Class. 
 Book. 
 
 
 ()opyright}J°._ 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSnv 
 
'^^^^^^(Jtji/t^ o4^ 'JL-\\Jc >^ ' ' ?««-<^ ¥'*-d^i^ ^. 
 
 S-4^. :3^A^iV<u^ -^- Xl4_ ^fJU^^f^-J^^. 
 
 CK^^fy^'-^-tCtX'^^^Kj . 
 
 fl. M. D. G. 
 
 
 COMPILED 
 BY 
 
 FrEnttstan Stgt:ers 
 
 La Crosse, Wisconsin 
 
 Copyrighted, igog. 
 
.5^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 U 
 
 :1> 
 
 SEf II W 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The object of this little vjork is to simplify , for both pupil and teach- 
 er, what is otherwise a cumbersome subject. The field of geograph- 
 ical study is so vast that it requires considerable thought to deter- 
 mine wisely what should be taught and what omitted. This book se- 
 cures to the pupil an abundant store of facts and contains a reason- 
 able amount of the proper kind of work for each of the six upper 
 grades, It is especially adapted to reviews and furnishes the knowl- 
 edge necessary to pass any reasonable examination upon this sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Meaning of Signs Used. 
 
 * '= ///. Grade work; 
 
 t = IV. Grade vjork; 
 
 § = may be omitted by the V. Grade; 
 
 11 = may be omitted by the IV. Grade. 
 
 Summarized Course of Study in Geography. 
 I. Grade. 
 
 a. Direction, soil, people, winds, fire, rain. 
 
 b. Islands, mountains, oceans. 
 
 c. Time of sun and clock. 
 
 II. Grade. 
 
 a. Hemispheres, zones. Study coal and fuel. 
 
 b. Industries. Labor and commerce, etc. 
 
 c. Home geography. Parts of the city. 
 
 III. Grade. 
 
 a. Homie geography. 
 
 b. All numbers designated by. the asterisk CO- 
 
 : IV. Grade. ■ . 
 
 a. All numbers designated by the daggen (f). 
 
 b. All of North Amerida not designated by this mark ( || ). 
 
 c. All of the United States not designated by this mark (||). 
 
 V. Grade. 
 
 a. Remaining countries and islands in connection with North 
 America. 
 
II 
 
 b. Review to page 68. Devote special attention to numbers not 
 marked by (*) or by (t). 
 
 c. Review the United States. 
 
 d. Africa. Oceania. 
 
 VI. Grade. 
 
 a. Review briefly the first part of the book beginning with the topic 
 "Climate". 
 
 b. Review briefly North America. South America. Home state. 
 
 c. Eurasia. Europe. Asia. 
 
 VII. Grade. 
 a. This is the United States History grade. Review Geography re- 
 lated to this study; e. g., when studying the periods of discovery and 
 colonization, review Eurasia and the American coast region, etc. 
 
 VIII. Grade. 
 Final Review with special attention to: 
 
 a. Shape and movement of the earth. 
 
 b. Change of seasons. 
 
 c. Climate; conditions that modify climate. 
 
 d. Soil, and how heat and moisture affect it as to animals and 
 vegetation. 
 
 e. Relief and drainage of the continents. 
 
 f. The American continent ( especially the United States and the 
 home state). 
 
 g. Europe. 
 
Ill 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Ode to Creation's God 3 
 
 General Definitions ..5 
 
 Mathematical Geography .5 
 
 The Earth; Natural, Astronomical, and Artifical facts: United States Land Survey 5-16 
 Search Questions .16 
 
 Physical Geography 17 
 
 Divisions of Land According to Elevation 22-26 
 
 Oceanic Waters .26-32 
 
 Continental Waters ..32-37 
 
 The Atmostphere; Waters of the Atmostphere; Distribution of Rainfall; Winds; 
 
 Climate 37-43 
 
 Soil; Mineral Productions; Minerals; Metals; Precious Stones 43-51 
 
 Plants and Animals 51-52 
 
 Political Geography 52 
 
 Man; Races of Mankind; Conditions of Society; Religion; Government 52-56 
 
 Commercial Geography. .57-60 
 
 Questions for Class use 60-67 
 
 North America 68 
 
 What and Where ; 68 
 
 Position and Extent .68-69 
 
 Bounding Waters and Winds 69 
 
 Seas; Gulfs; Bays; Sounds; and Straits 69-72 
 
 Peninsulas, Capes, and Islands 72-75 
 
 Relief 75-77 
 
 Drainage; Slopes; Rivers; Lakes 77-81 
 
 Political Divisions 81-82 
 
 Climate; Vegetation; Animals; Minerals. 84-87 
 
 Political 87-88 
 
 Commercial 88 
 
 Questions for Class Use - 89-92 
 
IV 
 
 The United States 93 
 
 Coast Forms of Land and Water 94-96 
 
 Relief ; 96-101 
 
 Climate 101-103 
 
 Industrial Sections and Groups 103-104 
 
 Model for the Study of Each Separate State 104 
 
 The States by Sections; Capital, Metropolis, and Chief Productions of each state. 105-1 14 
 Products; Animals; Rank of the United States with other Leading- Countries in Her 
 Veg-etable and Animal Productions; Minerals. Rank of the United States with other 
 
 Countries in Her Mineral Productions .114-118 
 
 History; Religion; Education; People; Government; Outlyiiig Possessions 118-123 
 
 Commerce; Imports, Principal Seaports, Principal Lake Ports, Iieading- Ports on the 
 
 Mississippi 123-128 
 
 Transportation ; Standard Time 128-131 
 
 Miscellaneous 131 
 
 Five Leading Cities on the Atlantic Coast; Ten Leading Inland Cities, etc. 131-136 
 
 Search Questions and Geographical Toast 136-137 
 
 Outlying Territories and Colonial Possessions of the United States 137-140 
 
 British America ... 140-145 
 
 Danish America 14.S-146 
 
 Mexico : 147-150 
 
 Central America — 150-152 
 
 Vv^est Indies 152-154 
 
 Questions for Class Use 154-164 
 
 South America 164 
 
 Position and extent 164-165 
 
 Bounding Waters and Winds '. 165 
 
 Gnlfs, Bays, and Straits 165-168 
 
 Capes and Islands 168-169 
 
 Relief 169-171 
 
 Drainage; Slopes; Rivers; Lakes ..171-173 
 
 Political Divisions 173-175 
 
 Seaports, Exports, Imports ..175-176 
 
 Climate; Vegetation; Animals; Minerals 178-180 
 
 History; Education; Religion 181-184 
 
 Commerce 184-185 
 
 Questions for Class Use 185-188 
 
V 
 Africa ......180 
 
 What and Where ; .189 
 
 Position and Extent 189 
 
 I<atitude and liongitude ■ 189 
 
 Bounding- Waters and Winds .190 
 
 Seas, Gulfs, Bays, and Straits 190 
 
 Gapes and Islands ( .• ..191 
 
 Relief: Highlands and Lowlands ... 192 
 
 Drainage Slopes ; Rivers ; Lakes 194 
 
 Climate .196 
 
 Animals 197 
 
 Vegetation • • 197 
 
 Minerals ..198 
 
 History and Religion — .198 
 
 Government 200 
 
 Political Divisions ... — 200 
 
 Seaports and Other noted Cities 205-206 
 
 Commerce — . . . ." 207 
 
 Search Questions 208 
 
 Questions for Class Use — 209 
 
 Oceania 212 
 
 What and Where 213 
 
 Position and extent; Size .• 213 
 
 Bounding Waters and Winds — • 213 
 
 Coast Forms of Land and Water — — 213 
 
 Relief: Highlands: Lowlands — — — 215 
 
 Drainage; Rivers; Lakes — 216 
 
 Climate 216 
 
 Animals • . . 216 
 
 Vegetation 2}.7 
 
 Minerals ■. •• 217 
 
 History; Religion 217-218 
 
 People 218 
 
 Seaports •. 219 
 
 New Zealand 220 
 
 Malaysia 22i 
 
 Melanesia 222 
 
VI 
 
 Polynesia 222 
 
 Micronesia 222 
 
 Question for Class Use 223 
 
 Eurasia 226 
 
 What and Where _ 226 
 
 Extent and Location 226 
 
 Seas; Gnlfs; Baj's; Sounds; Straits 227 
 
 Peninsulas; Capes and Islands 231 
 
 Relief: — PlataaiTs; Deserts; Mountains; Lowlands and Plains 235 
 
 Europe 243 
 
 Position 243 
 
 Latit'ide and Long-itude 243 
 
 Boundaries 243 
 
 Relief: Hig-hlands and Lowlands 244 
 
 Drainage: Slopes; Rivers; Lakes 245 
 
 Climate 
 
 .247 
 
 Animals 247 
 
 Veg-etation 251 
 
 Minerals .252 
 
 History and Religion 2S2 
 
 People ..254 
 
 Government 255 
 
 Countries 556 
 
 Seaports; Exports; Imports ..2G9 
 
 Ten Larg-est Cities 272 
 
 Miscellaneous 273 
 
 Sifiarch Questions ...277 
 
 Asia 280 
 
 Extent and Location ...280 
 
 Latitude and Long-itude 280 
 
 Boundaries ..280 
 
 Relief; Highlands; Lowlands 281 
 
 Drainage; Slopes; Rivers; Lakes 282 
 
 Climate .. .....283 
 
 Animals. 
 
 .284 
 
VII 
 
 Vegretation 284 
 
 Minerals 285 
 
 History.... 285 
 
 Religion 286 
 
 People 286 
 
 Government 287 
 
 Countries .287 
 
 Seaports 293 
 
 Ten I<arg-est Cities.... 295 
 
 Miscellaneous .297 
 
 Palestine ■••• ..3oo 
 
 Name 300 
 
 Position , 300 
 
 Boundaries ... 300 
 
 Extent ...300 
 
 Size 300 
 
 Physical Features .300 
 
 Mountains 300 " 
 
 R ivers . 301 
 
 lyakes .301 
 
 Climate 301 
 
 Productions .301 
 
 Divisions 302 
 
 Cities 302 
 
 Questions for Class Use 303 
 
 Eurasia 303 
 
 Europe 305 
 
 Asia ,, .. ..... 311 
 
 Palestine ..■..,. , • . • .M.4 
 
 Points for General Review 315 
 
 Wisconsin .l-viii 
 
 Iowa _ ix-xiii 
 
&it tn Clrmtt0n*g (Sari* 
 
 Almighty and Craative Power, Thy name the glad earth sings; 
 
 Each mountain, hill, the foamy main, with praise of Thee now rings. 
 
 Thy presence, Lord, is everywhere; in starry vaults of blue. 
 
 In ends of earth the uttermost, in depths of ocean, too. 
 
 Let me, on fair Aurora's wings to view thy works take flight. 
 What miracles of power divine, greet my enraptured sight! 
 The arched expanse of heaven's dome in diamond-bright array, 
 Or bathed in floods of golden light by regal orb of day. 
 
 I see those silent spheres of gold, their courses fixed pursue. 
 The comet weird, with sword of fire, in humble awe I view. 
 For faith reveals, and I believe, sun, moon, and twinkling star, 
 And limitless expanse of space, but as thy playthings are. 
 
 The storm-cloud's visage, dark and stern, next meets my wond'ring gaze; 
 
 While lightning-flash and thunder-roll speak thy stupendous praise. 
 
 Here, as on sea of Galilee, at words of "Peace", "Be still," 
 
 The winds, in mute submission. Lord, haste to obey thy will. 
 
 Thine artist band doth paint the sky with glowing tints at dawn. 
 With golden purple tinge the west, ere evening's shades are drawn; 
 With silver brush doth gild the moon, and line her ambient clouds. 
 And from grey shadows weave for night a darkly somber shroud. 
 
 Dost cause the day to follow night, and night succeed to day; 
 
 The seasons, too, in mystic round, subservient obey. 
 
 Thus years and months and minutes, too, obey their Time-King's law. 
 
 Their task performed, nor tarry they, but gracefully withdraw. 
 
 The clouds, like Egypt's granaries, with garnered wealth are stored. 
 Which but await thy will ere 'tis upon the glad earth poured. 
 And from their moistened fruitfulness in tendered grateful yield. 
 The mighty oak, the dainty flower, green meadow, fertile field. 
 Within the Kingdom of the deep a world of wonders dwells. 
 Where finny tribes keep trysts with friends 'mong rosy-tinted shells. 
 There, too, within the brine's dark caves and hidden wat'ry dells. 
 In bony plates of armor clad, the deep-sea monster dwells, 
 
 Let me but turn my marv'ling glance upon the terrestrial sphere, 
 Naught I behold but summons me, thy wisdom to revere. 
 Deep down in heart of Mother Earth, do riches rare abound; 
 A treasure-trove of wealth untold within the mines are found. 
 
There jewels vie the rainbow tints in sun-kissed drops of dew, 
 Which mirror thine own shadow bright, from skies ethereal blue, 
 The myriad, myriad golden grains upon the ocean strand, 
 Or multiform, or uniform, are fashioned by thy hand. 
 
 The whisp'ring groves, the forest glades, the laughing brooks and streams, 
 That wind their silv'ry course adown thro' valleys and ravines, 
 The fruit trees, bending 'neath their load, the fields of golden grain. 
 The vintage of the harvest time, thy Providence proclaim. 
 
 While ev'ry blade of tender green, each leaf on waving tree. 
 Can trace its own peculiar shape, its origin to Thee. 
 Nor of one creature of thy hand a counterpart is found. 
 So manifold thy divers ways, thy wisdom so profound! 
 
 Unlike, and yet how like those stars that spangle heaven's blue. 
 
 Those grains of wheat, those snowflakes soft, those pearly drops of dew. 
 
 But 'tis this changeful, changeless law, — thy Love's diversity. 
 
 That renders blissful, tho' too short, the long Eternity. 
 
 But noblest of thy noble works, gracing Creation's plan, 
 Sublimest of thy works sublime, thy masterpiece is Man. 
 And 'tis for him all nature smiles; fair earth, bright sky, blue sea, 
 Were fashioned all to suit his need, while he was made for Thee. 
 
 Nor unto Earth's contracted span isthj' great pow'r confined, 
 Its magnitude must needs surpass the grasp of finite mind. 
 From far and near, from land and sea, from vaster realms of space. 
 The incense. Lord, of gratitude ascends before thy face. 
 
 Creation's God! thy creatures all accordant voices raise. 
 And, joining in Creation's hymn, chant their Creator's praise. 
 And thro' the vaults of heaven above, loud let the anthem swell. 
 Proclaiming that God's wisdom hath, indeed, "done all things well." 
 
 F. S. P. A. 
 
GENERAL DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Come, view this earth our God has made; — its lowlands and its highlands, 
 Its v^.l]e3S, plains, its cities, too, its rivers, seas, and islands. 
 
 ■ 1. Geography is a description of the earth's surface considered as 
 the abode of man. 
 
 2. Mathematical geography treats of the form, size, and motions 
 of the earth, and of the representation of its surface on a map or 
 globe. 
 
 3. Physical geography treats of the land and water, the atraos- 
 phere, animal and vegetable life, and th«ir relations to one an- 
 other. 
 
 4. Political geography treats of the earth as divided into countries, 
 and of the conditions of the people inhabiting them. 
 
 5. Commercial geography treats of the commodities that are 
 bought and sold by the nations of the earth, their production, 
 transportation, and the trade in them. 
 
 6. The solar system is the sun with the planets and their moons 
 revolving about it. 
 
 * 7. A Planet (wanderer) is a heavenly body which revolves about 
 the sun. The large planets in order of size are Mercury, Mars, 
 Venus, the Earth, Uranus, Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 See '■'^ General Definitions.^'' 
 
 The Earth. 
 
 * 1. The Earth, or world, on which we live is one of the 
 heavenly bodies, called planet*. 
 
 * Z. Shape. The earth is spherical in shape, slightly flattened at 
 the poles, and roughened by mountains and hills. 
 
 t 3. Proofs: a- People have traveled around the earth. Magellan, 
 1519 — 1522. Drake, 1577 — 1580. 
 
 b- The shadow which the earth casts upon the moon in an eclipse, 
 is always round. 
 
 c. In traveling over wide plains, the tops of distant mountains ap- 
 pear long before their bases are visible. 
 
 d. The horizon is everywhere a circle. 
 
 «. Careful measurements ufion the surface of the earth in different 
 
countries, prove its rotundity. 
 
 * 4. The horizon is the line where the earth and sky seem to meet. 
 t 5. The zenith is a point in the heavens directly overhead, 
 
 t 6. The nadir is a point in the heavens directly underfoot, or op- 
 posite the zenith. 
 
 t 7. Size. a. The circumference of the earth is the greatestdistance 
 around it, and is nearly 25,000 miles. 
 
 b. The diameter of the earth is the distance, in . a straight line, 
 through the center of the eartli, from surface to surface. It is a- 
 bout 8,000 miles. The polar diameter is about 26}^ miles less 
 tk-an the equatorial diameter. 
 
 c. The surface area is nearly 200,000,000 square miles. (197,000,000) 
 t 8. The two movements of the earth are :- 
 
 a. Rotation, which is the spinning of the earth on its axis, in a west- 
 east direction, once in twenty-four hours. 
 
 b. Revolution, which is the forward motion of the earth in its orbit, 
 or path, around the sua, once in 365^ da} s (365 days, 5 hours, 24 
 minutes). This period is called a year. 
 
 t 9. Effects of Rotation: a. Day and night. As the earth rotates, only 
 one half of it is in the sunlight and has day, while the other hali 
 is in the shadow and has night. 
 
 Illustrate by jfieans of the globe and candle or a sketch. 
 
 b. Time: The amount of time occupied by the earth to make one 
 revolution, is called a day. The day is divided into 24 equal parts, 
 called hours. The hour is sub-divided into 60 minutes, and the 
 minute into 60 seconds, 
 
 * c. The cardinal points are east, south, nortli, and west. Facing 
 the sunrise, or east, we have south to the right, north to the left, 
 and west back of us. Half way between south and east is south- 
 east; between north and east is north-east; between south an J 
 west is south-west; and between north and west is north-west, 
 
 * 10. Directions naay be told:-— 
 
 * a. The sun rises in the east and sets in the v.est. At noon the sun 
 is directly over, or vertical to, a north-south line of direction. 
 
 b. The North Star which is pointed out by the two "pointers" of 
 the Great Bear, or Great Dipper, is always in the north. 
 
 See Fig. II, page JO. 
 
 c. The ooTDprjss, an instrument containing a needle on a pivot, 
 
pointing to the north, enables sailors to tell in which direction 
 they are sailing. 
 
 11. The circle of illumination is the great circle which separates 
 .he iark side of the earth from the light side; or, it is the dividing 
 line between night and day. 
 
 Sketch to illustrate. Use globe and candle. 
 
 * 12. The axis of the earth is its north-south diameter, on whieh it 
 performs its daily rotation. 
 
 * 13. The poles are the ends of the earth's axis. The end directly 
 und^_r the Norih Star is called the north pole, and the opposite end 
 is called the south pole. 
 
 The nofth polar star, a fixed beacon light, 
 Is a guide for the sailor and leads him aright; 
 
 And all other stars revolve round it each day; 
 But uncharged its position, unwav'ring its ray. 
 
 Fixed, too, the earth's axis, pointing toward the North Star, 
 While in the Great Dipper two pointers there are 
 
 That show us Polaris, that alpha so fair. 
 In th'i bright constellation we call the Small Bear. 
 
 Illustrate axis and poles. See Fig. II, page lo. 
 
 ''. 14. Effect of Revolution. It is one of the causes of the change of 
 
 seasons. 
 
 Natural, Astronomical, and Artificial Facts. 
 
 t 15. Means ""or describing the location of places on the earth are 
 inagiiirjry linjs, or circles, on its surface. On am.ap or globe these 
 lines are real. 
 
 * A map is a representation of the earth, or of a part of it, on a 
 flat surface. 
 
 * 16. A globe is a representation of the earth on a sphere. 
 
 17. A great circle i^ any circle that divides the earth into two 
 equal parts, or Hemispheres. 
 
 * 18. Hemispheres ^fe two equal parts into which the earth may be 
 divided Geographers diviJe the earth on the meridian 20 degrees 
 v/est of Greenwich for an Eastern and a Western Hemisphere. 
 
 The Western Hemisphere contains North and South America aad 
 is called the New World. 
 
 The Eastern Hemisphere contains Asia, Europe, Africa, and Aus- 
 tralia, nearly twice as much land as the Western. It is called the 
 Old World because our ancestors lived there thousands of years 
 before Columbus found the New World. 
 
* The earth is also divided into a Northem and a Southern Hemi- 
 sphere by the equator. 
 
 Which grand divisions lie entirely in the Northern Hemisphere? Chiefly or en- 
 tirely in the Southern? 
 
 f 19. A small circle is any circle that divides the earth into two un- 
 equal parts. 
 
 t 20. Parallels are east and west lines, or small circles, extending 
 around the earth parallel to the equator. 
 
 t 21. The Tropic of Cancer is a parallel, ^y/2 degrees north of the 
 •quator. 
 
 t 22. The Tropic of Capricorn is a parallel, 2^/2 degrees south of 
 
 tke equator. 
 
 t E3. The North Polar, or Arctic Circle, is 23^ degrees from the north 
 
 pole and 66^ degrees north of the equator. 
 
 t 24. The South Polar, or Antarctic Circle, is 23^ degrees from the 
 
 soMth pole and 66^ degrees south of the equator. 
 
 * 25. The Equator is a great circle midway between the poles It 
 divides the earth into a northern and a southern hemisphere. 
 
 t 26. Meridian Circles are great circles, and divide the earth into 
 equal east and west portions. 
 
 t 27. Meridians are half circles extending from pole to pole, per- 
 pendicular to the equator. 
 
 t 28. A Prime Meridian is any meridian from which longitude is 
 reckoned. The prime meridian at Greenwich, England, is the gen- 
 erally adopted prime meridian of all nations. 
 
 t 29. Latitude is distance north or south of the equator «xpressed 
 in degrees, minutes, and seconds, reckoned on the meridians, 
 *>mi indicated on the parallels of a map. 
 
 t 30. The Latitude of: 
 
 a. The Equator is degrees. 
 
 b. The Tropic of Cancer is 23^ degrees n. 
 «, The Arctic Circle is 66|^ degrees n. 
 
 d. The North Pole is 90 degrees n. 
 
 e. The Tropic of Capricorn is 23^ degrees s. 
 
 f. The Antarctic Circle is 66^ degrees s. 
 
 g. The South Pole is 90 degrees s. 
 
 Illustrate. 
 t 81. The ireatest latitude a place can have is 90 o. Why? 
 
32. Distance in miles from the equator to either pole — i oi 25000 miles 
 (the circumference)=:625o miles, or 25000^360x90. 
 
 83. Longitude is distance east or west of a given meridian, ex- 
 pressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds, reckoned on the par- 
 allels and indicated on the meridians of a map or globe. 
 
 34. A degree of longitude is greater at the equator than it is either 
 north or south of it. Degrees of longitude decrease in distance 
 toward the poles, where there is no longitude. 
 
 35. The greatest longityde a place can have is I8O0. 
 
 36. The International Date Line is the i8oth meridian, near which 
 travelers from either the west or the east correct their time- reck- 
 oning. 
 
 37. The point that has neither latitude nor longitude is the 
 
 place where the prime meridian crosses the equator, which is in 
 the Gulf of Guinea, west of Central Africa. 
 
 38. The Longitude of the prime meridian is 0° 
 
 * 33. Zones are artificial belts, extending parallel to the equator, 
 into which the earth's surface is divided, and which differ in tem- 
 perature. They are determined by the inclination of the earth's 
 axis, 
 
 * 40. The zones in order from north to south: 
 
 a. The North Frigid Zone, lies around the north pole, and measures 
 23-sO from the pole to the arctic circle. 
 
 b. The North Temperate Zone lies between the north frigid and the 
 torrid zone, and measures 430 from the arctic circle to the tropic 
 of cancer. 
 
 c. The Torrid Zone lies between the two temperate zones, and meas- 
 ures 470 from the tropic of cancer to the tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 d. The South Temperate Zone lies between the torrid and the 
 south frigid zone, and measures 430 from the tropic of capricorn 
 to the antarctic circle. 
 
 e. The South Frigid Zone lies around the south pole, and mea- 
 sures 2340 from the pole to the antarctic circle. 
 
 ^ 4L The Seasons of the Frigid Zone are asix.month summer and a 
 six.month winter. 
 
 The plants are few on account of the cold climate. Low shrubs, 
 mosses, and lichens are found. 
 
1 
 
 i3r 
 
 
 1> 
 
 
 c/ 
 
 
1 1 
 
 The animals are valuable for their fur, blubber, feathers, or bone. 
 The polar bear, the seal, the walrus, the whale, the reindeer, and 
 the eider duck are found. 
 * 42. The Seasons of the Temperate Zones are spring, summer, au- 
 tumn, and winter. 
 
 The plants are of many kinds. The principal trees are oak, pine, 
 birch, maple, ash, and basswood. The principal fruit trees are 
 apple, peach, plum, and cherry. Other productions^ are cereals, 
 garden vegetables, sugar-cane, cotton, tobacco. The principal ce- 
 reals are wheat, corn, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat. Sugar-cane, 
 rice, cotton, and tobacco grow in the warm belt, lying next to the 
 torrid zone. In our part of the north temperate zone the warm belt 
 lies between the tropic of cancer and a line crossing east and west 
 about through the middle of the United States. In the Old World, 
 the line runs about east and west along the main highlands of 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
 Some of the animals are: a. Wild: bear, buffalo, deer, wolf, fox, 
 birds of prey, birds of song, etc. 
 
 b. Domestic: horse, camel, sheep, cattle, dog, hog, poultry, etc. 
 
 The Seasons of the Torrid (hot) Zone are a dry season in which no 
 rain falls, and a wet season in which there is a continuous heavy 
 rainfall. 
 
 Plants. — The richest and densest forests of the world are found 
 in this zone. The principal trees are palm, banana, breadfruit, etc. 
 Other plant productions are spices, coffee, tea, tobacco, cotton, 
 rice, etc. 
 
 Many of the animals are large and fierce. The lion, tiger, elephant, 
 ape, monkey, giraffe, zebra, crocodile, boa, rhinoceros, flamingo, 
 peacock, parrot, bird of paradise, etc. are animals of this zone. 
 Here are found the birds of the most beautiful plumage and in- 
 sects of brilliant hues, as well as snakes and other reptiles. 
 
 The Seasons. 
 
 * 43. The earth's axis leans, or inclines, 234^0 from a perpendicu- 
 lar to the plane of its orbit. 
 
 * 44. The orbit of the earth is the path in which it moves around 
 the sun. Illustrate. 
 
 * 45. The plane of the earth's orbit is the level surface which the 
 orbit includes. 
 
12 
 
 * 46. Causes of the seasons are the inclination of the earth's axis, 
 together with its revolution around the sun. 
 
 * 47. Change of Seasons. •5'^'' Fig, /, page lo. 
 
 a. On the 21st of March the sun's rays are vertical at the equator. 
 The rays of heat and light from the sun extend from pole to pole. 
 The days are everywhere 12 hours long. This is the vernal (spfing). 
 equinox for the north temperate zone. Our spring begins at this 
 time, and autuniin begins in the south temperate zone. 
 
 b. On the 21st of June the slant rays of heat and light from the 
 sun extend 23I-0 beyond the north pole, and lack 23^0 of reaching 
 the south pole. (They mark the antarctic circle.) The vertical rays 
 strike the tropic of cancer. In the north temperate zone the days 
 are longer than the nights, and in the south temperate zone they 
 are shorter than the nights. The north frigid zone has con- 
 stant day, and the south frigid zone has continuous night. The 
 length of the days at the equator is 12 hours. The north pole is 
 turned towards the sun, and the south pole away from the sun. 
 This is the summer solstice for the north temperate zone and the 
 winter solstice for the south temperate zone. The earth is now 
 farthest from the sun, and is said to be in aphelion, 
 
 c. On the 2l3t of September the sun's rays are vertcal at the equa- 
 tor. The rays of heat and light from the sun extend from pole to 
 pole. The days are everywhere 12 hours long. This is the autumnal 
 equinox for the north temperate zone. Our autumn begins at this 
 time and, spring begins in the south temperate zone. 
 
 d. On the 21st of December the slant rays of heat and light from 
 the sun extend 23-|o beyond the south pole, and lack 23-|-o of reach- 
 ing the north pole. (They mark the arctic circle.) The vertical rays 
 strike the tropic of Capricorn. In the north temperate zone the days 
 are shorter than the nights, and in the south temperate zone they 
 are longer than the nights. The north frigid zone has constant 
 night and the south frigid zone has continuous day. The length of 
 days at the equator is 12 hours. The north pole is turned away from 
 the sun, and the south pole towards the sun. This is the winter 
 solstice for the north temperate zone and the summer solstice for the 
 south temperate zone. The earth is now nearest the sun, and is 
 said to be in perihelion. 
 
13 
 
 * 48. The equinoxes are the dates when the days and nights are 
 everywhere equal. The spring, or vernal equinox, is March 21st, 
 and the autumnal equinox is September 21st. 
 
 49. Solstice means a standing still of the sun,and tropic means to 
 turn. It is the time of the year when the sun is at its greatest de- 
 clination, either north or south, where it seems to pause with its 
 vertical rays on the tropic (turn), before it turns to retrace its 
 course, usually June 21 and Dec. 21, called in the northern hemi- 
 sphere the summer and the winter solstice respectively, and the 
 reverse in the southern hemisphere. 
 
 50. Antipodes are those who live diametrically opposite each 
 other, so that their feet are towards each other. 
 
 Our antipodes arise from sleep. 
 When we to rest have gone: 
 They bask in summer sunshine fair, 
 When we our fur-coats don. 
 
 51. a. The sun rises exactly east and sets exactly west March 21 
 and September 21. 
 
 b. After Sept. 21st, (autumnal equinox) the sun rises a little 
 farther south of east and sets a little farther south of west each suc- 
 cessive day until Dec. 21, our shortest day. After this day it 
 gradually rises a little nearer east and sets a little nearer west un- 
 til March 21, (vernal equinox) when it again rises exactly in 
 the east and sets exactly in the west. 
 
 t Hence the sun rises south of east and sets south of west during our 
 winter months. It rises north of east and sets north of west during 
 our summer months. 
 
 § 52. The midnight sun is the sun as it is continually visible in the 
 polar zones during the respective solstice. 
 
 In the north frigid zone it is seen from May 13 until July 29 dur- 
 ing which time day light is continuos. 
 
 Hammerfest, in Norway, the "Land of the Midnight Sun", is 
 the most northern town of importance in the world, its latitude be- 
 ing 70o, only 200 from the pole. To this city tourists travel thou- 
 sands of miles to see the full-orbed midnight sun. 
 § The beautiful Aurora Borealis of the polar regions, is the phenom- 
 enon known as northern lights in our hemisphere. It is due to the 
 same natural force that flashes in the sky in the form of lightning. 
 It appears in many different shapes, the most common form of 
 which is an arch of light from which shining stars shoot upward. 
 
14 
 
 S©metimes one arch appears above another, and travelers have 
 seen it resemble a gorgeously colored ribbon, extending in folds 
 ia the heights of the air. Again it may be seen in the form of a 
 fan spreading out from the horizon. 
 
 United States Land Survey. 
 The Township. 
 
 55. The system of land surveying, as used in the Western States 
 and the newer Southern States, is said to have been devised by 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 
 56. A town or township is a subdivision of a county, usually six 
 miles square. 
 
 56. A range is a row of townships extending north and south. 
 
 57. A principal meridian is a north and south line, carefully fixed 
 by astronomical measurement, and used as a standard line in lo- 
 cating ranges. 
 
 58. A base line is an east and west line from which townships in 
 each range are measured and numbered. 
 
 Townships and ranges are numbered as indicated in the dia- 
 gram. 
 
 Let I'M represent the third principal meridian, and BZ its 
 base line. North and South lines (called range lines) are survey- 
 ed on either side of it, dividing the land into st»ips,or ranges, six 
 miles wide. These are numbered east and west, as indicated by 
 the Roman numerals. 
 
 Township lines are surveyed, six miles apart, parallel to the 
 base line, and the townships of each range are numbered 
 north and south of the base line. They are designated thus: A in 
 the diagram is Township 3 north, range 5E, of the third principal 
 meridian. This may be written; T. 3 N., R. 5 E. of 3rd p. m. E is 
 T. 2 S., R 4 W. of 3rd p. m. * 
 
 /« i/te same way locate C and D and others. 
 
 59. Correction lines. Because of the spherical form of the earth, 
 range lines converge toward the northjif continued without change, 
 townships far north from the base line would be considerably less 
 than six miles wide. To make allowance for this convergence. 
 Correction Lines are established parallel to the base line, at distan- 
 ces varying in different states from 24 to 60 miles apart. 
 
^VQ.l 
 
 \ 
 
 IV 
 
 UI 
 
 u 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 IJ 
 
 Ill 
 
 J\ 
 
 V 
 
 c 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 A 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 A 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 — 
 
 
 bvvnsWips 
 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 c 
 
 h 
 
 t 
 
 g 
 
 h 
 
 3> 
 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 I> 
 
 V\)\-«iVOTX.'?> 
 
 o'J cxO«-0l 
 
 v^rv. 
 
