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NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST, 
 
 OR 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOST 
 
 VALUABLE VARIETIES OF FRUIT, 
 
 OF ALL CLIMATES, 
 
 ADAPTED TO CULTIVATION 
 
 IN 
 
 THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 WITH THEIR HISTORY, MODES OF CULTURE, MANAGEMENT, 
 USES, &c. 
 
 AND 
 
 THE CULTURE OF SILK. 
 
 WITH AN APPENDIX ON 
 
 VEGETABLES, 
 
 ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS AND FLOWERS, 
 
 I irf* BY -WIIililAM If EII^RICK. 
 
 1 
 
 SECOND EDITION, ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 
 
 <;,t-- 
 
 BOSTON: 
 RUSSELL, ODIORNE, AND METCALF. 
 
 1835. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1835, 
 
 By William Kenrick, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 
 
 TUTTLE AND WEEKS, PRINTERS. 
 
 '^S'"^" 
 
 xc-i^ 
 
TO THE HON. JOHN LOWELL, LL. D. 
 
 Sir, 
 I AM happy in being enabled to inscribe this work to 
 a gentleman, whose name is so intimately associated 
 with all the great improvements connected with Agri- 
 culture and Horticulture, during the last quarter of 
 a century. The many valuable productions, — the 
 donations from Mr Knight, and from other sources, 
 by you so extensively disseminated ; your disinterested 
 and distinguished zeal, to encourage and enlighten in all 
 useful pursuits, and especially those to which this work 
 is principally devoted, are not only highly appreciated 
 by cotemporaries, but posterity will know and acknow- 
 ledge their value. 
 
 Please to accept this dedication, not only as an ac- 
 knowledgement of the many favors received, but as an 
 expression of my high estimation of your manifold and 
 successful efforts in all that concerns the best interests 
 of our country. 
 
 With the highest respect and esteem. 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 WILLIAM KENRICK. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION. 
 
 The present edition of this work has been revised with 
 very particular attention and care. All the latest and 
 most eminent writers of Europe which have come to hand, 
 having been diligently consulted, and the experience of 
 the most intelligent of our own country. Among the 
 numerous additions and improvements connected there, 
 with, will be found a chapter on " Climate ;" a chapter on 
 " Modern or Landscape Gardens ;" another on the 
 "Usefulness of Fruits," for food and health: — The 
 list of these, although so complete in the former edition, is 
 yet in this greatly improved, and especially of those fine 
 new Flemish kinds, and others now added, which have 
 been so lately proved at Chiswick by Mr Thompson, or 
 more latterly approved with us. A Practical Treatise on 
 Mulberry Plantations and the Culture of Silk, and 
 the whole class of Useful Vegetables, are now for the 
 first time added, and all that relates to them. 
 
 1* 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Dedication, ...... 
 
 Advertisement to the Second Edition, 
 Acknowledgements to Authorities and Correspondents, 
 List of Authors whose Works ate either quoted or 
 
 referred to, 
 Introduction .... 
 
 Section I. Climate, 
 
 11. Modern or Landscape Gardens, 
 
 III. Utility of Fruits, 
 
 IV. New Varieties of Fruits — Modes in which 
 
 they are produced — Decline of the Old 
 Varieties .... 
 
 Of the Growth of Trees and Plants 
 
 Transplanting, 
 
 Propagation, 
 
 Inoculating, . 
 
 Grafting, 
 
 Fruitfulness, in seven suhsections. 
 
 Pruning, 
 
 Noxious Insects, in six subsections. 
 
 Page. 
 3 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 V. 
 VI. 
 VII. 
 VIII. 
 IX. 
 X. 
 XI. 
 XII. 
 Apple, 
 Pear, 
 Old Pears, 
 New Pears, 
 Quince, . 
 Peach, 
 Nectarine, 
 Almond, . 
 Apricot, . 
 Plum, 
 
 10 
 13 
 15 
 19 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 111 
 
 113 
 
 126 
 
 162 
 
 165 
 
 191 
 
 194 
 
 196 
 
 201 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Cherry, . . . . . 
 
 . 213 
 
 Mulberry,. .... 
 
 . 224 
 
 Mulberries and Silk, . . . 
 
 . 225 
 
 Silk, in seventeen sections, 
 
 . 234 
 
 Vine, ...... 
 
 . 258 
 
 Currant, . . . . , 
 
 . 294 
 
 Gooseberry, . = . , 
 
 . 296 
 
 Raspberry, .... 
 
 . 300 
 
 Persimmon, . . . 
 
 . 302 
 
 Strawberry, .... 
 
 . 303 
 
 Lime Plant, .... 
 
 . 313 
 
 Melon, .... 
 
 . 313 
 
 Berberry, .... 
 
 . 317 
 
 Blackberry, . . . . 
 
 . 318 
 
 Cranberry, .... 
 
 . 319 
 
 Cranberry Viburnum, 
 
 . 319 
 
 Silver Leaved Shepardia, 
 
 , 322 
 
 Elder, . . . . . 
 
 . 320 
 
 Medlar, .... 
 
 . 320 
 
 Mountain Ash, . 
 
 . 321 
 
 Nuts — Walnuts, Chesnuts, Filberts, &c. &c. . 
 
 322 to 327 
 
 Southern Fruits, in two classes. 
 
 327 & 345 
 
 Fig, .... 
 
 . 327 
 
 Olive, .... 
 
 . 333 
 
 Orange, . . . . , 
 
 . 345 
 
 Pine Apple, . . . . . 
 
 . 349 
 
 Plantain and Banana, . . . . 
 
 . 351 
 
 Many other species, . . 
 
 333 to 358 
 
 Appendix, .... 
 
 . 359 
 
 Vegetables, in three classes, . 
 
 . 359 
 
 Ornamental Forest Trees, Shrubs, &c. . 
 
 . 378 
 
 Ornamental Flowers, &c. 
 
 . 394 
 
 Glossary, . . . . . 
 
 . 399 
 
 Index, .... 
 
 . 401 
 
 Index to Southern Fruits, 
 
 . 412 
 
 Index to Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, &c. 
 
 . 413 
 
 Select and recommended list of Fruits for a w 
 
 oderate 
 
 collection, . . . . . 
 
 . 417 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TO AUTHORI- 
 TIES, CORRESPONDENTS, &c. 
 
 The descriptions of the fruits contained in the following pages 
 are drawn from the most authentic testimonies and authorities. 
 Although most of them are already in our country, many of them 
 are new, and of very recent introduction, but a portion only of the 
 new kinds have as yet produced fruit with us. 
 
 In the descriptions of the new foreign, and to us unknown kinds, 
 I have sometimes adopted the accurate descriptions of the English 
 for the exterior, while for the more important descriptions of the 
 qualities and flavor of these same kinds, I have had recourse to the 
 French authorities, or those possessed of climates analagous to our 
 own. We shall be enabled to speak of them more decisively after 
 having tried them in our own climate. 
 
 To the more common or proper names, I have in many cases 
 annexed the Botanical or descriptive names of the species or 
 varieties ; this being the only one and universal name, by which they 
 are alike known in every part of civilized America and of Europe. 
 I have also, to avoid confusion in the nomenclature, endeavored 
 generally to preserve unaltered, the original or proper names, in the 
 language of their own native country. These will serve in a meas- 
 ure to identify, and also to indicate the climate to which they prop- 
 erly belong. 
 
 My obligations to Mr Loweli I have elsewhere acknowledged, — 
 and my obligations to Gen. Dearborn, the President of the Massa- 
 chusetts Horticultural Society. I am also under very particular 
 obligations to Mr Manning of Salem, for the many descriptions he 
 has afforded me. All those articles marked R. M., are described on 
 his authority, and are such as he has proved them to be in our cli- 
 mate. Those marked S. H. S. are on the authority of Stephen H. 
 Smith, Esq. of Providence, R. I. ; such have been by him approved 
 as adapted to our climate. To him, therefore, I am particularly 
 indebted. I have availed also of the valuable descriptions in the 
 New England Farmer, of the valuable communications of Mr 
 Downer of Dorchester. Also 1 have availed of communications 
 from the following gentlemen : Messrs Buel of Albany, S. G. Per- 
 kins of Boston, John C. Gray of Boston, Robert Carr, proprietor of 
 Bartram's Botanic Garden near Philadelphia, B. V. French of Boston, 
 John Prince of Roxbury, Micah Leland of Sherburne, Gorham 
 Parsons of Brighton, Wm. Prince and Wm. Robert Prince of the 
 Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing, N. Y. These last named gen- 
 tlemen are the authors of a work on Horticulture, also another on 
 the Vine and another on Fruits ; Andrew Parmentier, late of the 
 
10 LIST OF AUTHORS, ETC. 
 
 Horticultural Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; E. M. Richards of Ded- 
 ham ; Leonard Stone of Watertown ; E. Vose, jr. of Dorchester ; 
 A. D. Williams of Roxbury ; Dr S. A. Shurtleff of Boston; Dr 
 Ford of Alna, Me. ; Dr Hildreth, of Marietta, Ohio ; Dr Holmes, 
 editor of the Maine Farmer, Winthrop, Me. ; and many others. 
 
 LIST OF AUTHORS & WORKS aUOTED 
 OR REFERRED TO. 
 
 Adlum. — Memoir on the cultivation of the Vine in America, 
 and the bfst mode of making wine, by John Adlum. 12mo. Wash- 
 ington, 1828. 
 
 Annales d'Horticulture. — Annales de la Societe d'Horticul- 
 ture de Paris, a valuable publication in monthly numbers. 8vo. 
 
 Barnet. — Description of the great collection of Strawberries at 
 Chiswick, in vol. vi. Hort. Trans, by James Barnet, occupying 80 
 pages quarto. 
 
 Bon Jard. — Le Bon Jardinier, edited by M. Poiteau and M, 
 Villorin, for the year 1828. Paris ; a work annually published for 
 nearly seventy years. 
 
 Bosc. — Louis Auguste Guillaume Bosc, F. L. S. H. S.; author 
 of many articles in^Nouveau Cours Complet d'Agriculture, and 
 other works. 
 
 CoBBETT. — American Gardener, by Wm. Cobbett, a celebrated 
 political writer. 
 
 CoxE. — View of the cultivation of Fruit Trees, &c. in the 
 United States of Ameiica, &c., by William Coxe, Esq. 8vo. Phil- 
 adelphia, 1817. 
 
 Chev. Parmentier. — The Chevalier Joseph Parmentier of Eng- 
 hein ; description of various new Fruits in Hort. Trans. 
 
 De Candolle. — L. A. de Candolle, author of several articles 
 in Nouveau Cours Complet d'Agriculture. A celebrated writer on 
 Botany, &c. 
 
 Mr Cobb. — Jonathan H. Cobb, Esq. of Dedham, Mass, author 
 of an excellent Manual on the Mulberry and culture of Silk, pub- 
 lished by order of the Legislature of Massachusetts, and also by 
 order of Congress. 
 
 DoM. Ency. — Domestic Encyclopedia, by A. F. M. Willlch, M. D. 
 Edition of Dr James Mease. 5 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1803. 
 
 DuH. O. DuH. — Traite des Arb res Frui tiers, par Henri Lewis 
 Duhamel de Monceau. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1768. 
 
 N. DuH. — Nouveau Duhamel oii Traite des Arbres, Fruitiers, 
 Nouvelle edition, Augmentee, &c. formerly conducted by Dr Lois- 
 leur Deslongchamps; now still continued by MM. Poiteau and 
 Turpin ; several vols, folio, with colored plates. Paris. 
 
 Ed. Enc. — Edinburgh Encyclopedia. American edition, by Dr 
 Brewster. The article on Horticulture, to which this principally re- 
 fers, was drawn up by Patrick Neill, Esq. 
 
 Fes. Amer. Gard. — New American Gardener, containing prac- 
 tical directions on the culture of Fruits and Vegetables, &c. by 
 Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor of the New England Farmer. 
 
LIST OP AUTHORS, ETC. 11 
 
 Forsyth. — Treatise on the culture and management of Fruit 
 Trees, &c., by William Forsyth, Esq. seventh edition, 8vo. Lon- 
 don, 1824. 
 
 Count de Hazzi, Counsellor of State of Munich, author of 
 " Complete Instructions for the Plantation and Management of Mul- 
 berry Trees, and the Rearing of Silk Worms." Transmitted by 
 him through Dr Mease to Congress. A professed disciple of the 
 Comte Dandolo and M. Bonafous. 
 
 Hooker. — Pomona Londinensis, containing representations of 
 the best fruits cultivated in British Gardens, by William Hooker, 
 Esq. F. L. S. H. S. 4to. with colored plates. 
 
 HoRT. Soc. Cat. — Catalogue of the Fruits cultivated in the 
 Garden of the Horticultural Society of London, at Chisv^^ick. Svo. 
 1826. Also, the Descriptive Catalogue of 1831, which is ascribed 
 to Mr Robert Thompson. 
 
 HoRT. Trans. — Transactions of the Horticultural Society of 
 London. 4to. 8 vols. 
 
 Mr Knight. — Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. L. S. &c., 
 President of the London Horticultural Society, and the author of 
 nearly a hundred articles in the London Hort. Trans. &c. «fcc., and 
 author of several works on Rural Economy. 
 
 LiNDLEY. — A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, or an 
 account of the most valuable Fruits and Vegetables cultivated in 
 Great Britain ; with calendars of the work required in the orchard 
 and kitchen garden during every month in the year ; by George 
 Lindley, C. M. H. S. London, 1831. 
 
 LoDDON. — Encyclopaedia of Gardening, &c., by John C. Loudon, 
 F. L. S. H. S. &c. London, Svo. 1825. A work of 1233 condensed 
 pages, and several hundred engravings. 
 
 Loud. Gard. Mag. — The Gardener's Magazine, by the same 
 author. An excellent work in periodical numbers. 
 
 MicHAux. — The North American Sylva, or a description of the 
 Forest Trees, &c. with 156 colored engravings, by F. Andre Mi- 
 chaux. 2vols. 8vo.. Paris, 1819. 
 
 Miller. — The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary, &c. by 
 Phillip Miller, F. R. S. 2 vols, folio. Revised by Professor Martyn. 
 London, 1819. 
 
 Neill. — Patrick Neill, Esq. A. M. F. L. S., author of the 
 article on Horticulture in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, of the 
 " Horticultural Tour," and other works ; Secretary of the Cale- 
 donian Horticultural Society, &c. 
 
 Nouv. CouRs Complet d'Agri. Cours Complet. — Nouveau 
 Cours Complet d' Agriculture, &c. ou Dictionnaire raisonne et Uni- 
 versel d'Agriculture, by the members of the Section of Agriculture 
 of the Institute of France, viz. M, M. Thouin, Parmentier, Tessier, 
 Huzard, Silvestre, Bosc, Chassiron, Chaptal, Lacroix, de Perthius, 
 Yvart, de Candolle, du Tour, Du Chesne, Feburier, de Brebisson, 
 and Rosier, (R.) 16 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1823. 
 
 Phillips. — Pomarium Britanicum ; a historical and botanical 
 account of Fruits known in Great Britain ; by Henry Phillips, 
 F. H. S. &c. 8vo. London, 1823. 
 
 PoiTEAU. — A. Poiteau, one of the conductors of the Bon Jardin- 
 ier and the New Duhamel ; and author of many of the articles in 
 Annales de Horticulture, &c. 
 
12 LIST OF AUTHORS, ETC. 
 
 Pom. Mag. — Pomological Magazine, or figures and descriptions 
 of the most important varieties of fruit cultivated in Great Britain. 
 3 vols. 8vo. London, a late vs^ork. 
 
 Pyrus Malus Brent. — Pyrus Mains Brentfordiensis, or a con- 
 cise description of selected Apples, by Hugh Ronalds, F. H, S., &c. 
 with colored engravings. 
 
 QuiNTiNiE. — The Complete Gardener, or directions for cultivat- 
 ing of fruit gardens and kitchen gardens ; with divers reflections on 
 several parts of husbandry. In 6 books. By the famous M. de la 
 Quintinie. Made English by John Evelyn, Esq. 1693. 
 
 Rosier. — Cours Complet d' Agriculture, theorique, practique, 
 economique, &c. ou Dictionnaire tjniversel d' Agriculture, &c. 15 
 vols. 4to. Paris, 1801. 
 
 Dr Pascalis. — The Silk Culturist, &c. published in numbers, 
 by Dr Felix Pascalis. New York. Also, author of " Practical 
 Directions on the culture of the Mulberry and of Silk," &-c. 
 
 Speechly. — William Speechly, a Treatise on the culture of the 
 Vine, &c. Svo. 
 
 Dr Thacher, author of the American Orchardist, and various 
 other valuable works, on history, medicine, &c. <fec. 
 
 Thompson, — Robert Thompson, of the London Horticultural 
 Society's Garden at Chiswick ; distinguished alike for his accuracy, 
 intelligence and research. Much of whai, is most valuable in the 
 Pom. Mag. is ascribed to him. Also the reputed author of the de- 
 scriptive Cat. Lond. Hort. Soc. for 1831. 
 
 Thouin. — Monographic de Greffes, ou Description technique 
 de diveres sortes de Greffes, employees pour la multiplication des 
 Vegeteaux, par la Chevalier de Andre Thouin, Professor, &c. in the 
 University of Paris. Paris, &c. folio, with plates. 
 
 Van Mons. ■ — Dr Jean Baptiste Van Mons. Catalogue des Arbres 
 Fruitiers, &c. Louvaine, 1823. Also, Pomographie Belgique Mod- 
 erne, 4to. with places. This work is still in progress, and but a 
 small part of it has been received from him. They are in the Library 
 of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 
 
 Dr Willich. — All thus designated refer to the Domestic Ency- 
 clopsedia: these were drawn from the works of I. L. Christ, a cler- 
 gyman of Kronburg, near Frankfort on the Maine. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 18, 3lth line, for Pomone Finale, read Pomme Finale. 
 19, 15th line, for in the tropics, read of\he. tropics. 
 31, 12th line, for may be, read may have been. 
 35, 13th line, for Boyse, read Bosse. 
 40, 2djline, for interruptedly, read uninterruptedly. 
 45, 30th line, for Augers, read Angers. 
 66, 22d line, (or Eppes, read Epses, 
 114, 11th line for fEpargne, read *Epargne. 
 
 114, 35th line, for \ Poire sans Peau, read * Poire sans Peau. 
 
 115, 35th line, for Fine or de Septembre, read Fin Or de Septembre. 
 120. 32d line, Terling is Terling. 
 
 123. 12th line, for Trous, read Trout. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Horticulture is the most ancient employment ordained 
 by the Creator for man. Its utility and importance have 
 been the pleasing theme of the enlightened in all successive 
 generations. To the poor, — to the rich, — its resources, 
 alike afford subsistence, or a pleasing occupation. 
 
 A pursuit so inviting, which allures from cities and their 
 walls, and the haunts of men, to boundless freedom of 
 thought, of action, and repose, — a taste so universal and 
 diffused, seems, indeed, so natural to the human race, that 
 a distaste is considered as a disease of the mind, or as an 
 alteration of its structure, — and as consistent only with a 
 perverted nature — and as opposed to man and his happiness, 
 as the night and its darkness is to day. 
 
 And who that admires the consummate works of art, can 
 be insensible to the more beauteous, and glorious works of 
 the Creator — and even the least of them all ? " Consider the 
 lilies of the field, how they grow ; they toil not, neither do 
 they spin ; and yet I say unto you, that even Solomon in 
 all his glory, was not arrayed like one of these." — Matt, 
 chap. vi. 28, 29. 
 
 A science whose pursuits are alike so conducive to the 
 health of the body, and of the mind — so calculated to 
 render mankind useful, virtuous, and happy, has never 
 wanted advocates. 
 
 It has found them, with the best, and most enlightened 
 of all ages — with every friend to his country, and to the 
 human race. In our own country it has, and more espe- 
 cially of late, received that encouragement which its utility 
 demands. This is sufficiently evinced, in the simultaneous 
 organization of the numerous societies for its promotion^ 
 and that of agriculture. With us, its progress has been 
 2 
 
14 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 only commensurate, with the indefatigable zeal of a Lowell 
 to enlighten and encourage, and a host in numbers, and re- 
 nowned in intellect, to co-operate in its advancement. 
 
 The Massachusetts Horticultural Society deserve of me 
 also, in this place, a particular notice. This Society al- 
 though yet in its infancy, has accomplished much. And to 
 the unwearied researches and enlightened zeal of its pres- 
 ident, General Dearborn, I am greatly indebted, for much 
 valuable information, which I have to him accredited in the 
 following pages. Also to those numerous individuals, whom 
 I have elsevi'here named. 
 
 England, by the exertions of their most intelligent and 
 influential men, and by their societies, particularly that of 
 London, has, confessedly, done a great deal for theadvance- 
 ment of the science ; and we are greatly indebted to their 
 luminous writers on these subjects ; also to those of France 
 and Belgium. 
 
 Those selections of fruit — those select lists, which the 
 late eminent English writers so highly recommend, were 
 evidently never designed for us — but as peculiarly adapted 
 to other climes, and to high northern latitudes, and to that 
 country for which alone these celebrated works were prin- 
 cipally designed. Since beneath our serene and cloudless 
 skies, and a sun, more powerful and intense in its heat, 
 many of them appear on trial, to have lost that high repu- 
 tation, which they could only have acquired in a northern 
 country, with a clouded and humid atmosphere ; and, with 
 some few eminent exceptions, they will not compare with 
 those natives of our own climate, or with those of other cli- 
 mates equally favored with us. While on the other hand, the 
 finest selections during two centuries, from the innumera- 
 ble native orchards of America, and the finest fruits 
 from Italy, seem to have shared in that climate, a most 
 disastrous fate. [See Section I. page 15, on Climate.] 
 
 These remarks will serve to show the manifest impro- 
 priety of adopting without reflection, and without a trial, 
 those select lists of fruits, which from necessity alone, are 
 formed on exclusive principles, and as the best adapted to 
 another, and a foreign country, and another climate ; and 
 with no reference whatever to a climate like ours. 
 
 To the descriptions of the fruits of the divers climes, 
 which are adapted to the various sections of our country, 
 from the north to south, and bordering on the tropics, I 
 
CLIMATE. 15 
 
 have added the useful vegetable plants, and the trees and 
 plants of ornament. — Also, I have added, a select list of 
 fruits, or a recommended list, of a limited number, of those 
 kinds only, which, having been already tried and approved 
 in our climate, can be especially recommended. To many 
 of these I have prefixed an asterisk thus *. But as many 
 of the new kinds, of the highest character, have never as 
 yet borne fruit in our country, and are therefore excluded, 
 it must appear evident, that this list will from time to time 
 require a revision. — The select — the very best possible list, 
 and such alone as we should most of all be desirous of offer- 
 ing the public, cannot be formed until all those new and ex- 
 cellent kinds, which this extraordinary age has produced in 
 Belgium, are put to trial in our climate. Their names, their 
 numbers, and their excellence constitute a host, in all prob- 
 ability far greater than all that the former ages had ever 
 produced. For their introduction to this country, much is 
 due the London Horticultural Society, and especially to the 
 distinguished liberality and philanthropy of Prof. Van Mons. 
 
 SECTION I. CLIMATE. 
 
 The Territory of the United States comprehends the 
 vast middle section of North America, and is principally 
 included in the best part, or southern half section, of the 
 temperate zone ; with a climate one of the most favored, 
 and a soil the most desirable on earth. It extends from 
 the Gulf of Mexico, and the confines of the equatorial 
 regions, and the Lat. of 24'=', to the Lat. of 48^ and the 
 British possessions on the side of the Atlantic. South- 
 west is Mexico ; and on the West, and looking towards 
 Asia, it is bounded by the shores of the Pacific Ocean ; 
 and on the North by the Lat, of 54^^ and the possessions of 
 Russia. 
 
 The climate of the Atlantic States has been generally 
 characterised as variable and inconstant. These sudden 
 changes are caused in a great measure by the conflicting 
 winds, which blow alternately from the opposite points — 
 the sources of extreme heat and of excessive cold. Those 
 especially from the southeast, and south, bring alternate- 
 ly, clouds charged with sultry vapors, or storms of rain, 
 or the fiery particles and intense heat which they have in- 
 haled in the equinoctial regions. While the winds from 
 the northwest are not only dry, but coming over the enor- 
 
16 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 mous mountains, covered with ice and snow, and from the 
 immense frozen territories which stretch towards the Arc- 
 tic regions, and thence westward, and from the great icy 
 ocean towards the pole, they imbibe, at certain seasons, a 
 degree of cold the most piercing and intense. These ad- 
 verse winds bring by turns, and often by sudden changes, 
 the heat of the tropical, or the extreme cold atmosphere of 
 the polar regions. 
 
 The disastrous effects of these sudden changes from heat 
 to cold during the spring, appear to be much more sensibly 
 experienced in the States of the South, than in those of the 
 North. For in the latter States, the frozen earth at its sur- 
 face, is for the most part protected during winter, at the 
 freezing point, by the usual covering of snow. Vegetation 
 slumbers profoundly secure, immured in our winters so 
 intensely cold, and so fortunately prolonged — nor awakes 
 till the danger is past. 
 
 The climate of our country, in regard to its capacity and 
 vegetable productions, is not to be estimated by the meas- 
 ure of its distance from the equator, nor by the average 
 temperature of the ivinter, or even that of the year — but 
 rather by the mean heat of tlie summer, and its duration. 
 For while the average temperature, or heat of the year, is 
 greater at Rome, and at Marseilles, than at Cambridge, 
 Mass. the average heat of the summer months may he nearly 
 equal, since the mean of the greatest heat at Cambridge, 
 exceeds that of Rome by 11^ — and that of Marseilles by 
 8^ — the mean of our greatest summer hea>t being 97® ; 
 though 100'^ and over, in some summers, is not with us un- 
 common. 
 
 From the average of the observations which have been 
 made in 20 cities on the Continent of Europe, the climate 
 of America has been compared. And the proportion of 
 rain which annually falls is two-fifths greater with us than 
 with them, or as 50 inches to 30. Yet our rainy days are 
 annually, from a fourth to a third less in number, than with 
 them, or as 85 or 90 days of rain with us, to 122 days with 
 them. The rain with us descending in profuse showers, 
 and often in torrents, with tremendous lightning and thun- 
 der. While on the other hand, the number of our fair 
 days, or days of sunshine, in the year, is double that of the 
 20 cities of Europe, or as 130 bright days with us, to 64 
 with them. In this respect our climate is doubly blessed, in 
 
CLIMATE. 17 
 
 diit serene skies, and our more perpetual and brilliant sun- 
 shine. 
 
 The climate of a country is variously modified by its sit- 
 uation in regard to mountains and to the ocean. The 
 temperature of the climate on our extensive Atlantic coast, 
 differs considerably from those parts of Europe and of Afri- 
 ca, which lie in corresponding latitudes. In like manner, 
 the climate of our country will be found continually varying, 
 as we advance longitudinally, from its eastern to its west- 
 ern shores. 
 
 It has also been observed, that within the temperate zones, 
 the western coasts of continents, and large islands, are 
 found to possess a higher mean temperature than the east- 
 ern coasts. Our climate, on the shores of the Atlantic, 
 must, therefore, correspond nearly with that of the eastern 
 coasts of China, Japan, and Chinese Tartary, and the isl- 
 ands on its coast. And the climate of our country which 
 bounds on the Pacific, may correspond nearly with that 
 of Europe on the coasts of the Atlantic, in the correspond- 
 ing latitudes. 
 
 Elevation above the level of the ocean, has the same ef- 
 fect in lowering the mean temperature, as an increase of 
 latitude. Mons. de Candolle has ascertained, by experi- 
 ments on some mountains in France, that the elevation of 
 180 or 200 yards, affects the mean temperature, in the 
 same proportion as a degree of latitude to the north, on that 
 same meridian; and in a similar proportion for any in- 
 crease of height. 
 
 The growth of trees and plants, in rich moist soils, and 
 in warm and protected situations, is not only unusually 
 rapid, but is also prolonged to a very late period in autumn, 
 or until suddenly arrested by frost ; and the immature wood 
 of a forced growth being tender, is the more liable to be 
 killed by early frosts and by winter. 
 
 On the other hand, those trees and plants which grow on 
 dry and stony or sandy soils, and on the open plains, and 
 on the hills which are most of all exposed to cold winds, 
 the wood completely matures in due season ; and such 
 trees are found to suffer least of all from early and destruc- 
 tive frosts, and from winter. 
 
 Delicate trees and plants, the natives of southern climes, 
 become more hardy, and more capable of supporting the 
 northern winters, by being planted on the north sides of 
 
18 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDlSt. 
 
 buildings and in their shade. Their growth being thus 
 modified, the exposure to the most intense degree of cold, 
 in such situations, is more than compensated by the pro- 
 tection which is thus afforded to the plants during winter, 
 from the pernicious, and far more destructive rays of the 
 sun. 
 
 More delicate shrubs or plants, may be protected by 
 being surrounded by a thin covering of straw. They 
 may also be protected by a few inches of litter placed 
 around their trunks, and over their roots. Moss from 
 the meadows, or evergreen boughs, being more incor- 
 ruptible, are to be preferred for delicate plants. For it 
 has been lately announced, as an important fact, that the 
 destruction of delicate plants which is sometimes occasion- 
 ed by winter, is caused by the alternate freezing and thaw- 
 ing of the earth at its surface — that death commences at 
 the surface, which this protection will prevent. 
 
 The finest fruits of the tropics, when cultivated in coun- 
 tries remote from the equator, lose their good quality and 
 sweetness. In the climate of England, we are assured from 
 undisputed testimony, that the finest peaches of America 
 prove " worthless.''^ Even those which confessedly, travellers 
 with us, so much admire, with but two exceptions, prove 
 good for nothing in their hostile climate, not coming to their 
 full maturity and excellence, even on the walls to which 
 their cultivation is confined. Fifty American kinds were 
 contained in their garden, at Chisvvick, at the time their 
 account was written. [See Pom. Mag. No. 54. Also, Cat. 
 Lon. Hor. Soc. for 1826.] 
 
 The Pavies particularly, are there denounced, generally ; 
 while in warm countries they are preferred to all others. 
 
 Some of the finest apples of America, and of Italy, seem 
 also in that country to have shared a like disastrous fate — 
 and the Pomone Finale, or Mela Carla, which in the cli- 
 mate of Italy, is reputed to be the finest apple in the world, 
 proves in open culture, in England, but an ordinary fruit, 
 as their writers assure us. 
 
 The reverse of this is also true, and many fruits of the 
 north will be found to depreciate, when cultivated in a 
 warmer latitude. And the White Moscow or Astracan, 
 which by the celebrated M. Christ, is described as a fruit 
 so very extraordinary " in a suitable situation and climate, 
 which is not under 49® of polar elevation." This fruit is 
 
LANDSCAPE GARDENS. l^ 
 
 pronounced but at mediocrity at Paris, and with us proves 
 an indifferent fruit. And many of the fruits, the natives 
 of England, and of other northern countries, and of high 
 reputation there, have proved but ordinary when brought 
 down to our own latitudes, and compared with our own 
 fruits, and those of climates equally favored with us. 
 
 The Cherry tree, the Pear, the Apple, and many other 
 kinds, when carried within the tropics, become unproduc- 
 tive or barren, or the fruit worthless. 
 
 The olive and the vine may indeed grow within the 
 tropics ; but we are assured they produce little or no fruit, 
 except in the mountainous elevations. 
 
 The cereal varieties of grain, the annual plants and pro- 
 ductions, those most necessary to the subsistence of man, 
 have by him been acclimated from the borders in the trop- 
 ics, to very high northern latitudes. 
 
 Man himself has become habituated to all climates. 
 The horse, the most noble of animals, and the ox, the most 
 useful, seem, under the guardianship of man, in some 
 measure, alike constituted. The horse and his rider trav- 
 erse the earth, from the burning deserts of Sahara, to the 
 frozen regions of Siberia, and the boundaries of the Arctic 
 circle. 
 
 SECTION II. OP MODERN OR LANDSCAPE GARDENS. 
 
 In northern latitudes, the location of a garden should be 
 if practicable, on the south side of a hill. Or it may be 
 screened on the cold quarters, either by hills, or by dense 
 and deep borders of evergreen and other forest trees, inter- 
 mixed with fruit trees and shrubs of ornament. An un- 
 dulating surface is by all means to be preferred, and water 
 should not be wanting. 
 
 The art of Modern Gardening, is to form a landscape 
 the most beautiful. Nature having drawn the outline, art 
 must accomplish the rest. Art itself being subservient, or 
 so far concealed, as that all may appear the work of nature 
 alone. Walls and boundary fences should be demolished, 
 or as far as possible concealed. The ha-ha is a concealed 
 wall, constructed in the bottom of a dry ditch, and rising 
 no higher than the surface of the earth. Straight lines 
 and right lined walks are to be avoided ; and in their stead 
 devious lines only are adopted ; — the serpentine, or the 
 gently waving lines, which bring continual and agreeable 
 
20 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST, 
 
 change. Striking and agreeable objects in the landscape, 
 whether near or more remote, should be brought frequently, 
 and sometimes suddenly into open view ; while unpleasant 
 objects, should from all conspicuous points, be masked 
 from the sight, by shrubbery or by trees. To the hills an 
 artificial elevation may be given by planting their sum- 
 mits with the stateliest trees. And depth is preserved to 
 the valleys, by converting them to lawns. Views of water, 
 it must not be forgotton, are essential to the perfect 
 landscape. 
 
 The first garden, of which we have any account on 
 record, was planted by the Almighty, " Eastward in 
 Eden," and in it, every tree that was pleasant to the eye, 
 or useful for food. Out of Eden went a river, which wa- 
 tered the garden ; and from thence it was parted into four 
 heads. 1st. Pison, on the side of Havillah. 2d. Gihon, 
 on the side of Ethiopia. 3d. Hiddekel, towards Assyria. 
 4th. The Euphrates. 
 
 The modern style of gardening, in the place of the reg- 
 ular geometric forms, and the right angles, and right lines 
 has substituted all that is more consistent with nature, and 
 with beauty. Celebrated English writers have ascribed 
 this important change in the style of gardening in England, 
 to the ideas of Lord Bacon, as original : but especially to 
 those ideas which have been more latterly promulgated 
 by Milton. I finish therefore by selecting the following 
 perfect description of a garden from him. 
 
 " Now nearer, crowns with her enclosure green, 
 As with a rural mound, the champain head 
 Of a steep wilderness, whose hairy sides 
 With thicket overgrown, grotesque and wild, 
 Access denied ; and over head up grew 
 Insuperable height of loftiest shade, 
 Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, 
 A sylvan scene, and as the ranks ascend 
 Shade above shade, a woody theatre 
 Of stateliest view. Yet higher than their tops 
 The verd'rous wall of Paradise upsprung : 
 Which to our general sire gave prospect large 
 Into his nether empire neighboring round. 
 And higher than that wall a circling row 
 Of goodliest trees loaden with fairest fruit. 
 Blossoms and fruits at once of golden hue, 
 Appeared, with gay enamelled colors mixed : 
 On which the sun more glad impressed his beams 
 
UTILITY OF FRUIT FOR FOOD. 21 
 
 Than in fair evening cloud, or humid bow, 
 When God hath showered the earth ; so lovely seemed 
 That landscape:" ******* 
 *********** 
 
 " Southward through Eden went a river large. 
 
 Nor chang'd his course, but through the shaggy hill 
 
 Pass'd underneath ingulf'd ; for God had thrown 
 
 That mountain as his garden mould high raised 
 
 Upon the rapid current, which through veins 
 
 Of porous earth with kindly thirst updrawn, 
 
 Rose a fresh fountain, and with many a rill 
 
 Watered the garden : thence united fell 
 
 Down the steep glade, and met the nether flood, 
 
 Which from his darksome passage now appears, 
 
 And now divided into four main streams, 
 
 Runs diverse, wand'ring many a famous realm 
 
 And country," * * * * 
 
 * * * * ''Thus was this place 
 
 A happy rural seat of various view; 
 
 Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm, 
 
 Others whose fruit burnish'd with golden rind 
 
 Hung amiable, Hesperian fables true, 
 
 If true, here only, and of delicious taste : 
 
 Betwixt them lawns, or level downs, and flocks 
 
 Grazing the tender herb, were interposed, 
 
 Or palmy hillock; or the flow'ry lap 
 
 Of some irriguous valley spread her store. 
 
 Flowers of all hue, and without thorn the rose : 
 
 Another side, umbrageous grots and caves 
 
 Of cool recess, o'er which the mantling vine 
 
 Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps 
 
 Luxuriant ; meanwhile murmuring waters fall 
 
 Down the slope hills, dispersed or in a lake. 
 
 That to the fringed bank with myrtle crown'd 
 
 Her crystal mirror holds, unite their streams." 
 
 SECTION III. UTILITY OF FRUITS FOR FOOD AND THE 
 
 PllFSERVATION OF HEALTH. 
 
 The fruits of various countries and climes, should b© 
 regarded, as one of the most valuable gifts, vi^hich divin© 
 providence has bestowed upon man. And the cultivation of 
 those of superior kind, should on all accounts be promoted, 
 — not merely as the source of luxury, nor yet alone as a 
 delicious, healthy, and most nutricious article of food ; but 
 as connected in other respects, with all that eminently con- 
 cerns the family of man. ** The palate," says the celebrated 
 Mr Knight, " which relishes fruit, is seldom pleased with 
 strong fermented liquors ; and as feeble causes continually 
 acting, ultimately produce extensive effects, the supplying 
 the public with frqit at a cheap rate, would have a tendency 
 
22 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 to operate favorably, both on the physical and moral health 
 of the people." 
 
 The belief is but too prevalent, that fruits produce dis- 
 eases during the months of summer and autumn, and 
 especially the dysentery. The belief is untrue — and the 
 very reverse is certainly true ; fruits being the true pre- 
 ventives of disease. I might amplify on this subject, but 
 must be brief, and will only add as proofs, and from cel- 
 ebrated physicians, the following from the '^Annales d'Hor- 
 ticulture," due to the researches of Gen. Dearborn and 
 the New England Farmer, where I have found them in- 
 serted. It is from the writer of another country — a country 
 celebrated for the cultivation of good fruit, and alike cele- 
 brated for the remarkably temperate habits of its people. 
 " One of the best aliments, and the best appropriated to 
 the different ages of life, is that which fruits afford. They 
 present to man a light nourishment, of easy digestion, 
 and produce a chyle, admirably adapted to the functions of 
 the human body. * * * * 
 
 '* There are fruits, which, when perfectly ripe, can be 
 eaten even to excess without inconvenience. Such as 
 grapes, cherries, and currants ; the other kinds never oc- 
 casion ill consequences, if they are eaten only to satisfy the 
 demands of nature. ***** 
 
 " Thoroughly ripe fruit, eaten with bread is the most inno- 
 cent of aliments, and will even insure health and strength. 
 
 " In traversing the territories of Germany, there is to be 
 seen near each habitation, a vineyard or a garden of fruit 
 trees. The villages are surrounded with them, and 
 there are but few families who do not make use of fruits 
 during the summer, and preserve a certain quantity for 
 winter. The surplus is sold in the cities. There are to 
 be seen upon the Rhine, and other rivers of Germany, 
 boats laden with dried apples, pears, and plums." * * * 
 
 The following from the same writer is from a passage to 
 be found in " Advice to people upon their health, by Tissot." 
 
 " There is a pernicious prejudice, with which all are 
 too generally imbued : — it is that fruits are injurious in 
 the dysentery, and that they produce and increase it. 
 There is not perhaps a more false prejudice. 
 
 " Bad fruits, and those which have been imperfectly ri- 
 pened, in unfavorable seasons, may occasion colics, and 
 sometimes diarrhoea, — but never epidemic dysentery. 
 
UTILITY OF FRUIT FOR FOOD. 23 
 
 Ripe fruits of all kinds, especially in the summer, are the 
 true preservatives against this malady. The greatest in- 
 jury they can do, is in dissolving the humors, and particu- 
 larly the bile, of which they are the true solvents, and 
 occasion a diarrhoea. But even this diarrhoea is a protec- 
 tion against the dysentery. * # * * 
 
 "Whenever the dysentery has prevailed, I have eaten 
 less animal food, and more fruit, and have never had the 
 slighest attack. Several physicians have adopted the same 
 regimen. 
 
 " I have seen eleven patients in the same house ; nine 
 were obedient to the directions given, and ate fruit ; they 
 recovered. The grandmother and a child she was most 
 partial to, died. She prescribed burnt wine, \hurnt brandy 
 or high wine .^] oil, powerful aromatics, and forbade the 
 use of fruit ; it died. She followed the same course, and 
 met the like fate. 
 
 '' This disease was destroying a Swiss regiment, which 
 was stationed in garrison, in the southern part of France. 
 The captain purchased the grapes of several acres of vines. 
 The sick soldiers were either carried to the vineyard, or 
 were supplied with grapes from it, if they were too feeble 
 to be removed. They ate nothing else ; not another died, 
 
 — nor were any more attacked with the complaint after 
 they commenced eating grapes. 
 
 ** A minister was attacked with the dysentery, and the 
 medicines which were administered gave no relief ; he saw 
 by accident some red currants and had a great desire to 
 eat them ; he ate three pounds between seven o'clock in 
 the morning and nine o'clock in the evening ; he was bet- 
 ter during the day and entirely cured the next." 
 
 I might multiply the facts and evidences from different 
 sources ; and the writings of other eminent physicians ; 
 
 — but the above must suffice for this time and place. For 
 other important uses I would refer to the accdunt of each 
 particular species, in the following pages. 
 
 In new countries, and in new settlements — in places 
 remote, — in the wilderness or on the ocean, — in times of 
 privation, and in the absence of the useful fruits, the taste 
 and habitual use of tobacco, of alcohol, and of strong fer- 
 mented liquors, has been acquired. The friends of absti- 
 nence, who would abolish the use of these, as pernicious, 
 must encourage the cultivation of fruits, as the healthy an- 
 tidote and useful substitute. 
 
24 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 SECTION IV. OBSERVATIONS ON THE NEW VARIETIES OF 
 
 FRUITS. MODES BY WHICH THEY MAY BE PRODUCED. 
 
 ON THE DECLINE OF THE OLD VARIETIES. 
 
 The decline of many of the most valuable old varieties 
 of fruit, has been noticed by several distinguished writers 
 of different countries, both of the present and of the for- 
 mer ages ; and in England, particularly, by the celebrated 
 Thomas A. Knight. In our country, and in the vicinity 
 of Boston, it has been more especially observed in regard to 
 the old Pears. For our best varieties of Apples, and some 
 other species, are mostly native fruits, or of modern origin- 
 Let no one suppose that the intelligent Horticulturists 
 here, have never been acquainted with the best of the old 
 Pears, which the intelligence and industry of ages had con- 
 centrated in France. Who is not aware that in every good 
 collection, a proportion of the very best are always sent ? 
 How opposed alike to reason and to probability is the sup- 
 position, that even one of the best should have escaped. 
 They must have been here received, in the numerous and 
 ever varying selections — in the unnumbered importations. 
 Rosier, in the original edition of his celebrated Diction- 
 ary of Agriculture, which was completed in 1801, has 
 candidly informed us, that for his description of fruits, he is 
 almost wholly indebted to the no less celebrated Duhamel 
 Dumonceau ; and from the whole list of Pears which he has 
 described, he has recommended as their essence, for a 
 moderate collection, fiftythree trees of nineteen varieties, 
 in different proportions. These are every one of them 
 known among us ; and more than half of them, including 
 the very best, are decidedly of the kinds long since, from 
 their defection, proscribed by those who cultivate for the 
 markets of Boston. And of the list of twelve trees, of nine 
 varieties, which he has recommended as the best of all, 
 for a very small garden, three quarters of them, at least, 
 are of the kinds which have long since ceased to produce 
 perfect fruit, with those who cultivate for our markets. 
 
 We regret the circumstance, but have ceased to wonder 
 at the cause — since the same complaints of defection have 
 already reached us from other quarters — even from the 
 capital of that country, for which those celebrated works 
 were principally designed. 
 
 I shall, in the following pages, designate some of those, 
 
NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 25 
 
 m the class of old varieties, once the finest of all old pears, 
 whose duration we had hoped, but in vain, to perpetuate. 
 For except in certain sections of the city,, and some very 
 few solitary and highly favored situations in the country 
 around, they have become either so uncertain in their 
 bearing — so barren — so unproductive — or so miserably 
 blighted — so mortally diseased — that they are no longer 
 to be trusted ; — they are no longer what they were once 
 with us, and what many of them are still described to be 
 by most foreign writers. 
 
 The gentleman vi'ho prepared the article on fruits in 
 Fessenden^ s New American Gardener, has warned us to 
 beware respecting some of them. He is well known with 
 us as first rate authority. 
 
 In the markets of the city which formely abounded with 
 them, they are no longer or but rarely to be seen. — The 
 cultivators who furnish its supplies have given up their cul- 
 tivation. Like the barren fig tree they have been destroy- 
 ed — but not without cause ; for if they had not been 
 accursed, their fertility and good qualities were gone ; and 
 they were no longer fruitful, but as the sources of vexation. 
 
 The practice of renaming those new^, or unknown varie- 
 ties, whose original names are lost, after these old kinds, is 
 objectionable, inasmuch as it is calculated to mislead — 
 and to falsify the proofs of their mortality. From some 
 fancied similitude, the barbarous names of antiquity are 
 brought down upon us, applied to existing varieties. — 
 From semblance of name alone, the Gergon, or Jargon of 
 antiquity has reappeared, — it has been reclaimed, not 
 merely as kindred, but as in all probability identical with 
 varieties still existing.* 
 
 According to the theory advanced by Mr Knight and 
 others, and confirmed by their experience, the different va- 
 rieties of fruit have their periods of existence fixed by the 
 
 * See t. 108 of the Pomological Magazine, where the authorify 
 of Menage and Duchat, and of Merlet are brought forward to justify 
 the supposition, that the Jargonelle, asserted by them to be derived 
 from Jargon, anciently Gergon, in Italian Gergo^ in Spanish Geri- 
 cona, all corruptions of GrcBcum, and by the inference of Merlet the 
 Pyrum Tarentinum of Cato and Columella, the JVumidianum Gt(e- 
 CMm of Pliny, the Graculum of Macrobius ; that all these, named or 
 described near two thousand years ago, are but one and the same ,; 
 and no other than the Jargonelle of the present day. 
 
 3 
 
26 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARBISf. 
 
 immutable laws of nature ; and after a certain time, eitheif 
 sooner or later, comes on their decline and final extinction; 
 
 I shall offer some evidence to show that the complaints 
 of defection are not confined to us alone — they have 
 reached us from other and remote quarters. Bosc, in 
 Nouv. Cours Complet, has asserted the change — that in 
 France many of the kinds have become, from some cause, 
 so altered in the short space of half a century, that it is some- 
 times difficult to know them, even in the exact descriptions 
 and precise engravings of Duhamel; and with regard to 
 many kinds described by Quintinie, the case is still worse. 
 In the markets of fruits and legumes at Paris, as the Com- 
 missaire General has informed us in his report for 1828, 
 some of these same ancient, and with us once celebrated 
 kinds, are no longer cultivated, even with them. He ex- 
 presses astonishment at the cause — but the conclusion 
 seems irresistible, that with them as with us, they are no 
 longer worthy of cultivation ; and that out of that city, and 
 in its vicinity, the country around, these once famous 
 fruits are at this day as liable to blight, and as unworthy 
 of general cultivation as in the neighborhood of Boston. 
 
 The following are his words, extracted from his report : 
 " One is astonished on viewing in the markets of Paris so 
 very {^^n melting Pears. We no longer see the Sucre, 
 Vert, the Sucre Musque, the Bezi de la Matte, nor the Bezi 
 (VAiry [Bezi d'Heri ?] ; very few Chaumontelles, very few 
 Culotte de Suisse ; no Roycde d'Hiver [Royal Winter], no 
 Virgoideuse, and what is to he deplored, no Colmars. [Some 
 of these expressions, it seems evident from what follows, 
 w€re designed to be understood only in a general sense. 
 K.] These three last species sell from ten sous to two 
 francs each, [about forty cents] and their cultivation is 
 neglected ! 
 
 " The Rousselette, so perfumed, so sought after by the 
 confectioners, and distillers, is no longer of good quality. 
 How different this Rousselette from that which they culti- 
 vate at the hamlet of Cormontreuil, at the gate of Rheims! 
 At that place they cultivate the Rousselette almost exclusive- 
 ly, and these altogether on espaliers. These espaliers offer 
 at the end of August a sight the most lich and beautiful." 
 See Annales d'Horticulture for 1828. 
 
 The unwearied efforts of the most distinguished culti- 
 vators of France, during the latter ages, in their attempts 
 
NEW VARIETIES OP FRUITS. 27 
 
 to raise new and valuable varieties of fruits from the seed, 
 appear to have been accompanied chiefly with disaster. 
 And M. Poiteau in one of his reports to the Horticultural 
 Society of Paris, has asserted that the result of all their 
 labor has been " absolutely nothing y In adverting to the 
 decline of the old French varieties of Pears, in the vicinity 
 of Paris, and the necessity of a renewal, he asserts that 
 they must look elsewhere for new varieties to replace the 
 old — any where else but to their own country. 
 
 He informs us that the celebrated Duhamel, during the 
 long course of his scientific career, planted the seeds of all 
 the best fruits which were eaten at his table, without being 
 able to produce a single fruit worthy of cultivation. Oth- 
 ers in that country — as the Alfroys, had during three suc- 
 cessive generations, adopted the same course, and with no 
 better success. 
 
 Their practice had been to plant uniformly, the seeds, 
 only of the very best or ameliorated fruits — and to select 
 from these, as the subjects of their experiments, those 
 young plants only, which were furnished with large leaves, 
 and large and fine wood. M. Poiteau ascribes the disas- 
 trous results of their experiments to these combined causes, 
 and further states it as a fact recorded by several authors, 
 that the seeds of the Winter Bon Chretien always produce 
 a detestable fruit. Mr Knight has asserted that the seed 
 of the Wild Pear fertilized by the stamens of the blos- 
 som of an ameliorated one, will yield a better fruit than the 
 seeds of an ameliorated pear. 
 
 M. Van Mons has stated that " the Belgians give no 
 preference to the seeds of table fruits, when they plant to 
 obtain new ameliorated kinds." Those seedlings which 
 are without thorns, and with stout ivood, and large leaves, 
 are by them rejected, as these are the signs of an early or 
 inferior fruit. M. Van Mons ascribes the success of their 
 experiments in obtaining so many fruits, which are in all 
 respects so extraordinary, to the principle which they had 
 adopted in the beginning — that in proportion as a fruit 
 becomes removed from the wild state, or state of nature, 
 by repeated regeneration, or planting always the kernels 
 or stones of the last production, in that same degree will 
 the fruit become ameliorated, until it attains the highest 
 perfection of which a fruit is susceptible. 
 
 During the process of the amelioration, and of each sue- 
 
28 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDISt'. 
 
 cessive remove, the austerity, or superabundant acid, which 
 is the peculiar characteristic of the wild fruit, is diminish- 
 ed, and the saccharine matter is increased. But as a 
 certain quantity of acid is an essential ingredient in every 
 perfect fruit — it will appear self-evident that the process 
 of regeneration, when carried too far, may prove injurious ; 
 and that excessive sweetness, by a short transition, degen- 
 erates into insipidity. 
 
 It is asserted by Mr Knight, that generally, the old va- 
 rieties of fruit begin to decay, first, in the colder latitudes ; 
 and that a fruit which there begins to decay, may yet be 
 successfully cultivated in a more southern climate, or^ 
 w^hat is equivalent, in the confined and warmer atmosphere 
 of cities. Those varieties, therefore, which no longer suc- 
 ceed with us, may yet continue for a while to flourish in 
 the middle regions of the Union, and especially in the in- 
 terior, beyond the limits and influence of those cold east- 
 ern breezes from the Atlantic, which, rising with the 
 diurnal appearance of the sun, visit us so regularly and 
 constantly at stated seasons. 
 
 There are some, however, who dissent from these opin- 
 ions and conclusions — opinions, which, the continued ex- 
 perience of the ages, present as well as past, seems only 
 the more abundantly to confirm. They do not, indeed, 
 deny the fact of the destruction, but they deny the cause. 
 In their attempts to sustain the credit of the old fruits by 
 rendering them immortal, they would ascribe their deteri- 
 oration to any otlier cause ; — to some supposed alteration 
 of climate, and not of ours alone, but of the climate of al! 
 those countries where the same proofs of their mortality 
 have appeared. 
 
 We await the "proofs, of S7ich changes ; — meanwhile in 
 their absence, I believe all will agree, that in adopting this 
 theory, we adopt the safest course. 
 
 Mr Knight and some others in England, and the Comte 
 de Coloma of Malines, have succeeded in raising some new 
 and valuable varieties of fruit from the seeds obtained by 
 hybrydism or cross fertilization. In describing the princi- 
 ples and modes of practice of this art, I have had recourse 
 to Phillips, to Knight, and especially to Lindley and M. 
 Fries Morel, to all of them collectively. The same prin- 
 ciples are alike applicable to trees of ornament and to 
 flowers. But we are authorized in asserting, that this is 
 
NEW VARIETIES OF FRUITS. 29 
 
 not the mode which has been so generally adopted by Dr 
 Van Mons and others in Belgium — and that the mode by 
 which so many new, and very extraordinary varieties of 
 fruits have been there produced, differs essentially from 
 this which I am now about describing. 
 
 The outer circle of the slender threads or filaments, 
 which rise around the centre of the blossom or flower, are 
 called the stamens, or males, and the central are called 
 pistillu7u, pointals, or females. 
 
 The stamens bear at their summit a small ball called the 
 anther, which contains the fertilizing powder called the 
 pollen. 
 
 At the summit of the pistillum are the organs of secre- 
 tion called stigmata, consisting of one or more intercellu- 
 lar passages leading thence to the base, where are situated 
 the cell or cells in which are placed the ovula, or the rudi- 
 ments of seeds. 
 
 The pollen, when viewed through a microscope, is found 
 to consist of extremely minute hollow balls, filled with a 
 fluid in which swim innumerable particles of an oblong or 
 spherical form, and having an apparently spontaneous mo- 
 tion. When the anther is mature, it bursts or opens with 
 an elastic force, by which its contents are dispersed, and a 
 portion of them falling on the stigma which is of lax tissue, 
 the moving particles of pollen descend through the tissue 
 of the style, by routes specially destined by nature, into 
 the cells, where the ovular are placed, and these being 
 thus vivified, are converted into the seeds or embryo of a 
 future plant. 
 
 The operation of hybridizing or cross fertilization must 
 be performed in a dry day, and before the blossom is en- 
 tirely expanded ; the most favorable moment is just before 
 the rising of the sun ; the pollen being at that time humid, 
 is closely attached to the anthers. The blossoms must be 
 carefully opened, and the anthers extracted by delicate 
 scissors, care being taken neither to wound the filaments 
 which support them, or any other part of the flower. 
 
 About nine o'clock, the blossoms being exposed to the 
 full influence of the sun, the matured pollen from another 
 variety must be carefully placed on the blossom which it 
 is intended to fertilize, and from which the anthers have 
 been extracted ; and this operation must be repeated twice 
 or thrice during the course of the day. By shaking the 
 3* 
 
30 N1EW AMERICAN ORCHAIlDiS¥; 
 
 blossoms over a sheet of white paper, the time when it is 
 perfectly mature will be ascertained. It is necessary to 
 protect the prepared blossoms from the bees and other in- 
 sects with thin muslin or gauze, which will not exclude 
 the sun or air ; and it is proper also to protect them from 
 the rain and dews, till a swelling is perceived in the germ. 
 
 By screening the plants from the sun, and by frequent 
 waterings, the maturity of the pollen and the stigma may 
 be retarded. 
 
 When the process has been successful, the pollen which 
 had been placed on the stigma, becomes so attached, that 
 it cannot be removed with a hair pencil ; it changes form 
 and color and soon disappears, and the blossom will soon 
 wither and fade. But when the process has been imper- 
 fect, the reverse of all this is the case ; the pollen is easily 
 detached from the stigma, its appearance is unaltered, and 
 it remains visible with the duration of the flower, which 
 will continue for a long time. 
 
 The fertilized seeds thus yielded, produce generally 
 flowers which resemble in color, or fruits which mherit 
 mainly the qualities of the kind which furnished the pollen ; 
 While the form of the flower, or some of the constitutional 
 qualities of the fruit, will resemble those of the plant which 
 matured the seed. 
 
 No cross fertilization can take place between plants or 
 fruits unless nearly related. None, for instance, can take 
 place between the pear, apple or quince ; or between the 
 plum, peach or cherry, &c. 
 
 Wild plants or fruits while growing in their native wilds 
 are generally perpetuated from generation to generation 
 without change ; but this is not the case with the liyhrids 
 or cultivated varieties, however isolated or far removed the 
 tree may be, which produces the seeds, from any other of 
 sit species. 
 
 The most intelligent writers have asserted, and it now 
 appears to be admitted as an indisputable fact, that the origi- 
 nal number of varieties of tlie apple were very small, and 
 that the numerous varieties, differing in size, form and flavor 
 and periods of maturity, originated from the wild apple or 
 crab, a small and very acid fruit. The pear, from a small 
 and very austere wild fruit, has been in like manner 
 wonderfully ameliorated. Mr Knight seems persuaded 
 that their fine varieties of native English plums, originat- 
 
CKOWTH OF TilEES AND PLANTS. 31 
 
 ed from the Sloe plum, a wild and austere, small, black 
 fruit — or according to Mr Neill, from the Bullace, another 
 wild plum, very small, and acid. The Gooseberry, origi- 
 nally a small, indifferent fruit, has by cultivation, not only 
 highly improved in flavor, but wonderfully in size. The 
 large Dutch red and the large Dutch white currant, are 
 highly productive and improved varieties. But the white 
 currant, as Mr Loudon asserts, is but a variety, produced 
 from the seeds of the red currant. 
 
 Cross-fertilization may, indeed, effect important im- 
 provements, by combining in one object, those desirable 
 qualities, which may be previously possessed by two 
 other individuals in separate states. But it can never of 
 itself, and alone, produce or create those opposite qual- 
 ities, which had never existed before in any individual ; but 
 are as directly opposed to all that had ever before existed, 
 as white is to red or to hlack, and we must look to other 
 causes for such important changes. 
 
 The following mode, by which the Belgians have suc- 
 ceeded in obtaining so many new and extraordinory varie- 
 ties, is from the account written by Dr Van Mons — and 
 for this valuable article, we are indebted to the researches 
 of Gen. Dearborn, by whom this account was inserted in 
 Vol. VII. No. 28 of the New England Farmer. 
 
 " The Belgians give no preference to the seeds of table 
 fruits, when they plant to obtain new ameliorated kinds. 
 When their plants appear, they do not, like us, found their 
 hopes upon individuals exempt from thorns, furnished with 
 large leaves, and remarkable for the size and beauty of 
 their wood ; on the contrary, they prefer the most thorny 
 subjects, provided that the thorns are long, and that the 
 plants are furnished with many buds or eyes, placed very 
 near together. This last circumstance appears to them, 
 and with reason, to be an indication that the tree will 
 speedily produce fruit. As soon as the young individuals 
 which offer these favorable appearances, afford grafts or 
 buds, capable of being inoculated upon other stocks, these 
 operations are performed ; the apples on paradise, and the 
 pears on quince stocks, to hasten their fructification. The 
 first fruit is generally very bad, but the Belgians do not 
 regard that ; whatever it is, they carefully collect the seeds 
 and plant them ; from these a second generation is pro- 
 duced, which commonly shows the commencement of an 
 
32 NEW AMERICAN 0UCHAI5DIST. 
 
 amelioration. As soon as the young plants of tliis second 
 generation have scions, or buds, proper for the purpose, 
 they are transferred to other stocks as were the preceding ; 
 the third and fourth generation are treated in the same 
 manner, and until there are finally produced ameliorated 
 fruits worthy of being propagated. M. Van Mons asserts, 
 that the peach and apricot, treated in this manner, afford 
 excellent fruit in the third generation. The apple does 
 not yield superior fruit before the fourth or fifth generation. 
 The pear is slower in its amelioration ; but M. Van Mons 
 informs us, that in the sixth generation, it no longer pro- 
 duces inferior, but affords excellent fruits, intermixed with 
 those of a middling quality." 
 
 Intelligent writers, those on whom we may rely, have 
 assured us, that the new and num.erous class of fruita 
 which have arisen during the last forty years, in Belgium, 
 is far more precious and inestimable in point of quality, 
 than all previously known. They refer in this more par- 
 ticularly to pears. 
 
 Highly satisfactory specimens of some of the new spe- 
 cies which are described in the following pages, have been 
 seen and exhibited among us ; enough to convince us of 
 the decided excellence of at least a portion of them ; but 
 as yet but a small proportion of the new foreign varieties 
 here described, have borne fruit in our country. 
 
 The unwearied labors of Van Mons of Knight, of Col- 
 oma of Hardenpont, of Duquesne, of Nelis, of Liart, of 
 Dorlain and others, have probably effected more during 
 the last forty years, than all that had been previously ac- 
 complished during twenty centurie-s. 
 
 All these fruits are recommended as highly deserving of 
 trial in our climate. From them we must make our se- 
 lections at another day, of such kinds only, as prove on 
 trial, alike adapted to our climate, the very best in quality, 
 and the most productive. 
 
 SECTION V. OF THE GROWTH OF TREES AND PLANTS. 
 
 Modern physiologists have demonstrated, that trees and 
 plants derive their nourishment through the extreme ends, 
 and blunt, spongy points of the minute fibres of the roots. 
 These innumerable mouths, or spongelets, absorb and 
 drink in without discrimination, all the fluid substances 
 which come in their way. These fluids ascend through 
 
TRANSPLANTING. 
 
 3^ 
 
 the alburnum or sapwood to the leaves, which are the true 
 laboratories of all plants as well as the organs of respiration. 
 The circulation of the sap, which commences its move- 
 ment, first in the branches, and last of all in the roots, is 
 produced by the attraction of the leaf-buds and leaves, 
 which are developed by the warmth of spring — their 
 transpiration requiring supplies so great and continual, 
 that some plants are stated to perspire even twice their 
 weight in twentyfour hours. The true sap thus generated 
 in the leaves, and separated from the more watery particles, 
 descends through the inner bark, having now acquired new 
 powers, and being now peculiarly prepared to nourish and 
 give flavor to the fruit ; and continuing its descent, it de- 
 posits in its course the cambium or mucilaginous sub- 
 stance, by which new and successive layers of wood and 
 of bark are annually added to the tree ; while whatever is 
 not adapted as aliment to the peculiar wants of the plar-t, 
 is again returned by the roots to the earth. 
 
 SECTION VI. TRANSPLANTING, 
 
 When trees are removed for the purpose of being tran^'- 
 planted, their roots should, if possible, be preserved fresh 
 and entire. If these precautions have been omitted, their 
 whole bodies and roots must be immersed in fresh water 
 during twentyfour hours ; and their tops must be lessened 
 in proportion to the loss their roots have sustained. The 
 sources by which they derive the nourishment which they 
 receive from the earth, being diminished, the whole sap of 
 the tree, and even its vitality, would otherwise pass off by 
 transpiration. 
 
 October and November, and immediately after the first 
 hard frosts have arrested vegetation, is esteemed the best 
 season of all for transplanting trees. The peach, the plum^. 
 the cherry and evergreen trees do especially well, when 
 planted early in autumn. But where circumstances render 
 it necessary, transplanting may be deferred till spring. 
 
 When trees are transplanted in autumn, the earth be- 
 comes duly consolidated at their roots, and they are ready 
 to vegetate with the first advancement of spring. 
 
 The holes for receiving the trees, should be dug from 
 four to six feet in diameter, according to the size of the 
 trees usually transplanted, and eighteen inches deep ; the 
 yellow subsoil should be cast out to this depth and replaced 
 
34 NEW AMERICAN OUCHARDIST. 
 
 at bottom with rich soil intermixed with a portion of ma- 
 nure. The tree should generally be set about two inches 
 deeper than it stood before, but not deeper than this ; the 
 fibres should be spread horizontally in their natural posi- 
 tion, and the soil intimately and compactly placed about 
 their roots ; manure may be placed above and beneath, 
 and on every side, but ought never to be suffered to come 
 in contact with the roots, as it is liable in this case to 
 corrupt and injure them : finish by treading the ground 
 very hard. When evergreen trees are set it is generally 
 considered indispensable to pour at once a few gallons of 
 water around the tree previous to treading hard the earth; 
 finish earthing and tread hard an hour afterwards. This 
 is an excellent and safe mode with regard to any tree. 
 
 SECTION VII. PROPAGATION. 
 
 Most of the species of trees and ligneous plants, are 
 propagated by seeds, and some may be propagated by cut- 
 tings and all by layers. 
 
 By seeds. — In raising trees, &-c. from the seeds, it is 
 generally a good rule to plant or sow them as soon as they 
 are mature and gathered from the tree. Those seeds how- 
 ever which are enveloped in a pulp, must first be separated. 
 Those of the hawthorn and many other kinds which are 
 possessed of a gummy or resinous pulp will not vegetate 
 till the second year, unless first separated and subjected to 
 the action of frost, or the seeds of the locust and many 
 other kinds, which are possessed of hard shells and there- 
 fore require to be frozen beneath the soil, may be made to 
 vegetate quickly, by being covered with boiling water and 
 set in a warm place ; as the seeds become swollen, they are 
 separated and planted, and fresh boiling water is poured 
 over the remainder every twentyfour hours, till all are 
 prepared. 
 
 There are many advantages attending the practice of 
 causing seeds of various kinds to germinate before being 
 planted. Such seeds rise at once in advance of the weeds, 
 and strike root downwards while the earth is yet humid 
 and before the scorching sun has dried up the moisture, 
 thus rendering it impossible for any seeds to vegetate near 
 its surface. 
 
 Small seeds of many species may be enclosed in small 
 linen bags or in moss or cotton, and steeped a few hours 
 
PROPAGATION. 3^ 
 
 in lukewarm water ; these being suspended, during night 
 in a chimney where a fire has been kept during the day 
 will vegetate by morning. This is an easy mode which 
 has been recommended. More slow growing seeds, after 
 steeping a day in warm water, are to be kept for several 
 days in a lukewarm atmosphere. 
 
 Seeds steeped in a weak solution of muriate of lime, or 
 in water containing a few drops of muriatic acid ; germinate 
 still more suddenly, and I find it stated on good authority 
 that seeds one hundred and twenty years old, which were 
 brought by Boose from the Bahamas and had resisted every 
 effort to make them vegetate, were yet made to germinate by 
 steeping them in a weak solution of muriatic acid. Boyse 
 of Prussia, has accelerated the germination of seeds by 
 moistening with malic acid (cider). 
 
 When seeds are to be transported to distant climates 
 by sea, it is recommended to preserve them in new and 
 finely powdered charcoal ; or they may be immersed in a 
 thick solution of gum arabic, and after being dried, they 
 may be closely corked up in glass vessels. Lastly, packing 
 seeds compactly in layers of sugar is found to be an excel- 
 lent mode of preservation. 
 
 Layers are the limbs or suckers of trees, bent down 
 W'-ithout being separated from the parent tree, and covered 
 with soil; their extreme ends only being left out: thus 
 buried, they will soon strike root, generally. Some partic- 
 ular kinds of trees however, with extreme difficulty ; such 
 must be tongued, an operation which consists in cutting 
 the layer half off, beneath the surface, and below an 
 eye, and splitting it up an inch or more ; the cleft to be 
 kept open by a small wedge. This operation should be 
 performed in spring ; and the plant when well rooted may 
 be separated in the autumn or spring following. 
 
 Cuttings.— There are many kinds of trees which may be 
 raised from cuttings. Cuttings should generally be from 
 eight inches to a foot in length, and cut off at bottom 
 close below an eye, and planted in a humid soil, two thirds 
 of their length beneath the surface, and the ground trodden 
 hard. With some particular kinds however, it is necessary 
 to square the bottom of the cutting, and to press it hard 
 down on the bottom of a pot. Other kinds must be plant- 
 ed in pure sand, and protected from the sun till rooted — 
 
36 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 they require artificial heat in the soil, and a confined at- 
 mosphere, which moderates their transpiration. 
 
 SECTION VIII. INOCULATING. 
 
 Inoculating, is the operation of transferring any particu- 
 lar and desirable variety of tree, upon the stock of an infe- 
 rior or wild variety. The operation is principally practised 
 on small trees, and. only during the time when the sap flows 
 freely, and chiefly during the months of August and Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Select for the buds the ripest young twigs of the year, 
 and cut off" the leaves, leaving the foot stalk entire. Having 
 selected a smooth place in the stock, make a perpendicular 
 slit downward quite through the bark, an inch or a little 
 more in length. Make a cross cut at the top of this slit, 
 quite through to the wood, a little slanting downwards ; next 
 with the ivory haft of the knife, raise the bark on both 
 sides from top to bottom, being very careful not to injure in 
 the least the cambium or sap wood. Next, and with expe- 
 dition, proceed to take off" a bud ; this is eff"ected by entering 
 the knife half an inch or more below the bud or eye, quite 
 through the bark, and separating the bark from the wood to 
 the same distance above the eye ; always leaving a very thin 
 slip of wood of about one third of the length of the bud ; 
 this thin slip of wood occupies the middle section of its 
 length. The bud is to be immediately inserted in the 
 stock to the bottom of the slit, and between the bark and 
 the wood ; and the top of the bud being squared even with 
 the cross cut, every part except the eye, is firmly bound 
 and covered with strong wet bass matting. 
 
 It is by no means a point so very essential, whether the 
 cross cut is made at the top, or bottom of the slit ; whether 
 the bud is inserted downwards, or upwards ; it generally 
 succeeds equally in both cases. The mode of taking off" 
 the bud with a thin slip of wood occupying the middle sec- 
 tion of its length, is called the new or American mode ; as 
 I find it described by no European author. It is the mode 
 best adapted to a warm climate. But when the season is 
 far advanced and the sap flows less freely, it is deemed the 
 surest mode to take out the whole of the wood, always leav- 
 ing the root of the bud. 
 
 The string is to be taken off" as soon as it begins to gir- 
 dle the tree, which is generally in about ten days. 
 
CRAFTING. 
 
 37 
 
 In gpl-ing, between the time the frost is out of the 
 ground and the rising of the sap, cttt off the stock a quar- 
 ter of an inch above the bud ~ sloping downwards on the 
 opposite side. 
 
 ScALLOPE BUDDING is performed by cutting from a small 
 stock, a thin narrow scallope of wood, about an inch in 
 length ; and taking from a twig a thin scallope of wood of 
 the same length containing a bud ; this is instantly applied 
 and fitted perfectly at top and bottom, and on at least one of 
 its sides, and firmly bound with wet bass matting. This 
 mode may be practised in spring, and if it fails, a second 
 chance will be offered in July. — The French are stated to 
 practise this mode on roses. 
 
 The above are the principal modes of inoculating- adopt- 
 ed in practice, although Professor Thouin has described no 
 less than twentythree distinct modes of operation. 
 
 Dr Van Mons buds his roses in June, so that they grow 
 and frequently blossom in the same year. He prepares the 
 young and unripe wood by separating the leaves, leaving 
 only their footstalks; in fifteen days after their buds are 
 swollen, and are now fit for insertion: the stock is cut off* 
 six inches above the insertion of the bud, at the time the 
 operation is performed. They are bound with thin strings 
 of bass matting, previously drawn through a solution of 
 alum and white soap, and dried, which renders them im- 
 pervious to water. 
 
 SECTION IX. GRAFTING. 
 
 Grafting is usually performed in spring. Professor 
 Thouin has described forty modes, but the following will 
 answer for all general purposes. 
 
 Whip Grafting or splice grafting. This mode is 
 practised principally on small stocks ; and it succeeds best 
 when the scion and stock are of an equal size. 
 
 The scion, which consists of the young wood of the for- 
 mer year's growth, is cut to the length of about four inches. 
 This and the stock are each to be cut sloping for an inch 
 or more, and tongued. Tonguing consists in cutting a slit 
 in the middle of the slope of the stock in the scion down- 
 wards, and a corresponding slit upwards ; both are now to be 
 nicely joined, so that one of the sides at least, if not both 
 4 
 
38 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST, 
 
 shall perfectly coincide, and to be securely bound with 
 a wet bass matting string, and covering with composi- 
 tion, or with grafting clay. As soon as the scion and stock 
 are completely united, the string is to be removed. 
 
 Cleft Grafting. This mode of grafting is usually 
 practised on stocks of from one to two inches in diameter, 
 it is thus performed. The head of the stock is carefully 
 sawed off at a part free from knots, and the top pared 
 smooth ; with a thin knife split down the stock through 
 the centre, to the depth of about two inches, and insert a 
 wedge to keep it open for the reception of the scion. The 
 scion is to be prepared in the form of a wedge ; with an 
 eye if possible in the upper part of the portion thus formed, 
 perfect success is the more certain when this is the case. 
 The scion is now to be carefully inserted, so that the inner 
 bark of the scion and of the stock may both exactly meet. 
 Large stocks require two scions, one on each side ; some- 
 times four are inserted. The whole is now to be care- 
 fully covered with the composition, or grafting clay, ex- 
 cept two or three eyes of each scion. This mode of graft- 
 ing is equally applicable to very small stocks, but these 
 being weak must be bound with a string of bass matting. 
 
 Saddle Grafting. This mode of grafting is perform- 
 ed chiefly on very small stocks — it is much practised by 
 Mr Knight. The upper part of the stock is prepared in the 
 form of a wedge, by two sloping cuts, one on each side. 
 The scion is prepared by splitting it upwards, and paring out 
 the middle part of each side to a point. When the stock 
 and scion are of equal size, the adjustment may be made 
 perfect ; but if unequal, one side at least must exactly 
 meet. The whole is secured by a string of matting and 
 covered with the composition, or clay. The string how- 
 ever is to be removed when a perfect union has taken 
 place. 
 
 Root Grafting. This operation is often performed 
 on grape vines, just below the level of the surface, by the 
 usual mode of cleft grafting. It is also performed on por- 
 tions or pieces of root, where suitable stocks are scarce. 
 
 Side Grafting. This mode is sometimes practised on 
 those parts of a tree where a limb is wanting. — There are 
 two ways in which it is performed. 1st. The scion is pre- 
 pared in the same manner as for splice grafting, and the 
 
FRUITFULNESS. S9 
 
 bark and wood on the side of the stock is cut sloping, and 
 the scion being adjusted as carefully as possible, it is 
 bound on and covered with clay. 2d. The scion being 
 cut sloping as in whip grafting, a cross cut is made in the 
 side of the tree on the top of a perpendicular slit ; the 
 bark of the tree above the cross cut is pared down slanting 
 to the wood. The bark is now raised as in inoculating, 
 and the scion inserted, and bound fast, and covered with 
 clay. 
 
 Grafting by approach. This is often practised on trees 
 and shrubs which succeed with difficulty by other modes. 
 The tree to be grafted must be growing very near the tree 
 which is to furnish the grafts: — The limb or limbs of each 
 tree which is to be thus united, must be pared with a long 
 sloping cut of several inches, nearly to its centre ; and the 
 parts of each tree thus prepared, are to be brought together, 
 and firmly secured by a bandage of matting, so that the 
 bark shall exactly meet on at least one side, and covered 
 with clay or composition. When a complete union has 
 taken place, the trees are separated with a knife, by cut- 
 ing off the stock below the junction. [See herbaceous 
 grafting.] 
 
 Grafting clay is made of one third part of fresh horse 
 manure free from litter, one third of cow manure, and one 
 third of good clay, with a small mixture of hair, well 
 beaten and incorporated several days before using. 
 
 Grafting composition is made of three parts of resio, 
 three parts of bees' wax, and one part of tallow, melted to- 
 gether ; when well mixed, it is poured into water and work- 
 ed up like shoemaker's wax by hand. This composition 
 may be spread while in a melted state pretty thickly with a 
 brush on very strong brown paper. This paper is to be 
 cut into small stripes of suitable size, and is very quickly 
 applied. In cool weather, it may be instantly warmed with 
 the breath, so as to become adhesive. 
 
 SECTION X. OF FRUITFULNESS. 
 
 Artificial means hy wldclifruitfulncss is induced. What- 
 ever operates in repressing the too vigorous growth of the 
 tree, by obstructing the free circulation of its sap or juices 
 and by causing it to accumulate, and become concentrated 
 has a tendency to render the tree fruitful. 
 
 While a tree is yet young and flexible, and exercised by 
 
40 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 every moving breath of vi^ind, its pores continue open, and 
 the sap is rapidly and uninterruptedly diffused; its whole 
 juices are expended in the formation of leaf buds. A 
 highly manured soil, a warm temperature and humid at- 
 mosphere, are alike unfavorable to the production of flower 
 buds, by promoting excessive vigor in the tree. But as 
 they grow older, their consistence becomes changed and 
 more inflexible ; their bark also becomes more thick and 
 rigid, and may therefore operate by compression ; and the 
 sap which before passed on uninterruptedly, is now retard- 
 ed in its progress ; it accumulates and developesyrwi^ huds, 
 and the tree falls into bearing. To effect this object by 
 artificial means, various modes have been adopted. 1st. By 
 ligatures, or ringing, or girdling ; variously termed decor- 
 tication or circumcision. 2d. By bending their branches 
 or by continually shortening the extremities of the young 
 and growing wood. 3d. By subjecting them to a warm 
 and dry atmosphere. Or lastly, by a combination of 
 each and every mode, as in the case of Chinese dwarf 
 trees and the Quonouilles of the French. 
 
 Subs. 1st. Girdling or Decortication. Girdling, 
 decortication, ringing or circumcision, as it is sometimes 
 I'ariously called, consists in making two circular incisions, 
 quite round the limb, through the bark, at the distance of 
 about three eighths of an inch asunder, more or less, ac- 
 cording to the size and thriftiness of the tree; then mak- 
 ing a perpendicular slit, the ring of the bark is wholly re- 
 moved to the wood. 
 
 Riogiiig or Decortication is applicable to every kind 
 of fruit tree, and to the vine. Its operation is two fold. 
 1st, In the early production and abundance of blossom 
 buds which it induces; or, 2d, In increasing the size of 
 the fruit and hastening its maturity, according to the season 
 in which the operation is performed. 
 
 When the design of Decortication is the production of 
 blossom buds, the operation must be performed about the 
 last of June, or beginning of July. But when the object 
 to be attained is the enlargement of the fruit and its more 
 early maturity, the operation must be deferred till just at 
 the time when the tree has come into full leaf in the spring. 
 
 Mr Knight, from an experience of fifty years in thepracT 
 tice, observes, that when the space from which the bark is 
 
DEBARKING. 41 
 
 taken off, is too considerable, a morbid state of early ma- 
 turity is induced, and the fruit becomes worthless. The 
 same injurious effects he has always witnessed, whenever 
 the operation has been performed upon very young or very 
 small branches, for such become debilitated and sickly 
 long before the fruit can arrive at maturity. A tight liga- 
 ture, applied in the preceding summer in such cases, he 
 has found to answer all the purposes of ringing, with far 
 less injurious consequences to the tree. 
 
 Girdling, according to Mr Knight, by causing the cur- 
 rent of the sap, while descending from the leaves through 
 the bark, to become arrested in its progress, it accumulates 
 above the decorticated place, whence it is repulsed and 
 again carried upwards, to be expended in an increased pro- 
 duction of blossom buds and of fruit. While the part be- 
 low, being but ill supplied with nutriment, ceases almost to 
 grow, and in consequence it operates feebly in impelling 
 the ascending current of sap, through the decorticated 
 space. And the parts above, being in consequence, less 
 abundantly supplied with moisture, the early maturity is 
 thus powerfully accelerated, as is always the case in a 
 drought, from whatever cause produced. 
 
 Mr Knight, from his long experience, is not friendly to 
 the practice of ringing or girdling in any mode, except only 
 in those few cases, where blossoms cannot otherwise be ob= 
 tained, or where a single crop of very early fruit exceeds 
 the value of the tree. 
 
 Decortication may be practised alternately, on portions of 
 the same tree in alternate years. 
 
 Subs. 2d. Debarking. Debarking, according to Mr 
 Neill, is a practice, first brought into notice by Sir John 
 Sinclair in 1815, in a pamphlet. It consists in paring off, 
 in winter, all the outer bark of the stem and principal 
 branches, down to the liber, or inner concentric bark. 
 The effect is, that such plants grow more vigorously, and 
 the quantity and quality of the fruit are greatly augmented. 
 
 Mr Loudon has recorded (Mag. vol. vii. p. 662) that 
 this operation has been declared by one of the best prac- 
 tical men in the Netherlands, a never failing method of 
 greatly improving the quality and size of the fruit on apple 
 and pear trees, and vines. At the winter pruning, which 
 is given there in February, he cuts off with his common 
 
 4* 
 
4^ NEW AMfiRICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 hooked pruning knife, all the outer bark down to the libery 
 of every tree above eight or ten years old ; not so deeply, 
 hov^•ever, with the young, as with the old trees. It is as- 
 serted by those who have witnessed, that this man's prac^ 
 tice has never failed of being successfuL And another 
 who has tried it in that country asserts, that since he had 
 practised it, he has always had larger and better flavored 
 fruit. This practrce, says Mr Loudon, " is not uncommon 
 in England with apple and pear treeSj and very general 
 with regard to vines under glass." 
 
 Subs. 3d. Bending the Limbs. This appears to be 
 the most simple, easy, and effectual mode of rendering trees 
 productive. When judiciously performed, its effects are 
 very extraordinary. 
 
 The effects appear to be perfectly understood by the 
 Chinese in training their dwarfs. Its effects are also ex- 
 emplified in the w.ode of training trees en quenouille, which 
 come into bearing earlier, and bear more abundantly. 
 
 Dwarfing is effected by inoculating fruit trees on stocks 
 of comparatively slow grow^th ; the circulation is in conse- 
 quence retarded, and the effect thus produced is somewhat 
 like that produced, by girdling. The apple is dwarfed by 
 being inoculated on the Paradise or Doucin stock ; — the 
 peach on a slow growing plum stock ; — and the pear by 
 being inoculated on the quince stock. A new mode of 
 dwarfing t shall presently explain. Also on the vine, 
 by which means prodigious crops are produced. [See the 
 article on the cultivation of the vine.] Also in the fig, 
 for by this mode Mr Knight has obtained eight crops in a 
 year. [See the article on figs.] The system is equally 
 applicable to every species of fruit trees. It consists in 
 bending every limb, or twig, to a position below the hori- 
 zontal, while it is yet in a vigorously growing state, gene- 
 rally the last of June ; with some kinds which have a 
 prolonged vegetation, it may perhaps with more advantage 
 be deferred till July, as in the case of the peach. The 
 effect produced in the first instance is a momentary sus- 
 pension of the growth ; the juices are concentrated and 
 form fruit buds, for the production of fruit in the following 
 year. 
 
 According to Mr Neill, training the bearing shoots of 
 Pear trees downwards, generally causes them to produce 
 
PRUNING. 43 
 
 fruit the second year, which would seldom otherwise pro- 
 duce fruit under six or seven years. And Mr Knight 
 recommends to bend the young, luxuriant shoots of the 
 Peach, instead of shortening [as recommended in the arti- 
 cle below,] they thus produce the finest possible bearing 
 wood for the next year. 
 
 Subs. 4th. Particular modes of Pruning. Mr 
 Dalbret, Superintendent of the compartments in the Royal 
 Gardens devoted to the culture of fruit trees and econom- 
 ical plants, (near Paris,) has delivered a course of lectures 
 on Pruning in the school of Practical Horticulture. He 
 has practised on his theory for a number of years, and is 
 therefore enabled to appreciate its value. " Among the 
 operations which are very rarely practised, and which are 
 scarcely known at a distance from the capital, he has in- 
 sisted, with propriety, upon the eradication of all useless 
 buds, which occasion more vigor in the branches destined 
 to produce good wood and fruit; and upon the necessity of 
 not leaving too many lateral shoots or twigs, which exhaust 
 the tree ; but few should be preserved for yielding fruit 
 each year, and the others should be cut off within a half 
 an inch of the branch, which will cause fruit spurs to 
 appear. He has also demonstrated the utility of pinching 
 or cutting off the ends of the shoots, particularly of stone- 
 fruit trees, to check the excessive vigor of the main 
 branches, and to cause the branches which usually con- 
 sume the sap, to yield fruit ; the operation consists in 
 cutting off the yet herbaceous, or young and tender shoots, 
 when they have attained the length of six or eight inches, 
 at a half an inch, or at most an inch above the old wood ; 
 if it is done later, the operation will be injurious, instead 
 of insuring fruit for the third year." [Neiv England 
 Farmer, Vol. 8. This article is from the researches of the 
 Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, and from the Annales d'Horti- 
 cidture.] For some further particulars, see Currant, 
 Also see Peach. 
 
 Subs. 5th. Dwarfing. — Grafting and its effects. — 
 The effects of grafting in rendering trees suddenly pro- 
 ductive is well known. This effect is produced on the 
 principles before explained. 
 
 Dwarfs are extensively used in France for almost every 
 
44 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 variety of fruit tree, particularly those called Quenouilles 
 And they are asserted by them and the English writers to 
 be not only admirably adapted to large fruits, as they are 
 not so much exposed to high winds, but for pears more 
 especially, they are declared to produce better fruit. A 
 new mode of dwarfing the pear has lately been introduced 
 to practice in France. The quince is inoculated on the 
 pear stock, and after this has grown a year, the pear is inoc- 
 ulated into the quince, an inch above the insertion of the 
 preceding year. The advantages of this mode are many — 
 the section of the quince being thus elevated, is not so 
 liable to the attacks of the borer as at the surface of 
 the earth. The roots of the pear and those of the quince 
 require different soils. [See Pear and Quince'] It is as- 
 serted that the pear should be dwarfed only for the produc- 
 tion of summer fruit. As an argument to prove that the 
 fruit of the pear thus produced cannot partake of the 
 austere quality of the quince, it is asserted that both the 
 quince and the pear are alike nourished from the earth by 
 the same food, in quality and substance — the leaves being 
 exclusively the laboratory in which the juices are prepared 
 which form the fruit. Even the difference in the varieties 
 of fruit of the same species, in taste and flavor, is supposed 
 to be owing to no other cause than some different and pe- 
 culiar formation or property of the leaf. The Chinese 
 form their dwarfs on the most fruitful limbs of bearing 
 trees ; these when rooted are separated, and when the fruit 
 is at maturity, being much in demand in China, they bring 
 a price in proportion to the crop they bear ; especially 
 oranges, peaches, plums, grapes, &c. They even extend 
 their practice to flowering and other ornamental trees. 
 
 The following is extracted from the account of John 
 Livingstone, Esq. of Macao. See vol. iv. of the Lond. 
 Hort.^'Trans. 
 
 In the spring, at the time when the trees of fruit or of 
 ornament are in blossom, they commence by selecting 
 those branches which are most loaded with blossoms, and 
 remove the bark quite round the branch, to the depth of 
 about half its diameter. This part is covered with a large 
 ball of a composition similar to grafting clay. For large 
 branches of elm,&c. a covering of straw or coarse cloth 
 is used ; but for the orange, peach, ^c. the composition is 
 of itself sufficient. 
 
QUENOUILLE. 45 
 
 When it has been ascertained that the roots formed are 
 sufficient to preserve the living system, and this time va- 
 ries from six weeks to three months, according to circum- 
 stances, from the commencement of the operation, the 
 branches are separated, and after being removed to pots, 
 their fruitfulness is preserved by cramping their growth ; 
 by confining their roots in very contracted earthen vessels ; 
 in carefully regulating and stinting their supplies of nour- 
 ishment ; in bending and contorting their limbs into many 
 fanciful shapes ; and confining them thus by wires. In 
 the province of Fo-kien, where the best dwarfs are said to 
 be formed, to entice ants to destroy the heart wood, sugar 
 is introduced into small openings made for this purpose. 
 
 Staunton, in his account of the embassy of Lord Macart- 
 ney to that country, has stated that straw was used with 
 the clay, and a vessel of water is placed above, with an 
 aperture sufficient to allow the water to fall slowly in single 
 drops. This was the mode in some of the provinces. 
 
 Subs. 6th. (^uenouille. This term is applied by the 
 French to trees trained in a regular pyramidal form ; from 
 their resemblance to the ancient distaff j they term it en 
 quenouilU. 
 
 In the Department of Maine and Loire, as vi^e are in- 
 formed in the Annals of the Horticultural Society of Paris, 
 they train their trees en quenouille, not only of the pear and 
 apple, but of the peach, the apricot, the plum and the 
 cherry, the vine, and other fruits. The pears for this pur- 
 pose are inoculated on the quince, and the apple on the 
 Paradise stocks. 
 
 The trees they use are principally raised at Augers, 
 where the soil is of such extraordinary fertility, that it is 
 possible to raise a tree or quenouille, with all its lateral 
 branches, in a single year from the bud. 
 
 There are some kinds of pears which do not incline to 
 throw out lateral shoots. When therefore the tree has 
 grown to a sufficient height for the first tier of branches, 
 they pinch off the top for their production. When the 
 vertical shoot has risen to a sufficient height for another 
 set of branches, it is pinched off again, and another tier is 
 produced. And thus the process is continued, till the 
 requisite height is attained, and the tree is completely fur- 
 nished with its branches, from the bottom to the top. 
 
4tJ NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 When the lateral shoots incline to grow too fast, these 
 must also be nipped in, that the equilibrium and perfect 
 proportion of the tree may be preserved. 
 
 This is an operation which requires much judgment 
 and experience in its application. It is observed that it 
 always causes a momentary suspension of the growth. If 
 the pinching or clipping off be too near the top, but one 
 single and vertical shoot will be produced ; if the top be 
 shortened a little lower, two branches only will put forth ; 
 but if it be shortened a little lower still, three or four late- 
 ral shoots will put out just below, and a top or vertical one. 
 
 Mr Loudon in his Magazine has described, " A long row 
 of pear trees in the garden of Chiswick trained en quenou- 
 ille, or more correctly as regards those of Chiswick, en 
 pyramide, which with the additional feature of the points 
 of the shoots tied down, has a very fine appearance." * * 
 "In short, this single rov/ of pear trees is the most inter- 
 esting feature of the garden. The shoots of the current 
 year are bent down wlien fully grown, and fixed in a 
 pendant position by shreds of bass ; in the course of the 
 winter these shreds are removed, to admit of pruning, when 
 the shoots are found to have taken a set. In the course of 
 the summer, such as grow too vigorously are again tied, 
 the object being to check the vigor of the young shoots, 
 and by impeding the return of the sap, to cause it to ex- 
 pand itself in those young shoots, in the formation of blos- 
 som buds." 
 
 These pear trees at Chisu^ick, as Mr Lindley informs 
 us, are all inoculated on the quince ; they are trained per- 
 pendicularly with a single stem, to the height of about 
 seven feet ; with tiers of branches at regular distances, 
 each being generally about eighteen inches long, and the 
 tiers from nine to twelve inches apart. * # * * Jf 
 the plant be strong and vigorous, it will throw out many 
 more branches than are necessary ; these must be trimmed 
 out, the best only being preserved ; these are to be tied 
 down, and their luxuriance being thus materially checked, 
 they are in consequence always furnished with fruit bear- 
 ing spurs ; they are productive, and the fruit they produce 
 is far superior to that which is produced on the common 
 standard. 
 
QUENOUILLE. 
 
 47 
 
 Representation of Q.uenouille training. 
 
 We are further informed that under such management 
 Quenouilles require but little room, a square of four feet each 
 way being deemed sufficient; their fruit being within reach 
 may be easily thinned to enlarge its size ; it is more secure 
 against high winds ; and being near the ground, the ad- 
 ditional warmth it receives, materially insures its ripening 
 in perfection. 
 
 Subs. 7th. — Fruitfulness is induced by a suitable season 
 of repose. — The trees and plants, the natives of the tem- 
 perate climates, require a winter, or season of rest; — they 
 awaken in the spring, refreshed by their slumbers, to new 
 life and productiveness. Such trees and plants, therefore, 
 become unfruitful within the tropics, finding no rest, nor 
 their wonted season of repose, except only in the moun- 
 tainous elevations. Yet in some tropical countries, they 
 gave to their vines, by artificial means, a suitable time of 
 rest and slumber ; and they awake to fruitfulness for a sea- 
 son. (See Vine and its Cultivation.) 
 
48 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 SECTION Xr. PRUNING. 
 
 If the branches of a young tree, issuing at and above the 
 requisite height, be made by pruning to diverge from the 
 trunk in every direction above the horizontal, and the in- 
 terior of these be carefully kept from any interference 
 with each other for a few years, little pruning will ever af- 
 terwards be necessary. 
 
 The complicated systems of the English for pruning the 
 apple, pear, peach and plum, are not in all respects so nec- 
 essary for us ; they are in part adapted exclusively to a cold 
 climate. It is not necessary with us, to lay open, and ex- 
 pose every part of the tree to the direct rays of the sun : the 
 atmosphere being in our climate, generally, of itself, suffi- 
 cient to ripen the fruit. 
 
 Heavy pruning is seldom necessary or advisable — but 
 when, as in the case of grafting or of heading down for a 
 new growth, it becomes unavoidable, it should always be 
 performed in that interval between the time the frost is com- 
 ing out of the ground in spring, and the opening of the leaf 
 
 A complete heading for any purpose should never be per- 
 formed in early summer, or while the tree is in the most ac- 
 tive stage of its growth. It causes a sudden stagnation of 
 the juices, and induces a sort of paralysis. And if the tree 
 does not die outright, it grows no more or but feebly, dur- 
 ing the remainder of the season. 
 
 Yet for that moderate pruning which alone is generally 
 needful, June and July and during the longest days of 
 summer, is the very best time; for wounds of all kinds heal 
 admirably at this period ; the wood remaining sound and 
 bright, and even a tree debarked at this season recovers a 
 new bark immediately. 
 
 Trees ought not to be pruned in February and March, at 
 the time the frost is coming out of the ground. This is 
 the season when most trees, and particularly the vine and 
 sugar maple, bleed most copiously and injuriously. It caus- 
 es inveterate canker, the wounds turn black, and the bark 
 for perhaps several feet below, becomes equally black, and 
 perfectly dead in consequence of the bleeding. 
 
 The lower side limbs, of young trees in the nursery, 
 should be gradually shortened, but not suddenly close-prun- 
 ed ; — they are essential for a time to strengthen the trunk, 
 and to the upright and perfect formation of the tree. 
 
NOXIOUS INSECTS. 49 
 
 SECTION XII. NOXIOUS INSECTS, ETC. 
 
 Subs. 1st. Aphis, Puceron, Vine Fretteh. Of 
 this genus of insects there are many varieties ; they prey 
 on the leaves of different plants. — Various modes for their 
 extermination have been successfully tried. Infusions of 
 tobacco-water, or of aloes, or elder leaves, or of cayenne 
 pepper, thrown on the leaves with a syringe is said to be 
 effectual. Willis's syringe is the best known for this pur- 
 pose. Sulphur dusted on them with a svvandown puff has 
 been highly recommended. Lime water answers in many 
 cases and even soap suds. — Lastly ; vinegar is a powerful 
 application. 
 
 Subs. 2d. Borer. The borer is a destructive worm, 
 which perforates the wood of the apple and quince at the 
 surface of the earth or a little below, where the bark is ten- 
 der. If the insects have once entered the tree, they must 
 be dug out, or destroyed by introducing a sharp flexible 
 wire, and the aperture must afterwards be filled with clay 
 or mortar. The eggs which produce this insect are depos- 
 ited from the last of April to the beginning of June. To pre- 
 vent their attacks and secure the trees effectually, nothing 
 more is necessary than to surround it, a little before the 
 season when the eggs are deposited, either with a small 
 conical mound of unleached ashes, or clay, or mortar, or 
 with a wrapper of brown paper, as recommended for the 
 peach. For small trees, a solution of two pounds of good 
 potash in seven quarts of water, applied with a brush, from 
 the height of a foot quite down to the surface, is a very 
 cheap, easy, and effectual mode of preserving trees from 
 their attacks, provided the application is made at the suit- 
 able season. 
 
 Subs. 3d. Curculio. The curculio, in those parts of 
 the country where it has gained a habitancy, is the most 
 destructive of all enemies to fruit. The curculio is a wing- 
 ed insect or beetle which rises from its earthy bed, and 
 chrysalis state, about the time the young fruit is forming 
 in spring. They crawl up the trees, and when sufficiently 
 numerous, they puncture, and deposit an egg in every 
 fruit, particularly those possessed of smooth skins, as the ap- 
 ricot, nectarine and plum. They are stated to continue 
 
50 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 their work of destruction till autumn ; the egg thus depos- 
 ited, soon hatches, and produces a worm, which preys on the 
 fruit, causing it in most cases to fall prematurely. With 
 those fruits which I have just named, the destruction is 
 usually almost total, in those parts of the country where 
 this insect abounds. Yet it is stated as a fact by Dr Til- 
 ton, that of two trees frequently standing so near each other 
 as to touch, the fruit of one has been destroyed and the 
 other has escaped ; so little and so reluctantly do these in- 
 sects incline to use their wings. After the fruit thus in- 
 jured, has prematurely fallen and gone to decay, the worms 
 descend into the earth, there they remain during the win- 
 ter in their chrysalis state, till the warmth of spring again 
 calls them forth to renew their depredations. The cherry, 
 though equally liable to their attacks, yet from the multi- 
 tude of fruits which they produce, and their early maturity, 
 usually escape with but a partial destruction ; and the peach 
 escapes in a great measure, from the rough and woolly na- 
 ture of its skin. — The apple, although equally obnoxious to 
 its attacks, frequently survives, although disfigured in its 
 form and lessened in its size. The pear, although sometimes 
 attacked, yet seems to escape the best of them all. 
 
 Various modes have been recommended and practised to 
 destroy this insect or avert its attacks. Some have recom- 
 mended kindling small and numerous fires in the orchard 
 by night, on the supposition that like the miller, they would 
 be attracted by the light, and precipitate themselves into 
 the flames. And some have asserted that the odor of tar 
 annoys and disconcerts them ; and have therefore recom- 
 mended to suspend slips of shingles to various parts of the 
 tree, which are to be frequently dipped in tar. — If the 
 odor of common tar, has, indeed, been found so efficacious 
 as is asserted, I would recommend that the coal tar, which 
 may be purchased at the gas works in all our principal 
 cities, be tried with the same intent. This last substance 
 has, it is asserted, an odor so lasting, and so powerful and 
 annoying, that experiments are making by gentlemen in 
 Nantucket, by covering with this substance the exposed 
 planks of their ships which sail to the Pacific, to preserve 
 them from the destruction caused by the sea worm. 
 
 It has been noticed, that trees situated in lanes and ex- 
 tensive yards, where numerous cattle are confined, gene- 
 rally escape the attacks of the curculio. This is supposed 
 
NOXIOUS INSECTS. 51 
 
 to be in part owing to the ground being trodden so hard 
 as to render it difficult for the worm to enter the earth, and 
 to the annoyance and fright to which this timid insect is 
 subjected, by the cattle rubbing against the trees. The 
 insects, according to Dr Tilton, in such cases of fright, 
 roll themselves into a little ball, and fall to the ground, 
 where they become liable, either to be trodden to death, or 
 devoured by the farm yard poultry as a delicious morsel. 
 Poultry of ail species have been recommended as very use- 
 ful, from the multitudes of insects they devour, they being 
 particularly fond of the beetle tribe. 
 
 A case is mentioned by Dr Tilton [see Dom. Ency.] of 
 Col. T. Forest, of Germantown, who having a fine plum 
 tree near his pump, tied a rope from the tree to his pump 
 handle, so that the tree was gently agitated every time there 
 was occasion to pump water. The consequence was, that 
 the fruit on this tree was preserved in the greatest perfection. 
 
 Hogs are stated to be extremely useful in orchards, by 
 devouring at once the fallen fruit and the insect which it 
 contains. And provided the hogs are sufficiently numerous 
 to devour every fallen fruit, they will shortly exterminate 
 the insects from the orchard in which they are permitted 
 to roam. 
 
 Paving the ground. This is said to be a most effectual 
 mode of preserving fruit from the attacks of the curculio ; 
 — by preventing its descent into the earth it finds no win- 
 ter habitation. The ground should first be well manured, 
 and the whole surface well paved with the common stones 
 which so often encumber the fields. The trees in this 
 case may be set very close. The excess of rain being 
 carried off by the pavement, and their luxuriance being 
 thus restrained, such trees must not only produce great 
 crops, but from the effect of the sun on the naked pave- 
 ment, the fruit must be of the finest quality. [See what 
 is further said under the article Vine.] 
 
 Subs. 4th. Slug Worm. These insects sometimes 
 appear on the upper surface of the leaves, especially those 
 of the pear, in the month of July ; and sometimes they ap- 
 pear again early in Autumn. They are covered WMth a 
 glutinous substance, and their destruction is easily effected, 
 by simply sifting slacked lime over them ; dry ashes howev- 
 er answers equally as well. For large trees, an oblong tin 
 
52 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 vessel, perforated at the bottom with numerous small holes, 
 and partly filled with lime or ashes, may be suspended by 
 a string from a long, slender and elastic pole. This being 
 shaken over a tree, distributes the lime amongst the leaves, 
 and the slugs are speedily destroyed. A man may go over 
 a large tree in a few minutes. 
 
 Subs. 5th. Wasps. Mr Bartram has recommended, 
 for the destruction of wasps which devour and puncture the 
 grapes in vineyards, that shallow vessels, containing sugar 
 and water, or molasses and water, should be placed on the 
 windward side of the vineyard. The sweet perfume at- 
 tracts them from a great distance from the leeward ; they 
 are thus destroyed, by partaking inordinately of the liquid, 
 
 Mr Knight has informed us, that the wasps disappeared 
 from his vine house, after he had surrounded it in part with 
 a hedge of the yew tree. 
 
 For the destruction of some other varieties of insects^ 
 see apple, pear, peach and plum. 
 
 Subs. 6th. The White Mealy Insect. This insect 
 is described by English writers as an insect of a most per- 
 nicious character, covering the trees and branches. It is 
 little known. I must refer to them for the remedies. 
 
 *' Take half a peck quick lime, half a pound of flour of 
 sulphur, and a quarter of a pound of lamp black. Mix the 
 whole together with as much boiling water as will form the 
 ingredients into a thick paint. This composition is recom- 
 mended to be applied to the stems and limbs of apple trees 
 which are infested with the White Mealy Insect, having 
 previously removed the moss and loose bark by scraping 
 them off with a strong knife or some other instrument 
 adapted to the purpose. 
 
 " In using the composition, it will be most efficacious if 
 applied in a warm state, or something more than blood 
 he at. "—LindleT/. 
 
 On young trees, Mr Lindley further informs us, " vine- 
 gar will effectually destroy this insect; but would be too ex- 
 pensive to be applied when the trees are large." 
 
APPLE. — (Pynu Mains.) 
 
 The apple is a large, wide spreading tree ; the leaves are 
 ovate ; the flowers, whiqh are produced on the wood or 
 spurs of the former year or of two years' growth, are in ter- 
 minating umbels ; the fruit is a roundish pome, its base 
 umbilicate, of a color varying from green or white to yel- 
 low, to red or violet — of a sweet or subacid flavor. 
 
 In its wild state it is denominated a crab-apple, and is a 
 thorny tree, with small leaves, and a small, unpleasant acid 
 fruit ; and from the crab-apple it is supposed all our finest 
 varieties have been produced by cultivation. The apple is 
 supposed to have been introduced into Britain by the Ro- 
 mans ; and although Mr Bartram has described a crab- 
 apple, a native of our country, the pyriis coronaria, a 
 globular formed, beautiful yellow fruit, an inch in diame- 
 ter, excellent for preserving, with blossoms of a gay and 
 beautiful appearance in spring, yet it is supposed that our 
 stock of apples originated not from this, but from Europe. 
 
 The apple is said to flourish in every part of the United 
 States, except the low lands of the maritime districts of 
 Carolina, Georgia, and Florida ; and the low prairies or 
 savannas bounding on the Gulf of Mexico. And good 
 judges assert that the apples of England and of the North 
 of France, are not to be compared for excellence of flavor, 
 to those produced in our climate. 
 
 USES. 
 
 Apples, when well ripened, form an exceedingly whole- 
 some food in their raw state ; and from the qualities which 
 they possess, their habitual use, according to Mr Knight, 
 destroys the artificial appetite for strong lerraented liquors 
 
 5* 
 
54 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 and the preparations of alcohol. They abate thirst, and 
 boiled or roasted, says Loudon, " they fortify a weak stom- 
 ach, and are excellent in dysentery, and equally efficacious 
 in putrid and malignant fevers, with the juice of lemons 
 and currants. Scopoli recovered from a weakness of the 
 stomach and indigestion by using them." Dr Willich has 
 also informed us {Dom. Ency.) that, '' In diseases of the 
 breast, such as catarrhs, coughs, consumptions, &c. in 
 their roasted, boiled, or stewed state, they are of consider- 
 able service. They may also be usefully employed in de- 
 coctions, which, if drank plentifully, tend to abate febrile 
 heat, as well as to relieve strictures in pectoral complaints." 
 The usual modes of cooking, or preparation for common 
 use, are too well known to need describing. 
 
 '* Deduit of Mazeres [Philips] has found that one third of 
 apple pulp, baked with two thirds of flour, having been 
 properly fermented with yeast for twelve hours, makes very 
 excellent bread, full of eyes, and extremely palatable. In 
 perfumery, the pulp beat up with lard forms pomatum. 
 And Bosc observes, that the prolonged stratification of apples 
 with elder flowers in a close vessel, gives the former an 
 odor of musk, extremely agreeable. An excellent je/^i/ is 
 thus prepared from them. They are pared, quartered, and 
 the core removed, and put in a closely covered pot, without 
 water, in an oven, or over a fire. When well stewed, the 
 juice is to be squeezed through a cloth, a little white of an 
 egg is added, and then sugar ; and lastly it is skimmed, and 
 by boiling reduced to a proper consistence. 
 
 Apples are preserved for winter use, by being quaitered, 
 and boiled in the unfermented juice of the apple, which 
 has been concentrated by long boiling ; but for this pur- 
 pose the boiling syrup of the sugar cane or molasses is pre- 
 ferred ; in some cases it is more economical. Apples are also 
 preserved by drying ; first, being pared by machinery con- 
 structed for this purpose, and quartered ; they are dried 
 either in the sun, or in ovens; in this state they may be 
 long preserved, and form a valuable article for domestic 
 use, for sea stores, or for exportation. 
 
 Mr Knight in his treatise on the apple and the pear has 
 informed us, that the juice of both these fruits may be used 
 advantageously on long voyages. He has often reduced it 
 by boiling to the consistence of weak jelly ; and in this way, 
 although intentionally exposed to the atmosphere of differ- 
 
APPLES. 55 
 
 ent temperatures, he has preserved it for several years 
 without the slightest change. In this concentrated state it 
 has been supposed that a few pounds added to a hogshead 
 of water might form a good liquor, similar to perry or cider. 
 It might also, as he supposes, answer as a substitute for the 
 rob of lemons and oranges, and at much less expense. 
 
 The late Hon. Timothy Pickering has related the ac- 
 count of the efficacy of sweet apples in the cure of a sick 
 horse : it is also stated that horses, cattle, and swine fatten 
 in a remarkably short space of time when fed on sweet ap- 
 ples. It is true, cattle may have been injured by breaking 
 into orchards and devouring at once an inordinate quantity 
 of the forbidden fruit : but this is equally true, when they 
 have broken into cornfields ; yet neither are injurious when 
 used as regular food. And it is thought by many that the 
 earliest fruit, the windfalls, may be more profitably con- 
 sumed by permitting cattle and swine regularly to range 
 the orchards, than by being gathered for the purposes of 
 distillation. 
 
 The unfermented juice of sweet apples is sometimes, by 
 boiling, converted into molasses, in those places where this 
 article is not easily obtained. But for the manufacture of 
 molasses it is not altogether improbable that the potato, 
 from some late experiments, may offer in future a much 
 more profitable resource. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 The varieties of apples are described in three classes. 
 
 Class I. — Varieties in cultivation in the United States. 
 
 Class II. — Select Foreign Varieties deserving trial 
 with us. 
 
 Class III. — Select Varieties for Northern Climes. 
 
 Note. Those described on the authority of Judge 
 Buel of the first class are considered by him as among the 
 best varieties of that country. 
 
A SELECT DESCRIPTIVE LIST 
 
 OF THE 
 
 APPLES IN CULTIVATION 
 JN THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 SUMMER APPLES. — CLASS I. 
 
 ^AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN. Mr Manning 
 The tree bears abundantly. The fruit is of medium 
 size, oblong ; of a bright red, streaked and blotched with 
 deeper red next the sun ; occasionally a fine yellow ground 
 is visible ; the flesh very tender, very juicy, fine flavored, 
 and excellent either for the dessert or for cooking. It 
 ripens the middle of August, and is highly deserving of 
 cultivation. 
 
 BEAU. Judge Buel. 
 
 " Fruit three inches in diameter, two and one fourth 
 deep. Eye in a regular and shallow cavity. Stalk short, 
 not projecting beyond the base. Skin yellowish green, 
 with a faint blush on the sun side, and dotted with white. 
 Flesh white and crisp. Juice abundant and agreeably acid. 
 A fine dessert and culinary fruit from end of Aug. to Oct." 
 
 *BENONI. 
 
 Medium sized, of a fine red color, flavor subacid and 
 good. One of the best apples of the season, ripening the 
 last of July. A native, introduced to notice by Mr E. M. 
 Richards, of Dedham. 
 
 CORSE'S FAVORITE. Corse. 
 
 Lately originated near Montreal — of extraordinary fla- 
 vor, as represented by Mr Corse ; it there ripens succes- 
 sively from August to October. 
 
 *EARLY SWEET BOUGH. 
 
 The size varies from medium to large ; the form is ob- 
 long ; the skin smooth, of a pale yellow color ; the stalk is 
 short ; the flesh is white, tender, juicy, sweet and excellent. 
 One of the very best dessert apples of its season, which is 
 early in August. 
 
SUMMER APPLES. CLASS I. 57 
 
 *EARLY HARVEST. 
 
 Prince's Hakvesi-, \ c r 
 
 Early French Reinnette, 5 ^^ '^•^^^• 
 
 The tree is of medium vigor ; not very productive. At 
 Salem this variety begins to show evident symptoms of 
 decay. A fruit above the medium size; globular, depress- 
 ed; of a pale yellow color; the flesh white, juicy, tender, 
 rather acid, but pleasant. Last of July. It is good for 
 cookino'. 
 
 According to the Pom. Mag. and 
 Lind. 
 
 EARLY RED JUNEATING 
 
 Early Red Margaret, 
 
 Early Striped Juneating 
 
 Eve Apple, of the Irish, 
 
 This is not the American variety of the same name. 
 The fruit is rather small ; rather oblong ; greenish yellow 
 in the shade, of a deep red color with streaks next the sun ; 
 the flesh is white, juicy, pleasantly acid. The last of July. 
 *MAIDEN'S BLUSH. 
 
 Hawthornden, according to some. 
 
 Fine specimens of this excellent fruit have been exhib- 
 ited by John Mackay, Esq. of Boston, raised on his farm 
 in Weston, and the premium of the Massachusetts Horti- 
 cultural Society was awarded to him on this fruit in 1833. 
 The fruit is very large and beautiful ; flattened ; the skin 
 smooth, of a yellow color in the shade, finely contrasted 
 with fine red next the sun ; the flesh white, tender and 
 sprightly ; remarkably light ; fine for the table or for cook- 
 ing. The tree bears certainly and abundantly. Mr Coxe 
 informs us that it is eminently qualified for drying and is a 
 very popular apple in the Philadelphia market. August to 
 October. 
 
 *PORTER. 
 
 The tree is of upright growth, of medium vigor ; a good 
 bearer. The fruit above the medium size, obloncr, lisjht 
 yellow, with a pale blush next the sun. Its flavor sprightly 
 and pleasant. A popular fruit in the Boston market. This 
 native fruit originated at Sherburne, Mass. on the grounds 
 of the Rev. Samuel Porter. 
 
 *?UMPKIN SWEETING, of New England. 
 
 The tree grows vigorous and upright — the leaves very 
 large. The fruit is very large, round, flattened, of a yel- 
 
58 NEAV AMERICAN ORCHARDI9T. 
 
 low russet color ; the flesh very sweet and excellent. It 
 ripens from August to October. 
 
 *RED ASTRACAN. 
 
 The leaves are long, these and the wood are of a purple 
 color. An eminently beautiful and very early apple of me- 
 dium size, nearly globular, of a rich crimson color covered 
 with fine bloom. The flesh is white, crisp, and juicy, of 
 agreeable flavor. A new Russian fruit, which proves fine 
 with us. 
 
 RED aUARRENDON. 
 
 Medium sized, globular or flattened ; of a deep red col- 
 or, approaching to purple, of a sprightly, pleasant and pe- 
 culiar flavor. A foreign fine fruit. It is productive at the 
 late Gov. Gore's. Aug. to Nov. 
 
 SAINT LAWRENCE. Corse. 
 
 •' A large, beautiful, and excellent fruit, ripening in Sep- 
 tember." It lately originated near Montreal, where the 
 fruit sells readily for from fifty to sixty cents a dozen. So 
 says Mr Corse, who has lately forwarded the scions. 
 
 SAPSON. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 Sapsonvine. 
 
 The fruit is of medium size; of a bright red color, deep- 
 ly stained in its flesh, which is very juicy and pleasant. A 
 very beautiful fruit, an abundant bearer, and much esteem- 
 ed. Ripe from August to October. 
 
 SOPSAVINE. 
 
 A very early summer fruit, of medium size ; covered with 
 stripes of red on a greenish yellow ground; a pleasant fruit, 
 ripening the last of July. Not very productive. 
 
 *SUMMER aUEEN. Coxe. M. 
 
 The tree grows vigorous, its branches incline downward ; 
 a great and constant bearer. The fruit is one of the most 
 beautiful known, and of the finest quality for the dessert, or 
 for cooking. It is large, contracted at the crown, fine yel- 
 low in the shade, striped with red ; fine deep red next the 
 sun. The flesh is yellow, rich, sweet, perfumed. It ripens 
 in August. 
 
 SUMMER ROSE. Coxe. 
 
 A medium sized beautiful fruit, of a round or flattened 
 form; of a bright shining yellow color, streaked or marbled 
 with red ; the flesh juicy, sweet, and excellent, either for 
 the dessert or for cooking. Early in August. 
 
APPLES. CLASS L AUTUMN. 59 
 
 ♦WILLIAMS' APPLE. 
 
 A beautiful fruit, of medium size and oblong form. Its 
 color deep red ; flavor sprightly and very pleasant. It ri- 
 pens the first of August and continues ripening to Septem- 
 ber. A native fruit, found on the farm of Maj. Benjamin 
 Williams of Roxbury. 
 
 AUTUxMN FRUIT.— CLASS I. 
 
 AMERICAN NONPAREIL. Coxe. 
 
 A beautiful and excellent fruit. Medium sized, oblong; 
 contracted at its summit ; of a yellow color, streaked and 
 stained with bright red next the sun. Externally it resem- 
 bles the Hubbardston Nonsuch. The flesh is white, firm, 
 juicy, and good. October and November. 
 
 AUNT'S APPLE. Coxe. 
 
 The tree grows feeble, but bears most abundantly. The 
 fruit is beautiful, large, oblong. The skin is smooth, streak- 
 ed with lively red on a yellow ground ; the flesh yellow, 
 melting and juicy; of an agreeable flavor, but not rich. A 
 popular market fruit, cultivated extensively in the Eastern 
 counties of Pennsylvania. November. 
 
 *BOXFORD OR TOWNE. M. 
 
 A very superior fruit — large, flat, and striped with red 
 on a yellow ground. The flesh is tender, and the flavor 
 excellent. A new variety which originated on the farm of 
 Mr Peter Towne in Boxford, Mass. The fruit ripens in 
 September and October, and the tree is a great bearer. 
 
 CATLINE. Coxe. 
 
 The tree bears young, and abundantly; it is of feeble 
 growth. A fine dessert fruit, rather small, flat ; bright yel- 
 low in the shade, beautiful red next the sun ; the flesh is 
 pale yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, rich. October to winter. 
 
 CORSE'S INDIAN PRINCE. Corse. 
 
 A seedling, very lately originated by Henry Corse, Esq. 
 at Montreal. It is thus described by him — '• Large and 
 very handsome, of very peculiar and good flavor." 
 
 CUMBERLAND SPICE. Coxe. 
 
 The tree vigorous, and productive. A fine dessert fruit. 
 
60 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 large, rather oblong, contracted towards the summit ; the 
 stalk thick and short ; ofa pale yellow color, clouded near 
 the base ; the flesh white, tender and fine. It ripens in 
 Autumn and keeps till winter, and shrivels in its last stages. 
 *DRAP DOR OF FRANCE, of Coxe and Ronald, but 
 not of Duh. Mr Manning. 
 The tree is a most productive variety. The fruit fine 
 and highly deserving of cultivation. It is very large, hand- 
 some, of globular form, compressed a little at summit and 
 base; the stalk short; ofa fine yellow color, with occa- 
 sional faint blotches; flesh white, firm, and of good flavor. 
 Season, September, October and November. 
 
 *DYER. 
 
 So named for Messrs Dyer, of Cranston, R.I., and the gen- 
 tleman who has lately brought this fruit into notice in Mas- 
 sachusetts. A large apple, round, of a yellowish white in 
 the shade, slightly colored with red next the sun ; the flesh 
 white, juicy, of a rich, saccharine, subacid and excellent 
 flavor ; a superior fruit, ripening in October. It is some- 
 times called Woodstock. 
 
 FALL PIPPIN. Coxe. Pom. Mag. 
 
 American Fall. 
 
 Rf.innette Blanche D'Espagne. 
 
 D'EspAGNE, De Rateau,. Cobbett's Fall, Concombhe An- 
 ciEN. According to Pom. Mag. 
 
