\,^^ .'>%^A', \ o > ^fi- BOOTH'S NEW PICTORIAL UNITED STATES. A NEW PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMEHICA. WITH QUESTIONS FOR SCHOOLS. BY J. B. BOOTH. ■ Here the free spirit of mankinJ ar length, Throws its last fetters off; and who shall place A limit to the Giant's unehain'd strength, Or curb his swiftness in the forward race." PHILADELPHIA : LEAHY & GETZ, PUBLISHERS, 1 854. A good maxim is uever out of season. Bettor to be alone, than in bad company. Cheerfulness is Y'erfectly consistent with piety. Do nothing you would wish to conceaL Everybody's business is nobody's business. Foar not death so much, as an evil course of life. G-ood words cost nothing, but are worth much. He who resolves to amend, has God on his side. If the counsel be good, no matter who gave it. Judge not of men or things at first sight. Keep good company, and be one of the number. Let not your tongue cut your throat. Malice seldom wants a mark to shoot at. Never tiilk without saying something. One vice is more l5xponsive than many virtues. Pardon is the most glorious kind of revenge. Quick landlords make earefnl tenants. Rome was not built in a day. Sometimes words wound m')re than swords. The mob hath many heads, but no brains. ^ Unskilful workmen quarrel with' their tools. Vows mad • in storms are forgotten in calms. - Weigli ;-i /.ht, if you sell dear. Xerxes the Great did die, and so must you and J Youth is the .reason for improvement. Zono, of all virtues, made choice of silence. Entered according to Act of (?>oB{;rcss, in the year 1854 BY LEAHY .& *g'^TZ, the Clerk's Office, of the District Court of tlie United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. CONTENTS. Chap. I. The Discovery. — The Northmen. — Columbus. — Vespucci. — The Cabots. — Ponce de Leon. — Ver- razani. — Gomez, — Cartier. — De Soto. — R ibault. — Frobisher.— Drake.— Gilbert , . . Page 7 II. Settlement of America. — Raleigh. — Gosnold. — Gil- bert. — Weymouth. — Settlement of Virginia. — Smith. — Harvey. — Berkeley. — Bacon's Rebellion. — Cul- peper. — Old French War. — Washington 15 III. Settlement of Quebec. — Hudson. — Settlement of Nev/- York. — Argall. — Van Tvviller. — Kieft. — Stuyvesant. — Nieholls. — Lovelace. — Andros. — Leisler. — Slough- tcr. — Massacre at Schenectady. — French War 23 IV. Settlement of Massachusetts. — The Pilgrims. — Car- ver, — Charles II, — James II. — Andros, — William and Mary.— Old French War.— The Stamp Act.. . . 29 V. Settlement of Delaware. — Printz. — Risingh. — Stuyve- sant, — Carr. — Penn. — French War 37 VI. Settlement of Connecticut. — Andros 43 VII. Settlement of Maryland. — Baltimore. — Clayborne. — Settlement of Rhode Island. — Roger Williams. — Andros 47 VIII. Settlement of New Hampshire and Maine. — Mason and Gorges. — Cranfield. — Andros '. 5^ IX. Settlement of North Carolina. — Raleigh. — Lane. — Berkeley. — Locke's Constitution. — Indian Massacre. — The Regulators. — Settlement of South Carolina. — Sayle. — Moore,— War with the French and Spa- niards. — Indian Wars 64 X. Settlement of Neio Jersey. — Berkeley and Carteret. — Andros. — Penn. — Barclay. — Cornbury. — French War.— Morris.— Franklin 73 XI. Settlement of Pennsylvania. — William Penn. — De- claration of Independence • 78 1* (V) VI CONTENTS. XII. Settlement of Georgia. — Oglethorpe.— War with Spain. — Wright. — Revolution 84 XIII. Summary of Events before the Revolution. — French War. — Braddock's , Defeat. — Stamp Act. — Conventipn of Delegates 83 XIV. The Revolution. — Battle of Lexington. — Retreat from Concord. — Bmiker Hill. — Siege of Boston. — Fort Moultrie. — Long Island. — Trenton. — Prince- ton. — Brandy wine. — Retreat to Philadelphia. — Battle of Germantown. — Surrender of Burgoyne. Baron Steuben. — Retreat of the British from Philadelphia. — Storming of Stony Point. — Capture of the Serapis. — Countess of Scarborough. — Battle of Camden. — Revolt among the troops. — Retreat of La Fayette. — Washington moves South. — Siege of Yorktown. — Surrender of Lord Cornwallis. — General Greene 96 XV. The United 5'fafes. — Washington. —Adams .— Wayne.— French War. — Jefferson. — Aggressions on American Commerce. — The Non-Intercourse Act. —Madison.— The Little Belt.— Battle of Tippe- canoe 122 XVI. The War of 1812.— Surrender of Hull.— Consti- tution and Guerriere. — United States and Ma- cedonian. — Wasp and Frolic. — Constitution and Java. — Hornet and Peacock. — Operations on the Lakes. — Frenchtown. — Fort Meigs. — Battle of Lake Erie. — Outrages on the Atlantic frontier. — Battle of Tohopeka. — Capture of Fort Erie. — Battle of Plattsburg.— Battle of Lake Champlain. Burning of Washington. Negotiations of Peace. Battle of New Orleans. Treaty of Ghent 128 XVII. The United States since the War of 1812.— Algiers. — Monroe, — Florida War. — La Fayette's Visit.— Adams. — Black Hawk War, — Jackson. — Florida War, — Van Buren. — The Canadian Rebel- lion. — Harrison, — Tyler. — North-Eastern Bound- ary.— Annexation of Texas. — James K. Polk 154 Sailing of Columbus. CHAPTER I. THE DISCOVERY. The Northmen. — Columbus. — Vespucci. — The Cabots. — Ponce de Leon. — Verrazani. — Gomez. — Cartier. — De Soto. — Ribault. — Frobisher. — Drake. — Gil- bert. It has been believed by many that America was not unknown to the ancients ; and from certain passages in the works of some of the writers of antiquity, as well as from the coincidences in the languages and customs of the nations of the old and new continent, plausible reasons have been advanced in favour of this theory. Whatever knowledge, however, the inhabitants of Europe possessed of America, no traces of it existed at the period of the revival of letters; and it was generally (7) 8 COLUMBUS. Bupposed that the Canaries, or Fortunate Islands, formed the western boundary of their world. Towards the end of the tenth or the beginning- of the eleventh century, the northern coast of America was discovered by the Northmen, who attempted to colonize it; but the colonists, being neglected by the mother country, were soon either exterminated by the hostilities of the savages by whom they were surrounded, or driven to preserve their lives by amalgamating with them. For the knowledge of this great continent now pos- sessed by the civilized world, we are, however, in- debted to the genius and enterprise of Christoval Colon, a native of Genoa, better known to us by the name of Christopher Columbus*. From a lono- and close appli- cation to the study of Geography, this great man had obtained a knowledge of the true figure of the earth, far beyond what was common to the age in which he lived. Another continent, he believed, necessarily, existed to complete the balance of the terraqueous globe; but he erroneously conceived it to be connected with that of India, or a continuation of the same continent. This error arose from the construction of the maps of that period, w^hich represented the oriental countries of Asia as stretching vastly farther to the east than actual observation has proved them to extend. Having fully satisfied himself of the theoretical truth of his system, his adventurous spirit made him eager to verify it by experiment. For this purpose he applied to the senate of Genoa, developing his views, and representing the advantages which would accrue to the republic from the possession of a new route to the great source of opulence. The Genoese, however, treated the idea as absurd and chimerical, and rejected the proposal v»'ith contempt. Although disappointed in this first attempt, Columbus was not discouraged. He made application to the court of Portugal, which had, in that age, greatly distinguished * His real name was Colomb, but he latinized it into Columbus, aud after his adoption by Spain, changed it according to the lan- guage of that country to Colon. COLUMBUS. 9 itself by favouring the spirit of discovery along the African coast. Here he met with an additional mortifi- cation, from an attempt to anticipate him in the enter- prise, which, however, proved abortive at an early period. Disgusted with the treachery designed against him, he would not listen to the entreaties of the king of Portu- gal ; but through his brother Bartholomew, he applied to Henry VII., of England, for support in his project. The voyage of Bartholomew was long, and the cautious prudence of the king great, so that he could not make known his favourable disposition to Columbus until the . discovery was effected, and another snatched the wreath of glory which might have immortalized him. As a last resource, Columbus now presented his scheme to the court of Spain. After eight years of anxious solicitation and contemptuous neglect, he at last obtained a gleam of royal favour on his bold and original project. The interest of Queen Isabella, who gene- rously pledged her own jewels, that she might aid him, procured' him three small vessels, with which he set sail from the port of Palos, in Andalusia, on the- 3d of August, 1492. He steered directly for the Canaries, whence, afler having refitted as well as he could, his crazy and ill-appointed flotilla, he again sailed on the 6th of September, keeping a due westerly course over an unknown ocean. Several days passed without a sight of land, and the anxieties of the sailors arising from this circumstance, were heightened by the variations of the compass, then first perceived. An open mutiny took place, which required alt the courage and address of the great navigator to quell it. • They pursued their course; but when thirty days had elapsed, without any indication of an approach to land, both officers and men joined in a second revolt. Columbus was forced partially to give way to their remonstrances. He consented to return, if, after pro- ceeding three days longer, nothing appeared to confirm his expectations. With these assurances they again proceeded, and, about midnight, on the 11th of October, Columbus, who was standing on the poop, discovered a 10 COLUMBUS. Landing of Columbus. light ahead. Morning displayed the joyful sight of land ; and the sailors were now as ardent in their expressions of repentance and admiration, as they had before been insolent and ungovernable. The Island of St. Salvador, one of the Bahamas, was the first part of America where they had landed. From the rude poverty of the inhabitants, Columbus soon perceived that he waa still at a distance from the shores of India. The island of Cuba was next discovered, and although no gold waa found, the natives pointed to the east, where, in an island which they called Hayti, this metal was said to abound. Columbus proceeded in that direction, and discovered Hayti on the 6th of December. Here he found some specimens of gold ; and leaving some men to form a colony, he returned to Spain. On his arrival, he immediately proceeded to court, where he was received with admiration and respect. The glory and benefit which promised to result from the discovery, rendered the government eager to forward his CABOT. 11 design. A fleet of seventeen sail was prepared ; and Columbus, who was now appointed viceroy of all the countries he Should discover, departed on his second voyage, accompanied by many persons of rank and dis- tinction. During the progress of this voyage, he dis- covered the islands of Dominica, Mari.egalante, Guada- loupe, Montserrat, Antigua, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. The success of this great man, did not fail to excite envy and intrigue against him, at the court of Spair An officer w^as sent to act as a spy over his actions ; an ■ Columbus soon found it necessary to return to Europe, > for the purpose of defeating the machinations of his ene- mies. He afterwards made several voyages to the New World, and touched at the continent at the mouth of the river Orinoco, in South America ; not, however, before the continent had been discovered by an English navi- gator. Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, a man of science and genius, who had sailed with Columbus, visited the con- tinent in 1499, but made very little addition to the former discoveries. He, however, published on his return, the first description of the new countries that had appeared, and the injustice of mankind has given his name to the whole continent, an honour to which Columbus was so much- more justly entitled. The fame which Columbus had gained by his dis- coveries, spread through Europe, and inspired many with a similar spirit of enterprise. As early as the year 1495, John Cabot, a Venetian, obtained from Henry VII., of England, a commission for himself and his three sons, " to navigate all parts of the ocean, for the purpose of discovering islands, countries, regions, or provinces, either of Gentiles or Infidels whrich have been hitherto unknown to all Christian people ; with power to set up his standard and to take possession of the same as vassals of the crown of England." Such were the terms of this grant, which rivalled the bulls of the papal see, in the extent of the power and authority it professed to confer. In pursuance of this commission, John Cabot sailed from England in 1496, carrying with him his three 12 CABOT. sons. His voyage was intended for the discovery of a north-west passage to China, but terminated by 'his fall- ing in with the north side of the coast of Labrador, which he traced northerly as far as the 67th degree of latitude. In the succeeding year, he made a second voyage, on board a ship furnished by Henry VII., and accompanied by four small barks provided by the merchants of Bristol. Of this voyage, Sebastian, his second son, had the direction. Cabot discovering the Continent. On the 24th of June, 1497, he discovered a large island, to which he gave the name of Prima Vista, or the First Seen. It is now called Newfoundland. He then changed his course, steering to the north ; but meeting with land in that direction, and finding no ap- pearance of a passage to India, of which he was in search, he tacked about, and stood to the south, following the coast as far as Florida. In 1502, he again visited Newfoundland, and on his return carried several of the natives of the island home to England, where they were exhibited to Henry. PONCE DE LEON — FERDINAND DE SOTO. 13 Eleven years afterwards, Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, sailed from Puerto Rico northwardly, and discovered the continent in 30^ 8' north latitude. He landed on Eas- ter day, whence, according to some, Florida derives its name ; but, according to others, it was so called from the verdure and bloom, with which, at that season the country was covered. For many years, the name was applied to tne whole of the continent. Several years now elapsed without any further pro- gress being made in the discovery of North America. The French, who had not displayed the same spirit of enterprise as their neighbours, entered the lists in 1524. In that year Francis L, sent John Verrazani, a Floren- tine, to America, for the purpose of making discoveries. He traversed and explored the coast from latitude 28 degrees to 50 degrees north ; but in a second voyage, some time after, was unfortunately lost. In 1525, Stephen Gomez, the first Spaniard who came upon the North American coast, with a view to discovery, sailed from Groyn, in Spain, to Cuba and Florida, thence north- ward to Cape Razo, in 46 degrees north latitude, in search of a northern passage to the East Indies. In the spring of 1534, a fleet was fitted out at St. Ha- loes, in France, by direction of Francis I., with the de- sign of attempting discoveries. The command of the fleet was given to James Cartier. He arrived at New- foundland, in May of the same year. Thence he sailed northwardly, and on the day of the festival of St. Law- rence, he found himself in the midst of a wide gulf, which he named the St. Lawrence. He gave the same name to the river which empties into it. In this voyage he sailed as far north as latitude 51 degrees, expecting in vain to find a passage to China. In the following year he sailed up the river St. Lawrence as far as the falls. He called the country New France ; built a fort, in which he spent the winter, and returned the following spring to France. » On the 12th day of May, 1.539, Ferdinand de Soto, with nine hundred men, besides sailors, sailed from Cuba, having for his object, the conquest of Florida. 2 14 CARTIER — RIBAULT — GILBERT. On the 30th of May, he arrived at Spirito Santo, from whence he travelled into the interior, and died on the banks of the Mississippi. Cartier, in the next year, made a third voyage to Canada, built a fort, and began a settle- ment in 1541 or 1542, which he called Charlebourg, twelve miles above Port St. Croix. He soon afterwards broke up the settlement and sailed for Newfoundland. In 1542, Francis La Roche v/as sent to Canada, by the French king-, with two hundred men, women, and chil- dren, but returned with his colony the next spring. In 1550, a number of adventurers sailed for Canada, but were not afterwards heard of No other attempt ap- pears to have been made to settle Canada diuring this century. In 1562, a French squadron, under the command of John Ribault, arrived on the coast of Florida, and dis- covered a river, which is supposed to be the St. Mary's. As he coasted northward, he discovered several other rivers, one of which he named Port Royal. The attempts to find a north-eastern passage to India having failed, the English sent out, in 1576, Captain Frobisher, to find a north-western passage. The first land which he made was a cape, which he named Queen Elizabeth's Foreland. In coasting northerly, he discovered the straits which bear his name. The two following years, he made a second and third voyage, which produced no material dis- covery. In the same year. Sir Francis Drake, being on a cruise against the Spaniards in the Pacific ocean, landed on the continent of North America, northward of California, took possession of a harbour, and called the surrounding country New Albion. Three years after- wards, Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtained a patent from Queen Elizabeth for lands not yet possessed by any Christian prince, provided he would take possession within six years. In 1583, he sailed to Newfoundland, and took formal possession of the continent of North America, in the name of the crown of England. In pursuing his discoveries, he lost one of his ships on the shoals of Sable, and on his return home, a storm overtook him, in which he was unfortunately lost. Settlement at Roanoke. CHAPTER II. Raleigh. — Gosnold. — Gilbert. — Weymouth. — Settle- ment of Virginia. — Smith. — Harvey. — Berkely. — Bacon's Rebellion. — Culpeper. — Old French War. — Washington. In 1584, a patent was granted by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Walter Raleigh, by the authority of which, he sent out a colony the next year. They arrived on the coast, and anchored a few leagues from Roanoke Island. Here they landed, and took posssession of the country on behalf of Queen Elizabeth, calling it, in honour of her, Virginia. This colony returned to England in 1586, with Sir Francis Drake. Another attempt was (15) 16 GOSNOLD GILBERT — WEYMOUTH. made in the year last mentioned, to establish a colony in Virginia, but with similar ill success. A third at- tempt, made in 1587, also failed : the colonists perished miserably ; having- either died of famine, or been mas- sacred by the Indians. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, with thirty-two per- sons, made a voyage to North Virginia, as it was then called, and discovered and named Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and Elizabeth Islands. Attempts were made to form a settlement in the vicinity, but without suc- cess ; and it is believed that, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, there w^asnotone European family settled on all the vast extent of coast, from Greenland to Florida. In 1608, Bartholomew Gilbert, in a voyage to south Virginia, in search of the colony, which was left there in 1597, landed near Chesapeake Bay, where, in a skirmish with the Indians, he was slain. In the same year, the king of France granted by patent to M. de Mons, all the country from the 40th to the 46th degree of north latitude, under the name of Acadia. In 1605, George's Islands and Pentecost harbour, were discovered by Captain Weymouth, who soon afterwards entered a large river, now supposed to be the Kennebeck or Penobscot. In 1606, James I. divided Virginia into two colonies, the northern and southern, which were granted to different companies. One of these companies was called the Plymouth Company, and to them was en- trusted the settlement of New England. The other was called the London Company. This latter company, in December, 1606, sent out three ships from London, with one hundred and five persons, to effect a settlement in the country, granted to them by a patent by James I. After a tedious and circuitous passage, they entered Chesapeake Bay, in April, 1607. On a peninsula, a little distance up James River, they began their settlement, calling the place Jamestown ; both the river and town being named after James I. The colony soon began to experience some of the hard- ships incidental to new settlers. Their provisions be- SMITH. 17 Smith showing the Compass. gan to fail ; and mismanagement, added to famine, brought the colony to the brink of ruin. To the great exertions and talents of Captain John Smith, one of the most distinguished persons connected with the early history of this country, the colony is indebted for its pre- servation. His resolute and persevering spirit pre- vailed on the adventurers not to abandon the settle- ment, while his activity and courage provided the means of continuance. An incident, which occurred during this period, has lent to his history the attractions of romance. While on an exploring journey in search of provisions, he was taken prisoner by a large party of Indians, who determined to put him to death. His cap- tors, however, w^ere diverted from their purpose by his showing them a pocket compass, and explaining its pro- perties. He was conducted to the king Powhatan, who after a short detention condemned him to death. His head was placed upon a stone, and the savages were 2* 18 LORD DELAWARE. about to beat out his brains with clubs, when Pocahon- tas, the daughter of the principal chief, Powhatan, after in vain imploring mercy for him, rushed forward, and resting her head upon that of the captive, and clasping his body with her arms, appeared determined to share his fate. Powhatan relented, and soon afterwards per- mitted Smith to return home. Two years afterwards, when the Indians had plotted the destruction of the whole colony, Pocahontas, faithful to the attachments she had formed, disclosed the plan to the English ; and the Indians, finding them on their guard, abandoned the project. Such was the distress of the colony, in 1610, that the survivors had actually embarked on their return to Eng- land, when Lord Delaware, who had been appointed governor the preceding year, under a new charter, ar- rived with a supply of provisions, and one hundred and fifty men. Under this governor and his successor, the afiairs of the infant settlement were administered with so mucli prudence and vigor, that it soon began to ac- quire solidity and strength. Useful industry succeeded to their previous habits of indolence ; and, aided by a fertile soil, they were enabled to raise large stocks of provisions. In 1619, the first legislature was convened, eleven townships or boroughs, sending representatives, counties not then being laid off; from which circum- stance the lower house was first called the house of burgesses, which name it retained until the revolution. About this period upwards of twelve hundred additional emigrants arrived, among whom were one hundred and fifty young women, who were sold to the planters for wives, at one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco each. In 1620, were introduced the first negro slaves. They were imported in a Dutch vessel, and were soon followed by many others. In 1622, a dreadful massacre of the settlers took place. They were surprised by the Indians, who destroyed three hundred and forty-seven persons. Fortunately, a friend- ly Indian gave previous notice to the inhabitants of Jamestown, in time to put them on their guard, other- HARVEY BERKELEY. 19 wise the whole settlement, probably, would have been destroyed. To the distress occasioned by this horri- ble act, succeeded a famine, which was, however, alle- viated by the arrival of provisions from England. A reinforcement of settlers, arriving at the same time, a general war was levied against the savages ; and, in a short time, most of the neighbouring tribes were exter- minated. On the 15th of July, 1624, James I. suspended the powers of the London company by proclamation, re- sumed the charter, and issued a special commission for the government of the colony. All legislative and ex- ecutive powers were vested in these commissioners, from whose arbitrary regulations, the colony suffered se- verely. So oppressive was the government of Sir John Harvey, appointed in 1629, that the people seized and sent him to England, a prisoner. He was succeeded by Sir William Berkeley, who called an assembly of the burgesses, and governed the province with mildness and prudence. At the commencement of the civil war in England, when the contest was so violent between the king and the parliament, as to bring Charles I. to the scaffold, the Virginians adhered to the cause of the monarch ; and, refusing to acknowledge the authority of the common- wealth, a formidable armament was sent over by the par- liament, in 1651, to reduce them to subjection. Unable to offer any effectual resistance, the Virginians were compelled to submit, but did not lay down their arms, until they had secured their most essential rights, by a solemn convention, entered into between the commission- ers of the parliament, and the governor, council, and burgesses of Virginia. The principal stipulations were, for the enjoyment of the ancient limits of the colony, as granted by the charters of the former kings ; for a fice trade ; an exemption from taxation ; the exclusion of military force without the consent of the Grand Assem- bly; and the privilege of using the book of common prayer for one year, omitting those parts which relate to kingship. During the existence of the commonwealth 20 BERKELEY. of England, the governors of Virginia were all elected by the assembly. In 1658, a severe conflict arose be- tween the governor and council and the house of bur- gesses. Tlie former having ordered a dissolution of the assembly, they peremptorily refused to be dissolved, and displaced the governor and all the council, but afterwards elected the same governor. On the death of Cromwell in 1653, his son Richard was acknowledged as his suc- cessor. But, lie resigning in 1658, and it being uncer- tain what kind of government might be adopted m Eng- land, the assembly of Virginia, in March, 1660, declared, that, " there being in England no resident, absolute, and general confessed power," did expressly take the powers of government into their own hands, " until such a com- mand and commission came out of England, as shall by the assembly be adjudged lawful." They then elected Sir William Berkeley, governor, with injunctions that he should govern according to the ancient laws of England and the established laws of the colony; directed that all writs be issued in the name of the Grand Assembly ; and made it the duty of the governor to call an assembly once in two years, or oftener, if necessary ; gave him the liberty of making choice of a secretary, and council of state, with the approbation of the assembly ; restrained him from dissolving the assembly, without the consent of the majority of the house ; ail laws, inconsistent with the government then established, were repealed ; and penalties imposed for speaking or acting in derogation of it. The religion of the Church of England was also declared to be the established religion of the colony ; all ministers were ordered to conform, or were not permit- ted to " teach or preach publicly or privately ;" and the governor and council were authorized to compel non conformists to leave the colony with all convenient speed. The effects of the navigation act, and other measures of a similar nature, adopted about this time, were severely felt by the trade of Virginia. In addition to this cause of discontent, the landed proprietors were alarmed by the conduct of the king in granting to his courtiers large BACON — BERKELEY LORD CULPEPER. 21 tracts of land, the titles to which had been regularly vested in others. From these causes rose an insurrec- tion memorable in the history of Virginia, and known by the name of Bacon's Rebellion. Colonel Nathaniel Bacon, an eloquent and ambitious man, put himself at the head of the people who had assem- bled, with the ostensible object of engaging in hostilities against the Indians. An injudicious step on the part of the assembly, then sitting, in advising the governor to issue a proclamation of rebellion against him, deter- mined their purpose. They marched to Jamestown, and, after dispersing the assembly. Bacon called a con- vention, and assumed the reigns of government. A civil war now ensued with all its horrors. Jamestown was burnt by Bacon's followers, and many parts of the colony were given up to pillage. At length, after several months of bloodshed and confusion, Bacon sud- denly died. The loss of this man proved the ruin of his party. The people returned to their homes, and the authority of Berkeley was re-established. It was long, however, before the prosperity of Virginia was restored. Husbandry had been neglected, and licentious habits introduced, which many years of order did not eradi- cate. Soon after these events, Berkeley returned to Eng- land, and was succeeded by Lord Culpeper, who brought with him several bills, drawn up by the ministry in Eng- land, to which he required the assent of the legislature, on pain of being treated as rebels. The object of these acts, which were ratified, was the increase of his official emoluments ; and the effect was the oppression and im- poverishment of the people. During the reign of Charles II., and his successor James, Virginia suffer- ed in common with her sister colonies, from the en- deavours of the Stuarts, to extend their despotic sys- tem across the Atlantic, and rejoiced in the change of government which drove them from the throne. In 1683, during the administration of Lord Culpeper, print- ing was prohibited in Virginia. For a considerable period after the revolution of 1688, Virginia enjoyed great internal tranquillity, and experi- 22 WASHINGTON. enced nojthing to interrupt her growth. In the year 1732, she gave birth to the most illustrious of her sons, the great statesman and patriot, who was destined after- wards to achieve the independence of all the colonies. During the wars between France and England, prior to 1754, her local situation exempted her from hostilities. From 1754 to 1758, when the French began to put into operation their schemes for uniting Canada and Louis- iana, the frontiers of Virginia were harassed by incur- sions of French and Indian parties, to repel which, a regiment was raised, in which Washington first distin- guished himself. On the conclusion of peace, when the British attempted to raise a revenue within the colonies, the statesmen of Virginia were among the first to raise the voice of opposition. The eloquence and talents of her orators contributed greatly to excite public feeling on this occasion. The services and sufierings of Vir- ginia, in the war of the revolution, were probably as great as those of any other state ; and in Virginia, the last important measure of the war took place, in the sur- render of Cornwall is. John Smith. Settlement of Q,uebcc. CHAPTER III. Settlem€7it of Quebec. — Hudson. — Settlement of New York. — Argall. — Van TiviUer. — Kieft. — Stuyve- sant. — NichoUs. — Lovelace. — Andros. — Leisler. — Sloughter. — Massacre at Schenectady. — French War. In 1608, M. de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence, and settled Quebec. In 1608 or 1609, Henry Hudson, a native of England, but at that time in the service of the Dutch East India Company, discovered and sailed up the noble river which still bears his name. The earliest effectual settlement in this state was made by the Dutch, in 1613, on the island of Manhattan, now called, New York. Their jurisdiction, however, was soon interrupt- ed ; for, in 1614, Captain Argall, returning to Virginia from Nova Scotia, visited the Hudson, when the Dutch, being unable to offer resistance, submitted to the (23) 24 KIEFT — STUYVESANT — ^NICHOLLS. English government. TPie next year, a number of ships arrived from Holland, and restored the Dutch authority. The settlers began to fortify themselves on the island, which is now covered by the city of New York, and extended their possessions in a few years to the Delaware and Connecticut rivers. In 1621, the States General made a grant of the country, by the name of New Netherlands, to the West India Company. The first governor under the company, was Wouter Van Twiller, who arrived at Fort Amsterdam, as New York was then called, in 1629. William Kieft, the second governor, was engaged in frequent disputes with the neighbouring colonies. He protested, without success, against what he considered the encroachments of the English in Con- necticut, and on Long Island ; and, in 1640, broke up their settlements at Oyster Bay by force. Peter Stuy vesant was the third and last governor of the New Netherlands. His administration was, like that of his predecessor, a period of contest, both of words and weapons. The people of New England on the east, and the Marylanders and Swedes to the south and west, kept him constantly employed either in negotiation or warlike enterprises. An agreement was, however, made re- specting boundaries, with the people of Connecticut ; and the Swedes on the Delaware were compelled to submit to his authority ; but the entire Dutch govern- ment in North America, soon afterwards passed away. In 1664, Charles II., of England, urged by the repre- sentations of the neighbouring English colonies, granted to his brother, the duke of York, a patent for a large tract of country, including New York and New Jersey, and provided him with the means of obtaining possession of it. A considerable force, under the command of Colonel Nicholls, arrived in the harbour of New York, in August, 1664, and summoned the province to surrender to the British crown, offering the inhabitants protection in their persons and estates. Governor Stuyvesant, an old and brave soldier, determined to make all the defence of which the place was capable, and, aware of the pacific disposition of the inhabitants, refused them a sight of the NICHOLLS ANDROS. 25 summons, lest the easy terms offered should induce them to capitulate. Nicholls, however, published a proclama- tion, which wrought so much upon the people, that the governor, finding- himself unsupported, was .reluctantly obliged to yield. The English forces took possession, first of the town of New York, and afterwards of Fort Orange, on the Hudson, which last received the name of Albany, after one of the titles of the duke of York. An expedition was immediately sent to the' Delaware ; and, taking possession of the forts and places in that quarter, the English jurisdiction was extended and con- nected over New York and New Jersey. The authority of Nicholls over New York was supreme; but it appears to have been exercised with justice and moderation. He was succeeded by Colonel Lovelace, under whose administration the Dutch again obtained a short-lived ascendency. In 1673, some Dutch ships arrived at Staten Island ; the commander, finding the forts not in a state of defence, landed a body of men, who entered the town without resistance. The whole province renewed the oath of allegiance to the states general, only to be absolved from it again in a short time ; for, on the conclusion of the treaty of peace, in 1674, between Holland and England, a formal cession of the whole territory was made to the latter. The Duke of York, on this event obtained from the king a new patent for the same tract of country, which had been granted, in 1664, and constituted Sir Edmund An- dres governor-general. Under the administration of this tyrannical deputy, New York was governed for several years as a conquered country, without any other laws than such as were ordained by his sole authority. At length, in 1633, permission was given to ^elect re- presentatives ; and the people, for the first time, took a part in the government. The oppressive measures of James II. and his representative Andros, predis- posed the inhabitants of New York, in favour of the change, which was then taking place in England. On the news of the imprisonment of Andros, by the people of Boston, Leisler, a captain of militia, collected a body 3 26 LEISLER — SLOUGHTER. of men, and seized the port of New York, in the name of the Prince of Orange. The Lieutenant-governor. Nicholson, absconded, and Leisler, who had been joined by several officers of militia, assumed the chief com- mand of the province. The people of the southern part of the colony submitted readily to his authority ; but those of Albany and its neighbourhood, though profess- ing to adhere to William and Mary, refused to acknow- ledge the government of Leisler. A force was therefore sent against Albany, which compelled the opposition to submit. In this state of things. Colonel Sloughter ar- rived from England, with a commission from King Wil- liam, as governor of the province. Leisler, who had become intoxicated by success, refused to surrender his authority, and attempted to hold out the fort against the English commissioner. He was, however, deserted by his party; apprehended with some of his adherents; and, together with his son, was condemned to death and executed. The English revolution was productive of great ad- vantages to New York. An assembly was called by the governor ; and a bill of rights formed, by which the trial by jury, and an exemption from all taxes, not im- posed by the representatives of the people, were estab- lished. For many years the province enjoyed repose, and made rapid advances in prosperity and population. In the wars which arose with the French of Canada, and the frontier Indians, at the conclusion of the seven- teenth century, the province embarked with no less zeal than the other colonies, and suffered severely in the conflict. Repeated incursions by the savages, in the pay of the French, rendered the frontier settlements a scene of desolation and bloodshed. In 1690, in the dead of night and winter, a sudden attack was made on the town of Schenectady, near Albany, and an indiscriminate mas- sacre of the inhabitants took place. Sixty-seven per- sons were put to death, and many lost their lives or their limbs, in their flight to Albany. Harassed by these in- cursions, the people of New York, joined readily in the attempts to effect the reduction of Canada. In 1709, DEFEAT OF DIESKAU. 