 '•Vi^-H 
 
 B 
 
 Cot-t e,cXu>V\ V^ VY\€^ , 
 
 ?v. 
 
 ^^Itt 
 
 & 
 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 a. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 9 
 
 to 
 
 11 
 
 u 
 
 15 
 
 IV 
 
 16 
 
 (5- 
 
 '* 
 
 '3 
 
 19 
 
 2X) 
 
 2J 
 
 SJL 
 
 •i3 
 
 !♦ 
 
 30 
 
 a.9 
 
 IS 
 
 A7 
 
 4% 
 
 15^ 
 
 3V 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 3J 
 
 ^(> 
 
 Stcix£)Tas> o^ cx'X«i-\to%'v.^W^ 
 
16 ■ '' 
 
 These correction lines become new base lines on which town- 
 ships are established six miles apart as before. 
 
 60. A section is one of the 36 divisions into which a township is 
 divided, each of which is one mile square. The sections are num- 
 bered beginning at the N. E. corner and ending at the S. E. cor- 
 ner. A full section contains 640 acres. 
 
 Each section is divided into quarters, and these again into quar- 
 ters. Thus, 40 acres is described not as a sixteenth but as a quarter 
 of a quarter section. 
 
 See Fig. IV. Page 15. 
 h in Figure IV. page 15 is described as the east half of the north-east quarter of 
 the south-west quarter. 
 
 A section is described thus: 
 
 a. Let the pupil draw an outline sketch of his own state, locate the principal 
 meridian and base lines, and then show the position of townships as the teacher 
 dictates: T. 23 N., R. 8 E. of 3 p. m. (Which means, Township 23 north, range 8 
 east of 3 principal meridian.) T. 32 N., R. 5 E. of 4 p. m. Let each pupil locate 
 and describe his father's farm or the town in which ha lives. What city is in T. 7 
 N., R. 22 E. of the 4 p. m. ?etc. 
 
 b. For the arithmetic class this subject presents a great variety of practical ex- 
 amples suited to all grades above the primary. 
 
 Search Questions. 
 
 1. Are the zones natural or artificial divisions? 
 
 2. Where are the days and nights always equal? 
 
 3. When are the days and nights everywhere equal? 
 
 4. At Hammerfest, (about 70 degrees N. Latitude) where does 
 the sun set on the 21st of June? 
 
 5. What change in the position of the earth would cause the 
 Tropic of Cancer to pass through your home? How wide would the 
 temperate zone then be? 
 
 6. Distinguish between rotation and revolution; vertical and 
 perpendicular; level surface and plane surface. 
 
 7. A common impression is that the Chinese are our antipodes? 
 Is it correct? Who are? 
 
 8. What would cause the frigid and torrid zones to overlap? 
 
 9. Under what conditions would there be no change of day and 
 night? 
 
 10. What is the earth's orbit? The plane of the earth's orbit? 
 Define Day-circle. 
 
 11. Two persons were born January 1, 1830, and both died Jan. 
 
17 
 
 1, 1885; yet one lived ten days longer than the other. Explain 
 how this could be possible. 
 
 12. Up means from the earth's center; down, towards its center. 
 The north pole is nearer the center by about 13 miles than any 
 point on the equator. The Mississippi River extends over nearly 
 one-fourth of the distance from pole to equator; does it flow up or 
 down? 
 
 13. Stand with your face north at 12 o'clock Saturday night. 
 One-half of your body will be in this week and the other half in 
 next week. How can you "jump into next week"? 
 
 i5. A gentleman onboard an American vessel on the 3 of July, 
 asked the captain how the crew would celebrate on the morrow. 
 "We shall have no Independence Day this year," said the cap- 
 tain. "Why, is not this the third of July?" inquired the passenger. 
 "Yes; but tomorrow will be the fifth." Where was the vessel, and 
 in what direction was it going? 
 
 Physical Geography. 
 
 See ^^ General Defitiitions''\ 
 
 With interest will we further search deep down in Learning's lore, 
 And studying land, sea, winds, and tides, their Maker we'll adore. 
 
 Natural Divisions of the Earth. 
 
 * 1. The Surface of the earth is composed of land and water, and 
 contains about 197,000,000 square miles. 
 
 Of this area about one-fourth is land and three-fourths is water. 
 
 * 2. According to size and form the land is subdivided into con- 
 tinents, peninsulas, capes, islands, and isthmuses. 
 
 * 3. According to elevation the land is subdivided into mountains, 
 plateaus, plains, and valleys. 
 
 * 4. Bodies of water are classified as oceans, seas, gulfs or bays, 
 sounds, straits, lakes, and rivers. 
 
 The Land. 
 Subdivisions according to Size and Form. 
 
 Use map and globe. 
 
 * 5. A continent is a continuous mass of land; or, a continent is 
 one of the six grand divisions of land on the globe. 
 
 '^ 6. The continents in order of size are: Asia (17,000,000+sq. mi.), 
 
18 
 
 Africa (11,500,000-f-sq. mi,), North America (8,000,000— sq. mi.), 
 South America (6,800, ooo-f-sq. mi.), Europe (3,7oo,ooo-)-sq. mi.), 
 Australia (3,7oo,ooo-|-sq. mi.) 
 
 // is tiot necessary to memorize figures. Merely use for the purpose 
 of comparison. 
 
 * 7. An island is a small mass of land surrounded by water. 
 
 t 8. The three largest islands are: 
 
 a. Greenland, an island of Danish America, northeast of continen- 
 tal North America, washed by the waters of the Arctic and Atlan- 
 tic oceans; 
 
 b. New Guinea? an island of Malaysia, north of Australia, in the 
 Pacific Ocean; 
 
 c. Borneo, an island of Malaysia, north-west of Australia, in the 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 t 9. Continental islands are islands lying near the coast of a con- 
 tinent, from which they have become separated by a sinking of 
 the land. 
 t 10. Some continental islands are: 
 
 a. Madagascar, east of southern Africa, in the Indian ocean; 
 
 b. Japan Islands, east of Asia, in the Pacific; 
 
 c. British Islands, west of continental Europe, in the Atlantic 
 ocean. 
 
 Name and locate others. 
 
 t 11. Oceanic islands are islands that lie at a great distance from 
 a continent, and are surrounded by ocean depths. Nearly all of 
 these lie in the Pacific ocean. 
 
 t 12. Some oceanic islands are: 
 
 a. Hawaiian islands, ia the Pacific ocean, about 2, 100 miles south- 
 west of San Francisco. 
 
 b. New Zealand, in the Pacific ocean, abou>t 1,200 miles south- 
 east of Australia. 
 
 c. St. Helena, in the Atlantic ocean, about 1,300 miles southwest 
 of southern Africa. 
 
 Jt is known as the prison home of Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 
 who was banished to this island by the English after his defeat at 
 Waterloo. 
 t 13. Coral islands are oceanic islands of limestone formation, 
 
19 
 
 built up from the bottom of warm, shallow seas, and formed from 
 the skeleton of small jelly-like animals, called coral polyps, 
 t 14. Some coral islands are: 
 
 a. The Bahamas, which comprise the northern group of the West 
 Indies; 
 
 b. The Bermudas, consisting of 360 coral islands, which lie 600 
 miles east of South Carolina, U. S.; 
 
 15. Volcanic islands are islands formed by the eruptions of vol- 
 canoes. 
 
 16. Some volcanic islands are: 
 
 a. The Hawaiian islands, the entire group of which has been thrown 
 up by volcanic eruptions. Where are they? 
 
 b. The Philippines, consisting of 1500 islands, southeast of China 
 in the Pacific ocean; 
 
 c. Iceland, the Azores, Canaries, Cape Verde, and St. Helena, m the 
 Atlantic ocean. 
 
 t 17. Reefs are long, narrow islands, generally parallel to the 
 coast. 
 
 t 18. The Great Barrier Reef about 30 miles off the northeastern 
 coast of Australia, is the largest coral belt in the world. 
 
 t 19. Keys are islands rising a little above the surface of the water. 
 
 t 20. The Florida Keys are a chain of low coral islands at the ex- 
 tremity of the penmsula of Florida. 
 
 21. An atoll is an irregular, ring-shaped coral island. 
 
 22. A lagoon is a shallow lake in the center of an atoll. 
 
 23. No fewer than sixty groups of atolls are found in the Caro- 
 lina Archipelago, north of New Guinea. 
 
 * 24. An archipelago is a group of islands, or a body of water, con- 
 taining such a group. 
 t 25. Some archipelagos are: 
 
 a. The Arctic Archieplago, north of North America, in the Arctic 
 ocean; 
 
 b. The West Indies, east of southern North America; 
 
 c. The East Indies, the most extensive group of islands on the 
 globe, which stretch in a curve from the Strait of Malacca, to the 
 Channel of Formosa. 
 
 Name and locate the islands of the Atlantic. Of the Pacific. Of the Indian ocean. 
 Of the Arctic ocean . 
 
* 26. A peninsula is a portion of land nearly surrounded by water. 
 t 27. Some peninsulas of North America are: 
 
 a. Yucatan, a southeastern peninsula, extending northward into 
 the Gulf of Mexico; 
 
 b. Lower California, a southwestern peninsula, extending south- 
 ward into the Pacific ocean; 
 
 c. Florida, a southeastern peninsula, extending southward into 
 the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 Name and locate others. 
 
 t 28. Some peninsulas of Europe are: 
 
 a. The Grecian and the Italian peninsula, two southern peninsulas, 
 each of which extends southward into the Mediterranean Sea; 
 
 b. The Scandinavian peninsula, a northwestern projection, washed 
 by the waters of the Atlantic and Arctic; 
 
 G. The Spanish peninsula, projecting from the southwest, and 
 washed respectively by the waters of the Atlantic ocean, the Med- 
 iterranean Sea, and the Bay of Biscay. 
 T 29. Some peninsulas of Asia are: 
 
 a. Arabia, in the southwest, washed by the waters of the Red Sea 
 and th© Indian ocean; 
 
 b. India, in the south, projecting into the Indian ocean; 
 
 c- Malay peninsula, in the southeast, washed by the waters of 
 the Indian ocean and the South China Sea. 
 Name and locate the peninsulas of North America. Of Europe. Of Asia. 
 
 * 30. A cape is a point of land extending into the water. 
 A cape is sometimes called a point, head or naze. 
 
 * 31. A promontory is a high and rocky cape; such as the Cape of 
 Gibraltar at the southern extremity of Spain. 
 
 t 32. Spits are low sandy capes. 
 
 t 38. Hooks, or bills, are curved spits, as is Cape Cod, Massa- 
 chusetts. 
 t 34. Extremity capes of Continental North America are: 
 
 a. Point Barrow, north, northern Alaska, on the Arctic; 
 
 b. Cape Charles, east, eastern Labrador, on theAtlantic; 
 
 c. Point Mariato, south, southern Panama, on the Pacific; 
 
 d. Cape Prince of Wales, west, northwestern Alaska, on Bering 
 Strait. 
 
2i 
 
 t 35. Extremity capes of South America are: 
 
 a. Point Gallinus, north, on the Carribean Sea. 
 
 b. Cape St. Roque, east, on the Atlantic. 
 
 c. Cape Horn, south, where the Atlantic and Pacific meet. 
 
 d. Cape Parina, west, on the Pacific. 
 
 t 36. Extremity capes of Africa are: 
 
 a. Cape Bon, north, on the Mediterranean; 
 
 b. Cape Guardafui, east, on the Indian ocean; 
 
 c. Cape Agulhas, south, on the Indian ocean; 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, is a southern cape of historical note on 
 the Atlantic; 
 
 d. Cape Verde, west, on the Atlantic. 
 
 t 37. Extremity capes of continental Europe are: 
 
 a. North Cape, northern Norway, on the Arctic; 
 
 b. Gibraltar, a southern rocky promontory of Spain, on the Strait 
 of Gibraltar; 
 
 c. Cape Finisterre, a north-western cape of Spain, on the Atlan- 
 tic. 
 
 t 38. Extremity capes of Asia are: 
 
 a. Northeast Cape, northwestern Siberia, on the Arctic; 
 
 b. Cape Deshnef, northwestern Siberia, on Bering strait; 
 
 c. Cape Romania, at the southern extremity of Malay peninsula, 
 on tlte Indian ocean; 
 
 d. Cape Baba, western Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, on the Med- 
 iterranean. 
 
 t 39. Extremity capes of Australia are: 
 
 a. Cape York, north, northern Queensland, on Torres Strait; 
 
 b. Sandy Cape, east, northeastern Queensland, on the Atlantic; 
 
 c. Point Philip, south, southern Victoria, on Bass Strait; 
 
 d. Northwest Cape, west, Western Australia, on the Indian ocean. 
 Name and locate the capes on the west and east Atlantic. On the west and east 
 
 Pacific. On the Indian ocean. On the Arctic ocean. 
 
 * 40. An isthmus is a narrow neck of land connecting tw^o larger 
 bodies of land. 
 
 * 41. a. The isthmusof Panama connects North America and South 
 America, 
 
 b. The isthmus of Tehuantepec is the narrow part of southern 
 
22 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 c. The isthmus of Suez connects Africa and Asia. 
 t 42. Isthmuses are often cut by canals as is the isthmus of Suez. 
 
 * 43. A coast is that part of land which borders on a large body 
 of water. 
 
 The waters ©f the ocean are said to wash a coast; those of a lake, 
 a shore; and those of a river a bank. 
 
 t 44. A coastline is the irregular line where the land and water 
 meet. 
 
 t 45. A coastline is said to be regular or irregular. An irregular 
 coastline, that is, one with many indentations, has promoted, and 
 still promotes, commerce and travel; and has aided in the ad- 
 vancement of civilization, as was the case with Europe, Egypt, 
 North America, and Asia in previous ages. 
 
 Divisions of Land according to Elevation. 
 
 * 46. A hill is a small elevation of land. 
 
 * 47. A mountain is an elevation of land much higher than the 
 surrounding country .(About i,ooofeet.)The highest partis called 
 summit; the lowest part, base; the sides, slopes; the direction, 
 trend. 
 
 MeBtion mountains spoken of in the Bible History. 
 
 '^ 48. A mountain peak is a single mountain terminating in a steep, 
 pointed summit. 
 t 49. The highest peak of: 
 
 a. North America is Mt. McKinley, over three and two-thirds 
 miles, in the western Rocky Mountains. 
 
 b. South America — Mt. Aconcaqua, over four and one-fourth 
 miles, in the southern Andes, in Argentina. 
 
 c. Europe — Mt. Blanc, nearly three miles, in the Alps, France. 
 Mt. Elburz — over three and one-half miles, in the Caucasus, 
 
 southeastern European Russia. 
 
 d. Asia — Mt. Everest, about five and one-half miles, in the Hi- 
 malayas in Ne'pal, north of eastern India. It is the loftiest peak in 
 the world. 
 
 e. Africa — Kilimanjaro, nearly four miles, in the eastern part of 
 Africa. 
 
 t. Australia — Mt. Ko.<;ciusko, over one and one^fourth miles, in 
 
23 
 
 eastern Australia. 
 
 * 50. A mountain range, or chain, is a connective line of moun- 
 tains extending in the same general direction. 
 
 t The Alleghany Mountain, in the eastern United States, and the 
 Apennines in Italy are mountain ranges, or chains. 
 
 * 51. A mountain system is a collection of ranges, or chains, u- 
 nited by a highland between them. 
 
 t The Rocky Mountains, in western North America, the Andes, in 
 western South America, and the immense system which, under 
 various names, stretches from the Pyrenees, in Europe, through 
 the" Caucasus and Himalayas, to the northeast coast of Asia, are 
 illustrations of mountain systems. 
 
 t 52. The loftiest mountains in the world are the Himalayas, ia 
 south-central Asia, bordering India on the north. 
 
 * 58. A plain is a broad, nearly level extent of landj such as the 
 Great Central Plains of North America, the Plains of China in 
 eastern China, and the Atlantic Plain of western Europe. 
 
 * 54. A plateau, or table-land, i§ an elevated plain, often travers- 
 ed or bordered by ranges of mountains. 
 
 T 55. Illustrations are: 
 
 a. The Rocky Mountain Plateau, in western North America. 
 
 b. The Pamir Plateau, in southern Asia, north of India, called 
 the "Roof of the World", is the loftiest plateau on the globe. 
 
 * 56. A water-shed, or divide, is the summit of a ridgf. that divides 
 the rain-water and causes it to flow down either side; or, it is 
 a ridge, or height of land, that separates river basins. 
 
 t 57. The Rocky Mountains separate the river basins of the Paci- 
 fic slope from the other three great drainage areas of North 
 America. It is the continental divide of this grand division. 
 
 The Height of Land, in the north -central part of the United 
 States, forms the divide between the Gulf of Mexico, the Arctic 
 ocean, the Gulf of St Lawrence, and the Hudson Bay. 
 
 The immense mountain system, which, under various names, 
 stretches from the Pyrenees, in Europe, through the Caucasus 
 and liimalayas,, to the northeast coast of Asia, foi'ms the conti- 
 nental divide oi the land-mass of Eurasia. 
 
 t 58. 7"he relief of a country is its elevations and depressions. The 
 
24 
 
 elevations may consist of mountains or plateaus; the depressions 
 of plains or rolling hills. 
 
 t 59. The highland side of each continent is toward the Pacific or 
 toward the Indian ocean. We may trace an almost continuous 
 magnificant line of mountain chains, extending in a horse-shoe- 
 shaped curve from Cape Horn, South America, to Cape of Good 
 Hope, Africa, forming the primary highland of the world. 
 
 t 60. All the long, gentle slopes of the world ascend to the Atlan- 
 tic and Arctic oceans, while the short slopes are directed to the 
 Pacific and Indian oceans. 
 
 * 61. A volcano is a mountain with an opening at its mouth or 
 side, called crater, from which issue flames, ashes, and molten 
 rock, or lava. 
 
 62. Volcanic eruptions are caused by the subterranean forces seek- 
 ing and finding an outlet. 
 
 63. a. The most remarkable series of volcanoes is found in the great 
 line of mountain chains that extend in a horse-shoe-shaped curve 
 about the Pacific from Cape Horn to the Cape of Oood Hope. 
 (Sometimes called the "circle of fire".) 
 
 b. Another series, or belt, extends irregularly across southern 
 Europe and possibly from thence around the world. 
 
 t 64. Some noted volcanoes are: 
 
 a. Mt. Chimbarazo, in Ecuador, South America. 
 
 b. Mt. Loa, on Hawaii, the largest of the Hawaiian islands. 
 
 c. Mt. Etna, in Sicily. 
 
 d. Mt. Hekia, in Iceland, 
 
 e. Mt. Vesuvius, near Naples, in Italy. 
 
 65. Some volcanic eruptions of historic importance are: 
 
 a. In 79 A. D. an eruption of Mt. Vesuvius destroyed and buried the 
 cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii in Italy. 
 
 b In 1902 an eruption of Mt. Pelee on Martinique, one of the 
 West India Islands, entirely destroyed the city of St. Pierre. 
 
 c. In 1906 Vesuvius was again active and many villages were 
 overwhelmed by falling ashes and streams of lava. Over 2,000 
 lives were lost. 
 
 * 66. An earthqusike is a trembling or jarring of the crust of the 
 
earth. 
 
 67. Cause — Earthquakes are caused by the interior forces seek- 
 ing an outlet. 
 
 An earthquake is more fearful than a volcanic eruption. No 
 other calamity crowds such an amount of suffering and ruin into 
 so small an extent of time. 
 
 63. Earthquakes are common in all parts of the world, but are 
 most frequent in the great highlands, and along the margin and 
 the islands of the Pacific ocean. 
 
 69. April. 1906 earthquake, fire, and a tidal wave, practically 
 destroyed the city of San Francisco, California. 
 
 August, 1906, earthquake and fire caused great destruction of 
 life and property in Valparaiso, Santiago, and other Chilean 
 cities. 
 
 December, 1908, earthquake,, fire, and tidal waves devastated 
 Sicily and southern Italy, destroying about 100,000 lives. 
 * 70. Prairies are fertile plains, either level or with long rolling 
 swells, as in the Mississippi valley, North America. 
 t 71. The Great Plains of North America lie on the eastern side of 
 the Rocky Mountain plateau, and descend gradually toward the 
 Mississippi river and the Gulf Plain. 
 
 t 72. The Llanos are the treeless, grassy plains of the Orinoco 
 river basin in South America. 
 
 t 73. The Pampas are the great plains of coarse grass in the La 
 Plata, or Parana river basin of South America. 
 
 t 74. The Silvas are densely wooded plains of the Amazon river 
 basia in South America. 
 
 t 75. The Steppes oi southern Russia and western Asia, are bar- 
 ren plains v/ith scanty herbage and flowering shrubs. 
 
 t 76. The Tundras are the marshy, mossy plains of northern 
 Siberia. 
 
 * 77. Sv/arnps are plains saturated, or partly covered, with 
 water. 
 
 t 78. The Dismal swamp of Virginia, the Everglades in southern 
 Florida, and the swamps of the Mississippi Delta, are examples. 
 
 * 79. A valley, or basin, is a tract of land, partly or wholly sur- 
 rounded by hills or mountains. 
 
26 
 
 80. Examples of the world's large valleys are: 
 
 a. The Amazon valley in northern South America; 
 
 b. The Kongo valley in western Africa; 
 
 c. The Nile valley in northeastern Africa; 
 
 d. The Mississippi valley between the Rocky and Appalachian 
 mountains in North America; 
 
 e. The La Plata valley in southeastern South America. 
 
 * 81. A canon is a very steep and narrow gorge worn by a 
 stream. 
 
 t 82. The most remarkable canon in the world is the Grand Canon of 
 the Colorado River in Arizona. Its walls, for more than 300 miles, 
 are from 3,000 to 6,000 feet sheer from the water's edge. 
 
 t 83. A pass, or gap, is a break, an opening, or a narrow road, 
 cutting a mountain chain, like the gap cut by the Delaware river 
 in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, or that cut by the Potomac at 
 Harper's Ferry, West Virginia. 
 
 * 84. A desert is a tract of land which is unproductive for want 
 of sufficient moisture. 
 
 t 85. a. The Sahara, in northern Africa, is the largest desert in the 
 world, being nearly two-thirds the size of the United States. 
 
 b. From the Sahara a northeasterly zone of deserts extends 
 through Arabia, Persia, and China, ending in the Great Desert of 
 Gobi. 
 
 * 86. An oasis is a fertile spot in a desert. ' 
 
 Subdivisions of Water. 
 
 Oceanic Waters. 
 
 * 87. The sea, or ocean, is a continuous body of salt water sur- 
 rounding the continents and covering three-fourths of the earth's 
 surface. 
 
 t 88. The average depth of the sea is about two and one-half miles. 
 In some places it is about si?c miles deep. 
 
 t 89. The bottom of the sea, like the land, is diversified by moun- 
 tains and valleys, and has its plains and plateaus. 
 
 t 90. The sea, or ocean, is divided, partly by the continents and 
 partly by imaginary lines, into live divisions: the Arctic, Antarc- 
 tic, Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. 
 
 91. The Pacific, the largest of the oceans, is bounded oh the 
 
27 
 
 east by the Americas and the meridian of Cape Horn; on the west 
 by Asia, the Great Sunda Islands, Australia, and the meridian of 
 Tasmania; on the north by Bering Strait; and on the south by the 
 Antarctic circle. 
 
 92. The Atlantic, the second largest of the oceans, is bounded an 
 the east by the coasts of Europe and Africa, and the meridian of 
 Cape Agulhas; on the west by the Americas and the meridian of 
 Cape Horn; on the north by the Arctic circle; and on the south by 
 the Antarctic circle. 
 
 93. The Indian, the third largest of the oceans, is bounded on the 
 east by the Great Sunda Islands, the west and south coasts of 
 Australia, and the meridian of Tasmania; on the west by the coast 
 of Africa, and the meridian of Cape Agulhas; on the north by the 
 coast of Asia, and on the south by the Antarctic circle. 
 
 94. The Antarctic, the fourth largest of the oceans, surrounds 
 the south pole, and is bounded by the Antarctic circle, 
 
 95. The Arctic, the smallest of the oceans, surrounds the north 
 pole, and is bounded by the northern coasts of North America, 
 Asia, and Europe, and by the Arctic circle. 
 
 The White Sea and Hudson Bay are included in the Arctic ocean. 
 
 t 96. The three movements of the sea are: 
 
 Waves, tides, and currents. 
 
 * 97. Waves are rising and falling ridges of water, caused by 
 the friction of the wind, and varying in height from a few inches 
 to fifty feet or more. 
 
 Use as illustration a waving wheat field. 
 
 t 98. Breakers are waves of the sea which break on a beach, rock, 
 shoal, etc. They have been known to dash 250 feet high. 
 
 f" 99. A beach is a gently sloping, sandy, or pebbly shore of a 
 sea, lake, or large river. 
 
 t 100. Shoais and banks are shallow parts of the sea, or ocean. 
 t 101. Tides are the regular rising and falling of the water every 
 twelve hours, caused by the attraction of the sun and of the moon. 
 t 102- High, or flood-tide is a six-hours' rising of the water. 
 t 103. Low, or ebb-tide is a six-hours' falling of the water. 
 
 104. Spring-tides, or the highest tides, occur when the sun and 
 moon attract the water in the same direction. 
 
 105. Neap-tides, or the lowest tides, occur when the sun and moon 
 
attract the water at right angles- 
 The moon revolves about the earth once in twenty-eight days (lunar month.) Dur- 
 ing this time the moon is twice in a line with the sun and twice at right angles. 
 Hence two spring-tides (one at new, and one at full moon) and two neap-tides (one 
 at the first and one at the third quarter of the moon) occur every lunar month (twen- 
 t}r-eight days). 
 
 106. The height of a great tidal-wave reaches from two or three 
 feet in mid-ocean to five or nine feet at the projecting capes and 
 bounding coasts. 
 
 107- Ocean currents are vast streams flowing in the sea. They 
 are caused by the unequal heating of the water, by the winds, and 
 by the rotation of the earth. 
 
 a. Warm currents are streams flowing toward the poles. 
 
 b. Cold currents are streams flowing from the polar regions. 
 
 108. Some warm currents: 
 
 a. The Equatorial Current originates near the equator. It flov/s in 
 a westerly direction in both, the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. 
 
 b. The Gulf Stream is a broad branch of the Equatorial Current. 
 Its warm blue waters seem to issue from the Gulf of Mexico. It 
 follows the coast at a distance of about a hundred miles as far 
 north as Cape Fear, North America, and then turns eastv/ard and 
 flows through the Atlantic to Europe. There it separates and part 
 of it v^^arrns Europe far into the Frigid zone. Its greatest velocity 
 is about five miles an hour. In some places it extends to the bot- 
 tom of the ocean. 
 
 c. The Japan, or Kuro Siwo (Black Water) current, is a branch 
 of the Equatorial Current, and very much resembles the Gulf 
 Stream. It crosses the Pacific ocean from Japan to North 
 America, and there modifies the climate from Oregon to Alaska. 
 
 109. Some cold currents: 
 
 a. The cold Labrador current, laden with-icebergs, sets southward 
 from Greenland as far as Newfoundland, ¥/liere the north Atlantic 
 drift melts the icebergs. The meeting of these two currents caus- 
 es fogs to constantly hover over this region. The Labrador cur- 
 rent cools northeastern North America and gives it a cloudy 
 climate, v/hich Longfellow refers to in his Evangeline :- 
 
 And aloft on the mountains 
 Seafogs pitched their tents, and mists from the mighty Atlantic 
 Looked on the happy valley, but ne'er from their station descended." 
 
29 
 
 h. The cold Peru Current follows and cools the western coast of 
 South America. 
 
 110. The influence of ocean currents is one of the grand revelations 
 of the wisdom of the Creator, and has had much to do with shap- 
 ing the history of mankind. 
 
 a. Ocean currents influence the distribution of temperature in the 
 oceans and in the winds that blow over them^ hence they modify 
 climate. A part of the Gulf Stream flows northward past the Brit- 
 ish Isles and Norway, while the cold Labrador Current from the 
 Arctic regions flows southward past Labrador and Newfoundland. 
 Hence, in the same latitude, winds from the sea are mild in north- 
 western Europe where the harbors are open the whole year round, 
 while they are chilling in northeastern North America where the 
 harbors of the Greenland and Labrador coasts, which are swept 
 by winds from over the cold current, are closed with ice in win- 
 ter. Northwestern North America has a milder climate than north- 
 eastern Asia in corresponding latitude, because it is swept by 
 winds from over the Japan current, while northeastern Asia is 
 chilled by winds from over a cold current. 
 
 b. They shorten the voyages of sailors and facilitate commerce. 
 Columbus made use of the North Equatorial Current "when he 
 
 discovered the New World, and was again borne homeward by 
 the eastward -flowing Gulf Stream. 
 
 When sailors find their struggling bark cased in ice by wintry 
 storms, they direct its course to the Gulf Stream, where the icy 
 covering soon melts away. 
 
 c. They distribute vegetable and animal life by bearing seeds from 
 one remote land mass to another, and carrying animals on spa- 
 cious ice-bergs to new climes and homes. 
 
 d. They promote health: Without its mighty currents, its tides 
 and waves, the ocean would become a stagnant pool, infecting 
 the whole atmosphere. 
 
 * 111. A sea is a sheet of water nearly or quite surrounded by 
 
 land. 
 
 t 112. The Caribbean Sea, east of Central America, is enclosed by 
 
 the West Indies, South America, and Central America. 
 
 T 113. Ten seas in, or bordering Europe are: 
 
3« 
 
 The Caspian, Azof, Blaek, Marmora, Aegean, Adriatic, White, 
 Mediterranean, North, Baltic, Kara, and Irish Seas. 
 Locate on the map. 
 
 t 114. Ten Seas in, or bordering on, Asia are: 
 
 The Bering, Okhotsk, Japan, Yellow, East China, South China, 
 Arabian, Red, and Aral seas. 
 Locate on the map. 
 
 115. Seas partly enclosed by the East Indies: 
 
 The Java, Timor, Arafura, Banda, Celebes, and Sulu seas. 
 * 116. A gulf, or bay, is an arm of the sea, or some other body of 
 v/ater, extending into the land. 
 t 117. Some Gulfs and Bays: 
 
 a. The Gulf of Mexico, an arm of the Atlantic, indents south- 
 eastern North America; 
 
 b. The Gulf of California, an arm of the Pacific, separates Mexico 
 from its Californian peninsula; 
 
 c. Hudson Bay, an arm of the Arctic, indents northeastern 
 Canada; 
 
 d. Bay of Fundy, an arm of the Atlantic, indents Nova Scotia, 
 southeastern Canada. 
 
 t 118. The Gulf of Bothnia, an arm of the Baltic sea, lies between 
 Russia and Sweden. 
 
 b. The Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea, indents west- 
 ern European Russia; 
 
 c. The Bay of Biscay, an arm of the Atlantic, indents France and 
 Spain; 
 
 t 119. a. The Gulf of Aden, an arm of the Arabian Sea, lies be- 
 tween the southern Arabian peninsula and northeastern Africa; 
 
 b. The Persian Gulf, an arm of the Arabian Sea, lies between 
 the Arabian peninsula and Persia; 
 
 c. The Bay of Bengal, an arm of the Indian Ocean, lies between 
 India and Indo China; 
 
 t 120. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic, indents west- 
 central Africa. 
 
 Name and locate principal gulfs and bays on the west Atlantic. On the east At- 
 lantic. On the west Pacific. On the east Pacific. On the Indian ocean. On the Arc- 
 tic ocean. 
 
81 
 
 t 121. A bight is an open bay. 
 
 t 122. a. The bights of Benin and Biafra are open bays indenting 
 
 west-central Africa. 
 
 b. The Great Australian Bight is an open bay indenting southern 
 Australia. 
 
 * 123. A strait is a narrow passage of water connecting two larger 
 bodies of water, 
 t 124. Some noted straits: 
 
 a. The Strait of Gibraltar, connects the Atlantic ocean and the 
 Mediterranean Sea, and separates the Spanish peninsula from 
 northwestern Africa; 
 
 b. The Dardanelles, or Hellespont, connects the Aegean and Mar- 
 mora seas, and separates the Balkan peninsula from Asia Minor; 
 
 The BosphoTus, or Strait of Constantinople, connects the Marmora 
 and Black seas, and separates the Balkan peninsula from Asia 
 Minor; 
 
 d. The Malacca Strait, connects the South China Sea and the 
 Indian ocean, and separates the Malay peninsula from the island 
 of Sumatra; 
 
 e. The Strait of Magellan connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans 
 and separates the island Tierra del Fuego from the mainland of 
 South America; 
 
 £. The Strait of Babel Mandeb connects the Red Sea and the 
 Gulf of Aden, and separates northeastern Africa from the Ara- 
 bian peninsula. 
 Trace a water route from North Cape to the Sea of Azof. Other like routes. 
 
 * 125. A channel is a wide strait. 
 t 126. Channels: 
 
 a. The English Channel connects the Atlantic ocean and the 
 North Sea, and separates England from the mainland of Europe; 
 
 b. The Mozambique Channel lies between the island of Madagas- 
 car and the mainland of Africa. 
 