 This is said to be the national apple of Spain, there call- 
 ed Camuesar. The tree is an abundant bearer. The fruit 
 one of the finest and most beautiful of its season ; it is very 
 large, roundish oblong, ribbed at its sides, the stalk very 
 short; the skin smooth, ofa yellowish color, but brownish 
 red next the sun ; the flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, with a 
 very rich, sugary, high flavored juice. It ripens in Octo- 
 ber and keeps till winter. 
 
 FAMEUSE. 
 
 Pom ME DE Neige. 
 
 A middle sized fruit, of globular or flattened form; the 
 stalk short, deep sunk; the skin light green, stained with 
 bright red, with small dark red streaks; deep red next the 
 sun. Flesh white as snow, very tender ; juice saccharine 
 with a musky perfume. Ripe in October. A dessert apple 
 of a most beautiful appearance. It undoubtedly originated 
 in Canada. 
 
AUTUMN APPLES. CLASS I. 61 
 
 ^GOLDEN RUSSET. 
 
 The tree is very productive. The fruit of medium size ; 
 globular; of a golden russet color ; rich, juicy, high flavor- 
 ed and excellent. A superior fruit, ripening in November. 
 A variety received of Mr David Towne of Topsfield, Mass. 
 There are several inferior varieties of this name. 
 
 (C) *GRAVENSTEIN. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Some assign this fruit to Italy, some to Gravenstein in 
 Holstein ; it is said to be the best apple in Germany. The 
 tree grows vigorous and is very productive. The fruit is 
 large, round, but varying in form, angular at the crown ; 
 the eye in a broad deep knobby cavity ; the stalk very 
 short, deep sunk ; color clear straw or yellow, with broken 
 stripes of red next the sun. The flesh pale yellow, crisp, 
 with a juice, vinous and high flavored, fragrant and deli- 
 cious. Not only a first rate dessert fruit, but its abundant 
 juice, affords excellent cider ; and it is excellent for drying. 
 It ripens in autumn and will keep till into winter. A spe- 
 cies of Calville — some suppose there are two varieties. — 
 Gorham Parsons, Esq. has here exhibited specimens of the 
 fruit, and Gen. Dearborn through Capt. DeWolf of R. I. 
 has also introduced the trees from Copenhagen. 
 
 JENNINGS' SWEET. Dr S. Plildreth. 
 
 A large and most beautiful fruit ; yellow, striped with 
 bright red ; sweet and fine — very fine for baking. The 
 tree is a great and constant bearer. The fruit originated 
 on the farm of Mr Jennings at Marietta, Ohio. October 
 and November. 
 *KENRICK. 
 
 The tree is of medium vigor, compact form, and very pro- 
 ductive. A large round fruit; pale green in the shade, 
 bright red next the sun ; the flesh stained occasionally with 
 red, is tender ; the juice abundant, of a rich, subacid, and 
 excellent flavor, A native, which originated on the farm 
 of my father in Newton. 
 
 *KILLAM HILL. 
 
 A beautiful native fruit from Essex county — one of the 
 most popular in the Salem market. A large, round apple, 
 striped with bright red, deep red next the sun : the flesh 
 very rich; juice abundant, of a pleasant, subacid and ex- 
 cellent flavor. Season October and November 
 
 6 
 
63 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 *LYSCOM. 
 
 A large fruit, striped with red, of excellent quality. It 
 ripens in October, and originated in Southboro', Worcester 
 county, and was introduced by L. Peters, Esq. This fruit 
 is by some called Osgood's Favorite. 
 
 LONDONDERRY. 
 
 A very large, round fruit, rather flattened, and covered 
 with stripes of deep red ; the flesh breaking, the juice 
 abundant, of a very rich, subacid and superior flavor. A 
 native of Londonderry, N. H. The tree bears well at Capt. 
 Chandler's in Lexington. 
 
 NEWARK KING. Coxe. 
 
 A large, beautiful fruit ; oblong, contracted towards the 
 crown ; with a smooth skin, of a red color dotted with yel- 
 low ; of a pleasant flavor. The tree is of vigorous growth, 
 spreading, and an abundant bearer. It ripens in autumn 
 and keeps till into winter. 
 
 *ORANGE SWEETING. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 The fruit is rather large, flattened at its base and sum- 
 mit ; the color yellow or orange ; flesh very sweet and ex- 
 cellent. It ripens in September and keeps till December. 
 This fruit is in high estimation at Providence, where it is 
 brought in sloops from Hartford, Conn. Highly esteemed 
 ere, and wherever known. 
 
 RAMBO, OR ROMANITE. Coxe, No. 26. 
 
 This apple is much cultivated in Delaware, Pennsylvania 
 and New Jersey ; its form is flat, the size middling, the 
 skin pale yellow, with faint red streaks towards the sun ; the 
 flesh tender and sprightly ; it is much admired as a cooking 
 apple — and is a fine table fruit. It ripens in the fall and 
 keeps several months — a highly popular fruit in the Phil- 
 adelphia market. 
 RED CALVILLE. 
 
 Calville Rouge d'Automne. Bon Jard. 
 This fruit is of medium size, very beautiful ; of conical 
 form ; of a fine red color, deep red or crimson next the 
 sun. The flesh stained with red, of a vinous and sweet 
 taste, and the perfume of violets. It ripens in September, 
 and keeps till winter. 
 
 RED AND GREEN SWEETING. Coxe. 
 Prince's Large Red and Green Sweeting. Coxe. 
 The fruit is very large, of a yellow color striped with 
 
AUTUMN APPLES. CLASS I. 63 
 
 red : covered with deep red next the sun ; the form oblong, 
 
 somewhat contracted towards the summit; the stalk short; 
 
 the flesh tender and sweet ; a very fine fruit, ripening in 
 
 September. 
 
 *SAWYER SWEETING. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 This fruit is as large as the R. I. Greening ; its color 
 green in the shade, with a blush next the sun ; it is melt- 
 ing and of a delicious flavor. The tree grows strong and 
 healthy, and the fruit ripens in October and November. 
 SEEK NO FURTHER, of Autumn. 
 
 The tree is of medium vigor ; its branches incline 
 downwards ; a moderate bearer. The fruit is large, round, 
 or conical, of a greenish yellow color, covered wdth broken 
 stripes of red, especially next the sun ; the flesh yellow, 
 tender, juicy, rich, subacid and excellent. October and 
 November. A New England variety. 
 
 SPICE SWEETING. Judge Buel. 
 
 Fruit large and fiiir ; three and one fourth inches by 
 two and three fourths. Skin pale yellow. Flesh tender, 
 juicy, and of a spicy, rich flavor. * Season from September 
 till October. 
 
 STROAT. Judge Buel. 
 
 Above medium size ; rather conical, and regular formed; 
 the skin smooth, yellowish green. The flesh yellow, un- 
 commonly tender and juicy, and of rich flavor. Judge 
 Buel esteems this superior to any other Autumn fruit. It 
 originated at Kingston, N. Y. 
 
 TRIANGLE. Mr Little. 
 
 A variety received of Henry Little, Esq. of Ellsworth, 
 Me. It originated on the farm of his father, in Salem, 
 N. H. where it is held in high esteem. He describes it as 
 follows: — A large, yellowish green apple; conical or 
 pointed ; the stalk deeply sunk ; of a slightly acid, pleas- 
 ant flavor. It ripens in Septemi)er and keeps till winter. 
 The tree grows large, in fine form, and bears well. 
 *YELLOW INGESTRIE. 
 
 The tree bears early and abundantly. The fruit is 
 small, round, of a bright gold color, with pearly specks. 
 Flesh yello.vish white, tender, delicate, juicy, rich and 
 high flavored. September and October. Raised by Mr 
 Knight. An eminently beautiful apple, which Judge Buel 
 
64 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 has observed, bids fair to rival the Pomme d'Api as a 
 fashionable fruit. 
 YORK RUSSETTING. 
 
 Remarkably large, conically formed, and swollen to- 
 wards the base. Of a yellow color, russetted : the flesh 
 breaking, juicy, subacid and good. Valuable as a market 
 fruit, for cooking, and other purposes. October to Decem- 
 ber. The tree grows strong. The leaves are large. 
 
 WINTER FRUIT. ~ CLASS I. 
 
 AMERICAN GOLDEN PIPPIN. Judge Buel. 
 
 A large, yellow, winter fruit, of an agreeable flavor, and 
 highly prized. It has but recently come into notice, but 
 promises to become a standard fruit. 
 *^SOPUS SFITZENBERG. 
 
 Large, very beautiful and excellent. The tree grows 
 upright ; the young wood is slender and dark. It is very 
 productive. The fruit is oblong, covered with deep scarlet, 
 deepening to dark crimson next the sun. The flesh juicy, 
 of a rich pleasant acid, and high flavor: a celebrated fruit. 
 Season December to March. It originated at New York. 
 The Flusliing Spitzenberg differs from this, in being round 
 or flat, and the young wood strong and red, and the tree a 
 bad bearer. . 
 *BALDWIN. 
 
 This capital variety is a native of Massachusetts ; a 
 large, beautiful, and famous fruit. The tree grows vigor- 
 ous, upright, and handsome. The fruit is round, of a pale 
 color in the shade, fine scarlet or crimson next the sun ; 
 sometimes red on every side. The flesh is white, breaking, 
 juicy, rich, saccharine, with a most agreeable acid, and 
 excellent flavor. The tree bears enormously every other 
 year, and in the interval, occasionally a moderate crop. 
 
 No apple in the vicinity of Boston is so popular as this, 
 at the present day. It is raised in large quantities for the 
 market. It ripens in November and may be preserved till 
 February and March, and is recommended for extensive 
 cultivation. 
 BALTIMORE. Hort. Trans, vol. in. p. 120. 
 
 A remarkably large apple, raised by Mr Smith near the 
 
Winter apples. — class i. 65 
 
 city of Baltimore. A large specimen measured in circum- 
 ference fourteen inches and three quarters, and in height 
 four inches. Its weight twentythree ounces and a half 
 Its form flat ; skin a pale citron, with a faint blush next 
 the sun. Flesh well flavored and close at the core. 
 BEAUTY OF THE WEST. Judge Buel. 
 
 *' A very large, fair, and fine flavored sweet apple, pre- 
 sented to me by Mr Morgan, in Jan. and kept till March." 
 
 *BELLFLOWER. 
 
 Yellow Bellflower. 
 
 A large and beautiful fruit, of an oblong or conical 
 form ; of a bright yellow color, with an occasional blush 
 next the sun. The flesh tender, juicy, rich, and finely 
 flavored, and alike excellent for the dessert or for cooking. 
 It ripens in November and will keep all winter. The 
 pericarpium at maturity is very large, and the seeds rattle 
 when shaken. 
 BELMONT. 
 
 A new and very beautiful fruit, of first rate quality. It 
 was raised in Belmont, Ohio. Specimens brought from 
 Rockport, Cayuga Co. in Ohio, were sent to the Massa- 
 chusetts Horticultural Society in Jan. 1834, by Charles 
 Olmstead, Esq. of East Hartford, Conn. It is large, round, 
 but broadest at the base ; the stalk is short ; of a pale 
 straw color, with brown specks, and a faint blush next the 
 sun. The flesh tender, juicy, with a rich subacid and ex- 
 cellent flavor. It keeps till March. 
 *BLUE PEARMAIN. 
 
 A large beautiful fruit [not uncommon near Boston] ; of 
 a dark red color, and covered with a dense blue bloom; it 
 is good for the table, excellent for cooking, and ripens from 
 October to January. The tree grows strong and healthy, 
 and is very productive. 
 
 CHANDLER. Gen. Chandler. 
 
 The tree is of low growth, and wonderfully productive. 
 The branches very slender and drooping, like the weeping 
 willow ; they are covered with the fruit in thick clusters. 
 A variety which originated on the farm of Mr Francis 
 Richardson, in Chelmsford, Mass. It was introduced to 
 notice by Gen. Samuel Chandler, of Lexington, who has 
 exhibited specimens to the Massachusetts Horticultural 
 Society. 
 
 6* 
 
66 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDISf» 
 
 COS OR CAAS. Judge Buel. 
 
 Large, round, depressed at the base and crown ; its form 
 inclined. Eye large, in a broad, slightly angular cavity. 
 The stalk short, thick, in a deep, broad hollow. The skin 
 as smooth as oil, pale yellow, with stripes and specks of red ; 
 stripes and blotches of bright scarlet, dotted with yellow 
 next the sun. The flesh nearly white, tender ; juice sweet 
 and agreeable. December to March. Mr Buel farther 
 states that it is a native of Kingston, N. Y. and a great 
 favorite. 
 
 CRAAM OR KRAAM. Judge Buel. 
 
 "A medium sized sweet apple, in very high repute 
 among the Dutch for winter use." Its color green while 
 immature. 
 
 CROW'S EGG. 
 
 A remarkably dense apple ; oval, or egg formed ; of me- 
 dium size. The skin very smooth, and covered with ir- 
 regular and broken stripes of pale red on a yellow ground ; 
 the flesh very firm, juicy, of a rich and excellent flavor. A 
 variety received of Mr Abijah Fisher of Dedham. 
 
 *DANVERS WINTER SWEET. 
 
 Eppes Sweet. 
 
 The tree is very productive. The fruit large and beau- 
 tiful ; of a bright yellow color, with a faint blush next the 
 sun ; the flesh very sweet and excellent ; fine for the table 
 and baking. It ripens in winter and keeps till April. A 
 profitable apple to raise for the market, and recommended 
 for extensive cultivation. The original tree is growing on 
 the farm of W. P. Endicot, Esq. in Danvers, near Salem. 
 Introduced by Mr Manning. 
 
 DARTMOUTH SWEETING. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 Honey Greening. 
 
 A large fruit, of a roundish form, contracted towards the 
 summit ; of a pale green color, slightly colored with red 
 next the sun ; the flesh sweet, rich, with a slight and 
 agreeable acid. This fruit is esteemed by many, the best 
 of all sweet apples, and by some the best of all apples. It 
 keeps till May, and the tree is productive. 
 
 DOMINI. Judge Buel. 
 
 "Above medium size ; the skin greenish yellow, clouded 
 with brown blotches ; the flesh crisp, the flavor highly 
 agreeable." At Kingston, N. Y. it held the first rank as 
 a winter fruit. 
 
WINTER APPLES. CLASS I. 67 
 
 DUTCH CODLIN * 
 
 French Codlin. Forsyth. 
 
 Glory of the West, of some collections. 
 
 Fruit very large, oblong, with five ribs extending from 
 the base to the crown ; stalk short and thick ; skin yellow, 
 but of an orange color next the sun. Flesh white, rather 
 dry, juice a little sugary or subacid. A culinary apple 
 from Michaelmas to Christmas. 
 ^GARDNER SWEETING. 
 
 The tree grows slow, but is very productive. The fruit 
 is above the medium size, round, of a pale color, covered 
 with small specks ; a bright blush next the sun. The flesh 
 firm, very sweet and excellent. A fine fruit from Decem- 
 ber to March. 
 
 GOLDEN PEARMAIN. Coxe. Py. Malus. 
 Ruckman's Golden Pearmain. Red Russet. lb. 
 
 The fruit is of medium size, flattened ; skin russetted ; 
 of a dull red color next the sun ; the flesh tender, rich, but 
 not abounding in juice. A great and constant bearer. — 
 This variety is valuable for cider. 
 
 GREEN SWEETING. Thacher's American Orchard- 
 ist and N. E. Farmer, Vol. vin. p. 121. 
 A large handsome apple of surpassing excellence, abound- 
 ing in rich syrupy juice. It retains its soundness and fla- 
 vor even till the middle of June and July. It is an excel- 
 lent apple for baking, more uniform and abundant in its 
 bearing than trees in general, and is highly deserving of 
 cultivation. It is supposed to have originated in the old 
 Plymouth colony. 
 
 GREEN NEWTOWN PIPPIN. 
 
 The tree grows very slow, the branches are very slender; 
 the bark very rough. The fruit is of medium size, rather 
 flattened. Prominent, obtuse, and unequal ribs at the 
 crown, extend, diminishing towards the base. Of a dull 
 green color, changing to yellow at maturity ; thin russet 
 covering the base. The flesh pale yellow ; juice very sac- 
 charine,of an aromatic and very rich flavor, with a lively acid. 
 The tree is a great bearer. The fruit retains its flavor and 
 juices till June. This fruit originated at Newtown on 
 Long Island. It has long been celebrated in New York 
 and the Middle States, as one of the first of all apples. Yet 
 to the north of those States,and at Boston, it has never been 
 
68 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 SO highly esteemed nor so extensively cultivated, as many 
 other native fruits, which have since arisen. 
 HAMPSHIRE GREENING. Judge Buel. 
 
 On excellent authority, this variety stands in the very 
 first class of apples. On that of an Elder, a great traveller, 
 and himself possessing a nursery of many valuable varieties. 
 HEREFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN. Coxe. Py. Mai. 
 
 Winter Pearmain. Sjn. Coxe. 
 
 The fruit is above the medium size, slightly ribbed, of 
 a yellow color, covered with bright stripes of red ; deep 
 red next the sun ; the flesh very juicy and high flavored. 
 A beautiful and excellent apple, either for the dessert or 
 for cooking. October to April. Mr Coxe has added, that 
 this variety^is supposed to be the most hardy, and uniformly 
 productive apple, of the Middle States. The tree grows 
 handsome. 
 *HUBBAPvDSTON NONSUCH. 
 
 A new and most superior variety, which originated in 
 Hubbardston, Mass. and is esteemed very superior to any 
 other fruit known here, which bears the name of Nonsuch. 
 The tree grows vigorous, large, branching and handsome : 
 a prodigious bearer. The fruit is large, globular, or con- 
 ical ; of a yellow color in the shade, but mostly covered 
 with ii regular, small and broken stripes of pale red ; bright 
 red next'^the sun; the flesh yellow, juicy, rich, sweet, re- 
 lieved by a slight acid, and excellent. This capital variety 
 ripens in December and keeps till February, and is recom- 
 mended for general cultivation. 
 
 *JONATHAN. Judge Buel. 
 
 Philip^ Rick, of the Kingston orchards. 
 
 A nevv winter fruit, which for its eminent beauty and 
 excellence, is admired above all others by good judges, 
 in Albany and its vicinity. The fruit is round, two and 
 a half inches in diameter, regular shaped, the eye in a 
 broad deep cavity. The stem three fourths of an inch, 
 slender, in a deep round cavity. The skin thin, pale 
 red, blended with yellow, and deepening into bright 
 red' and dark purple next the sun. Flesh very tender, 
 white, occasionally tinged with red. Juice very abundant, 
 rich, and highly flavored. Named for Jonathan Har- 
 brauck, Esq.^from whom Mr Buel first received this ex- 
 cellent fruit. The original tree is now growing on the 
 
WINTER APPLES. CLASS I. 69 
 
 farm of Mr Philip Rick, of Woodstock, Ulster Co., N. Y. 
 This description of Mr Buel perfectly corresponds with 
 the fruit which he sent me in January, 1834. 
 LADY APPLE. 
 
 POMME d'ApI. 
 
 The tree grows upright, but slowly ; the fruit in clus- 
 ters. It is very small, but very beautiful; rather flattened ; 
 the skin is smooth, of a beautiful yellow in the shade, deep 
 red next the sun ; the flesh firm, of a pleasant taste, but 
 not high flavored. November to March. 
 
 LEMON PIPPIN. Dr S. P. Hildreth. 
 
 A fruit of good size, of a yellow color, russetted next 
 the sun ; flesh juicy, aromatic, and breaking ; and one of 
 the best of dessert fruits ; its form is that of a lemon. 
 The tree is a great and constant bearer, and the fruit 
 keeps till January. It originated at Marietta, Ohio. 
 
 *MACKAY SWEETING. 
 
 A fine native fruit, exhibited at the Massachusetts Hor- 
 ticultural Society, by John Mackay, Esq. of Boston, the 
 produce of his farm in Weston. A large and beautiful 
 fruit, of a globular form, and fine bright straw color ; 
 sweet, slightly acid, and of fine flavor. It keeps well in 
 winter. 
 MAMMOTH. Py. Mai. 
 
 A remarkably large variety of the Newtown Pippin, of 
 an oblong but irregular shape ; straw color flushed with 
 light red ; the flesh breaks easy and bakes well ; it keeps 
 till February or March. The tree grows upright, with 
 broad leaves. This is believed to be an American variety. 
 MARarilSE. Dr Fiske. 
 
 The fruit is of handsome size, of a red color ; the flesh 
 melting, juicy, and of very fine flavor. The tree is of up- 
 right growth, a good bearer, and the fruit keeps till April. 
 Such is the account of the Hon. O. Fiske, of Worcester, 
 Mass. where this fruit lately originated, and where it is 
 stated, this variety is by good judges, regarded as one of the 
 finest of apples. 
 MARIGOLD. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 Very handsome, of medium size ; striped with red on a 
 yellow ground ; the flesh yellow, rich, saccharine, subacid, 
 and fine flavored. The fruit keeps till June. The tree? 
 
70 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 do not come suddenly into bearing, but afterwards bear 
 good crops. 
 
 MICHAEL HENRY PIPPIN. Coxe. 
 
 The fruit is large and handsome, oblong, flattened at the 
 base, contracted towards the summit, of a bright yellow 
 color; the flesh is tender, juicy, rich, and high flavored. 
 It ripens in November and keeps well all winter. The 
 tree is upright and handsome, of vigorous growth. It 
 derives its name from that of a resident of New Jersey, 
 who brought it into notice. 
 
 MONSTROUS PIPPIN. Coxe. 
 
 New York Glohia Mundi. Van Dyne. 
 
 A fruit of uncommon size, some have weighed over 27 
 ounces. The skin smooth, yellow, with numerous spots of 
 white ; the stalk short and deeply inserted ; the eye very 
 deep. The flesh white, tender, juicy, and good, but not 
 high flavored. Excellent for cooking. Only a few trees 
 of this kind are recommended to enter into a good collec- 
 tion, as from the weight of the fruit it is liable to be blown 
 down by high winds. It originated on Long Island. 
 MORGAN'S FAVORITE. Judge Buel. 
 
 " A variety received with the Beauty of the West, of 
 Mr Morgan, and which he considers a superior kind. It 
 is nearly as large as the Russian Alexander, and somewhat 
 resembles it in color and shape." 
 
 MURPHY. Mr Manning. 
 
 The wood is of a remarkably dark color. The fruit of 
 the same handsome size as the Baldwin, but of a darker 
 red, covered with dark red stripes, and numerous blotches 
 of darker red next the sun ; its flavor excellent. Raised 
 from seed by Mr David Murphy, of Salem, Mass. It rip- 
 ens in November and keeps till January. 
 
 *ORTLEY. 
 
 A native of New Jersey. It resembles the yellow New- 
 town Pippin in its fine flavor and form, but is more oval. 
 The eye large, not deeply sunk ; the stalk slender and 
 deeply inserted. Color bright clear yellow, but changing 
 to bright scarlet next the sun. The flesh yellowish, crisp 
 and breaking; juice abundant and fine. An excellent 
 fruit. Season December to April. 
 
 PECK'S PLEASANT. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 This fruit is one of the most saleable apples in the mar- 
 
WINTER APPLES. CLASS I. 71 
 
 ket of Providence ; the skin is smooth, of a yellow color in 
 the shade, with a blush next the sun ; the flavor is pleasant 
 and good ; an excellent dessert fruit. It ripens from 
 November to February. 
 
 *PENNOCK'S RED WINTER. 
 
 The tree bears constantly and abundantly. The fruit is 
 large and handsome, generally flattened, and its form in- 
 clined ; of a deep crimson color, with indistinct streaks of 
 yellow in the shade ; dark blotches next the sun. The 
 flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. Season 
 November to March. A superior native fruit, highly de- 
 serving of cultivation. Some here esteem it equal to the 
 Baldwin. A popular apple in the Philadelphia market. 
 PICKMAN. R. M , Esq. 
 
 A fruit of a globular form, and of a straw color ; its 
 flavor combined with a good portion of acidity, is very rich 
 and good. A winter fruit, fine for the table or for cooking. 
 Very productive and deserving of cultivation. This is 
 much cultivated by Mr Ware at or near Salem, who thinks 
 it a native. 
 POMME GRISE. 
 
 A small round fruit, of a russetty yellow color ; of an 
 excellent subacid flavor. It keeps till winter. 
 POWNAL SPITZENBERG. Judge Buel. 
 
 So named from its native place, Pownal, in Vermont, 
 where the original tree is now growing — also from its 
 resemblance to the ^sopus Spitzenberg. It is esteemed 
 a very superior winter fruit. 
 PRIESTLEY. Coxe. 
 
 This fruit is large ; the skin smooth, of a dull red color, 
 striped and spotted with pale green ; of an oblong form ; 
 the flesh is white, of a pleasant aromatic flavor ; an excel- 
 lent fruit for the dessert or cooking ; the tree is a great 
 bearer and the fruit ripens in December and keeps all win- 
 ter. This variety originated, according to Mr Coxe, in 
 Pennsylvania, and was first cultivated by a Mr Priestley. 
 
 REINETTE BAUMANN. 
 
 A new and beautiful fruit of medium size and flattened 
 form ; the color next the sun is brilliant red ; the flavor 
 good. The tree bears abundantly, and the fruit keeps well. 
 
72 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 *RHODE ISLAND GREENING. 
 
 Jersey or Burling.ton Greening, of Coxe. 
 
 A very large fruit, flattened at its base and summit ; at 
 maturity of a yellowish green color, covered with dark 
 clouds or blotches; the flesh yellow, tender, rich, juicy, of 
 an agreeable flavor in which acid predominates. The 
 fruit is at maturity from September to March. This tree 
 is a most abundant bearer every other year, and has been 
 on this account most extensively cultivated in Rhode Island 
 and Massachusetts, and is here preferred for its productive- 
 ness to the Green Newtown Pippin. 
 RIBSTON PIPPIN. 
 
 Formosa Pippin, Hort. Trans. 
 
 Glory of York, Hort. Soc. Cat, 
 
 Esteemed by the English a very first rate fruit. A fine 
 fruit with us, but it bears the reputation of a bad bearer. 
 Middle sized, globular ; pale yellow, mottled with red next 
 the sun ; thinly russetted at the crown ; flesh firm, pale, 
 saccharine, agreeably acid, rich, aromatic. December to 
 February. 
 
 RED SEEK NO FURTHER. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 A large round fruit, contracted towards the summit; of 
 a fine deep red color. The flavor svv'eet and excellent, 
 relieved by a slight acid. It ripens in October and keeps 
 till March, The tree is a very great bearer. A Rhode 
 Island fruit. 
 
 ROBERTS. 
 
 A new and fine variety which originated on the farm of 
 the Rev. Mr Roberts, of Weston, and the fruit was intro- 
 duced to notice by Mr Jonathan Warren of that place. 
 The young wood is slender, the tree droops like the willow 
 and is abundantly productive. The fruit is large, streaked 
 with red, and of very fine flavor. It keeps well. 
 "*ROXBURY RUSSETTING. 
 
 'J'his fine old variety is a native of Massachusetts. A 
 large fruit, of a globular or flattened form ; of a brownish 
 yellow russet color, with an occasional blush next the sun ; 
 the skin rough; the flesh white, juicy, rich, subacid and 
 excellent^ an old and famous variety, a great and constant 
 bearer ; it seldom fails. Great quantities of this fruit are 
 raised in the neighborhood of Boston, for the market and 
 for exportation, and although the Baldwin, the Ilubbards* 
 
WINTER APPLES. CLASS I. 73 
 
 ton Nonsuch, and perhaps some other winter fruits, far 
 exceed this variety in beauty, and excellence of flavor, and 
 at least equal it in productiveness, the Roxbury Russet 
 surpasses them in its property of long keeping. They are 
 fit for use in winter, and keep till June or July. 
 
 SCALLOPED GILLYFLOWER. Judge Buel. 
 
 *' Described by good judges as far excelling the Black 
 Gillyflower, and much resembling the Cornish variety as 
 figured in the Pom. Mag," 
 
 *SWAAR. Judge Buel. 
 
 *' The Swaar and the Jonathan are esteemed equal, at 
 least, if not superior to the Newtown Pippins and Spitzen- 
 bergs. It is of medium size, round, two and three fourths 
 deep and three inches in diameter. Eye medium sized, 
 closed by the calyx. Stalk three fourths of an inch, slen- 
 der, deeply inserted. Skin greenish yellow, deepening to 
 blush next the sun ; thickly dotted with brown specks, 
 intermixed with some of scarlet. Flesh nearly white, firm, 
 heavy, and juicy. Juice rich, and and highly agreeable. 
 Ripe from December to April. Mr Coxe speaks of this 
 as an uncommon fine fruit. Swaar, he informs us, implies 
 heavy, in the Low Dutch, 
 
 WHITE SPITZENBERG. Judge Buel. 
 
 A beautiful, fair, and fine flavored fruit, about the size 
 of the yEsopus Spitzenberg. It lasts during winter, and 
 commands a good price in our market. 
 
 *WINE APPLE. Coxe. Mr Manning. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 Hay's Apple, Coxe syn. 
 
 The tree grows large and handsome, and bears abun- 
 dantly. The fruit is very large and beautiful ; bright red 
 next the sun, occasionally a few small stripes and blotches 
 of yellow appear in the shade; the form is globular, a 
 little flattened, ; the flesh rich and excellent. It ripens 
 the last of October, and may be kept till February or 
 March. A very fine and productive apple and highly de- 
 serving of cultivation, and one among the best of apples. 
 Mr Coxe has stated that in New Jersey it is variously call- 
 ed Large Winter Red and The Fine Winter ; that it is 
 not only an admired table fruit, but excellent for cooking 
 as well as for cider ; and is one of the most saleable 
 apples in the Philadelphia market. 
 7 
 
74 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 *WINTER SWEETING. 
 
 Seaver Sweeting. Grafton Sweeting. 
 
 The tree grows vigorous and upright, and bears abun- 
 dantly. The fruit is round or conical ; bright pale yellow, 
 with a blush next the sun ; the skin smooth ; flesh yellow, 
 juicy, sweet, and fine flavored. Very valuable as a dessert 
 fruit, or for baking. November to March. 
 
 WINTER WHITE CALVILLE. 
 
 Calville Blanche d'Hiver. Duh Bonnet Carre'. lb. 
 
 This fruit is large, of a bright yellow color, with a 
 bright red blush next the sun ; its form rather flat and rib- 
 bed ; flesh white, tender, and pleasant, and worthy of 
 cultivation. It ripens in November, and keeps till March. 
 
 YELLOW NEWTOWN PIPPIN. 
 
 A large flat fruit, of a bright yellow color, with a faint 
 blush next the sun. The flesh breaking, juicy, agreeably 
 acid, and fine flavored. It keeps during the winter. The 
 tree grows more vigorous, and the fruit appears to be in 
 greater esteem about Boston than the green variety. 
 YORK SWEET WATER. Genesee Farmer. 
 
 A new variety, originated in York, Livingston Co., N. 
 Y. The tree is stated to be an abundant and annual 
 bearer. The fruit very remarkable for its beauty, size, 
 and excellent flavor ; its juice very abundant. 
 
 CLASS I. — SECTION IV. 
 
 CELEBRATED CIDER APPLES CULTIVATED IN THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 HARRISON. Coxe. 
 
 The most celebrated cider apple of Newark, New Jer- 
 sey, where they make so much cider and some of the finest 
 in the world. It is cultivated more extensively there, and 
 particularly on the Orange Mountain, than any other 
 apple. The tree is of strong and vigorous growth, the 
 wood hard, a certain bearer, and wonderfully productive. 
 One tree in Essex county. New Jersey, produced one 
 hundred bushels in a year. It requires ten bushels for a 
 barrel of cider, which is so strong, that it will produce 
 fourteen quarts of distilled spirits. The fruit is below 
 
APPLES. CLASS I. 75 
 
 medium size, rather long, and contracted towards the 
 crown ; stalk very long, (hence often called Long Stem,) 
 deeply indented at the summit and base; color yellow, 
 covered with many black spots ; flesh yellow, firm, tough ; 
 flavor pleasant and sprightly, but rather dry ; cider rich, 
 sweet, of great strength. The fruit falls about the first of 
 November, is remarkably sound, and will keep well. It 
 originated in Essex county. New Jersey. 
 
 TALIAFERO. Hon. J. C. Gray. 
 
 The fruit is the size of a grape shot, or from one to two 
 inches in diameter ; of a white color, streaked with red ; 
 with a sprightly acid, not good for the table, but apparent- 
 ly a very valuable cider fruit. This is understood to be a 
 Virginia fruit, and the apple from which Mr Jefferson's 
 favorite cider was made. 
 
 VIRGINIA CRAB. 
 
 Hewes' Virginia Crab. Coxe No. 86. 
 A very small, globular shaped cider apple ; its color a 
 dull red, intermixed with streaks of pale yellow ; the juice 
 acid and austere. An old and established cider apple. 
 Mr Coxe states that the origin of this apple is satisfactori- 
 ly traced to Virginia, where trees of nearly a hundred 
 years of age were standing at the time he wrote. 
 
 CLASS I. — SECTION V. 
 
 VARIETIES FOR ORNAMENT OR FOR PRESERVING. 
 
 RED SIBERIAN CRAB. 
 
 The tree is of delicate growth, upright and handsome; 
 the leaves shining and beautiful ; a profuse bearer. The 
 tree when its fruit is at maturity, has a beautiful aspect, and 
 might at a distance be mistaken for a plum or a cherry tree. 
 A very small and beautiful apple, growing in clusters ; of 
 a bright scarlet color at maturity ; of a globular form ; the 
 stalk long. Its princpal use is for preserving, for which 
 it is much admired. 
 YELLOW SIBERIAN CRAB. 
 
 The tree and leaf of this variety are similar to the Red 
 Siberian Crab, and equally beautiful ; it is even more pro- 
 
76 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARBIST, 
 
 ductive than that variety ; and a tree loaded in autumn 
 with its golden fruit, presents to the beholder, a sight the most 
 rich and beautiful. The fruit which grows in large clus- 
 ters, is of the size of a middling plum, globular; the stalk 
 is long ; the color fine clear yellow, or a rich golden hue. 
 CHINESE DOUBLE FLOWERING. Cours Comp. 
 d'Agr. Vol. XII. p. 221. 
 
 PoMMIER DE LA ChINA. lb. 
 
 The tree is handsome and upright, does not grow large ; 
 the flowers are large, very double, and in clusters, and are 
 beautiful, resembling small roses, of a delicate rose color. 
 It is not uncommon with us ; when in blossom its appearance 
 is superb. According to my authority, it originated in Chi- 
 na ; the fruit is small, but tolerable for eating. 
 
 SOUTHEPvN APPLES. 
 
 The following are stated to be some of the most esteem- 
 ed varieties of native apples of Virginia. Part are describ- 
 ed from the authority of Mr Coxe, and the remainder on the 
 authority of a Virginian, which I extract from that valuable 
 Journal, the New England Farmer, vol. viii. No. L The 
 account of these was thus communicated to the public by 
 Wm. Prince, Esq. proprietor of the Linncean Botanic Gar-- 
 den. Flushing. 
 BEVERLEY'S RED. 
 
 The fruit is very large, the skin smooth, of a crimson 
 color ; flesh very white, of a pleasant flavor. A winter fruit. 
 
 CARHOUSE OR GILPIN. Coxe. 
 
 The tree is a great bearer. The fruit hangs long on the 
 tree in autumn. A small fruit, rather oblong ; the skin 
 smooth, of a deep crimson color, with occasional yellow 
 stripes ; the flesh yellow, tender, and of good flavor. A 
 native of Virginia ; highly esteemed for its excellence as- a 
 table fruit in spring ; also a good cider fruit. 
 CURTIS. 
 
 The skin is smooth, of a red color; flesh juicy and 
 pleasant. Ripe middle to end of August. 
 
 GLOUCESTER WHITE. Coxe. 
 
 The tree is of vigorous growth, and beautiful form^ aad 
 
SOUTHERN APPLES. 77 
 
 very productive. The fruit of medium size, its form vary- 
 ing from flat to oblong : of a fine yellow color, clouded with 
 spots of black. The flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, rich 
 and delicious. It ripens early in October. And accord- 
 ing to Mr Coxe, is not only a most excellent dessert fruit, 
 but makes exquisite cider. Much cultivated and of high 
 reputation in the lower counties of Virginia. 
 
 LIMBER TWIG. 
 
 Branches drooping or pendant ; the fruit is of a greenish 
 color, with a blush next the sun ; the flesh very juicy, and 
 pleasant at maturity. Winter. It keeps a long time. 
 PRYORS RED. 
 
 The fruit is very large ; color brownish red ; its flesh at 
 maturity juicy, and very fine. A winter fruit. 
 RAWLE'S JANET OR ROCKRIMMON. 
 
 The form is globular, flattened ; the color red and green ; 
 flesh very fragrant, more juicy, and of superior flavor to 
 the Newtown Pippin, and keeps equally as well. 
 
 ROYAL PEARMAIN. Coxe. 
 
 Fruit fine, of a large size, flattened ; skin rough, of a 
 fine russet color, but red next the sun, and faintly streaked 
 with russet; flesh a rich yellow, firm, but at maturity ten- 
 der, sweet, and of very sprightly flavor. A good table ap- 
 ple ; excellent for cider ; and highly esteemed by the plan- 
 ters of Virginia, near Richmond, from whence Mr Coxe 
 procured it. The tree bears uniformly and abundantly. 
 It ripens in October and will keep till February or March. 
 STPvIPED JUNE APPLE. 
 
 The fruit is as fragrant as a pine-apple melon. It ripens 
 the last of June and beginning of July. 
 SUMMER CHEESE. 
 
 Brought from Old Jamestown seventyfive years ago ; a 
 delicious fruit. . 
 VIRGINIA GREENING. 
 
 The fruit is of medium size; color green, striped with 
 red ; flavor very superior. A winter fruit. 
 
 WAXEN APPLE. Coxe. 
 
 The fruit is large, its form flattened, and inclined ; the 
 color yellow ; flesh firm, breaking, juicy, rich, sprightly. 
 It is much esteemed in Virginia. December. 
 
 7* 
 
78 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 CLASS II. 
 
 SELECT FOREIGN VARIETIES OF APPLES DESERV- 
 ING TRIAL IN THE CLIMATE OF 
 THE UNITED TATES. 
 
 SUCH AS MAY PROBABLY SUCCEED WITH US. ALL DESCRIBED 
 FROM FOREIGN AUTHORITIES. 
 
 The following list consists of celebrated French, Ger- 
 man, and a few Italian apples. Also the principal part of 
 those kinds which Mr Ronald, from his great judgment 
 and experience, has stated are rendered exquisite on their 
 walls. Such, evidently need a climate like ours, to bring 
 them to their full maturity and excellence. Except these, 
 I believe I have brought down to our latitudes but twelve 
 other varieties of English apples ; all celebrated for their 
 excellence, for the dessert, cooking or for cider ; and six of 
 these were either originated by Mr Knighl, or sent to us by 
 him. Also two highly celebrated Russian apples. I have, 
 however, 1 must confess, far greater hopes in those very 
 kinds, which, like some of our best American varieties of 
 fruit, prove good for nothing in England, excep:t-i3n their 
 walls. — I mean the celebrated Italianr^pples, for reasons 
 I have stated in the Introduction, and under the head of 
 €LiMATE. Also for Other reasons stated at the head of 
 Class III. 
 
 Gentlemen of intelligence and judgment who have resid- 
 ed both at Paris and in England, have assured me that the 
 apples of those places are not comparable to ours. The 
 late Governor Eustis, I have good authority for stating^ 
 expressed the same opinion. This may in part be ascrib- 
 ed to our brighter skies, and more constant and powerful 
 sunshine during summer; and a gentleman of Salem who 
 has here made trial of a great many celebrated varieties of 
 English apples, has lately stated to me, that he has been 
 disappointed in them. 
 
 R. Kinds particularly recommended by Mr Ronald, 
 as being rendered exquisite on walls and highly deserving 
 such a situation. 
 
 P. Kinds designated by Poiteau, as the best in general 
 cultivation in FrancCjand by him particularly recommended. 
 
SUMMER APPLES. CLASS. II. 
 
 79 
 
 C. Kinds described by Dr Willich from the celebrated 
 German writer, M. Christ. 
 
 K. L. Kinds sent by Mr Knight to Mr Lowell. 
 
 CLASS IL— SECTION L 
 
 SUMMER FRUIT. 
 
 CALVILLE ROUGE DE MICOUD. London Hort. 
 
 Trans. Vol. v. p. 242. M. Thonin. 
 The account of this extraordinary tree and its fruit, is 
 from a communication of M. Thouin. This tree, which 
 produces three crops of fruit annually, originated on the 
 farm of the Baroness de Micoud, near La Charite sur 
 Loire, in the department of the Nievre, and bears three 
 thousand apples annually. The tree is striking in its ap- 
 pearance ; "dense, dark green, shining foliage during 
 three fourths of the year, enamelled with numerous clusters 
 of delicate rose colored blossoms, and scattered over with 
 fruit of a diversity of color, renders it a most interesting 
 object of cultivation, especially as an ornament to our lawns 
 and shrubberies, producing an effect not less novel than 
 agreeable." The first flowering is in April and abundant. 
 The fruit of the first crop is globular, depressed ; its height 
 two inches, its diameter nearly three ; of an angular ap- 
 pearance ; the color deep dull red next the sun. The flesh 
 is yellowish white, fine, breaking, juicy, a sweetish acid, 
 and agreeably perfumed, with a crystalline appearance. 
 It commences ripening the middle of July, and the fruit 
 is mostly ripe in August, and continues ripening till No- 
 vember. The second flowering is in June, and is less 
 abundant than the first. The fruit of the second crop is 
 fit for the table in the end of October ; they are the size 
 of hens' eggs, and are of equal good quality with the first. 
 The third flowering takes place in August, September, 
 October and November; the fruits are small, no larger 
 than the Pomme d'Api ; they are checked in their growth 
 by frost ; but will ripen in doors, and may be eaten raw, 
 but if roasted or stewed they acquire a sweet and delicious 
 flavor. 
 
80 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 KESWICK CODLIN. Lindley. Py. Mai. 
 
 One of the most useful and productive of all apples ex- 
 cept the Ilavvthornden ; rather large ; ribbed at its sides; 
 pale yellow ; very juicy, subacid ; it answers for tarts even 
 in June. 
 (C.) STREAKED ROSE APPLE. Dr Willich. 
 
 PoMME PtosE Panache', lb. 
 A very early and beautiful fruit, of a delicious flavor and 
 taste ; of medium size, rather oblong ; of a find red color, 
 mingled with yellow in the shade, and streaked with deep 
 red next the sun ; and covered all over with dots of deep 
 yellow. Flesh glossy wliite, with rose colored streaks, mel- 
 low and uncommonly mild. The tree of medium size. 
 August. 
 
 CLASS IL— SECTION IT. 
 
 AUTUMN FRUIT. 
 
 (R.) BRADDICK'S NONPAREIL. Ilort. Trans, vol. 
 in. p. 268. Lindley. Py. Mai. PI. xxxiv. 
 A valuable dessert apple raised by John Braddick, Esq. 
 Sweeter and superior to the old Nonpareil ; middle sized, 
 globular, flattened; skin smooth, brownish red next the 
 sun; juice sugary, rich, aromatic. October to January. 
 
 (R.) BRINGEWOOD PIPPIN. Lindley. Py. Malus. 
 A most excellent dessert apple, raised by Mr Knight ; 
 small, globular, flattened ; color bright golden ; russetty 
 stripes next the sun ; breaking, rather dry ; juice saccha- 
 rine, perfumed, aromatic. October to March. 
 
 (R.) DELAWARE. Py. Mai. Brent. 
 
 A very desirable dessert fruit, supposed to be from Amer- 
 ica ; beautiful ; middle sized ; flattened; color rich golden, 
 blotched with deep red ; flesh firm, rich, high flavored : 
 productive. October to January. 
 
 (R.) (L. K.) DOWNTON GOLDEN PIPPIN. Pom. 
 Mag. 113. Lind. 
 Knight's Pippin. Elton Pippin. 
 The trees bear early and abundantly. The fruit is of 
 
AUTUMN APPLES. CLASS II. 81 
 
 medium size, cylindrical ; the stalk short; skin yellow; 
 flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich, subacid juice. 
 October to December. Raised by Mr Knight. A dessert 
 apple and excellent for cider. Specific gravity of its 
 juice l.OSO. We are disappointed in this fruit. 
 
 DUCHESS OF OLDENBURGH. Py. Mai. 
 
 A very beautiful Russian apple, valuable for the dessert 
 or sauce ; middle sized ; globular ; color golden, streaked 
 with bright red ; flavor pleasant, rather acid. September 
 and October. A good bearer. 
 
 EMPEROR ALEXANDER. Hort. Trans. Lindley, 
 
 AlHXANDER, APORi a. 
 
 The trees of this Russian apple bear abundantly. A 
 specimen was sent from Riga in 1817 measuring 5| inches 
 in diameter, 4 inches deep, and 16 inches in circumfer- 
 ence, and weighing 19 ounces. Fruit very large, cordate, 
 narrow at the crown ; the eye in a broad deep cavity; stalk 
 short, sunk to the level of the base ; greenish yellow, slight- 
 ly streaked with red in the shade, but beautifully marbled 
 and streaked with bright red and orange next the sun; 
 flesh yellowish white, crisp and very tender, juicy, richj, 
 sugary, of aromatic flavor. Ripe in October and will keep 
 till Christmas. A valuable and excellent dessert fruit. 
 
 (R.) FRANKLIN GOLDEN PIPPL^[. Py. Mai. 
 
 A medium sized fruit of American origin ; oblong, a 
 little flatted ; fine yellow ; flavor brisk with more acid 
 than the other Golden Pippin. A good bearer. 
 (P.) GALO BAYEUX. N. Djh. PI. cciv. 
 
 A beautiful apple cultivated at Vire, in the department 
 of Calvados, not known in the environs of Paris. The 
 tree is very productive. The fruit is large, generally flat- 
 tened ; the stalk short and thick ; the skin rough, washed 
 almost throughout with red on a yellow ground ; the flesh 
 slightly yellow, savory, agreeably perfumed; the juice 
 sweet ; pleasant as the Fennouillets, but with a peculiar 
 and indescribable flavor. One of the most beautiful and 
 best of dessert apples and worthy, as we are assured, of a 
 distinguished place. It ripens 15th September. 
 
 GRANGE. Py. Mai. 
 
 An excellent dessert or cider fruit, raised by Mr Knight ; 
 middle sized ; globular, flattened ; fl^sh closej of pleusaut 
 
82 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 flavor. From October to January. Specific gravity of the 
 juice 1.079. 
 
 GROSSE PIGEONET. N. Duh. PI. cxciii. 
 
 This fruit is the largest and most beautiful of all the 
 Pigeonels ; its form, oblong, contracted towards its sum- 
 mit; its skin fine, of a yellowish color next the sun, the 
 whole covered with a blue bloom ; its flesh white, breaking 
 and very fine; juice abundant, of a very agreeable acid. 
 October and November, 
 
 (R.) KING OF PIPPINS. Py. Mai. Brent. PI. xxxviii. 
 A first rate fruit, which no garden should be without ; 
 middle sized; oblong; color clear golden yellow, fine red 
 next the sun; rich and juicy. Autumn. Productive. 
 
 (R.) KIRKE'S GOLDEN REINETTE. Py. Mai. 
 
 " Is an improved variety of the old Golden Reinette. 
 The fruit is in general more beautiful, the flavor equal. 
 The tree bears as well, and is more healthy in its growth." 
 (C.) NOBLE PIPPIN. Dr Willich. 
 
 Pepin Noble. 
 
 The trees do not grow tall but bear abundantly. An 
 exquisite dessert fruit ; oblong, diminishing to the crown, 
 smooth, bright yellow, a few streaks of red next the sun. 
 It ripens early, and keeps to the end of April. 
 
 (R.) PADLEY'S PIPPIN. Pom. Mag. t. 151. Lind. 
 
 Padley's Royal Gforge, of Ronald ? 
 
 A very excellent dessert fruit ; rather small; flattened ; 
 skin dull yellow or orange and russetted ; flesh breaking, 
 saccharine, pleasant, aromatic. Nov. and Dec. 
 
 (P.) PIGEONET. Bon. Jard. 
 
 CcEUR de Pigeon. lb. Museau de Lievke. lb. 
 
 Medium sized, oblong, of a red color, striped with deep 
 red next the sun ; the flesh is fine, pleasant and agreeable. 
 October till December. 
 
 PINE APPLE RUSSET. Lindley. 
 
 This fruit is described by Lindley as one of the best of 
 all their dessert apples; juice more abundant, saccharine, 
 spicy, aromatic, perfumed, with a perfect proportion of 
 acid, and flavor of the pine apple. It is medium sized, 
 roundish ovate, angular; color yellowish or yellow russet; 
 flesh crisp, tender; one of the finest of the season. Sep- 
 tember and October. 
 
AUTUMN APPLES. CLASS II. 
 
 83 
 
 (P.) POMME PRINCESSE. N. Duh. PI. vm. 
 
 The fruit is of medium size, flattened ; of a beautiful 
 yellow in the shade, striped with red next the sun ; the 
 flesh yellowish white, fine and excellent ; juice not abun- 
 dant, but agreeable and sweet. This excellent apple is 
 one of the best species of Reinettes. October. 
 (C.) PRINCE'S TABLE APPLE. Dr Willich. 
 
 LOSKRIEG. 
 
 A delicious autumnal fruit, vieing with the pear rennet; 
 it is of the Calville family; moderately large ; somewhat 
 oblong; whitish, and covered on the south side with red 
 streaks. The tree does not rise to a considerable height. 
 
 (R.) RED INGESTRIE. Py. Mai. 
 
 A first rate dessert fruit, of medium size ; globular, flat- 
 tened ; color bright golden yellow, but next the sun bright 
 scarlet ; flesh crisp, very juicy, high flavored. Raised by 
 Mr Knight. September and November. 
 (P.) REINETTE DE BRETAGNE. Bon Jard.p.245. 
 
 The fruit is beautiful, of a deep lively red color, dotted 
 with yellow; the flesh firm, sweet, slightly acid, and ex- 
 cellent. This is a late autumn or November fruit. 
 (P.) REINETTE GRtSE DE GRANVILLE. Nouv. 
 Cours Gomp. d'Agri. vol. xii. p. 215. 
 
 Differs little from some of the other Reinettes, but ap- 
 pears to be more hardy. It has resisted the severity of 
 those seasons which destroy the fruit of the other Reinettes. 
 Calvel. 
 
 (R.) SCARLET PERFUME. Py. Mai. 
 
 Cole Apple. lb. and Pom Mag. 
 
 A new and very desirable dessert fruit, and good for 
 cooking; moderately large, flattened, nearly globular, 
 flatsided ; mostly covered with rich deep red ; juicy, rich, 
 flavor spicy. September and October. 
 (R.) WYKEN PIPPIN. Lindley, Loudon. 
 
 A dessert fruit below medium size, flattened, yellowish 
 green, but pale dull brown next the sun ; flesh firm, break- 
 ing, sugary, with a little musky perfume. The. cottagers' 
 apple around Wyken. October to December. 
 
84 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 CLASS II. — SECTION III. 
 
 WINTER FRUIT. 
 BARCELONA PEARMAIN. Pom. Mag. t. 85. Lind. 
 
 Speckled Golden Reinette, According to the Pom. Mag. 
 
 Reini:tte Rouge, According to Lind. 
 
 A dessert fruitof medium size, oval, rather long; brown- 
 ish yellow in the shade, deep red next the sun ; flesh firm, 
 with a rich, aromatic, but slight and agreeable acid ; No- 
 vember till February. A good bearer. 
 
 (R.) BEACHEMWELL SEEDLIiNG. Pom. Mag. Lin. 
 An excellent dessert apple raised by John Motteaux,Esq. 
 Medium sized, roundish, depressed ; pale yellow, but red 
 next the sun ; flesh tender, juicy, pleasant. November to 
 April. The tree bears well. 
 
 BLENHEIM ORANGE. Py. Mai. Lindley. 
 Blenheim Pippin, Woodstock Pippin. lb. 
 
 One of the largest varieties of dessert apples; globular; 
 broadest at the base; depressed; yellow in the shade, dull 
 red with deep stripes next the sun ; breaking, sweet, juicy, 
 extremely highly flavored. Lately originated. November 
 to March. 
 
 (C.) (P.) BORSDORFER. Dr Willich. 
 Red Borsdorfer, lb. Borsdorf of Lindley. 
 
 A delicious German apple of large size, beautiful as the 
 Canadian, and in size and form like the Reinette Triom- 
 phante, which it almost excels; globular formed, slightly 
 narrowed at the crown ; yellow in the shade, but for the 
 most part a fine glossy red. Its flesh uncommonly white, 
 tender, juicy, sweet, partaking of the odor of roses. A 
 bright red vein encompassing the core. The tree comes 
 early into bearing, and bears abundantly. It ripens in 
 December. 
 
 BRABANT BELLE FLEUR. Py. Mai. 
 
 Or Iron Apple, received from Hamburg. Very large, 
 and handsome, of great solidity ; rather conical; slightly 
 ribbed, yellow, colored with red stripes. A capital sauce 
 apple, juicy, and of very pleasant flavor. December to 
 April. 
 
WINTER APPLES. CLASS II. 85 
 
 (P.) CANADIAN REINETTE. Pom. Mag. Bon Jard. 
 
 Grosse Reinette D'Angleterre of Dull. 
 
 Reinette de Canada Bon Jard. 
 
 Reinette Grosse de Canada. Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 Reinette de Canada a Cotes, lb. 
 
 Reinette de Caen. According to Pom. Mag. Portugal Apple lb. 
 
 Mela Januera. lb. Reinette de Canada Blanche. 
 Avery large and beautiful fruit; globular, flattened; 
 with projecting ribs ; yellow in the shade, slightly red next 
 the sun ; flesh firm, juicy, with but little acidity and very 
 good. It has cavities at the centre, and keeps till March. 
 The tree is very productive. 
 (R.) CHRISTIE'S PIPPIN. Py. Mai. 
 
 A very fine dessert apple, raised by Mr Christie; in 
 form and shape like a Nonpareil ; lemon colored with faint 
 red stripes ; flesh soft, agreeably sweet, enough of acid. 
 November till February. The tree bears abundantly. 
 (K. L.) CORNISH JULY FLOWER. Py. Mai. PL xix. 
 
 July Flower. Plort. Trans. 
 
 Very old, above the middle size, oval, with irregular 
 ribs; of an olive green color, streaked with dull red. The 
 flesh of a rich aromatic flavor and fragrant perfume. Not 
 very prolific. It keeps through the winter. 
 
 (R.) COURT OF WICK or RIVAL GOLDEN PIPPIN. 
 Py. Mai. Brent. PI. xii. 
 " A dessert apple, which vies with the Golden Pippin in 
 richness of flavor, and much excels it in other respects ; 
 it is rather large, of a golden hue with red stripes, very 
 handsome. This is esteemed the finest Christmas apple 
 we have ; keeps well till February or March. The tree 
 never cankers, and never fails bearing. 
 
 D'ASTEMS. Py. Mai. Brent. PI. xxxi. 
 Strifling d'Hiver. 
 
 A noble kitchen fruit, large, globular; a little flattened , 
 green, with some dull red streaks, chiefly on the top of the 
 fruit. It is a first rate sort, firm, with a rich flavor, and 
 dresses well; and will keep till March or April." 
 
 DUTCH MIGNONNE. Pom. Mag. Py. Mai. 
 Reinette Doree, of Mayer. 
 
 Christ's Golden Reinette of the Taschenbach, according to the 
 
 Pom. Mag. 
 
 An excellent dessert and sauce apple, over medium size, 
 
 a little flattened and diminished at its crown ; greenish 
 
 yellow in the shade, next the sun striped and marbled with 
 
86 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 deep red. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, sub-acid, 
 aromatic. November to April. Tree an abundant bearer. 
 (C.) EASTER OR PASaUE APPLE. Dr Willich. 
 
 The Easter or Pasque Apple, is one of the principal and 
 finest oi the Calvilles: it is large, with high projecting ribs, 
 and of a bees-wax color; has a w^hite. tender, juicy pulp ; 
 'and emits a very grateful odor, similar to that of roses. 
 The tree bears abundance of fruit. 
 (R.) FEARN'S PIPPIN. Py. Mai. Brent. PL xii. 
 
 Generally considered a first rate apple ; globular ; flat- 
 tened ; mostly covered with deep red; a close texture and 
 rich flavor. December to February. The tree bears well. 
 
 (C.) (P.) FENNOUILLET ORIS. Bon Jard. Dr Willich. 
 
 Caraway Pi.usset. Hort. Soc. Cat. Spice Apple. lb. 
 
 Brown Apple of Burnt Island. lb. 
 
 Anis. Bon. Jard. Winter Anis Rennet. Dr Willich. 
 
 The tree is very productive ; the fruit is under medium 
 size; globular, depressed; the siun of a gray fawn shade, 
 covered with thin russet, and a slight brown next the sun; 
 the flesh is tender, and has the peculiar aroma and flavor of 
 annise. December till February. 
 
 (PA FENNOUILLET JAUNE. Bon Jard. Lindley. 
 
 Embroidered Pippin. Lindlej. 
 
 Drap d'Or. Bon. Jard. Dull Fomme de Caractere. lb. 
 
 The tree is very productive. The fruit of medium size, 
 globular, inclining to oblong; its skin is a beautiful yellow, 
 marked with fine russet lines resembling letters ; hence its 
 name Pomme Caractere. Its flesh is firm, delicate, sac- 
 charine, and excellent, with a flavor of the Fennouillet or 
 Annise. December to February. 
 FENNOUILLET ROUGE. Nouv. Cours Compl. 
 
 A very excellent fruit, of medium size ; globular, flat- 
 tened ; deep gray, but streaked with brown red next the 
 sun ; flesh firm, sugary, high flavored, musky. March. 
 This fruit requires a light, warm soil, and cannot be too 
 much multiplied. 
 
 (K. L.) GOLDEN HARVEY. Py. Mai. 
 
 Brandy Apple. 
 
 A small dessert apple ; light yellow, flushed with red 
 and russetted. Flesh remarkably compact, very rich in 
 flavor. It will keep till April or May. It is called Brandy 
 apple from the specific strength and gravity of its juice, 
 
WINTER APPLES. CLASS II. S7 
 
 which is 1.085. The tree grows feeble ; it does not bear 
 well at first, but afterwards seldom fails. 
 
 (R.) GREEN NONPAREIL. Py. Mai. Brent. PI. xxxiv. 
 
 Pktworth Nonpareil. 
 
 Raised at the Earl of Egremont's ; larger than the old 
 Nonpareil, but of nearly the same shape ; the color green. 
 A valuable apple for the table ; crisp, juicy, and high fla- 
 vored ; February or March. It is a good bearer. 
 
 HUBBARD'S PEARMAIN. Lindley. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Golden Vining, of Pom. Mag. 
 
 According to Lindley the merits of this fruit are unri- 
 valled, and its superior as a dessert fruit, from November 
 to April, does not exist in that country. The fruit is 
 small, ovate or globular, yellow, orange or pale red next 
 the sun ; flesh firm, rather dry, juice sweet, rich, of a most 
 highly perfumed, aromatic flavor. An abundant bearer. 
 
 (P.) JERUSALEM. Bon. Jard. p. 344. 
 
 PoMME Pigeon. lb. 
 
 The tree is of medium vigor and very productive. The 
 fruit is small, conical ; its color that of the changeable rose ; 
 flesh fine, delicate, granulous and very good. 
 
 (C.) LARGE BEEN APPLE. Dr Willich. 
 Grosser Bonjepfel. 
 
 A very valuable fruit for economical uses, and likewise 
 for the table. It is of the larger kind ; bulky towards the 
 stalk and tapering towards the crown, of a yellowish white 
 cast, with red flame colored streaks on the side next the 
 sun. Its pulp is white, tender though firm, and of an 
 agreeable taste ; the apple being eatable in December, is 
 easily preserved till the next crop. When dried in slices, 
 it affords delicious food ; and also a fine dish when pre- 
 served in afresh state. The tree is of pyramidal form, 
 and very productive. 
 (C.) LONG CARTHUSIAN APPLE. Dr Willich._ 
 
 Is a capital domestic fruit, frequently of a large size, 
 with irregular angles, and acquires a fine yellow shade. 
 It may be preserved till the succeeding summer, and 
 maintains the first rank for boiling or baking, in the vari- 
 ous dishes of pastry, where it becomes sweetly mellow, 
 and has a delicate taste. When other apples, (the Bors- 
 dorf excepted) lose their flavor by culinary preparations, 
 the liOng Carthusian is greatly improved by the action of 
 heat. 
 
8S NEW AMERICAN ORCIIARDIST. 
 
 (R.) MARGIL. Lindley. Hooker's Pom. Lond. 
 
 A very excellent dessert fruit ; small, ovate, angular ; 
 bright orange, streaked and mottled with rich red and 
 brown ; slightly russetted ; flesh yellow, firm, breaking, 
 juicy, sweet, highly aromatic. November to March. A 
 very excellent bearer. 
 (R.) MARTIN NONPAREIL. Hooker. Lindley. 
 
 A new and valuable dessert fruit, small, ovate, depress- 
 ed ; dull green, but tawny orange or red next the sun ; 
 thinly russetted ; not handsome ; flesh compact with an 
 excellent flavor, sweet, with a fine acid. They have been 
 kept a year ; the tree is a good bearer. 
 
 (R.) MELA CARLA. Hort. Trans. Lind. 
 
 Malcarle. Hort. Trans. Charles Apple. lb. 
 
 PoMME Finale. lb. 
 
 One of the most celebrated and famous of fruits. Rath- 
 er large in size ; of a form inclining to globular, but 
 slightly ovate ; the eye and the stalk, which is about an 
 inch long, and slender, are each inserted in small deep 
 cavities. The beautiful waxen skin is without spot, except 
 being a little marbled with a very faint green near the eye ; 
 of a pale yellow in the shade, which unites rather abruptly 
 with the splendid crimson with which it is covered next 
 the sun. The flesh is white, tender, delicate, sweet, with 
 the fragrant perfume of roses. It ripens in September and 
 will keep till spring. This apple is a native of Finale in 
 Laguira ; it is cultivated expensively in the territories of 
 Genoa as an article of export and commerce to Nice, 
 Barcelona, Marseilles, and Cadiz. A far famed fruit. In 
 the climate of Italy this is supposed to be the best apple 
 in the world. But in England their writers state, it proves 
 in open culture but an ordinary fruit, their climate being 
 unsuitable ; they indulge the expectation, however, that it 
 may prove fine on their walls. It is highly deserving trial 
 with us, in our more favored climate. 
 (C.) MELA DE ROSMARINO. Dr Willich. 
 
 White Italian Rosemary Apple. lb. 
 
 A very beautiful species of Calville, having no ribs, but 
 a most glossy skin which resembles the finest virgin wax ; 
 and on the south somewhat red ; of an oblong figure and 
 the size of a goose egg. Its flesh is white as snow ; un- 
 commonly tender, and yielding a saccharine juice of a 
 
WINTER APPLES. CLASS II. 89 
 
 slightly aromatic flavor. Its large pericarpium contains 
 twenty kernels in five cells. November till February. 
 NORFOLK BEAUFIN. Py. Mains. Lind. 
 
 A beautiful cooking apple ; a fruit of great merit for 
 drying, furnishing a luxury at table during winter ; rather 
 large, flattened ; nearly the whole surface covered with livid 
 red. November till June. " These apples are dried by the 
 bakers of Norwich, annually, and sent in boxes to all parts 
 of the kingdom, where they are universally admired," 
 
 (R.) ORANGE PIPPIN. Py. Mai. 
 
 Marigold Pippin. Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 Isle of Wight Orange. lb. Isle of Wight Pippin. lb. 
 
 A beautiful apple, in shape, size, and color, much like a 
 middle sized orange; of pleasant flavor, and juicy, equally 
 desirable for the dessert or for sauce ; December and Jan- 
 uary. The tree bears well. Specific gravity of the juice 
 1.074. According to Mr Knight, it is an excellent cider 
 apple. Supposed to have been brought from Normandy. 
 
 (C.) PEAR RENNET. Dr Willich. 
 
 Reinette Poire, of the catalogues. 
 
 Both an autumnal and winter fruit, presents a capital 
 yellow apple, of a tender yellowish pulp, the juice of which 
 has the acidulous flavor of Rh enish wine ; it is sufficiently 
 mellow in the beginning of November, and may be pre- 
 served through the greater part of winter. The tree is of 
 slender growth. 
 
 POMME DE LESTRE. Bon. Jard. p. 344. 
 
 This apple was found in the department of Vienne in 
 1813, and has been preserved during three years. It is 
 highly esteemed. 
 
 (C.) PUNCTURED RENNET. Dr Willich. 
 
 Reinette Piquee. 
 
 " A smooth reddish apple, approaching to a chesnut 
 color ; in shape and size resembling the largest Borsdorfer, 
 covered with white punctures, each of which is surrounded 
 with a green edge; its pulp is firm, mellov/, and of an 
 excellent vinous flavor ; being eatable in February and 
 March. The tree becomes of a tolerably large size." 
 
 (C.) (P.) REINETTE DORE'E. Dr Willich. Nouv. 
 Cours Complet d'Agr. vol. xii. p. 213. 
 Reinette Jaune Tardive. lb. Dr Willich. 
 This apple is equal in goodness to the Reinette Franche, 
 
90 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 but is nearly gone when that variety begins to be fit for 
 use ; it is middle sized, flattened, deep yellow in the shade, 
 reddish next the sun ; flesh juicy, saccharine, vinous, high 
 flavored, a little acid. December to March. 
 
 (P.) REINETTE TRANCHE. Nouv. Cours Compl. v. 
 XII. p. 215. 
 Fruit large, round, irregularly formed, and very much 
 pointed with brown ; sometimes slightly red next the sun. 
 The flesh is firm, yellowish white, saccharine, agreeable. 
 It is, notwithstanding the excellence of the Reinette Grise 
 and the Reinette du Canada, the best of all ; but it varies 
 much in goodness, in size, and duration, according to the 
 soils, expositions, seasons, &c. 
 
 REINETTE GRISE DE CHAMPAGNE. Nouv. Cours 
 Complet d'Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 215. 
 Of medium size, flattened ; of a gray fawn color, 
 blotched with red next the sun ; flesh breaking, little per- 
 fumed, mild, sugary, very agreeable. This apple is excel- 
 lent, and may be preserved a long time. It is preferred to 
 the other Reinettes by those who dislike their odor and 
 their acidity. Calvel. 
 
 (P.) REINETTE GRISE. Nouv. Cours Comp. v. xii. 
 p. 214. 
 Of medium size, flattened ; skin thick, rough, greenish 
 yellow in the shade, reddish yellow next the sun ; the flesh 
 is firm, yellowish white, sugary, high flavored, with a very 
 fine and very agreeable acid. This is regarded as one of 
 the best of apples ; but notwithstanding this, the Reinette 
 Franche disputes the claim. It keeps long after winter. 
 
 LA REINETTE PRINCESSE NOBLE. Nouv. Cours 
 Complet d'Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 215. Bon. Jard. 
 A fruit of medium size, oblong, of a yellowish green 
 color, pointed with brown ; the flesh is a little acid and 
 very agreeable. It keeps through part of the winter. The 
 tree is vigorous and very productive. 
 
 (R.) SCARLET NONPAREIL. Pom. Mag. t. 87. 
 Lindley. Pyrus Malus, PI. xxxiv. 
 A dessert apple, admired for its beauty and excellence, 
 middle sized, roundish, not angular ; yellowish green in 
 the shade, deep red next the sun, streaked. Flesh firm, 
 yellowish white, juicy, rich, and excellent. Extensively 
 cultivated in England. November to March. 
 
WINTER APPLES. CLASS II. 91 
 
 (K. L.) (R.) SWEENEY NONPAREIL. Hort. Trans. 
 Lindley. 
 Rather large, and in form of a Nonpareil ; color green, 
 with patches of russet all over ; sometimes a brilliant color 
 next the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, with abundance of juice 
 in which a powerful acid is combined with much sugar. 
 A new dessert apple from November to March. The tree 
 is an abundant bearer. 
 
 (R.) SYKEHOUSE APPLE. Hooker's Pom. 
 
 The tree grows freely, and when well established 
 bears fruit abundantly. " The fruit is small, roundish, 
 depressed ; the stalk short ; color green with a good 
 deal of russet, but in a good season it is a handsome 
 apple, with some red next the sun. The flesh is rather 
 firm, but of pleasant flavor and extraordinary richness. 
 It ripens in January and is justly regarded as one of the 
 best dessert apples at present known." 
 
 (C.) REINETTE TRIOMPHANTE. 
 
 Victorious Reinette. Dr Willich. 
 
 " An uncommonly fine, large, and well formed apple, 
 which on being deposited on the floor, acquires a deep 
 yellow tint, marked with starry points, and frequently 
 brown rough spots, or large warts ; its eye represents a 
 regular star ; its flesh beneath the tender skin, is yellow, 
 firm, though delicate ; yielding abundance of juice that 
 possesses a pleasant aromatic flavor ; it ripens about 
 Christmas and may be kept till March. The tree grows 
 luxuriantly, and becomes of considerable size." 
 
 LA VIOLETTE. Nouv. Cours Complet Agri. 
 
 POMME DE QUATRE GoUTS. lb. 
 
 Fruit of medium size, oblong ; color deep red next the 
 sun, yellow, striped with red in the shade ; the flesh fine, 
 delicate, saccharine, having a little of the perfume of the 
 violet; reddish beneath the skin, greenish towards the 
 centre. This variety is one of the best of apples, and 
 keeps till May. 
 
 (R.) Also to the above list, all Nonpareils and all 
 Golden Pippins not here described, are recommended by 
 Mr Ronald for walls. 
 
92 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 CLASS II. — SECTION IV. 
 
 FOREIGN CIDER APPLES DESERVING TRIAL IN U. S. 
 
 THESE WOULD BE LIKELY TO ANSWER WELL IN CANADA. 
 
 FOXLEY. Lindley. 
 
 Raised by Mr Knight from the Siberian Crab and 
 Golden Pippin. A very small apple, growing in clusters, 
 of a bright gold color. Specific gravity of its juice 1.080= 
 HAGLOE CRAB. 
 
 The most famous cider in the world was formerly made 
 from this fruit in England. An old fruit ; small, ill shaped ; 
 yellow in the shade, russetty red next the sun. Specific 
 gravity of the juice 1.081. This fruit has been many years 
 in the United States — quite long enough for trial. 
 
 SIBERIAN BITTER SWEET. Lindley. 
 
 Raised by Mr Knight from the Siberian Crab and Golden 
 Harvey ; and was sent by Mr Knight to the Hon. John 
 Lowell. It is small, not much larger than the Siberian 
 Crab, of a yellow color, with a blush next the sun. It is 
 supposed to contain a larger proportion of saccharine mat- 
 ter than any other apple known. It does not abound in 
 juice, and it is supposed would be a most valuable variety 
 to mix with the more austere sorts. The trees are most 
 abundant bearers. 
 
 SIBERIAN HARVEY. Lindley. 
 
 A small globular fruit, raised by Mr Knight from the 
 Siberian Crab and Golden Harvey ; of a bright gold color, 
 stained with deep red next the sun ; the fruit grows in clus- 
 ters on slender branches; the juice exceeding sweet; ripe 
 the middle of October. Specific gravity of its juice 1.09L 
 
 See DoYfNTON Golden Pippin, Grange, and Orange 
 Pippin, which are all cider fruits. 
 
 CLASS III. 
 
 SELECT LIST OF FOREIGN VARIETIES OF APPLES 
 DESERVING TRIAL IN NORTHERN CLIMATES. 
 
 Tlie following select list of Nortiiern fruits are chiefly of 
 British origin. They are descrii)Gd by their writers, Lind- 
 
SUMMER APPLES. CLASS III. 93 
 
 ley and Ronald, as of first rate excellence ; the latter, espe- 
 cially, from his great collection of trees in bearing. Yet as 
 none of them are by him included in that list of kinds, which 
 he has recommended as being highly improved on walls, or 
 as requiring a warmer climate. I have therefore concluded 
 to leave them all in high northern latitudes. Other reasons 
 for this will be found in the " Introduction" to this work, 
 and in the article which follows, on " Climate." I 
 have assigned them to the influence of fine summer skies — 
 to Nova Scotia and the Canadas, and the British Posses- 
 sions in America — also to the northwestern section of our 
 own country, on the side of the Pacific — to Oregon ; and 
 our neighbors the Russians, lying contiguous. For all of 
 them, we might include, also, many other kinds, of the first 
 and second Classes, which may have originated in the 
 higher latitudes. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 D. Denotes those kinds whicli are excellent for tiie Dessert. 
 C. Denotes those kinds which are valuable for Cooking. 
 P. Denotes those kinds which are very productive. 
 
 CLASS III.— SECTION I. 
 
 SUMMER FRUIT. 
 
 ASTP.,ACAN. Pom. Mag. Lind. Dr Willich. 
 
 White Astrican. Pom. Mag. and Lind. 
 
 Glace de Zelande. lb. Transparent de Moscovie. lb. 
 
 Russian Ice Apple. lb. Pomme de Glace, lb. 
 
 This fruit is said to grow wild about Astracan. It is of 
 medium size, globular, the sides angular ; the skin is 
 smooth, and covered with pale bloom ; the flesh semitrans- 
 parent, of the whiteness of snow. Dr Willich, on the 
 authority of M. Christ, has described it as beautiful, yel- 
 lowish white, with fine red flaming streaks ; with a sac- 
 charine juice, so copious, that it constitutes seven ninths of 
 the weight of the fruit — which is most superior, in a 
 suitable situation and climate, not beloiv 49° of latitude. 
 [See Art. on Climate in the first pages of this work.] The 
 Pom. Mag. and Lindley inform us that this fruit is very 
 fine in the climate of England ; but at Paris, according to 
 the Bon. Jard. the fruit is but at mediocrity ; and in our 
 climate, good judges have pronounced it good for nothing. 
 
94 NEW AMERICAN ORCIIARDIST. 
 
 BOROVTTSKY. (Russian.) Pom. Mag. D. Aug. 
 BROWN'S SUMMER BEAUTY. Py. Mai. D. P. 
 
 Sept. 
 CARLISLE CGDLIN. Py. Mai. C. P. Aug. to Jan. 
 EARLY CROFTON. (Irish.) Py. Mai. D. C. Aug. 
 EARLY JULIEN. (Scotch.) Lind. D. C. P. Aug. 
 RIVELSTONE PIPPIN. (Scotch.) Lind. D. P. Aug. 
 SACK AND SUGAR. Py. Mai. D. P. Aug. 
 SUGAR LOAF PIPPIN. Dolgoi Squoznoi, or Long 
 
 Transparent. (Russian.) Pom. Mag. D. Aug. 
 WORMSLEY PIPPIN. Knighfs Codlin. C. P. Sept. 
 
 CLASS III. — SECTION II. 
 
 AUTUMN FRUIT. 
 
 ALFRISTON. Lind. C. Oct. to Jan. 
 BEAUTY OF KENT. Py. Mai. C. Nov. to Jan. 
 DEVONSHIRE QUEEN. Py. Mai. D. C. Oct. 
 DOWELL'S PIPPIN. Hort. Trans. D. Oct to Jan. 
 EDGAR. Py. Mai. D. C. P. Nov. to Dec. 
 FLOWER OF KENT. Py. Mai. C. Baking. Nov. 
 FRENCH PIPPIN. Py. Mai. C. P. Nov. to Jan. 
 GOLDEN BURR. Py. Mai. D. P. Nov. to Dec. 
 HOLLANDBURY. Kirke' s Scarlet Admirable. Py. Mai. 
 
 C. Nov. 
 KENTISH BROADING. C. P. Nov. to Dec. 
 KENTISH FfLLBASKET. Py. Mai. P. 
 KERRY PIPPIN. Pom. Mig. D. P. Sept. 
 LEWIS' INCOMPARABLE. Py. Mai. C. P. 
 LONDON PiPPIN. Py. Mai. C. P. Dec. 
 LUCCOMBE'S SEEDLING. Py. Mai. C. Nov. to Jan. 
 POTTER'S LARGE SEEDLING. Py. Mai. C. P. 
 
 Nov. to Jan. 
 RAWLIN'S FINE RED STREAK. Py. Mai. C. P. 
 
 Nov. 
 RYMER. Py. Mai. C. P. Oct. to Jan. 
 SALOPIAN PIPPIN. Py. Mai C. P. Oct. 
 SCARLET CROFTON. (Irish.) Lind. D. Oct. 
 SOPS OF WINE Py. Mai. D. Oct. 
 STRIPED MONSTROUS REINETTE. Py. Mai. C. 
 
 Oct. 
 
WINTER APPLES CLASS III. 95 
 
 CLASS III. — SECTION III. 
 
 WINTER FRUIT. 
 
 AROIMATIC RUSSET. Py.Mal. D. P. Nov. to Feb. 
 BEDFORDSHIRE FOUNDLING. Py. Mai. Baking. 
 
 C. Dec. 
 
 BURRELL'S RED. Py. Mai. P. Nov. to Dec. 
 CLAYGATEPEARMAIN. Hort. Trans. D. March. 
 COCKLE PIPPIN. Py. Mai. D. C. P. May. 
 CORNISH AROMATIC. Py.Mal. C. P. Nov. to Jan. 
 COWARNE'S aUEENIEG. Py. Mai. C. P. Nov. 
 DEVONSHIRE GOLDEN BALL. Py.Mal. C. P. Feb. 
 DUKE OF WELLINGTON. Dumeloic. Py. Mai. C. 
 
 Nov. 
 HAMBLEDON DEUX ANS. Py. Mai. Winter. 
 KIRKE'S LORD NELSON. Py. Mai. D. C. Jan. 
 LEMON PIPPIN. Pv. Mai. C. P. March. 
 MARMALADE PIPPIN. (Welch.) Py.Mal. (March.) 
 
 D. P. Feb. 
 
 NORFOLK STORING. Py. Mai. D. C. P. Dec. 
 STRIPED HOLLAND PIPPIN. Py. Mai. D. C. P. 
 
 March. 
 WALTH AM ABBEY SEEDLING. Hort. Trans. C. P. 
 
 Jan. 
 YORKSHIRE GREENING. Py. Mai. C. P. April. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 The seeds or Pomace of the apple should be sown in 
 autumn in a rich soil. — When the young plants appear 
 in spring, they should be carefully thinned to the distance 
 of two inches asunder, and kept free from weeds by care- 
 fully hoeing during the remainder of the season, or till of 
 sufficient size to be removed. 
 
 At one or two years of age they are taken up, their tap 
 roots shortened that they may throw out lateral roots, they 
 
96 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 are transferred to the nursery, set in rows about four feet 
 asunder — and at one foot distance from each other in the 
 row, in a rich and loamy soil. In the summer following 
 they are inoculated, or they are engrafted or inoculated the 
 year following. 
 
 SIZE AND AGE FOR TRANSPLANTING TO THE ORCHARD. 
 
 An apple tree, when finally transplanted to the orchard, 
 ought to be at least 6 or 7 feet high, with branches in pro- 
 portion, and full two years from the bud or graft, and thrif- 
 ty; apple trees under this size belong properly only to the 
 nursery. 
 
 DISTANCE. 
 
 The distance asunder to which apple trees should be 
 finally set when transplanted to the orchard, depends upon 
 the nature of the soil, and the cultivation to be subsequent- 
 ly given. If the soil is by nature extremely fertile, 40 feet 
 distance may be allowed, and even 45 and 59 feet in some 
 very extraordinary situations : for before the trees become 
 old they will completely shade the ground. If however 
 the soil is not very extraordinary by nature or so rendered 
 by art, this distance would be too great ; for the trees 
 would become old and their growth would be finished, be- 
 fore the ground could be covered by their shadow ; — 30 
 feet only, may therefore be allowed in land usually denomi- 
 nated of good quality, and but 20 to 25 feet in land of ordi- 
 nary quality. 
 
 The quincunx mode is recommended for close arrange- 
 ment, and short lived trees may be set in the intervals. 
 
 The size to which an apple tree may attain, and the 
 ground which should be alloted to it, depend also, in some 
 measure, on the particular variety of apple ; some sorts 
 being well known to attain to a much greater size than 
 that of others. 
 
 The period of growth, or the duration of the apple tree is 
 comparatively limited ; this is sufficiently evident from the 
 perishable nature of its timber, Those species of trees only, 
 will continue living and growing for numerous centuries, 
 whose timber may be preserved incorruptible during the 
 lapse of a long succession of ages. 
 
1CULTIVATION. 97 
 
 SOIL AND SITUATION. 
 
 A rich soil, rather moist than dry, is that adapted to the 
 iipple tree, but what is usually termed a deep pan soil is to 
 be preferred. 
 
 On such a soil, whether on the plains, or in the valley, 
 or on the sides and summits of our great hills, which almost 
 always consist of good Fand, and even in situations the most 
 exposed, the apple tree will flourish. 
 
 One of the most productive apple orchards in this imme- 
 diate vicinity, is situated on the north and northwest sides 
 of a hill, the most exposed to cold winds. The soil of great 
 hills is generally of far superior quality to that of the plains, 
 and it is a very mistaken opinion which seems adopted by 
 some, that the soil of all hills must of necessity be dry and 
 deficient in moisture. It is the plains and the knolls that 
 are but too generally thus deficient, not the great hills, 
 which almost always abound in springs. 
 
 Land half covered with rocks and incapable of being 
 cultivated with the plough, is in some respects admirably 
 suited to the apple tree. For in such situtions they are not 
 liable to suffer from drought ; they receive nearly a double 
 portion of moisture from the rains that fall, and a greater 
 degree of heat by the reflected rays of the sun. 
 
 They may even flourish on sandy plains, if where tlie 
 tree is to be placed, an excavation is formed 6 or 8 feet in 
 diameter, and 3 or 4 feet in depth, and if half filled either 
 with useless small stones intermixed with rich loam, mud 
 from the low grounds, clay, or gravelly clay, or mixtures of 
 any of these substances, with a portion of manure, and the 
 remainder of the excavation filled to the surface with rich 
 loam. 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF THE LAND. 
 
 If the ground intended for the orchard cannot conven- 
 iently be kept wholly in a state of cultivation during the 
 first years, a portion at least ought to be. 
 
 A strip of land to each row of 8 or 10 feet in width, w^ell 
 manured, may be kept cultivated, and the vegetables which 
 may here be raised will amply repay the expense and labor 
 bestowed during the 4 or 5 first years. After this, if the 
 trees have grown well, as they probably must have done, 
 9 
 
98 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 cultivation at a distance in the intervals becomes even more 
 important than within the limited distance of a very few 
 feet from the trunk of the tree. 
 
 For on examination it will be found that the small fibres 
 or sponglets, by which alone the tree derives all the nour- 
 ishment it receives from the earth, are now remote from 
 the trunk of the tree ; they are now to be found seeking 
 pasture beyond the limits of its shade, and it becomes 
 necessary that the whole ground should be kept in a high 
 state of cultivation for the 4 or 5 following years ; after this 
 period, it may occasionally be laid to grass, which however 
 should be broken up at frequent intervals, the land being 
 always kept in good heart. 
 
 PRUNING. 
 
 I have given directions for pruning the trees while young 
 under the general directions in the former part of this work, 
 at page 43. Those directions are particularly applicable 
 to the apple tree. I would only add, that when these di- 
 rections have been followed, when large and profitable crops 
 are desired, our cultivators generally avoid robbing their 
 trees unnecessarily, of a particle of bearing wood. 
 
 Those limbs which interfere with other limbs by galling, 
 the suckers and dead wood are alone removed ; for they 
 consider that the warmth of the atmosphere is of itself suf- 
 ficient in our climate, to ripen the fruit, without attempting 
 to admit the sun to every part of the tree. 
 
 These directions are to be more especially observed in 
 regard to old trees in their declining years — their trunk? 
 being too old for the reproduction and sustenance of a crop 
 of new and fruitful wood — nothing should be taken away 
 but the dead branches and suckers. We have seen old 
 trees, whose branches were annually loaded with fruit, de- 
 spoiled at once by the hand of man of half their bearing 
 wood, under the mistaken idea that the destruction of the 
 one half of the tree would confer a benefit on the remain- 
 der, and render them still more productive. We noticed 
 however that the effect thus produced was directly the re- 
 verse, as their total destruction usually followed as a conse- 
 quence, not long after. 
 
CULTIVATIONc 99 
 
 The apple tree has four destructive enemies. The cat- 
 erpillar, the borer, the canker worm and the curculio. 
 
 The Caterpillar usually makes its first appearance with 
 the opening of the leaf of the apple tree ; they are readily 
 and easily destroyed if taken in season. They are brought 
 down either by the hand, or by the excellent brush invented 
 by the late Hon. Timothy Pickering, which must be at- 
 tached to a pole. They should be taken early in the morn- 
 ing before they leave their nests. When brought down 
 they must be destroyed. The trees should be examined a 
 second time not long after. 
 
 The Borer. The modes of preserving apple trees from 
 the depredations of the borer may be found in the former 
 part of this work. 
 
 Of the Canker Worm. In the immediate neighborhoood 
 where I reside the canker worm is unknown — I must 
 therefore avail of the experience of others. 
 
 The canker worm, after it has finished its work of de- 
 struction in spring, descends to the earth, which it enters 
 to the depth of from one to five inches. After the first frosts 
 of October, or from the 15th or 20th, those nearest the 
 surface usually begin to rise from their earthy bed, trans- 
 formed to grubs or millers. They usually rise in the night 
 and invariably direct their course to the tree, which they 
 ascend and deposit their eggs on the branches, which are 
 hatched in April or May. They frequently rise during 
 moderate weather in winter, when the ground is not frozen, 
 and in March, and till towards the end of May. When the 
 ground in spring has been bound by a long continuance of 
 frost, and a thaw suddenly takes place, they sometimes 
 ascend in incredible numbers. 
 
 Here, then, at the bottom or trunk of the tree, it is neces- 
 sary to arrest their progress and prevent the ascent of the 
 grub or miller. 
 
 The usual mode, or the mode generally adopted in prac- 
 tice, is tarring. With this design the bark around the cir- 
 cumference of the trunk is scraped smooth, and the crevi- 
 ces where the application is to be made, are filled with clay 
 or mortar ; over this a strip of canvas 3 or 4 inches in width 
 is to be bound around the tree, the lower band to consist 
 
300 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST . 
 
 of a large tow cord to prevent the running^ down of the tar, 
 and its consequent pernicious effect on the tree. On this 
 strip, the tar is laid with a brush. The operation must be 
 performed every afternoon a little before sunset, when the 
 weather is moderate, and the surface of the earth not fro- 
 zen, from the first hard frosts which commence in October, 
 and during the winter, till about the last of May. For the 
 tar, by the heat of the sun, or by dry winds or other causes, 
 sometimes becomes dry on its surface in a very short time, 
 and in such cases it offers no obstruction to the passage of 
 the insect. Dr Thacher is his American Orchardist, has 
 recommended that a small portion of soft grease or train 
 oil should be mixed with the tar to preserve it from drying. 
 It should bo observed that the insect on finding its passage 
 obstructed, frequently deposits its eggs in great numbers 
 near the base of the tree in the cracks and fissures of the 
 bark. These may be destroyed by a solution of potash. 
 But the tar does not at all times afford a perfect security, 
 for when vast numbers arise at once from the earth, a 
 bridge over the tar is speedily formed of the carcasses of 
 those which first attempt the ascent, and over these an in- 
 numerable host may safely pass, and the labor of tarring^, 
 previously bestowed, is lost for that season. 
 
 The tarring process is a tedious one, requiring constant 
 attention during a long period ; the omission of a single 
 night favorable to the ascent of the grubs, may prove fatal 
 to the trees for that season, and the labor previously be- 
 stowed is lost. 
 
 Various other modes have therefore been proposed with 
 the design of preventing their ascent : but however ingen- 
 ious or effectual they may have proved, they have not to my 
 knowledge yet been introduced to general practice. 
 
 The strip of list, or girdle to surround the tree, and 
 covered with the mercurial ointment as recommended by 
 Dr Spofford of Bradford, Mass. as an effectual remedy, was 
 tried by Gen. Dearborn in the course of his experiments, 
 and with him has totally failed — it offered no obstruction 
 whatever to the ascent of insects. [See New England 
 Farmer, Vol. a^iii. Nos. 23 and 48.] 
 
 What the particular causes of the failure in this instance 
 were, provided it has in other instances proved effectual, 
 we cannot conjecture ; unless we suppose that the insects 
 passed over while the mercurial preparation was yet in a 
 
CULTIVATION^ 101 
 
 new and fresh state ; and before it had time to imbibe that 
 portion of oxygen from the atmosphere, which Dr SpofFord 
 has asserted, renders its poison more active and effectual. 
 
 The Hon. John Lowell has stated in Vol. iii. No. 4, of 
 the Mass. Agi\ Repository, that he caused the ground 
 around 60 apple trees to be dug to the depth of four inches, 
 and to the distance of two or three feet from the roots ; it 
 having been ascertained by Professor Peck that the insect 
 seldom descended into the ground at a greater distance 
 than three or four feet from the trunk. The ground being 
 laid smooth, three casks of effete or air-slacked lime were 
 spread over the surface thus prepared, to the depth of about 
 an inch. These trees were tarred as well as the others, 
 and although grubs or worms appeared on most that were 
 not limed, not a single grub was to be perceived on the 
 trees limed. 
 
 Mr Lowell has spoken of the result of the experiment as 
 of a single trial, and the first of the kind to his knowledge 
 on record, and expresses his hopes that it may induce others 
 to pursue still further the experiment ; for while tarring is 
 injurious to the tree, and expensive in its application, the 
 lime, which may consist of sweepings of the lime store, is 
 comparatively cheap ; — it requires but a single application 
 in a season, it is not only destructive to animal substances 
 but is useful as a manure. 
 
 Professor Peck has recommended that the ground should 
 in October be carefully inverted with a spade to the depth 
 of five inches, and as far as the branches extend, the clods 
 broken, the surface raked smooth, and rolled with a heavy 
 roller; the rolling to be repeated in P*Iarch. Lime reduced 
 to an impalpable powder, he thinks, might be with advan- 
 tage applied to the surface thus smoothed, not only as being 
 adapted to close tlie openings which may appear, but use- 
 ful also from its caustic qualities. 
 
 Dr Robbins of Roxbury, has recommended as an ef- 
 fectual remedy, that a strip of sheet-lead of four and a 
 half inches in width, be formed into a tube or gutter by 
 bending over a wooden cylinder ; this is again bent round 
 the tree by passing a rope through it. After being adjusted 
 to a level it is secured by nailing its inner edge to the tree. 
 This being soldered at the ends, is filled in autumn with 
 winter strained oil, spirits turpentine, or other liquids, and 
 9* 
 
102 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 above this is placed a strip of oiled sheathing paper, cut in 
 proper form as a screen from the falling rain. 
 
 The plan invented by Mr Abel Houghton, of Lynn, and 
 said to have proved effectual, differs from the above, as the 
 circular gutter is formed of thick pasteboard painted ; it is 
 filled with oil, and a pasteboard screen projects from above 
 covered with painted canvas, to shield it from the rain. 
 
 On similar principles Mr Briggs of Bristol, R. I., has 
 successfully stopped the ascent ofthe grub by gutters formed 
 of tin. Four straight gutters are connected by soldering 
 at their corners ; these being adjusted to a level are sup- 
 ported on strips of boards nailed to the tree ; the inner 
 edge of the gutter is so bent as to project over the outer 
 edge to shield it from the rain. The space between the 
 gutter and tree being filled with swingling tow properly 
 secured, and the gutter being filled half full of water, a 
 quantity of thin whale oil is added, and the security is sup- 
 posed to be complete. 
 
 The Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn has further sug-sested that 
 gutters formed of earthen Danvers \vare, laid on the earth 
 around the tree, might perhaps prove cheaper ; and these 
 being filled with a fluid might be equally as effectual. 
 
 Lastly, we would recommend for experiment, on the sup- 
 position that some one of them may prove effectual, the 
 application of the following substances. For a more partic- 
 ular account of them all, see the article Injects in the 
 former part of this work. 
 
 L Chloride of Lime, to be placed around the roots of the 
 tree in a circular gutter formed of any material and screen- 
 ed from rain. 
 
 2. Cinders from the blacksmith's forge applied in a simi- 
 lar manner, which have been found by Professor Thouin 
 so effectual in obstructing the march of the wirc-icorm. 
 
 3. The application of eocd tar, instead o^ common tar, to 
 prevent the ascent of the grub. This substance, as has 
 already been stated, possesses either qualities so poisonous 
 or an odor so powerful, that its application is now said to be 
 effectual in preventing the ravages of the worm which is 
 so destructive to the plank of the ships which navigate the 
 ocean in warm latitudes. 
 
 4. The garden compound, sold at the bookstore of Mr 
 Ives in Salem, and at the seed-store of Mr Barrett in Bos- 
 ton, is understood to possess powerful qualities. 
 
GATHERING AND PRESERVING THE FRUIT. 103 
 
 When the canker worms have once gained possession of 
 the tree, it is by no means deemed an easy task to dislodge 
 them. Attempts have been made to destroy or dislodge 
 them by fumigations of oil, sulphur, &lo., but the accounts 
 of the efficacy of such attempts are contradictory. They 
 may however be dislodged by pounding the limbs, and 
 shaking the trees and their re-ascent prevented. 
 
 Curculio. For an account of the various modes adopted 
 to avert the ravages of this destructive insect, see the arti- 
 cle Insects in the former part of the work. 
 
 GATHERING AND PRESERVING THE FRUIT. 
 
 Various theories have been offered for preserving apples 
 in a sound state for vi^inter use or for distant voyages. 
 Some have proposed gathering the fruit before it is ripe 
 and drying it on floors before it is put up ; this has been 
 tried ; the apples lose their sprightly flavor, and keep 
 no better than by some less troublesome modes. Dr Noah 
 Webster has recommended that they should be put down 
 between layers of sand which has been dried by the heat of 
 summer. This is without doubt an excellent mode, as it 
 excludes the air, and absorbs the moisture, and must be 
 useful when apples are to be shipped to a warm climate. 
 
 Chopped straw has also been highly recommended to be 
 placed between the layers of fruit ; but I have noticed that 
 the straw, from the perspiration it imbibes, becomes musty, 
 and may probably do more hurt than good. When apples 
 are to be exported, it has been recommended that each be 
 separately wrapped in coarse paper, in the manner oranges 
 and lemons are usually put up. This is without doubt an 
 excellent mode. And Mr Loudon has recommended that 
 apples destined for Europe should be packed between 
 layers of grain. 
 
 Great quantities of fine winter fruit are raised in the 
 vicinity of Boston and put up for winter use, for the mar- 
 kets, and for exportation. The following is the mode al- 
 most universally adopted by the most experienced. And 
 by this mode apples under very favorable circumstances, 
 are frequently preserved in a sound state, or not one in 
 fifty defective, for a period of seven or eight months. The 
 fruit is suffered to hang on the tree to as late a period as 
 possible in October, or till hard frosts have loosened the 
 stalk, and they are in imminent danger of being blown down 
 
104 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 by high winds; such as have already fallen are carefully 
 gathered and inspected, and the best are put up for early 
 winter use. They are carefully gathered from the tree by 
 hand and as carefully laid in baskets. New, tight, well 
 seasoned flour barrels from the bakers, are usually prefer- 
 red; the baskets being filled are cautiously lowered into the 
 barrels and reversed. The barrels being quite filled are 
 gently shaken, and the head is gently pressed down to its 
 place and secured. It is observed that this pressure never 
 causes them to rot next the head, and is necessary, as they 
 are never allowed to rattle in removing. No soft straw or 
 shavings are admitted at the ends ; it causes mustiness and 
 decay. They are next carefully placed in wagons and 
 removed on the bulge, and laid in courses in a cool airy sit- 
 uation on the north ^ide of buildings near the cellar, pro- 
 tected by a covering on the top, of boards, so placed as to 
 defend them from the sun and rain, while the air is not 
 excluded at the sides. A chill does not injure them, it is 
 no disservice ; but when extreme cold weather comes on, 
 and they are in imminent danger of being frozen, whether 
 by night or day, they are carefully rolled into a cool, airy, 
 dry cellar, with openings on the north side, that the cold air 
 may have free access ; they are laid in tiers, and the cellar 
 is in due time closed and rendered secure from frost. The 
 barrels are never tumbled or placed on the head. Apples 
 keep best when grown in dry seasons and on dry soils. If 
 fruit is gathered late, and according to the above directions, 
 repacking is unnecessary, it is even ruinous, and should on 
 no account be practised till the barrel is opened for use. 
 It has been fully tried. 
 
 When apples are to be exported, Mr Cobbett has recom- 
 mended that *' they should if possible be carried on deck ; 
 otherwise between decks." — Between decks is the place, 
 and in the most dry, cool and airy part. 
 
 Cider, or the fermented juice of the apple, constitutes 
 the principal vinous beverage of the citizens of New Eng- 
 land, of the Middle States, and of the older States of the 
 west. Good cider is deemed a pleasant, wholesome liquor 
 during the heat of summer ; and Mr Knight has asserted, 
 and also eminent medical men, that strons astrincrent ciders 
 
CIDER. 105 
 
 have been found to produce nearly the same effect in cases 
 of putrid fever as Port wine. 
 
 The unfermented juice of the apple consists of water, 
 and a peculiar acid called the malic acid, combined with 
 the saccharine principle. Where a just proportion of the 
 latter is wanting, the liquor will be poor and watery, with- 
 out body, very difficult to preserve and manage. In the 
 process of fermentation the saccharine principle is in part 
 converted to alcohol. Where the proportion of the sac- 
 charine principle is wanting, the deficiency must be sup- 
 plied, either by the addition of a saccharine substance 
 before fermentation, or by the addition of alcohol after 
 fermentation. For every one must know, that all good 
 wine or cider contains it, elaborated by fermentation, either 
 in the cask, or in the reservoirs at the distillery. The 
 best and the cheapest kind is the Neutral Spirit, a highly 
 rectified and tasteless spirit, obtained from New England 
 Rum. Some, however, object to any addition of either 
 sugar or alcohol to supply deficiencies ; forgetful that these 
 substances are the very elements of which all wine, cider, 
 and vinous liquors are composed. 
 
 The strength of the cider depends on the specific gravity 
 of the juice on expression ; this may be easily ascertained 
 by weighing or by the hydrometer. 
 
 I have described some of the most approved varieties of 
 apples known. The density of their juices is designated 
 by their weight, which I have stated ; which is always in 
 proportion to the same measure and quantity of water, 
 weighing 1000. According to the experiments of Major 
 Adlum of Georgetown, District of Columbia, it appeared 
 that when two pounds of sugar were dissolved in a gallon 
 of rain water, the bulk occupied by J 000 grains of rain 
 water weighed 1087 grains. From this it vv^ould appear 
 that the juice produced by the best knov/n apple, contains 
 about two pounds of sugar in a gallon. Mr Marshal has 
 asserted that a gentleman, Mr Bellamy of Herefordshire, 
 Eng. has by skill " produced cider from an apple called 
 Hagloe crab, which for richness, flavor, and price on the 
 spot, exceeds perhaps every other liquor which nature or 
 art has produced. He has been offered sixty guineas for a 
 hogshead of 110 gallons of this liquor." Newark in New 
 Jersey, is reputed one of the most famous places in Ameri- 
 ca for its cider. The cider apple most celebrated there is 
 
106 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 the Harrison apple, a native fruit ; and cider made from 
 this fruit, when fined and fit for bottling, frequently brings 
 $10 per barrel, according to Mr Coxe. This and the 
 Hughs' Virginia Crab are the two most celebrated cider 
 apples of America. Old trees growing in dry soils produce, 
 it is said, the best cider. A good cider apple is saccharine 
 and astringent. 
 
 To make good cider, the first requisite is suitable fruit ; 
 it is equally necessary that the fruit should be not merely 
 mellow, but tliorougldy mature, rotten apples being excluded ; 
 and ripe if possible at the suitable period, or about the first 
 of November, or from the first to the middle, after the ex- 
 cessive heat of the season is past, and while sufficient 
 warmth yet remains to enable the fermentation to progress 
 slowly as it ought. 
 
 The fruit should be gathered by hand or shaken from the 
 tree in dry weather, when it is at perfect maturity ; and 
 the ground should be covered with coarse cloths or Russia 
 mats beneath, to prevent bruising, and consequent rotten- 
 ness, before the grinding commences. Unripe fruit should 
 be laid in large masses, protected from dews and rain, to 
 sweat and hurry on its maturity, when the suitable time 
 for making approaches. The earlier fruits should be laid 
 in thin layers on stagings to preserve them to the suitable 
 period for making, protected alike from rain and dews, and 
 where they may be benefited by currents of cool, dry air. 
 
 Each variety should be kept separate, that those ripening 
 at the same period may be ground together. 
 
 In grinding, the most perfect machinery should be used 
 to reduce the whole fruit, skin and seeds to a fine pulp. 
 This should, if possible, be performed in cool weather. 
 The late Joseph Cooper of New Jersey has observed em- 
 phatically, that " the longer a cheese lies after being ground, 
 before pressing, the better for the cider, provided it escapes 
 fermentation until the pressing is completed,'^ and he further 
 observes, " that a sour apple after being bruised on one side, 
 becomes rich and sweet after it has changed to a brown 
 color, while it yet retains its acid taste on the opposite 
 side." When the pomace united to the juice is thus suffer- 
 ed for a time to remain, it undergoes a chemical change ; 
 the saccharine principle is developed, it will be found rich 
 and sweet ; sugar is in this case produced by the prolong- 
 ed union of the bruised pulp and juice, which could never 
 
CIDER. 107 
 
 have been formed in that quantity had they been sooner 
 separated. 
 
 Mr Jona. Rice, of Marlborough, who made the premium 
 cider so much admired at Concord, Mass., appears so 
 sensible of the important effects of mature or fully ripe 
 fruit, that, provided this is the case, he is willing even to 
 forego the disadvantage of having a portion of them quite 
 rotten. Let me observe that this rottenness must be the 
 effect, in part, of bruises by improper modes of gathering 
 — or by improper mixtures of ripe and unripe fruit. He 
 always chooses cool weather for the operation of grinding ; 
 and instead of suffering the pomace to remain but 24 or 
 48 hours at most, before pressing, as others have directed, 
 he suffers it to remain from a week to ten days, provided 
 the weather will admit, stirring the mass daily till it is put 
 to the press. [See his communication in vol. vii. p. 123, 
 of N. E. Farmer.] 
 
 The best cider is made, according to Dr Mease, by the 
 following process. The liquor on coming from the press 
 is strained through hair cloths, or sieves, and put into clean, 
 tight, strong hogsheads; these are filled, and the bung left 
 out, and placed in cool airy cellars, or on the north sides of 
 buildings where the air circulates. In a day, or sometimes 
 less, according to the state of the weather and maturity of 
 the fruit, the pulp begins to rise and flows from the bung 
 for a few hours, or a day or two at farthest ; at the inter- 
 vals of two or three hours the hogshead is replenished, and 
 kept full from a portion of the same liquor kept in reserve 
 for this parpose, as it is deemed necessary that the whole 
 pulp should overflow, that none may return again into the 
 liquor. The moment the pulp has ceased rising, white 
 bubbles are perceived — the liquor is in this critical mo- 
 ment fine or clear, and must be instantly drawn off by a 
 cock or faucet within three inches of the bottom. 
 
 On drawing off the cider it must be pnt into a clean 
 cask and closely watched, the fermentation restrained or 
 prevented ; when, therefore, white bubbles as mentioned 
 above, are again perceived at the bung hole, rack it again 
 immediately, after which it will probably not ferment till 
 March, when it must be racked off as before, and if possi- 
 ble in clear weather. As soon as safety will admit after the 
 first racking, a small hole must be bored near the bung 
 and the bung driven tight ; this must be finally sealed and 
 
103 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 a spile inserted, giving it vent occasionally, as circumstan- 
 ces require. In March if not perfectly fine, it is drawn 
 from the lees in a clear day and fined ; this is usually ef- 
 fected by dissolving in a few quarts of cider, three staples 
 of isinglass, stirring it often ; this is poured into the 
 hogshead. It must be drawn ofi" again in ten or twelve 
 days after, lest the sediment should rise ; if not fine now, 
 repeat the fining again. 
 
 In Herefordshire, according to Dr Mease, (Dom. Ency.) 
 the sediment of the first racking is filtered through coarse 
 linen bags ; this yields a bright, strong, but extremely flat 
 liquid ; if this be added to the former portion, it will great- 
 ly contribute to prevent fermentation, an excess of which 
 will make the cider thin and acid. 
 
 The first fermentation in cider is termed the vinous ; in 
 this the sugar is decomposed and loses its sweetness, and 
 is converted into alcohol ; if the fermentation goes on too 
 rapidly the cider is injured ; a portion of alcohol passes off 
 with the carbonic acid. 
 
 The design of the frequent rackings, as above mentioned, 
 is principally to restrain the fermentation ; but it seems to 
 be generally acknowledged, that it weakens the liquor. It 
 is not generally practised, although the finest cider is often 
 produced by this mode. 
 
 Various other modes are adopted with the view of re- 
 straining fermentation. Stumming by brimstone is thus 
 performed. After a few gallons of cider are poured into 
 the hogshead, into which the cider is to be placed when 
 racked off, a rag six inches long, previously dipped in melt- 
 ed brimstone, is attached by a wire to a very long tapering 
 bung : on the match being lighted, the bung is loosely in- 
 serted : after this is consumed, the cask is rolled or tumbled . 
 till the liquor has imbibed the gas, and then filled with the 
 liquid. This checks the fermentation. Yet the French 
 writers assure us, that the effect of much sulphuring must 
 necessarily render such liquors unwholesome. 
 
 Black oxyde of Manganese has a similar effect ; the 
 crude oxyde is rendered friable by being repeatedly heated 
 red hot, and as often suddenly cooled by immersion in cold 
 water. When finely pulverized, it is exposed for a while 
 to the atmosphere, till it has imbibed again the oxygen 
 which had been expelled by fire. An ounce of powder is 
 deemed sufficient for a barrel. If the cider is desired to 
 
iCIDER. 109 
 
 be very sweet, it must be added before fermentation, other- 
 wise not till afterwards. Mr Knight, from his long expe- 
 rience and observation in a country, (Herefordshire, Eng.) 
 famous for its cider, has lately in a letter to the Hon. John 
 Lowell stated, that the acetous fermentation generally 
 takes place during the progress of the vinous, and that the 
 liquor from the commencement is imbibing oxygen at its 
 surface. He highly recommends that new charcoal in a 
 finely pulverized state be added to the liquor as it comes 
 from the press, in the proportion of eight pounds to the 
 hogshead, to be intimately incorporated ; " this makes the 
 liquor at first as black as ink, but it finally becomes re- 
 markably fine." 
 
 Dr Darwin has recommended that the liquor as soon as 
 the pulp has risen, should be placed in a cool situation in 
 casks of remarkable strength, and the liquor closely con- 
 fined from the beginning. The experiment has been tried 
 with good success ; the fermentation goes on slowly, and 
 an excellent cider is generally the result. 
 
 A handful of well powdered clay to a barrel is said to 
 check the fermentation. This is stated by Dr Mease. And 
 with the view of preventing the escape of the carbonic 
 acid, and to prevent the liquid from imbibing oxygen from 
 the atmosphere, a pint of olive oil has been recommended 
 to each hogshead. The excellent cider exhibited by Mr 
 Rice was prepared by adding two gallons of New England 
 rum to each barrel when first made. In February or 
 March it w^as racked off in clear weather, and two quarts 
 more of New England rum added to each barrel. Cider 
 well fermented may be frozen down to any requisite degree 
 of strength. In freezing, the watery parts are separated 
 and freeze first, and the stronger parts are drawn off from 
 the centre. I finish by adding the following general rules; 
 they will answer for all general purposes, they are the con- 
 clusions from what is previously stated. 1. Gather the 
 fruit according to the foregoing rules, let it be thoroughly 
 ripe when ground, which should be about the middle of 
 November. 2. Let the pomace remain from two to four 
 days, according to the state of the weather, stirring it 
 every day till it is put to the press. 3. If the liquor is de- 
 ficient in the saccharine principle, the defect may be reme- 
 died in the beginning, by the addition of saccharine 
 substances or alcohol. 4. Let the liquor be immediately 
 10 
 
110 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 placed in a cool cellar in remarhahly strong, tight, sweet 
 casks; after the pulp has all overflown, confine the liquor 
 down by driving the bung hard and by sealing ; a vent 
 must be left, and the spile carefully drawn at times, but 
 only when absolutely necessary, to prevent the cask from 
 bursting. The charcoal as recommended by Mr Knight 
 deserves trial. 
 
 Fresh and sweet pomace, directly from the press, and 
 boiled or steamed, and mixed with a small portion of meal, 
 is a valuable article for food or for fattening horses, cattle, 
 and swine. 
 
 VINEGAR, ETC. 
 
 Vinegar is made of the best quality from hard old cider ; 
 it must be placed under sheds in casks but two thirds full, 
 with the bung out, and exposed to a current of air. 
 
 Sour casks are purified by pouring in a small quantity of 
 hot water, and adding unslaked lime ; bung up the cask 
 and continue shaking it till the lime is slaked. Soda and 
 chloride of lime are good for purifying. When casks are 
 emptied to be laid by, let them be thoroughly rinsed with 
 water, and drained, then pour into each a pint of cheap 
 alcohol, shake the cask and bung it tight, and it will remain 
 sweet for years. Musty casks should be condemned to 
 other uses. Cider should not be bottled till perfectli/ fine, 
 otherwise it may burst the bottles. The bottles should be 
 strong and filled to the bottom of the neck. After standing 
 an hour they should be corked with velvet corks. The 
 lower end of the cork is held for an instant in hot water, and 
 it is then instantly after driven down with a mallet. The 
 bottles must be either sealed, or laid on their sides, in boxes, 
 or in the bottom of a cellar and covered with layers of sand. 
 
 The process formerly adopted for obtaining new and 
 excellent varieties of apples was, to plant only the seeds of 
 the very best fruits, and to select from these only those in- 
 dividuals with large leaves and strong wood. Reason 
 seemed to dictate this mode ; but reason united to experi- 
 ence has taught a different. See the fourth section in the 
 former part of this work. 
 
Ill 
 
 PEAR. (Pyrus Communis,) 
 
 The pear is a tree of pyramidal and elegant form. The 
 leaves are obtuse, elliptical, serrated ; the flowers, which are 
 produced on the short spurs of the former year or of the 
 preceding years, are in terminating villose corymbs ; the 
 fruit pyramidally formed, tapering towards the stalk, but 
 varying in the different species. Its branches in a wild 
 state are covered with thorns. It grows spontaneously, as 
 we are informed, in every part of Europe, as far north as 
 the latitude of ^l'^. It will also succeed in those parts of 
 the United States where the apple tree will flourish, pro- 
 vided the soil is suitable. In New England it flourishes as 
 in its native soil. It is distinguished from the apple tree 
 not less by its form than by its disposition to ernit suckers 
 from its roots, whenever these become obstructed by stones 
 or other substances, or become bruised or broken. The 
 pear tree is a tree of longer duration than the apple. It is 
 stated that in dry soils they will continue in health, vigor, 
 and productiveness for centuries. 
 
 The timber is of a yellowish color, very firm, compact, 
 and fine grained, and is used for joiners' tools, &c. &.c. It 
 takes a fine polish, and stained of a black color it resem- 
 bles ebony. The leaves will produce a yellow dye. In 
 those parts of Europe possessing a climate similar to our 
 own, in Italy and France, the pear is said to be in higher 
 estimation as a dessert fruit than the apple. 
 
 Uses. — Good dessert pears are generally preferred to 
 apples ; they are characterized by a pulp, tender and melt- 
 ing, or subliquid, as in the Beurree pears, with a juice of a 
 sugary, aromatic flavor ; or of a firm and brittle or crisp 
 consistence, or breaking. Cooking pears should be of large 
 size, the flesh firm, neither breaking nor melting, of an 
 austere rather than sweet taste. 
 
 Perry, poire of the French, is the fermented juice made 
 in the same manner as cider, from fruit of any size ; and 
 the best perry is stated to be little inferior to wine, and the 
 most austere fruits produce the best liquor. The pear is 
 also good for baking, compotes, marmalade, «Sz/C. They 
 
11^ NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDISf. 
 
 are also preserved in sugar or syrup of the cane. Dried 
 in ovens, the fruit will keep for years. This mode of pre- 
 serving is common in France. Bosc has described two 
 modes of drying pears, and adds, that in some of the Can- 
 tons of that country, the cultivators annually preserve by 
 these means, supplies of subsistence, extremely agreeable 
 and wholesome during winter and spring. He invites 
 cultivators not to neglect this resource. In this mode of 
 drying, those varieties of middle size, melting and sweet, 
 are preferred. After the bread is drawn from the oven, 
 they are placed on the swept hearth, or on hurdles or 
 boards. This operation is repeated a second, a third, and 
 a fourth time, according to their size, and the degree of 
 heat. The heat must not be so great as to scorch, and the 
 fruit must not be dried to hardness. Lastly, they are 
 placed in bags and preserved in a dry place. The second 
 mode of preserving is practised chiefly on the Rousselets 
 and finest flavored varieties. Bosc states that he has tried 
 them after three years' preservation and found them still 
 good ; but they are better during the first year. They are 
 gathered a little before their maturity, and after being half 
 coiled in a small quantity of water, they are peeled and 
 drained. They are next carried on hurdles to the oven, 
 after the bread is drawn, or the oven is heated to a suitable 
 degree ; here they remain twelve hours. After which they 
 are steeped in the syrup to which has been added sugar, 
 cinnamon, cloves and brandy. They are again returned to 
 the oven which is now heated to a less degree than at first. 
 This operation is thrice repeated, until they are sufficiently 
 dried, or of a clear brown color, and firm, transparent flesh; 
 and finally they are packed in boxes lined with paper. 
 
 Thirty years ago, the number of varieties of pears ob- 
 tained by cultivation, as stated by Dr Willich, was 1500. 
 But the number of good sorts is stated by Loudon " to be 
 fewer in proportion than that of apples. Dr Van Mons, 
 and the Abbe Daquesne since that period, have obtained 
 from seed during twenty years, upwards of 800 new and 
 approved sorts, from probably 8000 new seedlings." From 
 no less than 80,000, is my impression, but I state from 
 memory only. I have detailed their modes of procedure, 
 as stated by Dr Van Mons, in the former part of this work. 
 Their practice was the reverse of all the popular theories 
 of the day. The results, unlike anything of the kin4 
 before known. 
 
OLD PEARS. SECTION I. 113 
 
 OLD PEARS. 
 
 The following list of Old Pears comprises all which are 
 described by Duhamel and by Rosier, and some others also 
 of the English writers. Some I have briefly described and 
 others I have only named. — Many of them are still fine. 
 In these descriptions I have availed of every resource. 
 Many of the reasons for the brevity of this review are stated 
 more fully at page 24 to 32, Section 4, of this work. 
 
 ABREVIATIONS. 
 
 q. Denotes those varieties of Pears which will grow when inoc- 
 ulated on a quince stock. 
 
 Q. Denotes those varieties which were named or described by 
 Mons. Quintinye nearly 150 years ago. I have in many instances 
 appended his remarks of that distant da}'-, and refer to the Edition of 
 his work translated and revised by Mr Evelyn in 1693. 
 
 M. Refers to Mr Manning of Salem. S. Refers to Mr Smith of 
 Smithfield, R. I. — These gentlemen have tried and cast off near 200 
 of the old kinds. 
 
 j. Denotes '• bad pears,''' 'Hndifferent pears''' or " outcasts" on the 
 authority of those to whose initials this chacter is annexed. 
 
 R. Refers to the 53 trees of 19 varieties recommended by Rosier. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Section I. comprises all the pears described by Rosier 
 whose descriptions comprehend essentially all those of Du- 
 hamel. This section is arranged in the order of their ma- 
 turity according to Rosier. 
 AMIRE JOANNET. >S'^ John's. Petit St. Jean. 
 
 The fruit is small, yellow, pyriform ; the flesh tender, 
 sweet, not high flavored ; juicy but soon turning mealy. 
 One of the earliest of all pears, and chiefly valuable for its 
 early maturity, (q.) July. 
 
 PETIT MUSCAT. Little Mush Supreme. 
 
 The fruit is very small, yellow, brownish red next the 
 sun ; roundish turbinate ; half breaking, of a musky flavor. 
 The fruit grows in clusters. July, (q.) (Q|.) The tree 
 cankers and is subject to blight. (M4) (S|) 
 
 AURATE. August Muscat (S.4) (q.) 
 MUSCAT ROBERT. Rohine. (a.—) 
 10* 
 
114 NEW AMERICAN ORCHAR6fS'f» 
 
 MUSCAT FLEURI. Flowei^ed Muscat. {Q.) 
 MADELEINE. Citron des Carmes. Early Chaumontelle. 
 A fruit of medium size, pale yellow, with an occasional 
 blush next the sun ; form turbinate ; flesh white, meltings- 
 perfumed. End of July. A fine old fruit. This variety 
 exhibits strong symptoms of decay. (M.) (q.) 
 
 HATIVEAU. 
 
 [R. I.] QUISSE MADAME. Windsor. An indifferent 
 
 fruit. (M|) 
 (a.) GROS BLANaUET. (q.) 
 
 (l) EPARGNE of the French. JARGONELLE, o/^Ae 
 English. Grosse Quisse Madame. (Q,.) 
 