27 and ag-ain in 1711, they contributed largely in men and money, to aid the British expedition, which failed through the incapacity of the British commanders. Defeat of Dieskau. The frontiers of New York were again the theatre of hostilities, in the war which ended in 1763. In 1755, a French army, under Dieskau, invaded the province from Montreal, and was met by a body of New England and New York troops, under Sir William Johnson, one of the council of New York. A warm engagement en- sued, which ended in the repulse of the French, with great loss on botli sides. In 1757, Fort William Henry, on Lake George, was taken by Montcalm. In the suc- ceeding 3''ear, an unsuccessful attack was made on the French at Fort Ticonderoga, by General Abercrombie. In 1759, however. General Amherst captured Ticon- deroga and Crown Pomt ; and General Johnson, after 28 NEW YORK. aefeating a French army, took Fort Niagara. The surrender of Canada, in 1760, relieved the province from the chief impediment in the way of its advancing im- portance. Between this period and the memorable era of inde- pendence, we meet with fev^ important events to narrate in the history of New York The people of this colony opposed as strenuous a resistance to the stamp act, of 1765, and to the subsequent measures of the British government, as their sister provinces. In 1767, the assembly refusing to provide quarters for the British troops, according to an act of parliament, a bill was passed for restraining the assembly from proceeding in business, until they had complied with the act. This severe and oppressive measure, naturally excited indig- nation throughout the continent. In 1769, resolutions were passed by the assembly, similar to those of the other assemblies, upon the subject of the attempt of the British government to impose taxes on the colonies. The Declaration of Independence was assented to by the New York delegates in Congress ; but many of the principal inhabitants were inclined to favour the royal cause. The city of New York was taken possession of by the British army, early in the contest, and remained in their possession until the treaty of peace. The state, generally, was the theatre of hostilities, during the greater part of the war. Arms of Massachusetts. CHAPTER IV. Settlement of Massachusetts. — The Pilgrims — Carver. — Charles 11. — James II. — Andros. — William and Mary. — Old French War. — The Stamp Act. To the Plymouth company was entrusted the coloni- zation of the country lying- between the 38th and 45th degrees of north latitude. This company was unfortu- nate in it^ early attempts. Its first ship was captured by the Spaniards. A party of about one hundred per- sons landed safely in 1607, but were so much reduced in number by the severity of the winter, and the diseases of new settlements, that in the succeeding- spring- they abandoned the country, and several years elapsed before the company renewed the undertaking-. Religious fer- vour, however, effected what commercial enterprise had failed to accomplish. In 1620, a congreg-ation of English puritaps, whom oppression had driven to Holland, 3 * (29) 30 THE PILGRIMS. obtained from the London Company, a grant of lands within their charter, and, to the number of one hundred and one, sailed from Plymoutii for the river Hudson^ on whose banks they intended to settle. They were carried farther north, however, and landed near Cape Cod, at a place, to which they gave the name of New Plymouth. Their first care was to form a system of civil government. They chose John Carver for their governor, and, to aid him in the discharge of his duties, appointed an assistant. The number of assistants was increased some years afterwards to seven. The supreme power resided in the whole body of the inhabitants, and 4. Landing of the Tilgrims. it was not until 1639, that they established a house of representatives. In imitation of the primitive Christians, they threw all their property into a common stock; but the experience of the mischiefs arising from this politi- cal copartnership, soon induced them to relinquish it. In 1630, they obtained from the Plymouth Company, a grant of the land on which they had settled. THE PILGRIMS, 31 The settlement of Massachusetts did not advance with much rapidity for some years, although detached parties, driven over by the persecutions of the high church, es- tablished themselves in different places. Salem was the first permanent town erected, and shortly afterwards Charlestown was built. A fresh spring was given to the exertions of the Plymouth Company, by the grant of a new royal charter in 1628, and the removal of the powers of government to New England, which had been previously exercised in the mother country. The num- ber of emigrants now began to be considerable. In July, 1630, seventeen ships arrived at Salem with fifteen Settlement of Boston. 32 THE PILGRIMS. hundred persons, by some of whom, the foundation of Boston was laid. The early years of the new colony were passed in a complication of troubles. The suffer- ings which they experienced from the severity of the climate, and the difficulties of the soil, were aggravated by the hostility of the natives, and the equally hostile attempts of the British government upon their civil and religious freedom, by contests with their French neigh- bours in the north, and by their own mistaken policy and lamentable dissensions. The civil policy of the settle- ment was not at all to the taste of the English monarchs of the Stuart line. In 1635, Charles I. appointed com- missioners, with absolute power, " to make laws and con- stitutions, concerning either the state, public, or the utili- ty of individuals." Two years after this, he forbade emi- gration to the plantations, to all who should not conform to the discipline of the church of England ; and in 1638, a quo warranto was issued against Massachusetts, upon which judgment was given against the colonies, without affording them a hearing. The state of affairs at home, however, prevented any further prosecution of these de- signs, on the part of the British government. The experience of their own sufferings in England, from religious persecution, unfortunately taught the colo- nists no lesson of toleration. Scarcely had they organized themselves, when they began to put in practice a similar mode of compelling religious uniformity. One of the first ordinances of the general court, excluded from po- litical suffrage, all who did not profess the strictest doc- trines of their creed. In 1635, the famous dispute arose respecting the covenant of grace^ and the covenant of works, and those who espoused the side of the latter, being the most numerous, resorted to the ancient mode of glorifying God, by persecuting their opponents. The leaders of the antinomian party were banished, and thus contributed to the settlement of Rhode Island, which had been begun the preceding year, by Roger Williams, and a party exiled for a similar cause. In 1636, the Pequods sought to destroy the colony, by formintj an alliance with the Narragfansetts. This mea- MASSACRE OF THE PEQVODS. 33 Massacre of the Pequods, sure was defeated by the courage and address of Roger Williams, who succeeded in detaching the Narragan- setts from the confederacy. The Pequods were then attacked by some troops from Connecticut, who sur- prised and burnt their settlement, and put nearly the whole tribe to death. The downfall of monarchy in England, checked the progress of emigration, by securing protection to the puritan religion at home, but was in some other respects advantageous to the colonies of New England. Their civil liberties were more safe, and some extraordinary privileges were granted to their commerce. Under the protection of the republican administration in the mother country, their wealth and population increased with ac- celerated rapidity. The prospect of hostilities with the Indians, however, compelled Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, to form an offensive 54 ANDROS. union. The confederacy seems to have had reference to no other object, and each colony retained its separate jurisdiction. On the restoration of Charles II., the colony of Massachusetts was found to increase in num- bers and importance to such a degree, that the anxiety of the monarch was naturally awakened lest an impres- sion should be made in favour of the efficacy of a demo- cratic administration. Accordingly, commissioners were appointed to superintend affairs, with great powers of control, to which the assembly of Massachusetts were ill disposed to submit. Altercations ensued ; the navi- gation act was enforced against the colony, and the destruction of its charter was resolved upon ; but death marred the execution of this project by Charles II. His successor, James II., was equally hostile to the principles of freedom, and prosecuted the designs of his brother with greater obstinacy. He determined to unite all the provinces of New England into one government, under a president and council, and found a fit agent for his purpose in Sir Edmund Andros. After dissolv- ing the governments of Connecticut and Rhode Island, the new president proceeded to Massachusetts, where he compelled a temporary submission. Remonstrances wore, in vain, made to James II. The infatuated mon- arch was determined to crush the spirit of freedom in both hemispheres, and, in furtherance of his designs, an- nexed New York and New Jersey to the union already formed. The government of Andros expired with that of his royal master. A vague report having reached Boston of the proceedings in England on the landing of the Prince of Orange, the people rose without any previous concert, seized and imprisoned Andros and his adherents, and restored the former order of things. The intelligence of the abdication of James being re- ceived, William and Mary were proclaimed at Boston, with great rejoicings. The people of Massachusetts, however, derived no great advantages from the change of government. They' petitioned for the restoration of their charter, which the judges of Charles II. had declared to be forfeited ; but FRENCH WAR. 35 they found, to their dissatisfaction, that they were not to expect the same liberal provisions as before. The king was to appoint the governor, by whom the assem- bly was to be called, prorogued, or dissolved, and most officers appointed. By the new charter, the colony of Plymouth was now finally united to Massachusetts. The war which broke out in Europe soon afterwards, extended its ravages to New England. The Indians were incited by the French of Canada to make inroads upon the settlements, and the colonists, in return, wasted their wealth and strength in ill managed expeditions against the French provinces. We find that Massachu setts contributed, in 1690, an armament of seven ves- sels and eight hundred men, for an expedition against Port Royal, which miscarried, through the blunders of the royal governor ; and, in the same year, united with Connecticut in raising a body of troops, amounting to two thousand men, for an attack on Quebec, which failed from the same cause. Similar exertions were made, and attended with similar results, until the ter- mination of the war by the treaty of Ryswick. When the war again broke out in Europe, Massachusetts was not less prominent in her contributions to the common cause. In 1708, twelve hundred men were raised for another abortive attempt upon Canada; and in 1711, besides sending a considerable armament to assist in a formidable expedition against Quebec, this province issued 40,000Z, in bills of credit. While contributing thus strenuously to the support of the wars undertaken by England, the assembly of Massachusetts was warmly engaged in contests with the royal governor. Every session pre- "onted the same scene of altercation, and public business was with difficulty transacted, through the determina- tion of the representatives not to give a fixed salary to their governors, which the latter were resolved to obtain. In 1745, France and England being again involved in hostilities, an expedition against the strong fortification of Louisbourg was projected in Massachusetts. A power- 36 FRENCH WAE. lul armament was prepared, principally by this province, and the command of the land forces given to Colonel Pepperel, a rich merchant. After an extraordinary dis play of bravery and skill, on the part of the assailants, the place was surrendered. The British officers present claimed all the merit of the affair, and Louisbourg was restored to France at the conclusion of the war, to the no small mortification of the New Englanders. In the war which ended in the conquest of Canada, Massachu- setts surpassed her former exertions. In the year 1757, she had 7000 men in the field, and maintained this num- ber until the peace of 1763. Massachusetts was, in the early part of the Revolu- tion, the theatre of hostilities, by which she suffered much, while she contributed greatly, by her exertions, to the successful issue of the conflict. In all periods of the history of Massachusetts, one of the great sources of wealth has been the fisheries on her coast. Gustavus Adolphus. CHAPTER V. Settlement of Delaware. — Printz. — Risingh. — Stuy- vesant. — Carr. — Penn. — French War. The first European settlers in the territory which now composes the state of Delaware, were the Swedes and Fins. The region from which they emigrated, after having, in the early ages of the Christian era, covered Europe with its superabundant population, has contri- buted remarkably little to the settlement of America. Originally few in number, and successively reduced by the Dutch and English, the adventurers from the 4 (37) OO SWEDISH SETTLEMENTS. northern hive have left scanty memorials of their ex- istence as a distinct colony. The year 1627, was the epoch of the earliest perma- nent settlement in this province. Delaware Bay had been previously visited by trading- vessels from the north of Europe, whose reports of the fertility and beauty of the country excited, in the breast of Gustavus Adol- phus, a desire to form a colony of his subjects there. Accordingly, in 1626, an association, composed of many of the nobility, and the principal officers of government, together with persons of all classes, was formed for this purpose, and denominated the West India Company. In the succeeding year they despatched a body of settlers to the scene of the intended colony. The emigrants landed at the southern Cape of the Delaware, now called Cape Henlopen, but which received from them the name f)f Point Paradise. To the country on both sides of the Delaware, they gave the appellation of Nova Suecia. An amicable intercourse was opened with the Indians; and, by voluntary cession from the people, the new comers extended their acquisitions to a considerable distance up the river. In 1630, a fort was built by the Swedes at Hoarkill, now called Lewistown; and, in the succeeding year, they erected another near the present site of Wilming- ton, on a creek, to which they gave the name of their celebrated queen, Christina. Settlements were also formed as high up as Chester and Tinicum, in the pre- sent state of Pennsylvania. The occupation of these settlements, however, by this little colony, was not destined to be a tranquil one. The bay and river on which the Swedes had planted themselves, were discovered by Hudson, then sailing in the Dutch service, a year previous to the visit of Lord Delaware, from whom they have derived their present name. The Dutch, consequently, laid claim to the country, and included in their pretensions all the terri- tory between the North and South Rivers, the latter be- ing the name they bestowed on the Delaware. They contented themselves, however, with establishing a PRINTZ — RISINGH. iS\f colony on the North River, and with a few trading' set- tlements on the east bank of the Delaware, until the progress of the Swedes, on the western bank, alarmed them for the validity of their title. A controversy then arose on the subject of right. The Swedes, who had ob- tained from Charles IT. a cession of the British claim, were not disposed to yield their settlements. Theis governor, Printz, however, suffered the Dutch to erec a fort, in 1651, on the spot where Newcastle now stands by which means they obtained the command of the navi gation of the river. Three years afterwards Governor Risingh, who succeeded Printz, attacked this fort by surprise, and carried it. This produced open hostilities ; and in 1655, the Dutch, under the command of Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Amsterdam, arrived in the Delaware, to the number of seven hundred. Fort Casimir, at Newcastle, was retaken, and shortly after- wards, the whole territory submitted. Here ended the Swedish power, on the continent of America. The Swedish officers, and most of the principal inhabitants, were taken prisoners and sent to Holland ; but the com- mon people were suffered to remain in their possessions, on their submission to the conquerors. The colony was incorporated with that of New Amsterdam, under the general title of the New Netherlands ; and the seat of the petty government of the time, was fixed at New Amstel, or Newcastle. The Dutch had hardly established their power over the Swedes, when they found their title questioned by the English, of Maryland. Lord Baltimore, the proprie- tary of that province, conceiving that his boundary was the 40th degree of north latitude, sent a commission to Newcastle, ordering the Dutch governor to remove be- yond that limit. This command was not obeyed, and a war of manifestoes and proclamations broke out, and was continued without effect for some time. The Dutch power on the Delaware, however, was not of long con- tinuance. In March, 1664, Charles II. granted, by patent, to his brother the duke of York, all that part of the continent 40 CARR — COLOR. of North America, lying between the west side of i Connecticut river, and the east side of the Delaware ; and prepared an armament to take possession of the country. In September, of the same year, the whole of the Dutch possessions on the Hudson were surrendered to the English, under Colonel Nicholls ; and in the suc- ceeding month, an expedition, under Sir Robert Carr, compelled the settlements on the Delaware to submit to the British arms. Thus, after a short dominion of nine years, was suspended the Dutch authority on the western bank of the Delaware. The administration of affairs was now committed to the hands of Captain Carr, with whom Colonel Nicholls associated a council of six of the principal persons. Five years afterwards, a commission of justice was ap- pointed, with power to try all matters in differences under the sum of ten pounds; but, for all controversies above that sum, and all criminal proceedings, the jurisdiction was reserved to the government at New York. The capture of New York, by the Dutch, in 1673, revived their authority for a brief period on the Delaware. Dep- uties were sent to New York, declaring the adhesion of the settlements at New Amstel, and other places ; in return for which, Anthony Color was appointed gover- nor, by the " honourable and awful council of war of the New Netherlands." The treaty of peace of 1674, how- ever, by which the whole country was restored to the English, put a final period to the Dutch government. In the same year, Charles II., by a new patent, granted to the duke of York all the country called by the Dutch New Netherlands, of which the settlements on the western bank of the Delaware formed a part ; and from this period, to the year 1682, the territory of the present state was under the jurisdiction of the government of New York. The original grant to William Penn, made in the year 1680, did not comprehend any territory, south of a circle drawn at twelve miles distance from Newcastle, north- ward ; but, in 1682, the whole country to Cape Henlopen was conveyed to him by the duke of York. The present DELA.WARE. 41 state of Delaware was then, as now, divided into three counties, Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex ; and from this period to the American Revolution, was generally called " the three lower counties upon Delaware." The 24th of October, 16S2, will be memorable for the landing of William Penn, at Newcastle, when he proceeded to take possession of the country. Four months afterwards, at an assembly convened at Upland, an act of union was passed, by which the three lower counties were annexed to the province of Pennsylvania. The Dutch and Swedes residing within the limits of the new proprietor's domin- ions, were naturalized, and appear to have yielded a cheerful obedience to his government. We find them, more especially the latter, occupying public offices in the province, as well as the territories. From 1682 to 1703, the representatives of Delaware and Pennsylvania met in one legislature. The union, however, which subjected both to the same charges, had never been satisfactory to the former. In 1701, a dis- agreement took place, which required all the authority and influence of the proprietary to subdue. The recon- ciliation was only a temporary one ; and two years af- terwards a separation into distinct assemblies took place by mutual consent, and has remained permanent The same governor, however, presided over both pre- vinces. In 1704, the first local assembly met at New- castle, and shortly afterwards passed an act for build- ing a fort at that place, and imposing duties on vessels passing it, which was considered an infraction of the charter of Pennsylvania. Serious consequences seemed likely to ensue ; but the resolute conduct of some of the merchants of Philadelphia, rendered the act nugatory, and after some ineffectual attempts to enforce it, the project was abandoned. Nothing important is recorded of the history of the three lower counties, between the beginning and middle of the eighteenth century. In 1760, the long-contested dispute between the proprieta- ries of Pennsylvania and Maryland, respecting the boundaries of the counties upon Delaware, was finally settled, and the line which was then agreed upon, has 4* 42 DELAWARE. since remained undisturbed. In the war which ended with the surrender of Canada, in 1763, Delaware con- tributed her full proportion of exertions to co-operate with the parent country ; and, as a reimbursement for her extraordmary expenses, the parliament granted her 4000/. sterling, a sum quite insufficient for the purpose. Delaware remained under the government of the pro- prietary of Pennsylvania, though with a separate legis- lature, until the year 1775. The dependence was, how- ever, merely nominal ; for we find the territory repre- sented as a distinct province in the congress which con- vened at Philadelphia in 1765, on occasion of the stamp act. Its delegates were then Thomas McKean and Csesar Rodney, At length, in April, 1775, Richard Penn, then proprietary of Pennsylvania, resigned his jurisdiction over the lower counties; and in the Sep- tember of the following year, 1776, the dominion of Great Britain having been thrown off, a convention of representatives, chosen for the purpose, formed a consti- tution, and the territory, taking the name of Delaware, became a free and independent state. In the revolution- ary war, Delaware laboured and suffered greatly. No part of the continent contributed better troops, or was more steadfast in the common cause, than this little state. The Delaware regiment was distinguished for its bravery and efficiency among the regular forces. King Philip. CHAPTER VI. Settlement of Connecticut. Connecticut was first settled by emigrants from Mas- sachusetts. So early as the year 1634, the inhabitants of that colony began to feel straitened by its boundaries, and having obtained the permission of the general court, a number of families established themselves on the banks of the Connecticut River. They were followed some time afterwards by emigrants from England, who settled on a different spot; and thus two colonies arose, which were called Connecticut and New Haven. They continued under distinct governments, until the year (43) 44 SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 1662, when the royal charter consolidated them under the general name of Connecticut. A constitution was formed for themselves, by the people of the original pro- vince of Connecticut, in 1639. In the same year the people of New Haven met in convention, and resolved that the Scriptures afforded a perfect and sufficient rule for civil government. In the incidents of their early annals, these settle- ments are closely similar. The people of both were exposed to the same rigorous climate, suffered alike from want of food and shelter, laboured with the same difficulties, in the clearing of the soil, and main- tained the same harassing contest with the neigh- bouring savages. In 1673, the first confederation was formed in this country, by the league of the two colonies of Connecticut with those of Massachusetts and Plymouth, under the name of the United Colonies of New England. On the restoration of Charles II. to the English throne, a charter, remarkable for its republican fea- tures, was granted to Connecticut, and included under the same government the colony of New Haven. So favourable was this instrument to civil liberty, that the people were content to be governed by it during all the Revolution ; and, notwithstanding the agitations of sub- sequent years, until a very recent period. Shortly after the establishment of this government, the colony was relieved from two great sources of anxiety and evil. The Dutch at New York, who had laid claim to a great part of Connecticut, and with whom an irritating con- test, more however of words than weapons, had been maintained, were conquered by an English expedition. A fierce and bloody war with the Indians was ter- minated by their entire subjugation, and the death of their leader, Philip, the most skilful and persevering enemy the settlers of New England ever encountered. Scarcely, however, did the colony begin to taste the «weets of peace, when new troubles arose. The ar- *c>gant and avaricious disposition of the English govern- ANDROS. 45 ment, which in the end produced a separation of the colonies, displayed itself thus early in their annals. In 1685, a quo ivarranto was issued against Con- necticut, and in the succeeding year similar process was again issued, with the hope of compelling a surrender of the charter. The assembly was, however, not disposed to yield privileges bought with so much hardship and blood. Sir Edmund Andros, who had been appointed go- vernor of New England, finding that the charter could not be obtained, declared that the government was taken into the hands of the king, and proceeded to administer it in his name. Without an assembly, he taxed the people at his pleasure; compelled them to take out patents for their lands at a great expense ; and, in short, grievously op- pressed them in every mode, and enriched himself and his followers. His reign was fortunately not destined to continue long. The Revolution which gave constitu- tional freedom to England in 1688, was equally happy for the liberties of America. The colonies were too feeble to contend with the crown of England at that time, and the ruin of their free institutions would probably have been completed, had the Stuarts continued to reign. Before official intelligence of the event reached Connec- ticut, the people had resumed the government into their hands, and deposed Andros, who was imprisoned in Boston. The ancient charter of Connecticut was re-established on the accession of William and Mary. It had never been surrendered ; and considerable address was dis- played, during thie oppressive government of Andros, to conceal it. But the satisfaction of the people was soon lessened by a new attack on one of their most essential rights. The government of New York was given to a Colonel Fletcher, with authority to command the militia of Connecticut and the neighbouring provinces. The legislature of Connecticut refused to acknowledge his right, as, by the charter, the command of their militia was given to the colony. A warm verbal dispute en- sued. Fletcher visited Hartford, where he attempted to enforce his authority, but was so manfully resisted 46 CONNECTICUT. that he was glad to abandon his design and return to New York ; and shortly afterwards the king in council determined in favour of the province, upon a petition, praying that their right to the command might be con- firmed. Six years after this event another attempt was made upon the chartered rights of the province, with similar ill-success. While thus harassed by repeated attempts upon her civil rights, Connecticut, like the other provinces, was compelled to engage in the un- necessary contests which the mother country maintained with France, and to contribute her blood and treasure in support of the weak and ill-contrived expeditions that were sent forth by the English against Canada. In 1709, great exertions were made to assist an enterprise undertaken for this purpose. The armament expected from England, however, did not arrive, and the expedi- tion was thus defeated in the outset. In the succeeding year, another levy of men and money was made ; troops were sent out from England, but the attempt failed through the blunders of the English commanders. In 1745, Connecticut contributed liberally in men and mo- ney to the campaign which produced the capture of Louisbourg ; and in the succeeding war which termi- nated in the conquest of Canada, her exertions were out of proportion to her population and strength. In 1758, no fewer than five thousand men were voted by the legislature, who were equipped and ready for the field in a short time ; and at one period six thousand troops from Connecticut were in actual service. The expenses incurred in the war from 1755 to 1762, by this province, amounted to the great sum of four hundred thousand pounds sterling beyond what was allowed her by the British parliament. A short period of repose succeeding, Connecticut par- ticipated in the prosperity enjoyed hj the provinces in general, and made rapid advances in population and wealth. When the British government, however, at- tempted to put in execution its design of collecting a revenue from its colonies, this province was one of the most zealous in opposition. The continuance of the tax SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND. 47 upon tea, and some other articles of consumption, pro- duced a deep feeling of hostility towards towards Britain. Committees of correspondence acted in concert with those of Massachusetts ; and the militia of the province furnished a considerable force for the relief of Boston. During the Revolutionary war, Connecticut suffered little from the actual presence of the enemy, though she contributed her due proportion to the successful issue of the conflict. CHAPTER VII. Settlement of Maryland. — Settlement of Rhode Island. Maryland was the first province and the third Eng- lish colony planted in North America. In 1631, Wil- liam Clay borne obtained from Charles I, a license to trade with those parts of America, for which a patent had not been already granted. Availing himself of this permission, he planted a small colony on Kent Island, nearly opposite to the present town of Annapolis. About the same time, George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, an eminent statesman, who had been secretary to James I., and a professor of the Roman Catholic religion, made a voyage to Virginia, with a view to form a settlement of persons of the same religious persuasion, whom the intol- erant policy of the prevailing party in England forbade to enjoy tranquillity at home. His views were however counteracted in Virginia, and he was destined to be the founder of an independent colony. Meeting with an unwelcome reception in Virginia, he fixed his attention on the territory north of the Potomac, and as soon as he returned to England, obtained a grant of it from Charles I. Before a patent could be made out, however, he died, leaving his son, Cecil Calvert, to complete the design. To this second Lord Baltimore the patent was granted, on the 20th of June, 1632. The territory conveyed, 48 LORD BALTIMORE. Cecil Calvert. was from the Potomac to the 40th degree of north ^titude, being part of what had been previously con- veyed to the Virginia company. But subsequently to granting the charter of Pennsylvania, the address of William Penn, and the despotic injustice of James II. and his council, stripped Lord Baltimore of what now forms the state of Delaware, and similar address of Penn obtained a contract from the proprietary of Maryland, un- der which the Court of Chancery in England curtailed the limits of Maryland on the north, about half a degree of latitude, and fixed them at the place where they are established. The country granted io Lord Baltimore was called Maryland, in honour of Henrietta Maria, then queen of England, wife of Charles I. The principles upon which the settlement of this colony was begun were alike honourable to the humanity and wisdom of the MARYLAND. 49 founder. They were similar to those cotemporaneously adopted by Roger Williams in the colony of Rhode Island, and subsequently by William Penn, on a greater scale, in the settlement of Pennsylvania. They ad- vanced the prosperity and population of Maryland at a rapid pace, and have left an imperishable brilliancy on the character of Lord Baltimore. The chief features by which the policy of this settlement was honourably distinguished above others of that period, were universal toleration of religious opinions and practices, and a sys- tem of humanity towards the Indian nations, whom the proprietary conceived it was more in the spirit of Chris- tianity to civilize than to exterminate, and more pru- dent to make friends than enemies. Acting on these principles, the first emigration to Maryland, consisting of about two hundred persons, chiefly Roman Catholics, persons of property, landed in 1634, on the north side of the Potomac, at an Indian town called Piscataway. Leonard Calvert was appoint- ed, by Lord Baltimore, the first governor. The free toleration of religious sentiments, the fertility of the soil, and other natural advantages, soon drew numbers to Maryland, whom the harsh policy of Virginia and New England deterred from those settlements. The Indians perceiving that the new comers were dis- posed to treat them with humanity, freely ceded half their town, and united with them in planting corn. The town received the name of St. Mary's. The first legis- lative assembly was held at this place, in 1635, and was attended by the whole body of the freemen. They drew up a system of laws, which they sent over to Lord Balti- more for his approbation. The proprietary, however, rejected them, and sent for their consideration, a code of laws drawn up by himself. The assembly, in their turn, rejected this code, and prepared a system of regulations for themselves. In 1639, an act was passed, establishing a representative government of two branches. One body was elected by the people, and styled burgesses ; the other was called by special writ, and included the governor, counsellors, and secretary. Both branches, o 50 MARYLAND. however, sat in the same chamber. In 1650, a change took place in this system, by dividing the legislature into distinct houses. The governor and council composed the upper, and the representatives of the people the lower house. The assent of each branch, and of the go- vernor, was necessary to all laws, which were afterwards submitted to the proprietary for his approbation or re- jection. The first trouble experienced by the people of Mary- land, arose from Clayborne, whom they had found settled on Kent Island. He appears to have possessed a vindic- tive and restless disposition, and contrived, for a long time, to harass the colony. On the arrival of the first settlers, he applied to the crown for a confirmation of his former license. This was refused; and, notwith- standing the king's grant, the Lord's commissioners de- termined that Kent Island belonged to Lord Baltimore — and that neither a settlement, nor a trade w-ith the In- dians was allowable without his consent. Clayborne, disgusted with this decision, and unable to contend with the power of the proprietary, intrigued with the Indians until he excited them to hostilities. A war commenced vi'ith them in 1642, which lasted several years, and ended with the submission of the natives. In 1645, he was more successful. By his address he raised an insurrec- tion among the colonists, and compelled Governor Cal- vert to fly to Virginia, while he and his associates ob- tained the helm of government. In the succeeding year, however, the insurgents were overthrown, and quiet w^as restored. During the civil wars of England, the peace of the province was again disturbed. The majority of the landed proprietors were favourable to the cause of roy- alty, or the proprietary government ; but the opposition was powerful, and a civil war ensued. After the death of Charles I., the parliament appointed commissioners " for reducing and governing" the colony. Clayborne was one of the commissioners, and it may be supposed he entered upon his duties with no very good will to the proprietary government. After several skirmishes, MARYLAND. 51 fought with various success, the republican party, or those opposed to the proprietary, prevailed. Stone, the governor of the province, was taken prisoner, and suf- fered a long confinement. An assembly was called by the triumphant party, when the intolerant code of the English laws, to prevent the growth of popery, was enacted. Such were the severities inflicted upon those who had planted the colony, and displayed the most lib- eral sentiments towards Christians of other persuasions. In 1656, the province was again disturbed by an in- surrection, which was headed by Josias Fendall. Two years afterwards, the commissioners appointed by Crom- well, surrendered the government into the hands of Fendall, who had received the nomination of governor from the proprietary. The affairs of the province re- mained, however, in an unsettled state, until the restora- tion of Charles 11. gave confidence to the friends of monarchy. Philip Calvert was now appointed governor by Lord Baltimore, and the former order of things re- stored. In the same year, hostilities broke out with the Shenandoah Indians. The war was not of long dura- tion, the colonists being aided by the Susquehannah Indians. About this time the number of white inhabi- tants had increased to upwards of 12,000. Maryland, like the other English colonies in North America, was attacked in her charter by the last Stuart kings. In the general system of government, projected by James II,, this province was included ; but, probably through the address of the proprietary, Charles^ the third Lord Baltimore, the usual steps to obtain a re- vocation of the charter, were delayed until a little time previous to the abdication. A quo warranto was sent out ; but, before judgment could be obtained upon it, the Revolution took place in England. In 1692, protestant doctrines being those of the predominant party, the assembly divided the colony into parishes for the dif- fusion of the Episcopal faith. Two years afterwards, the town of Severn, on the western shore of the Chesa- peake, received the name of Annapolis. In 1699, the assembly removed thence from St. Mary's, and it has since 52 SETTLEMENT OF RHODE ISLAND. been the seat of government. From the restoration of Charles II. until the Revolution in England, the govern- ment continued in the proprietary : but, when the Revo- lution in England took place, the government of Mary- land was usurped from the proprietary, by what was termed the Protestant Association in arms, and tendered to William and Mary, who accepted it, and it continued a royal province until 1716. The descendants of the proprietary renounced the Catholic religion, when the government was restored to him, and it continued a proprietary government until the Revolution which established the independence of the United States. Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, illus- trious for the wisdom and benevolence of his political system, was born in Wales, in the last year of the six- teenth century. Having embraced the opinions of the Puritans, and, being of a spirit not to brook control in matters of conscience, he sought religious liberty in America. On his arrival in Boston, in 1631, he promul- gated sentiments respecting freedom of conscience, for which the minds of men were not yet prepared. He maintained, to the astonished and indignant clergy of Massachusetts, that all men were entitled of right to the secure exercise of their opinions on religious subjects; and that, provided the peace of society was not disturbed, the civil magistrate had no warrant to interfere with modes of worship. Having tried the effect of argument and remonstrance upon him, and finding them ineffectual to cure him of this "damnable heresy," the church leaders represented his case to the General Court, who condemned him and his disciples to banishment out of their jurisdiction, and thus unintentionally laid the foun- dation of a new colony in the neighbourhood. Roger Williams was hospitably received by Canonicus, the In- dian chief, and after various wanderings, he fixed upon a place, to which he gave the name of Providence, in acknowledgment of God's goodness to him ; and, having purchased a tract of land of the Narragansetts, began the settlement of Rhode Island, in the year 1686. The new colonists here entered into a voluntary asso- RHODE ISLAND. 63 Canonicus receiving Roger Williams. ciation, and framed a government, composed of the whole body of freemen, for the preservation of peace, and the making of such laws as their situation might require. To their perpetual honour, they did not for-, get to impose upon themselves the restrictions they had inculcated upon others, in respect to religious toleration. "All men," they declared, "may walk as their con- sciences persuade them, every one in the name of his God." Religious controversy in other parts of the colonies, soon led to the increase of the settlements, and the wise principles of its founder rendered it an asylum to which the persecuted of all denominations fled. Shortly after the exile of Roger Williams, a contro- versy arose in Massachusetts between those who main- 5* •^i RHODE ISLAND. tained the " Covenant of Works," and those who espoused the " Covenant of Grace ;" and the latter party, being the least numerous, the usual course vi^as adopted, of banish- ment. Accordingly, Mrs. Hutchinson, the leader of the Antinomians, with a band of chosen disciples, followed the steps of Williams ; and, arriving in his neighbour- hood, purchased a tract of land, and made a settlement. The latter colony was, at first, distinctively called by the name of Rhode Island, as that of Williams's was called Providence Plantations, and each formed an asso- ciation, governed by its own laws ; but, in 1644, they were incorporated into one government, and have since received the general appellation of Rhode Island. The treatment of the Indians, by the first settlers of Rhode Island, corresponded with the liberal and Catholic principles they professed. The land which they required for their colony was fairly purchased. Endeavours were made to improve the moral condition of the savages, and to impart to them the blessings of the Gospel ; and hos- tilities with this people, which interfered so much with '.he prosperity of some other colonies, seems to have been almost unknown in the history of Rhode Island. In 1644 a charter was obtained from the government of England, which gave the people of this colony abundant privileges to form such a constitution and adopt such laws as they thought proper. By the frame of government which the people adopted on this occasion, the executive power was placed in the hands of a governor and four assist- ants. The legislative power remained in the people at •large. In May, 1647, the first General Assembly, con- sisting of the collective freemen, was convened. The governor and assistants constituted the supreme court for the administration of justice. Every township formed a corporation within itself, and elected a council of six, for the management of its peculiar affairs and the settle- ment of its disputes. The settlement of Rhode Island was, for a long time, regarded with a jealous eye by its powerful neighbour, Massachusetts, and the colony, deprived of any assist- ance, was forced to depend upon its own growing RHODE ISLAND. 