 '^ 127. A sound is a shallow channel or bay. 
 
 t 128. a. Long Island Sound lies between Long Island and the 
 
 states of New York and Connecticut; 
 
 b. Albermarle Sound indents North Carolina; 
 
 c. Paget Sound indents the state of Washington. 
 
 * 129. A canal is an artificial strait, or channel, for the passage 
 
32 
 
 of boats, 
 
 f 130. The Erie Canal forms a passage from the Hudson River to 
 
 Lake Erie. 
 
 b. The Suez Canal forms a passage from the Red Sea to the 
 Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 t 131. A firth, frith, fiord, or inlet is a small bay, usually having 
 steep shores. 
 Name and locate firths of the British Isles. Fiords of Norway and Sweden. 
 
 * 132. A harbor, or haven, is a small sheltered inlet where ships 
 may anchor and ride in safety. 
 
 * 133. A dock, or wharf, is a construction raised on the shore of a 
 harbor, river, canal, or the like, for the convenience of loading 
 and unloading ships and other vessels. 
 
 "Commerce pushes its wharfs into the sea." Bancroft. 
 
 Continental Waters. 
 
 * 134. A river is a large stream of fresh water flowing in a chan- 
 nel on the surface of the land. 
 
 Name rivers you have seen. 
 
 * 135. Creeks, brooks, and pills, are small streams of water. 
 
 * 136. A river may be formed in the following manner: 
 
 The water from the rain and melting snow which does not sink 
 into the ground, is divided by a watershed, or ridge, and caused 
 to collect, first in rills, brooks, and creeks. These small streams 
 flowing together form large streams which again unite to form a 
 river, the waters of which are eventually borne to the ocean or 
 some other body of water. 
 What is a glacier? A divide, or watershed? Nos. i6o and 56. Name rivers that 
 originate in lakes. In glaciers. In mountain slopes. 
 
 * 137. The source of a river is the place where it begins. This 
 may be in lake, a glacier, or on a slope of a divide. 
 
 * 138. A tributary is a branch of a river. 
 
 Name tributaries of large rivers. 
 
 * 139. The right bank is that on the right hand in descending a riv- 
 er, the left bank on the left hand. Down a river is toward its 
 mouth. Up a river is toward its source. 
 
 See p. 17. No. 12. 
 
 * 140. The mouth of a river is the place where it flows into 
 another body of water. 
 
33 
 
 * 141. A river bed is the channel in which a river flows. 
 
 * 142. The confluence, or junction of two rivers, is the place where 
 they meet. 
 
 t 143. Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, is located at the confluence, or junc- 
 tion, of the Monongahela and the Allegheny river. 
 
 144. BuflFalo is situated at the confluence of the Erie Canal 
 and Lake Erie. 
 
 t 145. TLe delta of a river is the alluvial land between two or more 
 of its mouths. 
 ' 146. Some deltas: 
 
 a. The delta of the Mississippi, the most important in America, 
 measures over 12, ooo square miles. 
 
 b. The delta of the Rhine, the most important delta in Europe, 
 constitutes the rich and populous lands in Holland. 
 
 c. The delta of the Nile, Egypt, noted for its fertility since the 
 dawn of civilization, measures nearly io,ooo square miles. 
 
 d. The delta of the Hoang and Yangtze rivers, China, the largest 
 and most populous in the world, has an area of 100,000 square 
 miles, and a population of 100,000,000. 
 
 Name and locate other deltas. 
 
 147. An estuary is a single and very wide mouth of a river facing 
 the tide. Such are the mouths of the St. Lawrence, Columbia, and 
 Hudson rivers of North America; of the Thames and Severn of 
 Europe; of the Amazon and La Plata of South America. 
 
 148. A bayou is a branch of a stream flowing through a delta. 
 
 149. An oxbow loop is the horseshoe-shaped bend of a river. 
 An oxbow lake is the cut-off oxbow loop. 
 
 Oxbow loops and oxbow lakes occur all along the middle 
 course of the Mississippi River. 
 
 * 150. Levees, or dikes, are artificial embarkments made to protect 
 the surrounding land from overflows. 
 
 l5l. a. Levees bave been constructed along the bayous of the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 b. Long dikes hold back the waters of the ocean in Holland. 
 t l52. Dalles, or gorges, are narrow passages between hills. The dal- 
 les of the Wisconsin and St. Croix rivers are noted scenes of 
 attraction in the state of Wisconsin. 
 t 153. Alluvial land, or a flood plain, is smooth, level land built up 
 
34 
 
 of the sediment deposited by a river. 
 
 * 154. A river system is a river with all its branches. 
 
 * 155. A river basin is the land drained by a river and its tributaries. 
 
 For the world's great river basins, or valleys, see 8o. 
 t 156. Some of the longest rivers of each continent: 
 
 1. North America: 
 
 a. Mississippi-Missouri, 4j300 miles; 
 
 b. Mackenzie, 2, 300 miles; 
 
 c. St. Lawrence, 2,200 miles; 
 
 2. South America: 
 
 a. Amazon, 3,75° miles; 
 
 b. Plata (Parana), 2,500 miles; 
 
 c. Orinoco, 1,600 miles; 
 
 3. Europe: 
 
 a. Volga, 2,300 miles; 
 
 b. Danube, 2,000 miles; 
 
 c. Don, 1,325 miles; 
 
 4. Asia: 
 
 a. Yenesei, 3.40° miles; 
 
 b. Yangtze, 3>320 miles; 
 
 c. Ob, 3,000 miles; 
 
 5. Africa: 
 
 a. Nile, 4,100 miles; 
 
 b. Kongo, 3.000 miles; 
 
 c. Niger, 3»ooo miles; 
 
 6. Australia: 
 
 a. Murray, 1,500 miles. 
 Use figures for the purpose of comparison only. 
 Name and locate the principal rivers flowing into the Atlantic ocean. Into the 
 Pacific ocean. Into the Indian ocean. Into the Arctic ocean. Into the Mediterranean. 
 Into the Black Sea. Into the Caspian Sea. 
 
 t 157. Rapids, or Cascades, are that part of a river where the current 
 moves with great swiftness down an inclined bed, as the Lachine 
 rapids in the St. Lawrence. 
 
 * 158. A cataract, or waterfall, is a stream descending abruptly from 
 a higher to a lower level, or, a cataract is a stream dashing over 
 a precipice. 
 t 159- Three famous cataracts: 
 
35 
 
 a. The Niagara Falls between Lakes Erie and Ontario are regard- 
 ed as the grandest of all cataracts. 
 
 b. The Yosemite Falls in California are the most remarkable of 
 the many beautiful cataracts in the wonderful Yosemite Valley. 
 
 The Victoria Falls of the Zambezi river, Africa, vie in magnifi- 
 cence with those of Niagara. 
 
 t 160. A glacier is an immense mass of ice and snow, moving slow- 
 ly down the slope of the land. 
 
 161. The glacial epoch was a long period of time thousands of 
 years ago. During this time the Lawrentian glacier covered North 
 America with a continental ice sheet as far south as the Ohio and 
 Missouri rivers. While another continental glacier moved over 
 most of northern Europe from the Scandinavian peninsula. 
 
 162. Areas of glacial drift, huge round bowlders, drumlins, many 
 scoopsd-out rock basins and river valleys, irregular coasts and 
 thousands of lakes still trace the site ofthe continental glaciers. 
 
 * 163. Icebergs are large masses of floating ice, usually broken 
 from polar glaciers. From one-eighth to one-tenth (seldom more 
 than 200 or 300 feet) is above water. 
 
 t 164. An avalanche is a mass of snow dashing down the side of a 
 mountain, often sweeping away trees and houses, and burying 
 whole villages. 
 
 * 165. A pond is a body of water filling a low place in the land. 
 A puddle is a very small pond. A lake is a very large pond. 
 
 * 166. A lake is a body of either fresh or salt water nearly or 
 quite surrounded by land. 
 
 t 167. Lakes are classified as fresh-and salt-water lakes. 
 Some lakes are called seas, as the Dead sea, and the sea of Galilee, from the 
 German word "See". 
 
 t 168. A salt lake is a lake having no outlet. The water evapo- 
 rates and leaves the salt. 
 
 t 169. A fresh-water lake is a lake having an outlet. 
 170. The largest fresh-water lake of each continent: 
 
 1. North America: 
 
 Lake Superior, the largest expanse of fresh water in the world. 
 (Area 3[,2oo square miles; depth 1,008 feet.) 
 
 2. South America: 
 
 Lake Titicaca, in the Bolivian Andes, is the highest of the 
 
36 
 
 great lakes of the globe. (12,000 feet above the sea.) 
 (Area 3,261 square miles; depth 925 feet.) 
 
 3. Europe: 
 
 a. Lake Ladoga. 
 
 (Area 7,000 square miles; depth 732 feet.) 
 
 4. Asia: 
 
 a. Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the woi^ld. 
 (Are 13,200 square miles; depth 4,500 feet.) 
 
 5. Africa: 
 
 a. Lake Victoria, the second largest fresh-waterJake on the globe. 
 (Area 27,000 square miles; depth 620 feet.) 
 
 Name and locate other principal lakes on the globe, especially those of the 
 resident state. 
 
 * 17L A spring is a stream of water issuing naturally from the 
 ground. 
 t 172. A spring maybe formed in the following manner: 
 
 The water, which falls to the earth in the form of rain or snow, 
 sinks till it reaches a hard layer of rock, on which it flows along, 
 and finally comes bubbling out somewhere. This springing from 
 the earth, as it were, gives it the name of "spring." 
 t 173. Mineral springs are springs, containing mineral salts, which 
 the water has collected from the rocks or soil, and which are 
 often of medicinal value. 
 
 174. a. The medicinal value of their waters determined the loca- 
 tion and settlement of the cities Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Vichy, 
 in central France, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., and Karls- 
 bad, Bohemia. 
 
 b. Many mineral springs occur in the Appalachian and Rocky 
 Mountains. 
 
 c. Wisconsin has numerous mineral springs. Its mineral water 
 of Bethesda Spring at Waukesha is shipped to all parts of the 
 globe. 
 
 175. Hot springs contain warm, hot, or even boiling water, and 
 are formed by the contact of the water with heated rocks or with 
 
 - the chemical decomposition of rocks. 
 
 176. The Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, and the state of 
 Colorado, are famed for their many hot springs. 
 
■ 37 
 
 t 177. A geyser is a hot minerai spring from which jets of hot 
 water or steam are forced high into the air at regular intervals. 
 
 178. Many remarkable geysers are found in the Yellowstone 
 National Park, Wyoming, the most noted of which are the Grand 
 Geyser, the greatest in the world, and Old Faithful. There are also 
 noted geysers in Iceland and in certain parts of New Zealand. 
 
 The Atmosphere. 
 t 179. The atmosphere is the vast ocean of air which envelopes the 
 land and sea. 
 
 * 180. Air is an invisible gas which surrounds the earth at a 
 depth of from 50 to 200 miles. 
 
 t 181. The air presses against the earth at the weight of about one 
 ton to the square foot. 
 
 t 182. Air pressure is measured by means of the barometer. 
 
 t 183. The barometer (Greek, weight-measure) is an instrument to 
 measure the pressure of the atmosphere. 
 Invented by Torricelli, an Italian philosopher. 
 t 184. The barometer is used to ascertain the height of mountains. 
 The ascent of 1000 feet causes the lowering of about one inch in 
 the barometer. 
 
 t 185. The temperature of the atmosphere, or the degree of heat or 
 cold, is measured by means of the thermometer, 
 t 186. The thermometer (Greek, heat-measure) is used to measure 
 the temperature of the air and of other bodies. It consists of a 
 very fine glass tube, opening into a bulb at its lower end and usu- 
 ally containing mercury. In very cold latitudes, the mercury is 
 substituted by alcohol colored red. 
 
 § 187. a. The Fahrenheit thermometer (F), taken as the standard, 
 marks 32° at the freezing point and 112° at the boiling point of 
 water, and is used in the United States and other English-speak- 
 ing countries. 
 
 b. The Centigrade thermometer (C), marks 0° at the freezing point 
 and 100^ at the boiling point, and is used in France, and in scien- 
 tific works of other countries. 
 
 The Reaumur thermometer (R), marks 0° at the freezing point 
 and So*-" at the boiling point, and is in common use in Germany. 
 
38 
 
 Waters of the Atmosphere. 
 
 * 188. The heat of the sun causes water to evaporate, or to take the 
 form of vapor. 
 
 * 189. Vapor is invisible moisture in the air. 
 
 * 190. Warm air holds much more moisture than cold air. 
 
 t 191. Air is at the dew-point, or saturated, when it contains all the 
 
 moisture it can hold. 
 
 t 192. Dew, fog, clouds, rain, snow, or hail, are formed when the air 
 
 becomes cooled below the dew-point and condenses a part of its 
 
 moisture. 
 
 * 193. Dew is moisture collected during clear, still nights in the 
 form of drops on plants and other bodies, which have become 
 
 cooled below the dew-point of the surrounding atmosphere. 
 
 * 194. Fogs and mists are visible vapors that float near the surface 
 of the earth. 
 
 Why have Newfoundland and Nova Scotia a cloudy climate? No. log, page 28. 
 
 * 195. Clouds are partly condensed vapors floating high in the air. 
 They are, as it were, the floating cisterns or reservoirs of the earth. 
 Why? 
 
 t 196. Clouds are classified according to their forms; as cirrus, or 
 feathery clouds; cumulus, or heaped-up clouds; stratus, or layer 
 clouds; nimbus, or rain and snow clouds. 
 
 * 197- Rain is condensed vapor which falls in drops when the air 
 is rapidly cooled. 
 
 * 198. Snow is frozen vapor which falls in flakes; it is formed 
 when the condensation of vapors takes place below the freezing 
 point, 32° F. 
 
 How could you cause a snow storm in a warm room? 
 
 * 199. Frost is frozen dew and is formed when the objects on 
 which the moisture collects become cooled below the freezing 
 point, 32° F. 
 
 * 200. Hail is frozen rain and appears to owe its origin to a sud- 
 den condensation. 
 
 201. Rainfall includes all atmospheric moisture which reaches 
 the earth's surface in solid or liquid form. 
 
 Study the subject under "Winds" before taking up the following on rainfall. 
 
 Distribution of Rainfall. 
 
 202. a. Daily rains are likely to occur in the equatorial calm belt; 
 
39 
 
 here the vapor in the ascending air is chilled and condensed. This 
 narrow rain belt follows the vertical rays of the sun northward 
 and southward every six months, hence the year in the torrid zone 
 is divided into a wet and a dry season. 
 The heaviest rainfall in the world occurs on the southern slope of the Himalayas, 
 north of the Bay of Bengal. Why? When the heavier? Why? (See monsoons.) 
 
 b. Abundant rains occur on the windward slopes of the moun- 
 tains of the torrid zone in the path of the trade winds. Although 
 the trade winds become warm and are full of moisture, they yield 
 little or no rain because they have nothing to chill them; but, 
 when they ascend a mountain chain, they become chilled and the 
 
 vapor condenses. The opposite slopes have little or no rain. 
 
 c. Little or no rain occurs in the tropical calms, because the air 
 descends and becomes warmed. 
 
 d. An ample rainfall occurs on parts of the western coasts of the 
 ontinents, because the prevailing westerly winds move from warm- 
 er to colder latitudes, and are therefore chilled and their vapor 
 
 condensed. 
 
 e. A rainy season occurs on the land when the monsoons blow 
 from the ocean, and on the water when the monsoons blow from 
 the land. In either instance the winds become chilled and the 
 
 vapor condensed. 
 
 Where do monsoons occur? Reason. No. 218. 
 
 f. Cloudy, rainy, or snowy weather is almost always brought by the 
 winds on the front, or eastern side of a cyclone, because these 
 winds blow from warmer to colder latitudes and are chilled and 
 the vapor condensed. 
 
 g. Little rain occurs in the polar regions because cold air can- 
 not contain much vapor. No. 220. 
 
 t 203. An annual, well distributed rainfall of twenty inches is neces- 
 sary for the growth of crops, unless the land is irrigated. 
 t 204. Irrigation is the process of watering land artificially. 
 The winds from the Mediterranean waft moisture to the Great Desert; why does 
 no rain fall? No. 215, c. Why does more rain fall near the ocean than in the 
 interior of a country? Why have warm regions of the earth generally more rainfall 
 than cooler countries? No. 202, a. b. Why is there but little rain en the tops of very 
 high mountains? No. 202, g. How do mountains cause some regions to have more 
 and some to have less rain? No. 227, f. Why have some warm regions but little 
 
4° 
 
 rain? No. 215. Locate warm regions that have much rain and such that have little 
 or no rain and give reasons. No. 214. 
 t 205. Lightning is a sudden flash of light caused by the discharge 
 
 of two electrified cloud regions. 
 
 t 206. Thunder is the noise produced when the air rushes in with 
 great force to fill the vacuum produced by the lightning. 
 t 207. A rainbow is a bow, or arch, showing in concentric (having 
 a common center) bands the several colors of the spectrum. It 
 is usually seen after a shower in the quarter of the heavens oppo- 
 site the sun, and also in the spray of cataracts. The sun, shining 
 through the falling water, separates the light into its colors and 
 forms the rainbow. 
 
 t 208. The colors of the spectrum may be produced by casting the 
 sunlight on the wall by means of a three-cornered piece of thick 
 glass. 
 
 The principal colors of the rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and 
 violet. 
 
 Winds. 
 * 209. Wind is air in motion and is caused by the unequal heat- 
 ing of the earth's surface. 
 
 t 210. Heat expands and makes the air light, while cold contracts 
 and makes it heavy. Heavy air, by reason of its weight, forces 
 itself under lighter air. 
 
 211. The calm belts are zones within which there is little or no 
 rain. They are confined chiefly to the continents and seldom affect 
 the coasts far inland. 
 
 212. The three belts of calms are: 
 
 a. The Equatorial calm belt is a narrow zone on the equator, where 
 the warm air rises and is not felt as wind. It is an area of exces- 
 sive rainfall and little fair weather. No. 202, a. 
 
 The Tropical calms are located one near each tropic, where 
 the air that rises at the equator descends again, forming belts of 
 calms, called: 
 
 b. Calms of Cancer, about 30° north of the equator; 
 
 c. Calms of Capricorn, about 30° south of the equator. No. 202, c. 
 
 213. The Cause of Trade Winds. The surface of the earth receives 
 most of its heat near the equator. The atmosphere, being greatly 
 heated, rises and floats off toward the polar regions. The cool 
 
41 
 heavy air from the poles pushes in to take the place of the ascead- 
 ing warm air. Because of the rotation of the earth from west to 
 east, these cool winds blow from the northeast in the northern 
 hemisphere, and fr©m the southeast in the southern hemisphere; 
 hence, 
 
 214. The trade winds are the cool winds which push in along the 
 surface from the northeast on one side of the equatorial calm belt, 
 and from the southeast on the other. No. 202, b. 
 
 215. The trade wind area is a great fair weather belt. When the 
 trade winds blow over the land far from any ocean they evaporate 
 much moisture and cause a dry climate. The Sahara is a great 
 trade-wind desert. 
 
 216. The Prevailing Westerly Winds. The heated air rising at the 
 equator and floating toward the poles, gradually becomes cool, 
 descends, and returns as southwest surface winds in the northern 
 hemisphere, and as northwest surface winds in the southern hemi- 
 sphere. No. 202, d. 
 
 They are often called anti-trade winds. Why? 
 
 217. Cold polar winds sometimes occur in the temperate zones. 
 They blow from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and 
 from the southeast in the southern hemisphere. 
 
 218. Monsoons (seasons) are much like the trade-winds, except 
 that they reverse their direction every half year, and occur only 
 in the regions of the Indian Ocean. In July and August, when 
 the heat belt has shifted to the north, parts of southern Asia are 
 heated much more than the Indian Ocean, therefore the winds 
 blow from the ocean over the land. In January, when the heat 
 belt has shifted to the south, the Indian Ocean is heated more 
 than the adjacent land. This causes the wind to blow from the 
 land over the Indian Ocean. No. 202, e. 
 
 219. All the wind belts shift north and south during the year 
 with the vertical rays of the sun. No. 202, a. 
 
 220. Cyclones are whirling winds which originate in the belts of 
 westerly winds They move from west to east, whirling as they 
 go, and often drawing the air in toward them for many hundreds 
 of miles They render the winds of the temperate zones very ir- 
 regular, yield frequent rains, (No. 202, d. f. ) and are the cause of 
 most of our weather changes. 
 
42 
 
 221. Highlands and cyclones are the rain producers of the tem- 
 perate zones. No. 202, b, f. 
 
 222. Hurricanes, or tropical cyclones, are severe, whirling storms 
 which occur on the eastern and southern coasts of the United 
 States, and the southeastern coast of Asia where they are called 
 typhoons. They originate near the tropics, and sweep in a great 
 curve into temperate latitudes. They are the only storms in the 
 trade wind belt. 
 
 223. Tornadoes are small and very severe local cyclones, that oc- 
 cur in the eastern and central parts of the United States in the 
 spring months, after a very warm day; the warm air rises, the 
 cold air falls, and a terrific whirling wind is developed, followed 
 by heavy rainfall. 
 
 224. Storms are caused by a rapid rising of heated air. 
 
 225. The simoon is the very hot and dry wind of desert regions, 
 
 226. The blizzard is the terrific cold wind of the plains and 
 prairies. See chart pp. 46, 47 for Winds and Rainfall. 
 
 Climate. 
 * 227. Climate is the condition of a region with respect to heat 
 and moisture. 
 
 228. Conditions that modify climate in order of their importance are: 
 t a. Latitude, or distance from the equator; 
 t b. Altitude, or distance above sea level; 
 
 c. Nearness to the sea or other large bodies of water; 
 
 d. Winds; 
 
 e. Ocean Currents; 
 
 f. Highlands; 
 ■ 229, Effects of: 
 
 t a. Latitude, The nearer the equator, the warmer the climate; 
 because from the equator to the poles the climate gradually grows 
 colder and the amount of rainfall decreases, why? 
 
 t b. Altitude. As the height above sea level increases, the air be- 
 comes cooler. Quito, South America, though nearly on the equa- 
 tor, has a delightful climate because it is located about two miles 
 above sea level. 
 
 c. Nearness to the sea or other large bodies of water may equalize the 
 extremes of temperature and moisture. Large bodies of water are 
 
43 
 
 warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the land. Regions 
 over which the winds come from the water, have warmer winters 
 and cooler summers than might be expected from their lat- 
 itude. 
 
 d. and e. Ocean currents and winds influence the distribution of 
 temperature. In the British Isles the winds come from the ocean 
 and are loaded with moisture and warmth from the Gulf Stream. 
 The harbors are open and the pastures green the whole year 
 round. In Labrador (corresponding latitude) the winds from the 
 land and the breezes from the cold Arctic current are cold and 
 dry; hence it is almost uninhabitable because of its cold climate. 
 
 f. Highlands. The windward slopes of mountains may be delug- 
 ed with rain, while the others may be destitute of it. Warm, 
 moist winds, ascending a mountain chain, become chilled and 
 deposit rain, while the opposite side has little or no rain. The 
 western slope of the Rocky Mountains and the eastern slope of 
 the Brazilian plateau owe their copious rainfall to this fact. The 
 tops of mountain ranges sometimes reach above the rain-bearing 
 winds and may be destitute of rain. 
 
 Soil. 
 * 230. Soil is the thin layer of surface earth, which, like some 
 great blanket, is tucked around the wrinkled and age-beaten 
 form of our globe. 
 
 t 231. Subsoil is the harder and colder earth under the surface 
 layer. 
 
 232. The principal agents that form soil are weathering, vegetable, 
 and animal life, and running streams. 
 
 233. Weathering is the atmospheric action of heat, cold, mois- 
 ture, and winds on rock surfaces. Explain. 
 
 234. Vegetable and animal life help to loosen particles of rock, or 
 add to the soil by their decay. Explain. 
 
 235. Running streams carry soil from highlands and valleys, 
 and deposit it in the form of alluvial lands. No. 153, p. 33. 
 
 t 236. The three kinds of soil are: 
 
 a. Sand, or crumbled sandstone; 
 
 b. Clay, or powdered limestone; 
 
 c. Loam, or a mixture of sand, clay, and vegetable mold. 
 
44 
 
 t 237. Fertile soil (loam) is soil adapted to the production of good 
 crops, or that furnishes sufficient nourishment for the growth of 
 plants. 
 
 t 238. Sterile, or barren soil, is soil that is not adapted to the pro- 
 duction of crops, or that does not furnish sufficient nourishment 
 for the growth of plants. 
 
 Mineral Productions. 
 239. Mineral productions, iu regard to their uses to mankind, 
 may be arranged into four classes; minerals, metals, build- 
 ing material, and precious stones. 
 
 Minerals. 
 t 240. Coal is the most abundant and important force-produc- 
 ing mineral. 
 
 t 241. Coal originated from gigantic trees and other vegetation, 
 which in the first ages of the earth perished and were covered 
 by sediments of successive ages; by chemical changes this decay- 
 ed vegetable matter was finally converted into the mineral con- 
 dition of coal. 
 
 242. The three kinds of coal are anthracite, or hard coal; bituminous, 
 or soft coal; and cannel, the best and hardest coal. 
 
 The United States surpasses all other countries in the production of coal. 
 
 243. Peat, used as fuel and as fertilizer, originated from accuma- 
 lated decayed vegetable matter, such as the bogs of Ireland are 
 noted for. 
 
 244. Coke is made of soft coal from which certain gases have 
 been expelled by heating. It is chiefly used in blast furnaces. 
 
 245. Charcoal is carbonized wood. It is much lighter and more 
 porous than true coal. 
 
 Wood is covered with turf, so as to admit little air. The wood is then slowly 
 burned till only the carbon remains. 
 
 t 246. Petroleum (rock oil) and natural gas are thought to result from 
 the slow decay of plants and animals buried years ago in the sands 
 now changed to rock. 
 
 247. Both petroleum and gas are reached by sinking pipes down 
 to the oil or gas-bearing layers of porous rock. 
 
 248. From petroleum are made kerosene, gasoline, benzine, vas- 
 eline, various oils for oiling machines, and many other useful ar- 
 
45 
 
 tieles. 
 
 The two chief petroleum regions in the world are the United States and both 
 sides of the Caucasus, in Russia. 
 
 249. Natural gas is used chiefly for fuel purposes, and its low cost 
 has caused a rapid growth in manufactures. 
 
 250. Salt, a substance used for seasoning food, preserving meat, 
 etc., is found native in the earth and is also produced by evap- 
 oration from sea water and brines pumped from great depths. 
 
 The United States manufactures mors salt than any other country. 
 
 251. Sulphur is a lemon-yellow powder which burns with a blue 
 flame and suffocating odor. It is used in manufacturing gunpow- 
 der and matches, also for medicinal purposes. 
 
 It is obtained chiefly from volcanic districts; Sicily, Chile, Mexico. 
 
 252. Graphite is soft native or artificial carbon often called black 
 lead; it is used for many purposes, especially in lead pencils. 
 
 253. Graphite is found native in Siberia and parts of the United 
 States. Artificial graphite is manufactured in large quantities at 
 Niagara Falls from anthracite coal. 
 
 Metals. 
 
 254. Ore is rock from which metal is obtained, such as iron 
 ore, silver ore, lead ore. 
 
 A few metals, such as gold and copper, are sometimes found in a pure state. 
 Smelting is the process of extracting metal from its ore. 
 
 t 255. Iron is the most useful and most widely distributed 
 of the industrial metals. 
 
 The United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom rank foremost in its 
 production. 
 
 t 256. Steel is iron that has been put through a series of heating 
 processes. For given size, it is the strongest material known. 
 t 257. Copper is a ductile malleable metal of a reddish color, next 
 to iron in usefulness. 
 
 The United States surpasses all other countries in the production of copper. 
 
 258. Gold and Silver, termed precious metals, are not nearly so 
 useful as iron or copper. They are valuable chiefly because of 
 their scarcity. 
 
 259. Gold, yellow in color, is the most ductile and malleable met- 
 al. It is sometimes found pure, or almost pure in nature; but more 
 frequently in the veins of quartz rocks or in the gravel of river 
 
 
KEY TO CHART. I. Ocean Currents. Pp. 28—29. 
 
 1. North Equatorial Current. 
 
 Nos. 108 a, UO b. 
 
 2. South Equatorial Current. 
 
 No. 108 a. 
 
 3. Kuro Siwo, or Japan Current. 
 
 Nos. 108 c, 110 a. 
 
 4. California Current. 
 
 5. Gulf Stream. 
 
 Nos. 108 b, 110 a and b, p. 43, tto. 229 d • 
 
 6. North Atlantic Drift. No. 109 a. 
 
 7. Guinea Current. 
 
 8. Labrador Current. 
 
 Nos. 109 a, 110 a, p. 43, no. 229 d. 
 
 9. Benguela Current. 
 
 10. Bering Strait Current. No. no a. 
 
 11. Peru Current. No. 109 b. 
 
 12. Equatorial Counter Current. 
 
 13. Antarctic Current. 
 
 14. Equatorial Current, no. 108 a, 
 
 15. Indian Counter Current. 
 
 16. Monsoon Drift. 
 
 17. West Australian Current. 
 
 18. East Australian Current. 
 
 19. Mozambique Current. 
 
 N. B. Wavy-shafted arrows, cold currents. 
 
 II. Winds, pp. 40—42. 
 
 I. Northeast Trade Winds. 
 
 Nos. 213, 214, 215. 
 
 II. Southeast Trade Winds. 
 
 Nos. 213, 214, 215. 
 
 III. Prevailing Westerly Winds, or 
 Northwest Antitrade Winds. No. 216. 
 
 IV. Prevailing Westerly Winds, or 
 Southwest Antitrade Winds. N0.216. 
 V. Equatorial Calms. No. 212. 
 
 VI. Calms of Cancer. No. 212. 
 
 VII. Calms of Capricorn. No. 212. 
 
 VIII. Monsoons, no. 218. 
 
 Rainfall. 
 
 Account : ,,.,... 
 
 a. For the copious rainfall on the western coast of North America and on the western 
 
 slopes of the southern Andes. 202 d. 
 
 b. For the copious rainfall on the eastern slopes of the northern Andes, and of the Bra- 
 zilian Plateau. 202 b. 
 
 c. For the abundant rains on the southern slopes of the Himalayas, in the Orinoco and 
 Amazon valleys, on the Guinea coast of Africa, on the East Indies, and on the extreme 
 southern part of North America. 202 a. 
 
 d. For the rainfall of the central belt of North America. 202 f— 221. 
 
 e. For the scanty rainfall in the northern parts of North America and Eurasia. 202 g. 
 i. For the Sahara desert and the great desert area of Asia. 215—229 f . 
 
 Wind Chart. 
 
 See pp. 40 and 41. 
 
 1. Polar Winds— 
 
 2. Westerly Winds— 
 
 3. Calms of Cancer — 
 
 4. North-east Trades — 
 
 5. Equatorial Calms 
 
 6. South-east Trades — 
 
 7. Calms of Capricorn- 
 
 8. Westerly Winds— 
 
 9. Polar Winds- 
 
 no, 217. 
 no. 216. 
 no. 212. 
 no. 214. 
 no. 212. ; 
 no. 214. 
 
 no. 212. 
 
 no. 216. 
 
 no. 217. 
 
 W 
 
48 
 
 beds. 
 
 260. Silver, a white, ductile metal, is sometimes found native, 
 but more commonly in combination, or as silver ore. 
 
 261. Gold and silver are converted into coin and manufactured 
 into many useful and ornamental articles. 
 
 262. Gold and silver are found in nearly all the mountain regions 
 of the vi^orld. 
 
 The United States, Australasia, and South America are the chief gold-produ- 
 cing countries, and Mexico and the United States lead in the production of silver. 
 
 263. Platinum is a steel-gray ductile, malleable metal, interme- 
 diate in value between silver and gold. It is used largely for chem- 
 ical vessels and making electric connections. 
 
 The greatest commercial supply is obtained from the Ural Mountains. 
 
 264. Aluminum, an ingredient of common clay, is a lustrou-s, 
 nearly white, very malleable and ductile metal, widely used in the 
 arts. 
 
 265. Zinc is a white metal found chiefly in Europe and America. 
 
 266. Brass is copper alloyed with zinc. 
 
 267. Bronze is tin alloyed with copper, to which zinc is some- 
 times added. 
 
 268. Pewter and solder are tin alloyed with lead. 
 
 "Oh for festal dainties spread, 
 Like my bowl of milk and bread. 
 Pewter spoon and bowl of wood. " 
 
 Whittier. 
 
 How is solder used? 
 
 269. Lead, a soft, very heavy, ductile, and malleable metal, is 
 seldom found native but its ores are common. 
 
 The United States and Spain lead in its production. 
 
 270. Nickel is a silver-white, hard, ductile, and malleable met. 
 al of the iron group; it has a lustre surqassing that of silver. 
 
 It is mined chiefly in the United States and Europe. 
 
 271. Tin is a white, malleable metal found in nature chiefly in 
 combination, rarely native. 
 
 The Straits Settlements rank foremost in the production of tin. 
 
 272. Mercury, or quicksilver, is the only liquid metal. It is used 
 chiefly to separate gold and silver from their ores, and in ther- 
 mometers and barometers. It is sometimes found native but most- 
 ly in combination with cinnabar, one of its ores from which it is 
 
49 
 
 obtained by distillation. 
 