 The tree is one of the most productive of all pears. The 
 fruit is the best of its season ; it is rather large, very ob- 
 long ; of a green color, a little marbled with red next the 
 sun ; the flesh melting, juicy, with a slightly acid, rich, 
 and agreeable flavor. It ripens the last of July. In the 
 vicinity of Boston where this fruit is raised in abundance 
 for the market, it is usually gathered long before fully 
 grown, and mellowed in closely confined masses. End of 
 July. I am sorry to add, that the wood of this capital old 
 variety begins to canker and decay at Salem, (q,) 
 OGNONET. Arch Duke of Summer. 
 SAPIN. 
 
 DEUX TETES. Double Headed. (Ui) 
 BELLISSIME D'ETE. Supreme. Beauty of Summer. 
 
 A middling fruit. (M.|) (U.^) (q.) 
 
 BOURDON MUSaUE. Orange cVEte. (Q.) (q.) 
 
 BLANaUET A LONGUE QUEUE. Long Stalked 
 Blanket. (Ct.) 
 
 (R. 2.) PETIT BLANaUET. Little Blanket. [Q.) 
 
 Very small and beautiful ; the skin very smooth, and 
 yellowish white, breaking, musky ; but a very poor fruit, (q.) 
 
 GROS HATIVEAU. Early in August. 
 
 POIRE D'ANGE. Angel Fear. Early in August. 
 
 (I) POIRE SANS PEAU. Skinless. [Q.) 
 
 A small oblong pear; the skin is smooth and thin, of a 
 
OLD PEARS. SECTION I. 115 
 
 pale green, slightly colored with red next the sun ; the 
 flesh half melting, of a sweet and pleasant flavor. A good 
 fruit, but the wood begins to canker. August. (M.) 
 
 PARFUM D'AOUT. August Perfume, (q.) Middle Aug. 
 
 CHER A DAME. Prince's Pear. (S|) (q.) 
 
 FIN OR D'E'TE'. Fine Gold of Summer. Middle Aug. 
 
 EPINE ROSE. Tliorny -Rose. Summer Rose, (q.) 
 
 SALVIATL (Q.) August. 
 
 ORANGE MUSQE'E. (a)(q.) 
 
 ORANGE ROUGE. Red Orange. (Q^.) (q.) 
 
 [R.2.] ROBINE. Ro7/aIe d'Ete. Royal Summer. {Q.) (q.) S| 
 
 SANGUINOLE. Bloodij Pear. (U^j.) (q.) 
 
 BON CHRETIEN D'E'TE' MUSQUE. Musk Summer 
 Bon Chretien. (M4..) (ai) 
 
 GROS ROUSSELET. Roi d'Ete. (Q.) (q.) 
 
 POIRE D'CEUF. Egg Pear. Swan's Egg of For. and 
 Coxe. (S.4.) 
 
 CASSOLETTE. Lechefriand. (a.) (q.) 
 
 GRISE-BONNE. Last of August. 
 
 MUSCAT ROYALE. Beginning of September. 
 
 JARGONELLE, of Rosier and the French. Qiiisse 
 Bladame, of the English and Americans. 
 This last name has been applied to another fruit ; both 
 are called bad. (CI4) (S.|) 
 
 [R. 4.] * ROUSSELET DE RHEIMS. Petit Rous selet. 
 The fruit is small, pyriform ; the eye is large and even 
 with the surface ; the stalk ten lines, the fruit twentyseven 
 lines and twenty in its transverse diameter ; greenish yellow 
 in the shade, brownish red next the sun ; the flesh half 
 melting, musky, very perfumed; excellent to put in brandy 
 and for drying. Last of August. The tree is productive, (q) 
 
 AH MON DIEU! BIy God Pear ! (q.) Poire D' Ah on- 
 dance. Nouv. Cours Comp. 
 Valuable only for its productiveness. (Q,.) (*.) 
 
 FINE OR DE SEPTEMBRE. Fine Gold of September 
 Beginning of Sept. (q.) 
 
 FOND ANTE DE BREST. Inconnue Cheneau. (Q.) 
 
116 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 *EPINE D'E'TE'. Summer Thorn. Green Catharine. 
 
 Rather small, tapering to the stalk which is long ; the 
 eye even with the surface ; of a green color covered with 
 dark russetty blotches ; the flesh is breaking, of a very 
 musky flavor. The tree is very productive. Late in Aug. 
 
 (q-) 
 
 POIRE FIGUE. 
 
 BON CHRE'TIEN D'ETE'. Gracioli Summer Bon 
 Chretien. 
 Of great size and beauty and only esteemed on this 
 account. The tree is a bad bearer and cankers ; the fruit 
 often blights, and soon rots at the core, (q.) 
 
 ORANGE TULIPE'E. Striped Grange. Tulip Pear. 
 ViUaine d'Anjou. (Cl|.) (q.) 
 
 BERGAiMOTTE D'E'TE'. Summer Bergamotte. Milan 
 
 de Beuvriere. (Q.|.) (S|.) (q.) 
 
 ^BERGAMOTTE ROUGE. Red Berg amot. 
 
 The fruit is rather small, short, turbinate, pale yellow, 
 but red next the sun ; tender, melting, juicy, sugary, high 
 flavored. August, (q.) (M.) 
 
 *VERTE LONGUE. Gros BlouiUe Bouche. MouilU 
 
 Bouche. Long Green Mouth-water. 
 The fruit is rather large ; form varying from pyramida 
 to turbinate ; the skin smooth, of a dark green color 
 the flesh melting, of a sweet, rich, and pleasant flavor. It 
 ripens the beo-inning of Aug. An old but esteemed vari- 
 ety. (a) (q.) (M.) 
 [R 4.] BEURRE'E. Brown Beurree. Beurree Gris. 
 
 Beurree Bore. Beurree Rouge. 
 Rather large; obovate, tapering towards the stalk; 
 greenish yellow, covered with thin russet; but occasionally 
 dusky red next the sun; the flesh melting, buttery, rich 
 and excellent. October. One of the most ancient, and 
 once the best of all Pears, Even at this day it is still pro- 
 ductive, and fair in some few gardens of the city, but it is 
 rarely if ever seen in its markets. With the cultivators 
 who furnish its supplies, it has now become an outcast. 
 The fruit blights and the wood cankers. (Q.) (q.) 
 
 ANGLETERRE. Beurre D' Angleterre. Sept. 
 
OLD PEARS. SECTION I. 117 
 
 DOYENNE'. Doyenne blanc. Beurre hlanc. Bonne 
 Ente. CarZ/s/e of Mil. and others. Yellow Butter. 
 Beurre Dare or Sf Michael of Coxe. Garner of 
 Rhode Island. Many other names might be added. 
 The tree was once with us, most extraordinarily produc- 
 tive ; the fruit the fairest, the most beautiful and delicious, 
 and universally admired. This most ancient of all pears 
 has now become an outcast, intolerable even to sight, In 
 some sections of the city it is even now productive and 
 fair, but it is seldom seen in its markets. The fruit is of 
 medium size, roundish oblong, diminishing towards the 
 stalk, which is short, thick and strong. The skin smooth, 
 of a pale lemon color, or sometimes colored with red next 
 the sun ; the flesh white, melting, juicy, of delicious flavor. 
 Oct. Such was the St Michael once with us. (Cl|.) (S|.) 
 
 (q-) 
 
 BEZIDE MONTIGNY. (q.) 
 
 BEZI DE LA MOTTE. Bien Armudi. Beurre hlanc 
 de Jersey. (Q..) 
 This old fruit has lately disappeared from the markets of 
 Paris. Nov. (q.) 
 
 BERGA MOTTE SUISSE. Suisse, Striped Bergamotte. 
 
 (Ql.) (q.) 
 BERGAMOTTE D'AUTOMNE. Autumn Bergamotte. 
 
 The fruit is small, globular, depressed ; the skin rough, 
 yellowish green in the shade, dull brown next the sun ; the 
 flesh pale, melting, gritty at the core, juicy, sugary, per- 
 fumed. September, (Q,.) (q.) 
 
 BERGAMOTTE CADETTE. Cadette. (a^.) Sept. (q.) 
 JALOUSIE. Poire de Jalousie. 
 FRANGIPANE. Jasmin. (U-j..) (q.) 
 LANS AC. DaujjJiine, Satin. {Q.) Oct. (q.) 
 VIGNE. Demoiselle. (U.) Oct. (q.) 
 PASTORALE. Musette d'Automne. 
 
 The fruit is large, very long, and in shape like the St 
 Lezaine ; yellow, but red next the sun ; half melting, a 
 little musky, good ; sweet on dry soils, in dry years, aus- 
 tere otherwise. Oct. Nov. to Jan. (Q4.) 
 BELLISSIME D'AUTOMNE. Vermilion. Beauty of 
 Autumn. Supreme. End of Oct. (q.) 
 
118 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 [R 3.] MESSIRE JEAN. Monsieur Jean Dore. 
 
 The fruit is short and turbinate, of medium size ; of a 
 yellow or sometimes gray yellow color ; the flesh breaking, 
 juicy, subject to grittiness, but of a rich flavor. The tree 
 is a good bearer, and the fruit is by some much esteemed. 
 It ripens late in October, and is good to put in brandy or 
 to dry. (q.) 
 
 MANSUETTE. Solitaire. 
 
 ROUSSELINE. (a.) Unseat a longue queue. 
 
 BON CHRETIEN D'ESPAGNE. Spanisli Bon Chre- 
 tien. (Q|.) (M|.) 
 
 [R 4.] CRASSANNE. Bergamotte Crassanne. 
 
 Some state that this fruit derives its name from crassus 
 [thick] ; but M. Q,aintinie says from ecrase [to crush]. It 
 is over medium size, roundish turbinate ; greenish yellow, 
 coated with russet ; the flesh tender, melting ; juice rich, 
 sugary. October. This fruit is no longer to be trusted ; 
 it is liable to canker and to blight. 
 
 BEZIDE CASSOY. Roussette de Anjou. (a^.) 
 [R. 4.] DOYENNE' ORIS. Doyenne Roux. Gray 
 Doyenne. Red Doyenne^ according to Pom. Mag. 
 Medium size, turbinate ; the stalk short ; of a bright 
 cinnamon color, but red next the sun ; the flesh yellowish 
 white, melting, sacqharine, rich and of excellent flavor. 
 Season Oct. This once excellent variety has now become 
 as liable to blight at Salem as the St Michael. (M|.) (q.) 
 
 MERVEILLE D'HIVER. Wonder of Winter. Amadot. 
 
 (U.) 
 
 EPINE D'HIVER. Winter Thorn. (Q.) (q.) 
 LOUISE BONNE. (Q.) Good Louise. (S4.) Nov. and' 
 
 Dec. (q.) 
 (R 2.) MARTIN SEC. Dry Martin. 
 
 An indifferent fruit, but good for drying. (Cl|.) (M4.) 
 Dec. Jan. (q.) 
 
 MARQUISE. Marchionesse. [Q.) (q.) 
 *ECHASSERIE. Bezy de CViassery. Mr Lowell. (M.) 
 (Q,.) Amhrette of Coxe and Fes. New Amer. Gard. 
 Tilton of New Jersey. 
 The leaves of the Echassery have serratures, the Ambrette 
 
OLD PEARS. {SECTION I. 119 
 
 none. A fruit below medium size, form varying from 
 nearly globular to oblong ; the eye on a level with the regu- 
 lar rounded crown; the skin rough, russet green, coarse, 
 and thick, which eminently qualifies it for keeping ; at ma- 
 turity it inclines to yellow ; the flesh melting, juicy, of a 
 sweet and musky flavor. The tree requires a dry, warm 
 soil, and bears abundantly. The fruit is very ordinary in 
 appearance ; it keeps well in winter, and should not be 
 eaten too soon, or till long after it is soft, (q.) 
 
 AMBRETTE, [notofCoxe.] Belle Gahrielle. Trompe 
 Valet, (a.) 
 
 Tree thorny ; leaves without serratures. Nov. Feb. (q.) 
 [R 2.] CHAUMONTELLE. Bezi de Chaumontelle. 
 
 A noble old variety ; size large to very large ; variable 
 in form ; at maturity yellow, slightly shaded with red next 
 the sun ; the flesh melting, juicy, sweet, musky, excellent. 
 December to January. Although this fruit is still fine and 
 fair in Salem and its suburbs, and in some particular sec- 
 tions of the city and some few sheltered situations in its 
 vicinity ; yet it has long since disappeared froni its markets, 
 and is another of the old sorts which are rarely to be seen 
 in the markets of Paris. With us this fruit has become an 
 outcast. (S.|) (q.) 
 
 VITRIER. Poire du Vitrier. November and December. 
 
 BEaUESNE. (a^) Good only for baking. 
 
 BEZI D'HERI. Bcsidery, Bezi d' Airy? 
 
 This old fruit has lately disappeared from the markets of 
 Paris and we may rely that it is not without cause. (Q.) 
 
 [R. 1.] FRANC-REAL. Fin or d'lliver. (Qt.) 
 Good for cooking, (q.) 
 
 [R. 4.] St GERMAIN. Inconnue la fare. 
 
 An ancient and once celebrated fruit; large, pyramidal, 
 tapering regularly to the stalk ; of a green color but at ma- 
 turity of a yellowish cast, covered with russetty spots; the 
 flesh very melting, very juicy, saccharine, slightly acid and 
 delicious. November to March. Such was the St. Ger- 
 main once with us ; but except only in some sections in the 
 city and occasionally in some sheltered situations near, il 
 has long since become an outcast and abandoned variety. 
 The wood cankers, the fruit blights and this defection has 
 
120 NfiW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 extended south to Rhode Island and to some parts of NeW 
 York. (S4) (q.) (U.) 
 
 [R. 4.] VIRGOULEUSE. Chamhrette. Poire de Glace. Qi. 
 Another old celebrated fruit, rather large, obovate, inclin- 
 ing to pyramidal ; the skin smooth, of a deep green color ; 
 at maturity pale yellow ; the flesh melting, juicy, rich, high 
 flavored and excellent. November to February. I have 
 before noted that this fruit has disappeared from the mar- 
 kets of Paris, and probably not without a reason. It is 
 sometimes still fair in Boston but has disappeared from its 
 markets. The tree cankers, and the fruit has long since 
 become an outcast, (q.) 
 
 JARDIN. Poire de Jardin. December. 
 
 [R. 2.] ROYALE D'HIVER. Royal Winter. 
 
 Above medium size ; form pyramidally turbinate ; the 
 skin smooth, yellow, but bright red next the sun ; flesh 
 yellowish, nearly melting, juicy, rich, sweet, and well fla- 
 vored. December to February. This ancient and once 
 celebrated fruit, has disappeared as I have before stated, 
 from the markets of Paris ; and although it is sometimes 
 still fair in our city it is yet no longer or but rarely seen in 
 our markets. It has become blighted and worthless. (S|.) 
 
 ANGELiaUE DE BOPvDEAUX. St. Marcel. Gros 
 
 Franc Real. (CI.) January, February. 
 SAINT AUGUSTIN. (q.) 
 
 CHAMPE RICHE D'lTALIE. Dec. January, (q.) 
 LIVRE. Poire d'une Livre. See Baking Pears. 
 TRESOR. Poire Tresor d' Amour. Good forbaking.(a.+) 
 ANGELiaUE DE ROME. q. 
 MARTIN SIPvE. Ronville. q. 
 
 BERGAMOTTEDE PACQUES. Easter Bergamotte. 
 TERLING. Winter Bergamotte. U. 
 
 [R. 4.] COLMAR. Poire de Colmar. Poire Manne. 
 Incomparable. 
 This ancient fruit is rather large ; pyramidally formed, 
 inclining to turbinate ; the skin smooth, green, changing 
 to yellow at maturity ; sometimes slightly colored with red 
 next the sun ; the flesh melting, juicy, saccharine and of 
 excellent flavor. Dec. to April. The disappearance of 
 
OLD PEARS. SECTION I. 121 
 
 the Colmars from the markets of Paris, which I have al- 
 ready mentioned, seems a circumstance which they much 
 deplore. And although this fruit is still fair in some sec- 
 tions of the city, it has long since gone from our markets. 
 With us it is considered an outcast. Its defection is noted 
 also in Rhode Island. (S|.) (q.) 
 
 BELLISSIME DRIVER. Teton de Venus. Beaut?j of 
 Winter. 
 
 TONNE AU. See Baking Pears, (q.) 
 DONVILLE. 
 TROUVE. April. 
 
 [R. 2.] BON CHRETIEN D'HIVER. PorecfAngoise. 
 Winter Bon Chretien. (Q,.) 
 An ancient fruit, very large, of a turbinated or pyrami- 
 dal form. The crown large, sides angular and tapering 
 towards the summit, which is narrow ; the stalk very long 
 and surrounded by protuberances ; the flesh breaking, 
 rather sweet and juicy. This fruit often grows enormously 
 large and may be preserved till May. The fruit is liable to 
 crack, and is not at this day much esteemed either for pro- 
 ductiveness or other good qualities. The Pound Pear is 
 thought very superior in every respect. Mons. duin- 
 tinie placed this fruit at the head of all old pears on ac- 
 count of its name, (Good Christian,) beauty, size, and 
 keeping qualities, more than for any good quality, (qj,) 
 
 ORANGE D'HIVER. Winter Orange. (U^.) (q.) 
 BERGAMOTTE DE SOULERS Bonne de Soulers. (q.) 
 DOUBLE FLEUR. (%•) See Baking Pears, (q.) 
 POIRE DE PRETER. 
 POIRE DE NAPLES. Easter St Germain. Lent St 
 
 Germain. (Cl|.) (q.) 
 CHAT BRUSLE. Oct. to winter, (a^.) 
 
 [Ft. 2.] MUSCAT L'ALLEMAND. German Muscat, (q.) 
 Considered by many an outcast. The wood cankers, th@ 
 fruit blights. (S4.) (M|.) (q.) 
 
 IMPERIALE A FEUILLES DE CHENE. Iraperial 
 
 Oakleaved. April and May. (q.) 
 
 SAINT PERE. Poire de Saint Pere. Baking. 
 POIRE A GOBERT. June. 
 11 
 
122 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 [R.2.] BERGAMOTTE D'HOLLANDE. Holland Ber- 
 gamotte. D' Alengon. 
 This fruit keeps till May, and has with some become an 
 outcast. (S|.) (q.) 
 
 TARaUIN. April and May.. 
 
 SARASIN. Is considered here as an outcast. (S|.) (q.) 
 
 [R. 4.] BERGAMOTTE SYLVANGE. 
 
 The Sylvange Vert d' Hiver is better than this, and the 
 best of all the Sylvanges. See the article in the class of 
 New Pears. 
 
 OLD PEARS. — SECTION II. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING OLD VARIETIES ARE DESCRIBED BY DUHAMEL 
 AND OTHER AUTHORS, IN THE ORDER OF MATURITY. 
 
 ROUSSELET HATIF. Early Rousselet Catharine. 
 
 The fruit is small, pyriform, yellow in the shade, bright 
 red next the sun ; half breaking, saccharine, very perfum- 
 ed. July. 
 
 GROS BLANaUETTE RONDE. Dub. July. 
 
 GREEN CHISSEL. 
 
 The tree is feeble but productive. The fruit in clusters, 
 is small, nearly globular ; color green, but brown next the 
 sun; gritty, saccharine, perfumed. Last of July. 
 
 SUGAR TOP, or July. 
 AMBROSIA. Early Beurre. Lind. 
 
 Medium sized; form roundish, flattened ; skin smooth, 
 greenish yellow ; flesh tender, rich, sugary ; juice perfum- 
 ed. Last of August. 
 
 MUSCAT ROYAL. Duh. End of Aug. 
 
 AUTUMN BOUNTY. (S|.) 
 
 BROCA'S BERGAMOT. GanseVs Bcrgamoi. 
 
 A delicious round fruit, but miserably unproductive. An 
 outcast here on this account. (S|.) October. 
 
 CRASSANNE PANACHE'. Rosier. 
 Leaves variegated ; an ornaiiental variety. 
 
OLD PEARS. SECTION II. 123 
 
 ELTON. Hort. Trans. 
 
 An old fruit of medium size, oval form, russetty orange 
 next the sun ; flesh breaking and excellent, but soon grow- 
 ing mealy. September. 
 
 K. L. FORELLE. Pom. Mag. C. Hort. Trans. 
 
 FoRELLEN-BiRNE. Diel. PoiRE Truite, of the French. 
 
 A fruit celebrated by the English and German writers 
 for its superior beauty, excellence, and productiveness. 
 The size medium, form obovate, color at maturity lemon in 
 the shade, a rich sanguine or crimson next the sun ; speck- 
 led and covered with broad ocellate spots ; hence called by 
 the French truite or trous pear ; flesh white, juicy, buttery ; 
 flavor rich, subacid, vinous. Dr Diel assigns its nativity 
 to Northern Saxony. In the vicinity of Boston it has dis- 
 appointed expectation, and is regarded as a decayed vari- 
 ety. November. 
 
 GREEN PEAR OF YAIR. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Middle sized, regular form ; green, slightly russetted ; 
 flesh yellow, melting, sweet. A very productive and popu- 
 lar Scotch variety of great excellence, Sept. 
 
 HOLLAND GREEN. Coxe. Holland Table Pear, 
 
 (M|.) 
 ORANGE BERGAMOTTE. Coxe. (M|.) 
 
 PRINCE'S SUGAR. Lowre's Bergamot. 
 
 Middle sized, not very rich, but good. With some it 
 has become an outcast. (S4.) Very productive. 
 RED CHEEK. English Red Cheek. English Catharine. 
 
 Sweet, but soon turns mealy. Not much esteemed. 
 Early in September. 
 RUSHMORE'S BON CHRETIEN. 
 
 Esteemed by some in New York. With us only es- 
 teemed for baking. An outcast with some. (S|.) 
 SFPTEMBER ORANGE. (M^.) 
 SUCRE VERT. Duh. Green Sugar, (q.) (a.) 
 
 Middle sized, round, inclining to pyramidal ; the skin 
 smooth, always green ; melting, juicy, very sweet. I have 
 stated that this fruit has made its exit from the markets of 
 Paris. Last of Oct. Excellent some years. 
 SWAN'S EGG. 31oorf owl Egg, o^'Rosion. 
 
 Small, oval, turbinate ; green, but dull russet brown next 
 
124 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 the suD ; flesh tender, rich, saccharine, musky. The tree 
 grows rapid and upright, and is productive. A favorite 
 Scotch fruit. November. 
 
 VERTE LONGUE PANACHE . Culotte de Suisse. 
 Suisse. Striped Dean. 
 Medium size, pyramidal ; striped with yellow on a green 
 ground ; pale red next the sun. Indifferent. The bark is 
 striped ; the fruit a curiosity. An outcast with some (S|.) 
 and not much esteemed by others. Rarely seen at this 
 day in the markets of Paris. September. 
 
 BON CHRETIEN D'AUCH. D'AucIi. (M^.) (S4..) 
 ROUSSELET D'HIVER. Duh« Hunter Russet ? (Q4..) 
 
 OLD BAKING PEARS. 
 CAT J LL AC. 
 
 Forty Ounces. 
 
 The fruit is very large, roundish turbinate; pale yellow, 
 but deeply stained with red next the sun ; flesh firm and 
 breaking, the flavor astringent. A good bearer ; an ex- 
 cellent baking pear, in use all winter. 
 
 DOUBLE FLEUR. 
 
 Armenian. 
 
 Large, round ; at maturity yellow, but purple red next 
 the sun ; breaking, juicy. An ornamental variety. (Q|. ) 
 Good only for baking. 
 DOUBLE FLEUR PANACHE'. 
 
 An ornamental variety, with double flowers and striped 
 fruit. Good for baking. Feb. to April. 
 
 GROS RATEAU GRIS. Bon Jard. Quint. Lind. 
 
 Black Pear of Worcester. 
 
 Love Pear, Parkinson's Warden. 
 
 Found Pear, but not of Langlej'-. 
 
 Poire d'une Livre. 
 
 'Grande Monarque, of Knoop. 
 
 Fruit very large, roundish turbinate ; skin rough, yel- 
 lowish green, but obscure red or brown next the sun ; flesh 
 very hard, coarse, austere, but good baked or stewed. It 
 does not succeed on the quince. November to February. 
 *IPvON PEAR. 
 
 Rather large ; its color a yellowish or iron russet ; farm 
 
OLD BAKING PEARS. 125 
 
 rather oblong, regular, narrowing a little towards the sum- 
 mit ; flesh breaking, juicy, and astringent. This pear keeps 
 till May, is a good bearer, and an excellent baking sort. 
 
 POIRE DE TONNEAU. Bon Jard. Lindley. 
 
 Belle de Jersey, Uvedale's St Germain. 
 
 Pickering, Union, Udale's Warden. 
 
 Fruit very large, oblong, tapering to the crown, but 
 compressed between the middle and the stalk ; in form of 
 a cask ; skin smooth, dark green, but brown next the sun ; 
 at maturity yellow and red ; flesh white, hard, austere ; 
 juice astringent ; an excellent pear to cook. 
 
 WARDEN. 
 
 Medium size, turbinate form, of a dark russetty yellow 
 color ; an autumn fruit, and excellent for cooking. This 
 is a very productive variety. 
 
 *POUND. 
 
 One of the most valuable of our winter baking pears. It 
 is highly esteemed and is raised in considerable quantities 
 and barrelled for the markets or for exportation. The trees 
 are extraordinary for their vigorous growth and productive- 
 ness ; the fruit is very large, oblong, pyramidal, rounded 
 at the crown, diminishing towards the stalk, which is very 
 strong ; of a rusty green color, but brownish red next the 
 sun ; firm, breaking, juicy and astringent ; most excellent 
 for baking or preserving. It will keep till April or May. 
 
 It may not perhaps be improper, here to subjoin, a list of 
 such still existing varieties, as M. Cluintinie has in his day, 
 in a more extensive and partly obsolete list, denounced and 
 designated as pears of indifferent quality, and had pears. 
 I refer to the edition of Mr Evelyn, printed in 1693. I do 
 not, however, assert that this list is to be considered an in- 
 fallible guide, but I believe it to be generally so : and if 
 true at that distant day, how much more reason have we 
 for believing it is at least equally true now. 
 
 I add the following still existing varieties, which, on the 
 authorities which I annex to each, have been denominated 
 Indifferent Pears — Bad Pears, or Outcasts. Those 
 marked B, are, however, good for baking. 
 
 11* 
 
126 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 Brutte Bonne. Indif. Q,|. 
 Caillot Rosat. Indif. Q,|. 
 Finord'Orleans. Indif. d^. 
 Gilogile. Bad. Q^. 
 Clueen of Winter. Reine d' 
 
 Hiver. Indif. Q|. 
 St Francis. Bad. B. Q,^. 
 
 Cluster. Outcast. CI4. 
 
 Golden Beurre. Outcast. S4.. 
 
 Lott's Bergamot. " S|. 
 
 Piatt's Bergamot. " S4. 
 
 Leggett's. " S4. 
 
 Red Butter Pear. " S4, 
 
 NEW PEARS. 
 
 The following list of new varieties are in part American, 
 — ^^a small portion are English, and a very few of French 
 origin ; but the greatest portion are Flemish, of all those 
 not otherwise noted. Many additions yet remain to be 
 made to this list, from the very numerous new kinds, and 
 mostly of Flemish origin, which were sent through the 
 liberality of the London Horticultural Society, in the 
 springs of 1834 and 1835, their excellence having at Chis- 
 wick been proved. And especially the very numerous list 
 of some hundreds of new kinds of the highest character — 
 the noble donations which were sent us by Prof Van Mons, 
 of Louvain, during those same years — many of which had 
 not been disseminated even in Europe. 
 
 A. Denotes those of American origin. 
 
 E. Denotes those few which are native Enghsh. 
 
 F. Denotes those few kinds which are natives of France. 
 Most of all the rest are of the new Flemish kinds. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 NEW PEARS— SUMMER. 
 
 D'AMANDE D'E'TE'. Thompson. 
 
 Large, pyramidal ; color green and yellow, juicy and 
 good. September. [August?] 
 
 D'ANANAS D'E'TE^ Thompson. 
 
 Large, obtusely pyramidal; color brown, but red next 
 the sun, beurre and good. September. [August ?] 
 
NEW PEARS. SUMMER. 127 
 
 BELLE DE BRUXELLES. N. Duh. Nouv. Cours 
 Complet. 
 The young wood is large, short, gray in the shade, red 
 next the sun ; leaves small, oblong ; fruit large, pyramidal, 
 its stalk on its summit ; skin beautiful clear yellow, but 
 bright red next the sun ; the flesh is white, fine, of an 
 agreeable flavor. The fruit is the largest and the most 
 beautiful of the season, which is early in August. 
 
 BEURRE' D'AMANLTS. Thompson. 
 
 Large, obovate ; color brown and green ; beurre and ex- 
 cellent. Sept. [August ?] 
 
 BLOODGOOD PEAR. Mr Bloodgood. [A.] 
 
 The fruit is of moderate size and roundish form ; of a 
 yellow color throughout, and somewhat russetted. The 
 stalk an inch long. A pear of superior quality, ripening 
 ill July. This account is from Thomas Bloodgood, Esq. 
 of New York, firm of James Bloodgood &d Co. of Flushing. 
 
 BURLINGHAME. Dr S. P. Hildreth. [A.] 
 
 A seedling raised by Mrs C. Burlinghame of Marietta, 
 Ohio. A fruit of medium size, surface smooth, with longi- 
 tudinal depressions ; of a yellow color, changing to rich 
 crimson next the sun. Flesh melting, white, very juicy, 
 sugary and delicious. Middle of July to the last of Aug. 
 
 CALEBASSE MUSaUE'E. Lindley. 
 
 This fruit is four inches long, irregular, broadly angular, 
 and knobby ; its diameter three eighths of its length, com- 
 pressed below the middle ; the color deep yellow next the 
 sun, and partially covered with thin orange gray russet ; 
 flesh breaking, a little gritty, juicy, very saccharine. This 
 pear will probably ripen the last of August with us. 
 
 COLMAR D'E'TE'. Annales d'Horticulture. [F.] 
 
 The tree resembles the Colmar, but its bark is always 
 creased ; it is a great bearer. A very good species, origi- 
 nated by M. Noisette and but little disseminated. August 
 ajid September. 
 
 ^DEARBORN'S SEEDLING. [A] 
 
 This pear originated at Brinley Place, the mansion of 
 the Hon. H. A S. Dearborn, in Roxbury. A seedling of 
 1818. The tree is of vigorous growth ; the fruit of medi- 
 um size, rounded at the crown, and regularly diminishing 
 in a parabolic manner to the stalk, which is inserted in a 
 
128 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 small cavity ; the skin is smooth, thin, green, speckled 
 with russet points, and a fawn colored blotch around the 
 stalk, which is short and curved ; the skin delicate yellow ; 
 the flesh very melting, and fully equalling in flavor the 
 once famous and delicious St Michael. The first fruit 
 was examined and thus named, by the committee of the 
 Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in August, 1831. 
 DE CANDOLLE. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized, obovate ; of a pale green color ; juicy and 
 good. Sept. [August?] 
 
 DUaUESNE D'E'TE. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized; obtusely pyramidal ; color brown or pale 
 green; beurre and good. Sept. [Augnst ?] 
 
 EARLY BERGAMOT. Pom. Mag. Lind. [F.] 
 
 A medium sized pear, of a green color, tinged at matu- 
 rity with yellow ; streaked with brownish red next the sun ; 
 of a roundish form, flattened at its base ; the flesh yellow- 
 ish white, very juicy, a little breaking and gritty, but very 
 rich and sugary. Ripe in August. 
 
 A new fruit sent by M. Thouin to the London Horti- 
 cultural Society in 1820. A most excellent early variety ; 
 an abundant bearer. 
 
 GREEN SUMMER SUGAR. Dr Willich. C. 
 
 Sugar Pear of Hoyerswerda. 
 
 Sugar d'Hoyerswerda. 
 
 An excellent new fruit, of moderate size, raised from 
 the seed of the Green Sugar, (Sucre Vert) cultivated in 
 Lower Lusatia ; it is oblong, but arched towards the crown ; 
 of a grass green shade, spotted in every direction with 
 green and gray dots ; the pulp is mellow, without gritti- 
 ness, and surpasses in taste all other summer pears. Its 
 juice is of a vinous and subacid taste, decidedly superior, 
 at least in taste, to the Green Sugar. If it be suffered to 
 ripen on the tree it acquires a greenish yellow shade. 
 Ripe from the middle to the end of August, and it can be 
 preserved only a few weeks. The tree bears fruit every 
 year ; and the wood remains sound in the severest winters. 
 
 INNOMINE'E. Dr Van Mons. 
 
 The fruit is very large, and from the contraction of the 
 short neck, it resembles the jFVec^mc de JVirtemberg. The 
 stalk is long, large and straight; the skin clear green, but 
 yellowish at maturity, marbled with pale brown ; flesh 
 
NEW PEARS. SUMMERc 129 
 
 delicate, melting, saccharine, with an agreeable perfume. 
 Although between a summer and autumn fruit, it does not 
 become mealy. — New England Farmer, vol. x. No. 7, 
 extract of an article written by Dr Van Mons, in the Revue 
 des Revues, inserted by the Hon. IL A. S. Dearborn. 
 
 *JULIENNE. 
 
 L'Archiduc d'E'te'. Summer Beurre'. Syn. of Coxe. 
 
 Summer Doyenne', erroneously. 
 
 The tree grows upright and handsome ; it bears young 
 and most abundantly. The fruit is of medium size, in- 
 clining to obovate, tapering towards the stalk, which is 
 short ; the skin is smooth, of a pale yellow color, with a 
 faint blush next the sun ; the flesh is perfectly melting, 
 rich, and juicy. One of the most beautiful and valuable 
 fruits of its season, and deserving an extensive cultivation. 
 It ripens the last of August. 
 
 PASSANS DE PORTUGAL. Thompson. 
 
 Of medium size, obovate form, of a pale brown color: 
 juicy and excellent. August. A good bearer. 
 
 SABINE D'E'TE'. Lond. Hort. Trans. Lindley. 
 
 Raised in 1819, by Mr Sloffels, of Mechlin; named for 
 Mr Sabine. The form is pyramidal, terminating in a round 
 blunt point at the stalk ; the color yellow, but fine scarlet 
 next the sun; the whole surface smooth, regular, and pol- 
 ished ; flesh white, melting, juicy, and highly perfumed. 
 It ripens early in August. The young wood is slender ; it 
 bears abundantly, 
 
 SEIGNEUR D'E'TE'. Lond. Hort. Trans. Lindley. 
 
 This pear has been known many years in Flanders. It 
 is above the middle size, a blunt oval ; of a fine orange 
 color, but bright scarlet next the sun, and marbled ; the 
 flesh melting, free from grit ; a rich and beautiful pear. It 
 ripens the beginning of September, and will probably ripen 
 here in August. The tree is handsome and bears well. 
 
 VALLE'E FRANCHE. Thompson. [F.] 
 
 De Valle'e. 
 
 A middle sized fruit, of obovate form ; of a yellowish 
 green color; juicy and excellent. A good bearer. Aug. 
 
130 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 NEW PEARS. — AUTUMN. 
 
 In this section are included all those new varieties whose 
 period of maturity has not been ascertained. 
 
 ALEXANDRE DE RUSSIE Lindley. 
 
 An uncommonly fine new fruit, above the medium size, 
 obliquely pyramidal, Bon Chretien formed, with an uneven 
 knobby surface ; the stalk short, thick, depressed ; of a 
 greenish yellow color, almost covered with cinnamon rus- 
 set ; the flesh almost white, gritty, but tender and mellow ; 
 juicy, saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. It ripens 
 in October. [September?] 
 
 ALTHORPE CRASSANNE. Mr Knight. [E.] 
 
 Middle sized, roundish ; of a brown and green color, 
 beurre and excellent. Originated by Mr Knight, and sent 
 by him to Mr Lowell in 1S3!J. He says *' this variety is very 
 excellent and rose flavored. This and the Monarque will 
 not be equalled by any other variety in your climate; both 
 grow rapidly and bqar abundantly." November. 
 
 ^ANDREWS. 
 
 Amory, Gibson. 
 
 This fruit is large ; of a form inclining to oblong, melt- 
 ing, and of most excellent flavor. It ripens in September. 
 
 *BARTLETT. 
 
 Williams Boy Chrktien. (E.) 
 
 The Bartlett Pear is so named for the gentleman in whose 
 garden it was found, Enoch Bartlett, Esq. of Roxbury, 
 one of the Vice Presidents of the Massachusetts Horticul- 
 tural Society. It has been by him, widely and liberally 
 disseminated. It is a very great favorite wherever known 
 and is undoubtedly an imported fruit. The tree and its 
 leaf are beautiful ; they resemble those of the Williams 
 Bon Chretien ; and the description of the fruit agrees so ex- 
 actly, that not a doubt can exist but they are the same. 
 The William's Bon Chretien originated in Berkshire, Eng- 
 land, in 1796, and was subsequently extensively propagated 
 by Mr Williams near London — hence its name. It seems 
 capable of sustaining its high character in a diversity of 
 climates. It flourishes at Malta. [See Williams' Bon 
 Chretien.] 
 
NEW FEARS. AUTUMN. 131 
 
 BELLE ET BONNE. Pom. Mag. 
 
 ScHONE AND GuTE, of Taschenbuch, Gracieuse, Thompson. 
 This very valuable variety was sent to the London Hor- 
 ticultural Society in 1826, by Messrs Baumann of Bollwil- 
 ler — and much as our autumn pears have been improved, 
 this ranks among the very best of them, being a delicious 
 bergamot of the best kind. This fine, new pear has been 
 erroneously cultivated in Europe, under the name of Charles 
 D'Autriche, Belle de Bruxelles, and Bergamotte D'Cras- 
 sanne, which are distinct fruits. " A harvest pear, mag- 
 nificent, very large, globular, depressed, the stalk long ; 
 skin greenish yellow, but next the sun yellow, with spots 
 of russet ; flesh white, sweet, exceedingly rich and agree- 
 able, perfumed. The tree is very productive. September." 
 
 LA BELLE DE FLANDERS. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Flemish Beauty of Pom. Mag. and Lind. 
 
 Bosch Bouche Nouvelle. 
 
 Imperatrice de la France. Brilliant. Pom. Mag. 
 
 This new Flemish pear is of the first rank in quality ; 
 it is large, very beautiful, and bears abundantly; and will 
 without doubt, one day become a most important variety in 
 the list of cultivators. The fruit is large, [the engraving 
 sent by Dr Van Mons is near four inches long and over 
 three inches broad ;] obovate, obtuse at the stalk ; greenish 
 yellow russet, but tinged with crimson red next the sun ; 
 the flesh rather firm ; yellowish white, sweet, rich, melting 
 and excellent. It must be gathered while it adheres yet 
 firmly to the tree to have it in the utmost perfection. It 
 ripens in October, and will keep a month or two. It may 
 ripen here in September. 
 
 BELLE LUCRATIVE. Lindley. Braddick. Thompson. 
 A beautiful new Flemish pear ; middle sized, roundish, 
 tapering to the stalk ; of a pale yellow color; slightly rus- 
 setted, and red next the sun ; flesk a little gritty, but soft 
 and mellow ; very juicy, sugary, with a slight musky per- 
 fume. Early in October [September?] Thompson calls 
 this a crisp pear, of middling good quality. 
 BELMONT. Mr Knight. Thompson. [E.] 
 
 A new large fruit, obovate in form, of a pale yellow or 
 brown color ; juicy and excellent for cooking. The tree 
 is a great bearer. Nov. [Oct. ?] Raised by Mr Knight and 
 sent by him in 1832 to Mr Lowell. Mr Knight calls it 
 " very excellent herein November." 
 
132 NEW AMERICAN OnCHARDISf. 
 
 BERGAMOTTEDES PAYSANS. Chev. Parmenlier. 
 
 A middle sized pear ; the flesh is melting, and excellent 
 flavored. September. 
 BEURRE' D'ARGENSON. Thompson. 
 
 A large pyramidal fruit, of a yellowish brown color ; 
 beurre and excellent. November. [October ?] 
 BEURRE' DE BEAUCHAMP. Van Mons. Nouveau 
 Cours Complet d'Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 127. 
 
 This fruit is nearly round ; color yellowish green, 
 speckled ; flesh almost white, half melting, having a pe- 
 culiar flavor which is very agreeable. It ripens in Novem- 
 ber. The tree is very productive, says Van Mons, who 
 sent us the specimen. — Base. 
 
 *BEURRE' BOSC. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours Com- 
 plet d'Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 125. 
 
 The fruit is very long, terminated by a crown three in- 
 ches in diameter ; of a gray fawn color, but yellowish at 
 maturity ; the flesh white, melting, half buttery, excellent ; 
 ripe at the end of November. In its form and flavor, it 
 much resembles the Calebasse Marianne. Figured PI. 18, 
 of the Annales Generales des Sciences. — Bosc. 
 
 BEURRE' COLOMA. Chev. Parmentier. 
 
 This new Flemish pear is of large size ; the flesh melt- 
 ing; juice sugared, and of good flavor. It is ripe in 
 autumn. 
 
 BEURRE' CRAPAUD. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized, obovate ; color pale green : beurre and 
 excellent. October. 
 
 BEURRE' CURTET. Van Mons. Annales d'Horti- 
 culture. [F.] 
 The fruit is oval, rounded ; its length three inches, 
 breadth the same ; the skin is green, thin, striped, and 
 stained with red next the sun ; the flesh white, melting, 
 full of sweet juice, quickened by an aromatic tartness, 
 peculiar to the Bergamots. Last of September to middle 
 of Oct. — New England Farmer, vol. x. No. 22, inserted 
 by Hon. H. A S. Dearborn. Obtained in 1828, by M. 
 Simeon Bouvier, an apothecary of Jodoine, who has dedi- 
 cated it to M. Curtet, a physician of Brussels. 
 
 BEURRE' DELBECQ. Loudon, from Bull. Univer. 
 This is a new autumn pear, and is said to be a very su- 
 
NEW PEARS. AUTUMN. 133 
 
 perior fruit. The tree is more lofty and of handsomer 
 form than any other variety. It was raised by Van Mons 
 from seed sown in 1813. 
 BEURRE' DUaUESNE. Chev. Par. Thompson. 
 
 A new Flemish pear, originated it is said by Van Mons. 
 Middle sized, of a pyramidal form ; pale yellow, juicy and 
 good. Oct. Chev. Parmentier calls this a large pear. 
 
 BEURRE' DUVAL. Chev. Par. Thompson. 
 
 A new Flemish pear, raised by M. Duval. Middle 
 sized ; obtusely pyramidal ; color pale green ; beurre and 
 excellent. November. [October?] Chev. Parmentier 
 calls this a large pear. 
 
 BEURRE' KNOX. M. Van Mons. Lindley. 
 
 Large, oblong or obovate ; tapering to the stalk ; of a pale 
 green or yellow color, thinly russetted next the sun ; flesh 
 a little gritty, but mellow ; juice saccharine, but without 
 any peculiar flavor. October and November. Raised bj 
 Dr. Van Mons, and sent by Mr Knight to Mr Lowell in 
 1823. 
 BEURRE' ROMAIN. Nouv. Cours. Complet. Calvell. 
 
 The fruit is large, nearly round, flattened at the summit. 
 Of a yellowish green in the shade ; slightly colored with 
 red next the sun ; the flesh is melting and exquisite ; but 
 must be eaten at maturity, as it becomes clammy soon 
 after. Beginning of September. — Bosc. 
 
 BEURRE' DE SAINT UUENTIN. Annales d'Hor- 
 
 ticulture. [F.] 
 
 The fruit is in form of the common Doyenne, not quite so 
 long, and larger in circumference ; demi beurre ; well 
 calculated for large orchards, being a great bearer. Pro- 
 duced by M. Noisette. 
 
 BEURRE' SPENCE. M, Van Mons. 
 
 This new Pear was raised by Dr Van Mons. It pos- 
 sesses a melting and delicious flesh, its taste inestimable 
 and according to some unrivalled. It ripens in Belgium 
 in September, and merits a distinguished place in our gar- 
 dens, according to Dr Van Mons, .and Mr Braddick. 
 BEURRE' VAN MONS. Thompson. 
 
 Middle size ; pyramidally formed ; skin russetted ; flesh 
 beurre, and excellent. November. [October ?] 
 12 
 
134 NEW AMERICAN ORCHAHDIST. 
 
 BEZI DE LOUVAINE. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours 
 Complet d' Agriculture, vol. xii. p, 126. 
 
 The fruit is long, its transverse diameter two and a half 
 inches ; skin a delicate green, but brown red next the 
 sun ; the stalk short ; the flesh buttery, very agreeably 
 perfumed. It ripens in October. Figured PL 101, of the 
 Annales generales des Sciences. — Bosc. 
 
 BISHOP'S THUMB. Lindley. Thompson. 
 
 RoussELiNE (of some). Thompson. 
 
 Large, very oblong, or twice as long as broad. Dark 
 green, covered with iron russet, brownish red towards the 
 sun ; flesh yellowish green, melting juicy, high flavored 
 and excellent ; not handsome. October. [September.] 
 
 BLEECKER'S MEADOW. [A.] 
 
 A native fruit of small size, roundish form, of a yellow 
 color ; the flesh, melting, juicy, sweet, musky, and of fine 
 flavor. A good bearer. October. 
 BON CHRETIEN FONDANTE. Lindley. Thompson. 
 
 A most excellent new Flemish pear. It is large, oblong, 
 regular in its outline ; the stalk short, stout ; mostly cov- 
 ered with deep cinnamon russet ; flesh yellowish white, a 
 little gritty, but rich and buttery, and full of a highly sac- 
 charine, rich flavored juice, resembling that of the St. Ger- 
 main. And of October to November. [October ?] The 
 tree is a great bearer. 
 *BOURGMESTRE. 
 
 A new Flemish pear, s6 named in honor of the Cheva- 
 lier Joseph Parmentier, Bourgmestre. He describes it as 
 a melting and excellent fruit. We have seen specimens 
 exhibited by John Heard, Jr., Esq. of Boston, weighing 
 thirteen ounces, very large and beautiful, russetty yellow 
 in the shade, with a blush next to the sun. The form ob- 
 long, irregular, pyramidal or truncated. November to 
 December. The tree is great bearer. 
 BROOME PARK. Mr Knight. [E.] 
 
 Originated by Mr Knight, who describes it as, " a rath- 
 er small but excellent variety." Scions were sent by him 
 to Mr Lowell in 1832. 
 
 BROUGHAM HALL. Mr Knight. [E.] 
 
 Described by Mr Knight as " an excellent variety here." 
 
 Originated by him. And sent by him to Mr Lowell in 
 
 1832. 
 
NEW PEARS.- — AUTUMN. 135 
 
 BUFFUM. [A.] 
 
 The tree is upright and handsome. A native fruit, high" 
 \y esteemed at Warren, R. I. The fruit is rather small, 
 oval ; color russetty yellow, but russetty red next the sun ; 
 melting; juice agreeable. September. 
 CALEBASSE FONDANTE. Nouveau Cours Com- 
 plet d' Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 124. 
 
 The fruit is very much lengthened, knobby ; of a uni- 
 form red color ; its flesh is melting, sugary, agreeable, so- 
 far as I could judge from the fruits sent me by Van Mons. 
 It ripens the beginning of October, and grows soft soon 
 after. — Bosc. 
 
 CALEBASSE MARIANNE. Nouveau Cours Com- 
 plet d' Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 128. 
 
 This fruit is very long ; about three inches in its trans- 
 verse diameter, rather narrow in its length ; of an orange 
 color; the stalk is short; the flesh white, melting, very 
 sugary, and very perfumed. This is one of the best of all 
 pears. It very much resembles in its form a calabash. 
 The tree is thorny. This pear is figured PI. 49, of the 
 Amiales generahs des Sciences. — Ejsc. 
 *CAPIAUMONT. 
 
 Beurre DE Capiaumont. Cassiomont, erroneously. 
 
 This new variety was raised by M. Capiaumont of Mons. 
 It was sent in 1823, by Mr Knight, to the Hon. John Low- 
 ell, and has been by him liberally distributed to all who 
 have applied. This is the Capiaumont of the Pom. Jfa^. 
 of Liiidley, of Mr Knight. But I suspect not of Flanders, 
 or Thompson, or Van Mons. The tree is of vigorous and 
 upright growth, it comes early into bearing, and is very pro- 
 ductive ; the wood is stout, of a yellowish color ; the fruit 
 large, oblong, pyramidal, tapering to the stalk, which is 
 situated on its summit. The eye is level with the surface ; 
 of a yellow color, tinged with fine red, or a cinnamon next 
 the sun; the flesh yellowish, melting, buttery, very rich 
 and high flavored. A most delicious and beautiful fruit. 
 This excellent variety is said to be a great favorite in Eng- 
 land, and deservedly so in the vicinity of Boston. September. 
 
 *CAPSHEAF. 
 
 Hadley Pear ? supposed. 
 
 A large pear of a globular form, inclining to turbinate ; 
 of an orange russet color ; melting, buttery, sweet, and rich 
 flavored, September and October. Highly esteemed where 
 
136 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 known and cultivated. A valuable pear, introduced here 
 by S. H. Smith, Esq. of Rhode Island. 
 CHAPMAN. Col. Carr. [A.] 
 
 A seedling raised from the Petre. The tree grows vig- 
 orously and bears abundantly ; formed like the bergamot ; 
 the skin rough, greenish yellow ; the fleshjuicy, of a spright- 
 ly, fine flavor. September. 
 
 COLMAR D'AUTOMNE. Thompson. Lindley. 
 
 Autumn Colmar. Lindley. 
 
 A new Flemish fruit, obtusely pyramidal, irregular ; the 
 stalk depressed ; of a pale yellow or green color, thinly rus- 
 setted next sun ; the flesh rather gritty, but mellow, or 
 beurre, with a sugary and slightly perfumed juice ; an ex- 
 cellent fruit. Ripe the beginning of October. [Beginning 
 of September ?] The tree bears well. 
 
 *COLMAR SOUVERAIN. 
 
 A new pear, stated to have been raised by Van Mons. 
 Specimens of this fruit were sent in 1830, by Mr Prince 
 of the Linnaean Botanic Garden, to the Massachusetts Hor- 
 ticultural Society. A large oblong pear, of a yellow rus- 
 set color, melting, juicy, and of excellent flavor. It ripens in 
 autumn. 
 CUMBERLAND. S. H. S., Esq. [A.] 
 
 This native pear is stated by Mr Smith, to be extraor- 
 dinary for its size and beauty ; some specimens have 
 weighed near a pound. The color is yellow or orange, 
 with a bright blush of crimson next the sun ; the flesh is 
 rich, juicy and melting; little inferior to the old St. Mi- 
 chael. The original tree was first shown to him in 1830^ 
 growing in Cumberland, Rhode Island. It is about thirty 
 years old, apparently hardy, and free from blight. It ripens 
 in autumn, and may be kept till into winter. 
 
 *CUSHING. Mr Downer. [A.] 
 
 This native pear originated about forty years ago on the 
 grounds of Col. Washington Cushing of Hingham, Massa- 
 chusetts. The fruit is of medium size, oblong, contracted 
 towards the stalk which is short ; the skin smooth, light 
 green, but brownish red next the sun ; the flesh whitish, 
 melting, and full of delicious juice, sprightly, and of first 
 rate excellence. The tree is a great and constant bearer ; 
 and although growing in an uncultivated pasture, it has 
 produced annually fourteen bushels of fruit. Season mid- 
 dle of September. 
 
NEW PEARS. —AUTUMN. 137 
 
 DARIMONT. Lindley. Thompson. 
 
 A new Flemish variety ; middle sized ; obovate ; of a 
 russetty color ; melting, saccharine, musky, somewhat as- 
 tringent. September. 
 
 DEARBORN. Dr Van Mons. 
 
 Described by Dr Van Mons as a new pear, which ama- 
 teurs have pronounced exquisite, and which he has lately 
 so named in honor of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, presi- 
 dent of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 
 
 DEUCES D'HARDENPONT. Van Mons' Cat. Thorn. 
 
 Delices D'Ardenpont. Lindley. N. Duh. 
 
 Dr Van Mons represents the Delices d'Hardenpont as 
 very large. The New Duhamel describes as follows, 
 the fruit, which was sent to them from Brussels. — ■ 
 *' Delices d'Ardenpont. Raised by M. D'Ardenpont, ama- 
 teur and proprietor near Brussels, Its height is three 
 inches, diameter the same ; stalk fifteen lines. The skin 
 rather thick, smooth, green, but yellow at maturity ; the 
 flesh white, nearly melting; juice pleasant, sweet, and 
 abundant. It ripens at Brussels fourth of November. 
 
 *DIX. Mr Downer. [A.] 
 
 This very fine native pear originated in the garden of 
 Madam Dixin Boston. It sprung from the seed about 1812. 
 The tree is of medium vigor, the young wood is thorny. It 
 is very productive. The fruit large, oblong ; the skin rough, 
 thick, green, but yellow at maturity, with a fi'ne blush on 
 the side exposed to the sun ; the stalk short and situated 
 on its summit. Flesh melting, juicy, rich, and of fine fla- 
 vor, and is thought to be even superior to the St. Germain. 
 It ripens from the middle to the last of October, and bids 
 fair to be one of our very best autumn pears, for its beauty, 
 fine flavor and productiveness. 
 *DR HUNT'S CONNECTICUT. J. Prince, Esq. 
 
 The scions of this pear were received of Dr Hunt, of 
 Northampton, who received it from a friend in Connecti- 
 cut, without a name. " The tree is of uncommonly vigo- 
 rous growth, and a great bearer. A beautiful pear, of a 
 good size, oblong form, yellow color, with a remarkably 
 short stalk ; tolerable for the table and excellent for cook- 
 ing in October." A valuable and profitable variety for ex- 
 tensive cultivation. 
 12* 
 
13@ NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 DOYENNE PANACHE'. Hort. Trans, vol. vi. p. 177. 
 
 Formed like the Doyenne Gris ; bright clear yelloWj, 
 faintly striped with green and red, with small brown dotSo 
 The flesh is white, melting, sweet, and very agreeable. 
 
 DOYENNE SANTELETTE, Lindley. Thompson. 
 
 A new, fine, handsome pear, raised by Van Mons. Mid- 
 dle sized, pyramidally oblong, narrow at the crown ; pale 
 green, thinly russetted; flesh white, a little gritty; juice 
 saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. Oct. [Sept.?] 
 
 DE RACHINaUIN. Annales d'HorticuIture. [F.] Vol 
 IX. No. 22, of the N. E. Farmer, inserted by the 
 Hon H, A. S. Dearborn. 
 
 *'The fruit is round, compressed; the skin rough and 
 brown like that of the Mons. Jean; flesh very melting, but- 
 tery and sugary, and high flavored, November and De- 
 cember. This variety merits dissemination for the beauty 
 of the tree, and the quality of its fruit. It grows in clus- 
 ters and was produced by M. Noisette." 
 DOUBLE D'AUTOMNE. Lindley. 
 
 Fruit middle sized, round, in form of a Bergamot ; the 
 ^kin a cinnamon russet ; flesh Vv^hite, breaking, a little gritty, 
 but mellow, saccharine, very excellent, with a little per- 
 fume. A very handsome, new, and excellent pear. It 
 ripens in October. [Sept. ?] 
 
 *DUCHESSE DANGOULEME. [F.] Pom. Mag. Hort. 
 Trans, and various authorities. 
 
 Angouleme, Duchess of Angouleme. 
 
 I have already, in another place, detailed the mode 
 practised by the most distinguished cultivators of France 
 during the last ages, in their attempts to raise improved 
 varieties of fruit from the seed, and the disastrous results. 
 By planting only the seeds of the very best fruits, they 
 seem to have indulged the expectation that nature might 
 thus be driven to infinite lengths. Nature, already ex- 
 hausted, seems to have reacted- — they witnessed a retro- 
 grade. But nature alone, by a great effort, has sometimes 
 accomplished in that country, all that man by misguided 
 zeal, and false science, had vainly attempted. Such ap- 
 pears to have been the case in the Ducliesse cVAiigouIeme, 
 said to have been discovered growing wild in a hedge of 
 the Forest of Armaille near Angers, in the department of 
 Maine and Loire. It was there found m July, 1815, on 
 
NEW PEARS. AUTUMN. 139 
 
 the return of the Bourboos the second time to France, 
 Hence its name. " A pear of first rate excellence, the 
 finest of the late Autumn pears, it is not less remarkable 
 and distinct from others in its appearance, in its irregular, 
 knobby surface. It arrives at a weight very unusual in 
 dessert pears. Specimens from the Island of Jersey have 
 been seen weighing twentytwo ounces. The form is 
 roundish, oblong, tapering towards the stalk, with an ex- 
 tremely uneven surface ; the stalk and eye deeply sunk ; 
 skin dull yellow, covered with broad russet patches ; the 
 flesh rich, melting, very juicy and high flavored, with a 
 most agreeable perfume. The trees are stated to bear very 
 early and with certainty ; it succeeds equally well on the 
 quince stock or pear." It will ripen here about the last of 
 October. Specimens of this fruit have been produced by 
 the Hon. John Lowell, and S. G. Perkins, Esq. some 
 weighing a pound, and of very first rate quality. The tree 
 is a great bearer. 
 
 FIGUE DE NAPLES. Thompson. 
 
 Large, oblong, of a brown color, but red next the sun ; 
 beurre and excellent. The tree is vigorous. Nov. [Oct. ?] 
 
 FONDANTE VAN MONS. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized, roundish ; of a pale yellow color, juicy and 
 excellent. November. [October?] 
 FORME DE MARIE LOUISE. Mr Braddick. 
 
 This fruit was raised by Dr Van Mons, and Mr Braddick, 
 who received the variety from him, thus describes it. The 
 tree is hardy; it is more vigorous, the wood is stronger 
 than the Marie Louise. The fruit is melting, it is of a 
 larger size, and of a flavor even superior to that excellent 
 variety. It falls early into fruit, and is an exceeding great 
 bearer. It ripens in October, and continues in eating for 
 six weeks. [See Marie Louise.'] — Loudon'' s Magazine. 
 
 FORME DE DE'LICES. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized; obovate ; of a yellow color, russetted ; 
 beurre and excellent. Oct. 
 
 *FOSTER. Dr Holmes. [A.] 
 
 A native, raised by Capt. Otis Foster of Winthrop, Me., 
 from the seed of the old St Michael, planted in 1803. 
 The tree is very handsome, and extraordinary productive. 
 The fruit possesses the flavor and other valuable qualities 
 of this once favorite variety, but is larger and keeps better. 
 
140 NEV/ AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 FREDERIC DE WURTEMBERG. Van Mons. 
 
 Roi DE WURTEMEERG. 
 
 A very large pear, of great excellence, raised by Van 
 Mons, and named by him in honor of, and at the par- 
 ticular request of Frederic, King of Wurtemberg. Its 
 figure is five inches long, and four in diameter ; it is round- 
 ed at the base, very contracted towards the summit, which 
 is very narrow and pointed. 
 
 *FULTON. [A.] 
 
 The tree is a full and constant bearer. A fine native 
 pear, roundish turbinate ; of medium size ; the skin dark 
 yellow, russetted ; melting, juicy, sugary, and of delicious 
 flavor. It ripens the middle of September, ^nd lasts a 
 month. To have this fruit in perfection, it should be 
 gathered a little before its maturity, and ripened in the 
 shade. Raised from seed by Mrs Fulton of Topsham, Me. 
 It is highly deserving of cultivation. 
 
 GENDESEIM. Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is middle sized, pyramidal, little uneven in its 
 outline ; the skin yellowish green, covered with specks and 
 thin patches of gray russet ; flesh a little gritty, but mellow, 
 and full of a saccharine, rich, and slightly musky juice. 
 A new Flemish pear, and a hardy and productive tree. 
 Ripe the end of September and beginning of October, 
 [Early in September ?] 
 
 *QENESEE. Judge Buel. [A.] 
 
 A beautiful and excellent fruit, in form like the Passe 
 Colmar but of larger size. Flavor somewhat like the old 
 St Michael. Sept. 
 
 *GOLDEN BEURRE' OF BILBOA. 
 
 I have adopted this name for a superior fruit, which was 
 exhibited at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in 
 October, 1831, by Mr Hooper of Marblehead, the produce 
 of a tree imported from Bilboa in Spain. Anew Spanish 
 fruit, of medium size, very oblong, rounded at the crown, 
 contracted towards the summit ; of a fine bright golden 
 hue, interspersed with patches of golden russet ; perfectly 
 melting, juicy, rich, and of the finest flavor. A beautiful 
 fruit, a great bearer, and highly deserving extensive culti- 
 vation. 
 *GORE'S HEATHCOT. [A.] 
 
 A native pear, a capital variety, which deserves to be 
 
NEW PEARS. — AUTUMN. 141 
 
 ranked with the Seckel and Bartlett ; raised by Mr Heath- 
 cot on the farm of the late Gov. Gore, from the seed planted 
 in 1812. The tree is remarkably upright and handsome 
 in its growth ; the young wood is red and thorny. The 
 fruit is rather large ; its diameter is three fourths of its 
 length ; contracted towards the stalk ; of a fine yellow or 
 straw color, tinged with red next the sun ; the flesh is rich, 
 melting, and of most excellent flavor. It is a constant 
 bearer, and the young tree produced in 1831, five bushels 
 of pears according to Mr Toohey, who has introduced this 
 pear to notice. It ripens in September, and is highly de- 
 serving of cultivation. 
 
 GROSSE ANGLETERRE DE NOISETTE. [F.] 
 Bon Jard. 
 This new variety was obtained from seed by M. Noisette. 
 It is larger and later than the Beurre d'Angleterre. 
 
 GROS DILLEN. Hort. Trans. Lindley. 
 DiLLEN. Lindley. 
 A new Flemish pear, received of Dr Van Mons in 1817. 
 
 *^ Fruit large, ovate, irregularly turbinate ; about three and 
 
 a half inches long, and three inches in diameter; eye flat; 
 stalk short and thick ; skin yellowish green, slightly 
 speckled with brown ; flesh white, with a slight musky 
 flavor, and very little core. Ripe early in October, and 
 will keep a few weeks. A fine buttery pear of the first 
 order, and very handsome. 
 
 GRUMKOWER WINTERBIRNE. Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is of medium size ; smooth, pale green. Nov. 
 and Dec. [Oct. and Nov.] 
 
 HACON'S INCOMPARABLE. Lindley. [E.] 
 
 The fruit is middle sized, turbinate, irregular ; slightly 
 angular near the crown ; the stalk stout ; skin rugose ; pale 
 yellow, mixed with green, partially covered with orange 
 russet ; the flesh yellowish white, slightly gritty, but very 
 buttery and melting; juice abundant, very saccharine, ex- 
 tremely rich, and possessing a high musky and perfumed 
 flavor. A very valuable and excellent pear, raised by Mr 
 James Gent Hacon, of Downham market, in Norfolk- The 
 tree sprung from seed in 1814. It bears abundantly and 
 may justly be considered one of the best pears ever raised 
 m England. November and December, 
 
142 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ^HARVARD. [A.] 
 
 L'E'pERGNE, former name. 
 
 This fine native pear originated in Cambridge, Mass. 
 The tree is of vigorous, upright, and handsome growth, 
 and thorny. The fruit above medium size, oblong, swoll- 
 en at the crown ; contracted towards the stalk, which is 
 inserted in a cavity ; of a russetty yellow color, tinged next 
 the sun with russetty red ; the flesh white, juicy, melting ; 
 flavor like the combined flavors of the Seckle and Jargo- 
 nelle. The tree comes slowly into bearing, but afterwards 
 bears abundantly. It is ripe by the middle of September. 
 Highly prized in the Boston markets. 
 
 HAZEL. Hort Trans, vol. vii. p. 310. Lindley. [E.] 
 A small fruit, of a yellowish color and speckled ; of an 
 oval, turbinate form ; the flesh white, juicy and pleasant. 
 Season end of October to end of November. A Scotch 
 fruit, and said to be extensively cultivated in Scotland for 
 its good quality and abundant produce. 
 
 HENRI aUATRE. Lindley. Thompson. Van Mons. 
 
 Henrv Fourth. Ibid. 
 
 A new Flemish pear, raised by M. Witzhumb. The 
 tree is a good bearer. - Middle sized, pyramidal, oblique at 
 the crown; pale yellow mixed with green, but orange 
 brown next the sun ; flesh pale yellow, a little gritty, but 
 very tender and melting ; juice abundant, highly sacchar- 
 ine, with a slight musky perfume. A very excellent pear ; 
 it ripens the end of September and will keep a few weeks. 
 [Early in September ?] 
 
 HENRI VAN MONS. Dr Van Mons. 
 
 New England Farmer, vol. x. No. 7. Inserted by the 
 Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, from the Revue des Revues', 
 written for that periodical, by Dr Van Mons. 
 
 The fruit is very large ; contracted in proportion to its 
 length, and swollen about one third of its height ; but the 
 largest fruit often assumes a cylindrical form. The skin 
 is smooth ; of a greeiiish yellow, but brilliant red next the 
 sun. The flesh is tender, buttery, sweet, slightly mingled 
 with acid, which renders it very agreeable. It is an ex- 
 cellent autumn fruit, and its true pear flavor should make 
 it in great demand. Named in honor M. Henri Van Mons 
 of Brussels.' 
 
NEW PEARS.— AUTUMN. 143 
 
 JOHONNOT. [A.] 
 
 Originated by George S. Johonnot, Esq. of Salem. It 
 first bore fruit in 1823 ; a medium sized fruit of irregular 
 form ; the stalk very short and thick ; the skin very thin, 
 of a dull yellowish brown hue ; of good flavor. September. 
 
 LA COLOMA. Van Mons, Nouveau Cours Complet 
 d' Agriculture, vol. vii. p. 127. 
 The fruit is medium sized, oval, but swelled in the mid- 
 dle ; the color yellowish green, but yellow at maturity, 
 which is in November ; flesh melting, perfumed, and very 
 agreeable, judging from the specimens of fruit sent us by 
 Van Mons from Brussels. — -Bosc. 
 
 L'INCOMMUNICABLE. Lindley. 
 
 Incommunicable. 
 
 The fruit is medium sized, oblong, pyramidal, compress- 
 ed towards the stalk, which is stout and short ; of a grass 
 green color ; flesh yellowish white, a little gritty but melt- 
 ing ; juice saccharine, with a slight musky perfume. A 
 new Flemish variety ; it bears well and regularly, as a 
 standard at Chiswick. Ripe middle to the end of Oct. 
 LA VANSTALLE. Van Mons. Nouv. Cours Complet. 
 
 The fruit is perfectly pyramidal ; high colored with red, 
 of a medium size ; the flesh becomes insipid, and finally 
 soft ; it keeps till the middle of October. I did not find 
 this fruit so excellent ; it is however, better than the Doy- 
 enne, [St Michael.] — Bosc. 
 
 LODGE. Col. Carr. [A.] 
 
 A new seedling raised in the neighborhood of Philadel- 
 phia. A tolerably large pear, of a brown color ; melting, 
 juicy, and of delicious flavor ; thought by some to be su- 
 perior to the Seckel. It ripens early, but keeps well ; and 
 is thought to be highly deserving of general cultivation. 
 LOUISE BONNE DE JERSEY. Thompson. 
 
 Large pyramidal ; color brownish green, but next the 
 sun brownish red. Buerre and excellent. Superior to the 
 Louise Bonne. Ocj;ober. [September ?] 
 
 MARIE LOUISE. Pom. Mag. Van Mons. Thompson. 
 
 Marie Chretien. Thomson. 
 
 A new and most superior variety, originated by the Abbe 
 Duquesne. The tree bears abundantly. The fruit is ob- 
 long, tapering towards both ends. The size varies from 
 medium to large ; stalk an inch long; skin nearly smooth. 
 
144 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 yellowish green, interspersed with patches of cinnamon 
 colored russet ; the flesh white, exceeding juicy, melting, 
 buttery, and rich. It ripens in October and keeps till 
 November. [September. October, here ?] The English 
 writers are evidently mistaken, who have confounded this 
 fruit with the Forme de Marie Louise ; as the last was so 
 called after the Marie Louise, from a similitude of 
 form. In Dr Van Mons' catalogue for 1823, there are 
 more than one unnamed sorts called. Forme de Marie 
 Louise — more than one Forme de Napoleon — and at 
 least twenty unnamed varieties called Forme de Doyonne. 
 See Forme de Marie- Louise. Scions of this variety 
 were sent by Mr Knight in 1823, to Mr Lowell. 
 
 *NAPOLEON. Pom. Mag. Van Mons. 
 
 Me'daille. Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 Sauvageon Liart of some, according to Van Mons. 
 
 Charles D'Autriche, and Sucre Dore. Thompson. 
 
 This new and excellent variety was raised by M. Liart. 
 Mr Braddick has stated that he found the Napoleon in 
 every good collection on the continent ; also the Marie 
 Louise. This variety was sent in 1823, by Mr Knight, to 
 the Hon. John Lowell. The fruit is large, in form of the 
 Colmar, contracted in the middle ; stalk half an inch 
 long, slightly depressed ; the skin smooth, bright green, 
 but at maturity pale green ; flesh very melting, with a 
 most unusual abundance of rich agreeable juice. It ri- 
 pens with us in September. This variety is stated to be a 
 great bearer, and to succeed equally upon the pear or 
 quince stock. 
 
 *NAUMKEAG. Mr Manning. [A.] 
 
 This pear was lately originated in Salem, by George 
 Johonnot, Esq., and derives its title from the ancient In- 
 dian name of that town. The fruit is nearly round, or 
 roundish oblong ; the stalk long ; of a yellowish russet 
 color ; a valuable pear, and a great bearer. Ripe in 
 autumn. 
 
 NOIR GRAIN. Bon Jard. 
 
 A pear of medium size, extremely productive and 
 highly esteemed in Flanders. Ripe in September. 
 PARMENTIER. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized, obovate, striped with bright red buerre 
 and excellent. October. [September ?] 
 
NEW PEARS. AUTUMN. 145 
 
 PITFORD PEAR. Mr Knight. [E.] 
 
 ' A rich melting pear, season November.' Originated 
 by Mr Knight, and sent by him in 1832, to Mr Lowell 
 
 *PR1NCESSE D'ORANGE. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Princesse Conquette. Thompson. 
 
 The fruit is roundish turbinate, the size of the White 
 Doyenne [St Michael ;] the skin bright reddish orange 
 russet ; flesh yellowish white, sugary and rich ; in some 
 seasons perfectly melting, but occasionally a little gritty. 
 From its great beauty, as well as the good quality of the 
 fruit, this variety is highly recommended to notice, as a 
 valuable autumn pear, ripening in October, Raised by 
 the Comte de Coloma in 1802. Fine with Mr Manning. 
 
 PRINCE'S SAINT GERMAIN. [A.] 
 
 Raised by William Prince, Esq., proprietor of the Lin. 
 Botanical Garden, Flushing, from the St Michael and St. 
 Germain. The fruit is rather large, oblong, regular in 
 form ; yellow, covered with thin russet, melting and of ex- 
 cellent flavor. It ripens in autumn and will keep till win- 
 ter. The tree is said to bear well. 
 
 POIRE D'ANANAS. London. 
 
 One account describes the Poire d'Anans as of medium 
 size, very handsome, melting, with a fine pine-apple flavor, 
 [hence its name,] ripening in November, and considered 
 in Belgium as one of their very best kinds. 
 
 POIRE DE LOUVAINE. Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is middle sized, pyramidal, uneven on its sur- 
 face ; of a dull green color, mixed with yellow, and spots 
 of russet ; the flesh very tender, slightly gritty, and full of a 
 rich, very saccharine, musky juice. A very excellent pear, 
 and hardy tree ; it highly deserves cultivation. Ripe the 
 beginning of October, and fine to the end. In our climate 
 this fruit may ripen a month earlier. 
 POIRE NEILL. Lindley. 
 
 This fruit is sometimes nearly four inches long, and three 
 and a half inches in diameter ; pyramidally turbinate, ta- 
 pering to the stalk ; sometimes obliquely formed ; the stalk 
 is short and obliquely inserted ; the skin pale yellow, inter- 
 mixed with green, and mottled with thin gray russet ; flesh 
 white, a little gritty, but very soft and mellow, abounding 
 with a saccharine and slightly musky juice. A very fine 
 13 
 
146 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 and handsome new pear from Flanders, so named in honor 
 of Mr Neill. Ripe the beginning of October, and good 
 to the end. [September?] The tree is a great bearer. 
 RAYMOND. Mr Manning. [A.] 
 
 A middle sized pear, a little oblong, contracting towards 
 the stalk ; of a greenish yellow color, and good flavor. It 
 is expected this may prove a valuable fruit. Raised by 
 Dr Joseph Wight, of Raymond, Me. 
 REINE DES POIRES. Thompson. 
 
 Large, obtusely pyramidal ; color yellowish green, but 
 red next the sun ; flesh breaking and good. October. 
 [September?] A great bearer. It does not, however, 
 merit its name. 
 
 RICHE DE POUILLE. Lindley. Lond. Hort. Trans. 
 
 RicHE d'Appoie. 
 
 This pear resembles the St Germain in size and shape. 
 It is large, oblong, the eye prominent ; tapering to the 
 stalk, which is rather thick and long ; the skin clear citron 
 yellow, covered with numerous asperities, and rough like 
 the orange or lemon, and tinged with scarlet next the sun : 
 the flesh is white, melting, not perfumed, but sweet and 
 very pleasant. A new variety, ripening late in autumn or 
 winter ; it succeeds on the quince or pear. 
 
 *SAINT GHISLAIN. 
 
 This variety was raised in Belgium by M. Dorlain. A 
 very superior fruit, of medium size ; pyramidal or turbinate 
 in form ; the stalk on its summit, and fleshy ; pale green, 
 changing to pale yellow ; flesh juicy, beurre, rich, sacchar- 
 ine, peculiar and very delicious. Ripe from the middle of 
 Sept. to end of Oct. Introduced by S. G. Perkins, Esq. 
 
 *SECKEL. [A.] 
 
 A most delicious pear, of a size varying from small to 
 medium ; of an obovate form ; the color varying from yel- 
 lowish to brownish russet, but generally red next the sun ; 
 of a melting, spicy, and most extraordinary rich and de- 
 licious flavor. In this respect, it is, by some, supposed 
 to exceed any other native fruit. It ripens the middle of 
 September, and lasts till the middle of October. The 
 tree is of moderate growth and extraordinary productive ; 
 the fruit grows in clusters, and is recommended as indis- 
 pensable in every good coUection. Dr Hosack has stated 
 that this variety was first introduced to notice near Phila- 
 
NEW PEARS. AUTUMN. 147 
 
 delphia about 70 years ago. It was found either on the 
 grounds of Mr Seckel or Mr Weiss. 
 
 SERRURIER D^AUTOMNE. Annales d'HorticuIture. 
 
 New England Farmer, Vol. ix. No. 22, inserted by 
 
 the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. 
 
 '' M. Van Mons says the tree is tall and majestic ; the 
 
 leaves small, elongated and appositely formed." The fruit 
 
 is very large, oblong, obtuse at both ends ; the skin of a 
 
 delicate green, it becomes yellow at maturity. The flesh 
 
 is white, tender, melting, full of a very abundant sugary 
 
 juice. The epoch of its maturity is towards the end of 
 
 October, and it may be preserved three weeks. Produced 
 
 by M. Van Mons. 
 
 *SIEULLE. Bon Jard. 1828. [F.] 
 
 Raised by M. Sieulle, at the seat of the Due de Choiseul 
 at Praslin. It first bore fruit in 1815. The fruit is of me- 
 dium size, globular form, flattened at the ends, but swollen 
 towards the base, and slightly red next the sun ; flesh half 
 melting ; juice sweet, rich, abundant, and agreeable. It 
 ripens in October and November. The tree is vigorous 
 and productive. 
 STRIPED BON CHRETIEN. N. Duh. 
 
 Bon Chretien Panache', lb. PI. 115. 
 
 Introduced by M. Vanieville, from Metz, in 1810. The 
 tree comes early into bearing, the young wood is striped ; 
 the fruit is very large and formed like the winter Bon Chre- 
 tien, irregularly striped with yellow on a green foundation ; 
 the flesh almost melting, sweet, and very agreeable in its 
 raw state. This interesting species merits to be extensive- 
 ly multiplied. 
 
 *SUMMER FRANCREAL. Pom. Mag. p. 106. 
 
 Gros Micet d'E'te'. lb. Francreal d'E'te'. Diel's Pom. 
 
 Fondante. Knoop's Pom. France Cannel. lb. 
 
 Preble's Beurre' ? 
 
 Rather large, turbinate, pale yellowish green ; the stalk 
 short and thick ; the flesh white, firm, juicy, buttery, melt- 
 ing, rich and excellent. The tree is a great bearer. Sept. 
 [Aug ?] The trees of the last synonyme grow compact ; 
 the leaves are downy beneath. A fine productive variety. 
 
 SUPER FONDANTE. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized ; obovate ; of a pale yellow color ; beurre 
 and excellent. It resembles the White Doyenne. Oct. 
 [September?] 
 
148 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 THOMPSON'S. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized, obovate ; of a pale yellow color, beurre 
 and excellent, with the flavor of the Passe Colmar. Nov, 
 [Oct. ?] 
 
 TILLINGTON. Lond. Hort. Trans. [E.] 
 
 A new variety, raised by Mr Knight, and sent by him in 
 1823 to the Hon. John Lowell. Middle sized, turbinate, 
 rounded at the crown ; the stalk short, fleshy ; color dull 
 brick dust red next the sun, the whole russetted. The 
 flesh white, nearly beurre, a little gritty ; sweet, rich, 
 though not very juicy. November. 
 
 *UFvBANISTE. 
 
 Beurre' du Roi, of some. 
 
 A new and most superior variety raised by the Comte de 
 Coloma of Malines. The fruit is rather large and oblong ; 
 pyramidally ovate ; very regular ; the eye slightly depress- 
 ed ; the stalk an inch long, moderately and obliquely sunk; 
 color pale green, inclining to yellow, small gray patches of 
 russet dispersed over its surface. The flesh white, but 
 reddish yellow next the core, which is large and a little 
 gritty ; it is quite melting, juicy, and very sweet, with a 
 little perfume. This variety was sent by Mr Knight to the 
 Hon. John Lowell in 1823, and has been by him liberally 
 disseminated. It proves, with us, one of the very finest 
 and most valuable of autumn pears. It ripens the middle 
 of September and keeps till December. A tree imported 
 from France, in 1S22, by John Prince, Esq. of Roxbury, 
 under the name o^ Beuj^re du Roi, and on a quince stock, 
 has proved a most excellent bearer, and a very first rate 
 fruit. The tree, the leaf, and the fruit, are evidence that 
 it is no other than the Urhaniste ; its legitimate title havr 
 ing been suppressed in France ; and a new one usurped in 
 honor of Charles X. 
 ^WASHINGTON. [A.] 
 
 A medium sized native pear, of an oblong form, much 
 compressed towards the stalk ; very melting and of deli- 
 cious flavor. Thus it is described by Mrs Griffith of 
 Charlieshope, N, J. who has sent this variety to Mr Par- 
 sons. Autumn. The fruit produced in 1834 by Mr Lowell 
 and Mr Manning is fine. 
 ^WILKINSON. S. H. S., Esq. Mr Downer. 
 
 This new and fine native pear, originated in Cumberland, 
 
NEW PEARS. AUTUMN. 149 
 
 R. I., on the farm of Jeremiah Wilkinson, brother to the 
 celebrated Jemima Wilkinson, and was introduced here 
 by Stephen H. Smith, Esq. of Providence, in 1829, and 
 was so named by the Committee of the Massachusetts Hor- 
 ticultural Society. The tree is healthy and a good and 
 constant bearer ; the size and form are those of the St 
 Michael ; the skin dark yellow, with a brownish blush next 
 the sun ; the flesh is whitish, melting, flavor very peculiar, 
 with a delicious sugary juice, sprightly and pleasant ; hav- 
 ing distinctly the flavor of the rose and aroma. Season 
 October and November. 
 WHITEFIELD. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized, oblong ; of a brown or yellow color ; 
 beurre and excellent, The tree is a great bearer. Nov, 
 [October 1] 
 
 WILLIAMS. [A.] 
 
 This new variety originated on the farm of Aaron 
 Davis Williams, Esq., in Roxbury, Mass., and is stated to 
 be a good bearer. It is rather below the medium size ; 
 turbinate ; the color yellow with a deep blush next the 
 sun ; it is melting, juicy, and exceeding fine flavored. 
 The tree is stated to be a good bearer. September. 
 
 WILLIAMS' BON CHRETIEN. [E.] 
 
 Bartlett. 
 
 The fruit is large irregular, pyramidal, or truncated. 
 The eye on the summit, the stalk gross and fleshy ; skin at 
 maturity, yellowish, mixed with russet brown, tinged with 
 red next the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, delicate ; juice 
 sweet, abundant, and agreeably perfumed. Sept. The 
 Bartlett Pear proves identical with this, which see. 
 
 WORMSLEY GRANGE. Mr Knight. Thompson. [E.] 
 A new variety, originated by Mr Knight, and sent by 
 him in 1823 to the Hon. John Lowell. Middle sized, ob- 
 long, of a yellow brown color, beurre and excellent. Oct. 
 Mr Knight describes it as a first rate variety, requiring to 
 be gathered before it is quite ripe. The lapse of ten 
 years has not yet satisfied us that this English variety will 
 answer in our warmer climate. 
 
 13^ 
 
350 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 WINTER FRUIT. 
 
 BEURRE' D'AREMBERG. Pom. Mag. Thompson. 
 Loudon. Knight. Annales d'Horticulture. 
 Poire D'Aremberg. 'i 
 Due D'Aremberg. > According to the Pom. Mag. 
 
 COLMAR DeSCHAMPS. ^ 
 
 Beurre' Des Orphelines, of Deschamps. 
 
 The English writers especially, speak of this new Flem- 
 ish pear as the very best of all known, — " The prince of 
 pears." — One of the greatest bearers, coming early into 
 bearing, and keeping well. It has been confounded with 
 the Gloux Morceau, another fine pear, but larger. Mr 
 Knight sent the variety in 1822 to the Hon. John Lowell, 
 and it has been by him liberally disseminated. It was 
 raised by the Abbe Deschamps, in the garden of the Hos- 
 pice des Orphelins at Enghein. Deschamps at first called 
 it Bciirre des Orphelins, and M. Van Mons soon after 
 named it Beurre D Hardenpont, and finally Beurre 
 D'Aremberg. The Pomological Magazine thus describes 
 the tree and its fruit. Wood deep yellowish brown, sprink- 
 led with gray spots ; leaves middle sized, ovate oblong, of 
 a rich dark green color. The fruit is large, turbinate ; 
 the skin of a delicate pale green, dotted with russet, which 
 becomes a deeper yellow at maturity ; the flesh whitish, 
 fine, very juicy, perfectly melting, without any grittiness, 
 and of a very extraordinary rich, sweet, high flavored 
 quality. It will keep till March, and is truly characterized 
 in the Horticultural Transactions, as deserving to be placed 
 at the head of all pears in cultivation. It is a great bearer 
 either on a quince, or as a standard. 
 
 BEURRE' DE BOLWILLER. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized, obovate ; of a beautiful green color, beurre 
 and good. December and January. 
 
 *BEURRE' DIEL. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Dorothee' Royale of Van Mons, according to Lindley. 
 Beurre' D'Yelle. Lind. Poire de Melon. lb. 
 Beurre' Royale. Pom. Mag. Diel's Buttereirne. 
 Gros Dillen, according to Thompson. 
 
 This noble pear was raised by Van Mons and so named 
 in honor of Dr Augustus Frederic Adrian DieL Its great 
 
NEW PEARS. WINTER. 151 
 
 merit, independent of its excellence, is its fertility. It is 
 of the first rank among dessert pears. The tree is of 
 vigorous growth. The fruit when in perfection is four 
 inches long, and three inches broad ; it is much swollen a 
 little above the middle, going off to the eye either abruptly 
 or gradually, and tapering straight to the stalk, without any 
 contraction of the figure, which is much like the Bon Chre- 
 tien, but without the protuberances. The skin at maturity 
 is bright orange, with little trace of russet ; its dots sur- 
 rounded with red ; the eye in a deep cavity, surrounded by 
 knobs ; the stalk strong, one and a half inches long, in a 
 deep narrow cavity ; the flesh clear white, a little gritty 
 towards the core, but perfectly tender, melting, juicy, with 
 a delicious, rich, saccharine, aromatic flavor, without any 
 perceptible acid ; the core small, the seeds usually abortive. 
 This noble fruit, from the specimens here exhibited, bids 
 fair to become one of our most valuable of all varieties. 
 
 BEURRE' RANGE, of Van Mons. Of the French. 
 Lond. Hort. Trans. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Hardenpont du Printemps. Beurre' Epine. 
 
 This new variety was raised at Mons, by the late Coun- 
 sellor Hardenpont. It is described by Dr Van Mons, as 
 being the best of the late pears, keeping till May. Mr 
 Knight, in 1823, sent this variety to the Hon. John Lowell. 
 The tree is vigorous, and a good bearer after a few years ; 
 the growth is straggling, the shoots sometimes growing 
 pendulous. The fruit is middle sized, oblong, tapering to 
 the stalk, which is long and slender ; the skin deep green ; 
 flesh green, melting, having a delicious, rich flavor, with 
 very little acid ; it shrivels in ripening. 
 
 BEURRE' WITZHUMB. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours 
 Complet d'Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 126. 
 The fruit is oval, knobby, three and a half inches in di- 
 ameter ; skin rough, green, brownish red or dark brown 
 next the sun ; flesh white, semi-transparent, melting, per- 
 fumed. It ripens in December. This beautiful and excel- 
 lent pear is figured PI. 105 of the Annales generates des 
 Sciences. - — Bosc. 
 
 BERGAMOTTE PENTECOTE. Van Mons. Nouv. 
 Cours Comp. Bosc. 
 Not the Easter Beurre'. 
 The fruit is very large, three inches in its transverse di- 
 
152 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ameter, and more than a pound and a half in weight ; 
 swollen ; a little striped ; green, washed with dusky fawn, 
 red next the sun, and speckled with brown; umbilicate ; 
 stalk short and thick ; flesh white, green or yellow, melt- 
 ing, slightly acid. It is sometimes preserved eight months. 
 *BEZY-VAET. Dr Van Mons. New England Farmer, 
 vol. X. No. 7. Extracted from an article, written by 
 Dr Van Mons in the Revue des Revues ; inserted by 
 the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. 
 Bezy de Saint Vaest, according to Dr Van Mons. 
 *' The Bezy-Vaet, according to tradition and from the 
 name which it bears, was probably obtained by the late 
 Abbe Saint Vaest, or had been disseminated by him. The 
 fruit belongs to the sub-species of Rousselets ; its size and 
 form are those of the Colmar ; ground deep green, blotch- 
 ed with purple, and stained in spots of rusty red ; flesh 
 both melting and buttery, slightly yellow, it abounds in 
 sugar, and exhales a perfume which cannot be compared 
 to the aroma of any other fruit. The period of its maturi- 
 is December and January, but it can be prolonged by 
 gathering the fruit fifteen days earlier than usual. It is 
 superfluous to add that it is worthy of being received by 
 amateurs. Specimens of superior fruit of this name, were 
 exhibited by Mr Downer, Nov. 1834. 
 
 CARDINALE. N. Duh. PI. 62. [F.] 
 
 FoiRE D'Amiral, of M. Hervy. Admiral. 
 
 A superb, oblong pear, of a pyramidal form, with a well 
 rounded base ; yellow in the shade, but beautiful red next 
 the sun ; flesh white, half melting, coarse grained, very 
 juicy, sweet and agreeable. It keeps till March ; it is em- 
 inently beautiful, and deserves to be better known. 
 
 CHAPTAL. N. Duh. PI. 33S. [F.] 
 
 This new pear, dedicated to Comte Chaptal, Minister of 
 the Interior, was obtained by M. Hervy in 1800. The tree 
 resembles a wild pear ; the fruit is very large, turbinate, 
 swollen ; skin smooth, green, but at maturity yellow, with 
 a slight blush next the sun. The flesh is breaking, but 
 Calvel has described it as half melting ; the juice abun- 
 dant, sweet, slightly acid, and perfumed. This handsome 
 pear keeps till April and May ; it is excellent cooked. 
 
 COLMAR DEWEZ. Loudon, from Bull. Univ. 1825. 
 
 This pear lately originated in the vicinity of Brussels, is 
 said to contain a rare assemblage of extraordinary qualities ; 
 
NEW PEARS. WINTER. 153 
 
 the flesh is white, tender, and exquisitely melting ; the 
 juice abundant, mild, and of an elevated, agreeable per- 
 fume, equal to the Hardenpont d'lliver, improperly called 
 Beurre d'Hiver. 
 
 GOLMAR SABINE. Van Mons. Nouv. Cours Complet 
 d'Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 133. 
 The fruit is oval, oblong, tapering to the stalk. Its di- 
 ameter two and a half inches ; of medium size; the color 
 beautiful green, dotted with brown ; stalk long, the eye 
 rather deep ; the flesh white, buttery, very sugary, not at 
 all musky. It does not ripen till spring. Figured vol. iii. 
 PI. 30, of the Annaks generales des Sciences Physiques. — 
 Bosc. 
 
 COLMAR VAN MONS. Nouveau Cours Complet d'Ag- 
 riculture, vol. XII. p. 133. 
 Fruit pyramidal, yellow, with fawn colored points; of 
 medium size; the flesh half breaking, sugary, very agreea- 
 ble ; it ripens in January, and will keep two years, accor- 
 ding to Van Mons. I have eaten of this fruit. The tree 
 is extremely productive. — Bosc. 
 
 DOWNTON. Thompson. [E.] 
 
 Middle sized; pyramidal ; color yellow and brown ; juicy 
 and excellent. January and February. A great bearer. 
 Originated by Mr Knight, and sent by him in 1823 to the 
 Hon. J. Lowell. 
 
 DUCHESSE DE MARS. Chev. Parmentier. 
 
 A large melting pear of good flavor, ripening in March. 
 
 The Duchesse de Mars which Mr Thompson describes as 
 of a yellow brown color, middle size, obovate, beurre and 
 excellent, may be wrong, as it ripens not in March, but 
 November. 
 
 *EASTER BEURRE. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Bekgamotte de la Pentecote, but not of Parmentier or Dr 
 Van Mons. 
 
 Bezi Chaumontelle tres gros, of M. StofFels. 
 
 Beurre D'Hiver de Bruxelles, of the Taschenbuch. 
 
 Doyenne D'Hiver, of some according to the Pom. Mag. 
 
 Canning, according to Thomson. Seigneur d'Hiver, lb. 
 
 Doyenne d'Hiver, lb. Doyenne de Printemps, lb. Phiupe de 
 Pacques, lb. 
 
 This fine new fruit probably originated in Flanders. It 
 is not to be confounded with the Easier Berg amotte, a good 
 
154 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 but inferior fruit. " Of all the very late keeping pears, 
 this is decidedly the best {for England.^ The fruit is 
 large, roundish oblong, broadest towards the eye ; stalk 
 short, thick, deeply inserted ; green, but yellow at maturity, 
 with specks of russet brown ; the flesh yellowish white, 
 perfectly buttery and melting, and extremely high flavored. 
 It is a most profuse bearer on a quince stock. It ripens 
 from November to May. This variety bore abundantly at 
 Mr Manning's in 1833, and promises to become one of our 
 finest winter fruits." 
 
 FLEMISH BON CHRETIEN. Lindley. 
 
 Bon Chretien TuRc.Thomp. Bon Chiietien de Nouvelle, 
 lb. Bon Chretien de Vernoi, lb. 
 
 Very large, its transverse diameter three inches and an 
 half; oblong, turbinate, yellow at maturity, but russetted 
 next the sun ; flesh yellowish white, breaking, but mellow 
 at maturity ; juice saccharine, slightly musky, perfumed. 
 A very fine new Flemish pear ; it succeeds on the quince. 
 November to January. But Mr Thompson describes it other- 
 wise, as obovate, crisp, good for cooking, large, a great 
 bearer. 
 
 FONDANTE DU BOIS. Thompson. 
 
 Middle size ; obovate ; color green and yellow ; juicy 
 and excellent. It resembles the Passe Colmar. Decem- 
 ber to February. 
 GARNONS. Thompson. 
 
 A large fruit, of an oblong form ; of a greenish yellow 
 color; beurre and excellent. January. 
 
 GLORIA. Mr Knight. 
 
 Colmar d'Hiver. Former name. 
 
 A name implying all that is excellent. A variety sent 
 by Mr Knight in 1823 to the Hon. John Lowell. He thus 
 described it — "Shape varying from nearly globular to 
 pear shaped ; color yellowish green. A melting pear of 
 first rate excellence and very productive. Season January." 
 Specimens of this fruit, perfect in form and exterior, were 
 produced by Mr Parsons in 1831, but it cannot yet be rec- 
 commended, except for further trial. 
 
 GLOUT MORCEAU. Hort. Trans. Lindley. Knight. 
 Kron Printz Ferdinand, according.to Thompson. 
 Beurre Hardenpont, lb. Hardenpont d'Hiver, lb. 
 Mr Knight describes the Glout Morceau, as " a very large 
 
NEW PEARS. WINTER, 155 
 
 Belgic variety of great excellence." Mr Thompson adds to 
 all this, that " it is a good bearer, hangs long on the tree, 
 which is hardy, an excellent beurre pear." Large speci- 
 mens measure four inches long, and three and a half in 
 diameter. Much like the D'Aremberg in form, but larger, 
 more oval, not so turbinate ; the stalk an inch long and 
 rather deeply inserted ; the eye deep in an uneven hollow ; 
 the skin is pale, dull olive green, inclining to yellow ; cov- 
 ered with russetty specks, and round the stalk russetty 
 blotches. Flesh whitish, firm, very juicy, but a little gritty 
 at the core. A beautiful and fine variety. Ripe in Novem- 
 ber and will keep till March. 
 
 GRANDE BRETAGNE DOREE D'HIVER. Thorn. 
 A variety procured by Mr Braddick of M. Stoffels of 
 Malines and pronounced excellent by him and Mr Loudon. 
 Mr Thompson describes it as a medium sized fruit, russet- 
 ted, and russetty red next the sun ; pyramidal ; beurre and 
 excellent. October to December. 
 
 ICKWORTH. Mr Knight. [E.] 
 
 ''Melting, rich, rose flavored." March and April. This 
 new pear was originated by Mr Knight, and scions were 
 sent by him in February, 1828, to Mr Lowell and the Mas- 
 sachusetts Agricultural Society. 
 
 JOSEPHINE. Chev. Parmentier. 
 
 Jaminette, of some, according to Van Mens. 
 
 This new Flemish pear is of large size, flesh melting, 
 iuice sugared, and flavor excellent. It ripens in winter. 
 LA FOURCROY. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours Com- 
 plet d' Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 132. 
 
 Merveile de la Nature. 
 
 Fruit oval, two and a half inches in its transverse diame- 
 ter; skin yellow, spotted ; stalk strong; eye little sunk ; 
 flesh yellowish white at maturity, melting, slightly acid, 
 excellent. It ripens in January. Figured PI. 86, of the 
 Annales generales des Sciences. Raised by Van Mons. 
 LEWIS. Mr Downer. [A.] 
 
 This valuable pear originated on the farm of Mr John 
 Lewis in Roxbury, Mass. The size is medium, form some- 
 what globular ; the stalk long ; the skin dark green and 
 coarse ; the flesh whitish, very melting, juicy, and excel- 
 lent. It ripens by the middle of November, and may 
 be kept till February and March. The tree when loaded 
 
156 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 droops like the willow ; this new and excellent pear is a 
 very great and constant bearer ; it is productive to a fault, 
 and possesses the valuable property of hanging on the 
 tree to a very late period ; and is highly deserving of cul- 
 tivation. This fruit sells very high in winter In the market. 
 
 L'OKEN D'HIVER. Van Mons. Nouveau Cours Conr 
 plet d'Agriculture, vol. xii. p. 132. 
 Fruit oval, a little lengthened; its transverse diameter 
 five inches; stalk short; eye sunk in a cavity ; skin of a 
 clear yellow, washed with fawn color ; flesh white, melting, 
 pleasant, perfumed, excellent. It ripens in March. Fig- 
 ured PL 74, of the Annates gener ales des Sciences. — Bosc. 
 
 LOWELL. Mr. Knight. [E.] 
 
 A new pear raised by Mr Knight, and so named by him 
 for the Hon. John Lowell to whom the tree was sent in 1823. 
 Mr Knight observes " Our climate is hardly warm enough 
 for it, but in yours I think it will prove excellent, and a 
 very productive variety." 
 
 MONARCH. Thompson. Mr Knight. [E.] 
 
 A new pear, middle sized; obovate ; of a yellow brown 
 color ; beurre and excellent. A good bearer. January. 
 Originated by Mr Knight, who sent it in 1832 to Mr Lowell 
 and the Mass. Agri. Soc. The Monarch, says Mr Knight, 
 " in my estimation, and that of a great many others, is with- 
 out a rival as a dessert fruit, of a high musky flavor. — The 
 Monarch grows so fast, and bears so well, that 1 am plant- 
 ing it for perry, convinced it will make a very fine liquor. 
 This and the Althorpe Crassanne, will not be excelled by 
 any other varieties in your climate ; both grow rapidly and 
 bear abundantly." 
 
 NE PLUS MEURIS. Thompson. 
 
 A fruit of medium size ; roundish ; of a brown color, 
 russetted; beurre and excellent. November to March. 
 One of the best of late pears. 
 
 *NEWTOWN VIRGALIEU. M. [A.] 
 
 The tree grows very crooked, bending by the weight of 
 its fruit. A large pear of a yellow color, with a very short 
 stalk. A middling fruit only for the table, but an excel- 
 lent baking pear ; a most extraordinary bearer, and recom- 
 mended for extensive cultivation. 
 
NEW PEARS. WINTER. 157 
 
 *PASSE COLMAR. 
 
 FoNDANTE DE Pamsel, ) ^^ y ^ according Pom. Mag. 
 
 Passe Colmak Epineuse,) 
 
 Becjrre Colmar pit Precee, P[oit. Soc. Cat. 
 
 FoNDANTE DE MoNS, ThoHipson. D'Ananas, lb. 
 
 Colmar Hardenpont, lb. Marotte Sucre Jaune. 
 A most superior new pear raised by counsellor Harden- 
 pont at Mons. This variety was sent by Mr Knio-ht to the 
 Hon. John Lowell in 1823 and has been by him liberally 
 disseminated. The fruit is middle sized, conical, flattened 
 at the crown ; the stalk an inch long, moderately thick, 
 slightly sunk ; the skin at maturity yellowish sprinkled 
 with russet, stained with red next the sun ; the flesh yellow- 
 ish, melting, beurre, juicy, very rich and most excellent. 
 With us it proves a most delicious variety, and very extra- 
 ordinary productive. John Prince, Esq. of Roxbury exhib- 
 ited in 1830 a branch two feet in length containing thirty 
 one pears and weighing nine and a half pounds. It ripens 
 in November and may be preserved till February, and is 
 recommended for extensive cultivation. 
 
 PENGETHLY. Mr Knight, [E.] 
 
 " A large dark brown pear, quite new and now ripe." 
 This pear was originated by Mr Knight, and scions were 
 sent by him in February, 1832, to Mr Lowell and the Mas- 
 sachusetts Agricultural Society. 
 
 PETRF/. [A.] Philad. Hort. Trans. Col. Carr. 
 
 This native fruit is described as, '* large, fair, melting, 
 and of delicious flavor; it ripens in September, and keeps 
 till late in winter." " The tree was planted by the elder 
 John Bariram, in 1735, and has been in full bearing 
 seventy years, and has probably yielded four hundred 
 bushels of fruit, which has frequently sold for $5 a bushel." 
 
 PRESENT DE MALINES. Braddick. Loudon. 
 
 Rather large ; somewhat Bon Chretien shaped, smooth 
 and of a beautiful yellow throughout ; a melting pear of a 
 rich and musky flavor, and excellent quality. The tree 
 is healthy, of vigorous growth, falls early into fruit, and 
 promises to bear abundantly, and is a good fruit for keep- 
 ing. Raised by the Count de Coloma of Malines. 
 
 PRINCE DE PRINTEMPS. Braddick. Loudon. 
 
 A new Flemish variety procured by Mr Braddick of M. 
 Stoffels of Malines in 1819. Below medium size, turbi- 
 13a 
 
158 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 nate, of a green color, melting, sugary and excellent. It 
 keeps till March. 
 
 ROI DE ROME. Chev. Parmentier. Van Mons. 
 
 A pear of middle size, melting, and of good flavor. It 
 ripens in December and January. Originated inFlanders 
 by the Abbe Duquesne. 
 
 ROUSELENCH. Thompson. [E.] 
 
 Large, oblong ; of a pale green color ; beurre and ex- 
 cellent. January and February. A great bearer. Raised 
 by Mr Knight and sent by him in 1823, to the Hon. John 
 Lowell. 
 
 SABINE, of the French. Thompson. 
 Poire D'Austrasie. Jaminette. Colmar Jaminette. Syns 
 of Thompson. 
 
 Medium sized, obovate ; color green and brown; 
 beurre, and good. A good bearer and nearly first rate, 
 November to January. 
 SURPASSE ST GERMAIN Braddick. Van Mons. 
 
 A new Flemish pear raised by Dr Van Mons ; rather 
 irregular; oblong; rounded at the crown, tapering 
 towards the stalk ; of a green and brown color, and 
 according to Mr Braddick an excellent winter fruit. 
 * SYLVANGE VERTE. M. Pierard. Hon. J. Lowell. 
 
 The green sylvange is a most superior pear, it originated 
 at the village of Sylvange, near Verdun, in France, at 
 what period is uncertain. This variety was sent by Mr 
 Knight in 1823 to the Hon. John Lowell, who has proved 
 it, and agrees Avith M. Pierard that it is one of the very 
 best of pears, and a most exuberant bearer, even to a 
 fault. Some of the specimens produced by Mr Lowell 
 and Mr Parsons of Brighton have weighed eleven and 
 thirteen ounces — this variety has been by them dissem- 
 inated, with their wonted liberality. This excellent 
 pear fully corresponds with the description of M. Pierard. 
 The fruit is rather large, varying in form, irregular in its 
 outline, swollen towards the middle, flattened at the crown, 
 rounded towards the stalk, or terminates by a very blunt 
 point ; of a bright green color in the shade, dark green 
 next the sun ; the whole skin rough, with dark spots or 
 specks. The stalk is short, slender, obliquely inserted ; 
 the eye small, and but slightly depressed in a knobby 
 cavity. The flesh is greenish near the skin, white in the 
 
CULTIVATION. 159 
 
 centre, of a soft, saccharine, and peculiarly agreeable 
 flavor. It ripens in October and will keep till into winter. 
 M. Pierard adds that it requires a sheltered situation, and 
 not a strong soil. 
 
 VICOMPTE DE SPOELBERCH. Van Mons. 
 
 Extract from an article written by Dr Van Mons in the 
 Revue cles Revues, inserted by the Hon. H. A. S. Dear- 
 born. The size varies according to the quantity produced. 
 Its form is nearly spherical, swollen and flattened near the 
 eye, contracted towards the stalk. The skin is thick and 
 rough, of a brownish red next the sun, with purple spots ; 
 on the opposite side deep green. The flesh is buttery, 
 saccharine, full of agreeable and sprightly juice, and very 
 high flavored. This excellent pear is decidedly a winter 
 fruit, and sometimes keeps till spring. It was raised by 
 Dr Van Mons. 
 
 WINTER CRASSANNE. Mr Thompson. [E.] 
 
 A new pear raised by Mr Knight, and sent by him in 
 1832, to the Hon. John Lowell and the Massachusetts 
 Agricultural Society. Very large, turbinate of a greenish 
 yellow and brown color ; buerre and excellent. January. 
 
 WINTER NELIS. Pom. Mag. 
 
 La Bonne Malines, Mr Knight. Pom. Mag. London Hort. 
 Trans. 
 
 Nelis D Hiver. Bonne de Malines, Hort. Trans. 
 A new variety raised by M. Nelis of Malines. Sent by 
 Mr Knight in 1823, to the Hon. John Lowell. Repre- 
 sented as a most excellent winter pear. Rather above the 
 middle size, obovate, obtuse at the stalk, which is thick 
 and over an inch long ; the skin yellowish, sometimes 
 covered with russet brown ; the flesh yellowish, melting, 
 buttery, juicy, very rich and high flavored. Equal to 
 the Chaumontelle. None call it a great bearer. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 The pear tree is raised from seed or from suckers. 
 The seeds should be sown in the same manner as directed 
 for apples ; and as they incline to grow with a tap root, 
 
160 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST, 
 
 some recommend that they should be transplanted into 
 beds when but two inches in height, to force them to 
 throw out lateral roots : others defer this operation until 
 they are a year old, when they are taken up, deprived of 
 their tap roots, and transplanted into beds, where they are 
 suffered to remain a year or two ; after which they are 
 again transplanted to the nursery rows, and their manage- 
 ment afterwards, is not unlike that of apples. 
 
 The pear tree in the climate of New England is not so 
 easily nurtured from the seed as the apple ; their long tap 
 roots expose them to be thrown out of the earth by 
 the frosts of winter. But afterwards they resist the most 
 severe cold. 
 
 Grafting and Inoculating.-— The most durable stocks 
 for grafting and inoculating are the pear. " Dubreuil," 
 says Loudon, " recommends the quince stock for clayey 
 and light soils, and the free stock pear for chalky and 
 silecious soils." He further informs us that " grafted 
 on the white thorn, [which like the quince renders thera 
 dvrarfish,] pears come very early into bearing, continue 
 prolific, and in respect to soil, will thrive well on a strong 
 clay ; which is unsuitable to those on quinces and wildings. 
 But they are supposed to have an unfavorable influence on 
 the fruit, in rendering it small and hard." By grafting or 
 inoculating on the quince, pear trees come much sooner 
 into bearing, their productiveness is increased, the good 
 quality of the fruit is not changed, but the size and 
 longevity of the tree is diminished. Such pear trees 
 are termed dwarfs. This mode is extensively adopt- 
 ed in France ; but all kinds of pears will not grow on 
 the quince stock. Those dwarfs trained in the form 
 of a distaff, are called in that country Quenouilles ; for 
 the mode of training \vhich, and also for a new mode of 
 dwarfing the pear, see the former part of this w^ork. 
 
 Soil. The pear flourishes in rich soils and gentle de- 
 clivities ; they will succeed in the most common, deep, 
 dry soil, and throw out numerous lateral shoots. But they 
 do not flourish in moist situations ; in a cold, strong, 
 moist, soil, with a clayey subsoil, they throw out very few 
 lateral roots, the fruit is not so fair, nor of so good a qual- 
 ity, and the trees are not so long lived. They will even 
 grow in poor soils and in the clefts of rocks. 
 
 With respect to distance, the same observations to be 
 
CULTIVATION. 161 
 
 found under the head of Apple, may here apply. But the 
 pear from its pyramidal form, requires much less space. 
 Twenty feet in suitable soils is a good distance ; but less 
 answers in poorer soils. But Quenouilles, are said to an- 
 swer even at four or five feet distance, producing large crops ; 
 and as they occupy but little space, and come suddenly into 
 bearing, they are for profit, said to be extensively cultivated 
 in France. Pears produced on quince stocks are said to 
 be much improved in flavor ; all but winter fruit, which in 
 some cases, is said to become worse. 
 
 The young luxuriant shoots of the pear tree, by being 
 bent downwards, generally produced the finest possible 
 bearing wood for the second year — and by grafting on the 
 quince and bending the branches, fruit may be produced 
 from a seedling pear in the third or fourth year from the 
 seed, which in the common course would require from 
 seven to fourteen years. [See Introduction, Section viii. 
 Suhs. 3d.] 
 
 As to standards (pyramids) very little pruning is neces- 
 sary, except taking out those few limbs that interfere, keep- 
 ing the head open, and the tree well balanced. 
 
 The diseases and enemies of the pear tree are few. — 
 They are as follows. 
 
 1st. The Slug- Worm. I have given directions for the 
 destruction of this insect under the general head o^ Insects. 
 
 2d. The worm which in summer envelopes the leaves 
 and branches with its silken covering, devouring the leaf 
 to a skeleton. These are to be removed, together with 
 the leaves on which they are found feeding, and destroyed. 
 
 3d. Curculio. An account of this insect is to be found 
 under the general head oi Insects. 
 
 4th. The insect called the White Mealy Insect. See 
 also insects, under the general head. 
 
 5th. Blight, or as it is sometimes c^iWedJire-hlight, is a 
 malady not very common, which sometimes affects the pear 
 tree during the months of June and July, causing the tree, 
 or a portion of its branches, suddenly to turn black, with 
 a mortal affection ; its leaves wither at once, as by a stroke 
 of the sun, and in a few hours become of a brown or black 
 color. Mr Lowell is persuaded that this disease is caused 
 by an insect, called the Scolytus pyri. He observes, " on 
 the first appearance of this disease, I instantly sawed off 
 alLthe limbs affected, and proceeded to examine them. I 
 13a* 
 
102 NEW AMERICAN ORCHAUDIST. 
 
 found at last the enemy, not at the point where death en- 
 sued, but some inches below it. The insect was very small, 
 and apparently incapable of such extensive mischief, but 
 the effect was certain, and the manner of producing that 
 effect was obvious. It had eaten a complete circle of the 
 alburnum, or sap-wood, not exceeding the size of a knit- 
 ting needle, so as completely to intercept the passage of the 
 sap." This insect was shown by Mr Lowell to the late 
 Professor Peck, and in the account of the insect which was 
 soon after published in the Massachusetts Agricultural Re- 
 pository, the Professor observed, that the mischievous effects 
 of this insect may be observed in June and July, and that 
 the dead part of the branches should be cut off with- 
 out delay and burnt. Mr Lowell has stated [New England 
 Farmer, vol. v. p. 2,] that by steadily pursuing the system 
 of cutting off the limbs many inches below the apparent 
 injury, and burning them, the insects have been extirpated 
 from his estate. 
 
 The account of Professor Peck was republished in the 
 New England Farmer, Vol. ii. p. 42. Some writers have 
 attributed this disease to a stroke of the sun. Others attrib- 
 ute it to manuring too high, some to excessive moisture at 
 the roots, and too much pruning, which is supposed to cause 
 a surfeit and produce a stagnation. But all agree that the 
 only remedy is to saw off the limb. 
 
 aVl'NCE. — (Cydo7iia.) 
 
 The Quince tree is a spreading tree of low growth, its 
 limbs generally distorted ; the leaves are roundish or ovate, 
 entire, their petioles short ; the flowers are large, pale red 
 or white, the fruit a pome, roundish oblong or ovate ; the 
 skin is downy ; of a green, yellow or orange color ; the pulp 
 firm, of a harsh, astringent, and aromatic flavor. It is said 
 to be a native of Austria, of Candia, and other parts of 
 Europe. According to Goropinus, "quinces were the Gol- 
 den apples of the Hesperides, and not oranges, as some 
 commentators pretend," — Phillips. 
 
QUINCES, 163 
 
 USES, 
 
 The quince is not eaten in a raw state, but is highly es- 
 teemed in cookery ; preserved in sugar they are delicious ; 
 but previous to being thus preserved they should be immers- 
 ed for ten minutes in boiling water, this prevents them 
 from becoming hard ; mixed with apples in pies, they com- 
 municate a fine flavor. They are also made into marma- 
 lade by the confectioners. 
 
 " One quart of the juice of quinces, mixed with one 
 pound of sugar and fermented, affords a dilicious wine; 
 on adding to the same quantity, one pint of the best French 
 brandy, and four ounces of sugar, a celebrated liqueur is 
 prepared on the continent, which is greatly prized as a 
 cordial and stomachic, when taken in the small quantity of 
 two or three spoonfuls before breakfast." — Do?n. Ency. 
 
 Phillips relates the case of a gentleman completely cured 
 of an asthmatic complaint of long standing, by the use of 
 Quince Wine^ made after the following receipt. " The 
 quinces are cut open and deprived of their seeds, for these 
 communicate an unpleasant flavor. After being ground 
 fine, a gallon of water is to be added to every gallon of 
 pomace ; after standing a day or two it is pressed ; and to 
 every gallon of liquor thus produced, three and a quarter 
 pounds of good moist sugar is added. The liquor is placed 
 in casks which are to be stopped quite close till March, 
 when it is racked oflT, and bottled in the second year," 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Orange Qvince, Maliforma or Apple Quince, is a large, 
 roundish, beautiful fruit, ripening in November. The 
 leaves are oval and woolly the lower side. 
 
 Oblong or Pear Quince. Ohlonga. This fruit is 
 pear shaped, lengthened at the base. Leaves oblong ovate. 
 
 Portugal Quince. Lusitanica. This fruit is of a 
 variable form, sometimes pear shaped ; very juicy and 
 astringent ; it is highly esteemed. Loudon states that it is 
 rather a shy bearer. Leaves obovate, woolly above. 
 
 To this list may be added the Winter Quince, and the 
 French Musk Quince, and the following. 
 
 Japan Quince. Cydonia Japonica, or Japan Ptar. 
 
164 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 Pyrus Japonica. A shrub growing six or eight feet in 
 height; branches contorted and thorny; leaves small, oval 
 oblong, of a dark shining green. Its flowers splendid, of 
 a fine scarlet, an inch and a half in diameter, and produced 
 in clusters early in April. A native of northern Asia, and 
 one of the most ornamental plants of the season, and very 
 hardy. The fruit is of good size, but is not thought equal 
 to the other varieties. There is a variety with white dou- 
 ble flowers — and another with double red flowers. 
 
 Chinese Uuince. Cognassier de la China. N. Duh. 
 PL 155. A new ornamental variety — unlike all others. 
 This fruit is as singular as superb ; blossoms fifteen to 
 eighteen lines in diameter; of a fine rose color; their odor 
 that of violets. Leaves obovate, stiff", pointed, finely serra- 
 ted, shining green above, becoming reddish in autumn, 
 downy beneath. The fruit is oblong, truncated, regular; 
 the skin smooth, yellowish green ; the flesh is yellowish, 
 dry, coarse grained, harsh, austere ; its juice acid and not 
 abundant. This fruit seldom arrives at maturity in the 
 climate of Paris. But hopes are entertained that by plant- 
 ing the seeds, new and fine varieties will be produced, 
 which will ripen in due season. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 The quince is raised from the seeds, from layers and 
 from cuttings, planted in a moist soil. The valuable vari- 
 eties are propagated by grafting or inoculation, duinces 
 are extensively used in France as stocks on which are 
 inoculated pears. This is said to improve the quality and 
 productiveness of the Beurre or Butter Pears, especially 
 the summer and autumn kinds. But breaking or winter 
 pears are seldom or but rarely inoculated on the quince 
 stock, as they are not improved. 
 
 Soil, Situation, Pruning. Quinces require a rich, 
 raoist soil, and a sheltered situation. They flourish near 
 brooks and rivulets. They require little pruning, except 
 taking out old useless wood and useless suckers, and eight 
 or ten feet asunder is a good distance. Like the apple tree 
 they are liable to the attacks of the borer. The same 
 remedies are equally effectual. 
 
165 
 
 PEACH. (Amygdalus Persica.) 
 
 The peach tree is a tree below the middle size, with 
 spreading branches, of rapid growth. The leaves smooth, 
 lanceolate, serrated ; the flowers are sessile, their calyces 
 reddish, corollas pale or dark red ; the fruit a drupe of a 
 roundish form, sometimes pointed, with a longitudinal 
 suture or groove; the skin is downy in the peach, but 
 smooth in the nectarine, its color varying from white or 
 yellow to red and violet ; the pulp thick, fleshy, or succu- 
 lent, white or yellowish, sometimes red ; juice sweet, or 
 subacid, and abundant, of a grateful and delicious flavor; 
 stone hard, ovate, pointed, compressed, irregularly furrow- 
 ed ; the kernel bitter. The tree blossoms in April ; the 
 fruit ripens from July to late in autumn. The tree is 
 not of long duration. Persia is considered the original 
 country of the peach, although it is said to have been 
 cultivated from time immemorial in most parts of Asia. 
 Sickler asserts, according to Loudon, that " in Media, it 
 is deemed unwholesome ; but when planted in Egypt, it 
 becomes pulpy, delicious and salubrious." The peach 
 according to Columella, when brought from Persia into 
 the Roman Empire, possessed deleterious qualities ; which 
 Mr Knight concluded to have arisen from those peaches 
 being only swollen almonds, (tuberes) or imperfect peaches ; 
 and which are known to abound in the prussic acid. 
 The best peaches in Europe are at present grown in Italy 
 on standards." 
 
 The best peaches of France, according to Phillips, are 
 those produced at Montreuil, a village near Paris, where 
 the whole population are exclusively employed in their 
 cultivation, and by this have been maintained for several 
 ages. They are cultivated here on lime-whited walls of 
 great extent. Their climate requires it. 
 
 In the United States they flourish as in their native 
 land — producing fruit of an excellent quality, wherever 
 the maize or Indian corn will ripen to maturity. In New 
 Jersey there are those who cultivate this fruit exclusively ; 
 and at Shrewsbury on a single plantation 10^000 bushels 
 
166 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 are annually produced for the New York market. It 
 is also extensively cultivated in the Middle, Southern and 
 Western States, for the purposes of distillation ; on the 
 refuse of the orchard or distillery, numerous swine are 
 fattened. 
 
 Uses. The peach is not only a first rate dessert fruit, 
 but it makes a delicious preserve. In cooking the most 
 delicious pies are made of them. For this purpose they 
 require no preparation ; they are used whole, simply placed 
 in deep layers, sprinkled with sugar, and enveloped in the 
 pastry; no further additions are necessary; the stone or 
 kernel communicates its flavor, which is superior to that of 
 the costly spices. Peaches are preserved by drying, and 
 in this state they may be long preserved ; and thus pre- 
 pared, they may be either eaten at the dessert like raisins, 
 figs, and prunes, or used in cooking ; and might form a 
 valuable article for sea stores or for exportation. I will 
 here describe three modes of drying ; and will suggest, 
 that in drying them indoors, the furnace should be placed 
 in the cellar, and the drying effected in the apartment 
 above by an ascending current of heated air. 
 