55 resources. When the confederacy of Plymouth, Mas- sachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven, was formed, under the name of the United Colonies of New England, in 1643, Rhode Island, at the instance of Massachusetts, was excluded from it, and her commissioners were not admitted into the Congress of deputies which formed it. On her petitioning afterwards in 1648, to be received as a member, her request was refused, unless she would consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and thereby surrender her separate existence. The condition was rejected without hesitation, and she was never admitted into the confederacy. In 1663, a new charter \vas granted to Rhode Island by Charles IL, under which the state was governed until a recent period. The pre- amble to this instrument displays the continuance of those sagacious and benevolent views of public policy which do so much honour to tiie first settlers of this state. After reciting that the colonists have declared their desire "to hold forth a lively experiment, that a most flourishing civil state may stand and best be maintained with a full liberty in religious concernments," it proceeded with a liberality far from universal, even in this age, " that no person within the said colony, at any time hereafter, shall be in any wise molested, punished, disquieted or called in question, for any difference of opinion in matters of re- ligion, who do not actually disturb the civil peace ; but that all and every person and persons, may from time to time and at all times hereafter, freely and fully enjoy hia and their own judgments and consciences in matters of religious concernment, they behaving themselves peace- ably and quietly, and not using this liberty to licentious- ness and profaneness, nor to the civil injury or outward disturbance of others." Thus an unlimited toleration of all religions, whether founded on the Christian reve- lation or otherwise, seems to have been adopted ; and the consequences were soon visible in the rapid growth and harmonious prosperity of this little commonwealth. The only source of disquiet arose from the oppressive measures of the parent country, which were exercised upon all the colonies alike. The charters were too 56 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. liberal for the taste of the English court, and it was de- termined to destroy them. In 1685, a quo warranto was issued against Rhode Island, and in the succeeding- year, the celebrated Sir Edmund Andros adopted the same measures towards this colony, that had been pur- sued with the others of New England. The seal of the province was broken, the government was dissolved, and the administration taken into his own hands. On his imprisonment in 1689, the people resumed their charter, and the mode of government it had guaranteed. From this period to the commencement of the Ameri- can Revolution, the history of Rhode Island is barren of incidents. Fortunate in living under a well-regulated democracy, enjoying a salubrious climate, and possessing great advantages for commerce, the inhabitants of this province, if they played no distinguished part in the drama of life, were prosperous and happy. We find it recorded that, in 1730, the population was about eighteen thousand persons, and that in 1746 it was estimated at thirty-live thousand. In the last-mentioned year, three hundred men were voted for an expedition into Canada, projected by the British government. CHAPTER VIII. Settlement of New Hampshire and Maine. — Mason and Gorges. — Cranjield. The first discovery made by the English of any part of New Hampshire, was in 1614, by Captain John Smith, who navigated the coast from Penobscot to Cape Cod, and, on his return home to G^eat Britain, gave so favourable an account of the country to Prince Charles, that he bestowed on it the name of New England. In 1621, Captain John Mason, a member of the Plymouth Company, whose name is inseparably connected with NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 57 Mason and Gorges naming their provinces. the history of this state, procured a grant from the company of all the land from the river Salem to the Merrimack ; and in the next year another grant was made to Mason and Sir Ferdinand Gorges of all the lands between the Merrimack and the Sagadahock. To this last tract was given the name of Laconia. It in- cluded a part of JNIaine. Under the authority of their grant, Mason and Gorges attempted, in 1623, the estab- lishment of a colony, at the Piscataque ; and other set- tlements were made on the coast, both by grantees un- der Mason, and by emigrants from Plymouth and Massachusetts, who purchased from the natives. When Mason and Gorges divided their provinces, they gave to them the names respectively of their native counties; the former calling his New Hampshire, and the latter 58 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. giving the name of New Somersetshire to his, which was subsequently called Maine. The settlements, however, were slow in their progress for many years. The boundaries were in dispute, a considerable portion of the territory being claimed by Massachusetts. The settlers generally occupied themselves in hunting, fish- ing, cutting timber, and trading with the Indians, in- stead of pursuing a regular business of agriculture. In 1629, a large tract wa^ granted by the Indians to John Wheelwright, and others. In the same year, Mason applied for, and obtained, from the Plymouth Company, a new grant, of all the lands from the middle of the Piscataqua to its head, " thence north-westward, until sixty miles from the mouth of the harbour were finished ; also, through Merrimack river, to the furthest head thereof, and so forward up into the land westward, until sixty miles were finished ; and thence to cross over land, to the end of the sixty miles accounted from the Piscataqua." This is the tract of country now called New Hampshire. The conflicting titles derived from the Indians, and under the grant of Mason, were fruitful sources of dis- quiet to the province for many years. The settlements which had been formed on the coast, were detached, and without any general government that could protect them from foreign incursions, or the consequences of disagreement among themselves. About 1640, the inhabitants negotiated with Massa- chusetts to take them under her protection. The pro- posal was agreed to on the part of the province, of which they were admitted freemen on equal -terms; and the union lasted nearly forty years, both parties deriving advantages from it. About this time Mason died, and the confusion occasioned by the civil wars in England, prevented his heirs from obtaining a legal recognition of their claim. As soon as Charles II. was restored to the throne, Robert Mason, grandson of the original patente-e, pre- ferred a complaint against Massachusetts for usurping NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. 59 jurisdiction over his property. The king- sent out com- missioners, with general powers to hear and determine complaints, and to settle the peace and security of the country. The Assembly of Massachusetts declined submitting to their jurisdiction, and denied their autho- rity to interfere. The matter was brought before the king, in council, who decided, in 1679, in favour of Mason's claim. In consequence thereof, New Hamp- shire was separated from Massachusetts, and subjected to a new government, consisting of a governor and coun- cil, of royal appointment; and an assembly of represen- tatives, chosen by the people. The first acts of the assembly were expressive of their attachment to freedom. They declared that no law or ordinance should be imposed upon them, but such as should be made by the assembly ; and, foreseeing, per- haps, the troubles in which they were about to be in- volved from the claims of Mason, they enacted that all grants should remain as they were before, and that all controversies about the titles to land should be tried by juries. In 1680, Mason arrived from England, and imme- diately began to assert his right to the entire soil, in a manner the most vexatious to the people. The council interfered, and forbade his collecting rents, which he claimed to be due to him, by summary process. Find- ing that he was not able to bend them to his views, he returned to England, and procured a change to be made in the government. Edward Cranfield was appointed governor, with large powers. His commission authorized him to call and dissolve the assembly, to impose a negative upon their acts, to suspend any of the council, and to appoint judges and other officers by his sole authority. Soon after his arrival, he called upon the inhabitants to take out leases from Mason, within the short period of a month, under penalty of confiscation of their estates, and imprison- ment of their persons. A considerable proportion of the lands within the province was held by fair purchasers, 60 NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. under titles derived from the Indians, and the holders made common cause with each other against the arbi- trary demands of Mason. A few only of the inhabitants took leases ; but the great body was determined in their refusal to submit. The first suit instituted by Mason was against Major Waldron, who had distinguished himself by his opposi- tion to the proprietary claims. Judgment was given against him, and in all the succeeding suits a similar re- sult was obtained. Cranfield now assumed the whole legislative power, and, to further his schemes of con- firming the power of Mason, and enriching himself, he scrupled not to resort to the most cruel and dishonest modes of oppression. The assembly, having refused to pass a bill for raising money, which he had caused to be laid before them, he dissolved the session, and, descend- ing to a pitiful revenge, caused many of them to be appointed constables, by which means he hoped to ob- tain the fine which was levied on such as refused to fill the office. A dissenting minister, named Moody, had rendered himself obnoxious by his expressions in favour of free- dom, and Cranfield determined to put in force against him, the laws of England, punishing non-conformity. He, accordingly, gave Moody notice that he intended to partake of the Lord's supper on the next Sunday, and required him to administer it according to the liturgy. It was in vain that Moody represented that he was not Episcopally ordained according to the statute. He was put in confinement, his benefice forfeited, and, after the expiration of his imprisonment, he was glad to escape to Boston. The complaints of the people, at length reached the ears of the English government. The proceedings of Cranfield were declared illegal, and he obtained per- mission to resign. The attempts of Mason, to enforce executions upon the judgments he had obtained, were warmly resisted. On one occasion warrants were issued against a party of rioters, some of w^hom the NEW HAMPSHIRE — MAINE. fil sheriff was endeavouring to arrest in church. He was stoutly resisted by the congregation, and a female patriot distinguished herself by knocking down one of the officers with her Bible. After the accession of James II., new schemes for the North American provinces were meditated. In 1686, Sir Edmund Andros arrived at Boston, with a com- mission, appointing him governor-in-chief over all New England, and authorizing him with his council, to make such laws and impose such taxes as they thought proper. New Hampshire, like the other provinces, fell under the vindictive tyranny of the English viceroys. The press was shackled, liberty of conscience invaded, and op- pressive taxes imposed ; and, to prevent complaints be- ing heard, no person was allowed to leave the country without an express license. This state of things con- tinued until the Revolution in England, when Andros was seized by the people of Boston and sent home a prisoner. New Hampshire being now left without a govern- ment, the people determined to return to their former connexion with Massachusetts. A petition being pre- sented to the court, they were readily admitted. This union, however, lasted only three years. The English government determined that New Hampshire should form a distinct province, notwithstanding that a conven- tion of the people had petitioned that they might be an- nexed to Massachusetts. During these changes of go- vernment, Mason had not slept on his claims. Previous to the abdication of James IL, he had vainly endeavoured to enforce the suits he had brought. The judges were averse to issuing executions, and after some time he ob- tained an order removing his causes to Boston. Death, however, put a stop to his proceedings. His heirs sold the claim to Allen, a merchant of London, who obtained from the crown a commission as governor of the province. He prepared to enforce his title to the land ; but on ex- amining the record of the court, it was found that all that 6 Uii NEW HAMPSHIRE. part which contained the judg-ment against Waldron, and others, was missing. Suits were therefore brought anew, and eventuated in favour of the defendants. Allen appealed to the king in council. The death of William delayed proceedings, and soon afterwards, Allen himself died. His son renewed the ejectment against Waldron, in whose favour another decision was made. Allen applied to the queen, but died before judgment was given. His heirs, being minors, did not renew the claim. Many years afterwards, the heirs of Mason re- vived the controversy, but their interest was purchased by the assembly, and the long protracted contest ended in 1747. New Hampshire was, perhaps, of all the colonies, the one that suffered most from Indian hostilities. It is impossible in this sketch to give even an outline of the harassing conflicts she was compelled to maintain with these savages. From the earliest settlement of the pro- vince, her progress was retarded by their inroads. Hus- bandmen were slaughtered in their fields, women and children were carried away, and the most distressing scenes of individual misery occurred almost daily. These outrages were probably often provoked by the settlers ; and the savages were frequently excited by the neighbouring French, as, in later years, they have been stirred up by the English against this country. As the population of New Hampshire increased, and the frontiers extended, Indian incursions became less fre- quent ; and after the surrender of Canada to the British arms, the province was entirely exempted from their ravages. In the twelve years of peace which followed, New Hampshire increased wonderfully in population and wealth. Her settlements extended farther west than the original limits prescribed by the patent. Until 1764, it was supposed that the territory which now forms the state of Vermont, was part of the province, and grants were accordingly made by the government of New Hampshire. The district was, however, allotted to New York, by the English government, and a contro- NEW HAMPSHIRE. 63 versy ensued, which continued until the independence of Vermont was acknowledged, in 1790. During the contest many of the towns of New Hampshire, lying near the Connecticut river, attached themselves to the Vermontese ; but in the end returned to their former submission. Southern Scenery. CHAPTER IX. Settlement of North Carolina. — Settlement of South Carolina. North Carolina originally formed part of that ex- tensive region, which by the French was named Florida, and by the English, Virginia ; and was in- cluded in the patent granted in 1584, to Sir Walter Raleigh. Amidas and Barlow, who had been sent out under his direction, discovered Pamlico Sound, and took possession of the country in the name of Queen Eliza- beth on the Fourth of July, a memorable day in the history of the United States. After exploring the coun- try, where they were hospitably received, they returned to England, carrying with them two of the Indians. A ^second expedition, commanded by Ralph Lane, and Sir Richard Granville, arrived on the coast of North Caro- (64) NORTH CAROLINA. 65 lina, in July of the following year. They landed a party, who engag-ed in a dispute with the Indians, and wan- tonly burnt their town and destroyed their corn. In August, the vessels returned to England, leaving a colony of about one hundred persons on the Island of Roanoke. Soon after their departure, the Indians en- tered into a plot to destroy the colony. The scheme was ripe for execution, when the secret was discovered to Lane, who took effectual measures to counteract it. The colony escaped destruction, but their sufferings had been great, and when, in the spring of 1586, Sir Francis Drake visited the coast, they took advantage of the op- portunity and returned to England. A few days after their departure several vessels ar- rived with stores and colonists, but, finding no remains of the colony, they left the coast. Raleigh, not discour- aged by these disappointments, fitted out three vessels the next spring, and stocking them with colonists, ob- tained a charter for the company, under the name of "The Governor and Assistants of the City of Raleigh, in Virginia." Misfortunes still attended the attempt. A colony was left on Roanoke, consisting of upwards of one hundred persons; bu^ when, three years afterwards, some vessels touched at the island, they found a deserted and ruined town, without seeing a human being, and from that period no knowledge has been gained of the missing colony. Many years passed away before the attempt to settle North Carolina was renewed. About the middle of the seventeenth century, some planters emigrated from Virginia, and with others began a settlement in the county of Albemarle. They found the climate mild and the soil fertile. From the flatter- ing description which they gave of the country, a con- siderable number of families were induced to join them, and thus began the first permanent settlement of North Carolina. In 1661, another settlement was made near Cape Fear, by a number of adventurers from Massachu- setts, who obtained a grant of their lands from the native proprietors of the soil. They suffered severely, how- ever, from the Indians, who at last broke up the settle- 6* 66 NORTH CAROLINA. merit on the pretence that some of their children, whom the settlers had obtained for the ostensible purpose of sending them to Massachusetts for education, had been sold into slavery. In 1665 a colony arrived from Bar- badoes, and purchased a considerable tract of land from Sir William Berkely, who allowed three years for the payment of quit rents, and held out encouraging offers to settlers. To each person who should make an actual settlement he offered one hundred acres in fee ; the same quantity for each child and man servant, and for woman servants and slaves the portion was fifty acres. This colony, which consisted of eight hundred persons, car- ried on a commerce with Barbadoes, exchanging slaves for dry goods and the produce of the island. While these settlements were struggling with the difficulties incidental to their situation, the whole coun- try between the 31st and 36th degrees of north latitude, was granted by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and others. Under this patent, the proprietors claimed Caro- lina, and also jurisdiction over all who had settled within it, and placed them under the general super- intendence of Sir William Berkely, the governor of Virginia. The inhabitants of Albemarle, who had purchased their lands of the Indians, and supported themselves without the aid of the patentees, were natu- rally dissatisfied with the prospects of being compelled to pay quit rents. They petitioned that they might be allowed to hold their lands on the same terms as lands were held in Virginia. This reasonable request was not immediately granted, and the settlers revolted from the government of the proprietors for nearly two years ; but, on receiving assurances that their petition was granted, they submitted to the new order of things. In 1667, a constitution was framed for the government of the infant colony. A General Assembly was to be instituted, consisting of the governor, who was to be chosen by the proprietors ; twelve counsellors, and twelve delegates, annually chosen by the freeholders. No taxes were to be laid except by the consent of the Assembly. Two years afterwards, a constitution, re-' NORTH CAROLINA.. 67 markable for the novelty and extravagance of its fea- tures, and equally remarkable as having been the production of the famous John Locke, was attempted to be put in force. By the provisions of this single instru- ment, a palatine or president was to be chosen for life ; a hereditary nobility was to be created, consisting of landgraves and caciques ; the former to possess six- teen, the latter four thousand acres of land ; the estates and titles to descend concurrently for ever. The parlia- ment was to consist of the proprietors, the nobility, and the representatives of the freeholders. They were all to assemble in one apartment ; they had no power of originating laws, but could only decide on such as should be prepared in the grand council of governor, nobility, and proprietary deputies. The whole number of regu- lations in this constitution amounted to one hundred and twenty. Unfortunately, there were no nobility in the settlement, and the titles sat awkwardly on the rude planters. The commonalty were dissatisfied with the proposition, and their discontent, aggravated by other causes, at last found vent in an open insurrection. The palatine, and some of the new-fledged nobles, were overpowered and put in prison, and the insurgents exer- cised authority during the space of two years. For many years after this period, a state of things prevailed in North Carolina not very favourable to the improve- ment of the colony. Government was feebly adminis- tered ; the presiding officers were frequently changed or deposed, and morals were greatly relaxed. The pro- gress of the settlements was slow. In 1702, the whole province is said to have contained only six thousand persons. In 1710, a considerable number of Palatines arrived, and settled near the Roanoke, in Albemarle and Bath counties. For many years, the settlers of North Carolina had lived in good harmony with the Indians; and it does not appear that any provocation was given to the latter, other than that which arose from the increasing num- bers and gradual encroachments of the whites. In 68 NORTH CAROLINA. 1712, however, a horrible outrage was committed. The Cbrees and Tuscaroras conceived the design of destroy- ing, in cold blood, all the whites in Carolina. Accord- ingly, on a night mutually fixed for the purpose, when the planters were unsuspicious of evil, the savages en- tered their houses and commenced an indiscriminate slaughter. Of the Roanoke settlers, one hundred and seven were butchered in one night. The alarm being given, many escaped the meditated destruction. Infor- mation was sent immediately to Charleston, whence the assembly sent a body of six hundred militia, under Colonel Barnwell, who were joined by a number of friendly Indians. With much difficulty the commander explored his way through the wilderness which sepa- rates the two Carolinas. Having overcome these diffi- culties, he surprised the Tuscaroras, killed about three hundred, and made one hundred prisoners. Those who survived, sought refuge in their fortified town, but they were pursued by Barnwell and attacked. A great number were killed, and the survivors, to whom a treaty of peace had been granted, soon afterwards lefi the country and united themselves with the Five Na- tions. In 1717, the proprietors sold the province to the crown for the sum of 17,500Z. sterling; and from this period to the epoch of independence, the government was admin- istered by officers appointed by the king. The colony soon afterwards received an accession of members by the arrival of some Moravians, who settled between the rivers Yadkin and Dan ; and of Irish and Scotch Presby- terians, who established themselves in the north-western parts. Its prosperity, however, was again retarded by an insurrection, in 1771, of the inhabitants of the west- ern counties, who styled themselves " Regulators ;'' and, complaining of oppressions practised in the administra- tion of justice, professed a desire to regulate these matters, by destroying the lawyers. With this view, they organized themselves into a formidable body of fifteen hundred men ; but Governor Tryon marched against them with about one thousand militia, and SOUTH CAROLINA. Treaty with the Indians. totally defeated them. Three hundred were killed, and the remainder sued for mercy. Soon after this period, the contest with Great Britain commenced, and although this colony had suffered, perhaps, less than any other from British misgovernment, the majority of the inhabi- tants joined heartily with their brethren of the other colonies in opposition to the schemes of the British min- istry, and afterwards in the declaration of independence. South, as well as North Carolina, was in 1662, granted to the Earl of Clarendon and seven others, who were constituted absolute lords and proprietors of the province. The germ of the population of South Carolina was first planted at or near Port Royal, in 1670, by a few emi- grants from England, under the direction of William Sayle, the first governor of the province. Dissatisfied with the situation, they removed in 1671 to the western . bank of Ashley River, and there laid the foundation of old Charleston. The site was injudiciously chosen, for it could not be approached by vessels of large burden, and 70 SOUTH CAROLINA. it was in consequence abandoned. A second removal took place in 1680, to Oyster Point, a spot at the con- fluence of the rivers Ashley and Cooper, when the foun- dation of the present city of Charleston was laid, and in one year thirty houses were built. The settlement at Port Royal received the name of South Carolina, soon after its commencement; but it, together with North Carolina, continued the joint pro- perty of the same persons for many years. They had. however, separate governors and assemblies. Locke's constitution was as obnoxious to the people of this pro- vince as it was to their neighbours; and here, as there, produced nothing but anarchy and discord. The people soon grew tired of the oppression of the proprietors, and petitioned for a change of government. They pre- ferred the control of a monarch to the tyranny of an oligarchy, and in 1719 effected a change in the system, by whicii the government was vested in the crown. In 1729, the proprietors gave up their rights to the government upon receiving an indemnity, except Lord Carteret, who never formally ceded his share. From this period, the colony was governed on the same plan as the others, and its growth became more rapid. Population began to pour in when discord subsided. After the final conquest of New York by the English, many Dutch emigrants settled in the province. The revocation of the edict of Nantes, contributed greatly to its prosperity, more by the respectability and useful char- acter of the French protestants, who established them- selves in Carolina, than by their numbers. They gene- rally settled themselves on the Santee River. The insurrections in England in 1715 and 1745, in favour of the Stuarts, sent a number of exiles to South Carolina : many arrived from Germany and Switzerland, and the British government transported fifleen hundred French colonists from Nova Scotia. Besides these, the bounty of fourteen pounds which had been allowed in 1712, for the importation of every healthy male person, between twelve and thirty years of age, was the means of procur- ing great numbers of settlers. The prosperity of Caro- SOUTH CAROLINA. 71 lina had also been promoted by another cause. About the end of the seventeenth century, a vessel from Mad- agascar touched at Charleston. Governor Smith visited the captain, who presented him with a bag of seed rice, informing him of the manner of cultivating it, of its nu- tritiousness and great increase. The seed was divided among several planters, and was found to answer fully the expectations of the governor. From this accidental circumstance was introduced what soon became one of the staple commodities of South Carolina. The progress of this state in population and prosperity was, however, impeded in the early part of the eigh- teenth century, by the hostility of the Indians and of the Spaniards of Florida. In 1702, an expedition was fitted out at the suggestion of Governor Moore, for an attack on St. Augustine, although war had not been formally declared by Britain agamst Spain. The governor was in person at the head of the expedition, and was unfortu- nate in its management and conclusion. The troops were landed, and the siege commenced ; but, on the arrival of two Spanish vessels, the governor hastily re- treated by land, with his men, abandoning his ships to the Spaniards. The next year, the Apalachian Indians having been the cause of a great annoyance to the settlers. Governor Moore marched into their country, destroyed their towns between the Alatamaha and the Savannah, and, after kill- ing a large number, compelled the tribe to submit to the British government. In 1706, the Spaniards and French, as a retaliation for the attempt upon St. Augustine, prepared an expedition against Charleston. It consisted of a French frigate under Captain Le Feboure, and four armed sloops, having on board about eight hundred men. The province was then under the direction of Governor Johnson, a man of courage and abilities. By his stren- uous exertions, the town was placed in a state of defence, which deterred the Spaniards from prosecuting their at- tempt farther than to land a small body of troops. These were attacked by Johnson, and most of them killed or taken prisoners. The squadron and the remainder of 72 SOUTH CAROLINA. the troops returned to Florida, without having effected any of the purposes for which they were sent out. From 1712 to 1718, the inhabitants of South Carolina were engaged in an unvarying round of hostilities with the Tuscaroras of North Carolina, and with the Yemas- sees of their own province. These wars were under- taken by the Indians, with the declared object of exter- minating the whites. From 1755 to 1759, the province was harassed by the encroachments of the Cherokees, who made incursions into the frontier settlements, and broke them up. Quiet was restored for a short time, by a treaty of peace ; but, in 1760, hostilities again broke out with these savages. The unfortunate settlers were exposed to every variety of hardship and suffering ; and, to add to their calamities, the small-pox raged with de- structive violence among them. This state of things continued until 1763, when a general peace was con- cluded. From this period until the Revolution of 1776, the province of South Carolina enjoyed great prosperity, and the population nearly doubled itself At the commence- ment of the revolutionary contest, the Carolinians, who had experienced little of the oppressive system which the British government had exercised towards the more northern colonies, were somewhat undecided as to the part they ought to take. At this period, a mail, brought by the English packet, was seized by the patriotic com- mittee, and was found to contain instructions to the governors of Virginia and the Carolinas, to make an im- mediate and effectual use of military force. This cir- cumstance seems to have determined the conduct of the colonists of South Carolina. During the long struggle which followed, this state suffered much, both from the British and Indians, and the disaffected within. The war in South Carolina and its vicinity was remarkable both for general actions of gr„at importance to the pub- lic cause, and for the display which it afforded of indi- vidual bravery and patriotism. Arms of New Jersey. CHAPTER X. Settlement of Neio Jersey. The period at which the first European settlements were made in the territory now composing the state of New Jersey, is not clearly ascertained. Detached bodies of the Dutch from New York planted themselves in the eastern part, while, in the western portion of the state, bordering on the Delaware, small bodies of Swedes were settled. The Dutch claimed the whole country, from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and protested against the occupation of any part of it by the Swedes. VVithout regard to the validity of their title, Charles II., in 1664, granted to his brother, the duke of York, a patent for the precise country claimed by the Dutch, inclutling the territory between the Hudson and the Delaware. In the same year, the duke of York sold this district, which then, for the first time, received the name of New Jersey, to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret. To encourage emigration, the new proprietors oftered liberal privileges to settlers ; and it 7 (73) 74 NEW JERSEY. ought to be recorded to their honour, that they estab- lished it as a fundamental rule, that all vacant land should be purchased from the natives. Eighty acres were offered to each settler, under a quit rent of one penny per acre, to commence at a future period. The important privilege of self-government was accorded to the inhabitants; the proprietors declaring that all laws should be made by the representatives of the people, but reserving to themselves the executive power. Thus wisely constituted, the settlement of Jersey Eoon advanced with rapidity. Philip Carteret was the first governor, and under his administration the system of the proprietors was strictly pursued with respect to ihe Indians, The consequences were highly favourable to the prosperity of the colony. Hostilities with this people, from which many of the other provinces suffered 60 severely, were scarcely known. New Jersey con- tinued to thrive under the prudent management of the proprietors until 1673, when the Dutch, having recon- quered New York, extended their povv'er again over this province. Their government, hov;ever, w-as brief; for on the conclusion of peace between England and Hol- land, two years afterwards, the whole country was restored to the former power. The duke of York now obtained from Charles IL a confirmation of his for- mer patent; and considering his former grant of New Jersey annulled, he claimed jurisdiction over all the country comprised in the patent ; appointed Sir Edmund Andres governor of his territories, from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and, uniting with him a council, gave them the whole powers of government, legislative and executive. This fit agent of tyrannical measures ar- rived in America in November, 1674, and proceeded to the exercise of his functions* In the same year. Lord Berkely assigned his undivided half of New Jersey to the celebrated William Penn and three others. Per- ceiving the disadvantages of joint ownership, they came to an agreement with Carteret, by which the province was divided into two parts. Carteret received East Jer- sey, and gave in return to William Penn and his asso- NEW JERSEY. 75 ciates, a release of the western part of the province. The duke of York had given up his claim as far as re- spected East Jersey to Carteret, but retained West Jer- sey as a part of his g-overnmeiit, and an appendage of New York. Hence arose constant conliicts of jurisdic- tion, and an uncertainty respecting titles, which harassed the inhabitants, and finally ended in the destruction ol the proprietary government. On the one hand, Cartere endeavoured to participate in commercial advantages, b establishing a port at Amboy ; but Andros, who feare that the commerce of New York might be injured, seized and condemned all vessels trading thither, an^ was supported by the duke of York. The governor and council of New York claimed also the right of im- posing taxes on Nev*' Jersey, and extended their juris- diction on all occasions. The proprietors of West Jer- sey had, in the meantime, been earnest in their remon- strances and petitions to the duke of York; and the question was at length referred to Sir William Jones, an eminent lawyer, who decided in favour of the propri- etary rights, and against the legality of taxes. Thus having high legal opinion against him, the duke could no longer avoid doing justice ; and accordingly, in 1680, he conveyed West Jersey to the proprietors. About this time the province received a considerable accession of inhabitants by the arrival of a number of Quakers, who principally settled in the neighbourhood of the present towns of Burlington and Salem, which they built. In 1682, Carteret, who had involved himself in an un- pleasant dispute with the assembly, transferred his in- terest in tlie province to William Penn, and eleven other persons of the sect of Quakers. These immediately conveyed one-half of the province to a company of Scots- men, at the head of whom was the earl of Perth. In 1683, the Scotch proprietors obtained a patent of con- firmation from the duke of York. After this event many emigrants arrived from Scotland. The first governor of East Jersey, under the proprietors, was Robert Bar- clay, the celebrated author of the Apology for the Qua- ker belief, who was appointed to the office for life. 76 NEW JERSEY. Notwithstanding- the grant of the duke of York, and the decision of Sir William Jones, the government of New York still claimed a jurisdiction over East Jersey, and attempted to levy the same taxes upon it as in its own province. Complaint was made in England, but no re- dress was obtained. After the accession of the duke of York to the English throne, a writ of quo warranto was issued against the proprietors, who, finding there was no other resource, endeavoured to save what they could by voluntary submission, and made a formal surrender of their patent, praying only for a grant of the soil. It was intended by James 11. that the whole province, together with that of New York, should be united with New England in an arbitrary govern- ment; and arrangements were making to carry the design into execution when the revolution of 1688 for- tunately put an end to his power. For several years after this period, the province suffered greatly from the want of an efficient government ; each division having different proprietors, whose views w^ere opposite. Con- fusion arose in titles and jurisdiction, and discord pre- vailed between the governors and the assemblies. In this state of things the proprietors of both parts sur- rendered, in 1702, their rights of government to Queen Anne. New Jersey was now again united into one province, and a more regular and harmonious system of adminis- tration prevailed. Lord Cornbury, cousin to the queen, was the first royal governor. He was also governor of New York, and abused his functions in both provinces. On the complaint of the New York assembly, the queen removed him from office. From this period to the epoch of the American Revolution, New Jersey was not the scene of any memorable event. Its population and pros- perity rapidly augmented under an orderly and prudent administration of affairs. From its connexion with England, however, the province became involved in the wars of that country ; and, though remote from the scene of action, we find her contributing, on several occasions, to the expeditions undertaken for the conquest of the NEW JERSEY. 