 271. Arsenic is an active poison. It is npt a metal, but found in 
 combination with silver, nickel, iron, sulphur, etc. It is very brit- 
 tle and of a steel-gray color and brilliant luster. It is used in 
 medicine and employed in the arts. 
 
 Building Material. 
 t 272. The principal kinds of stone used as building material are 
 limestone, marble, granite, sandstone, and slate. 
 t 273. A quarry is a place where stone is taken from the earth. 
 Quarrying is the process of taking or digging stone from the 
 earth. 
 
 Try to get samples of each of these kinds of stone. 
 t 274. Limestone is lime hardened to rock formed of lime contain- 
 ed in the shells of little creatures that lived in the seas ages ago. 
 As these little creatures died, the shells sank to the bottom, mak- 
 ing a thick bed, which in time formed hard rock. Page 43, No. 
 236, b. 
 
 Some limestone is made of coral. 
 t 275. Granite and marble are formed from limestone, which, un- 
 der great pressure, has been changed by the action of heat and 
 water. 
 
 Like most of the minerals, they are found in mountain ranges. 
 t 276. Granite and marble are not only used for building purposes, 
 but are also carved into beautiful statues, because they are so 
 very hard and take a fine polish. 
 Fine statuary marble is obtained from Carrara, Italy; ornamental marble from 
 the eastern United States. There are also valuable granite quarries in the eastern 
 United States. 
 
 t 277. Sand is a hard, granular material, finer than gravel and 
 coarser than dust. Page 43, No. 236 a. 
 
 t 278. Sandstone is formed of deep beds of sand in water, hard- 
 ened to rock. 
 
 t 279- Sandstone is very useful for making walls of buildings. 
 t 280. Glass is pure sandstone melted. 
 
 It is the quartz sand in the sandstone that melts to form glass. 
 t 281. Slate is formed when beds of clay harden into thin smooth 
 layers. Page 43, No. 236, b. 
 
50 
 
 t 282. Slate is used for covering roofs of houses and as flagging 
 for sidewalks. For what other purposes is it used? 
 
 Fine quarries of slate are found in the Eastern States, 
 t 283. Stones for building purposes are found in most of the coun- 
 tries of the world. 
 
 Precious Stones. 
 
 284. A gem is a precious stone cut and polished. 
 
 285. The precious stones include the diamond, ruby, sapphire, em- 
 erald, topaz, amethyst, and turquois. 
 
 286. The diamond (crystallized carbon) is a usually colorless 
 stone, excelling in brilliancy, and is the hardest substance known. 
 
 The richest diamond mines are in South Africa, Brazil, and India. Amsterdam 
 and Antwerp lead in the cutting of diamonds. New York ranks next. 
 
 287. The ruby (crystallized corundum) is a transparent stone of 
 a carmine red color. 
 
 Corundum is the hardest substance next to the diamond. 
 Burma, soutlieastern Asia, produces the finest rubies. 
 
 288. The sapphire (crystallized corundum) is a transparent, 
 usually blue stone. 
 
 The main sources of sapphire are Ceylon and southeastern Asia. 
 
 289. The emerald is a precious stone of a rich green color, which, 
 when flawless, ranks with the diamond. 
 
 The chief source of the emerald is Colombia, South America. 
 
 290. The opal is an opaque stone variable in color. 
 In ancient times it was supposed to have magical virtues. 
 
 Its principal sources are Hungary and Australia. 
 
 291. The amethyst is a violet or purple variety of crystallized 
 quartz. 
 
 It is widely distributed. The finest amethysts c ome from South America, Asia, 
 and the United States. 
 
 It was worn by the Greeks in the belief that it lessened the intoxicating effects 
 of alcoholic drinks. 
 
 292. The turquois (first brought from Turkey) is a stone having 
 a waxy luster. Its color varies from a dull green to a beautiful 
 pale blue. 
 
 The chief turquois mines are in Persia and America. 
 
 293 The garnet, when cut and polished, bears some resemblance 
 to the ruby in color, transparency, and luster. 
 
51 
 
 The most valued garnet is obtained from Ceylon, Bohemia, and Hungary. 
 
 294. The pearl, largely used as a gem, is a shelly concretion hav- 
 ing a brilliant luster with varying tints, found in the shells of 
 pearl-oysters and other moilusks. 
 
 The oldest fisheries are those of Ceylon. In America the most important fish- 
 ing ground is that in the Gulf of California. 
 
 295. Agates of rare beauty occur in central Asia, and in profu- 
 sion on the shores of Lake Superior. 
 
 296. Fine Carnelians come from Nova Scotia, Brazil, Uruguay, 
 Arabia, and India. 
 
 What are made of agate and carnelian? 
 Agates and carnelians are widely distributed. 
 
 Plants and Animals. 
 t 297. By flora we understand the vegetable growth of the earth. 
 t 298. By fauna we understand the animal life of the earth. 
 t 299. Plants and animals adapt themselves to various climes: 
 
 a. The palm trees of the tropics have long, bare elastic trunks 
 that bend unharmed before hurricanes which would tear up a 
 
 tough oak or pine of the temperate zone by its roots. 
 
 b. The wide-spreading tops of the palm trees would be crushed 
 and broken by the weight of the snow, if they grew in cold climates 
 while the snow falls off quickly from our cone-shaped spruce 
 trees with their drooping branches and needle-like leaves, or from 
 our leailess deciduous trees;such as the oak, poplar, etc. 
 
 c. The polar bear with its warm coat of fur and the eider duck 
 in its downy wrap would fare sadly in a tropical climate, while 
 the monkey would forget its pranks and the mocking-bird its song, 
 were they to be transferred to the rigid climate of the frigid zones. 
 t 300. Barriers to the distribution of plant and animal life are the 
 sea, mountains, a.nd deserts. 
 
 t 301. a. The plant and animal life of Australia is unlike that of 
 any other part of the world, which is due to the fact that Austra- 
 lia has been very long separated from Eurasia by the sea. 
 
 b. The mountains of Asia separate the life forms of northern and 
 southern Asia, so that they are quite unlike each other. 
 
 For the distribution of plant and animal life see pp. g — lo Nos. 41-43. 
 
52 
 
 POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 See ' ' General Definitions." 
 
 But noblest of the noble works that grace Creation's plan, 
 Sublimest of thy works sublime, thy masterpiece is Man. 
 
 Ode to Ckbation's God. 
 
 Man. 
 t 1. Man originally lived in Paradise, which is supposed to have 
 been located in western Asia. 
 
 t 2, The population of the globe comprises about i,6oo million of 
 people. 
 
 Races of Mankind. 
 t 3. Mankind is divided according to form, feature, and color, into 
 five great races: the Caucasian, the Mongolian, the Malay, the 
 American Indian, and the Ethiopian. 
 
 t 4. a. The Caucasian, or white race is of a fair complexion, with 
 wavy hair and regular features. 
 
 b. All the nations of Europe except the Turks, Lapps, and 
 Finns, belong to this race; also most of the people of North and 
 South America, and many of the people of Asia, Africa, Austra- 
 lia, and some of the islands. 
 
 t 5. a. The Mongolian, or yellow race, is of an olive-yellow color, 
 with coarse hair, irregular features, and black obliquely-set eyes. 
 
 b. This race occupies a large part of Asia and includes the 
 Esquimos of America, and the Turks, Finns, and Lapps of 
 Europe. The Japanese and Chinese are the leading nations be- 
 longing to this race. 
 
 t 6. a. The Malay, or brown race, is of a complexion varying in col- 
 or from olive-yellow to black, with curly hair, and irregular 
 features. 
 
 b. This race occupies the Malay peninsula and most of the is- 
 lands of the Pacific, but is decreasing before the advance of 
 European colonization. 
 
 t 7. a. The Indian, or red race, has a copper-colored or dark com- 
 plexion, coarse hair, and irregular features with small, intensely 
 black eyes. 
 
53 
 
 f b. This race is found in many parts of the New World, partic- 
 ularly in Mexico and in Peru. 
 
 The American Indian and the Malays are now supposed to be remote branch- 
 es of the Mongolian race, and the Esquimos, a branch of the Red race. 
 
 t 8. a. The Ethiopian, or black race, has a black or dark skin, friz- 
 zly hair, and irregular features. 
 
 b. This race is found chiefly in Africa. Its descendants in North 
 and South America are quite numerous. 
 
 Conditions of Society. 
 t 9. According to the diflFerent social conditions, mankind may be 
 divided into four classes: savage, barbarous, half-civilized, and 
 eivilized. 
 
 t 10. a. Savages live by hunting and fishing, wear the rudest kind 
 of clothing and live in the rudest kind of dwellings. 
 
 b. The natives of Africa, of the islands of the Pacific, some of the 
 American Indians, and the Eskimos are still in a savage state. 
 
 t 11. a. Barbarous people live chiefly on the products of their herds 
 and flocks. They join in tribes under a ruling chief, and have no 
 permanent homes, but wander from place to place to find pastur- 
 age for their cattle, sheep, and goats. 
 
 b. The Arabs of Asia and Africa belong to this class. 
 
 t 12- a. Half-civilized people have towns and cities, understand 
 many arts, have a written language, and have made considerable 
 advancement in intelligence and morality, but their civilization 
 has b<^come stationary. 
 
 b. The Chinese and Turks are examples of half-civilized people. 
 
 t 13. a. Civilized, or enlightened nations, are characterized by their 
 knowledge of the arts and sciences, their education, literature, 
 capability of self-government, and general progressiveness. 
 b. Most of the white people have reached this stage of culture. 
 
 Few progressive nations are found in the torrid zone where food and clothing 
 are obtained with but little exertion, 
 
 The most perfect types of man and all the great nations of the earth are found 
 in the north temperate zone, where extremes of climate demand the greatest skill 
 and energy. 
 
 What would you say of the people of the frigid zones? 
 
54 
 
 Religions. 
 
 * 14. It is natural for man to believe in a higher Being, and all na- 
 tions have some form of religious worship. 
 
 t 15. The principal forms of religion are Christianity, Judaism, Mo- 
 hammedanism, Buddhism, and Brahmanism. 
 
 * 16. a. Christianity teaches the belief in one God and in Christ as 
 the Son of God and Savior of the world. It accepts the Old and 
 the New Testament as the word of God. 
 
 It is the prevailing religion of the leading nations of the world, 
 and is professed by about one-third of the inhabitants of the globe. 
 
 b. Among the believers in Christianity, are the Roman Catholics, 
 the Protestants, and the members of the Greek Orthodox church. 
 
 c. The Roman Catholic, the only tru« religion, prevails in the 
 Latin countries and Austria of Europe, and in South America and 
 Mexico. It has by far more adherents than any other form of re- 
 ligion; (about 264 million in igoo). In the United States the 
 Roman Catholics number about 14 million. (1909.) 
 
 t 17. a. Judaism is the ancient religion of the Jews, or Hebrews, who 
 believe in one God and accept the Old Testament, but maintain 
 that the Savior is yet to come. 
 
 b. The Jews are found everywhere in the civilized world, but no- 
 where in great numbers or as a nation. 
 
 t 18. a. Mohammedanism teaches the belief in one God and Moham- 
 med as God's greatest prophet. The Koran, written about six 
 hundred years after Christ, is the Bible of its followers. 
 
 b. Mohammedanism prevails among the half-civilized nations of 
 Africa and southern Asia. (The Turks, Arabs, Persians, etc.) 
 t 19. a. Buddhism, founded by Buddha, counts as its followers 
 one-third of the human family. They do not believe in any God, 
 but insist on the practice of charity. 
 
 b. Most of the people of eastern and southern Asia are Buddhists. 
 t 20. a. Brahmanism is a form of idolatry. It divides its people 
 into castes. The members of one caste cannot associate or inter- 
 marry with those of another caste. 
 
 b. Brahmanism is the religion of most of the inhabitants of In- 
 dia, from which they drove most of the Buddhists by persecu- 
 tion. 
 
55 
 
 Governments. 
 t 21. Government is the organized power by which a state or na- 
 tion manages its affairs. 
 
 t 22. The principal forms of government are the republican and the 
 monarchial. 
 
 t 23. A monarchial form of government is one in which the authority 
 to govern is vested in one person called emperor, king, queen, etc. 
 t 24. Monarchies are either absolute or limited: 
 
 a. An absolute monarchy is a government in which the ruler 
 makes and enforces the laws at his pleasure. — Russia, Turkey. 
 
 b. A limited monarchy is a government in which the laws are made 
 by representatives of the people and enforced by the ruler.— Ger- 
 many, Great Britain, Japan, etc. 
 
 All important monarchies of the present day are limited. Why? 
 t 25. A republic is a government in which the people are governed 
 by representatives chosen by themselves. — United States, 
 France, Mexico, etc. 
 
 Our government is called a Federal Republic, because it is a republic arising 
 from the federation, or union, of many smaller republics, called states. 
 
 t 26. An empire is a monarchy which usually comprises several 
 
 nations. 
 
 t 27. A kingdom is a monarchy ruled by a king or a queen. 
 
 The ruler of Russia is called a czar. 
 
 The ruler of Turkey is called a sultan. 
 
 The ruler of Persia is called a shah. 
 
 The ruler of Egypt is called a khedive. 
 
 The ruler of Japan is called a mikado. 
 
 The ruler of a principality is called a prince. 
 
 A principality is the territory of a reigning prince, or the one that gives to a 
 prince a title of courtesy; as, the principality of Wales. 
 
 t 28. The capital of a country or state is a city where the laws are 
 made. 
 
 t 29. A county is a subdivis-ion of a state. 
 
 t 30. A city is a collective body of inhabitants, incorporated and 
 usually governed by a mayor, aldermen, and a common council. 
 The requisite number of inhabitants in the United States varies 
 from 3,000 upwards. 
 t 31. The metropolis of a country or state is its largest city. 
 
56 
 
 t 32. A seaport is a place on or near the sea, having a harbor that 
 
 can accomodate vessels. 
 
 t 33. A town in general means any collection of dwelling houses 
 
 larger than a village and not incorporated as a city. 
 
 t 34. A town, or township, (United States) is a subdivision of a 
 
 county, usually six miles square. The inhabitants of a township 
 
 are invested with certain powers for regulating their own affairs; 
 
 such as, repairing roads, providing for the poor, etc. 
 
 Industries. 
 
 * 35. The production of raw material for food, clothing, and shel- 
 ter gives rise to nine great industries. 
 
 * 36. Agriculture is the cultivation of the soil for the production 
 of food. 
 
 * 37. Herding is the raising and breeding of animals for their 
 flesh, wool, hair, or other products. 
 
 * 38. Fishing is the procuring of water products; such as, fish, oy- 
 sters, clams, lobsters, pearls, and sponges. 
 
 The object of hunting and trapping is the capture of wild animals for the sake 
 of meat or fur. 
 
 * 39. Mining is the procuring of minerals from the earth. 
 
 * 40. Lumbering is the securing of logs from the forests, and the 
 preparation of them for the market. 
 
 * 41. Manufacturing is the making of useful articles from raw ma- 
 terials. 
 
 * 42. Transportation is the carrying of persons and products from 
 one place to another. 
 
 * 43. Commerce is the exchange, or purchase and sale, of com- 
 modities. 
 
 Domestic commerce is carried on between parts of the same country. 
 Foreign commerce is carried on between different countries. 
 
 * 44. A professional industry is any occupation which serves the 
 needs of society and which requires special mental training and 
 skill. 
 
 Clergymen, teachers, lawyers, physicians, scientists, architects, artists, authors, 
 etc., are professional workers. 
 
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 See ^^ General Definitions". 
 
 For Commerce trafiScs with the world at large; 
 O'er lakes and seas her gallant ships do glide. 
 
 She rules supreme o'er harbors and o'er marts, 
 And sends her sea-borne riches far and wide. 
 
 t 1. What is commerce? 
 T 2. What is transportation? 
 
 What necessitates transportation? What is a port or seaport? A harbor? P. 32, 
 No. 132. A wharf? P. 32, No. 133. 
 
 t 3. Imports are the goods brought into a country. 
 
 What imported articles might be found on your dinner table ? 
 
 t 4. Exports are the goods sent out of a country. 
 
 t 5. The land routes of transportation are trails, roads, and steam 
 
 and electric railways. 
 
 t 6. A trail is a mere footpath, used only by man and by the more 
 
 surefooted among the beasts of burden, 
 
 7. Farm roads, or public highways, are the trade routes between 
 the country and city. On these roads horses serve for transport. 
 
 Our country has about 3,000,000 miles of wagon roads. 
 
 8. Railronds are rapidly diminishing the inland water trade be- 
 cause they save time and carry freight at cheaper rates than in 
 
 former years. 
 
 Most of the railroads in the world are in the United States and Europe. The Unit- 
 ed States has about 200,000 miles of railroad. The total railroad mileage of the 
 globe is nearly 500,000 miles. 
 
 t 9. Electric street cars convey passengers to their destination. 
 
 10. The government usually owns the railroads in (jermany and 
 some other European countries. 
 
 11. Private corporations own the railroads in the United States. 
 These corporations obtain charters for operating their railroads 
 from the states through which they pass. 
 
 t 12. The camel, justly called the*'ship of the desert", is employed 
 in desert regions, both on account of the heavy load it can 
 carry (500 to 1000 pounds), and because it is able to go for along 
 time with little food and water. 
 
 t 13. A caravan is a company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants, 
 travelling together through deserts, etc., as in Asia, Africa, and 
 Australia. Also a camel train in the desert. 
 I" 14. Dogs and reindeer are used as means of transportation in the 
 
58 
 
 arctic regions. 
 
 t 15. Pack-mules and lianas are employed in mountain regions. 
 
 16. The yak carries all goods in Tibet. 
 
 On the plains of India the ox is used to draw wheeled conveyances. The ele- 
 phant is also employed as beast of burden in some regions. Why is the elephant 
 not a profitable beast of burden. 
 
 17. Theearliest method of transportation was by human beings. 
 Where it is difficult to build or keep up roads, or where human 
 labor is abundant and cheap, men still are the burden carriers. 
 
 In tropical Africa the negroes carry the ivory and other jungle products, and 
 in tropical South America the Indians carry the rubber. In China and Japan men 
 carry passengers and freight, 
 t 18. Transportation by water is both oceanic and inland, and is 
 carried on by means of steamships, sailing vessels, and canal 
 boats. 
 
 t 19. The oceans form the main highways of foreign commerce be- 
 tween countries far distant from one another. 
 
 t 20. Numerous steamship lines cross the Atlantic in regular routes 
 between all the more important ports. The lines crossing the 
 Pacific are not so numerous as those crossing the Atlantic. Why? 
 Where would a vessel, bound from North America to Asia or Australia, likely 
 stop? 
 
 Why has the Mediterranean, from an early date, had a great traffic? 
 
 t 21. Rivers are natural highways and, if deep and slow, are very 
 useful routes of trade, especially if they flow through densely 
 peopled and productive regions. 
 
 The Mississippi, with its great branches, penetrates far into the interior of the 
 United States, and is used as the natural channel by which a large portion of the 
 products of the vast western prairies are sent to other parts of the world. Name 
 products of the western prairies. 
 
 t 22. Large lakes and inland seas, if favorably located, are important 
 trade routes. 
 
 Why are the Great Lakes of our country of more value to trade than any other 
 lake or river route in the world? 
 
 Transportation by water is cheaper than transportation by rail. 
 
 t 23. What is a canal? Pp. 31, 32, Nos. 129, 130. 
 
 Canal boats are moved by horses and mules and sometimes by steam. 
 
 24. Important canals: 
 
 a. Suez Canal, connects Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea with 
 
59 
 
 Suez on the Red Sea. 31 feet deep, 420 feet wide, and 90 miles 
 long. 
 
 b. The Manchester Canal connects Manchester with Liverpool 
 and the Atlantic ocean. 35-^ miles long. 
 
 c. The Kaiser Wilhelm Canal connects the Baltic and North seas 
 through Germany. 61 miles long. 
 
 What is the object of this canal? 
 
 d. The Welland Canal connects Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. 27 
 miles long. 
 
 On what side is this canal? What is its purpose? 
 
 e. The Sauk Ste. Marie Canals are adjacent to the falls of 
 the Saint Marys river, which connects Lake Superior and Lake 
 Huron. The canal belonging to the United States is about a 
 mile long and the one belonging to Canada is a little longer. 
 
 f. The Panama Canal will connect the waters of the Pacific with 
 the Atlantic. When completed it will be 49 miles long, over 200 
 feet wide, and about 45 feet deep. 
 
 This canal will work great changes in the commerce of the world. It will enable 
 our eastern ports to compete on even terms with the great ports of Europe in the 
 commercial operations with China and Japan. 
 
 t 25. Aids to commerce are mail facilities, wire and wireless telegra- 
 phy, telephone, submarine cables, typewriter, etc. 
 
 Tell how each is helpful in commercial transaction. 
 
 There is hardly any part of the civilized world that cannot be reached by wire. 
 
 t 26. Custom houses are buildings along the coast, where vessels 
 must first land. Here the cargo is examined, and the duties cal- 
 culated and paid. 
 
 27. A duty, or tarriflF, is tax upon imported goods, 
 
 28. A tariff for protection has an eye to two things: revenue and 
 protection to our own industries, and is so levied as to admit free 
 the products we cannot produce and tax those products of other 
 nations that we can produce. 
 
 t 29. A consul is an officer appointed to reside in a foreign port, 
 chiefly as the representative of his country's commercial interests. 
 It is his duty to look after our interests, to protect our rights, and 
 from time to time to furnish valuable information. 
 
 The United States has a consul in each important city of the leading countries. 
 
 In the capital or leading trade center of large countries this officer is called 
 consul general; in other cities consul. 
 
6o 
 
 t 30. The governments regulate commerce. They promote the 
 building of good roads; they build lighthouses at dangerous points 
 and at harbor entrances; they deepen harbors and rivers; they 
 build and maintain navies to protect their shipping and commerce. 
 
 Which is the cheaper inland transportation, by water or by land? 
 
 Why are railroads fast taking the trade away from rivers and canals? 
 
 The distribution and transportation of the various commercial productions can 
 be studied under the different countries. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 
 
 General Definitions. 
 
 * Recite lines. 
 
 * I. Define Geography. 
 
 2. On what does each, mathematical, physical, political, and commercial 
 geography treat? 
 
 6. What is the solar system? * A planet? 
 
 Mathematical Geography. 
 
 * I. What is the earth? Its shape? 
 
 f 3. Give five proofs that the earth is round. 
 
 4. Define * horizon, f zenith, f nadir, 
 f 7. What is the circumference of the earth? The diameter? The surface area? 
 t 8. Name and define the two movements of the earth, 
 f 9. What is the chief effect of rotation? 
 
 Explain how rotation is a means of measuring time and * determining the car- 
 dinal points. 
 
 * ID. In what three ways may direction be told? What is the compass? 
 II. What is the circle of illumination? 
 
 * 12. Define axis, poles. Recite stanza, 
 f 14. What does revolution effect? 
 
 Natural, Astronomical, and Artificial Facts. 
 
 f 15. What are the means for describing the location of places on the earth's 
 surface? •* What is a map? 
 
 16. Define * globe, f great circle, * hemispheres. 
 
 * 18. What land masses does the Western Hemisphere contain? The Eastern? 
 In what other manner may the earth be divided into hemispheres? 
 
 t 19. Define small circle, parallels, tropic of cancer, tropic of Capricorn, arc- 
 tic circle, antarctic circle, " equator, meridian circles, meridians, prime merid- 
 ian, latitude. 
 
 t 30. What is the latitude of the equator? The tropic of cancer? The arctic 
 circle? The north pole? The tropic of Capricorn? The antarctic circle? The 
 south pole? 
 
6i 
 
 31. f What is the greatest latitude a place can have? The distance in miles 
 from the equator to either pole? 
 f 33. Define longitude . 
 
 34. What is the length of a degree of longitude at the equator? At the poles? 
 Explain. 
 
 35. What is the greatest longitude a place can have? 
 
 36. What is the international dateline? 
 
 37. What point has no latitude or longitude? 
 
 38. What is the longitude of the prime meridian? 
 
 * 39- What are zones? Name the zones in order from north to south. 
 
 * 41. Discuss the sesisons. Plants and animals of the frigid zone. Of the tem- 
 perate zones. Of the torrid zone. 
 
 The Seasons. Page 11. 
 
 * 43. What can be said of the inclination of the earth's axis? Of the plane of its 
 orbit? Of its orbit? Of the causes of the seasons? 
 
 * 47. Discuss the change of seasons. 
 
 48. * Define equinoxes. Solstice. Antipodes, 
 t 51. How does the direction of sunset vary during the different seasons? 
 § 52. Describe the midnight sun. The Aurora Borealis. 
 
 United States Land Survey. Page 14. 
 
 55, By whom devised? 
 
 56. Define town or township. Range. Principal meridian. Base line. Section. 
 Correction lines. Sketch and analyze diagrams to illustrate how townships and 
 ranges are designated. How correction lines are drawn. How townships and sections 
 are divided and described. 
 
 Give the answers to the search questions on page 16. 
 
 Physical Geography. Page 17. 
 
 Recite stanza. 
 
 * I. Of what is the surface of the earth composed? What part land? Water? 
 
 * 2. How is the land subdivided? 
 
 * 4. How are the bedies of water classified? 
 
 The Land. Page 17. 
 
 * 5. Define continent. Name the continents in order of size. 
 7. * What is an island? f Locate the three largest. 
 
 f 9. What are continental islands? Name and locate such. 
 t II. What are oceanic islands? Illustrate, 
 t 13. What are coral islands? Illustrate. 
 
 15. What are volcanic islands? Name and locate some. 
 
62 
 
 t 17. What are reefs? Illustrate, 
 t 19. What are keys? Illustrate. 
 21. Define atoll, lagoon. Illustrate. 
 
 * 24. What is an archipelago? Name and locate some. 
 
 * 26. What is a peninsula? Name and locate peninsulas of f North America, 
 t Of Europe, f Of Asia. 
 
 30. Define * cape, f spits, f hooks or bills, 
 f 34. Name and locate extremity capes of North America. Of South America. Of 
 Africa. Of Europe. Of Asia. Of Australia. 
 
 * 40. What is an isthmus? Name and locate three, f How are isthmuses often 
 made useful to commerce? 
 
 * 43. Define coast, shore, bank, f coastline, 
 t 45. Discuss regular and irregular coastline. 
 
 Divisions of Land According to Elevation. Page 22. 
 
 * 46. Define hill, mountain, mountain peak, f Name and locate the highest peak 
 of each continent. 
 
 * 50. What is a mountain range? A mountain system? f Illustrate each. 
 f Name and locate the loftiest mountains in the world. 
 
 ■"■ 53. What is a plain? Illustrate. 
 
 * 54. What is a plateau? Illustrations. 
 
 * 56. What is a water-shed? f Illustrate. 
 
 f 58. What is meant by the relief of a country? 
 
 t 59. Toward what ocean is the highland side of each continent? The long, gentle 
 slopes? 
 
 61. * What is a volcano? What is the cause of volcanic eruptions? 
 
 63. * Discuss the two great series of volcanoes. 
 
 64. t Name and locate noted volcanoes. Name volcanic eruptions of historic im- 
 portance . 
 
 66. * What is an earthquake? Cause? Where common, etc.? 
 69. Tell of destructive earthquakes. 
 
 * 70. Discuss prairies, f Great Plains, f Llanos, f Pampas, f Silvas. 
 t Steppes, f Tundras. * Swamps, f Name and locate some swamps. 
 
 79. * What is a valley or basin? Give and locate examples of the world's large 
 valleys. 
 
 * 81, What is a canon? f Illustrate. 
 
 t 83. What is a pass or gap? * A desert? \ Illustrate each. * What is an oasis? 
 
 Subdivisions of Water. 
 
 Oceanic Waters. Page 26. 
 
 87. * What is the sea or ocean? f Its depth? f Describe its bottom, f How divid- 
 ed? 
 
63 
 
 gi. Describe briefly each of the five oceans, touching on size and boundaries, 
 t 96. What are the three movements of the sea? 
 97. * What are waves? f Breakers? f Beach? f Shoals? f Tides? f What is 
 high or flood tide? f Low or ebb tide? What are spring tides? Neap tides? 
 
 106. What can be said of the height of a great tidal-wave? 
 
 107. What are ocean currents? Warm currents? Cold currents? Discuss the 
 Gulf Stream. The Japan Current. The Labrador Current. The Peru Current. 
 
 no. Discuss the influence of ocean currents on climate, navigation, distribu- 
 tion of life forms, and health. 
 
 III. * What is a sea? f Locate a sea of the Western Hemisphere, f Seas in 
 or bordering Europe, f In or bordering Asia. Seas partly enclosed by the East 
 Indies. 
 
 * 116. What is a gulf or bay? 
 
 t 117. Locate gulfs and bays indenting North America. Europe. Asia. Africa. 
 
 t 121. Define bight. Illustrate. 
 
 123 * What is a strait? f Locate six important straits, f Trace a water route 
 from North Cape to the Sea of Azof. 
 
 126. * What is a channel? f Locate two. 
 
 127. * What is a sound? f Locate three. 
 120. * What is a canal? f Locate two. 
 
 131. t Define firth, frith, fiord, or inlet. * Harboror haven. * Dock or wharf. 
 
 Continental Waters. Page 32. 
 
 * 134. Define river, creeks, brooks, rills. How may a river be formed? 
 
 * 137. Define source, tributary, right bank, left bank, mouth, bed, confluence 
 or junction. 
 
 f Locate Pittsburg, Buffalo. 
 
 145. * Define delta, f Name and locate noted deltas. . 
 
 147. Define bayou, oxbow loop, oxbow lake. 
 
 150. * What are levees or dikes? Illustrate, 
 f 152. Define dalles or gorges. Alluvial land. '"' River system. * River basin. 
 f Locate some of the largest rivers of each continent. 
 
 157. f What are rapids or cascades? * What is a cataract or waterfall? 
 f 159. Locate three famous cataracts. 
 
 160. t What is a glacier? Discuss the glacial period, 
 
 163, * What is an iceberg? f An avalanche? *A pond? * A lake? f How are 
 lakes classified? f What is a salt lake? f A fresh-water lake? 
 
 170, Locate the largest fresh-water lake of each continent. 
 
 171, * What is a spring? f How formed? f What are mineral springs? How 
 do mineral springs determine the location of cities? Locate some mineral springs. 
 
 175. What are hot springs? Locate some. 
 ^ 177. t What is a geyser? Locate noted geysers. 
 
64 
 
 The Atmosphere. Page 37. 
 
 179. f Define atmosphere. * Air. 
 f 181. What is the weight of air pressure? f How is air pressure measured?, 
 t 183. What is a barometer and how used? 
 
 t 185. How is the temperature of the atmosphere measured? How is the ther- 
 mometer used? Describe it. 
 § 187. Discuss the different kinds of thermometers. 
 
 Waters of the Atmosphere. Page 38. 
 
 * 188. What causes water to take the form of vapor? What is vapor? Which 
 holds more water, warm or cold air? 
 
 t 191. Explain what is meant by dew-point. What are formed when the air 
 becomes cooled below the dew-point? 
 
 * 193. Define dew. Fogs and mists. Clouds, f How are clouds classified? 
 
 197. * What is rain? * Snow? * Frost? * Hail? What does rainfall include? 
 
 Distribution of Rainfall. Page 38. 
 
 202. Account: a. For the rains likely to occur in the equatorial calm belt, 
 b. For the abundant rains on the windward slopes of the mountains of the torrid 
 zone. c. For the little or no rain in the tropical calm belts, d. For the ample 
 rainfall on parts of the western coasts of the continents, e. For the rainy 
 seasons caused by the monsoons, f. For the cloudy, rainy, or snowy weather 
 caused by cyclones, g. For the little or no rain in the polar regions. 
 
 t 203. What amount of rainfall is necessary for the growth of crops? What is ir- 
 rigation? Answer questions following this number, pages 39, 40. 
 
 t 205. Define lightning, thunder, rainbow. 
 
 t 208. How may the colors of the spectrum be produced? What are the colors of 
 the spectrum or the rainbow? 
 
 Winds. Page 40. 
 
 209. * What is wind? f How does heat make the air light, and cold make it 
 heavy? What are calm belts? Discuss the three calm belts. 
 
 213. Discuss fully, the trade winds, the prevailing westerly winds, the cold po- 
 lar winds, monsoons. 
 
 219. How do the wind belts shift? 
 
 220. What are cyclones? How do highlands and cyclones influence rainfall? 
 222. Define and locate: hurricanes, tornadoes. How are storms caused? 
 225. Define simoon. Blizzard. 
 
 Climate. Page 42. 
 
 * 227. What is climate? f Mention six conditions that modify climate and tell 
 how each affects it. 
 
65 
 
 Soil. Page 43. 
 
 230. What is * soil? f Subsoil? What agents form soil? Explain. 
 t 236. What are the three kinds of soil? Distinguish between fertile soil and 
 barren soil. 
 
 Mineral Productions. Page 44. 
 
 239. How may mineral productions be arranged? 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 240. f What is coal? f Its origin? What are the three kinds of coal? f What 
 country leads in the production of coal? 
 
 243. What is peat? Coke? Charcoal? 
 
 246. t What is the origin of petroleum and natural gas? How obtained? What 
 is made from petroleum? Where are the two chief petroleum regions in the world? 
 For what purposes is natural gas used? 
 