 In some of the Southern States the drying process is 
 facilitated by a previous scalding. This is effected by 
 immersing baskets of the fruit a few minutes in kettles 
 of boiling water. They are aftervi^ards halved, the stone 
 separated, and being laid with the skins downwards, the 
 drying is effected in the sun in three days of good weather. 
 They then may be stored in boxes. 
 
 In France as we are informed, peaches and other fruits 
 are thus dried whole. The peaches or other fruits being 
 pared, are boiled for a few minutes in a syrup consisting 
 of one pound of sugar dissolved in three quarts of water, 
 and after being drained by being laid singly on broad 
 dishes, they are placed in the oven after the bread is 
 taken out, and when sufficiently dry they are packed in 
 boxes. The following is the mode of drying practised by 
 Mr Thomas Bellangee, of Egg Harbor, New Jersey. He 
 has a small house provided with a stove, and drawers in 
 the sides of the house lathed at their bottoms, with void 
 intervals. The peaches should be ripe and cut in two, 
 not peeled, and laid in a single layer on the laths, with 
 their skins downward, to save the juice. On shoving in 
 the drawer, they are soon dried by the hot air produced by 
 
PEACH. 167 
 
 the stove. In this way great quantities may, successively, 
 in a single season be prepared, with a very little expense 
 in the preparation of the building and in fuel. 
 
 Wine of superior flavor may be made from peaches — 
 for this purpose the stones are separated, the pulp is finely 
 bruised and intimately incorporated with a proportion of 
 water and brown sugar. After remaining in the vat from 
 twelve to twentyfour hours and being occasionally stirred, 
 the liquor is separated by straining and by pressure, and 
 barrelled. Mr Gourgas however has recommended to in- 
 corporate the pulp and water by boiling ; after straining 
 add sugar, and after standing twelve hours, the clear liquor 
 is poured from the sediment, into the cask which is now 
 to be bunged down. 
 
 From the kernels, according to Bosc, an oil is drawn, 
 possessing all the qualities of the oil of almonds. 
 
 The leaves steeped in brandy communicate their flavor, 
 and the liquor thus prepared is used in every preparation 
 in cookery instead of foreign spices. And according to 
 Phillips a liquor resembling the delicious Noyeau, is pre- 
 pared by steeping peach leaves in white brandy ; this 
 liquor is sweetened with sugar candy and fined with 
 milk, and is difficult to be distinguished from the genuine 
 Noyeau of Martinico. The leaves, if I am not mistaken, 
 contain prussic acid ; but so does the bitter almond ; and 
 this last article forms the basis of the Noyeau, which is 
 prepared in Boston. Creme de Noyeau may also be pre- 
 pared by adding to a pound of peach kernels coarsely 
 bruised, a pound of bruised cherrystones, stones and all; 
 three and a half or four gallons of the best brandy, two 
 gallons of water, and five pounds of sugar. Add to each 
 quart of liquor, two grains of bruised pepper, and eight 
 drachms of bruised cinnamon. After the whole has stood 
 three days, it is strained through flannel and bottled for 
 use. Olivier asserts, [according to Bosc in Nouveau Cours 
 Complet d'Agriculture,] that the inhabitants of Scio 
 employ the leaves in dying silk of a deep green. They 
 are also employed in medicine as a vermifuge, febrifuge, 
 &c. Collected in autumn, they are used in the prepara- 
 tion of leather ; and from the wood of the peach tree the 
 color called rose pink is said to be produced. 
 
 A good peach possesses a thin skin, the flesh thick and 
 firm, abounding in a sugary, vinous, and high flavored 
 Juice ; the stone small. 
 
168 NEV/ AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION 
 
 The systematic classification of peaches, first begun by 
 Miller and Duhamei, and afterwards greatly improved by 
 Mr Robertson (See Lond. Hort. Trans, vol. in. p. 384,] 
 was brought still nearer to perfection by the Count Lelieur, 
 by the Editors of the Bon Jardinier, and by Mr Lindley. 
 The systems of these last named, differ not, however, from 
 each other, very essentially, 
 
 The peach and the nectarine, both considered by the 
 French writers as one and the same fruit, yet form separate 
 classes. They have been divided into four classes ^ — 1st, 
 the PecJies, freestone peaches, or those whose flesh separ- 
 ates from the stone ; — 2d, the Pavies, clingstone peaches, 
 or those whose flesh adheres to the stone ; — 3d, the Pechcs 
 lisse, smooth peaches or Freestone nectarines ; — 4th, the 
 BrugnonSj or clingstone nectarine. The flowers form three 
 divisions, accordingly as they vary in size ; they are also 
 distinguished by their color ; and the leaves, from the dif- 
 ference in their formation, are divided into three classes. 
 Thus by these various distinctions, together with the vary- 
 ing qualities of the fruit itself, and the variation in the 
 growth of the tree, the accurate observer will be enabled 
 with facility, if not with certainty, to identify and to des- 
 cribe any particular variety. 
 
 The form of the glands, and their position, are distinctly 
 visible with the complete formation of the leaf; they re- 
 tain their character permanently, till the leaf falls in au- 
 tumn. The globose glands are to be found on the foot- 
 stalks one, two or more, and one, two, or more on the 
 points of the serratures. The reniform glands are also 
 situated, some on the footstalks, but those on the leaves, 
 grow within the serratures ; they connect together seem- 
 ingly, the upper and lower teeth of the serratures; the 
 leaves of very vigorous branches have a greater number 
 of glands than are produced on the leaves of the globose 
 varieties. Sometimes however, glands are only discerni- 
 ble on the leaves produced by branches of vigorous growth. 
 
PEACHES. 169 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Class I. Includes Freestones, or Peaches which part 
 freely from the stone. This class is divided into two sec- 
 tions, and three subsections. 
 
 Class II. Includes the Pavies or Clingstones, arranged 
 in the order of their maturity, 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 S. Denotes those leaves which are serrated and having no glands. 
 
 R. Denotes those leaves whose glands are reniform. 
 
 G. Denotes those leaves which have globose glands. 
 
 L. As applied to the flowers, denotes that they are large. 
 
 M. Denotes that those flowers to which it is applied are of medium 
 
 size. 
 S. As applied to flowers, denotes that they are small. 
 p. Denotes that the flowers to Avhich it is applied are of a pale color 
 r. Red. d. Dark 
 
 CLASS I. — SECTION I. 
 
 Freestone peaches, chiefly of French origin, arranged 
 in the order of their maturity as nearly as can be ascer- 
 tained on the best authority. As to the remaining free- 
 stones which are not described in this section ; finding it 
 difficult if not impossible to ascertain the true comparative 
 times of their maturity, I have placed them in a separate 
 section. 
 
 RED NUTMEG. 
 
 AvANT Peche Rouge, of the French. 
 
 The growth of this tree is exceedingly slow, its habits 
 dwarfish. The fruit is bright scarlet next the sun ; globu- 
 lar and very small ; it is sweet, juicy and good. Middle 
 of July; only valuable for its early maturity. 
 
 WHITE NUTMEG. 
 
 AvANT Peche Blanche, Eon Jard. 
 
 The tree is feeble and of delicate growth ; fruit small, 
 round, always white, juicy and sweet. It ripens in July, 
 and is only cultivated for its precocity. [Leaves S, Flow- 
 ers L. p.] 
 
 14 
 
170 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 * EARLY ANNE, 
 
 AvANT Peche Blanche, of French. Anne. 
 
 The trees of this variety are of feeble growth ; the young 
 \yood is subject to mildew. Fruit small, white, globular ; 
 the flesh white, melting, saccharine, and good. The chief 
 merit is its ripening early. August. [Flowers L.] 
 PETITE MIGNONNE. Duh. PI. ci. 
 
 Double de Troyes. 
 
 The tree is of feeble growth, and productive. The 
 fruit is very small, round, its suture deep, a small point 
 at its summit ; the skin downy, fine, pale yellow, but red 
 next the sun ; the flesh melting and white, but red next 
 the stone ; juice abundant, a little sweet, vineuse and 
 of the best quality. Last of July. [Leaves R. Flow- 
 ers M.] 
 
 EARLY MIGNONNE. Bon Jard. 
 
 MiGNONNE Hative, Bon Jard. 1828, p. 293. 
 
 A variety of the Grosse Mignonne, but much smaller ; it 
 is sometimes pointed at its summit. [Leaves G. Flowers L.] 
 EAP».LY PURPLE. N. Duh. Bon Jard. 
 
 Pourpre' Hative. La Vineuse. Peche du Vin. Ibid. 
 
 One of most beautiful of peaches; encompassed by a 
 middling suture ; of a globular form, flattened at the base ; 
 its height twentysix lines. Flowers large, and brighter 
 than those of the Grosse Mignonne ; the fruit large, and 
 of a deeper red ; the flesh equally melting, and fine, vin- 
 ous and high flavored. August. 
 
 *GROSSE MIGNONNE. 
 
 Mignonne, Grosse Mingonne, Veloute'e de Merlet, of the 
 French. 
 
 Grimwood's New Royal George, Early Vineyard. 
 
 Royal Kensington. Pom. Mag. Lind. 
 
 Vineuse de Fromentin. Thompson. Transparent. Ibid. 
 
 Royal Souverain. Ibid. Pourpre de Normandie. Ibid. 
 
 Belle Beaute'. Ibid. 
 
 Morris' Red Rareripe. 
 
 This last synonyme I have added on the authority of a 
 gentleman near Boston, of great intelligence and experi- 
 ence. This peach, exhibited by Mr Vose, has been ad- 
 judged as deserving the premium of the Massachusetts 
 Horticultural Society, for one or two successive years, and 
 is probably one of the most beautiful and delicious varie- 
 ties in cultivation. The fruit is large, depressed ; hollow 
 at the summit, its suture moderately deep. The skin 
 
PEACHES. 171 
 
 slightly downy; of a fine deep red next the sun, marbled 
 on a yellow ground towards the shade. The flesh pale 
 yellow, rayed with red next the stone, melting, juicy, of a 
 rich vinous flavor; the stone rugged, ovate. Last of 
 August. [Leaves G. Flowers L. d. r.] 
 
 VINEUSE DE FROMENTIN. N. Duh. 
 
 The leaves are large and finely serrated ; the tree vig- 
 orous and hardy. The fruit large, very downy, rather 
 long; divided by a deep suture, terminating in a point; 
 of a beautiful deep red next the sun ; the flesh white, 
 marbled next the stone with red; juice sweet, high flavor- 
 ed, with vinous acid, and very good. The stone is large, 
 oblong, acuminate. It ripens early in September, and is 
 one of the best of peaches. This is not the Vineuse de 
 Fromentin of Noisette, which ripens the 15th of August. 
 BELLE BEAUCE. N. Duh PI. cccxiv. 
 
 So named for M. J. Beauce of Montreuil. A variety of 
 the Grosse Mignonne. The fruit is very large and beau- 
 tiful ; round, divided by a deep suture, flattened at the 
 summit; color fine yellow in the shade, laved with a beau- 
 tiful bright red next the sun, and downy ; the flesh white, 
 very fine, melting ; yellowish, streaked with red near the 
 stone ; juice abundant, sweet, excellent. The stone is 
 large and red. Last of August. 
 
 MIGNONNE FRISE E. Bon Jard. N. Duh. 
 
 Pecher a fleur Frise'e. N. Duh. 
 
 The tree is vigorous ; the fruit has all the beauty and 
 excellent qualities of the Grosse Mignonne, and is evi- 
 dently a variety of that kind. The stone is rough, of a 
 deep red color and retains shreds of the flesh when separ- 
 ated. This singular new variety ripens the last of August. 
 BELLEGARDE. 
 
 Noire de Montreuil, Galandi. Bon Jard. 
 
 Violet Hative, of some English Authors. 
 
 Smooth Leaved Royal George, of some. Thompson. 
 The tree is vigorous and productive ; the fruit is of 
 medium size, much colored, and almost black; the flesh 
 resembles the Belle de Vitry ; it is firm, saccharine, vi- 
 neuse, and one of the best of peaches. It ripens in August. 
 [Leaves G. Flowers p.] 
 
 WHITE MAGDALEN. 
 
 Magdeleine Blanche. Bon Jard. 
 
 The tree is vigorous ; the fruit is large, white, slightly 
 
172 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 red next the sun ; the flesh white, fine, melting, and 
 agreeably musky. It ripens io August, A fruit of mid- 
 dling quality with us. [Leaves S. Flowers L. p.] 
 
 *MALTA. 
 
 Pkche Malte, Duh. Belle de Paris. Bon Jard. 
 
 Malte de Normandie. Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 Italian Peach, of Mil. according to the Pom. Mag. 
 
 The fruit is above the medium size ; pale yellowish 
 green ; but next the sun somewhat marbled with pur- 
 plish red ; globular, a little flattened, encircled with a 
 slightly depressed suture ; flesh yellowish, juicy, rich, 
 vinous and of superior flavor. An excellent and most 
 productive variety, ripening in September. [Leaves S. 
 Flowers L. p.] 
 
 *YELLOW ALBERGE. 
 
 Alberge Jaune, Peche Jaune, Rousanne,. 
 
 Saint Laurent Jaune. Bon Jard. 
 
 Petite RoussANNE. Bon Jard. 
 
 RosANNA. Lindley. Alberge. Coxe. 
 
 A middle sized globular iruit, of a yellow color in the 
 &hade, deep red next the sun. A deep suture extends 
 from summit to base. The flesh deep yellow, but red 
 next the stone, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, vinous and ex- 
 cellent. A superior fruit, ripening in August. 
 
 BELLE CHEVREUSE. Duh. R. M. 
 
 Chevreuse Hative, Bon Jard. p. 296. 
 
 Early Chevreuse. 
 
 The fruit is large, inclining to oblong, sometimes point- 
 ed ; yellowish in the shade, marbled with bright red next 
 the sun; the flesh white, but red next the stone , melting, 
 juicy, very sweet, vinous and excellent. August. [Leaves, 
 R. Flowers, M.] 
 
 RED MAGDALEN COURSON. Bon. Jard. 
 
 Magdeleine de Courson, Magdeleine Rouge, 
 
 Paysanne, Bon Jard. p. 295. 
 
 The tree is vigorous. The leaves have deep serratures 
 and are without glands ; flowers large and pale. The fruit 
 is rather large, round, of a beautiful red next the sun ; flesh 
 firm and vinous. Beginning of September, [Leaves, S. 
 Flowers, L. p ] 
 
 SOURDINE. Bon. Jard. 1823, p. 290. 
 
 BOURDIN, NaRBONNE. 
 
 Flowers small and imperfect, the leaves have globose 
 glands. The fruit is large, round, sometimes pointed ; of 
 a deep red next the sun ; the flesh is melting, sweety and 
 
PEACHES. 173 
 
 vinous ; its stone is small. It is productive in unshel- 
 tered situations. Middle of September. [Leaves, G. Flow- 
 ers, S.] 
 *BELLE DE VITRY. 
 
 Admirable, Duh. Coxe. R. M. 
 
 A large fruit of a fine red color next the sun ; yellowish 
 white in the shade ; the form globular, divided by a suture ; 
 a broad deep cavity at its base ; the flesh is white, stained 
 with red at the stone ; melting, juicy, sweet, vinous and 
 excellent. A superior fruit. September. 
 
 ISPAHAN. N. Duh. PI. xxiv. 
 
 Pecher d'Ispahan. lb. 
 
 This singular tree was discovered in 1799, by Brugniere 
 and Olivier, at Ispahan, the capital of Persia, in the vast 
 Royal Gardens, where were concentrated most of the fruits 
 of Asia. The branches are very slender and numerous, 
 the leaves very narrow, finely serrated, of a delicate green 
 color, and unlike those of any other variety known. The 
 fruit is nearly spherical ; the skin of a whitish green ; 
 slightly downy; flesh greenish white, melting, and sepa- 
 rates from the stone ; juice abundant and delicious. 
 
 LATE CHEVEREUSE. N. Duh. 
 
 Chevereuse Takdive, N. Duh. PI. 238. 
 
 The vigor of this tree is remarkable, its fertility extra- 
 ordinary. The fruit should be thinned ; it is rather glob- 
 ular, a little oblong, flat sided, and pointed; but at matu- 
 rity, of a fine form and good size. The skin downy, of a 
 lively red, but next the sun a purple red ; yellowish green 
 in the shade ; the flesh white, streaked with red next the 
 stone ; melting, very good ; juice sweet, sprightly and vin- 
 ous. September. [Leaves large, S. Flowers, B.] 
 DOUBLE FLOWERING. 
 
 Peche a Flexjrs Doubles, Bon Jard. 
 
 The leaves have reniform glands. The tree is culti- 
 vated for the beauty of its flowers, which are often semi- 
 double and very large. Fruit good and pretty numerous. 
 September. 
 LATE PURPLE. 
 
 Pourpre'e Tardive, N. Duh. 
 
 The tree is vigorous ; the leaves are strikingly crispy or 
 frizzled in autumn, and by this distinguished. The fruit 
 of medium size, round, and one of the most downy of all 
 14* 
 
174 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 peaches ; often swollen on one side ; its diameter twenty^ 
 eight lines ; skin thick, a little yellow in the shade, and laved 
 with fine deep red next the sun ; the juice high flavored 
 and sweet ; the stone is oval, and small ; an excellent 
 peach, the best of the season ; September. 
 
 YELLOW ADMIRABLE, or APRICOT PEACH.— 
 
 Bon. Jard. 1828, p. 293. 
 
 Abricote'e, Admirable Jaune,Peche D'Orange. 
 
 Grosse Jaune,Peche de Burai, Sandalie Hermaphrodite. 
 
 The leaves have reniform glands. Flowers large. The 
 fruit is very large, yellow while immature, but at maturity 
 a little laved with red next the sun ; the flesh firm, yellow, 
 with a little of the flavor of the apricot. The climate of 
 Paris is a little too cold to ripen this fruit to its full perfec- 
 tion. But here it will without doubt prove excellent. — 
 [Leaves, R. Flowers, L.] 
 
 CARDINALE. N. Duh. PI. ccxxxvii. 
 
 Cardinale de Furstenberg. Thompson. 
 
 The fruit is medium sized, flattened at its summit ; swol- 
 len on one side of the suture; the skin dull gray violet, very 
 downy and hoary; the flesh marbled with violet red, but 
 slightly tinged with yellow next the stone ; not very juicy, 
 and deficient in flavor ; good for preserving. It ripens at 
 Paris from the 10th to the 20th of October. In warmer 
 climates it is good, and in Italy excellent. [Leaves, S. 
 Flowers, L. p.] 
 
 DWARF ORLEANS. 
 
 Pecher Nain. N. Duh. PI. cccci. 
 
 A singular and most diminutive tree. Flowers pale^ 
 large, and from twelve to fifteen lines in diameter. The 
 flesh juicy and generally bitter. This very ordinary fruit 
 does not ripen till late, the middle of October ; it is only 
 cultivated for curiosity : and often cultivated in a pot and 
 brought with its fruit to the table. [Leaves large, S.] 
 
 *NIVETTE. R. M. 
 
 Veloutee Ta'rdive, Jard. Fruit, according to Bon Jard. 
 
 The fruit is large, a little oblong, downy, green in the 
 shade, and deep red next the sun ; the flesh firm, saccha- 
 rine, and high flavored ; a most superior fruit and highly 
 recommended. September. [Leaves, G. Flowers, S.] 
 
 ROY ALE. Bon. Jard. Forsyth. Pom. Mag. 
 Royal. Pom. Mag. t.73. 
 The fruit much resembles the Admirable, it is very large, 
 
PEACHES. 175 
 
 globular, a little oblong ; pale yellowish green, but pale red, 
 marbled with deeper red next the sun, and downy ; a small 
 point at its summit; the flesh white, melting, juicy, saccha- 
 rine, and high flavored. It is red at the stone, from which 
 it separates. September. [Leaves, G. Flowers, S.] 
 
 *RED MAGDALEN. 
 
 Magdeleine a Moyenne Fleurs, Bon Jard. 
 
 Magdeleine Rouge Tardive ov a Petite Fleurs. lb. 
 
 Royal George of the English, according to the Pom Mag. 
 
 Millet's Mignonne, Lockyer's Mignonne. lb. 
 
 New Royal Charlotte, Thomp. 
 
 That the Red Magdalen and Royal George are identical, 
 has been renewedly asserted by a gentleman here of great 
 observation and experience ; I have ventured therefore to 
 restore the original, and suppress the English name of 
 Royal George, except as a synonyme. The young wood 
 is liable to mildew. The fruit is large, globular, with a 
 suture, moderately deep on one side ; dark purplish red 
 next the sun, yellowish white in the shade, mottled with 
 red at the junction of the colors ; the flesh white, rayed 
 with red next the stone ; melting, juicy, and high flavored. 
 Sept. [Leaves, S. Flowers, S.] 
 *TETON DE VENUS. 
 
 The tree is one of the most vigorous in its growth known, 
 and very productive. The fruit is large, of a pale yellow- 
 ish green, but bright red darkly marbled next the sun ; 
 form globular, a little lengthened ; it is encircled by a 
 broad deep suture, terminating in a large obtuse point at 
 its summit ; the flesh melting, of a greenish yellow, but at 
 the stone it is red ; and of a sweet and excellent flavor. It 
 ripens early in October. There are two or three varieties 
 bearing this name. This is the variety described in the 
 New Duhamel, and a most superior fruit. 
 
 CLASS I. — SECTION II. 
 
 It was found difficult if not impossible to arrange the 
 remainder of this class in the perfect order of their matu- 
 rity, as many of them are new, and the relative periods of 
 their maturity have never yet been satisfactorily ascertained. 
 They are therefore divided into three subsections, arranged 
 for the latitude of Boston. 
 
176 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 Suhs. I. Includes Early Peaches, or those which com- 
 mence ripening during August. 
 
 Suhs. II. Includes the Em-ly Autumn, or those which 
 commence ripening early in September. 
 
 Suhs. Ill IncXxides Late Autumn, and Autumn Peaches, 
 also all those whose periods of maturity are unknown. 
 
 SUBSECTION I. 
 
 EARLY PEACHES, OR THOSE WHICH COMMENCE RIPENINa 
 DURING AUGUST. 
 
 *COOLEDGE'S FAVORITE. 
 
 Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe. 
 
 The tree is very vigorous and productive. A large, very 
 handsome globular fruit ; pale in the shade, but of a fine 
 red or crimson next the sun ; very melting, juicy, sweet, 
 and of a vinous flavor. This fruit ripens very early, soon 
 after the Early Ann ; and is esteemed a first rate fruit by 
 the cultivators for the markets of Boston. It was originated 
 by Mr Joshua Cooledge of Watertown, Mass. 
 
 DOUBLE MONTAGNE. Lind. 
 
 SioN. Forsyth. Early Double Mountain. 
 
 MoNTAUBAN. Thompson. 
 
 Middle sized, of roundish form ; color greenish white in 
 the shade, pale red, marbled with deep red next the sun ; 
 flesh white, melting, juicy, high flavored. Stone ovate, 
 rugged. A beautiful and excellent fruit. [August?] 
 [Leaves S. Flowers L.] 
 
 *EARLY ROYAL GEORGE. 
 
 A very large, handsome, and superior fruit, of a globular 
 form ; of a yellow color in the shade, but of a fine deep red 
 next the sun ; the flesh melting, juicy, saccharine, vinous, 
 and most excellent. It ripens in August, and is one of the 
 very best of all peaches, and a most productive kind. 
 
 *EARLY RED RARERIPE OF RHODES. R. M. 
 
 The fruit is large, of a deep red color, which covers 
 most of its surface ; of a globular form ; the flesh stained 
 to the stone with red ; melting, juicy, rich, slightly acid, 
 vinous and excellent. An excellent fruit, and deserves to 
 be recommended. 
 
 EARLY YORK. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 A large fruit of an excellent quality. August. 
 
PEACHES, 177 
 
 EMPEROR OF RUSSIA. 
 
 Serrated Leaf, or Unique. 
 
 The tree grows slowly and is liable to mildew. The 
 leaves are deeply and coarsely serrated, like the teeth of a 
 saw. The fruit is unequally divided by a deep suture ; its 
 flavor good. It ripens in August. [Flowers S.] This 
 variety, according to Mr Floy, was found wild in the woods 
 of New Jersey. 
 
 MAGDELEINE DE BOLLWILLER. Thompson. 
 
 The fruit is of medium size, pale green in the shade, 
 deep red next the sun ; the flavor excellent. Early in 
 September. [Aug. ?] [Leaves S. Flowers L.] 
 
 MOUNTAINEER. Thompson. 
 
 Raised from the Red Nutmeg and Early Violet Nec- 
 tarine. The fruit is sometimes partly smooth ; the size 
 large ; pale yellow in the shade, red next the sun ; of 
 excellent flavor. Beginning of September. [August ?] 
 [Leaves G. Flowers L.] 
 
 *OLDMIXON FREESTONE. 
 
 A large peach, of a yellowish white color, with a fine 
 red blush next the run ; the form a little oblong ; the flesh 
 is sweet, rich, juicy and excellent. It ripens the last of 
 August. A beautiful and superior variety. 
 *RED RARERIPE, var. S. H. S., Esq. 
 
 The leaf of this tree is smooth and without scrratures ; 
 the fruit is large, its suture deep ; covered with minute 
 specks or dots of red in the shade, but of a red color next 
 the sun. This peach is decidedly one of the very best of 
 all peaches. It ripens soon after the Nutmeg Peach ; and 
 the tree is not liable to overbear. Early in August. 
 
 SMOOTPI LEAVED ROYAL GEORGE. Lind. 
 
 The fruit is above the middle size, globular, depressed ; 
 of a yellowish white color, but beautiful red or carmine 
 next the sun. The flesh melting, yellowish white, but red 
 near the stone ; juice very plentiful, sugary, and of a high 
 vinous flavor. Stone small, rugged. Not only of the 
 handsomest, but one of the best of Peaches. Middle of 
 September. [August ?] [Leaves G. Flowers L. p. rose.] 
 
 SPRING GROVE. Hort. Trans. Pom. Mag. 
 
 A medium sized fruit, of a globular form ; of a greenish 
 yqIIow color, but bright crimson next the sun ; the flesh 
 
178 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 greenish yellow to the stone ; juicy, rich and high flavored. 
 Very early. The fruit was raised by Mr Knight from a 
 stone of the Early Purple and Red Nutmeg. [Leaves G, 
 Flowers L. p.] 
 
 SWEET WATER. 
 
 A medium sized peach ; very juicy, sweet, and fine fla- 
 vored. It ripens the beginning of August, about one 
 week later than the Early Anne ; and is much larger than 
 that variety and finer flavored. An American variety. 
 [Leaves S. Flowers L.] 
 
 SUBSECTION IL 
 
 EAIILY AUTUMN PEACHES, OR THOSE WHICH COMMENCE 
 RIPENING EARLY IN SEPTEMBER. 
 
 DOUBLE SWALSH. Lind. 
 
 SwALZE or SwoLZE, of Lang, according to Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is middle sized, ovate. Its suture deep, swol- 
 len on one side. The skin pale yellow, but bright deep 
 red next the sun ; the flesh is soft, melting, and white, but 
 pale red at the stone ; juicy and well flavored. It ripens 
 at the time of the Grosse Mignonne. [Leaves R. Flowers 
 S. red.] 
 
 *GEORGE FOURTH. 
 
 The fruit is of medium size, downy ; of a globular form, 
 swollen on one side ; pale yellow in the shade, dark red 
 next the sun ; the flesh pale yellow, but red next the stone; 
 of a rich and excellent flavor. This fine fruit originated 
 according to Mr Floy, in the garden of Mr Gill, Broad 
 Street, New York. [Leaves large, G. Flowers red, S.] 
 
 *HOFFMAN'S FAVORITE. 
 
 A large round fruit ; pale in the shape, red next the sun; 
 the flesh juicy, sweet, vinous and excellent. Early in Sept. 
 JACaUES. 
 
 Roundish oblong, of good size ; of a yellowish color 
 but red next the sun ; flesh yellow, melting, juicy, sweet, 
 and good. Early in September. 
 
 *MELLISH'S FAVORITE. 
 
 A very beautiful and excellent fruit of good size and 
 globular form ; fine yellow in the shade, of a fine deep 
 crimson or purple color next the sun ; juicy^ rich, sweet, 
 
PEACHES. 179 
 
 of a superior flavor. It much resembles the Washington. 
 The tree is a great bearer. Early in September. 
 
 *MORRIS' WHITE RARERIPE. 
 
 Morris' White Luscious. 
 
 The fruit is large, round or oval ; of a delicate white 
 color ; the flesh white, juicy ; flavor sweet, rich and ex- 
 cellent. Middle of Sept. [Leaves R. Flowers S. p.] 
 
 *SARGENT. 
 
 So called from the name of a gentleman in Pearl Street, 
 Boston, with whom this variety originated. The tree is of 
 moderate growth, but very productive. The young wood 
 extremely subject to mildew. A medium sized, round 
 fruit ; of a yellow color in the shade, slightly red next the 
 sun. The flesh is yellow, juicy, sweet and excellent. A 
 handsome and fine variety. Early in September. 
 *SNOW PEACH. 
 
 Sometimes called White Blossom. The tree is an abun- 
 dant bearer. The fruit is of handsome size, round ; the 
 skin very thin, white, and delicate ; the flesh very tender, 
 juicy, sweet and delicious. A beautiful and excellent fruit. 
 There is another variety of Snow Peach, sometimes called 
 WJtite Blossom, or Willow. The blossoms very white, the 
 tree resembles a willow ; the fruit small, round, white ; 
 very juicy, tender, sweet, delicious. A most delicate and 
 beautiful fruit. The tree a great bearer. 
 
 ^WASHINGTON RED FREESTONE. 
 
 The tree is a very great bearer ; the fruit is of good size, 
 round ; of a fine yellow color in the shade, fine dark crim- 
 son next the sun ; juicy, rich, of a sweet, vinous, and 
 delicious flavor. A beautiful and superior fruit. Early in 
 September. 
 WELD'S FREESTONE. 
 
 A very large, round fruit, of superior excellence ; of a 
 dull yellow color in the shade, red next the sun ; of a rich, 
 sweet, vinous, and delicious flavor; handsome and very 
 fine. A new fruit, raised by Mr Eben. Weld of Roxbury, 
 and so named by the Committee of the Massachusetts Hor- 
 ticultural Society. Last of September. 
 
 WHITE MALACATUNE. Coxe. 
 
 White Rareripe. Coxe. 
 
 A large fruit of extraordinary excellence ; of a pale 
 yellowish white color; the flesh yellowish white, firm. 
 
180 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 melting, rich, and of excellent flavor ; the stone is not un- 
 frequently cracked. Mr Coxe states that it is the most 
 admired fruit of the season, which is August, and that if 
 not too ripe, it makes a most delicious preserve. 
 
 YELLOW OR RED CHEEK MALACATUNE. 
 
 A large fruit, a little oblong ; of a deep yellow color in 
 the shade, but dark red next the sun ; its flesh is melting, 
 juicy, rich and excellent. Early in September. 
 
 SUBSECTION JIL 
 
 LATE AUTUMN, AND AUTUMN PEACHES INCLUDING ALSO ALL 
 THOSE NEW VARIETIES WHOSE PERIODS OF MATURITY ARE 
 NEITHER NAMED OR KNOWN. 
 
 ENGLISH CHANCELLOR. 
 
 CuANCELLiERE, of Duh. accoidiiig to Pom. Mag. 
 
 The fruit is large, a little oblong, rather downy ; its 
 suture well defined ; of a pale yellow color, but deep crim- 
 son next the sun ; marbled at the junction of the colors ; 
 the flesh yellowish white, but red at the stone ; juicy, rich, 
 and of a vinous flavor. [Leaves R. Flowers S. red.] 
 
 CHINA FLAT PEACH. Hort. Trans, vol. iv. p. 512. 
 
 Java Peach. 
 
 A most singular peach. This description is from a fruit 
 raised by John Braddick, Esq. This peach is said to be 
 much cultivated and esteemed in China, and will probably 
 succeed well with us. The diameter from the eye to the 
 stalk is less than three quarters of an inch, and consists 
 wholly of the stone and a skin which covers it. The 
 thickness of its sides is one inch and an eighth, while its 
 transverse diameter is two inches and a half The skin is 
 pale yellow, mottled with red next the sun and covered with 
 fine down. The flesh pale yellow, a beautiful radiated 
 circle of fine red surrounding the stone, which is flatly 
 compressed, small, rough, and irregular. The fruit is 
 melting and good, being sweet and juicy, with a little 
 Noyeau flavor and bitter aroma. 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 
 A large and very singular peach, with an extremely 
 rough and thick skin, of a dull red color, marbled with 
 blotches of a dark dusky red ; its form rather flattened, 
 with a suture well defined ; the flesh yellow, melting, juicy, 
 
PEACHES. 181 
 
 rich, fibrous, and well flavored. September. This peach 
 is a curiosity. Mr Coxe, who probably originated this va- 
 riety, calls it a fruit of uncommon excellence. 
 BUCKINGHAM MIGNONNE. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Barringtoi/. Pom. Mag. Lon. Hort. Cat. 
 
 "Leaves crenated, with globose glands ; flowers large; 
 the fruit is large, roundish, somewhat elongated ; pale yel- 
 lowish green, but deep red and marbled next the sun ; the 
 flesh yellowish white, rayed with crimson next the stone ; 
 melting, juicy and very rich ; a productive and handsome 
 variety." 
 
 *HEATH. 
 
 Kenrick's Heath, 
 
 This noble variety was received from the late Gen. Heath 
 of Roxbury, of revolutionary memory, hence its name. 
 The tree is very vigorous and productive, and is probably 
 a native. The fruit is very large, oblong and beautiful ; 
 specimens have frequently been seen weighing half a 
 pound ; pale yellowish green in the shade, but beautiful 
 deep crimson or violet next the sun ; unequally divided by 
 a slight suture, which terminates in a point ; the flesh is 
 melting, juicy, rich, vinous, agreeably acid and good. 
 Middle of September. 
 
 MIFFLIN'S PENNSYLVANIA. Col. Carr. 
 
 In the absence of the true title, I have for the present 
 adopted the above for a new native variety, received of CoL 
 Carr, of Bartram's Botanic Garden- It is described as a 
 fruit possessing remarkably fine qualities, and highly spoken 
 of by the Philadelphia Horticultural Society. 
 
 NOBLESSE. 
 
 Mellish's Favorite. Thompsoa. Vanguard, lb. 
 The tree is of vigorous growth, and very productive ; 
 The fruit is generally large and round, but sometimes ob- 
 long, with a very small nipple ; marbled with red and dull 
 purple next the sun ; the flesh is white, tinged with yellow ; 
 white at the stone ; very sweet and melting, but perhaps 
 less vinous than some others ; it ripens well and early. 
 The stone is short, round, and very prominent, rough. 
 [Leaves S. Flowers L. rose.] 
 
 *ORANGE PEACH. R. M., Esq. 
 
 The fruit is large, of a globular form ; of a fine yellow 
 16 
 
182 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 color ; the flesh very sweet, juicy, rich and excellent. It 
 ripens about the middle of September. 
 
 *PRESIDENT. R. M., Esq. 
 
 A large downy fruit, roundish, approaching to oblong ; 
 a shallow suture ; pale yellowish green, but red next the 
 sun ; the flesh is whitish, juicy, melting, rich and high fla- . 
 vored. The stone is large, pointed, rugged. With us this 
 fruit is very superior. September. [Leaves G.] 
 ROBINSON CRUSOE. Col. Carr. 
 
 A very fine large red peach, of excellent quality ; lately 
 originated near Philadelphia, from a stone brought by 
 Lieut. Coxe of the Navy, from the Island of Juan Fernan- 
 dez, in the Pacific Ocean. There are four varieties bear- 
 ing the above title, and numbered from one to four inclu- 
 sive ; all large and fine. 
 
 *VAN ZANDT'S. 
 
 The tree is of very vigorous growth ; the fruit is of me- 
 dium size, round ; color red and white, and handsome. 
 The flesh melting, juicy, and of excellent flavor. This 
 variety originated with Mr Van Zandt, of the State of New 
 York. September. 
 
 WEEPING PEACH. 
 
 The branches of this variety droop, and its appearance 
 resembles that of the Weeping Willow. For this pecu- 
 liarity it is chiefly remarkable. The fruit has been de- 
 scribed as of good size, of an oblong form, of a yellow 
 color and good quality. 
 
 *YELLOW RARERIPE. 
 
 A large globular formed fruit ; the flesh is yellow, juicy, 
 sweet and excellent. This superior variety ripens early in 
 Sept. There are many varieties bearing this title. 
 * YELLOW RED RARERIPE. 
 
 The tree is a native, of very rapid growth. The fruit is 
 of a large size, and globular form ; of a fine yellow or gol- 
 den color in the shade, but dark purplish red next the sun ; 
 the flesh deep yellow, rich, sweet, juicy and of a most deli- 
 cious flavor. A first rate fruit. Ripe middle of Sept. 
 MORRISANIA POUND. 
 
 HoFFMANS. 
 
 The fruit is very large, round ; pale green in the shade, 
 red next the sun; very juicy and delicious, ripening late, 
 
PEACHES. 183 
 
 about the middle of October. Mr Floy states that this 
 variety was received of Gouveneur Morris, of Morrisania, 
 near New York, but it was originated by Martin Hoffman, 
 Esq. [Leaves, G. Flowers, S.] 
 
 CLASS IL 
 
 Clingstones or Pavies, or Peaches wliose jlesJi adheres to the 
 
 stone ; arranged, as nearly as can be ascertained^ 
 
 in the order of their maturity. 
 
 This class of peaches, it is said, are preferred to all others 
 by the inhabitants of warm climates. 
 
 EARLY NEWINGTON. Coxe. 
 
 A beautiful fruit, of medium size, and globular form ; of 
 a white color in the shade, but red next the sun. The flesh 
 juicy, rich and high flavored. The stone is small. Last 
 of July. [Leaves R. Flowers L.] 
 
 CONGRESS. R. M. Esq. 
 
 A large fruit ; yellowish white in the shade, bright red 
 next the sun ; juicy and of fine flavor. This variety may 
 not prove a good bearer. August, September. [Leaves R. 
 Flowers S.] 
 
 *LAFAYETTE. 
 
 A very beautiful fruit of a fine yellow color in the shade ; 
 bright red next the sun ; juicy and of excellent flavor. 
 The tree is a most productive and fine variety. August. 
 Sometimes called Meiggs's Lafayette. 
 
 ♦SPANISH. C. 
 
 A lar_re, round fruit; of a pale color m the shade; red 
 next the sun ; very juicy, sweet, vinous and excellent 
 Early in October. 
 
 PAVIE JAUNE. N. Duh. PI. ccclxxxix. 
 
 Persica JNewtonii, lb. 
 
 Pavie Alberge, Perseque Jaune, Bon Jard. 
 
 Yellow Perseqde. 
 
 The petioles have reniform glands ; the fruit is very 
 beautiful, very large, round, a little flattened at its summit, 
 and marked with a groove ; its diameter thirtythree lines ; 
 the skin is downy, yellow in the shade, of a very deep red 
 
184 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 next the sun ; the flesh yellow, firm, not fibrous, and red or 
 of a blood color next the stone ; the juice abundant, sweet 
 and vinous. The stone is oval, obtuse, and of middling 
 size. Ripe 12th September, at Paris ; excellent in warm 
 summers. [Leaves R.] 
 
 *OLDMIXON CLINGSTONE. R. M. Esq. 
 
 This fruit is large, globular ; pale yellow in the shade, 
 but beautiful red next the sun ; the flesh yellowish white, 
 very juicy, sweet, rich and fine flavored. An excellent and 
 most productive variety. September. 
 
 *OLD NEWINGTON. 
 
 This fruit is large and globular ; pale yellow in the shade, 
 but of a fine bright red next the sun, sometimes marbled 
 with deeper red ; the flesh is yellowish white, very juicy, 
 rich, sweet and well flavored. An excellent fruit, ripening 
 in September, and productive. [Leaves S. Flowers L.] 
 
 BRODIE'S. 
 
 Laro-e, round. A very beautiful fruit, colored with fine 
 red next the sun ; very juicy and fine. 
 
 MAMMOTH. 
 
 A laro-e fruit of a pale color in the shade, red next the sun ; 
 very juicy and fine. September. 
 *CATHERINE. R. M. Esq. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Fruit large, round, variable; color a beautiful red next 
 the sun, marbled and dashed with darker shades ; pale yel- 
 low in the shade ; flesh very white, tinged with yellow, but 
 firm, of a deep crimson next the stone; juice abundant, 
 and of a very rich and sweet flavor ; stone middle sized, 
 roundish oval, very slightly pointed. It ripens with us 
 in September. Mr Manning has stated that neither this, 
 the Old Newington, nor the Oldmixon Clingstone, can 
 be distinguished from each other by their external appear- 
 ance, and are all first rate fruits. [Leaves R. Flowers S.] 
 
 PAVIE ADMIRABLE. Bon. Jard. 
 
 Incomparable, of the English and Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is large, roundish, swollen on one side ; skin 
 pale yellow, but pale red shaded with light scarlet or deep 
 crimson next the sun ; the flesh pale yellow, but red at the 
 stone; juice sugary, and well flavored; stone roundish and 
 almost smooth. Ripens at the time of the Catherine. — 
 [Leaves R. Flowers S. P.] 
 
PEACHES. 185 
 
 *KENRICK CLINGSTONE. 
 
 A new, large and excellent variety which originated here. 
 The tree first bore fruit in 1833, and promises to become a 
 most productive kind. The fruit is large, roundish oblong, 
 pointed at the summit ; of a golden yellow in the shade, 
 red next the sun ; flesh yellow juicy, sweet, vinous and ex- 
 cellent. Last of September. 
 
 GROSSE PERSEaUE. Bon. Jard. p. 298. 
 
 Perseque Allonge'. lb. 
 
 The tree is productive in unsheltered situations. The 
 fruit large and oblong, with swellings on its surface, of a 
 red color next the sun. It requires a warm exposition, and 
 will probably ripen with us late in September. [Leaves R. 
 Flowers S.] 
 PAVIE MAGDELEINE. Bon. Jard. p. 294, 296. 
 
 Pavie Blanc. 
 
 The tree is vigorous ; the fruit is large and downy ; white 
 in the shade, and a beautiful red next the sun ; the flesh 
 white, fine, melting, and of an agreeable musky flavor. This 
 fruit will ripen with us about the last of September. 
 [Leaves S. Flowers L. P.] 
 *WASHlNGTON CLINGSTONE. 
 
 A large fruit ; its color inclining to white, but next the 
 sun a fine blush ; of globular form ; flesh melting, juicy, 
 sweet and excellent. A superior fruit, ripening in Septem- 
 ber. [Leaves R. Flowers S.] 
 *LEMON CLINGSTONE. 
 
 Pine Apple, or Kennedy's Lemon. 
 
 The fruit is rather large, oblong and pointed; of a deep 
 yellow color in the shade, but of a dark fine red next the 
 sun ; the flesh is yellow, rich, vinous, a little acid , it is 
 stained with red next the stone. September. [Leaves R. 
 Flowers S.] 
 HOYTE'S LEMON CLINGSTONE. 
 
 This fruit is of the largest size ; of a clear golden yellow 
 in the shade, but bright red next the sun ; the form resem- 
 bles a lemon. The flesh is fine. Late in September. 
 [Leaves G. Flowers S.] 
 
 MONSTROUS POMPONNE. Bon. Jard. p. 297. 
 
 Pavie DE PoMPONNE, Gros Melecoton,^ 
 Gros Perseque Rouge, > of the French. 
 
 Pavie Monstreux, Pavie Cornu, ) 
 
 The fruit is the largest of all peaches, and often termiH- 
 16* 
 
186 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ates in a point at its summit ; it is downy ; of a waxen white 
 color in the shade, of a very lively and deep red next the 
 sun ; the flesh is firm, and excellent cooked. It requires a 
 warm exposition and ripens in favorable seasons the end of 
 October at Paris. This fruit will ripen earlier with us. 
 [Leaves R. Flowers L.] 
 
 PAVIE TARDIF. N. Duh. PI. ccc. 
 
 Late Pavie. 
 
 The tree is very vigorous in its growth ; the petioles 
 have large brown reniform glands ; the fruit is large, com- 
 pressed at its sides ; contracted towards its base ; it is 
 divided on one side by a suture, which terminates in a point 
 at its summit ; its height and breadth are three inches ; 
 the skin is thick, more yellow in the shade than the Pavie 
 de Pomponne, and laved with a fine red next the sun ; the 
 flesh is more yellow and less firm than the Pavie de New- 
 ton, (Pavie Jaune) less red towards the stone; its juice is 
 more abundant, and we think more excellent. It ripens 
 at the end of October, and may be preserved a long time. 
 This fine new fruit will probably ripen earlier with us. 
 
 *HYSLOP'S CLINGSTONE. 
 
 The trees of this variety are vigorous and productive. 
 The fruit is large, rather oblong; of a white color in the 
 shade, changing to fine deep red next the sun ; the flesh 
 melting, very juicy, sweet, vinous, and excellent. This 
 variety ripens in October, and may be preserved till late in 
 November, and is the latest variety which will generally 
 answer in Massachusetts. 
 
 ^WILLIAMSON'S. C. 
 
 The tree is very extraordinary productive. The fruit is 
 oblong, of good size, and terminated by a point ; white in 
 the shade, but red next the sun ; very juicy and fine flavored. 
 Middle of October. 
 
 HEATH CLINGSTONE. 
 
 The fruit is very large, rather oblong, terminated by a 
 point at its summit ; of a cream color, with an occasional 
 blush next the sun ; the flesh is tender, melting, extremely 
 juicy and rich. It ripens late, too late for the climate of 
 New England, except in very favorable seasons. Mr Coxe 
 informs us that this fruit was raised from a stone brought 
 from the Mediterranean, by Mr Daniel Heath; and in 
 his estimation is superior to all other peaches known ; the 
 
PEACHES. IS^ 
 
 Stone generally opens, and the fruit if not too ripe, is one 
 of the most admired preserved in sugar; that it ripens in 
 October, and keeps till December. Leaves R. Flowers S. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 The peach tree is usually raised by planting the stones 
 in autumn. Some, however, preserve them in soil exposed 
 to the frosts of winter; in spring they are cracked, and 
 either sown in beds or planted in the nursery, in rows four 
 feet asunder, and about a foot distant in the row. In the 
 same year or the year following, they are inoculated. The 
 peach tree is usually inoculated on the peach stock. They 
 are however, sometimes propagated on the almond ; some- 
 times on the plum stock. Mozard, according to Loudon, 
 " prefers plum stocks, where the soil is strong and black ;" 
 and Dubreuil recommends a plum stock for a clayey soil ; 
 and the almond stock, for such as are light and sandy. 
 The same opinion is held by the Montreuil cultivators." 
 At Montreuil, we understand, the plum stock is not used 
 because the soil is dry. 
 
 Peaches thrive best near the banks of rivers, and espe- 
 cially those of brackish water. The curculiones are stated 
 to avoid a moist atmosphere and salt air on the borders of 
 rivers or the sea. 
 
 Soil, Distance. — The most suitable soil for the peach 
 tree is a rich, sandy loam ; a light soil answers well. The 
 soil of Montreuil as above stated is dry. The peach tree 
 will not flourish on a cold, stiff, wet soil. On such a soil 
 they may grow vigorously, but they produce but little fruit 
 and that of ordinary quality. Some assert that they are 
 more uniformly productive on the north side of hills, as it 
 prevents their too early advancement before the vernal 
 frosts are past. Ten or twelve feet asunder is deemed a 
 good distance for the peach tree. 
 
 Maladies. — The maladies to which the peach tree is 
 subject are, 
 
 1st. The Curculio. For the remedies for this, see In- 
 sect, in the former part of this work. 
 
 2d. The worm which feeds on the sap-wood beneath 
 the bark, principally near the surface of the earth. 
 
188 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 The worm is produced by a fly which, from the middle 
 of June, to the first of August, deposits its eggs on the 
 bark of the tree, generally at its root, where the bark is 
 tender. These are soon hatched, and the worm shortly 
 penetrates beneath the bark, where it commences its work 
 of destruction, devouring the sap-wood often around the 
 whole circumference of the tree, causing the gum to exude 
 and often death. 
 
 Much has been written and said of this insect; yet the 
 prevention is very easy, provided there is a necessity for 
 it, which is not the case in all soils and situations. It 
 seems with us only an occasional evil and the remedies 
 are seldom required. Whenever serious suspicions arise, 
 let every tree be carefully searched at the surface of the 
 earth, and the worm destroyed by probing with a pen- 
 knife or pointed wire. About the beginning of June, form 
 around the trunk of the tree a small conical mound, to the 
 height of eight inches or a foot above the natural surface 
 of the earth. Unleached ashes, which might be preserved 
 for this purpose, are without doubt the best and most 
 useful substance, and each tree will require about a peck. 
 Charcoal broken small has been recommended; also cinders 
 from the blacksmith's forge to be placed around the trunk 
 for protection. But anything else, even soil is found to 
 answer. The design of this is, to protect that portion of 
 the tree where the bark is most tender ; let this mound be 
 levelled in October, and the bark will harden again beneath 
 where it was placed. I am inclined to believe the potash 
 wash before described, would answer every purpose, as 
 it does with the apple tree if applied at the suitable time, 
 also the wash recommended by Mr Lindley. The Gar- 
 den Compound, sold by Messrs Barrett of Boston, and Ives 
 of Salem, I am persuaded would be effectual. Also coal 
 tar. A gentleman of Nantucket is trying it on the plank 
 of his ships which sail to the Pacific, to preserve thera 
 from the attacks of the sea worm ; the odor it exhales is 
 powerful and lasting. 
 
 Another cheap, easy, and effectual mode, is practised by 
 Mr Vose of Dorchester. About the last of May, the soil 
 is removed to the depth of two inches round the trunk ; a 
 composition of clay, ashes, &lc., is applied with a brush 
 and over this stiff brown paper is wrapped around the tree 
 to the height of a foot, and the earth replaced. Sharp 
 
PEACHES^ 
 
 189 
 
 sand placed around the trunk of the tree in a small coni- 
 cal mound, has it is stated, been found an effectual protec- 
 tion from experiements made in Pennsylvania. And from 
 experiments made in the state of New York by Mr Van Reu- 
 selaer, it appears, that powdered charcoal placed around 
 the trunk to the depth of two inches is a protection. But the 
 scoria from the blacksmith's forge would probably prove at 
 least as effectual. And Mr Wilson of the same state, in 
 his Economy of the Kitchen Garden, has recommended 
 grafting clay to be applied round the trunk. Lastly, lime 
 mortar mixed with sulphur, is found good. And common 
 lime mortar alone applied round the tree, has been found 
 effectual. With us no remedy is needed. 
 
 3d. But there is another malady which I believe is 
 unknown in New England, or at least I have never seen 
 or heard of such a disease with us. It is by some called 
 the yellotos ; and according to Mr Coxe, " the malady 
 which destroys much the largest portion of the trees, has 
 hitherto baffled every effort to subdue it ; neither the 
 source nor the precise character of the disease, appear to 
 be perfectly understood." The trees are further stated to 
 languish, the leaves turn yellow, and they perish shortly. 
 The disease is contagious, soon spreading through the 
 whole orchard ; and if trees are brought from a sound 
 nursery, and planted on the same land, they usually perish 
 during the first season. And the infected soil cannot be 
 again occupied as a peach orchard, until some years of 
 intermediate cultivation. The only remedy I have heard 
 of for the destruction of this disease, is to destroy at once 
 the infectious trees, before the disease is communicated to 
 the whole orchard ; which according to Mr Prince of the 
 Linnaean Botanic Garden, as stated in Thacher's Orchard- 
 ist, is at the time the trees blossom in spring. 
 
 Pruning, &c. — In our climate the peach is almost uni- 
 versally cultivated as a standard. They are rarely pruned 
 at all ; they are sometimes however, renovated by head- 
 ing down ; this operation should be performed just before 
 the sap rises in spring. Trees are very rarely seen train- 
 ed to walls, except occasionally, in the gardens of the 
 opulent. 
 
 To render peach trees very productive, it has been re- 
 commended to shorten the new young wood in July, by 
 cutting in a few inches ; and the shoots proceeding from 
 
190 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 these are to be shortened again during the course of the 
 summer. This mode is favorable to the production of 
 fruit buds, and the trees will produce more abundant crops 
 the following year. This pruning or shortening may be 
 most profitably performed with very large shears, with long 
 handles, such as are used for clipping hedges; and I am 
 persuaded that with such an instrument, a man might 
 prune a great many trees in a day. [See Introduction 
 Section viii. Subs. 4th.] Mr Knight however, recom- 
 mends to bend downwards the young and luxuriant shoots, 
 instead of clipping, they thus produce the finest pos- 
 sible bearing wood for the second year. [See Introduction 
 Section VIII. Subs. 8.] 
 
 With respect to trees trained to walls, Jean Pierre Sa- 
 vard at Montreuil, according to Loudon, varies the position 
 of the branches every year, by elevating to a greater angle 
 the weak, depressing the strong, cutting out old, naked, or 
 useless shoots ; thus presenting at all times a well bal- 
 anced tree. 
 
 The inference is that these weakly shoots by being thus 
 elevated, grow stronger ; and the branches by being annu- 
 ally bent in alternate years, become more fruitful on the 
 principles before explained. Girdling increases the size 
 and hastens the maturity of the fruit; it should be per- 
 formed as soon as the tree comes into leaf. Its effects, 
 though surprising, are ultimately ruinous to the branch on 
 which the operation is performed, yet it may be sometimes 
 advantageously performed on alternate branches of the 
 same tree in alternate years. And there are, 1 believe, cer- 
 tain cases, where a single crop of very early fruit will very 
 far exceed the value of the tree. If fruit is desired of 
 a large size, the trees must be thinned when the fruit is of 
 the size of small gooseberries. The size may be thus in- 
 creased without diminishing the quantity. 
 
 M. Noisette, according to Mr Neil, against one piece of 
 low wall, places his peach trees five feet asunder, and 
 trains them all obliquely, and in one direction, at an 
 angle of 45'^. The growth of wood being thus re- 
 strained, the fruitfulness is promoted and the tree falls 
 'suddenly into bearing, and bears abundantly. 
 
191 
 
 NECTARINE. — (Amygdalus Nectarina.) 
 
 The Nectarine has been assigned to Persia ; it only 
 differs from the peach in possessing a very smooth and 
 glossy skin, and a pulp of a finer consistence. The French 
 consider the nectarine, Peche Esse, as one and the same 
 fruit as the peach. It is esteemed, however, by some, more 
 wholesome and delicious. According to some authorities 
 its name is derived from nectar^ which was supposed 
 to be the favorite liquor which inspired the heathen gods. 
 
 CLASS I. 
 
 FREESTONE NECTARINES. 
 
 AROMATIC. Lindley, 
 
 A middle sized fruit, inclining to globular ; deep red or 
 blackish brown next the sun ; the flesh pale straw, but red 
 at the stone ; juice of a rich vinous flavor. [Leaves R. 
 Flowers S.] 
 
 EARLY VIOLET. Pom. Mag. Bon Jard. 1828. 
 
 VioLETTE Hative, Petit Violette Hative, of the French. 
 
 Violet, Lord Selby's Elruge, of the English. 
 
 The tree is productive. The Bon Jardinier classes this 
 with Pavies. Its size generally medium ; pale yellowish 
 green but dark purplish red next the sun ; flesh whitish 
 yellow, but red next the stone, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, 
 vinous, and excellent. August. [Leaves R. Flowers S.] 
 
 ELRUGE. 
 
 One of the very best of Nectarines ; large, roundish 
 oval, deep violet or blood color next the sun ; flesh whitish, 
 melting, very juicy, rich, and very high flavored. August. 
 [Leaves R.] 
 
 FAIRCHILD'S EARLY. Lindley. Forsyth. 
 
 The fruit is very early, and very small; globular ; yellow 
 in the shade, deep scarlet next the sun ; the flesh yellow, 
 not juicy, but well flavored. [Leaves R. Flowers L.] 
 
192 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 JAUNE LISSE' OR ROUSSANNE. Bon Jard. 1828. 
 
 Smooth Yellow. 
 
 A small fruit ; skin smooth, yellow, a little washed with 
 red next the sun. Its flavor that of the apricot. It ripens 
 very late at Paris, where it requires a warm exposition. 
 [Leaves R. Flowers L.] 
 
 LEWIS'S NECTARINE. 
 
 A fine new variety, raised from the stone of a peach by 
 Mr Lewis of Boston. A beautiful fruit of middle size, 
 heart-shaped ; bright yellow, but intense red mottled next 
 the sun ; flesh of a fine orange color, firm, sweet ; flavor 
 very pleasant and peculiar. 
 
 PERKINS'S SEEDLING. 
 
 A seedling raised by S. G. Perkins, Esq. from the 
 Lewis's Nectarine. A very beautiful, fine fruit, globular, 
 bright yellow, but of a dark purple crimson next the sun. 
 
 PITMASTON ORANGE NECTARINE. Lond. Hort. 
 Trans. 
 A new and beautiful fruit of good size, globular or heart- 
 shaped, pointed ; of a fine yellow color, but dark crimson 
 or purple next the sun. Flesh golden yellow, but red next 
 the stone ; melting, juicy, saccharine, high flavored. 
 
 SCARLET. For. Lindley. 
 
 A middle sized fruit, rather ovate, of a fine deep scarlet 
 next the sun ; the flesh greenish white, but red at the stone ; 
 saccharine and well flavored. [Leaves R. Flowers S.] 
 
 TEMPLE'S. For. Lindley. 
 
 A fruit below medium size, rather oblong ; of a pale red 
 color next the sun ; the flesh white ; it shrivels at maturity ; 
 very juicy, rich, and of fine flavor. [Leaves R. Flowers 
 
 S.] 
 
 WHITE OR FLANDERS NECTARINE. Pom. Mag. 
 Hooker. Lind. 
 
 New White, Emmerson's New White. Lind. P. Mag. 
 
 A middle sized, roundish, very pale fruit, slightly tinged 
 with red next the sun. Flesh tender and juicy with a fine 
 vinous flavor. The Pomological Magazine describes this 
 as a clingstone ; Lindley as a freestone. [Leaves R. 
 Flowers L.] 
 
NECTARINES. )9S 
 
 CLASS II. 
 
 CLINGSTONES OR PA VIES. 
 
 VIOLETTE CERISE. N. Duh. Bon Jard. 
 
 The flowers are small and delicate. A very small fruit, 
 the size of a Green Gage plum ; very beautiful, of a fine 
 cherry red next the sun — good, but not high flavored. 
 [Leaves R. Flowers S.] 
 
 GOLDEN. For. Lindley. 
 
 Rather large, globular, ovate, orange in the shade, bright 
 scarlet, marked with deep red next the sun. Flesh firm, 
 yellow, pale red at the stone, and of good flavor. [Leaves 
 R. Flowers S.] 
 GROSSE VIOLETTE. Bon Jard. p. 298. 
 
 ViOLETTE DE CoURSON. BrUGNON GrOSSE ViOLETTE. lb. 
 
 The fruit rather larger and its flavor less vinous than the 
 Violette Hative, (Early Violet.) Its skin is more marbled 
 and washed with violet red. Its maturity is also later ; it 
 is the 15th Sept. at Paris. [Leaves R. Flowers S.] 
 
 ITALIAN. Lindley. Forsyth. 
 
 Brugnon. For. 
 
 A large, globular, pale yellow fruit, marked with dark 
 red next the sun ; of a firm yellow flesh, red at the stone, 
 juicy, rich, and good. It may ripen here in August, 
 [Leaves R. Flowers S.] 
 
 RED ROMAN. Lindley. For. 
 
 A very large globular fruit, dark red or purple next the 
 sun, yellowish in the shade ; flesh yellowish, but red next 
 the stone ; juicy, saccharine, and vinous. Early in Sept. 
 [Leaves R. Flowers L.] 
 SCARLET NEWINGTON. Lind. For. 
 
 Newington, Late Newington. 
 
 The fruit is rather large, globular, fine yellow, but 
 bright red marbled next the sun ; of a firm pale yellow 
 flesh, but red at the stone ; juicy, rich, sweet, vinous, and 
 excellent. Early in Sept. [Leaves S. Flowers L.] 
 
 TAWNY NEWINGTON. Lindley. 
 
 Pretty large, somewhat ovate ; tawny colored, marbled 
 with dull red or orange next the sun ; flesh pale yellow, 
 but red at the stone; very juicy, sugary, and of a most 
 17 
 
194 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 delicious flavor. This may ripen here early in August. 
 [Leaves S. Flowers L.] 
 
 VERMASH. Hooker. Pom. Lond. PI. xxix. 
 
 Not the Vermash or Peterborough of Mr Forsyth. The 
 tree is very fertile ; a small, roundish fruit ; skin very 
 smooth, intense red next the sun; flesh white, but red at 
 the stone, of a high delicate flavor, melting, juicy, sweet, 
 relieved by an agreeable acid. Esteemed by Mr Padley, 
 one of the best known ; it succeeds the Early Violet. 
 [Flowers L.] 
 
 VIOLET MUSK. Bon Jard. 
 
 Brugnon Violet Musque'e, Brugnon Musque. lb. 
 
 Red Roman of Forsyth. 
 
 The frait is as large as the Grosse Violette, but brighter 
 and of a more lively red next the sun ; the skin very 
 smooth, amber color in the shade ; the flesh yellow, but red 
 at the stone; saccharine, vinous, musky. Sept. [Leaves 
 R. Flowers L.l 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 The nectarine, owing to the smoothness of its skin, is, 
 like the plum, extremely liable to the destructive attacks of 
 the curculio. For the preventives, see Curculio, in the 
 former part of this work. The soil, cultivation, uses, &/C. 
 are the same as the peach. They are usually inoculated 
 on the nectarine, plum, or peach stock. 
 
 ALMOND. — (Amygdalus.) 
 
 The almond, according to the best authorities, is a na- 
 tive of Asia. It is extensively cultivated in the south of 
 Europe and Barbary, as a fruit tree, for its kernel, both for 
 domestic use and for exportation. The tree bears a strik- 
 ing resemblance to the peach ; the leaves, also, much re- 
 
ALMOND. 195 
 
 semble those of the peach, but are more smooth, and of a 
 bright shining green, their lower serratures are glandular. 
 The sweet almonds are used for the dessert, for confection- 
 ary, and for perfumery. The bitter almonds are used in 
 medicine. They abound in prussic acid, and form the 
 basis of the delicious cordial called Creme de Noyeau. 
 This liquor, however, is also made of the kernels of the 
 peach. (See Peach.) The common almond and the hard 
 shelled sweet almond, are planted principally as stocks for 
 the inoculation of the better varieties of almonds and the 
 peach. The almond is enveloped in a pulp of ordinary 
 flavor. The principal kinds recommended by the best au- 
 thorities are the following : 
 
 SWEET SOFT SHELLED ALMOND. Lind. 
 
 Amande Sultan a Coque Tendre, 
 
 The shell is large, about an inch and a half in length ; 
 it is flaitened on one side, and rounded on the other ; it is 
 smooth and lender : the kernel is sweet and good. This 
 sort is said to be nuich cultivated in France for food. 
 
 AMANDE PRINCESSE, OU DES DAMES. Bon Jard. 
 
 Amande des Dames. N. Duh. PI. lxxv. 
 
 The fruit is two inches in length ; the shell is oval, and 
 over an inch in length ; it is soft and porous, the kernel is 
 soft, sweet, and excellent. This is said to be much culti- 
 vated in the south of France for exportation. This fruit is 
 recommended as one of the best for cultivation. 
 AMANDE SULTAN. 
 
 This variety much resembles the Amande Princesse, but 
 is not so large. 
 
 AMANDE PISTACHE, 
 
 Resembles the Amande Princesse, but is of small size. 
 
 BITTER ALMOND. 
 
 Amande Amere. 
 
 Of this variety there are several ; the two principal which 
 are enumerated, are the following : 
 BITTER SOFT SHELLED ALMOND. 
 
 Amande Amere a Coq,ue Tkndre. 
 
 BITTER HARD SHELLED ALMOND. 
 
 Amande Amere a Coq,ue Dure. 
 
 PEACH ALMOND. 
 
 Amande Pecher. 
 
 Tbes^ are hybrids, produced between the almond and 
 
196 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 peach ; some are large, juicy, but of bitter flavor ; some 
 are tolerable for eating, with sweet kernels. 
 GREAT FLOWERING ALMOND. 
 
 Amandier a Grand Fleur. N. Duh. PI. ccclxxxii. 
 
 " This new variety originated at the Luxembourg ; the 
 tree is of fine form ; its bark shining, its leaves large ; the 
 flowers are superb, of a beautiful white, and two inches in 
 diameter. The fruit is small, oval, obtuse, downy ; its shell 
 very hard, the kernel plump, sweet, and good. Nothing is 
 more beautiful than this almond in spring; it merits a dis- 
 tinguished place among the trees of ornament." 
 
 DWARF DOUBLE FLOWERING ALMOND. 
 
 Amanuier de Ge'orgie. N. Duh. PI. xcii. 
 
 This is one of the most ornamental of all shrubs ; it 
 blossoms very early in spring, and the whole young wood is 
 covered with the red blossoms which are extremely double 
 and refsemble small roses ; their diameter is about an inch. 
 Tills variety has some single blossoms which produce a 
 fruit which is oblong, pointed, and about an inch and a 
 quarter in length ; its skin green and downy ; it contains 
 an almond which is bitter. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 The varieties of almond are propagated by inoculation, 
 either on the native stocks of the common almond, or on 
 stocks of the peach or plum. Their cultivation is the same 
 as that prescribed for the peach ; they are equally as hardy. 
 
 APRICOT. (Armeniaca.) 
 
 The Apricot is a low tree, of very irregular growth ; the 
 leaves are broad, roundish, pointed, glandular, serrated ; 
 their petioles tinged with red ; the flowers are sessile, of 
 a white color, tinged with red; they appear very early; the 
 
APRICOT. 197 
 
 fruit is round, its color varying from white to yellow, and 
 red : it somewhat resembles a peach, but its flesh is firmer ; 
 its hard smooth compressed stone resembles that of a plum. 
 It ripens in July in the latitude of Boston. 
 
 According to Phillips, it may derive its name from 
 Prmcox or early fruit ; or by corruption a prcBcox^ hence 
 Apricock or Apricot. Its native place has been assigned 
 to Armenia; M. L. Legnier however asserts, says Phillips, 
 that it is not known to grow in the natural state in any part 
 of Armenia. The inhabitants of the deserts called Oasis, 
 gather and dry large quantities of Apricots which they 
 bring down to Egypt for sale ; it there grows sponta- 
 neously ; hence Legnier assigns it to Arabia. Pallas states 
 it to be a native of Caucasus, the mountains there being 
 covered with it to their tops. Grosier says it covers the 
 barren mountains west of Pekin. (Phillips.) Regnier 
 and Sickler, says Loudon, assign it a parallel between the 
 Niger and Atlas. 
 
 Uses — .As a dessert fruit, the Apricot is esteemed next 
 to the Peach ; it is also esteemed a most superior fruit when 
 used in pastry, for marmalade, jellies and preserves ; it is 
 also stated to make a delicious liqueur. In France and 
 Germany, ac':ording to Dr Willich, the Orange Apricot is 
 usually preserved in a dried state for winter, when they 
 form a delicious ingredient in pies, tarts, &c. The Chi- 
 nese, we are told, form lozenges from the clarified juice, 
 which dissolved in water, yield a cool refreshing beverage. 
 Oil is also extracted from the kernel ; and Loudon informs 
 us, that the young shoots yield a fine golden-cinnamon 
 color to wool. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 ALBERGE APRICOT. Bon Jard. 
 
 A large tree and very productive ; the flesh is melting, 
 vinous, and excellent for preserving. The kernel is large 
 and bitter. Early in August. There are two varieties, 
 superior in size and flavor ; thatof Jibw/^^me^ and of Tours. 
 
 ALGIERS. For. 
 
 An oval fruit, flattened or compressed, of a straw color; 
 juicy, and high flavored. 
 
 n* 
 
198 N^W AMERICAN ORCHARDISl\ 
 
 ANGOUMOIS. Lind. Bon Jard. p. 305. 
 
 Purple Abricot. Lind. Alexandrian. lb. 
 
 Abricot Violette, Lux. Cat. 
 
 Black Apricot. For. 
 
 A small, globular, downy fruit, a little oblong; of a pale 
 red color, becoming deep red or purple next the sun ; the 
 Hesh pale red, but orange next the stone, a little acid, 
 but good, with a strong odor ; the kernel is sweet, and 
 the fruit looks at a little distance like an Orleans plum. 
 Early in July. 
 BRUSSELS. For. 
 
 Highly esteemed for its productiveness. A middle sized 
 fruit, of a red color next the sun, covered with numerous 
 dark spots ; the flesh is yellow, and of a brisk flavor. It 
 separates from the stone ; the kernel is bitter. 
 BLACK APRICOT. 
 
 Violet Apricot, Frunus Dasicarpus. 
 
 Abricot Noir, Abricot du Pape (Pope), Bon Jard. 
 
 It resembles a plum tree. I cannot recommend it ; I 
 suspect it is a poor bearer. Fruit small, the color of the lees 
 of deep colored wine ; flesh obscure fiery red ; below medi- 
 ocrity. August. Said to be from Siberia. 
 
 CRUFT'S LATE APRICOT. 
 
 A large and very superior fruit which lately originated 
 in the garden of Edward Cruft, Esq., in Boston. Very 
 rich, juicy, sweet; and, in the opinion of the best of judges, 
 a variety of surpassing excellence. August 15. 
 
 EARLY MASCULINE. Bon Jard. 
 
 Abricotin, Abricot Precoce, Abricot Hatif Musque, of the 
 French. 
 
 Red Masculine. Lind. 
 
 A small nearly globular fruit, vermilion color next the 
 sun, yellowish in the shade ; the flesh is yellowish, of me- 
 dium quality ; flavor musky, kernel bitter; its chief merit 
 is its early maturity. Beginning of July. 
 
 GROS MUSCH. Bon Jard. p. 306. 
 
 The tree is vigorous ; the fruit perfumed ; on one side 
 deeply grooved, it is contracted on the other ; a freestone ; 
 the kernel is sweet. July. 
 HEMSKIRKE. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Origin unknown ; it bears freely, ripening early, of a 
 high luscious flavor, superior even to that of the Moorpark. 
 Middle sized, roundish, slightly compressed ; its color an4 
 
ATPRICGT. 199 
 
 form that of the Moorpark ; flesh bright deep orange ; ten- 
 der, juicy, with a particularly rich, delicate flavor, resem- 
 bling that of the Green Gage plum ; kernel sweet. July. 
 
 MOORPARK. Hooker's Pom. Lond. 
 
 Anson's, Temple's, Dunmore's Breda, lb. 
 
 The tree is extraordinary productive ; the fruit is very 
 large, of a bright orange, or gold color, with dark spots next 
 the sun ; flesh orange color, melting and excellent ; the 
 stone is large ; there is a pervious longitudinal passage 
 through it, through which a needle may be passed. It is 
 in the edge of the stone, a little aside from the centre. 
 MUSCH MUSCH. Bon Jard. 
 
 Brought a few years since from the city of Musch, on the 
 frontiers of Turkey, on the side of Persia. It is round, 
 deep yellow, remarkable for the transparency of its pulp, 
 through which the stone is visible ; the flesh is very fine and 
 agreeable. Early in July. 
 
 ORANGE. Lindley. 
 
 Early Orange, Royal Orange, Royal George. 
 
 The fruit is larger than the Masculine, roundish ; color 
 orange, spotted with red or dark purple next the sun ; the 
 flesh deep orange, succulent and well flavored ; not per- 
 fectly a freestone ; kernel sweet. 
 
 PEACH APRICOT. N. Duh. PI. civ. Bon Jard. 
 
 Abricot Peche. lb. De Nancy. 
 
 The best and the largest of all apricots; form variable, 
 generally flattened; skin slightly downy ; of a fawn color 
 next the sun, with reddish spots; flesh fawn color, yellow, 
 melting, excellent; neither dry nor clammy like most apri- 
 cots ; juice abundant, high flavored, peculiar. Excellent. 
 Early in August. All authors concur in this description. 
 
 PORTUGAL. Bon Jard. 
 
 Abricot de Portugal, or Male, Bon Jard. 
 A small globular fruit ; flesh melting and good. Aug. 
 
 PROVENCE. Bon Jard. 
 
 A small fruit; flesh yellow, sometimes a little dry, but 
 of a sweet vinous flavor ; stone rugged ; kernel sweet. July, 
 
 ROMAN. Pom. Mag. Lindley. Bon Jard. 
 
 Abricot Commun, Bon Jard. 
 
 Blotched Leaved Turkey, Lind. and Pom. Mag. 
 
 A vigorous tree, a large fruit in well cultivated ground, 
 superior to the Angoumois, but insipid when too ripe ; ker- 
 nel bitter. July. A productive variety. 
 
^00 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ROYAL. Bon Jard. Pom. Mag. 
 
 A new variety, obtained at the Luxembourg ; better than 
 the peach apricot. The fruit is next in size to the Moor- 
 park ; rather oval, compressed ; dull yellow, slightly red ; 
 the flesh pale orange, firm, juicy, sweet, and high flavored, 
 with a slight acid ; kernel slightly bitter. 
 
 ROYAL PERSIAN. Hort. Soc. Cat. Bon Jard. 
 
 Breda, Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 HoLLANDE, Amande AvELiNE, Bon Jard. 
 This fruit is small ; flesh yellow, melting, vinous, having 
 the taste of the Aveline or Filbert ; kernel sweet. July. 
 
 TURKEY. Pom. Mag. 
 
 Large Turkey. Hooker's Pom. Lond. 
 "An excellent apricot scarcely known," little inferior 
 to the Moorpark. Fruit middle sized, very handsome, deep 
 yellow, with rich orange red blotches next the sun ; the 
 form globular ; the flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, with 
 a little acid, very rich and excellent ; a freestone ; kernel 
 sweet as an almond. 
 
 WHITE APRICOT. Bon Jard. 
 
 Abricot Blanc, Bon Jard. 
 
 The flesh is whiter than the Angoumois, and better, 
 bavins a little of the flavor of the Peach. It ripens a little 
 after the Early Masculine, 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 The Apricot is generally inoculated either on the apri- 
 cot, plum or peach stock; the soil, and the maladies to 
 which they are sometimes subject are similar to the peach, 
 but from the smooth skin which they possess they are more 
 liable to the attacks of the Curculio. For the preventives 
 see Curculio, in the former part of this work. 
 
 Soil, &c. — The aprecot requires a rich black mould. 
 They will not flourish in a sandy, gravelly, or cold damp 
 soil. The distances asunder to which they ought to be set, 
 and their cultivation is similar to that of the peach. 
 
201 
 
 ?hVM,—(Prunus.) 
 
 The plum tree rises to a height of from fifteen to eigii- 
 teen feet, with moderately spreading branches. The leaves 
 are ovate, serrated ; the petioles short ; the flowers are 
 white. The fruit is a drupe ; its color varying from white 
 or yellow to red, to blue or to black — the pulp is sweot or 
 subacid — the stone smooth, ovate, pointed, compressed. 
 Mr Knight and others consider the Sloe Plum (P.sp''n}sa) 
 as the parent, not only of the Bullace {P. insititia) hni of 
 all the varieties of the English plums (/*. domestica.) The 
 plum tree is supposed to be originally from Asia, but is also 
 found growing in a wild state in North America. It i^ i-sore 
 hardy than the peach, as it flourishes in Canada ; from the 
 confines of the tropics, to high northern latitudes. 
 
 Uses. — The finest varieties are esteemed a delicious des- 
 sert fruit ; the more ordinary varieties are used for pies, 
 tarts, preserves, &/C. The Perdrigons, the Quetsches or 
 prunes, are dried, and in this state may be long preserved ; 
 they are imported, principally from Spain, Portugal, and 
 Marseilles. Prunes are deemed extremely wholesome food, 
 and possessed of considerable medicinal efficacy. In the 
 preparation of prunes, the perfectly ripe and sound fruit is 
 arranged singly, and without being allowed to touch each 
 other, on plates of tin or iron ; these are placed in an oven 
 after the bread is taken out, and they are occasion ^illv 
 moved or turned. — When taken from the oven, if not suf- 
 ficiently dry, they are exposed to the influence of the sun, 
 and when cold, they are packed in boxes. Prunes may be 
 made, even of any kind of plum. Brignoles, are prepared 
 in Provence from the Perdrigons, which possess a very sweet 
 taste. — The skins being first separated by a momentary 
 immersion in boiling water, and the stones being extracted, 
 they are afterwards dried and preserved in the same man- 
 ner as prunes. 
 
 Ripe plums are deemed wholesome, if eaten in moderate 
 quantities ; but unripe plums are extremely unwholesome, 
 more so it is said than any other kind of unripe fruit, pro- 
 ducing dysentery, &c. The plum is said also to be capable 
 of producing a good wine ; good brandy is also procured 
 from it by distillation. Plums and peaches, it is asserted , 
 
202 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 may be preserved a year, by placing them in earthen ves- 
 sels as soon as gathered from the tree ; equal parts of honey 
 and spring water, intimately incorporated, to be poured over 
 them, and the vessels closely covered. The wood of this 
 tree is beautifully veined ; it is therefore stated on good 
 authority, to be highly prized by turners, cabinet makers, 
 and for making musical instruments. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 APRICOT PLUM. 
 
 Prune A.BRICOTE', Prune Abricote'e de Tours. 
 
 The fruit is large, globular, depressed, divided by a 
 deep suture; whitish yellow, but faint red next the sun, 
 and covered with bloom ; the flesh is firm, juicy, sweet, 
 musky and excellent. It ripens in August. 
 BANKER'S GAGE. Buel. 
 
 Tiiis plum originated in New York. A fruit of fine 
 size and of delicious flavor and admirably calculated for 
 drying. 
 
 BELLE OF RIOM. N. Duh. PI. cccxcr. 
 
 Roundish oval, flattened at its base ; its height sixteen 
 or seventeen lines ; skin bright red, marbled with yellow 
 and covered with violet bloom ; flesh yellow, firm, but 
 melting and very good ; juice very sweet. A new and ex- 
 cellent fruit, will probably ripen here the middle of August. 
 BINGHAM. 
 
 This plum is said to be large; iis color yellow; form 
 oblong ; quality very rich and excellent. 
 
 BLEECKER'S GAGE. 
 
 This plum is stated to have been raised by the Rev. 
 Mr Bleecker, of Albany, from the stone of a German prune ; 
 a large globular fruit, of excellent quality; a great bearer. 
 
 BLUE GAGE Col. Carr. 
 
 Very productive. The fruit is of medium size ; round, 
 of a blue color, of an extremely sweet fine flavor. A native 
 fruit raised from the Reine Claude ; it hangs long on the 
 tree and is deservedly worthy of cultivation. 
 
 *BLUE HOLLAND. R. M. 
 
 A round plum of a blue color, juicy and high flavored ; 
 it readily parts from the stone ; it ripens in September 
 and hangs long on the tree after arriving at maturity. A 
 fine fruit and a great bearer. 
 
PLUM. 
 
 203 
 
 BLUE NOVEMBER GAGE. Corse in N. E. Farmer. 
 
 " This fruit is extraordinary for its late ripening and the 
 length of time it will remain upon the tree ; it is of a good 
 flavor, of medium size, and very productive." 
 *BREVOORT'S PURPLE BOLMER. 
 
 Breevoort's Purple Washington. 
 
 From all accounts which I have received, the fruit is 
 large oval; of a blue color covered with azure bloom; 
 the flesh adheres to the stone and is of a sweet and deli- 
 cious flavor. A new and superior variety ; the tree very 
 thrifty ; leaves like the Washington. 
 
 CHERRY PLUM. 
 
 MiRABOLAN, of the French. 
 
 A native fruit, small, heart-shaped, the skinsmooth, of a 
 bright red color ; the flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant ; 
 not very highly esteemed except for its beauty ; good for 
 cooking; it ripens early in August. 
 
 *COE'S GOLDEN DROP. 
 
 Coe's Seedling, Bury Seedling. lb. 
 
 The leaves are large, of a dark shining green : a new 
 variety sent by Mr Knight in 18'^3 to the Hon. John 
 Lowell. It is stated to be a good bearer. And the fruit 
 has been produced with us as described. It is oblong 
 and rather bell-shaped ; two to two and a half inches long, 
 but less in breadth; of a greenish yellow color, and spotted 
 next the sun with violet and crimson ; flesh gold color ; of 
 delicious flavor ; superior it is stated to any late plum cul- 
 tivated in Britain ; not at all inferior in richness of flavor 
 even to the very best of all. 
 
 COOPER'S PLUM. Coxe. Pom. Mag. 
 
 La Delicieuse. lb. Cooper's Red. 
 
 Raised by Mr Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey, from a 
 stone of the Orleans ; it is very large, rather oblong, dark 
 purple next the sun ; the flesh yellowish green, very rich, 
 juicy and delicious. Mr Coxe informs us " that it makes 
 an exquisite preserve if deprived of its skin before too 
 ripe. The tree grows vigorously and the fruit is liable to 
 perish. 
 CORSE'S ADMIRAL. Corse in N. E. Farmer. 
 
 Raised by Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal. " The 
 color of this fruit is dark purple, about the size of the 
 Magnum Bonum or Yellow Egg, but of good flavor" — 
 "very productive and excellent." 
 
204 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 CORSE'S FIELD MARSHAL. Corse in N. E. Farmer. 
 
 Raised by Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal. *' This 
 plum is about the size of the Admiral and bright red ; the 
 most showy plum that I have ever seen, and ofgood fla- 
 vor"— " very productive and excellent." 
 CORSE'S NOTA BENA. Corse in N. E. Farmer. 
 
 This plum was raised by Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal. 
 This variety he considers the most superior of all he has 
 raised, and very productive. 
 
 CORSE'S RISING SUN. Corse in the N. E. Farmer. 
 
 Raised by Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal. *'This fruit 
 is about the size of the Bingham ; bright yellow, with a 
 tinge of red next the sun ;" — " very productive and excel- 
 lent. 
 
 DAMAS DE MAUGERON. N. Buh. PL xxix. 
 
 The fruit is large, nearly round, depressed ; its breadth 
 eighteen lines ; the skin brownish red, covered thick with 
 azure bloom ; the flesh is firm, yellowish ; juice agreeable 
 and sweet ; an excellent plum. August. 
 
 DAMAS DE PROVENCE. N. Duh. PI. lxv. 
 
 The fruit is roundish, a little oblong ; its height eigh- 
 teen to twentytwo lines ; skin reddish violet, covered with 
 thick bloom ; the flesh yellowish, tolerably high flavored ; 
 juice sweet. This plum is one of the earliest ; it ripens a 
 month earlier than than the Royale de Tours. Its early 
 maturity and beauty renders it worthy a distinguished 
 place ; but its quality is but third rate. 
 DAME AUBERT. N. Duh. PI. lxxi. 
 
 GhOS LuISANTE, WjlNTWORTH. 
 
 A tree exceeding all others in the vigor of its growth, 
 and the size of its leaves ; the fruit is very large, elliptical ; 
 skin thick, yellow, covered with bloom , the flesh yellow, 
 coarse grained, adhering to the stone ; juice sweet, but 
 vapid if too mature ; a plum admired for its size and beauty 
 but only fit for cooking. September. 
 
 DAMSON. 
 
 A very small, oval, dark blue fruit, covered with light 
 blue bloom ; the flesh very acid ; and fit only for cooking 
 and preserves ; the tree is of feeble growth. Very late. 
 
 DIAMOND PLUM. Loudon's Mag. vol. in. p. 215. 
 The diamond plum is perhaps the largest plum known. 
 
PLUM. 205 
 
 In form and flavor it resembles the MagnUm Bonum, but 
 its flavor is perhaps rather superior ; color dark purple. 
 The tree grows vigorously and in orchards would form a 
 fine contrast to the White Magnum Bonums. The tree 
 sprung from the seed, in the nursery of Mr Hooker, in Kent, 
 
 DIAPREE ROUGE. N. Duh. PI. lv. 
 
 Red Uiapre. 
 
 The fruit is the most beautiful known. We have seen 
 larger, but never such beautiful colors. Form oval, two 
 inches and one third in length, a little pear shaped; color 
 dull red, covered with azure bloom ; flesh yellow, coarse 
 grained, musky. August, Always esteemed for its size 
 and beauty ; it makes excellent prunes. 
 
 DOWNTON IMPERATRICE. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Raised by Mr Knight from the seed of the White Mag- 
 num Bonum and pollen of the Blue Imperatrice. In 
 shape like the Blue Imperatrice, but larger. Skin dark 
 yellow, very thin; flesh yellow, soft, juicy, with a high fla* 
 vored acidity. All characteristics of much excellence, 
 
 *DUANE'S PURPLE FRENCH. 
 
 The tree is extremely vigorous in growth ; a remark- 
 ably large fruit, of most superior quality ; imported by 
 Mr Duane, of New York. Original name lost. 
 
 EARLY MONSIEUR. 
 
 Monsieur Hatif, Duh. 
 
 A globular fruit, of medium size, of a violet or deep pur- 
 ple color next the sun ; and covered with a dense bloom'; 
 the flesh is yellowish, melting, juicy and good. July. 
 
 EARLY YELLOW. 
 
 White Primordian, of the English. 
 
 Jaune Hative, Prune de Catalogne, Duh. 
 
 Small, oblong, whitish yellow ; the flesh is rather dry, 
 sweet, and musky. One of the very earliest plums, ripen» 
 ing in July. It is chiefly valued on this account. 
 
 ♦GERMAN PRUNE. 
 
 A large and very oblong fruit, bell shaped, of a blue 
 color ; flesh yellow, very juicy, sweet and delicious. It 
 ripens the last of August, and continues on the tree till 
 winter ; and shrivels till it becomes quite dry. A fine fruit. 
 
 GOLIAH. Hort. Trans. 
 St Cloud, of some collections. 
 This fruit is remarkably large, some weighing four 
 
 18 
 
206 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ounces ; compressed ; the skin is a deep reddish purple ; 
 the flesh pale, firm, and well flavored, but not rich. It is 
 very useful for cooking. Ripe early in September. Lind- 
 ley says it is a great bearer, and a very handsome plum. 
 *GREEN GAGE. 
 
 Great Queen Claudia, of the English. 
 
 Grosse Reine Claude, Dauphine, Abricote Vert. 
 
 A middle sized round fruit, of a yellowish green colorj, 
 of a purplish russetty red next the sun ; melting, juicy, and 
 of delicious flavor. Last of August. Lindley informs us 
 that the name of Gage, was derived from the circumstance 
 of the Reine Claude being sent from France to the Gage 
 family, with the name obliterated ; and through ignorance 
 of the real name, it was called Green Gage. 
 
 GROS DAMAS ROUGE TARDIF. N. Duh. Pl.cccxciv. 
 
 Large Late Red Damask. 
 
 The fruit is very handsome, oval ; its height twenty lines ; 
 skin thick, hard, bright red, covered with azure bloom ; 
 the flesh yellow and melting ; juice sweet and good. This 
 fine fruit will probably ripen here the last of August. 
 
 GROSSE MIRABELLE. Bon Jard. 
 
 The tree is of irregular and confused growth ; the fruit 
 is nearly globular, of a yellow color, with points of red ; 
 melting, sweet, very good. Early in August. 
 
 HULTNG'S SUPERB. 
 
 Said to be identical with a new plum known at Philadel- 
 phia, as the Keiscr. It is described as extraordinary large, 
 of a globular form, resembling in this last respect and its 
 color, the Green Gage, but far exceeding it in size ; a first 
 rate fruit, sweet and very fine flavored. 
 
 IxMPERATRICE. Hooker's Pom. Lond. PI. iv. 
 
 A medium sized, and rather long fruit, pointed at the base, 
 rounded or broad oval at the summit ; the skin is fine vio-^ 
 let, covered with bloom ; flesh yellowish next the sun, a 
 little firm, at maturity very rich and sweet. One of the 
 best of late plums. 
 IMPERIAL DIADEM. Hort. Trans. 
 
 " This new plum is a large regular oval, of the character 
 of the Red Magnum Bonum ; deeply cleft; of a pale red 
 color ; of good flavor and highly perfumed ; its size and 
 beauty will recommend it to notice. It is also admirably 
 adapted for culinary purposes." 
 
PLUM. 207 
 
 ♦ITALIAN DAMASK. 
 
 Damas D'Italie, Duhamel. 
 
 This fruit is rather large ; globular, a little flatted at 
 the base ; blue or violet next the sun, and covered with pale 
 blue bloom ; the flesh is yellow, sweet and high flavored 
 and separates from the stone. August. This variety is 
 beautiful, and extremely productive. 
 ITALIAN PRUNE. 
 
 QUETSCHE D'lxALrE. 
 
 This variety, according to Messrs Parmentier and Chew, 
 is not only a most valuable plum for drying, but in Italy is 
 esteemed a most superior fruit, when gathered at maturity. 
 
 JERUSALEM. N. Duh. PI. cccciii. 
 
 The tree is vigorous, and extraordinary productive ; the 
 fruit, one of the most beautiful known ; it is oval, roundish, 
 depressed ; its diameter twenty lines ; the skin thick, blue 
 next the sun, and covered with deep blue bloom; the 
 flesh yellowish, coarse grained, but melting; juice abun- 
 dant, high flavored and sweet. August. 
 KIRK'S PLUM. Lindley. 
 
 Branches smooth ; the fruit is rather large, roundish 
 oval, broadest at the base ; skin dark purple, covered with 
 a copious azure bloom, which is difficulty to remove ; flesh 
 greenish yellow, firm, juicy, rich, and separates from the 
 stone. A very handsome variety, and most excellent 
 bearer ; supposed to be of foreign origin. August. 
 
 *LARGE SWEET DAMSON. 
 
 Horse Plum. 
 
 A large round fruit, of a dark blue color, covered with 
 bloom; the flesh firm, yellowish green, juicy, sweet and 
 good ; it adheres to the stone ; the tree is productive. 
 
 *LEX PLUM. R. M. 
 
 A large blue plum ; the flesh is yellow, rich and sweet. 
 An excellent fruit and very productive. 
 
 LUCOMBE'S NONSUCH. Pom. Mag. t. 99. Lindley. 
 This plum is large and compressed at summit and base, 
 its breadth two inches ; its color at maturity as well as 
 form, resembles the Green Gage, but more streaked with 
 yellow or orange ; the flesh and quality inferior to the last 
 named variety, but superior to the Orleans. A remarkably 
 handsome, productive and valuable new variety. August. 
 
208 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 MIMMS. Pom. Mag. t. 6. Hort. Trans, vol. iv. p. 208. 
 The fruit is very large, a little oblong, its diameter two 
 inches and a half; of a bright purple next the sun, and 
 covered with thick bloom ; its flesh is yellowish green ; 
 tender, juicy, and very agreeably flavored; resembling in 
 this respect the Orleans. It separates from the stone, 
 which is ragged. A late plum, of the largest size. 
 
 MONSIEUR. N. Duh. PI. ccxlii. 
 
 Prune de Monsieur. Ibid. 
 
 A handsome fruit, depressed, its diameter from fifteen to 
 twenty lines; violet red, covered with azure bloom; the 
 flesh green or yellowish, melting ; juice sweet, sometimes 
 very agreeable. It parts from the stone, and ripens twelve 
 or fifteen days after the Monsieur Hatif. July. 
 
 MOROCCO. 
 
 Black Morocco, Early Morocco, Black Damascus, Early 
 Black Damask, according to the Pom. Mag. 
 
 A blackish purple fruit of medium size, covered with 
 pale blue bloom ; globular, a little depressed ; the flesh 
 greenish yellow, juice rich, and high flavored ; a produc- 
 tive fruit. July. 
 
 NECTARINE PLUM. N. Duh. 
 
 Prune Pe'che. lb. PI. cvii. Caledonian, Howel's, Lind. 
 
 One of the most beautiful plums known ; round, a little 
 lengthened, the height two inches; the skin varies from 
 red to deep red ; it is covered with azure bloom ; the flesh 
 yellowish, coarsegrained, astringent; juice abundant, mild; 
 a superb fruit, it only needs a finer flesh. It ripens in July^ 
 *ORLEANS. R. M. 
 
 Damas Rouge, of the French. P^ed Damask. 
 A middle sized fruit, globular ; of a red color, but blue 
 or purple next the sun ; and covered with bloom ; the flesh 
 is pale yellow, juicy, rich and astringent, and readily parts 
 from the stone. A fine fruit and a good bearer ; it ripens 
 in August. 
 
 PETER'S LARGE YELLOW GAGE. 
 
 A variety of the Gage, approaching in its size to the 
 Washington, and much resembling it in quality. 
 
 PRECOCE DE TOURS. Hooker's Pom. Lond. 
 
 Early de Tours. lb. 
 
 The tree is vigorous and fertile ; the fruit the best early 
 variety in Britain. It is small, oval, dark purple, covered 
 with fine bloom ; flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy, of 
 
PLUM. 209 
 
 very agreeable flavor, July. But the Bon Jardinier calls 
 it ordinary. " Fruit the form of an egg, very productive." 
 {N. Dull.) 
 *POND'S PURPLE. 
 
 A large round purple plum of a sweet and fine flavor. 
 It ripens early in August, and was so named by the com- 
 mittee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, for Mr 
 Samuel Pond of Cambridge, who has introduced this new- 
 native kind to notice. 
 
 ^PRINCE'S IMPERIAL GAGE. 
 
 This plum is a first rate fruit ; the tree is very vigorous 
 and upright in its growth, and extraordinary productive. 
 The fruit is larger than the Green Gage, and of excellent 
 quality. A single tree of this variety at Charlestown, owned 
 by Mr Samuel R. Johnson, has for several successive years, 
 yielded crops, which were sold at from $40 to $50 per 
 annum. This valuable variety was raised by Wm. Prince. 
 Esq., of the Linnaean Botanic Garden, Flushing, from a 
 seed of the Green Gage. 
 
 RED GAGE. Col. Carr. 
 
 The tree grows vigorously; the fruit is of a greenish, 
 yellow color in the shade, but of a deep red next the sun. 
 A very luscious fruit raised from the Reine Claude. 
 RED MAGNUM BONUM. 
 
 Imperial Violette, of the French. 
 
 A large, oval plum, two inches to two and a half in 
 length ; deep red next the sun and covered with blue 
 bloom; the flesh is yellowish, harsh, acid. It parts from 
 the stone, which is sharp pointed. Good for cooking and 
 fit for little else. August. 
 RED PERDRIGON. Lindley. Dr Willich. 
 
 An excellent plum of the first class ; middle sized, roundish 
 oval, of a fine red color, with gold dots and a fine bloom ; 
 flesh bright yellow, transparent ; juice sweet and delicious. 
 Peeled and dried it makes excellent prunes ; not inferior 
 to the White Perdrigon. August. 
 *RED QUEEN MOTHER. R. M. 
 
 A large plum ; of a bright red color, covered with pale 
 bloom ; the flesh is yellow, sweet and excellent ; it ripens 
 in September. This is a very handsome and productive 
 variety and highly deserving of cultivation. The origin of 
 this fruit is unknown. — It may prove the Isabella. 
 *18 
 
210 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 HEINE CLAUDE VIOLETTE. Loudon's Mag. 
 
 Purple Gage. Violette Queen Claudia. 
 
 A new seedling variety of the Green Gage, of a purple 
 color, equally good, and a better bearer. It hangs longer 
 on the tree and is the best red plum we have. The Pomo- 
 logical Magazine confirms this account, and adds, that it is 
 not, like the Green Gage, disposed to crack. 
 
 ROYALE. N. Duh. PI. ccxlii. 
 
 La Rovale, of Hooker's Pom. Lond. 
 
 A large, very handsome fruit, diameter eight lines; 
 the skin thick, of a homely dull brown red, concealed how- 
 ever by a thick violet or azure bloom ; the flesh fine, yel- 
 lowish green, firm and cracking ; juice abundant, high 
 flavored and delicious. An excellent plum. September. 
 
 mOYALE DE TOURS. N. Duh. PI. xiii. 
 
 The fruit is globular, flattened ; its length eighteen lines ; 
 a red violet next the sun and covered with azure bloom ; the 
 flesh is yellovi^, fine, good; juice abundant and sweet; high 
 flavored and of superior quality to the Monsieur plum; and 
 it ripens eight or ten days earlier. July and August. 
 
 *ST CATHERINE. Hooker's Pom. Lond. PI. xxiv. 
 
 A medium sized, oblong fruit ; narrowest towards the 
 stalk, broad and flattened at the summit ; of a bright gold 
 color next the sun, spotted w^ith red, and covered with 
 bloom ; the flesh yellow, tender, sweet, and of fine flavor ; 
 stone oval, flat, it separates from the flesh. It ripens a little 
 before the Imperatrice. Not unconmion around Boston. 
 
 *SEMIANA. 
 
 Prune Suisse, N. Duh. 
 
 Prune D'Altesse, Monsieur Tardif. 
 
 The fruit is very handsome, round, flattened ; its diame- 
 ter eighteen to twenty lines ; color varying from bright 
 violet to deep blackish blue, and covered with azure bloom ; 
 the flesh greenish yellow, cracking and melting, juice very 
 abundant and delicious. Not uncommon near Boston. 
 An excellent fruit, ripening in September. 
 
 ^SMITH'S ORLEANS. 
 
 The tree is very vigorous and productive ; the fruit is 
 large, of an oval form and purple color ; its flavor excel- 
 lent ; a highly esteemed variety. 
 
 SURPASSE MONSIEUR. Bon Jard. p. 308. 
 
 " This superb fruit was raised by M. Noisette. It is 
 more beautiful and more perfumed than the Monsieur." 
 
PLUM. 
 
 211 
 
 VARIEGATED PLUM. N. E. Farmer. 
 
 An imported variety, sometimes called Lombard Plum, 
 name lost. Specimens were sent to Mr Russell, August 
 18, 1830, from Major E. Edwards of Springfield, Mass. 
 A remarkably large fruit ; beautiful and very productive. 
 Very showy and saleable, but not high flavored. 
 
 VIRGINALE. N. Dah. PI. xxxv. 
 
 The tree is strong, vigorous and productive ; the fruit is 
 round, slightly depressed ; its color yellowish, touched 
 with violet or rose next the sun, and covered with dense 
 bloom; the flesh is melting, juice abundant and very 
 agreeable. It adheres to the stone. One of the best of 
 plums. 
 
 ^WASHINGTON. 
 
 Bolmer's Washington. Franklin. 
 
 A very large globular plum, inclining to oval ; greenish 
 yellow next the sun, approaching to pale orange ; and cov- 
 ered with a bloom and occasionally crimson specks ; this 
 plum has sometimes weighed over four ounces; its flesh is 
 yellow, and firm, sweet and delicious ; it parts readily from 
 the stone and ripens in September. This plum is equal in 
 flavor to the Green Gage, and a very valuable variety of 
 American origin. 
 WHITE MAGNUM BONUM. 
 
 Imperiale Blanche, Dub. Egg Plum. 
 
 White Mogul, White Holland, of the English. 
 
 An oval fruit of extraordinary size ; of a yellow color 
 covered with pale bloom ; the flesh yellow, firm, acid 
 and austere ; it adheres to the stone which is oval, and very 
 pointed. This plum is excellent for cooking or preserves, 
 and suitable for nothing else. Early in September. 
 
 WHITE PERDRIGON. 
 
 Branches downy ; a middle sized oblong fruit, tapering 
 from the stalk ; of a pale yellow, with red spots next the 
 sun ; and covered with white bloom ; flesh yellow, rich, 
 saccharine, separating from the stone. Last of August. 
 WILMOT'S NEW EARLY ORLEANS. Mr Hooker, 
 in Hort. Trans, vol. iii. p. 392. 
 
 Raised by Mr John Wilmot. Earlier than the New 
 Orleans ; as early as the Morocco, and Precoce de Tours, 
 as large as the Old Orleans, and more juicy ; a certain bear- 
 er ; a fruit above the middle size, round, its suture deep ; 
 
212 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 dark purple next the sun and covered with bloom ; the flesh 
 greenish yellow, of excellent flavor, sweet combined with a 
 pleasant acid ; it separates from the stone. Mr Hooker 
 considers this plum as decidedly superior to any of its 
 season at present cultivated. Its beautiful appearance will 
 obtain it a preference in the market. 
 
 SLOE. Loudon. 
 
 Prunus Spinosa. 
 
 A thorny tree, a wild plum of Britain. The fruit is 
 small, very black and astringent. The ripe fruit is excel- 
 lent to preserve ; unripe, the inspissated juice forms the 
 German acacia, and affords an ink, almost indelible for 
 marking on linen. The juice is used mixed with various 
 wines, to communicate the dark red color, and rough taste of 
 port wine. The leaves are employed to adulterate the tea 
 of China. 
 
 CULTIVATION,&c. 
 
 The plum tree flourishes best in a rich, sandy loam, 
 neither too dry nor too moist. A cold, wet, clayey soil, or 
 a dry, sandy situation, is not deemed so favorable. 
 
 The varieties of plum are inoculated on the plum stock. 
 Those raised from the seed are preferred, and some varie- 
 ties will flourish on the peach stock ; but this is not deem- 
 ed so suitable for a very high northern latitude. 
 
 The mode of pruning, and the distances to which the 
 trees should be set asunder, varies but little from that of the 
 peach. The plum from its possessing a very smooth skin, 
 is extremely liable to the attacks of the Curculio ; for the 
 modes of prevention, see Curculio, in the former part of 
 this work. Particular varieties of the plum tree, are also 
 liable to be attacked by a worm, which causes large black 
 hunches to be formed on the limbs. Some varieties, how- 
 ever, are exempted from this disease. The remedy is easy, 
 and consists in separating every bunch, every badly affect- 
 ed branch, or even tree, and committing them to the fire. 
 No affected tree should be suffered to exist near the orchard. 
 In this way, and in this alone, the worm and the disease 
 may be exterminated with certainty and but little trouble. 
 
213 
 
 CHERRY. — {Prunus Cerasus.) 
 
 The cherry is a tree of medium size ; the branches are 
 shining, of an ash color ; the leaves are ovate, serrated ; 
 the flowers are white and produced in umbels ; the fruit is 
 a roundish drupe, of a yellow, red, or black color, and 
 shining ; of a sweet or acid flavor ; it encloses a smooth 
 stone. 
 
 The native country of the cherry has been assigned to 
 Asia. It was brought to Rome before the Christian era, 
 by Lucullus, from a town in Pontus, called Cerasus, hence 
 its name. 
 
 Uses. — The cherry is a highly esteemed summer dessert 
 fruit. It is also extensively used in cookery, in pies, 
 tarts, &c. The dried fruit forms an article of luxury and 
 food. In the forests of the mountains of the East of 
 France, says Bosc, where the Merisiers formerly abounded, 
 great quantities were dried, and constituted an important 
 article of food during the winter, of the Charboniers, a half 
 savage, but kind and hospitable race. Their soups were 
 prepared by boiling the dried fruit in water, with bread, a 
 small portion of butter being added. From the juice a 
 fine wine is prepared. The Kirschenvasser or Kirswasse 
 of the Germans, is identically the celebrated Marasquin of 
 Venice, which was fabricated so extensively on the moun- 
 tains of ancient Macedon. It is prepared by distillation 
 from the fermented juice of the Merisiers or Mazzards, 
 a portion of the bruised stones being added. But when 
 other varieties are used, — the more acid varieties, five or 
 six per cent by weight, of sugar, is added to the juice. 
 The Mazzard cherries, the Morillos, and the fruit of the 
 Virginia cherry, are steeped in brandy or rum, to improve 
 its quality and flavor. The gum which exudes from the 
 cherry tree, is stated to be in every respect equal to gum 
 arable, and is so extraordinary nutritive, that according to 
 Hasselquist, more than a hundred men were kept alive 
 during a siege of nearly two months, with no other suste^ 
 nance than a little of this gum gradually dissolved in the 
 mouth. The wood of the cherry tree is hard and tough, 
 and is much used by the turner and cabinet maker, es- 
 pecially the Virginia cherry, which is capable of receiving 
 a fine polish, and has reddish streaks resembling mahogany. 
 
214 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 The bark of this last species, according to Dr Mease, 
 (Dom. Ency.) is powerfally tonic and has frequently been 
 substituted with success for the Peruvian Bark. The bark 
 of the roots is more powerful. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 The following list of cherries has been divided into 
 two classes. The distinction thus formed will be ap- 
 parent on inspection of the tree and the fruit. 
 
 Class, i. — This Class includes, 1. The Bigarreaus, 
 which are distinguished by possessing a firm and hard flesh. 
 2. The Heart Cherries. 3. The Mazzards. This class 
 includes the Bigarriufier.<, the Guigniers. and the Merisiers 
 of the French. The trees of this class generally grow tall 
 and handsome, or in a pyramidal form ; the young wood 
 is strong ; the leaves large, oblong, pointed, of a bright 
 green ; the blossoms large ; and the fruit sweet. The dry 
 wood according to Bosc, weighs fiftyfive pounds to the 
 cubic foot. 
 
 Class ii. — To this class belong the Dukes, the Morillos, 
 and similar kinds. The Cerisiers or Griottiers of the 
 French, The trees of this class are generally of lower 
 growth than those of the first class ; of more compact 
 form ; the branches more slender and numerous ; the 
 leaves are of less size, of firmer consistence ; of a dark 
 green color ; the flowers of less size, but more open. The 
 fruit is round, tender, of a subacid or acid flavor. The 
 dry wood of this class, according to Bosc, weighs 47^ 
 pounds to the cubic foot. In addition to these, a few orna- 
 mental varieties of four distinct species will be described. 
 
 CLASS I. 
 
 BIGARREAUS, HEART CHERRIES, &<c. 
 
 KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Raised by Mr Knight, from the Bigarreau and May 
 Duke combined. The blossoms of this new variety it is 
 stated, are produced in abundance, before those of any 
 
CHERRIES. 215 
 
 Other sort ; and while the May Duke in the same aspect 
 is yet a very unripe fruit, the Early Black Cherry has as- 
 sumed its rich dark hue, and its flesh is then firm and 
 juicy. It resembles in its external appearance the Water- 
 loo, but the stalk is shorter. It is abundantly sweet, and 
 though not very rich, of a pleasant flavor ; and remarkably 
 early. 
 
 *AMBER CHERRY. S. H S. 
 
 Below medium size, perfectly round ; color of amber, 
 but red towards the sun ; of a very delicate appearance. 
 The flesh is melting, the taste lively and very sweet. It 
 ripens with the May Duke. 
 
 D'AREMBERG. Thompson. 
 
 A cherry of roundish form, a dark red color ; of me- 
 dium size ; tender and of excellent quality. Beginning of 
 July. 
 
 AMBRE'E. For. Lindley. 
 
 Cerise Ambre'e. 
 
 A large cherry, with a round head, flattened at the op- 
 posite end ; marbled with red and yellow in the shade, 
 bright red next the sun ; the flesh is white, somewhat 
 transparent, very juicy, sweet and excellent. 
 ♦AMERICAN AMBER. 
 
 Heart shaped, large, bright amber color, of a very sweet 
 and excellent flavor. A tree, extraordinary for its vigorous 
 and upright growth ; it is not exceeded in this respect by 
 the Napoleon Bigarreau and the Black Tartarean. 
 
 BIGARREAU GROS MONSTREUX. Thompson. 
 
 The fruit is large and long ; heart shaped ; of a dark 
 red color ; flesh firm, and of excellent flavor. Beginning 
 of July. 
 
 BIGARREAU DE ROCMONT. N. Duh. PI. ccclxx. 
 
 Belle de R,ocmont, Cceur de Pigeon, Bon Jard. 
 
 The tree is vigorous and productive ; the fruit large, 
 heart shaped, red, marbled and shining ; a beautiful fniit, 
 an inch in height ; flesh white, very little breaking, juice 
 not abundant, rather sprightly, good. Middle of June. 
 
 BLACK BIGARREAU. N. Duh. 
 
 Bigarreau Noir, N. Duh. PI. cxxxviii. 
 
 A new fruit, so named by M. Chatenay, of Vitry ; it is 
 but little extended. Fruit six lines in length, a little 
 
216 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 heart shaped ; at maturity black and shining ; the flesh 
 black violet and marbled, firm and breaking. This Bigar- 
 reau is one of the best species. Last of June and begin- 
 ning of July. 
 
 LARGE BLACK BIGARREAU. 
 
 BiGARREAU GrOS NoIR. 
 
 Described to me by the late Andre Parmentier, Esq. as 
 one of the finest and very best of all cherries. 
 
 LARGE LATE RED BIGARREAU. Nouv. Cours 
 Comp. d'Agri. vol. tit. p. 57L 
 
 La Bigarreautier a Gros Fruit Rouge. Ibid. 
 
 A large fruit, of a deep red color next the sun, a lively 
 red in the shade ; juice reddish and somewhat perfumed. 
 An excellent variety, ripening late in July. 
 
 NAPOLEON BIGARREAU. Dr Willich. 
 
 BiGARREAU Napoleon, Lourman, Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 Lauermann, Dr Willich, 
 
 Gros Bigarreau de Lauermann. 
 
 The tree is extraordinary for the vigor and beauty of its 
 growth ; the leaves are very large, and plain or smooth on 
 their upper surface. This is one of the three new varie- 
 ties recommended to me by the late Andre Parmentier, 
 Esq. as the best of cherries. I have never yet seen 
 the fruit. It is thus described. The largest and most 
 beautiful of the heart shaped che^fies ; it has an excellent 
 taste. In shape it resembles the variegated half ounce 
 cherry, and frequently surpasses it. The flesh is remark- 
 ably white, solid, and of a sweet, agreeable flavor. It ri- 
 pens in June or July, when the skin on both sides ac- 
 quires very bright red spots, that are imperceptibly lost in 
 the whitish and yellow part of the centre and the shaded 
 quarter. 
 
 LATE BIGARREAU OF HILDESHEIM. 
 
 Bigarreau Tardif D'Hildesheim. 
 
 Bigarreau Marbre' de Hildesheim, Nouv. Cours Complet 
 d'Agri., Vol. in. p. 589. 
 
 This is one of the three new kinds so highly recom- 
 mended to me by the late Andre Parmentier, Esq. as a 
 most superior fruit. The Napoleon Bigarreau, and the 
 Large Black Bigarreau were the other two. The flesh is 
 hard, the fruit spotted. Thompson does not praise it. 
 
CHERRIES. 
 
 217 
 
 *GRAFFION. 
 
 BiGARREAu, Hooker. 
 
 Turkey Bigarreau. 
 
 Yellow Spanish, as supposed, of some Amer. cols. 
 
 Very large, obtuse, heart shaped, yellowish amber color, 
 but fine red next the sun ; flesh firm, white, sweet and well 
 flavored. A beautiful and excellent fruit, not very pro- 
 ductive. The tree says Mr Hooker, " evidently exhibits 
 the characteristics of age and debility," although it ex- 
 ceeds in growth all other cherries in Britain. 
 
 BLACK EAGLE. 
 
 A cherry of a globular form, and middle size ; dark pur- 
 ple or nearly black; flesh very tender, rich, and of excel- 
 lent flavor, and ripens early. The tree grows strong and 
 very upright. This new variety was sent by Mr Knight, 
 in 1823, to the Hon. John Lowell ; and was raised by 
 Miss Elizabeth Knight, of Downton Castle, in 1806, from 
 a seed of the Bigarreau, fertilized by the May Duke. 
 
 *BLACK HEART. 
 
 GuiGNiER A Fruit Noir, Duh. 
 
 Rather large, heart-shaped ; dark purple, approaching 
 to black at maturity; the flesh is dark red, tender, of ex- 
 cellent flavor. Ripe early in July — and is a good bearer. 
 The true Black Heart is one of the best of cherries. 
 
 SPANISH. Dr Willich. 
 
 Black Spanish. fe. 
 
 A noble fruit for drying, preserving, &.c. of a large size ; 
 dark red approaching to black ; flatly compressed below ; 
 and having a small stalk. Its juice is of a deep red dye; 
 of a mild, subacid and pleasant taste. 
 
 *BLACK TARTAREAN. 
 
 Black Russian, Black Circassian, Superb Circassian, 
 Frazer's Black Tartarean, Ronald's Black Heart, Pom. 
 
 Mag. 
 A very large heart-shaped fruit, of most superior quality ; 
 color dark shining purple or black ; the flesh firm, dark 
 red or purple, sweet and of most excellent flavor. The 
 tree and fruit combine an assemblage of good qualities 
 which never meet but in a very extraordinary fruit ; an 
 elegant, very rapid growing tree, of great productiveness, 
 very large and beautiful fruit, and of excellent quality. 
 Supposed to have originated in Spain ; thence carried to 
 Circassia, or Russia ; from Russia it was brought to Eng- 
 19 
 
218 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 land in 1796, by Mr John Frazer. — {Pom. Mag.) But ac- 
 cording to Mr Hooker it was brought from Circassia in 
 1794, by Mr Ronalds. 
 
 ^DAVENPORT'S EARLY RED. 
 
 A very early and excellent variety, which originated in 
 Dorchester on the farm of Mr Davenport. The tree is of 
 fine form ; the leaves light glossy green ; it bears early 
 and abundantly ; the fruit ripens from eight to twelve days 
 earlier than the European May Duke, and in succession. 
 It is large, bright red ; the flesh firm, sprightly and of fine 
 flavor. A popular fruit and highly valuable for the market. 
 Middle of June. 
 
 *DOWNER. 
 
 A new and valuable variety, reared by Samuel Downer, 
 Esq. of Dorchester. The tree is very vigorous, and upright 
 in its growth ; a constant and great bearer. A large, light 
 red cherry ; roundish ; the flesh firm, flavor good and spright- 
 ly. Very late ; it ripens after most other superior varie- 
 ties are gone, and is on this account the more valuable, and 
 highly prized in the markets. 
 DOWNTON CHERRY. Hort. Trans, vol. v. p. 262. 
 
 A new variety, raised by Mr Knight, from the Elton or 
 Waterloo. It is nearly round, inclining to heart-shape ; of 
 a pale yellow color, sprinkled with minute red spots and 
 larger patches of dull red or maroon ; the flesh pale amber 
 color, tender and juicy, very sweet and high flavored. 
 
 ELKHORN. 
 
 Black Ox Heart, Large Black Bigarreau, Thorn. 
 
 A large cherry ripening between the Black Heart and 
 the latest varieties ; the flesh remarkably hard and very 
 peculiar; and though not high flavored, it is supposed 
 that from its solid consistence, it may be profitably culti- 
 vated, to be transported from a distance, to market. Mr 
 Prince has stated that he brought this fruit to New York 
 from Maryland, and considers it on many accounts a val- 
 uable fruit. 
 ELTON. Mr Knight. Hooker's Pom. Lond. PI. vii. 
 
 Raised by Mr Knight from the seed of the Bigarreau 
 and pollen of the White Heart. The tree is very vigorous, 
 and very productive. The fruit is pretty large, heart- 
 shaped ; pale glossy yellow in the shade, but marbled with 
 bright red next the sun ; the stalk slender, two inches long ; 
 
CHERRIES. 219 
 
 the flesh firm, sweet and rich. Very early. Sent in 1823, 
 by Mr Knight to the Hon. John Lowell. 
 
 FLORENCE. Hort. Trans, vol. ii. p. 229. 
 
 Large, heart-shaped, depressed ; of a yellow amber color, 
 marbled with bright red in the shade ; bright red next the 
 sun ; tolerably firm, juicy, rich and sweet. A beautiful 
 cherry introduced by Mr Houblon, from Florence. 
 
 GASCOIGN'S BLEEDING HEART. For. Lind. 
 
 Large, oblong, or heart-shaped, of a dark red color ; its 
 flesh pretty firm, of a pleasant and fine flavor. July. 
 
 *GRIDLEY. 
 
 This very excellent cherry, which is sometimes called 
 the AppleCherry originated on the farm of Deacon Samuel 
 Gridley, of Roxbury. The tree bears constantly and very 
 abundantly. The fruit is of handsome size, round, black : 
 the stalk short; the flesh very firm, like all others of the 
 Bigarreau class ; juicy, of a fine vinous flavor. A fine and 
 popular fruit for the market. It carries well and is ripe 
 soon after the early cherries are gone ; or early in July. 
 HARRISON HEART. For. Lindley. 
 
 A large heart-shaped cherry, of a yellowish or amber 
 color ; but light red next the sun ; the flesh is tender and 
 high flavored. It ripens in July. Introduced into England 
 \>Y Gov. Harrison, from the East Indies. 
 HEREFORuonxivE BiL A m^ R. M, 
 
 Late Black Heart. - « — 
 
 A large, black, and heart-shaped cherry ; a most excel- 
 lent fruit; a great bearer; and more valuable for ripening 
 late, when most varieties are gone. 
 
 MAZZAR-D CHERRY. 
 
 Merisiers. 
 
 The trees generally grow tall and handsome, and are 
 productive — calculated for shades. The fruit varies in 
 color from white to black ; equally so in size and form ; 
 the flesh is generally soft, juicy, pleasant and often excellent. 
 
 REMINGTON WHITE HEART. 
 
 A moderate sized cherry, of moderate flavor. Chiefly 
 valuable for its very late maturity. Said to have originated 
 in Rhode Island. 
 *SPARHAWK. 
 
 A very superior native cherry which was exhibited at the 
 Mass. Hort. Soc. in 1833, by Edward Sparhawk, Esq. of 
 
220 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 Brighton. The tree bears very abundantly. The fruit 
 which is sometimes called Honey Heart, is large, of a red 
 color, tender, juicy ; of a sweet and excellent flavor. A 
 fine profitable cherry from its good qualities and abundant 
 produce to cultivate for the market. It ripens early. 
 
 WATERLOO. Hort. Trans. 
 