77 French possessions. In 1709, the Assembly passed laws for remittmg 3000Z., in bills of credit, for the aid of the government, and for the encouragement of volunteers to join the forces destined for Canada. This was the first paper money emitted in New Jersey, and its credit was so well supported by the government, that no deprecia- tion took place. In 1738, on the petition of the colony for a separate governor, Lewis Morris was appointed to the oliice by the crown. Previously to this, the affairs of tlie province had been administered by the governor of New York. The last royal governor of New .Tersey was William Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated Benjamin Franklin. The attempts of the British government to impose an arbitrary autliority over her colonies, met with as warm opposition in New Jersey, as in any other province. Deputies were sent to the Congress, which convened at Philadelphia, on the occasion of the stamp act, and to all the subsequent assemblies. During the contest which ensued, New Jersey was the seat of liostilities for a great length of time. Her losses in men and property are said to have been greater in proportion than any other state. Trenton, her capital, is rendered memorable by the sur- prise of the Hessian troops stationed there, and their surrender to General Washington, an event of signal importance to the common cause of the republic. At Princeton the enemy received another check, which, united with their defeat at Trenton, obliged them to retire into winter quarters; and Monmouth, together with many other places in this state, have become classic ground from similar causes. The cruelties perpetrated by the British army, during its different campaigns and incursions, were of the most savage character, and justly excited a warm feeling of indignation in the inhabitants, which prompted them to repair to the standard of Wash- ington. 7* William Penn. CHAPTER XL Settlement of Pennsylvania. William Penn, the illustrious founder of Pennsyl- vania, was the son of Sir William Penn, a British ad- miral, who, in the year 1655, rendered very important services to the nation by the conquest of Jamaica from the Spaniards, and by a naval victory over the Dutch. At an early period of his life, the son, to the g-reat mor- tification of the admiral, joined the sect of Quakers or Friends, to whom persecution had about that period (78) PENNSYLVAWIA. 79 begun to attract the public attention. For this he under- went a portion of their sufferings, having been repeatedly- imprisoned for preaching to the people. The intolerance manifested by the magistrates, and the majority of the people (for the king appears to have been disposed to lenity), induced William Penn to turn his attention to America. He and some others purchased a large quantity of land in New Jersey ; but, being dissatisfied with his partners in the concern, he formed the design of acquirmg a separate estate. The crown was indebted to his father's executors in the sum of about 16,000/., and, as an acquittance for this, a large tract was oranted to him in severalty. His charter conveyed to him, under the name of Pennsylvania, all that tract of country bounded on the east by the river Delaware ; extending vi^estward five degrees of longitude ; stretching to the north, from twelve miles northward of Newcastle, to the forty-third* degree of latitude, and limited on the south by a circle of twelve miles drawn round Newcastle to the beginning of the fortieth degree of latitude. From the want of sufficient attention to former charters, this grant inter- fered, both with that of Maryland on the south, and with the claims of Connecticut on the east ; and hence arose contentions with regard to boundaries, which were not settled for a century afterwards. In May, 1681, the proprietary sent over Markham with a few others to take possession of the territory, and prepare for the settlement. In July, he sold twenty thousand acres to a company formed of merchants, and other persons, at the rate of twenty pounds for every ^ thousand acres; and entered into articles pif agreement with them, entitled " Conditions and Concessions." In the following year, Penn published his frame of govern- ment, by which the supreme power was to be vested in the governor and a general assembly, consisting, at first, of the whole body of the people, and afterwards of a house of delegates. A provincial council was *The forty-third degree of latitude mentioned in the charter, means the commencement of the forty-third degree, or the forty- second parallel, which is now the northern boundary. 80 PENNSYLVANIA. established, consisting' of seventy-two persons, to be chosen by the freemen. The g-overnor, possessed of three votes, presided in this council, which prepared and digested all laws, leaving to the people the mere right of confirming or rejecting. This frame of government was, after a short time, laid aside, and another, re- sembling those established in the other provinces, was adopted. In October, 1682, Penn, accompanied by about two thousand settlers, mostly Friends, arrived at Newcastle, on the Delaware. He had previously obtained from the duke of York a conveyance of the land at present in- cluded in the state of Delaware. His first step was to convoke an assembly, which was held at Upland (now called Chester), in December, 1682. In a short session of three days, a period in which their descendants would hardly have agreed upon the choice of a speaker, they adopted a constitution, modifying that drawn up by Penn, in England ; and passed several very important laws. Among other provisions, that great and admira- ble principle, to an adherence to which the province owed much of its prosperity, was adopted : " That none, acknowledging one God, and living peaceably in so- ciety, should be molested for his opinions or practice, or compelled to frequent or maintain any ministry what- ever," Another principle of Penn's system, equally novel and praiseworthy, regarded the treatment of the Indians. Soon after his arrival, he summoned them to a council, and, treating with them on an amicable and equal footing, as men and brethren, obtained from them, *in return for valuable presents, a cession of as much land as his exigencies required. The same course was pur- sued in his subsequent intercourse with tliem ; the treaties were kept inviolate by both parties; and it was seen with surprise by mankind, that kindness and good faith were as useful assistants as the sword in the affairs of a colony. No one of the colonies made such rapid advances in prosperity as Pennsylvania. The salubrity of the climate, and the general fruitfulness of the soil, PENNSYLVANIA. 81 had some influence, but the moral attractions predomi- nated. The persecutions of the Quakers and other sects, in England, drove thousands to a place where worship was as free as air ; and the prospect of enjoy- ing- equal rights in civil matters, drew over from the continent of Europe a vast number of industrious and moral emigrants. The city of Philadelphia was laid out at an early pe- riod after the arrival of the first settlers, according to a design which had been prepared by William Penn, in England. The second assembly of Pennsylvania was held at this place, in April, 1683. Among other impor- tant laws adopted, was one which abrogated the com- mon law of England respecting descents, and distributed the estates of persons dying intestate among the children, giving the eldest son, however, a double share. The revo- lution in England, which took place in 1688, produced some change in the government of Pennsylvania. Wil- liam Penn was suspected of entertaining unfavourable sentiments towards the house of Orange. He was, therefore, suspended from the privilege of appointing a deputy for his province; and, in 1692, Pennsylvania, without any regard to its charter, was annexed to New York, and subjected to the administration of Fletcher, governor of that province. Penn, however, two years after, reinstated himself in the good opinion of the court. He regained his province, and appointed Markham lieu- tenant-governor. Notwithstanding the pacific disposi- tion of both the governor and the people, and the general concordance of their opinions, Pennsylvania proved to be no Utopia for the worthy proprietary. Bickerings about the constitution, or the laws, or the manner of dis- posing of the lands, almost constantly existed. The charter had twice been altered, but the colonists were still discontented. At length, in 1701, Penn gave them a third charter. It provided that the assembly should consist of deputies from each county, and should have the right to originate, amend, or reject, all bills; that the governor should nominate his own council, exercise 82 PENNSYLVANIA. the whole executive power, and have a negative on the proceeding's of the assembly. The delegates from Penn- sylvania assented to this instrument ; but those from the the " three lower counties on the Delaware," as the}' were called, refused to adopt it, and seceded from the assembly. No adjustment could be made ; and from this period, the three counties had a distinct assembly, though they were subject to the same governor as Penn- sylvania, The constitution thus adopted in Pennsylva- nia, continued in force until the Revolution. In 1718, William Penn died, at the age of seventy- four. From the period of his undertaking the settlement of Pennsylvania, his life had been a uniform scene of vexation and disquiet. His private fortune had been materially injured by his advances to promote the infant colony, and at one time he was compelled to submit to a temporary deprivation of liberty. He left, however, to his descendants an inheritance of great value ; which they enjoyed until the Revolution, when the common- wealth became the possessor; and, as an indemnifica- tion, granted them an ample sum of money. From the death of Penn to the Revolution, the history of Pennsyl- vania is little more than a narrative of petty quarrels be- tween the proprietaries, governors, and the assembly. The chief subject of the dispute arose from the lands of the proprietaries, which they wished to exempt from the taxation to which other lands were liable. The assem- bly resisted the exemption stoutly, and this disagree- ment frequently prevented the passage of necessary laws. In 1749, an important treaty was concluded with the Indians of the Six Nations, at Philadelphia, in which, for goods of considerable value, they granted to the proprietary all the lands on the Susquehanna, south as far as the boundary of Pennsylvania, and north to the Endless Mountains, or Kittatinny Hills, now called the Blue Mountains ; and, since that time, the Indian title to the residue of the state has been extin- guished. Notwithstanding that a large portion of her popula- PENNSYLVANIA. 83 tion consisted of Quakers, whose tenets inclined them to submission to existing governments, Pennsylvania opposed the arbitrary measures of the British go«;ern- ment, which led to the Revolution, with as much zeal and ardour as her sister states. The first congress of deputies from the states, and most of the subsequent meetings of the same assembly, were held at Philadel- phia ; and it was at the same place that the Declaration of Independence was adopted and proclaimed. The Treaty Monument. CHAPTER XII. Settlement of Georgia. Of the thirteen provinces which declared themselves independent states in 1776, Georgia was the last set- tled. The country lying within its present boundaries, was, previous to the year 1733, a wilderness; and, though comprehended within the charter of Carolina, had been claimed by Spain as well as England. The (84) GEORGIA. 8f sufferings of the English poor from the existing state of trade and industry, led to the first attempt at settlement in Georgia. A company was formed for the purpose of assisting such as might he disposed to emigrate in search of the means of subsistence. To this company, George II., by patent dated in 1732, granted the territory, which, in compliment to him, was called Georgia, and a corporation of twenty-one persons was created, under the title of " the Trustees for settling the colony of Georgia." In November of that year, a large sum of money having been subscribed, one hundred and sixty persons embarked at Gravesend, under the direction of General James Oglethorpe, and arrived at Charles- ton, in January, 1733. From this place Oglethorpe proceeded to explore the country destined for their place of settlement. A treaty was held with the Creek Indians, and a large tract of land obtained by cession. On a high bluff, overlooking a river, the foundation of a town was laid, which received the name of Savannah, after the Indian name of the river. Here the settle- ment was commenced in the spring of 1733 ; but the injudicious system of the trustees, and, perhaps, the cha- racter of the settlers themselves, impeded a rapid ad- vance. Taking-as their model, the feudal tenures, the trustees granted their lands in tail-male ; which, on the termination of the male descendants of the grantee, were to avert to the donors, to be again granted to such persons as would be most likely to render personal ser- vices. The condition upon which the lands were par- celled out was military duty. Each possessor was to appear in arms, and take the field when called upon for the public defence. Any part of the land which was not enclosed, cleared, and cultivated, within eighteen years, was to revert to the trustees. By another regulation, more reconcilable with good policy, the importation of negroes, and the use of rum, were absolutely prohibited. These restrictions drove many settlers into Carolina, where lands were held in fee simple. The number of inhabitants in the colony continued nevertheless to in- crease. In 1734, about six hundred emigrants arrived ; GEORGIA. but, being" principally idle and dissolute characters, the "cankers of a calm world," they were little fitted for the toil of clearing a wilderness of wood. For the purpose of obtaining- settlers more suitable to the business of colonizing", the trustees divided the country on the Savannah and other rivers, into lots of fifty acres, and offered a lot to each person who would make a settle- ment. In consequence of these regulations, a large num- ber of hardy emigrants arrived soon afterwards from Scotland and Germany. In addition to a previous grant, the parliament now gave 25,000?. tor the benefit of the colony. In this state of things war took place between Spain and England, an event calculated to retard the prosperity of Georgia, from her liability to invasion on the side of Florida and Havanna. Oglethorpe was ap- pointed commander-in-chief of the king's forces in South Carolina and Georgia, and immediately applied himself assiduously to the task of defence. He brought with him six hundred soldiers into Georgia; and having erected forts for the defence of the province, and secured the friendship of the Creeks, whom the Spaniards had endeavoured to excite to hostilities, he found himself strong enough to attempt an attack upon a Spanish settlement. South Carolina granted a large sum of money for the purpose, and troops were raised in the Carolinas and Virginia. With these troops, four hun- dred regulars and some Indians, Oglethorpe invaded Florida. St. Augustine was the object of his enterprise, which proved unsuccessful, and was abandoned, greatly to his mortification. In 1742, this invasion was re- taliated by a large Spanish force. An expedition of thirty-two sail, with three thousand men. arrived in the river Alatamaha, and took possession of Fort St. Simon, which had been previously abandoned by Oglethorpe. The Spanish commander next attempted to proceed through the woods to the attack of Fort Frederica, on the Island of St. Simon ; but finding unlooked-for obstacles in his way, and being deceived by a stratagem of Ogle- thorpe, he re-embarked his troops in haste, leaving behind him many pieces of artillery, provisions, and GEORGIA. 87 military stores, and returned to Florida. Georgia was preserved on this occasion principally by the address and skill of General Oglethorpe. The restoration of peace which took place soon after- wards, freed Georgia from one source of disquiet; but the condition of the colony was materially different from that of the others settled by the English in North Ame- rica. Notwithstanding upwards of lC(),00'i'/. sterling had been granted by parliament and individuals, and that emigration had been encouraged by premiums, the state of things at the middle of the eighteenth century was very unpromising. Many of the emigrants had abandoned their settlements; and those who remained, with difficulty obtained a scanty subsistence. The reg- ulations respecting the tenure of land above mentioned, and the prohibition of the importation of negroes and rum, operated to produce this effect. By prohibiting the importation of rum, the trustees had deprived the colo- nists of an excellent market in the West Indies for the sale of their lumber. So trifling was the produce of this now productive soil, that, about the year 1750, the whole annual exports of Georgia did not exceed 1.0,000/. sterling. In the year 1820, her exports exceeded $6,500,(!00. The complaints arising from their mis- management, at last induced the trustees to surrender the charter to the crown. In 1752, the government was taken into the hands of the king, and the same privi- leges and regulations, as to land and trade, that pre- vailed in the other colonies, were extended to Georgia. The first good effect of the change of government was felt in the establishment of a General Assembly of repre- sentatives in 1755. In 1763, all the lands lying between the rivers Alatamaha and St. Mary's, were annexed to Georgia by a royal proclamation. From this period the colony began to make rapid progress in prosperity and population ; the rich swamps and lowlands on the rivers began to be brought into cultivation, and the effects of judicious government were soon visible in the increased amount of exports. In 1763, the value of exports was no more than 27,000/. sterling ; but in 1773. S8 GEORGIA. the value had arisen to upwards of 121,000Z. Much of this increase of prosperity is attributed to the influence of Governor Wright, who first set the example of cul- tivatint^ the lowlands and river swamps, thereby acquir- ing- for himself an ample fortune, and directing the industry of the people into a proper channel. Georgia, at the commencement of the American Re- volution, was only in the infancy of her strength, and had just begun to enjoy sotne of tlie blessings of peace and the advantages of a better system of government. Her inhabitants had never experienced the evils which the tyrannical administration of the Stuarts had inflicted on the older provinces, and knew the operations of the royal government only by its favourable contrast with that of the trustees. Notwithstanding these motives for continuing in connexion with England, the people of this province did not hesitate to take part with their northern brethren. In March, 1775, they appointed a delegate to Congress ; and in July of the same year, a convention of delegates assembled, by whom the sanction of the province was given to the measures of Congress. During the war which ensued, Georgia was overrun by the British troops, and the principal inhabitants were compelled to abandon their possessions and fly into the neighbouring states. In proportion to their numbers, the exertions and losses of her citizens were as great as in any of the states. iJS^^^^fe -^ :^M ^^^^^^^^^ ^B^^H ^^M l^ffii^^^l^^^H^ m I^^H H ^^^^^^9 i^K tBASTiAhrCABOT/Hlltpill CHAPTER XIII. Summary of Events before the Revolution. We have seen that, from the year 1497, when tho continent of North America was first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, more than a century elapsed before any permanent settlement was effected on its shores. The greater part of the territory of the United States, east of Florida, was orig-inally called Virginia, in iiononr of Elizabeth of England, the virgin queen, as poets and courtiers styled her; who, following the practice of other European monarch?, granted large tracts of coun- try, without respect to the rights of the aboriginal pos- sessors. The earliest settlement, in pursuance of these grants, we have seen, was made within tlie limits of the present state of Virginia, in 1607, under the authority of James I. Seven years afterwards, a colony of Dutch commenced a settlement upon the present Island of New Vork, and retained possession until 1664, when it was 8* (89J 90 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. surrendered to an armament fitted out by Charles II. Massachusetts was settled in 1620, by a body of Puritans from Eng-land. The next settlement, in order of time, was that of Delaware by the Swedes. Connecticut &nd Maryland were colonized contemporaneously ; the for- mer by emigrants from Massachusetts, in 1663 ; the latter by a party of Roman Catholics from England, under Lord 13altimore. Religious persecutions drove a number of persons from Massachusetts, and led to the founding of Rhode Island, in 1635; New Hampshire was settled in 1637, principally from the same cause. In 1663, some of the Virginia settlers laid the foundation of North Carolina, which was followed by the settlement of South Carolina in 1670. New Jersey, on which the Dutch and Swedes had made partial settlements early in the seventeenth century, was not effectually colonized till after the year 1670. In Pennsylvania also, a small body of Swedes had planted themselves at an early period. The settlement increased slowly, until tlie ar- rival, in 1681, of William Penn, with a numerous com- pany of Quakers, whom the prospect of relief from persecution induced to emigrate. The last settled of the original thirteen states was Georgia, founded in 1732, by General Oglethorpe. The history of all new colonies, is necessarily one of Hardships and suffering. In the case of most of the American settlements, however, the ordinary evils were augmented by the vindictive hostility of the natives, who saw with indignation the tide of Christian domin- ion gradually overflowing their land, and who used every means that nature had supplied them with, to stay the progress of the wave. Their most sagacious chiefs, from Philip of Pokanoket, to Tecumseh, have endea- voured to unite the different tribes in a common purpose of opposition, but without success. The superior arts of the Europeans generally triumphed in the engage- ments of bodies of men ; but it was in the surprisal and assault upon individuals or families, that Indian hos- tility w^as most effective. The settlements of Massa- chusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, and Virginia, espe- SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 91 cially, were, for a great number of years, the theatres of sanguinary conflicts. In Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, a system of policy more humane and prudent conciliated the savages, and advanced the pros- perity of the settlements. Another fruitful source of disquiet to the colonies, was the adjoining- settlements in Canada, The British and French province^% which would otherwise, it is probable, have remained in peace with each other, were compelled to take part in the un- ceasing wars of the mother countries, and wasted their young strength in supporting projects of European aggrandizement, in which they themselves, were but remotely interested. This grievance fell with the greatest weight upon the colonies of New York and New England. The influence which the governors of Canada have always possessed over the Indians, enabled the Frencli to direct the full force of savage hostility against the English colonists (as the British, since their possession of Canada, have done against the United States). The frontiers were, during every war, a scene of desolation and bloodshed. The colonists saw, that nothing short of the expulsion of the French from Canada would be sufficient to secure their repose. They devised frequent plans for the conquest of that province, and urgently called on the British govern- ment for assistance. The aid they received was feebly and reluctantly given. In 1690, commissioners from the eastern and middle colonies met at New York, to concert measures for an expedition against the French colonies. The enterprise failed, 'Jirough the tardiness of the British admiral. Similar attempts were made in 1692, and 1696; but from similar causes, they also were unsuccessful. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, the colo- nies enjoyed a short period of repose. The renewal of the war in Europe, however, brought upon them again all the horrorsj of Indian and French hostility. New York and New England had previously been the chief theatre of Indian incursions; but the extension of their settle- ments on *he Ohio, gave the French an opportunity of 92 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. leaaing the savages against the frontier inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The colonies of South Carolina and Georgia were equally harassed, during the first half of the eighteenth century, by the Spaniards and southern Indians. In the year 1745, a resolute and successful attack was made upon the strong fort of Louisbourg, in the island of Cape Breton, by a small body of NewEnglanders, headed by William Pepperell, a merchant of Boston. After the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, the colonies were, for a short period, unmolested, until the conflicting pre- tensions of the two nations to lands on the Ohio, prcJ'- duced another contest. To enable themselves the more effectually to resist their enemies, some of the colonies proposed, about this time, the formation of a federal government, to be administered by a grand council, chosen by the provincial assemblies. The British ministry, however, refused to accede to the project, without such modifications as would have given them the absolute control over the general congress; and the colonies being equally averse to this alteration, the plan was abandoned. The year 1755 was rendered memorable by the defeat of the British general, Braddock, whose army was saved from entire ruin, by the skill of Washington, then a colonel of provincial militia, and by the courage of the colonial troops. In 1758, Fort Du Quesne, now Pitts- burg, was taken by the British and provincial troops. Louisbourg, which had been restored to France, was also taken ; and the tide of success set so strongly in favour of the British, that in the succeeding years Que- bec and the whole of Canada were conquered. The American colonies, now relieved in a great measure from a state of harassing warfare, began to acquire, with great rapidity, wealih and population. Their improved condition attracted the notice of the mother country; who, forgetting that the colonics had struggled almost unaided through their difficulties, many of which diffi- culties had arisen from her absurd and oppressive regu- lations, assumed the credit of their thriving appearance, SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 93 Stamp Act Riot. and resolved to provide some remuneration for her fan- cied exertions in their behalf. The inhabitants of Great Britain laboured at this time under a load of taxa- tion, part of which burden they determined to transfer to the Americans. The first step taken in pursuance of this resolution, was to impose a stamp duty on instru- ments of writing- executed in the provinces. An act was accordingly passed to this effect by the British parliament, in 1765. It was resisted from the first mo- ment by the colonies, and serious riots immediately ensued. Delerrates from the several provinces assem- bled at Philadelphia, who, with great unanimity, agreed upon a declaration of rights, and a statement of their 94 SUMMARY OF EVENTS. grievances. The people at large entered into associa- tions against the importations of British manufactures, which, notwithstanding their previous dependence foi clothing upon England, were adhered to almost univer- sally. This determined resolution compelled the British ministry to repeal the obnoxious act. The concession was received with gratitude, and for a short period tranquillity and prosperity prevailed. The intention of subjecting the colonies to the payment of taxes was not, however, abandoned. In 1767, an act was passed, laying duties on certain articles imported into the colonies. The latter, equally determined in their resolution not to submit to what they rightly deemed an oppressive and unlawful mea- sure, refused to recognize the right. The British go- vernment at length repealed all the duties, except those upon tea. To counteract the design of collecting this duty, the inhabitants of the provinces entered into an agreement, not to import or consume the article. For some time, matters remained in suspense, without any direct opposition to the laws. At length a large quantity of tea being sent to Boston, it was seized by the people and thrown into the sea. When intelligence of this proceeding reached England, measures of the most vin- dictive character were resolved upon. An act was passed for closing the port of Boston, and other acts directed against the charter of Massachusetts, evincing a resolution on the part of Great Britain, which, if submitted to, would have proved fatal to the liberties of America. The flaftie of indignation broke forth in all parts of the continent. Even those provinces the most remote from Massachusetts, and which had experienced, practically, none of the evils of which that province complained, were zealous and ardent in the common cause. Massachusetts assembled a provincial congress, voted to raise men and money, and recommended a general assembly of the provinces to be held at Philadelphia. According to this recommendation, a congress of dele- gates convened in September, 1774, and after approving SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 95 of the proceedings in Massachusetts, and pledging- them- selves not to import from, nor export to Great Britain, concluded their session by addressinor an earnest and firm but respectful remonstrance to the British govern- ment. The latter, still resolved to force her colonies to submission, sent over a large additional military force, and passed laws restraining the trade of all the colonies, except North Carolina, Delaware, and New York. By this exception, they hoped to produce disunion among the provinces; but the expectation was vain. These colonies spurned an advantage offered to them at the expense of their sisters. In tlie meantime, warlike preparations A-ere making in Massachusetts, as well as on the British side, and it was soon perceived that a contest was unavoidable. Battle of Lexington. CHAPTER XIX. The Revolution. Lexington, in Massachusetts, was the scene of the first conflict between the Americans ond English. Some military stores having- been deposited at Concord, about eighteen miles from Boston, General Gage, the British commander, sent a body of eight hundred regu- lars, on the 18th of April, 1775, to obtain possession of them. Intelligence of their intentions had previously (96) RETREAT FROM CONCORD. 97 reached the country, and the alarm was given by the ringing- of bells and the firing of guns. At Lexington, the British fell in with a small party of seventy militia- men, upon whom they fired, and killed eight, wounding many more. The fire was returned by the militia, who then retreated. At Concord, the British found another party of militia, upon whom they again fired. Having succeeded in destroying the stores, they commenced their Retreat from Concord. retreat, in the progress of which they were reinforced by Lord Percy with nine hundred men. During this re- treat the Americans kept up a constant fire; and, though the British party eifected their return to Boston, it was 9 98 BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. with a loss of two hundred and seventy-three, in killed, wounded and prisoners. A strong reinforcement arrived soon afterwards from England, and was principally stationed in the town of Boston, while the New England troops occupied different posts in the vicinity. An im- portant eminence called Bunker Hill, near Boston, was taken possession of, and partial entrenchments were thrown up by the provincials on the night of the 16th of June. The number of militia and others, by whom the post was occupied, was about fifteen hundred. At noon of the next day a body of 3,000 British regulars ad- vanced to dislodge tliem. The provincials reserved their fire until the British had approached to within one hundred yards of the works, when they discharged it with such destructive effect, that the whole column re- treated in the utmost confusion. Twice did these un- disciplined patriots put to flight a body of veteran troops double their own number. At the third onset, the pow- der of the Americans began to fail ; their position was raked by the ships and the British field-pieces; their redoubt was assailed on three sides at once, and, having in vain endeavoured to oppose the bayonets of the British with the butts of discharged guns, they were compelled to abandon their post. Their retreat was effected in good order over Charlestown neck. In this glorious action the Americans killed or wounded upwards of one thousand of the enemy. Their own loss did not exceed four hundred ; but among the killed was General War- ren, whose death was greatly and universally lamented. The Continental Congress, which convened again at Philadelphia, on the lOtli of May, now determined to raise forces in the name of the United Colonies. On the 15th of June, they unanimously elected George Washington, then a member from Virginia, commander- in-chief of the troops. On the 2d of July, he arrived at Cambridge, and took command of the forces stationed there. With these undisciplined troops, ill supplied with munitions of war, Washington undertook the siege, or rather the blockade of Boston. Towards the close of this year, a gallant but rash attempt was made upon SIEGE OF BOSTON. Siege of Boston. Canada, by a body of provincials, under Generals Mont- gomery and Arnold. The former invaded Canada by the lakes, while the latter ascended the Kennebeck, and after a march through the wilderness, during which the men underwent excessive toils and privations, they succeeded in reaching Quebec. Here they found them- selves without the means of carrying on a regular siege, and, after a month's delay, they attempted to carry the place by escalade. Two attacks w-ere made at once, by Montgomery and Arnold. The former was killed, while gallantly leading his men. The latter was wounded. Many of the Americans were killed or cap- tured, after a great display of valor, and the remainder were driven from the walls. The attempt was then abandoned, and the survivors with difficulty reached the United States. The British remained in possession of Boston until March, 1776, when they embarked on board of the fleet, and sailed for Halifax. General Washington then moved his army southward, and established his head-quarters at New York. 100 ATTACK ON FORT MOULTRIE. On the 28th of June, an attack was made upon Fort Moultrie, which was situated on Sullivan's Island, and protected the entrance to Charleston, in South Carolina. The British land forces were led by Sir Henry Clinton, and Admiral Sir Peter Parker com manded the naval force. The fort was defended by Colonel Moultrie. The battle commenced about eleven o'clock in the morning, and continued with but little intermission until seven in the evening, when the fire slackened, and soon ceased on both sides. The land forces had landed on Long Island, which was separated from Sullivan's Island only by a narrow channel, forda- ble at low tide; but the channel had been deepened recently by the prevalence of easterly winds, and Clin- ton found it impossible to bring his troops into action. During the engagement one of the ships grounded, and on the garrison firing a few shots at her on the next morning, her crew set her on fire and deserted her. She was then boarded by a party of Americans, who seized her colors, fired some of her guns at Admiral Parker, filled their boats with her stores, and then quitted her. She soon blew up. The fleet and troops soon after departed for New York. While these affairs w^ere in progress, Congress had vainly attempted to obtain a repeal of those edicts which the British government had directed against the freedom of America. They addressed themselves to the King, to the Parliament, and to the people. Finding their remonstrances fruitless, these illustrious republi- cans, than whom none of loftier spirit or more steadfast virtue ever upheld the liberties of a country, declared the colonies free and independent, and established a general government. This solemn act took place on the 4th of July, 1776, in the building now called Inde- pendence Hall, in Philadelphia. On the 23d of August, British troops to the number of twenty-four thousand, commanded by Sir William Howe, landed on Long Island, about nine miles from New York. The American forces at this time amounted in number to about twenty-seven thousand, but one- BRITISH LAND ON LONG ISLAM?. 101 Independence Hall. fourth were sick, and the remainder consisted princi- pally of raw and undisciplined troops. The main body lay on York Island, but a strong detachment, under Generals Sullivan and Putnam, was posted on Long Island, near the village of Brooklyn. Orders had been given that all the passes in the range of hills which separated the two armies should be strictly guarded. 9* 102 BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. One, however, escaped the notice of the Americans, or was but slig'htly guarded ; and by this pass the British, under Howe and Clinton, made their way on the ni^hi of the 26th of August. By this means Sullivan's flank was gained, while his attention was occupied by a brisk cannonade kept up on his front by Generals Grant and De Heister. The consequences were extremely dis- astrous, for when the real attack was made early on the morning of the 27th, overcome by the superiority of numbers, and attacked on two sides at once, the Ameri- cans were compelled to take refuge in their intrenched camp, after suffering severely in killed, wounded, and prisoners. As soon as the commencement of the engagement was announced, Washington had crossed over from Nev^: York to Brooklyn, seeing immediately the impossibility of making a successful stand against a force so much his superior in numbers and discipline ; he confined his exertions to the safe withdrawal of the troops from the island. Sir William Howe elated with his success, was only deterred from an immediate attack on the American position by the firm front presented by Washington, and his ignorance of the small number opposed to him. On the night of the 28th, that celebrated retreat was effected, which gained for the American leader so dis- tinguished a name among the warriors of the earth. With the triumphant array of the British army in front, and a powerful fleet prepared to intercept him in the rear, Washington withdrew across a broad river, his de- feated forces, and all his military stores and artillery, except a small quantity of provisions and some heavy guns. In the morning the rising sun displayed to the astonished Britons, the last American divisions crossing the waters, and already far beyond the reach of annoy- ance or pursuit. Deeming it inexpedient to risk a general battle, Washington also retired from New York Island, which was entered by the British on the 14th of September. The retreat of the Americans was continued through New Jersey and across the Delaware into Pennsylvania. BATTLE OF TRENTON. 103 Fort Washington, the only post left on New York Island, was attacked on the 12th of November, and sur- rendered, after an obstinate resistance. The garrison, consisting of 2700 men, fell into the hands of the enemy. Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, opposite, was also taken, but the garrison effected their escape. In addition to these misfortunes, great numbers of the militia, whose term of service had expired, returned to their homes, and the remainder were dispirited by the success of the enemy, and destitute of every article of comfort. The British pursued with rapidity, but were unable to reach the Delaware before the retreating army had crossed. The pursuit was then given up, and the main body of the enemy cantoned in the vicinity of the river. During the autumn and partof the winter of 1776, the prospects of the United States wore a most gloomy aspect. The once formidable army of Washington, was reduced by desertion, disease, and the expiration of the term of service, to a handful of half-naked and dis- heartened men ; while the invaders were numerous, well organized, and flushed with success. The idea of submission was, however, spurned both by Congress and the army; and the enterprise of Washington soon gave a brighter aspect to affairs. De- tachments of Hessian troops had been stationed at Trenton, Bordentown, aiid Princeton. Upon one or more of these points he resolved to make an attack. Accordingly, on the evening of Christmas day, he, with the main body of the American army, twenty-four hundred strong, crossed the Delaware about nine miles above Trenton. The night was tempestuous, with rain and sleet, and the river encumbered with floating ice, so that the passage, although begun soon after midnight, was not fully effected until three o'clock, and one hour more elapsed before the march could be commenced. The x\mericans moved in two divisions along the roads leading to the town, and their operations were so well combined, and executed with such precision, that the two attacks on the British outposts were made within three minutes of each other. The pickets attempted 104 BATTLE OF TRENTON. Battle of Trenton. resistance, but were almost immediately driven in upon the main body, which was forming hurriedly in line. Colonel Rahl, their commander, soon after tell, mor- tally wounded ; the confusion of the soldiery became irremediable, and after a loss of about twenty killed, one thousand men laid down their arms and surrendered their 'munitions and artillery. On the American side, the loss in battle amounted to only two killed and four wounded, the latter including- James Monroe, afterwards President of the United States. Two other divisions of the American army, com- manded respectively by Generals Irvine and Cadwala- der, were instructed to cross at the same time with Washington's division ; but meeting with unexpected impediments in the floating ice, they were compelled to return without effecting their object. Washington recrossed the Delaware the same day with the spoils and trophies of his foes, and from that BATTLE OF PRINCETON. 105 moment, — though reverses frequently dimmed the bril- liancy of the prospect — hope never again deserted the cause of American independence. » Washington again crossed the Delaware and marched to Trenton, where, on the 1st of January, 1777, he found himself at the head of five thousand men. Lord Cornwallis, however, advanced with a superior force. A little creek, called the Assumpinck, was all that divi- ded the two armies. On the 2d of January the British made several attempts to cross this creek, but were foiled until night separated the combatants, and both parties kindlecT their camp-fires. It was evident to Washington that the conflict to which he was exposed presented no hope of a favourable result, and that a retreat across the river before his present enemy, appeared likely to prove a still more diastrous alternative. Amid these critical difficulties the daring resolution was taken to decamp from his present position, gain the rear of thf enemy at Prince- ton, overthrow the division posted in that town, and then move upon New Brunswick, v.'here a weak force guarded the principal depots of the British army. Accordingly, at one on the morning of the 3d of Jan- uary, the camp-fires were renewed and the guard paraded as usual, but the army had silently begun its movement upon Princeton, which was known to be occupied by three British regiments under Colonel Mawhood. At a short distance from the town, they encountered two of these regiments, marching forward in order to co-operate in the expected battle, and a warm engagement immediately commenced. The American general was well aware that the existence of the republic hung suspended in the scale of victory, and he exerted himself as one who knew the importance of the object, and felt that success depended upon his efforts. Wherever the fire was hottest, or the press of battle most fearful, Washington was sure to be found guiding the thunders of war, and animating all by his language and example. At length the British line was broken and the two regi- ments separated. Colonel Mawhood, with the division 106 BATTLE OF BRANDYWINE. in the van, pushed rapidly forward for the main army, while the other reg-iment, cut off from this point of support, fled in confusion across the fields to New Brunswiclf. The Americans now pressed the remaining- regi- ment, which, at first, attempted a defence in the college ; but this was soon abandoned, and those who were not captured, escaped only by a precipitate flight. The British loss amounted to one hundred killed and three hundred prisoners ; the conquerors had to lament the death of General Mercer, an experienced officer, much respected by the commander-in-chief The distant roar of the American artillery e.t Prince- ton, first announced to Cornwallis the escape of his active adversary. Alarmed for the safety of his magazines, he instantly broke up from the Assumpinck, and commenced a forced march upon New Brunswick ; moving" with such celerity, as nearly to overtake the American rear at Princeton. Washington, finding it impossible to take the stores by surprise, retired with his army to winter quarters at Morristown ; while the British concentrated their forces at Amboy and New Brunswick. During the spring of 1777, Washington's masterly mancEuvres prevented the enemy, though possessing a vastly superior force, from advancing to Philadelphia by land. General Howe, therefore, changed his plan of operations, and determined to attack the city from the south. He sailed for the Chesapeake, and landed at tiie head of Elk River. Washington, as soon as the arrival of the fleet in the Chesapeake was known, pushed for- ward with his army, and opposed the enemy at Chad's Ford, on the Brandywinc. On the 11th of September, Howe divided his troops into two divisions, and gave the command of one to Cornwallis, and of the other to Knypbausen. Knyp- hausen with his column, advanced to Chad's Ford, as if to force his passage across the srream. The other division, under Cornwallis, crossed the Brandywine at the forks, and advanced with the intention of turning the American right. General Sullivan, who commanded RETREAT TO PHILADELPHIA. 107 Battle of Brandywine. that wing" of the army marched up the bank of tlie creek to meet the enemy. About half-past four, before he had sufficient time to form his line, he was attacked by Cornwallis. The attack was severe, and the line not being entirely formed, those on the riirht broke and fled, while the remainder were exposed on the flank as well as the front. General Greene now advanced with the reserve, and covering Sullivan's retreat, checked the pursuit. Knyphausen now made a real attack on Chad's Ford ; but General Wayne who was left by Washington to defend the pass, hearing of the ill-success of the first conflict, eftected an orderly retreat. That night Wash- ington retired with his whole force to Chester, and, the next morning continued his retreat to Philadelphia. In the battle of Brandywine, the continental army lost three hundred killed, and six hundred wounded, of whom between three and four hundred were taken prisoners. The British loss was stated by Howe at one hundred killed and four hundred wounded. In this battle General La Fayette first served in the American cause. In the 108 BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN. early part of the action he received a wound in the leg-, but he continued in the field cheering his men till the battle was decided. Washington, convinced by the result of this engage- ment that general battles were to be avoided in the im- disciplined state of his army, now left Philadelphia to its fate. On the 26th of September, Sir William Howe entered the city. His army was principally stationed at Germantown, about six miles from Philadelphia. Washington, whose lofly spirit was never discouraged by adverse fortune, determined to make an attack upon this post. The plan was well conceived, but accidental causes rendered it unsuccessful. A severe action took place, in which the loss of the Americans was double that of the British. "" On the 22d of October, the British made a combined attack, by land and water upon Forts Mifflin and Red Bank, which commanded the passage of the river below Philadelphia. The attack was made and sustained with great gallantry, until night separated the combatants, when the enemy retired with great loss. The next morning the action re-comihenced ; but at length the British withdrew, after setting fire to two of their ships which had grounded the previous evening. On the 10th of November, the attack was renewed on Fort Mifflin by the whole disposable force of the British ; but, the Americans within it, under the command of Colonel Samuel Smith, though their guns were nearly all dismounted, their block-houses and palisades beaten down, and themselves wearied out by the necessity for unremitting exertion, held the post until it was no longer tenable ; and on the 16th, after a protracted contest of six days, the garrison was withdrawn undercover of the night. An overwhelmning force was sent under Lord Corn- wallis to attack Fort Mercer on Red Bank. On the ap- proach of this great force the fort was evacuated by the garrison ; and the British army was put into full com- munication with their fleet, and secured in their posses- Bion of Philadelphia. SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE. 109 During the progress of these operations, events had occurred in the northern part of the United States, emi- nently beneficial to the American cause. For the pur- pose of opening- a communication between New York and Canada, and cutting- oft' the intercourse between the eastern and southern states, a force of upwards of ten thousand men, under General Burgoyne, advanced by way of Lake Champlain, towards Albany, in June, 1777. Their first operations were highly successful. Ticonde- roga, garrisoned by above three thousand men, surren- dered after a short siege ; and, notwithstanding the obstacles thrown in his way by the provincials, Burgoyne reached the Pludson, within thirty-six miles of Albany. The aspect of affairs, however, soon changed. The American army, under General Gates, was stationed in his front, and the patriotism of the people rendered sup- plies of provisions very precarious. A body of Hessians, in number about five hundred, which had been des- patched by Burgoyne to seize some stores of provisions at Bennington, was attacked by General Starke, with about an equal number of the neighbouring militia. The greater part of the Hessian detachments was cap- tured, and many were killed or wounded. A reinforce- ment, which was sent by Burgoyne, met with the same fate from the hands of these gallant yeomanry. After vainly endeavouring to retreat, and after two actions, in which his best troops were defeated by the Americans, General Burgoyne surrendered his whole army at Sara- toga, on the 17th of October. This memorable event proved of the utmost importance to the cause of inde- pendence. It gave confidence to the people, afforded a supply of the munitions of war, and produced a powerful effect upon the dispositions of foreign governments. Soon after the intelligence reached Europe, a treaty of alliance was concluded between the United States and France, in pursuance of which a fleet and army were despatched to the assistance of the Americans. Fortu- nately for the British, the French fleet had an unusually long passage to the Delaware ; otherwise, it is probable that Sir William Howe's army, which continued in the 10 110 BARON STEUFEN. Burgoyne's Encampment on the Hudson. vicinity of Philadelphia until June, 1777, would have shared the fate of Burgoyne's. The preceding- winter had been spent by Washington and his army in a hutted encampment at Valley Forge. Here they endured, with the most heroic fortitude, sufferings and privations, under a small part of which mere mercenaries would have sunk. While they occupied this encampment, the Baron Steuben, formerly an aid-de-camp to Frede- rick the Great, arrived and offered his services to Con- gress. They were most thankfully received, and, on the recommendation of Washington, he was appointed Inspector-General of the army, with the rank of Major- General. His long military practice in the Prussian RETREAT OF THE BRITISH. Baron Steuben Drilling the American Army. service, eminently qualified him for this office, and he proceeded at once to commence his duties. After ex- pending great toil and patience in the training of the troops, he at length brought them to such a state of discipline as would not suiSer in comparison with that of the best troops of Europe. The stubborn resolution of the Americans bore them out in the great privations at Valley Forge, and on the retreat of the British, they advanced with alacrity in pursuit. Their numbers and state of discipline, were not yet, however, such as to authorize Washington to lead them into a general engagement ; and, except at Monmouth, where a partial action took place, to the advantao-e of the Americans, the British reached New York without much loss. During the remainder of the year 1778, no other event of importance occurred, than an attempt on Rhode Isla"nd, by the Americans under General Sullivan ; which fiiled, owing to the want of the promised co-ope- ration on the part of the French admiral. Tiie year 1779 was chiefly passed by the British in 112 STORMING OF STONY POINT. marauding excursions. Plunder and reveng-e appeared to be their object ; and havoc, and misery, and desolation, marked their footsteps. Their excesses awakened a fierce spirit of resentment in the American people, and added to the number of the republican army. The prin- cipal operations of the hostile armies were in the Southern States. Owing to the total want of prepara- tion, Savannah, and the whole state of Georgia, fell an easy conquest to the British troops under Colonel Camp- bell. General Lincoln defended South Carolina with great obstinacy, and various success, until the middle of September 1779, when the arrival of the French fleet under Count D'Estaing, encouraged the Americans to drive back their assailants, and with the help of the French to undertake the siege of Savannah. The enter- prise failed, owing to a hurried and premature attempt to carry the place by storm ; but it was conducted with extreme gallantry, and only abandoned after heavy losses. The only event of importance in the north during this year, was the surprisal of the strong post at Stony Point, which was carried by assault by a small body of Ameri- cans headed by the gallant General Wayne. He entered the place at night, with fixed bayonets, and captured the whole British garrison without discharging a single musket. It was about this time that General Putnam, being reconnoitering with a party of one hundred and fifty men, at a place called Horse Neck, was surprised by the approach of General Tryon with fifteen hundred men. After vainly attempting to retard the enemy's advance, he ordered his men to retire into a neighbouring swamp, and then, putting spurs to his horse, he dashed fear- lessly down the stone stairs, at that place. These stairs consisted of nearly one hundred steps, cut out of the solid rock, for the accommodation of foot-passengers who should wish to take a short way to a church, or the top of the hill. The British dragoons were afraid to follow him. A volley of musketry was poured after him without effect, one ball only passin*- through his CAPTURE OF THE SERAPIS. 113 Capture of Stony Point. hat. He rode to Stamford, from which he soon re- turned with reinforcements, and harassed Try on on his retreat. In the summer of 1780, four vessels were fitted out by the American commissioners at Paris, and the command g^iven to John Paul Jones. With two of these vessels, the Bon Homme Richard of forty guns, and the Pallas of thirty-two, he encountered on the evening of the 23d of September, off Flamborough Head, the British fri- gates Serapis of forty, and the Countess of Scarborough of twenty guns. The action commenced about seven o'clock, and continued with unremitting fury till half- past ten, when the Serapis surrendered to Jones, who 10* 114 CAPTURE OP THE COUNTESS OF SCARBOROUGH. Action of Bon Homme Richard and Serapis. immediately took possession of her, his own ship being in a sinliing condition. In tiie meantime the Pallas had captured the Countess of Scarborough. This double en- g-agement took place on a moonlight night, very near Flamborcugh Head, and was witnessed by thousands of spectators who had been drawn together by the noise of the cannonading. The Bon Homme Richard wentidown on the 25th, when Jones sailed for Holland with his prizes. Besides these two vessels, in this short cruise, this gallant sailor took prizes estimated to be worth more than 40,000?. He was honoured with the thanks of Congress, and a gold medal was struck to commemorate his victory. BATTLE OP CAMDEN. 115 Commodore Paul Jones. In 1780, the war was continued with vig-our, in the South. A large force was despatched by the British to Carolina. Charleston was compelled to surrender, and a great part of the country overrun by the invaders. To relieve the inhabitants, Congress despatched General Gates with a respectable force. He unfortunately re- solved to fight a general battle, and was totally defeated by Cornwallis, at Camden, when many gallant and faithful soldiers perished, among whom was the deeply- lamented and brave old soldier. Baron de Kalb. Cornwallis then directed his views to the conquest of North Carolina; but his plans were frequently retarded and frustrated by the successes of Sumpter, Marion, and otherdistinguished partizans, and the indomitable courage of the inhabitants. Gates was succeeded in this com- mand by General Greene, whose talents soon restored hope to the Americans. By dint of great exertions, he collected together the appearance of an army, with which he was enabled to make head against the British. In September of this year, a traitorous attempt, on the 116 REVOLT AMONG THE TROOPS. part of General Arnold, to deliver up the important post of West Point to the British, was fortunately counter- acted. Arnold escaped to the enemy; hut Major Andre, a British officer, the accomplice of his treason, was taken and deservedly hanged. In January, 1761, a brilliant victory was gained by General Morgan, at tlie Cowpens, with an army inferior in force to the British, and composed, in a great measure of militia. The efforts of Cornwallis to recover the prisoners and to attack the American army in detail, were foiled by Greene's celebrated retreat into Virginia, when, being joined by reinforcements, he found liimself strong enough to re-enter North Carolina, and engage in a pitched battle with Cornwallis at Guilford court-house. The heavy loss sustained in this action, and the scanti- ness of supplies, compelled Cornwallis to abandon tiie upper country, and finally to retreat to Wilmington, on tlie coast. General Greene, who had hitherto preserved Virginia as the basis of his operations, then formed the daring re- solution of carrying the war into South Carolina ; upon which, after some hesitation, Cornwallis marched upon Virginia, where the traitor Arnold had already landed, and commenced his work of invasion and desolation. During the winter of 1780-81, Washington obtained from Congress permission to enlist soldiers for the whole war, with the important encouragement of a half-pay provision for the officers during life. Washington's army retired into winter quarters in the early part of December. The Pennsylvania line oc- cupied a station near Morristown ; the Jersey troops lay around Pompton ; those from New England were sta- tioned on both sides of the Hudson, at and near West Point; and the New York line continued at Albany, for the purpose of resisting any movement from the side of Canada. In January, 1781, the most disastrous consequences were apprehended from a general revolt of the Pennsyl- vania line, and another among the troops of New Jersey. The first was appeased by concessions imprudently made RETREA.T OF LA FAYETTE. 117 by Congress to armed mutineers ; the second, produced by the impunity of the former, was quelled by the decision and vigorous severity of the commander-in- chief. Sir Henry Clinton endeavoured to turn these dis- contents to the advantage of the royal cause. It was creditable to the soldiers that they immediately arret^ted the British emissaries, and scornfully rejected all ];roi- fers of assistance. Tiie great distress of the army, and the growing discontent of the people, sprang from the same cause ; it was the system of forced requisitions, without which no supplies could be obtained for ihe American forces. Washington saw that the two armies were so strongly posted, and so nearly equal in point of strength, that no important movements could be effected on either side. He accordingly directed his plans to the south, where he saw the possibility of striking a decisive blow against the British army in Virginia. La Fayette marched with twelve hundred men to the head of the Chesapeake, and, though disappointed in the expected co-operation of the French fleet, he proceeded southward, with the ut- most celerity, to the seat of war. The royal troops, greatly increased by the arrival of reinforcements, were engaged in overrunning the v.hole state, committing everywhere the most wanton devastation of private pro- perty. The immediate junction of Cornwallis and Arnold formed an army not to be resisted by the power of the Americans ; and La Fayette, after a bold advance, was obliged to fall back. This able retreat was con- ducted with judgment, and happily effected with a large proportion of his military stores, notwithstanding the exulting boast of the British general that " the boy could not escape him." General Wayne advanced with fresh troops from the north ; and after some sharp conflicts, Cornwallis sus- pended active operations by retreating to Portsmouth. When an official communication was received, prom- ising the early arrival of the Count De Grasse with a large naval armament, Washington and Rochambeau 118 WASHINGTON MOVES SOUTH. La Fayette's Retreat. resolved to effect a junction and to operate against New York. That city was protected by a force of 11,000 men, under Sir Henry Clinton. On the (3th of July, the allied armies met at Dobb's Ferry on the North River. Large reinforcements, however, arriving to the British at New York, and the fact that the arrangements of the Count De Grasse would allow but a short time for co- operation on the coast of America, determined Wash- ington to turn his whole attention to the south. La Fayette was ordered to assume such a position as would prevent Corn vvallis from retreating to Charleston. He accordingly took post on James River, while the British general fortified himself at Yorktown, and Gloucester Point, with all his disposable forces. Towards the end of August, the Count De Grasse entered the Chesapeake and landed the Marquis St. Simon, with a strong body of French soldiers. The arrival of the SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 119 British admiral Graves brought on an indecisive naval battle, which was followed by some movements ending in the return of the British fleet to New York. Washington's movement to tlie south was managed with such caution, that his design was not suspected until he had almost reached the Delaware, and was far beyond the reach of interruption. He had with him the whole French force, with more than two thousand of the continentals, leaving the defence of the Hudson to General Heath. Sir Henry Clinton then used his utmost exertions to support Cornwallis, both by direct assistance and diver- sions to the north. One of these latter operations pro- duced the capture and destruction of New London, by the traitor Arnold. The allies proceeded down the Chesapeake, and on the 25th of September the last division of the army landed on the shores of James River, soon after which the siege of the British position was commenced in form. The Chesapeake was blockaded by the French fleet under the Count De Grasse. Including militia, the besiegers numbered about sixteen thousand men. Yorktown is situated on the southern side of York River, a broad river in which a ship of the line can lie in safety. On the north bank, opposite to the town, is Gloucester Point, a long neck of land running far into the river, and approaching within a mile of Yorktown. These positions were both fortified by the British, the communications being preserved by batteries and several vessels of war. The works at Gloucester Point were occupied by about six hundred men, under Lieutenant Colonel Dundas, who was afterwards reinforced by Tarle- ton. The main British army lay encamped around York, under cover of outer redoubts and field-works. The French general, De Choisy, was detached to blockade Gloucester. At his first approach, a brisk ac- tion was commenced, in which the British were worsted and compelled to retire within their fortifications. On the 28th, the allies advanced by different roads to occupy the ground fixed upon. The British picquets and cavalry were driven in, and a further movement, on 129 SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. Siege of Yorktown. the next day, induced Cornwallis to abandon his outer lines. On the night of the 6th of October, the trenches of the first parallel were commenced, within six hun- dred yards of the works ; and several redoubts and bat- teries were completed by the 9th and 10th. The fire of the besiegers then became so heavy that scarcely a shot was returned, and the Charon, of forty-four guns, with three large transports, was destroyed by shells and red-hot balls. The high spirit of emulation and esteem that ex- isted between the allies, produced the most beneficial effects upon the activity of all operations. On the night of the eleventh, the distance of the belligerents was re- duced one-half by the commencement of the second parallel ; but the fire of the besieged then became de- structive, from several newly opened embrasures, and particularly from two advanced redoubts. The 14th was marked by the simultaneous storm of these two STJRRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. 121 outworks, — the one by the Americans, under La Fay- ette, — the other by the French troops under the Baron De Viomenil. Not a single shot was returned by the assailants: they advanced intrepidly under the ene- my's fire, and took possession of the works at the point of the bayonet. The redoubts were immediately in- cluded in the parallel, and the cannon turned on their former masters. Cornwallis now plainly saw that the fire of the new works would render his position untenable. A sally was attempted for the purpose of destroying the two batteries, but the troops were compelled to return with- out efiecting- their object. The enterprising commander then formed the daring resolution of crossing the river at night, with effectives only — routing De Choisy at Gloucester Point — and then pushing, by forced marches, for New York. This movement was in full progress, when a storm dispersed the boats and returned the British general to his former desperate situation. On the morning of the 17th. Cornwallis asked for a cessation of hostilities, and negotiations commenced for a capitulation. On the 19th, the posts of Yorktown and Gloucester Point surrendered to General Wash- ington, with the garrisons, exceeding 7,000 men, and all the military stores. The shipping and seamen were yielded to the Count De Grasse. The loss of the British, during the siege, was above five hundred ; that of the allies was about three hundred, in killed and wounded. General Greene was in the midst of a skilful and active campaign, marked by the sanguinary battles of Hobkirk's Hill, and the Eutaws, in which the fortune of America was gradually advancing to the ascendant. The conquest of York and the surrender of Corn- wallis, however, was the crowning glory of the war, and was decisive of the contest. The British govern- ment, finding that all its efforts to reduce its former colonies to submission were inefl^ectual, reluctantly acknowledged their independence by a treaty signed on the 23d of September, 1783. 11 CHAPTER XV. The United States. The successful issue of a conflict with so powerful a' nation as Great Britain, was highly flattering- to the national pride of the people of the United States^ and D-ave them an elevated rank in the eyes of foreign na- tions. The mere establishment of their independence, however, they soon found was far from being sufficient to ensure their prosperity. The expenses of the war had created a debt of many millions, which remained to be paid. An excessive issue of paper currency had taken place, and produced the necessary consequence upon the public wealth "and morals; and the system of confederation, which, even with the enthusiasm with which it was upheld, during the war, had been found inefficient now, when the impulse arising from a com- mon danger no longer operated, became merely a nomi- nal bond. The recommendations of Congress, though supported by the most urgent reasons, were generally disregarded ; the country was drained of its specie to pay for foreign goods; the value of the public stock sunk to two shillings in the pound, in consequence of the want of funds to pay the interest, and everything indicated a dissolution of the confederacy, and approach- ing anarchy. This ^larming state of things excited in the friends of order an earnest desire for a change in the confederation. At the instance of the legislature of Virginia, commissioners from five of the states as- sembled at Annapolis in 1786, who, having taken the subject of the commercial difficulties into consideration, proposed a meeting of delegates from each state for the purpose of revising the confederation. On the 19th of May, 1787, they convened at Philadelphia, and, on the 17th of September, laid before Congress the result of tlieir labours. They declared that, in all their delibera- (122) WASHINGTON—ADAMS. 123 tions, they had kept steadily in view the consolidation of the Union, in which is involved the public prosperity and safety, and they expressed an ardent wish that the constitution they had formed might promote the last- ing welfare, and secure the freedom and happiness of the country, so dear to all. These views and desires were happily accomplished.* By that admirable con- stitution the ties of union between the states were drawn closer, the republic was rendered more formida- ble to other nations, and the general government gained the requisite power and authority in its internaj con- cerns, without drawing too largely upon the liberties of the people. Public opinion, however, was divided on the question of its adoption or rejection. The subject was discussed with great warmth and ability on either side ; conventions were called in each state. In some, the ratification of the constitution was obtained with difficulty ; and it was not finally adopted by the little state of Rhode Island until after the lapse of two years. Eleven states having ratified it, the government went into operation in 1789. However discordant the opinions of the American public in relation to the constitution, there was but one sentiment with regard to the individual by whom the office of president should be first filled. All eyes were turned upon Him by whom the liberties of the country had been vindicated in the field, and who, at the close of the contest, had retired to private life, without a stain upon the purity of his character. Washington was unanimously chosen President, and accepted the office with unfeigned reluctance. John Adams was chosen Vice President. The beneficial effects of the new system of government, administered, as it was, by sucJi m.en, were soon perceived. Trade revived, confi- dence was restored, and the condition of the people sen- sibly improved. During the war that arose out of the French revolution, the United States remained neutral. The wise policy of Washington discouraged all pro- ceedings tending to involve the country in a contest with either party. 1^ WAYNES VICTORY. General Wayne. The feeling-sofa large portion of the community were warmly enlisted on the side of France, and would have urged the nation into hostilities with England. The neutral course pursued by the government met with op- position, and increased the hostility of the two parties, which, under the names of republicans and federalists, have so long divided the nation. In consequence of the hostility of the Indians, who, after defeating General St. Clair, were finally routed and dispersed by General Wayne, some additional regiments were raised, to sup- port which an excise was laid on whiskey. An insur- rection broke out in some of the western counties of Penn- sylvania, which, however, the energy and prudence of the government soon suppressed. Washington was unani- CAPTURE OF l'iNSURGENTE. 125 mously re-elected to the presidency in 1793; and on tlie approach of the period at which this second term ex- pired, declined a re-election, in a farewell letter which breathes the purest patriotism and the warmest affection for his beloved country. He was succeeded in oilice by John Adams, a distin- guished actor in the Revolution. During- his presidency, the French revolutionary government, disappointed in the object of engag'ing- the United States in the war with England, pursued a course of insult and aggression towards them, which ended in hostilities. The Ameri- can administration had forborne for a long time, but at length adopted measures of retaliation and defence. A provisional army of regular troops was established, and the navy was increased by several frigates. Washing- ton w^as appointed by tlie unanimous consent of the Senate, lieutenant-general, and commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. This illustrious citizen died shortly afterwards, leaving behind the character of the most pure and faultless of patriots. When informa- tion of his death reached Congress, resolutions expres- sive of the national grief for a public loss were passed; and it was recommended to the people of the United States to wear crape for thirty days, a measure which was universally adopted. Hostilities between the United States and France continued only a few months, and were altogether confined to the ocean. Two severe and well-fought actions took place between frigates, in both of which the Americans were victorious. The first, between the frigate Constellation of thirty-eight guns, and the French frigate LTnsurgente of 'about equal force, in which the latter was captured; the second was be- tween the same American frigate, and La Vengeance of superior force, which made her escape in the night, after having, it was believed, struck her colours. In 1801, a revolution took place in the administration of public affairs. The Republican party having be- come the majority, succeeded in electing their candi- date, Mr. Jefierson, to the presidency, in opposition to Mr. Adams. During the first term of his official ca- ll* i26 AGGRESSIONS ON AMERICAN COMMERCE. reer, the United States enjoyed a singular degree of commercial prosperity, while the benefits of free insti- tutions were visible in the elevated character and happy condition of the people. The European war, a cessa- tion of which had taken place, was renewed, after a short breathing time, in 1803. The principal bellige- rents, whose wide-spread schemes of hostility towards each other had, during the administrations of preceding presidents, occasionally depredated on neutrals, began about 1806, to display a more offensive demeanor. By their neutral position, the United States had gained a great accession of wealth, and excited the jealousies of the English, who saw them becoming the carriers of produce between France and her colonies. To coun- teract this commerce, the law of nations was disregard- ed, and neutral rights violated by the British govern- ment. For the purpose of cutting off the entire trade with France, they declared the greater part of the French coast in a state of blockade, without pursuing the ancient mode of stationing a naval armament to enforce it. The emperor Napoleon retaliated by an edict of a similar nature, the execution of which was. evidently impracticable in the state of the French ma- rine. The English then issued their memorable orders, in council, by which they presumed to forbid any trade whatever with France or her dependencies; and in a subsequent decree, Napoleon declared all neutral ves- sels denationalized which should suffer themselves to be visited by a vessel of war. In these hostile proceed- ings, the English were plainly the aggressors. They had, besides, outraged the national dignity of the United States, by an unprovoked attack upon the frigate Chesa- peake ; by the frequent impressment of American sea- men, and by the hostile and insulting demeanor of their vessels of war, stationed at the mouths of American harbours, to enforce their orders in council. Remon- strances were tried in vain ; and Congress resolved that the nation could not submit without a suTendcr of in- dependence. The country was not, however, piepared for war ; and although the aggres&iono of t'ae English THE NON-INTERCOURSE ACT. 127 far surpassed those of France in violence and magni- tude, yet the wrongs inflicted by the latter could not be passed over without notice. A system of restrictions upon commerce, which should operate towards both belligerents, was therefore attempted. In December, 1807, an embargo was laid on all American vessels, the restrictions of which were enforced by several subse- quent acts. After the experience of upv/ards of a year, and when it was supposed by many that this measure was producing the desired effect in Europe, Congress, yielding to the earnest petitions of the commercial in- terest, repealed the embargo law, and substituted an act interdicting the commercial intercourse with both Great Britain and France ; but giving to the President au- thority to remove the restriction in case of an amicable arrangement. In the year 1809, Mr. Jefferson having declined a re- election, James Madison was chosen President, and, at the same time George Clinton was re-chosen Vice Pre- sident. In April an arrangement was made with Mr. Erskine, the British minister, by which the latter engaged on the part of his government, for the repeal of the ob- noxious orders, and the President consented, on the other hand, to the renewal of the commercial intercourse between the two countries. The British government, however, did not think proper to ratify this act of their minister, on the ground of its having been concluded without sufficient authority. The non-intercourse with Great Britain was consequently renewed. Mr, Erskine was succeeded in iiis functions of ambassador by Mr. Jackson, memorable for having been the diplomatist at the attack upon Copenhagen. This person having, soon afler the commencement of his correspondence with the secretary of state, offered a gross insult to the govern- ment, the President declined any further correspondence with him, and desired his recall. His government sub- sequently recalled him, but only to promote him to another station. In August, 1810, the French govern- ment othcially announced to the American minister at Paris, that the Berlin and Milan decrees would cease to 128 BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. Operate on the 1st of November ensuing. The President accordingly issued a proclamation on the 2d of Novem- ber, declaring that the intercourse between the United States and France might be lawfully renewed. In May, 1811, the British sloop of war Little Belt, one of the many armed vessels which that government had stationed on the American coast to harass the American commerce, had the audacity to fire upon the United States frigate President. A few shots from the latter were sufficient to cripple her. Indian hostilities, stimulated by the British, were added to this source of provocation. In November of the same year, an action was fought at Tippecanoe, between an army of regulars and militia, commanded by Governor Harrison, and a large body of Indians, in which the latter were defeated, with the loss of upwards of one hundred and seventy, killed and wounded. The European belligerents still persisted in their system of spoliation. After the revocation of the Berlin and Milan decrees, the French captured forty-five of our vessels. From 1807, till 1812, the British took three hundred and eighty-nine of our vessels, which, with five hundred and twenty-eight taken between 1803 and 1807, made a total of nine hundred and seventeen captured by them in ten years. In the opinion of a majority of the nation, war was necessary to redress these wrongs. CHAPTER XVI. The War of 1812. The system of restrictions upon commerce was con- tinued until 1812, when the increasing outrages of Great Britain called for more decided and effective measures. With a view to hostilities, the President was authorized to augment the number of the regular army. Volunteers SURRENDER OF HULL. 129 were accepted, and the few frigates belong-ing to the navy were ordered to be fitted out. War was declared on the 18th of June, 1812, having been recommended by the President, in a message to both houses. Notwithstand- ing the length of time in which hostilities had been meditated, they were commenced with a very imperfect state of preparation on the part of the Americans. An addition to the regular army, of 25,000 men, had been authorized ; but few of them had been enlisted ; and few persons were found sufficiently acquainted with mili- tary science to act as officers. The volunteers and militia were undisciplined, however zealous and patri- otic. In consequence of these imperfect preparations, and tlie want of sufficient foresight in other respects on the part of the government, the first operations of the war were marked by singular ill-success. An army, composed principally of volunteers and militia, under the command of General Hull, invaded Canada from the Michigan territory, in July ; and, after a brief possession of a portion of the enemy's country, fell back to Detroit. The British, having the command of the lake, immediately cut off his communication with the state of Ohio, from which he had derived his sup- plies. Two attempts made to open the route failed of success. In this situation, a British force, under Gene- ral Brock, advanced against the American troops; and, without waiting an attack. General Hull surrendered his army prisoners of war. He was afterwards tried by a court martial and condemned to be shot. The President approved the sentence, but remitted the punishment in consequence of the age and revolutionary services of the general. On the Niagara frontier, the operations of the Ame- ricans were almost equally unfortunate. About one thousand troops, commanded by General Van Rensse- laer, crossed the river in November, and attacked the British at Queenstown. They were at first successful, having beaten the enemy with the bayonet; but not re- ceiving the expected remforcements, and their retreat 130 CONSTITUTION AND GUERRIERE. Constitution and Guerriere. to the opposite shore heing- cut off, they were, after a long- and obstinate engagement, compelled to surrender. The disappointment arising from the failure of these military enterprises, was amply counterbalanced by the glorious success of the American flag on the ocean, the previous, and, as it had seemed, the peculiar theatre of British triumph. On the 20th of August, 1812, the United States frigate Constitution, under the command of Captain Hull, a nephew of the general who had in- flicted so deep a disgrace upon his country's flag, fell in with the British frigate Guerriere, of about equal force. The latter advanced to the conflict, confident in the re- putation of the British arms, and anticipatmg an easy triumph over her opponent; but in the space of thirty minutes, the well-directed fire of the Constitution placed her in a sinking state, and she was forced to CAPTURE OF THE FROLIC. 