 250. What is salt? Sulphur? Graphite? 
 
 Metals. Page 45. 
 
 254. What is ore? Smelting? f What can you say of iron? f What countries 
 rank foremost in its production? 
 
 t 256. What is steel? Copper? What country surpasses all others in the pro- 
 duction of copper? 
 
 261. What can be said of the usefulness of gold and silver? Describe each. For 
 what purposes is each used? Where is gold found? 
 
 263. What is platinum? From where obtained? 
 
 264, Whatis aluminum? Zinc? Brass? Bronze? Pewter and solder? How is sol- 
 der used? 
 
 269. What is lead? Nickel? Tin? Mercury, or quick-silver? Arsenic? 
 
 Building Material. Page 49. 
 
 t 272. What are the principal kinds of of stone used as building material? What 
 is a quarry? 
 
 t 274, Whatis limestone? Granite and marble? From where is fine statuary mar- 
 ble obtained? Ornamental marble? Locate valuable granite quarries. 
 
 f 277. What is sand? Sandstone? For what is sandstone useful? 
 
 t 280. What is glass? How is slate formed? For what purposes is it used? Lo- 
 cate fine slate quarries. 
 
 I 283. How are stones for building purposes distributed? 
 
 Precious Stones. Page 50. 
 
 284. What is a gem? 
 
 285. Name some precious stones. Describe the diamond. Locate rich diamond 
 mines. What cities lead in the cutting of diamonds? What is the ruby? What 
 country produces the finest rubies? What is the sapphire? Where are its main 
 
66 
 
 sources? Defiae and locate the principal sources of the emerald. The opal . The 
 amethyst. The turquoise. The pearl. Agates. Carnelians. 
 
 Plants and Animals. Page 51. 
 
 f 297 . What do we understand by flora? By fauna? 
 
 f 299. lU^istrate how plants and animals adapt themselves to various climes. 
 
 f 300. What are barriers to the distribution of plant and animal life? Illustrate. 
 * Name the principal plants and animals of the frigid zone. The torrid zone. The 
 temperate zones. Pp. 9 — 11, nos. 41--43. 
 
 Political Geography. 
 
 Man. Page 52. 
 
 Recite rhyme, 
 t I. Where was the original home of man? 
 f 2. What is the population of the globe? 
 
 Races of Mankind. 
 
 t 3. How is mankind divided according to form, feature, and color? 
 t 4. Describe the five races of mankind. 
 
 Conditions of Society. Page 53. 
 
 f 9. How may mankind be divided according to social conditions? Define and il- 
 lustrate each of the four stages of culture. Why are few progressive nations found 
 in the torrid zone? In what zones are all the great nations of the earth found? 
 
 Religions. Page 54. 
 
 14 * What is natural for man? f What are the principal forms of religion? *Dis- 
 cusB Christianity, f Judaism, f Mohammadanism. f Buddhism, f Brahmanism. 
 
 Government. Page 55. 
 
 t 21. What is government? What are the principal forms of government? De- 
 scribe and illustrate each form. 
 
 f 26. What is an empire? A kingdom? What is the ruler of Russia called? Of 
 Turkey? Of Persia? Of Egypt? Of Japan? Of a principality? 
 
 t 28. What is the capital of a country? What is a county? A city? The metrop- 
 olis of a country? A seaport? A town? A township? 
 
 Industries. Page 56. 
 
 * 35> What gives rise to the nine great industries? What is agriculture? Herding? 
 Fishing? Mining? Lumbering? Manufacturing? Transportation? Commerce? A pro- 
 fessional industry? 
 
67 
 
 Commercial Geography. Page 57. 
 
 t What is commercial Geography? 
 
 f Recite verse. 
 
 t I. What is commerce? Transportation? A seaport? A harbor? A wharf? 
 
 t 3. What are imports? Exports? Land routes of transportation? What is a trail? 
 
 What are railroads doing? Which countries have the greatest extent of railroad? 
 
 What is the total railroad mileage of the globe? Of what use are electric street cars? 
 
 ID. Who owns the railroads in Germany and other European countries? In the 
 
 United States? 
 
 f 12, Where is the camel employed? 
 13. t What is a caravan? f Where are dogs and reindeer used as means of trans- 
 portation? t Pack-mules and llamas? The yak? The ox? The elephant? What was the 
 earliest method of transportation? Where is this method still used? 
 
 t 18. Of what two kinds is transportation by water? Discuss oceanic transporta- 
 tion. 
 
 t 21. What are the natural highways of inland transportation? Illustrate. 
 23. f What is a canal? Name and locate the important canals of the world. 
 
 t 25. Mention the aids to commerce, and state how each is helpful in commercial 
 transactions . 
 
 f 26. What are custom houses? 
 27. What is a duty or tarriff? A tarriff for protection? f A consul? 
 
 t 30. What interest do the governments take in commerce? Which is the cheaper 
 inland transportation, by water or by land? Why are railroads fast taking the trade 
 away from rivers and canals? 
 
68 
 
 }sf0rth ^mtxxm. 
 
 America of the northern Zone, proudly I call thee my native home! 
 All that is thine of Wisdom speaks — thy tow'ring hills, thy snow-capped peaks, 
 
 Thymines of wealth, thy mighty streams, thy forests, plains, and fields so 
 
 green, 
 Thy waterways thro' lakes so grand, thy rock-bound coast and ocean strand, 
 
 Bespeak the Providence divine that watches o'er this nerthern clime. 
 Cradled and rocked in oceans three. Nature bestowed all gifts on thee! 
 
 Before thee let the nations bow. Queen of the continents art thou! 
 
 What and Where? 
 Mathematical GeograpKy of North America, 
 
 All IV. Grade work excepting numbers marked with ||- 
 
 1. North America is the third in size of the continents, and has 
 more than twice the area of Europe. It is located in the northern 
 part of the Western Hemisphere; and extends from the Arctic 
 ocean almost to the equator, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
 ocean. 
 
 2. 5,000 miles is its approximate greatest length. 
 8. 3,000 miles is its approximate greatest width. 
 
 4. One-sixth. North America contains about one-sixth of the 
 land mass of the globe. (Over g, 000,000 sq. miles.) 
 
 5. 8° and 72°. North America lies between 8° and 72" north 
 latitude: hence it extends through (72° — 8°) 64° of latitude. 
 
 6. 55 "^ and 167°. North America lies between 55° and 167° west 
 longitude; hence it extends through (167^— 55°) 112° of longitude. 
 
 7> 40°. The parallel of 40° north crosses central North 
 America, southern Europe, and central Asia. 
 
 It is the latitude of Philadelphia, Penn. and of Pekin, China. 
 
 8. The Arctic Circle is one of the four important small circles. It 
 is 2^^° from the north pole, and 66^° north of the equator, and 
 crosses northern North America, Europe, and Asia. 
 
 9. The Tropic of Cancer is one of the four important small cir- 
 cles. It is 23^° north of the equator and crosses southern North 
 America, northern Africa, and southern Asia. 
 
69 
 
 tence.) 
 
 follows the 
 6. 
 
 ii 
 
 nclosed by 
 s separated 
 
 3C( its western 
 
 c ocean; it 
 
 'ille sound, 
 23] tic archipel- 
 
 go. 
 
 rates Green- 
 
 : ocean, and 
 trchipelago. 
 mtic ocean, 
 irchipelago. 
 )f the Arctic 
 
 ce and the 
 

69 
 
 Physical Geography of North America. 
 Bounding Waters. Winds. 
 
 10. Arctic ocean, page 27. No. 95. 
 
 11. Atlantic ocean, p. 27, no. 92. 
 
 12. Pacific ocean, p. 26, no. 91. 
 
 13. Labrador Current, P- 28, no. 109 a. 
 
 14. Bering Strait Current, P- 29, no. no a. (Last sentence.) 
 
 15. Japan Current, p- 28, no. 108 c. 
 
 16. California Current, a branch of the Japan Current, follows the 
 southwestern coast of North America. See chart p. 46. 
 
 17. Gulf Stream, P- 28, no. 108 b. 
 
 18. Trade winds, P- 4i» no. 214. 
 
 19. Calms of Cancer, p- 40. ^o- 212. (Last sentence. ) 
 
 20. Prevailing Westerly winds, p. 41, no. 216. 
 
 From Bering Sea to Bering Sea. 
 
 Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Sounds, and Straits. 
 (Define each.) 
 
 21. Bering sea, northwest of North America, is enclosed by 
 North America, the Aleutian Islands and Asia, and is separated 
 from the Arctic ocean by Bering Strait. 
 
 22. Norton sound is an arm of Bering sea; it indents western 
 Alaska. 
 
 23. Bering strait connects Bering sea and the Arctic ocean; it 
 separates North America from Asia. 
 
 24. Banks strait connects the Arctic ocean with Melville sound, 
 and separates some of the western islands of the Arctic archipel- 
 ago. 
 
 25. Melville sound is located in the Arctic archipelago. 
 
 26. Baffin bay is an arm of the Arctic ocean,and separates Green- 
 land from the Arctic archipelago. 
 
 27. Davis strait connects Baffin bay and the Atlantic ocean, and 
 separates Greenland from the islands of the Arctic archipelago. 
 
 28. Hudson strait connects Hudson bay and the Atlantic ocean, 
 and separates Labrador from the islands of the Arctic archipelago. 
 
 29. Hudson bay, with its arm, James bay, is an arm of the Arctic 
 ocean and indents northeastern Canada. 
 
 30. Belle Isle strait connects the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the 
 

 -5 
 rD 
 
 OS 
 
 rt 
 
72 
 
 Atlantic ocean, and separates Newfoundland from Labrador. 
 
 81. St. Lawrence is a gulf; it is an arm of the Atlantic, and in- 
 dents the southeastern Canadian coast; it is located at the 
 
 mouth of the estuary of the St. Lawrence river. 
 Define estuary. P. 33, no. 147. 
 
 32. Fundy bay is an arm of the Atlantic, and indents southeastern 
 Canada. 
 
 38. Chesapeake bay is an arm of the Atlantic and indents east-cen- 
 tral United States. 
 
 84. Florida strait connects the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic 
 ocean, and separates the West India islands from Florida. 
 
 35. Mexico, with its bay ofCampeche, is a gulf; it is an arm of 
 the Atlantic, and indents the United States and Mexico. 
 
 36. Yucatan channel connects the Gulf of Mexico and the Car- 
 ibbean sea, and separates Cuba from Yucatan peninsula. 
 
 37. Caribbean sea, P*29, no. 112. 
 
 38. Honduras is a gulf; it is an arm of the Caribbean sea, and in- 
 dents Mexico and Central America. 
 
 39. Mosquito bay is an arm of the Caribbean sea and indents 
 Central America. 
 
 40- Panama is a gulf; it is an arm of the Pacific, and indents 
 southern Central America. 
 
 4L Tebuantepec is a gulf; it is an arm of the Pacific, and indents 
 southern Mexico. 
 
 42. California is a gulf; it is an arm of the Pacific, and separates 
 Mexico from its Californian peninsula. 
 
 43. San Francisco bay is an arm of the Pacific, and indents west 
 central United States. 
 
 44. Juan de Fuca strait connects Puget sound and the Pacific 
 ocean, and separates Vancouver island from the United States. 
 
 45. Puget sound is an arm of the Pacific, and indents north-west- 
 ern United States. 
 
 46. Bristol bay is an arm of the Caribbean sea; it indents south- 
 western Alaska. 
 
 From Alaskan Peninsula to Alaskan Peninsula. 
 
 Peninsulas, Capes, and Islands. 
 (Define each.) 
 
 47. Alaska is a northwestern peninsula projecting westward into 
 
73 
 
 the Pacific ocean. 
 
 48. St Lawrence is an island, west of Alaska, in the Bering sea. 
 
 49. Prince of Wales is a cape of northwestern Alaska, on Bering 
 strait. 
 
 50' Lisburne is a cape of northwestern Alaska, on Bering 
 strait. 
 
 51. Barrow is the most northern point of continental North 
 America, Northern Alaska, on the Arctic ocean. 
 
 52. Arctic archipelago is a group of islands north of North Amer- 
 ica in the Arctic ocean. 
 
 53. Greenland, P- i8, no. 8 a. 
 
 54. Farewell is an extremity cape, southern Greenland, on the 
 Atlantic ocean. 
 
 55. Iceland is an island of Danish America, east of southern 
 Greenland, in the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 56. Labrador is a peninsula of eastern Canada, washed by the 
 waters of Hudson bay, Hudson strait, Atlantic ocean, and the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 57. Chidley is a cape, northern Labrador, on the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 58. Newfoundland is an island east of Labrador, in the Pacific 
 ocean, belonging to Great Britain. 
 
 What can be said of the climate? P. 28, no. 109. 
 
 59. Race is a cape, eastern Newfoundland, on the Atlantic. 
 
 60. Newfoundland Banks are elevated plateaus from 100 to 600 
 feet below water and rising from the bottom of the ocean. They 
 are the largest and most valuable fishing grounds in the world. 
 
 6L Cape Breton is an island northeast of Nova Scotia, and sep- 
 arated from it by the Gut of Canso. 
 
 62. Nova Scotia is a peninsula of southeastern Canada project- 
 ing into the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 63. Sable is a cape, southern Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic 
 ocean. 
 
 64. Cod is a cape, or hook, of Massachusetts, on the Atlantic. 
 
 65. Long Island is off the eastern United States coast, in the 
 Atlantic ocean. 
 
 66. Hatteras is a cape, North Carolina, on the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 67. The Bermudas are a group of two hundred islands, six hun- 
 dred miles east of South Carolina. They belong ot Great Britain. 
 
74 
 
 68. Florida is a southeastern peninsula of the United States 
 projecting southward into the waters of the Atlantic and the Gulf 
 of Mexico. 
 
 69. Sable is a southern cape of Florida peninsula, on the Atla?n- 
 tic. 
 
 70. Florida Keys are a chain of low coral islands at the extremity 
 of the peninsula of Florida. 
 
 7i. Yucatan is a peninsula of Mexico projecting northward into 
 the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean sea. 
 
 72. Catoche is a cape, Yucatan peninsula, on the Yucatan chan- 
 nel. 
 
 73. West Indies, are an archipelago, southeast of the United 
 States, censisting of three groups. 
 
 a. Bahama islands, form the northern group of the West Indies. 
 
 b. Greater Antilles, form the central group of the West Indies, in- 
 cluding the largest islands of the archipelago. 
 
 c. Lesser Antilles, form the southeastern group of the West 
 Indies, extending in a curve from the mouth of the Orinoco river 
 toPorto Rico. 
 
 74. Mariato is a cape, southern Panama, on the Pacific. 
 
 75. Corrientes is a cape, western Mexico, on the Pacific coast. 
 
 76. Lower California is a western peninsula of Mexico projecting 
 southward into the waters of the Pacific ocean and the Gulf of Cal- 
 ifornia. 
 
 77. San Lucas is a southern cape of the peninsula of Lower Cal- 
 ifornia, on the Pacific ocean. 
 
 78. Conception is a point, southwestern United States, on the 
 Pacific ocean. 
 
 79. Mendocino is a cape, west-central United States, on the Pa- 
 cific ocean. 
 
 8D. Blanco is a cape, west-central United States, on the Pacific. 
 8L Flattery is a cape, northwestern United States, on the Pa- 
 cific. 
 
 82. Vancouver is an island southwest of southern Canada, in the 
 Pacific ocean. 
 
 83. Queen Charlotte is an island west of central Canada. 
 
 84. Baranof is an island off the western coast of southern Alas- 
 ka. 
 
75 
 
 Sitka, the former capital of Alaska, is situated on this island. How does the 
 climate of Sitka differ from that of Cape Chidley? Reasons. 
 
 85. Aleutian is a line of volcanic islands extending southwest 
 from the Alaskan peninsula, in the Pacific. 
 
 86. Pribilof is a group of islands west of Alaska in Bering sea. 
 Here thousands of fur seals every summer establish rookeries and nurseries 
 
 for their young. Most of our seal skin garments are made from the skins of seals 
 killed on or near these islands. 
 
 Relief. 
 
 87. Atlantic Plain is the slope and tide water region between 
 the Atlantic ocean and the Atlantic highland. 
 
 88. Atlantic Highland is the great highland system which extends 
 from the northern coast of Labrador nearly to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 It consists of: 
 
 a. The Lawrentian Plateau in Labrador, is the oldest portion of 
 North America. Its surface is less than half a mile high, 
 
 b. The Appalachian System is an easterly mountain system, ex- 
 tending parallel to the Atlantic and bordering on the Atlantic 
 Plain, consisting of the Blue Ridge, the Allegheny, and Cumber- 
 land mountains. 
 
 89. The Great Central Lowland is the vast plain which lies between 
 the Atlantic and the Pacific Highland. It extends from the Gulf 
 of Mexico to the Arctic ocean, and is divided by the Height of 
 Land into the Arctic plain and the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 90. The Pacific Highland, or Rocky Mountain System, includes 
 almost all the western two-thirds of North America and is the 
 primary highland of the continent. It extends from the Arctic 
 ocean to the isthmus of Panama. Its general altitude is more than 
 a mile, but many of its ranges rise one or two miles higher. 
 
 It reaches its greatest height and width nearly opposite Cape Mendocino. 
 
 91. The Pacific Plain is the narrow plain and slope bordering on 
 the Pacific. 
 
 92. The Rocky Mountain System comprises: 
 
 a. The Rocky Mountain Plateau is the lofty table land traversed 
 by a number of nearly parallel mountain ranges, the most impor- 
 tant of which are: 
 
 b. The Rocky Mountains are the longest and highest range of the 
 Rocky Mountain System. 
 
76 
 
 c. The Sierra Madre (motlier range) Mountains are a range in the 
 southwest, forming with the Rocky Mountains the back-bone or 
 continental divide. 
 
 What is a. divide? Page 23, no. 56. 
 
 Sierra means 'saw.' How does it apply to the respective mountain ranges. 
 
 d. The Cascade Range (little water fall) is a western range, and to- 
 gether with 
 
 e. The Sierra Nevada (snowy range) located between the Rocky 
 Mountains and the Coast Range, forms an almost continuous 
 range of mountains between which Mt. Shasta forms the dividing 
 line. 
 
 f. The Coast Range is a range composed of many ranges facing 
 the Pacific in ati almost unbroken wall. 
 
 93. Mohave is a desert north of the northern Califoruian penin- 
 sula. Its origin is attributed to the influence of the tropical calms. 
 
 See Climate. No. 162. a. 
 
 94. Mt. McKinley, about $j4 miles high, in the northern Rocky 
 Mountains, Alaska, is the highest peak of the continent. 
 
 95. Mt. Logan, in the northern Rocky Mountains, Canada, is the 
 second highest peak. 
 
 96. Volcano Orizaba, in the Sierra Madre, Mexico, is the third 
 highest peak. 
 
 97. Mt. St. EUas, in the northern Rocky Mountains, Alaska, is 
 the fourth highest peak. 
 
 93. Volcano Popocatepetl, in the Sierra Madre, Mexico, is the 
 fifth highest peak. 
 
 99. Mt. Mitchell, about i}{ miles high, in the Appalachian Moun- 
 tains, North Caroline, is the highest peak of the eastern highlands. 
 
 Named after Elisha Mitchell who lost his life while trying to reach its sum- 
 mit . His remains repose on the top of the mountain, 
 
 100. Mt. Washington, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, 
 is the second highest peak of the eastern highlands. 
 
 A railroad carries visitors to a hotel on the top of the mouniains. Why? 
 101. Height of Land is a gradual rise of land which divides the 
 Great Central Lowland into the Arctic plain and the Mississippi 
 valley. Its average altitude is not more than half a mile above sea 
 level. 
 102. The Great Basin is a triangular plateau, higher than the rang- 
 
n 
 
 es of the Appalachian system, lying between the Wasatch and 
 Sierra Nevada mountains, and between the Snake and Colorado 
 river basins. It is a region of interior drainage. (Area 217,000 
 
 sq. miles.) 
 
 Death Valley, so called from the number of persons who have perished there 
 from thirst, is within the the Great Basin, also Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Drainage Areas. 
 
 103. The Drainage Areas of North America are the five great 
 slopes that cause its drainage to flow toward the ocean or its arms. 
 
 104. The Mackenzie is the chief river on the Arctic slope. It rises 
 in Great Slave Lake, and after a northwesterly course of about a 
 thousand miles, enters the Arctic ocean by numerous mouths at 
 
 the island-studded Mackenzie Bay. 
 
 One of these islands studding Mackenzie bay is Geography island. Map of N. A. 
 Its head streams rise, one in the Rocky Mountains and one in the Athabasca 
 river. It was explored by Alexander Mackenzie, 1789. 
 
 105. The Nelson-Saskatchewan is the principal river system of the 
 
 Hudson Bay slope. It is a deep, swift-flowing river which has its 
 
 source in the Rocky Mountains, Canada, and which flows in a 
 
 general eastern direction into Hudson Bay, 
 
 Since swift-flowing what would you expect to find along its course? What are 
 rapids and cascades? P. 34 no. 157. 
 
 108. The St. Lawrence River is the principal river of the Atlan- 
 tic slope. It is the only large river that does not rise in the West- 
 ern Highland. Although an outlet to the Great Lakes, its source 
 is the St. Louis River, Minnesota. It flows in a general northeast- 
 erly direction, and terminates in a large estuary opening into the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 It includes the Great Lakes and all the tributary rivers, and thus forms the 
 greatest water-highway in the world. Its total length from the source of the St. 
 Louis to Anticosti island in the Gulf of St. Lawrence is 2,200 miles. 
 
 What is an estuary? P. 33, no. 147. Give reasons for the estuary of this river; 
 mention ocean and lakes. 
 
 And the mighty Mississippi, 
 In his strong and powerful hands, 
 
 Down to meet the grand old ocean 
 In bold triumph bears the lands. 
 
 107. The Mississippi River, or the "Father of Waters", is the 
 principal system draining the Gulf slope, and is the main stem of 
 the greatest drainage system in the world. It rises in the basin 
 
78 
 
 draining into Lake Itaska in northern Minnesota, Its first course 
 is through swampy land, dotted with lakes; next it is bordered 
 by high bluffs. From the Missouri to the Gulf of Mexico, the riv- 
 er winds through bottom lands, forming oxbovv' loops, oxbow 
 islands and lagoons, and finally enters the Gulf through the del- , 
 ta by three great arms, or passes, and many bayous on which jet- 
 ties have been constructed. 
 
 What are oxbow loops? Oxbow lakes? Page 3^, no. 149. Lagoons? P. 19, no, 
 2S. Bayous? P. 33, no. 148. Jetties or levees? P. 33, nos. 150 andj:5i. 
 
 Give reasons for the existence of the delta or flood plain at the mouth of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 The Mississippi-Missouri is the longest river in the world, 4,221 miles long. 
 
 108. The Rio Grande is the second important stream draining 
 the Gulf Slope. It rises in the Pacific Highland, Colorado. After 
 a general southeasterly course of about 1900 miles it enters the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Its upper course is obstructed by rocky ledges and cataracts. Why is its lower 
 part obstructed by sandbanks and numerous wooded isles? What are cataracts? Page 
 34, no. 158. 
 
 109. The principal rivers draining the Pacific Slope are: 
 
 a. The Yukon River, the largest river on the Pacific Slope, rises 
 as the Lewis in the Western Highlands, British Columbia, and 
 after a general northwesterly course of 2, 044 miles flows into Ber- 
 iiag Sea, on the southern shore of Norton Sound, through a many- 
 channeled delta from eighty to ninety miles wide. 
 
 Give reasons for this delta. 
 
 b. The Columbia, the second largest river on the Pacific slope, 
 
 rises on the slope of the Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, has 
 
 gj,|fery irregular, generally south-westerly course of 1400 miles, 
 
 a«id enters the Pacific by an estuary twenty-five miles long and 
 
 seven miles wide. 
 
 It was explored by Lewis Clark, 1805, and is noted for its extraordinarily abun- 
 dant salmon fisheries. 
 
 Why an estuary and no delta although the stream carries much sediment? 
 
 c. The Colorado River is formed by the union of the Green and 
 the Grand rivers which rise in the Rocky Mountains; it flows in 
 a southwesterly direction, cutting its way through nurcerous can- 
 ons among whieh is the wonderful Grand Canon, (p. 26, no, 82) 
 and eventually empties into the Gulf of California. Its total 
 length is 2000 miles. 
 
79 
 
 The river and its Grand Canon were explored by the Spaniards under Coro- 
 nado, 1540. Do you think the river has a delta? Why? Explain why the Columbia 
 has an estuary while the Colorado and Yukon have a delta. 
 
 Lakes. 
 
 110. Great Lakes is the name given to the chain of lakes on the 
 northern border of the Uaited States. They include Lakes Su- 
 perior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario; Lake Michigan 
 only lying wholly within the United States, and no one of the 
 lakes lies wholly within the territory of the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 It is thought that they contain one- half of all the fresh water in the world. How 
 do they affect the climate of the bordering regions? Page 42, no. 229 c, 
 
 111. Lake Superior is the uppermost of the great border lakes and 
 the largest body of fresh water on the globe. The deposits of cop- 
 per on the northern and the southern shores are very rich. 
 
 The walls of red sandstone on its southern coast, known as the "pictured rocks" 
 stand opposite the greatest width of the lake. 
 
 112. Lake Erie is the most southern of the five Great Lakes. 
 Owing to its shallowness, compared with the other Great Lakes, 
 it is readily disturbed by the wind, and severe storms stir its wa- 
 ters to the bottom. For this reason and for the want of sufifieient 
 harbors and sea-room it is a very dangerous body of water for 
 sailing vessels. 
 
 113. Lake Ontario is the lowest and smallest of the chain of the 
 five Great Lakes. Its name is Indian, meaning ''beautiful". It is 
 much less disturbed by storms and its navigation much less ob- 
 structed by ice than Lake Erie. See map p. 70, as reference for all. 
 
 114. A water route via the Great Lakes (map page 70) may trace a 
 steamship line beginning at Duluth, Minnesota, and hence — 
 
 a. On Lake Superior, includicg the ship canal through Keweenaw 
 Point peninsula, to the St. Marys river; 
 
 b. ten miles around the rapids of the St. Marys river and down 
 twenty feet by means of the Soo canal and its famous lock to 
 Lake Huron; 
 
 c. on Lake Huron to the St. Clair river; 
 
 d. on the St. Clair river, St. Clair Lake, and St. Croix river to 
 the chilly and stormy Lake Erie; 
 
8o 
 
 e. on Lake Erie to the Niagara river; 
 
 f. twenty-seven miles around the Niagara Falls and down three 
 hundred feet by naeans of the Welland canal and its twenty-six 
 locks to Lake Ontario; 
 
 g. on Lake Ontario to the St. Lawrence river; 
 
 h. on tlie St. Lawrence river to the Atlantic ocean; 
 
 i. on the Atlantic south to New York; 
 
 j. from New York on the Hudson river to the confluence of the 
 Hudson river with the Erie canal, at Albany; 
 
 k. from Albany 363 miles through the canal, across New York to 
 Buffalo, on Lake Erie, and from thence back to Duluth, retrac- 
 ing the route followed before. 
 
 115. A lock is really a great box of water, ordinarily construct- 
 ed of timber or masonry, long and wide enough for the largest 
 boats that navigate the canal. Locks are the means by which a 
 boat may be lowered from a higher to a lower level of water or 
 lifted from a lower to a higher level. 
 
 Illustration. A steamer floating on Lake Superior is bound for Lake Huron, 
 which lies twenty feet lower than Lake Superior; the vessel steams through the 
 Soo canal; it soon enters a very large water box, or the greatest lock in the world; 
 the lower gates are closed and the water in the lock is thus kept on a level with the 
 water of Lake Superior; the upper gates, or the ones through which the boat enter- 
 ed are also closed to hold back the water of Lake Superior above; holes in the bot- 
 tom of the lock are opened and the water gradually flows out; as it sinks, the boat 
 is gradually lowered to the level of the St. Marys river below the rapids. The wa- 
 ters of St. Marys river for the remaining fifty miles of its course aie on the same 
 level as those of Lake Huron. In a similar manner a boat may be lifted to a higher 
 level by causing the water to flow into the lock; thus the rising water in the lock 
 win lift the boat to the level of a higher-l}'ing surface of water. 
 
 There are locks on the canals about the rapids of the St. Lawrence river and 
 in the Erie Canal. 
 
 Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Erie, are on the same level. 
 
 116. A straight line drawn from Chesapeake bay to Geography 
 island in the Mackenzie bay v/ould touch nearly all the more im- 
 portant lakes of North America, 
 
 Name these lakes in regular order. To what may the origin of all these lakes 
 be traced? Page 35, no. 162. 
 
 117. Winnipeg is a large lake of south central Canada. 
 
 118. Athabasca is a large lake of central Canada. 
 
119. Great Slave Lake is a lake in northern Canada. 
 
 120. Great Bear Lake is a lake in northern Canada. 
 
 121. Great Salt Lake, in the Great Basin (p. 76, no. 102) in 
 Utah, is, with the exception of the Caspian sea, the largest salt 
 water lake on the globe. 
 
 Its water is so salty that one can float on the waves in calm weather with no 
 fear of being drowned. 
 
 Political North America. 
 
 122. The Political Divisions of North America are: Danish America; 
 Dominion of Canada, Labrador, and Newfoundland; the United 
 States including Alaska and Porto Rico; Mexico; the Central 
 American States; the West Indies; and Bermuda islands. 
 
 123. Danish America consisting of Greenland and Iceland belongs 
 to the kingdom of Denmark. These large islands are surrounded 
 by the Atlantic and Arctic oceans and their arms and are governed 
 by Danish officers. 
 
 124. The Dominion of Canada, Labrador, and Newfoundland, be- 
 long to Great Britain. Canada is bounded on the north by 
 the Arctic ocean and Baffin bay; east, by the Atlantic; south, by 
 the United States; west, by the Pacific ocean and Alaska. The ex- 
 ecutive power is in the hands of a Governor-General appointed by 
 the ruler of Great Britain. Ottawa is the capital. 
 
 125. The United States is bounded on the north by Canada; east, 
 by the Atlantic ocean; south, by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico; 
 west, by the Pacific ocean. It is a federal republic (p. 55, no. 25. 
 Washington is the capital. 
 
 126. Alaska, included in the United States, is bounded on the 
 north by the Arctic ocean; east, by Canada; south, by the Pacific 
 ocean; west, by Bering sea and Bering strait. It is a territory of 
 the United States and has a governor appointed by the President 
 of the United States, aad a delegate in Congress. 
 
 127. Porto Rico, included in the United States, is one of the 
 West Indies. 
 
 128. Mexico is bounded on the north by the United States; east, 
 by the Gulf of Mexico and Central America; west, by the Pacific 
 ocean and Gulf of California. It is a federal republic patterned 
 after that of the United States. Mexico is the capital. 
 
8a 
 
 129. The Central American States are bounded on the north by 
 Mexico and the Gulf of Honduras; east, by the Caribbean sea; 
 south and west, by the Pacific ocean. They are composed of six in- 
 dependent republics and the British colony of Honduras, or 
 Belize. 
 
 130. The West Indies are surrounded by the Atlantic ocean. Gulf 
 of Mexico, and the Caribbean sea. Cuba is a republic. Porto Rico 
 is owned and controlled by the United States. Haiti is divided 
 into two negro republics. The Bahamas and Jamaica belong to 
 Great Britain. The Lesser Antilles belong to several powers, 
 (Chiefly Great Britain, France, Netherlands, and Venezuela,) 
 
 131. Bermuda islands (page 73, no. 67.) 
 
 North America. Continuation and Review. 
 Matliematical. 
 
 132. What is the position and extent of North America? 
 
 133. What is its greatest length in miles? Its width? 
 
 134. What are its latitude boundaries? Its longitude boundaries? 
 
 135. What parallel crosses the central part of North America? 
 What parts of other continents are crossed by the same parallel? 
 What cities have this latitude? 
 
 136. What part of the land mass of the globe does North America 
 include? What is its area? 
 
 137. What important small circles cross North America? 
 
 Physical. 
 Boundaries. 
 
 138. The natural boundaries of North America are: 
 On the north, the Arctic ocean and Baffin Bay; 
 
 on the east, the Atlantic ocean. Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean 
 sea; 
 
 on the west, the Pacific ocean, Bering sea and Bering strait. 
 
 139. North America is connected with South America by the isth- 
 mus of Panama and separated froni Asia by Bering strait. 
 
 140. Itsshapeis triangular, its widest part being toward the north. 
 
 Coast Forms of Land and Water. 
 
 141. Make an imaginary journey around North America beginning 
 
83 
 
 at Bering sea by way of the Arctic ocean, future Panama canal, 
 and Pacific ocean, naming in order the seas, gulfs, bays, sounds, 
 and channels. 
 
 142. Make the same journey as in No. 141. Begin at \he Alas- 
 kan peninsula and visit the peninsulas, capes, and islands. 
 
 143. Take an imaginary walk across the continent from Ches- 
 apeake bay to San Francisco bay and name in order the 
 physical regions thus crossed. 
 
 Relief. 
 
 144. Describe the Rocky Mountain System. 
 
 145. Describe the Rocky Mountain Plateau. 
 
 146. Describe the five principal ranges of mountains that traverse 
 the Rocky Mountain Plateau and compose the Western Highland 
 System. 
 