 A large, round, dark red fruit, inclining to black at ma- 
 turity. The flesh is firm and of excellent flavor. Raised 
 by a daughter of Mr Knight, and so named from its per- 
 fecting its first fruit soon after the battle of Waterloo. The 
 tree is of strong but irregular growth. This fruit was sent 
 by Mr Knight, in 1823, to the Hon. John Lowell. 
 
 WHITE OXHEART. R. M. 
 
 Tradescant, of Coxe. 
 
 A large heart-shaped cherry, of a bright red or amber 
 color next the sun ; the flesh remarkably firm, the flavor 
 excellent. Early in July. An indiflerent bearer. 
 
 *WHITE TARTAREAN. 
 
 Transparent, White Transpareett Cri3IEA. 
 
 A beautiful cherry ; pale yellow, approaching to an am- 
 ber next the sun ; a much admired fruit, of excellent flavor ; 
 a good bearer, ripening early in July. This tree grows 
 vigorous and upright ; it is thus readily distinguished from 
 a former and abandoned variety of the same name. 
 
 CLASS 11. 
 
 DUKE CHERRIES, MORELLOS, &lc. 
 *ARCHDUKE. 
 
 Griotte de Portugal, Duh. Portugal Duke. 
 
 A large, globular formed, red cherry ; like the May Duke 
 it grows in clusters ; but the tree grows more vigorous 
 than that variety. An excellent cherry and a great bearer, 
 ripening in July. 
 
 BELLE DE CHOISY. Pom. Mag, Bon Jard. 
 
 Doucette, Cerise de Polembre. 
 
 A middle sized ro-undish fruit ; growing in pairs on a 
 forked stalk. Skin transparent, red, mottled with amber : 
 
CHERRIES. 221 
 
 the flesh amber colored, tender and sweet ; ripe rather 
 before the May Duke ; it bears well as a standard. — [Pom. 
 Mag.) The Bon Jardinier describes it as very large ; of 
 a beautiful red color and excellent flavor ; not very produc- 
 tive. 
 
 BELLE ET MAGNIFIUUE. 
 
 Specimens of this fine cherry were exhibited by Gen. 
 Dearborn, July 24, 1830. The tree is very vigorous and 
 productive. The fruit was judged *' truly magnificent" in 
 its appearance ; color red, mottled with white spots ; a 
 valuable fruit from its late maturity. 
 
 CERISIER DU NORD. Bon Jard. p. 315. 
 Very late ; good for ratafia and for preserves. 
 
 DEARBORN'S RED FRENCH DUKE. 
 
 The adopted name for a cherry imported from France 
 by the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, name lost. A large red 
 cherry highly spoken of by the Massachusetts Horticultural 
 Society. 
 EARLY PURPLE GRIOTTE. Thompson. 
 
 A middle sized fruit, of a dark red color ; heart shaped, 
 tender and good. Beginning of June, A valuable cherry ; 
 very early. 
 GERMAN DUKE. 
 
 Griotte D'Alemagne, Nouv. Cours Complet d'Agr. 
 
 De Chadx, Du Comtb de Saint Maur, lb. 
 
 Equally as large as the Archduke; almost as black; 
 the flesh deep red, and very acid. It ripens the middle of 
 July. The tree is of middle size and not very productive. 
 
 GRIOTTIER D'HOLLANDE. Nouv. Cours Complet 
 d'Agr. vol. III. p. 575. 
 The largest of all the Griottiers ; nearly globular, of a 
 very beautiful red color ; the flesh fine, reddish white, very 
 agreeable. It ripens the middle of June. The flowers are 
 large but liable to prove abortive. 
 
 LATE DUKE. R. M. 
 
 June DuKE,of Coxe. 
 
 A cherry of large size ; the flesh very rich ; it ripens 
 the first of July and lasts long on the tree, improving in its 
 flavor. The tree is vigorous and very productive. 
 *MAY DUKE. 
 
 A large globular red cherry, usually growing in clusters, 
 19* 
 
22^ NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 At maturity the flesh is tender, juicy, of an agreeable but 
 acid flavor. This kind is usually gathered in June and 
 while it is yet sour, and immature, for the markets ; being 
 one of the earliest varieties. The tree is of moderate vigor, 
 compact in its form and productive. 
 MONTMORENCY. 
 
 Cerisier de Montmorency a gros Fruit, Bon Jard 
 
 Long stem Montmorency. 
 
 The fruit is large, flattened at its extremities, of a lively 
 red color ; the flesh of a yellowish white, slightly acid and 
 excellent. The tree is not very productive, it ripens in 
 July. The Short Stem Montmorency, or Gros Gobet, is a 
 fruit of less size, and the tree less vigorous. 
 MORELLO. 
 
 Milan, Lang Cerise du Nord, of Noisette. Lind. 
 
 Middle sized, round ; nearly black at maturity ; tender, 
 juicy, of an agreeable flavor, in which much acid predomi- 
 nates. July. This fruit is used for preserving. 
 
 *PLUMSTONE MORELLO. 
 
 A very large, dark, round cherry, nearly black, of a 
 rich, acid flavor ; and deemed superior to all European 
 Morellos. The stone is very large and resembles that of a 
 plum. A native fruit from Virginia, introduced to notice 
 by Wm. Prince, Esq., of the Linnsean Botanic Garden, 
 Flushing. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES. 
 
 LARGE DOUBLE FLOWERING CHERRY. 
 
 The tree is of vigorous and upright growth ; the flowers 
 are very large, very double, and beautiful ; resembling 
 clusters of small roses. The appearance of the tree when 
 in full blossom is striking and highly ornamental. The 
 tree belongs to the first class. 
 
 SMALL DOUBLE FLOWERING. 
 
 The tree is of slow dwarfish growth ; the blossoms how- 
 ever are not less beautiful than the preceding. The tree 
 belongs to the second clsss. 
 
CULTIVATION. 
 
 2^3 
 
 TOBACCO LEAF. 
 
 BiGARREAUTiER A Feuillks de Tabac, Bon Jatd. 
 
 Cerisier de four a la livre, lb. Four to the pound. 
 A small, pale red fruit, of indifferent flavor ; a poor 
 bearer. The growth of this tree is strong, but crooked ; 
 the leaves of enormous size ; it is said to have received its 
 name from the supposition that its fruit would prove pro- 
 portionally large ; cultivated only as a curiosity. The 
 tree belongs to the first class. 
 VIRGINIA WILD CHERRY. 
 
 Cerasus Virginiana. 
 
 A native; it is found growing wild in the forests and 
 pastures, and is a distinct species from any others here 
 described. The trees grow large, and the fruit is produced 
 in clusters like currants ; it is very small, of a pleasant 
 sweet, slightly bitter, and very astringent taste. This 
 variety is one of the most esteemed of all for brandy. 
 WEEPING CHERRY. 
 
 Cerisier de Siberia, N. Duh. PL xxxv. 
 This beautiful tree is of low growth, its branches slen- 
 der and drooping ; its leaves are very small, oblong, 
 lanceolate ; they are of a deep shining green above 
 and of a pale shining green below. The fruit is small and 
 numerous, of a bright red color and extremely acid. This 
 highly ornamental tree is generally inoculated at an ele- 
 vated height on the Mazzard cherry. 
 
 CULTIVATION, &c. 
 
 The stones of the cherry are sown in autumn, in 
 a rich, well prepared soil. The second year they are 
 transplanted to nursery rows four feet asunder, and at a 
 foot distance from each other in the row. They are inocu- 
 lated the third year. The best soil, is a rich, dry, sandy 
 loam, or calcareous soil, and an elevated situation. A 
 cold, clayey, moist soil, does not suit them. If the tree 
 grows in suitable form, pruning is neither much prac- 
 tised or recommended, 
 
224 
 
 MULBERPvY, — fMoms.; 
 
 The mulberry is a genus comprising many species. Its 
 origin has been assigned to China ; but several species are 
 found growing in a wild state in America. The fruit is a 
 berry of a roundish or oblong form ; of a color varying from 
 white to red or black ; its pulp envelopes numerous small 
 seeds. 
 
 Uses. — Most of the varieties of the mulberry are es- 
 teemed dessert fruits. When perfectly mature they are 
 grateful to the taste and very wholesome. The syrup is 
 useful in mitigating inflammations of the throat. The juice 
 when properly fermented, affords a pleasant vinous wine ; 
 mixed with apples they aflbrd a delicious beverage 
 called mulberry cider, of a deep red color like port wine. 
 Lastly — the leaves of the various species of the mulberry, 
 constitute the principal food of the silk-worm. Not every 
 kind however is equally suitable. Those most esteemed 
 are the Morus alba — M. lucida — M. tartarica — M. Dan- 
 dolo and M. multicauUs. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 BLACK AlULBERRY. 
 
 Morus Nigra. 
 
 This tree is a native of Asia Minor. It rises from 
 twentyfive to thirty feet. The leaves are large and rug- 
 ged. Its fruit is large, black, aromatic, juicy, subacid and 
 good. An agreeable wine is made from its juice. The 
 juice is used for imparting a dark color to liquors; the 
 bark of the root is a powerful cathartic ; and from the 
 bark of the tree, strong cordage and brown paper is made. 
 RED MULBERRY. 
 
 Morus Rubra. 
 
 A native of America. The tree rises to the height of 
 from thirty to forty feet ; the leaves are large, cordate, often 
 palmed, and more often three lobed, dark green above, 
 downy beneath, rugged. The fruit is of a very deep red 
 color and excellent. This variety is esteemed superior to 
 the Black Mulberry as a fruit, and the tree is more hardy. 
 
MULBERRY. 
 
 225 
 
 JAPAN PAPER MULBERRY. 
 
 Broussonetia Papyrjfera. 
 
 The tree rises to a large size, with a round head ; the 
 leaves are rough, either cordate, entire or Jobed. It is a 
 native of China and Japan, and the liber or inner bark, by 
 being beaten to render it pliable, serves for paper and as 
 an article of clothing in those countries. The fruit is 
 round and curious, but not edible. 
 
 CULTIVATION, &c. 
 
 These varieties of mulberry will flourish in almost 
 any soil, but grow most luxuriantly in a deep sandy 
 loam, rather in a humid than dry soil. They are prop- 
 agated by seeds or by layers, and sometimes by cut- 
 tings. The seeds are obtained by washing the bruised 
 pulp of thoroughly ripe fruit; they are carefully dried, 
 and sown early in April in a rich soil, and covered to the 
 depth of half an inch with loam, and pressed down com- 
 pactly. The second year they are transplanted to nur- 
 sery rows. 
 
 MULBERRY AND SILK, 
 
 PART I. ON THE MULBERRY. 
 
 WHITE ITALIAN MULBERRY. 
 
 MoRus Alba. 
 
 A native of China. It is a tree of rapid growth, and 
 extensively known for the uses of its leaf for the food of 
 silk-worms. The leaves are pointed cordate, serrate, 
 entire or lobed. The fruit is white, roundish oblong, of 
 an insipid taste. The bark according to Rosier, may be 
 converted into linen of the fineness of silk. For this pur- 
 pose, the young wood and bf^rk are gathered in autumn, 
 during the ascent of the second sap, and immersed for 
 three or four days in still water. It is then taken out at 
 sunset, spread on grass, and returned to the water at sun- 
 rise, and this daily repeated, and finally it is prepared and 
 spun like flax, 
 
226 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 MORUS LUCIDA or SHINING LEAVED. 
 
 The leaves are very large, pointed, cordate and shining. 
 This variety is said to be highly deserving of cultivation 
 for the nourishment of silk-worms. 
 
 MORUS TARTARICA or TARTAREAN MUL- 
 BERRY. 
 
 This mulberry is from the environs of Asoph. The 
 leaves are large, oval, oblong, serrated, shining. The 
 fruit resembles the Morus nigra. The leaves afford silk 
 of the finest quality. 
 
 DANDOLO or MORETTIANA MULBERRY. Dr 
 
 Fontaneilles. 
 A new and most valuable species of mulberry for the 
 nourishment of the silk worm. It was first discovered 
 about 1815, by M. Moretti, Professor in the University of 
 Pavia, and from a single young tree, he had in 1826, 
 multiplied them to 120,000. The tree is presumed to be 
 hardy ; the fruit, which is at first violet, becomes at matu- 
 rity perfectly black. The leaf is ovate, sharp pointed, en- 
 tire, cordate at the base. It is thin, smooth on the under 
 and especially on the upper surface, which is of a beautiful 
 and rather deep shining green ; it is not near so thick as 
 that of the large white mulberry, called in France, the 
 Admirable, and is thinner than those of the Qpauioh mul- 
 berry, (Morus nigra). It is neither wrinkled nor plaited, 
 it is in general nearly eight inches wide, and ten inches 
 long. This mulberry will be most profitably cultivated in 
 the form of a hedge, and from the superior size of the 
 leaf they are gathered with the greatest facility. Its 
 superior quality has been proved by the experiments of M. 
 Gera and Count Dandolo, who assert that they produce 
 silk of a more beautiful gloss and of finer quality than 
 common silk. (See the whole article inserted hy the Hon. 
 H. A. S. Dearborn, in the New England Farmer , vol. 8, No. 
 29. It is from the Annales d^ Horticulture, andis extracted 
 from the Report of Dr Fontaneilles, on a letter published by 
 M. Gera, in 1826, in the Journal of Physics and of Chem- 
 istry of Pavia.) 
 
MULBERRY. 227 
 
 CHINESE MULBERRY. (Morus sinensis.) 
 MORUS MULTICAULIS. (Many Stalked Mulberry.) 
 PERROTTET MULBERRY. 
 
 For no inconsiderable portion of the materials of the fol- 
 lowing interesting account of this new mulberry, I am in- 
 debted to the researches of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn. 
 They were collected by him and inserted in the New Eng- 
 land Farmer, at different times during 1830 and 1831, and 
 were chiefly the translations from the " Annales d'Horti- 
 culture," and the " Annales L'Institut Royal Horticole 
 de Fromont." 
 
 Of all the varieties of Mulberries for silk, the Chinese 
 Mulberry or Morus multicaulis, appears that which is most 
 eminently entitled to preference. It originated in the elevat- 
 ed regions of China, a country famous from antiquity for its 
 silk, and renowned for its industry ; a parallel to our own 
 in its climates and divers latitudes. It is to this tree, that the 
 disciples of Confucius, acknowledge their indebtedness for 
 the prosperity and solidity of their empire. 
 
 The Morus multicaulis , or Chinese Mulberry, since its 
 introduction to France, seems destined to replace, every- 
 where, the common white mulberry, for the nourishment of 
 silk worms, such is its decided superiority over all others. 
 The tree is beautiful, and of a rapid growth. The leaves 
 in a dry and arid soil are of less size, and elliptical, their 
 breadth being six inches and their length eight ; but in a 
 light, friable, rich, and humid soil, they are large and cor- 
 date ; extraordinary specimens having sometimes measured 
 more than a foot in breadth, and fifteen inches in length ; 
 their upper surfaces are convex or curled, and of a deep 
 and beautiful shining green. The fruit which was un- 
 known even in France till 1830, is long, black, and of ap- 
 pearance sufficiently beautiful, its flavor good, being inter- 
 mediate between that of the red, and that of the black mul- 
 berry ; its produce is abundant. 
 
 This mulberry differs from all others in the property 
 which the roots possess of throwing up numerous flexible 
 stalks ; the great length which these stalks acquire in a 
 short space of time ; and the facility with which it is pro- 
 pagated from layers, or even from cuttings ; also from the 
 remarkable size which the thin, soft, and tender leaves, 
 
228 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 speedily acquire, and the promptitude with which they are 
 renewed. 
 
 The silk which the worms form, from the food afforded 
 by this plant, is not only of superior quality, as has been 
 abundantly proved in France, but the cocoons are of un- 
 usual size. The leaves from their extraordinary dimen- 
 sions, being gathered with important economy of labor, and 
 of time; and from their superior nutritious qualities, they 
 are preferred by the insects to all others. 
 
 This mulberry should be cultivated in hedge rows, and 
 never suffered to rise higher than seven or eight feet. But 
 a few years are sufficient to raise considerable fields of 
 them in full vigor, sufficient to support an immense nnmber 
 of silk worms ; and regular plantations can be speedily 
 formed, by planting the shrubs at the distance of from six 
 to eight feet asunder; a space sufficient for the extension 
 of the branches — sufficient also for cultivation, and for 
 the greater convenience of gathering the leaves. So 
 greatly is this last operation facilitated, by the flexibility of 
 the stalks, and the very superior size of the leaf, that as 
 we are assured by M. Perrottet, a child is sufficient for 
 gathering the food for a large establishment of silk worms. 
 
 The introduction of this plant from Asia is due to M. 
 Perrottet, Agricultural Botanist, and traveller of the Marine 
 and Colonies of France. It was brought by him to France 
 in 1821, in that vast collection, and variety of productions, 
 which he had, during thirtyfour months, procured in the 
 seas of Asia, or gathered on the coast, or in the lands of 
 Guiana. 
 
 From Manilla, the capital of the Phillippine Islands, 
 whither it had been brought by the Chinese as a tree of 
 ornament, as well asof eminent usefulness, it was introduc- 
 ed by M. Perrottet into the Isle Bourbon, and from thence 
 into Cayenne and France. At a later period it was sent 
 from Cayenne to Martinique, and from France to Gauda- 
 loupe ; also to Senegal ; the numerous plants which are 
 already disseminated in the divers climates of Africa, of 
 America and Europe, have all been produced by the two 
 individual plants which were brought by M. Perrottet from 
 Manilla. At first, its cultivation in France was confined 
 almost exclusively to the royal gardens, that its trial and 
 dissemination might be thus rendered the more effectual 
 throughout every department of the country. The Morus 
 
MULBERRY. 229 
 
 multicaulis, according to M. Perrottet, will be readily ac* 
 climated, inasmuch as it originated in a country analogous 
 to that of France ; it appeared neither to suffer from the 
 excessive cold of the northern, or the intense heat of the 
 intertropical regions, as the plants in the government gar- 
 dens of Cayenne, had acquired during eight months a truly 
 remarkable developement, being clothed at that time with 
 leaves of extraordinary size ; those also, which were culti- 
 vated in Senegal, although planted in an arid soil, and sit- 
 uated beneath a scorching sky, exhibited an appearance 
 sufficiently satisfactory ; yet in all respects, they had ac- 
 quired less developement than those which were planted in 
 the humid climate of Guiana. 
 
 M. Poiteau, in the Annales d'HorticuIture, has stated 
 down to 1830, *' that by the information which we receive 
 from all quarters, this mulberry is destined to replace the 
 common white mulberry, everywhere, for nourishing silk 
 worms." "This mulberry has not suffered in the least, 
 from the rigors of the last severe winter." 
 
 At New York, on Long Island, this mulberry had endured 
 unprotected the rigors of seven winters, and the very extra- 
 ordinary winter of 1831-2, which destroyed so many trees 
 hitherto deemed hardy, even to the root. Yet in our climate, 
 there are many kinds of trees which require protection 
 during the first winter, though they may never need it af- 
 terwards. Such are the young seedling plants of but a 
 single summer's growth, of the Cherry, Plum, Pear, the 
 Quince and White Mulberry. All which require to be ta- 
 ken up in autumn, and laid slanting in earth, their bodies 
 being in part protected by soil. For all these species are 
 liable to be killed occasionally to the root by the first win- 
 ter, or to be utterly destroyed by being thrown out by frost; 
 yet in the second winter it is far otherwise ; their roots 
 becoming strong, and firmly established, the well ripened 
 wood of the second year, and the wood of two years' growth, 
 becomes indestructible by any but extraordinary winters. 
 The same precautionary measures should in northern cli- 
 mates, be taken with the young plants of this mulberry so 
 valuable — the layers of but a single summer's growth, 
 which are separated in autumn. 
 
 The vegetation of the Morus multicaulis, particularly in 
 a rich and humid soil and protected situation, is extremely 
 rapid and luxuriant, and prolonged to a late period in au- 
 20 
 
230 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 tumn, or till the tender and yet vegetating tips of the twigs 
 are checked by frost. These extreme ends will generally 
 be lost, as they always are of the Common White Mulberry, 
 when young, 
 
 Jonathan H. Cobb, Esq. of Dedham, author of the excel- 
 lent " Manual on Silk," has tried them for several years, 
 and in a letter dated 1834, he confirms the latter remark, 
 and adds " but that we shall be able to rear it here, is de- 
 cided beyond a question." Mr Joseph Breck a distin- 
 guished botanist of Lancaster, from very critical observa- 
 tion of 100 trees which were set out on the place of S. V. 
 S. Wilder, Esq. in Bolton, late in the spring of 1833, in a 
 cold, springy soil, and northern exposition — he seems per- 
 suaded from an experience of one winter, 1833-4, and from 
 careful observation, that they may be even hardier than the 
 Common White Mulberry, as they appeared to suffer less 
 than some hundreds of the latter of 3 or 4 years' growth 
 which stood beside them. Of any extraordinary results from a 
 winter so unparalleled and unheard of as this last has been, 
 throughout the country, time will soon decide ; and how this 
 mulberry and all other productions have fared from north 
 to south. This mulberry braves the most rigorous winters 
 of France, even to the extreme north as far as Havre. 
 Of this important fact, we have been assured from the first 
 rate sources ; from MM. Perrottet, Bodin, Poiteau, also 
 from M. Eyries of Havre, who has there cultivated them 
 from their first introduction to that country. 
 
 The prediction of the late Dr Pascalis in 1830 that, 
 '' after the discovery of this plant, a doubt no longer exists, 
 that two crops of silk may be produced in a single season ;" 
 this prediction has since been accomplished — its truth ful- 
 filled by experiment. The soil and cultivation, — the hab- 
 itations for the successive generations of insects being yet 
 the same, all thus converted to double use, — and the pro- 
 duction of a double harvest, — it will be obvious, that the 
 actual profit thus augmented, must be manifold. 
 
 It appears from the deliberations of the French Royal 
 Society of Horticulture, (as noted in the Farmers' Regis- 
 ter) that the Chinese Mulberry or Morus multicaulis is not 
 a distinct species, and that as a new and invaluable vari- 
 ety, it can only be preserved by multiplying it from grafts, 
 layers, and cuttings ; and that by these means exclusively, 
 have the Chinese cultivators reared the tree from time im- 
 
MULBERRY. 231 
 
 memorial. Seeds sown near Venice, have, it is stated, 
 produced varieties, but none like the true Morus raulticau- 
 lis. I have myself examined about 40 small trees, raised 
 in 1834 from seed sent from China, but they appeared to 
 differ from the true kind. Their leaves were indeed hand- 
 some, but I saw none with the curled or convex leaf. 
 
 SOIL, SITUATION, &c. 
 
 Although the mulberry flourishes most luxuriantly in a 
 moist and rich soil, and protected situation, yet the leaves 
 which are produced in such soils, are more crude, and not 
 of a quality so nourishing. The growth of the tree, in such 
 soils and expositions, besides being more rapid, is pro- 
 longed to a later period in autumn, or until the tender and 
 yet vegetating tips of the twigs are suddenly arrested by 
 the frost ; the immature wood of a forced growth being 
 more tender, is consequently more liable to be killed by 
 early frosts and by winter. Such appears to have been the 
 case in the winter of 1831-2, which destroyed so many full 
 grown trees of the hardiest description, even to the root. 
 The ravages of that destructive winter seem to have been 
 confined to particular situations and soils ; — to the produc- 
 tions of the forced growth of a summer not less uncommon 
 and extraordinary. 
 
 Authors seem fully agreed that the most suitable soils 
 for the mulberry tree, are " dry, sandy, or stony.'' And 
 trees growing on " dry, sandy, or stony soils,'' and situa- 
 ted on the open plains, and on the hills the most exposed 
 to cold winds, will be found to suffer least of all from the 
 destructive frosts of autumn and of winter. 
 
 MULBERRY AND MULBERRY PLANTATIONS. 
 
 The nourishment which is contained in the mulberry 
 leaf is not completely developed till the leaf is fully grown. 
 The leaf according to Comte Dandolo, contains, 1st, the 
 fibroua substance ; 2d, the coloring matter, 3d, water; 4th 
 
232 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 the saccharine substance ; 5th, the resinous substance. Of 
 all these the saccharine part constitutes the chief nourish- 
 ment which the leaf affords ; and the proportion of this 
 nutriment depends on the variety of the mulberry, the age, 
 the soil, and the moisture or dryness of the season. 
 
 The common White Mulberry or Morus alba may be 
 easily raised from seeds. 
 
 In the beginning of May sow the seeds in a rich, fresh, 
 and well prepared soil, in drills or rows, two feet asunder, 
 and at an average distance of about an inch. Cover the 
 seed but half an inch deep, and stamp or roll the ground 
 immediately, that the earth may retain sufficient moisture 
 at its surface. Carefully hoe and weed during summer, 
 and late in autumn protect with a slight covering of straw, 
 leaves, or evergreens, or take up all the plants and secure 
 them in a cellar till spring. 
 
 In the second spring the trees are set in rows four feet 
 asunder, in a rich soil, and a foot distant in the row. 
 
 Grafting. — Comte Dandolo and others have recom- 
 mended to graft the wild mulberry with the large leaved 
 and finer varieties, those which prduce abundant crops of 
 leaves ; and especially the male plants, as these producing no 
 fruit, yield larger leaves and a greater proportion, which 
 are not soiled and disfigured by the bruised fruit in gathering. 
 Many of the wild varieties are bad, the trees thorny, the 
 leaves small or few in number. They should be grafted 
 at the surface of the earth in the third spring. The mul- 
 berry may also be raised by layers, or by cuttings. 
 
 It is highly recommended to set out trees of the mulberry 
 for standards on the highways, in avenues and commons, 
 roads, courts, &,c. 
 
 DWARF MULBEKRY TREE FLANTATIONS. 
 
 This is the mode of forming plantations of the mulberry 
 which appears best adapted to our country, as the land 
 thus planted, comes soon to a state of productiveness, yield- 
 ing the greatest amount of food and of the best quality. 
 
 The plan of raising Dioarf Mulberry Tree Plantations, 
 is that which I shall now recommend for general adoption : 
 for the following reasons. — 1st. They arrive to a state of 
 productiveness with comparatively little expense of time 
 a^d tillage. 2d. Sufficient sun and air are admitted to 
 
SILK. 233 
 
 the tree, to render the leaves of the first quality, and to 
 enable them to put forth early. 3d. The ground is more 
 suddenly and completely filled and occupied than by plant- 
 ing standards. 4th. The tree is more easily managed and 
 its form controlled ; and the leaves are the more easily 
 gathered. This mode, according to Dr Pascalis, is under- 
 stood to be much practised in India; and was formerly in 
 France, if not now. 
 
 The soil being prepared by deep ploughing, and rendered 
 sufficiently rich, the young trees are set in lines or rows 10 
 or 12 feet asunder, and 6 feet distant in the rows. The 
 young trees are headed to about a foot from the ground, 
 and but two or three branches allowed to grow, these by 
 pruning are made to diverge, continually subdividing in 
 every direction above the horizontal, so that every part of 
 the tree shall be duly filled with young wood and leaves. 
 Suffer no vertical shoot to rise in the centre, and curtail al! 
 straggling shoots near the top, and all pendulous shoots 
 below. The tree is not suffered to spread wider than about 
 two feet, towards the wide or middle space, and the row 
 must ever be preserved about four and a half feet in width, 
 and about ten feet in height, and never suffered to exceed 
 these limits. The ground in this way may be cultivated 
 with other various productions, especially during the first 
 years. 
 
 Hedges may also be formed, by planting the trees at 
 distances still less than this, for more immediate use. For 
 some other particulars relative to soil and modes of man- 
 agement, see M. multicaulis, at p. 228 — 231. Rocky or un- 
 productive, light soils, may be found the most suitable. 
 Andrew Parmentier, Esq. has recommended to set stan- 
 dard trees on the low grounds, twenty feet asunder; and 
 on rising places, twelve feet asunder. A suitable proportion 
 of the ground to be occupied with dwarf trees, and the 
 whole to be surrounded with a mulberry hedge. I will 
 recommend that where mulberry standards are set to re- 
 main, that the whole ground should be filled, or at least 
 the rows with other trees, or even seedlings, sown for im- 
 mediate use : their growth would be restrained by perpet- 
 ually depriving them of their leaves, except only the stand- 
 ards. ^\xi\^xe{ex\.\iQ Dwarf Mulberry Tree Plantatiom, 
 
 20* 
 
234 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 GATHERING THE LEAVES FOR FOOD. 
 
 The leaves should be gathered from the ground or by 
 step-ladders ; as climbing the trees inflicts injurious bruises, 
 galling the limbs. The leaves are gathered in bags kept 
 open with a hoop, and provided with a hook or strap to pass 
 over the shoulder. Gather them while dry, after the dew 
 has disappeared in the morning, and before sunset. Strip 
 the leaves upwards, not downwards, as this injures the 
 buds. When you begin a tree, strip it complete ; leave not 
 a leaf, take all, as it injures the tree less unequally. Wet 
 leaves are injurious, they cause disease ; therefore never 
 gather them when wet, either with rain or dew, except in 
 case of absolute necessity, then spread them on a floor 
 under cover, and turn them frequently till dry. A stock 
 should always be kept on hand sufficient to last two or 
 three days. When gathered they should be preserved from 
 wilting in a cool cellar, or by lying spread under cover, on 
 a brick pavement, or clean gravelled floor, being often 
 turned and aired and shifted alternately to new and dry 
 parts of the floor ; they may be thas preserved, according to 
 Messrs Cobb and D'Homergue, for four or five days. 
 
 The trees should not be stripped till after the third year. 
 Too frequent stripping the tree injures its growth j but 
 where the growth is not so much an object, they may be 
 stripped several times during a summer, and their foliage 
 is immediately renewed. Leave a portion of the trees un- 
 touched every fourth or fifth year, to recruit ; but where 
 they are stripped several times during the same season, 
 they will require a rest, every second or third year. 
 
 ON THE CULTURE OF SILK — PART IL 
 
 IN SEVENTEEN SECTIONS. 
 
 Section 1. History of Silk — its Antiquity and Com- 
 merce. Sect. 2. History of the Silk Worm. Sect. 3. 
 Climate, Shelter, Habitations, &,c. Sect. 4. Division of 
 Labor. Sect. 5. Space required for the Silk Worms. 
 
SILK. 235 
 
 Sect. 6. Amount of Food. Sect. 7. Amount of Labor. 
 Sect. 8. Hatching of the Insects. Sect. 9. Remarks on 
 Feeding. Sect. 10. Feeding, care and attendance. Sect. 
 11. Formation of the Cocoons. Sect. 12. Maladies of 
 Silk Worms. Sect. 13. Cocoons for producing eggs. Sect. 
 14. Stifling the Cocoons. Sect. 15. Weight of Cocoons, 
 produce of silk, reeling, &c. Sect. 16. Numerous suc- 
 cessive crops of Cocoons. Sect 17. Modern method of 
 Comte Dandolo for rearing Silk Worms. 
 
 In the following account of silk and its culture I 
 must particularly acknowledge my indebtedness for much 
 that is valuable, to the excellent *' Manual of the Mulberry 
 Tree and the Culture of Silk," of Mr Cobb — also to the 
 Treatise of the Comte de Hazzi of Bavaria, which was 
 sent by him and transmitted by Dr Mease, to Congress ; 
 also to the valuable Treatise of Dr Pascalis on the Mul- 
 berry Tree and culture of Silk. These last named authors 
 are the professed disciples of the Comte Dandolo and M. 
 Bonafoux of Piedmont ; also to the essays of M. D'Homer- 
 gue and numerous other sources. 
 
 1. HISTORY OF SILK. ITS ANTIQUITY AND COMMERCE. 
 
 Silk, or the splendid material produced by the silk-worm 
 was first known in ancient Ser, or Serica, in China. It 
 was there first discovered in its own native forests of the 
 mulberry. Hence it was called by the Romans Sericum, 
 by the Italians Seta, by the French Soie, and by the 
 English Silk. Less anciently, it was also called Bomhyci- 
 na, from Bomhyx, a caterpillar which spins a web : this 
 being the Bom by x Assyrian or Syrian, improperly so 
 called, since the country of the Seres or Chinese, was 
 another country, the most remote, and bounded on other 
 shores ; many a nation and far distant country intervening. 
 
 The cultivation of silk commenced in China 700 years 
 before Abraham, and 2700 years before Christ. The 
 Emperor Houng-ti, " The Emperor of the Earth," who 
 reigned over China more than 100 years, and whose 
 name is rendered immortal for his noble and useful deeds — 
 he who taught the Chinese to construct houses, ships, mills, 
 carts, and other works of usefulness — he also, persuaded 
 his first consort, Si-ling-chi, to bestow her attention on the 
 silk-worms, it being his earnest desire, that his Empress 
 
236 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 also might contribute to the welfare of the empire. Aided 
 by the women of her household, the Empress Si-Iing-chi, 
 gathered the silk-worms from the trees, and introduced 
 them to the imperial apartments. Thus sheltered and pro- 
 tected, and abundantly supplied with the leaves of the mul- 
 berry, they yielded silk superior in quality to that produced 
 in the forests. She also taught them its manufacture and 
 to embroider. 
 
 Silk and its manufacture and the weaving, continued 
 to be the principal occupation of the succeeding Empresses ; 
 apartments being especially appropriated to this purpose in 
 the Imperial Palace ; and soon from the highest rank of 
 females, it became the occupation of all ranks in China ; 
 and ere long, the Emperor, the learned class, the princes, 
 the mandarins and courtiers, and all the rich, were attired 
 in the splendid fabrics of silk, until finally, silk became 
 the great and inexhaustible resource of the wealth of China. 
 
 From China it was exported to India, to Persia, to 
 Arabia, and indeed to the whole of Asia. The caravans 
 of Serica performed long journeys of 248 days from the far 
 coasts of China to those of Syria. The expeditions of 
 Alexander to Persia, and to India, first introduced the 
 knowledge of silk to the Grecians, 350 years before Christ, 
 and with the increase of wealth and luxury in the Grecian 
 court, the demand for silks prodigiously augmented. Per- 
 sia engrossed for a time the trade of Greece, and became 
 rich in the commerce of silks, which they procured from 
 China. The ancient Phcenicians also engaged in the 
 traffic of silk, and finally carried it to the east of Europe. 
 But for a long time after, even those who brought it to 
 Europe knew not what it was, nor how it was pro- 
 duced, nor where situated was the original country of 
 Serica from whence it came. 
 
 At Rome, and so late as A. D. 270, a silk attire of pur- 
 ple, was accounted by an Emperor, as a luxury too expen- 
 sive even for an empress, and that empress his wife, Se- 
 vera ; its value being equal to that of gold, by weight. 
 Others there were at Rome, and enough, even at that day, 
 who were by no means thus scrupulous in regard to price. 
 But it was not till long after the seat of the Roman Empire 
 had been transferred to Byzantium or Constantinople, that 
 the distinct and more perfect knowledge of the nature and 
 origin of silk became known, and the mystery of the long 
 sought ^'golden fleece ^^ was revealed to Europe. 
 
SILK. 137 
 
 In the sixth century, two monks arrived at the court of 
 the Emperor Justinian at Constantinople, from a mission- 
 ary expedition to China. They had brought with them 
 the seeds of the mulberry, and communicated to him the 
 discovery of the mode of rearing the silk-worms. And 
 although the exportation of the insects from China was for- 
 bidden, on pain of death, yet by the liberal promises and 
 persuasions of Justinian, they undertook a new expedition, 
 and at length, they returned through Boukharia and Persia 
 to Constantinople, in 555, with the eggs of the precious 
 insect concealed in the hollow of their canes or pilgrims' 
 staves, which they had obtained in the far and still more 
 distant country. Until this time, the extensive manufac- 
 tures of the Pha3niciaa cities of Tyre and Berytus had re- 
 ceived their whole supplies of raw silk through Persia from 
 China. A new era now commenced. 
 
 In Greece the culture and manufacture of silk soon 
 overspread the country ; the noblest ladies themselves aid- 
 ing by their example. On the downfall of the Roman 
 Empire, Arabia became the seat and centre of science, 
 of arts, and of civilization. And after the conquests of 
 Mohammed II. the Saracens or Arabians planted the 
 mulberry and encouraged the culture of silk everywhere, 
 throughout their dominions, both on the islands and on 
 all the shores of the Mediterranean. Silk and the mulberry 
 were introduced to Spain and Portugal by the Arabians or 
 Saracens, on their conquest of those countries in 71 1 . Spain 
 is also indebted to their enlighted conquerors, for their 
 political redemption from barbarism. Those wise sove- 
 reigns, the great Caliph Haroun al Raschid and his 
 immediate successor, introduced as axioms of policy, the 
 arts of civilization, as essential to the welfare of a nation — 
 the practice of agriculture, commerce and industri/, being 
 especially inculcated by the Koran itself; thus elevated 
 to virtues, they are ranked with the good deeds of the be- 
 liever. 
 
 From Greece the cultivation of silk was introduced to 
 Sicily and Naples in 1146. Here it long mysteriously 
 remained, and it was not till 1540 that it had extended to 
 Piedmont and indeed to all Italy. So extensive is its cul- 
 tivation at t iC present day throughout Italy, that according 
 to the Count Dandolo, two thirds of their whole exports to 
 all countries consist of silk. Its first introduction to 
 
238 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 France was in 1494. But its final and successful estab- 
 lishment in France in 1603 is due to Henry IV. whose 
 name is held in perpetual remembrance for his noble 
 deeds of goodness and works of usefulness. Olivier de 
 Serres shares equally with him, the glory of the effectual 
 work, which was at first opposed, even by Sully, from 
 mistake and misapprehension. Colbert, in a succeeding 
 age, continued his fostering care, until finally, silk and its 
 manufacture has become the most productive source of 
 the wealth of Fiance. 
 
 Yet in France, although they raise so much silk, they 
 still import annually, to the amount of 30,000,000 francs 
 of raw silk, or one third of all they consume, for the supply 
 of their manufactures. 
 
 In England, the climate from its humidity or other 
 causes is found to be unsuited to its growth ; for this reason 
 alone the trials to raise it there have failed. Yet from 
 1821 to 1828, according to a late and authentic work on 
 the silk trade, they imported of raw silk, 24,157,568 lbs.; 
 worth $120,787,530. Of this amount $59,881,283 came 
 from Italy alone. 
 
 The sudden and extraordinary extension of the silk 
 manufactures, both in France and in England, during the 
 last fifteen years, has been mainly ascribed to the machine 
 invented in France by M. Jacquard ; and the powerful 
 impulse thus given, has been assigned to the Jacquard 
 Loom. This loom is stated to perform all those labors 
 which had heretofore been exclusively confined to the most 
 skilful hands, with important economy of time, and labor 
 in the preliminary steps, and is so decidedly superior to all 
 other looms, for all the curious varieties of figure-silk 
 weaving, that it has superseded them all, both throughout 
 France and England. 
 
 Yet in our own country, so highly favored in all respects 
 by nature, the successful introduction of the silk culture, 
 is mainly due to individual exertion. One day, the cultiva- 
 tion of the mulberry, and the growth and manufacture of 
 silk, in the United States, will become a resource of 
 wealth to the nation, and its encouragement will constitute 
 an essential feature in " the American System." The 
 imported silks left for annual consumption in the United 
 States, in the year ending 30th September, 1830, amounted 
 to $10,000,000 with a trifling variation, mostly from Italy 
 and France ; and from the extreme beauty, added to the 
 
SILK. 239 
 
 great usefulness of this material, the whole quantity con- 
 sumed, must very shortly be double this amount. 
 
 Those resources, the millions we now annually expend 
 for silks, the productions of foreign industry and of foreign 
 policy ; those vast sums should be preserved to our own 
 citizens, and a great and a general interest encouraged. 
 An interest so adapted, as an occupation for the feeble, and 
 a resource for the poor, and to awaken to habits of indus- 
 try and of virtue the rising generation. Thus instructed 
 and educated, they will be enabled to contribute their share 
 to the public happiness and prosperity and to add to the 
 resources and wealth of the country. 
 
 The enterprise, the fertile invention, the noble efforts of 
 individual exertion, have already accomplished much ; but 
 much yet remains to be done. That industry which still 
 slumbers, that portion which unawakened is now lost, 
 being alone, more than sufficient to accomplish all ; more 
 than sufficient to recover again those very considerable 
 sums, the millions so lavishly expended, with interest an 
 hundred fold. 
 
 By those unceasing toils, and mighty efforts, and match- 
 less labors, for which our people are so distinguished ; the 
 millions thus recovered, will not only be their just reward, 
 but will add to the substantial wealth of the nation, and to 
 the glory of the whole republic. 
 
 TI. HISTORY OF THE SILK W^ORM. 
 
 The silk worm or Bomhyx mori, is a caterpillar, its body 
 formed of numerous membranous muscles or rings, on the 
 last of which is a sharp spine. The head has a horny cover- 
 ing ; the jaws strong and sharply indented like a saw ; near 
 the jaws, two ducts convey the silken fluid ; these uniting in 
 one, form the silken thread of from 400 to 1200 feet in 
 length ; the eggs are of a dark lilac or slate color. The silk- 
 worms are at first black and extremely small ; as they advance 
 in age and size, they cast off their outer covering or skin, 
 usually four times at different periods. These successive 
 changes are called moultings ; and the times intervening, 
 are termed ages. In a colder 'temperature, the duration 
 of these several periods is prolonged ; but in a warm cli- 
 mate, the period or season of the first moulting, which ter- 
 minates the first age, usually occurs on the fourth or fifth 
 
240 NEW American orchardist. 
 
 day of its existence ; the second on the eighth or ninth 
 day ; the third on the thirteenth or fourteenth day ; and the 
 last on the twentysecond day. At each of these crit- 
 ical periods, the silk-worms remain in a torpid state, 
 eating little or absolutely nothing for a day or more. At 
 the end of about ten days more from the last period, or in 
 about thirtytwo days from the beginning, the insect, now 
 fully grown, is about three inches and one third in length, 
 transparent, of a yellowish white or pearl color. Having 
 now completed their fifth or last age, they eat no more, but 
 ascend to the leaves or brushwood, which are placed for 
 this purpose, and commence the formation of the cocoons ; 
 and in the construction of these, the insect works busily 
 and incessantly night and day, during four days. The 
 labor finished, the insect in the centre becomes transform- 
 ed to the chrysalis state. 
 
 The cocoon is usually an inch and a third in length, of 
 an oval form ; the color yellow or straw, or pure white. 
 The outer covering is like finest wool, and is called flos, and 
 is easily detached ; this being removed, the end of a thread is 
 discovered, varying from four hundred to twelve hundred 
 feet in length, of extreme fineness. After an interval of 
 twelve days' repose, from the time its labors are finished, 
 the insect pierces the cocoon and reappears^ transformed 
 anew to a grayish white butterfly. These butterflies never 
 take food ; they commence laying their eggs in twenty- 
 four or thirtysix hours after leaving the cocoon. Each 
 female usually lays four hundred eggs, which firmly adhere 
 to the paper on which they are arranged in a handsome 
 and circular form. In a few days after, their multifarious 
 labors being ended, the insect dies. 
 
 III. —climate, shelter, habitations, etc. 
 
 Wherever the mulberry finds a congenial climate and 
 soil, there also, the silk-worm will flourish. Such a cli- 
 mate and soil, and such a country is ours, throughou its 
 whole extent, from its Eastern to its Western shores. The 
 silk-worm requires a pare atmosphere for the preservation 
 of its health. It has been proved in Toulouse in France, that 
 the silk-worms raised in the huts of the poor peasants, and 
 enjoying the pure air through cracks and broken windows, 
 were from this cause alone, more productive than those 
 which were reared in the houses of the rich in the city. 
 
SILK. 241 
 
 " Mr Cobb saw the insects raised by Mr D'Homergue in a 
 yard of mulberry trees in the cily of Philadelphia, which 
 endured cold windy days, and storms of rain and thunder ; 
 a few of which notwithstanding spun in thirty days and 
 produced excellent cocoons. It is however considered 
 necessary to give to the silk-worms a shelter or habitation, 
 tight and comfortable, as those which are required for the 
 protection of our cattle ; to defend them from storms and 
 cold winds, and humid currents of air, as well as from those 
 natural enemies of the silk-worms, the cats, mice, rats and 
 poultry and birds of all other kinds ; also, the ants, these 
 last are excluded by surrounding the posts of the staging 
 with quick lime or a glutinous substance. 
 
 The houses for the silk-worms should be in airy situa- 
 tions, they may be constructed of rough boards, matched or 
 tongued. They should be provided with numerous open^ 
 ing or doors in the sides and roof, of suitable dimensions 
 for the admission of fresh air, which is essential to the 
 health of the insects ; also, with a few windows for admit- 
 ting light at all times. 
 
 The silk-worms are fed on stagings which may be three 
 feet in width, running lengthwise of the apartment. These 
 are arranged one above another, the uppermost being two 
 inches narrower than the next below, that if any should 
 pass their bounds, they may be caught in the fall. Those 
 stagings for the last age, may be placed two and a half feet 
 asunder ; for the first ages a foot and a half will do. Thin 
 boards would answer, with strips of inch board nailed 
 on the upper edge, to retain the insects within bounds. 
 These ranges may be double, with aisles or walks between 
 of four feet in width ; but the stagings must not connect 
 with the sides. More properly, they should be formed of 
 canes or rattans, or light split basket stuff, as these are 
 light, and easily cleaned and dried, and admit the air to 
 circulate through. These rest on slender supports. They 
 are more easily cleaned, if provided with a movable edge. 
 Netting of twine attached to the bottom of a square frame 
 of inch square boards, may be used, as it saves much labor; 
 on raising this from the hurdle, the silk-worms are sepa- 
 rated from the litter, which falls through. Mr Whitmarsh, 
 of Northampton, has, during this winter, constructed a 
 building and prepared for 1,000,000 of silk worms, 4000 
 frames of netting formed of cotton cord, in a manner quite 
 21 
 
242 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 new in many respects, and originated by himself, which, it 
 is supposed, may save half the labor formerly required in 
 feeding and removing the rubbish. This netting is of dif- 
 ferent degrees of fineness, according to the age of the in- 
 sect, and is placed on slender supports. Underneath are 
 slides of paper for removing the litter, which all passes 
 through. These slides are placed so near, that if by acci- 
 dent the silk-worm gets through, he may, by reaching 
 upwards, recover his former station on the netting. Thus 
 the insects are preserved from the annoyance of their litter, 
 and a free current of air is admitted. 
 
 IV. DIVISION OF LABOR. 
 
 The cultivation of the mulberry and the raising of silk, 
 may each with advantage be conducted as separate branches 
 of the same department. The avenues of the mulberry 
 tree on the plains of Reggio, with the habitations for the 
 insects which are on either side, are the property of wealthy 
 citizens who reside in Reggio ; these furnish to another 
 class the leaves, and every necessary requisite, receiving in 
 return, two thirds the product. Other places receive less. 
 Thus, too, in France, the plantations of the mulberry con- 
 stitute, in many places, a part of the real estate of the 
 landed proprietors, the leaves being annually sold on the 
 trees. And a gentleman who has resided many years in 
 France, informs us of one plantation of 5000 young trees, 
 which, when well grown, it was computed, would bring an- 
 nually one dollar each for a single crop of leaves. In that 
 country, whole families, at the suitable season, find employ 
 in gathering the leaves, as an exclusive occupation. The 
 reeling may also form a distinct branch, although it is 
 intimately and generally connected with the culture. 
 
 V. SPACE REQUIRED FOR SILK-WORMS. 
 
 Five ounces of the eggs of the silk-worm it is computed 
 will produce 200,000 silk-worms. This appears to be the 
 calculation both of Dr Pascalis and the Comte de Hazzi. 
 Both of them professedly follow those eminent and distin- 
 guished guides, the Comte Dandolo and his disciple M. 
 Bonafoux. The space which 200,000 silk-worms will re- 
 quire on the hurdles, according to different authorities, I 
 
MULBERRY. 243 
 
 have designated as follows in square Teet, according to their 
 different ages : 
 
 Authorities. 1st Age. 2d Jlge. 3rf Age. 4th Age. 5th Age. 
 
 M. Bonafoux. 47^ 95 230 545 1195 
 
 Comte de Hazzi. 50 100 230 550 1200 
 
 The space allowed by Mr Cobb appears to be about one 
 fourth less than the above. For an ounce of eggs, which 
 he calculates will produce 35 to 40,000, he allows but the 
 following space, in square feet and inches : 1st age, 7 ft. 4 
 in. ; 2d age, 14 ft. 8 in. ; 3d age, 34 ft. 10 in. ; 4th age, 
 82 ft. 6 in. ; 5th age, 183 ft. 4 in. 
 
 Other calculations, however, are based on allowing 
 greater space. Yet the house described from M. Bonafoux 
 for 160,000 silk-worms, contained but forty hurdles, each 
 fifteen feet long and three feet wide. I shall speak of this 
 house again. 
 
 The most disastrous results are to be apprehended from 
 crowding the silk-worms too close, and an inattention to 
 cleanliness. An error in these points is often fatal, and 
 may cause a total destruction by inducing malignant dis- 
 eases. The above is the calculation for 200,000, hatched 
 all at once, in the usual way. But when, as has been pro- 
 posed, but 100,000 are hatched at a time, and at intervals of 
 about eight days, it has been asserted that the same space 
 will accommodate 500,000 at the same time, of the differ- 
 ent ages. 
 
 From the combined accounts of Comte Dandolo and M. 
 Bonafoux it would appear that 1,000,000 silkworms on 
 hurdles, require 12,937 feet. Yet the house as a specimen 
 of M. Bonafoux, calculated for 160,000 silkworms, on forty 
 hurdles, in stages or stories ten deep, and actually containing 
 80,000, was but twenty feet square, twenty feet in height. 
 But then this house, so small, stood alone, by the side of a 
 brook, with five windows and twenty ventilators opening 
 through the four walls on every side, and in the roof; with 
 a chimney and broad hearth, for blazing and sudden flame 
 fires. But Comte Dandolo allows more space. These 
 openings in the roof are very important, as well as the space 
 above, as in spacious barns. 
 
 A gentleman who has devoted much attention to this 
 subject has stated that the requisite space for 1,000,000, is 
 equal to a room forty feet by eighty. I should rather pro- 
 
244 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 pose two buildings, each twentyfive feet by sixtyfour, and 
 connected at a corner ; these would cover precisely the 
 same space, and enjoy a more open and purer air. 
 
 VI. AMOUNT OF FOOD. 
 
 ' According to the Count Dandolo, five ounces of eggs 
 will furnish 200,090 silk-worms, which will consume 7000 
 lbs. of leaves ; and one hundred trees, great and small, 
 will furnish the food for all, and 21 lbs. of leaves will fur- 
 nish the food for 1 lb. of cocoons. 
 
 Count de Hazzi, from the sources above named, calcu- 
 lates that 200,000 silk-worms require 10,000 lbs. of leaves in 
 the different stages of their existence, in the following pro- 
 portions : In the first age, 50 lbs. ; 2d age, 150 lbs. ; 3d 
 age, 460 lbs. ; 4th age, 1390 lbs. ; 5th age, 7950 lbs. 
 
 According to the Diary of M. Bonafoux, 200,000 silk- 
 worms were sustained on 7217 lbs. of leaves. But it is 
 admitted that a certain quantity of leaves were given in the 
 intermediate meals, which were not reckoned in the ac- 
 count ; also, that in the first stages the leaves were chopped, 
 which enables the silk-worms to consume them without 
 waste. 
 
 VII. LABOR OF ATTENDANCE, 
 
 According to Mr D'Homergue, where the mulberry trees 
 are convenient, as they always should be, two women are 
 sufficient to gather the leaves and attend to four ounces of 
 eggs, making, at 35,000 to the ounce, 140,000, until the 
 fourth moulting, when more will be necessary, especially 
 in the last ten days. Mr Du Ponceau, says Mr Cobb, raised 
 in the city of Philadelphia, seven ounces of eggs with the 
 labor of two persons, and those not fully employed except 
 the last ten days ; and some occasional help, who were 
 employed to bring the leaves from the country two miles 
 distant. A gentleman who has paid much attention to the 
 subject, and one on whom we may rely, has assured us that 
 the labor required to attend 1,000,000 silk-worms would be, 
 in the first week, two persons ; for the second, four ; for the 
 third, eight; for the remaining two, fifteen to twenty. — 
 New York Farmer, Vol. vi. p. 243. Most of these, it is 
 added, may be boys, girls, or aged women. 
 
SILK. 245 
 
 Vin. HATCHING THE INSECTS. 
 
 The eggs of the silk-worm are of a pale slate, or dark 
 lilac color, and of the size of a pin's head ; those of a 
 yellow color are imperfect. When the mulberry begins to 
 unfold its leaf, which in our climate, Lat. 42® 23' is towards 
 the last of May, and in settled fair weather, let the papers 
 which contain the eggs be placed on tables in a comfortable 
 room, with windows facing the south, but not exposed 
 to the sun. In such a situation, the usual warmth of the 
 atmosphere produced by the sun, is sufficient to hatch the 
 eggs. When the eggs assume a whitish color, or in about 
 ten days, lay over them sheets of white paper, pierced full 
 of holes of the size of a large knitting needle, turned up 
 at the edges to prevent the escape of the silk-worm. Lay 
 over the paper, twigs containing young leaves of the mul- 
 berry, and the insects, attracted by the smell of the leaves, 
 crawl through the holes, and fall to feeding. Every night 
 these leaves are to be carried to the shelves allotted to 
 those of the first age, and allowed suitable space. Being 
 careful to preserve each day's hatching by itself, marking 
 the date on the hurdle. 
 
 IX. REMARKS ON FEEDING. 
 
 The quantity of silk which the insects afford, is in pro- 
 portion to the amount of food consumed. The duration 
 of the siik"Worm is prolonged by a cool season ; and by 
 scanty or irregular supplies of food, but the amount of silk, 
 is in this case, greatly diminished. When a crop of silk- 
 worms thus linger, either through cold or famine, for thirty 
 or forty days, the amount of silk which they afford is but 
 inconsiderable; while the bounteous harvest afforded by a 
 crop of silk-worms, fully fed and well attended, which, in 
 a warm temperature, finish their labors in twentyfour days, 
 will produce more than a double amount of silk. The 
 silk-worm feeds night and day, and the more it is fed the 
 faster it grows, and the sooner it will come to maturity, 
 and the greater will be their size ; and in proportion to 
 the dimensions of the insect, will be the size of the cocoon, 
 and the amount of silk produced. In China, it is stated 
 that the silk-worms are fed every hour, night and day ; 
 the phalcBua being a night insect. 
 
246 NE\r AMEPvlCAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 X. FEEDING, CARE AND ATTENTION. 
 
 1st Age. The eggs of the silk-worm being hatched by 
 the natural warmth of the atmosphere, are removed to pa- 
 pers placed on the hurdles. They are of a black color, one 
 twelfth of an inch in length ; those of a red color may be 
 thrown away. Feed with but a small quantity of the young 
 leaves at a time, four times during the twentyfour hours. 
 They eat well during about three days, when they grow torpid 
 and must not be disturbed till they awake. Remove the 
 litter twice during this stage ; and duringthis and the two 
 following stages, remove the litter to a table in an apartment 
 separate, and strew over a few leaves and you will recover 
 any lost worms. 
 
 2d Age. The silk-worm awakes hungry; feed them 
 about two days with young leaves or older leaves chopped 
 fine, when they will grow torpid and are not to be disturbed. 
 The litter during this stage is to be often removed. You 
 may bait the silk-worms to any corner of the hurdle by a 
 few leaves when you choose, for the purpose of sweeping 
 the litter. 
 
 3d Age. Continue feeding the silk-worms with full- 
 grown leaves. Clear the litter often — once a day at least. 
 
 4th Age. In this age the silk-worms are of a whitish 
 flesh color, except the spotted species called tigres. Their 
 appetite becomes voracious. The coarsest leaves are now 
 greedily devoured. 
 
 5th Age, and last. Bags of leaves are now introduced 
 and distributed : They now devour incredible quantities of 
 full grown leaves; even the coarsest leaves are equally val- 
 uable, and night and day they must be fed to the full. Their 
 time now being short, must be improved continually and to 
 the utmost, for the more they eat, for they hunger inces- 
 santly, and the faster they feed, the more abundant will be 
 the produce of silk. During this and the former age, 
 abundance of litter will collect from prunings of straggling 
 bra](jches and the stalks of the leaves — all must be remov- 
 ed at frequent intervals, and when the warmth of the at- 
 mosphere will admit, as in the former ages, the numerous 
 windows in the roof and sides must be opened to preserve 
 a pure atmosphere. When the atmosphere is damp, it 
 must be excluded ; and the litter removed the oftener, lest 
 
SILK. 
 
 247 
 
 pestilence should ensue. They delight in all the latter 
 stages in a cool, fresh and pure atmosphere. When the 
 weather is parching hot and dry, sprinkle the floor with 
 water occasionally, and keep vessels filled with water to 
 rectify the air. 
 
 XI. FORMATION OF THE COCOONS. 
 
 When the silk-worms become transparent, and of a clear 
 pearly color ; when they cease eating and run to and fro, 
 looking upwards or trying to ascend ; when the green 
 circles round the body become of a bright gold color, these 
 are sure indications that they are prepared for their last 
 work of forming the cocoons. Then and not before, brush 
 or twigs of oak with the leaves on are good, and are pro- 
 vided. The leaf of the oak is strong and the cocoon is sep- 
 arated from it without injury by crumbling the leaf. These 
 should be cut and dried three weeks previous, and preserv- 
 ed in readiness till required. They are placed around 
 the edges of the frame upright with the top spread. Mr 
 Gideon Smith, of Baltimore, prefers broom corn, which is 
 placed pressing against the shelf above and in a spreading 
 position. The oak leaves are used by Mr Cobb. Dr Pas- 
 calis, has found that two hurdles secured together by hooks 
 and staples at top and bottom and placed vertically, a little 
 inclining, and an inch and a half asunder, answer admira- 
 bly, the front one should be elevated an inch, that the in- 
 sects may find a passage upwards from beneath. Three 
 hurdles placed together in this mode will form two spaces, 
 which the silkworms soon find and fill. At Northampton, 
 netting hurdles have been tried, and much approved. — 
 These may be placed vertically or inclining in the same 
 mode as directed above, or an inch and a half distant from 
 the wainscot, or other fixed body. 
 
 Xil. DISEASES OF SlLK-WORMS. 
 
 Diseases of silk-worms, like epidemics in crowded cities, 
 when they do occur, are generally caused from want of air 
 and space, or from being fed with wet leaves, or from an 
 inattention to strict cleanliness, and want of a frequent 
 change, or of wholesome air. Whenever any of them ap- 
 pear sickly, they are to be removed to a separate corner or 
 apartment, and placed by themselves, on a separate hurdle 
 
248 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 called the hospital, thsit they may not infect the atmosphere, 
 and spread contagion. A very damp state of the air of long 
 continuance being unwholesome, is to be corrected by 
 flame fires. 
 
 XIII. COCOONS FOR PRODUCING EGGS. 
 
 Select for seed, the best cocoons ; those which are of 
 largest size, and feel firm, and are of a bright color; an 
 equal number of males and females. The male cocoons are 
 slender, depressed in the middle, and pointed at both ends. 
 The female cocoons are of larger size, of a rounder form, 
 and resemble in shape a hen's egg. Having stripped the 
 floss, they may be strung together by threads, being care- 
 ful not to pierce the cocoon ; or they may be placed in a 
 single layer, in open paper boxes, on shelves or tables, in 
 a darkened, retired, and warm airy room or chamber. In 
 about ten or fifteen days from the time they complete spin- 
 ning, according to the warmth of the season, the moth 
 emerges from the cocoon, a butterfly of a grayish white 
 color. The male usually appears first, and is known by his 
 smaller size and a continual flutter of its wings. The fe- 
 male is of larger size, of a whiter color, and seldom moves. 
 These are to be paired, and removed by their wings to 
 sheets of paper spread on tables or boards ; where they are 
 to be left shut up in darkness. The female usually com- 
 mences laying in about from twentyfour to thirtysix hours 
 after leaving the cocoon, and lays from three hundred to 
 four hundred eggs, disposed in a circular space on the 
 paper, to which they adhere. One hundred pairs of cocoons 
 which weigh a pound, will produce an ounce of eggs. And 
 an ounce of eggs is computed to produce forty thousand 
 silk-worms. These papers are to be carefully rolled up and 
 placed in boxes lined with paper, and preserved in a cool 
 room or dry cellar, where they will not freeze. 
 
 XIV. STIFLING THE COCOON. 
 
 Were it convenient to reel the silk from the cocoon imme- 
 diately after it is spun it would be the best mode ; but where 
 it is not convenient, the insect contained in the cocoon must 
 be stifled within about ten days after the cocoon is com- 
 pleted, otherwise it will perforate the cocoon, which would 
 thus be rendered of little value. 
 
SILK. 249 
 
 The cocoons are stifled or killed in various ways. In 
 Italy, and sometimes in this country by exposing them to 
 the ardent rays of the sun for three days when the ther- 
 mometer exposed to its rays is at 88° — they are exposed 
 each day from JO o'clock, A. M. till 4 o'clock, P. M. 
 There is no better way than this, as the cocoons are left very 
 bright. In France they are placed in bags or baskets in 
 ovens for half an hour shut up with the heat about 88®, or 
 after the bread is drawn. This is a good way. Another 
 way is, to place them in seives or boxes with perforations at 
 the bottom, and covered with a woollen cloth very close. 
 They are then exposed to the scalding steam for about ten 
 minutes by being placed over a kettle of boiling water ; and 
 afterwards rolled up for an hour in a woollen cloth. In the 
 New York Farmer, Mr Brewer has informed us, that the 
 cocoon may be stifled effectually by sprinkling with spirits 
 of wine and tightly enclosing in a tin box which is to be ex- 
 posed to the sun a few hours. The vapors of the spirits of 
 wine not only destroying the cocoon but effectually dis- 
 solving the gum and releasing the fibres so completely that 
 they may be reeled without the ad of hot water. Another 
 and more effectual mode is to enclose the cocoons in a steam 
 box, into which the steam of boiling whiskey or New Eng- 
 land rum is admitted at the bottom, the lid being perforat- 
 ed with gimlet holes. See N. Y. Farmer, Vol. 6, for 1833, 
 p. 227. This is the mode mentioned by Dr Lardner. 
 
 After destroying the insect, the cocoons are laid in 
 thin layers, on floors or stagings, or exposed to the sun till 
 the insect is dried up. 
 
 XY. WEIGHT OF COCOONS, PRODUCE OF SILK, REELING, ETC, 
 
 1, In Georgia, cocoons were produced in the early settle- 
 ments, which were so heavy, that two hundred weighed a 
 pound. Those raised by Mrs Davenport, under the direc- 
 tion of Mr Cobb, are stated to have required two hundred 
 and six only to weigh a pound. Those raised by M. Bonafoux 
 averaged two hundred and fiftysix to a pound ; and those 
 raised by Mr Busti of Pennsylvania, required three hundred 
 and six to the pound. Two specimens produced by Mr 
 D'Homergue, one raised from eggs from Carolina, required 
 three hundred and thirtyseven to a pound. The other from 
 eggs received from France, required three hundred and 
 
250 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 eightyseven to the pound. These last are called small. In 
 all these cases the cocoon was not stifled. 
 
 2. Count Hazzi states that seven to ten pounds of cocoons 
 will make a pound of raw silk. In France, sometimes 
 even twelve have been required ; while in America, eight 
 pounds will frequently produce a pound ; and Mr Cobb has 
 stated that eight pounds avoirdupois yielded from sixteen to 
 eighteen ounces of silk, six to nine cocoons to the thread. 
 
 3. According to Mr D'Homergue, 2400 cocoons of 350 
 to the pound, will produce a pound of spun silk ; or at the 
 rate of 416 lbs. of silk for 1,000,000 cocoons. Mr Cobb 
 has informed us, that this calculation cannot be far from 
 truth, and yet even a less number will, he states, produce a 
 pound, if well taken care of. Mr C. found that 8000 cocoons 
 produced three pounds, including floss. If we take this for 
 our basis, 1,000,000 cocoons would yield 375 lbs. Yet, in 
 the case of the very large cocoons produced by Mrs Dav- 
 enport, of 206 to the pound, 1,000,000 cocoons at eight 
 pounds for one would produce 606 lbs. Four hundred 
 pounds of silk for 1,000,000 cocoons, must, I think, be 
 deemed a large crop, and all this might be easily produced, 
 provided the silk-worms were properly attended, and the 
 silk skilfully reeled. 
 
 4. Reeling. — An establishment for reeling silk, is call- 
 ed ?i filature ; and Mr D'Homergue, and others too, assert, 
 that everything depends on the reeling. So important, in- 
 deed, is this branch considered, that an essential portion of 
 the profit depends on its being properly performed. Until 
 very lately, most of the silk which was made in Connecti- 
 cut was converted into sewing silk : and in 1831, according 
 to a statement I have seen, $81,000 worth of sewing silk 
 was made in Mansfield alone. " The Connecticut sewing 
 slik," says Mr Cobb, " at present does not bring a higher 
 price than the reeled silk as it comes from my reels. As 
 it is said that there is a loss of one half of the weight in 
 the preparation of sewing silk, it is evident that to reel it 
 properly and sell it for raw silk, would bring a hundred per 
 cent extra profit." 
 
 5. For the want of those suitably skilled in reeling, the 
 cocoons are stated to bring from twentyfive cents a pound 
 to fifty cents, while eight pounds only of good cocoons are 
 required for a pound of silk. And as to the time required 
 for reeling, and the price of the silk when properly reeled, 
 
SILK. 251 
 
 Mr Nouaille, according to Mr Cobb, has stated, '' that at 
 Novi (Italy) a woman experienced in the business, with the 
 assistance of a girl to turn the wheel and attend the fires 
 under the cauldron, can with ease reel off one pound of 
 silk, consisting of four or five cocoons, of the most perfect 
 quality, in a day. I am credibly informed that the price 
 of silk reeled according to the above directions, in Europe, 
 is from four to seven dollars, according to its fineness. 
 Mr D'Homergue says a woman may now reel three pounds 
 a day." In another place Mr Cobb states that silk per- 
 fectly well reeled and suited to the European market is 
 worth six dollars per pound. * 
 
 The acknowledged superiority of the Italian silk is as- 
 cribed to the perfection of the process of reeling ; this is 
 effected by the Piedmontese reel. Were the threads of 
 silk laid on the reel parallel, as in the case of cotton, the 
 silk, from its gummy nature, would stick and become use- 
 less. To prevent this, the fibres pass through guides which 
 have a lateral motion backwards and forwards, by which 
 the thread winds spirally over the reel and returns 
 spirally back ; the motion of the reel and the air dries it 
 effectually before the crossing of the threads takes place. 
 Mr Gideon Smith of Baltimore, has constructed an im- 
 proved reel, on the principle of the Piedmontese reel. The 
 drum wheel and the pulley wheel are so proportioned, that 
 the traversing bar moves back and forth five times to nine 
 revolutions of the reel. Mr Cobb has also constructed an 
 improved reel, on the principle of the celebrated Piedmont- 
 ese reel. Mr Cobb's reel is sold for twentyfive dollars. 
 Reels are to be procured in the principal cities, at the 
 Agricultural Warehouses. These reels are double and form 
 two separate threads each. 
 
 The use of the reel requires dexterity and practice. 
 The cocoons being cleared of floss, are thrown by hand- 
 fuls into basins of pure soft water, placed over small 
 furnaces of charcoal fires. When the water is almost at 
 boiling point, sink the cocoons with a whisk of broom corn, 
 under water for two or three minutes, to soften the gum 
 and loosen the fibre. Then moving the whisk lightly, the 
 filaments will adhere to it, and may be drawn up till the 
 flossy silk is unwound, and laid aside, and the fine silk 
 comes off. A sufficient number being collected the reeling 
 begins. If the pods leap upwards, slacken the reel ; if it 
 
25'2 NEW AMERICAN ORCHAUDIST. 
 
 comes off in burs, turn faster ; if the water is too hot, they 
 furse in unwinding, and cold water must be added. It re- 
 quires long practice dexterously to attend the splicing on 
 the fibres, to keep up an even thread, as the silk grows 
 continually finer to the last of the cocoon. 
 
 Mr A. Brooks of Scituate, has invented a machine which 
 reels, doubles, and twists the silken threads, and at once 
 converts them to sewing silk. Very lately we are informed 
 of another machine, at Northampton, which operates on 
 many spindles, reeling and twisting at once, and is thought 
 to be a valuable improvement. All these machines are high- 
 ly spoken of as important improvements. To these, it has 
 been proposed to connect horse or water power, as it has been 
 to the loom lately constructed by Messrs Gay & Bottum, at 
 Olneyville, Rhode Island. As to sewing silk, it is formed of 
 two kinds, and four qualities; that only being formed of the 
 best silk which is designed for sewing silk stuffs. The other, 
 or second quality, is for sewing woollens and for cordonett 
 or twist. Silk of the first quality is for singles. Of the 
 second quality, or organzine, for the warp. Of the third 
 quality, or tram silk, for the woof The bad cocoons and 
 dupions or double cocoons, form the cordonnet or twist of 
 the first and second quality. 
 
 As to the quantity of silk to be procured on an acre, 
 writers vary. Mr D'Homergue, in his letters to the Hon. 
 Andrew Stephenson, Speaker of Congress, supposes 3000 
 trees set on one acre, will produce in seven years a single 
 crop of 90,000 lbs. of leaves, sufficient for 7500 lbs. of 
 cocoons. And the Massachusetts Journal of 1828, Vol. x. 
 page 137, says, " a single acre planted with mulberry trees 
 will produce from five to six hundred pounds of raw silk." 
 I will presume that both these calculations are overrated, 
 very much so, and are not to be taken as guides. Still, 
 farmers in Connecticut find the culture very profitable. 
 Two acres of mulberries yield as much profit as a good 
 farm. One gentleman in that state set out, two or three 
 years since, over one hundred acres vnih. mulberry trees, 
 as the public journals inform us. Mr Whitmarsh of North- 
 ampton, proposes commencing with 1,000,000 silkworms 
 this season, on a new and improved plan, and has made his 
 preparations accordingly. 
 
SILK. 253 
 
 XVI. NUMEROUS SUCCESSIVE CROPS OF COCOONS. 
 
 From the present encouraging appearances, we are in- 
 duced to believe, that instead of one single and solitary 
 crop of silk in a year, we may yet be enabled, in our 
 climate, and with our prolonged summers, to raise not 
 merely two crops of silk a year, with a void interval of 
 time between them, but numerous crops of different ages 
 at the same time and in rapid succession for a season. 
 With the complete establishment of such a system, a new 
 era with us will commence. There are mulberries which 
 will renew their foliage suddenly, and for numerous suc- 
 cessive times in a season. Where a regular succession of 
 crops can thus be obtained, with a diminished proportion 
 of labor, of land, of cultivation, of habitations and of fur- 
 niture, for the successive generations of insects, how 
 greatly augmented must be the profit. 
 
 Some, I am aware, might object, on the supposition that 
 the plan has been before tried an hundred times in Italy, 
 in France, and other countries. Not a doubt exists but 
 it has been tried. But we have no evidence whatever that 
 in a suitable climate, it has ever been tried fairly and 
 aright, and failed. It seems important, that in this case, 
 only the eggs of the former year should be used, as these 
 by age, are found to hatch more promptly and simultane- 
 ously, and all these may be saved from the cocoons of the 
 first crop produced, which would prevent the possibility of 
 a degeneracy. These are to be preserved dry at a suitable 
 temperature, and to be transferred to an ice house if ne- 
 cessary, till the season they are wanted. Dr Millington, 
 however, is persuaded that it might be advantageous to 
 have different races of different ages. 
 
 In Tuscany, so fine is their climate, that two crops of 
 silk are annually produced. The same has been effected 
 by Mrs Parmentier at Brooklyn, on Long Island. The 
 first crop being fed from the leaves of the Morus multicau- 
 lis, Morus alba, and other mulberries promiscuously, were 
 of different colors, some white, and some of an orange 
 color. But a second crop of worms from the same cocoons, 
 being fed exclusively on the leaves of the Morus multicaulis, 
 finished their labors in the short space of twentysix days 
 from the commencement, which was about the 30th of July. 
 22 
 
254 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 This last circumstance might be, in part, owing to the 
 warmth of the season. The cocoons thus produced were 
 not only of larger size than those of the first crop, but 
 what is still more important, they were beautiful and 
 shining, and of the whiteness of snow. 
 
 At the Fair of the American Institute of New York in 
 1833, cocoons were produced of two successive crops of 
 silk. The first crop were hatched 11th of May. The 
 second crop the 8th of July, and a third crop might have 
 been produced. All being fed on the Morus muticaulis, 
 they were of a snowy whiteness. In the same year Mr 
 E. Stanley of Ogden, N. Y., produced two successive 
 crops, the second were hatched by accident, and the 
 cocoons were fine. In Brattleboro', Vt, in the same year 
 two successive crops were produced from the common 
 white mulberry. And in 1834, as Dr Holmes has record- 
 ed, two crops of cocoons, both of them large and perfect, 
 were produced in Winthrop, Maine. See his account in 
 the Maine Farmer, vol. iii. Feb. 20, 1835, published at 
 Winthrop. 
 
 In all these cases, the second crop of silkworms was 
 produced from the eggs from the cocoons of the first crop, 
 
 Dr Millington however, states that this practice is 
 wrong. In his valuable communication in the American 
 Farmer for January, 1829, he has stated that the eggs of 
 the same year hatch but partially, or do not hatch so 
 regular as those of the former year. He notes the date 
 and the day the eggs are produced, on the papers on which 
 they are deposited ; and those eggs of a similar age are 
 brought forward to hatch at the same time, and then they 
 usually are all ready to spin together. These are carefully 
 rolled up and preserved in dry boxes, and kept in a dry cool 
 cellar, and in June or July of the following year and when 
 the heat of the climate or season requires it, they are trans- 
 ferred to a dry ice house. 
 
 Among the great advantages of having silk-worms of dif- 
 ferent ages in the same apartment, Dr Millington states, 
 " that the same room and shelves will hold abundant- 
 ly more worms at the same time, without being crowded ; 
 and a room and shelves which will but barely accommo- 
 date 100,000 full grown worms, will better accommodate 
 250,000 consisting of four or five different ages, provided 
 each age or parcel are about equal in number, and are 
 
Silk. 255 
 
 hatched at about seven or eight days apart. Another ad- 
 vantage is, the same number of hands, with the same 
 quantity of labor, will make more silk and do it with less 
 trouble and perplexity, than when the whole crop of worms 
 are of the same age and all spin at the same time. When 
 silk-worms are young, they are extremely small, and require 
 but little room, little food, and little attention. All the 
 food they consume, up to the time they are sixteen days 
 old, would not make more than one meal for them when 
 full grown ; consequently when the whole crop of worms 
 are of the same age, there is at first but little to do ; but 
 for a few of the last days they will eat voraciously, and must 
 all be removed and cleaned frequently, and all set to spin- 
 ning at the same time. So much to do at the same time 
 creates a hurry and perplexity which must eventuate in a 
 loss for want of time to do all that is required. # # * 
 When the worms are of different ages, the labor required 
 is more equalized. A part of them will constantly be of 
 the age to require considerable attention. But this parcel 
 will be so small, that the hands will have spare time to 
 attend to the younger parcels, I have certain shelves al- 
 lotted to each parcel during a certain age ; and other 
 shelves exclusively for them to spin on. I begin with the 
 fresh hatched worms, placed on the shelves allotted to 
 worms of that age. After their first moulting I pass them 
 to the shelf allotted to the next age, and again supply 
 the first shelf with fresh hatched worms. In this manner I 
 continue, through the whole season, to bring young worms 
 on the first shelves, and pass them on until they reach the 
 spinning shelves, from which the cocoons are removed, to 
 make room for the next succeeding parcel." 
 
 " Last year I had silk-worms constantly in feeding from 
 the 20th of April until after the 20th of October." 
 
 We are assured on first rate authority, on that of Gideon 
 B. Smith, Esq. of Baltimore, that Dr Millington is an emi- 
 nently practical, scientific agriculturist, and has made silk 
 one of the principal objects of his attention during several 
 years. Mr Smith from his own experience, " bears testi- 
 mony to all Dr Millington's remarks. And considers his 
 as the very best article which had yet appeared." This 
 was in January, 1H29. Dr Millington resides at St 
 Charles, in Missouri, about latitude 38*^. 
 
 I am perfectly aware, that the excellent Dr Pascalis, at 
 
256 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 the time he published his work on silk at New York in 
 1829, endeavored to explode the idea of attempting to raise 
 numerous crops, or even two successive crops of silk in a 
 season. He states some plausible reasons for his objec- 
 tions, particularly the record of the failure of an attempt 
 near Lyons about 1820 — and also the failure of the at- 
 tempts at the Isle of Bourbon, situated beneath a fiery 
 sun, and within the burning zone. In the next year and 
 in No. 2 of his valuable work, " The Silk Culturist" for 
 January, 1830, Dr Pascalis has recorded the successful 
 introduction of the silk culture to the north of France, a 
 thing which had been deemed at least, equally as problem- 
 atical thirty years before. Also that Dr Deslongchamps 
 had even succeeded in raising a second crop of cocoons 
 from the eggs of the first. Dr Deslongchamps was one of 
 a society of savans at Paris who had performed many ex- 
 periments to prove that this branch of industry can be suc- 
 cessfully carried on through all the northern departments 
 of France. He also had ascertained by experiments at 
 Paris, that the cocoons which were produced by silk-worms 
 fed exclusively on the Bloriis midticaulis , were even rather 
 heavier than other cocoons. The more complete and 
 effectual conversion of Dr Pascalis to the system, does not 
 appear so fully until afterwards, when speaking of the 
 BI. multicaulis which he had received from France, he says, 
 '' after the discovery of this plant, a doubt no longer exists, 
 that two crops of silk may be produced in a single season. 
 
 XVII. MODERN METHODS OF COMTE DANDOLO FOR REAR- 
 ING SILK-WORMS. 
 
 [Extract from Dr Pascalis' " Practical Instructions," &c.] 
 Specimen house of Mons. Matthiew Bonafoux of Pied- 
 mont, the disciple of Comte Dandolo. I omit the diary. 
 The house, though calculated for 160,000, yet in this in- 
 stance it contained but 80,000. The house is isolated and 
 exposed on all sides. It is by the side of a brook. It is 
 twenty feet square in the clear, of course the same in 
 height. Around the four walls, at ten feet from the floor, 
 there runs a frame gallery, which facilitates the attendance 
 of the nursery in all its parts. There are five windows and 
 thirteen ventilators through the walls, so disposed as to admit 
 fresh air on all sides. These last are a foot square more 
 
SILK. 
 
 25: 
 
 or less, and furnished with slides ; and seven ventilators in 
 the roof to open with cords. There are two stoves in op- 
 posite angles, each with an air chamber for heated air ; 
 also, a fire place in the side with a broad hearth, for fires of 
 light blaze or flame fires. There are forty hurdles, each 
 fifteen feet long and three feet wide, sufficient for four 
 ounces. Opposite the principal door is a small house 
 in two apartments, one of which is for the attendants, and 
 the other for preserving the implements and also used as a 
 hot house for hatching the eggs. 
 
 There are various implements and furniture which I 
 shall not describe. A Hygrometer for ascertaining the 
 moisture ; but a saucer with some half pounded salt will 
 shew the amount of moisture. Excess of moisture is rec- 
 tified by the stoves or by flame fires. The Thermometer 
 regulates the heat within, which in the beginning is 75°, 
 but is lowered gradually to 63° in the last days, though the 
 weather is constantly growing warmer. Also a Fumitory 
 or large bottle containing seven ounces of sea salt, three 
 ounces pulverized manganese, and two ounces of water; 
 a large spoonful of oil of vitriol being added, causes an 
 effervescence, which neutralizes the bad smell or miasma. 
 
 The silk-worm according to the diary, passed through the 
 five different ages in forty days. The 80,000 silkworms 
 consuming 2887 pounds 6 ounces of leaves, besides a 
 certain quantity of foliage, given in intermediate meals, 
 not herein included. In the last stages the leaves were 
 given whole. The space occupied in the last stage is 
 stated in the diary at six hundred and seven square feet ; 
 but in the recapitulation, it is put down at three by three 
 hundred and fortyfive feet, which would be something more, 
 or equal to the space in the clear of twentythree hurdles. 
 Total weight of cocoons three hundred and four pounds 
 eight ounces, or sixteen to the ounce ; all firm, well nour- 
 ished, sizeable, of a fine straw color. One pound of 
 cocoons has required nine pounds of chopped mulberry 
 leaves. 
 
 Let it be remarked, that this house stands alone, exposed, 
 on its four sides to the four winds. And with the ample 
 space above, it might well contain double the number usu- 
 ally allotted in the same area, in buildings covering a 
 wide space, or in secluded situations. 
 
 Excess of moisture being rectified by flame fires, which 
 22* 
 
258 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 are sometimes kindled four times a day. Dr Pascalis, an 
 eminently scientific gentleman, has by electricity inspired 
 the silk-worms to hasten their labors. By insulating the 
 hurdles, and by the aid of the electric machine and jar, he 
 has succeeding in bringing their labors to a close in twen- 
 tyseven days. He states that he is willing, though it divides 
 the honor of discovery, to appeal to the celebrated Abbe 
 Boissier de Sauvages, who wrote 70 years ago. Sauvages 
 had expressed his belief that the finely pointed appendage 
 or process, proceeding from the last ring of the silk-worm 
 was a mysterious organ, the use of which could not be de- 
 fined, unless it was an electrical point or tractor. He pro- 
 poses to correct the unwholesome condition of a damp 
 atmosphere by fires, which will diff*use a dry heat : adding, 
 " That temperature is at all times best for nurseries, in 
 which the air is the most electrified, and electrical experi- 
 ments are the most successful." * * Comte Dandolo 
 rectifies the dampness of the air " by burning in one or 
 two chimneys, shavings or straw, or any small dry brush- 
 wood, because the external air thereby attracted, will com- 
 fort and restore the languishing worms ; and this renewed 
 air by no means can increase the necessary or internal 
 temperature. Another reason why blazing fires are to be 
 preferred, is the quantity of light disengaged from dry com- 
 bustibles ; it is surprising how useful this reviving light 
 proves to the insects, and how much it contributes to their 
 health and growth." 
 
 V I N E. — f Vitis vinifera.) 
 
 The grape vine is a deciduous tree, with an irregular 
 contorted stem, and long flexible branches. They trail on 
 the earth, or, connected by their tendrils to trees, they rise 
 vertically, even to the summits of those which crown the 
 forest. The leaves are large, smooth, or downy, serrated, 
 lobed, or entire. The leaves and footstalks of the white or 
 yellow grapes, change from a green to a yellow color, late in 
 autumn ; and those of the red or black grapes, to a red- 
 dish hue. The blossoms are produced in long clusters or 
 racemes, from the wood of the same year ; they possess a fra- 
 
GRAPES. 259 
 
 grant odor. The fruit is in clusters, the berries round or 
 oblong ; their color varying from white or yellow, to red, 
 to blue, or to black. The pulp contains a juice, rich, sac- 
 charine, and abundant, of surpassing flavor. The berries 
 contain, from one or two to five small stones. Those, how- 
 ever, of the Ascalon, or Corinth, and the Sultana have none. 
 
 The vine is a native of the temperate regions. Its history 
 is traced to a very ancient date in Persia. It is cultivated 
 extensively for wine in every part of Europe favorable to 
 its growth, from the Mediterranean sea to the latitude of 
 51°. Also in South Africa, and the African isles of the 
 Atlantic, and in Greece. It is also cultivated in Barbary, 
 and Egypt, and in all those parts of Asia which are pos- 
 sessed of a suitable climate; but not, however, so much 
 for wine, its use being forbidden to the disciples of Moham- 
 med. It does not flourish within the tropics ; it may, in- 
 deed, grow there, but produces but little fruit, except in 
 the mountainous elevations. Yet in some tropical coun- 
 tries, as at Bombay, where unceasing summer allows no 
 rest to the vine, or its wonted repose, they give them by 
 artificial means , a suitable season for slumber, and the vine, 
 thus recruited, becomes productive. [See Cultivation.] 
 
 The vine is extremely long lived : It is stated that some 
 have lived six hundred years ; and according to Bosc, there 
 are vines in Burgundy, four hundred years old. The na- 
 tive vines of America, as of other countries, ascend to the 
 summits of the highest trees of the forest, growing some- 
 times of enormous dimensions. And vine timber, is stated 
 to be of very great durability ; of this fact, the long life to 
 which the vine tree will attain, might alone be deemed 
 sufficient evidence. It is deemed too valuable to be ap- 
 plied to common purposes, its use being confined, almost 
 exclusively, to furniture, statues, &c. 
 
 Uses. — The fruit of the grape has been highly prized, 
 in all ages, as a delicious, and wholesome dessert fruit. 
 They are used as preserves, in pastry and in cookery. Su- 
 gar is also made from the juice of the grape, good but coarse 
 grained ; and the unfermented juice, when boiled to the 
 consistency of honey, is esteemed a delicious article of food, 
 being used, both in Europe, and in the Mohammedan 
 countries, either with or without sugar, as butter or honey 
 is used. 
 
 Raisins are prepared from the matured fruit of the grape. 
 
260 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 The clusters, without being separated from the branches, 
 are dipped in a ley of wood ashes, containing a small portion 
 of the oil of olives, and then dried by exposure to the sun. 
 By another mode, though not so good, they are dried in an 
 oven. Raisins are esteemed, not only as a delicious, but a 
 wholesome and nutritious food, when used in moderation. 
 They are of extensive use, both for the dessert, and in 
 cookery. A good wine may also be prepared from them. 
 
 The grapes which are imported from France and Spain, 
 are packed in alternate layers of saw-dust, which has been 
 thoroughly dried in an oven : and we are assured, that 
 grapes may be preserved a year, by being gathered in the 
 afternoon of a dry day, and inclosed in a dry, tight cask ; 
 being laid singly, and in layers, between alternate layers 
 of thoroughly kiln-dried bran. 
 
 Sherbet constitutes a cooling and wholesome drink of 
 the Mohammedans. It consists of the unfermented juice 
 of the grape, mixed with water, sugar and spices. 
 
 The unfermented juice of the grape, which constitutes 
 the essential elements of wine, consists of, 1st, water ; 2d, 
 sugar ; 3d, tartaric acid ; 4th, mucilage; each in different 
 proportions. But after fermentation, wine contains, by 
 chemical analysis, 1st, water ; 2d, alcohol ; 3d, sugar ; 4th, 
 tartaric, carbonic, and malic acids. It also contains tannin, 
 a coloring matter, and a volatile oil. 
 
 Gross or watery wines are extremely difficult to pre- 
 serve and manage. It is far otherwise with those which 
 contain a suitable proportion of the essential elements ; these 
 being comparatively of very easy management. Where 
 the elementary principles are deficient, they should be 
 added at once in the beginning, and before the fermenta- 
 tion has commenced. 
 
 In modern France, sugar is now added, when its pres- 
 ence is essentially wanting ; and vineyards which before 
 would never make anything, or but very poor wine, are 
 now, by this addition alone, rendered productive in good 
 wine ; and the sugar produced from the potato, is now, it 
 is said, much used for this purpose in that country ; and 
 for this purpose it seems to be peculiarly adapted, its taste 
 being intermediate between the sugar of the cane, and the 
 sugar which is produced from the grape. 
 
 From a pound and a half of potato starch, one pound 
 and a quarter of crystalline brown sugar has been obtained. 
 
GRAPES. 261 
 
 And starch, according to Davy, is converted into sugar by 
 the very simple process of boiling in very diluted sulphuric 
 acid. One hundred parts of starch, four hundred parts of 
 water, and one part of sulphuric acid, by weight, are kept 
 boiling for forty hours; the loss of water by evaporation, 
 being supplied by new quantities. The acid is to be neu- 
 tralized by lime, precisely as the acid which is contained 
 in the juice of the sugar-cane is neutralized, and the sugar 
 is crystallized by cooling. 
 
 The moderate use of good wine is deemed wholesome, 
 especially to convalescents recovering from malignant fe- 
 vers, and to those of debilitated habits, as it accelerates 
 the circulation. On the other hand, its too liberal or im- 
 moderate use, undermines the constitution, and lays the 
 foundation of a train of diseases. It paralyses the mental 
 faculties, and induces those disorders of body, which not 
 uncommonly terminate in death. 
 
 The varieties of the Grape are very numerous. The fol- 
 lowing comprises a selection of the best varieties known. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 In the arrangement of grapefe, I have divided the whole 
 into four sections. 
 
 Section I. Those called Chasselas grapes ; these are 
 early. 
 
 Section II. Those called Muscats, or Frontignacs. 
 The Muscats are more tardy in ripening than the Chassela:s 
 grapes. 
 
 Section III. Other highly approved foreign varieties. 
 
 Section IV. American grapes. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 CHASSELAS GRAPES. 
 
 The Chasselas grapes are in high estimation at Paris, and 
 in the north of France, as well for their excellent quality, 
 as for their early maturity. 
 *WIIITE CHASSELAS. 
 
 Royal Muscadine, D'Arboyce, For. Lindley. 
 Chasselas de Fontainbleau, Bon Jard. Sweetwater. 
 The wood grows pretty strong ; the bunches are large 
 
262 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 and shouldered ; the berries are large, round, greenish 
 yellow, golden or amber colored at maturity ; the flesh is 
 juicy, rich, vinous, and excellent ; a capital and very pro- 
 ductive variety. At Paris it is generally cultivated on 
 walls ; near Boston it is considered one of the very best for 
 our climate ; ripening well its fruit in open culture, in 
 favorable seasons and situations. A gentleman here of 
 great experience and observation, is confident that the 
 Sweetwater, and the Chasselas de Fontainbleau, are but 
 one and the same ; and that the difference which they 
 sometimes assume, is owing to no other causes, than a 
 difference of exposition. 
 
 *GOLDEN CHASSELAS. 
 
 Chasselas Dore', Bar sur Aube, Duh. Bon Jard. 
 
 Raisin DE Champagne, Bon Jard. p. 366. 
 
 Yellow Chasselas of Thomery. 
 
 The wood of this fine variety is of medium vigor, the joints 
 short ; by this it is distinguished from the White Chasselas. 
 It is also a fortnight earlier than that variety, but is not 
 so exuberantly productive. The bunches are large ; the 
 berries large and round, of a yellow amber or gold color, 
 melting, pleasant, sweet and excellent. The bunches of 
 this variety are somewhat peculiar, having mostly quite 
 large berries, intermixed with some few of small size on 
 the same bunch. This fine variety has been introduced by 
 S. G. Perkins, Esq. and produces good crops in open cul- 
 ture in warm expositions. To produce great crops and 
 enable the fruit to set well, it must be screened from high 
 winds from the time of blossoming, till the fruit becomes of 
 the size of peas. The Chasselas Dore, Bar sur Auhe, of 
 the old Duhamel and the Bon Jardinier, must not be con- 
 founded with the White Chasselas, or Chasselas de Fontain- 
 bleau. 
 
 BLACK CHASSELAS. Lindley. 
 
 Chasselas Noir, of the French. 
 
 Black Muscadine, of the English. 
 
 The bunches are the size of the White Muscadine ; the 
 berries are of a globular form, of a black color, and cover- 
 ed with blue bloom ; the flesh is rich and of very good flavor. 
 
 MUSK CHASSELAS. Duh. Bon Jard. 
 
 Chasselas Musque, Bon Jard. Duh. 
 
 The bunches are of medium size ; the berries are round 
 and of moderate size, of a green or greenish yellow ; the 
 
GRAPES. 263 
 
 pulp is sweet, high flavored, and musky ; this variety is 
 rather later than the Golden and White Chasselas. 
 
 RED CHASSELAS. Bon Jard. For. Lindley. 
 
 Chasselas Rouge, Bon Jard. Red Muscadine. 
 
 The bunches are of medium size, but very compact ; the 
 berries smaller than the White Chasselas, of a dark red 
 color, sweet and of good flavor. This variety is not so 
 early as the White Muscadine. 
 
 VARIEGATED CHASSELAS. Neill. Lindley. 
 
 A new variety raised by Mr Knight, from the seed of 
 the Chasselas, fertilized by the pollen of the Aleppo. The 
 berries are striped, and very beautiful, with a thin skin, and 
 juicy. The leaves in autumn become variegated with red 
 and yellow ; a very productive and hardy variety, ripening 
 well in the open air. Thus has Mr Neill described it ; but 
 according to Mr Lindley, the bunches are long, the berries 
 rather small, globular, deep purple next the sun, tender^ 
 'g^ery saccharine, and of pretty good flavor. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 MUSCATS, OR FRONTIGNACS. 
 
 The Muscats or Frontignacs, are highly esteemed for 
 their delicate and delicious musk flavor. They are not 
 quite so early in their season of maturity as the varieties of 
 Chasselas. 
 
 BLACK FRONTTGNAC. Forsyth. Lindley. 
 
 Blue Frontignac, Violet Fkontignac. SpeechLy. 
 
 Muscat Noir, of the French. 
 
 The bunches are rather short, and below medium size, 
 and loosely formed; the berries are of medium size, round, 
 black, and covered with blue bloom ; the flavor is vinous, 
 sweet and musky. This is not so highly esteemed at Paris 
 as the White Muscat, It rarely ripens in open culture, 
 either there or near Boston. 
 
 RED FRONTIGNAC. Mr Neill. 
 
 Grizzly Fkontignac. lb. Muscat Rouge. Bon Jard. 
 
 The bunches are rather large, long, and moderately com- 
 pact ; the berries are pretty large, round, of a red color 
 
264 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 and of a high vinous and musky flavor. This variety 
 ripens earlier than the White Frontignac, and although not 
 so high flavored as that variety, it is more esteemed in 
 France than the Violet and Black Muscat. 
 
 RED MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. For. Lindley. 
 
 Red Frontignac of Jerusalem, of Miller. 
 
 It resembles the White except in regard to color ; the 
 bunches are rather large, and shouldered ; the berries 
 rather large, oval, of a red color ; the skin is thick, the flesh 
 firm, juicy, saccharine, musky, and high flavored. Bradley 
 calls this one of the very best of grapes. It is also said to 
 be more esteemed about Paris, than the White Muscat ; 
 and there, against good walls, it ripens very well. 
 
 *WHITE FRONTIGNAC. 
 
 Muscat de Frontignan. Muscat Blanc. Bon Jard. 
 
 The bunches are very long, conical, compact ; the berries 
 the size of the Chasselas, round, a little elongated, white, 
 but slightly yellow next the sun ; the pulp white, cracking, 
 of an exquisite sweet and musky flavor. Very productive. 
 Highly esteemed near Boston, where its cultivation is 
 principally confined to vineries, as it seldom comes to ma- 
 turity in out of door cultivation. 
 
 WHITE MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. Mr Neill. 
 
 Muscat D'Alexandria Blanc, Bon Jard. 
 
 Passe longue Musque, lb. 
 
 Muscat of Jerusalem, Miller. 
 
 Passe Musque'e, Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 The bunches are very large, long, irregularly formed ; 
 the berries very scattering, large, oval, of an amber color 
 at maturity. The skin is thick ; pulp hard, musky, juicy, 
 racy, and high flavored. The berries have one or two 
 seeds or none. Highly esteemed by the English ; it is also 
 highly esteemed at Paris ; but they consider their climate 
 too cold for all the Muscats. The Muscats are there 
 placed in the angle formed by two walls, the one facing 
 east, the other south. In the Catalogue of the London 
 Horticultural Society, the Malaga is put down as a syn- 
 onyme of this ; but I have doubts on the subject. 
 
 WHITE MUSCAT OF LUNEL. Speechly. 
 
 The bunches are rather large ; the berries are large, 
 oval, of a fine amber color, sometimes clouded with russet 
 next the sun. The skin is thin, the flesh delicate, juicy, 
 and vinous. A productive variety. 
 
GRAPES. 265 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 OTHER HIGHLY ESTEEMED FOREIGN VARIETIES. 
 
 SUBSEC. I. — BLACK, BLUE, AND PURPLE GRAPES. 
 
 *BLACK CAPE. 
 
 The bunches are very large and shouldered, sometimes 
 vi^eighing over two pounds ; the berries extraordinary large, 
 oval and black ; of excellent flavor and quality. In highly 
 favorable seasons and situations, it ripens well in the vicinity 
 of Boston in open air. Imported by S. G. Perkins, Esq. 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. An acquisition to the 
 country. It is a most productive variety ; and three vines 
 in open culture have ripened at Mr Perkins's more than 
 500 pounds in a single season. 
 
 BLACK DAMASCUS. Lindley. 
 
 The bunches are middle sized, and loosely formed ; the 
 berries are globular and of different sizes ; the large berries 
 have two seeds, the small have none ; their color is black ; 
 flesh delicate, juicy, and of most superior flavor. 
 
 *BLACK HAMBURG. 
 
 Warner's Black Hamburg, according to Lindley. 
 The bunches are large, well shouldered and compact ; 
 their breadth is nearly equal to the depth ; the berries large, 
 oval, of a deep purple color, or nearly black, and covered 
 with a blue bloom ; the flesh is tender, saccharine, and of 
 excellent flavor ; a very productive and excellent variety ; 
 a great favorite at Boston, and much cultivated in their 
 grape houses. In favorable seasons and situations it ripens 
 at that place in open culture. The wood of this variety is 
 strong and luxuriant ; the clusters of fruit are beautiful, 
 and sometimes weigh two pounds. 
 
 BLACK LOMBARDY. Loudon's Mag. Lindley. For. 
 
 West's St Peter's, Lindley. 
 
 The wood is short jointed ; the bunches are long and 
 large shouldered ; the berries are large, round, black at 
 maturity ; the skin is thin, the pulp juicy and high flavored. 
 
 BLACK PRINCE. Neill. Hort. Trans. 
 Lisbon, or Portugal, according to some. 
 The leaves are broad, deeply lobed, widely serrated, 
 
 23 
 
266 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 their long footstalks tinged with red. The bunches are 
 very long, sometimes, but rarely, shouldered ; the berries 
 are oval, dark purple, and covered thick with blue bloom ; 
 the flesh is pale, juicy, sweet and well flavored ; each usu- 
 ally containing five seeds. This excellent grape, it is 
 stated, sometimes ripens even on the, open walls in the 
 south of England ; the bunches have sometimes weighed a 
 pound and a half 
 
 BLACK RAISIN GRAPE. Lindley. For. 
 
 The bunches are large, long ; the largest are shouldered ; 
 the berries are large, black, of an oval form ; the skin is 
 thick, the flesh is firm, juicy, and very high flavored. The 
 wood is long jointed. 
 
 BLACK ST PETER'S. 
 
 Black Grape from Palestine, Speedily. 
 
 The bunches are large, long, sometimes shouldered ; 
 they resemble the Black Hamburg, but are longer ; the ber- 
 ries are large, roundish oval, of a black color, and thin 
 skin ; very juicy, delicate and fine flavored. Near Boston, 
 this grape is seldom cultivated, except under glass. 
 
 MILLER'S BURGUNDY. 
 
 Le Meunier, Morillon Jaconne'. 
 
 The bunches are short and compact; the berries small, 
 round, black, and covered with blue bloom; the flesh is 
 tender, juicy, very sweet, and good flavored; the under 
 surface of the leaves, is covered with hoary down like meal : 
 hence the name of Miller's Grape. One of the hardiest 
 varieties, and extensively cultivated in Burgundy for wine. 
 
 *CONSTANTIA. 
 
 The wood of this variety is large ; the leaves rough and 
 downy ; the bunches are of good size ; the berries are 
 round, of a purple color, and of a most delicious sweet 
 flavor. The fruit ripens well in the open air in our climate, 
 but only in highly sheltered situations. The berries con- 
 tain but two seeds, and sometimes but one. This grape 
 was imported by S. G. Perkins, Esq. from the Cape of Good 
 Hope ; and is supposed to be one of the most valuable in 
 the country, and remarkably productive. 
 ESPERIONE. Hort. Trans. Vol. in. p. 93. 
 
 The bunches are large, the size of the Black Hamburg ; 
 shouldered, pretty compact. The berries are round, or 
 flattened at the head, of a deep blue or black color, and 
 
GRAPES. 267 
 
 covered with bloom. The flesh adheres to the skin ; and 
 though neither melting or high flavored, is pleasant. The 
 Esperione is productive to an extraordinary degree, very 
 hardy, very early, equally so with the Sweetwater and 
 Muscadine ; and in unfavorable seasons, has a decisive ad- 
 vantage over these varieties. 
 
 FRANKENTHAL. Lindley. 
 
 Frankendale. 
 
 The bunches are large and well shouldered, they some- 
 what resemble the Black Hamburg. The berries are oval, 
 flattened at the head, indented at the side, of a purple or 
 black color, covered with blue bloom ; the flesh is tender, 
 juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent flavor. 
 
 ORGS GUILLAUME. N. Duh. 
 
 The bunches very large and compact. The berries are 
 large, oval, black, and covered with azure bloom ; the 
 skin is thick, the flesh green, melting, the juice abundant, 
 and without color, pleasant and sweet. They have gener- 
 ally three small seeds. It produces abundantly, ripening 
 the middle of September ; in good years it ripens well on 
 espaliers. Its cultivation is not yet extended in the envi- 
 rons of Paris, but it merits to be cultivated for the table. 
 
 GROS MAROC. 
 
 The bunches are of good size, sometimes very large ; the 
 berries are large, oval, of a dark purple or violet color, and 
 covered with bloom ; the skin is thick ; the flesh juicy and 
 high flavored. It ripens in open culture near Boston, but 
 only in favorable seasons and situations. 
 
 LANGFORD'S INCOMPARABLE. Lindley. 
 
 The bunches are of good size, compactly formed and 
 shouldered; the berries are of moderate size; the smallest 
 are round, the largest oval, of a dark purple color, covered 
 with blue bloom. The flesh is tender, juicy, saccharine, 
 and resembles the Miller's Burgundy. Mr Lindley states 
 that a single vine growing at Mr Langford's, produced two 
 hundred and twentyfive pounds in a single year ; he es- 
 teems it the best and most hardy out of door grape known 
 in that country. 
 REGNER DE NICE. 
 
 A large black grape of high reputation, very recently 
 imported by Mr Perkins, 
 
268 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 TEINTURIER. N. Duh. p. 150. 
 
 Alicant, Lindley. 
 
 Black Spanish, Speechly. 
 
 Black Portugal, Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 Gros JSoir p'Espagnk, Bradley. 
 
 The leaves are small, and deeply divided into five lobes; 
 and in autumn variegated with red and yellow, and beau- 
 tiful ; the bunches generally small, oblong, compact ; the 
 berries round, black, covered with blue bloom, their diam- 
 eter seven to eight lines ; flavor tolerable ; the flesh, juice, 
 and seeds are red, and are used for coloring other wines. 
 Ripe at Paris 15th September. 
 
 SUBSEC. II. — RED OR REDDISH PURPLE GRAPES. 
 
 POONAH. Hort. Trans. Vol. iv. p. 516. 
 
 The bunches are large, well shouldered, tapering to a 
 point ; the berries are nearly oval ; pale red in the shade, 
 but darker red next the sun ; sweet but not very juicy ; 
 they have generally but two seeds. This vine was intro- 
 duced from Bombay by Sir Joseph Banks in 1817. The 
 scrape keeps a long time, and is extensively cultivated at 
 Poonah, and the ripe fruit sent thence annually to Bombay 
 and its dependencies. This grape eminently deserves trial. 
 
 RAISIN DE CARMES. Hooker's Pom. Lond. PL x. 
 
 Raisin de Caeo, For. Neill. 
 
 The vine is vigorous and bears well ; the fruit is in long, 
 loose bunches ; the berries very large, interspersed with a 
 few of small size, of an irregular oval form ; the skin is 
 rather thick, of a dusky reddish purple, covered with bloom ; 
 the flesh is rather firm, extremely rich, though somewh at 
 acid ; the seeds are large, seldom more than one. 
 
 RED HAMBURG. Mr Neill. 
 Warner's Red Hamburg, lb. 
 Brown Hamburg, Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 GiBRALTER, lb. 
 
 The bunches are large and similar in size and shape to 
 the Black Hamburg ; the berries rather large, oval, dark 
 red or purple ; the skin is thin ; the flesh juicy, delicate 
 and vinous. This variety according to Mr Lindley, is the 
 famous Hampton Courl. vine. 
 
269 
 
 SUBSEC. III.— WHITE GRAPES. 
 
 EARLY WHITE MUSCADINE. Mr Neill. For. 
 
 White Muscadine, Royal Muscadine, Pom. Mag. 
 
 Amber Muscadine, For. 
 
 Early White Grape of Teneriffe, of Speedily. 
 
 The bunches are generally small, but very numerous : 
 but they are sometimes considerably large, loosely formed 
 and shouldered ; the berries are round, medium sized, of 
 an amber color; the flesh is firm, saccharine, rich, but not 
 high flavored; very productive — and for the certainty of 
 its ripening, it is considered one of the best European vari- 
 eties for a northern climate. 
 
 BORDELAIS. Bon Jard. 
 
 Verjus, Bourdelais, Bon Jard. p. 367. 
 
 The bunches are compact and very large, often of extra- 
 ordinary size ; the berries are very large, oblong, pale yel- 
 low ; the flesh hard, juicy, and agreeable at maturity. A 
 very late variety ; its principal use is for its verjuice or for 
 cooking, for which purpose it is gathered in an immature 
 state. There is a red or black variety possessing the same 
 qualities. 
 WHITE CORINTH. 
 
 Gorinthe Blanc, Duh. and Bon Jard. 
 
 The bunches are small, oblong, compact; the berries 
 very small, round, yellow, juicy, sweet, and without seeds. 
 The Violet Corinthe differs from this, only in color — and 
 is probably identical with the Black Corinth, Z ante, or 
 Black Ascaloii — known in commerce as the Zante cur- 
 rant s,^\\\q,\-\ we receive from the Mediterranean in a dried 
 state. It has been estimated that 6000 tons are annually 
 shipped from the Ionian Islands. 
 
 MALMSEY MUSCADINE. For. Lindley. 
 
 Malvoise'e Musq.ue, of Bradley. 
 
 It resembles the White Muscadine, but the bunches and 
 berries are smaller; it is very sweet and of high flavor; 
 it bears well and is a valuable grape. It requires a vinery 
 in England — so say Forsyth and Lindley. Bradley says 
 it is one of the richest musked grapes — that it came from 
 Montserrat and grows plentifully about Turin. 
 PITMASTON WHITE CLUSTER. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Raised by John Williaras, Esq. of Pitmaston, from the 
 23* 
 
270 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 seed of the Auvernat or Miller's nvrgundy. The bunches 
 are rather larger than the Auvernat, compactly farmed ; it 
 ripens earlier than that variety or the Siocet-ivater. The 
 berries are round, a little flattened at the apex, of an am- 
 ber color, but bronzed with russet next the sunj the flesh 
 is tender and pleasant. 
 
 QUEEN'S. 
 
 The bunches are large, berries round, white, of a good 
 size, and of fine flavor ; the vine is luxuriant ; this is a va- 
 riety lately received here, and was sent to Col. Gibbs, 
 of Sunsvvick, New York, from Vienna. It ripened well 
 in 1831. 
 
 SYRIAN. Mr Neill. 
 
 One of the coarsest of the grape kind ; the bunches 
 large, broad shouldered, of very regular form ; the berries 
 are large, white, oval ; the pulp firm and hard, of tolera- 
 ble flavor if well ripened; an excellent bearer; and the 
 bunches when ripe will remain many weeks longer than 
 any other variety. 'J'his grape would not probably ripen 
 in the open air in the climate of New England. Mr 
 Speechly has stated that he raised at Welbeck a bunch oi 
 this variety measuring nineteen and a half inches in 
 breadth, twentyone and three fourths inches in depth, in 
 circumference four and a half feet, and weighing nineteen 
 and a half pounds. This is supposed to be the kind men- 
 tioned. Numbers xiii. 23. 
 
 TOKAY. Duh. 
 
 White Morillon, Speechly's syn. Grizzly Muscat? 
 
 The branches are of moderate size, compactly formed ; 
 the berries inclining to oval, are rather small, faintly tinged 
 with gray or red ; saccharine and pleasant. This grape 
 ripens in good seasons near Boston in open culture ; and 
 is the variety of which the celebrated Tokay wine is 
 made. 
 
 VERBAL, Mr Niell. Bon Jard. 
 
 Verdelho, lb. Bon Jard, p. 3G7. 
 
 The vine grows vigorously ; it is remarkably productive ; 
 the bunches are variable in size, but beautiful ; the ber- 
 ries are oval, of a fine amber color, of a very rich saccha- 
 rine taste and good flavor. Much cultivated in Languedoc 
 and there called Verdal. It was brought from thence to 
 Paris, where it is highly esteemed as the best and sweetest 
 
GRAPES. 271 
 
 of all dessert grapes ; but it there requires a warm sum- 
 mer and the best exposition to bring it to maturity, when 
 the bunches become beautiful, the berries large, each con- 
 taining two seeds. This in the Verdellio Grape, of Ma- 
 deira, of which Madeira wine is principally made. 
 
 WHITE HAMBURG. Speechly. Lindley. 
 
 White Portugal, White Lisbon, Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 White Raisin, Raisin Muscat. 
 
 The bunches are large and loosely formed ; the berries 
 large, of an oval form and greenish white color ; the skin 
 is thick, the pulp hard, and the juice sweet, slightly mixed 
 with acid. Mr Lindley informs us, that this grape is by 
 many much admired, that it keeps long, and is the same 
 that is annually imported into that country from Portugal, 
 to the value of j6'10,000 in the winter season, and sold in 
 the shops for Portugal grapes. We may perhaps ascribe 
 its long keeping to its hard pulp and thick skin, and would 
 suggest that it might prove a profitable article of cultivation 
 and export from the Southern States. 
 
 WHITE ST PETER'S. 
 
 Saint Pierre, Bon Jard. 1828, p. 308. Moscow. 
 
 The bunches are large, very beautiful and compactly 
 formed; the berries are round, white and excellent. My 
 i'.npression is that this grape must be a highly valuable new 
 variety and well deserving trial with us. 
 
 ALEPPO. Speechly. 
 
 Raisin Suisse. 
 
 The bunches are formed of berries of different colors; 
 the berries are round, of medium size; some are black, 
 some white, but mostly striped with black and white ; the 
 skin is thin, the flesh juicy, and of superior flavor; the 
 leaves are beautifully and variously striped in autumn with 
 red, green and yellow. This grape is rarely cultivated 
 near Boston except under glass. 
 
^72 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 AMERICAN GRAPES. 
 ALEXANDER'S. 
 
 Schuylkill Muscadel. 
 
 This grape is a great and sure bearer. I avail of the 
 description given by Mr Bartram, in a letter to Dr Mease. 
 "It is a large grape, black or blue, the size of the Vitis 
 vinifera, of the old continent ; the grapes approach .to 
 an elliptical figure ; they are, when perfectly ripe, as sweet 
 as any grape; many persons think thern too luscious. Be- 
 fore they are quite ripe, some think thsy possess a little of 
 the stingy taste of the fox grape ; but my taste could 
 never discover it." Major Adlum states that he has made 
 a wine of this grape, which Mr Jefferson has pronounced 
 ''worthy the best vineyard in France." Not so suitable 
 for the climate of Boston as the Isabella and Catawba. 
 BLAND. 
 
 Bland's Madeira, Mazzei. 
 
 This fine native grape does not ripen well in our climate 
 except in favorable seasons. It is thus described by Mr 
 Bartram in a letter to Doctor Mease, as inserted in Dr 
 Mease's edition of Willich's Domestic Encyclopaedia. 
 
 " The bunches are large, branched and well shaped, six 
 or eight inches in length ; the berries large, and round or 
 oblate; when perfectly ripe, of a dark purple or red wine 
 color; the juice sweet and lively, having a little musky 
 flavor, with a small portion of an agreeable astringency, 
 somewhat like our best bunch wild grapes, though much 
 sweeter than any of them. If this grape is what I take it 
 to be, a genuine American, it is a hybrid, or variety." 
 CATAWBA. 
 
 This superior variety was introduced to notice by Major 
 John Adlum, of Georgteown, D. C. and is esteemed by 
 him the very best native grape for making wine, known ; 
 and the wine made by him at his vineyard of this grape, is 
 deemed by good judges excellent. The bunches are of 
 very handsome size and form, and shouldered ; the berries 
 are of a deep purple next the sun; the skin is thin, juicy, 
 sweet, rich, and vinous, with a very little of the native, or 
 musky taste. This vine is very vigorous and hardy, re- 
 
GRAPES. 273 
 
 quiring no protection, and is a great and certain bearer. 
 This and the Isabella are, for the climate of New England, 
 decidedly the very best native grapes hitherto known with 
 us. Mr Adlum has stated that he has no doubt but by his 
 discovering the Catawba grape to be an excellent wine 
 grape, that it will be worth to the United States one hun- 
 dred millions of dollars before the end of this century. See 
 his Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America. 
 
 ELSINBURGH. 
 
 This grape is small, very hardy, and very productive ; 
 the fruit of a blu^ color, very juicy and sweet, free from 
 pulp and musky tnste. 
 
 ISABELLA. 
 
 This fine native grape was introduced into New York 
 about sixteen years since, by Mrs Isabella Gibbs, the lady 
 of George Gibbs, Esq. of St Augustine, then a resident of 
 Brooklyn, L. L It was received from Dorchester, South 
 Carolina, and was named Isabella, in honor of that lady, 
 by William Prince, Esq. of the Linnaean Botanic Garden. 
 From him I first received this vine, about 1820. The vine 
 is extraordinay for the vigor of its growth, and wonderful 
 productiveness. It has been stated that a single vine in 
 the garden of Gen. Swift of New York, produced above 
 eight bushels per annum, during each of the years 1820 
 and 1821 ; and the astonishing produce which we have 
 here witnessed, coiifirms our belief in all that has been 
 stated. The bunches are of large size; the berries are 
 large, of an oval form ; of a dark purple color, approach- 
 ing to black, and covered with bloom ; the skin is thin, 
 with but very little pulp ; the flesh is juicy, rich, sweet, and 
 vinous. By hanging the bunches in a room, it has been 
 ascertained that they lose that very small portion of mustii- 
 ness which they possess. This grape makes excellent 
 wine, and requires no protection in our climate, 
 LUFFBORUGH. 
 
 This grape, according to Professor Rafinesque, has ber- 
 ries very large, of a deep purple, pulp dissolving in a sweet 
 musky juice. Major Adlum says, the Luff borough makes 
 an excellent red wine. 
 ORWIGSBURG. 
 
 This is understood to be a very fine, sweet, white grape, 
 found nearOrwigsburg, on the Schuylkill, in Pennsylvania, 
 
274 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 Professor Rafinesque speaks of three varieties, purple, 
 white, and black, all good. 
 
 SCUPPERNONG. 
 
 Of this grape there are two varieties, the black and the 
 white ; both possessing similar qualities. The younor 
 wood is very slender, the leaves shining above and beneath. 
 The fruit very juicy and sweet. Wine is made of this 
 grape, of an excellent and very peculiar flavor. Much 
 wine is said to be made of this grape in North Carolina. 
 Many barrels are made in a single season from a single 
 vine. They are trained on arbors over the large court 
 which usually separates the main houses in that country 
 from the kitchen, which is in the rear ; and a single vine 
 will soon cover a space of a hundred feet by forty. The 
 climate of New England is not so well suited to this vine. 
 Accounts have been stated [see New England Farmer,] 
 of single vines which would produce forty bushels in Caro- 
 lina. They are said to flourish, and their roots will find 
 nourishment in sandy land, good for nothing else. 
 WORTHINGTON. 
 
 This grape, according to Professor Rafinesque, produces 
 smaller berries than the Frost grape ; the juice sweet and 
 rough ; of a dark red color. Major Adlum calls it a very 
 great bearer, and states that the wine of this grape, mixed 
 with the Schuylkill, gives it a degree of roughness, between 
 Port and Claret. 
 
 CULTIVATION, SOIL, &c. 
 
 The grape vine is propagated by layers ; also by cut- 
 tings, which should be cut of the length of two or three 
 eyes, and close below the lowest eye, and set in a warm 
 situation, and humid soil, with but a single eye above the 
 surface ; or it is raised even from the cuttings of a single 
 eye. They may also be grafted at the root by the common 
 mode of cleft grafting. 
 
 The vine requires a deep, light soil, and a warm exposi- 
 tion, to produce fruit of superior quality. In cold, moist, 
 strong soils, the fruit is gross and watery, and later in the 
 season of its maturity. The vine flourishes in soils of vol- 
 canic origin j also in calcareous soils, and even in sandy soils. 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 275 
 
 On land half covered with rocks they never suffer from 
 drought and receive a double portion of the rains, and a 
 double portion of heat from the reflected rays of the sun. 
 
 The vine is a native of the temperate climates, and 
 requires a winter, — or a suitable season of repose. In the 
 tropical countries, therefore, it becomes unproductive, 
 finding no repose, nor its wonted season of rest — except 
 only in the elevated regions of mountains. Yet in some 
 tropical countries, as at Bombay, they give to their vines, 
 hi/ artificial means, a suitable time for profound rest and 
 slumber, and they awaken to fruitfulness for a season. 
 This repose lasts twentyfive or twentysix days. In Octo- 
 ber, and immediately after the rainy season is past, the 
 roots are laid bare for fifteen or sixteen days; the vines 
 are then pruned, and in about a week afterwards, the buds 
 will begin to break. The roots are then recovered with 
 soil, and the ground manured; water is also given morning 
 and evening, till the fruit attains its growth ; and after- 
 wards but once in three or four days till the fruit is ripe. 
 By varying the season of the operation, a succession of 
 fruit is insured at all times. 
 
 The young wood of the European vines requires protec- 
 tion in the winter, in the Northern and Middle States. 
 However the modes of training and management may 
 vary, protection is alike necessary in all and every system ; 
 except, only, the wood of three years' growth, which with 
 most varieties of the European vine, is deemed hardy. 
 