131 t_0,llliii^^lf|fej|:>iiF^- 180 BATTLE OF SACRAMENTO. deep, and in rear of the redoubts, two deep, so as to mask them as far as practicable. * - " We now commenced the action by a brisk fire from our battery, and the enemy unmasked and com- menced also. Our fire proved efi'ective at this dis- tance, killing fifteen men, wounding and disabling one of the enemy's guns. We had two men slightly woflnded, and several horses and mules killed. The enemy then slowly retreated behind their works in some confusion, and we resumed our march in our former order, still diverging more to the right to avoid their battery on our left, and their strongest redoubts which were on the left near where the road passes. "^ * ^- The howitzers charged at speed, and were gallantly sustained by Captain Reid ; but by some misunderstanding my order Avas not given to the other two companies, Parsons's and Hudson's. Captain Hudson, anticipating my order, charged in time to give ample support to the howitzers. Cap- tain Parsons at the same moment came to me, and asked permission for his company to charge the re- doubts immediately to the left of Captain Weight- man, which he did very gallantly. " The remainder of the two battalions of the first regiment were dismounted during the cavalry charge, and following rapidly on foot, and Major Clark ad- vanced as rapidly as practicable, with the remainder of the" battery, we charged their redoubts from right to left, with a brisk and deadly fire of riflemen, while Major Clark opened a rapid and well-directed fire on a column of cavalry, attempting to pass to our left so as to attack the wagons and our rear. The fire was so well directed as to force them to fall back, and our riflemen, with their cavalry and howit- zers, cleared it after an obstinate resistance. Our forces advanced to the very brink of their redoubts, and attacked them with their sabres. AVhen the re- doubts were cleared, and the batteries in the centre and left were silenced, the main battery on our right still continued to pour in .a constant and heavy fire, CAPTUEE OF CHIHUAnUA. 181 as it had done during the heat of the engagement; but as the whole fate of the battle depended upon carrying the redoubts and centre battery, this one on the right remained unattacked, and the enemy had rallied there five hundred strong. "Major Clark was directed to commence a heavy fire upon it, while Lieutenant-Colonels Mitchell and Jackson, commanding the first battalion, were ordered to remount and charge the battery on the left, while Major Gilpin was directed to pass the second bat- talion on foot, up the rough ascent of a mountain on the opposite side. The fire of our battery was so effective as to completely silence theirs, and the rapid advance of our column put them to flight over the mountains in great confusion, " Thus ended the battle of Sacramento. The force of the enemy was twelve hundred cavalry from Durango and Chihuahua, three hundred artillerists, and fourteen hundred and twenty rancheros, badly armed with lassoes, lances, and machetoes, or knives, ten pieces of artillery, two nine, two eight, four six, and two four-pounders, and sis culverines, or ram- part pieces. * * -h- -5^ Our force was nine hun- dred and twenty-four effective men; at least one hun- dred of whom were engaged in holding horses and driving teams. The loss of the enemy was his en- tire artillery, ten wagons, masses of beans and pinola, and other Mexican provisions, about three hundred killed, about the same number wounded, many of whom have since died, and forty prisoners. The field was literally covered with the dead and wounded, from our artillery and the unerring fire of our rifle- men. Night put a stop to the carnage, the battle having commenced about three o'clock. Our loss was one killed, one mortally wounded, and seven so wounded as to recover without any loss of limbs." On the 1st of March Colonel Doniphan took pos- session of Chihuahua, where he remained three weeks. At the end of this time, having received orders from General Wool, he marched, April 25th, for Saltillo, 16 182 EOMBARDMEXT OF VERA CRUZ. On the road, Captain Reid defeated about fifty In- dians near El Passo, May 13th, capturing one thou- sand horses. On the 22d of May the command reached Wool's encampment, and on the 27th, that of General Taylor. As the term of service of these gallant men had expired, they now commenced their return. Early in June they marched through Matamoras, and on the 16th, arrived at New Orleans. The grand, decisive movement of the war was the expedition against Vera Cruz, and thence by the na- tional road to the Mexican capital. General Winfield Scott was ordered to take command of the forces raised for this purpose. He reached the seat of war, January 1st, 1847, and by February the troops under his command numbered eleven thousand. The fleet, under Commodore Conner, was to co-operate. Vera Cruz was very strongly fortified, and upon a bar in front of the city was the castle of San Juan de UUoa, deemed almost impregnable. A reconois- sance of the coast was made by General Scott and Commodore Conner, and a portion of the beach west of the Isle of Sacraficios was selected for landing the troops. On the 9th of March, four thousand men were landed simultaneously. No resistance was met with, and the whole army was soon disembarked. From the 9th to the 22d, General Scott was employed in completing his lines around the city. He then summoned the city and castle to surrender, and upon the refusal of the governor, opened his batteries. For four days the bombardment and the cannonade were continued with destructive effect. Morales, the go- vernor, then surrendered his authority into the hands of General Llandero, who immediately made over- tures for a capitulation. Negotiations ended in the surrender of Vera Cruz and San Juan d'Ulloa to the American forces. During the progress of the siege. Colonel Harney with a small force of dragoons de- feated a body of lancers, four times as numerous as 184 BATTLE OF SIERRA GORDO. his o^vn command. The whole loss of the besiegers was twelve killed and sixty-five wounded. Early in April, General Scott took up the line of march for the city of Mexico. On the 17th of April, the army approached the celebrated pass of Sierra Gordo, always reputed to be impregnable, and which was now strongly fortified, with seven batteries so arranged as to protect each other. The position was held by General Santa Anna, a host of other Mexican generals, and the flower of the national army, sixteen thousand strong. They were expected to make a desperate stand against the eleven thousand Americans who were ad- vancing towards the capital. General Scott, having reconnoitred the enemy's position, instantly decided on his plan of operations. This plan, formed with the skill of a master, was ex- ecuted with all the precision that the general could require. The attack began on the 18th of April, early in the morning. The troops were all in posi- tion before daylight. The whole line of the Mexican intrenchments and batteries were attacked in front and turned at the same time. The troops advanced amidst the most deadly and tremendous fire, without hesitation, and before two o'clock, p. m., the Mexicans were driven from their works and pursued with vigour. Their whole force was routed, and Santa Anna came near being captured. About three thou- sand men laid down their arms, with the usual pro- portion of field and company officers, besides five generals — a sixth was killed. According to General Scott's official despatch, the army was " embarrassed with the result of the victory." Nearly all the pri- soners wore released on parole, and the private efi'ects captured were restored to their owners, and the small arms and some ammunition destroyed. The force of the Americans at Sierra Gordo was about eight thou- sand five hundred. Their loss was thirty-three offi- cers and three hundred and ninety-eight men — total, four hundred and thirty-one, of Avhom sixty-three CAPTURE OF PUEBLA. 185 ■were killed. The loss of the Mexicans in killed and "wounded was never knovrn, but during the battle it no doubt equalled that of their antagonists, and in the re- treat was greatly augmented by the slaughter com- mitted among the fugitives by Harney's dragoons. On the same day that the victory of Sierra Gordo was achieved, the town of Tuspan was captured, with but slight resistance, by a portion of the gulf squadron. Guaymas was taken not long afterwards by the same force. On the following day Twiggs entered Jalapa, in pursuit of the flying enemy. On the same day, and the following, the Mexicans abandoned the strong post of La Iloya ; and on the 22d, General Worth entered the strong town and castle of Perote. This fortress is one of the most formidable in Mexico. It contained fifty-four pieces of cannon, bronze and iron mortars, eleven thousand cannon-balls, fourteen thou- sand bombs, and five hundred muskets, all of which fell into the hands of the Americans. On the 15th of May, General Worth approached the city of Puebla. He was met by a party of lancers, supposed to be led by Santa Anna, with whom a skirmish ensued, in the plains of Amasoca. After losing a few men, the enemy retreated, and were driven into the streets of Puebla, where they sepa- rated and escaped. Thus, in less than two mouths. General Scott and his army had captured three large cities, two castles, ten thousand men, more than seven hundred cannon, mostly nevr, and an immense quantity of shells, shot, and small arms. About this time large bands of active and daring guerillas began to infest the road between Vera Cruz and Puebla. Father Jarauta, a bold priest, was the chief commander of these partisans. He seized upon every position where a good defence could be made, and whence it was easy to attack the wagon trains and small parties of American troops. No quarter was shown to the vanquished; a vast amount of plun- der was taken, and for the Mexicans this was the most successful portion of the war. Captain Walker, 16* 186 BATTLE OF CONTRERAS. General Cadwallader, and General Pierce, who were in command of reinforcements for General Scott, and who escorted large and valuable trains, were succes- Bively attacked at the National Bridge. The guerillas were repulsed with loss in all these engagements and reinforcements reached General Scott ; but the trains were plundered to a considerable extent. General Scott remained at Puebla until early in August, when General Pierce arrived with two thou- sand five hundred men, the march for the capital was resumed. On the 11th of August, the army descended into the valley of Mexico. General Scott determined to avoid the strong works on the direct road to Mex- ico, by cutting a road round Lakes Chalco and Xochi- milco. This was effected, and on the 18th General Worth, with the advanced division, reached San Au- gustin. The post of Contreras was the first object of attack. It was strongly fortified, mounted twenty-two guns, and was garrisoned by seven thousand men. The capture of this strong place was entrusted to General Persifor Smith, with about three thousand men. On the 19th he gained the rear of the fortress, and at day-light on the morning of the 20th began the as- sault. Colonel Riley led the advanced corps. After a short and fierce struggle, the works were carried, and tlie garrison routed, with great slaughter. The forces were now disposed for an attack on a still stronger position than Contreras. The whole of the remaining forces of Mexico, some twenty-seven thousand men, were now collected in on the flanks, or within supporting distance of the works, at the village of Churubusco. The principal defences were a fortified convent, and a strong field-work, [iete de pont,) with regular bastions and curtains, at the head of a bridge over which the road passes from San An- tonio to the capital. The fortified convent was warmly attacked by Twiggs's division, and the iete de pont by Worth and Pillow. The latter was a formidable work ; but was assaulted and carried by the bayonet. 188 BATTLE OF CUURUBUSCO. after a short but bloody struggle. Three field-pieces, one hundred and ninety-two prisoners, and a large quantity of ammunition fell into the hands of the victors. After the capture of the tete de poni, the whole strength of the two divisions was directed against the convent, the citadel of the strong line of defence at Churubusco. After a desperate conflict of two hours and a half, signals of surrender were thrown out on all sides, though not before some of the infantry had entered the work. The immediate re- sults of this victory were seven field-pieces, some ammunition, one colour, three generals, and one thou- sand two hundred and sixty-one prisoners. While the attack Avas being made on the convent and tete de pont, General Shields, with two brigades, was de- tached to the left to turn the enemy's works, and pre- vent the escape of the garrison. The battle at that point was long, obstinate, and bloody ; but in the end success crowned the determined bravery of Shields' troops, and the Mexicans were driven from the field, with a severe loss in killed and wounded, and three hundred and eighty of them were taken prisoners. This completed the rout of the Mexicans, and they were pursued to within a mile of the capital ; a com- pany of dragoons even charged them up to the nearest gate. The results of the Avhole day's work on the 20th of August are thus summed up by General Scott : — " It (the army) has, in a single day, in many bat- tles as often defeated thirty-two thousand men, made about three thousand prisoners, including eight gene- rals, (two of them ex-presidents,) and two hundred and five other officers ; killed or wounded four thou- sand of all ranks, besides entire corps dispersed and dissolved; captured thirty-seven pieces of ordnance — more than trebling our siege train and field-batte- ries — with a large number of small arms, a full sup- ply of ammunition of every kind. These great results have overwhelmed the enemy." The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and missing, was one ASSAULT ON MOLINO DEL KEY. 189 thousand and fifty-three. The whole force engaged daring the day was only eight thousand five hundred men. On the night of the 20th, a flag came from the Mexicans, asking for an armistice, and proposing ne- gotiations for peace. Anxious to save life and secure peace, General Scott granted the armistice, making it terminable in forty-eight hours. Negotiations were immediately opened between Mr. N. P. Trist, com- missioner on the part of the United States, and a com- missioner appointed by the Mexican government. On the 2d of September, Mr. Trist gave his ultimatum, and the commissioners adjourned to meet on the 6th. But in the meantime infractions of the truce by Santa Anna caused General Scott to resume hostilities. The next point of attack was a fortified cannon foundry, called the "Casa Mata," and adjoining works as " Molino del Key." Most of the defences of these positions wore skillfully masked, and the American general could not obtain precise information by a re- connoisance. The plan of attack was devised, how- ever, and General Worth was appointed to execute it at the head of three thousand two hundred men. By day-break on the 8th of September, the troops were in position. The heavy guns were then opened, and the whole line of defence shook under their battering force. Major Wright led the assaulting party, under a tremendous fire, and at first drove the enemy from their guns, but they soon rallied, and a severe conflict ensued. General Worth ordered up Cadwallader's brigade and the light battalion, and these troops coming into action at a suitable moment, saved the remnant of Wright's men. The Mexicans were again routed, and their central works fully carried and occupied. The attack was equally successful at the left, on Mo- lino del Rey. The works were carried, and the Mex- icans driven towards Chapultepec. The Casa Mata was found to be a far stronger work than first sup- posed, and the assailants were driven back with the 190 STORMING OF CHAPULTEPEC. loss of at least one-third of their number. But thp capture of the other works enabled the Americans to concentrate their strength, and the enemy "werr forced to abandon it after a short but destructive fire. This was a splendid achicAement ; the entire line of fortresses captured was defended by fourteen thou- sand men, well provided with artillery and stores. The loss of the assailants was very severe — almosi eight hundred men. The capture of Molino del Key cut off the commu nication between the city and the castle of Chapulte pec, which fortress was destined to be the next object of attack. It was situated on a natural mound of great height, strongly fortified at its base, acclivities, and passes. The assault upon Chapultepec began early on the 12th of September. The two divisions that moved to the attack in difi"erent directions were Commanded by Generals Quitman and Pillow. A bombardment and a cannonade Avere opened upon the castle at an early hour, but stopped when the assault commenced. The Mexicans opened all their batteries as the Ame- ricans rushed forward to the attack, and the fire was tremendous. But the assailants pushed on up the broken ascent, over rocks and mines, and soon car- ried a redoubt. General Pillow was struck down by a grape-shot ; but he was carried along with his party up the height, the troops being led by General CadAvallader, The assault was rapidly conducted, and the men of PilloAv's division reached the castle first. Many were thrown from the walls, but tho stream that followed soon took their places, and planted the colours of the United States on the highest walls. The other division, under Quitman, had more serious work. The batteries and works at the foot of the hill were only carried after a desperate strug- gle. Seven pieces of artillery, one thousand muskets, and five hundred and fifty prisoners, including one hundred ofiicers, were the results of the victory at the lower batteries. iVbout eight hundred prisoners, CAPTURE OF MEXICO. 191 including one major-general and six brigadiers, and a great number of inferior officers, were captured by Pillow's division. The forces in and around Chapul- tepec amounted to six thousand men, under the vete- ran General Bravo. Of this number, eighteen hun- dred were either killed, wounded, or taken prisoners.- The capture of Chapultepec opened to the Ameri- can army the direct road to the western and southern portions of the city, which points now became the objects of attack. Aware of the importance of im- proving upon the impression made upon the enemy by so heavy a loss, General Scott determined to waste no time,, but to press on immediately to the decisive assault. The attack upon the city was made by two divi- sions. One, under General Worth, advanced along the road to the San Cosme gate ; the other, under General Quitman, took the Tacubaya road, which led to the Belen gate. The troops of both divisions were exposed to a tremendous fire from the Mexican bat- teries, but they pressed on without faltering, and bat- tery after battery was either silenced or captured. In the meantime, as part of the plan of attack. Gene- ral Twiggs diverted the attention of the Mexicans by an incessant cannonade against the southern side of the city. At length the strong fortress of San Cosme was carried by Worth and his followers, and shouts announced his entrance into Mexico. Quitman met with a more obstinate resistance, being opposed at the Belen gate by General Santa Anna in person. The ammunition of the advance of the troops gave out, and they were exposed to a destructive fire until the deficiency was supplied. The garita was carried with a severe loss, and then darkness fell upon the scene. The Mexicans ceased firing, and the troops of Quitman's division set about erecting batteries to maintain their position within the city. Worth was prepafed to continue the attack ; but soon after his heavy guns were placed in a favourable position, a flag came from the municipality, the bearer of which TREATY OF PEACE. 193 stated that the government and the army had evacu- ated the city. AH firing ceased upon the receipt of this flag. AVorth's loss during the day was two offi- cers killed and ten wounded, with one hundred and twenty-nine rank and file, killed, wounded and miss- ing. Quitman's loss was five hundred and forty men, of whom seventy-seven, including eight officers, were killed, four hundred and fifty-four wounded, and nine missing. Immediately after the capture of the city of Mex- ico, the small force at Puebla under the command of Colonel Childs, was besieged by a large force of Mex- icans under the command of Santa Anna. Colonel Childs maintained his post, until the arrival of Gene- ral Lane with reinforcements from Vera Cruz, when the enemy raised the siege. General Lane had had seve- ral encounters with the Mexicans on the march, and in one of these conflicts the brave Captain Walker was slain. But the enemy were defeated in every assault. After the capture of the capital, negotiations for peace were resumed. In January, the general-in- chief laid before the Mexican authorities the basis of a treaty similar in its general features to one for- merly rejected. The commissioners met at Guada- lupe Hidalgo, and after a short negotiation, signed " a treaty of peace, friendship, limits, and settlement between the United States and the Mexican republic.^' By the terms of this instrument, Mexico ceded New Mexico and Alta California to the United States, in consideration of fifteen million of dollars, and recog nised the Rio Grande as the western boundary of Texas. The evacuation of Mexico by the American forces was superintended by General Butler, General Scott having been suspended from his command in consequence of charges made by his subordinates. The return of peace was hailed with joy by the majo- rity of both nations. 17 Colonel Fremont. CHAPTER XIX. The United States from the Mexican War. The conclusion of the Mexican war found the United States with a national debt increased more than a hundred millions of dollars ; but with a greatly extended territory, from which vast wealth was to be derived. The administration of President Polk was very eventful, and the work of government arduous. A difficulty with Great Britain concerning the title to Oregon territory was settled by negotiation, the 49th parallel of north latitude being agreed upon as the northern boundary of that portion of the terri- tory belonging to the United States. The measures (194) GOLD DISCOVERY IN CALIFORNIA. 195 of the Democratic party were fully carried out by President Polk. The tariif was reduced to a revenue standard, and the sub-treasury and the warehousing system established. Soon after the conclusion of the war, the country was astounded by the intelligence of a great disco very in California. In the latter part of February, 1848, a mechanic, named James Marshall, was employed in building a saw-mill for John A. Sutter, Esq., on the south side of the river, known in California as the American Fork, some fifty miles from New Helvetia, or Sutter's Fort. While employed in cutting a mill-race or canal for this improvement, Mr. Marshall discovered the pieces of gold as they glistened in the sunlight at the bottom of the sluices. Pieces of considerable size were taken from the water, and in a few days gold to the amount of one hundred and fifty dollars was re- moved in this manner. The labourers on the works, mostly Mormons, soon became satisfied of its precious nature, and the news spread rapidly about the coun- try. Examinations were prosecuted at other points along the stream, and almost every where with suc- cess. Keports of a most marvellous nature soon reached the coast, touching these mines. Their ap- parent extravagance created incredulity, and the pub- lic attention was not fully called to the subject until gold-dust or grain-gold was brought into the market in considerable quantities for sale. Doubt soon be- came belief, and a change, almost magical in its nature, pervaded the whole population. Lawyers, doctors, clergymen, farmers, mechanics, merchants, sailors, and soldiers, left their legitimate occupations to embark on a business where fortunes were to be made in a few weeks. Villages and districts, where all had been bustle, industry, and improvement, were soon left without male population. Mechanics, mer- chants, and magistrates were alike ofi" to the mines, and all kinds of useful occupations, except gold-dig- ging, were here apparently at an end. 196 GENERAL TAYLOR ELECTED PRESIDENT. A vast influx of population from various quarters of the world followed. San Francisco became a large city, and new towns' sprang up with astonishing quickness. Continued discoveries of gold increased the excitement and added to the splendid attractions of the new territory of the republic. The gold region was found to be at least six hundred miles in length and about one hundred and fifty in breadth, and it appeared inexhaustible. The government of California being very defective, a convention was called and a State constitution framed. Application was then made for admission into the Union, but the agitation of the slavery ques- tion prevented an immediate compliance by con- gress. In the latter part of 1848, the Presidential election occurred. The result was the triumph of the Whig candidates, General Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, over the Democratic candidate, Lewis Cass, of Michigan, and General William 0. Butler, of Kentucky. On the 4th of March, 1849, General Taylor was inaugurated President of the United States, and Mil- lard Fillmore became Vice President upon the same day. The cabinet was composed of leading members of the Whig party, headed by John M. Clayton, of Delaware, as Secretary of State. On the meeting of Congress, the opposition had a majority ; but neither of the two great parties could harmonize upon the question of slavery ; that exciting subject was introduced into every debate, and threats of dissolving the Union were boldly made by southern members. No business could be transacted. At length a series of compromise measures were pro- posed in the Senate. A special committee of thirteen senators reported an "Omnibus Bill,'' providing for the admission of California as a free State, the organi- zation of territorial governments for New Mexico and the Mormon settlement of Utah, the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and the MR. FILLMORE BECOMES PRESIDENT. 197 rendition of fugitive slaves. These measures w^ere discussed for about two months ; then reported, slightly modified, and adopted by both Houses. In the meantime, the nation was thrown into mourning by the death of its chief magistrate. Pre- sident Taylor died on the 9th of July, 1850, after a brief illness. He had attained the age of sixty-five years. He was lamented as a great and good servant of the republic. By the provision of the Constitu- tion, Vice President Fillmore became President, and the Senate elected its presiding ofiicer pro tempore. Upon the accession of President Fillmore, the mem- bers immediately resigned their posts, and a new cabinet was organized, with Daniel Webster, of Mas- sachusetts, as Secretary of State. During Mr. Fillmore's administration, the foreign relations of the country were skillfully managed. Difiiculties occurred with Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, and Austria ; but all were settled without a resort to arms. The right of way across Central America was secured to both Great Britain and the United States, by treaty. Spain evinced great alarm for the safety of Cuba. In the spring of 1850, an expedition, under the com- mand of General Lopez, with the object of revolu- tionizing that island, sailed from a southern port of the United States, in defiance of a proclamation by President Taylor. The invaders landed at Cardenas, on the coast of Cuba, but were compelled to retire. In the summer of 1851, the attempt was resumed by the same commander, wdth about four hundred and fifty men. He landed at Bahia Honda, and fought several battles ; but his forces were routed, and nearly all the troops were killed or captured. Colo- nel Critenden and fifty-two other prisoners were sum- marily shot at Havana. General Lopez was executed by the garotte. A large number of the other prison- ers were sent to Spain. The Queen reprimanded them and sent them to the United States. Thus 17* 198 FRANKLIN PIERCE ELECTED PRESIDENT. ended, disastrously, two rash attempts to wrest Cuba from the crown of Spain. A difficulty occurred with Portugal concerning in- demnity for the destruction of the privateer Arm- strong, in a Portuguese port, during the war of 1812. This was submitted to the arbitration of President Bonaparte, of France, and he gave the award in favor of Portugal. A difficulty in regard to the fisheries on the coast of British America remained unsettled. During the Hungarian struggle for independence, in 1849, the government of the United States had sent an agent to Hungary to ascertain the situation of affairs. The Austrian minister, the Chevalier Hulsemann, denounced the agency as an interference in the domestic affairs of Austria. Secretary Web- ster replied in a letter, vindicating the course pur- sued by the government of the United States, and rebuking the dictatorial spirit of Austria. In Octo- ber, 1852, Mr. Webster died, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, Avas appointed to succeed him as Secretary of State. In the fall of 1852, the Presidential election oc- curred, the principal candidates for the chief magis- tracy being General Winfield Scott, of New Jersey, General Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, and John P. Hale, also of New Hampshire. General Pierce was chosen President by a very large majo- rity. William R. King, of Alabama, Avas elected to the Vice Presidency at the same time. On the 4th of March, 1853, the successful candi- dates were inaugurated. Vive -President King died of consumption shortly after taking the oath of office. President Pierce's cabinet was composed of leading members of the Democratic party, William L. Marcy, of New York, being appointed Secretary of State. The first important business that engaged the attention of the new administration concerned the foreign relations of the republic. During President THE KOSZTA AFFAIR. 199 Fillmore's administration ; Lord John Russel, the British Minister of Foreign Affiiirs, proposed that Great Britain, France, and the United States should enter into a tri-partite treaty securing Spain in the possession of Cuba. This proposal Secretary Everett declined, in a letter remarkable for its splendid vin- dication of American progressive policy. After the inauguration of President Pierce, Lord John Russel replied to this letter in a sarcastic tone, and Mr. Everett, with the approval of the Secretary of State, published a rejoinder, displaying even more Ame- rican spirit and diplomatic ability than his first reply. In June, 1853, an event occurred, vs^hich marks the commencement of a new era in the foreign policy of the United States. Martin Koszta, a Hungarian exile, having sought a refuge in the United States, and de- clared his intention of becoming a citizen of the rjppublic, visited the Mediterranean to attend to some private aflfairs. He obtained an American passport and went to Smyrna. There he was suddenly ar- rested by the Austrian consul, and hurried on board the Austrian sloop-of-war Hussar. The United States corvette, St. Louis, chanced to be in the harbor of Smyrna, and her gallant commander. Captain D. II. In- graham, immediately demanded the release of Koszta. The commander of the Hussar refused to comply. Captain Ingraham then made a show of force, and succeeded in so flir daunting the Austrians, that they agreed to give Koszta to the care of the French con- sul, to await the action of the governments of Aus- tria and the United States. Captain Ingraham was highly lauded b}'^ his countrymen for his bold conduct in this affiiir. The imperial government of Austria protested against what it called the unjust interference of Cap- tain Ingraham. To this protest. Secretary Marcy, premier of the American administration, replied in a calm, but firm, logical, and convincing argument, showing that the act of the Austrian consul was in 200 TDE KOSZTA AFFAIR. violation of the law of nations, and that if any repa- ration was to be made, Austria was the power called upon to make it. This document greatly added to that foreign influence, which the United States had acquired during President Fillmore's administra- tion. In consequence of the bold stand taken by the United States government in this affair, Austria was considerably humbled. Compelled to retreat or to take the responsibility of kidnapping an American citizen, she chose the former alternative, and Koszta was re- leased, and permitted to return to the United States. For some years, the relations between the republic and Austria had not been of the most amicable cha- racter ; and this affair tended to increase the aliena- tion of the two governments. QUESTIONS FOR YHE EXAMINATION OF PUPILS. CHAPTER I. (Page 7.) From what has it been inferred that America was not unknown to the ancients ? Did any trace of this knowledge exist at the period of the re- vival of letters ? (P, 8.) What was then supposed to form the western boundary of the world ? When was America discovered by the Northmen ? What prevented the colonization of America by the Northmen ? To whom are we indebted for the knowledge of this conti- nent ? What led Columbus to suppose its existence ? What error did he fall into ? What was the cause of this error? To whom did Columbus first apply for aid in his undertaking ? How did the Genoese treat his proposal ? To what government did he next apply ? (P. 9.) How had the court of Portugal already distinguished itself? Of what treacherous act were the Portuguese guilty? What was its effect upon Columbus ? To whom did he then apply for support in his project ? What prevented the King of England from accepting the offers of Columbus ? To what government did he, as a last resource, present his scheme? For how many years did Columbus solicit aid? How did Queen Isabella aid him ? When did he at last set sail ? From what port? What course did he take? What raised the fears (201) 202 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. of the sailors ? What was the consequence ? What led to a second revolt? What induced them to continue their voyage ? What was dis- covered on the night of the 11th of October ? (P. 10.) When was land discovered ? What was then the con- duct of the sailors ? Where did they first land ? What island was next discovered? Where was gold said to abound? When was the island of Hayti discovered ? Where did Columbus leave a colony ? (P. 11.) How was Columbus received on his return to Spain? What made the government eager to forward his design ? How many vessels were prepared for the second voyage ? To what office was Columbus now appointed ? What islands did he dis- cover in his second voyage ? What was the effect of the success of Columbus, at the court of Spain ? How did the court show its distrust ? What did Co- lumbus effect in his subsequent voyages? Was he the first to discover the continent ? Who was Amerigo Vespucci? When did he visit the conti- nent? What did he do on his return ? What honour did he receive in consequence of that publication? Who was better entitled to that honour? Who was John Cabot ? When did he receive a commission from Henry VII. of England ? What were the terms of that grant ? W^hen did Cabot sail from England ? (P. 12.) For what was his first voyage intended ? How did it terminate? Who had the direction of the second English ex- pedition?. What did he discover on the 24th of June? What is that island now called ? What course did he then take ? How far did he follow the coast? What was done by him in 1502 ? (P. 13.) What part of the continent was visited by Ponce de Leon ? From what is Florida said to have derived its name ? When did the French commence their discoveries ? What was done by Verrazani ? When did Gomez visit the coast? What was the extent of his discoveries ? Describe Cartier's voyage. What river did he discover ? What did he do the following year? What did he call the country ? (P. 14.) When did De Soto sail from Cuba ? What object QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 203 had he in view ? When did he arrive at Spirito Santo ? Where did he die ? What was done by Cartier in 1541 and 1542 ? What was done by La Roche in 1542? What was done in 1550 ? What was discovered by Ribault in 1562 ? Describe Frobish* er's voyages. Where did Sir Francis Drake land on the Con- tinent of North America? What name did he give to the sur- rounding country ? For what lands did Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtain a patent? With what provision? When did he sail? Describe his voyage. CHAPTER II. (P, 15.) To whom did Queen Elizabeth grant a patent in 1584 ? When did he send out a colony ? Where did they land ? What did they call the country ? What became of this colony ? (P. 16.) When were two other attempts made to establish a colony in Virginia ? With what success? What place did Gosnold visit in 1602 ? Were any settlements made there ? What was the extent of colonization in North America at the commencement of the 17th century ? When did Bartholomew Gilbert die? What country was granted to De Mons in 1608? By whom? What name was given to that country ? What was discovered by Weymouth in 1605 ? How did James I. divide Virginia ? To what companies were the two territories granted ? What was done by the London company in December, 1606 ? When did the ships enter the Chesapeake Bay ? Where did they commence their settlement ? What name did they give the place ? What hardships were experienced by the colony ? (P. 17.) To whom was the colony indebted for its preservation ? How did he preserve the colony ? What happened to him while in quest of provisions? How did he at that time save his own life ? To whom was he then conducted ? (P. 18.) How was his life again preserved ? How did Poca- hontas afterward save the colony ? What was the state of the colony in 1610 ? What prevented their return to England? What was the state of the colony under Lord Delaware and his successor? When was the first legislature convened ? Why was the lower house then called the 204 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. house of burgesses ? What addition was made to the number of emigrants in 1619 ? How were the young women distributed among the planters? When were negro slaves first introduced? What took place in 1622? How