 147. Locate the highest mountain peak, the second, the third, the 
 fourth, and the fifth highest peaks of the Western Highland. 
 
 148. Describe the two highest peaks of the Eastern Highland. 
 
 149. Describe the Height of Land. 
 
 150. Describe the Great Basin. Death Valley. 
 
 Drainage Areas. 
 
 151. What is meant by the drainage areas of North America? 
 
 152. Imagine yourself stationed on Mt. Mc Kinley and beginning 
 north describe in order the five great drainage areas of the 
 continent. Pages 77, 78, nos. 104 — 108. 
 
 Lakes. 
 
 153. What are the Great Lakes? 
 
 154. Describe Lake Superior. Lake Erie. Lake Ontario. 
 
 155. Trace a water route via the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence 
 to the Atlantic and from thence return by way of the Erie canal. 
 
 156. What is a lock? 
 
 157. Make an imaginary trip from Lake Superior to Lake Huron 
 and describe the passage through the Soo canal and its lock. 
 
 See note after no, 115, p. 80. 
 
 158. Make a straight line trip in an air ship from Chesapeake bay 
 to Geography island. Name and locate in order the lakes that y©u 
 pass over. 
 
84 
 
 159. Name and locate tke lake in which one can bathe without 
 fear of being drowned. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 160. Name the important primary circles that cross North America. 
 In what zones is North America? 
 
 161. The position of North America in three zones give it every 
 variety of climate. 
 
 162. The northern third of North America has a very cold climate. 
 
 Explain the effects of latitude in this instance. Page 42, no. 229 a. 
 
 The Arctic plain is exposed to the cold winds from the Arctic ocean, while most 
 of it is cutoff by the coast mountain ranges from the equalizing influences of the 
 Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Western Alaska has a milder climate than the rest of 
 North America in the same latitude. Why? Page 84, no. 163 a. 
 
 163. The central belt, or temperate region, includes the United 
 States, the basin of the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes and the 
 northern part of Mexico. There are important differences of cli- 
 mate in this extensive region the more remarkable of which are: 
 
 a. The Pacific slope has a much milder climate than places in cor- 
 responding latitudes on the Atlantic coast. It is open to the effect 
 of the anti-trade winds over the warm Japan current. 
 
 b. The Pacific slope has a copious rainfall. Why? P. 39, no. d. 
 
 c. The Great Basin and the central plateaus of the west are arid 
 or barren regions. Why? P. 43, no. f. 
 
 d. The eastern half of the continent has an abundant rainfall, be- 
 cause the southern winds in cyclones bring vapor from the Gulf 
 of Mexico, and the Atlantic ocean and deposit it as rain or snow. 
 
 e. The Great Mohave Desert may be attributed to the tropical 
 calms. 
 
 The warm air, which rises at the equator and floats toward the poles (P. 40, 
 No. 213) becomes coeled by the time it reaches 30 degrees latitude and descends. 
 The descending air becomes warmer and hence its vapor is not condensed into rain. 
 
 164. The southern part of the continent has a hot climate. Why? 
 (P. 42, no. 229 a.) It has an abundance of rain. Why? (P. 38, no 
 202 a.) The plateau-like elevation of the land modifies the heat 
 and lessens the rain of the interior. Why? (P. 42, no. 229 a, b, 
 p. 43, f-) 
 
85 
 
 Vegetation. 
 
 See Pp. 70 — 71. 
 
 165. The plants of North America are of many kinds, because the 
 soil, relief of the land, and climate are so diversified. 
 
 166. a. The forests on the western slopes of the mountains from 
 the Bay of San Francisco to Alaska are among the grandest and 
 most valuable in the world. 
 
 What kind of climate here? Rainfall? Reasons for this forest growth, 
 
 b. Dense forests also extend along the eastern and western coast 
 of Mexico, throughout Central America and the West Indies. Ex- 
 plain why they should flourish here. 
 
 c. Open forests of pine and fir stretching along the Height of Land 
 (P. 76, no. 1 01), cover parts of the Eastern and of the West- 
 ern Highlands. See map p. 71. 
 
 Why is the forest limit on the western side of the continent farther north then 
 on the eastern side? 
 
 d. Why are the polar regions forestless? What is the principal veg- 
 etation here? 
 
 e. Cactus plants are the characteristic vegetation of the arid 
 plains. 
 
 f . What other plant forms are included in the vegetation of the tem- 
 perate parts of North America? See map p. 71. What plants are 
 cultivated in the South? See map p. Yi. What plants thrive in 
 tropical North America? See plants of Torrid Zone p. 11, no. 42. 
 
 See map p. 71. and (a) locate the regions a lumberman would be interest- 
 ed in; (b) make a list of the cereals produced; (d) write the names of all the plants 
 you have seen. 
 
 Animals. 
 
 167. What animals are found in the Arctic regions? P. 11, no. 41. 
 
 Map p. 7i. 
 
 The reindeer is sometimes called a caribou. Farther south are the animals 
 hunted for their furs; such as, the otter, the beaver, and the mink. 
 
 168. In the Western Highlands are found the great grizzly bear (the 
 fiercest animal of the continent), the big-horn sheep, the ante- 
 lope, and the puma, or American panther. 
 
 169. In the forests are found bears, foxes, and other wild animals. 
 The bison is found only in small herds. 
 
 170. In the central portions of the continent the large native an- 
 imals have been exterminated. Explain. Name the common do- 
 
86 
 
 mestic animals of this region. Cattle originally introduced from 
 Europe or Asia are found in vast herds on the Great Plains or 
 eastern slopes of the Western Highland. 
 
 171. In the southern part are found birds of gay plumage, alliga- 
 tors, tapirs, jaguars, and monkeys. 
 
 There are about 700 kinds of birds in North America. The turkey and mock- 
 ing bird are peculiar to the continent. 
 
 See map p. 71, and make a list: (a) of theanimalsa hunter would be interested 
 in; (b) of the domestic animals; (c) of those you would fear; (d) of all the animals 
 you have seen. 
 
 172. The lakes, rivers, and bordering ocean waters of North Ameri- 
 ca abound in fish. 
 
 173. The salmon is found chiefly in the ocean and its tributary 
 rivers, north of 40° north latitude. 
 
 In the early history of New England, the Merrimac is reported to have been 
 so filled with salmon at certain seasons, that they sometimes crowded those near the 
 banks out on dry land, but at the present they are not known to range farther south 
 than the Kennebec river on the east and the Sacramento river on the west, 
 
 174. The cod is a fish of cold waters. In North America it ranges 
 south as far as Cape Hatteras in the Atlantic ocean and the Col- 
 umbia river in the Pacific ocean. The Newfoundland cod fisheries 
 are the oldest in America (P. 73, no. 60.) Next to the herring the 
 cod is the world's most important commercial fish, and in the Unit- 
 ed States it is the most important. 
 
 175. The common herring is a marine fish found as far south as 
 North Carolina, but has a commercial importance only north of 
 Cape Cod. 
 
 Large quantities of young herring are packed and sold as sardines. 
 The prosperity of Europe is as much dependent upon its herring industry as 
 ours is upon the wheat crop. 
 
 176- Oysters grow chiefly in warm salt waters and are found na- 
 tive along the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to 
 the Gulf of Mexico. Along the Pacific coast they are Icund na- 
 tive in the Gulf of California and in some of the inlets farther 
 north. 
 
 Chesapeake bay is the largest natural bed, and Baltimore the greatest oyster mar- 
 ket in the United States. 
 
 Over-fishing has caused an insufficient supply from the natural 
 
87 
 
 beds, and has necessitated the planting of oyster farms in the 
 salt water of the bays and river mouths on both the Atlantic and 
 Pacific coasts. 
 
 The Americans eat more oysters than are eaten by any other nation. 
 
 The oyster must be four or five years old before it is fit to be eaten. Oysters 
 are gathered in the fall and winter by means of long rakes, or dredges and 
 shovels worked by machinery. 
 
 177. Sponges, a marine animal growth, are fished along the At- 
 lantic coast. The most extensive sponge fisheries are along, the 
 Florida coast and in the waters washing the coasts of Central 
 America and the West Indies. 
 
 Most of the sponges of commerce come from the eastern Mediterranean. 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 178. North America surpasses every other grand division in its 
 mineral resources. 
 
 The Rocky Mountain district has most extensive deposits of gold, 
 silver, lead, copper, and other metals. 
 
 The Appalachian Highland abounds in coal, iron, petroleum, 
 natural gas, and other mineral products. 
 
 The Great Lake district is rich in iron and copper. 
 
 The Mississippi Valley has extensive beds of coal and other min- 
 erals. 
 
 Political. 
 
 179. America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, a 
 native of Genoa, Italy, in the service of Spain. The first land dis- 
 covered was the island San Salvador, one of the small islands of 
 the West Indies. The country was named by a German print- 
 er after Americus Vespucius, an Italian in the service of 
 Portugal and the explorer of Brazil. 
 
 180. Make an imaginary visit to the political divisions of North 
 America, stating how each is governed and naming the capital of 
 each of the more important ones. P.81, nos. 121, 131,81,122,13. 
 
 181. The population of North America is over 106 million. 
 
 182: Four of the five races of mankind are represented in North 
 America, and in order of population they are: 
 
 The Caucasians inhabit chiefly the central or mild temperate 
 
88 
 
 belt and the highlands of the hoi oelt. They originally came here 
 from Europe, 1492. 
 
 b. The Negroes inhabit the West Indies and the southern Unit- 
 ed States. They are the descendants of the slaves introduced in- 
 to Spanish America and the United States. 
 
 c. The Indians are the native people of North America. They 
 now inhabit the forests and western mountains of Canada and 
 parts of the northern Pacific coast, but chiefly southern North 
 America. 
 
 d. The Mongolians are found chiefly on the Pacific coast and in 
 the larger cities of the continent. They came to North America 
 through its v/estern ports from their respective abodes, China or 
 Japan. 
 
 e. The Esquimos are found in the Arctic regions of North Amer- 
 ica. They are believed to be akin to the American Indian. Both, 
 Esquimos and Indians, are thought to be of Mongolian origin and 
 to have come originally from Asia. 
 
 183. With what stage of culture do you associate each of the races 
 found in North America? P. 53. 
 
 Commercial. 
 
 184. North Americahas excellent transportation facilities. The most 
 important are: 
 
 a. Its central position between Europe and Asia and the two great 
 oceans; 
 
 b. Its double sea front and numerous harbors which are located a- 
 bout midway between the shores of Europe on the east and of 
 Asia on the west; 
 
 c. Its great inland water highways; 
 
 d. Its great trunk railways. 
 
 185. North America ranks next to Europe in the value of its com- 
 mercial productions, which may be attributed to the following 
 facts: 
 
 a. The eontinent lies mainly in the temperate zone; 
 
 b. It possesses a vast area of fertile soil and grazing lands; 
 
 c. It is rich in the most valuable metals and minerals; 
 
 d. It has extensive and rich fisheries; 
 
 e. It was discovered and settled by people from highly progressive 
 
89 
 
 and cultured countries. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 What and Where? 
 Mathematical Geography of North America. 
 
 I. North America. 2, 5.000 miles. 3. 3,000 miles. 4. One-sixth. 5. 8 and 72°, 
 6. ss'^and 167°. 7. 40". 8, The Arctic circle. 9. The Tropic of Cancer. 
 
 Physical Geography of North America. 
 Bounding Waters. Winds. 
 
 10. Arctic ocean. H. Atlantic ocean. 12. Pacific ocean. || 13. Labrador Cur- 
 rent. II 14. Bering Strait Carrent. || 15. Japan Current. || 16. California Cur- 
 rent. II 17. Gulf Stream. || 18. Trade winds. || 19. Calms of Cancer. |J 20. Pre- 
 vailing Westerly winds. 
 
 From Bering Sea to Bering Sea. 
 
 Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Sounds, and Straits. 
 
 21. Bering sea. 22, Norton sound. 23. Bering strait. 24. Banks strait. 25. Mel- 
 ville sound. 26. BaflSn bay. 27. Davis strait. 28. Hudson strait. 29. Hudson bay. 
 30. Belle Isle strait. 31. St. Lawrence. 32. Fundy bay, 33. Chesapeake bay. 34. 
 Florida strait. 35. Mexico. 36. Yucatan channel. 37, Caribbean sea. 38. Honduras. 
 39. Mosquito bay. 40. Panama 41. Tehuantepec. 42. California. 43. San Francis- 
 co bay. 44. Juan de Fuca strait. 45. Puget sound. 46. Bristol bay. 
 
 From Alaskan Peninsula to Alaskan Peninsula. 
 Peninsulas, Capes, and Islands. 
 
 47. Alaska. 48. St. Lawrence. 49. Prince of Wales. 50. Lisburne. 51. Barrow. 
 52. Arctic archipelago. 53. Greenland. 54. Farewell. 55. Iceland. 56. Labrador. 
 57. Chidley. 58. Newfoundland, 59. Race. 60. Newfoundland Banks. 6r. Cape 
 Breton. 62. Nova Scotia. 63. Sable. 64. Cod. 65. Long Island. 66. Hatteras. 67. 
 The Bermudas. 68. Florida. 69. Sable. 70. Florida Keys. 71. Yucatan. 72. Cato- 
 che. 73. West Indies, a. Bahama, b. Greater Antilles, c. Lesser Antilles. 74, Ma- 
 riato. 75. Corrientes. 76. Lower California. 77. San Lucas. 78, Conception. 79. 
 Mendocino. 80. Blanco. 81. Flattery. 82. Vancouver. 83. Queen Charlotte. 84. 
 Baranof. 85. Aleutian, 86. Pribilof. 
 
90 
 
 Relief. 
 
 87. Atlantic Plain. 88. Atlantic Highland, a. The Lawrentian Plateau, b. The 
 Appalachian System. 89. The Great Central Lowland. 90. The Pacific Highland. 
 91. The Pacific Plain. 92. The Rocky Mountain System, a. The Rocky Mountain 
 Plateau, b. The Rocky Mountains, c. The Sierra Madre. d. The Cascade Range, 
 e. The Sierra Nevada, f. The Coast Range. 93. Mohave Desert. 94. Mt. Mc Kin- 
 ley. 95- Mt. Logan. 96. Volcano Orizaba. 97. Mt. St. Elias. 98. Volcano Popo- 
 catapetl. 99. Mt, Mitchell, 100. Mt. Washington. loi. Height of Land. 102. The 
 Great Basin. 
 
 Drainage Areas. 
 
 103. The Drainage Areas. 104. The Mackenzie. 105. The Nelson-Saskatche- 
 wan. 106. The St. Lawrence. 107. The Mississippi. 108. The Rio Grande. 109 
 Rivers of the Pacific Slope, a. Yukon, b. Columbia, c. Colorado. 
 
 Lakes. 
 
 no. Great Lakes, in. Lake Superior. 112. Lake Erie. 113. Lake Ontario. 114. 
 A water route via the Great Lakes. 115. A lock. 116. Line from Chesapeake 
 bay etc. 117. Winnipeg. 118. Athabasca. 119. Great Slavs Lake. 120. Great Bear 
 Lake. 121. Great Salt Lake. 
 
 Political North America. 
 
 122. Political Divisions. 123. Danish America. 124. Dominion of Canada. 125. 
 United States. 126. Alaska. 127. Porto Rico. 128. Mexico. 129. Central Ameri- 
 can States. 130. West Indies. 131. Bermuda islands. 
 
 North America. Continuation and Review. 
 Mathematical. 
 
 132. What is the position and extent of North America? What is its greatest 
 length in miles? Its width? What are its latitude boundaries? Its longitude boun- 
 daries? 
 
 135. What parallel crosses the central part of North America? What parts of oth- 
 er continents are crossed by the same parallel? What cities have this latitude? 
 
 136. What part of the land mass of the globe does North America include? What 
 is its area? 
 
 137. What important small circles cross North America? 
 
 138. What are the natural boundaries of North America? 
 
 139. How is North America connected with South America and separated from 
 Asia? 
 
 140. What is the shape of North America? 
 
91 
 
 141. Beginning at Bering sea, trace a water route around North America by way 
 of the future Panama canal, naming in order the seas, gulfs, bays, sounds, and 
 channels as reached. 
 
 142. Beginning at the Alaskan peninsula, trace a water route around North Amer- 
 ica and visit the peninsulas, capes, and islands. 
 
 143. Take an imaginary walk across the continent from Chesapeake bay to San 
 Francisco bay, and name in order the physical regions thus crossed. 
 
 Relief. 
 
 144. Describe the Rocky Mountain System. The Rocky Mountain Plateau. De- 
 scribe the five principal ranges of mountains that traverse the Rocky Mountain 
 Plateau and compose the Western Highland System. 
 
 147. Locate the five highest peaks of the Rocky Mountain System. The two high- 
 est peaks of the Appalachian Mountains. The Height of Land. The Great Basin. 
 Death Valley. 
 
 Drainage Areas. 
 
 157. What is meant by the drainage areas of North America? Describe in order 
 the five great drainage areas of the continent. 
 
 Lakes. 
 
 153. What are the Great Lakes? Describe Lake Superior. Lake Erie. Lake On- 
 tario. Trace a water route via the Great Lakes from, and back to Duluth. 
 
 156. What is a lock? Illustrate. Make an imaginary trip from Lake Superior to 
 Lake Huron, describing the passage through the lock of the Soo canal. See p, 8o, 
 note after no, 115. 
 
 158. In a straight line trip from Chesapeake bay to Geography island, what lakes 
 would you cross? Where is Great Salt Lake? 
 
 Climate. 
 
 160. What important primary circles cross North America? In what zones is it? 
 Why has North America every variety of climate? 
 
 162. Discuss the climate in the northern third of the continent. The variation of 
 climate in the central belt. The climate of the Pacific slope. The copious rainfall 
 of the Pacific slope. The Great Basin and barren regions of the west. The barren- 
 ness of the Mohave desert. The abundant rainfall on the eastern half. The climate of 
 the southern part of the continent, 
 
 Vegetation. 
 
 165. Discuss the variety of plants of North America, The forests on the western 
 slopes of the Rocky Mountains. The dense forests of Mexico and Central America, 
 
92 
 
 open forests of pine fir. The forestless polar regions. The cactus plant. What other 
 plant forms are included in the vegetation of the temperate parts of North Ameri- 
 ca? (Map page 71.) What plants are cultivated in the South? (Map page 71.) What 
 plants thrive in tropical North America? Locate the regions a lumber man would 
 be interested in. Name the cereals produced? Write the names of all the plants you 
 have seen. 
 
 Animals. 
 
 167. What animals are found in the Arctic regions? Farther south? In the West- 
 ern Highlands? In the forests? In the central portions of the continent? In the 
 southern part? Name the animals a hunter would be interested in. Some domestic 
 animals. Some fierce animals. Write the names of all the animals you have seen. 
 
 Fish. 
 
 172. Where do fish abound? Discuss the salmon. The cod. The common herring. 
 The oyster. The sponge. 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 178. What can be said of the mineral resources of North America? Of the min- 
 erals in the Rocky Mountain district? In the Appalachian Highland? In the 
 Great Lake district? In the Mississippi valley? 
 
 Political. 
 
 179. By whom was America discovered? After whom named? 
 
 180. Discuss each of the political divisions of North America? 
 
 181. What is the population of North America? 
 
 182. Discuss each of the four races of mankind represented in North America. 
 
 Commercial. 
 
 184. Discuss the commercial facilities of North America. How does North 
 America rank with the other continents in the value of its productions? To what 
 conditions may this be attributed? 
 
93 
 
 ij Teme, 
 
 ne. 
 
 d, 
 
 ; State! 
 
 to 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 
 le numbers 
 eview work 
 pecial topic 
 
 nd most 
 : posses- 
 
 veen the 
 iveen the 
 
 same as 
 ; United 
 
 nany, It 
 
93 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Our Native Land. 
 
 Stretching from the wild Atlantic to the broad Pacific's strand, 
 With her starry pennons floating, lies our own, our native land. 
 
 Freedom waves her banners brightly, holding here her sway supreme, 
 While enthroned in state beside her dwelleth Peace, calm and serene. 
 
 Here the mighty river rushes, here are prairie land and plain, 
 Here are mountain ranges lofty, here are fields of golden grain. 
 
 Here do noble cities flourish, here are harbors deep and wide, 
 Here are busy marts of commerce, here do art and science thrive. 
 
 Here does man meet man as brother with a hearty grasp of hand. 
 Here religious freedom triumphs in our own, our native land. 
 
 May God bless our own dear country, may He guide our Ship of State! 
 May His Mother e'er watch o'er it as its Queen Immaculate! 
 
 The study of the United States is Fourth Grade work, excepting the numbers 
 marked with || which may be studied later. It is the chief part of the review work 
 for Fifth B Grade, while the home city, county, and state, form the special topic 
 of study for Fifth A Grade, . ' 
 
 1. Position. The United States occupies the central and most 
 valuable portion of North America. Excepting its distant posses- 
 sions, it is wholly within the north temperate zone. 
 
 2. Latitude and longitude. The United States lies between the 
 parallels of 25° N. and 49° N. latitude, and extends between the 
 meridians of 67° W. and 167° W. longitude. 
 
 3. The northern latitude of the United States is the same as 
 that of Paris, France. 
 
 4. The countries in about the same latitude as the United 
 States are: 
 
 a. Europe: 
 
 Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, southern Germany, It 
 
94 
 
 aly, Austria Hungary, Montenegro, Servia, Turkey, Greece, Bul- 
 garia, Roumania, and southern Russia. 
 
 b. Asia: 
 
 Turkey, northern Arabia, Persia, Bokhara, Afghanistan, Balu- 
 chistan, northern India, Chinese Empire, Korea, and Japan. 
 
 5. It is bounded on the 
 
 a. north, by the Dominion of Canada, St. Lawrence river, and 
 Great Lakes, excepting Lake T\^chigan; 
 
 b. east, by the Atlantic ocean; 
 
 c. south, by the Gulf of Mexico, and Mexico; 
 
 d. west, by the Pacific ocean. 
 
 6. Its greatest extent in a direct line across the country is nearly 
 three thousand miles and its greatest breadth from north to south 
 is about seventeen hundred miles. 
 
 7. The area of the main body is about three million square 
 *miles. (3,090,777) Including the dependencies it is nearly 
 four million square miles (3,805,000 square miles.) 
 
 The United States includes about one-third of the area of North America, 
 
 8. The United States is nearly equal in area to Europe, Canada, 
 and Australia. Europe (3,753,310 square miles) and Canada 
 (3,745,574 square miles) being somewhat larger, and Australia 
 (2,947,200 square miles) slightly smaller. 
 
 Physical. 
 
 9. The Atlantic coast is irregular, indented by many bays and est- 
 uaries. 
 
 The Pacific coast is very regular with few indentations. P. 22, 
 no. 45. 
 
 16. Gulfs, bays, sounds, and straits: 
 
 a. On the Atlantic: 
 
 I- Massachusetts bay, Massachusetts; 
 
 2. Narragansett bay, Rhode Island and Massachusetts; 
 
 3- Long Island Sound separating Long Island from New York 
 and Connecticut; 
 
 4- The Narrows, a sound, separating Staten Island from Long 
 Island; 
 
95 
 
 5- New York bay, New York and New Jersey; 
 
 6. Delaware bay, Delaware and New Jersey; 
 
 7. Chesapeake bay, Maryland, second largest indentation on the 
 United States coast; 
 
 8. Albermarle and Pamlico sounds, North Carolina; 
 9- Strait of Florida, page 72, no. 34; 
 
 10. Gulf of Mexico; page 72, no. 35; 
 
 !!• Tampa bay, western Florida; 
 
 12. Mobile bay, Alabama; 
 
 13- Galveston bay, Texas. 
 
 b. On the Pacific: 
 
 1. San Francisco bay, California; 
 
 2. Puget sound, Washington; 
 
 3- Juan de Fuca, page 72, no. 44; 
 
 c. On the Great Lakes: 
 
 I- Straits of Mackinac, separate the upper peninsula of Michigan 
 from the lower peninsula and connect Lakes Michigan and Hu- 
 ron;' 
 
 2. Green bay, is an arm of Lake Michigan indenting Wisconsin; 
 
 3' Saginaw bay, is an arm of Lake Huron indenting the lower 
 peninsula of Michigan. 
 
 IT Capes, peninsulas, and islands: 
 a. On, or in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico: 
 I- Mt. Desert island, off the coast of Maine; 
 2. Capes Ann and Cod, Massachusetts; 
 
 3- Cape Cod peninsula, Massachusetts; 
 
 4- Sandy Hook, New Jersey; 
 
 5- Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket islands, ©ff the coast of Mas- 
 sachusetts; 
 
 6. Block island, off the coast of Rhode Island; 
 7- Long Island, off the coast of New York and Connectieut; 
 8. Manhattan island washed by the waters of the Hudson and 
 East river; 
 
 9- Staten island at the mouth of the Hudson river; 
 ro. Cape May, New Jersey; 
 II- Cape Henlopen, Delaware; 
 
96 
 
 12. Peninsula of Eastern Virginia; 
 
 13- Capes Charles and Henry, Virginia; 
 
 14. Bermuda islands, p. 73j no. 67; 
 
 15- Capes liatteras, Lookout, and Fear, North Carolina; 
 
 16. Roanoke island, off the coast of North Carolina; 
 
 17- West Indies, p. 74» no. 73; 
 
 18. Cape Sable, Florida; 
 
 19- Florida peninsula, P- 74» no. 68; ' 
 
 20. Florida Keys, P- 74» no 70;- 
 
 21. Padre island, off the southeastern coast of Texas; 
 
 b. On the Pacific: 
 
 I- Santa Barbara islands, off the southwestern coast of California; 
 
 2. Point Conception and Cape Mendocino, California; 
 
 3. Cape Blanco, Oregon; 
 
 4. Cape Flattery, Washington. 
 
 c. On or in the Great Lakes and St Lawrence river: 
 
 1. Royalelsle, upper Lake Superior, belonging to Michigan; 
 
 2. Apostle islands. Lake Superior, off the coast of Wisconsin; 
 
 3. Keweenaw point, Michigan, projecting into Lake Superior; 
 
 4- Thcusand islands, St. Lawrence river, off the banks of New 
 York. 
 
 Relief. 
 
 12. The physical regions, from east to west are: — 
 
 a. The Atlantic plain is the slope and tide water region between 
 thie Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 It is narrow in the north but widens toward the south, where it is from one to two 
 hundred miles wide. It is famed for its short, swift tidal rivers, good harbors, fer- 
 tile land, large population, great commercial activities, and great wealth. 
 
 b. The Atlantic Highland, or Appalachian Mountain System, bor- 
 dering on the Atlantic plain extends from Maine to Alabama, and 
 includes the Allegheny, Blue Ridge, and Cumberland ranges. 
 
 It is a great iron, coal, and oil region, 
 
 c. The Mississippi Basin, or the southern part of the Great Cen- 
 tral Lowland, lies between the Rocky Mountains on the west and 
 the Appalachians on the east, and consists of the Lake slope, the 
 
97 
 
 Central plains, and the Gulf slope. 
 
 It is noted for its long, large, and slow-flowing rivers, fertile plains, and large 
 tracts of pasture lands, and is the great agricultural section of the country, 
 
 d. The Pacific Highland, or Rocky Mountain System, extends 
 nearly north and south forming the great water-shed of the Unit- 
 ed States and occupying nearly half of its surface. It includes the 
 Rocky Mountain plateau, Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, Cascade, 
 Sierra Nevada, Coast Range, and the northern Sierra Madre. 
 
 It produces the greater part of our precious metals. 
 
 e. The Pacific Slope extends betv^een the Pacific Highland and 
 the Pacific ocean. It does not extend to the coast except about 
 Puget sound. It includes the valleys of the Willamette and that 
 of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. 
 
 It is noted for the fertility of its valleys and its big trees, P. 35, no. b. 
 13. Name the three ranges of the Atlantic Highlands. These ran- 
 ges in places are broken into groups: 
 
 1. The White Mountains, nearly always white with snow, are in 
 Maine and New Hampshire and are noted for their beautiful 
 scenery; 
 
 The White mountains form the northern end of the Appalachian system, 
 
 2. The Green Mountains, covered with green trees and moss, are 
 in Vermont and are noted for their fine marble quarries; 
 
 3- The Adirondack and Catskill Mountains are in New York; 
 The latter are the scene of "Rip Van Winkle" by Washington Irving. 
 
 4. The Blue Mountains are in Pennsylvania; 
 
 5. The Allegheny Mountains, (endless mountains) in Pennsylva- 
 nia, Maryland, and Virginia, arenoted for their rich mines of coal 
 and iron; 
 
 6. The Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia, North and South Caro- 
 lina, are noted for the famous Natural Bridge in Virginia; 
 
 7- The Hoosac Mountains in Massachusetts, are noted for a tun- 
 nel five miles long dug through the mountains; 
 
 8. The Black Mountains in North Carolina form the southern 
 end of the Appalachian system. They are called Black mountains 
 from the forests of balsam which cover their summits and give 
 them a dark appearance. 
 
98 
 
 14. Peaks of tKe Appalackian system are: 
 
 1. Mt. Mitcliell, p- 76, no. gg; 
 
 2. Mts. WasliingtoR, (p- 1^, no. loo), Adams, Jefferson, and La 
 Fayette are in the White mountains. New Hampshire; 
 
 l Ilie Old Man of the mountains is a stone profile of a human 
 face eighty feet long, on the brow of a hill nearly one thousand 
 feet high; IjJ J.dL<^ }yCU ^ 1 jN' 
 
 4' Mt. Marcy, in New York. 
 
 5- Mt. ¥/Ki tnev. iu California, rises to an altitude of nearly two 
 /and three-fourths miles, and Ts the highest peak in the United 
 \ State s_^ 
 
 15. What are the principal mountain ranges of the Pacific Highland? 
 /The noted peaks of the system are: 
 
 1. Mt. Mc Kinley, P- 76, no. g4; 
 
 2. Mt. V/hti-npy, 1 " '•"'aiif'"^"^^; '" 
 "3- i^lt. Rainier, m Washington; 
 
 4- Mt. Shasta, in California p. 76, nos. d. and e; 
 
 5- Pikes peak, in Colorado, was named after Major Pike who 
 tried to reach its summit but failed; 
 
 6. Longs peak, in Colorado was explored under Colonel Long; 
 
 7- The Mount of Holy Cross, in Colorado, is nearly three miles 
 high. On its western slope the snow lies in two crevices at 
 right angles f'jrming a glittering white cross full)- one thousand 
 feet long \ 
 
 8. Fremonts peak in W5^oming, was explored by Colonel Fre- 
 mont, the great explorer of the Rocky Mountains, who was the 
 first to place on it the American flag. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 16. The Atlantic Slope is well drained by short, rapid rivers that 
 have their sources in the mountains. 
 
 The most important are: 
 
 I- The Kennebec, northeastern part of the United States, flows 
 south into the Atlantic ocean; 
 
 2. The Merrimac, northeastern part of the United St-ates, flows 
 southeast into the Atlantic oceanj 
 This river is said to be the greatest mill river in the world, 
 
 3- The Connecticut, northeastern part of the United States, flows 
 into Long Island sounds 
 
 4- The Hudson, northeastern part of the United States, flovvS 
 south into New York bay; 
 
99 
 
 5- The Delaware, northeastern part of the United States, flows 
 southeast into Delaware bay; 
 
 6. The Susquehanna, eastern part of the United States flows into 
 Chesapeake bay; 
 
 '''• The Potomac, eastern part of the United States, flows south- 
 east into Chesapeake bay; 
 
 8. The James, eastern part of the United States, flows south- 
 east into Chesapeake bay; 
 
 9- The Roanoke, eastern part of the United States, flows south- 
 east into Albtmarie sound; 
 
 lo. The Savannah, southern part of the United States, flows south- 
 east into the Atlantic ocean; 
 What is a pass or gap? P, 26, no. 83. 
 
 17. The Gulf of Mexico Slope is drained chiefly by the Mississippi 
 river system. 
 
 Describe the Mississippi river. P. 77, no, 107 also map of North America, 
 
 18. The principal branches of the Mississippi river are: 
 
 a. East side: 
 
 I- The Ohio, formed by the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, 
 flows southwesterly; 
 
 2. The Illinois, with its canal, connects the Mississippi with 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 b. West side: 
 
 1. The Missouri, rising in the Rocky Mountains, flows easterly; 
 
 2. The Arkansas, rising in the Rocky Mountains, flows south- 
 easterly ; 
 
 3- The Red river rises in the plateau plains in the southern part 
 of the United States and flows southeasterly. 
 
 Less important rivers are: the Flint, Alabama, Tombigbee, Pearl, Sabine, 
 Trinity, Colorado, and Nueces. 
 
 19. The Lake Slope has few and short rivers of little importance 
 some of v/hich are: the St. Louis, Menominee, Fox, and Genesee 
 rivers. 
 
 The Red river of the north is the principal river and its waters reach Hudson 
 bay. 
 
 20. The Pacific Slope is drained chiefly by— 
 1- The Columbia river, P- 78, no. 109 b; 
 
 2. The Colorado river, P- 78) no. 109 c; 
 
loo 
 
 3 and 4. The Sacramento and San Joaquin drain a fertile valley. 
 The general course of the first is south; of the second, north. 
 They both flow into the bay of San Francisco. 
 