 In treating of the culture and management of the vine, 
 I shall confine my remarks chiefly to its cultivation in the 
 open air; and more especially to those modes of manage- 
 ment which are practised in a country, one of the most 
 enlightened on earth, and possessing a climate not very 
 much unlike our own ; where the vine has been cultivated 
 as an article of commerce and subsistence, for two thou- 
 sand years ; and where six millions of acres are cultivated 
 in vineyards. 
 
 From all the accounts which we have been enabled to 
 receive, it will appear that the climate of America, in the 
 latitude of Boston, the capital of New England, differs 
 not very materially, in the average amount of heat and 
 cold during the summer half of the year, from the climate 
 of Paris, in the North of France. Their springtime, from 
 its commencement, which is early in March, is obnoxious 
 
276 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 to Storms, and the occasional and destructive frosts of 
 winter. Our springs, from their not commencing till a 
 later period, are more frequeutly intermingled with the 
 heat of summer; and the vine, with us, never, or but 
 rarely begins to vegetate till the vernal frosts are gone. 
 With us, vegetation slumbers long, and profoundly secure, 
 immured in our winters so intensely cold, nor awakes till 
 the danger is past. For the longer duration of their 
 springs, their summers, and their autumns, we are more 
 than recompensed, even in our winters, so rigorous and so 
 fortunately prolonged ; and in our skies, so serene and 
 unclouded ; and in a sun less inconstant, more intense in 
 its heat, from its greater elevation. 
 
 In the middle and northern Departments of France, 
 and in vineyard culture, the vines are kept low, like plant- 
 ations of the raspberry, the vines being planted in close 
 order. Or, they are trained to low stakes from two to 
 four feet in height, which are renewed every year. When 
 the vine has risen to a height sufficiently above, it is bent 
 over and passed to the top of the next stake, and secured 
 in its rear; its luxuriance being thus restrained. 
 
 The same system of restriction is practised at the Clo^ 
 de Vougeaud. The vines being kept low, and the ground 
 never manured. This is regarded as the best vineyard in 
 France, and was sold during the revolution, and in 1794, 
 for 1,100,000 francs. This vineyard is walled round. 
 The soil is calcareous, on a foundation of limestone or 
 calcareous rocks. 
 
 I subjoin in this place, the remarks of the Hon. John 
 Lowell, from the New England Farmer, inserted by him. 
 "From a history of the culture of the vine in France, which 
 I have carefully gone over, I find that the plan of planting 
 the vines very near to each other, in all the middle, and 
 especially the northern Provinces, has been of high anti- 
 quity. In 1763 an innovator appeared in France. M. 
 Maupin, in his treatise entitled " A new Method of Culti- 
 vating the Vine," contended that the vines should be 
 planted four feet from each other. All France was alive 
 to the question. The experiment was fairly tried, and 
 failed, and the French returned to their old system of close 
 planting and short pruning." 
 
 The finest grapes of France are those of Tlwmery. By 
 enlarging particularly on their modes of cultivation, I am 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 277 
 
 describing not their's aione, but other systems too, whose 
 principles may all here be found, this being the combined 
 and perfect system of other most perfect systems. The 
 principles which are in this system developed, not being 
 adapted exclusively to the vine, but will serve to enlighten 
 and instruct in regard to the management of other trees 
 and plants. 
 
 The village of Thomery is situated in the Forest of 
 Fontainbleau, about a league from the palace, and about 
 twentyeight miles from Paris. It was formerly occupied 
 by vineyards, producing a poor vin du pays, and has not 
 been inclosed for the cultivation of table fruit, until the 
 last fortyfive years. At present, says Mr Robertson, about 
 six hundred acres are walled in for this purpose, in numer- 
 ous small properties and divisions. 
 
 The first introduction of the system of training and 
 managing the vine at Thomery, to the notice of the Amer- 
 ican public, is justly due to Mr Lowell. His account, 
 which was inserted' in the New England Farmer, was a 
 translation by him, from the Bon Jardinier, for 185i7, a 
 work of iOOO pages, which has been annually published 
 at Paris for seventy years, with continued improvements. 
 In that work, this mode of training and pruning, and this 
 mode alone is described by MM. Poiteau and Vilmorin, 
 the distinguished editors, this mode being considered by 
 them as the perfection of all and of every mode and system 
 that had ever been devised. The system has since been 
 introduced to notice in England, with more important par- 
 ticulars, by Mr Robertson, and his account in the London 
 Horticultural Transactions is from the Bon Jardinier and 
 the Pomme Frangaise of the Comte Lelieur, and other 
 sources. My account is combined from every source which 
 has come to hand. 1 have incorporated, often verbatim, 
 large portions of Mr Lowell's account, and some portion 
 also of Mr Robertson's, and the account from all sources 
 is as follows : — 
 
 A light and deep soil is that which is best adapted to 
 produce grapes of excellent quality. In poorer soils the 
 vine languishes ; in soils more consistent and strong, its 
 productions will be too gross, too watery, and its fruit will 
 have fewer good qualities. In the climate of Paris, the 
 vine requires a warm exposition, in order to ripen perfect- 
 ly its fruit, and it is seldom, except protected by a wall 
 24 
 
S78 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 facing to the south, or east, that it finds the heat necessary 
 to its perfection. 
 
 Of all the modes adopted, of training or of pruning the 
 vine, we shall speak only of one ; that practised at Thom- 
 ery, a village near Fontainbleau, because it appears to us 
 preferable to all others, both for its simplicity and its 
 results. 
 
 As to its results all the world know them. The grapes 
 of Fontainbleau are proverbial. It is well known that the 
 most beautiful and the best grapes in the markets of Paris 
 come from Thomery, under the name of the Chasselas of 
 Fontainbleau. 
 
 It has been supposed, that the excellence of these grapes 
 is owing to the nature of the soil, and the favorable ex- 
 posure of Thomery. By no means. Thomery has not a 
 happy exposition. The quality of the soil is inferior, in 
 many parts sterile ; it is on the side of a hill facing north 
 and east, and sloping to the river Seine, which washes its 
 base ; the soil is clayey, cold, and almost incredibly hard 
 to cultivate. We must admit, then, that it is to their treat- 
 ment of their grapes alone, that their excellence and supe- 
 riority is owing. 
 
 Before we describe their method, we would remark, that 
 they are very cautious in selecting their varieties. They 
 select their cuttings from such branches only as bear fruit 
 distinguished by some superior quality, as size, early ma- 
 turity, setting sure, or any other property they would wish 
 to perpetuate ; and they maintain that they thus actually 
 improve their quality. The kind most in repute at Thom- 
 ery, is the Chasselas de Fontainbleau. When other 
 varieties are planted, the latest kinds are always trained to 
 the lowest bar, as they are there found to ripen earlier. 
 
 The walls with which they form their inclosures, and 
 against which they train their grapes or trellises, are about 
 eight feet high, built of clay, plastered on the outside with 
 a cement of lime and sand, and covered with a chaperon 
 or coping, projecting nine or ten inches on each side. To 
 this coping they attribute the good effects of protecting the 
 wood and blossoms of the vine from the late spring IVosts 
 and heavy rains, sheltering the grapes and protecting them 
 in good condition on the wall, even till after Christmas; 
 and moderating the luxuriance of the vine. 
 
CULTIVATIO N, S^OIL, ETC. 
 
 279 
 
 iMlh aiijf it \h\i l\UkBMl\ 
 
 pi^iira^snw 
 
 The above plan of training the vine at Thomery was 
 engraved from that in Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, and 
 like that in the London Horticultural Transactions, is 
 evidently wrong. The vines are represented as set two 
 feet asunder, which is too far, rendering it necessary to 
 bring the whole of the fifth cordon from the back ground, 
 through a perforation in the wall. I have directed to 
 place the vines but nineteen or twenty inches asunder, 
 which enables them to cover completely the whole wall. 
 
280 NEV/ AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 On the southern, eastern, and western expqsures of the 
 wall, they are furnished with trellises, the upright stand- 
 ards of which are two feet apart, and the horizontal rails 
 are nine inches apart ; the lower one six inches only from 
 the ground. 
 
 The grape border along this wall, is dug or manured to 
 the width of five or six feet, and to the depth of fifteen or 
 eighteen inches. If the soil is moist or strong, they slope 
 the border so as to throw off the rains from the wall ; this 
 prevents the accumulation of water at the roots of the vines, 
 and is essential to success. When the border is prepared, 
 they open a trench at four feet distance from the wall, and 
 parallel to it, two feet wide and nine inches deep. They 
 have ready prepared, a quantity of cuttings sufficient for 
 the wall; these are about two feet long, and from being 
 taken with a piece of old wood attached to the heel, 
 are called croisettes, [cruciform,] but this form is not 
 considered indispensable. These they lay across the 
 trench at the bottom, with the top towards the wall, and 
 at the distance of twenty inches asunder, and cover them 
 with four or five inches of soil, and tread them down ; at 
 the same time raising the upper end which was towards 
 the wall, nearly to a perpendicular ; then fill the trench 
 two thirds full, and spread the residue over the border. 
 They then put into the trench, three inches of manure, 
 which keeps the plants fresh and moist, and prevents the 
 ground from becoming dry and moist. 
 
 In March, [November with us] they cut in the plant 
 to two eyes above ground ; they weed, dress and water 
 the border during the first season, if needful, for the young 
 planted grape requires a gentle degree of moisture. They 
 tie the young shoots of the year to some supporters, and 
 do everything to favor its growth. The second year, if 
 any of the plants have more than one branch, they pre- 
 serve only the strongest. They bury the new wood as 
 the first year, and so on lill they reach the wall. At every 
 time they lay the shoot, they cut in, till they reach strong, 
 ripe wood, well furnished with good eyes. It will gene- 
 rally take three years before it reaches the wall, but in the 
 meantime they gather some fine bunches. 
 
 We now come to the formation of the cordons or hori- 
 zontal branches. If the wall is eight feet high, it will 
 require five cordons [or five tiers of branches] ; the first six 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 281 
 
 inches from the ground, and the four others eighteen inches 
 asunder, upon the horizontal rails of the trellis, which had 
 been previously so arranged as to effect this object. The 
 stalk destined to form the lowest cordons, [or horizontal 
 branches to right and left,] will be cut just at the required 
 height, if it has at that place a double eye. If it has not, 
 you must cut it above the eye which is next above the 
 lowest rail of the trellis. These two eyes are destined to 
 furnish the two lowest branches or horizontal arms, the 
 one to the right the other to the left on the lowest rail. 
 The one that is too high must be bent down gently, and 
 that which is too low trained up, and then bent. The 
 first year however, these branches are trained obliquely, 
 as they would not bear being bent and confined to their 
 destined horizontal position till the next year, when both 
 are finally secured to the trellis in the same horizontal 
 line. 
 
 The second cordon [or horizontal line of branches,] 
 being at two feet distance from the ground, cannot be 
 formed as soon as the first; the third will be still later, 
 and so on. Whatever be the height you design to ad- 
 vance your stalk or stem, you ought not to advance it 
 more than twelve or fifteeen inches each year, and pre- 
 serve its lateral buds to increase its growth, and furnish 
 fruit. But as soon as the stem has reached the requi- 
 site height, it is absolutely necessary to suppress and cut 
 off all lateral buds on the main stem throughout. 
 
 Let us now suppose, that all the stems have arrived at 
 their required or destined height, and that the two last 
 branches are extended, the one to the right and the other 
 to the left, to form the two arms of the cordon, [horizontal 
 branches ;] we will now show how these two arms are to 
 be cut, till they have gained the length of four feet each. 
 
 The first year you will cut so as to leave three good eyes 
 or buds, from four to six inches apart. Two of these 
 eyes will form bearing wood, the third will be employed to 
 lengthen the branch. Care must be taken to train verti- 
 cally the shoots destined to bear the fruit ; the other is 
 trained obliquely the first year, and bent down and secured 
 in its horizontal position afterwards. At the second prun- 
 ing, the bearing shoots thus trained vertically must be cut, 
 leaving only two eyes, or buds ; and the terminal branch 
 must in like manner be so trimmed, as that there will be 
 24* 
 
^8'2 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 three eyes, two of which will be reserved for bearers, and 
 the third to prolong the shoot as in the former year, and so 
 proceed till each lateral branch shall have reached the 
 length of four feet. Each branch ought then to have 
 eight bearing eyes or shoots, all if possible, on the upper 
 side. When all the five plants shall have reached their 
 height and length, you will have on a surface of eight feet 
 square, eighty coursons or bearing branches of two eyes 
 each, each producing tw^o branches, which will each bear 
 at least two bunches of excellent grapes, or three hundred 
 and twenty bunches on eight feet square of surface, [sixty- 
 four square feet.] 
 
 According to Mr Loudon, at Montreuil, they practise a 
 more expeditious, though perhaps less perfect mode ; and 
 instead of requiring three years for the vine to reach the 
 wall, the vines are laid in horizontally, a few inches be- 
 neath the surface, and their tops brought to the wall at 
 once. In this case the vines are bent and surrounded by 
 brickbats, and thus forced to throw out innumerable roots. 
 
 The eyes at the bottom of the shoots of the grape are 
 very close together and extremely small. There are no 
 less than six in the space of two lines, or the sixth of an 
 inch. When you cut the bearing branch long, say one or 
 two inches, these little eyes become extinct or lie dormant 
 and do not push — but if you cut close to them, they de- 
 velope — they grow and produce beautiful clusters. Able 
 gardeners are well aware of this, they always cut their 
 coursons or bearing branches at the distance of a line, (or 
 one twelfth of an inch,) sometimes even less. It is for this 
 reason that these branches never become long under their 
 management. Those who are ignorant of the nature of 
 the vine cannot conceive how a bearing branch shall have 
 given fruit for twenty years, and not be at the end of the 
 time an inch long. 
 
 As soon as the young shoots of the vine have grown to 
 a sufficient length, they are attached to the treillage, the 
 stronger ones first, but loosely, until they have acquired 
 sufficient elasticity. Great caution is here necessary ; 
 you ought not to force them into a vertical position till the 
 berry is large, for they break off easily when young. 
 
 The lateral shoots which break near the eyes on the 
 young wood, and the tendrils, should be suppressed while 
 young. And if there be more than two buds which start 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 
 
 28S 
 
 from the same courson, [spur,] the supernumerary ones 
 must be suppressed, even though they exhibit fruit. Two 
 bourgeons [branches,] each decorated with two beautiful 
 clusters, are more valuable than a greater number of infe- 
 rior size. But caution is here necessary ; those supernu- 
 merary shoots which start from the base should not be 
 removed too soon, for if removed too suddenly it gives a 
 shock to vegetation, or occasions wasteful bursts of sap; 
 you wait until the wood has acquired some consistence and 
 until new channels are provided for the expenditure of the 
 sap by the expansion of the leaves, and until after the 
 grapes are set. 
 
 At Thomery, the young wood is pinched at its extremity 
 after the bloom is set, as soon as it reaches the cordon 
 next above it. This has the effect of momentarily sus- 
 pending the flow of sap in these shoots, and by that means 
 it accelerates their maturity and renders them more ligne- 
 ous. It promotes the growth of the eyes, and is indispens- 
 able for filling the lower eyes of the spurs on which 
 cultivators rely for the next year's crop ; pinching or stop- 
 ping the wood either prematurely or tardily is alike product- 
 ive of bad consequences. Weak shoots are pinched sooner 
 in proportion to their strength, but none are permitted 
 on any account to push beyond the cordon. iShould it 
 appear that the shoots of the extremities of the cordons 
 [horizontal arms,] impoverish those of the centre, the 
 former are pinched repeatedly until the equilibrium is re- 
 stored. 
 
 The season they generally prefer for the winter pruning, 
 is from the first of February to the first of March, before 
 the first movement of the sap takes place. The earliest 
 pruned vines are found to break first. The vignerons 
 avoid cutting close to the eyes, lest they might be injured 
 by the wood dying down to them, the wood of the vine, 
 from its spongy nature, not healing readily and being liable 
 to decay at a wound. To guard against this they always 
 cut midway between the eyes, sloping the cut to the oppo- 
 site side of the shoot, so that the eye may not be damaged 
 by its bleeding, 
 " When vines are planted at once close to a wall, and in 
 a level, deep border, and at an extended distance, they 
 absorb an immoderate degree of nourishment, which gives 
 rise to a rank and late vegetation, which retards the ripen- 
 
S84 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ing of the fruit. At Thomery the vines being planted so 
 close, have a more limited range for food, and the numer- 
 ous roots produced by the frequent laying in of the stems, 
 occupy the sloping borders so fully as to prevent any re- 
 dundancy of moisture, and excess of nourishment ; all 
 luxuriance is restrained ; by this means the branches com- 
 plete their growth within the bounds prescribed, they are 
 furnished with short well ripened shoots, closely set with 
 bearing eyes, which, when the ground is well manured, 
 seldom fail to produce abundant crops. 
 
 We admire, say Messrs Poiteau and Vilmorin, as many 
 others do, those branches of the vine, which are carried to 
 two hundred feet in length, — and we admit that there are 
 parts of a wall which can only be covered by branches, 
 the roots of which are very distant, but we recollect that 
 when a branch has extended beyond a certain distance, it 
 no longer gives fine clusters hut at its extremities — the 
 spurs of the centre no longer produce anything but inferior 
 bunches, [Grappillons] and generally die of inanition. 
 This inconvenience doubtless occurred to the Thomery 
 gardeners ; and by an admirable calculation they fixed upon 
 the length of eight feet for each vine ; * * * * yet though 
 only eight feet in length, they do not throw out extraor- 
 dinary shoots, because the plants being set but twenty 
 inches asunder, their roots dispute or contend with each 
 other for nourishment. The cover of the wall also, ex- 
 tending over the vine nine or ten inches, by contributing 
 to check its too luxuriant growth, its fruit has all the qual- 
 ities which it is susceptible of acquiring. 
 
 According to this system, when once the cordons are 
 completed, the pruning and training becomes so uniform 
 and simple, that it may be intrusted to any intelligent 
 workman. But what may render the practice of still 
 greater consequence in a northern climate, is, that the 
 fruit of these small spurs always ripens earlier than on the 
 strong wood. 
 
 Tillage, Manuring, &c. — In tillage they use no 
 other instrument than the hoe, they stir the ground but 
 lightly, lest they should injure or disturb the roots ; this is 
 done twice in the year, first after the summer training, 
 which generally takes place [there] in May, and again 
 when the leaves fall ; the ground is besides always kept 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 285 
 
 perfectly clean and loose on the surface, to admit the air 
 and dews. They manure their vines every three years, 
 always preferring old manure nearly consumed, and of a 
 light warm nature. They are justified in this practice by 
 the result, for their grapes are always superior in size and 
 delicacy of flavor, to any others to be met with, either at 
 Paris or elsewhere. 
 
 Management and Care of the Fruit, 6lc. — While 
 the fruit is yet very small, the bunches should be looked 
 over, and the extremities of such as are very long, cut off, 
 for they generally ripen late and imperfectly. Such varie- 
 ties as the Frontignacs, which have very close bunches, 
 should have their berries thinned out at the time when 
 they are about the size of peppercorns. When the grape 
 has nearly attained its size, it is beneficial to water the 
 fruit from a water-pot in the form of rain. This makes 
 the skin tender, and increases the size of the berries. 
 You gradually uncover the berries and expose them to the 
 sun to heighten the color, and improve the flavor; if the 
 leaves are removed with this intent, they are separated at 
 the extremity of the footstalk, which is left behind to attract 
 the sap and nourish the bud at its base. 
 
 If they wish to leave them out till after frosts, they are 
 either covered with paper bags, which are of use also in 
 protecting them from insects and birds, or they are often 
 preserved till Christmas by screening them from frost v/ith 
 cloth, matting, or fern. The fruit is always gathered in a 
 dry day, if stored moist it would quickly spoil. Those 
 intended for keeping are cut before they are quite ripe ; 
 some are hung up on hair lines, in reverse, with their 
 shoulders down, as that position prevents the berries lying 
 so close as to rot — and some are spread on beds of fern. 
 
 The mode recommended by Mr John Mearns, in the 
 London Horticultural Register for 1883-4, of coiling the 
 vine in pots, for the purpose of procuring fruit in the first 
 year, may owe its success in part to some of the principles 
 already explained. Cuttings of vines in this mode, of from 
 three to fifteen feet in length, with a proportion of two 
 years old wood, are deprived of every eye except the two 
 uppermost, and coiled in a pot containing compost and 
 surrounded with moss to keep them moist. These being 
 placed in a vinery, artificial heat is applied, they are train- 
 
286 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ed in one single stem beneath the glass, and produce fruit 
 the first year ; as often as they fill the pot with roots, they 
 are shifted. But in the second year much more fruit 
 would probably be produced from a vine planted in a bor- 
 der in the far more easy and usual way. 
 
 M. Noisette, according to Mr Neill, trains grape vines 
 to a low trellis three feet in advance of the walls where his 
 peach trees are trained. These vines are planted but three 
 feet asunder, each vine has but a single arm proceeding 
 horizontally from a vertical stem. These arms extend six 
 feet, being trained in one direction, each plant alternately 
 secured to the upper and lower rail. M. Noisette showed 
 him a triple contre-espalier of vines,^ the outermost trained 
 to a rail only one foot from the ground ; the second two 
 feet high, and the third or inmost at three feet from the 
 ground. It being, as Mr Neill states, a common remark 
 of the vignerons, that the nearer to the ground the bunches 
 are produced, the richer is the flavor of the grapes. 
 
 M. Noisette stated to Mr Neill that it was not uncommon 
 to have a vine of a single shoot of the Muscat of Alexan- 
 dria trained to the top of a south wall ten feet high, and 
 over the Peach trees. 
 
 Early Maturity. — 1st, Girdling, &c. Girdling af- 
 fords a resource in cold climates, and unfavorable seasons; 
 it not only hastens the maturity of the fruit, but increases 
 its beauty and size. A portion of fine wood of the upper- 
 most branches, should be selected, and the place where 
 the operation of girdling is to be performed, should be just 
 below the wood of the former year's growth, which should 
 be strong and remain of good length : and as the effects of 
 girdling are in the end, destructive to the branch, the oper- 
 ation should be performed on different portions of the same 
 vine in alternate years. The most suitable period for gird- 
 ling the vine is early in July, and as soon as the fruit is 
 formed. With a sharp and hooked knife, make two cir- 
 cular incisions, around the trunk, and quite through the 
 bark, at the distance of from one fourth, to three eighths of 
 an inch asunder ; then make a perpendicular cut and re- 
 move the ring of bark quite clean to the wood. If the vine 
 is very vigorous, this section may soon close, in which case 
 it must be reopened. [See Girdling, in the former part of 
 the work.] 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 287 
 
 2d. Early maturity is induced by confining the roots to 
 9. very limited range near the surface of the earth, and by 
 limiting their supplies of moisture. Or 3d, by securing the 
 vines very near to the walls which are covered with a black 
 paint formed of lime, tar and charcoal. The black color 
 enables the wall to absorb and retain the heat of the sun's 
 rays, which are given out gradually to the vine. But where 
 the wall is farther removed from the vine, it must be ren- 
 dered white, with paint or lime, that the heat of the sun's 
 rays may be reflected. 
 
 In cold countries, according to Chaptal, and in vine- 
 yard culture, and where the vine requires the whole heat 
 of the sun, the vines should be supported on trellises or 
 stakes, or elevated on poles placed perpendicularly in the 
 earth. And in this mode, the vines may be very closely 
 planted. The earth being left uncovered, and receiving 
 all the activity of the sun's rays and these reverberated, the 
 whole plant is exposed to its action ; and being so near, 
 the produce may be thus multiplied on equal surfaces. But 
 in warmer climates, the earth requires to be sheltered from 
 the excessive heat of the sun, and the vines may be sup- 
 ported on arbors, or suffered to creep on the ground. 
 
 In vineyards, close planting is most expensive at first, 
 but the ground is thus more suddenly and completely filled ; 
 and small vines are more easily managed than large ones, 
 one thousand eight hundred vines to an acre maybe es- 
 teemed a good and sufficient number, allowing the vines to 
 be four feet distant in the row, and the rows six feet asun- 
 der. Or two thousand seven hundred, at four feet asunder 
 every way. But our native vines require a greater distance. 
 
 The most favorable exposition for vineyards with us, on 
 the shores of the Atlantic, is without doubt a south, or 
 southwestern, removed as far as practicable from woods, 
 swamps, or standing water. An easterly exposition does 
 not suit them ; the eastern sea breezes are unfavorable from 
 their coldness and humidity. 
 
 Dr S. A. Shurtleff, from his successful experiments in his 
 garden on Pemberton Hill, in Boston, has added his testi- 
 mony to confirm the truth of the above position. He di- 
 rects that the trellises should run in the direction of the 
 southeast, and northwest, thus having a southwestern ex- 
 position, and he prefers horizontal training. The wood on 
 the northeast side is never pruned at all, but is allowed to 
 
288 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 grow, forming a vinous hedge, which defends the fruit from 
 the humid and cold eastern and northeastern winds, which 
 cause mildew, by chilling and enfeebling both the wood and 
 fruit. While on the southv/est side, the genial warmth is 
 still further preserved by pruning ail lateral shoots and ten- 
 drils, and useless wood. Late pruning, or pruning after 
 July, as he justly observes, enfeebles the vine, arresting its 
 growth and that of the fruit, and causing it to turn soft and 
 sour, instead of ripening ; — the leaves also should be pre- 
 served, being alike essentially necessary, and designed by 
 nature to nourish the fruit, as well as to protect from the 
 scorching sun by day, and the cold autumnal nights. By 
 pursuing this method, he has during several years of trial, 
 infallibly succeeded in obtaining good crops, while all 
 other methods and positions have failed. 
 
 Vines trained to vertical walls, and growing in confined 
 or humid situations, are subject to mildew ; and on walls 
 of this description which face due south, the sun during 
 midsummer, never shines till an advanced hour in the 
 morning ; and the benefits are never but partial, from the 
 oblique rays of a sun, which at noon day is nearly vertical. 
 
 The Hon. Richard Sullivan, of Brookline, whose suc- 
 cessful cultivation of the vine is well known, had at one 
 time suggested to me the idea of an inclined plane, as pre- 
 ferable to vertical wails, which cause mildew. Mr Linde- 
 gard, in Denmark, for the purpose of hastening the matu- 
 rity of his grapes in his vinery, placed boards beneath the 
 fruit with perfect success. In the Annales d'Horticulture, 
 is contained an account, that in France in 1827, one por- 
 tion of a vine growing under a sooth window, having as- 
 cended over the slated roof of the portico, it was found that 
 the fruit on this part of the vine had become black, while 
 the fi'uit on the other parts of the vine was still green. 
 
 In our own latitude, or the latitude of Boston, v/here, 
 during midsummer, the sun at midday is nearly at the 
 zenith, an inclined plane, or roof, or wall, sloping, and liter- 
 ally facing the noon-day sun, will afford an exposition, 
 much more favorable to the vine than vertical walls; or at 
 that angle which will face the sun at that time, when most 
 of all, his rays are needed, or towards the autumnal equi- 
 nox. Over this, and at suitable distance, the trellis may 
 be elevated ; and upon this, the vines displayed, whether 
 they arise at the foot of the plane, or are brought up from 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 289 
 
 the distance of forty or fifty feet from the roots below. In 
 such a favored situation, they will receive the full benefit 
 of the morning sun, and the more effectual advantage of the 
 noon-day sun, both by his direct rays and by reflection. 
 The excess of moisture, the nightly dews, and a stagnant 
 atmosphere, the combined causes of mildew, will be dissi- 
 pated by the morning sun, or by the direct influence of 
 southerly winds ; or, by the indirect influences of northerly 
 winds, in the eddies and counter currents. 
 
 The inclined planes, or roofs, or walls of wooden struc- 
 ture, by being shaded with a vegetable covering, are liable 
 to speedy decay. But this objection does not apply to those 
 with a covering of coal tar, or of slate ; or to the cheap, 
 enduring, and admirable coverings which are now formed 
 of zinc. 
 
 From the experiments of Mr James Macdonald of Scot- 
 land, in his statement recorded by Mr Loudon, it even ap- 
 pears, that when the vines of the Black Hamburg and the 
 White Muscat of Alexandria, were trained on trellises at 
 the distance of about ten inches above the sloping roofs 
 of glass, and exposed to the open air, and to the direct rays 
 of the sun, and to the heat caused by the rays of reflection, 
 that the fruit ripened equally as well, and as early, as did 
 the fruit of those which were trained beneath its surface. 
 And it is a well known fact, that at a certain angle of 
 obliquity, the rays of the sun do not pass through common 
 glass at all, or but partially, but are mostly reflected from 
 its surface. 
 
 Paving the Ground. — It has been remarked, says Mr 
 Robertson^ that vines and fruit trees planted against build- 
 ings with a pavement which prevents the ground from be- 
 ing either manured or cultivated, produce not only more 
 abundant and finer crops, but are longer lived. 
 
 '-' At Thom^ry," says the Comte Lelieur, " the grapes 
 on the lower cordon of a vine, planted to a wall of about 
 fifteen feet high, having been injured by the drip of its 
 eaves, dashing the earth of the border against them, the 
 owner paved it for the breadth of about two feet from the 
 wall. The good effects of this remedy were soon apparent, 
 not only in the preservation of the fruit from injury, but in 
 the improvement of its size and flavor ; the reflection of 
 the sun's heat from the pavement, augmenting both, and 
 
 25 
 
290 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 hastening its maturity." The growth of the vine also, be- 
 came more moderate and regular. 
 
 The foreign as well as native vines, succeed admirably in 
 our cities ; and especially so, when planted beneath pave- 
 ments and in paved court yards. Not being so liable, in 
 such situations, to suffer from excess of moisture, the qual- 
 ity of the fruit becomes proportionally improved, from the 
 causes already explained. 
 
 When it is attempted to train a single vine with two or 
 more sets of cordons, proceeding at unequal heights from 
 the same vertical stem, the upper cordon becomes the su- 
 perior, and the equilibrium is destroyed ; and the lower or 
 inferior cordons languish, being robbed of their nourish- 
 ment by those above, and the tendency of the sap to pass 
 uninterruptedly upwards. 
 
 If the position which is here assumed be correct, then 
 the ingeniously devised system of the celebrated Mr Cobbet 
 must fail in practice. I will first give the outline of his 
 system, and then by a partial demolition, or by a partial 
 inversion, and by one important alteration, this same mode 
 will be made to appear in the likeness of another and ex- 
 cellent system for vineyard or open culture. His plan is 
 as follows : — 
 
 From a strong vertical stem of about four or five feet in 
 height, eight branches alternate, are in the third year trained 
 horizontally, four on each side, and secured to the hori- 
 zontal rails of the trellis ; the destined space allotted to 
 each being eight feet from the centre. Four only of these, 
 are destined, and to be reserved for producing fruit in the 
 following year, namely, two branches alternate, on each 
 side, each of which is to be shortened in autumn to eight 
 feet. The other four branches are cut off at the same time, 
 to within one eye of the vertical stem ; and in the following 
 year, these same eyes will throw out the four branches of 
 reserve, which are to be trained horizontally to their des- 
 tined rails as before, and deprived of their lateral shoots as 
 produced. While those other four branches, after they have 
 once produced fruit, are never suffered to bear fruit again 
 or to remain, but are in their turn cut off in the autumn to 
 within an eye of the stem, to furnish the reserve wood for 
 the next year. And thus the system is continued. 
 
 The following mode is recommended for vineyard cul- 
 ture. It conforms in the main, to the mode recommended 
 
- CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 291 
 
 by Mr Bartram ; and also to the system of Mr Cobbet after 
 its partial inversion : but differs in some essential particu- 
 lars from both. 
 
 The first year suffer but a single shoot and that the low- 
 est to grow, the supernumerary ones are to be checked 
 and taken off gradually ; this shoot is to be trained to a 
 pole, the lateral shoots to be taken off as they are produced 
 at the distance of a single eye from the main stem. When 
 a few feet in height, the top is occasionally nipped in. 
 Late in October cut this down to three good eyes ; in No- 
 vember (if an European vine) bury with leaves, litter or soil 
 The next year, three good eyes only are suffered to grow, 
 which are to be trained to a pole and pruned as before. 
 In autumn preserve the two uppermost, which if strong, 
 must be cut to the length of five feet, and trimmed through- 
 out, and secured to the surface by hooks, and covered with 
 soil. The remaining one is shortened to three good eyes 
 and buried as in the former year. In the following spring 
 two good stakes will be required ; the vines left at full 
 length are each to be twisted several times around a pole 
 and secured at the top, and these will throw out shoots 
 from every eye, which will each probably produce two 
 bunches. These bearing shoots are to be nipped in, four 
 or five eyes beyond the fruit. The shoot cut down will 
 this year furnish three shoots, these are to be trained as at 
 first directed to another pole, for these three are to furnish 
 fruit for the following year, and are to be pruned and laid 
 down at full length in autumn. As to those which have 
 once borne fruit, they are not permitted to bear fruit a 
 second time, but are each cut down to two eyes, to furnish 
 the reserve wood for the following year ; and so proceed 
 till four bearing limbs are annually elevated and twisted 
 around two poles, and an equal number of supernumerary 
 or reserve branches are annually raised up and trained to 
 two other poles. Always observe to cut so as to have your 
 wood start from a low point, near the surface ; for this 
 purpose it may be sometimes even necessary to cut back the 
 old wood. 
 
 The bearing wood on trellises, in like manner, should 
 in early spring, be bent and confined in a serpentine man- 
 ner, with short turnings, or the ends bent downwards ; but 
 the young reserve branches which must never be allowed 
 to produce fruit the first year, should be trained straight, or 
 with a little deviation. 
 
292 
 
 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 The long canes of the vine, the production of a single 
 year, if left to themselves, will only break and produce 
 fruit at their extremities. To enable them to produce 
 fruit throughout their whole length, art is necessary. Be- 
 fore vegetation commences in spring, the long cane or vine 
 of the former year's growth, may, if in vineyard culture, be 
 trained spirally, around a stake or pole. Or otherwise it 
 may be tied in a coil ; by either mode of treatment, the buds 
 will break, and grow equally from its extremity to its base. 
 When the buds have grown an inch or a little more, the 
 vine may be uncoiled, and secured to its destined position 
 on the rails or trellis. This art is perfectly understood by 
 those who raise grapes in the vineries around Boston. In 
 this way astonishing crops are produced. 
 
 The numerous and flourishing vineyards of America, 
 which have been of late years established in the Middle, 
 Southern, and Western States, for the manufacture of wine, 
 consist principally of the native varieties which I have 
 described. American grapes are found to do best for 
 America in vineyards. It was deemed a capital error that 
 European kinds were at first tried in preference. Ours 
 require no protection in winter. The average value of 
 vineyards in France per arpent (100 rods and 22 feet of 
 our measure) as stated by Mr Young, was |210 — but the 
 very best vineyards were worth from $2000 to $3000 per 
 arpent. 
 
 In making wine of the American grapes, some distin- 
 guished practitioners first grind the grapes by a roller, then 
 bring the must at once to the proper standard or weight, 
 which for wines as strong as Burgundy or Claret, should 
 be 1.125, — equal to about 12^ per cent heavier than 
 rain water, or sixteen degrees of Beaume's saccharometer. 
 x4Lfter remaining in the vat four days, more or less, accord- 
 ing to the heat of the season, it is drawn off, or pressed, 
 and removed to the cask. Where the grapes superabound 
 in mucilage, sugar is added, and sometimes water, to bring 
 all up to the proper standard. 
 
 The excess of fermentation to which wine is sometimes 
 liable, from the heat of the w^eather, or from weakness, is 
 sometimes arrested in its progress by sulphuring ; but sul- 
 phuring, it is admitted, renders the liquor unwholesome ; — 
 or excess of fermentation may be restrained by black oxide 
 of manganese. [See Cider. See Vine.] 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 293 
 
 When wine has partially undergone the acetous ferment- 
 ation, the acid may be neutralized by salt of tartar ; or 
 seized by alkalies, ashes, chalk, lime, or litharge ; the last 
 is well known to be a poison ; or the acid may be concealed 
 by the addition of a saccharine substance. But such wine 
 can never be recovered, inasmuch as the process of fermen- 
 tation never retrogrades. 
 
 The muscadel flavor of Frontignac and of Cyprus wine, 
 is said to be exactly imitated by an infusion of the flowers 
 of Meadow sweet. Mountain wine, by the infusion of 
 Florentine orris root, powdered, with a small proportion of 
 orange and lemon peel ; or by the addition of the bruised 
 seeds of grapes. Sack by the addition of a spirit distilled 
 from the leaves of Clary and malt spirits. 
 
 Maladies. — The chief malady to which grapes are 
 subject, in low and confined situations, is inildew. Mildew 
 is supposed to arise from a slow circulation of the sap, 
 and a debilitated state of the wood and fruit, caused by a 
 chilly and damp or stagnant atmosphere, and perhaps 
 by inaction. And it has been observed that the fruit 
 which trails on the earth always escapes. Mildew is 
 remedied by dredging the fruit with flour of sulphur, on 
 its first appearance. But the most approved mode of ap- 
 plying the sulphur is as follows : 
 
 On the bottom of a vessel place a pint and a half of sul- 
 phur, on this lay a lump of good unslacked lime the size 
 of a fist, and on this pour two gallons of boiling water ; 
 after the lime is slacked, stir it well, and when the liquor 
 is cold, add more cold water, and stir it again, and as soon 
 as the liquor has become clear, pour it from the sediment 
 into a barrel which must be filled with cold water. When 
 the grapes have attained the size of peas throw the liquid 
 on the fruit with a syringe, and repeat this twice a week for 
 three successive weeks. With Willises Syringe whole 
 vineyards may be despatched in a very little time. 
 
 25* 
 
294 
 
 CURRANT. — (Ribes.) 
 
 The Red Currant is a low branching shrub ; the 
 wood is smooth ; the leaves pubescent and doubly serrated; 
 the flowers are yellowish and in racemes, they are produced 
 in April ; the fruit in clusters like grapes ; the berries 
 round, smooth, of an acid taste. A native of the North of 
 Europe. 
 
 The White Currant is stated to be but a variety, pro- 
 duced by cultivation from the seed of the red. 
 
 The Black Currant is a distinct species, a native of 
 the North of Europe and Asia. A low shrub, with smooth 
 wood ; the leaves are three lobed, pubescent, with a strong 
 odor; the flowers are in racemes, the fruit in clusters, 
 black, and odorous ; of an astringent taste. 
 
 Uses. — The red or white currant is used as a dessert 
 fruit, as it possesses a pleasant acid taste ; it is also used in 
 pies, tarts, preserves, jellies, &c. Currant wine is made by 
 adding to the expressed juice of fifty pounds of ripe cur- 
 rants, seven gallons of water and thirtythree pounds of 
 good dry Havana sugar. This liquor is put into good casks 
 which must never be quite filled, as the pulp must never be 
 suffered to work out, as its presence is essential to the 
 goodness of the liquor. The bung is left out fortyeight 
 hours, then laid on loosely a fortnight, then driven tight, 
 and in five months it will be fine and fit for use. The first 
 young leaves of the common currant bush, gathered as soon 
 as they put out, and dried on tin, can hardly be distinguish- 
 ed, it is said, from green tea. From the black currant a 
 jelly is made, of considerable medicinal efficacy ; a wine is 
 also made from them, reputed to possess far superior medi 
 cinal virtues to Port wine. This jelly has been highly rec- 
 ommended for disorders of the throat ; and as a necessary 
 article in the stores of ships sailing to the East Indies. A 
 liquor is prepared from the black currant, which Mr Forsyth 
 states is possessed of great medicinal efficacy in obstinate 
 coughs, &,c. The currants for this purpose are bruised, 
 and being placed in a jar, whiskey or any other species of 
 alcohol is poured over them, the jar is then covered close 
 for a fortnight ; after this the liquor is strained and bottled. 
 
CURRANTS. 295 
 
 We are informed, by Mr Neil), that a small leaf of the 
 black currant gathered in spring and laid for a few minutes 
 in an infusion of Bohea tea, communicates its flavor, which 
 has been compared to that of green tea. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Black English. 
 
 The berries are of large size, and the trees are very pro- 
 ductive. 
 
 American Black Currant. 
 
 This possesses similar qualities to the preceding, but it 
 is not so highly esteemed. 
 
 Black Naples. 
 
 This is a new variety, highly recommended. 
 
 Champagne. 
 
 The fruit of this variety is pale red. 
 
 Large Red, or Red Dutch. 
 
 The growth is strong and upright, the berries large, it is 
 extraordinary productive and good. 
 
 Large White or Spanish Imperial, Large Dutch White. 
 
 The young wood grows upright. The berries and clus 
 ters are very large, of a yellowish white color, and excel- 
 lent quality ; it is extraordinary productive. The branches 
 of the bearing wood trail beneath the weight of their fruit. 
 Jefferson or Missouri Fragrant Currant. 
 
 This variety is very distinct from the other kinds. Its 
 growth is tall ; its berries are very few, are black, and of 
 ordinary quality ; its flowers are in clusters of a yellow color, 
 and extraordinary fragrance. 
 
 CULTIVATION, SOIL, &lc. 
 
 The currant requires a rich soil, its cultivation is similar 
 to that of the gooseberry, which see. 
 
 Pruning. —*' Mr Macdonald," says Mr Neill, [Edin. 
 Ency. vol. x. p. 576,] " raises currants both red and white 
 of the finest quality. He prunes the bushes at the usual 
 season in midwinter, shortening the last year's shoots to an 
 
296 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 inch and a half. Next summer the plants show plenty of 
 fruit and at the same time throw out strong shoots. As 
 soon as the berries begin to color, he cuts off the summer 
 shoots to within five or six inches above the fruit. This is 
 commonly done with garden shears, with which a man 
 may go over half an acre of bushes in a day. Sun and 
 air thus get free access, and more of the vigor of the plant 
 is directed to the fruit ; the berries are found not only to 
 be of higher flavor, but larger than usual." Mr A. D. 
 Williams of Roxbury, practises winter pruning on perfectly 
 similar principles, and with the most decisive results. 
 
 GOOSEBERRY. — ("i?i6e5 Uva-crispa.) 
 
 A NATIVE of America and of Europe. Alow branching 
 prickly shrub, rising to the height of from three to six feet ; 
 the leaves are three lobed and sometimes pubescent ; the 
 fruit pendulous, hairy or smooth, round or oblong, its size 
 sometimes equals that of a good sized plum; of a green, 
 white, yellow, red or violet color ; and of a sweet vinous, or 
 acid flavor ; a fruit wonderfully improved by cultivation. 
 According to Loudon it is found wild in Piedmont where it 
 is eatable, but astringent and neglected. In Italy and 
 Spain scarcely known, and little esteemed in France. ** A 
 moderate temperature and humid climate seem best to 
 suit the fruit." Cultivated in greater perfection in Lan- 
 cashire than any other part of the world. But Neill ob- 
 serves, " It must be admitted that although the largest 
 gooseberries make a fine appearance on the table, they are 
 deficient in flavor, or their skins are thick and strong com- 
 pared with some of smaller size." Some large kinds, how- 
 ever, are of good quality. 
 
 Uses. — The gooseberry is considered an excellent des- 
 sert fruit either raw or preserved in sugar ; and, very val- 
 uable fruit for pies, tarts, sauces, &/C. In cool cellars they 
 may be preserved for winter use, in bottles filled first with 
 gooseberries, and then with water, and closely corked and 
 sealed. But by plunging the bottles into cold water which 
 is to be heated gradually to the boiling point, they are said 
 to keep better. 
 
GOOSEBERRIES. 297 
 
 According to Phillips, wine made from green goose- 
 berries is but a shade inferior to champagne ; and the ripe 
 black gooseberry affords a luscious wine. And he asserts 
 that fields might be covered with this fruit for the making 
 of wine, as profitably, as the vineyards of the South. 
 
 Champagne Wine, as we are informed, is in England 
 very successfully imitated from the juice of unripe goose- 
 berries. — The saccharine principle is in this case supplied 
 by the addition of loaf sugar. 
 
 VARIETIES. — (Chieflij from Lindley.) 
 
 The following varieties from Lindley, the Pomologicai 
 Magazine and Mr Hooker, are recommended by them as 
 the best selection from many hundred varieties. 
 
 RED. 
 
 Capper's Top Sawyer. 24 dwls. 
 
 Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit late, very large ob- 
 long, pale red, hairy near the base ; very excellent. 
 
 Champagne. 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit late, middle size, somewhat ob- 
 long, dark red, hairy ; most excellent. 
 Farmer's Roaring Lion. 31 dwts. 16 grs. 
 
 Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit late, very large, ob- 
 long, dull red, smooth ; the largest of all gooseberries. 
 
 Knight's Marquis of Stafford. 
 
 Branches somewhat erect ; the fruit late, large, roundish 
 oblong, bright red, hairy, excellent. 
 Melling's Crown Bob. 22 dwts. 
 
 Branches drooping ; fruit rather late, large, oblong, 
 bright red, hairy; very good. 
 
 Old Rough Red. 
 
 Branches somewhat drooping; fruit small, round, dark 
 red, very hairy ; most excellent for preserving as goose- 
 berry jam, and best for bottling when green. 
 
 Wilmot's EARiiY Red. Hooker's Pom. Lond. 
 
 One of the very best of all gooseberries and is cultivated 
 by Mr Wilmot to a great extent in his celebrated fruit gar- 
 den. He prefers it to all others he has seen. He states 
 that it is of large size, very early, of excellent flavor and 
 incredibly productive. 
 
298 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 GREEN. 
 Early Green Hairy. 
 
 Branches erect; fruit early, small, round, deep green, 
 hairy ; excellent. 
 
 Edward's Jolly Tar. 19 dwts. 17 grs. 
 
 Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit early, of a middle 
 size, roundish oblong, smooth, with yellowish veins. 
 Massey's Heart of Oak. 16 dwts. 
 
 Branches drooping, fruit rather early, large, oblong, 
 smooth, with pale yellow veins ; excellent. 
 Nixon's Green Myrtle. 
 
 Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit late, large, oblong, 
 smooth, tapering to the base, pale green. 
 Parkinson's Laurel. 17 dwts. 18 grs. 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit rather late, large, roundish oblong, 
 pale green, very downy. 
 
 Wainvvright's Ocean. 20 dwts. 8 grs. 
 
 Branches drooping; fruit early, large, oblong, or ovate, 
 smooth ; the largest of this color. 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 Cleworth's White Lion. 19dwts. 9 grs. 
 
 Branches somewhat drooping; fruit late, roundish ob- 
 long, slightly hairy, sometime nearly smooth. 
 Crompton's Sheba Queen. 18 dwts. 
 
 Branches somewhat erect ; fruit early, pretty large, 
 roundish oblong, downy ; excellent. 
 Moore's White Bear. 
 
 Branches somewhat erect ; fruit early, large, roundish 
 oblong, hairy, or somewhat bristly. 
 Saunder's Cheshire Lass. 20 dwts. 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit very early, large, oblong, downy ; 
 excellent for tarts early in the spring, when few are ready 
 for that purpose. 
 Wellington's Glory. 23 dwts. 14 grs. 
 
 Branches erect; fruit pretty early, large, somewhat 
 ovate, very downy ; excellent. 
 
 Woodward's Whitesmith. 16 dwts. 7 grs. 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit pretty early, large, roundish ob- 
 long, brownish when exposed, very downy ; very excellent 
 and more in esteem than any other gooseberry of this color. 
 
GOOSEBERRIES. 299 
 
 YELLOW. 
 
 Dixon's Golden Yellow. 
 Branches drooping; fruit early, pretty large, roundish. 
 
 Gordon's Viper. 24 dwts. 17 grs. 
 
 Branches drooping ; fruit early, large, somewhat turbin- 
 ate, greenish yellow, smooth. 
 Hamlet's Kilton. 
 
 Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit early, large, round- 
 ish oblong, bright greenish yellow, slightly hairy. 
 
 Hardcastle's Gunner. 27 dwts. Igr. 
 
 Branches somewhat erect ; fruit rather late, large, obo- 
 vate, with large veins, hairy or bristly. 
 
 Hill's Golden Gourd. 
 
 Branches somewhat drooping ; fruit very early, large, 
 oblong, greenish yellow, slightly hairy ; very excellent. 
 Prophet's Rockwood. 23 dwts. 4 grs. 
 
 Branches erect ; fruit very early, large, roundish oblong, 
 dark yellow, slightly hairy. 
 
 Other varieties recommended in the Pom. Mag. 
 
 Red. — Boardman's British Crown, large. — Red War- 
 rington, \siYge, late. — Red Champagne, small. — Early 
 Black, small. 
 
 White. — Vl^iite Crystcd, small. — White Champagne, 
 small. 
 
 Green. — Pitmaston Green Gage, small. 
 
 Yellow. — Haywood^ s Invincible, large. — Yellow Cham- 
 pagne. — Rumbullion, small. 
 
 I add on good authority, the '' Wonderful,'' the largest 
 gooseberry known. 
 
 CULTIVATION, SOIL, &c. 
 
 Gooseberries require a very rich soil ; and in an airy 
 situation or shade they are but little liable to mildew. 
 They are raised from cuttings planted very early in April, 
 in a moist soil ; every eye should be cut out except the two 
 uppermost above the surface. In autumn cut off the low- 
 er shoot very close ; and shorten down the one left to six 
 or nine inches. The bushes must be so managed as to be 
 
300 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 furnished with limbs diverging in every direction, contin- 
 ually increasing in number as they advance from the cen- 
 tre. With this object in view, the young leading shoots of 
 the last year are annually cut back to six or nine inches, 
 and a proportion of the others are cut quite close. Thus 
 the bushes will continue extending, every part being duly 
 filled with bearing wood ; sufficient space being left to ad- 
 mit the sun and a free circulation of air. The largest 
 prize gooseberries are said to be raised on vigorous young 
 bushes, which have not more than five or six branches, and 
 but one, two, or at most three berries on a branch. 
 
 RASPBERRY. — (Ruhus ideaus.) 
 
 The Raspberry is a shrub of low grovv'th ; its leaves are 
 pinnate and composed of five leaflets ; its flowers in pani- 
 cles. Its root is perennial ; its top generally biennial ; it 
 produces its fruit on the wood of the former year. 
 
 Uses. — The Raspberry is an admired dessert fruit, but 
 sugar improves its flavor. It is fragrant, subacid, cooling, 
 and grateful to the taste, and, like the strawberry, it does 
 not produce acidity on the stomach. The juice ferment- 
 ed with sugar, produces wine, very fragrant and of the 
 most delicious flavor. It is also used for jams, pies, tarts, 
 sauces, preserves, &c. And according to Loudon, it is 
 much used for distilling, to make a cordial spirituous liquor, 
 to which it gives name ; and raspberry syrup is next to the 
 strawberry in dissolving the tartar of the teeth. The wine 
 mixed with water, according to Dr Short, " is a good re- 
 viving draught in ardent fevers." He further recommends 
 it in scorbutic disorders. — Phillips. 
 
 For a choice selection, the following are particularly 
 recommended by the different authors, whose names I 
 have annexed, as the very best. 
 
 1. Red Antwerp. All authors. 
 Burley Antwerp. 
 An excellent and productive fruit, large, and highly es- 
 teemed near Boston. The branches must be bent down in 
 autumn, and protected with soil during winter. 
 
RASPBERRIES. 301 
 
 2. White Antwerp. All authors. 
 Yellow Anhverp. 
 
 The fruit is large and fine ; highly esteemed near Boston, 
 and very productive ; like the red it requires protection in 
 winter. 
 
 3. Barnet, For. Loudon. Pom. Mag. Lindley. 
 CornwaWs Red Prolific Seedling, Large Red. 
 
 Produces large fruit and abundant crops, a profitable 
 variety. 
 
 4. Red Cane, For. Loudon. 
 A good sort for the main crop. 
 
 5. Double Bearing, Neil). Loudon. Pom. Mag. Lindley. 
 Perpetual Bearing, Red Double Bearing, Siberian. 
 
 Produces a crop in July, and another in September and 
 October. 
 
 6. Cornish, Lindley. 
 
 7. Bromley Hill, Pom. Mag. 
 
 8. Williams' Double Bearing. 
 Pitmaston's Douhle Bearing, Loudon, 
 
 9. Williams' Preserving, Lindley. 
 
 10, Woodward's Red Globe, Lindley. Forsyth. 
 
 IL Red Alpine Monthly. 
 
 Framboisier des Mps de Tons les Mois a fruites Rouge, rec- 
 ommended in the Bon Jard. 
 
 There are two American varieties, quite distinct from 
 the above, which may deserve to be enumerated ; these 
 are, 12. Black American Raspberry ; 13. White American 
 Raspberry. 
 
 Other varieties are named by Lindley, but not particu- 
 larly recommended, as the Antwerp Double Bearing Yel- 
 low ; Anticerp Late Bearing, or Knevefs Antioerp ; Brent- 
 ford Cane ; Rough Cane ; Lord Exmouth ; Oak Hill; Old 
 WJiite ; Prolific Early ; Red Malta ; Spring Grove ; Su- 
 perb ; Taylor's Paragon, or Scarlet Paragon ; Wilmofs 
 Barly Red, 
 
 CULTIVATION AND SOIL. 
 
 A moist, rich soil, is recommended for the raspberry ; 
 and Mr Neili asserts that they do well even when moder- 
 26 
 
302 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ately shaded. lu forming plantations, Lindley has direct- 
 ed that the rows should run from east to west, and the 
 tallest sorts be planted in the north rows, and in the rear, 
 at a large distance asunder ; and those of small growth in 
 the south rows, and at less distance asunder in the row. 
 Thus all the varieties receive the full benefit of the sun. 
 He directs as follows ; 
 
 1st or north row, Cornish, set 4 feet asunder in the row. 
 
 2d row. Woodward' s Red Globe, do. 
 
 3d row, Red Antwerp, set 3^ feet asunder in the row. 
 
 4th row. White Antiverp, do. do. 
 
 5th row. Cane Raspberries, set 3 feet asunder. 
 
 6th row, Double Bearing, or No. 8, do. do. 
 
 Large plantations of any kind, are to be set out on the 
 same principle. 
 
 He also recommends that three young plants should be 
 placed in each hill, in a triangular form, six inches apart. 
 These should be cut at the time, within a few inches of 
 the ground. In autumn cut off all wood that has borne 
 fruit ; also all weakly shoots, and shorten the strong shoots 
 to four fifths Stakes or rails are not absolutely necessary. 
 The tops of each stool may be tied together in summer at 
 their tips, or Neill recommends to tie one half of two hills 
 together at the tips, thus they form arches or festoons. 
 With regard to the double bearing varieties it is recom- 
 mended to cut down every alternate stool to within a few 
 inches of the ground, in the annual pruning. Thus a suc- 
 cession of large late crops is always maintained. 
 
 Neill informs us that the Raspberry plantation is in its 
 prime the third year, but must be annihilated after it has 
 stood six years ; and new ones must in the meantime be 
 formed. 
 
 PERSIMMON. — (Diospyrus virginiana.) 
 
 American Date or Prune. 
 
 The Persimmon flourishes as far north as the river Con- 
 necticut, in the latitude of 42'^, but is dwarfish. In a 
 suitable soil and climate, it rises to the height of sixty 
 feet, or forty diameters of its base. The leaves are oblong, 
 
STRAWBERRIES. 303 
 
 entire, of a fine dark green above, and glaucous below, 
 and from four to six inches long. The fertile and barren 
 blossoms are produced on different trees. The fruit, which 
 is abundant, is round, of the size of a small plum, of a 
 reddish color, and fleshy ; they contain six or eight small 
 stones; their taste is very astringent, but when ameliorated 
 by frost, they are sweet and agreeable. The fruit, when 
 bruised and fermented, produces brandy, which becomes 
 good by age. This tree is raised from the seeds, whicf' 
 should be planted in autumn ; and fine varieties mav oe 
 propagated by inoculating or grafting. 
 
 STRAWBERR Y .—{Fragaria.) 
 
 The strawberry is a low creeping perennial plant ; a 
 native of the old continent; also of America, where it is 
 found growing in a wild state. Botanists consider them a 
 genus comprehending three species. 
 
 Uses. — The strawberry is a fragrant, delicious, and 
 esteemed dessert fruit, whether eaten alone, or with cream 
 and sugar. It is deemed very wholesome, as it never 
 causes acidity on the stomach. Boerhave, according to 
 Phillips, considered its use as one of the principal reme- 
 dies in putrid fever; and Hoffman asserts that he has 
 known consumptive people cured by the use of strawber- 
 ries. It is also asserted that by eating plentifully of straw- 
 berries, rheumatic complaints are averted or cured. They 
 also dissolve tartarous incrustations on the teeth. And 
 lastly, Phillips asserts that the Pine strawberries make an 
 agreeable dessert wine, as rich as mountain, but possessing 
 greater fragrance and acidity. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Mr Barnet [see vol. vi. of the Lond. Ilort. Trans.] has 
 divided strawberries into seven classes. Mr Lindley has 
 adopted the same course. And in describing the size of 
 the fruit, I shall have reference to the general size of the 
 particular class. I have adopted the same system. 
 
304 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 CLASS 1. — ALPINE AND WOOD STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 The Alpine and Wood strawberries agree in their gene- 
 ral habits and character. The fruit, however, differs. The 
 Alpines have conical fruit, and are fruitful in autumn. 
 The Wood strawberries are more globose ; they only pro- 
 duce fruit in summer. — Barnet, see vol. vi. of Hort. Trans. 
 Red Alpine, Frasier des Alps, ivith runners. 
 
 The fruit is small and conical, ripening in summer and 
 ai^uran. 
 Red j2ush Alpine. 
 
 Possefc«es similar qualities to the White Bush Alpine, but 
 differs in co"^r. 
 
 White Alpine, Frasier des Alps a fruit Blanc, withrunners. 
 
 The fruit is small and conical, ripening successively in 
 summer and autumn. 
 White Bush Alpine. 
 
 This has the same qualities, but is thought to be more 
 productive, as it does not exhaust itself by runners. 
 Red Wood, Frasier Commun. 
 
 An old variety extensively cultivated near Boston for the 
 markets. It ripens in summer. The fruit is scarlet and 
 round, very productive and highly esteemed. 
 White Wood, Frasier Commun a fruit Blanc. 
 
 This variety ripens in summer, the fruit is white and 
 round ; an old, good flavored variety, much cultivated and 
 esteemed near Boston. 
 
 CLASS II. — BLACK STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 The fruit of this class is middle sized, conical, with a 
 neck, of a very dark color at maturity, the seeds slightly 
 imbedded ; the flavor very rich and highly perfumed ; the 
 leaves of this class are small, rugose, pale green. — Barncf, 
 see vol. VI. of Hort. Trans. 
 
 DowNTON, Knighfs Seedling, Pom. Mag. Lind. Barnet. 
 
 The fruit is large, ovate, with a neck ; the early fruit is 
 sometimes of a cockscomb shape ; of a dark purple scarlet ; 
 the flesh is scarlet, firm, of an aromatic flavor. Originated 
 by Mr Knight. 
 
STRAWBERRIES,. 305 
 
 Sweet Cone, Pom. Mag. Lindley. 
 
 Small, conical, with a neck, hairy, bright shining scar- 
 let ; flesh pale scarlet, hollow, very high flavored. 
 
 CLASS III. — CAROLINA OR PINE STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 The leaves of this class are nearly smooth, of firm tex- 
 ture, with obtuse serratures, of a dark green ; the fruit 
 large, varying from nearly white to almost purple ; the 
 seeds prominent on a smooth surface ; the flavor sweet and 
 often perfumed. — Barnet, see vol vi. of Hort. Trans. 
 Black Prince, WilmoVs Black Imperial. Lindley. Barnet. 
 
 Middle sized, spherical, depressed, hairy, of a very dark 
 violet color ; with a highly polished surface ; the flesh of a 
 rich dull scarlet, with a very small core, high flavored. 
 Elton Seedling, Pom. Mag. Lindley. Barnet. 
 
 The fruit is large, ovate, often cockscomb shaped, of a rich 
 shining dark red ; the seeds yellow, with ridged intervals ; 
 the flesh is firm, with a small core, deep red, juicy, with a 
 sharp rich flavor. 
 
 Keen's Seedling, Pom. Mag. Lindley. 
 
 Keen's Black Pine, Keen's JVeiv Pine, Keen's Xew Seedling. 
 
 The fruit is very large, globular, or ovate, of a dark pur- 
 plish scarlet, hairy. It sometimes assumes the cockscomb 
 shape. The surface polished, seeds slightly imbedded ; 
 flesh firm, solid, scarlet, high flavored. Introduced to the 
 vicinity of Boston, by Mr Pratt. Also to this country and 
 to notice by Mr Haggerston, of the Charlestown vineyard. 
 In this strawberry are combined great beauty, extraordinary 
 size, excellent flavor, and productiveness. The fruit grows 
 high, which is much in its favor. Raised by Mr Michael 
 Keen, from the seed of Keen's Imperial, which is a good 
 fruit but very inferior to this. 
 
 Mulberry, Cherokee, King, Mahone. 
 
 A strawberry much cultivated near Boston, and highly 
 recommended by Messrs Senior and Haggerston. From 
 them I understand this fruit was sent to the late Gov. Gore, 
 and to England, by the late Hon. Rufus King, from the 
 back parts of New York. The fruit is of medium size, 
 ovate, with a short neck, of a dark red ; flesh tender, of sl 
 red color, and good flavor ; very productive. 
 36* 
 
^06 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 Old Pine or Carolina, Pom. Mag. Lindley. Barnet. 
 Old Pine, Barham Down, Black Carolina, Cockscomb Pine, 
 Devonshire Scarlet Pine, Kew Pine, Large Carolina, Large 
 Pine, Miss Gunning'' s, JVortKs Seedling, Old Carolina, Large 
 Scarlet Pine, Pine, Regenfs Favorite, Scarlet Pine, Varnish- 
 ed, Windsor Pine. 
 Fruit large, ovate, conical, with a neck, sometimes cocks- 
 comb shaped in the early fruit, of a bright scarlet ; the 
 flesh pale scarlet, rich, juicy, with a very grateful flavor ; a 
 good bearer and very highly esteemed. 
 
 CLASS IV.— CHILI STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 The leaves of this class are very villous, hoary, with 
 small leaflets of thick texture, with very obtuse serratures ; 
 the fruit is very large and pale, with prominent seeds ; the 
 flesh in the type, which is the true Chili, is insipid. — Bar- 
 net in vol. VI. of Lond. Hort. Trans. 
 Wilmot's Superb, Bariiet. Lindley. 
 
 The early fruit is very large, irregular, sometimes cocks- 
 comb shaped. Afterwards they are invariably round, very 
 hairy, pale scarlet, and polished. The seeds are brown 
 and projecting. Flesh very firm, pale scarlet near the 
 outside, but whitish within, with a small hollow in the cen- 
 tre, and a core; flavor good, buttery, and rich, mixed with 
 acid. 
 
 CLASS v.— GREEN STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 The French cultivate several varieties of this strawberry. 
 The Green Pine is much known in England, but it seldom 
 bears perfect fruit ; it bears well only in some particular 
 situations. Their character is dwarfish, much resembling 
 the Wood Strawberry. The leaves are light green, and 
 strongly plaited. — Barnet, vol. vi, Lond. Hort. Irans. 
 
 Lindley has described the Green Strawberry. (Fra- 
 sier Vert,) Caucasian, Green Alpine, Green Wood, Pine 
 Apple. But ascribes their defection to the multitude of 
 runners, and has no doubt but if these were restrained, 
 they would prove productive. 
 
STRAWBERRIES. 307 
 
 CLASS VI. — HAUTBOIS STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 The leaves of this class are highly elevated, rough, and 
 of a thin texture ; the scapes or stems tall and strong ; the 
 fruit middle sized, pale greenish white, tinged with dull 
 purple ; the seeds slightly imbedded; the flavor musky. — 
 Bar net, in Hort. Trans, vol. vi. Supposed to be so named 
 on account of their hearing their fruit high ; Hautbois or 
 High Wood. 
 
 Large Flat Hautbois, Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lindley. 
 
 Bath Hautbois, Formosa Hautbois, Sowder^s Hautbois, Salterns 
 Hautbois, Weymouth Hautbois, White Hautbois. 
 
 The fruit is large, round, depressed, light red ; the seeds 
 are imbedded ; the flesh is greenish, juicy, delicate, with- 
 out a core. 
 
 Prolific or Conical Hautbois, Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lind. 
 
 Double Bearing, Dwarf, Hermaphrodite, Hudson's Bay, Re- 
 gent's, Sacombe, Sir Joseph Banks', Spring Grove. 
 
 The fruit is large, conical, of a dark purple color, flesh 
 solid, greenish and high flavored. An abundant bearer, 
 and by far the best of the Hautbois strawberries. The 
 flowers are the largest of the class ; and it usually produ- 
 ces two crops. 
 
 CLASS VII. — SCARLET STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 The Fragaria Virginiana of botanists, is the type of 
 this class. The leaves are nearly smooth, thin, dark green, 
 with sharp pointed serratures ; the fruit mostly small, of a 
 bright scarlet color ; the seeds more or less deeply imbed- 
 decT, with ridged intervals ; the flavor acid, with a slight 
 perfume. — Barnet, in Hort. Trans, vol. vi. 
 Black Roseberry, Pom. Mag. Barnet. Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is of good size, obtusely conical, deep purplish 
 red and shining ; the seeds are slightly imbedded ; flesh 
 dark red near the outside, solid, buttery and juicy, and of 
 excellent flavor. 
 
 Duke of Kent's Scarlet, Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lindley. 
 Austrian Scarlet, of Lind ley, CZwsfer Scarlet, Globe Scarlet, jYo- 
 va Scotia Scarlet, Duke of York's Scarlet, Early Prolife 
 Scarlet. 
 
 The fruit is nearly globular, of rather small size, of a 
 
308 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 fine scarlet ; seeds deeply imbedded, with sharply ridged 
 intervals ; the flesh is solid, pale scarlet ; flavor sharp, 
 pleasant and peculiar. 
 
 Grove End Scarlet, Barnet. Pom. Mag. 
 
 AtkinsoTi's Scarlet, fVilmofs Early Scarlet. 
 
 A first rate strawberry and an abundant bearer. The 
 fruit is of considerable size, depressed, spherical, of a bright 
 vermilion color ; seeds slightly imbedded with flat inter- 
 vals ; flesh pale scarlet, firm, with a core ; flavor agree- 
 able and slightly acid. 
 
 Methven Scarlet, Hort. Trans, vol. vi. p. 172. 
 
 Methven Castle, Southampton Scarlet. 
 
 Fruit very large, cordate, compressed, or cockscomb 
 formed at times, or conical ; dark scarlet. Seeds pale 
 yellow, not deep set. Flesh scarlet, very wooly, sometimes 
 hollow ; highly esteemed with us. 
 Old Scarlet, Pom. Mag. Lindley. Barnet. 
 
 Ecarlate de Virginie,ot the French, Scarlet, Early Scarlet, 
 Original Scarlet, Virginia Scarlet. 
 
 A middle sized globular fruit, of a light scarlet color, 
 slightly hairy ; seeds deeply imbedded, with ridged intervals ; 
 flesh pale scarlet, firm and high flavored ; a good bearer, 
 ripening early ; chiefly valuable for preserving. 
 
 Roseberry, Barnet. Pom. Mag. Lindley. 
 
 Aberdeen Seedling, Prolific Pine, Rose Straivherry, Scotch 
 Scarlet. 
 
 An abundant bearer ; the fruit is large, conical, pointed, 
 dark red, hairy, with a very short neck. The early fruit is 
 sometimes cockscomb shaped ; seeds yellow, deeply imbed- 
 ded with ridged intervals ; flesh firm, pale scarlet, with a 
 core ; flavor not rich, but agreeable, and much admired by 
 many. 
 
 The whole list of strawberries which I have just descri- 
 bed, (with the exception of the Black Prince, the Wilmofs 
 Superb, the Mulberry, and the Wood, the Bush Alpine, 
 and Methven Castle) are but the select list which is partic- 
 ularly recommended in the Pom. Mag. for a small garden. 
 
 Mr Lindley has since particularly recommended the 
 same list for a small garden, with the exception of the 
 Bromley Hill, and the addition of the Black Prince, and 
 Wilmofs Superb. I have added the Mulberry on good 
 authority here ; also I have added the two varieties of 
 Wood Strawberries, and the two varieties of Bush Alpine. 
 
STRAWBERRIES. 309 
 
 Mr Lindley has described sixtytwo varieties. Mr Bar- 
 net has recommended for a select list, the same generally, 
 as the Pomological Magazine, and Mr Lindley. 
 
 In 1822, the London Horticultural Society, by their cir- 
 culars congregated from all quarters, a vast collection of 
 strawberries at Chiswick. The whole were examined by 
 Mr Barnet ; there were two hundred distinct names or 
 synonymes, and fiftyfour varieties; his account of them 
 occupies eighty pages quarto. — See Hort. Trans, vol. vi. 
 p. 145. 
 
 Let us enumerate the names of the strawberries which 
 Mr Lindley has described, and which are not recommended 
 either by him, or in the Pom. Mag. for a small garden. 
 Some of them may yet perhaps prove fine in our climate, 
 as is the case with i\\e Mulberry Strawberry, and Methven, 
 and all are evidently thought worthy in a large collection. 
 
 In this list I omit the numerous synonymes generally. 
 
 1. American Scarlet. 2. Autumn Scarlet. 3. Bath 
 Scarlet. 4. Bishop's Seedling Scarlet. 5. Blood Pine. 6. 
 Bostock or Welli?igton. 7. Bullock's Blood. 8. Carmine 
 Scarlet. 9. Charlotte. 10. Chinese. 11. Clustered Scar- 
 let. 12. Cockscomb Scarlet. 13. Common Hautbois. 14. 
 Conical Hautbois. 15. Dutch. 16. Dwarf White Caro- 
 lina. 17. Garnestone Seedling. 18. Gibbs' Seedling 
 Black. 19. Glazed Pine. 20. Globe Hautbois. 21. 
 Green. 22. Grimstone Scarlet. 23. Hudson's Bay Scar- 
 let. 24, Keen's Imperial. 25. Knight's Large Scarlet. 
 26. Lewisham Scarlet. 27. Methven Scarlet, or Methven 
 Castle. 28. Morrissania Scarlet. 29. Mulberry. 30. 
 Nairn's Scarlet. 3L Narrow Leaved Scarlet. 32. Ob- 
 long Scarlet. 33. Pitmaston Black. 34. Pitmaston Black 
 Scarlet. 35. Red Wood. 36. Round White Caroline. 
 37. Scone Scarlet. 38. Sir Joseph Banks' Scarlet. 39. 
 Surinam. 40. True Chili. 4L Variegated Pine. 42. 
 Vernon's Scarlet. 43. White Wood. 44. Wilmot's Late 
 Scarlet. 45. Yellow Chili. 
 
 Other varieties which were unknown, or are not descri- 
 bed by those authors, and which may prove fine in our 
 climate. 
 
 1. New Black Musk Hautbois. 
 
 2. French Musk Hautbois. 
 
 3. Southborough Seedling. 
 
 4. Large Lima. 
 
 5. Melon, &>c. &.c. 
 
310 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDTST. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 Lindley directs that as early in summer as the young 
 runners have taken root, they should be transplanted into 
 nursery beds five or six inches asunder. By this manage- 
 ment they will by autumn have become fine strong plants 
 capable of producing fruit the following summer. 
 
 For the reception of these plants he directs the ground 
 to be trenched twenty inches deep : and a quantity of half 
 rotted manure incorporated to half this depth. For econo- 
 my he has also recommended in the final transplanting to 
 set the plants in beds of four rows each ; the rows running 
 in a longitudinal direction. The distance between the 
 beds to vary from two to two and a half feet according to 
 the sorts to be planted, as some varieties require much more 
 space than others. As to the distances of the rows asun- 
 der and the distance of the plants in the rows, I will lay 
 down on Lindley's authority the following rules. 
 
 3d Class. In rows 15 inches asunder ; the plants fif- 
 teen inches' distance in the row. Wihnofs Superb the 
 same. 
 
 2d and 4th Classes (except Wilmot's as above.) In 
 rows fifteen inches asunder and twelve inches' distance in 
 the rows. 
 
 6th and 7th Classes. In rows twelve inches asunder ; 
 and twelve inches' distance in the row. 
 
 1st and 5th Classes. In rows twelve inches asunder ; 
 and nine inches' distance in the rows. 
 
 During the first year the runners are to be carefully des- 
 troyed before they have taken root. Around such as show 
 fruit, grass or straw is placed; (Keen recommends the same; 
 for the plant derives its name from this circumstance.) 
 This protects alike the soil from washing rains ; from a 
 scorching sun, and the consequent evaporation of its mois- 
 ture ; it protects the fruit from becoming soiled. But as 
 soon as the fruit is gathered this covering is to be removed ; 
 and the soil kept clear of weeds by the hoe till autumn. 
 
 In autumn he directs the leaves to be cut off (only a por- 
 tion I presume) and all the spaces including the alleys to be 
 dug carefully over with a pronged fork, so as not to injure 
 their roots. Both Keen and Mr Knight, however, direct 
 manure to be applied before this last operation is com- 
 
STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 311 
 
 menced ; and Mr Knight has particularly cautioned against 
 digging so deep as to disturb the roots, as it weakens the 
 force of the plants. 
 
 The second summer Lindley further states that the plants 
 will bear their best crop and finest fruit ; the beds and 
 outside of the alleys should be covered with mown grass or 
 with straw three or four inches thick ; by this method he 
 states he has found the fruit not only more abundant but of 
 finer quality. 
 
 It has been recommended to raise the Alpines from the 
 seed. But Mr Williams of Pitmaston (Hort. Trans.) con- 
 demns the practice. — Lindley joins him in this ; for having 
 procured a good sort it is recommended to increase and 
 continue it ; and have no mixture of inferior sorts with the 
 idea that such mixtures will improve. Some have directed 
 in regard to the Alpines and Hautbois that a certain pro- 
 portion of male or sterile plants should be preserved. But 
 the experience of Lindley and some others seems opposed to 
 this practice.- — These sterile plants, never producing fruit, 
 outgrow all the rest ; they overrun those which produce 
 fruit and soon take possession of the whole soil ; they are 
 neither useful nor necessary, but on the contrary ruinous, 
 as the whole bed soon becomes barren. But by excluding 
 the sterile plants in the beginning — the whole will remain 
 productive. 
 
 As to the Alpines, Lindley directs to set them out in 
 August ; and by spring the beds will be covered with run- 
 ners ; these are not to be disturbed or removed, as in the 
 case of other sorts ; for they will produce fruit during 
 autumn. 
 
 Management of Alpine and other sorts of Strawberries, 
 when large and late crops are desired. — The Alpine straw- 
 berries are chiefly valuable on account of their continuing 
 fruitful after all other varieties are gone. In order to make 
 the utmost of this valuable property which they possess, Mr 
 John Williams of Pitmaston has directed (see Hort. Tran.) 
 to form the beds in August : by spring the beds will be 
 well stocked with plants. When they have come into full 
 blossom in spring, cut off every flower without injuring the 
 leaves. This operation is to be again repeated as soon as 
 a second set of blossoms appear. The third set of blos- 
 soms are suffered to remain : — and the plants having by 
 this system accumulated strength, heavy crops are pro- 
 
312 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 duced after other strawberries are gone, and when alone the 
 Alpine strawberries are highly valuable. 
 
 Another mode has been stated by which a large crop of 
 the common varieties of strawberries are produced in au- 
 tumn. When the first crop is gone, the plants are shorne 
 of every leaf, and at suitable intervals profusely watered : 
 by this mode it is stated they not only renew their leaves, 
 but a crop of blossoms and fruit is produced. 
 
 With regard to the produce of strawberries, all agree 
 that the crop of the second year is more valuable than any 
 succeeding crop. I will briefly detail three different modes 
 in relation to this subject. 
 
 1st. The mode adopted by Mr Keen. 
 
 2d. That adopted by T. A. Knight, Esq. 
 
 3d. A mode not unfrequently adopted near Boston. 
 
 Mr Keen forms his beds in the spring. — The Hautbois 
 and Pines are placed in rows three feet asunder and eigh- 
 teen inches in a row. [Other classes at a proportionate 
 distance.] The objects in placing them at this great dis- 
 tance is that there may be room for the feet of the gath- 
 erers : also room for the vines to spread to the end of the 3d 
 year ; when the bed is taken up and the ground planted 
 anew. The first year little fruit is expected - — the second 
 year a very great crop — the third year a very moderate 
 crop. Mr Knight condemns this system in part ; his mode 
 is as follows : like Mr Keen he forms his beds in the spring : 
 he places the Pine and Hautbois in rows, sixteen inches 
 asunder and only eighteen in the row — [other classes at a 
 proportionate distance]. This is from three to four times 
 the number of plants on the same ground as Mr Keen. 
 Mr Knight takes off no runners except for the purpose of 
 of forming new beds: and he thinks he must obtain near 
 twice the produce in the second year, which all acknow- 
 ledge to be the fruitful year, from the same ground as Mr 
 Keen. For Mr Knight leaves no unoccupied ground for 
 the feet of the gatherers : as he considers the amount thus 
 destroyed very inconsiderable compared with the waste of 
 land. Mr Knight destroys his beds in the autumn of the 
 second year after the first great or main crop is taken off. 
 He esteems this the most economical mode. 
 
 In the vicinity of Boston the following mode is often 
 adopted. The vines are usually transplanted in August. 
 The rows are formed from eighteen inches to two feet 
 
LIME PLANT. 
 
 313 
 
 asunder. The runners during the first year are destroyed. 
 In the second year they are suffered to grow and fill the 
 interval, and in the autumn of that year, the whole old rows 
 are turned under with the spade and the rows are thus 
 shifted to the middle of the space. The same process is 
 repeated every second year. 
 
 LIME PLANT .—(Podophyllum peltatum.) 
 
 A hardy and singular production of nature. The stem, 
 foliage, flower, and fruit are formed in the earth ; and after 
 the plant has come up, there is nothing more than an ex- 
 tension of parts. The stems, at the height of from eight 
 to twelve inches, branch out in two arms, at the extremity 
 of each large palmated leaf. In the fork proceeds the 
 fruit stem. The fruit is about the size of a large lime, 
 green while growing, and yellow when ripe ; it has the fla- 
 vor of a pine-apple, and as to eating, is little inferior to that 
 fruit. The plant requires a moist soil, in a cool, shady 
 situation. It may be propagated by seed, but best by di- 
 viding the roots, which are jointed and creeping. The 
 root is medicinal. A native of America. — New England 
 Farmer^ vol. viii. No. 16. 
 
 MELON 
 
 MUSK MELON. (Cucumis melo.) 
 
 A delicious, large, oblong or globular fruit, too generally 
 known to need a particular description. It is a native of 
 Asia, and besides its use at the dessert, it forms, while 
 young, an excellent pickle. 
 
 27 
 
314 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 1. Black Rock. Lindley. 
 
 Very large, oblate, yellowish skin. Flesh thick, orange 
 colored, and of an excellent jfiavor. 
 
 2. Daree Melon. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Fruit large, ovate or oval, pale green. Flesh white, thick, 
 crisp, melting, very sweet. 
 
 3. Dutch Rock. Lindley. 
 
 An oblate, medium sized fruit, with a thick, yellow, 
 rough skin. Flesh orange colored, thick, melting, sweet 
 and high flavored. 
 
 4. Early Cantaloupe. Lindley. 
 
 Small, globular, ribbed ; skin pale green, flesh orange 
 colored, juicy, of good flavor. 
 
 5. Early Polignac. Lindley. 
 
 A small, round fruit, with a pale yellow, rough skin ; 
 flesh yellow, thick, sweet, and highly flavored. 
 
 6. Green Melon. Ostrich's Egg. Hort. Trans. 
 
 A green, oval, handsome fruit; flesh very thick, green, 
 melting, very sweet, and high flavored. 
 
 7. Green Hoosainee. Hort. Trans. 
 
 A handsome egg-shaped fruit ; flesh greenish white ; 
 tender, delicate, juicy, highly perfumed. A very excellent 
 and productive variety. 
 
 8. Italian Green Fleshed. Hort. Trans. 
 
 A small, round, pale green fruit ; flesh pale green, soft, 
 juicy, very sweet, and high flavored. 
 
 9. Large Germek. Hort. Trans. 
 
 A large, excellent, and productive round fruit, of a sea 
 green color. Flesh clear green, very thick, firm, juicy, 
 rich and high flavored. 
 
 10. Melon de Carmes. Lindley. 
 
 A very large, oblong, bright orange colored fruit ; flesh 
 very thick, salmon colored, tender, not juicy, sweet and 
 good flavored. 
 
 11. Melon of Keising. Hort. Trans. 
 
 A beautiful egg shaped fruit, bright lemon color. Flesh 
 very thick, nearly white, very juicy, delicate, sweet, and 
 high flavored, like a Beurre Pear. 
 
MELON. 315 
 
 12. Montagu Cantaloupe. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Form round or oval, small, greenish white ; flesh thick, 
 reddish, soft, sweet, juicy, and delicate. 
 
 13. Orange Cantaloupe. Lindley. 
 
 A small, round, yellow fruit ; flesh deep orange red, 
 juicy, sugary, and extremely high flavored. 
 
 14. RoMANA. Neill. 
 
 A middle sized, oval, pale yellow fruit, ribbed ; flesh 
 yellow, firm, and well flavored. 
 
 15. Scarlet Rock. Lindley. 
 
 An oblate, deeply ribbed, pale green fruit ; flesh reddish ; 
 tender, juicy, sweet, and highly flavored. 
 
 16. Silver Rock. Lindley. 
 
 Middle sized, oblate ; skin green and yellow, blotched ; 
 flesh pale red, sweet, and well flavored. 
 
 17. Smooth Scarlet-fleshed. Lindley. Hort. Trans. 
 Form round or oval ; skin greenish yellow ; flesh scarlet, 
 
 firm, and high flavored. 
 
 18. Sweet Melon of Ispahan. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Fruit large, ovate ; skin smooth, of a sulphur color ; flesh 
 white, very thick, crisp, sugary, and very rich. 
 
 19. Damps HA Melon. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Fruit oblong, yellowish green ; flesh green, melting and 
 of excellent flavor. 
 
 20. Green Valencia. Hort. Trans. 
 
 Form oval, pointed, slightly ribbed, of a dark green color ; 
 flesh pale straw color, firm, saccharine, juicy and pleasant. 
 The latter crops of the two last named varieties keep till 
 winter. 
 
 We may also enumerate the following fine varieties : 
 
 Green Citron (fine) green flesh ; 
 
 Murray^ s Pine Apple, do. 
 
 Persian, do. 
 
 Nutmeg, do. 
 
 Minorca, do. 
 
 Large Cantaloupe ; 
 
 Star ; very late ; 
 
 Pomegranate, or musk (fine) odoratissimus ; 
 
 Palermo, very rich and fine ; flesh green, and keeps late 
 in the season. 
 
 Cultivation. — The musk melon is raised from seed 
 
316 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 planted in April or May, in a highly manured, warm, loamj 
 soil, in hills six or eight feet asunder. Those kinds in- 
 tended for seed, should be raised remote from inferior vari- 
 eties. The vines should be pruned of superfluous branches, 
 and all superfluous fruits must be removed as soon as they 
 appear. 
 
 WATERMELON. (Cucurhitus citrullus.) 
 
 A native of Asia — and cultivated in all the warm and 
 temperate countries of Europe, Africa, and America. A 
 very large, round or oblong fruit, too well known in our 
 climate to need a particular description. 
 
 Uses. — The watermelon is a very refreshing and whole- 
 some dessert fruit in the warm season ; it mitigates thirst. 
 From the watermelon an excellent sweetmeat called artifi- 
 cial citron may be prepared as follows. [See New Eng. 
 Farmer, vol. xi. No. 8.] 
 
 AMERICAN CITRON. 
 
 Pare the dark green from the outside and scrape the soft 
 from the inside of the melon ; cut it in diifer^nt forms and 
 boil it in alum water until clear ; throw it into spring water, 
 where it may remain two or three hours, changing the 
 water frequently. 
 
 " To one pound of fruit, take two of sugar, make a sy- 
 rup of half the the quantity and boil in it all the citron until 
 done, when it will be transparent. At the expiration of 
 two or three days, take the jelly from it, add the remaining 
 half of sugar ; boil and pour it over the citron, which will 
 be ready for use. Season it with ginger ; sliced lemon is 
 preferable." 
 
 The inspissated juice of the watermelon of the sweetest 
 kinds, aflbrds a bright, light colored syrup. A conserve 
 and marmalade is also prepared from the fruit. At Sarpa, 
 on the River Volga, says Pallas, they brew beer from the 
 juice. 
 
 Varieties. — 1. Long Carolina ; 2. Round Carolina. 
 
 Cultivation. — The cultivation of the watermelon is in 
 all respects the same as the musk melon. Innumerable 
 
BERBERRY. - 317 
 
 and nameless fine varieties continually appear. But the 
 same precautions are necessary to preserve the seed in its 
 purity, as are recommended for the musk melon. They 
 require a highly manured, rich, warm soil. 
 
 BERBERRY. — (Berberis.) 
 
 The berberry or barberry is a prickly shrub rising to the 
 height of ten feet with numerous branches. The bark is 
 ash colored outside and yellow within ; the fruit is in clus- 
 ters, of a red color and taste. It is said to be a native of 
 Asia, but abounds in the Northern and Middle States of 
 America. Some species of grain are liable to become af- 
 fected by rust, if raised in its vicinity, particularly rye. 
 
 Uses. — The fruit is used for pickling, and for preserving; 
 a decoction of the berries sweetened, is deemed a useful as 
 well as pleasant drink in fevers. The inner bark is said to 
 be used in France for dyeing cotton and silk of a bright 
 yellow ; also for staining wood by cabinet makers ; and in 
 Poland it is used for coloring leather. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Red Berberry. 
 
 Of this there are two varieties; one the common berber- 
 ry with stones ; the other without. 
 
 White Berberry. 
 
 Fruit large, agreeable, but not productive. 
 
 Black Sweet. Loudon. 
 Requires a warm situation. 
 
 Chinese Berberry. 
 
 This variety, in some respects resembles the red ; but 
 differs some in appearance, and is deemed the most orna- 
 mental. 
 
 Holly-leaved Berberry. Berberis aquafolium. 
 
 A new and curious variety from the Rocky Mountains ; 
 very different from all others. This appears to be a variety 
 with thornless wood and with leaves larger than the other 
 
 27* 
 
SIS NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 species, with prickly points. The blossoms are produced 
 in numerous yellow clusters, and are handsome. 
 
 Soil and Cultivation. — The berberry prefers a dry 
 soil, but will succeed in almost any soil or situation. It is 
 raised from seeds, from layers, and suckers. 
 
 BLACKBERRY. —(Bramble.— Rubus fruticosa.) 
 
 Bush Blackberry. Ruhus Americanus. 
 
 A shrub rising to the height of ten feet, somewhat ribbed 
 or angled and armed with hooked spines. The fruit, which 
 grows in clusters, is oblong, an inch in length, of a shining 
 black, of an agreeable taste, sweet or subacid and astrin- 
 gent. This plant thrives in a rich, moist, sandy loam, and 
 is often cultivated in gardens, where its fruit is much im- 
 proved in size and its crops very abundant. 
 Trailing Blackberry. Dewherry. Ruhus procumhens. 
 
 This is a plant with low trailing branches, its stems are 
 weak and bend to the earth, and there take root. The fruit 
 is large, nearly globular, of a black color and covered with 
 bloom, of a sweet subacid lively taste ; this plant succeeds 
 in dry hilly land. 
 
 Uses. — The blackberry is considered a pleasant and 
 wholesome dessert fruit, if used with moderation ; it is 
 used in pies, tarts, &lc. A jelly is made of the blackberry 
 of considerable medicinal efficacy in nephritic disorders. 
 It is singular that a fruit so productive as the tall black- 
 berry should be so little cultivated. Both species may be 
 propagated either from seed or from layers, and are won- 
 derfully improved by cultivation. 
 White fruited Bramble. Ruhus alba- 
 
 A variety with white fruit. 
 Double White flowering. Ruhus alho-pleno, 
 
 A beautiful and ornamental variety. 
 
319 
 
 CRANB ERRIES. — ( Oxy coccus macrocarpus.) 
 
 A LOW trailing vine, an indigenous fruit, growing wild in 
 bogs and meadows. The berry has a very acid taste, and 
 is much used in pies, puddings, tarts, preserves, &c. The 
 cranberry is a plant of easy culture ; and with but little 
 expense, not a doubt exists that meadows which are now 
 barren wastes, or yield nothing but coarse herbage, might 
 be converted into profitable cranberry fields. According 
 to Loudon, Sir Joseph Banks, who obtained this plant from 
 America, raised in 1831, on a square of eighteen feet each 
 way, three and a half Winchester bushels, which is at the 
 rate of four hundred and sixty bushels to the acre. A 
 man with a cranberry rake will in a good cranberry mea- 
 dow, gather from twenty to fifty bushels in a day ; any 
 meadow will answer ; Capt. Henry Hall of Barnstable, has 
 cultivated the cranberry twenty years. They grow well 
 on sandy bogs after draining ; if the bogs are covered with 
 brush it is removed, but it is not necessary to remove the 
 rushes, as the strong roots of the cranberry SQon over- 
 power them. It would be well if previous to planting, the 
 land could be ploughed ; but Capt. Hall usually spreads on 
 beach sand and digs holes four feet asunder each way, 
 the same distance as for corn; the holes are, however, 
 deeper. Into these holes, sods of cranberry roots are 
 planted, and in the space of three years the whole ground 
 is covered. The planting is usually performed in autumn. 
 Mr F. A. Hayden, of Lincoln, Mass. is stated to have 
 gathered from his farm, in 1830, four hundred bushels of 
 cranberries, which brought him in Boston market $400. 
 [New England Farmer, vol. ix. No. 18.] Any dry soil 
 with a mixture of bog earth will, it is said, produce abun- 
 dant crops. ' 
 
 CRANBERRY VIBURNUM. — ( V. oxycoccum.) 
 
 The cranberry tree or shrub, rises to a very moderate 
 height, its fruit is a berry about the size of a cranberry, of 
 
320 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDISTo 
 
 a bright red color, and very austere taste. They are val- 
 uable for pies, tarts, preserves, &lc. The tree is propaga* 
 ted by layers, and suckers or seeds. 
 
 ELDER. — (Samhucus nigra.) 
 
 A low bushy tree, of an ornamental appearance ; its bark 
 is smooth and gray, becoming rough by age ; leaves pin- 
 nate ; the flowers in terminating cymes ; the berries black 
 and abundant, of a sweet but not agreeable flavor ; the tree 
 and its leaves are narcotic. Noxious insects avoid it. 
 
 Uses. — Although the berries are deemed poisonous to 
 poultry generally, yet they are employed in the manufacture 
 of an excellent, powerful and enlivening wine, remarkably 
 wholesome. But the wine of white elder berries is said to 
 resemble grape wine. A syrup and cordial are also pre- 
 pared from the berries ; and in Germany a very pure and 
 strong spirit is said to be distilled from the fruit. The 
 inner grfeen bark is said to be an ingredient in black dye. 
 And Professor Martyn, according to Loudon, has stated 
 that the tree is a whole magazine of physic to rustic practi- 
 tioners, nor is it quite neglected by more regular ones. 
 Fruit trees, plants, &c. whipped with the fresh branches, 
 are effectually secured from the depredations of noxious 
 insects. The wood of old trees is hard and fine grained, 
 and takes a fine polish, and is used by turners as a substi- 
 tute for box wood. 
 
 M E D L A R. — (Mespilus Germanica.) 
 
 A low spreading tree ; the branches are woolly ; the 
 leaves are oval, lanceolate, serrate and woolly towards their 
 points. The fruit is round or turbinate, the size that of a 
 plum. The pulp is thick and contains five wrinkled stones. 
 An ornamental shrub, when in bloom, and a native of the 
 south of Europe. 
 
MOUNTAIN ASH. 321 
 
 Uses. — The fruit is much esteemed by some ; but it is 
 never eaten till ameliorated by frost and in a state of decay. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 Nottingham Medlar. Loudon. 
 
 A fruit of a quick and pungent taste. 
 German Medlar, or Dutch Medlar. 
 
 A low, crooked, deformed tree, with very large leaves, 
 entire, and downy beneath; the flowers are very large; 
 the fruit very large, somewhat resembling an apple in shape. 
 This variety is the largest of the medlars and is deemed the 
 best. 
 
 Soil and Cultivation. — Raised by seeds, planted 
 while fresh and in autumn; also by layers — or by grafting 
 and inoculating, either on the medlar or on the quince, the 
 hawthorn or the pear. They require a loamy, rich soil, 
 rather moist than dry, on a dry subsoil. 
 
 MOUNTAIN ASH. — (Sorbus aucuparia.) 
 
 This tree rises erect in a beautiful pyramidal form to the 
 height of twentyfive or thirty feet ; the leaves are pinnate ; 
 the flowers are white, in corymbs ; the fruit is round, of a 
 fine coral red. The berries of this tree are eaten, according 
 to Loudon, in some parts of Scotland and Wales. They 
 are also used for preserving ; they are also stated to afibrd 
 an agreeable fermented liquor ; and by distillation, a con- 
 siderable quantity of strong spirit. According to Mr Neill, 
 in France they are frequently grafted on the service tree, 
 and the fruit is thus rendered of larger size, and more 
 abundant. It is one of the most ornamental of all trees, 
 when loaded with its large clusters of red berries in autumn. 
 
322 
 
 SILVER LEAVED SHEPARDIA. 
 
 Buffalo Berry Tree. 
 
 A beautifal hardy tree, so called from its silvery leaf. 
 This tree was discovered by Professor Nuttall, in Missouri, 
 in 1810, and was introduced here by the Messrs Winship. 
 The tree is of upright growth and thorny ; the leaves are 
 small, of a delicate silvery appearance. The fertile and 
 barren flowers are produced on different trees ; the fruit is 
 of the size and appearance of a large currant, of a fine scar- 
 let color, and beautiful appearance ; they envelope the 
 branches in profuse clusters. It is of a rich taste, and val- 
 uable, with preparation, for preserves, tarts, &c. 
 
 NUTS. 
 
 WALNUT. (Juglans regia.) 
 
 English or Madeira Nut. 
 
 The walnut is a native of Persia and China. It is 
 a lofty spreading tree, with pinnated leaves, of a powerful 
 odor. The fruit is roundish oblong, smooth, green, inclos- 
 ing a nut of a yellow color and irregular form, which con- 
 tains a four lobed kernel of an agreeable taste. 
 
 Uses. — The walnut is an esteemed dessert fruit ; it also 
 forms an excellent pickle when gathered, while it is yet so 
 tender as to be easily probed with a needle. In France, 
 according to Phillips, an oil equal to the oil of almonds is 
 drawn from them. This oil does not congeal by cold, is 
 highly prized by the painters for mixing delicate colors 
 and varnish ; and is excellent in medicine. He further in- 
 forms us that the young preserved nuts are an excellent 
 sweetmeat ; good to be eaten in the morning, in time of 
 pestilential distempers, to prevent infection. — A most su- 
 perior family medicine when eaten in the small quantity of a 
 single nut. They are prepared as follows : green walnuts 
 in the state fit for pickling are boiled till tender ; then take 
 them out, and to every pound of riuts add a pound of moist 
 
NUTS. 323 
 
 sugar, a little water, lemon peel, mace, cloves, and simmer 
 till the syrup is thick, and let them stan.d ten days ; then 
 clarify half as much more sugar, and boiled as before ; and 
 when cold cover them close for use. 
 
 The decoction of the leaves annoys or destroys noxious 
 insects and worms. 
 
 The timber is very extensively used for gunstocks, being 
 deemed lighter in proportion to its strength and elasticity 
 than any other wood. 
 
 Cultivation, Soil, &c. — The walnut is raised from 
 the seed planted in autumn ; the second year they are 
 transplanted and deprived of a portion of their taproot. 
 They require a rich soil of loam and sand rather than clay. 
 The varieties may be inarched — or budded from the mi- 
 nute buds at the base of the young shoot, inserted in the 
 summit of the two years old wood. 
 
 BLACK WALNUT. (Juglans nigra.) 
 
 A majestic tree, with a round spreading head, which 
 sometimes rises to the height of seventy feet, with a diam- 
 eter of from four to seven feet. The leaves are pinnate 
 and consist of six or eight pair of leaflets. They are acu- 
 minate, serrate and downy. The fruit is large and sur- 
 rounded with a thick, globular, smooth, green husk ; the 
 shell is rough, uneven in its surface, odoriferous, hard, 
 thick, and black. It incloses a four lobed kernel which is 
 large and sweet. 
 
 Uses. — From the nut an oil is expressed equal to olive 
 oil for food and useful for the painter. From the husk a 
 brown dye is procured of different shades. The sap wood 
 is white, but the heart is violet, becoming nearly black. 
 It is very strong, fine grained, compact and heavy, and ad- 
 mits a beautiful polish, and is employed for furniture, and 
 the stocks of muskets, and for the naves of wheels. It is 
 strong and durable ; and it is said to be never attacked by 
 the sea worm. 
 
 Cultivation, Soil, &c. — The cultivation of this tree is 
 the same as the walnut. It flourishes in any good soil ; but 
 prefers the deep, fertile, and alluvial soils on the margins of 
 creeks and rivers. 
 
324 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 BUTTERNUT. (Juglans catJiartica.) 
 
 Oil Nut, White Walnut. 
 
 A large tree with a broad spreading head. In suitable 
 situations it rises fifty or sixty feet, with a diameter of from 
 three to four feet at this distance from the ground. 
 
 When young, this tree and its leaf strikingly resemble 
 the Black Walnut ; but when older they are easily distin- 
 guished. The fruit is similar in most respects to that va- 
 riety, but is oval oblong ; and the nut which is inclosed is 
 oblong, rounded at the base and pointed at its summit. 
 The kernel is sweet and abounds in a valuable oil. 
 
 Uses. —The fruit is eaten at the dessert: for pickling 
 it is superior, and is equally prized as the walnut. Its fruit 
 preserved in the same manner as directed for the walnut, 
 is equally excellent, and of equal medicinal efficacy. Pills 
 formed by evaporating a decoction of the inner bark to a 
 viscid consistence, are said to form one of the very best 
 cathartics known. The timber is of a reddish hue, not 
 strong but light and durable. It is never attacked by 
 the sea worms. It is not liable to split, and its uses are 
 the same as the bass wood. 
 
 Cultivation. — The cultivation of the Butternut is the 
 same as the walnut ; it flourishes in any good soil, on cold, 
 unproductive, and rocky soils, on the steep banks of rivers. 
 
 CHESNUT. (Castanea.) 
 
 The European Chesnut was so named, from Casta- 
 nea, a city of that name in Thessalia, from whence the 
 Romans first received them. The chesnut is a large tree, 
 of a fine form, rising sometimes to the height of eighty 
 feet. The leaves are of an elongated form, coarsely ser- 
 rated, of a fine shining green. A large globular prick- 
 ly burr incloses two or three nuts of a dark brown 
 color. 
 
 Uses. — The fruit is used either boiled, roasted, or in a 
 raw state. Phillips informs us that in the south of France, 
 in Italy, and Savoy, they are made into puddings, cakes, 
 and bread. And " chesnuts stewed with cream make a 
 much admired dish ; they make excellent soup ; and stewed 
 
NUTS. 325 
 
 and served with salt fish they are much admired." We are 
 also further informed that there is now at Fortsworth, in 
 Gloucestershire, a great chesnut tree, fiftytwo feet round ; 
 which in 1150 was so remarkable that it was called The 
 great Chesnut of Fortswoi^th. And Marsham states that 
 this tree is 1100 years old. Lastly, the timber of this tree 
 is almost incorruptible, and more durable than oak. Its 
 durability is commensurate with the long life of the tree. 
 Corsica, it is said, exports annually of this fruit to the 
 amount of 100,000 crowns. The American Chesnut differs 
 very little from that of Europe. The fruit is smaller but 
 equally good. Its growth is very rapid. The bark for 
 tanning is superior to oak. 
 
 Cultivation. — The Chesnut is raised from the seeds 
 planted in autumn — the second year they are transplanted, 
 and fine varieties are extended by grafting. A sandy or 
 gravelly loam with a dry subsoil best suits them. 
 
 CHINQUAPIN. (Castanea pumila.) 
 
 The Dwarf Chesnut rises to the height of ten or twelve 
 feet, but sometimes thirty or forty feet. The tree and its 
 fruit are with but little variation, a miniature of the Ches- 
 nut just described. But the timber is finer grained, more 
 compact, heavier, if not more durable. It flourishes in any 
 dry soil. Its cultivation is the same as the walnut and 
 chesnut. It is not found wild, north of Pennsylvania, 
 
 SHAGBARK HICKORY. (Juglans squamosa.) 
 
 The Shagbark or Shellhark is an elegant tree of a tali 
 and stately form, rising to the height of 80 or 90 feet. Its 
 height is very tall in proportion to its dimensions near the 
 base ; often from forty to fifty diameters. 
 
 The leaves are oval, acuminate, in five leaflets, of a beau- 
 tiful shining green above, glaucous beneath. When it has 
 arrived to middle size, the outer bark separates in long thin 
 plates or scales, warped out at the ends, giving the tree a 
 shaggy and bristling appearance. In this respect it differs 
 not only from other trees, but from other hickories ; also in 
 the fruit, which is round or oval, its hull very thick, cover- 
 ing a nut whose shell is always thin, and four lobed kernel, 
 sweet. The timber of the shagbark always splits clear ; it 
 
 28 
 
326 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 works smooth ; it is very compact, strong, and elastic, and 
 is preferred to any other wood or hickory for axe handles, 
 ox bows, and various domestic utensils where all these 
 qualities are required. 
 
 Cultivation, Soil, &c. — The cultivation of this tree 
 is the same as the walnut. It flourishes in any good soil, 
 even in low wet land. 
 
 PACANE NUT. (Juglans olivcBformis.) 
 
 A beautiful tree, rising with a straight, well proportioned 
 trunk, to the height of 60 or 70 feet. Each leaf consists 
 of six or seven leaflets. The nut, which is encompassed 
 with a thin hull, is an inch and a half long ; cylindrical, 
 pointed at its extremities, and has four slightly projecting 
 angular ribs. The shell is smooth and thin, the kernel four 
 lobed, and sweet. 
 
 FILBERT. (Corylus.) 
 
 A large shrub, with wood of an ash color ; leaves alter- 
 nate, roundish cordate. Its fruit is well known and highly 
 esteemed. They are extensively cultivated in Europe. 
 " In the neighborhood of Avelino, in Italy," says Swinburn, 
 ** the whole face of the neighboring valley is covered with 
 them, and in good years they yield a profit of 60,000 ducats. 
 And from a single wood near Recus, in Spain, sixty thou- 
 sand bushels have been gathered in a single year and 
 shipped from Barcelona, whence they are called Barcelona 
 nuts." — Phillips. 
 
 Phillips further informs us, the produce of a single acre 
 planted with filberts, has sometimes been sold for fifty 
 pounds. And Loudon states that its returns are very 
 profitable. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 1. Frizzled Filbert. Pom. Mag. One of the very 
 best. The fruit is produced in threes or fives, sometimes 
 more ; rather small, oblong, flattened, the shell moderately 
 thick, filled with the kernel, which is of good flavor. Very 
 productive. 
 
 Cosford Nut. Pom. Mag. A large oblong nut ; shell 
 
SOUTHERN FRUITS. 
 
 327 
 
 thin ; kernel white, sweet, and of excellent quality. Very 
 productive. 
 
 Red Filbert. Loudon. Pom. Mag. Very fine flavor- 
 ed, but not productive. 
 
 CoDNUT. Loudon. A large nut, shell thick, kernel sweet. 
 
 Pearson's Prolific. Pom. Mag. A great bearer. 
 
 Spanish or Bacelona. A large nut with a thin shell ; 
 this is the sort we usually import. 
 
 Knight's Large. Pom. Mag. Very fine. 
 
 American Filbert or Hazel nut. C. Americana. 
 This native variety is small but sweet, and very productive, 
 and by cultivation it may undoubtedly be wonderfully im- 
 proved in size. 
 
 Cultivation. — By seeds is not the best mode of raising, 
 except to produce new varieties ; by layers is best, as this 
 preserves the kinds. A deep, dry, sandy loam, on a dry 
 subsoil, is the best; according to the English writers, a well 
 manured soil. In a rich moist soil they grow too luxuri- 
 antly to produce fruit. They require pruning and trimming 
 to be kept low ; the leading shoots are every year to be 
 shortened two thirds or more. 
 
 SOUTHERN FRUITS.— CLASS I. 
 
 fruits which may be cultivated in the southwestern 
 and southern states to the lat. of 25°. 
 
 Most of these however may flourish in the Middle States, and a 
 small portion may succeed in the Northwestern and Eastern States 
 to the latitude of 43'^. 
 
 FIG. (Ficus carica.) 
 
 The Fig tree is a native of Asia ; a deciduous tree in 
 the temperate climates, but an evergreen within the trop- 
 ics. In a warm climate it grows to a very large size. The 
 branches smooth, of a dark ashen color ; the leaves are 
 cordate, ovate, three or five lobed, thick ; the fruit grows on 
 
328 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 the wood of the former year in the axils of the leaves ; its 
 form is turbinate ; it contains a pulp of a sweet and deli- 
 cious flavor. The fig forms an important article of culture 
 ill Barbary, Greece, Italy, Spain, and the south of France, 
 for drying, and on the coasts of the Mediterranean and its 
 Isles. In these countries it grows to a large size. It is 
 also cultivated pretty extensively near Paris, for the supply 
 of its markets. Here they are kept low, that they may be 
 with the greater ease protected in winter. They are plant- 
 ed on the south sides of walls, buildings, and the southern 
 declivities of hills. Phillips informs us that there is an 
 orchard of a hundred standard fig trees near Worthing, in 
 Sussex, England ; its extent is three quarters of an acre. 
 The trees are of the size of large apple trees and ripen 
 their fruit as well as in any part of Spain. They are an- 
 nually productive, and very profitable, ripening in August, 
 September and October. 
 
 Uses. — The fig is a wholesome and delicious article of 
 the dessert ; and in those countries where it is extensively 
 cultivated, it is not only eaten in a green or dried state, but 
 fried or stewed, and in various ways, with or without bread 
 or meat, as food. Figs are prepared by dipping them in 
 scalding ley, made of the ashes of the fig tree, and then 
 dried in the sun. And according to Dambourney, [See 
 Dom. Enc] " in dyeing, a decoction of the green branches 
 and leaves imparts a deep gold color of a brownish red 
 shade ; but the leaves alone impart a very deep yellow color. 
 And the substances thus dyed, retain a very agreeable fra- 
 trrance for many months, even after being washed. '' The 
 wood of the fig tree is almost indestructible, and was for- 
 merly much employed in the East, for the preservation of 
 embalmed bodies.' [lb.] 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 ANGELiaUE. Lindley. Bon Jard. 
 
 Melite, Courcourelle Blanche. Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 Yellow Angelique. Bon Jard. 
 
 The fruit is small, its color yellow ; form pyramidal ; its 
 pulp is white, but red at the centre, and of excellent flavor. 
 This sort is cultivated in the neighborhood of Paris. 
 
 COMMON BLUE. Mr Neill. 
 
 Sometimes called the Purple Figy is of an oblong shape, 
 5ind the tree is a great bearer. August. 
 
PIG. 329 
 
 LARGE BLUE. Lindley. 
 
 Large Purple. 
 
 Fruit large, oblong ; skin purple, or dark brown, cover- 
 ed with a thick blue bloom ; pulp deep red, of a very good 
 flavor ; a very hardy sort, and a most excellent bearer. 
 
 BORDEAUX. Lindley. 
 
 Poire Figue, Violettede Bordeaux, of the French. 
 
 The fruit is long and pyramidal, rounded at the crown, 
 its length three inches; its color is naturally a deep violet : 
 its pulp is deep red or purple, succulent and sweet. This 
 fig is stated to be cultivated throughout France, and al- 
 though not of very high flavor, it is very productive, pro- 
 ducing annually two crops. 
 
 FIGUE BLANCHE RONDE. N. Duh. PI. iv. 
 
 Round White. 
 
 This fig is esteemed the most suitable for the climate of 
 Paris ; it is the most multiplied, and is there preferred to 
 all others for its productiveness, and the superior quality of 
 its fruit. The fruit is turbinate, two inches in diameter ; 
 color at maturity yellowish green ; the flesh is white, very 
 sweet and delicious. The first crop begins to ripen at the 
 end of June. The second crop begins to ripen the middle 
 of September, and lasts till hard frosts commence. 
 
 BRUNSWICK. Mr Neill. 
 
 Madonna. 
 
 The form is long and pyramidal ; the color brown, with 
 but little flavor. The Pomological Magazine and Lindley 
 ?gree that it is sweet, extremely rich, and high flavored ; 
 and that it is the largest and best purple fig they have, 
 adapted to their climate. It is early. 
 
 BLACK GENOA. Mr Neill. 
 
 An oblong fruit, of a dark purple color, almost black, 
 and covered with purple bloom ; the pulp is bright and high 
 flavored. The tree is a good bearer. End of August. 
 
 PURPLE GENOA. 
 
 The fruit is large and long ; the skin dark purple at ma- 
 turity ; the flesh extremely sweet and delicious. 
 
 WHITE GENOA. Mr Neill. 
 
 A large and almost globular fruit, of a yellowish color at 
 maturity ; the pulp is of a light red color, and of good fla- 
 vor. The tree is considered rather a shy bearer, 
 
 28* 
 
330 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 BLACK TSCHIA. Mr Neill. 
 
 Sometimes called Blue Ischia, is a very good sort ; the 
 fruit is short, of medium size, a little flattened at the crown ; 
 at maturity the skin is dark purple or almost black, and the 
 inside of a deep red ; the pulp very high flavored. The 
 tree is a good bearer. End of September. 
 
 BROWN ISCHIA. Mr Neill. 
 
 Sometimes called Chesnut colored Ischia. A very large 
 globular fruit; its pulp is purple, sweet, and of very good 
 flavor ; it ripens early, and seldom fails of producing a good 
 crop. Middle of August. 
 
 GREEN ISCHIA. For. 
 
 The fruit is oblong ; its summit nearly globular ; its skin 
 is green, thin, and brown at maturity ; its flesh is purple 
 and high flavored. 
 
 YELLOW ISCHIA. For. 
 
 The fruit is large, the color yellow, the flesh purple and 
 well flavored. 
 
 BLACK ITALIAN. Mr Neill. 
 
 A small roundish fruit ; the skin purple ; its pulp of a 
 dark red color, and high flavored. The tree bears well. 
 
 BROWN ITALIAN. Mr Neill. 
 
 A small roundish fruit ; the skin of a brown color at 
 maturity ; the pulp is red and high flavored. The tree 
 bears abundantly. 
 
 LONG BROWN NAPLES. For. 
 
 This fruit is long, compressed at its summit ; the color 
 dark brown ; the flesh is of a reddish color, and of good 
 flavor ; the seeds are large. 
 
 MALTA. Mr Neill. 
 
 A small brown fruit ; the pulp is sweet and well flavored. 
 When permitted to hang on the tree till it shrivels, it forms 
 a fine sweetmeat. 
 
 MARSEILLES. Lindley. 
 
 FiGUE Blanche, of the French. 
 
 The fruit is small ; its form turbinate ; its height two 
 inches, its diameter nearly the same ; color at maturity 
 yellowish white ; the pulp is white, dry, sweet and rich. 
 
CULTIVATION, SOIL, ETC. 331 
 
 MURREY. Mr Neill. 
 
 Brown Red Naples. 
 
 A large globular shaped fruit, of pretty good flavor; it is 
 distinguished by the murrey colored skin. September. 
 
 NERII. Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is small, turbinate, pale greenish yellow ; pulp 
 similar in color to that of the pomegranate. The richest of 
 the yellovi', white, or green species, with a slight, delicate, 
 agreeable acid. The Nerii Fig is cultivated by Mr Knight 
 at Downton Castle. 
 
 BROWN TURKEY. Lindley. 
 
 Brown Italian, of Forsyth, according to Lindley's Guide. 
 Fruit small and round ; of a red or purple color ; pulp 
 very delicious. 
 
 VIOLETTE. Lindley and Bon Jard. 
 
 FiGUE ViOLETTE. 
 
 Fruit small, of a deep violet color ; form globular, slight- 
 ly turbinate, and about two inches in diameter ; flesh white 
 near the skin, the centre tinged with red, and excellent. 
 This sort is cultivated in the vicinity of Paris for the 
 market. 
 
 SMALL EARLY WHITE. Mr Neill. 
 
 Its form is globular ; the pulp sweet, but without much 
 flavor. It ripens early. Indeed, it seldom fails of produc- 
 ing a crop. 
 
 CULTIVATION, SOIL, &c. 
 
 The fig tree is raised from seeds, from layers, and from 
 cuttings. They require a friable, loamy, but not wet soil, 
 and an airy, warm situation. They differ from most other 
 trees in producing several crops annually. Even in the 
 climate of Boston, I am persuaded that figs of good quality 
 may be raised, if the trees are placed in warm situations, 
 south of walls or buildings, on the declivities of hills, as at 
 Argenteuil, near Paris. Mr Knight has obtained, in his 
 hot-house, eight successive crops in a year, by bending the 
 limbs in a position below the horizontal. And Mr Lowell, 
 in his experiments, has succeeded in obtaining four crops. 
 
332 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 The tree will produce tolerable crops in the second yearj if 
 rung or decorticated, and by this process the maturity of 
 the fruit is accelerated and its size increased. Its matu- 
 rity is also hastened by a practice which prevails in France, 
 which consists in pricking the fruit with a straw or quill 
 dipped in olive oil. In Italy, according to Loudon, a 
 wound with a knife is sometimes made on the broad end 
 of the fig, or a very small part of the skin is removed for 
 the same purpose. Lastly, by the mode communicated by 
 the Hon. John Lowell, in the New England Farmer, vol. x. 
 p. 62, for 1831 ; it is as follows : 
 
 " The fig, like the fruit of the vine and peach, attains a 
 certain size, and then remains stationary for several weeks, 
 until it begins to color, when its volume, in three or four 
 days, is greatly increased, often doubled and even trebled. 
 My figs [in a hot house, 28th August,] were dark green, 
 showing no tendency to ripen. I took about a third of a 
 tea-spoonful of sweet oil, and dipping my finger in it, I 
 rubbed it very slightly over every alternate fig, leaving the 
 others untouched, as a test of the effects. At the end of 
 three days, the color of most of those touched with oil 
 began to change, and the size to increase, and now on the 
 fifth day, they have nearly the color of mature figs, and are 
 twice and three times as large as those not touched with 
 oil, which still remain of a dark green color." 
 
 Mr Phillips recommends that for a cold climate like Eng- 
 land, the tree should be table trained ; that is, to keep the 
 branches tied to stakes about two feet from the ground ; 
 thus forming a regular star from the trunk. In the winter 
 they are easily lowered to the earth, and secured by hooks 
 and protected. 
 
 Mr Loudon seems persuaded that by combining the sys- 
 tem recommended by Mr Knight, with that recommended 
 by the Rev. G. Swayne, the most desirable results would 
 be produced ; they are both calculated for cold climates. 
 
 Mr Knight highly disapproves of training the branches 
 of fig trees perpendicularly. If the stems are many, he 
 reduces them to one only. And from the tops and parts 
 near it, lateral branches are trained horizontally and pen- 
 dantly, and secured close to the wall. All troublesome 
 luxuriance is thus restrained, and the wood becomes ex- 
 tremely fruitful. 
 
 Mr Swayne trains his trees horizontally. His " specific" 
 
OLIVE. 
 
 333 
 
 is designed to remedy the deficiency of bloom in the early 
 spring on the whole of the last year's wood, excepting on 
 a few joints at its extremities. The remedy which he has 
 for a long time successfully practised, is, to simply rub off, 
 as soon as they can be discovered, all the figs which are 
 produced after midsummer on the same year's shoots. 
 Those figs which thus exhaust the tree, and will never 
 ripen without artificial heat, are thus removed, and new 
 figs are formed in embryo, for the crop of the following 
 year, on one, if not on both sides of every fig thus displaced. 
 The tree should be examined once a week from the com- 
 mencement of the operation, which should be begun early 
 in August or September, to the end of the season, accord- 
 ing to latitude and climate. 
 
 Protection. — In the north of France, fig trees are 
 protected in winter by being secured to the earth by hooks, 
 and covered with soil. This is the mode adopted at Ar- 
 genteuil, near Paris, where almost the whole population 
 are employed exclusively in their cultivation. In England, 
 Forsyth and others recommend to protect with straw, 
 meadow hay, moss, <Sf.c, and over this branches of pine or 
 other evergreen are secured. They flourish with little 
 care and no protection in the Southern States. 
 
 OLIVE. Olea Europcca. Bon Jard. Lou. Phil. Rosier, 
 The Olive is a low, evergreen, branching tree, throwing 
 out numerous suckers from its roots ; it rises to the height 
 of from 20 to 30 feet ; the leaves are stiff, narrow, simple, 
 very entire, and more or less lanceolate in different varie- 
 ties, dull green above and whitish below. The flowers are 
 in small axillary bunches, of a yellowish white. The 
 berry is a drupe of a black, violet, or red, sometimes white; 
 its hard, thick, fleshy pulp incloses a stone. 
 
 The olive requires a greater degree of heat than the 
 vine, but not so great as the orange. It will not flourish 
 within the tropics. M. Poiteau informs us that in Europe, 
 45° of northern latitude is the extreme boundary for the 
 cultivation of the olive. He also informs us that] dur- 
 ino- his abode in the equinoctial regions of America, in the 
 latitude of 17*^ north, he saw the olive trees 30 feet in 
 heiffht ; they grew, but they never produced fruit. The 
 
334 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 olive has been cultivated from time immemorial in Egypt 
 and Barbary, and in every part of Europe and Asia virhere 
 the soil is favorable to its growth ; it is naturalized to the 
 South of France, Spain, and Italy. The trees are said to 
 live to an incredible age. 
 