many of the settlers were destroyed ? What prevented the destruction of the whole settle- ment? (P. 19.) What added to the distress occasioned by this ? What was done on the arrival of a reinforcement of settlers? What was done by James I. on the 15th of July, 1624 ? In whom were the legislative and executive powers vested ? What was the character of the government under these regulations ? How was Harvey treated on account of his oppressive measures ? Who succeeded him ? How did he govern the province ? What side did the Virginians take on the commencement of the civil war in England? What was the consequence? Did the Virginians submit? What rights did they secure to themselves before submitting ? (P. 20.) How were the governors appointed during the existence of the commonwealth of England ? What dispute arose in 1658 ? When did Cromwell die? Who succeeded him? When did he resign ? What was consequently done by the assembly of Vir- ginia ? Whom did they elect governor ? What powers and injunctions were given him? What restraint was put upon him ? What was ordered with respect to the laws ? What was declared to be the established religion of the colony ? How was the governor anthorized to punish non-conformists? (P. 21.) What now injured the trade of Virginia ? What made the landed proprietors discontented? What was the result? By what name is that rebellion known ? Who put himself at the head of the people? What was Bacon's character? What determined his purpose? What was done by Bacon's party ? What put an end to the rebellion ? What were the effects of this rebellion ? Who succeeded Berkeley ? What did he bring with him ? Were they satisfied ? What was their ob- ject? What their effect ? From what did Virginia suffer during the reigns of Charles II. and James ? (P. 22.) When was printing prohibited in Virginia ? During what time did Virginia enjoy great tranquillity ? What happened in 1732? What exempted Virginia from hostilities QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 205 during the wars between France and England, prior to 1754? What happened between 1754 and 1758? Who first distinguished himself in this war ? What was done by Virginia when the British attempted to raise a revenue in the colonies? What is said of her services and sufferings in the war of the Revolution ? What important measure of that war happened in Virginia ? CHAPTER III. (P. 23.) When was Quebec settled? When was the Hudson river discovered ? By whom ? When was the earliest effectuai settlement made in New York ? Where ? What happened in 1614, to interrupt the jurisdiction of the Dutch ? (P. 24.) When was it restored ? How did the Dutch extend their possessions ? To whom was the country granted, in 1021 ^ By what name ? Who was the first governor under the com- pany ? Who the second ? What were the acts of Kieft ? Who was the third and last governor of the New Netherlands? What was the character of his administration ? How was he constantly employed ? How did he settle these disputes ? To whom was a patent granted by Charles II. in 1664 ? What was included in that grant ? Who commanded the forces sent against New York ? When did they arrive ? What did he offer to the inhabitants on condition that they would surrender? What did Stuyvesant do to prevent the people from capitulating? What obliged the old governor to yield ? (P. 25.) Of what did the English then take possession ? What name did they give to Fort Orange ? What expedition was then undertaken ? What success attended it ? What was the character of NichoUs' authority? How was it exercised ? Who succeeded Nicholls in the government ? What happened in New York in 1673 ? When was it again ceded to England ? What was now obtained by the duke of York? Who was made governor-general ? What was the character of his administration ? What permission was given in 1683 ? What was done in New York on receiving the news of the imprison- ment of Andros ? (P. 26.) What part of the colony refused to acknowledge the authority of Leisler ? What was done in consequence of the re- 18 206 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. sistance of Albany ? Who was sent out as governor from Eng- land ? What was attempted by Leisler ? What was his fate ? What was the effect of the English revolution upon New York ? What was done by the assembly ? What was the state of the province for many years afterwards ? What was the con- duct of the province in the wars which arose with the French of Canada and the frontier Indians ? What happened at Schenectady in 1690 ? How many were destroyed in that mas- sacre ? What was done by the people of New York in 1709 and 1711 ? (P. 27.) What was the cause of the failure of these expe- ditions ? By whom was New York invaded in 1715 ? By whom was Dieskau opposed ? What was the result of the engagement ? When was Fort William Henry taken ? By whom ? What hap- pened in 1758 ? When was Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken from the French ? What was done by General Johnson ? (P. 28.) When was Canada surrendered to the British ? What was the conduct of New York on the imposition of the Stamp Act in 1765? What did the assembly refuse to do in 1767 ? What bill was passed in consequence of that ? What was the effect of that upon the people ? What was done by the assembly in 1769 ? What was the coridition of New York dur- ing the war of the Revolution ? CHAPTER IV. (P. 29.) What company was entrusted with the colonization of the country lying between the 38th and 45th degrees of north latitude ? What success attended the first attempts of this com- pany? What prevented a settlement being made, in 1607? From whom did the puritans obtain a charter ? When ? (P. 30.) How many of them sailed for America? Where did they land ? What name did they give to the place ? What was their first care ? Who was chosen as their first governor ? How was he aided in the discharge of his duties ? How was the number of assistants afterwards increased ? In what did the supreme power reside ? When did they establish a house of representatives ? What did they do in imitation of the primitive QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 207 Christians ? What induced them to relinquish it ? What did they obtain from the Plymouth Company in 1630 ? (P. 31.) Did the settlement of Massachusetts advance rap.dly ? What was the name of the first permanent town which they erected ? What was the next ? What gave a fresh spring to the exertions of the Plymouth Company? How many emigrants arrived in July 1630 ? (P. 32.) Of what town did some of them lay the foundation? What sufferings were experienced by the new colony, during the first years of its existence? What is said of the civil policy of the settlement? With what powers were commissioners appointed in 1635? What was forbidden by Charles I. two years afterwards ? When was a quo warranto issued against Massachusetts ? In whose favour was judgment given ? Did the colonists learn toleration from their own sufferings in England? How did they show that ? What dispute arose in 1635 ? What argument was resorted to by the most numerous party ? To what did the banishment of the leaders of one of the parties contribute ? (P. 33.) What was done by the Pequods in 1636 ? How were their designs defeated ? IIow were the Pequods punished? What effect had the downfall of monarchy in England upon emigra- tion? How did that event benefit New England? Between what colonies was an alliance formed ? What of this union ? (P. 34.) What was the condition of Massachusetts on the re- storation of Charles II. ? What did he consequently fear? What measures did he take to prevent that evil? What ensued? What prevented Charles from destroying the charter of the colony ? Who succeeded Charles IT. on the throne of England? What did he determine to do ? Who did he employ to execute that task? How did Andros proceed ? Did James pay any attention to the remonstrances made against these proceedings? What other colonies did he add to the union ? How did the people put an end to the government of Andros ? What was done by the people of Boston when they heard of the abdication of James ? Did the people of Massachusetts derive any great advantage from this change of government ? C P. 35.) How were they disappointed on petitioning for the 208 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. restoration of their charter? What power did the king retain to himself by the new charter? What power was given to the governor by it ? What colony was united to Massachusetts? By whom were the Indians incited to make inroads upon the settlements ? How did the colonists waste their wealth and strength ? When did the expedition against Port Royal take place? What was contributed by Massachusetts for that expedi- tion? In what other expedition did she engage during the same year ? What caused the failure of both these expeditions ? How long did Massachusetts continue to make these exertions ? What was done in 1708 ? What in 1711 ? How was the assem- bly engaged at the same time? What was the subject of conten- tion between the governor and assembly ? What expedition was projected in Massachusetts in 1745 ? (P. 36.) To whom was the command of the land forces given ? What was the result of the expedition ? Did England retain the possession of Louisbourg ? What exertions were made by Massachusetts in the war which ended in the conquest of Canada? What pait did Massachusetts take in the war of the Revolution? What has always been a great source of wealth to Massachusetts ? CHAPTER V. (P. 37.) Who were the first European settlers in the state of Delaware ? What is said of the region from which they emi- grated ? (P. 38.) In what year was the first permanent settlement made in Delaware? What led Gustavus Adolphus to wish to form a colony of his subjects there ? What association was accordingly formed ? What name was given to it ? Where did the first emi- grants land ? What name did they give to the country on both sides of the Delaware? Where did the Swedes build a fort in 1630 ? Where in 1631 ? What settlements did they make within the present slate of Penn- sylvania ? On what did the Dutch found their claim to the country on the Delaware? With what did they, however, content them- selves ? (P. 39.) What alarmed them for the validity of their title ? To QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 209 whom had Charles II, ceded the British claim to the disputed ter- ritory ? Where were the Dutch permitted to erect a fort ? What did that obtain for them ? Who succeeded Printz in the govern- ment of the Swedish settlement? What produced open hostili- ties? Give an account of the conquest of Nova Suecia by the Dutch? What was done with the prisoners? With what was the colony then incorporated ? Where was the seat of govern- ment fixed ? By whom was the title of the Dutch again questioned? What gave rise to that dispute ? How did it terminate ? (P. 40.) What part of North America had been granted to the duke of York in 1G64 ? When were the Dutch settlements on the Hudson surrendered to the English ? Who was sent against their settlements on the Delaware ? With what success ? How long did the Dutch authority on the western bank of the Dela- ware exist ? To whom was the administration of affairs now committed ? When was a commission of justices appointed? With what power ? What was reserved to the government at New York ? What again revived the authority of the Dutch on the Delaware ? For what were deputies sent to New York ? Wlio was appointed governor ? What put a final period to the Dutch government ? When was a new patent given to the duke of York? What was granted by it? How long did Delaware remain under the juris- diction of New York ? W^hen was Delaware conveyed to William Penn ? (P. 41.) By whom? Into how many counties was it then divided? What was the country called until the Revolution ? When did William Penn land at Newcastle ? When where the three lower counties annexed to Pennsylvania ? How were the Dutch and Swedes residing within Penn's dominions, treated ? How long did the representatives of Delaware and Pennsyl- vania meet in one legislature? When did a disagreement take place? When a separation into distinct assemblies? When did the first local assembly meet at Newcastle? What were their first acts ? What prevented serious consequences from following these acts ? What dispute was finally settled in 1760 ? (P. 42.) What was the conduct of Delaware in the old French war ? How was she repaid ? 18^ 210 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How long did Delaware remain under the government of the proprietary of Pennsylvania? What is said of the dependence of Delaware upon Pennsylvania? When did the proprietary of Pennsylvania resign his jurisdiction over the lower counties ? What was done in September 1776? What is said of the con- duct of Delaware in the Revolutionary war ? For what was the Delaware regiment distinguished among the regular forces ? CHAPTER VI. (P. 43.) By whom was Connecticut first settled ? Who soon followed them? What were these two colonies called ? (P. 44.) How long did they continue under distinct govern- ments? What name was given to them on their consolidation? When had ihe people of Connecticut formed a constitution ? What resolution was adopted in the same year by the people of New Haven ? In what circumstances did these two settlements closely resem- ble each other ? When was the first confederation formed in this country ? Between what colonies ? What name was given to the confederation ? When was a charter granted to Connecticut ? For what was that charter remarkable ? Did the Dutch at New York claim any part of Connecticut ? How was the dispute settled ? How was the Indian war terminated ? What was the character of Philip ? (P. 45.) When was a quo warranto issued against Connecticut ? For what purpose ? Were the assembly disposed to yield their privileges ? How did Andros proceed ? What would have been the probable consequence in America, if the Stuarts had continued to reign in England ? What had been done by the people of Connecticut before official intelligence of the Revolu- tion of 1688 reached them ? When .was the ancient charter of Connecticut re-established ? Had it ever been surrendered ? What lessened the satisfaction of the people ? In what did this dispute origninate ? How wag the authority of Fletcher resisted ? (P. 46.) How did the king afterwards determine their right to the command of the militia? When was another unsuccessful attempt made upon the rights of the province ? In what did QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 211 Connecticut aid the mother country, while thus harassed ? What caused the failure of the expeditions undertaken in 1709 and 1710? How did Connecticut contribute to the capture of Louis- bourg? What is said of her exertions in the war which termi- nated in the conquest of Canada ? What expenses were incurred by her in that war ? How did Connecticut improve the short period of repose which followed the conquest of Canada ? How did she act when Britain attempted to collect a revenue from the colonies ? (P. 47.) What induced a feeling of hostility in her towards Britain ? Of what use were her militia ? How did she bear her part in the Revolutionary war ? CHAPTER VIL How does Maryland rank with the other colonies, with regard to its date of settlement ? What license did William Clayborno obtain from Charles I. ? When ? ^Vhere did he plant a colony ? Who was George Calvert ? When did he make a voyage to Vir- ginia ? With what view ? Why did he not settle there ? To what territory did he then direct his attention ? What prevented him from completing his design ? Who obtained the patent to the country north of the Potomac ? When? (P. 48.) What part of the country was included in that char- ter ? How was that grant curtailed? What was the country granted to Lord Baltimore called ? In honour of whom ? What is said of the principles upon which the settlement of this colony was begun ? (P. 49.) To what were they similar? What was their effect upon the prosperity and population of Maryland ? By what was the policy of this settlement chiefly distinguished above others of that period? Of what did the first emigration to Maryland consist? When did they land ? At what place ? Who was appointed first gover- nor? What drew settlers to Maryland in preference to the other colonies? How did the Indians act towards the new comers ? What name was given to the town ? When was tho first legislative assembly held ? What was done by them ? By 212 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. the proprietary ? By the assembly again in their turn ? What act was passed in 1639? Of what did the two branches consist? (P. 50.) What change in this system took place in 1650? — What was necessary to all laws ? Who was the cause of the first trouble to Maryland? What was Clayborne's character? What did he do when the first settlers arrived? Was it granted? What decision was made by Lord Baltimore's commissioners with respect to Kent Island ? How did Clayborne revenge himself? What was the result of the war which commenced in 1642? In what did Clayborne, however, succeed in 1645? When, and in what way was quiet again restored ? When was the peace of the province again disturbed? How were the colonists divided ? What commissioners were appoint- ed after the death of Charles I. ? Who was made one of these commissioners ? (P. 51.) Which party finally prevailed ? How was the govern- ment treated ? What was then done by the triumphant party ? How was the province disturbed in 1656? What was Fendall's success? How long did the affairs of the province remain in an unsettled state ? Who was then appointed governor by the pro- prietary ? What Indian war now broke out ? By whom were the colonists aided ? What was the number of white inhabitants at this time? Was the charter of Maryland also attacked by James IT. ? — What probably caused unusual delay in its revocation? What was at last done? What prevented the obtaining of judgment upon it? How was the colony divided by the assembly, in 1692? How was the name of the town of Severn changed ? When did the assembly remove to Annapolis ? What has since been the seat of government? (P. 52.) In whom was the government of Maryland vested from the restoration of Charles II. until 1716 ? From 1716 until the Revolution ? Where was Roger Williams born ? When ? What was the character of his political system ? Why did he come to Ameri- ca? When did he arrive in Boston? What did he there main- tain ? How was he consequently treated ? By whom was he hospitably received? What name did he give the place chosen QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 213 for his future residence? From whom did he buy the land? — When was the settlement of Rhode Island commenced ? (P. 53.) What kind of government was formed by the followers of Williams ? What restrictions did they impose upon them selves? What led to the rapid increase of their settlements? What controversy arose in Massachusetts soon after the exile of Williams ? What course was adopted towards the least numer- ous party? (P. 54.) Where did the exiles settle ? By what names were the two colonies known ? When were they united? How were the Indians treated by the first settlers of Rhode Isl- and ? What was the consequence? When was a charter obtain- ed ? What privileges did it confer ? To whom was the execu- tive and legislative powers given ? When was the first genera|^ assembly convened ? What constituted the supreme court ? Hovsr were the affairs of each township managed ? How was the settlement of Rhode Island regarded by Massa- chusetts? What was the consequence of that upon the colony? (P. 55.) Was Rhode Island admitted into the confederacy of the United Colonies of New England ? When did she petition to be received as a member ? On what condition did they offer to admit her? Did she agree to the condition ? When was a new charter granted to Rhode Island ? How long did she continue to be governed by that charter? (1842?) What is stated in the Preamble to that instrument ? What seems by this to have been adopted? What was the consequence? What was the only source of disquiet to Rhode Island ? (P. 56.) When was a quo toarranto issued against her ? What measures were adopted by Andros ? What was done on his im- prisonment, in 1689? What is said of the history of Rhode Island, from this period to the commencement of the Revolution ? What is said of the inhabitants ? What was the population in 1730 ? What in 1746? What was done towards the expedition into Canada? CHAPTER VIII. When "and by whom was the first discovery of any part of New Hampshire made? What was granted by the Plymouth Company to John Mason in 1621 ? 214 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. (P. 57.) To whom was another grant made the next year ? What was included in that grant? What name was given to this last tract ? When did Mason and Gorges attempt to establish a colony ? Where ? By whom were other settlements made on the coast ? How did Mason and Gorges name their respective provinces ? (P. 58.) What is New Somersetshire now called ? What ren- dered the settlement slow in their progress? How did the people occupy themselves ? To whom did the Indians grant a large tract of country ? When did Mason obtain a new grant from th*; Plymouth Company ? What did it include ? What is that tract of country now called ? What evils resulted from the conflicting titles derived from the Indians and under the grant of Mason ? What was the condition of the settlements which had been formed along the coast ? To whom did they apply for protection ? How long did that union last ? What prevented the heirs of Mason from obtaining a legal recognition of their claim? Who was Robert Mason ? What was done by him when Charles II. was restored to the throne ? (P. 59.) With what powers were commissioners sent out ? What was done by the assembly of Massachusetts ? How did the king decide when the matter was brought before him ? What was the consequence of that decision ? Of what did the new government consist? What were the first acts of the assembly ? What was done by Mason in 1680 ? How did the council act? What did he do when he found that he was unable to bend them to his views ? Who was appointed governor? What did his commission authorize him to do ? What did he order the inhabitants to do ? Why was this unfair? (P. 60.) Did many of the inhabitants take leases? Against whom was the first suit instituted by Mason? What was the result in that and the succeeding suits ? What did Cranfield then do ? Why did he adjourn the assembly ? How did he revenge himself on them ? « Give an account of his affair with Moody ? QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 215 What was permitted when the complaints of the people reach- ed the ears of the English government ? What happened when Mason attempted to enforce executions on the judgments he had obtained? What particular instance of resistance is men- tioned ? (P. 61.) With what commission did Andros arrive in 1686? How was his tyranny felt in New Hampshire? How long did ihis state of things continue? With whom did New Hampshire then connect herself? How long did that union last ? Why was the union dissolved ? What had Mason done, in the meantime, with respect to his claims ? What put a stop to his proceedings? To whom did his heirs sell the claim ? What did he obtain from the crown ? (P. 62.) What rendered his title imperfect ? What was the re- sult of the suits again brought against Waldron and others ? To whom did Allen appeal ? What delayed the proceedings ? What was done by his son? When was this long protracted contest ended ? How ? What is said of the contests of New Hampshire with the In- dians ? When was the province finally exempted from their ravages ? What is said of the prosperity of New Hampshire during the peace ? What territory was supposed to form a part of her province ? To whom was this district, however, allotted? (P. 63.) How long did the controversy which ensued continue? CHAPTER IX. (P. 64.) Of what did North Carolina originally form a part? In what patent was it included ? What was done by Amidas and Barlow ? On what day did they take possession of the country ? How were they received by the inhabitants ? Who commanded the second expedition ? (P. 65.) When did it arrive on the coast ? How did they treat the Indians? Where did they leave a colony ? What plot was formed by the Indians ? How was its execution prevented ? When and why did they return to England ? What happened a few days after their departure ? Was Raleigh discouraged by these failures ? What did he do the next spring? What was the result of that attempt ? 216 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How did the first permanent settlement of North Carolina^ commence ? Where was a settlement made in 1661 ? By whom ? (P. 66.) On what pretence did the Indians break up their settle- ment? When did a colony arrive from Barbadoes ? What was its number? What commence did they carry on? What offers did Berkeley make to settlers ? What country did Charles II. grant to Lord Clarendon and others ? What did the proprietors claim under that patent ? What made the inhabitants of Albemarle dissatisfied? For what did they petition ? Why did they revolt from the proprietary govern- ment ? When did they submit? When was a constitution framed for the government of the colony ? What were the prin- cipal provisions of that constitution ? When did the proprietors attempt to put a new constitution in force ? (P. 67.) For what was that constitution remarkable? What were the provisions of this instrument with respect to the pala- tine and nobility ? Of what was the parliament to consist ? What power was given to the parliament ? *What was the whole num- ber of regulations in that constitution ? Why was the operation of this constitution opposed ? What was done by the insurgents? What was the state of affairs in North Carolina for many years afterwards? What was its population in 1702 ? Who arrived in 1710? Where did they settle ? Did the settlers of North Carolina give any provocation to the Indians ? (P. 68.) What design was, notwithstanding, conceived by the Corees and Tuscaroras ? How did they proceed to put their plot in execution ? How many of the Roanoke settlers were killed in one night ? To what place was information sent ? What aid did the assembly send to Roanoke ? How did Barnwell proceed ? What was the result of Barnwell's attack ? To whom did the Tuscaroras unite themselves ? To whom did the proprietors sell the province in 1717 ? For what sum? By whom was the government admmistered from that time until 1776 ? How was the colony soon afterwards reinforced? By what was the prosperity of the colony again retarded ? Give an account of the proceedings of the " regula- tors." (P. 69.) By whom were they opposed ? With what success ? QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 217 What was the conduct of North Carolina in the war with Great Britain ? To whom was South Carolina granted in 1662 ? Where was the germ of her population planted ? When ? By whom ? To what place did they remove in 1671 ? Of what town did they then lay the foundation V Why was that site abandoned ? (P, 70.) When did a second removal take place? To what place ? What town was there founded ? When was the settle- ment called South Carolina? Had the two Carolinas separate governments? What was the effect of the introduction of Locke's constitution in South Carolina ? For what did the people petition ? What change in the goverment was effected in 1719? What was done by the proprietors in 1729? How was the colony governed from that time ? What was the effect upon it, of the revocation of the edict of Nantes ? Where did4;he French, protestants generally settle ? What other circumstances pro- cured many settlers for South Carolina ? (P. 71.) How was rice introduced into Carolina? How did it promote the prosperity of the colony ? What impeded the prosperity and population of this state in the early part of the eighteenth century ? What expedition was undertaken in 1702 ? By whom was it suggested ? What was its success ? What did Governor Moore do the next year ? What was done by the Spaniards and French in 1706 ? Of what did that expedi- tion consist ? Who was then governor of the province? How did he receive the Spaniards ? What was the result of their expedition ? (P. 72.) In what wars were the South Carolinians engaged from 1712 to 1718 ? What was the object of the Indians in undertak- ing those wars? By what was the province harassed from 1755 to 1759? When did hostilities again break out? What added to the calamities of the settlers ? How long did this state of things continue ? What was the state of the province from that period until 1776? Why were the Carolinians somewhat undecided at the com mencement of the contest ? What circumstance seems to have determined their conduct? From what did this state suffer dur- 19 218 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. iiig the ensuing struggle ? For what was the war in South Caro- lina and its vicinity remarkable ? CHAPTER X. (P. 73.) Who claimed the whole of New Jersey'^ Against what did they protest ? To whom was it grante^ in 1664? When did the duke of York sell it? To whom ? When did it first re- ceive the name of New Jersey ? How did the new proprietors encourage emigration ? (P. 74.) What honourable rule did they establish ? How much land was offered to each settler ? On what condition ? What important privilege was given to the inhabitants ? W^ho was the first governor of New Jersey ? What system did he pursue towards the Indians? What was the consequence? During what period was New Jersey under the government of the Dutch? What was then obtained by the duke of York? What authority did he give to Sir Edmund Andros ? When did Andros arrive in America ? To whom did Berkeley assign his part of New Jersey? How was the province then divided ? (P. 75.) Did the duke of York give up his claims to West Jer- sey? What disputes arose between the duke of York and the proprietors of New Jersey? To whom was the question at length referred ? How did he decide ? What was the duke ac- cordingly compelled to do ? What accession was received by the province about the year 1680 ? What towns did they build ? To whom did Carteret transfer his interest in the province ? When ? To whom did they convey part of it ? When did the Scotch proprietors obtain a patent ? Who was the first governor of East Jersey, under the proprietors ? (P. 76.) What was still attempted by the government of New York? When was a quo warranto issued against the proprie- tors? What did they do ? What was the intention of James \l. with respect to the colony of New Jersey ? What prevented his carrying this design into effect ? What was the state of the province for several years after the English revolution ? What was done in 1702? Who was the first royal governor ? Of what other province was Cornbury governor? Why was he removed from office? ' QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 219 What tended to augment the population and prosperity of New Jersey ? What involved her in war ? (P. 77.) To what did she contribute ? For what were laws passed in 1709 ? How was the credit of this money sustained ? When was a separate governor appointed ? Who was the last royal governor of New Jersey? How did New Jersey act when the British government at- tempted to impose an arbitrary authority over the colonies? Did she send deputies to Congress ? What is said of her losses in the contest which ensued ? By what was Trenton rer - dered memorable ? What happened at Princeton ? What is said of the cruelties perpetrated by the British army ? What was their effect on the people ? CHAPTER XL (P. 78.) Who was William Penn ? To what sect did he at- tach himself? (P. 79.) What sufferings did he undergo ? What induced Penn to turn his attention to America ? Where did he purchase land ? Why did he form the design of acquiring a separate estate ? How did he acquire it ? What was included in his charter? Under what name ? With what did this interfere ? What was the con- sequence of that ? Whom did he send over in 1681 ? For what purpose ? To whom did he sell 20,000 acres ? At what rate ? When did Penn publish his frame of government? In whom was the supreme power vested ? (P. 80.) Of how many members did the provincial council con- sist ? How were they chosen ? Who presided in that council ? What was the office of the council ? Was this frame of govern- ment continued ? When did Penn arrive ? Where ? What had he previously obtained ? What was his first step ? Where was the first assem- bly held ? When ? What was done by that assembly ? What admirable principle did they adopt ? How did Penn treat the In- dians ? What did he obtain from them ? How were the treaties thus formed, kept ? What tended to promote the prosperity of Pennsylvania ? (P. 81.) What to increase her population ? 220 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who prepared the design for the laying out of Philadelphia ?, Where was the second assembly of Pennsylvania held? Wlicn? What important law did they adopt? What was the effect of the revolution in England on the government of Pennsylvania? When was Pennsylvania annexed to New York? How long did it con- tinue so ? Who was appointed lieutenant-governor by Penn ? What disputes existed in Pennsylvania? How often had the charter been altered ? When did Penn give them a third char- ter ? What was provided in that charter ? (P. 82.) Was that charter adopted by Pennsylvania ? By the "three lower counties on the Delaware?" How was the mat- ter settled ? How long did this constitution continue in force ? When did William Penn die? At what age? What is said of him and his successors ? What is said of the history of Penn- sylvania from the death of Penn to the Revolution ? What was the chief subject of dispute ? When was a treaty concluded with the Six Nations ? What was granted by that treaty ? (P. 83.) Did Pennsylvania oppose the arbitrary measures of British government which led to the Revolution ? For what is Philadelphia distinguished ? CHAPTER Xn. (P. 84.) Which of the thirteen states was the last settled ? By ■whom had the country lying within the present boundaries been claimed ? (P. 85.) What led to the first attempt at settlement in Georgia ? For what was a company formed ? What territory was granted to them in 1732? What was the title of the corporation? When did the first emigrants arrive? Who was their leader? From whom did they obtain land by cession ? Of w)|at town did they lay the foundation ? When ? What impeded the progress of the settlement ? How were the lands granted ? On w hat condi- tion were they parcelled out ? In what case was the land to re- vert to the trustees? What regulation, more reconcilable with good policy, was made? What was the effect of these restrictions? How many emigrants arrived in 1734 ? (P. 80.) What was their character ? What did the trustees do in order to obtain more suitable settlers? With what effect? QUESTIONS FOR EXA.MINATION. 221 How did the parliament aid the colony ? What was the effect of the war between Spain and England, on the prosperity of Georgia? Who was appointed commander-in-chief ? How did he secure the safety of Georgia? What did he then propose to do ? With what force did he invade Florida ? What was the result of the expedition? How did the Spaniards retaliate? When ? What hastened the return of the Spanish commander to Florida? (P. 87.) By what was Georgia preserved on this occasion ? What freed Georgia from one source of disquiet ? What was the state of the colony at the middle of the eighteenth century ? What had produced that effect? Of what had the trustees thus deprived the colonists ? What was the amount of the exports of Georgia in 1750 ? What in 1820 ? When was the government taken into the hands of the king ? What privileges were ex- tended to Georgia ? When was a general assembly of represen- tatives established ? What lands were annexed to Georgia in 1763? What was the effect of the change in the government? How did the value of her exports increase in the next ten years ? (P. 88.) To what is much of this increase of prosperity to be attributed ? What was the condition of Georgia at the commencement of the American Revolution? What is said of her inhabitants? Did they take part in the Revolution ? What did they in 1755? What was suffered by Georgia during the ensuing war ? CHAPTER Xlir. (P. 89.) When was the continent of America discovered by Cabot ? What length of time elapsed before any permanent set- tlement was effected on its shores ? What was the greater part of the United States, east of Florida, called ? In honour of whom ? What practice was followed by Elizabeth of England ? When was the earliest settlement in pursuance of these grants, made ? Where ? When did the Dutch commence a settlement ? When ? How long did they retain possession of New York ? (P. 90.) When was Massachusetts settled ? By whom ? What was the next settlement in order of time ? The two next ? By whom was Connecticut colonized? By whom was Maryland colonized ? What led to the founding of Rhode Island ? In 19^ 222 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. what year was it settled ? When was New Hampshire settled 1 When was North Carolina settled ? By whom ? When was South Carolina settled ? Who had early made partial settle- ments in New Jersey? When was it effectually colonized? — Who had planted themselves at an early period in Pennsylvania When did William Penn arrive?