 21. Great Basin, P- 76, no. 102. 
 
 In the state of Colorado are the sources of many rivers whose waters reach the 
 Pacific ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Name them. In what does the state of 
 Colorado resemble Switzerland? What rivers rise in Switzerland? 
 
 22. TKe principal divides or water-sKeds that give rise to these drain- 
 age areas, or basins are: 
 
 a. TKe Rocky Mountains; 
 What river basins does it divide? 
 
 b. TKe Appalachian Mountains; 
 What river basins does it divide? 
 
 c. The Height of Land; 
 What river basins does it divide? 
 
 23. The lakes of the United States are most numerous in the por- 
 tion covered with glacial drift. P. 35, nos. 161 and 162. 
 
 The more important lakes are: 
 
 1. The Great Lakes, p. 79> no. no; 
 
 2. Moosehead lake, Maine; 
 
 3- Lakes Champlain and George, New York; 
 
 4- Lake Okeechobee, Florida; 
 
 5- Lakes Itasca and Elk, Minnesota; 
 ^- Great Salt Lake, P- 81, no. 121; 
 
 7« Lake Tahoe, on the boundary between Nevada and Califor- 
 nia., 
 
 24. The more important deserts are: 
 
 I- Great Mohave desert, California; 
 
 2« Great Salt desert, Utah; 
 
 3- Bad Lands, South Dakota; 
 
 4. Llano Estacado, Texas and New Mexico. 
 
 25. The Great Plains, P- 25, no. 71. 
 
 26. Rolling prairies and wooded lands occupy the Mississippi valley. 
 The only mountains in this prairie are the Ozark mountains in 
 Missouri. 
 
lOI 
 
 27. Noted waterfalls: 
 
 1. Niagara falls, P- 35, no- a; 
 
 2. Yosemite falls, P- 35) i^o. b; 
 
 3- St. Anthony falls, in the Mississippi at Minneapolis, Minnesota; 
 
 4- Minnehaha falls (laughing water) in the Minnehaha river, be- 
 tween St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota. 
 
 The name has become world-known through Longfellow's Hiawatha. 
 
 5- Shoshone falls, in the Snake river, Idaho. 
 
 28. Noted caves: 
 
 1. The cave of the Winds is a cavern under and back of the Ni- 
 agara falls, which travelers can enter, and thus stand directly 
 under the rocky ledge over which rush the falling waters; 
 
 2. Mammoth cave, Kentucky, the largest cave in the world, 
 is one of the greatest natural curiosities of our country. 
 
 29. The Palisades are an immense unbroken wall of rock extend- 
 ing for fifteen miles along the western bank of the Hudson. They 
 are from thirty to five hundred feet high. The top of the palisades 
 is a long narrow table land. 
 
 30. The Grand Canon, P- 26, no. 82. 
 
 31. Geysers and hot springs, PP- 36, 37» nos. 176 and 178. 
 
 32. The Yellov/stone National Park,- in the northwestern part of 
 Wyoming, is a region about sixty-five miles long and fifty-five 
 miles wide. It contains over one thousand geysers and hot springs. 
 It is called the "Wonderland of America." 
 
 Climate. 
 
 33. The climate of the United States is varied because of the bor- 
 dering oceans, high mountain ranges, prevailing westerly winds, 
 neighboring ocean currents, and its great extent of latitude 
 through 24° (49° — 25°). 
 
 I. The region bordering the Pacific ocean has a mild, genial climate 
 because of the prevailing westerly winds from, over the Japan 
 current. There are but two seasons, the rainy season from Novem- 
 ber to Ma}' (winter), and the dry season from May to November 
 (summer). 
 
 2- The Pacific Highland has, in general, a very dry climate, the 
 winds parting with their moisture before reaching it; 
 
I02 
 
 3- The Mississippi Valley, in the southern part, has a semi-tropic- 
 al climate with mild winters; the northern part has hot and sul- 
 try summers, and long, cold winters with heavy snows. This 
 whole region except the Great Plains has abundant rains sup- 
 plied by the moist winds from the Gulf of Mexico and the Great 
 Lakes. Where are the Great Plains? P. 25, no. 71. 
 
 4- The Appalachian HigKland.s are naturally colder in the north- 
 ern section than in the southern. They are, unlike the Pacific 
 Highlands, well watered. 
 
 5. Along the Atlantic sea-board, or the Atlantic Plain, the prevail- 
 ing winds are mainly toward the ocean, except at the extreme 
 south, and the moderating influence of the sea on the clim.ate is, 
 therefore, not very great. The abundant rains of this section are 
 supplied by the moist winds from the Atlantic ocean and the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 34. I. The western half of each of the Pacific States, excepting Cal- 
 ifornia, has a very heavy rainfall (60 to 70 inches): the 
 prevailing westerly winds, laden with moisture, deposit a copious 
 rainfall as they ascend the abrupt slope of the great Pacific High- 
 land; 
 
 2. The states along the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, <^^Kd the 
 ■ region at the southern end of the Appalachians have avery heavy 
 
 rainfall (60 to 70 inches): the moist winds from over the 
 Gulf of Mexico deposit their moisture abundantly in these two 
 regions; 
 
 3. The dry section is in Arizona and New Mexico. Why -^ P. 43, 
 no. f. 
 
 What amount of rainfall is necessary for the growth of crops? P. 39, nos. 203 
 and 204. V/hat is the annual rainfall of your vicinityPMap p. 46. 
 
 85. In the eastern and northeastern parts of the country the weath- 
 er is subject to great and sudden changes in temperature caused 
 by cyclonic storms that cross the country from west to east every 
 few days. What are cyclones? (Pp. 41 and 42, nos. 220 and 221). 
 Most oi these storms originate in the area occupied by the Dako- 
 tas, Montana, and Wyoming, The cold winds from the north and 
 the warm winds from the south meet there and form a storm re- 
 gion which has been called the '-weather-factory" of the United 
 
I03 
 
 States. 
 
 The Great Lakes are a storm center because the winds from the Pacific, At- 
 lantic, and Gulf move toward that region. 
 
 United States Weather Bureau. 
 
 86. The United States Weather Bureau is able by carefully study- 
 ing the movements of these storms and by giving timely warning 
 of coming changes of weather to greatly aid agriculture and com- 
 merce. Explain. 
 
 How does the Weather Bureau give these warnings? What is 
 a barometer? P. 37, no. 183. 
 
 Signal flags are used to inform the public as to what weather is to be expected. 
 
 iJM'^ 
 
 ^9^ 
 
 M^^ 
 
 ^iii 
 
 Interpretation of Displays. 
 
 No. I, alone, indicates fair weather, stationary temperature. 
 No. 2, alone, indicates rain or snow, stationary temperature. 
 No. 3, alone, indicates local rain or snow, stationary temperature. 
 No. I, with No, 4 above it, indicates fair weather, warmer. 
 No. I, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, colder. 
 No. 2, with No. 4 above it, indicates rain or snow, warmer. 
 No, 2, with No. 4 below it, indicates rain or snow, colder, 
 No. 3, with No. 4 above it, indicates local rain or snow, warmer. 
 No. 3, with No. 4 below it, indicates local rain or snow, colder. 
 No. 5, denotes a sudden and decided fall in the temperature, and is generally 
 displayed twenty-four hours in advance of a cold wave. 
 
 Industrial Sections and Groups. 
 
 37. On account of local differences in its industries and resources, 
 the Uiiited States is divided into the following sections: 
 I- The New England, or manufacturing section. 
 
 One of the leading industries is the manufacture of cotton cloth. 
 
I04 
 
 2. Tke Middle Atlantic, or coal — , iron — , and petroleum — 
 producing and commercial section. 
 
 3- TKeSoutKern states, or cotton-producing section. 
 They produce especially cotton, sugar-cane, corn, and rice. 
 
 4- TKe Central states, or agricultural and mining section. 
 
 It is the greatest wheat growing region of the world. It has valuable mines of 
 coal, copper, and lead. 
 
 5- The Mountain and Plateau section, or grazing, and gold— and 
 silver-producing section. 
 
 Copper and lead are also abundant. It is the most sparsely settled section, 
 6. The Pacific, or food-producing section. 
 
 It is noted for its great forests, cattle, and sheep ranches, orchards, and gold 
 mines 
 
 38. Model for the Study of Each Separate State: 
 
 Maine. 
 
 1- Position. One of the New England states, and the most north- 
 eastern state of the Union. 
 
 2. Boundaries. North, Province of Quebec, and St. Johns river; 
 east, Province of New Brunswick, Grand l^ke, St. Croix river; 
 south, Atlantic ocean; west. New Hampshire and Province of 
 Quebec. 
 
 3- Bays. Passamaquoddy, Frenchmans, Penobscot, Casco. 
 
 4- Island. Mt. Desert. 
 
 5. Mountains. Kathadin, Abraham, Bigelow. 
 
 6. Lakes. Over six hundred. The most important are Moose- 
 head, Rangely, ChesuncoOk. 
 
 7- Eivers. St. Croix, Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin, 
 Saco. These rivers form an immense water power for a variety 
 of manufactures. 
 
 8. Industries. Manufacture of cotton goods, leather goods, and 
 paper and wood pulp^ ship-building, and fishing. 
 
 9- Cities. Augusta, in the southeastern part of the state on the 
 Kennebec, is the capital and a manufacturing city. 
 
 Portland, in the southeastern part of the state on Cesco bay, 
 is the metropolis. It has a fine harbor and is the terminus of 
 the Grand Trunk Railroad, and is used by the Canadians in the 
 winter when their own ports are closed. 
 
I05 
 
 The States by Sections, 
 
 39. Capital, metropolis, and chief productions of each state — 
 
 Make use of the map while studying or singing the capitals. 
 
 United States, Washington, on the Potomac river. 
 
 New England States. 
 
 I- Maine, (Me.) Augusta, on the Kennebec river; Portland. 
 
 Lumber, ships. 
 
 2. New Hampshire, (N. H.) Concord, on the Merrimac river; 
 Manchester. 
 
 Cotton, woolen goods. 
 
 3. Vermont, (Vt.) Montpelier, on the Winooski river; Burlington. 
 
 Granite, maple sugar. 
 
 4- Massachusetts, (Mass.) Boston, on the Boston Harbor; Boston. 
 
 Cotton goods, leather, fish. 
 
 5- Rhode Island, (R. I.) Providence, on the Providence bay; Provi- 
 dence. 
 
 Cotton, woolen goods. 
 6. Conneticut, (Conn.) Hartford, on the Connecticut river; New 
 Haven. 
 
 Hardware, sewing machines. 
 
 Middle Atlantic States. 
 
 7- New York, (N. Y.) Albany, on the Hudson river; New York 
 City. 
 
 Books, butter, clothing, salt. 
 
 8- New Jersey, (N. J.) Trenton, on the Delaware river; Newark. 
 
 Garden products, silk. 
 
 9- Pennsylvania, (Pa.) Harrisburg, on the Susquehanna; Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Iron, coal, iron manufactures. 
 10. Delaware, (Del.) Dover, on the Jones ©reek; Wilmington. 
 Vegetable, manufactures. 
 
 II- Maryland, (Md.) Annapolis, on the Chesapeake bay; Balti- 
 more. 
 
 Grain, fruits, tobacco, oysters. 
 12. Virginia, (Va.) Richmond, on the the James river; Richmond. 
 Tobacco, coal, iron, marble, peanuts. 
 
io6 
 
 13- West Virginia, (W. Va.) Charleston, on the Kanawha river; 
 Wheeling. 
 
 Coal, iron. 
 
 Southern States. 
 
 14- North Carolina, (N, C.) Raleigh, on the Neuse river; Wilming- 
 ton. 
 
 Cotton, tobacco, turpentine, tar. 
 
 15- South Carolina, (S. C.) Columbia, on the Congaree river; 
 Charleston. 
 
 Rice, cotton. 
 1 6. Georgia, (Ga.) Atlanta, on the Chattahooche river; Atlanta. 
 
 Manufactures, cotton. 
 17- Florida, ( Fla. ) Tallahassee, situated inland; Jacksonville. 
 
 Oranges, tropical fruits. 
 i8. Alabama, (Ala.) Montgomery, on the Alabama river; Mobile. 
 Cotton, coal, corn, iron. 
 
 19- Mississippi, (Miss.) Jackson, on the Pearl river; Vicksburg. 
 
 Cotton, corn, lumber. 
 
 -20. Tennessee, (Tenn.) Nashville on the Cumberland river; Mem- 
 phis. 
 
 Corn, hemp, tobacco. 
 
 21. Louisiana, (La.) Baton Rouge, on the Mississippi river; New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Sugar, cotton. 
 
 22. Arkansas, (Ark.) Little Rock, on the Arkansas river; Little 
 Rock. 
 
 Coal, iron, lead, zinc. 
 
 23. Texas, (Tex.) Austin, on the Colorado river; San Antonia. 
 
 Cattle, cotton, sugar-caue. 
 
 24. Oklahoma, (Okla.) Guthrie, on the Cimarron; Oklahoma. 
 
 Corn, wheat, cotton, cattle. 
 
 East and West Central States. 
 
 25. Wisconsin, (Wis.) Madison, between Lakes Mendota and 
 Monona; Milwaukee. 
 
 Grain, lumber, copper. 
 
 26. Michigan, (Mich.) Lansing, on the Grand river; Detroit. 
 
 Salt, lumber, copper, grain. 
 
I07 
 
 27- Illinois, (111.) Springfield, on the Sangamon river; Chicago. 
 Grain, horses, coal, lead, salt. 
 
 28. Ohio, (Ohio) Columbus, on the Scioto river; Cleveland. 
 
 Grain, wool, coal, iron. 
 
 29. Kentucky, (Ky.) Frankfort, on the Kentucky river; Louisville. 
 
 Tobacco, hemp, flax, horses. 
 
 30. Minnesota, (Minn.) St. Paul, on the Mississippi river; Min- 
 neapolis. 
 
 Grain, flour, lumber. 
 31- Iowa, (Iowa) Des Moines, on the Des Moines river; Des 
 Moines. 
 
 Grain, live-stock, butter, flax. 
 32. Indiana, (Ind.) Indianapolis, on the White river; Indian- 
 apolis. 
 
 Grain, lumber, coal, iron. 
 
 33- Missouri,(Mo.) Jefferson City, on the Missouri river; St. Louis. 
 
 Corn, wheat, live stock 
 
 34- North Dakota, (N. Dak.) Bismark, on the Missouri river; 
 Fargo. 
 
 Wheat, corn, live stock. 
 
 35- South Dakota, (S. Dak.) Pierre, on the Missouri river; Sioux 
 Falls. 
 
 Wheat, corn, live stock, gold. 
 
 36- Nebraska, (Nebr.) Lincoln, on the Salt Creek; Omaha. 
 
 Grain, live stock. 
 
 37- Kansas,(Kans.) Topeka, on the Kansas river; Kansas City. 
 
 Wheat, corn, live stock, coal. 
 
 Mountain and Plateau States. 
 38. Montana, (Mont.) Helena, on the Missouri river; Butte. 
 
 Silver, gold, grain, live stock. 
 39- Wyoming, (Wyo.) Cheyenne, on the Crow Creek; Cheyenne. 
 
 Gold, coal, live stock. 
 
 40. Colorado, (Colo.) Denver, on the Cherry creek; Denver. 
 
 Silver, coal, iron, steel, cattle, 
 
 41. Idaho, (Ida.) Boise City, near Snake river; Boise. 
 
 Gold, silver, live stock. 
 
io8 
 
 42. UtaK, (Utah) Salt Lake City, on Great Salt Lake; Salt Lake 
 City. 
 
 Gold, silver, grain. 
 
 43. Nevada. CNev.) Carson City, on the Carson river; Reno. 
 
 Silver, gold, cattle. 
 
 Pacific States. 
 
 44. Washington, (Wash.) Oiympia, on the Puget Sound; Seattle. 
 
 Lumber, fish, grain, coal. 
 
 45. California, (Cal) Sacramento, on the Sacramento river; San 
 Francisco. 
 
 Gold, quicksilver, grapes, wheat. 
 
 46. Oregon. (Ore.) Salem, on the Willamette river; Portland. 
 
 Wheat, grain, gold, lumber, salmon. 
 
 Territories and Outlying Possessions. 
 * indicates Territories. 
 
 1. * Arizona, (Ariz.) Phoenix, on the Gila river; Tucson. 
 
 Silver, copper, gold, salt, cactus 
 
 2. * New Mexico, (N. Mex.) Santa Fe, on the Rio Grande del 
 Norte; Albuquerque. 
 
 Cattle, gold, silver. 
 
 3. * Alaska, Juneau, in the southeast; Juneau. 
 
 Gold, seals, fish, 
 
 4. * Hawaii, Honolulu, on the island Oahu; Honolulu. 
 
 Sugar, rice, coffee, tropical fruits. 
 
 5. Philippines, Manila, on Luzon island; Manila. 
 
 Hemp, copra, sugar, tobacco, whale-bcne, sulphur. 
 
 6. Porto Rico, San Juan, on its northern coast; San Juan. 
 
 Coffee, sugar, tobacco. 
 
 40. District of Columbia (D. C.) is located on he Maryland side 
 of the Potomac river and contains about seventy square miles. 
 Washington, the capital of the United States, is located in it. 
 
 Commit the following numbers to memory only with the aid of the map. 
 
 41. States on the Atlantic: 1- Maine, 2. New Hampshire, 3. Mas- 
 ■ sachusetts, 4. Rhode Island, 5. Connecticut, 6. New York, 7. 
 
 New Jersey, 8. Delaware, 9. Maryland, 10. Virginia, 11. North 
 

 
 ^toXe&W 
 
 kvvni 
 
 
 
 (Ca\A^ovm«J ntk>tt\or>^ kmvii^ 
 
 *Pvintvpal 
 covn.- pvoiutxn^' 
 
 VvocvtvpaV 
 
 moAVCMi^ OCcxnsas. j fC)Kvo j 
 
 i Vvxxtvpol 
 Kcxv-pvocutvnm -^ 
 
 SuacxM 
 
rrcntvpaV 
 
 pvooucvrvQ y J 
 
 1 vvnti-pol 
 
 ^Wtp - 
 pvoQucvno 
 
 Jncvntvpol 
 
 IrvvYvevpoV 
 p>:oiutvna 
 
 TvLntipoX 
 
 pvCoucxwo 
 statt.^ . 
 
 rvx-ntv-DoV 
 
 cool- 
 pvo^ucvno 
 
 
 (0K\o j AXlo 
 
 \tlov'CCo,Y\a Axi^tiYnvito pwti^on| 
 
 jtUv-nXit^OUX A[\VQkbQvr\d 
 
 UvnoU,] /bl\XO 
 
 XA 
 
 J)u*<tfn\)a 
 
UNITED STATES 
 
 At«S> ITS 
 
 CO LO N 1 A L POSSE^SmiMS 
 
 Itff (iO* Ittf' iao» lOQ* frO°** «»* 
 
113 
 
 Carolina, I2. South Carolina, 13. Georgia, i4. Florida. 
 
 42. States on the Gulf of Mexico:— I. Florida, 2. Alabama, 3. Mis- 
 sissippi, 4. Louisiana, 5. Texas. 
 
 43. States on the Pacific coast: — i- Washington, 2. Oregon, 3. 
 California. 
 
 44. States on the Great Lakes: — i- New York, on Lakes Erie and 
 Ontario; 2. Pennsylvania, on Lake Erie; 3. Ohio, on Lake Erie; 
 4. Michigan, on Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan; 5. Indi- 
 ana, on Lake Michigan; 6. Illinois, on Lake Michigan; 7. Wis- 
 consin, on Lakes Michigan and Superior; 8. Minnesota, on Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 45. States bordering on Canada: i- Maine, 2. New Hampshire, 3. 
 
 Vermont, 4. Pennsylvania, 5. Ohio, 6. Michigan, 7. Minnesota, 
 8. North Dakota, 9. Montana, 10. Idaho, 11. Washington. 
 
 46. The 45th parallel forms the boundary of i. northern New 
 Hampshire, 2. northern Vermont, 3. northern New York, 4. 
 northern Wyoming, and 5. southern Montana. 
 
 47. States crossed by the 45th parallel north latitude: i. Maine, 2. 
 Michigan, 3. Wisconsin, 4. Minnesota, 5. South Dakota, 6. Mon- 
 tana, 7. Idaho, 8. Oregon. 
 
 A beh extending across the United States between 40° and 45*^ north latitude 
 would mark the great grain producing region of the country. 
 
 48. Minnesota and Louisiana touch both sides of the Mississippi. 
 
 49. States on the east bank of the Mississippi river: — i. Minnesota, 
 2, Wisconsin, S. Illinois, 4. Kentucky, 5. Tennessee, 6. Missis- 
 sippi, 7, Louisiana. 
 
 50. States on the west bank of the Mississippi river: — i- Minnesota, 
 2. Iowa, 3. Missouri, 4. Arkansas, 5. Louisiana. 
 
 Sketch first from map and then from memory the Mississippi and its border- 
 states. 
 
 51- Name the states on tbe north and south banks of the Ohio 
 
 river. 
 
 52. Going directly west from New York city to the Pacific coast one 
 would cross New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
 Iowa, Nebraska, Colorada, Utah, Nevada, California. 
 
 53. The six rivers crossed in a direct trip west from New York 
 city would be the Hudson, the Delaware, the Susquehanna, the 
 Ohio, the Mississippi, and the Sacramento. 
 
 Use many similar exercises until pupils are thoroughly familiar with the position 
 
114 
 
 of each state. 
 
 Products. 
 Agricultural Products of the United States. 
 
 54. Tke United States lies entirel)'^ in the temperate zone. Each 
 temperate zone may be divided into a warm belt lying next to 
 the hot belt and a cool belt lying next to the cold belt or frigid 
 7.one. In our north temperate zone the warm belt lies between the 
 tropic of cancer and a line crossing east and west about through 
 Ihe middle of the United States. (4oth parallel.) 
 
 Ih the Old World this line runs east and west about along the 
 main highlands of Europe and Asia. 
 
 55. The most important agricultural products of the United States 
 are: i, corn, 2. wheat, 3. cotton, 4. tobacco, 5. hay, 6. potatoes. 
 
 56. East of the lOOth meridian are three natural divisions of ag- 
 ricultural products; the southern or cotton belt, the middle or 
 corn belt, and the northern or wheat belt. 
 
 57. The cotton belt, or region foremost in the pioduction of cot- 
 ton, extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the mouth of the Ohio 
 and from the Atlantic ocean on the east to the icoth meridian on 
 the west. 
 
 The principal states included in the cotton belt are: 1. Texas, 
 2. Mississippi, 3. Georgia, 4. Alabama, 5. Louisiana, and 6, 
 South Carolina. Chart p. no. 
 
 58. The corn belt, or region foremost in the production of corn, 
 reaches southward into the cotton belt and northward to central 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 The principal states included in the corn belt are: 1. Iowa, 2. 
 Illinois, 3. Missouri, 4. Texas, 5 Nebraska, etc. Chart p. no. 
 
 59. The wheat belt or regi.on foremostin the production of wheat 
 covers the northern part of the corn belt and extends beyond it 
 into Canada. 
 
 The principal states included in this belt are: 1. Minnesota, 2. 
 North Dakota, 3. Kansas, 4. Ohio, 5. Indiana, etc. Chart p. no. 
 The United States is second to Russia in the production of wheat, 
 
 60. If one were totravel directly south from the northern boundary 
 of Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico, name in order the states and 
 
115 
 
 great crop belts he would cross, 
 
 61. The region producing an abundance of hay (chart p. 110) and 
 oats includes the central part of the Central States. 
 
 62. Tobacco is abundantly produced in Kentucky, Virginia, 
 Pennsylvania, and Ohio. 
 
 63. Sugar-cane (chart p. no) is largely produced in Cuba, Porto 
 Rico, Louisiana, Hawaii, Philippines, and all the Southern 
 states; sugar-beets in California and Michigan; rice in South Caro- 
 lina and the Southern states; oranges in California and Florida; 
 grapes in California Missouri, and New York; peaches in New Jer- 
 sey, Maryland, and Delaware; apples in Michigan, Connecticut, 
 New York, and Oregon; peanuts in Virginia and Tennessee. 
 
 64- Timber is obtained chiefly from the eastern half of our 
 country (p. 85, no. 166) also from the western slopes of the Sier- 
 ra Nevada and Cascade ranges especially from the region about 
 Puget Sound. 
 
 Lumbering, however, on a large scale is carried on chiefly in 
 Michigan, Wisconsin, V/ashington, and Oregon. 
 
 Animals. 
 85. Horses are raised most extensively in the Central States; 
 lUiaois, Iowa, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, rank foremost. 
 
 66. Cattle and swine are raised in greatest numbers in the Cen- 
 tral States. 
 
 Name the states ranking foremost in the production of corn 
 and conclude what states rank foremost in the raising of cattle 
 and hogs. 
 
 Vast herds of cattle and sheep are bred on the Great Plains 
 (p. 25, no. 71) or in the states of the Plateau Section especially 
 in I. Texas, 2. New Mexico, 3. Wyoming, 4. Montana, and al- 
 so in Iowa, Kansas, and Illinois. Chart p. 110. 
 
 67. Sheep are extensively bred in the states crossed by the Rock- 
 y Mountains, i. Ohio, 2. Montana, 3. Wyoming, 4. Oregon, 5. 
 New Mexico. Chart p. 110. 
 
 68. State where cattle raising is carried on most extensively. 
 Where do you think cattle are raised for the sake of meat and 
 
ii6 
 
 hides? Where largely for the sake of dairy products? 
 
 New York ranks first amoDg the dair}^ states; but milk, butter 
 and cheese are valuable in nearly all parts of the prairies, as well, 
 as in the states farther east. Chart p. 110. 
 
 69. From what waters are cod fish obtained? Salmon? Herring? 
 Sardines? Oysters? Sponges? Pp. 86, 87, nos. I73 — 177. 
 
 70. Alaska is in the center of seal fisheries. P. 75, no. 86. What 
 fish are taken from the waters about Alaska? Washington ranks 
 foremost as a fish-canning state and Maine second. 
 
 Halibut are taken from the waters off the New England and Alaskan coasts. 
 
 71. The Great Lakes produce trout, white fish, and yellow perch. 
 
 72. The rivers and lakes produce catfish, buffalo fish, mussels, 
 bass, pickerel, etc. 
 
 Rank of the United States with other Leading Countries in Her 
 Vegetable and Animal Productions. 
 II 7S. In the production of cotton the United States ranks foremost 
 in the world. East Indies second, and Egypt third. 
 II 74. In the production of corn the United States ranks foremost, 
 Austria Hungary second, and Argentina third. 
 II 75. In the production of wheat the Russian Empire ranks foremost, 
 the United States second, India third, France fourth. 
 II 76. In the production of oats the Russian Empire ranks foremost, 
 the United States second, Germany third, and France fourth. 
 II 77. In the production of barley the Russian Empire ranks foremost, 
 the United States second, German}^ third Austria Huugary fourth. 
 II 78. In the production of rye the Russian Empire ranks first, Ger- 
 many second, and the United States fifth. 
 
 II 79. In the production of tobacco the United States ranks foremost 
 in the world. 
 
 II 80. In the production of lumber the United States ranks lorem.ost, 
 Germany second, Canada third, and Russia fourth. 
 II 81. In the raising of cattle the United States ranks foremost, Russia 
 second, Argentina third, Germany fourth. 
 
 II 82. In tbe production of sv/ine the United States ranks foremost, 
 Germany second, Russia third, Austria Hungary fourth. 
 II 83. In the raising of sheep the Russian Empire ranks foremost, 
 Argentina second, the United States third, Australia fourth, New 
 
117 
 
 Zealand fifth. 
 
 84. In the production of wool Australia ranks foremost, Russian 
 
 Empire second, Argentina third. 
 
 85. The United States produces one-fifth of the fish catch of the 
 world. 
 
 Minerals. 
 
 86. Mineral wealth is a source of power to any country: coal fur- 
 nishes fuel, and iron machinery. Where is fuel used? Name differ- 
 ent kinds of machinery. 
 
 Gold and silver give us millions of dollars every year to be used 
 as money. 
 
 Gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, tin, lead, etc. are used in 
 the arts. 
 
 The arts are classified as: 
 
 a. The fine arts, or arts of beauty; such as painting, sculpture, music, poetry, 
 etc. 
 
 b. The industrial, or useful arts, include the trades which require chiefly man- 
 ual labor and skill. Name some trades. 
 
 c. The liberal arts embrace the higher branches of learning; such as, the 
 languages, history, sciences, etc. 
 
 Principal Sources of our Leading Mineral Productions pp. 44 — 50. 
 
 87. Iron from Michigan, Minnesota, Alabama, Virginia, Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 88. Gold from Colorado, California, Alaska, South Dakota, 
 Montana. 
 
 89. Silver from Colorado, Montana, Utah, Idaho, Arizona. 
 
 90. Copper from Montana, Michigan, Arizona, Utah, Missouri. 
 
 91. Nickel from Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 
 
 92. Zinc from Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, New Jersey. 
 
 93. Lead from Idaho, Colorado, Utah, 
 
 94. Mercury or quicksilver from California, Philippines. 
 
 95. Aluminum- Arkansas produces the clay from which this 
 metal is made in large quantities. 
 
 This clay is found throughout the states. 
 
 96. Coal from Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, 
 lov/a. 
 
 97. Petroleum from California, Ohio, Texas, Pennsylvania, West 
 Virginia, Indiana. 
 
ii8 
 
 98. Gas from Pennsylvania, Indiana, West Virginia, Kansas. 
 
 99. Salt from New York, Michigan, Texas. 
 
 100. Granite from Vermont, Texas. 
 
 101. Slate from New York, Vermont. 
 
 102. Marble from Vermont, Georgia. 
 108. Limestone from Indiana. 
 
 504. Graphite p. 45> "O. 253. 
 
 Jersey City manufactures more lead peftcils than any other city in the world. 
 105. The whetstone quarries of x\rkansas are the best in the world. 
 
 Rank of the United States with other Leailir.g Countries 
 in Her Mineral Productions. 
 103. In the production of iron and steal the United Stales ranks 
 first, Germany second, Great Britain third, France fourth. 
 
 107. In the production of gold Australasia ranks foiemost, the 
 United States second, south Africa third, Russia fourth. 
 
 108. In ths production of silver Mexico ranks foremost, the United 
 States second, Austrtilasia third, Bolivia fourth, Germany fifth. 
 
 109. In the production of copper the United States ranks foremost, 
 Mexico second, Spain and Fortugal third, Japan fourth, Chile 
 ranks with Japan. 
 
 110. In the production of coal the United States ranks foremost, 
 Great Britain second, Germany third, Austria-Hungary fourth, 
 France fifth. 
 
 111. In the production of petroleum the United States ranks first, 
 Russia second, Dutch East Indies third. 
 
 The best cement works are in eastern Pennsylvania f:nd western New Jersey. 
 Clay is used in making bricks, tiles, drain pipes, stone ware, terra cotta, pottery, 
 etc. Trenton, New Jersey, is the seat of the most extensive pottery manufactcries 
 in the United States. 
 
 Historjr. 
 
 112. Who discovered America? P. 87, no. 179. 
 
 John and Sebastian Cabot, lialians in the service of England, 
 1497 — 1498, following the path pointed out by Columbus, discov- 
 ered the North American continent, and traced the coast of the 
 present United States as far south as Virginia and North Caro- 
 lina. By virtue of these voyages, England laid claim to the Atlan- 
 tic coast and founded the first permanent settltmLUt at James- 
 
119 
 
 town, Virginia, I607. 
 
 Spain explored the southern part of the United States, and 
 founded the two oldest cities in the present United States proper, 
 St. Augustine, Florida, i565, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1582. 
 
 France, under Father Marquette and Joliet, and La Salle, dis- 
 covered and explored the Mississippi, and claimed all the land 
 drained by the river and its tributaries, I673 — 1682. 
 
 The settlements along the Atlantic soon grew into thirteen flour- 
 ishing colonies, all of which, with the exception of New York (by 
 the Dutch) and Delaware (by the Swedes and Dutch) were found- 
 ed by the English. 
 
 A war between the French and English colonies gave England 
 the possession of that part of the present United States, lying 
 east of the Mississippi, excepting New Orleans and Florida. 
 
 In I776 the colonies declared their independence of the mother 
 country. Great Britain claimed the right to tax the colonies, 
 though they were not represented in the British Parliament. At- 
 tempts to force this claim brought on the Revolutionary War, 
 1775 — I'ZSi, in which the Americans were successful. 
 
 Hence, the original United States territory, I789, extended to 
 the Mississippi river on the west, and as far south as Florida. 
 Since then the country has been enlarged by the additions of 
 Louisiana, Florida, Texas, Oregon Territory, Mexican Cession, 
 Gadsden Accession, Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, Wake, Guam, 
 Tutuila, Philippines, the three islands St. Croix, St. Thomas, 
 and St. Johns, and the Panama Cacal Zone. 
 
 Religion. 
 
 113. There is no established religion in the United States. 
 Freedom of religious belief and worship is secured to all. 
 
 114. Catholicity (p. 54, no. 16 c) was brought to America with 
 its discoverers. Its early history in the United States is marked 
 by the heroic zeal and arduous labors of the pioneer missionar- 
 ies, who, braving dangers, hardships, and death, carried the gos- 
 pel and civilization to the native Indian tribes. 
 