 Uses. — The olive has long been cultivated as the most 
 useful of all trees, and to the farmer the surest source of 
 wealth. And it has become a proverb, " If you want to 
 leave an inheritance to your children,^ plant an olive." 
 The tree begins to bear at two years of age, and soon re- 
 pays all expense. In twenty years they begin to bear good 
 crops, yielding fifteen or twenty pounds of oil annually. 
 And an old hollow tree, near Gricomi, to the east of Rome, 
 has produced 240 English quarts of oil in a year. Mr 
 Jefferson esteems the olive as the most precious gift of 
 heaven to man — more precious than even bread. He in- 
 forms us that, " in passing the Alps at the Col de Tende, 
 where there are mere masses of rocks, wherever there hap- 
 pens to be a little soil, there are a number of olive trees, 
 and a family supported by them. Take away these trees, 
 and the same ground in corn could not support a single 
 family. A pound of oil is equivalent to many pounds of 
 flesh by the quantity of vegetables it will prepare and ren- 
 per comfortable food. Without this tree the country of 
 Provence, and territory of Genoa would not support one 
 half, perhaps not one third of their present inhabitants." 
 *****" Little is carried to America, because Europe 
 has it not to spare ; we therefore have not learned the use of 
 it ; but cover the Southern States with it, and every man 
 will become a consumer of it, within whose reach it can 
 be brought in point of price." In the deserts of Northern 
 Africa and Asia, as we are informed, wherever the olive 
 groves are found, you find inhabitants ; but take away the 
 olive trees and the country returns again to the desert. 
 
 The Black Sweet Olive and the White ^weet Olive are 
 eaten without any preparation. 
 
 The other varieties are used at the dessert as a pickle. 
 For pickling, the unripe fruit is steeped in water some days, 
 and then in a ley of water and barilla, or kali and lime ; 
 and afterwards bottled or barrelled with salt and water. 
 According to some they are scalded. 
 
 But the principal use of the olive is for the production of 
 
OLIVE. 3^5 
 
 the oil known in commerce as the olive oil. For this pur- 
 pose they are gathered by hand when five sixths are ripe, 
 in a fine dry day, and laid on scaffolds three or four inches 
 thick ; here they are to remain five, six, seven, or eight 
 days, till the moisture contained in their pulp has evapo- 
 rated, when they are ground between mill-stones, and put 
 into bags of hemp or rushes, carried to the press, and the 
 oil is extracted by its action, without however crushing the 
 stone. This oil is used as an article of food and medicine. 
 That which is afterwards obtained by crushing the stone, 
 from the remaining pulp, and from the kernel by the appli- 
 cation of hot water, is of inferior quality. This last is 
 used by the apothecary for various unguents ; it is used in 
 the preparation of wool in the manufactures; in the prepa- 
 ration of soap, &/C. But the very best oil is made from the 
 fruit gathered from or beneath the trees at perfect maturi- 
 ty, and ground and pressed immediately. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 In the Cours Complet of Rosier, and Bon Jardinier, we 
 have the following account of some of the very best varie- 
 ties known in cultivation. 
 
 1. Olive Galiningue. Ouliviere. Saurine. O.angulosa. 
 
 Gouan. 
 A hardy variety, its fruit is reddish ; it is used in many 
 places for preserving ; its oil is of medium quality accord- 
 ing to Gouan, but very good according to others. 
 
 2. Olive Aglandeau. Caienne, Dec O. subrotunda. 
 Fruit small, round, very bitter ; oil excellent. 
 
 3. Olive Amellon. Amkllingue, Plant d'Aix. O. 
 amygdalina. Gouan. 
 
 This is a variety the most generally cultivated ; its fruit 
 is large and in form somewhat resembles an almond ; it is 
 sometimes used for preserving, but its oil is very sweet. 
 The tree is very productive. 
 
 4. Olive Cormeau. O. craniomorpha- Gouan. 
 
 The branches incline towards the earth ; it is very pro- 
 ductive ; the fruit is small, crooked, pointed, very black ; 
 stone sharp at its two extremities. The oil is fine. 
 
 5. Olive Ampoulleau, Barralanque. O. sphcerica. Gouan. 
 The fruit is more round than any other variety ; the oil 
 
336 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 is delicate and fine ; much cultivated in Provence and 
 Languedoc. 
 
 6. Olive Picholine. Saurine. O.ohlonga. Gouan. 
 The fruit is reputed best for preserving. The oil is fine 
 
 and sweet. According to Rosier, some have given the 
 same name to another and different fruit. 
 
 7. Olive Verdale. Verdau. O. viridula. Gouan. 
 
 It preserves its green color a long time ; it is subject to 
 perish at the period of its maturity ; it is highly esteemed 
 at Pont-du-Saint-Esprit and Montpelier, &lc. ; but neglect- 
 ed elsewhere. Is this owing to soil or cultivation. 
 
 8. Olive Modreau, Mourette, Mouresgale, Neglette* 
 O. prcBcox. Gouan. 
 
 Fruit oval, very deep color ; the stone is small ; oil es- 
 teemed ; there are several varieties of the Moureau. Much 
 cultivated in Provence and Languedoc. The leaves are 
 large, thick, pointed, and numerous. 
 
 9. Olive Bouteilleau, Boutiisiane, Rapugete. O. 7'ace- 
 
 mosa. Gouan. 
 This is less sensible to cold than other olives ; it is vari- 
 able in its produce ; the oil is good. 
 
 10. Olive Saterne, Salerne. O. atrorubens. Gouan. 
 The tree is of medium size, and sensible to cold. It 
 
 grows in flinty and calcareous rocky soils. The fruit is 
 black or violet ; the oil is of the finest quality. 
 
 11. Olive Marbree. Pigau. O. variegata. Gouan. 
 Fruit variable in size and in form ; it changes from green 
 
 to red, marbled with red, violet and white. 
 
 12. Olive Turquoise. L'Adorante. O. odorata. Rosier. 
 Leaves large and numerous ; fruit long, of an agreeable 
 
 odor, excellent to preserve. The oil is very sweet. The 
 tree is productive, it requires a good sun, but is less sensi- 
 ble to cold than most other species. 
 
 13. Olive D'Espagne, L'Espanole a variety of Eiguieres. 
 O. hispanica. Rosier. 
 
 The largest olive of France ; esteemed for preserves ; 
 the oil bitter. 
 
 14. Olive Royale, Triparde, Triparelle. O. Regia, 
 Rosier. 
 
 Fruit large, suitable to pickle. Oil of bad quality. 
 
 15. Olive Pointue, Punchude, Rougette. O. atrovirtns. 
 Rosier. 
 
OLIVES. 337 
 
 Fruit long, pointed at its extremities; red at maturity, 
 oil esteemed. 
 
 16. 17. Amongst all the varieties in cultivation we must 
 not omit to mention the Sweet V/hite Olive and the 
 Sweet Black Olive, which, when ripe, may, unlike the 
 others, be eaten without preparation. 
 
 By the aid of the researches of the Hon. H. A. S, Dear- 
 born I am enabled to give an account of two other varie- 
 ties. They are two varieties of the most hardy description, 
 and the most important of all for the United States. In the 
 southern part of the Crimea which lies between the latitude 
 of 44'^ and 46^ two varieties of olives have been discovered 
 which have existed there for centuries. They yield great 
 crops and resist the frost. The trees of one of these varie- 
 ties is of a pyramidal form and produces an oval fruit; the 
 other has pendant branches and a large heart-shaped berry. 
 These olives have been cultivated in the Royal Imperial 
 Garden of Nikita, to preserve and multiply the species, 
 with plants which had been received from Provence, and 
 have endured the rigorous winters of 1825 and 182(5, while 
 those of Province, in the same exposure, perished even to 
 the root. Measures have been recently taken in France 
 for the introduction into that country of " these two pre- 
 cious varieties, loJiick are capable of resisting ten or twelve 
 degrees of cold below the zero of Reaumur^ s Thermometer^'' — 
 equal to five degrees above the zero of Fahreneit. — [See 
 Vol. viii. page 285, N. E. Farmer.] 
 
 CULTIVATION AND SOIL. 
 
 The olive is raised from seeds : For this purpose the fruit 
 is striped of its pulp, and steeped in an alkaline solution ; 
 they are then buried compactly in soil near the surface, 
 and those which have not been opened by frost during 
 winter, must be cracked in March and planted. The best 
 foreign varieties may be inoculated on the Olea Ameri- 
 cana or Devil wood, a species of v/ild olive which grows in 
 the Carolinas and Georgia. Also by cuttings, layers, suck- 
 ers from the roots and by inoculation. But it is propa- 
 29 
 
338 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 gated in Italy, from the uovoli, which are small knots, 
 swellings or tumours in the wood, occasioned by the sap 
 not flowing freely to the roots, but swelling through the 
 bark of the stock, thus forming excrescences containing 
 embryo buds. These are easily detached by introducing 
 a sharp penknife close to the trunk of the tree which sus- 
 tains not the least injury by this operation. — Remarks of 
 Signor Blanetti of Monza, near Milan, Lomhardy. Lou- 
 don^s Mag. Vol. vii. p. 663. 
 
 The olive flourishes best in a rich, moist, deep soil ; but 
 the fruit is of much better quality in a dry flinty soil inter- 
 mixed with calcareous rocks : it also suffers less from the 
 frost in such situations. 
 
 The olive was extensively cultivated in France ; but the 
 winters of 1709, 1766, and 1787 were dreadfully destruc- 
 tive ; the dreadful winter of 1789 destroyed all the olives 
 between Aries and Aix, where, in 1787, oil was produced 
 to the amount of 300,000 francs. During the intensely 
 cold winter of 1820 nearly every tree in Provence was kill- 
 ed. Under these discouragements its cultivation is in that 
 country principally confined to a portion of the territories 
 of Provence and of Languedoc , — to the department of 
 the eastern Pyrennees and the Maritime Alps : not one 
 fourth part of the oil consumed in France is now produced 
 in the country, and it is stated that more than 50,000,000 
 francs are annually paid for supplies imported from Spain, 
 Italy and the Levant. 
 
 M. Andre Michaux is persuaded the olive will one day 
 be extensively cultivated in the southern States of America. 
 
 CAROB. ( Ceratonia carouhier.) 
 
 A tree cultivated extensively in the south of Europe. 
 The pods of this tree contain a sweet, eatable fcecula. A 
 medium sized tree which flourishes in the central part of 
 France and Genoa. The flowers are in clusters, of a deep 
 purple. Fruit a foot long, containing a reddish pulp of an 
 agreeable sweet taste, when dry. They are both food for 
 man and horses. It is raised from seeds. 
 
 CUSTARD APPLE. (Annona. — Corossal) 
 
 Of this fruit there are several varieties. In congenial 
 climates it is said to be highly esteemed as an article of the 
 dessert; particularly the cherimoyer (A. cherimoyla) of 
 
EUPHORIA. GRANADILLA. 339 
 
 Peru, which produces its fruit in the south of Spain, is de- 
 scribed as a superior fruit. This variety is also cultivated 
 in Brazil. 
 
 The Alligator Apple (A. palustris), — the Sweet sop 
 (A. squamosa), and Sour sop (A. muriata) are esteemed 
 West India fruits. The fruit resembles a middle sized 
 apple, filled with a soft sweet pulp. The tree is deciduous, 
 it is propagated by seeds, and by grafting either in the 
 roots or above. 
 
 There is a variety a native of Kentucky, (A. glabra.) 
 \^Bon Jard. Loudon. Hort. Soc. Cat.] 
 
 EUPHORIA. (Dimocarpus, Logan.) Loudon. Hort. Soc. 
 Cat. 
 
 Long-Yen. 
 
 The tree has compound leaves like the ash. It grows in 
 China; the fruit isa berryof a light brown color ; it is sur- 
 rounded with a thin leathery coat. The pulp is a thin, 
 colorless substance, and contains in its centre a brown seed. 
 The flavor of the pulp is slightly sweet, subacid, and par- 
 ticularly pleasant to the taste. The fruit is sometimes im- 
 ported in a dried state from China, and has a rich, sweet 
 taste. 
 
 It is raised from seeds and layers. The Li-tchi and 
 Rambutan both possess superior qualities to the Long-yen. 
 
 GRANADILLA. (Passiflora.) Loudon. Bon Jard. 
 Passion flower. 
 Of this fruit there are a variety of species. 
 
 1. P. QUADRANGULARIS. 
 
 This plant flourishes near Paris, with a little protection 
 in winter. The leaves are oval, five or six inches long and 
 entire : the stem four cornered. The flowers are odorif- 
 erous, red within, and white outside. The fruit is descri- 
 bed by Mr Sabine as very large, six inches long and fifteen 
 inches in circumference. Greenish yellow at maturity, 
 soft and leathery, with a smooth skin. The rind is very 
 thick, the pulp soft and succulent, of a purple color, mixed 
 with seeds in a sort of sack. Wine and sugar is commonly 
 added. The flavor is sweet, and slighty acid,. and it is 
 very grateful to the taste and cooling in a hot climate. A 
 native of Jamaica. 
 
340 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDTST. 
 
 2. Apple-fruited or Sweel Calabash. P. malformis. 
 Fruit round, smooth, two inches in diameter, of a dingy 
 
 yellow color. The skin is thick, the pulp pale yellow, and 
 very agreeable. A native of the West Indies. 
 
 3. Purple-fruited Granadilla. (P. incarnata.) 
 
 The color of the fruit is lived purple, the shape elliptic. 
 It is two inches long and an inch and a half in diameter. 
 The pulp is orange color, the seeds numerous ; the taste 
 acid, with the flavor somewhat like an orange. A native 
 of Brazil. 
 
 4. Flesh-colored Granadilla. May Apple, (P. incarnata.) 
 A native of Virginia ; the flowers are sweet scented, 
 
 variegated with purple. The fruit is about the size of an 
 apple, orange colored, with a sweetish yellow pulp. 
 
 Cultivation. — All the sorts may be propagated from 
 seeds, from layers and cuttings. 
 
 GUAVA. (Pisidum.) Loudon. Bon Jard. 
 
 1. White Guava, [P, pyriferum.) 
 
 A West India tree, naturalized in the interior of France 
 where it produces perfect fruit. A tree nine to twelve 
 feet high, with numerous branches. The fruit is the size 
 of a hen's egg, roundish or oblong, smooth, yellow. The 
 rind is thin : pulp fine, full of hard seeds, flesh-colored, 
 sweet, aromatic, and pleasant. It is eaten with avidity, 
 both by West Indians and Europeans, raw in the dessert 
 and preserved in sugar. 
 
 2. Red Guava. (P. pomiferum.) 
 
 A beautiful fruit, formed like a pomegranate ; but is not 
 so agreeable as the white. 
 
 3. Cattley's Guava. (P. cattleianmn.) 
 
 A new species from China. This fruit is larger than the 
 others I have described, nearly spherical, of fine, deep claret 
 color. The skin has the consistence of a ripe fig but is 
 thinner ; the interior is a soft, fleshy pulp, purplish red next 
 the skin, and changing to white at the centre. It is juicy, 
 and much in consistence like the strawberry, to which it 
 bears some resemblance. 
 
 The Guava is raised from the seeds. This last and the 
 cherry-fruited are stated to be the best. The plants of the 
 yellow and red have produced abundant crops in England. 
 
JUJUBE. LOQUAT. — -LUCUMA, ETC. 341 
 
 JUJUBE. {Zizypus sativus.) Loudon. Bon Jard. 
 
 LOTE. 
 
 A branching, thorny shrub from Syria, of the earliest 
 culture in Italy, Barbary and China, and abundant bearers. 
 It is cultivated in Provence, from whence they are sent to 
 Paris. They are served up as a sweetmeat in Italy. The 
 leaves are oblong, obtuse, shining ; the flowers very small 
 and yellow. The fruit is yellow, the size and shape of an 
 olive. According to Loudon the kaki are orange or apple 
 shaped. 
 
 LOQ,UAT. (Mespilus Japonica..) Loudon. Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 Eriobotria. 
 
 A plant nearly hardy, from Japm, cultivated in the south 
 of France and at Malta. A lofty tree with thick knobby 
 branches — the leaves are narrow, a span long; the fruit 
 is about the size of a gooseberry, and in taste resembling 
 an apple. It is raised from seed, from cuttings, and layers, 
 but the best way is to graft it on the common Mespilus. 
 Sir Joseph Banks considers the fruit equally as good as that 
 of the mango. 
 
 LUCUMA. 
 
 A new genus of fruit. It grows in Chili ; in taste and 
 size it is somewhat similar to a peach. — Ed. Erie. Art. 
 Chili. 
 
 MADI. 
 
 This plant grows in Chili ; it is said to be a new genus, 
 its seeds afford an oil which has been preferred to any of 
 the French olive oils. — Ed. Erie. Art. Chili. 
 
 OLEASTER. (EUagnus angustifolius.) Hqjrt. Soc. Cat. 
 Bon Jard. 
 
 A tree of medium size, with leaves of a white color and 
 lanceolate ; the flowers small, numerous, and of a yellowish 
 color, and an agreeable odor. The fruit is held in some 
 estimation in Persia, and the fruit, or Persian date, when 
 dried, resembles an oblong plum, with a tough reddish skin, 
 with a flavor not unlike that of the date, but more grateful. 
 Raised from layers. 
 
 PINUS PINEA, or Stone Pine, 
 
 Is a tall evergreen, growing spontaneously in Italy, Spain, 
 29* 
 
342 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 and Portugal. The kernels which are contained in the 
 cones are eaten in those countries at the dessert, being pre- 
 ferred to almonds. They are esteemed useful in colds, 
 coughs, &c. The trees flourish in any soil, but prefer a 
 sandy loam. 
 
 PISTACHIA. (Pistacia vera.) Bon Jard. 
 
 A native of Syria. A tree rising to the height of twenty 
 feet. The flowers are in clusters, and the barren and fer- 
 tile blossoms are produced on different trees, but the barren 
 may be engrafted into the same tree producing fertile flow- 
 ers. The fruit is of a crimson green color and contains a 
 greenish kernel of an agreeable flavor. It is much used 
 by the confectioners. 
 
 The Pistachia has been naturalized to the middle of 
 France, and it flourishes in the Luxemberg, producing 
 good fruit, but it is there treated as an espalier. 
 
 PRICKLY PEAR. (Cactus. Cactier.) 
 
 Of this singular fruit there are several varieties ; we 
 enumerate C oppunta — The upright prickly pear, a na 
 tive of Virginia. The stems are jointed and without 
 leaves, they are broad, flat, thick, with bristling spines, and 
 trail on the ground. The fruit is in form of a fig or pear, 
 with clusters of spines on the skin ; its pulp is of a reddish 
 purple color, and of an agreeable subacid flavor. Loudon 
 enumerates several varieties, as the great Indian fig or 
 upright prickly pear (C.funa) ; oblong Indian fig (CJicus 
 indica), &c. 
 
 The Virginia Prickly Pear (C. oppunta) appears hardy, 
 and will endure the hard winters, unprotected, near Boston. 
 Accident produced this discovery. Mr Braddick, accord- 
 ing to Loudon, has tried the plant in open ground, unpro- 
 tected, during several hard winters. He cultivates them 
 in a composition of half lime rubbish or carbonate of lime, 
 and the other half equal parts of clay and bog earth. The 
 plant is raised on a small hillock ; stones and pebbles are 
 laid to prevent the leaves or fruit touching the ground. 
 Raised from seeds or cuttings. 
 
 POMEGRANATE, (Punica.) Loudon. 
 
 Is a low, deciduous tree, rising from fifteen to twenty 
 feet high, armed with thorns ; the leaves are long and nar- 
 
TEA. 343 
 
 row. A native of the south parts of Europe and China. 
 It is used for hedges in Languedoc and Italy. There are 
 several varieties enumerated. 
 
 1. The Subacid fruited ; 2. Large jloicered, single Red 
 and White ; 3. The semidouble, and double Red and 
 White ; 4. The Yellow flowered ; 5. The variegated fiow- 
 ered ; 6. Proliferous. 
 
 Pomegranate. (Punica granatium.) Loudon. 
 
 Sweet Pomegranate. N. Duh. PI. 22. 
 
 Grenadier a fruit Doux. lb. 
 
 The flowers are of the most brilliant red ; it blossoms 
 successively from June to September ; one of the greatest 
 ornaments of the gardens. 
 
 The fruit is large, compressed at its base and summit, 
 its diameter three or four inches ; its skin is thick, cori- 
 aceous, of a deep yellow color ; spotted with red points, 
 and colored with red next the sun. Its interior is divided 
 into various unequal compartments, in which are contained 
 a great number of angular seeds of the color and size of 
 red currants ; the pulp contains a juice, sweet, abundant, 
 and agreeable. 
 
 Cultivation. — The Pomegranate is raised from seed, 
 from layers, from cuttings, and suckers. It may be inocu- 
 lated or grafted. It requires a strong rich soil. 
 
 TEA. (Thea.) 
 
 The tea tree is a native of China. It is chiefly cultivat- 
 ed between the 30th and 40th degree of latitude. It is a low 
 tree, resembling in its appearance a myrtle ; — its roots 
 that of a pear ; the flowers those of the wild rose. The 
 fruit is of the size of a small plum, two or three growing 
 together. 
 
 The quantity of tea annually imported into Europe and 
 America from China, probably exceeds 100,000,000 lbs. 
 Good tea is deemed wholesome, if taken in moderation 
 with a due proportion of cream and sugar ; but the fresh 
 leaves of the shrub when made into tea, are highly narcotic, 
 producing giddiness and stupefaction, before the noxious 
 properties are dissipated by roasting. And it is not recom- 
 mended to drink of the infusion till it has been gathered 
 and prepared a year. There are, it is asserted, but two 
 kinds of tea, the green and the black. The rest are either 
 
344 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 combinations of these, or products of different sorts, or 
 times of gathering and modes of management. The tea 
 plant might be easily cultivated in the Southern States, and 
 grows well in the Carolinas and Georgia. It is said to 
 have been successfully cultivated by a society of nuns at 
 Wurtzburg, in Franconia, in the lat. of 49° or 50^^ north. 
 
 The tea tree, in China, grows equally in the level and 
 mountainous districts ; but flourishes best in a light rocky 
 soil. The seeds are sown in March, and transplanted into 
 rows four feet apart and three feet in the row ; but it is not 
 generally allowed to grow more than six or seven feet high. 
 The trees begin to yield crops at the end of three years, 
 but at the end of six years the trees must be renewed, as 
 the leaves begin to grow hard and harsh. The leaves 
 which are gathered early in the spring are of a bright green 
 color. Those of the second crop are of a livid green — 
 and those which are gathered last, or in the latter end of 
 spring, are of a dark green, and of the third quality. The 
 leaves of the extremities of the branches are most tender. 
 Those of the lower parts are the most coarse. After the 
 leaves are gathered, they are exposed to the steam of boil- 
 ing water. They are then made to shrivel or roll together 
 by being placed on plates of copper or iron, or of baked 
 earth, over the fire, and next dried by exposure to the sun. 
 But the green teas and those of the first quality are not 
 dried by exposure to the sun, as this causes them to turn 
 black. And in the preparation of some of the fine sorts, 
 especially that called Tchu-tcha, every leaf is rolled singly 
 in the hand, with great care ; after drying, it is packed in 
 boxes lined with lead. — Dom. Ency. Ed. Ency. Art. 
 China. 
 
 This last operation of rolling every leaf singly, by hand, 
 of the finer kinds of tea, would never answer in a country 
 like ours, where labor is comparatively dear. If the ope- 
 ration is performed at all, it must be by machinery invented 
 and constructed for the special purpose. 
 
 TCHEE-TSE. 
 
 A fruit of China, which resembles a fig, about the size 
 of an ordinary apple, and which wh3n dried and flattened, 
 are called Tchee-ping, and are then equal to the best figs 
 of Europe. — Ed. Enc, Art. China. 
 
TUNA. ORANGE. 
 
 345 
 
 TUNA. 
 
 A species of Indian fig, grows in Chili^ and is equal to 
 any European fig. — Ed. Enc. Art. Chili. 
 
 SOUTHERN FRUITS.— CLASS II. 
 
 FRUITS WHICH FLOURISH ONLY IN COUNTRIES SITUATED 
 EITHER WITHIN OR NOT VERY REMOTE FROM THE TROPICS. 
 
 All the following fruits will probably succeed in the south of 
 Louisiana, and especially in Florida, from the latitude of 25* to 30°, 
 and many of them in the south of Alabama and Mississippi. 
 
 ORANGE. (Citrus.) 
 
 Scientific writers have divided the Orange tribe into five 
 leading species, which are all natives of Asia, viz. The 
 common Orange, the Lemon, the Citron, the Lime, and 
 the Shaddock. In many countries they rise to the height 
 of fifty feet ; but in more temperate latitudes the common 
 character belonging to them, is that of low evergreen 
 trees, with oval, lanceolate, or ovate, entire or serrated 
 leaves. Those raised from seeds have often axillary spines ; 
 the flowers are in peduncles. The fruits are round or ob- 
 long, and of a yellow color. The petiole of the orange 
 and shaddock is winged ; but naked in the lime, lemon, 
 and citron. These three last are considered of one spe- 
 cies. The orange and shaddock are oblate or spherical, 
 and of a red or orange color ; the lime is of a pale color 
 and spherical ; the lemon oblong with a rough skin and a 
 protuberance at the end. The citron is very rough, oblong, 
 with a very thick skin. 
 
 All the species of citrus, according to the authority of 
 Loudon, endure the open air at Nice, Genoa, and Naples. 
 At Mola, in Italy, and at the water's edge in view of the 
 bay of Gayetta, and on the supposed ruins of one of Cice- 
 ro's villas, is a garden of 700 orange and lemon trees. It 
 comprehends about two acres, and yields a rent of about 
 600 scudi, or about $555 per annum. But at Florence 
 and Milan, and often at Rome, they require protection. 
 The orange has been long cultivated in Florida., particular- 
 
346 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 ly at St Augustine — the orange groves are said to be ex- 
 tremely productive and profitable. 
 
 The orange has been much cultivated in Louisiana, and 
 may perhaps succeed well in the extreme south of Missis- 
 sippi and Alabama. 
 
 " In the south of Devonshire, ^^ according to Loudon and 
 Phillips, '' and particularly at Saltcombe, one of the warm- 
 est spots in England, may be seen in a few gardens, orange 
 trees that have withstood the winter in the open air up- 
 wards of a hundred years, the fruit as large and as fine 
 as any from Portugal. Trees raised from the seed and 
 inoculated on the spot, are found to bear the cold better 
 than trees that are imported." 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 The two principal varieties of the Orange are — 1st, the 
 Sweet Orange ; 2d, the Bitter Orange, or Bigarade 
 of the French. 
 
 CLASS I. sweet orange. 
 
 1. Common Orange. Citrus aurantium. 
 
 An evergreen tree, of medium size, with prickly branch- 
 es in its wild state. The fruit is round, from two to three 
 inches in diameter, of a yellowish red or golden color. A 
 native of India and China, but now cultivated in Spain, 
 Portugal, and Italy, in Africa, and the warm latitudes of 
 North and South America. 
 
 1. Mandarin Orange. Citrus nohilis. 
 
 The Mandarin or Noble Orange is so called from its 
 superiority to all others. A most delicious variety, but 
 very lately introduced to Europe. The trees appear as 
 hardy as other kinds. The skin is of a deep saffron color, 
 or an orange scarlet. There are two varieties of the Man- 
 darin Orange. The large variety is often five inches in 
 diameter ; but the Chinese greatly prefer the smaller vari- 
 ety, which is a distinct species from the common China 
 orange. Citrus aurantium. It is distinguished not only 
 from this, but from all others, by its curious form and su- 
 perior excellence. A native of Cochin China, and culti- 
 vated at Canton. 
 3. Blood or Maltese Orange. Rev. Mr Bigelow's Travels. 
 
 This, according to Mr Bigelow, is the boast of the Isl- 
 
CITRON. 
 
 347 
 
 and of Malta, and a most delicious fruit. " The pulp in- 
 clines to the color of red, but not so much in mass, as 
 intermixed in streaks. It is not only more luscious, but 
 less husky than the ordinary varieties of orange, and in 
 size is far surpassing. 
 
 To this class also belong the Portugal Orange and many 
 other varieties. 
 
 CLASS II. — BITTER ORANGE. Bigctradc of the French. 
 
 4. Seville Orange. 
 
 The leaves of this variety are larger and more beautiful 
 than those of the China Orange. Its taste is agreeably 
 bitter. The varieties of the Bigarades are numerous. 
 
 To the above classes belong also the Willow leaved or 
 Turkey Orange ; the Dwarf nutmeg Orange ; the Double 
 flowering, and the Variegated leaved^ di-c. &/C. 
 
 Uses. — The use of the orange as a dessert fruit is vi^ell 
 known. The juice of the orange, from its pleasant subacid 
 flavor, is serviceable in inflammatory or febrile diseases ; 
 by diminishing heat and allaying thirst. It is a powerful 
 antiscorbutic. Orange wine (See Dom. Ency.) is thus 
 made. A gallon of water and three pounds of sugar are 
 boiled and skimmed for twenty minutes, and when nearly 
 cool, the juice expressed from eight Seville (sour) oranges 
 is added ; together with the shavings of the outer rinds. 
 The whole to be placed in a barrel and after frequent stir- 
 rings, for two days, to be bunged down for six months or 
 more till fit for bottling. The outer rind also forms the 
 basis of an excellent conserve, and when preserved in 
 sugar, is deservedly prized at the dessert, being one of the 
 best stomachics, and a grateful aromatic bitter. The 
 flowers of the orange tree have a highly " odoriferous 
 perfume ; they have a slightly pungent, bitter taste ; and 
 communicate their flavor by infusion to rectified spirits ; 
 or by distillation to spirit and water. An essential oil is 
 also prepared from the flowers, of a perfume more delicate 
 and agreeable in its fragrance than even the Otto of Roses. 
 It is prepared in Italy and Portugal, and there called Es- 
 sentia Neroli. — [lb.] 
 
 CITRON. (C. medica.) Loudon. 
 
 A beautiful, evergreen, prickly, and upright tree, rising 
 
348 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 to the height of eight or ten feet, with horizontal or reclin- 
 ing branches. The leaves are smooth, oblong, ovate, alter- 
 nate, serrate, pale green. The fruit is six inches long, 
 ovate, rough, with a protuberance at the summit. There 
 are two rinds ; the outer rind is thin, the inner thick, white 
 and pulpy. The outer rind has innumerable glands filled 
 with a fragrant oil. This fruit ripens successively at all 
 seasons, the citron and lemon are not deemed so hardy 
 as the orange, and will not endure so great a degree of 
 cold. 
 
 Uses. — The citron forms an excellent preserve or sweet- 
 meat. The juice with sugar and water forms the refresh- 
 ing beverage called lemonade. It is used in cookery and 
 in medicine, and is powerfully antiscorbutic. There are 
 many varieties. 
 
 LEMON. (C. medica, var. Union.) Loudon. 
 
 The lemon and citron differ but very little. The wood 
 of the lemon tree is more knotty, the bark rougher. The 
 fruit is rather longer, more irregular, less knobby at the 
 extremities and the skin thinner than that of the citron. 
 The uses are the same. Of the lemon there are many va- 
 rieties. 
 
 LIME. (Citrus acida.) Loudon. 
 
 A crooked tree with many diffuse, prickly branches, 
 which rises to the height of eight feet. The leaves ovate, 
 lanceolate, nearly entire. The fruit nearly globular, an 
 inch and a half in diameter, with a protuberance at its 
 summit ; the skin shining, yellowish green and very odor- 
 ous ; the juice very acid. A native of Asia. 
 
 Uses. — The lime is said to be rather preferred to the 
 lemon in the West Indies, as the acid is by many thought 
 more agreeable than that of the lemon. Hedges are form- 
 ed of the tree in the West Indies. The varieties of limes 
 are very iew. 
 
 SHADDOCK, (a decumana.) 
 
 Orange Pamplemouse of the French. 
 
 The tree rises above the medium size, the branches 
 spreading and prickly. Leaves ovate, neither acute nor 
 obtuse ; the petioles cordate with very broad wings. 
 
PINE-APPLE. 349 
 
 Fruit spheroidal, its surface regular, of a greenish yellow 
 color ; the rind is white, thick, fungous, bitter ; the pulp is 
 red or white, with a subacid, sweet juice. This fruit is 
 deemed the least useful class. Yet its extraordinary size 
 gives it a striking appearance. It is stated to grow some- 
 times to the diameter of from seven to eight inches, and to 
 the weight of fourteen pounds. But it requires two years 
 to arrive at maturity in the climate of Europe. The leaf 
 is the most beautiful of all the orange tribe. The juice is 
 excellent to allay thirst, and from the thickness of the skin, 
 it will keep longer in sea voyages than any other species. 
 
 Cultivation. — The trees are propagated either by seed, 
 cuttings or layers. If raised from seeds they must be 
 inoculated, inarched, or grafted when of suitable size ; for 
 the seedlings vary as much in quality, as the seedlings of 
 the apple or pear. The best stocks are raised from the 
 seed of the common citron or lemon, and next to these 
 from the Seville orange. The cuttings are prepared by 
 stripping the lower leaves, and cutting at the bottom close 
 to an eye ; these are to be placed in a pot, touching the 
 bottom, or a piece of potsherd, and put in a warm situa- 
 tion, carefully shaded and covered with a hand glass till 
 rooted. 
 
 All the varieties require a strong soil, and a protected 
 and situation in unfavorable climates. 
 
 PINE-APPLE. (Bromelia ananas.) Hort. Trans. Lou- 
 don, Phillips, Lindley, and other sources. 
 
 The Pine-apple is a native of Brazil and of Mexico, from 
 whence it has been introduced to Asia, Africa, and Europe. 
 According to Swinburn, it flourishes unprotected at Reggio, 
 near Naples. In America, it grows as far north as the 
 Bermudas. According to Loudon, it is by no means so 
 delicate as many imagine ; as it will bear a higher degree 
 of heat, and a degree of cold which would have destroyed 
 the foliage of the vine and peach in a state of vegetation. 
 The most northerly points where they are known to be 
 cultivated in Europe unprotected in the open ground, is at 
 Reggio, near Naples, lat. 40^^ 50'. In America, at the 
 Bermudas, in the' latitude of 32'='. Not a doubt can, I 
 think, exist, but this fruit may be cultivated in Florida, be- 
 tween the latitudes of 25^ and 30^. 
 30 
 
350 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 " The leaves of the pine-plant are long, narrow, chan- 
 nelled, and in general furnished with spines or prickles on 
 their edges. The flowers are on a loose spike, on a scape, 
 which is leafy at top ; as the spike ripens, it takes the 
 form of a fleshy, scaly strobile, or fruit composed of many 
 berries, which have scarcely any cells or seeds." 
 
 The fruit, in form bears some resemblance to the cones 
 of some species of pine ; its flesh is pretty firm, of a de- 
 licious fragrance ; and for richness of flavor it is thought 
 unrivalled. Some have described its flavor like that of 
 '* strawberries with wine and sugar." Extraordinary 
 specimens have weighed from nine to ten pounds. 
 
 Uses. — The pine-apple it considered the best of the 
 dessert fruits ; it is also preserved in sugar, and is used in 
 the preparations of marmalades and other confectionaries. 
 And the juice of the pine-apple, fermented, affords a deli- 
 cious and wholesome vinous liquor. 
 
 VARIETIES. 
 
 1. Antigua Queen. Lindley. 
 
 Fruit large, oval ; pips large and prominent ; flesh deep 
 yellow, rich and highly flavored. 
 
 2. Black Antigua. Brown Antigua. Neill. Lindley. 
 Leaves of a brownish tinge, with strong prickles. Fruit 
 
 shaped like the frustrum of a pyramid, but somewhat oval, 
 of a large size ; flesh pale yellow, and high flavored. 
 
 3. Black Jamaica. Neill. Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is large, pyramidal, brownish yellow. Flesh 
 deep yellow and high flavored. 
 
 4. Enville. Coxcomb. Lindley. 
 
 The fruit is pyramidal or oval-oblong, of medium size, 
 deep orange ; flesh pale yellow, and well flavored. 
 
 5. MoNTSERRAT. Indian Blttck Piue. Ripley. Neill. Lind. 
 The leaves are broad, long, recurved. Fruit roundish 
 
 ovate, color pale ; pips angular ; flesh pale yellow, very 
 sweet and high flavored. 
 
 6. New Black Jamaica. Lindley. 
 
 The leaves are long, the fruit is large, pyramidal, dark 
 brown ; flesh pale yellow, rich, and very high flavored. 
 
 7. White Providence. J^ew Providence. Loud. Lind. 
 The leaves are very large and long ; the fruit is the 
 
PLANTAIN. 351 
 
 largest of all pines, oval-oblong. Flesh very pale, sweet, 
 and juicy. Weight from six to fourteen pounds. 
 
 8. Queen. Old Queen, JVai'roio leaved Queen. Lind. Neili. 
 Esteemed the handsomest kind. Fruit of medium size ; 
 
 oval form, of a gold color; flesh yellow, juicy and sweet, 
 with a very pleasant acid. 
 
 9. Russian Globe. Lindley. 
 
 Fruit large, oval, dark orange ; the flesh yellow, rich, 
 and high flavored. A very excellent fruit. 
 
 Cultivation and Soil. — The pine apple is propagated 
 by seeds, only for obtaining new varieties. But generally 
 from suckers, or else from the crowns or excrescences 
 growing on the fruit. The most suitable soil appears to be 
 a mixture of good loam or with a suitable proportion of sand 
 and vegetable mould or manure. The pine apple requires 
 much heat and moisture. 
 
 PLANTAIN. (3Iusa paradisiaca.) Phillips. Loudon. 
 
 Some assign this plant to Guinea, some to the East Indies, 
 whence it was carried to the Canary Islands and the West 
 Indies, and Egypt. It is an herbaceous perennial plant, 
 as it dies, or is cut down annually. It rises with a soft, 
 herbaceous, conical stalk, fifteen or twenty feet high, with 
 leaves issuing from the top, six feet long and two feet broad. 
 The fruit is produced on the summit in spikes, which some- 
 times weigh forty pounds. It is nine or ten inches long, 
 and formed like a cucumber, but pointed at the ends ; of a 
 pale yellow color, and §oft, sweet, luscious flavor. The 
 fruit makes excellent tarts^ and excellent sweetmeats, and 
 is the most wholesome of all confectionary. It forms a 
 principal part of the food of the negroes, who either broil 
 or roast it; they boil it with salt beef, pork, and salt fish, 
 and prefer it to bread, as do the Europeans. Dr Wright 
 says, the island of Jamaica would scarcely be habitable 
 without this fruit, as no species of provisions could supply 
 its place. Dampier calls it the king of fruits. A planta- 
 tion affords a succession of fruit for a whole year. It 
 thrives only in rich, flat ground, and is propagated by 
 suckers from the roots. 
 
 BANANA TREE. (Musa sapientum.) Loudon. Phillips. 
 It differs little from the plantain, having the stalks mark- 
 ed with dark purple stripes and spots, and the fruit is 
 
352 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 shorter and rounder. The fruit is more mellow, and is 
 either eaten raw, or roasted, in fritters, preserves, marma- 
 lade ; and the fermented juice affords an excellent wine. 
 This fruit according to Swinburn, grows in the open air at 
 Reggio. From the fibres of the tree of the Banana, cloth 
 and cordage is made of uncommon strength. 
 
 M. Humboldt has calculated that the same ground which 
 will produce four thousand pounds of bananas, will only 
 produce thirtythree pounds of wheat, and ninetynine pounds 
 of potatoes. 
 
 AKEE TREE. (BligJda sapida.) Loudon. 
 
 The fruit is esteemed in the West Indies as very whole- 
 some and nourishing; a native of Guinea, and grows from 
 twenty to twentyfive feet high, with numerous branches ; 
 leaves like the ash, alternate and pinnate. The fruit is 
 reddish or yellow, the size of a goose egg, with a pulp of 
 a grateful subacid flavor. It is propagated in a rich soil, 
 from seeds, cuttings and layers. 
 
 ALLIGATOR PEAR, or Advocado Pear. (Laurus 
 persea.) Loudon. 
 
 It grows in the West Indies to the height of thirty feet, 
 with a large trunk. The leaves are like the laurel, of a 
 deep green. Fruit the size of a large pear, and held in 
 great esteem where it grows. The pulp is pretty firm, and 
 has a delicate, rich flavor — so rich and mild, that most 
 people make use of some spice or pungent substance to 
 give it poignancy — either wine, lime juice, but mostly 
 pepper and salt. It is raised from seeds. 
 
 ANCHOVY PEAR. {Grias caulifiora.) Loudon. 
 
 This is, in the West Indies, an elegant tree, rising to the 
 height of fifty feet. The leaves are two or three feet long, 
 and oblong. The fruit is oval, the size and shape of an 
 alligator's egg. It is pickled and eaten like the mango of 
 the East Indies, which it greatly resembles in taste. It 
 is raised from the stones, and grows in moist bottoms or 
 shallow waters. 
 
 AURUCANIAN PINE, or Peheun, 
 
 Is by some supposed a new genus ; its branches form a 
 quadrangular pyramid ; the leaves are three inches in 
 
BREAD FRUIT, ETC. 353 
 
 length, heart shaped, hard and shining ; its fruit attains 
 the size of a man's head, and in taste resembles the chesnut. 
 It grows in Chili. — Ed. Enc. Art. Chili. 
 
 BREAD FRUIT. {Artocarpus incisa.) 
 
 A native of the South Sea Islands, where it obtains the 
 size of the oak ; the leaves alternate, glaucous, and two feet 
 long. The whole tree and its fruit, while unripe, abounds 
 in a tenacious milky juice. The fruit is the size and shape 
 of a child's head, with a rough surface and thin skin. It 
 is eatable to the core, which is the size of the handle of a 
 small knife. The eatable part is as white as snow, of the 
 consistence of new bread. It is roasted before it is eaten. 
 It is slightly sweet, and its taste somewhat insipid at first. 
 Two or three of the trees of the bread fruit will suffice for 
 a man's yearly supply. 
 
 Raised from seeds, layers, or suckers. 
 
 CASHEW NUT. (Anacardium.) 
 
 A native of the East and West Indies and of the Brazils. 
 The tree grows to the height of twenty feet, with leaves 
 like a walnut in form and odor ; the flowers in tufts and 
 odoriferous. The fruit is in size like an apple, of a white, 
 yellow, or red color : its taste like a cherry — most of them 
 sweet and pleasant, but sometimes sharp and astringent. 
 The expressed juice affords a fine rough wine, and by dis- 
 tillation a spirit superior to arrack, rum or brandy. The 
 seed is not enclosed in the fruit, but grows on its summit ; 
 it is kidney shaped ; its hard, rough, black shell, encloses 
 a large kernel, the finest in the world. When roasted they 
 are far superior to pistachios and almonds, and ground 
 with cacao they make superior chocolate. From the trunk 
 there annually exudes often ten or twelve pounds of a fine 
 semi-transparent gum, similar in quality and equal to gum 
 arable. The tree produces fruit the third year, and con- 
 tinues productive one hundred years. 
 
 CACAO. (Cacao theohroma.) 
 
 The chocolate tree is a native of South America, and of 
 Mexico. It is there an article of commerce, next only to 
 gold and silver. The tree is beautiful, rising from sixteen 
 to twenty feet in height ; it resembles the cherry tree in 
 its form and its leaves ; and is splendid when in bloom. 
 *30 
 
354 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST, 
 
 The flowers are small, scarlet and yellow. The fruit is an 
 oval pointed pod, enclosing from ten to thirty compressed 
 nuts, an inch in diameter, enveloped in a soft sweet pulp, 
 of a refreshing taste. When ripe, the pulp and seeds are 
 separated from the pod, and laid on platforms, in masses, to 
 sweat for two days, when they are washed and dried in the 
 sun. The fresh fruit of the chocolate tree eaten raw, is 
 highly antiscorbutic. And the nuts when roasted and 
 ground, are moulded into cakes of chocolate, a highly 
 esteemed, nutricious, and wholesome food. In France 
 small cakes of chocolate sweetened v/ith sugar, and of 
 various forms, are prepared for eating ; a fine and nutri- 
 tious article of food, thus rendered portable, and in great 
 demand. The tree is raised from seeds and from cuttings. 
 
 COFFEE. (Coffee Arabica.) 
 
 The origin of this tree has been assigned to Arabia, and 
 by some to Ethiopia. An evergreen tree, rising from eight 
 to eighteen feet; with leaves like a bay tree, or laurel ; the 
 flowers pure white like snow, they resemble the jasmine, and 
 have a fragrant odor. When in full bloom, they resemble 
 trees in the leaf covered with snow. The fruit which is 
 produced in clusters, is a drupe, of a deep red color, re- 
 sembling a cherry ; the pulp of a sweetish , unpleasant taste ; 
 it encloses tv/o berries. The pulp is separated by a fluted 
 roller and movable breast board, and by washing; when 
 dried the inner covering or skin is broken by a heavy rol- 
 ler. Coffee should be roasted moderately and infused im- 
 mediately after. Good coffee has an aromatic flavor, and 
 is deemed wholesome ; it is medicinal, and when used im- 
 moderately causes wakefulness. 
 
 Coffee may be cultivated in the peninsulaof Forida. A 
 climate where the temperature is seldom below 55° is most 
 suitable ; a soil on gentle declivities. The trees may be 
 set 5 or 6 feet asunder ; they begin to yield good crops at 
 three years of age, and the average produce of a tree is two 
 and a half pounds. 
 
 The consumption of coffee is very great in Moham- 
 medan countries, and especially Turkey, where their religion 
 forbids the use of wine and spirituous liquors. In our own 
 country its consumption is already very great and is rapidly 
 increasing ; 15,000 tons we now annually consume. 
 
COCOA NUT, DURION, ETC. 355 
 
 COCOA NUT. (Cocos.) 
 
 A native of the East and West Indies; and an eminently 
 useful tree to the inhabitants of those countries. It rises 
 with a straight trunk to the height of sixty feet. The 
 leaves issue near its summit ; they are from twelve to four- 
 teen feet in length, with numerous alternate, sharp pointed 
 leaflets. The flowers grow near the summit in clusters ; 
 the fruit in large clusters of from ten to twelve, is enveloped 
 in strong husks ; it is a drupe, very large, ovate, with three 
 sharp longitudinal ribs; the shell is a hard, brown, bony 
 substance, almost incorruptible; to its inner surface, the 
 kernel adheres, which is white, firm and sweet. While the 
 fruit is young, its capacious centre is filled with a milky 
 liquor, very sweet, agreeable and wholesome; as the fruit 
 grows older, the milk becomes sharp and cooling, and is 
 of great service in putrid and inflammatory fevers ; and 
 highly antiscorbutic. The sap drawn from the trunk, 
 produces by fermentation, wine and vinegar, and by dis- 
 tillation Ai^rack. The husks form very strong and elastic 
 cordage and cables. From the leaves are formed baskets, 
 brooms, and parasols, mats, hammocks, sail cloth, &c. 
 The tree is raised from the nuts planted in a moist soil. 
 There is a small but very excellent variety, not larger than 
 a walnut ; a native of Chili. 
 
 DURION. (Durio zihetMna.) Loudon. 
 
 A lofty East Indian tree, with leaves like a cherry, the 
 flowers in clusters of a pale yellow. The fruit the size of 
 a man's head, roundish or oblong, it resembles a rolled up 
 hedgehog, with a hard skin or rind. The pulp is of a creamy 
 substance, of a delicate taste. Rumphius says it is, 
 much the most excellent fruit of India. Its smell is at first, 
 heavy and unpleasant, but those accustomed to this fruit, 
 consider it the most excellent of all. 
 
 MANGO TREE. {3Iangifera indica.) 
 
 A large spreading East Indian tree, with lanceolate 
 shining green leaves, of a resinous smell. The fruit is a 
 drupe, kidney shaped, some as large as a man's fist ; covered 
 with a smooth, softish, pale green, yellow, or half red skin, 
 and containing an ovate, woody, fibrous, compressed nut 
 
356 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 or stone, within which is an ovate kernel, soft and pulpy 
 like a damascene plum. *' When ripe it is replete with a 
 fine agreeable juice. It eats like an apple, but is more 
 juicy. It is esteemed very wholesome, and except pine 
 apples, it is preferred to any other fruit in India." 
 Raised from cuttings or from seeds. 
 
 MANGOSTAN. (Gorcinia mangostana.) Loudon. 
 
 A native of the Molucca Islands, but cultivated in Java 
 and Malacca. An elegant tree, rising twenty feet, with a 
 parabolic head, a taper stem, branching like a fir tree, with 
 oval leaves seven or eight inches long. The flower like a 
 single rose. The fruit round, the size of an orange, the 
 shell like the pomegranate. The seeds are disposed like 
 those of the orange, and surrounded by a soft juicy pulp of 
 a rose color, of a delicious flavor, partaking of the straw- 
 berry and the grape, and esteemed the richest fruit in the 
 world. It is wholesome alike for those in health or in 
 sickness. 
 
 MAMMEE. [Mammea Americana.) 
 
 A native of the Carribee Islands. The tree grows tall 
 and handsome ; the leaves are oval, shining, of a coriaceous 
 consistence ; the flowers in peduncles are large, white, 
 of a sweet odor. The fruit is roundish, of the size of an 
 egg. In its flavor and consistence, it is not unlike an 
 apricot. It is eaten either in its raw state and alone, or in 
 slices in sugar and wine ; or it is preserved in sugar. 
 
 PALM TREE or DATE. [Phmnix dactijlifera.) 
 
 A native of Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and the other warm 
 countries; it there rises to the height of 100 or 150 feet. 
 In Europe it grows as far north as Geneva and Nice ; it 
 flourishes also in Spain. No tree perhaps, is more useful 
 for its fruits, thoughout Barbary and Egypt, the deserts 
 of Northern Africa and Arabia. The fruit is an oval drupe, 
 of a yellowish color ; the pulp soft, saccharine, of a vinous 
 flavor; it encloses a large oblong stone. The date con- 
 stitutes an important article of food in many countries. 
 They are imported in a half dried state. A strong and ex- 
 cellent liquor is obtained from the fruit by fermentation, 
 which is much used in Mohammedan countries. From the 
 
TAMARIND. 357 
 
 fruit also palm oil is made. This oil is used as a sub- 
 stitute for butter, and possesses a strong and agreeable odor. 
 The tree is raised from seeds and suckers ; they com- 
 mence bearing at from three to six years of age. The tim- 
 ber is eminently useful and almost incorruptible. 
 
 ROSE-APPLE. (Eugenia.) Loudon. Bon Jard. 
 
 Jamrosade. E. Jambos. 
 
 A tree from India, rising to the height of from ten to 
 thirty feet; leaves long, lanceolate and shining. The 
 flowers are in clusters, of a yellowish white. The fruit the 
 size of hen's egg, with the taste of an apricot, and of the 
 flavor of the rose. Some are white, some are red, and some 
 are yellow. 
 
 Malay Apple. {E. Blallaccanesis.) Another species ; 
 the tree and the leaves are larger. The fruit is ovate, an 
 inch and a half in diameter, fleshy, with a sweet odor like 
 the rose, agreeable to the taste and sight, and deemed 
 wholesome. Common i i most of the South Sea Islands. 
 They are raised from seeds, and require a warm, moist 
 atmosphere. 
 
 TAMARIND. (Tam^nW/MS.) Phillips. 
 
 So called from Tamar {Date in Arabic). The tamarind 
 is cultivated in Arabia, Palestine, Egypt, and the East and 
 West Indies. The tree is very large, with spreading 
 branches and thick beautiful foliage. The leaves are pin- 
 nate, smooth, oblong, entire, of a bright green ; they close 
 at night. The fruit is a pod from two to five inches long, 
 inclosing from two to five seeds. The oiiter pod is thick, 
 the inner as thin as parchment, inclosing the pulp, which 
 is a soft pulpy substance. The fruit may be preserved in 
 jars, with alternate layers of sugar. But in the West In- 
 dies the following mode is adopted. The ripe fruit is taken 
 out of the pod, and placed in layers in a cask ; and the 
 boiling syrup from the first copper in the boiling house, 
 just before it begins to granulate, is poured in till the cask 
 is filled ; when cool the cask is headed. 
 
 TRYPHASIA. {Aurantiola.) Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 Three Leaved Tryphasia. Limonia trifoliata. 
 
 The fruit resembles a small orange, and is aromatic. It 
 rises to a compact shrub or tree. 
 
358 NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST. 
 
 VARRONIA PLUM. ( Varronia alnifolia.) Hort. Soc. Cat. 
 
 This fruit resembles a small plum. It grows against a 
 
 south wall (in England). It has borne fruit in the Botanic 
 
 Garden of Madrid, and is believed to be a native of Mexico. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 VEGETABLES. 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE MOST USEFUL KNOWN, 
 
 IN THREE CLASSES. 
 
 Class I. Vegetable Roots. 
 
 Class II. Pulse, Vegetable Tops, &c. 
 
 Class III. Salads, Pickles, Savory Herbs, &c. 
 
 A part of the article on vegetables was prepared for the former 
 edition. But its publication was then given up for the time, and 
 the materials, so far as prepared, were given up to a friend, to be 
 transferred, if he saw fit, to another publication. I have, in this 
 article, consulted the first authorities. 
 
 preparation of the soil. 
 
 The ground for the reception of fine seeds of vegetables, should 
 be broken up in the preceding year, and well manured in autumn, 
 and rendered fine in spring by repeated ploughing and harrowing 
 or raking. Plough and manure deep for deep rooted vegetables ; but 
 manure near the surface only for all others. Potatoes and Indian 
 corn answer well and produce large crops in ground newly broken 
 up. Very fine seeds should be sown in a newly prepared fresh soil, 
 and covered only a quarter of an inch deep ; larger seeds deeper in 
 proportion to their size : and the ground to be immediately trodden 
 hard, or rolled with a heavy roller. This enables the earth to preserve 
 its moisture at its surface, where at the same time the seeds may re- 
 ceive the necessary degree of heat from the sun and vegetate at once, 
 striking root downwards. Fine seeds, if sown too deep, are liable 
 to perish. 
 
 HOT BEDS. 
 
 By bringing forward many kinds of vegetables in a hot-bed, and 
 transplanting as soon as the weather becomes sufficiently warm, 
 you may be enabled to produce ample supplies of many kinds, a 
 month earlier than in the open ground, many of our finest vegeta- 
 bles being natives of the tropical countries. 
 
 The materials for the formation of the bed may consist of leaves, 
 tanner's bark, or fresh strawy manure from the horse stable. The 
 
360 APPENDIX. 
 
 last for this purpose is to be preferred ; but one third part of tan, 
 mixed with two thirds of manure, makes a heat less violent, and 
 more durable than manure alone. 
 
 A frame six feet square is composed of four boards ; the front 
 board a foot deep ; the back or north board eighteen inches. This 
 frame is covered with two sashes formed of small cheap glass, five 
 by seven inches. The sashes maj be provided with hinges on the 
 back side, for the purpose of raising the front and giving air occa- 
 sionally. The surface of the earth, as Mr Knight has recommended, 
 should be inclined towards the horizon in an angle of 15 degrees. 
 Prepare therefore the surface of the earth by sinking the front only 
 to the required depth, and of a width and length exceeding that of 
 the frame. The manure from the stable is now to be built up on 
 this foundation by placing successive layers of manure with a fork 
 to the height of about fourteen or fifteen inches, and pressed or 
 trodden gently throughout, its surface corresponding in its inclina- 
 tion with its earthy foundation : the dimensions six inches wider on 
 every side than the frame. On this the frame is placed, and cover- 
 ed with the sashes, and in about two or three days, if the weather 
 is pleasant, cover the surface with rich loam from seven to twelve 
 inches deep, and again put on the lights. If the excess of heat and 
 fermentation is too great, raise the glasses a little in front, and when 
 the earth is of the right temperature, or in about ten days from the 
 commencement, plant your early cucumber, radishes, lettuce, cab- 
 bages, &c. &c., and as these increase in size, they may be trans 
 planted either to the open ground or into other hot-beds, and 
 allowed more space, and thence to the open field. In cold wet 
 weather the sides may be protected by straw or litter placed around 
 them ; and the heat may be renewed by cutting down square the 
 outside, and piling fresh manure around the sides and the frame. 
 The hot-bed should be prepared in March, and made ready by the 
 end of winter. 
 
 INSECTS. (See also Insects, p. 49.) 
 
 Pyroligneous acid is not only destructive to insects, but protects 
 the bodies of trees to which it is applied, even from their approach. 
 
 Camphor is powerfully repulsive, from its strong odor. 
 
 Bitter Aloes. — Plants, according to Mrs Tredgold, are com- 
 pletely protected against insects, by washing them in an infusion of 
 bitter aloes, which does not in the least injure the plants, and the 
 effects of a single application are stated to be lasting. 
 
 Flame fires. — Samuel Preston of Stockport, Pa. has success- 
 fully destroyed insects in his garden and melon grounds, by flame 
 fires of shavings, at night ; the giddy insects rush into the fire 
 from all quarters. He is satisfied that one shilling's worth of labor 
 in an evening will secure a garden from their depredations, if not 
 in time exterminate them. Fuel suitable may consist of the mow- 
 ings of brush pastures or roadsides. 
 
 Flambeaux. — Dv Harris recommends as effectual to wind round 
 the end of a stick about a foot and a half long, old rags and swing- 
 ling tow, dipped in tar or melted brimstone ; let this be stuck in the 
 ground and set on fire ; it will burn a considerable time, and prove 
 the funeral pyre of myriads. Staves of tar barrels might probably 
 answer as well. 
 
CLASS I. VEGETABLE ROOTS. 361 
 
 CLASS I.— VEGETABLE ROOTS. 
 
 1. ARACHIS HYPOGEA, 
 
 Or Ground nut. An annual plant, with long trailing stalks. A 
 native of Mexico, but now cultivated in the West Indies for its 
 nuts, which are oblong and grow beneath the surface. These are 
 used by the negroes as food. But in France the}- are now cultivated 
 for the abundance of the oil they produce. This is said to be equally 
 valuable for the table and other purposes to the oil of olives, and 
 superior to that for burning. A bushel of the nuts produces by cold 
 expression a gallon of oil ; but more may be produced by heat, but 
 of a quality inferior. 
 
 2. ARRACACHA, of the order of UmbellifercB. 
 
 A plant from South America, which some have supposed may 
 supersede the potato. Its main root divides into four or five large 
 prongs. It is cultivated at Santa Fe and Caraccas, and is light, 
 starchy, and wholesome. It is said to thrive best in the elevated 
 regions of mountains, where the medium heat does not exceed 60'-\ 
 It deserves trial with us, 
 
 3. ARROW ROOT. Maranta, 
 
 A perennial plant, a native of South America. The roots are 
 tuberous, jointed, and produce a starch, one of the most nourishing 
 of vegetable substances, and useful in medicine. Its successful cul- 
 tivation has been introduced in the Southern States. It requires a 
 light, rich soil, and is propagated by dividing at the root. It is very 
 productive, for according to Mr Russell, from two small tubers, 
 twelve bushels were produced in two seasons at St Helena. 
 
 4. BEET. Beta. 
 
 An annual plant, a native of the South of Europe. The leaves 
 are long, thick, and succulent; the root large, of a tuberous or 
 conical form, and sweet taste. 
 
 I shall describe the Beet under three heads. 
 
 1st. Those whose roots only, are used for culinary purposes. 
 
 2d. Poirees, or those whose tops constitute the main part which 
 is used in cookery. 
 
 3d. Beets for forage of domestic animals. 
 
 1 . Early Blood Turnip Rooted, 
 
 2. Early Dwarf Blood. 
 
 3. Long Blood Beet. 
 
 4. Early Orange, or Yellow Turnip Rooted. 
 
 5. Early White Scarcity. 
 
 No. 1 is of fine quality and is deemed earliest ; it will grow in 
 thin soils, and the tops are valuable for greens. No. 3 is the most 
 valuable for the main crop. The roots of these varieties are a supe- 
 rior class of vegetables for boiling ; they are also used as salads, 
 and form a highly esteemed pickle. For an early crop, sow as early 
 31 
 
302 APPENDIX. 
 
 in April as the ground will admit, and from thence to the early part 
 of June for the winter crop ; in rows a foot asunder and four inches 
 apart in the row. 
 
 II. POIREES. 
 
 6. Sir John Sinclair'' s Beet, or Swiss Chard. 
 
 7. Green Beet. 
 
 The Swiss Chard has leaves nearly three feet long } the stalks are 
 remarkably large, long, white, tender and succulent. They are 
 boiled like asparagus, and the leaves like spinach. It is much used 
 in Switzerland and in France, furnishing a very superior article for 
 greens during summer. No. 7 is used for soups and stews. 
 
 III. BEETS FOR FORAGE OR THE FOOD OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, 
 
 8. Mangel Wurtzel, or Disette, or Scarcity. 
 
 9. French Sugar Beet, or White Prussian. 
 
 Both these varieties grow about half way out of ground and of 
 extraordinary size. For these reasons they are peculiarly calculated 
 for being raised in large quantities as food for horses, cattle, &c. ^ 
 both kinds producing enormous crops. In 1824, Messrs. T. & H. 
 Little of Newbury, Mass. raised on a single acre a crop of mangel 
 wurtzel weighing 74,.518 lbs. The ground should be thrown in 
 ridges two feet asunder by back furrowing, the top being levelled, 
 the seed sown and covered two inches deep, and the ground well 
 rolled ; the plants being finally left a foot asunder in the row. Man- 
 gel wurtzel, according to the analysis of Sir Humphrey Davy, 
 contains more nourishment than carrots, and late experiments seem 
 to have proved it. No. 9 is the kind recommended by M. Achard 
 as the best of all for sugar ; formerly great quantities were made 
 in France from this root, and the refuse affords a most nourishing 
 and fattening food for horses, cattle, and swine. All kinds of beets 
 should be gathered before hard frosts commence ; wring off the 
 tops and lay them in conical piles, cover first with leaves and then 
 with earth, and before winter sets in, remove them to the cellar. 
 
 5. BREAD ROOT. Psoralea esculenta. 
 
 A southern perennial plant, a native of Missouri. Its roots are 
 eaten like those of the potato, and with cultivation produces abun- 
 dant crops. 
 
 6. CARAWAY. Carum carui. 
 
 A hardy biennial plant, rising three or four feet in height. The 
 seeds are used in confectionary, cakes, &c., and to flavor alcohol. 
 They are esteemed the finest of stomachics and carminatives. The 
 roots are long and tuberous or conical, and esteemed even more 
 delicious than the parsnip, and fully equal on all accounts even to 
 Scorzonera. Cultivation the same as carrots, which see. 
 
 7. CARROT. Daucos carotta. 
 
 A hardy biennial, rising to the height of three or four feet. The 
 roots long and conical, they are boiled with meat and fish and used 
 in stews and soups. They are excellent food for horses and cattle^, 
 being but little inferior to mangel wurtzel. 
 
CLASS I. VEGETABLE ROOTS. 363 
 
 1. Early Short Orange (for forcing.) 4. Purple. 
 
 2. Early Horn. 5. Altringham. 
 
 3. Long Orange. 6. Lemon. 
 
 No. 2 is fine for the table. No. 3 is fine for the table, and suitable 
 for the main crop. The purple is highly prized in the West Indies. 
 The Altringham and Lemon are the suitable kinds to raise for horses 
 and cattle, from the very great crops they produce. Sown in April 
 or May, in rich sandy loam, in rows a foot asunder, the plants being 
 left four inches distance in the row ; bury the seeds half an inch in 
 depth, and roll the ground. Gather in' the crops as soon as the 
 first hard frosts commence, and house them before winter, in warm 
 cellars. 
 
 S.S. 8. GINGER. 
 
 An herbaceous perennial plant, a native of the East Indies or th6 
 Western World ; cultivated in New Spain, but especially in Jamaica 
 to a great extent. The stalks rise like reeds to the height of two 
 and a half feet ; the leaves narrow and lanceolate ; the roots creep- 
 ing, in tuberous joints. In autumn the soundest roots are scraped 
 clean and carefully dried in the sun. But the poorest roots are 
 scalded previously to drying. Ginger forms the finest preserve in 
 the world. For this purpose they are dug as soon as the stalk has 
 risen six inches ; these being scalded and peeled, are washed in 
 cold water, and steeped during three days, the water being often 
 changed ; they are then preserved in sugar and placed in jars. 
 
 9. LEEK. Allium p or rum. 
 
 1. Large Scotch. 2. London. 
 
 A species of onion. Its uses and cultivation are much the same< 
 Sow in April or May. As the plants approach maturity, cover the 
 bulbs with earth, to blanch, and give them a sweet flavor. 
 
 10. LIN-KIO. Ed. Enc. Art. China. 
 
 A species of Water Chesnut, which grows in China ; of a cool- 
 ing and agreeable taste. It is sometimes sold like filberts, in a 
 green state ; sometimes dried, powdered, and made into soup, and 
 sometimes baked in the oven with sugar and honey. They sow 
 the seeds at the end of autumn, in the shallowest places of ponds 
 and rivers, in a south exposure. 
 
 11. ONION. Allium sepa. 
 
 1. White Portugal. 4. Tree Onion. 
 
 2. Yellow or Straw Color. 5. Potato Onion. 
 
 3. Large Red. 
 
 The White and Yellow are esteemed superior to the Red onion. 
 The Tree onion is a perennial, producing bulbs on the summit of 
 its stalks, which are valuable for pickling or other uses ; it is propa- 
 gated from the bulbs of its tops or roots. Sow the seeds of onions 
 from the tenth of April to the first of May, in rows a foot asunder, 
 the plants finally to be thinned to two inches apart; the seeds to be 
 covered one fourth of an inch, and the ground rolled. For an early 
 crop sow early in autumn, and protect during winter by a covering 
 of litter. Another is the mode recommended by Mr Knight for 
 
364 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 producing very large and early crops ; it consists in sowing the 
 seeds very thick, upon poor ground, and beneath the shade of trees. 
 These grow only to the size of peas the first season, when they are 
 taken up and dried, and planted the following spring. The Potato 
 onion is very hardy, mild, productive, and exceedingly early. It is 
 raised only by planting the bulbs. Plant the bulbs early in April, 
 in rows a foot asunder, and eight inches apart in the row, an inch 
 deep. Earth them up as they grow ; they reproduce in large clus- 
 ters. Onions should be gathered as early in autumn as the tops 
 decay, and dried and preserved in a dry place, seeure from frost. 
 
 12. OXALIS CRENATA. Loudon. 
 
 An ornamental plant, a perennial, a native of Chili, and there 
 lately discoveied by Douglas. The flowers are beautiful, of a yel- 
 low color, and in umbels. The stalks and leaves are succulent, of 
 an acid taste, and useful as salads. The roots or tubers are pro- 
 duced in clusters, their taste when boiled somewhat resembles a 
 chesnut. They are raised from the tubers, and are extraordinary 
 productive, and as easy to cultivate as the potato, and decidedly su- 
 perior in flavor. They require a rich soil and like the potato, they 
 are stored during winter in cellars. 
 
 13. PARSNIP. Pastinaca sativa. 
 
 1. Guernsey! Parsnip. 2. Common Parsnip. 
 
 The parsnip is a biennial plant, the root is very long and conical ; a 
 delicious and sweet food when boiled for the table. A superior ar- 
 ticle for cattle, producing large crops. 
 
 The Guernsey is an improved variety. Sow the seeds in April in 
 raws a foot asunder and thin the plants to three inches' distance in 
 the row. 
 
 S. S. 14. PEE-TSEE. Ed. Enc. Art. China. 
 
 A species of water chesnut, which grows only in the sonthem 
 provinces of China, in shallow rivers and ponds, with leaves like a 
 bulrush, and hollow like the stalk of an onion. Its fruit in the cap- 
 sule of its root, like the husk of a chesnut. 
 
 15. POTATO. Solanum tuberosum. 
 
 A perennial plant, a native of South America. The varieties are 
 innumerable. Where great crops are desired, plant the potatoes in 
 shallow furrows three feet asunder. Choose the most productive 
 and best kinds, cut the largest in two or four pieces. Plant at the 
 rate of twenty bushels to the acre according to the state of the 
 ground and the productiveness of the kind, sometimes twentyfive 
 bushels to the acre are required, more being generally lost by an 
 ill judged parsimony in the first instance than by overstocking the 
 ground with seed. 
 
 But the precise quantity depends on various circumstances; 
 six or seven hundred bushels to the acre is not unusual. Never 
 earth up potatoes. Potatoes afford in some cases a large portion of 
 starch, and this starch by some slight alteration may be converted 
 into nearly its own weight of sugar. Plant from April to the last 
 of July, near the surface, cover three inches ; hoe twice or thrice. 
 
CLASS 1. VEGETABLE ROOTS, 365 
 
 16. ROCAMBOLE. AUium scorodoprasum. 
 
 A hardy bulbous perennial plant, of the onion or garlic species ; 
 the root resembling the latter, but of more delicate flavor. Its cul- 
 tivation is not much unlike that of the onion. 
 
 17. SALSAFY, or VEGETABLE OYSTER. Tragopogon por^ 
 rifolius. 
 
 A hardy biennial, producing beautiful flowers of a fine blue color. 
 The root long and tapering or conical, of a white color and sweet 
 taste. The outer rind being scraped off, they are steeped in vinegar 
 lo extract the bitter taste, then boiled or stewed like parsnips. Sow 
 the seeds in April and manage the same as for parsnip. 
 
 18. SALSILLA. Edible alstrameria. 
 
 A very beautiful herbaceous plant, a native of Peru. Its roots are 
 eaten like the potato. It is cultivated in the West Indies, and may 
 answer well in many parts of our country. 
 
 19. SCORZONERA. Scorzonera hispanica, 
 
 A perennial plant, a native of Spain. The root is small and 
 tapering. Prepared by steeping in vinegar as directed for salsafy, 
 and boiled and stewed, it is an excellent vegetable. Sow as for 
 parsnips in April, but allow less distance. 
 
 20. SHALLOTS. Allium ascalonicum. 
 
 A species of onion, the bulbs compound like those of garlic. A 
 hardy perennial plant, a native of Ascalon and of Palestine. It is 
 used to give flavor to roast beef gravies, and beefsteaks, &c. also to 
 give a flavor to pickles. They are cultivated by division of the 
 bulbs. Mr Knight directs to place the bulbs on the surface of arich 
 soil; the mould being raised for support on either side. As soon as 
 firmly rooted, the earth is removed to the bottom of the bulbs, and 
 they are at once well watered, and thus growing wholly on the sur- 
 face, they soon assume the size and form of onions ; the crop is thus 
 rendered more abundant, and the quality greatly improved. 
 
 21. SKIRRET. Slum sisarum. 
 
 A perennial plant, a native of China. Its roots are tuberous 
 and branching. When boiled, stewed or fried, with butter, pep- 
 per, &c, its flavor is sweet and agreeable. Sow the seeds in April 
 or May and cultivate as for salsafy or parsnip. 
 
 22. SWEET POTATOES, or CAROLINA POTATO. Convol- 
 vulus batatas. 
 
 A tender perennial plant, a low creeping vine, a native of the 
 Southern States. The roots are long tubers, of a white or red color ; 
 when boiled, baked, or roasted, they are of a sweet, agreeable taste, 
 and form a nourishing and wholesome food. It is raised from slips 
 of the roots. The sweet potato is often cultivated as far north as 
 Boston ; the slips are usually procured from New Jersey, as they are 
 difficult to preserve except in dry warm chambers secure from frost. 
 These are placed vertically in a hot bed in April. When sprouted 
 they are transplanted to the open field, in a dry warm situation, to a 
 31* 
 
366 APPENDIX. 
 
 sandy, but well manured soil ; they are placed in elevated hilis^ 
 six feet asunder each way. The vines as they extend must not be 
 suffered to strike root. 
 
 23. TRAFA NATANS, Neill. 
 
 This plant grows in ponds, and is eaten like the chesnut. The 
 canal of Versailles is covered with the plant, and the root is some- 
 times served up at table . 
 
 24. TURNIP. Brassica rapa. 
 A hardy biennial plant. 
 
 1. Early White Dutch. 5. Yellow Stone. 
 
 2. Early Stone. 6. Yelloiv Maltese. 
 
 3. Mliite Flat. 7. Long Yellow French. 
 
 4. Large English Norfolk. 8. Yellow Aberdeen. 
 
 9. Ruta Baga, Russian, or Yellow Sioedish. 
 Turnips may be sown broadcast : very early for the early crop 
 as late as midsummer for the late oi main crop ; or, they may be 
 sown in rows at distances proportioned to their sizes. No. 1 is es- 
 teemed the best for an early crop. Nos. 5, 6, and 8 are new varie- 
 ties of superior quality, of a rich taste and fine for keeping. No. 9 
 is also of a fine rich quality, retaining all its goodness to a late period 
 in spring. This kind produces enormous crops, and is a valuable 
 article of winter food for cattle. No. 7, is a very superior new kind, 
 from Teltoiv, near Brandenburg, of small and slender form ; those 
 sown at midsummer keep till spring, and are of great excellence, 
 whether stewed, or cooked by other modes. The best turnips for 
 the table are raised in poor ground, has a skin of a coal black color, 
 
 S. S. 25. YAM. Doiscoreau. 
 
 A climbing plant cultivated in the East and West Indies. Its roots 
 are very large, flattened, sometimes palmated. It is boiled or 
 roasted like the potato, and is wholesome, palatable and nutritious. 
 The flour is also used for puddings and bread. D. alata is equally 
 cultivated ; its root is three feet long and often weigh thirty pounds. 
 Of both kinds there are numerous varieties. 
 
 CLASS. II. — PULSE, VEGETABLE TOPS, &,c. 
 
 26. ARTICHOKE. Cynara scolymus. 
 
 A native of Italy and the south of France The Globe artichoke is 
 preferred. The flower heads, after the bristles or choke is removed, 
 and while in an immature state, are boiled in water with a little 
 salt till tender, and thus eaten, sometimes they are fried and used in 
 ragouts, and while very young they are used as salads ; at other 
 times they are pickled. This is not the Jerusalem artichoke which 
 is a native of Brazil. It is a perennial, and is propagated by offset 
 suckers, separated in April and three or four are planted in a hill ; 
 the hills in rows four feet asunder, and two feet distance in the row ; 
 in a deep rich soil. They require to be slightly protected by litter 
 in winter. 
 
CLASS II. PULSE, VEGETABLE TOPS. 367 
 
 27. ASPARAGUS. Asparagus officinalis. 
 
 A perennial plant of the most hardy description. The young 
 sprouts are delicious food boiled. 
 
 1 . Large Early Dutch. 3. Gravesend. 
 
 2. Battersea. 4. Large White Reading. 
 Sow the seeds an inch deep, in spring, and when the plants are 
 
 a year or two old, plant them in rows fifteen inches asunder, and a 
 foot apart in the row, in a soil made exceedingly rich, to the depth 
 often inches. The asparagus in its native state is a dwarfish plant, 
 with fibrous roots which do not go deep ; but to be raised in its 
 greatest perfection, and of a large size, the ground must not only 
 be made rich at first, but kept to by being covered every autumn 
 with a coat of manure, which is to be forked in very early in 
 spring. 
 
 28. BEANS. Phaseolus. 
 
 An annual plant or vine ; a native of the warm latitudes. It 
 rises from two to ten feet, the stalk thick and angular, the leaves 
 pinnate ; the flowers of fragrant odor ; the seeds large, ovate, flat- 
 nened — inclosed in a long pod. 
 
 I. ENGLISH DWARFS. 
 
 1. Broad Windsor. 5. Horse. 
 
 2. Early Mazagan. 6. Sword Long pod. 
 
 3. Green JYonpareil. 7. Dwarf Bonavista. 
 
 4. Heligoland. 
 
 These are gathered and shelled when green. Sow them in rows 
 three feet asunder and three inches in the row, and two inches deep, 
 in a dry soil, as early in April as the ground will answer, after the 
 hard frosts are over. No. 7 is said to be one of the most productive 
 and finest of Bush Beans. 
 
 II. KIDNEY DWARFS OR STRING BEANS. 
 
 8. China Dwarf. 13. Early While Cranberry. 
 
 9. Mohawk. 14. Red Cranberry. 
 
 10. Marroic or Thousand-to-one. 15. Large White Kidney Dwarf. 
 
 11. Early Quaker. 16. Early Yellow Six-weeks. 
 
 12. Early Yellow Cranberry. 
 
 The China dwarf is the earliest ; the Mohawk is early and very 
 hardy ; the Marrow, or Thousand-to-one, is early and long in bear- 
 ing, the pods remarkably tender, and the finest of all string beans. 
 Soil and distance the same as English Dwarfs ; sown from the first 
 to the last of May. 
 
 III. POLE OR RUNNING BEANS 
 
 17. Large White Lima. 22. M^hite Dutch Case Knife. 
 
 18. Small White Lima, or Saba. 23. Red Cranberry. 
 
 19. Large Scarlet Runners. 24. White Cranberry. 
 
 20. Large White Dutch Runners. 25, Yelloio Cranberry. 
 
 21. London Horticultural. 26. Prolific Lima. 
 
 No, 23 is a new kind from South America ; from the extreme 
 tenderness of its pods it is a superior string bean. Nos. 23 and 24 
 are valuable string and shell beans ; No. 21 is a productive bearer 
 and excellent shell bean ; Nos. 17 and 18 are unrivalled in their 
 
368 APPENDIX. 
 
 flavor as shell beans only. No. 26 is said to be the best of all beans, 
 and fully equals the Lima, but hardier. Plant as soon as the 
 ground will answer, in May or the last of April, in hills four feet 
 asunder, and ten beans in a hill. Plant the Lima beans 10th of May. 
 
 29. BORECOLE. Brassica oleraceaselenisia. 
 
 A species of kale or cabbage, of the most hardy description. The 
 head open, the leaves wrinkled or curled. The crown or centre, 
 when ameliorated by frost, is cut and boiled ; they are extremely 
 delicate, tender, and sweet. Sow the seeds in April and May, and 
 manage as cabbages. Before winter, transplant to trenches and 
 cover with straw for winter use. The stalks planted in spring pro- 
 duce delicious sprouts. 
 
 30. BROCCOLI. Brassica v. asparagoides. 
 
 1. Early Purple. 4. White Cape, or Cauliflower. 
 
 2. Early White. 5. Brimstone, or Portsmouth. 
 
 3. Large Purple Cape. 
 
 A biennial plant, much resembling the cauliflower ; one of the 
 finest luxuries of the garden ; the heads are boiled and eaten with 
 butter, or the gravy of meat. The Portsmouth is very large ; the 
 Large Purple Cape is very fine. Sow in April and May, in a very 
 rich soil, in rows two feet asunder and tv;o feet in the row, several 
 seeds together, and tread the ground very hard. Leave finally but 
 a single plant in a place. Hoe frequently but shallow, and earth 
 once. They flower from August to late in autumn. 
 
 31. BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Brassica oleracea jemmifera. 
 
 A delicate species of cabbage which rises three or four feet in 
 height. Small heads an inch or two in diameter issue from the 
 base of the leaves; these, after being duly ameliorated by frost, 
 form a delicate article when boiled. Protected during winter they 
 furnish fine sprouts in spring. Sow in May and cultivate as for 
 cabbages. 
 
 32. CABBAGE. Brassica. 
 
 1. Early York. 10. Pancalier Savoy. 
 
 2. Early May. 11. Large Bergen or Great American 
 
 3. Early Low Dutch. 12. Large Late Drumhead. 
 
 4. Early Batter sea. 13. Large Scotch. 
 
 5. Early Sugar Loaf. 14. Large Green Glazed. 
 
 6. Chou de Milan. 15. Red Dutch. 
 
 7. Yellow Savoy. 16. Turnip Rooted. 
 
 8. Large Cape Savoy. 17. Turnip rooted, or Arabian. 
 
 9. Green Globe Savoy. 
 
 A biennial plant. When boiled it forms a wholesome and agree* 
 able food. In making sour krout, the heads of cabbage after being 
 chopped fine, are strewed in layers in a barrel, and a handful of 
 salt, mixed with a few caraway seeds, are strewed between each 
 layer, till the barrel is filled. A heavy weight is now placed on 
 the mass, and as soon as the fermentation, which soon commences, 
 has subsided, the weight is removed and the barrel is headed. A 
 fine article for the sea stores of ships sailing on distant voyages, a 
 
CLASS II. PULSE, VEGETABLE TOPS. 369 
 
 powerful antiscorbutic and highly relished by all who become ac- 
 customed to it, when boiled with beef. 
 
 Savoy cabbages are deemed nearly equal to cauliflowers. No. 10 
 is said to be the best of all, and cabbages set in spring, produce fine 
 sprouts. The Red Dutch, after being salted fortyeight hours, forms 
 a good article when pickled in vinegar. The Large Dutch and 
 Drumhead are profitable to raise for the food of cattle ; 44 tons were 
 raised in 1821, by Mr E. H. Derby, of Salem, on an acre. For 
 early cabbages, sow in March, in a hot-bed. For a late crop, sow- 
 in May, stamping the ground hard. Set the small kinds two feet 
 asunder each way — the large kinds three feet apart every way, and 
 hoe often. In autumn strip the outside leaves and set the cabbages 
 in earth in compact beds, protect by a covering of straw or seaweed. 
 
 33. CARDOON. Cynara cardunculus. 
 
 1. Spanish Cardoon. 2. Cardoonof Tours. 
 
 A gigantic plant, rising from four to five feet, much esteemed 
 and cultivated in France. The thick ribs, or stalks of the leaves 
 when full grown and blanched, are tender and of a delicate flavor. 
 Sow the seeds in April or May, in the bottom of trenches which 
 are dug six inches in depth, and in rows four feet asunder and 
 eighteen inches apart ; leaving finally but a single plant in a place. 
 The soil deep, light, and rich ; water in dry weather. When the 
 plant is nearly full grown, or in September, and in a dry day, tie 
 up the leaves lightly, bringing the ribs in contact with strong mat- 
 ting. Cover the whole two thirds of its height, by winding closely 
 a twisted hay band, an inch and a half in diameter, from the bottom, 
 upwards ; they will soon become blanched and tender. To secure 
 from hard frosts, earth up, in a dry day, against the bands, and oth- 
 erwise secure the plants in winter. It is used in stews, soups, and 
 salads. 
 
 34. CAULIFLOWER. Brassica oleracea botrytes. 
 
 A species of cabbage, of a most superior kind, the head or flow- 
 ers only being used. Sow in September, and preserve the young 
 plants during winter, for an early crop. For a late crop, sow in 
 April. Transplant into very rich, and rather moist loam, three feet 
 asunder every way. Tie up the tops gently, but close over the 
 head to blanch them. Boiled in a linen cloth, and eaten with melt- 
 ed butter, this vegetable is superior. 
 
 35. DANDELION. Leontodon taraxacum. 
 
 A well known and extremely wholesome vegetable for early 
 greens and salads, of a slightly bitter, but agreeable taste. It is 
 reputed to possess valuable medicinal properties. Sow in April or 
 May, in a rich soil, or it may be propagated by division of roots, 
 and improved by blanching. 
 
 S. S. 36. EGG PLANT. Solarium melongena. 
 
 1 . Purple (useful.) 2. White (ornamental.) 
 
 An annual plant which rises two feet or more in height ; the fruit 
 which is produced in abundance, is very beautiful, in form that of 
 an egg, in size that of an ostrich. Sliced and properly fried with 
 
370 APPENDIX. 
 
 ham, it is a delicious vegetable. Sow the seeds in a hot-bed in 
 March, and transplant to the distance of two feet asunder in the 
 open air, in May. A good portion of heat and of moisture are 
 necessary, otherwise the seeds do not readily germinate. 
 
 37. HIBISCUS. Hibiscus esculentus. (Gomho.) 
 
 A tender annual variety of Hibiscus, a native of the West Indies, 
 and now cultivated in the South of France. It rises four or five 
 feet, and produces capsules which are used while green in soups or 
 eaten with butter. 
 
 38. INDIAN CORN. Zea mays. 
 
 I. JVew Early Dtvarf. 2. Sweet, or Sugar. 
 
 These are the two principal kinds used at table. The New Early 
 Dwarf is very early and good for boiling. The Sweet is a kind 
 well known ; it shrivels in drying, and is superior to all others for 
 boiling. To preserve this kind for boiling in winter, it is first boiled 
 in the husk, at the time while the kernel is yet tender, and after 
 being husked it is hung up by the husks in the sun, till thoroughly 
 dry, it is shelled and laid by for use. When wanted, the corn is 
 steeped in water over night, and to this same water beans are after- 
 wards added, and the whole are boiled together. A delicious article ; 
 it is called Succatosh. Plant as soon as the ground becomes warm, 
 in April or May, in rows four feet asunder, and in hills two feet 
 apart in the row ; eight kernels in the hill ; cover two inches deep. 
 
 39. KALE. Brassica oleracea sahellica. 
 
 Cesarean Kale, or Cow Cabbage. Green Curled Scotch Kale. 
 
 The CsBsarean Kale, in congenial soils and climates, is a gigantic 
 plant of the cabbage tribe ; a most profitable article for the food of 
 cows. 
 
 40. PEAS. Pisum sativum. 
 
 1. Bishop's Early Dicarf. 1 foot. 
 
 2. RusselVs Keio Early Dwarf Prolific. 1 foot. 
 
 3. Dwarf Blue Imperial. 1^ feet. 
 
 4. Divarf Blue Prussian. 2^ feet. 
 
 5. Dwarf Scymetar. 
 
 6. Knight's Dicarf Marrowfat. 2^ feet. 
 
 7. Knight's Tall Marrowfat. 6 feet. 
 
 8. Woodford's JVew Tall Prolific. 5 feet. 
 
 9. Dwarf Sugar (eatable pods.) 3 feet. 
 10. Tall Sugar, (eatable pods.) 4 feet. 
 
 II. Egg Pea. 
 
 12. Spanish Morotto. 
 
 Sow Early Peas as soon as the ground will admit in March. A 
 quart of Early Dwarf Peas will sow a row of 300 feet, rows three 
 feet asunder. Nos. 1 and 2 are reputed the finest^of the early kinds. 
 Nos. 3 and 5 are very productive and of delicious flavor. Nos. C 
 and 7 are most superior late kinds for flavor and productiveness. 
 No. 8 is of a fine green color, and bears well a long time. Nos. 9 and 
 10 or the Sugar or String peas, are fine, sweet, and productive 
 kinds, the pods and peas being of delicious flavor. The Egg Pea 
 
 i 
 
CLASS II PULSE, VEGETABLE TOPS. 371 
 
 and Spanish Morotto are famous for their hardiness and productive- 
 ness. The tall species of peas are sustained by brush wood set in 
 the rows. Some sow them in small circles ; as they rise, they sup- 
 port each other. 
 
 41. PUMPKINS. Cucurbita pepo. 
 
 1. Connecticut. 2. Mammoth. 
 
 Plant the seeds in April or May, in very rich ground ; two plants 
 to a square rod are sufficient. Pumpkins are valuable food for the 
 table either baked or stewed; and valuable for fodder for fattening 
 cattle or swine. Great crops are raised in cornfields with Indian 
 eorn, by dropping a seed in every eighth hill. The seeds produce 
 a valuable oil on expression. The Mammoth Pumpkin has weighed 
 226 pounds. 
 
 42. SEA KALE. Cramhe maritima. 
 
 A hardy perennial plant ; a delicate and superior vegetable, as 
 yet but too little known. It is said to grow wild on various parts 
 of the sea shore of Britain, where it is eagerly sought after in early 
 spring. The young, tender, and unexpanded leaves and stalks, in 
 a blanched state, are extracted from the pebbles and sand in which 
 they are found buried, and out off several inches beneath the sur- 
 face, at the crown of the root. It will yet grow well in the interi- 
 or, in any good, deep, dry soil, for the root goes deep. The plants 
 should be placed in rows four feet asunder, and a foot or eighteen 
 inches in the row. In March cover it with sand or earth, in boxes 
 or pots, to blanch it — this renders it more beautiful to the eye, 
 more tender, and delicate. Or it may be forced, by covering the 
 pots or boxes with hot manure. Boil it thoroughly in water, or 
 milk and water is better; serve it up with melted butter like the 
 cauliflower. Sow the seeds as soon as ripe, and they readily vege- 
 tate, but if kept till spring they require to be cracked. Plantations 
 are readily formed of pieces of roots two inches long, placed up- 
 right beneath the soil. 
 
 43. SPINACH, OR SPINAGE. Spinacia oleracea. 
 
 1. Round Leaved, or Summer. 3. JVew Winter. 
 
 2. Prickly Leaved, or Fall. 4. JVew Zealand. 
 
 A most superior vegetable for greens ; an annual plant. The seeds 
 of No. 1 may be sown in a rich soil, from April to July. No. 2 
 may be sown in August or September for early spring. The New 
 Winter is a kind, not common, from France ; the leaves fourteen 
 inches long, eight inches broad, very thick and succulent. The 
 New Zealand, Tetragvnia expansa, is a fine spreading plant, yield- 
 ing a supply of leaves during the whole summer. Sow this last 
 early, in a hot-bed, or warm situation, in April or May, and trans- 
 plant, giving them three feet space. 
 
 44. SQUASH. Giraumon. 
 
 A superior vegetable for boiling, baking or stewing ; a native of 
 the warm latitudes. 
 
372 APPENDIX. 
 
 1. Early Orange. 6. Long Yellow Crook Neck. 
 
 2. Early Long Warted. 7. Commodore Porter's Valpa- 
 
 3. Early Scallop. raiso. 
 
 4. Acorn. 8. Autumnal Marrow. 
 
 5. Canada Crook JVeck. 
 
 The Early Orange is a new summer variety, very early and of 
 superior quality. The Canada Crook Neck is without doubt far 
 superior to any and all others, for the late or main crop. It is fine 
 grained, mealy, and of a sweet, excellent flavor. By being kept in 
 a dry and suitable temperature, they may be preserved till the follow- 
 ing summer. Sow in April or May, as soon as the frosts are over, 
 and the earth becomes warm. The Early or Summer varieties, in 
 hills six feet asunder ; the winter varieties in hills eight feet asunder, 
 and four plants may remain in a hill. 
 
 Autumnal Marrow Squash. Cucurbita melopepo. 
 
 Introduced to notice by John M. Ives, Esq. of Salem. A fine 
 new variety, of an ovate form, pointed ; the skin extremely thin, of 
 a cream color; the flesh orange; the grain delicate, flavor excel- 
 lent; seeds large, pure white. Average weight, eight pounds. It 
 keeps well in winter. 
 
 45. SWISS CHARD. (See Beets, No. 2, Poirees,) 
 
 The finest kind of beet for greens is the Swiss Chard. The stalks 
 of this are of large size, white, tender, and excellent; they boil 
 like asparagus. It is sometimes called " Sir John Sinclair' sheet." 
 
 CLASS III. — SALADS, PICKLES, SAVORY 
 HERBS, &c. 
 
 46. BASIL. Ocymum basilicum. 
 
 An annual plant from the East Indies, sometimes used in salads 
 in France, but principally and extensively used in that country in 
 high seasoned dishes and soups. The leaves are aromatic and have 
 the strong flavor of cloves. Sow early, in a hot-bed or warm expo- 
 sition — transplant into rows a foot asunder, and a few inches apart 
 in the row. 
 CARAWAY. (See Vegetable Roots, No. 6.) 
 
 47. CELERY. Apium graveolens dulce. 
 
 1. Large White Solid. 4. Italian. 
 
 2. Rose Colored Solid. 5. JYew Silver Giant. 
 
 3. Large White Hollow. 6. Celeriac, or Turnip rooted. 
 The stalks of the leaves, when blanched, are used as salads, from 
 
 autumn to spring ; they are also boiled to flavor soups, and some- 
 times to be used at dinner. Celeriac is cultivated for its root alone ; 
 it is excellent sliced in soups, for its peculiar flavor ; or, boiled till 
 tender it is eaten with oil and vinegar; or it is stewed to flavor rich 
 sauces. This last kind is sown in April, in a hot-bed or warm ex- 
 position, and transplanted to fifteen inches asunder every way, in 
 moist, rich ground, but the plants are never earthed up. The 
 
CLASS III. SALADS, PICKLES, HERBS, ETC. 373 
 
 former kinds are sown in April or May, in fine rich earth, and 
 shaded or covered with a board till the seeds vegetate. Transplant 
 to trenches a foot wide, a foot deep, the plants a foot asunder ; 
 preserve every leaf, but destroy offsets. Earth up in dry weather, 
 to blanch the leaf stalks. 
 
 48. CHERVIL. Ciosma cerefolium. 
 
 1. Common. 2. Curled leaved. 
 
 An annual plant ; the leaves have a warm and aromatic flavor, 
 and are esteemed for salads ; also in high seasoned dishes and 
 soups. Sow in rows a foot asunder, every three weeks, from April 
 to September. 
 
 49. CHIVES OR GIVES. Allium schaenoprasum. 
 
 A beautiful perennial ; a species of small onion. The tops are 
 used in early spring for salads, and the tops and roots as early 
 onions. It is cultivated by divisions of the roots, set six inches 
 asunder. 
 
 50. CORIANDER. Coriandrum sativum. 
 
 A hardy annual plant ; the leaves are fragrant, the seeds aromat- 
 ic, of a pleasant spicy flavor. They are used as spices and in con- 
 fectionery. Sown in April. 
 
 51. CRESS. Lepidium sativum. 
 
 1. Peppergrass, or curled. 3. Water. 
 
 2. Broad leaved Garden. 
 
 A hardy annual plant, of a spicy taste ; used as a garnish, and in 
 salads. It may be highly improved by cultivation. Sow as for 
 lettuce, and at intervals from April to September. 
 
 52. CUCUMBER. Cucumis sativa. 
 
 1. Early Frame. 5. Long Green Turkey. 
 
 2. Early Short Prickly. 6. Long White Turkey. 
 
 3. Early Green Cluster. 7. Long Green Prickly. 
 4 Long White Spined. 8, Girkin, or West India. 
 
 A tender vine, an annual plant. The fruit is used raw, in its 
 green state, sliced in vinegar When young they are extensively 
 used in pickling. Sow as soon |as the ground becomes warm in 
 springs cover a half an inch deep ; plant in hills six feet asunder 
 every way — a dozen seeds in a hill, but leave finally but three. 
 The ground must be rich and manured well in the hill. For very 
 early use, sow in small pots, in a hot-bed ; turn them into the open 
 ground in May, protecting from the sun and late frosts. For 
 pickling, plant from 10th of June to 10th of July, after a crop of 
 early peas, or a crop of hay. No. 3 is a short and productive kind 
 for open ground. The Green and White Turkey are fine, either in 
 the open ground or for early forcing. 
 
 53. ENDIVE, OR SUCCORY. Cicorium endivia crispa scarole. 
 
 1. White Curled. 2. Large Green Curled. 
 
 3. Broad leaved Batavian. 
 
 A hardy annual from the East Indies ; esteemed for salads. Sow 
 32 
 
374 APPENDIX. 
 
 as for lettuce, at intervals from April to July, in a very rich soil. 
 When fully grown, tie over the outer leaves to blanch the heads 
 for use. 
 
 54. FENNEL. Anethum, Finochio. 
 
 This variety is perennial, a native of Italy. It is propagated by 
 iseeds sown in April, or by divisions of roots. In a boiled state it is 
 served up with fish. 
 
 55. FLORIDA COFFEE. Mr Dupont. 
 
 Such is the name described in the Florida Herald of an annual 
 plant growing wild in Cuba, and now growing wild in some parts 
 of Mississippi and about St Augustine. The grains, which are 
 produced fifty or sixty in a pod, are of the size of wheat, of an 
 olive color ; their flavor superior to the green coffee of Cuba, be- 
 coming by age in three months equal to the best of coffee. A plant 
 of the easiest culture in any poor soil. An acre will produce from 
 1500 to 2000 pounds. This valuable plant is a native, and grows 
 abundantly in Attakapas in Louisiana. Can this be Okra ^ 
 
 56 GARLIC. Mlium sativum. 
 
 A hardy perennial, a species of onion ; a native of the South of 
 France, it is propagated by a subdivision of the bulbs. These 
 are set in rows a foot asunder and five inches in the row. Early in 
 autumn take up the roots and dry them. 
 
 57. HORSE RADISH. Cochlearia armoracia. 
 
 A hardy perennial plant. The long and branching roots have a 
 very strong and pungent taste ; and scraped in vinegar, they are 
 highly esteemed as salads in winter and spring. It is raised from 
 the crowns, each with an inch or two of root. These are planted 
 in a very rich, deep, and humid soil ; in rows a foot asunder, the 
 plants nine inches apart in the row. Or it niay be raised from 
 small pieces of the roots, placed upright and buried an inch beneath 
 the surface. 
 
 58. ITALIAN CORN SALAD. Valerianella eriocarpa. 
 
 A. new variety, superior to the common kind, and earlier. An 
 annual plant, which is used through winter and early in spring as 
 a salad ; it is also valuable early in spring when boiled as greens. 
 Sow in August or September, cover lightly, and thin the plants to 
 three inches. 
 
 59. LETTUCE. Lactuca sativa. 
 
 1. Early Curled Silesia. 7. Brown Dutch. 
 
 2. Tennis Ball. 8. Magnum bonum Cos. 
 
 3. Royal Cape. 9. Ice Cos. 
 
 4. Large Drum Head. 10. White Cos, or Leaf. 
 
 5. Savoy Cabbage, or Green Head. 11. Green Cos. 
 6o Large Imperial. 
 
 A hardy annual plant, one of the finest of salads known. The 
 milky juice of the plant produces drowsiness, like opium. No. 1 is 
 fine and early. No. 2 is fine and early, with small heads ; both 
 
CLASS III. SALADS, PICKLES, HERBS, ETC. 375 
 
 these and the Royal Cape are the kinds best known and most highly 
 esteemed in the Boston market. The Cabbage or Head lettuce 
 grows spreading, with round heads. The Cos lettuce grows up- 
 right and oblong, and is sweetest. Sow in February and March in 
 hot-beds, for early use, and transplant in April ; and at intervals of 
 three weeks from April to September, in rows a foot asunder ; the 
 large headed kinds may remain a foot apart in the row. 
 
 60. MARJORAM. Origanum. 
 
 1. Sic eet Marjoram (major ana.) 2. Pot Marjoram (onites.) 
 
 The Sweet marjorum is biennial, a tender plant, a native of Por- 
 tugal ; highly esteemed for its savory taste, in highly seasoned 
 cookery. Sown in April in a hot-bed, or in a warm situation and 
 transplanted. The Pot marjoram is a hardy perennial, a native of 
 Sicily ; its uses are the same as the preceding. It propagates by 
 division of roots in spring. 
 
 61. MARTYNEA. Martynea proboscidea. 
 
 An annual plant with conspicuous shov/y flowers. The green 
 pods are fine for pickling. Sow in May ; the plants may remain 
 two feet asunder. 
 
 62. MARIGOLD. Calendula officinalis. 
 
 The Common marigold is a beautiful annual, hardy plant, some- 
 times used in soups. Sow from April to May. The tops may be 
 preserved by drying. 
 
 63. MUSTARD. Sinapis alba. 
 
 An annual ; the young plants of White Mustard are fine for sal- 
 ads. The seed of the Black Mustard^ ground, is a strong and most 
 pungent seasoning for meat. A tea-cup of water and powdered 
 mustard is an instantaneous and powerful emetic to dislodge poison 
 from the stomach. Sow in April — a hardy plant of the easiest 
 culture, and of the tallest kind. 
 
 64. NASTURTIUM, or INDIAN CRESS. TropcBolumraajus. 
 An annual plant, a native of Peru. Its flowers of a beautiful 
 
 orange color, serve as a garnish for dishes ; the leaves are excellent 
 in salads, and the green pods make a pickle esteemed by many su- 
 perior to capers. Sow the seeds in April or May, an inch deep, on 
 the borders of fences or palings, as they are low climbers ; or sticks 
 of brush may serve as their support. 
 
 65. OKRA. Hibiscus esculentus. 
 
 An ornamental plant, extensively cultivated in the tropical coun- 
 tries of America ; an ingredient in soups. The seeds v/hen ripe 
 and roasted form by infusion a drink difficult to distinguish from 
 coffee. Sow early in May, cover an inch deep. Cultivate like peas, 
 
 66. PARSLEY. Apium pctroselinum. 
 
 1 . Curled or Double. 3. Hamburg or Large Rooted. 
 
 2. Dwarf Curled. 
 
 A hardy biennial plant, a native of Sardinia. A well known and 
 
376 APPENDIX. 
 
 agreeable savory herb in stews, soups, and the gravy of roasted 
 meat. Sow in rows a foot asunder, from April to July. Soak the 
 seeds in a warm place for twelve hours to make them vegetate, 
 water till the plants appear, as often as the ground becomes dry. 
 
 67. PEPPER. Capsicum annuum. 
 
 1. Long or Cayenne. 3. Cherry or West India. 
 
 2. Squash. 4. Sweet Spanish. 
 
 A tender annual plant, rising two feet or more in height ; the 
 fruit round or oblong. The whole fruit and seeds, all but the Sweet 
 Spanish, have a most pungent and fiery taste. No. 1, when dried 
 and ground, forms the Cayenne pepper of commerce. No. 2 grows 
 large, has a thick shell or pulp, and when fully grown and still 
 green, it is the best of all for pickling. No. 3 is a very small variety, 
 from the West Indies. It is used for pepper sauce, a seasoning for 
 meat. A quart bottle of peppers will last a family for years, keep- 
 ing it filled with fresh supplies of vinegar. No. 4 has a delicate 
 taste, and is used as a salad. Sow in March in a hot-bed, in April 
 or May in the open air ; transplant at the end of spring into a rich 
 soil, the plants two feet asunder every way. 
 
 68. RADISH. Raphanus sativus. 
 
 1. Early Frame. 6. Scarlet Turnip-rooted. 
 
 2. Early Short-top Scarlet. 7. Violet-colored Turnip -rooted. 
 
 3. Early Long Salmon. 8. White Turnip) -rooted. 
 
 4. Purple Short-top. 9. Black Fall, or Spanish. 
 
 5. Long White Summer, ot Naples. 
 
 An annual plant ; the root is long, of a pleasant and pungent 
 flavor ; it is used in salads. Sow every fortnight, from April to 
 September, in a sandy, well manured, and finely pulverized soil. 
 Nos. 6, 7, and 8 are best for early sowing. 
 
 69. RAMPION. Campanula rapunculus. 
 
 A hardy biennial plant, a native of Europe. It rises to the height 
 of two feet, with handsome blue flowers. The root is long, white, 
 and in the shape of a spindle ; like the radish it is eaten raw, hav- 
 ing a nut-like pleasant flavor, In winter the root and leaves are 
 cut into salads. Sow the seeds in May, a quarter of an inch deep, 
 in a warm situation, and water occasionally. Finally thin the plants 
 to four inches asunder. 
 
 70. RAPE. Brassicanapus. 
 
 A hardy biennial plant, valuable for greens early and late in 
 spring. It is used, mixed with mustard and cress or peppergrass, as 
 salad. Sow from April to June. 
 
 71. RHUBARB. Rheum undulatum. 
 
 1. Dutly's Goliah. 3. Wilmot's Early Red. 
 
 2. Elford (var. undulata.) 
 
 A hardy perennial plant, a native of Asia, The leaves are very 
 broad and two feet long. Their petioles or stalks are large, and 
 these only are used. They are agreeably acid and vinous, very 
 wholesome, and much admired, whether stewed alone with sugar, 
 for tarts and puddings or pies, or combined with other fruits. Its 
 
CLASS III. SALADS, PICKLES, HERBS, ETC, 377 
 
 use with us is fast increasing, and although its introduction to the 
 London market did not take place, it is said, till 1815, yet now, we 
 are told, a thousand cartloads are there annually sold. Sow the 
 seeds in September, an inch deep, in a rich, dry, deep, sandy loam, 
 and they vegetate with certainty. In spring their vegetation is less 
 sure. Water frequently, but very moderately, and shade from the 
 scorching sun till their roots are strong. But the particular and 
 finest named varieties are only raised by dividing the roots. Plant 
 the roots in a rich, very deep soil, in rows four feet asunder, and 
 three feet distance in the row. Young seedling plants only need 
 to be protected the first winter by soil. Rhubarb may be forced 
 very early, by being covered with boxes or barrels, surrounded by 
 horse manure at the top and sides. The rhubarb is highly deserving 
 of cultivation by every family. 
 
 72. SAGE. Salvia officinalis. 
 
 A perennial savory plant, extensively used as a seasoning for 
 various meats. It is cultivated by division of the roots, or from the 
 seeds sown in April or May. Before the plant blossoms, the tops 
 are clipped and dried for use, 
 
 73. SAVORY. Satureja. 
 
 The Summer savory is an annual plant, from \i<Aj. Its leaves 
 have a warm and aromatic taste, and are used in seasoning meats, 
 &,c. Sow in April or May, and shade the ground till the plants 
 have taken root. Winter Savory is a perennial, and is raised from 
 seeds or from slips of roots. 
 
 74. SESAMUM ORIENTALE, or BENNE. 
 
 An annual herbaceous plant, rising to the height of two feet ; the 
 stalk four cornered ; the leaves oval, oblong, opposite ; the flowers 
 in spikes, like the foxglove ; the seed very small, like mustard ; 
 they are used like rice for food. Cultivated throughout Asia and 
 Africa, and the West Indies, also in the Carolinas, for food, but 
 more especially for the oil which is obtained from the seeds on ex- 
 pression. Nine pounds of seed, it is stated, yield two quarts of oil, 
 perfectly sweet, and never becoming rancid. This oil is pleasant 
 and equal to olive oil for food. It is also used, mixed in the beauti- 
 ful varnish of China and Japan. A plant of the easiest culture. 
 
 75. THYME. Thymus vulgaris. 
 
 A low growing savory plant. The tops, either green or dried, are 
 boiled in soups and used as a seasoning for various meats and sauces. 
 Sow the seeds in April, cover a quarter of an inch. There are two 
 kinds, the Common and the Lemon thyme. 
 
 76. TOMATO. Solanum lycopcrsicum. 
 
 An annual ; a trailing plant, a native of South America, and now 
 most extensively used in Italy, where it is called Pojni (TAmore, or 
 Love Apple. The fruit which is produced in great abundance, is 
 nine or ten inches in circumference, round, flattened ; it resembles 
 the capsicum or pepper. It is used in soups, and stewed it forms a 
 fine sauce of a pleasant acid flavor. The fruit wiien ripe and red, 
 
 32* 
 
378 APPENDIX. 
 
 is cut in halves and squeezed sufEcient to extract the water and 
 seeds, and being put in a pan with a pepper or capsicum, and a 
 small portion of beef gravy or butter, it is stewed over a slow fire 
 for an hour ; is afterwards rubbed through a sieve into a clean stew 
 pan and simmered a few minutes, salt and pepper having been add- 
 ed. A superior and wholesome vegetable. The Tomato is reputed 
 to be possessed of highly valuable medicinal virtues, and forms a 
 most wholesome article of food. With sugar they form a very 
 valuable preserve. It may be sown in April, in a hot-bed ; or in 
 May in a warm situation, and transplanted as soon as the season 
 will admit. A middling soil produces more fruit and less vines 
 than a verv rich soil. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS, 
 CLIMBING PLANTS AND HONEYSUCKLES. 
 
 I will here briefly enumerate or describe a few of the most orna 
 mental hardy trees, shrubs, &c. Those sorts particularly, which 
 may be easily obtained, and at moderate prices. A just proportion 
 of which are at this day considered indispensable appendages in 
 every handsome garden. 
 
 The finest effect is produced where an extensive range of trees 
 is formed in continuous clusters of each particular species ; thus 
 masses of Pine may be succeeded, but not too abruptly, by clusters 
 of Larches and these being succeeded by Elms, Lindens or other 
 trees. Outside every tree is allowed space, that thus they may 
 preserve their lower limbs and fine forms entire. 
 
 In the disposition of trees and shrubs for avenues and the borders 
 of walks, it is recommended to set them on either, or on both sides^ 
 in four ranks or ranges, according to their heights. 
 
 The first range, or that nearest to the avenue or walk, to consist 
 of roses and shrubs of the lowest growth. 
 
 The second range to consist of shrubs, &c., which never attain 
 to a greater height than from six to ten feet. 
 
 The third range, to consist of those trees Avhich never attain to 
 a very great height. 
 
 The fourth range, or outer rank, to consist of those trees only 
 which attains to the greatest elevation. 
 
 A very broad and extended avenue, thus lined on both sides, with 
 the ranks or ranges at proportionate distances asunder, and rising in 
 regular gradation from the centre, as they will when fully grown, 
 will present to the view of the beholder a spectacle the most 
 striking and beautiful. 
 
 Those marked thus * are evergreens. 
 
 " " " t will admit of frequent repetition. 
 
 *' " " tt being very handsome, will admit of very 
 
 frequent repetition. 
 
 " " " S. S. require protection in winter, in north- 
 
 ern climates. 
 
ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 379 
 
 CLASS I. TREES OF THE TALLEST GROWTH, FOR THE 
 
 FOURTH OR OUTER RANGE. 
 
 II Aeele or Silver Leaf. Populus alba. 
 
 A tree of rapid growth, rising to a great height ; the leaves ar6 
 cordate, pointed, of a very dark green above, perfectly white and 
 woolly or downy beneath. The petioles are slender, and like the 
 aspen are set in motion by every breath of wind ; and the lively 
 contrast of the upper and under surface gives the tree a striking 
 appearance. It is raised from suckers. 
 
 ||i\iLANTHUs OR Tr£e OF Heaven. AUanthus glandulostt. 
 
 A tree from Japan or China, which there rises to an enormous 
 height ; with a slender and very straight trunk ; the leaves are 
 pinnate, and from three to four feet in length ; the leaflets very 
 numerous and beautiful. An elegant tree of extremely rapid 
 growth. It answers well in the latitude of Boston. It is sometim 
 called Tallou or Tillou. It is raised from seeds and from suckers. 
 
 Ash. Fraxinus excelsoir. 
 
 A fine stately tree, which rises to a height of sixty feet, with 
 pinnate leaves. The timber is very strong and compact. Raised 
 from seeds. 
 
 Manna Ash. jF. rotundifolia. This tree is from Calabria, it 
 grows tall and stately, with pinnate leaves. Manna is procured 
 from this variety. That which naturally exudes is called tear 
 manna ; but that which is obtained by incision, is called canulated 
 or j^aA;?/ manna. 
 
 J Beech. Fagus sylvestris. 
 
 The F. ferruginea or American Beegh is a tree of a tall and 
 majestic form ; the leaves oval, acuminate, serrate^ shining ; the 
 fVuit small, triangular; the kernel sweet; it affords an oil. The 
 timber is fine. It is raised from seeds. 
 
 X Button Wood. Platanus occidentalis. 
 
 A tree which sometimes attains an enormous size. Its growth is 
 very upright; its leaves very large, alternate, of a beautiful shining 
 green and deeply lobed ; the flowers are a globular j^ball, an inch in 
 diameter. The bark is Smooth, separating in scales ; a noble tree. 
 It is raised from seeds. 
 
 S. S. I Camphor. Laurus camphor a. 
 
 A native of Japan ; a tree rising one hundred and fifty feet in 
 height, which M. Michaux is persuaded will do well in Georgia. 
 It may succeed in Florida. The leaves are oval, pointed ; the 
 flowers of a white color ; the fruit deep purple. The wood of the 
 tree and especially the root chopped small yields camphor by 
 distillation in water. 
 
 ||Catalpas. Bignonia catalpa. 
 
 A native of America ; a large tree with a round head ; the leaves 
 are very large and cordate ; of a bright green. The flowers are in 
 very large clusters of a white color touched with purple ; thsy 
 
380 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 appear in July, and are very showy and beautiful. Long cylin- 
 drical pods, a foot or more in length, inclose the seeds. The bark 
 is tonic, stimulant and powerfully antiseptic. It is raised from 
 seeds. The timber is very durable. 
 
 Virginia Cherry. See page 223. 
 
 It Horse Chesnut. Mscvlus hyppocastanum. 
 
 A noble and extremely hardy tree, evidently from Northern Asia* 
 It rises from fifty to sixty feet in elegant and compact proportion. 
 The leaves are large, palmate d, in five leaflets on a common petiole, 
 of a dark green, and the tree forms an impervious shade ; the 
 blossoms appear in May or June, they are in large clusters, of a 
 white color mottled with red, and of a superb appearance. The 
 fruit is large, inclosed in a prickly hull. They are devoured by 
 cattle ; they produce fine starch. It is raised from seeds. 
 
 X Cypress. 
 
 We enumerate tv/o varieties, 1st, Deciduous Cypress ;( Cupressus 
 disticia,) a native of the Sotuhern states where it grows to an enor 
 mous size, very erect and stately and bears the climate in the lati- 
 tude of Boston. The foliage is light green and very delicate. 
 2d, ^tJVhite Cedar, (Cupressus thyoides) a tree which rises with a 
 very straight trunk from seventy to eighty feet, the leaves are 
 flattened and branching ; a beatiful evergreen tree. 
 
 X Elm, Ulmus. Scotch Elm, JVych Elm, Ulmus montana. 
 
 The leaves are large, oval, acuminate, pointed, serrated. The 
 tree grows erect, and sometimes attains an enormous size. The 
 bark assumes a black cast. The timber is very valuable. Amer- 
 ican Elm. (U. americana.) The growth of this variety is very 
 irregular — it attains a large size and height, and the branches 
 droop like the willow. It rises sometimes to a hundred feet. Red 
 Elm. Slippery Elm. (Ulmus rubra). Another handsome variety. 
 The bark of the red elm is medicinal ; it is highly nutritious, 
 and is capable of sustaining human life. Cork bark elm. (U. 
 suberosa) All these varieties are fine for avenues and lawns. 
 
 X Lime or Linden. Tilia. 
 
 The European Linden rises in an elegant and pyrymidal form ; 
 the American or bass wood has a roundhead. The leaves are large, 
 alternate, round, obtusely pointed, cordate, serrated. The blossoms 
 thouo-h not showy, have a sweet odor. Both varieties are of rapid 
 grow-th, and form fine shades for streets and lawns. The wood is 
 light, soft, and not liable to split. Raised from seeds and layers, 
 }* Hemlock. Finns canadensis. IVteping Spruce. 
 
 An elegant tree, and neglected for no other reason than because 
 it is so common. The foliage is very delicate. The tree rises from 
 seventy to eighty feet. The bark is used in tanning leather. 
 Raised from seeds. 
 
 X Larch. Finns larix, Larix europea. 
 
 Sometimes called Scotch Larch. This is a noble tree of a pyramidal 
 form and larger and more valuable than the American variety. Its 
 branches are disposed in stages, and grow in a horizontal direction ; 
 it is of extrem.ely rapid growth, will flourish in almost any soil ; and 
 resists the severest cold ; a beautiful tree while in leaf; its timber 
 is valuable and of great durability. 
 
ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 381 
 
 J American Larch, or Hacmatac. Pinus microcarpa. 
 
 This tree is of rapid growth, it attains to the height of eighty or 
 one hundred feet. The tree is beautiful while in blossom and in 
 leaf, and has a sweet odor. The timber is heavy, very strong and 
 exceeding durable. 
 
 Locust. Rohina pseudo acacia. 
 
 A tall, beautiful tree, of very rapid growth, with pinnate leaves; 
 the flowers are produced in racemes ; they are white, and have a 
 sweet fragrant odor. This tree, so valuable for its timber, is liable 
 to the destructive attacks of a worm and throwing up innumerable 
 suckers from its roots. 
 
 X HojvET Locust or Tree Thorned Acacia. Gleditschia tri- 
 acanthos. 
 A tree of rapid growth, which attains a stately size. The foliage 
 is beautiful ; the leaves are pinnate ; they close at night; the seed 
 pods are a foot or more in length. The tree is armed with triple or 
 branching thorns, sometimes a foot long, of formidable appearance. 
 A hedge properly trained, would soon be impassable to man or 
 beast. The stems should be allowed to rise six feet in height, when 
 they must be checked in their advancement to force out lateral 
 shoots. 
 
 11 Magnolia, Blue Flowering. M. acuminata. 
 
 This tree is very hardy. It rises erect and in beautiful form to 
 a great height in a congenial climate. The leaves are handsome, 
 the flowers are of a blue color. 
 
 f Scarlet Maple. »^cer rubrum. 
 
 A large tree of a very handsome form , the leaves are cordate, 
 lobed, dentate, downy beneath. The blossoms appear early in 
 April ; they are of a rich crimson hue. The leaves in autumn 
 change to beautiful deep crimson. 
 
 Sugar Maple. Acer saccharinum. 
 
 A tree of medium height; the leaves are large, three or five 
 lobed ; from its sap sugar is produced ; a tree of utility and orna- 
 ment. 
 
 *tj White Pine. Pinus sirohus or Weymouth Pine. 
 
 A beautiful evergreen tree, which has been termed the Palm tree 
 of the north. It rises with a straight trunk to an enormous height. 
 Mention is made in Cox's travels, of a tree at the mouth of the Co- 
 lumbia river fortysix feet in circumference, one hundred and fifty 
 feet to the lowest branches and three hundred feet high, there 
 called by the traders Roi des Pins. The leaves are very delicate 
 and beautiful. The timber extremely valuable. 
 
 * Pinus Lambertiana. 
 
 A splendid genus of the Pine, discovered by Douglas in the North 
 of California. One specimen seen, measured two hundred and fifteen 
 feet in height and fifty seven in circumference. The cones measure 
 sixteen inches in length. 
 
 Pinus Douglasi — Pinus grandis and Pinus monteola are describ- 
 ed as immense and beautiful trees found growing on the North 
 west coast of America. 
 