^ Which was the last settled of the original thirteen states ? When was it founded ? By whom What is said of the history of all new colonies ? By wha were the ordinary evils augmented in the case of the American settlements ? What has been the aim of the most sagacious In- dian chiefs ? What success attended their efforts? In what was the Indian hostility most effective? What settlements suffered most from the Indian warfare? (P. 91.) What was the effect of the system pursued in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Maryland ? What evil arose from the proximity of the French settlements in Canada ? What is said of the influence of the governors of Canada over the Indians ? What was seen by the colonists to be necessary to their repose ? What plans were consequently devised by them ? For what did commissioners meet in 1690? What caused the failure of the enterprise ? When were similar attempts made ? With what Buccess ? When did the colonists enjoy a short period of repose ? What again renewed the war with the French and Indians? What colonies had previously been the chief theatres of Indian in- cursions ? (P. 92.) What opportunity did the extension of the French set- tlements on the Ohio give them ? What colonies were harassed by the Spaniards and the Southern Indians? By whom was an attack made upon Louisbourg ? When ? With what success ? When did the colonies again enjoy a short period of repose ? What proposal was made by some of the colonies at the time ? Why was the plan abandoned ? By what was the year 1755 rendered memorable ? What saved Braddock's army from entire ruin ? When was Fort Du Quesne taken by the British and provincials ? What other places were finally taken from the French? What was the effect of the con- quest of Canada upon the colonies ? How was their improved condition regarded by the mother country ? QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 223 (P. 93.) What did the people of Great Britain determine to do ? What was their first step in that resolution ? When was an act of Parliament passed to that effect? What ensued in the colo- nies ? Where did delegates assemble ? (P. 94.) Upon what did they agree? What associations were entered into by the people ? What was the effect of this upon the British ministry ? Did they give up the right of taxing the colonies ? What act was passed in 1767 ? What did the colonies refuse to do ? What was then done by the British government ? What was done by the colonists to counteract the design of collecting this duty ? What was done with the tea sent to Boston ? V/hat act was passed when intelligence of that proceeding reached England ? What was the effect of that act upon the American provinces ? What was done by Massachusetts after the passage of the Boston Port Bill ? What did she recommend ? (P. 95.) When did a congress of delegates convene ? What was done by them ? How did England still attempt to force her colonies to submission ? Why did she in these measures except North Carolina, Delaware, and New York ? What effect was produced upon those three colonies by that exception ? What was going on in the meantime ? CHAPTER XIV. (P. 96.) When did the first conflict between the Americans and the English take place ? Who commanded the British troops ia Boston ? What was done by him on the 18th of April, 1775 ? (P. 97.) How was the alarm given ? What happened at Lex- ington ? What at Concord ? Did they succeed in destroying the stores? How were they reinforced in their retreat? What was the conduct of the Americans during the retreat of the British ? (P. 98 ) How many men did they lose ? What position did the two armies then take? What was done by the provincials on the night of the 16th of June ? How many men occupied the post ? Give an account of the three attempts made by the British to dislodge them. What was the result ? What was the loss on each side? What American general was killed in this engagement? When did the second Continental Congress meet? Where? On what did they determine ? Who was elected comraand^-in- 224 QUESTIONS FOR ECAMINATION. chief of the troops ? When did he take command of the fa. scs ? What was the state of the troops ? What did he undertake with them? (P. 99.) By whom was an attempt made upon Canada? How did they reach Quebec ? Give an account of their attempt to carry the place ? Which of the commanders was killed ? Was the attempt abandoned? How long did the British remain in possession of Boston ? Where did they go on leaving Boston? Where did Washington then establish his head quarters ? (P. 100.) When did the British attack Fort Moultrie ? By whom were the British forces led? Who defended the fort? How long did the battle continue ? Why were the land forces not brought into action ? What happened during the naval engage- ment ? For what place did the fleet and troops depart ? What was attempted by Congress while these affairs were in progress? What did they do when they found their remon- strances fruitless ? When were the united colonies declared free and independent ? Where was that done ? When did Sir William Howe land on Long Island ? With how many men ? What was the number of the American forces at that time ? (P. 101.) Who commanded the American detachment on Long Island ? Where were they stationed ? What orders had been given with respect to the passes in the hills? (P. 102.) How and where did the British make their way through the hills ? What was thus gained by the British ? What was the consequence ? What was done by Washington as soon as he heard of the commencement of the action ? To what did he confine his exer- tions? What prevented Sir William Howe from immediately attaking the American position ? Give an account of the celebrated retreat that was accom- plished on the night of the 28th. What was seen by the British in the morning? Why did Washington retire from New York Island ? When was it entered by the British ? How far was the retreat of the Americans continued? (P. 103.) When was Fort Washington taken by the British ? How many prisoners did they take? What other fort was taken? What added to the misfortunes of the army ? QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 11^ When did the British give up the pursuit of the Americans? Where was their main body cantoned ? Did Congress think of submission ? Where were detachments of the Hessian troops stationed ? What did Washington deter- mine to do ? With how many men did he cross the Delaware? When did he cross? How was he/etarded in his passage? How did the Americans move to the attack? (P. 104.) Give an account of the battle? How many of the enemy were killed ? How many surrendered themselves prison- ers? What was the loss on the American side? What distin guished man was among the wounded ? What other part of the army had been ordered to cross the river and co-operate with Washington ? What compelled their return ? When did Washington recross the Delaware? What was the effect of the victory at Trenton? (P. 105.) When and where did the two armies again meet ? By what were they separated ? What separated the combatants ? To what difFiculties was Washington now exposed ? What did he resolve to do ? Hov/ did he draw off his army without exciting the suspicions of the enemy ? By whom were they encountered near Princeton ? Of what was Washington well aware ? How did he consequently exert himself? What was his conduct in the battle ? In what raanner did two of the British regiments retreat ? (P. 106.) What was the result of the engagement with the 3d regiment ? What was the British loss in the battle of Princeton ? What distinguished American officer was killed in that battle ? What first announced Washington's escape to Cornwallis ? What did he immediately do ? To what place did Washington retire to winter quarters? Where did the British concentrate their forces ? What was effected by Washington during the spring of 1777? What change did Howe consequently make in his plan ? Where did he land? Where did Washington oppose him? How did Howe divide his troops on the 11th of September ? To whom did he give the command ? How did Knyphausen proceed ? Hovv- did Cornwallis proceed ? Who commanded the right wing of the American army ? (P. 107'.) How did he proceed? When was he attacked by 226 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Cornvvallis? What was the result of that attack? What was effected by General Greene? By General Wayne ? Whither did Washington then retire ? What was the American loss in the battle of Brandywine? — What the British? What distinguished officer first served in the Ameripan cause in this battle ? What was his conduct in the action ? (P. 108.) Of what was Washington convinced by the result of this battle? When did Howe enter Philadelphia? Where was his army principally stationed ? What was the result of Washington's attack upon the British at Germantown ? What was done by the British on the 22d of October ? With what success ? When was the attack on Fort Mifflin renewed 1 Who com- manded the Americans in the fort? How did the garrison be- have? When did they evacuate the post ? How did the British obtain possession of Fort Mercer ? Of what importance was the possession of those forts to the British arms? (P. 109.) What was done by Burgoyne in June 1777 ? What was the character of his first operations? How far did his suc- cess continue? How was he there opposed ? In what way, and for what purpose did he divide his forces ? By whom was the detachment attacked? With what success? What happened to the reinforcement sent by Burgoyne ? What was he then com- pelled to do ? When did Burgoyne surrender? What effects were produced by this event in the United States ? What in France ? (P. 110.) W^hat circumstance prevented Howe's army from sharing the fate of Burgoyne's ? Where had Washington spent the preceding winter ? What is said of the suffering and priva- tions which they then endured? What foreign officer arrived while they occupied that encampment ? To whom did Steuben offer his services ? To what office was he appointed ? How had he been qualified for the duties of that office ? (P. 111.) What reform did he effect in the army? What was done by the Americans on the retreat of the Bri- tish ? Why did not Washington lead them to a general engage- ment ? When did a partial action take place ? QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 227 By whom was an attempt made on Rhode Island ? What caused its failure ? (P. 112.) How was the year 1779 chiefly passed by the Bri- tish ? What appeared to be their object ? How were their footsteps marked? What was the effect of these excesses upon the American people? By whom was Savannah and the whole state of Georgia conquered ? By whom was South Ca- rolina defended? With what success? What was the success of the attempt of the Americans upon Savannah? What caused its failure ? By whom was Stony Point taken ? Give an account of its cap- ture. Give an account of Putnam's escape at Horse Neck. Why did not the Bfitish follow him ? (P. 113.) What command was given to Paul Jones? When? When and where did he encounter an enemy ? What was the force on each side ? When did the action commence ? How long did it continue ? What was the result of the action between the Serapis and the Bon Homme Richard ? (P. 114.) What had been done by the Pallas in the meantime ? By whom was this engagement witnessed ? How were the prizes taken by Jones estimated ? How was he honoured by Congress ? (P. 115.) To what place was a large force despatched by the British in 1780 ? What did they accomplish ? Who was sent to the relief of the inhabitants ? What mistake did Gates make ? What was the result of the battle ? What distinguished foreigner fell in the battle of Camden ? To what did Cornwallis then direct his views? By what were his plans retarded ? Who succeeded Gates in the command of the Southern army ? What did he effect ? What happened in September, 1780 ? ' (P. 116.) By whom was the victory at the Cowpens gained? When ? How were the .efforts of Cornwallis to recover the pri- soners foiled? When did Greene re-enter North Carolina? Where did he fight a pitched battle with Cornwallis ? What compelled Cornwallis to retreat to Wilmington ? What resolution was then formed by Greene ? To what place did Cornwallis march ? 228 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. What permission did Washington obtain from Congress during the winter of 1780-81? When did Washington's army retire to winter quarters ? Where were the several divisions stationed ? What revolts happened in January, 1781 ? IIovv was the fiist appeased ? (P. 117.) By what was the second produced? How was it quelled ? IIow did the mutineers treat the overtures of Sir Henry Clinton ? From what did the great distress of the army and the growing discontent of the people spring ? Why did Washington now direct his plans to the south ? What was done by La Fayette ? How were the royal troops engaged ? What compelled La Fayette to fall back ? How did he conduct his retreat? Who advanced with fresh troops from the north ? To what place did Cornwallis retreat? (P. 118.) What did Washington and Rochambeau resolve to do ? By what force was New York protected ? \Vhen and where did the allied armies meet ? Why did Washington determine to turn his whole attention to the south ? What orders did La Fayette receive ? Where did he accord- ingly take post ? Where did the British general fortify himself ? When did the Count de Grasse enter the Chesapeake ? (P. 119.) What was brought on by the arrival of the British fleet ? What followed ? What is said of the caution with which Washington managed his movement to the south ? What force had he with him ? To whom was the defence of the Hudson left? How did Clinton endeavour to support Cornwallis ? What was produced by one of the latter operations ? When did the siege of Yorktown commence? What was the number of the besiegers ? Where is Yorktown situated ? What and where is Gloucester Point? How did the British preserve the communications be- tween these positions ? By whom were the works at Gloucester Point occupied? Where was the main British army encamped? Who was entrusted with the blockade of Gloucester ? How did he succeed ? What was done by the allies on the 28th ? QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 229 (P. 120.) What on the next day? What was done on the 6th of October ? What on the 9th and 10th? What was the effect of the fire of the besiegers ? What is said of the spirit of emulation and esteem that existed among the allies? What was done on the night c«f the 11th? From what did the besiegers most severely suffer ? When, and by whom, were these two outworks stormed ? (P. 121.) How were they gained ? What did Cornwallis now plainly see ? What was the result of his attempt to destroy the two batteries ? What did he then attempt? What compelled him to return to his former position ? What took place on the 17th ? When was Yorktown surren- dered to Washington ? How many men were surrendered ? To whom were the shipping and seamen yielded ? What was the loss of the British during the siege ? What of the allies ? How was General Greene engaged in the meantime? What decided the contest ? When and how was the independence of the United States acknowledged by Great Britain ? CHAPTER XV. (P, 122.) What was the effect of the successful issue of the war of the Revolution? What had been created by the expenses of the war ? What other sources of evil existed ? What did this slate of affairs indicate ? What desire did this excite in the friends of order? What was done at the instance of the Legisla- ture of Virginia? What was done by these commissioners? When and where did the meeting of delegates convene ? When did they lay the result of their labours before Congress ? What did they declare? (P. 123.) What wish did they express ? Were these vieivs and desires accomplished ? How did that constitution operate ? In what was public opinion divided ? How was its ratification ob- tained ? When did the new government go into operation ? Who was chosen first President of the United States ? Who was the first Vice President ? What were the effects of the new system of government ? What was the conduct of the United States during the war arising out of the French revolution ? 20 *230 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. (P. 124.) What opposition was made to the neutral course . What two parties existed at that time ? What was the result of the Indian war? Why was an excise laid on whiskey ? To what did this excise lead ? How was it suppressed ? (P. 125.) Who was chosen president in 1793? What is said of his farewell letter ? Who succeeded Washington ? What course was pursued by the French government during his administration ? What mea- sures of defence were adopted by the American government? Who was appointed commander-in-chief? What great loss was soon after suiTered by the nation ? How was the national grief expressed ? Give an account of the war between the United States and France. What revolution in the administration of public affairs took place in 1801 ? Who Vvfas elected president ? What was the condition of the United States during his first term of office ? (P. 126.) When was the European war renewed? What had the United States gained by their neutral position ? What was done by the British to counteract that advantage ? How did Na- poleon retaliate? What orders were then issued by the English? What did Napoleon subsequently decree? Which of these na- tions v/ere the aggressors ? How did they farther outrage the na- tional dignity ? Was the country at that time prepared for war? (P. 127.) What was attempted by Congress ? What act was passed in December, 1807 ? What was afterwards substituted for this embargo law ? Who was elected to the office of president in 1809? Who was chjosen vice president? What engagement was entered into with Mr. Erskine, the British minister ? Was it ratified ? Why not? Who succeeded Erskine as ambassador ? Why was his recall de- sired by the president ? What was commenced by the French government in August 1810 ? What was accordingly done by the president? (P. 128.) What happened in May 1811? What other provoca- tion was given by the British ? What was the result of the bat- tle of Tippecanoe ? How many American vessels were taken by the French after the revocation of the Berlin and Milan decrees? How many QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 231 were captured by the British in the ten years preceding 1812 1 — What seemed to be necessary to redress these wrongs ? CHAPTER XVI. How long was this system of restrictions upon commerce con- tinued ? What was done with a view to hostilities ? (P. 129.) When was war declared ? What preparations had been made by the American government ? What was the conse- quence ? Give an account of General Hull's operations. What sentence did the court martial pass upon him ? Why did the president re- mit the punishment? What expedition was undertaken by General Van Rensselaer? What was his success ? (P. 130.) How was the disappointment arising from these failures counterbalanced ? When was the action between the Constitution and the Guerriere fought? Who commanded the Con- stitution ? Give an account of the action. What was the loss on each side? (P. 131.) What encounter took place on Ihe 25th of October? Give an account of the action. What was the loss of the Mace- donian ? What was done with the ship ? What was done in November ? Who commanded the Wasp ? What was the loss on each side ? What other victory v/as gained before the close of the year ? (P. 132.) Who commanded the Constitution ? What advantage was possessed by the British in the action ? What was the result of the engagement? What was the loss on each side ? What was done with the Java ? How did Captain Lawrence add to the glory of the American navy? Were these victories confined to the public ships of the United States ? (P. 133.) How many vessels and prisoners had been taken, be- fore the meeting of Congress in November ? What were the effects of these triumphs on the military spirit ? 16* 232 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. How were their effects evinced in the Western and Southern States? How in Pennsylvania and Virginia? Where was this patriotic zeal more particularly observable ? What prevented, for a time, the invasion of Canada ? What did these governors declare ? What was the effect of their re- fusal ? What preparations were at length made on the northern lines ? Who used every exertion to create a fleet on the lakes ? To what did the operations on these lakes extend during the revolution ? What is said of the preparations that were now making. (P. 134.) What was done by Congress in November? What unsuccessful pacific proposals had been made? What was done by the government after the capture of Hull's army ? To whom was the command of these detachments given ? What is said of Harrison's arrangements for the recovery of Detroit ? In pursuance of these arrangements to what place did he send General Winchester ? When did he arrive at that post ? Why did he move forward to the river Raisin ? When, and by whom, was he attacked at Frenchtown ? (P. 135.) What was the result of the battle ? What happened after the battle ? What part had the British in that massacre ? What was done by General Dearborn, on the 27th of April ? (P. 136.) Of what barbarous act were the British guilty ? What distinguished commander was killed by that explosion ? How did his troops behave after his death ? When did the Americans make an attack on Fort George ? With what success ? By whom was an attempt made upon Sackett's Harbour ? How were they received ? What happened at the Beaver Dams ? How did the campaign open on the borders of Lake Erie ? What was done by Harrison after Winchester's defeat ? What name was given to the fort? When did the enemy commence the siege of Fort Meigs ? (P. 137.) What was the result of the siege? What was the American force on Lake Erie ? By whom was it commanded? What was the British force? When did the two fleets come to an engagement? What was the character of the action ? By what was it decided ? How long did it last ? fn what did it result ? What was the effect of the victory ? QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 233 (P. 138.) How did Harrison hasten to take advantage of this victory ? When and where did he overtake the British army ? In •what did the battle of the Thames terminate ? What, was taken from the British ? What ended with this action ? What happened in the spring of 1813, on the Atlantic frontier? Who was the chief actor in these scenes ? In what bolder at- tempt were the British troops employed ? With what success ? What town did they give up to plunder ? How did they employ themselves during the remainder of the year ? What American ships were taken by the British in 1813 ? What British ships were taken by the Americans? (P. 139.) What was the result of an attempt made upon Mon- treal in the latter part of the year? When did the Indians of Florida attack Fort Mimms ? Give an account of the attack and subsequent massacre ? Who was sent to chastise these Indians ? What was done by a detachment of Jackson's army on the 2d, of November ? What furthet successes were gained by Jackson m this war ? When was the battle of Tohopeka fought ? Where was Tohopeka situated ? What was the strength of the garrison ? How was the attack commenced ? Relate the heroism of Ma- jor Montgomery. How did the battle end ? (P. 140.) At what place was a treaty of peace concluded with the Indians ? What was the success of General Wilkinson's incursion into Canada in the spring of 1814 ? By whom was he superseded ? To whom was the command of the troops on the Niagara fron- tiers given ? What fort did he take on the 2d of July ? When did he attack the British position at Chippewa? How did the battle terminate ? When did another battle occur ? Where was it fought ? By whom were the Americans commanded ? What was the result of tire battle ? To what place did the Americans retire ? What was the success of the British in the siege of Fort Erie ? (P. 141.) Against what town diii ./he British general, Prevost, advance ? With how many men ? Who commanded the militia in Plattsburg ? What did they do to retard the approach of the enemy ? When did the British enter the town ? To what place did the Americans retire ? 20* 234 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. Who commanded the American squadron on Lake Champlain? When was he attacked by the British fleet ? What was the re- sult of the action ? What was the condition of both fleets at the close of the action ? (P. 142.) By whom was the battle of Lake Champlain wit- nessed ? What was done by the British in Plattsburg during the naval engagement? What on the succeeding night? What did they leave behind them ? Where did the British land in August 1814 ? (P. 143.) Where was a battle fought on the 24th ? What is said of the behaviour of General Winder in that battle ? Who commanded the British ? Of what city did they take pos- session ? What did they do in Washington ? How was the disgrace, arising from this event, in some mea- sure retrieved ? How were the British received in their attempt upon Baltimore ? What finally compelled them to withdraw ? ; What American vessels were captured by the British in 1814? What British vessels were taken ? What was proved by these captures ? When had a British flag of truce arrived ? What was announced in the despatches brought ? Where was it agreed that the com- missioners should assemble? What commissioners were appointed on the part of the United States to commence the business of conciliation? (P. 144.) What was the effect of the victories of Lake Cham- plain and Plattsburg on these negotiations ? Why was it sup- posed that the war should before this period have ceased ? What, insulting proposals were made by the British government as the price of peace ? What state were the enemy preparing to invade in September? Why were the militia unprepared to defend their country ? What was there in the nature of the country which made it easy to be defended ? Who was the commander of the district? (P. 145.) When did he arrive in New Orleans ? What efiect was produced by his presence ? How soon did the British fleet appear on the coast ? What d\d the invaders succeed in doing on the 22d of December ? Did QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 235 they follow up their advantage? How did Jackso« fortify his post ? When did the British general make an unsuccessiui at- tempt to drive Jackson from his post ? When did he make ano- ther unsuccessful attempt upon the American lines ? How werp, the Americans reinforced? How the British? What was now the whole number of each army? To whom was the defence of the lines on the right bank of the river intrusted ? By whom were the works on the left bank oc- cupied ? When was the final attempt made ? (P. 146.) How did the British columns move forwArd to the at- tack? How were they received by the Americans ? WJiat was the effect of the warm reception which they received ? How many times did they return to the charge? With what success? What was the result of the battle ? What was the loss of the British ? What that of the Americans ? What distinguished British generals were killed in the battle of New Orleans ? When was a treaty of peace signed by the commissioners at Ghent? When was it ratified by the Prince Regent of England ? When by the President of the United States? What was provided for in the treaty of peace? CHAPTER XVn. (P. 147.) What advantage had Algiers taken of the English war ? How was their insolence chastised ? Who was elected to succeed Mr. Madison in the ofiice of president ? When did he enter on the duties of his office ? What atrocities were committed by the Florida Indians during Monroe's administration ? Who were sent against them ? What put a stop to any further aggressions on the part of the Indians ? How were the Spanish authorities in Pensacola punished? For what ? What treaty was made with Spain in 1819—21 ? (P. 148.) What was provided for in a treaty with Russia in 1824? What in a treaty v/ith England? How was this year fur- ther distinguished ? When did he arrive? How did he spend the ensuing twelve months ? How was he received by the peo- 236 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. pie ? What did Congress do for him ? When did he sail loj France ? Why did the choice of president devolve upon the House of Representatives in 1824? Who was chosen by them? When did he enter on the duties of his office? With whom were treaties concluded during the first two years of his administration ? What was provided for in those treaties ? What did the Indiana receive for their land ? What happened on the 4th of July, 1826? When was a tariff bill enacted by Congress ? What effect did it produce in the Southern states ? (P. 149.) Who was chosen to succeed Mr. Adams in the presi- dency? Who was chosen vice president? When were they inaugurated ? How was the tariff of 1828 modified in 1832? What efi"ect did that modification produce in the state of South Carolina? How did Jackson meet this wavlike disposition of the South? How were these difficulties finally overcome ? What war broke out in 1832? Who was sent against them? When and where was an action fought ? What was the result of that and the succeeding action ? Who was the chief of the hostile Indians ? How long was he kept as a hostage? To what place did he retire? What was the fate of the bill for rechartering the United States Bank ? (P. 150.) When were the government deposites withdrawn from that institution ? What happened in 1834 ? When was the whole debt of the United States paid off? What war broke out in 1835 ? Who was sent against him ? (P. 151.) When was he attacked ? What was the fate of him- self and his command ? What was the name of the Seminole war chief ? Was this war continued through 1836? When did Congress recognise the independence of Texas ? Who was elected in 1836 to succeed General Jackson ? When was he inaugurated ? What evil was felt during his administration ? How was it in some measure mitigated ? When did the Canadian rebellion break out ? What caused an QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 237 eecitement among the people of the United States ? Was the neutrality of the United States preserved ? When did the banks generally resume specie payments ? What effects did that produce? When were the boundaries of the United States and Texas fixed ? What treaties were concluded in 1838 ? (P. 152.) What led to frequent collisions between the govern- ments of Maine and Lower Canada? What was done to settle the dispute? What treaties of commerce were made in 1839? What was the population of the United States in 1840 ? Who were the candidates for the presidency in 1840? Who was chosen to that office? Who was elected to the vice presi- dency ? When were they inaugurated ? What was said by Harrison in his inaugural address ? When did he die? At what age ? How was the grief of the people ex- pressed ? Who now became president ? Who vice president ? How long did Harrison's cabinet continue in office ? (P. 153.) What law was passed by Congress in 1841 ? What was done in reference to the " right of search" claimed by Great Britain? What bills were vetoed by the president ? When waa a modified tariff bill passed? What special ambassador arrived in the United States in April 1842 ? With what powers ? What was provided for in the treaty which he concluded with the secretary of state ? When was the Ashburton treaty ratified by the Senate ? What treaty was rejected by the Senate in 1844? When was a resolution for the annexation of Texas to the United States passed by both houses of Congress ? What candidates presented themselves for the office of presi- dent in the autumn of 1844 ? (P. 154.) Who was elected ? When was he inaugurated ? Who was chosen vice president ? What State were eflForts made to annex ? Who founded the first colony in Texas ? Who claimed Texas afterwards ? What occurred in the years 1690-2? (P. 154.) When was Texas added to Spain ? When did France regain possession of it ? What part did Texas take in the Mexican struggle for independence ? Who aided in the contest? What occurred in 1824? What measures did the Mexican government adopt ? What occurred in 1832 ? Who 238 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATIOX. visited the city of Mexico in August, 1833? For what jDur- pose ? What was the result ? (P. 155.) How did the imprisonment of Mr. Austin affect the Texans? What intelligence was received about the time of his release ? What did the Texans then do ? What course did Santa Anna pursue? Who invaded Texas? What occured on the 2d of October ? What did Capt. Collinsworth do ? What was done on the 20th of October ? On the 2rth? How long was Bexar besieged ? What was the result ? (P. 156.) Who succeeded Austin as commander-in-chief of the Texans? What occurred on the 1st of February, 1836 ? On the 23rd ? Whither did the garrison retire ? What was the whole number of the Texans at the Alamo ? What was the number of the besiegers? How long did the garrison hold out? When were the works carried? What did the Mexicans then do ? What was the whole loss of the besiegers ? What occurred on the 2d of March? On the 17th? Who was chosen Provisional President ? (P. 157.) What outrages did Gen. Urrea commit? What was the effect of these outrages ? Who now arrived ? What did General Houston determine to do ? What occurred on the 21st of April? Describe the battle? What was the result? What armistice and treaty did Santa Anna conclude ? What occurred early in September? Who were elected President and Vice-President ? (P. 158.) What desire did the Texans express 7 When did the United States recognize the independence of Texas ? How was the proposal for annexation treated ? What caused a re- newal of hostilities? What happened to the expeditions against Mier and Santa Fe ? Was Texas generally recognized as a sovereign nation? When was a treaty of annexation concluded ? By whom ? . Was it approved or rejected by the Senate ? What bill was introduced after the rejection of the treaty? What strengthened the cause of annexation ? When wore the joint resolutions for annexing Texas to the United States passed by Congress? QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. ^u^ (P. 159.) "When were the resolutions approved by the Presi- dent? To what administration does the credit of the annex- ation belong ? (P. 160.) What led to a war between the United States and Mexico ? What had Gen. Zaehary Taylor been ordered to do in the meantime ? When did Gen. Taylor reach the Rio Grande? What followed immediately? (P. 161.) What outrages did the Mexicans commit? What happened on -the 10th of April? What information did Gen. Taylor receive on the 26th? What measures did he adopt? What became of Capt. Thornton's party? What occurred soon after these accidents ? When did Gen. Taylor march to the relief of Major Monroe ? (P. 163.) Who were left at the river fort ? When did Con- gress declare war ? What other measures were adopted by that body ? What occurred at the fort opposite Matamoras ? When did Gen. Taylor march to its relief? Where did he meet the Mexican army ? (P. 164.) What did Lieut. Blake do ? What did the Mexican cavalry attempt ? What caused a suspension of hostilities ? Was the firing very destructive ? When did the battle termi- nate ? What was the loss of the Americans ? (P. 166.) What movement did the Mexicans make on the morning of the 9th of May? What did Gen. Taylor do? What occurred to Capt. M'Call ? How were the Mexicans posted ? What did Capt. May do ? What was the result of the battle ? (P. 167.) What Avas done at Fort Brown on the approach of Gen. Taylor ? What was the marching force of the Americans and Mexicans ? What loss did the two armies sustain? What occurred on the 11th of May? When did Gen. Taylor take possession of Matamoras ? What did Capt. M'Culloch do ? What was Gen. Taylor's force in the latter part of June? When did he march from Matamoras ? (P. 168.) What was done when Gen. Taylor arrived at Ca- 240 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION'. margo? What information did lie receive? Against what place did he march ? When ? (P. 169.) What was the whole number of Gen. Taylor's army? Describe Monterey? When did the attack begin? What was the order of the besiegers ? How long did the siege last ? (P. 171.) What was the result of the siege ? What loss did the Americans sustain ? What were the terms of the capitu- lation ? What did the United States government order Gen. Taylor to do ? Who had been raised to the military dictator- ship in the. Mexican capital ? How large was hj£ army ? What did Gen. Taylor determine to do? What occurred on the 30th of December? What was the number of Gen. Taylor's troops in February, 1847? (P. 172.) Where did Gen. Taylor take up a position ? When did the hostile armies meet ? What did Santa Anna do ? How did the Mexicans commence the battle ? Who was left in command of the American army ? How did the battle com- mence on the 23d? Who turned the fortune of the day? What followed ? (P. 174.) How did the battle of Buena Vista terminate ? What was discovered the next morning ? What was the strength of the two armies in the battle ? What loss did they sustain ? To what must the victory be attributed ? When did Gen. Taylor return to the United States ? (P. 175.) Of what territories did the United States wish to gain possession ? What for«e was raised in the Western States ? Who was its commander ? When did he commence his march ? What did he do in New Mexico ? What infor- mation did he receive on the borders of New Mexico ? What did he then do ? What occurred early in December ? When and where did Gen. Kearney gain a victory ? What occurred on the 29th of December? Where were the Californians posted ? In what force ? What was the result of the battle ? (P. 177.) What occurred on the 9th of January, 1847? What followed the two battles ? Who was appointed military QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 241 governor of California? Towards what place did Col. Doni- phan march ? When and whero did ho meet the Mexicans ? AYhat was the result of the battle ? P. 178.) When did Col. Doniphan enter El Paso? When did he leave the Paso del Norte ? When was the battle of Sacramento fought ? Give some account of the position of the Mexicans ? (P. 180.) How did Col. Doniphan begin the attack ? Was his fire effective ? What changes followed ? What did Major Clark do ? (P. 181.) Upon what did the fate of the battle depend ? How were the enemy put to the rout ? What was the force of the Mexicans engaged in the battle of Sacramento ? What was the force under command of Col. Doniphan ? What loss did the Mexicans sustain ? What was Col. Doniphan's loss ? When did Col. Doniphan take possession of Chihuahua ? How long did he remain there ? When did he march for Saltillo ? (P. 182.) What did Capt. Reid do during the march ? When did Col. Doniphan reach Gen. Taylor's encapment ? When did they reach New Orleans ? What was the decisive move- ment of the war ? Who was ordered to take command of the forces raised for that purpose ? What was the whole number of the troops ? Who was to co-operate ? Was Vera Cruz a strong city ? What point was selected for the landing ? What was done on the 9th of March ? What was done on the 22d ? How long did the bombardment and canonnade continue ? Who made overtures for a capitulation ? What was the result? What did Col. Harvej'^ do during the siege ? (P. 184.) What was the whole loss of the besiegers? When did Gen. Scott commence his march for the city of Mexico ? Where were the Mexicans posted ? In what strength ? When was the attack made ? Describe it ? What was the result of the battle ? What loss did the Americans sustain ? (P. 185.) What towns were captured by vessels of the Gulf squadron ? What places were captured by Generals Twiggs and Worth ? What occurred on the 15th of May ? Who 21 242 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. infested the road between Vera Cruz and Puebla? Who was their commander ? What did the guerillas do ? (P. 186.) Who wore attacked at the National Bridge ? What was the result ? How long did Gen. Scott remain at Puebla ? What reinforcement did he receive ? When did the army de- scend into the Valley of Mexico ? How did Gen. Scott avoid some strong works of the enemy ? What was the first object of attack ? What force was detached for that purpose ? What movements were made on the 19 th and 20th of August ? What was the result of the conflict ? What position was next at- tacked ? What force of Mexicans was there assembled ? How was the attack commenced ? (P. 188.) What were the results of the attack on the forti- fied convent ? What did Gen. Shields do ? How did the battle terminate ? What were the results of the whole day's work according to Gen. Scott ? (P. 189.) What occurred on the night of the 20th ? Was the armistice granted ? What negotiations were opened ? What caused the resumption of hostilities? What was the next point of attack ? Who was appointed to execute the plan ? When was the attack begun ? Who led the assault ? What was the result ? (P. 190.) What was the loss of the assailants at Molino del Rey ? What was the next object of attack ? When was the assault begun ? Who commanded the two divisions ? De- scribe Gen. Pillow's movements ? Gen. Quitman's move- ments ? What were the results of the capture of Chapultepec ? (P. 191.) What was the loss of the Mexicans at Chapulte- pec ? What did Gen. Scott determine to do ? Who com- manded the divisions that attacked Mexico ? Against what points did they advance? AVhat did Gen. Twiggs do? What was Gen. AVorth's success ? How did Gen. Quitman proceed ? (P. 193.) IIow did the attack terminate ? What was Worth's loss during the day ? What was Quitman's loss ? What oc- curred at Puebla shortly after the capture of Mexico ? Who relieved the garrison ? What occurred to Gen. Lane during QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 243 his march ? "Wliat did tlio geueral-in-chief do in January, 1848? "Where did the commissioners meet? What was the result of the negotiations? What did Mexico agree to do? Who superintended the evacuation of Mexico ? (P. 194.) What was the condition of the United States at the close of the Mexican war ? How was the Oregon difficulty settled ? (P. 195.) What measures of the Democratic party were carried out by President Polk ? Where was a great discovery made soon after the conclusion of the war ? Give an account of the first discovery of the gold ? What were the immediate results ? (P. 196.) What was found to be the extent- of the gold region ? What was done in regard to the government of Cali- fornia ? Who wore elected President and Vice-President in the latter part of 1848 ? When was Gen. Taylor inaugurated ? Who composed the cabinet? Who had a majority in Con- gress ? What subject caused an excitement ? What commit- tee was appointed in the Senate ? What bill did this committee report ? What were the provisions of this bill ? (P. 197.) Were the compromise measures adopted? When did President Taylor die ? At what age ? Who succeeded him in the Presidency ? What was done in regard to the cabinet ? What was done in regard to foreign relations during Mr. Fillmore's administration ? What expedition sailed from the United States in the spring of 1850 ? What was the re- sult? When was the attempt renewed? Where did the invaders land ? What was their success ? How were Col. Crittenden and his men treated? How was Lopez executed? What was done with the othe^ prisoners ? (P. 198.) What difficulty occurred with Portugal ? How was it settled ? What was done in regard to the Hungarian agent ? When did Mr. Webster die ? Who succeeded him ? Who were elected President and Vice-President in the fall of 1852? When was Mr. Pierce inaugurated ? Who composed his cabinet? 244 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. (P. 199.) What treaty had Lord John Russell proposed? What was Secretary Everett's reply ? What followed ? What occurred in June, 1853 ? By whom was Koszta rescued ? What did the government of Austria do in regard to the Koszta affair ? What did Secretary Marcy reply ? Was Koszta com- pletely released? What is said of the relations between the United States and Austria ? Pictorial History of Greece.— History of Ancient and Modern Greece. From the London Edition, published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. With numerous additions. By John Frost, LL.D. 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