sunless recesses of caves. It-is-his-pleasure (In pleasure it is to him^^^) that an expe- dition ^^^ (driving-ofan-army) should march »*«">' {spring) against {upon) Greece ^"^ (art). • Ev. 45 I am-ashamed {have in shame p') to embrace your knee. To blame any one {have in blame p^). To esteem equally {make ""'^ in an equal •"*'=; rpo-rw, " man- ner,^' being understood). To make-light-of. {Make"^'^ in a light "'^*^.) Judging p^ it all-the-same {in anegual"""") to worship or not. {Put " and" be/ore " to worship^) To combat equipped with small-bucklers and javelins and bows. Oh-that {If) I might be °p' pr always adorned with gar* lands. It is now in your-power {you) either to enslave ' * {enthral} Athens or to free » * it. The whole {Whole the) matter rests with Treballus *'*. As-far-as-regards {In) me {i. e. my opinion). Ye know by many other {other many) letters the things be- fore done ' * p. To drink from horn cups. It is better "''"' to dwell among good citizens than bad {wicked). ^ There are shady resting-places among the high trees. Amoiig (or before) so-great witnesses. All sick {in sickness). He had-gone p^"p '"''^ through (^lol) the Assjrrian territory ^*", having on the left^^"" the mountains of Me Sogdiani, and on the right '"«'" the Tigris. Polycrates the Samian was much engaged in-the-study-of {in) the Muses. He is not in-his-right-mind {in [i. e. the housel of himself.) If you p' had seen^^"* {viewed steadily) Me tragedians in the festivals of Bacchus. I struck '"p^ you with justice (right.) With {or in) haste. To take ■ ^ Syria by-way-of {in) dowry. 46 2uVj Suv. ' 2uv or Huv. "Radical meaning^ With, Together with. (Hence " On the side .of,"4-c.^c.) 1 have now come-down * ^ here with my ship and (as-well-as) m\j companions (sVapo^). Hecuba, together-with the captive women, has utterly -des- troyed "^ ^ me. To be more on-the-side-of the Greeks than on-the-side-of the Barbarian. He ordered ''"P^ that the Judge ^'='= should {ought ''''^) pass? (place ''^'■/ni'J) sentence ="^* according-to law =''"'. He said ^^ (remarked) many Mm^s not agreeably-to decency.. Go (Progress : opt. loith av) with haste. I will avenge you p^ with justice (the just ''^''^). It behoves a man to become either an enemy ""^^ or a friend when-the-occasion-demands-it (ivith occasion). To your ^'* advantage. We see (mark) you in-good-health by-the-divine-blessing (iuiih Gods), Let us go''^'"^j (go-upon) with-the-favour-of the Gods against (upon) those-who-injure-us {the injuring "'). By divine impulse. (With God.) I imagine, but it-shall-be-said under-the-idea-of-help-fr'om (with) God thai /shall cure '"'' you of this disease-of-the-eyes'''"' (gen). Prepositions which govern the Accusative only ; 'Eij or 'E^, afid Avcc (m Prose), I. Ets or Eg. Radical meaning, Unio, To. (Into, In regard to, On account of.) He came into the city. Mother, reflecting well and yet not reflecting, I have come {come-from * '-^ •") to hostile men. We are-come to a distant plain, to an uninhabited desert. Having turned-themselves * ^ "> to dancing and to the charm- ing song, they were being delighted. I entered * ^ into the home, of Dionysius the grammarian. Pie flung "^ " a sharp dart at us. ' , . '.^_ To descend into a town. "'" • . ■ ^ Achilles sold ''"p'" (vended) my other sons into Samos and the inhospitable Lemnos, To be present at Sardis* {Ionic). (EXdwv is understood.) To appear * ^ p at Proconnesus. To be-a-suppliant [entreat) to any-one. We are {lie) in this necessity. (EX^ovtsj is v?iderstood.) As soon-as he hadsat-down '"'p'" on his {the) paternal throne. The suppliants, sitting down at the temple-ofJuno, were asking for these things. The blood shed p"" {the poured-out) for the remission of sins. To praise any-one for any-thing. To be first '""' in all things. The bed of Clytemnestra renowned among the Greeks, Our {The) fathers have displayed*^ "" before all men many- good {many-and-fair) de.eds. They were consulting-about "^'^ forsaking * ^ '"^ the city for the heights of Euboea"'. I was {sprang -up) a happy man in-other-respects except in= regard-to my daughters. The thing came "" ' "" {became) to such-a-pass this day "* {ace), {i. e. Such was the progress of affairs this day.) * [The translation given above does not conrey the full meaning of the verb followed by stj, it would be more correct were the preposition following £v ; there does not appear to me any necessity for supplying tkQ