382 APPENDIX. 
 
 *|| Silver Fir. Fir Balsam, Balm of Gilead. Pinus bal- 
 samea. 
 A native of the northern parts of America. An evergreen tree 
 of a tall and elegant appearance : the leaves are of dark green above 
 and of a silvery hue beneath; a tree much admired for the beauty 
 of its form and foliage. 
 
 *|SrRucE. Pinus. 
 
 The Black Spruce, P. nigra, and the Red Spruce, P. rubra, JVor- 
 loay Spruce, P. abies, are all ornamental varieties and deserving a 
 place in every large garden. The branches of most of those varie- 
 ties incline to grow horizontally. 
 
 X\ Sycamore. Acer pseudo platanus. 
 
 The tree grows tall and of elegant form ; the leaves are very 
 large, broad, of a dark green hue. A tree of ornament. 2d, striped 
 leaved Sycamore. A. fol. var. A variety with beautiful striped 
 leaves. 
 
 II Tulip Tree. Liriodendron tulipifera. 
 
 A very majestic tree which rises with a straight trunk to the 
 height of eighty or an hundred feet. The leaves are large, of a 
 singular form of a bright green. The flowers appear in June 
 and much resemble the Tulip, of a greenish yellow, touched with 
 red. 
 
 IJ Weeping Willow. Salixhahylonica. Parasol. 
 
 A well known tree, rising to the height of forty or fifty feetj 
 its branches drooping ; one of the most elegant of all shade trees. 
 Its outline when standing insulated is pleasing and very striking. 
 The JVapoleon Weeping Willow is the same, but is raised from the 
 branches brought by Capt. Jacob Smith of Rhode Island from the 
 tomb of Napoleon at St Helena. 2d, Golden Willow, S. vitellina, a 
 variety ol a gold color which attains a stately size. 
 
 CLASS II. TREES OF SECONDAllY HEIGHT, FOR THE 
 
 THIRD RANGE. 
 
 I Acacia, Purple Flowering. Robinia viscosa. 
 
 A tree which never grows tall, the young wood is glutinous and 
 the flowers are of a purple color and in large racemes. 
 
 I Large Double Flowering Almond» See page 196. 
 
 Apple, 
 
 I Chinese Double Flowering. See page 76. 
 
 J Red Siberian Crab. See 75. 
 
 J Yellow Siberian Crab. See page 75. 
 
 J Curled Leaved Ash. F- atrovirens* 
 
 A very curious and striking variety, a most singular tree. The 
 growth is very upright j the young wood very thick and blunt; 
 
ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 383 
 
 the leaves curled ; of the darkest green shade. 6. Golden Ash (F. 
 aurea.) The bark of this singular variety is of a gold color. 
 
 Chinese Ash. Fraxinus sinensis. 
 
 An ornamental and singular variety ; the leaves are small and 
 very narrow, of a dark green shade. 
 
 ^Weeping Ash. F.pendula. 
 
 A variety with pendant branches ; and very ornamental. 
 
 yPuRPLE Beech. F. purpurea. 
 
 A tree remarkable for its leaves, which are of a dark crimson or 
 purple hue, which appear to most advantage in June or July. In 
 autumn they fade to purplish green, 
 
 i|MouNTAiN Ash. Sorhiis aucuparia or Roan tree. 
 
 A tree rising in an elegant and pyramidal form to the height of 
 thirty feet. The tree itself is an ornament and its flowers which 
 are in large clusters. In autumn the tree is covered with large 
 clusters of red berries, and its appearance at this time is very strik- 
 ing and beautiful. 
 
 S. S.^ICabbage Tree. Cham(Brops palmetto. 
 
 A superb tree, growing on the shores of the ocean from Cape 
 Hatteras to the Gulf of Mexico. It rises with a straight trunk to 
 the height of forty or fifty feet, but never branches. Its regular 
 summit is crowned with tufts of palmated leaves of a shining green ; 
 their footstalks 20 inches long ; the undeveloped leaf is folded like 
 a fan, and opens five feet in diameter. The fruit is a small berry 
 and in clusters. The wood is spongy, and has therefore been used 
 in the construction of forts. It resists the sea-worm. 
 
 S. S.|:j:*Carica Papaya. 
 
 A beautiful evergreen, whichi Mr Bartram pronounces the most 
 graceful and elegant production known. It grows only in the 
 southern parts of the Union. It rises 15 or 20 feet, but never or 
 but seldom branches. Its trunk is straight, smooth, of a bright ash 
 color, and polished like leaf-silver. Its top is spherical and formed 
 of very large lobe-sinuate leaves, supported on very long footstalks. 
 The fruit, like figs, comes out singly and in the axils of the leaves, 
 and in continual succession. The tree is in continual flower. 
 
 *R,ed Cedar. Juniperus Virginiaca. 
 
 Or Black Cypress. A dark evergreen tree, of conical form. The 
 wood is extremely durable and has a fine odor. Hedges formed of 
 this material, by clipping become remarkably compact. 
 
 ^Double Flowering Cherry. See page 2'22. 
 
 JJChionanthus. C. Virginiaca. 
 
 Snow Drop or Fringe Tree. 
 
 A low growing tree with numerous branches ; the leaves are large, 
 oblong, entire, nearly opposite ; the flowers are in long bunches, of 
 pure white resembling flakes of snow, or cut in narrow segments 
 like fringe ; the berries are black ; they contain an oblong hard seed. 
 An elegant tree. 
 
 S. S. :j::j:Franklinia. Gordonia pubescens. 
 
 A tree growing from six feet to thirty feet in a congenial climate. 
 
384 APPENDIX. 
 
 Univeirsally admired for its large and beautiful white flowers, with 
 a yellow centre and of extraordinary fragrance. 
 
 Hercules' Club. Angelica tree. Aralia spinosa. 
 
 A tree of low growth, of a singular aspect, the limbs are covered 
 with stiff thorns. The flowers are in large bunches, and last a long 
 time. 
 
 Judas Thee. Cericis siliquastrum. 
 
 A low tree, which produces its flowers very early, before the ap- 
 pearance of the leaf; it is at that time an ornamental variety. 
 Kentucky Coffee tree or Bondoc. Gymnocladus cana- 
 densis, 
 
 A singular tree in its appearance ; the young wood is remarkably 
 stout and thick ; the berries are said to be used as coffee, 
 
 ||Laburjnum. Cytissus laburnum, or Golden Chain. 
 
 An elegant small tree, producing a profusion of long bunches of 
 yellow flowers. There are two varieties, the common and the Al- 
 pine or Scotch ; the latter is the most beautiful and is believed to 
 be the hardiest. 
 
 IJMagnolia, 
 
 Of this splendid tree there are many varieties. 
 
 1st. Chinese Purple Flowering. (Magnolia obovata), with flow- 
 ers of a fine violet purple outside, and white within. 
 
 tt2d. The Chandelier Magnolia, ox Yulan. (Magnolia conspicua.) 
 Another Chinese variety with large elegant white flowers, shaped 
 like a Chandelier. 
 
 ttSd. The Magnolia cordata, or Yellow Twice Flowering. The 
 flowers of this variety are yellow ; it does not grow large. 
 
 It4th. Magnolia glauca ; for description see third section. 
 
 tt5th. Splendid Magnolia macrophylla, large leaved. The leaves 
 of this variety are over two feet in length. The blossoms very large, 
 and of a yellowish white, very beautiful with a fine odor. 
 
 it Magnolia purpurea. Highly spoken of by Mr Loudon. 
 
 XXMagnolia tripetala. (Umbrella Tree,) A tree which rises to a 
 very ruoderate height, with very large leaves, and very large 
 single flowers four inches in diameter, of a white color and fragrant 
 odor. 
 
 S.Q.^tt Great Flowering Magnolia. (M. grandijlora.) A tall, 
 superb evergreen tree, rising in a congenial climate to the height of 
 sixty or eighty feet ; the leaves are oblong, of a shining green. The 
 flowers are very large, of a fine fragrant odor. It does not bear a 
 northern climate. 
 
 ^Mountain Snow Drop. Chionanthus montana. 
 
 The tree rises from ten to twelve feet in height ; the leaves are 
 oblong, broad, laurel shaped, of a blackish green ; the flowers are 
 in clusters, very singular and white, like flakes of snow. Last of 
 May and June. 
 
 IChinese Paper Mulberry. Brousonetia papyri/era. 
 
 A large tree with a roundhead ; the leaves are large, rough, some 
 are cordate, some entire, some five lobed. The fertile and barren 
 
ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 385 
 
 blossoms are produced on different trees. The tree is of rapid 
 growth and ornamental, 
 
 :{;|Chinese Mulberry. Morus multicaulis. See page 227. 
 
 A beautiful tree of rapid and upright growth ; leaves very large 
 and cordate ; the upper surface is curled or convex, of a deep shin- 
 ing green. 
 
 JJOsAGE Orange. Madura aurantiaca. Boio-wood. 
 
 A native of the Arkansas and Missouri, where it rises in beauti- 
 ful proportion to the height of sixty feet, and has been pronounced 
 one of the most beautiful of our native trees. The leaves are oval 
 and lanceolate, of a bright shining green ; they resemble those of 
 the orange, and the branches, like those of the orange, are covered 
 with long thorns. The fruit is nearly as large as an ostrich's egg, 
 of a golden color, and the trees when laden with fruit appear splen 
 did, but the fruit is not eatable. The wood, according to Mr Sevier, 
 Member of Congress for Arkansas, is perhaps the most durable in 
 the world, and for ship building esteemed preferable to live oak ; it 
 is valuable for furniture, as it receives the finest polish, and yields 
 a fine yellow dye. It is remarkably tough, strong and elastic, and 
 preferred by the Indians to all other wood for bows. It deserves 
 trial for hedges. I know of no wood so beautiful for this purpose, 
 and yet so hardy. 
 
 *|PiNus Cembro. Bon Jard. 
 
 A medium sized tree, of a beautiful form, with a straight trunk ; 
 the leaves are very long like those of the Pinus strohus ; they grow 
 in fives ; the cones are roundish, the size of an egg ; they contain 
 large seeds which are eatable and good. The wood of this tree ex- 
 udes a powerful and pleasant odor. At the Chateau of Tarasp, in 
 Switzerland, every apartment is wainscoted with the wood of the 
 Pinus cembro, and various articles of the furniture are formed of 
 this wood, and although the wainscoting is now some centuries old, 
 it still exudes with undiminished strength an odorous perfume. — 
 Bull. Univ. (Loud. Mag.) 
 
 Peach. ^Double Flowering Peach. Highly ornamental when 
 in bloom. 
 XXWeeping Peach. See page 182. 
 
 }:}:S. S. Pride of India. Melia azedarach. 
 
 A tree from India or China of very rapid growth, much used in 
 the southern cities for ornamenting streets. The leaves are pin- 
 nate, of a deep shining green, and beautiful; the flowers are in 
 large oblong clusters, of a bluish white or lilac, and of a fragrant 
 odor. 
 
 |Shepardia or Buffalo Berry Tree. See page 322. 
 
 J*S\VEDisH Juniper. Juniperus suecica. 
 
 A hardy tree, which does not rise to a very great height. Its ap- 
 pearance is very singular when trained in a narrow pyramidal form 
 by tying in the branches. 
 
 Black Willow^. Salix nigra. 
 
 A low tree ; the young wood of this variety is of a shining deep 
 violet or black, and covered with a pale blue glaucous bloom. 
 
 33 
 
386 APPENDIX. 
 
 JRiNG Willow. Salix annularis. 
 
 A very curious and singular tree ; the leaves are curled in the 
 form of a ring or hoop. Also called Hoop Willow. 
 
 Ij Venetian Sumac. Rhus cotinus. Smoke tree. Purple Fringe 
 Tree. Aaron'' s Beard. Jupiier''s Beard. 
 An elegant shrub or tree, rising from six to twenty feet, with a 
 roundhead; the leaves are round, and have the odor of citron. The 
 flowers are very striking, and have a beautiful appearance ; they 
 appear in June, are in large tufts of a purple color. In September 
 and October they change and appear like masses of wool. One of 
 the most beautiful shrubs ; its appearance is very conspicuous and 
 superb. 
 
 S. S. flWiLD Orange. Cerasus Caroliniana. 
 
 A beautiful evergreen tree, of rapid growth, found growing on 
 the coasts of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, rising to the 
 height of from thirty to forty feet. The leaves are three inches 
 long, oval, accuminaie, smooth and shining above, and the tree 
 affords an impenetrable shade. The flowers are small and numer- 
 ous ; the fruit nearly black ; the pulp, which is not eatable, incloses 
 a soft stone. 
 
 CLASS III. TREES OF LOW GROWTH, OR SHRUBS, VARIETIES 
 
 WHICH SELDOM ATTAIN TO A GREATER HEIGHT THAN 
 FROM SIX TO TEN FEET, FOR THE SECOND RANGE. 
 
 JKosE Acacia. Rohina hispida. 
 
 A low growing shrub, which produces a succession of large clus- 
 ters of pale blue or purple flowers. 
 
 JJAlthea. Hibiscus syriacus. ft. pleno. Altheafrutex. 
 
 A native of Asia, but bears the winters of Boston perfectly well. 
 One of the most ornamental of all shrubs, rising to the height of from 
 six to twenty feet. The leaves are three lobed. The chief varieties 
 of the Double Altliea are the Double Blue, Double Purple, Double 
 Red, Double White Striped or Pheasant Eyed, and Double White, &c. 
 &c. This last does not flower well in] the latitude of Boston. The 
 Altheas commence flowering not long after the hardy roses are gone 
 and continue blooming till late in autumn. They are indispensable 
 in every good garden. 
 
 ||AZALEA. 
 
 This variety of honeysuckle is much admired. The pink and the 
 white are the most common, and are natives of our woods ; they 
 are extremely beautiful when in bloom. The varieties known in 
 cultivation may exceed a hundred. 
 
 ICalycanthds. C.Jloridus. Alsplce, or siveet scented shrub. 
 
 A hardy shrub, rising six or eight feet in height, the flowers are 
 of a brown purple, of an agreeable odor like spices. The leaves are 
 veiy fragrant. 
 
ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 387 
 
 ^Chinese Calycanthds. 
 
 A varietv with white flowers ; there is another Chinese variety 
 with yellow flowers. 
 
 JWeeping Cherry. See page 2'^3. 
 
 ICOLUTEA. 
 
 Of this shrub there are the Colutea arborescens, with clusters of 
 yellow flowers during summer — and seed in a thin inflated mem- 
 bl-aneous case ; also the C. Pococki, with dark yellow flowers. Both 
 are ornamental. 
 
 Missouri, or Jefferson Currant. Rihes missoiiriensis. 
 
 A shrub rising to the height of six feet, with clusters of bright 
 yellow flowers, of a fragrant odor in spring. 
 
 Indian Currant. Symphoria glomerata. 
 
 A low shrub ; the leaves are very small, oval. The fruit, for 
 which alone it is remarkable, is profusely clustered on the branches, 
 and of a red color, but not eatable. 
 
 DiRCA Palustris. 
 
 Leather Wood, so called from the uncommon flexibility of the tree 
 and its branches. It rises from four to six feet in form of a tree ; 
 the flowers are yellowish white, the leaves are oval. 
 
 Bloody Dogwood. Corniis sanguinea. Red twigged Dogwood. 
 The flowers are produced in clusters, but neither these nor the 
 leaves are very striking. In winter the wood assumes a bcrritiful 
 crimson color, and is in that season much admired. 
 
 White Flowering Dogwood. Cornus alba. 
 
 A shrub not very uncommon in our woods, producing a profusion 
 of blossoms of a dull white, resembling the single rose. 
 
 ^English Fly Honeysuckle. Lonicera xylosteum. 
 
 A small tree or shrub, rising to the height of seven or ten feet ', 
 the leaves are dark green above, downy beneath. The flowers 
 small, of a straw color, but not very conspicuous. The berries are 
 bright red — the shrub is considered ornamental. The flowers ap- 
 pear in June and July. 
 
 ^Tartarean Honeysuckle. Lonicera tartarica. 
 
 A shrub rising from four to ten feet in height. The flowers are 
 small, of a pale red color, and appear early in April. This shrub is 
 much esteemed. 
 
 IJDwARF flowering Horse Chesnut. Msculus macrostacia. 
 A native of America. It rises to the height of five or six feet, 
 producing large spikes of beautiful white flowers of a fine odor and 
 elegant appearance. 
 
 S. S. :t:HALESiA. Snow Drop Tree, or Silver hell. 
 
 There are two varieties of this tree, the H. diptera^emd H. tetrap- 
 tera. The former the two winged, the latter the four v/inged — the 
 blossoms are pendant, and of a pure white. 
 
 |Hawthorn. Cratcegus oxyacanihus. 
 
 \ tree of medium size. There are several varieties v/hich are 
 
388 APPENDIX. 
 
 very ornamental when in bloom. These are the Double White and 
 the Scarlet. This plant is much used in Europe for hedges, but is 
 not so well calculated for our hot summers. 
 
 JIndigo Shrub. Amorpha fruticosa. 
 
 This produces spikes of blue flowers in great abundance of hand- 
 some appearance. 
 
 JILiLAC. Syringa vulgaris. 
 
 A beautiful shrub, rising from six to eight feet in height ; it flow- 
 ers in large clusters in April and May, of a fragrant odor. There 
 are two varieties ; one with flowers of a blicish violet ; the other 
 those of pure white. 
 
 If Persian Lilac. S". persica. 
 
 This shrub rises six or seven feet in height. The leaves are 
 pointed, and of less size than the common Lilac. The flowers are 
 smaller and more delicate. There are several varieties. 1st, Purple 
 Persian L. ;. 2d, White Persian L, ; 3d, Cut-leaved or Chinese L., with 
 curious leaves. 
 
 IJMagnolia Glauca. Glaucous magnolia. 
 
 A low tree or shrub with oblong glaucous leaves, and beautiful 
 white flowers of a fragrant odor. The plant is very hardy and 
 flourishes best in a mixture of bog earth and common soil. 
 
 *||MouKTAiN Laurel. Broad leaved Kalmia. Kalmia latifolia. 
 A superb evergreen shrub, very hardy ; a native of the Northern 
 States of America. It rises five or six feet ; the leaves are oblong 
 and shining ; the flowers are in large convex clusters, of a rose or 
 carnation hue, and appear in June or July. 
 
 Mountain Rose, or Raspberry. Ruhus odoratus, 
 
 A low shrub, remarkable for its large green leaves, and a succes- 
 sion of blue flowers like small single roses. There is a variety with 
 large white flowers. 
 
 S. S. *|JPalmetto Royal, ofiBayonet Bush« 
 
 A very singular production. It rises several feet, with a stiff", 
 ligneous stem ; the summit is crowned with leaves in a cluster, of 
 a dark green color with crenated edges ; they are very stiff", dagger 
 or sword shaped, and sharp pointed ; and they form hedges impene- 
 trable to man or beast, at Savannah and St Augustine. The flow- 
 ers are white, tulip formed ; they crown the summit in a pyramid. 
 The fruit like a cucumber in size and form, the skin smooth and 
 shining, of a deep purple color ; the pulp soft, juicy, agreeable, aro- 
 matic, and somewhat bitter. 
 
 S. S. IIPomegranate. See former page. 
 
 |Prim, or Privet. Ligustrum vulgare. 
 
 A sub-evergreen, rising eight or ten feet; the leaves are lance- 
 olate, of a very dark green like the myrtle ; the flowers are white ; 
 the berries black, in large clusters. This plant forms a beautiful 
 hedge. t2d. Variegated Leaved Privet. (L. variegatum.) The 
 leaves of this variety late in autumn are blotched with a bright gold 
 color. 3d. t Chinese Privet. (L. sinensis.) A variety with leaves 
 of the same dark green as the preceding, but of much larger size. 
 
ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 389 
 
 IIJapan Quince. Cydonia japonica, or Pyrus japonica. Japan 
 Pear. See page 163. 
 
 j:Chi«ese Quince. See page 163. 
 
 *t|RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM. RosE Bay. Grcat Rhododen- 
 dron. 
 An evergreen shrub, a native of America. It rises from six to 
 sixteen feet in height, with numerous branches. The leaves are 
 largej oblong, and thick ; of a dark shining green, and beautiful. 
 In July the flowers appear in large convex clusters, at the end of 
 the shoots, of a reddish hue ; they are extremely beautiful and last 
 a long time. A moist soil is the most suitable. A very hardy va- 
 riety. 
 
 *|j:Rhododendron Ponticum, or Pontic Rose Bay. 
 
 A beautiful variety of foreign origin. The leaves are large, shining 
 and beautiful. The flowers appear in midsummer, on the ends of 
 the shoots, in large clusters, and are of a violet or purple color. A 
 very beautiful shrub. A moist, sandy soil suits it best. This variety 
 is believed not so hardy as the former species. 
 
 IfSNOw-BALL, or Guelder Rose. Viburnum opulus. 
 
 An elegant shrub, blooming very early and profusely in spring, 
 in large, round, white clusters, like balls of snow. 
 
 Japan Sophora. Sophora japonica. 
 
 A tree rising with a straight trunk, to a great height, in congenial 
 climates. The branches are pendant ; the flowers in clusters, of a 
 dull v/hite. It v/as for a long time known that this tree produced 
 the Japan Imperial yellow dye ; but the bark, leaves, and wood 
 failed of producing it. But it is lately discovered to be produced 
 from its fruit. 
 
 SpiRiEA. 
 
 Of the Spiraeas, there are several varieties ; they are all ornamen- 
 tal. We enumerate 
 
 1. Guelder Rose SpiRjEA. Spircea opulifolia, or J^'*me hark. A 
 shrub rising six or eight feet, with large round clusters of white 
 flowers in spring. 
 
 12. Siberian Spirjea. S. lavigata. A shrub rising five or six 
 leet high, producing beautiful spikes of white flowers in spring. 
 
 3. Red Flowering. S. tomentosa. Produces handsome red 
 spikes of flowers, and is neglected only because it is so common. 
 
 |4. Nepal. S. hella. Produces elegant red floweris. 
 
 ^Strawberry Tree. Euonymus. 
 
 Of this tree or shrub there are several varieties. In autumn the 
 trees are covered with a profusion of red berries, and are then 
 deemed very ornamental. 
 
 Syringa. Philadelphus coronaris. 
 
 A very ornamental shrub, producing a profusion of Vv'hite flowers 
 very early in spring, of a sv/eet fragrance. The variegated leaved 
 is a curious species. 
 
 33* 
 
390 APPENDIX. 
 
 ICarolina large flowering Stringa. Philadelphus grandijto^ 
 rus, or Garland Syringa. Very hardy ; the flowers are in garlands, 
 and continue a long time. 
 
 CLASS IV. SHRUBS OF LOW GROWTH. VARIETIES WHICH 
 
 SELDOM RISE BUT FROM TWO TO FIVE FEET, FOR THE 
 FIRST OR INNER RANGE. 
 
 liDwARF Double Flowering Almond. Amygdalus nana. 
 
 A superb shrub, flowering earjy in spring, in profuse clusters of 
 very double blossoms, like small roses, of a rose or pink color; one 
 of the most ornamental shrubs of its season. See page 196. 
 
 Yellow Diervilla. Diervilla luta or Arcadian honeysuckle. 
 
 A low growing, hardy, ornamental shrub. The wood is perfumed 
 when broken ; the flowers are small, of a yellow color, and slightly 
 fragrant. 
 
 S. S. JJCamellia Japonica, or Japan Rose. 
 
 A beautiful evergreen tree, producing flowers like roses, of vari- 
 ous shades, extraordinary beauty and fragrance. It requires eifect- 
 ual protection in the Northern and Middle States. It flowers in 
 winter. 
 
 JfCoRCHORus Japonicus. Kcria j aponica. Japan glohe flower. 
 An elegant shrub from Japan, rising with many flexible stalks, to 
 the height of five or six feet. The flowers, which are produced in 
 succession from spring to autumn, are very double, and of a globu- 
 lar form, and bright yellow color. This plant is strikingly beautiful. 
 It bears the winters well in the latitude of Boston, with a very 
 slight covering of straw or leaves, but generally without any pro- 
 tection whatever. 
 
 JIDaphne Mezereon. 
 
 A low shrub, rising from two to three feet in height, with small 
 lanceolate leaves. In March the whole plant is decorated with 
 flowers of a violet or white hue, and beautiful appearance. An el- 
 egant shrub. 
 
 ItWniTE flowering Mezereon is beautiful, but taller than the 
 red. 
 
 ||Pjeonia. 
 
 The Tree Paonias are as hardy as oaks. The flowers are of large 
 size and splendid in appearance. They are from China. 
 
 St John's Wort. Hypericum. 
 
 Of these there are several varieties ; the H. frutescens is a low 
 shrub which produces in summer a profusion of flowers of a yellow 
 color. 
 
ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC. 391 
 
 t:|:ScoTCH Broom. Spartium scoparium. 
 
 A singular shrub, rising in many flexible stalks like a broom ; the 
 flowers are yellow and very showy ; the appearance of this shrub is 
 striking. Siberian broom, a low trailing shrub, producing a succes- 
 sion of small yellow flowers. 
 
 IJSnowberry. Symphoria racemosa. 
 
 A very hardy shrub from the Rocky Mountains. The berries, 
 which are of the size of a cranberry, are in clusters, and are very 
 white and delicate, like wax, and very ornamental. 
 
 t|RosE. Rosa^ 
 
 The rose is justly called the queen of flowers, for its size and 
 various beautiful shades and delightful fragrance. The colors vary 
 from a pure white to red, to deep violet, and nearly to black. The 
 yellow rose is not very uncommon. The rose is an indispensable 
 requisite in every good garden. The lists enumerate at least one 
 thousand names of hardy roses. 
 
 S. S. JIChina Roses. 
 
 These require a little protection during winter, in the northern 
 States. They are mostly ever-blooming, and universally admired 
 on this account. They should be planted in the open ground in 
 June, and may be again taken up in September } or protected with 
 moss or evergreens, and suffered to remain out all winter. The 
 most common are the China Blush and Sanguinea. The Champney's 
 Blush Cluster, and Noisette ; of these last there are many varieties, 
 all blooming in superb clusters. Others, less common, are the 
 Knight's Resplendant, the Grandval or Hermite, more splendid 
 still ; but both these last are of a dark crimson hue. The Blush 
 Tea Scented of exquisite fragrance, and the Undulata. The Mul- 
 tiflorus. Blush, and White, and the Lady Banks' White and Yellow, 
 and the Grevilli are all running roses, and blossom in beautiful 
 clusters ; but they do not blossom well except in a warm exposition. 
 The Belle de Monza, the Yellow Tea Scented and Yellow JYoisetie 
 are not common but celebrated new kinds. There are many kinds 
 not less beautiful, perhaps, but still less known. 
 
 class v. honeysuckles and climbing plants. 
 
 Aristolochia Sipho. 
 
 A rapid growing vine, with very large leaves, which are round, 
 cordate, entire, of a bright green ; the flowers, which appear in 
 June and July, are of an obscure purple, and of curious form, 
 resembling a pipe. Admirably calculated for arbors from the large 
 size of the leaf. 
 
 [fJBiGNONiA Radicans or Trumpet flower. 
 
 A rapid growing plant, a native of America, which extends its 
 branches to a great distance ; the foliage of a fine green and numer- 
 ous ; from every joint roots are emitted, which attach themselves to 
 
393 APPENDIX. 
 
 the earth and walls and structures of wood. The flowers are in 
 clusters, each flower about four inches in length, in form of a 
 trumpet, of a beautiful flame color. 
 There is a variety called the Minor, 
 
 IIBlGNONIA GrANDIFLORA. 
 
 A variety from China, but not so rapid in its growth ; a fine 
 climber. The flowers are large, and more in the form of a bell than 
 trumpet, and of a fine flame color. Both are very showy and 
 beautiful. 
 
 ||Chinese Glycine. Glycine sinensis or Wistaria consequana. 
 A beautiful vine of rapid and very extended growth ; the flowers 
 are very numerous, in long clusters or racemes of a purple color. 
 This plant is from China, and is highly spoken of by Mr Ijoudon. 
 
 JICluster Flow^ering Glycine. Glycine frutescens. 
 
 This appears to be of more vigorous growth than the Chinese, in 
 our climate. A very rapid growing vine. The flowers of a deep 
 purple color, and in long clusters, or racemes, of a beautiful appear- 
 ance. A native of the Southern States, but hardy. 
 
 IJIvY, Evergreen, or Irish broad leaved Giant Ivy. jFfe- 
 dera helix. 
 This perhaps is one of the most beautiful of all plants for covering 
 arbors and walls. I suspect, however, our summers are too warm 
 for it. On the north sides of buildings alone, I have observed, it 
 flourishes in unfading beauty. 
 
 IVirginia Ivy, or American Ivy. Cissus hederacea, 
 
 A remarkably rapid growing vine, and eminently calculated for 
 covering walls, &c. The leaves are large and palmated, changing 
 in autumn to a fine crimson. This ivy is deciduous. 
 
 JRosa li.TJTiiYO'LW^oi' Raspberry leaved Rose. 
 
 This is the handsomest and finest of all the hardy running roses 
 yet knov/n. Its growth is very rapid and strong. When well 
 established, it will run near twenty feet in a season ; and although 
 the flowers are small and perfectly single, yet they are in superb 
 clusters like the Noisettes, and of different shades on the same 
 bunch. A native of the west. The Ayrshire cannot compare with 
 it. This rose flowers in July, after most other hardy roses are gone ; 
 and may, perhaps, like the Cherokee, form a fine hedge. 
 
 *S. S. Grevilli, very rapid growing ; flowers in fine clusters of 
 different shades. 
 
 *S S. Blush Multiflora. Rapid growing; flowers in superb 
 clusters. 
 
 *S. S. White Multiflora. M. Alba. Superb white clusters of 
 roses ; beautiful. 
 
 *S. S. Lady Banks's. Two varieties, the white and the yellow ; 
 both very beautiful, flowering in clusters. 
 
 *S. S. Cherokee. Not remarkable for the beauty of its flowers ; 
 of very rapid growth ; used in Carolina for hedges. 
 
 Boursault. MaJieka. A beautiful climbing rose, producing 
 flowers in profuse clusters of a deep red dye. 
 
ORNAMENTAL TREES, ETC- 393 
 
 Virgin's Bower. Clematis. 
 
 Of this plant there are several varieties, some are hardy and some 
 are tender. The Traveller's Joy (C. vitalba), is one of the most 
 hardy and rapid growing varieties. C. viorna, C. viticella, and C. 
 flamula. 
 Honeysuckles. Lonicera. Twining Honeysuckles. 
 
 JEarlt White Italian. Lonicera caprifolium. 
 
 The flowers of this variety are white, and of a very delicate 
 appearance ; they appear very early, but their duration is short ; 
 the vine is of very rapid growth. 
 
 J:Early Variegated Belgic. 
 
 A variety similar to the monthly, variegated in its blossoms, but 
 it differs from that in flowering but once, very early and profusely. 
 
 IIChinese Variegated Monthly, or Chinese Iwining, Loni- 
 cera Jiexuosa sinensis. 
 This beautiful honeysuckle is from China, and like many other 
 productions of that country, it appears to be perfectly hardy. The 
 vines are very flexible, and of rapid and very extended growth; it 
 rises to a very great height ; the flowers are in pairs, or triple, cov- 
 ering the plant in profusion, from spring to autumn ; they are beau- 
 tifully variegated with red, white and yellow. 
 
 If Variegated Monthly Honeysuckle, or Belgic. Lonicera 
 Belgicum. 
 One of the most beautiful of all varieties ; the flowers last from 
 spring till late in autumn, the colors are variegated with white and 
 yellow and red ; they are very fra^ant. 
 
 |}Scarlet Trumpet Monthly, or Coral. Lonicera semper- 
 virens. 
 Almost an evBrgreen; one of the most rapid growing of all. The 
 flowers are of a fine scarlet, in form of a trumpet, and are produced 
 in profusion from spring till winter , the foliage is large and beau- 
 tiful, of a dark shining green. A native. 
 
 fl Yellow Monthly Trumpet. Lonicera frazeri. 
 
 The foliage of this is of a bright green. The flowers differ from 
 the Scarlet Trumpet only in being of a bright yellow color ; like 
 that, it is a native of America. 
 
 |Orange Pubescent. Lonicera puhescens. 
 
 This is a native of the northwestern coast of America. The leaves 
 are downy ; the flowers are large, and of an orange color. 
 
 S. S. IJapan Honeysuckle. Lonicera japonica. 
 
 The flowers of this variety are produced in profusion, of a pale 
 yellow color. It is highly spoken of by Mr Loudon, but it does not 
 withstand our winters without protection. 
 
 There are many other varieties The Douglasi, a native of 
 America, has very large foliage. 
 
 IJEtruscan or Tuscany, Orange Colored. L. etrusca. 
 A new and beautiful variety, with flowers of an orange color. 
 
394 
 
 FLOWERS, 
 
 Thk lists of flowers recommended by most authors, are much too 
 extensive for general purposes. I have made choice of the list 
 recommended by Mr Neill, (Ed. Ency. vol. x. part 2, on Horticul- 
 ture) as the foundation, and from this 1 have taken some, and added 
 more. It includes the most showy and conspicuous varieties known. 
 
 1. Florists' FiiOWERS. 
 
 These flowers are in a peculiar manner distinguished by the title 
 o£ Florists' flowers. They are cultivated in beds by themselves: 
 the principal are these, 1. the Tulip; 2. the Ranunculus ; 3. the 
 Anemone ; 4. the Iris ; 5. the Dahlia ; 6. the Tink ; 7. the Carna- 
 tion; 8. Polyanthus ; 9. Auricula; 10. Hyacinth; 11. Polyanthus 
 Narcissus, and 12, the Crocus. 
 
 2. Perennials. 
 
 Tall groicing shotoy flowers, to intermix in the shrubbery border. 
 
 For the shrubbery border, the following are recommended as the 
 most suitable tall growing herbaceous plants : 1. Hollyhock, Althcea 
 rosea, of dificrent colors, September till hard frosts ; 2. Goat's Beard 
 Spireea, S. aruncus; 3. Foxglove, Digitalis, Biennial ; 4. Monkshood, 
 with blue and yellow flowers, Aconitum ; 5. Larkspur, Delphinium 
 grandiflorum and exaltatum, and D. sinensis ; 6. Columbine, Aqui- 
 legia vulgaris ; 7. Iris, of the large species, Germanica, sambucina, 
 and sib erica ; 8. Willow herb, Epilobium angustifolium ; 9. Double 
 Feverfew, Pyrethrum parthenium, Q.re showy in flower; 10. Tall 
 species of Asters, A. puniceus, multiflora and linarifolia, with blue 
 and w^hite flowers; 11. Tall species of Solidago; 12. Perennial 
 Sunflowers, particularly Helianthus decapetelus and H. multiflorus ; 
 to these may be added, 13. Rudbeckia laciniata ; 14. I add to this 
 list the Tiger Lily, Lilium tigridum Besides tall plants, some of 
 humbler growth may be added, as patches of 15. Sweet Woodruff', 
 Asperula odorata, and patches of 16. Double Wood Anemone, Ane- 
 mone nemorosa, and 17. the Lily of the Valley, Convallaria majalis ; 
 there is a double red flowered variety of this : also the Yucca fila- 
 mentosa. 
 
 Border Flowers. 
 
 The borders for perennial flowers are seldom less than four or five 
 feet in breadth. One of the most ornamental tall growing perenni- 
 als is 1. Double Scarlet Lychnis, Lychnis chalcedonica, fl. pi. ; 
 2. Hyssop leaved Dragon's head, Dracocephalum ruyschiana, and 
 the Great Flowered, D. grandiflorum, with elegant blue flowers, and 
 D. denticulatum ; 3. Silver-rod, or Branched Asphodel, Asjjhodelus 
 ramosus, with fine white flowers ; 4, Verbascum ferrugineum, Rusty 
 Flowered, and V. phaniceum, or Purple Flowered, may be admitted; 
 together with 5. the Fine Branched Lythrum, L. virgatum, which 
 is covered, for three months with purple flowers; 6. two or three 
 species oi Centaur ea, such as C orientalis, with yellow flowers, and 
 C. Caucasica, with white flowers, and C. montana, with blue flowers ; 
 all hardy perennials; 7. Double Siberian Larkspur, Delphinium 
 
FLOWERS. S93 
 
 elatum, flowers fine dark azure, and D. sinensis, elegant deep blue ; 
 8. Phlox pyramidalis and P. paniculata, P. suaveoLus, P. Shepardi, 
 and P. tardijlora, are handsome, showy flowers ; 9. Linear Leaved 
 Willow herb, Epilohium angustissimum, and spicatum, foliage fine, 
 and flowers large, of a beautiful purplish red ; 10. Coreopsis verti- 
 cellata and C. lanceolata, flowers fine deep yellow ; 11. Of the spe- 
 cies of Speedwell, these are elegant, Veronica virginiana, Aowers 
 blush colored, and with white flowers; and V. longifolia, flowers 
 blue, white, or flesh colored ; 12. Variegated Wolfsbane, Acoiiitum 
 variegatum; 13. Rudbeckia purpurea, with large flowers; 14. Lia- 
 tris spicata deserves a place m every collection ; 15. Acanthus mol- 
 lis ; 16. Of the fine genus Spircea, the Queen of the Meadow, S. 
 ulmaria, and Dropwort, or S. Jilipendula ; 17. Of Campanula, or 
 Bell Flower, a hundred species have been named ; there are several 
 showy perennials, as Peach leaved, C. persicifolia, with single blue, 
 and single white, and with double flowers; Nettle leaved Bell 
 Flower, C. trachelium ; Pyramidal, or C. pyramidalis, highly prized. 
 Light Loosestrife, Lysimachus erecta, with showy yellow flowers, 
 may be added. The Dahlia is a noble plant, a native of Mexico. A 
 plant but lately known amgngst us, rising from three to ten feet in 
 height. It flowers profusely in autumn, after the hardy roses are 
 past, and continues in flower till hard frosts commence. The 
 flowers are magnificent ; they are of a great variety of shades, and 
 surpass those of the rose and camellia in size and splendor, although 
 they fall short in fragrance. Its roots are large, oblong tubers. 
 
 Ornamental Plants of middling size. 
 
 1. Of the species of Achillea ; Sweet Maudlin, A. ageraium, 
 Sneezewort, A. ptarmica, with double flowers ; 2. Spring Adonis, 
 A. vernalis, with large yellow flowers, in April ; 3. An elegant 
 double variety of Rose Campion, Agrostemma coronaria ; 4. Peren- 
 nial flax, Linum perenne ; 5. Round headed Rampion, Phyteuma or- 
 bicularis ; 6. ^weet 'S^iWidim, Dianthus barhatus ; 7. Of the species 
 of Eryngium, E. alpinum and E. amethystinum are very ornamental. 
 Also, the Statice or Thrift, \n particular, 5'. latifolia,scoparia, tartar- 
 ica and speciosa ; 8. Fraxinella, or Dictamnus allnis, is both beautiful 
 and curious ; by approaching a candle to the flower, in a warm, 
 dry and clear night in June, a slight explosion takes place, from the 
 inflammable gas it exhales ; 9. Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis, 
 a very elegant scarlet flowering plant, but is in a great measure now 
 supplanted by the L.fulgens, of still greater brilliancy ; there is also 
 L. splendens and L. speciosa ; 10. Catananche ccerulca, fiowers of a. 
 fine blue ; Canadian Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis, highly orna- 
 mental ; Garden Wall Flower, Cheiranthus cheiri, when double and 
 of a dark color, is much prized; 13. The Red and Scarlet Chelone, 
 C. obliqua and barbata, very late and pretty ; C. major, fine peach 
 colored flowers, the most showy of the genus ; 14. German Godi- 
 locks, Chrysocoma linosijris, with bright yellow flowers in the form 
 of an umbel; 15. Tritoma media, produces its beautiful spikes of 
 orange flov;ers in autumn; 16. Two species of Monarda; the Os- 
 wego Tea, or M. didyma, with scarlet flowers, and M. fistulosa, with 
 purple flowers; 17. The Perennial Lupin, Lupin per cnnis, hut a, 
 more showy plant is the L. nootkatensis, and L. polyphyllus ; 18. Of 
 the Perennial Poppies, the Oriental, Papaver orientalis, with large, 
 
396 APPENDIX. 
 
 bright orange flowers ; and the Welch, P. camhricwm, with flower© 
 of a deep yellow; 19. Red Valerian, Valeriana rubra, highly orna- 
 mental when of a dark color; there is a white variety, which forms 
 a fine contrast; 20. Several kinds of Pseony are magnificent border 
 plants^ as the Double Dark Red, and Double Blu&h, varieties of P<, 
 officinalis; and the White Flowered, P. albijlor a, Bind P. ichitleji, 
 P.fragrans, and P. kumei, and P. roseo ; 21. Smooth Leaved Bell 
 flower. Campanula nitida, very ornamental, and completely covered 
 with blue flowers. There is a double variety of this, but it is very 
 rare. Of the numerous genus of Asters, with fine blue flowers, the 
 Italian Starwort, A. amellus. the Alpine, A. alpinus, and the A. spec- 
 tabilis ; Ragged Robin, Lychnis flos cuculi, beautiful when double ; 
 
 23. The varieties of L. dioicia, with double red and double white 
 flowers are very showy ; sometimes called Bachelor's Button ; 
 
 24. The Plantain Leaved Crowfoot, Ranunculus amplexicaulis , pure 
 white flowers, in April or May; 24. Garden Rocket, Hesperis ma- 
 tronalis, double white and double purple ; these are excellent border 
 flowers, being at once both showy and fragrant ; 25. Virginia Spi- 
 derwort, Tradescantia virginica, with fine blue flowers, and with red, 
 and white flowers, blooming from spring to autumn ; 26. Asiatic 
 Globe Flower, TroUius asiaticus, its rich orange colored flowers are 
 very brilliant ; T. europcBus, flowers fine yellow and handsome ; 
 27. American Cowslip, Dodeeatheon meadia, very elegant flowers, in 
 May and June. The varieties of the Chinese Chrysanthemums, of 
 almost every color, are particularly elegant. I must not omit the 
 Day Lily, Hemerocallis japonica, with fine white flowers, H. flava, 
 elegant yellow, H. cerulea, with elegant blue flowers and large 
 shining leaves. Asclepias tuberosa; also, Iris palida, is elegant; 
 and Gladiolus maximus, with fine dark red flowers, and G. natalen- 
 sis, with superb red and yellow flowers. 
 
 Low GROWING F1.OWERS, FOR THE FRONT OF THE BoRDER. 
 
 1, Double Purple Jacobea, Senecio elegans ; strictly speaking, this 
 is only an annual, but double varieties may be continued by cuttings ; 
 2. Several varieties of Phlox are very ornamental, particularly the 
 common Lychnidea, P. suavcolens ; the early flowering, P. divari- 
 caia ; awl leaved, or P. subulata ; and the fine leaved, or P. setacea, 
 with P. ovata, and P. stolonifera, or creeping ; 3. The great flowered 
 Siberian Fumitory, Fumarianobilis, is very handsome, and continues 
 long in flower ; F. formosa, with delicate blush colored blossoms; 
 and the Yellow species, F. lutea, is valuable; 4. Common Bloody 
 Crane's bill, Geranium sanguineum, is not unworthy of a place ; 
 and the striped variety, G. lancastriense, and the streaked Crane's 
 bill, G. striatum; 5. The Yellow species of Monkey flower, from 
 Chili, Mimulus luteus, is an acquisition, and ver}'^ pretty ; and 
 6. Different species of CEnothera, though of humble growth, pro- 
 duce fine yellow flowers, particularly (E. frazeriana, (E. fruticosa, 
 and (E.pumila; 7. Marsh Marigold, Calthra palustris, is likewise 
 very showy, and for several weeks makes a brilliant appearance, 
 but prefers a moist border. Feather grass, Stipa pinnata, is justly 
 admired for its light, airy and delicate appearance ; 8. Violets of 
 different kinds are well known, the Canadian, Viola canadensis, is 
 particularly elegant, and the Sweet or March Violet, V. odorota, hut 
 the large flowered variety is beautiful ; 9. The Anemones, with 
 
FLOWERS. 397 
 
 blae flov/ers, as the splendid Pasque flower, A. pulsatlUa, and dif- 
 ferent varieties of the Star Anemone, A. kortensis, and A. apennina, 
 and Jl. pratensis; 10. The Gentians are also fine border plants, 
 particularly the Gentiana, asclepiadea, and G. cruciata, both with 
 blue flowers. Orchis jimbriati and 0. grandiflora are fine. 
 
 2. BlENJMIALS. 
 
 Some of the most common are, 1. Honesty, or Satin Flower 
 Lunaria annua, both white and purple ; 2. French Honeysuckle, 
 Hedysarum coronarium, red and white ; 3. Yellow Horned Foppy, 
 Glaucium iuteum ; 4. Tree Primrose of several species, (Enothera 
 biennis, ^^c. and Moth-mullein, Verbascum blattaria, yellow and 
 white fioweied. 
 
 Flowers for Rock Work. 
 
 Masses covered with Lichens, especially, 1. Lichen atro-flavus, 
 geographicus, ventosus, ^jerei/w^, and steUaris, are \e\y desirable. 
 The following are very proper and ornamental ; 2. Cotyledon umbi- 
 licus, and all plants which grovv^ naturally in dry soil are fit for rock 
 work ; 3. Diantlius deltoides, D.armeria and D. cozsins ; 4. The Ked 
 Valerian, Valeriana rubra, and the white variety ; 5. Erinus alpi- 
 nus ; 6. Madwort of dilferent species, particularly, Myssv.m saxutile 
 Siixd deltoideum ; 7. Cerastium repcns ; 8. Erigeron alplnuni ; 9. C?/- 
 clamen europcBirm i\ndi herdcroEfoUum ; 10. Spring Genndi.n, Gentiana 
 verna ; IT Soldanella aljnna ; 12. Suxifraga oppositifoiia and 5. 
 granulata,Ji. pL; 13. Verbascum myconi ; 14. Ly dims alp ina ; 15. 
 Frimula nivaiis , P. integr /folia, P. helvetica, and P. marginata; 15. 
 Basil leaved Soapwort, Haponaria ocymoides ; 16. Stone crop, in 
 particular, Sedum album, giaucum, rupestrc, aizoon, and sexangu- 
 Laire ; 17. The Cob-web species of House-leek, Sempervirum arach- 
 noideian. 
 
 Aquarium. 
 
 In the pond may be placed various marsh plants, as 1. Mar.sh 
 Calla, Calla palustris ; 2. Yellow and v.?hite fringed Bog Bean, 
 Menyanthes nymplwides; 3. The Fioweiing Rush, Butomus umbella- 
 te s ; 4. Waiev-Violel, Jlottonia palustris ; 5. The Cat's Tail, Typha 
 latifolia and T. angustifolia, has a singular appearance. Lastly, 
 some of our own native aquatics, may be recommended for their 
 beauty and fragrance, 'i he JNymphs3, and in particular, the White 
 and \ellow water Lily, J^'. aiba and M. lutea. The White rivals 
 the rose in beauty and fragrance. Also, though rather tender for 
 our climate, the Chinese jYymphce meluvibium. 
 
 S. Annuals. 
 
 1. The Indian Pink, Dianthus chincnsis ; 2. The Winged Thun- 
 bergia, 2\ aluta; and 3. The Sensitive Plant, Mimosa sensdiva, 
 though strictly speaking, biennials, are often cultivated as annuals. 
 Many of the annuals are very beautiful ; those of each species only 
 which are the most showy, will be particularized. 4. lOlegant 
 Coreopsis, C. tinctoria, this is very showy; 5. Beautiful Clarkea, 
 C.pvlcheUa ; G. White and Purple Candy Tui't, Jbcris vmheUata ; 
 7. Daisy leaved Catch-fiy, red and white Silene bdiidafotia ; 8, 
 Venus's Looking Glass, Campanula speculum; [). Sv/eet Alyssum, 
 A. 'inaritutam are very ornament:!! ; JO. Convolvul'us , major and 
 minor ; 11. African Marigold, Tagetes crectu,, and French do. T. 
 34 
 
398 APPENDIX. 
 
 patula ; 12. Love in a Mist, Kigella damasccna ; 13. Variety of 
 Scabius, Scahiosa ; 14. Ten weeks Stock Gilliflower, Cheiranthus 
 annuus ; 15. The rich and elegant Double Balsams, /?nj!>afiew5 fcaZ^a- 
 mina, their capsules are curious ; 16. Hibiscus trionum, with yellow 
 flowers; 17. Many varieties of Larkspur, Delphinitim ajacis, single 
 and double; 18. Varieties of Lupin, Lvpinus, and of 19. Sweet 
 Pea, Lathyrus odoraius ; 20. Scarlet Malope, JW. trijida ; 21. Carna- 
 tion Poppy, varieties, Papaver somtiifervm, are very showy ; 22. 
 Purple Eyed Crepis, C. harhata ; 23. Tangiers Scorzonera, S. tingi- 
 tanum ; 24. The Eternal flower, varieties, red, white, purple and 
 blue, Xeranthemum, is excelled by none, its splendid flowers retain 
 their beauty through the winter, and make a fine appearance in 
 vases ; 25. Mignonette, Reseda odorata, is universally admired. 
 The following are less hardy, and should be sown in a warm situa- 
 tion and transplanted, to bring them forward early. 26. Amaranth, 
 Amaranthus caudatus, or Love lies bleeding, and 27. Prince's Feather, 
 ^, hypochondriacus ; and 28. The Chrysanthemums, particularly C. 
 tricolor, and C. lutea. The following are tender annuals, and may 
 be planted early in a hot bed, and transplanted. Crimson Cypress 
 Vine, Ipomcea quamoclit ; 29. Many varieties of Cock's-Comb Celo' 
 sia cristata, with scarlet, purple, and yellow heads, are extremely 
 ornamental; 30. Globe Auidn-anihus, Gomphrcena globosa, of varwus 
 sorts, with the Amaranthus tricolor, with each leaf of three colors, 
 bright red, yellow and green, are very showy ; 31. The Egg plant 
 is showy on account of its elegant berry, of the size and shape of a 
 large egg ; 32. The Ice plant is curious, Mesembryanthemum crystal- 
 linum, its leaves and stalks being covered with crystalline globules 
 like icicles; 33. And the well known Sensitive plant. Mimosa 
 pudica. 
 
 CULTIVATION. 
 
 The seeds of flowers are sown in the spring, in fine and newly 
 prepared fresh soil. Very fine seeds should be covered but a quarter 
 of an inch deep, larger seeds deeper in proportion to their size ; and 
 the ground is then to be immediately trodden hard ; this enables it 
 to retain its moisture at the surface, which cooperating with the 
 warmth of the sun on the seeds, they vegetate at once. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 1. Acuminate. Ending obtusely, with a prolonged sharp point. 
 
 2. Alburnum. Sap wood ; the white soft exterior layers of wood. 
 
 3. Anther. That portion of the stamen containing the pollen. 
 
 4. Aromatic. Fragrant ; spicy. 
 
 5. Astringent. Contracting. 
 
 6. Axil. The angle on the upper side between the leaf and stem. 
 
 7. Axillary. Growing from the axils. 
 
 8. Berry. A pulpy fruit inclosing seeds, having no capsules. 
 
 9. Calcareous. Containing lime. 
 
 10. Calyx. The outer covering of the corolla. 
 
 11. Cambium. The concentrated sap or viscid substaace which 
 
 lies between the bark and wood. 
 
 12. Capsule. A hollow seed vessel which opens when dry. 
 
 13. Catkins. Flowers in tufts arranged on a slender or flexible 
 
 thread. 
 
 14. Cordate, or Cordiform. Heart shaped. 
 
 15. Coriaceous. Resembling leather or parchment. 
 
 16. Corolla. The crown which incloses the stamens. 
 
 17. Corymbs. Flowers having a flat summit which is formed of 
 
 numerous flower stalks which arise on a common stem, from 
 different heights. 
 
 18. Crenate. See Serulate. 
 
 19. Deciduous. Not evergreen ; trees whose leaves fall in autumn 
 
 are termed deciduous. 
 
 20. Dentate. Toothed ; edged with large, sharp points. 
 
 21. Denticulate. Minutely dentate. 
 
 22. Drupe. A fleshy fruit inclosing a stone. 
 
 23. Genus. [The singular of genera ] A family of plants which 
 
 agree in flower and fruit. 
 
 24. Glands. Small heads or inflated bodies which appear in dif- 
 
 ferent parts of plants or leaves. 
 
 25. Glaucous. Mealy substance which is easily detached. 
 
 26. Globose. Round or spherical. 
 
 27. Herbaceous. Not ligneous or woody. 
 
 28. Imbricate. Overlaying like scales, or the slating of a roof. 
 
 29. Lanceolate. Spear shaped ; both ends very acutely pointed^ 
 
 30. Leaflet. A part or small leaf of the compound or pinnate leaf. 
 
400 GLOSSARY. 
 
 31. Ltber. The inner layer of bark which lies next the wood. The 
 
 ancients wrote upon and formed their bocks of this substance ; 
 — hence the name. 
 
 32. Ligneous. Woody. 
 
 33. Lobe. A large division of a leaf. 
 '34. JVervcs. Parallel veins. 
 
 35. Obovate. Egg shaped, v/ith the smallest end tov/ards the stalk. 
 
 35. OvaL acuminate. Round at one end, pointed at the other. 
 
 37. t)vate. Egg shaped. 
 
 38. Pulmated. in the form of a hand with the fingers spread. 
 
 39. Panicle. A loose irregular flower, subdivided into branches. 
 
 40. Peduvcle. The stem v/hich supports the flower and fruit. 
 
 41. Pericarp. See Capsule. 
 
 42. Petal. The leaf of which flovv^ers are composed, 
 
 43. Petiole. The footstalk which supports the leaf. 
 
 44. Pinnate. Having two rows of leaflets arranged on a common 
 
 petiole. 
 
 4.^. PoUen. The dust contained in the anthers. 
 
 AQ. Pome. A pulpy fruit containing a pericarp or capsule. 
 
 47. Pubescent. Hairy ; or downy. 
 
 48. Raceme. Long clusters. 
 
 49. Rehiform. Oblong, oval or lengthened. 
 
 50. Rvgose. Wrinkled. 
 
 51. Serrate. Notched in a manner resembling the teeth of a saw. 
 
 52. Serrulate or Crencte. Minutely serrate. 
 
 53. Sessile. AtLached to the stem without footstalks. 
 
 54. Species. The hii', rr lowest division. 
 
 55. Spine. A thorn ^rv,.'l:]j from the wood. Prickles grow freely 
 
 from the bark. 
 
 56. Stamen. The outer circle of the slender filaments which rise 
 
 around the centre of a blossom or flower. 
 
 57. Stigma. The summit of the pistil. 
 
 58. Stijmle. Leafy appendages at the base of the leaves or petioles. 
 
 59. Suture. A groove or channel. 
 
 60. Tendrils. The twining appendages of vines, by which they 
 
 attach themselves to supporters. 
 
 61. Truncated. Having a square termination. 
 
 62. Umbel. Flowers Jiaving a convex summit, v/ith numerous 
 
 flower stalks of equal length diverging from a common centre, 
 
 63. Variety. A subdivision of a species, or the lowest division. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 INDEX NUMBER I. 
 
 Almond. 
 Its History and Uses 
 Great Double Flowering 
 Dwarf Double Flowering 
 Other varieties 
 American Citron 
 
 Page 
 
 194 
 196 
 196 
 195 
 363 
 
 Apple. 
 
 Its Description and History 53 
 
 Its Uses ib 
 
 To Gather and Preserve 103 
 
 Cultivation, &c. 95 
 
 Of Pruning 98 
 
 Insects, &c. which annoy 99 
 Climate of the Apple 53, 78, 92, 93 
 
 Varieties, American, and of 
 
 Foreign Origin, adapted to 
 our Climate, of the \st and 
 2d Classes. 
 
 iEsopus Spitzenberg 64 
 
 American Golden Pippin 64 
 
 American Nonpareil 59 
 American Summer Pearmain 56 
 
 Aunt's Apple 59 
 
 Baldwin 64 
 
 Baltimore 64 
 
 Barcelona Pearmain 84 
 
 Beachemwell Seedling 84 
 
 Beauty of the West 65 
 
 Beau 56 
 
 Bellflower 65 
 
 Belmont 65 
 
 Benoni 57 
 
 Beverly's Red 76 
 
 Blenheim Orange 84 
 
 Blue Pearmain 65 
 
 Bcrsdorfer 84 
 
 34* 
 
 Page 
 
 Boxford or Towne ^ 
 
 Brabant Bellflower 84 
 
 Braddick's Nonpareil 80 
 
 Bringewood Pippin 80 
 
 Calville Rouge de Micoud 79 
 
 Canadian Reinette 85 
 
 Carthouse or Gilpin 79 
 
 Catline 56 
 
 Chandler 65 
 Chinese Double Flowering 73 
 
 Craam 66 
 
 Christie's Pippin 85 
 
 Cornish Gilhdower 85 
 
 Corse's Favorite 56 
 
 Corse's Indian Prince 59 
 
 Cos Apple 66^ 
 
 Court of Wyck 85 
 
 Crow's Egg 66 
 
 Cumberland Spice 59 
 
 Curtis 76 
 
 Dan vers Winter Sweet 66 
 
 Dartmouth Sweeting 66 
 
 D'Astems 85 
 
 Delaware 80 
 
 Domini 66 
 
 Downton Golden Pippin 80 
 
 Drap D'Or, of France 60 
 
 Dutch Codlin 67 
 
 Dutch Mignonne 85 
 
 Dutchess of Oldenburg 80 
 
 Dyer 61 
 
 Early Bough 56 
 
 Early Harvest 57 
 
 Early Red Juneating 57 
 
 Easter or Pasque Apple 86 
 
 Emperor Alexander 81 
 
 Fall Pippin 69 
 
402 
 
 INDES. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Pace. 
 
 Fameuse 
 
 60 
 
 Murphy 
 
 70 
 
 Fearn's Pippin 
 
 86 
 
 Newark King 
 
 62 
 
 Fennouillet Grise 
 
 86 
 
 Noble Pippin 
 
 82 
 
 Jaune 
 
 86 
 
 Norfolk Beaufin 
 
 89 
 
 Rouge 
 
 86 
 
 Orange Pippin 
 
 ib. 
 
 Flushing Spitzenberg 
 
 44 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 Foxley 
 
 92 
 
 Ortley 
 
 70 
 
 Franklin Golden Pippin 
 
 81 
 
 Padley's Pippin 
 
 82 
 
 Galo Bayeux 
 
 81 
 
 Pear Rennet 
 
 89 
 
 Gardner Sweeting 
 
 67 
 
 Peck's Pleasant 
 
 70 
 
 Gloucester White 
 
 76 
 
 Pennock's Red Winter 
 
 71 
 
 Golden Harvey 
 
 8Q 
 
 Pickman 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pearrnain 
 
 67 
 
 Pigeonett 
 
 82 
 
 Russett 
 
 61 
 
 Pine Apple Pvussett 
 
 ib. 
 
 Grange 
 
 81 
 
 Priestley 
 
 71 
 
 Gravenstein 
 
 61 
 
 Prince's Tabie Apple 
 
 83 
 
 Green Newtown Pippin 
 
 67 
 
 Pomme Gris 
 
 71 
 
 Nonpareil 
 
 Sweeting 
 
 Gros Pigeonett 
 
 87 
 
 
 89 
 83 
 
 57 
 
 67 
 
 82 
 
 
 Porter 
 
 Hagloe Crab 
 
 92 
 
 Pownal Spitzenberg 
 
 71 
 
 Hampshire Greening 
 
 63 
 
 Pumpkin Sweeting 
 
 57 
 
 Herefordshire Pearrnain 
 
 68- 
 
 Punctured Reinette 
 
 89 
 
 Hubbard's Pearrnain 
 
 87 
 
 Pryor's Red 
 
 77 
 
 Hubbardston Nonsuch 
 
 68 
 
 Pi,ambo, or Romanite 
 
 62 
 
 Jenning's Sweet 
 
 61 
 
 Pvawle's Janett 
 
 77 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 87 
 
 Red Astracan 
 
 58 
 
 Jonathan 
 
 68 
 
 Autumn Calville 
 
 62 
 
 Kenrick's Pved Autumn 
 
 61 
 
 Ingestrie 
 
 83 
 
 Keswick Codlin 
 
 80 
 
 and Green Sweeting 
 
 62 
 
 Killam Hill 
 
 61 
 
 Quarrendon 
 
 58 
 
 King, of Pippins 
 
 82 
 
 Reinette Baumann 
 
 71 
 
 Kirk's Golden Reinette 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 83 
 
 
 Lady Apple 
 
 69 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 Large Been Apple 
 
 82 
 
 
 89 
 
 
 La Violette 
 Lemon Pippin 
 
 91 
 
 69 
 
 TT 1. rt *-..-. l-> rt 
 
 90 
 ib. 
 
 r^ «;„„ 
 
 
 Limber Twig 
 
 Londonderry 
 
 Long Carthusian Apple 
 
 Lyscom 
 
 77 
 62 
 82 
 62 
 
 J /^„„v^,."n^ 
 
 83 
 GO 
 91 
 72 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island Greening 
 
 Mackay Sweeting 
 
 69 
 
 Ribston Pippin 
 
 ib. 
 
 Maiden's Blush 
 
 57 
 
 Roberts 
 
 72 
 
 Mammoth 
 
 69 
 
 Roxbury Russet 
 
 ib. 
 
 Margil 
 
 88 
 
 Royai Pearrnain 
 
 77 
 
 Marigold 
 
 69 
 
 St Lav/rence 
 
 58 
 
 Marquise 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sapson's 
 
 ib. 
 
 Martin Nonpareil 
 
 88 
 
 Sawyer Sweeting 
 
 63 
 
 Mela Carla 
 
 ib. 
 
 Scarlet Nonpareil 
 
 90 
 
 Mela de Rosmarino 
 Michael Henry 
 
 ib. 
 70 
 
 ■p /■,,„_ 
 
 83 
 63 
 
 Seek-no-further 
 
 Monstrous Pippin 
 
 ib. 
 
 Siberian Bitter Sweet 
 
 92 
 
 Morgan's Favorite 
 
 ib. 
 
 Crab, red 
 
 75 
 
INDEX., 
 
 408 
 
 rase. 
 
 Siberian Crab, yellow 75 
 
 Sopsavine 58 
 
 Spice Sweeting 63 
 
 Straat ib. 
 
 Streaked Rose Apple 80 
 
 Striped June Apple 77 
 
 Summer Cheese ib. 
 
 Queen 58 
 
 R,ose ib 
 
 Swaar 73 
 
 Sweeney Nonpareii 91 
 
 SykeJiouse Apple ib. 
 
 Taliafero 75 
 
 Triangle 63 
 
 Virginia Crab 75 
 
 Greening 77 
 
 Waxen Apple ib. 
 
 Williams's Apple 59 
 
 Wine Apple 73 
 
 Winter fceek-no-further 53 
 
 Sweeting 74 
 
 White Calville ib. 
 
 Wycken Pippin 83 
 
 Yellow Newtown Pippin 74 
 
 York Russetting 64 
 
 Varieties of the '3d Class, of 
 
 high reputation in England. 
 These deserve trial in Canada 
 
 and ike noriheriLmost States, 
 
 and Oregon. 
 
 White Astracan 93 
 Also, 48 others, noted at pp. 94 
 
 and 95. 
 
 Apricot. 
 
 Its History and Uses 196 
 
 Cultivation 200 
 
 Varieties. 
 
 Alberge 197 
 
 Algiers ib. 
 
 Angoumois 198 
 
 Brussels ib 
 
 Crufts' late Apricot ib. 
 
 Early Masculine ib. 
 
 Gros Musch ib. 
 
 Hemskirke ib. 
 
 Moorpark 199 
 
 Musch ib. 
 
 Orange ib. 
 
 Peach Apricot ib. 
 
 Portugal ib. 
 
 Provence ib. 
 
 Roman 
 
 Royal 
 
 Royal Persian, 
 
 Turkey 
 
 White Apricot 
 
 Berberrv. 
 Its History and Uses 
 Chinese 
 Holly leaved 
 Other varieties 
 
 Blackberry. 
 
 Its Uses, &c. 
 Varieties described 
 
 Page. 
 
 ly9 
 
 200 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 335 
 326 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 336 
 337 
 
 Bending limbs,causesfruitful- 
 ness42, 161, 190, 291,292, 331 
 
 Canker Worm 99 
 
 Cherry. 
 
 Its History and Uses 213 
 
 Its Cultivation, &c. 223 
 
 Classification 214 
 
 Amber Cherry 215 
 
 Ambree ib. 
 
 American Amber ib. 
 
 Arch Duke 220 
 
 D'Aremberg 215 
 
 Belle de Choisy 220 
 
 Belle et Magnifique 221 
 
 Bigarreau de Pvocmont 215 
 
 , Black ib. 
 
 , Large Black 216 
 
 , Large Late Red ib. 
 
 , Gros Monstreux 215 
 
 , Napoleon 216 
 
 , Late,ofHildesIieira ib. 
 
 , White, or Graflion 217 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 221 
 
 ib. 
 222 
 
 ib. 
 218 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 221 
 218 
 
 Black Eagle 
 
 Heart 
 
 Spanish 
 
 Tartarean 
 
 Cerisier du Nord 
 Dearborn's Red French 
 Double Flowering, Large 
 
 , Small 
 
 Davenport's Early Red 
 
 Downer 
 
 Downton 
 
 Karly Purple Griotte 
 
 Elkliorn 
 
404 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Elton 
 
 Florence 
 
 Gascoigne's Bleeding Heart 
 
 German Duke 
 
 Graffion 
 
 Gridley 
 
 Page. 
 218 
 219 
 ib. 
 221 
 217 
 219 
 
 Griottier a Feuilles de Pecher280 
 
 Griottier D'Hollande 221 
 
 Harrison Heart 219 
 
 Herefordshire Black ib. 
 
 Knight's Early Black 272 
 
 Late Duke 221 
 
 May Duke ib. 
 
 Mazzard Cherry 219 
 
 Montmorency 222 
 
 Morello ib. 
 
 Plumstone Morillo ib. 
 Remington White Heart 219 
 
 Spanish 219 
 
 Sparhawk 219 
 
 Tobacco Leaf 223 
 
 Virginia Cherry ib. 
 
 Waterloo 220 
 
 Weeping Cherry 223 
 
 White Ox Heart 220 
 
 White Tartarean ib. 
 
 Chinquapin 325 
 
 Cider 104 
 
 Climate 
 
 14, 15, 78, 93 
 
 Cranberrv. 
 Its Uses and Cultivation 
 
 Cranberry Viburnum 
 
 Cross Fertilization 
 
 Curculio 
 
 Currant. 
 Its History and Uses 
 Cultivation and Pruning 
 Black English 
 
 Naples 
 
 Large Red 
 
 White 
 
 Other varieties described 
 
 Cuttings 
 
 Debarking, its effects 
 
 337 
 339 
 
 28 
 49 
 
 294 
 295 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 35 
 41 
 
 Page, 
 Decortication, or Girdling 40 
 
 Dwarfing 
 
 Elder 
 
 Filbert 
 
 44, 202 
 
 338 
 
 326 
 
 Fruits, their utility 21 
 
 , Old, their decline 24 
 
 , New, modes by which 
 
 they are produced ib, 
 
 Fruitfulness, how induced 
 39 to 47, 161, 189,190,275 to 292 
 
 Gardens, Landscape or Mod- 
 ern 91 
 
 Gooseberry. 
 Its History and Uses 296 
 
 Varieties described 297 
 
 Its Cultivation, Pruning, 4&c. 299 
 
 Grafting 37 
 
 Grape Vine. 
 
 Its History and Uses 258 
 
 Cultivation, soil 274 
 
 Thomery mode 276 
 
 Maladies 293 
 
 Foreign Varieties. 
 Aleppo 
 Black Cape 
 
 Damascus 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Lombardy 
 
 Prince 
 
 F^aisin 
 
 St Peters 
 
 Sweet Water 
 
 Blue Cartager 
 Bordelais 
 
 Burgundy, Miller's 
 Chasselas, White 
 
 , Golden 
 
 , Black 
 
 , Musk 
 
 , Red 
 
 Variegated 
 
 Constantia 
 Corinth 
 Cornichon Blanc 
 
 271 
 265 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 266 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 267 
 269 
 
 ib. 
 261 
 262 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 263 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 405 
 
 
 Vs.ze. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Early White Muscadine 
 
 260 
 
 Mountain Ash 
 
 330 
 
 Esperinne 
 
 266 
 
 
 
 Frankenthal 
 
 267 
 
 MULBERRY. 
 
 
 Frontignac, Black. 
 
 263 
 
 Description and uses 225 
 
 224 
 
 , Red 
 
 ib. 
 
 Black Mulberry 
 
 224 
 
 Whifr 
 
 264 
 
 Red Mulberry 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 Gros Guillaume 
 
 267 
 
 Japan Paper Mulberry 
 
 225 
 
 Gros Maroc 
 
 ib. 
 
 Varieties for Silk worms 
 
 
 Langford"s Incomparable 
 
 ib. 
 
 White Italian Mulberry 
 
 225 
 
 Malmsey Muscadine 
 
 269 
 
 Dandolo or Morettiana 
 
 226 
 
 Muscat, var. 
 
 263 
 
 M. Lucida 
 
 226 
 
 , Red, of Alexandria 
 
 264 
 
 M. Tartarica 
 
 ib. 
 
 , Whit«, of do 
 
 264 
 
 Chinese Mulberry or Morus 
 
 
 , White, ofLunel 
 
 ib. 
 
 Multicaulis 
 
 227 
 
 Pitmaston White Cluster 
 
 269 
 
 Cultivation 225, 
 
 231 
 
 Poonah 
 
 268 
 
 Soil, Situation, &c. 
 
 231 
 
 Queen's 
 
 270 
 
 Mulberry Plantations 
 
 ib. 
 
 Raisin de Carmes 
 
 2()8 
 
 Dwarf Mulberry Plantations 232 
 
 Red Hamburgh 
 
 ib. 
 
 Gathering the leaves 
 
 234 
 
 Regner de Nice 
 
 267 
 
 
 
 Syrian 
 
 270 
 
 NECTARINK. 
 
 
 l^einturier 
 
 268 
 
 Its history and uses 
 
 191 
 
 Tokay 
 
 270 
 
 Cultivation 
 
 194 
 
 Verdal 
 
 ib. 
 
 Freestone JVectarines. 
 
 
 White Hamburg 
 
 271 
 
 Aromatic 
 
 191 
 
 White St Peter's 
 
 ib. 
 
 Early Violet 
 
 ib. 
 
 American Varieties. 
 
 
 Elruge 
 
 ib. 
 
 Alexander 
 
 272 
 
 Fairchild's Early 
 
 ib. 
 
 Bland 
 
 ib. 
 
 Jaune Lisse 
 
 192 
 
 Catawba 
 
 ib. 
 
 Lewis 
 
 ib. 
 
 Elsinburg 
 
 273 
 
 Perkins's Seedling 
 
 ib. 
 
 Isabella 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pitmaston Orange 
 
 ib. 
 
 Luff borough 
 
 ib. 
 
 Scarlet 
 
 ib. 
 
 Orwisburg 
 
 ib. 
 
 Temple's 
 
 ib. 
 
 Scuppernong 
 
 274 
 
 White, or Flanders 
 
 ib. 
 
 Worthington 
 
 ib. 
 
 Clingstones or Pavies. 
 Violette Cerise 
 
 
 
 
 193 
 
 Growth of Trees. 
 
 32 
 
 Golden 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 Grosse Violette 
 
 ib. 
 
 Inoculating 
 
 .36 
 
 I alian 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 Red Roman 
 
 ib. 
 
 Insects 49, 99 
 
 360 
 
 Scarlet Newington 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 Tawny Newington 
 
 ib. 
 
 Introduction 
 
 13 
 
 Vermash 
 
 194 
 
 
 
 Violet Musk 
 
 ib. 
 
 Layers 
 
 21 
 
 NUTS. 
 
 
 
 
 English, or Madeira Walnut 354 
 
 Lime Plant 
 
 328 
 
 Black Walnut 
 
 356 
 
 Medlar, va. 
 
 354 
 
 Butternut 
 
 ib. 
 
 MELON. 
 
 Musk Melon, 20 varieties 360 
 
 Water Melon 363 
 
 2ts uses ilx 
 
 Chesnut 357 
 
 Chinquapin - 358 
 
 Shagbark ib. 
 
 Pacane Nut -359 
 
 Filberts, varieties, ib 
 
406 
 
 INDEX TO ORNAMENTAL TREES, &c. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Paving causes productive 
 
 
 Noblesse 
 
 181 
 
 ness 
 
 289 
 
 Oldmixon 
 
 177 
 
 
 
 Orange Peach 
 
 181 
 
 PEACH. 
 
 
 Petite Migonne 
 
 170 
 
 Its history and uses 165 
 
 ,166 
 
 President 
 
 182 
 
 Cultivation 
 
 187 
 
 Red Cheek Malacatune 
 
 180 
 
 Insects wliich annoy 
 
 187 
 
 Red Magdalen 
 
 175 
 
 Pruning 
 
 189 
 
 of Courson 
 
 172 
 
 Classification 
 
 168 
 
 Red Nutmeg 
 
 169 
 
 
 
 Red Rareripe 
 
 177 
 
 Freestone Peaches. 
 
 
 Robinson Crusoe 
 
 182 
 
 Belle Beauce 
 
 171 
 
 Royale 
 
 174 
 
 Belle Chevereuse 
 
 172 
 
 Sargent 
 
 179 
 
 Bellegarde 
 
 171 
 
 Smooth Leav. Royal Georg 
 
 el77 
 
 Belle de Vitry 
 
 173 
 
 Snow Peach 
 
 179 
 
 Bourdine 
 
 172 
 
 Spring Grove 
 
 177 
 
 Buckingham Mignonne 
 
 181 
 
 Sweet Water 
 
 178 
 
 Cardinale 
 
 174 
 
 Teton de Venus 
 
 175 
 
 China Flat Peach 
 
 180 
 
 Van Zandt's Superb 
 
 182 
 
 Columbia 
 
 ib. 
 
 Vineuse de Fromentin 
 
 171 
 
 Cooledge's Favorite 
 
 176 
 
 Washington 
 
 179 
 
 Double Flowering 
 
 173 
 
 Weeping Peach 
 
 182 
 
 Double Montague 
 
 176 
 
 Welds 
 
 179 
 
 Double Swalsh 
 
 178 
 
 White Magdalen 
 
 171 
 
 Dwarf Orleans 
 
 174 
 
 Malacatune 
 
 179 
 
 Early Anne 
 
 170 
 
 — Nutmeg 
 
 im 
 
 Early Mignonne 
 
 ib. 
 
 Yellow Admirable 
 
 174 
 
 Early Purple 
 
 ib. 
 
 Alberge 
 
 172 
 
 Early Royal George 
 
 176 
 
 Yellow Rareripe 
 
 182 
 
 Early Red Rareripe 
 
 ib. 
 
 Red Rareripe 
 
 182 
 
 Early York 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 Emperor of Russia 
 
 177 
 
 Pavies or Clingstones. 
 
 
 English Chancellor 
 
 180 
 
 Brodie's 
 
 184 
 
 George Fourth 
 
 178 
 
 Catharine 
 
 ib. 
 
 Grosse Mignonne 
 
 170 
 
 Congress 
 
 183 
 
 Heath 
 
 181 
 
 Diana 
 
 ib. 
 
 Hoffman's Favorite 
 
 178 
 
 Early Newington 
 
 ib. 
 
 Ispahan 
 
 173 
 
 Grosse Perseque 
 
 185 
 
 Jaques's E.areripe 
 
 178 
 
 Heath Clingstone 
 
 186 
 
 Late Chevereuse 
 
 173 
 
 Hoyte's Lemon Clingstone 
 
 185 
 
 Late Purple 
 
 ib. 
 
 Hyslop's Clingstone 
 
 186 
 
 Magdeleine d'Bollwiller 
 
 177 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 183 
 
 Malta 
 
 172 
 
 Lemon Clingstone 
 
 185 
 
 Mifflin's Pennsylvania 
 Mignonne Frisee 
 
 181 
 
 Mammoth 
 
 184 
 
 171 
 
 Monstrous Pomponne 
 
 185 
 
 Morris' White Rareripe 
 
 179 
 
 Kenrick 
 
 ib. 
 
 Morrisania Pond 
 
 182 
 
 Oldmixon Clingstone 
 
 184 
 
 Mountaineer 
 
 177 
 
 Old Newington 
 
 ib. 
 
 Nivette 
 
 147 
 
 Pavie Admirable 
 
 ib. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 407 
 
 Page. 
 
 Pavie Jaune 183 
 
 Pavie Magdeleine 185 
 
 Pavie Spanish 183 
 
 Pavie Tardif 186 
 
 Washington Clingstone 185 
 
 Williamson's 186 
 
 Pears. 
 Description and Uses 111 
 
 Cultivation, &c. 159 
 
 Old Pears 113 
 
 New Pears 126, Index 408 
 
 [Pears I have divided into 
 two Classes. 1st. The Old 
 Class ; these include all 
 the descriptions of Duha- 
 niel and of Rosier, with a 
 few others ; some of which 
 I have described, and some 
 I have only reviewed.] 
 
 Class of Old Pears. 
 Ah Mon Dieu ! 
 Amhrette 
 Ambrosia 
 Amire Joannet 
 Angelique de Bordeaux 
 Angelique de Rome 
 Angleterre 
 Aurate 
 
 Autumn Bounty 
 Bellissime D'Automne 
 
 D'Ete 
 
 D'Hiver 
 
 Bergamotte D'Automne 
 
 ' Cadette 
 
 D'Ete 
 
 D'Hollande 
 
 ■ de Jacques 
 
 Rouge 
 
 de Soulers 
 
 Suisse 
 
 Sylvange 
 
 Beurree 
 
 Bequesne 
 
 Bezi de Cassoy 
 
 Bezi D'Pleri 
 
 Bezi de Montigny 
 
 Bezi de la Motte 
 
 Blanquette a Longue queue 
 
 Bon Chretien D'Auch 
 
 Bon Chretien D'Espagne 
 
 115 
 119 
 122 
 113 
 120 
 ib. 
 116 
 113 
 122 
 ]17 
 114 
 121 
 
 117 
 116 
 122 
 120 
 116 
 121 
 117 
 122 
 116 
 119 
 J18 
 119 
 117 
 ib. 
 114 
 124 
 118 
 
 Page. 
 
 Bon Chretien D'Et6 115 
 Bon Chretien D'Ete Musque 115 
 
 Bon Chretien D'Hiver 121 
 Bon Chretien, Rushmore's 123 
 
 Broca's Bergamot 123 
 
 Bourdon Musque 114 
 
 Cassolette 115 
 
 Catillac 124 
 
 Champe Riche D'ltalie 120 
 
 Chaumontelle 119 
 
 Chat Brusle 121 
 
 Cher k Dame 115 
 
 Colmar 120 
 
 Crassanne 118 
 
 Crassanne Panache 122 
 
 DeuxTetes 114 
 
 Donville 121 
 Double Fleur 121, 124 
 
 Double Fleur Panache 124 
 
 Doyenne 117 
 
 Doyenne Gris 118 
 
 Echasserie ib. 
 
 Elton 123 
 
 Epargne [Jargonelle] 114 
 
 Epine D'Ete 116 
 
 Epine D'Hiver 118 
 
 Epine Rose 115 
 
 Fin Or D'Ete ib. 
 
 Fin Or de Septembre ib. 
 
 Forelle 123 
 
 Franc-real 119 
 
 Frangipane 117 
 
 Fondante de Brest 115 
 
 Green Chissel 122 
 
 Green Pear of Yair 123 
 
 Grise Bonne 115 
 
 Gros Blanquette Ronde 122 
 
 Gros Hativeau 114 
 
 Gros Rateau Grise 124 
 
 Rousselet 115 
 
 Hativeau 1J4 
 
 Holland Green 123 
 Imperiale a feuilles de Chene 121 
 
 Iron 124 
 
 Jalousie 117 
 
 Jardin 120 
 
 Jargonelle, French 115 
 
 Lanssac 117 
 
 Livre 120 
 
 Louise Bonne 118 
 
 Madeleine 1 14 
 
 Mansuette 118 
 
 Marquise ib. 
 
40S 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Marti ?s, Sec 
 Martin Sire 
 Merveille D'Hiver 
 Messire Jean 
 Muscat L'Allemand 
 
 Fleuri 
 
 • Robert 
 
 Roy ale 
 
 Ognonette" 
 Orange Bergamotte 
 
 Musquee 
 
 K.ouge 
 
 ■ Tulipee 
 
 Parfum D'Aout 
 
 Pastorale 
 
 Petit Blanquette 
 
 Muscat 
 
 Poire D'Ange 
 
 Figue 
 
 a Gobert 
 
 De Naples 
 
 D'CEuf 
 
 de Preter 
 
 du Prince 
 
 Sans Peau 
 
 de Tonneau 
 
 Pound 
 
 Prince's Sugar 
 
 Red Cheek 
 
 Robine 
 
 Rousselette D'Hiver 
 
 D'Rheims 
 
 Rousseline 
 
 Royal D'Hiver 
 St Augustine 
 
 - Germain 
 
 - Pere 
 Salviate 
 Sanguinole 
 Sapin 
 Sarasin 
 
 September Orange 
 Sugar Top 
 Sucre Vert 
 Sv/an's Egg 
 Tarquiri 
 
 Tresor 
 
 Trouve 
 
 Verte Longue 
 
 Verte Longue Panache 
 
 Vigne 
 
 Virgouleuse 
 
 Vitrier 
 
 121 
 
 Page 
 118 
 120 
 118 
 
 ib. 
 121 
 114 
 
 ib. 
 115 
 114 
 123 
 115 
 
 ib. 
 ll(i 
 115 
 117 
 114 
 113 
 114 
 116 
 121 
 
 ib. 
 115 
 121 
 
 114 
 
 , 125 
 
 125 
 
 123 
 
 ib. 
 115 
 124 
 l!5 
 118 
 120 
 
 ib. 
 119 
 121 
 115 
 
 ib. 
 114 
 122 
 123 
 122 
 123 
 
 ib. 
 122 
 12J 
 121 
 116 
 124 
 117 
 123 
 119 
 
 Warden 
 [A few other old kinds are 
 reviewed at page 126.] 
 
 Modern Pfars. 
 A Meio Class. 
 Alexandre de Russie 
 Althorpe Crassanne 
 D'Amande D'Ete 
 D'Ananas D'Ete 
 Andrews 
 Bar tie tt 
 Belle et Bonne 
 
 de Bruxelles 
 
 La Belle de Flanders 
 Belle Lucracive 
 Belmont 
 Bergamotte, Early 
 
 Pentecote 
 
 Des Pay sans 
 
 Page. 
 128 
 
 Bei 
 
 rre D'Amanlis 
 
 — D'Aremberg 
 
 — D'Aigenson 
 
 — de Beauchamps 
 
 — de Boll wilier 
 
 — Bosc 
 
 — Coloma 
 
 — Crapaud 
 
 — Curtet 
 
 — Delbecq 
 
 — Diel 
 
 — Duquesne 
 — • Duval 
 
 Du Roi 
 
 F. aster 
 
 Knox 
 
 Ranee 
 
 Roinain 
 
 de St Quentin 
 
 S pence 
 
 Van Mons 
 
 W^itzhumb 
 
 Bezi de Louvaine 
 
 Vaet 
 
 Bishop's Thumb 
 
 Bleecker's Meadow 
 
 Bluodgood 
 
 Bon Chretien Fondante 
 
 Bourgmestre 
 
 Brooine Park 
 
 Brougham Hall 
 
 BtifFuin 
 
 Burlintrhame 
 
 130 
 
 ib. 
 128 
 
 ib. 
 130 
 
 ib. 
 131 
 127 
 131 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 128 
 151 
 1S2 
 127 
 150 
 132 
 
 ib. 
 150 
 1.32 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 150 
 133 
 
 ib. 
 148 
 153 
 133 
 150 
 133 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 151 
 
 134 
 
 152 
 
 134 
 
 133 
 
 127 
 
 134 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 135 
 
 127 
 
INDEX. 
 
 409 
 
 Pace. 
 
 Calebasse Fondante 135 
 
 Marianne ib. 
 
 Musquee 127 
 
 Capiaumont 135 
 
 Capsheaf ib. 
 
 Cardinale 152 
 
 Chapman 136 
 
 Chaptal 152 
 
 Colmar D'Automne 13G 
 
 D'Etc 127 
 
 Dewez 152 
 
 Sabine 153 
 
 Souverain 136 
 
 Van Mons 153 
 
 Cumberland 136 
 
 Gushing ib. 
 
 Darimont 137 
 
 Dearborn ib. 
 
 Dearborn's Seedling 127 
 
 De Candolle ]28 
 
 Delices D'Hardenpont 137 
 
 De Rachinquin 138 
 
 Dix 137 
 
 Dr Hunt's Connecticut ib. 
 
 Downton 153 
 
 Doyenne Panache 138 
 
 Santalette ib. 
 
 Double D'Automne ib. 
 
 Duchesse D'Angouleme ib. 
 
 de Mars 153 
 
 Duquesne D'Ete 128 
 
 Flemish Bon Chretien 154 
 
 Figue D'Naples 139 
 
 Fondante du Bois 154 
 
 Van Mons 139 
 
 Forme de Delices ib. 
 
 de Marie Louise ib. 
 
 Foster 139 
 Frederic de Wurtemberg 140 
 Fulton ib. 
 Garnons 154 
 Gendeseim 140 
 Genesee 140 
 Gloria 154 
 Gloux Morceau 154 
 Grande Bretagne Dore 155 
 Green Summer Sugar 128 
 Golden Beurre of Bilboa 140 
 Gore's Heathcot 140 
 Gros Dillen 141 
 Grosse Angleterre de Noi- 
 sette 140 
 Grumkower Winterbirne 141 
 
 35 
 
 llacon's Incomparable 
 
 Harvard 
 
 Hazel 
 
 Henri Quatre 
 
 Van Mons 
 
 Ickworth 
 
 Innominee 
 
 Johonnot 
 
 Josephine 
 
 Julienne 
 
 La Colorna 
 
 La Fourcroy 
 
 La Vanstalle 
 
 Lewis 
 
 L'Incommunicable 
 
 Lodge 
 
 L'Oken D'Hiver 
 
 Louise Bonne de Jersey 
 
 Lowell 
 
 Monarch 
 
 Marie Louise 
 
 Napoleon 
 
 Naumkeag 
 
 Ne Plus meuris 
 
 Newtown Virgalieu 
 
 Noir Grain 
 
 Parmentier 
 
 Passans du Portugal 
 
 Passe Colmar 
 
 Pengethly 
 
 Petre 
 
 Pitford Pear 
 
 Present de Malines 
 
 Princesse D'Orange 
 
 Prince du Printemps 
 
 Prince's St Germain 
 
 Poire D'Ananas 
 
 de Louvaine 
 
 Neill 
 
 Sans Pepina 
 
 Raymond 
 
 Reine des Poires 
 
 Riche D'Epouille 
 
 Roi de Rome 
 
 Rouselench 
 
 Sabine D'Ete 
 
 Sabine of the French 
 
 Saint Ghislain 
 
 Seckel 
 
 Seignieur D'Ete 
 
 Serrurier D'Automne 
 
 Sieulle 
 
 Striped Bon Chretien 
 
 Page. 
 141 
 142 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 155 
 128 
 143 
 155 
 128 
 143 
 155 
 143 
 155 
 143 
 
 ib. 
 156 
 143 
 156 
 
 ib. 
 143 
 144 
 
 ib. 
 156 
 
 ib. 
 144 
 
 ib. 
 129 
 157 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 145 
 157 
 145 
 157 
 145 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 146 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 158 
 
 ib. 
 129 
 158 
 146 
 
 ib. 
 129 
 147 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
410 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Page. 
 
 Summer Francreal 147 
 
 Super Fondante ib. 
 
 Surpasse St Germain 158 
 
 Sjlvange Verte ib. 
 
 Thompsons 148 
 
 Tiilington ib. 
 
 Urbaniste ib. 
 
 Vallee Tranche 129 
 
 Vicomte de Spoelberch 159 
 
 Wasiiington 148 
 
 Whitefield 149 
 
 Wilkinson 148 
 
 Williams 149 
 Williams Bon Chretien 130, 149 
 
 Winter Crassanne 159 
 
 Winter Nelis ib. 
 
 Wormsley Grange 149 
 
 Persimmon 302 
 
 Pickle of the Walnut 322 
 
 Pickle of the Butternut 324 
 
 — of the Olive 334 
 
 PLUM. 
 
 Its history and uses 201 
 
 Its cultivation, &c. 212 
 
 Apricot Plum 2U2 
 
 Belle of Riom ' ib. 
 
 Bingham ib. 
 
 Bleecker's Gage ib. 
 
 Blue Gage ib. 
 
 Blue Holland ib. 
 
 Blue November Gage 203 
 Brevoort's Purple Bolraer 203 
 
 Cherry Plum 203 
 
 Coe's Golden drop ib. 
 
 Cooper's Plum ib. 
 
 Corse's Admiral ib. 
 
 Field Marshal 204 
 
 NotaBena ib. 
 
 Rising Sun ib. 
 
 Damas de Maugeron ib. 
 
 Damas de Provence ib. 
 
 Dame Aubert ib. 
 
 Damson ib. 
 
 Diamond Plum ib. 
 
 Diapree Rouge 205 
 
 Dovvnton Imperatrice ib. 
 
 Duane's Purple ib. 
 
 Early Monsieur ib. 
 
 Early Yellow 205 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Goliah 
 
 ib. 
 
 Green Gage 
 
 206 
 
 Gros Damas Rouge Tardif 
 
 ib. 
 
 Grosse Mirabelle 
 
 ib. 
 
 Huling's Superb 
 
 208 
 
 Imperatrice 
 
 206 
 
 Imperial Diadem 
 Italian Damask 
 
 ib. 
 
 207 
 
 lalian Prune 
 
 ib. 
 
 Jerusalem 
 
 ib. 
 
 Kirk's Plum 
 
 ib. 
 
 Large Sweet Damson 
 
 ib. 
 
 Lex Plum 
 
 ib. 
 
 Lucombe's Nonsuch 
 
 ib. 
 
 Mimms 
 
 208 
 
 Monsieur 
 
 ib. 
 
 Morocco 
 
 ib. 
 
 Nectarine Plum 
 
 ib. 
 
 Orleans 
 
 ib. 
 
 Peter's Large Yellow Gage 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pond's Purple 
 
 209 
 
 Precoce de Tours 
 
 208 
 
 Prince's Imperial Gage 
 
 209 
 
 Red Gage 
 
 ib. 
 
 Red Perdrigon 
 
 ib. 
 
 Red Queen Mother 
 
 ib. 
 
 Reine Claude Violette 
 
 210 
 
 Royale 
 
 ib. 
 
 P»,oyale de Tours 
 
 ib. 
 
 Saint Catharine 
 
 ib. 
 
 Semiana 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sloe 
 
 212 
 
 Smith's Orleans 
 
 210 
 
 Surpasse Monsieur 
 
 ib. 
 
 Variegated Plum 
 
 211 
 
 Virginale 
 
 ib. 
 
 Washington 
 
 ib. 
 
 White Magnum Bonum 
 
 ib. 
 
 White Perdrigon 
 
 ib. 
 
 Wilmot's New Early Orleans ib. 
 
 Productiveness of Trees cau 
 
 sed 
 
 by artificial means 39, 40, 41, 42, 
 
 43, 44, 45, 160, 190, 296 to 
 
 292, 
 
 331, 
 
 332. 
 
 Propagation 
 
 34 
 
 Pruning 48, 43, 98 
 
 Quenouilles 
 
 XXX 
 
 QUINCE. 
 
 
 Its history and uses 
 
 162 
 
 [ts cultivation 
 
 164 
 
 Chinese 
 
 ib. 
 
 Japan 
 
 163 
 
Oblong or Pear 
 Orange 
 Portugal 
 Other varieties 
 
 RASPBERRY. 
 
 Its description and uses 
 
 Its cultivation 
 
 Red Antwerp 
 
 White Antwerp 
 
 Other varieties described 
 
 Select List of Fruits 
 Shagbark 
 Slug worm 
 Southern Fruits 
 
 Shepardia 
 
 SILK. 
 
 Its culture in 17 sections 
 
 1 History of Silk 
 
 2 History of the Silkworm 239 
 
 3 Climate, Shelter, Habita.240 
 
 4 Division of Labor 242 
 
 5 Space required for the Silk 
 
 worms ib. 
 
 6 Amount of food 244 
 
 7 Amount of Labor ib 
 
 8 Hatching the Insects 245 
 
 9 Remarks on feeding ib. 
 
 10 Feeding, Care and Atten- 
 
 dance 246 
 
 11 Formation of the Cocoons 247 
 
 12 Maladies of Silkworms ib. 
 
 13 Cocoons for Eggs 248 
 
 14 Stifling the Cocoons ib 
 
 15 Weight of Cocoons, Silk, 
 
 Reeling, &c. _ 249 
 
 16 Numerous successive 
 
 crops 253 
 
 17 System of Comte Dandolo 256 
 
 STAWBERRY. 
 
 Its description and uses 303 
 
 Its cultivation 310 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 411 
 
 Pass. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 163 
 
 Varieties. 
 
 
 163 
 
 Alpines 
 
 304 
 
 ib. 
 
 Black Prince 
 
 306 
 
 ib. 
 
 Black Roseberry 
 
 307 
 
 
 Downton 
 
 304 
 
 
 Duke of Kent's Scarlet 
 
 307 
 
 300 
 
 Elton Seedling 
 
 305 
 
 301 
 
 Green Strawberries 
 
 306 
 
 300 
 
 Grove end Scarlet 
 
 308 
 
 301 
 
 Keen's Seedling 
 
 305 
 
 301 
 
 Large Flat Hautbois 
 
 307 
 
 
 Methven Scarlet 
 
 308 
 
 416 
 
 Mulberry 
 
 305 
 
 325 
 
 Old Pine, or Carolina 
 
 206 
 
 51 
 
 Old Scarlet 
 
 308 
 
 327 
 
 Prolific Hautbois 
 
 307 
 
 
 Roseberry 
 
 309 
 
 322 
 
 Sweet Cone 
 
 345 
 
 
 Wilmot's Superb 
 
 306 
 
 234 
 
 Wood Strawberries 
 
 304 
 
 235 
 
 List of other varieties 
 
 309 
 
 Tea, see Index to Appendix. 
 
 Its imitation 294 
 
 Transplanting 33 
 
 Vinegar 113 
 
 Vegetables. 359 
 
 Index to do. 413 
 
 Wine of Quinces 163 
 
 of Cherries 213 
 
 of Mulberries 224 
 
 of Currants 294 
 
 of Elderberries 320 
 
 of Gooseberries 297 
 
 of Orange 347 
 
 of Pine Apple 349 
 
 of Peach 167 
 
 of Raspberries 300 
 
 of Strawberries 303 
 
 50, 292 
 
 See also Grape Vine 
 
412 
 
 INDEX TO SOUTHERN FRUITS. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 Akee Tree 
 
 352 
 
 Lemon 
 
 348 
 
 Alligator Pear 
 
 ib. 
 
 Lime 
 
 ib. 
 
 Anchovy Pear 
 
 ib. 
 
 Loquat 
 
 341 
 
 Aurucanian Pine 
 
 ib. 
 
 Lucuma 
 
 ib. 
 
 Banana 
 
 351 
 
 Madi 
 
 ib. 
 
 Bread Fruit 
 
 353 
 
 Mammee 
 
 356 
 
 Cacao 
 
 ib. 
 
 Mango Tree 
 
 355 
 
 Carob 
 
 338 
 
 Mangostan 
 
 356 
 
 Cashew Nut 
 
 353 
 
 Oleaster 
 
 341 
 
 Citron 
 
 347 
 
 
 
 Coffee 
 
 354 
 
 OLIVE. 
 
 
 Cocoa Nut 
 
 355 
 
 Its history and uses 
 
 333 
 
 Custard Apple, Varieties 
 
 338 
 
 Cultivation 
 
 337 
 
 Durion 
 
 355 
 
 Varieties described 
 
 335 
 
 Euphoria 
 
 339 
 
 ORANGE. 
 
 
 FIG. 
 
 
 Its history and uses 
 
 347 
 
 Its history, uses 
 
 327 
 
 Cultivation 
 
 349 
 
 Cultivation 
 
 331 
 
 Blood or Malta Orange 
 
 346 
 
 Varieties. 
 
 
 China Orange 
 
 ib. 
 
 Angelique 
 
 328 
 
 Mandarin Orange 
 
 ib. 
 
 Common Blue 
 
 328 
 
 Seville Orange 
 
 347 
 
 Large Blue 
 
 329 
 
 Palm 
 
 356 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pee-Tsee 
 
 382 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 Figue Blanche Ronde 
 
 ib. 
 
 PINE APPLE. 
 
 
 Black Genoa 
 
 ib. 
 
 Its history and uses 
 
 349 
 
 Purple Genoa 
 
 ib. 
 
 Cultivation 
 
 351 
 
 White Genoa 
 
 ib. 
 
 Varieties described 
 
 350 
 
 Black Ischia 
 
 330 
 
 Pinus Pinea 
 
 341 
 
 Brown Ischia 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pistachia 
 
 342 
 
 Green Ischia 
 
 ib. 
 
 
 
 Yellow Ischia 
 
 ib. 
 
 PLANTAIN. 
 
 
 Black Italian 
 
 ib. 
 
 Its description and uses 
 
 351 
 
 Brown Italian 
 
 ib. 
 
 Prickly Pear, Varieties 
 
 342 
 
 Long Brown Naples 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pomegranate 
 
 342 
 
 Malta 
 
 ib. 
 
 Rose Apple 
 
 357 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 ib. 
 
 Shaddock 
 
 348 
 
 Murrey 
 Nerii 
 
 131 
 
 Tamarind 
 
 357 
 
 ib. 
 
 Tchee-tse 
 
 344 
 
 Brown Turkey 
 
 is. 
 
 Tea 
 
 343 
 
 Violette 
 
 ib. 
 
 Tryphasia 
 
 357 
 
 Small Early White 
 
 ib. 
 
 Tuna 
 
 345 
 
 Guava, Varieties 
 
 340 
 
 Varonna Plum 
 
 357 
 
 Granadilla, Varieties 
 
 339 
 
 Wine of the Orange 
 
 347 
 
 Jujube 
 
 341 
 
 Pine Apple 
 
 350 
 
INDEX TO APPENDIX 
 
 INDEX TO VEGETABLES. 
 
 Preparation of the soil 
 
 Hot Beds, &c. 
 
 Insects 
 
 Arachis hypogea 
 
 Arracacha 
 
 Arrow root 
 
 Artichoke 
 
 Asparagus 
 
 Basil 
 
 Beans 
 
 Beet 
 
 Bread Root 
 
 Borecole 
 
 Broccoli 
 
 Brussels sprouts 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 Caraway 
 
 Cardoon 
 
 Carrot 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 Celery 
 
 Chervil 
 
 Chives or Cives 
 
 Coriander 
 
 Cress 
 
 Cucumber 
 
 Dandelion 
 
 Egg plant 
 
 Endive 
 
 Fennel 
 
 Florida Coffee 
 
 Garlic 
 
 Ginger 
 
 Hibiscus 
 
 Horse Radish 
 
 Indian Corn 
 
 Italian Corn Salad 
 
 Kale 
 
 Leek 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 35* 
 
 Page. 
 
 
 Page. 
 
 359 
 
 Lin-kio 
 
 363 
 
 359 
 
 Marjoram 
 
 375 
 
 369 
 
 Martynea 
 
 ib. 
 
 361 
 
 Marigold 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Mustard 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Nasturtium 
 
 ib. 
 
 366 
 
 Okra 
 
 ib. 
 
 367 
 
 Onion 
 
 363 
 
 372 
 
 Oxalis Crenata 
 
 364 
 
 367 
 
 Parsley 
 
 375 
 
 361 
 
 Parsnip 
 
 364 
 
 362 
 
 Peas 
 
 370 
 
 368 
 
 Pee-tsee 
 
 364 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pepper 
 
 376 
 
 ib. 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 364 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pumpkins 
 
 :*7l 
 
 362 
 
 Radish 
 
 376 
 
 369 
 
 Rampion 
 
 376 
 
 362 
 
 Rape 
 
 ib. 
 
 369 
 
 Rhubarb 
 
 ib. 
 
 372 
 
 Rocambole 
 
 365 
 
 373 
 
 Sage 
 
 377 
 
 ib. 
 
 Salsafy 
 
 365 
 
 ib. 
 
 Salsilla 
 
 365 
 
 ib. 
 
 Savory 
 
 377 
 
 ib. 
 
 Scorzonera 
 
 365 
 
 369 
 
 Sea-Kale 
 
 371 
 
 ib. 
 
 Sesamum, or Benne 
 
 377 
 
 373 
 
 Shallots 
 
 365 
 
 374 
 
 Skirret 
 
 ib. 
 
 374 
 
 Spinach, or Spinage 
 
 - 371 
 
 ib. 
 
 Squaish 
 
 ib. 
 
 363 
 
 Sweet Potatoes 
 
 365 
 
 370 
 
 Swiss Chard 
 
 372 
 
 374 
 
 Thyme 
 
 377 
 
 370 
 
 Tomato 
 
 ib. 
 
 374 
 
 Trapa Natans 
 
 366 
 
 370 
 
 Turnips 
 
 ib. 
 
 363 
 
 Yam 
 
 ib. 
 
 374 
 
 
 
414 
 
 INDEX TO ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS, &c. 
 
 Page. 
 Arrangement of Ornamental 
 
 Trees, &c. 378 
 
 Abele 379 
 
 Acacia, Purple Flowering 382 
 
 , Rose 3S6 
 
 Ailanthus, or Tree of Heaven 379 
 Almond, large Double Flow- 
 ering 196 
 Almond, Dwarf Double Flow- 
 ering 196, 390 
 Althea frutex, varieties 386 
 Apple, Chinese, Double Flow- 
 ering 
 Apple, Red Siberian Crab 
 , Yellow 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 ib. 
 
 391 
 
 379 
 
 383 
 
 382 
 
 379 
 
 321 & 383 
 
 383 
 
 386 
 
 379 
 
 383 
 
 391 
 
 Aristolochia Sipho 
 Ash 
 
 Chinese 
 
 Curled Leaved 
 
 ■ Manna 
 
 Mountain 
 
 "Weeping 
 
 Azalea 
 Beech 
 
 Purple Leaved 
 
 Bignonia Radicans 
 Chinese, or Grandi- 
 
 flora 392 
 
 Broom, Scotch 391 
 
 , Siberian 
 
 Button Wood 379 
 
 Cabbage Tree 383 
 
 Calycanthus 386 
 
 — C hinese White 
 
 and Yellow 387 
 
 Camellia 390 
 
 Carica papaya 383 
 
 Camphor 379 
 
 Catalpas 379 
 
 Cedar, Red 383 
 
 -, White 380 
 
 Cherry, Double Flowering 222 
 
 , Virginia 380 
 
 , Weeping ib. 
 
 Chionanthus, Snowdrop 383 
 Colutea, two varieties 387 
 Corchorus 390 
 Currant, Indian 387 
 -, Missouri ib. 
 
 Cypress, Deciduous 
 Daphne Mezereon, Red 
 
 -, White 
 
 Diervilla, Yellow 
 Dirca Palustris 
 Dogwood, Bloody 
 
 -, White Flowering ib. 
 
 380 
 390 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 387 
 ib. 
 
 Elm 
 
 , American Red 
 
 , Cork Bark 
 
 , Scotch 
 
 Flowers 
 Franklinia 
 Glycine Frutescens 
 Chinese 
 
 Halesia 
 Hawthorn 
 Hercules' Club 
 Hemlock 
 
 386 
 380 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 394 
 383 
 392 
 
 ib. 
 387 
 
 ib. 
 384 
 380 
 
 Honeysuckles. 
 
 , English Fly, upright 387 
 
 , Tartarean, ib. 
 
 , Early Belgic 393 
 
 , Italian ib. 
 
 , Monthly Variegated, ib. 
 
 Chinese 
 Twining 
 , Scarlet 
 
 Monthly 
 
 ib. 
 
 Trumpet ib. 
 
 , Yellow do. I ib. 
 
 , Orange, or Pubescent ib. 
 
 , Japan ib. 
 
 , Etruscan ib. 
 
 Horse Chesnut, White Flov/- 
 
 ering 384 
 
 Horse Chesnut, Dwarf Flow- 
 ering, and other varieties 380 
 Indigo Shrub 398 
 
 Ivy, Evergreen, or Giant 392 
 
 , Virginian ib. 
 
 Judas Tree 384 
 
 Juniper Swedish 385 
 
 Kentucky Coffee 384 
 
 Laburnum, two varieties ib. 
 
 Larch, American 381 
 
 , Scotch 380 
 
 Lilac, White and Purple 388 
 , Persian, two varieties ib. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 415 
 
 Lilac, Chinese cut leaved 
 Lime, or Linden, two var. 
 Locust 
 Hemlock 
 
 Page. 
 
 388 
 360 
 381 
 380 
 
 Honey Locust, or Three 
 
 Thorned Acacia 381 
 
 Magnolia, Blue Flowering ib. 
 
 -, Chandelier 384 
 
 , Chinese Purple ib. 
 
 ' , Cordata ib. 
 
 , Glauca 388 
 
 , Great Flowering 384 
 
 , Splendid ib. 
 
 , Tripetala ib. 
 
 Maple, Scarlet 381 
 
 , Sugar ib. 
 
 Mountain Laurel 388 
 
 Rose, or Raspberry ib. 
 
 Snow Drop 384 
 
 Mulberry, Chinese 225 & 385 
 
 , Japan Paper ib. & 384 
 
 385 
 388 
 390 
 385 
 182 
 381 
 385 
 343 
 385 
 388 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 164 
 
 Osage Orange 
 Palmetto Royal 
 Pseonia Tree 
 Peach, Double Flowering 
 
 , Weeping 
 
 Pine, varieties 
 Pinus Cembro 
 Pomegranate 
 Pride of India 
 Prim, or Privet 
 
 , Chinese 
 
 -, Variegated Leaved 
 
 Quince, Chinese 
 
 Rose 
 
 Page. 
 
 163 
 
 389 
 
 ib. 
 
 391 
 
 China, or Monthly, var. ib. 
 
 Quince, Japan, or Pyrus 
 Rhododendron Maximum 
 Ponticum 
 
 Rosa Rubifolia 
 
 St John's Wort 
 
 Silver Fir 
 
 Spruce, varieties 
 
 Shepardia 
 
 Snowball, or Guelder Rose 
 
 Snowberry 
 
 Sophora, Japan 
 
 Spirasa Bella 
 
 Guelder Rose 
 
 Nepal 
 
 , Red Flowering 
 
 , Siberian 
 
 392 
 390 
 
 382 
 
 ib. 
 322 
 389 
 391 
 384 
 
 ib. 
 389 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Strawberry Tree ib. 
 
 Syringa, European Fragrant 390 
 
 , Garland, or Large 
 
 390 
 382 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 386 
 393 
 
 Flowering 
 Sycamore, European 
 
 , Striped Leaved 
 
 Tulip Tree 
 Venetian Sumach 
 Virgin's Bower 
 Wild Orange 
 Willow, Black 
 
 , Golden 
 
 , Ring 
 
 , Weeping 
 
 — , , Napoleon 
 
 385 
 
 387 
 
 386 
 
 382 
 
 ib. 
 
SELECT LIST OF FRUITS 
 
 The following list of Fruits, having been formed v/iti) particular 
 attention and care, is recommended for a moderate collection ; and, 
 except a very few of the Apricots and Nectarines, and those very 
 few of the Chenies, &c. which are marked thus t, every one of 
 them have been proved in our country and climate, and are the 
 selections from the very extensive lists of importations and of native 
 fruit. But as a great number of the new fruits of the highest char- 
 acter, and those so lately received, have never as yet borne fruit in 
 our country, and are therefore excluded, it will be obvious that this 
 list will from time to time require a revision. I might here refer in 
 particular to those new and most superior kinds sent to Mr Manning 
 and myself, in the springs of 1834 and 1835, by Mr Thompson, 
 chiefly Flemish, and so lately proved b}'^ him at Chiswick in the Gar- 
 den of the London Hort. Soc, and especially to the noble donation 
 twice sent us during these same years from Professor Van Mons. 
 These alone constitute a collection of about two hundred kinds, all 
 now on trial with us. 
 
 The numerical figures refer to the page where each fruit will be 
 found particularly described. 
 
 APPLES. 
 
 Summer Fruit, American Summer Pearmain, 55 ; Benoni, 56 ; 
 tCalville Blanche D'Ete ; Early Sweet Bough, 56 ; Early Harvest, 
 56; Porter, 57; Pumpkin Sweeting, 57; Red Astracan, 58 ; Sum- 
 mer Queen, 58 . William's Early, 59. 
 
 Autumn Fruit. — Boxford or Towne, 59 ; tBrabant Belle Fleur, 84 ; 
 Drap D'Or of France, 60; Dyer, 60 ; Fameuse, or De Neige, 60 ; 
 Golden Russet, 61 ; Gravenstein, 61 ; Maiden's Blush, or Hawthorn- 
 den, 57 ; Kenrick's Autumn, 61 ; Killam Hill, 61 ; Lyscom, 62 ; 
 Orange Sweeting, 62 ; Sawyer Sweeting, 63 ; Straat, 63 ; Yellow 
 Ingestrie, 63 ; York Russetting, 64 ; Red Siberian Crab, 75 ; Yellow- 
 Siberian Crab, 75. 
 
 Winter Fruit. — iEsopus Spitzenberg, 64 ; Baldwin, 64 ; Bell- 
 flower, 65; Blue Pearmain, 65 ; Dan vers Winter Sweet, 66; Hub- 
 bardston Nonsuch, 68; Jonathan, 68; Mackay Sweeting, 69; Ortley, 
 70 ; Pennock's Red Winter, 71 ; tMela Carla, 88 ; Rhode Island 
 Greening, 72; Roxbury Russetting, 72 ; Swaar, 73; Wine Apple, 
 73; Winter Sweeting, 74. 
 
SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. 417 
 
 PEARS 
 
 SuMMEU Fruit. — Aniire Joannet, 113, Dearborn s Seedling, 127 ; 
 Jargonelle, or Epargne, 1 14 : Sans Peau, or Skinless, 114 ; Julienne, 
 129 ; Rousselet de Kheims, 115. 
 
 Autumn Fruit. — Andrews, 130; *Beurre Bosc, 132 ; Bourgmestre, 
 334; Capiaumont, 135; Capsheaf, 135; Colmar Souverain, 136; 
 Gushing, 136; Dix, 137; Bleecker's Meadow, 134; Duchesse 
 d'Angouleme, 139; Foster, 139; Fulton, 140; Genesee, 140; Gold- 
 en Beurre of Bilboa, 140; Gore's Heathcot, 140; Harvard, 142; 
 Henri Quatre, 142; Long Green, or Verte Longue, 116; Marie 
 Louise, 143; Napoleon, 144 ; Princesse D'Orange, 145 ; Saint Ghis- 
 lain, 146 ; Seckel, 146 ; Summer Francreal, 147 ; Urbaniste, 148; 
 Washington, 148; Wilkinson, 148; Williams' Bon Chretien, or 
 Bartlctt, 130 and 149; also, Dr Hunt's Connecticut, fine for baking, 
 137 ; Prince's St Germain, 145 ; and Newtown Virgalieu, fine for 
 baking, 156. The two last may be kept till winter. 
 
 Winter Fruit. — Beurre Diel, 150 ; Bezi Vaet, 152; Beurre Eas- 
 ter, 153 ; Echasserie, 118; Lewis, 155; Passe Colmar, 157; Syl- 
 vange Verte, 158. 
 
 Winter Baking Pears, — Catillac, 124 ; Found, 125. 
 
 PEACHES, 
 
 Early Ann, 170; Early Red Rareripe, 176, 177; Cooledge's 
 Favorite. 176; Early Royal George, 176; Old JVIixon Freestone, 
 177; Malta, or Belle de Paris, 172; Yellow Alberge, 172; Grosse 
 Mignonne, 170; George Fourth, 178; Hoffman's Favorite, 178; 
 Mellish's Favorite, 178 ; Morris' White Luscious, 179 ; Snow Peach, 
 179 ; Washington Red Free, 179 : Nivette, 174 ; Sargent, 179; Red 
 Magdalen, 175; Orange, 181 ; President, 182; Van Zandt's, 182; 
 Yellow Rareripe, 182 ; Yellow Red Rareripe, 182 ; Belle de Vitry, 
 173; Heath, 181 ; Teton de Venus, 175. 
 
 Pavies, or Clingstones. — Lafayette, 183; Spanish, 183; Old 
 MixonC.,]S4; Old Newington, 184; Washington C, 185; Wil- 
 liamson's C, 186; Lemon, 185; Hyslop's, 186; Heath C, 186. 
 This last is rather too late generally for New England. 
 
 APRICOTS. 
 
 Brussels, 198 ; Moorpark, 199; Orange, 199; Peach Apricot, 199 ; 
 Royal Persian, 200 ; White Apricot, 200 ; Musch, 199; Cruft's Late, 
 
 198; Turkey, 200. 
 
 NECTARINES. 
 
 Early Violet, 191; EIruge, 191 ; Lewis's, 192; Perkins's Seedling, 
 192 ; Pitmaston Orange, 192 ; Golden, 193 ; Vermash, 194 ; Red 
 Roman, 193 ; Scarlet Newington, 193. 
 
 PLUMS. 
 
 Apricot Plum, 202; Bleecker's Gage, 202; Breevoort's Purple 
 Bolmer, 203 ; Coe's Golden Drop, 203 ; Duane's Purple, 205 ; Ger- 
 
41 S SELECT LIST OF FRUITS. 
 
 man Prune, 205 ; Green Gage, 206 ; Italian Damask, 207 ; Large 
 Sweet Damson, 204 ; Orleans, 208 ; Pond's, 209 ; Prince's Imperial 
 Gage, 209 ; Red Queen Mother, 209 ; Royal de Tours, 210 ; St 
 Catharine, 210; Semiana,210; Smith Orleans, 210; Washington, 211. 
 
 CHERRIES. 
 
 BiGGARREAus, Heart Cherries, &c. — IKuight's Early Black, 
 214 ; Amber, 215 ; American Amber, 215 ; fNapoleon Bigarreau, 
 216; Graffion,217; Black Heart, 217 ; Black Tartarean, 217 ; Dav- 
 enport's Early Red, 218; Sparhawk, 219; Gridley, 219; White 
 Tartarean, 220 ; Downer, 218. 
 
 Duke Cherries, Morellos, &c. — Arch Duke, 220 ; May Duke 
 221 ; Plumstone Morello, 222. 
 
 MULBERRIES. 
 
 The Red Mulberry is an excellent fruit, and more hardy than the 
 English Black. I have not yet seen the fruit of the Morus Multi- 
 CAULis, but it is said to be fine. 
 
 GRAPES. 
 
 European Varieties. — The White Chasselas, 261, and Golden 
 Chasselas, 262, are the best for northern climates. The Muscats do 
 well with us, but only in warmer expositions ; the White Muscat, 
 or Frontignac, 264 ; also the Black Hamburg, 265 ; Black Cape, 265 ; 
 Constantia, 266; tBlack Prince, 275 ; the tPitmaston's White Clus- 
 ter, 269, is highly spoken of The Muscats of Alexandria, 264; 
 require still more heat, and are fine. The Cadiz Grape is also fine, 
 — and many others for warm climates. 
 
 American Grapes. — Tlie Isabella, 273, and the Catawba, 272, 
 are the finest for the North ; add to these the Bland, 272, for the 
 Middle States; and for the South, add to all, the Scuppernong, 274. 
 
 CURRANTS. 
 
 Black English, 295 ; tBlack Naples, 295 ; Large Red Dutch, 295 ; 
 and Large White Dutch, or Spanish Imperial, 295. 
 
 RASPBERRIES. 
 
 Red Antwerp, 300 ; White Antwerp, 301 ; Barnet, 301. 
 
 GOOSEBERRIES. 
 
 Many fine kinds, 297, 298, 299. 
 
 STRAWBERRIES. 
 
 In the climate of Boston, the Pine Apple, or Pine : the Mulberry, 
 305 ; the Methven Scarlet, 308 ; the White Wood, 304 ; and Red 
 Wood, 305, are still much cultivated. Keen's Seedling has been 
 enough spoken of — it is famous in other climes. 
 
I¥UM§EI^ir OF WII.I.IA1TI ME. ^^ HICK, 
 In Newton, near Boston, — Five and a half miles from 
 Boston hy the Western Avenue, and one half of a mile 
 from the Worcester Railroad. 
 
 A most extensive variety of the finest kinds of Fruit 
 Trees, including the celebrated New Flemish Pears; — 
 also, Apples, Cherries, Peaches, Plums, Nectarines, Ap- 
 ricots, Almonds, duinces, Grape Vines, Currants, Rasp- 
 berries, fine imported Lancashire Gooseberries; Mulberries 
 for silk at a liberal discount, by the hundred or thousand, 
 including the Chinese Mulberry, or Morus Multicaulis. 
 Selections from the original sources and the finest varieties 
 known. 
 
 Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, and Roses of about one 
 thousand finest kinds. Also, herbaceous flowering Plants, 
 Posonies, and splendid Double Dahlias. 
 
 Address to WILLIAM KENRICK, Newton, Mass. 
 Trees and Plants, when ordered, are selected and labelled 
 with due precaution and care, and securely packed, and 
 duly forwarded from Boston, by land or sea. Transporta- 
 tion gratis to the city. 
 
 All orders left with George C. Barrett, at his Seed 
 Store and the Agricultural Warehouse and Repository, 
 Nos. 51 and 5*2, North Market street, Boston, will be in 
 like manner duly attended to. Catalogues, gratis, on 
 application.