 Catholics were for a time oppressed and unjustly legislated 
 against, but gradually the bigotry of old vanished; and from the 
 soil, consecrated by the toils and blood of the early missionaries. 
 
I20 
 
 sprang a bountiful harvest, to which stately cathedrals, thou- 
 sands of churches, numberless cloisters, over one thousand thriv- 
 ing parishes, and a Catholic popuJation of fourteen million souls, 
 bear striking evidence. 
 
 , j/' Education. 
 
 115. Liberal provision is made b3^'each state for the education of 
 the people. Common schools are maintained at the public ex- 
 pense, also high schools, academies, normal schools, and state 
 universities. 
 
 Of the state universities, the most prominent and successful are those of Mich- 
 igan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and California, 
 
 116. Noted institutions of historic fame: 
 
 I- Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, founded I636. 
 2. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, founded 
 1693. 
 
 3- Yale College, Nev^r Haven, Connecticut, founded 1741. 
 
 4. Princeton College, Princeton, New Jersey, founded 1746. 
 
 5. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, founded 1751. 
 
 6. Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, founded. 1764. 
 7- Dartmouth University, Hanover, New Hampshire, founded 
 
 1770. 
 
 117. The educational work conducted under the direction and in- 
 flue ice of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States, em- 
 braces all grades of institutions, from the kindeigaittn to the 
 university. 
 
 The report of igog registered 1473 parishes with parochial schools, 213 col- 
 leges for boys, 708 academies and high schools for girls, and 7 universities. 
 
 In all these institutions the study of the Catholic religion 
 forms an important part of the curiculum. The Catholic 
 church considers religion thefoundation of all education, and 
 makes it on of her chief duties to mold the minds and the hearts 
 of her youth, and to lead them by means of instruction to the ex- 
 ercise of every religious, moral, domestic, and civil virtue. Mean- 
 while she does not fail to equip them with the secular knowl- 
 edge necessary and useful for life. 
 
 118. Noted Catholic universities: 
 
 I- Georgetown, District of Columbia, founded 1787, in charge of 
 
121 
 
 the Jesuits; 
 
 2. Notre Dame, Indiana, founded 1842, in charge of the Fathers 
 of the Holy Cross; 
 
 3. Creignton, Omaha, Nebraska, founded 1879, in charge of the 
 Jesuits; 
 
 4. Catholic University of America, Washington, D, C, founded 1889. 
 This institution was established by the American bishop>s through the liberality 
 
 of Miss Mary Caldwell, and is the highest seat of learning of the Catholic church 
 in the United States. It is managed by officers under rules laid down by a board of 
 trustees, composed of bishops, priests, and laymen. jThe president of the board is 
 the Chancellor of the University, and this office is held by the Archbishop of Bal- 
 timore. 
 
 People. 
 
 119, The population of the United States, (census of 1900) 
 including Alaska is over 76- million (76,303,387); adding the num- 
 ber of inhabitants peopling the dependencies, it is nearl}' 85 mil- 
 lion (84,go6,856)» 
 
 120- The races of mankind under the control of the United 
 States are: 
 
 1. The Caucasians, found throughout the country; 
 
 2. The Negroes, one-eighth of the population, live chiefiy in the 
 southern part. 
 
 3. The Indians, about two and one-half thousand in number, 
 live chiefly in Oklahoma and oa the reservations in the west. 
 
 4. The Chiiiese and Japanese, over one-hundred thousand in 
 number, are employed as servants and day laborers, chiefly in the 
 
 Pacific States. 
 
 5 The Malays, about seven million in number — over 6,000,000 
 Catholic — live chiefly in the Philippines, 
 
 Government. 
 
 121. The United States is a Federal Republic, (p. 55, no. 25), 
 governed by rulers appointed by its ow^n people. It consists of 
 forty-six states and the four territories of New Mexico, Arizona, 
 Alaska, and Hawaii; the District of Columbia, and a number 
 of outlying possessions. 
 
 122. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land; it provides 
 
122 
 
 for the administration of the government in three departments: 
 
 a. The legislative, or law-making department, is vested in Con- 
 gress which consists of the House of Representatives and the 
 Senate; 
 
 b. The executive, or law-enforcing department, is vested in the 
 President and his Cabinet; 
 
 c. The judicial, or law-explaining department, is vested in the 
 Judges of the Supreme Court and the Courts. 
 
 123. Each state has its own officers and a government similar in 
 its parts to the national government. Each state is divided into 
 counties and each county into townships. P. 56, no. 34-pp. i4) 15. 
 
 124. The territories are under the direct control of the national 
 government. An organized territory has a governor, judges, and 
 other officers appointed by the President of the United States, 
 a legislature elected by its own people, and a delegate in the 
 lower House of Congress who is entitled to speak but not to vote. 
 
 The Outlying Possessions. 
 
 125. The Indians are gathered on reservations under the direct 
 control of the United States national government, represented by 
 the Secretary of the Interior, who has charge of the Indian 
 affairs. 
 
 126. I. Alaska Territory, the extreme northwestern part of North 
 America, was purchased 1867, from Russia, for ;^7,2oo,ooo. 
 
 2. The Philippines, an archipelago of 1500 islands, are in the 
 Pacific ocean southeast from China. They were obtained from 
 Spain, 1898, by purchase and treaty, as a result of the Spanish- 
 American War. Manila is the principal city; it is located on Lu- 
 zon, the largest island of the group. 
 
 3. Hawaii, a group of islands in the Pacific, about 2,100 miles 
 southwest of San Francisco, was annexed to the United States 
 in 1898. Honolulu is t>he principal city. 
 
 4. Guam, the largest of the Ladrone islands, is situated east of 
 the Philippines in the mid-Pacific, and is used by the United 
 States as a coaling station and cable landing. It was obtained 
 from Spain by treaty, 1898. 
 
123 
 
 5- Tutuila, with two other small islands of the Samoan group, 
 is situated east from Australia in the Pacific ocean. It is used as 
 a coaling station, and was obtained by treaty agreement transact- 
 ed with Germany and England. 
 
 6. Wake Island, an atoll in mid-ocean, between Guam and Tu- 
 tuila, is used by the United States as a coaling station and cable 
 landing, and was obtained from Spain by treaty, 1898. 
 
 7- The islands St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John, east of and near 
 Porto Rico, were purchased from Denmark, 1902. St. Thomas is 
 a coaling station. 
 
 8. The Panama Canal Zone is a strip of land, ten miles wide, 
 across the Isthmus of Panama, obtained from the Republic of 
 Panama by treaty. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 127. The United States has excellent transportation facilities, the 
 most important of which are: p. 88, no. 184 a— d. 
 
 128. The United States ranks foremost in the world in the pro- 
 duction of salable articles, which fact may be attributed to the 
 following: 
 
 1. It lies mainly in the temperate zone. 
 
 2. It possesses a vast area of fertile soil and grazing lands. 
 
 3. It is rich in the most valuable minerals and metals. 
 
 4. It has extensive and rich fisheries. 
 
 5. It was discovered and settled by people from highly pro- 
 gressive and cultured countries. 
 
 6. It has excellent educational advantages. 
 
 7. It has more money in its banks than any other nation. 
 
 1. What are the latitude boundaries of the United States? 
 
 2. Where are the great agricultural regions? The vast grazing lands? Thou- 
 sands of cattle from the grazing regions of the Great Plains are taken north annu- 
 ally to be fattened in the corn belt. 
 
 3. Where are the two great mineral producing regions of the country? P. 104, 
 no. 37 (2) and (5), pp. 96 — 97, no. 12 b and d. 
 
 4. In what part of the country is fishing an extensive industry? 
 
 5. By what nations was the United States settled? 
 
 6. What educational advantages has the country? What influence have these 
 on the progress of the country? 
 
 7. The money in the banks belongs to the people. It is loaned to business men 
 
124 
 
 and to cit]? and state governments to carry on the business of the country. It is 
 the possession of capital that makes London, New York, and other large cities 
 great business centers. 
 
 129. TKe industries of the United States in order of importance 
 
 are: ]. manufacturing, 2. agriculture, 3. stock-raising, 4. mining, 
 
 5. luaabering, 6. fishing. 
 
 180. In foreign trade Great Britain ranks first, Germany second, 
 and the United States third, but in domiestic trade we are far in 
 advance of them. 
 
 181. Our largest foreign trade is with the British Isles, Gerniany, 
 and France. Our important exports in this trade are: rav/ cotton, 
 breadstuffs, tobacco, lumber, gold, silver, petroieum, iron and 
 steel maautactuies, agricultural implements, pork, meats, and 
 leather. 
 
 One-half of our exports are sent from New York and one-half of all our ex- 
 ports go to Great Britain. 
 
 Although our own crop is so large, we import cotton because the upland cot- 
 ton of the United States has a fiber only one and one-half inch long, and for del- 
 icate fabrics such as laces and fine muslins, the long fiber is necessary; and where 
 great strength is required, as in the canvas webbing for bicycle tires, a long and 
 coarse fiber, such as the Peruvian cotton supplies, is necessary. 
 
 We raise over one-third of the world's supply of tobacco. The flavor and value 
 of tobacco depends upon the soil and climate in which jt grows. The Cuban vari- 
 ety is favored for cigars; the Turkish, Egyptian and Louisiana tobacco, for smok- 
 ing. The fine leaf of Connecticut is used for cigar wrappers. We export over two- 
 thirds of our crop, but buy about half as much as we sell, chiefiy from Cuba and 
 Sumatra. Vv'hy do we buy tobacco? 
 
 |1^'2. Our most valuable imports are: 
 
 I- Sugar, chiefly from the East Indies,, Germany, and Hawaii. 
 2. Cotton and woolen goods, chiefly from the British Isles, Ger- 
 many, and Switzerland. 
 
 3- Coffee, chitfiy from Brazil and the West Indies. 
 
 4- Tea, chiefly from China and Japan. 
 
 5- Hides and skins, chiefly from South America and Central 
 America. 
 
 6. India rubber, chiefly from Brazil. 
 
 '?. Tobacco, chiefly from Cuba and Sumatra. 
 
 8. Tin, chiefly from the East Indies and the British Isles. 
 
125 
 
 9' Linen, chiefly from the Briiish Isles, France, and Belgium. 
 
 lo. Spices, chiefly from the East Indies. 
 
 II- Silk, rav/, chiefly from Japan, China, Italy. 
 
 12. Silk, manufactured, chiefly from France, Germany, and 
 Switzerland. 
 
 13- Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., chiefly from the West Indies, the 
 East Indi^s^ and Central America. 
 
 133y^ur principal seaports and their population are: 
 
 1. New York, (3,437,202) N. Y., exports breadstufis, provisions, 
 manufactured articles, and petroleum, to England, Spain, Italy, 
 Holland, and Germany. 
 
 Breadstufis are grain, flour, and meal. 
 
 Provisions are mutton, beef, pork, butter, cheese, and milk. 
 
 2. New Orleans, (287,104) La., exports large quantities of su- 
 gar, rice, and cotton, to England and New York. 
 
 3- Boston, (560,892) Mass., exports principally manufactured 
 shoes and leather goods, to England, Canada, and Cuba. 
 
 4- Galveston, (37j789) Tex,, exports cotton, rice, and provisions, 
 to England, France, Germany, Holland, and Belgium. 
 
 5. Piiiladelpliia, (1,293,697) Fa., exports iion, steel, coal, and 
 manufactured goods, to England and Belgium. 
 
 6. Bskimore, (5'^8,957) Md., exports coal, breadstufis, and 
 manufactured goods to England and (Germany. 
 
 "i • San Francisco, (342,782) Cai., exports breadstufis, provisions, 
 and fruit to Hawaii, China, Japan, Alaska, and Canada. 
 
 Through these citie? our foreign trade is carried on and they are designated 
 by the government as "Forts of Entry". Such a port with the neighboring territory 
 is known as a Customs District. It contains a custom house with a corps of officers 
 who inspect all goods entering the port from foreign countries, and collect the du- 
 ty as fixed by the tarriff laws, P. 59, no. 29. 
 134, TKe principal lake ports are: 
 
 I- CKicago, (15698,575) ill., on Lake Michigan, is the largest 
 railroad ceriter in the United States. Mere grsin is shipped from 
 this port than from any other place in the world. 
 
 2 Cleveland, (381,768) Ohio, on Lake Erie, is a center for lake- 
 ship building. Iron products are manufactured and shipped from 
 this port. The iron is brought from Lake Superior. 
 
 3- Buffalo, (352,387) N. Y., is located at the junction of Lake 
 Erie and the Erie canal. The Erie canal connects the Great 
 
xa6 
 
 Lakes with the Hudson river, and brings the products oi the 
 great Northwest to the Atlantic sea-board. This makes Buffalo 
 one of the largest lake ports from which grain, ore, lumber, and 
 wheat are distributed to eastern markets. 
 
 4. Detroit, (285,704) Mich., on the Detroit river between lakes 
 St. Clair and Erie, is a port from which grain, ores, and pork 
 are distributed. 
 
 5. Milwaukee, (285,315) Wis.,onLake Michigan, exports wheat 
 and flour. 
 
 6. Toledo, (131,822) Ohio, on Lake Erie receives large amounts 
 of Lake Superior ore and is a distributing port for wheat and 
 flour, 
 
 7- Duluth, (52,969) Minn., is one of the largest distributing 
 ports for wheat of the United States, and is the eastern terminus 
 of the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific railroads. 
 
 8. Superior, (31,091) Wis., on Lake Superior, is next to Min- 
 neapolis, the largest flour milling center in the country. It ships 
 large amounts of wheat, iron ore, and lumber, and receives coal 
 for re-shipment. Here are located the famous "whale-back" 
 ship yards. 
 
 9- Ashland, (13,074) Wis., on Chequamegon bay of Lake Supe- 
 rior, is the shipping point for the Penokee iron district and has 
 large ore docks. 
 
 135. Leading ports on the Mississippi are: 
 
 1 and 2. Minneapolis, (202,718) Minn., the largest city in Min- 
 nesota, and its twin cit)^ St. Paul, (^ 63,065) the capital and sec- 
 ond city in size, are built side by side, the former on the right 
 bank and the latter on the left bank of the river near the falls of 
 St. Anthony and at the head of river navigation. Minnehaha 
 falls is situated between the two cities. These cities form one 
 commercial center. Minneapolis manufactures more flour than any 
 other city in the world. St. Paul is the shipping and distribut- 
 ing point for the entire region. 
 
 The location and growth of St. Paul and Minneapolis may be ascribed: (a) To 
 the lumber and flour milling facilities; (b) to the shipping advantages afforded by 
 the headwater of river navigation; (c) to the surrounding rich agricultural region. 
 
 3. La Crosse, (28,895) Wis., picturesquely situated on the left 
 
127 
 
 bank of the river, at the junction of the La Crosse river with the 
 Mississippi, has extensive lumber manufactures and is a distrib- 
 uting center for the surroundi«ng portion of the state. 
 
 4. Dubuque, (56,297) Iowa, the second largest city of the state, 
 on the right bank of the river, manufactures lumber, clothing, 
 and vehicles and has important mining and commercial interests. 
 
 5-6 Davenport, (35.254) Iowa, and Rock Island, (19. 493) I^-. are 
 situated opposite each other, the former on the right, and the lat- 
 ter on the left bank of the river. Two large bridges span the river 
 here. 
 
 Davenport is a grain market. It manufactures machinery and 
 tobacco products and has meat-packing and sugar-refining estab- 
 lishments. 
 
 Rock Island is a railroad and manufacturing center. It has a 
 government arsenal and large iron and steel works. 
 
 An arsenal is a place where the arms and munitions of war are kept, or a 
 public establishment where such are made. 
 
 7. St. Louis, (575,238) Mo., on the right bank of the river, 
 founded 1764, is the metropolis of the Mississippi valley, the 
 second largest inland city and the fourth largest city in the Unit- 
 ed States. On account of its early recognition as a metropolis of 
 the neighboring regions, combined with its splendid natural ad- 
 vantages, St. Lonis has developed into the chief city on the 
 "Father of Waters". Its favorable location south of where the 
 Missouri river enters the Mississippi, affords an excellent depot 
 where the valuable products of the "cool belt" are exchanged for 
 those of the "warm belt". Here the freight of light-draught steam- 
 ers of the upper river are exchanged for the freights of larger 
 boats of the lower river and the Gulf. St. Louis also has connec- 
 tions by rail east and west, and by way of the Missouri, with a 
 large region in the northwest rapidly developing. 
 
 What ismeantby the "cool belt"? "Warm belt"? Name some products of each 
 of these belts. P. 114, no. 54. 
 
 8- East St. Louis, (29,655) 111., opposite St. Louis is noted as 
 a railway center and as a place for the transfer of freight be- 
 tween eastern and western lines. 
 
 9- Memphis, (102,320) Tenn., on the left bank of the river, is 
 
128 
 
 tha metropolis of the state, the greatest inland cotton market, 
 and the largest producer of hardwood lumber and cotton-seed 
 products in the world. 
 
 Cotton-seed products are oil for table and industrial (oiling machinery, mak- 
 ing soap, etc.) use; oilcake meal, or the refuse after the oil has been pressed out, 
 which is used as a food for cattle and as a fertilizer; the hulls of the seed are some- 
 times used for making paper. 
 
 10— II. Vicksburg, (14,834) and NatcKez, (12,210) Miss., on 
 the left bank of the river, are important cotton markets and 
 manufacturing centsrs of lumber and cotton-seed oil. 
 
 Vicksburg is the largest commercial city of Mississippi. 
 
 12. Baton Rouge, (11,269) La., on the left bank of the river, is 
 the capital of the state. 
 
 13. New Orleans, (287, 104) La., on the left bank of the river 
 ranks second in the United States in its foreign commerce and 
 first in the South in its population, commerce and manufactures. 
 It is ths greatest market in the world for cotton and one of the 
 greatest for sugar and rice. 
 
 The growth and location of New Orleans are due to its location one hundred 
 . miles up the river, at the junctionof ocean and river traffic, and to its convenient 
 access to the great cotton growing section of the United States. 
 
 Transportation. 
 
 136. What is transportation? P- 56, no. 42. 
 
 137. What are the land routes of transportation? P. 57, no. 5. 
 
 138. What are the water routes of transportation? P. 58, nos. ig, 
 21, 22, 23. 
 
 139. Who owns the railroads in the United States? P. 57, no. 11. 
 
 140. The United States has an enormous amount of railroads, about 
 200,000 miles, or forty per cent of the whole railroad mileage of 
 the world. 
 
 '141. The principal raikoads of the United States are: 
 
 1. New York Central and Hudson River— from New York, north 
 through Albany, west through Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, to 
 Buffalo. 
 
 2. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern — from Buffalo through Erie, 
 Pa., Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio, to Chicago. 
 
 3- Chicago and Northwestern— from Chicago through Madison, 
 
129 
 
 Wis., to Duluth, or to St. Paul, Mina., or from Chicago through 
 Cedar Rapids, and Council Bluffs, Iowa, to Omaha (492 miles). 
 
 4- Union Pacific— from Omaha, through Cheyenne Wyo., Og- 
 den, Utah, to Portland, Oregon (1828 miles); or from Ogden via 
 Southern Pacific to San Francisco (1867 miles). 
 
 5. Southern Pacific — from San Francisco to Portland Ore., 
 (772 miles); or southeast through Los Angeles, Cal., and Tuc- 
 son, Ariz., to New Orleans, (2849 miles). 
 
 (J- Northern Pacific — from Duluth, Minn., through Bismarck, 
 N. Dak., and Helena, Mont., to Tacoma Wash., orPortland, 
 Ore. [2462 miles] . 
 
 7- Grand Trunk — from Portland, Me., through Montreal, To- 
 ronto, Canada, and Detroit, to Chicago [1142 miles], 
 
 142. Trains going east carry cattle and grain. Why? Those from 
 Missouri and Kentucky carry hemp and tobacco. Those from Ohio 
 and adjoining states carry pork, lard, and flour. Why? Some are 
 coal trains, others are composed of refrigerator cars carrying fresh 
 meat and fruits. Other cars support large iron tanks containing 
 petroleum. From where are trains carrying petroleum generally 
 bound? P. llV, no. 97. What do the railroads from the South trans- 
 port to ports on the Gulf and Atlantic sea-board? With what are 
 northward bound trains likely to be freighted? What do trains run- 
 ning westward carry? Are they as heavily laden as those going 
 eastward? Why not? 
 
 143. Our rivers and lakes are navigated by steamboats, barges, 
 canal boats and every sort of craft. What do they carry over 
 the Mississippi? Over the Great Lakes? The Erie canal? TheSoo 
 canal? 
 
 144. Steamships carry goods from port to port and ocean liaers 
 cross the seas in every direction, carryirg our goods to all the 
 ports of the world, from which they return laden with foreign 
 products. What goods of ours do they carry to other countries? 
 From what ports, to what countries are they carried? P. 125, no. 133. 
 What goods are brought back in return? P. 124, no. 123. 
 
 145. The rivers and lakes of our country are connected by more than 
 forty canals. 
 
 146. The Erie canal was built by the people of New York, led 
 by De Witt Clinton. It connects the Great Lakes with the At- 
 
130 
 
 lantic byway of the Hudson river. This canal has made New York 
 the greatest commercial city and the metropolis of America. 
 Explain. What bodies of water does the Welland canal connect? 
 P. 59, no. d. Why was it built? What have you learned regarding the 
 Sault Ste. Maria canals? P. 59, no. e. 
 
 147. Other leading canals are: 
 
 I- The Michigan Ship and Drainage canal, connecting Lake Michi- 
 with the Mississippi river by way of the Chicago and Illinois 
 rivers; 
 
 2. Ohio canal, from Cleveland to Portsmouth, Ohio; 
 
 3- The Miami and Erie canal, from Cincinnati to Toledo, Ohio; 
 
 4. The Hudson and Champlain canal, from Troy to Whitehall, 
 N. Y; 
 
 5- The Morris canal, from Easton, Pa., to Jersey City, N. J; 
 
 6. The Delaware and Rariton canal, across New Jersey. 
 
 Standard Time. 
 
 148. In order to secure uniform time over long areas, railroad com- 
 panies of the United States have agreed to make a change of 
 one hour in their time for every 15° of longitude, giving the same 
 time to all places within each time belt. This is called Standard 
 Time or Railroad Time. By this system the United States is 
 divided into four sections, or time belts. Each belt is 15-^ wide; 
 that is, each extends 7^° east and 7^° west of a an adopted me- 
 ridian. The time of the 75th meridian is called Eastern Time; that 
 of the 90th meridian Central Time, that of the io-;th meridian 
 Mountain Time, and that of the 120th meridian Pacific Time. The 
 local time of the Central meridian of each belt is mac^e the stand- 
 ard time for the entire belt. See map p. 1 i2. 
 
 The boundaries which represent the places where the railways actually change 
 their time are somewhat irregular, since oftentimes the meridians extend through 
 very unimportant points. Therefore, instead of following the exact boundaries, 
 railways select well known places, like Buffalo, Pittsburg, and Atlanta, at which 
 cities the change is made from Eastern to Western time. 
 
 There are 360° in longitude around the earth, and since the earth makes one 
 rotation in twenty-four hours, a difference of (one twenty-fourth of 360*^) 15° 
 
131 
 
 longitude corresponds to one hour of time. 
 
 The main body of the United States is so broad from east to west that about 
 four hours are required for rotation to carry it past the sun. Hence, this division 
 into four standard time belts. 
 
 149. Name the principal places across the country from north to 
 south at which the railroads change from Eastern to Central time. 
 At which they change from Central to Mountain time. At which 
 tihey change from Mountain to Pacific time. See map, p- 112. 
 
 If a train from the west reaches El Paso, Texas, at 11:50 Pacific time, and, 
 after stopping ten minutes, proceeds eastward, at what o'clock in Central time 
 does it leave? 
 (Pupils ought to ask and answer many similar questions.) 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Cities. 
 
 150. Five leading cities on the Atlantic coast: 
 
 1. New York, [3>437,202] N. Y., is the largest and richest city 
 in America, and is second only to London among the great cities 
 of the world. It is situated on Manhattan island, Staten island, 
 and other islands at the mouth of the Hudson river, and on the 
 mainland north of these islands. 
 
 What does New York export? Where to? P. 125, no, 133. What part of our ex- 
 ports are sent from New York? P. 124. See note after no. 131 
 
 2. Philadelphia, [1,293,697] Pa., the third city of the United 
 States in population, is situated on the Delaware river, one hun- 
 dred miles from the mouth of Delaware bay at the junction of 
 the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers. It is the greatest coal depot 
 in the United States. Here is the Old State House where the De- 
 claration of Independence was signed. 
 
 What does Philadelphia export? Where to? P. 125, no. 133. 
 
 3. Boston, [5 60, 8 9 2] Mass., is located in northeastern Massachu- 
 setts and is distinguished for its places of historic interest. 
 
 What does Boston export? Where to? P. 125, no. 133. 
 
 4- Baltimore, (508,907) Md., is situated in the north central 
 part of Maryland on the Chesapeake bay. 
 
 What does Baltimore export? Where to? P. 125, no. 133. 
 
 5- Washington, (278,718), the seat of government of the United 
 
132 
 
 States, is situated in the District of Columbia, on the Potomac 
 river. 
 
 151. Seven leading cities on the Pacific coast: 
 
 1. San Francisco (3i2,782) Cal. on San Francisco bay is the 
 most important western port of the United States. 
 
 What does it export? Where to? 
 
 2. Los Angeles [1^02,479], southern Cal., is situated in a rich 
 fruit-growing region. 
 
 3-— 4- Tacoma [37 >7H] and Seattle [80,67!], Wash., on Puget 
 sound, are, next to San Francisco, our chief seaports on the Pa- 
 cif^ic coast. Seattle is the principal port for Alaskan trade and is 
 a large lumber market. 
 
 What railroads terminate here? Map, p. 112. 
 
 6- Oakland (66,960), Cal., is situated across the bay from San 
 Francisco. It is an important trade center and is noted for its 
 many beautiful residences. 
 
 t>- San Diego [l'7»'?oo], Cal., has a fine harbor. 
 
 7- Portland [90,426], Ore., at the head of ocean navigation on 
 the Willamette river, exports more lumber than any other port 
 in the world. 
 
 152. Ten of the leading inland cities are: 
 
 1. Chicago [i»698,575], 111., on Lake Michigan. 
 
 2. St. Louis [575,238], Mo., on the Mississippi river. 
 3- Cleveland [381,768], Ohio, on Lake Erie. 
 
 4. BuflFalo [379.584] » N. Y., on Lake Erie. 
 
 5. Cincinnati [325.902], Ohio, on the Ohio river. 
 
 6. Pittsburg [321,616], Pa., at the junction of the Allegheny and 
 Monongahela rivers. 
 
 7- Detroit [285,704], Mich., on the Detroit river. 
 S- Milwaukee [285,315], Wis., on Lake Michigan. 
 9 Louisville [204,731], Ky., on the Ohio river. 
 10- Minneapolis [202,718], Minn., on the Mississippi river. 
 
 153. Ten of the largest cities of the United States in order of popula- 
 tion are: 
 
 1- New York, (4,013,781) in southeastern New York [includ- 
 ing suburbs] . 
 
133 
 
 2. Chicago (1,698,575) in northeastern Illinois. 
 
 3' Philadelphia (1,293697) in southeastern Pennsylvania. 
 
 4- St. Louis (575.238) in eastern Missouri. 
 
 5- Boston (560,895) in eastern Massachusetts. 
 
 6. Baltimore (508,957) in north central Maryland. 
 
 7. Cleveland (381, 768) in northeastern Ohio. 
 
 8. Buffalo (376,584) in western New York, 
 
 9' San Francisco (342,782) in western California. 
 10. Cincinnati (3^5,902) in southwestern Ohio» 
 
 154. Why should a large city have grown up at New York? Because 
 it is favorably located lor commercial and manufacturing pur- 
 poses. 
 
 a. New York has convenient entrance to the trade of the Great 
 Lakes and the Mississippi Valley by way of the Mohawk river 
 valley through which the Erie canal and railroads have been con- 
 structed. 
 
 b. New York has many great banks and trust companies which 
 have in them hundreds and milllions of dollars, with which to 
 carry on commerce and great enterprises. 
 
 See note, p. 123, no. 7. 
 
 155. Why should a large city have grown up at Philadelphia? 
 Philadelphia, because of its location one hundred miles 
 up the Delaware river at the head of deep-water navi- 
 gation, is favorable for trade with a prosperous section of the 
 country. Its ready access to the mines of coal and iron on one 
 side, and the ocean on the other, has made it a great manufactur- 
 ing and commercial city, and the foremost ship-building city in 
 the Union. 
 
 156. Why should a large city have grown up at Boston? Its lo- 
 cation on a fine harbor and in the heart of the most densely pop- 
 ulated manufacturing section of the United States has made it 
 a commercial center, by way of which the manufactured products 
 of England are sent to other parts of the United States and to 
 foreign countries. 
 
 157. Some cities, not located on salt water, still having a very exten- 
 sive commerce are: 
 
 1- Chicago, 111., p- 125, no. 134. 
 2. Philadelphia, Pa., p. 133, no. 152. 
 
134 
 
 3- New Orleans, La., p.128, no. 135; 
 
 4- Portland, Ore., p. 132, no. 151; 
 
 158. What cities of the world have about the same latitude of 
 your home city or village? 
 
 159. The chief export points of the cotton belt are: 
 1- New Orleans, La., p. 128, no. 135. 
 
 Galveston, Tex., p. 125, no. 133; 
 Memphis, Tenn., p. 127 no. 135; 
 Savannah, Ga. 
 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 ). The leading cities of the United States that are in the same 
 latitude as Lisbon in Portugal are: 
 I- Wilmington, northeastern Delaware; 
 2:. Baltimore, central Maryland, on Chesapeake bay; 
 
 3. Cincinnati, southeastern Ohio, on the Ohio river; 
 
 4. Indianapolis, central Indiana; 
 
 5- Springfield, central Illinois; 
 
 6. Leavenworth, northeastern Kansas, on the Missouri river; 
 
 7. Denver, northeastern Colorado. 
 
 161. Pittsburg, Pa., is situated at the junction of the Allegheny 
 and Monongahela rivers, v/hich here unite to form the Ohio river. 
 This is the leading iron-manufacturing city in the world. It also 
 leads the world in the manufacture of plate-glass. 
 
 162, Most of the pins used in the United States are manufac- 
 tured at Waterbury and Birmingham, Connecticut. 
 
 163- Brattleboro, Vt., manufactures orgaus. 
 
 164. Gloucester, Mass., is the chief fishing port in the United 
 States. 
 
 165. V/aterburj?, Conn., and Elgin, HI,? manufacture clocks and 
 watches. 
 
 168. The rivers of the Atlantic coast, useful on account of their 
 manufactures are the Merrimac, Connecticut, Penobscot and Del- 
 ware. 
 
 Those useful on account of their commerce are: the Hudson 
 and Susquehanna. 
 
 167. California has a greater variety of climate than any other 
 state, which may be ascribed to its great extent of latitude, its 
 enormous coastline, its "leaning out" upon the Pacific, its con- 
 
135 
 
 tact on the east with the Great Mohave desert, its exposure on 
 the south and west to the influence of the Pacific, and its great 
 mountain ranges; etc. 
 
 168. A part of the drainage of Minnesota reaches: 
 
 a. The Arctic ocean by way of the Red river of the North, Lake 
 Winnipeg, the Nelson river, and Hudson bay; 
 
 b. The Atlantic ocean by way of the Great Lakes and the St. 
 Lawrence river; 
 
 c. The Gulf of Mexico by way of the Mississippi river. 
 
 168. Our flag has forty-six stars, each star representing one of 
 the forty-six states of the Union. 
 
 170. If a line were drawn so as to separate the drainage waters 
 of the St. Lawrence system from others, through what states 
 would the line pass? 
 
 It would pass through Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsyl- 
 vania, New York, and Vermont. 
 
 171. Which of the states of the Atlantic slope send a part of 
 their drainage waters into the Mississippi river? What states 
 west of the Mississippi river send only a part of their drainage 
 into it? 
 
 The states on the Atlantic slope that send a part of their drainage into the 
 Mississippi are: New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia. The states west of 
 the Mississippi that send only a part of their drainage into it are: Montana, Wyom- 
 ing, Colorado, New Mexico, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, 
 Louisiana. 
 
 172. The states farther north than Wisconsin are: Minnesota, North 
 Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Michigan, and Maine. 
 
 173. Michigan has the greatest extent of lake shore and Florida 
 the greatest extent of sea shore. 
 
 174. The Sorrel, or Richelieu river, is the outlet of Lake Cham- 
 plain; it fiows into the St. Lawrence river. 
 
 175. The United States isi surpassed in extent only by the Em- 
 pires of Great Britain, China, and Russia. 
 
 170. Eastport, Maine, is the most eastern city of the United 
 States. 
 
 177. Rhode Island is the smallest state in the Union; Texas is the 
 largest. 
 
 178. The cities of the world on or near the 40th parallel north lati- 
 
136 
 
 tude are; Denver, Philadelphia, Lisbon, Madrid, Rome and Pe- 
 king. 
 
 179. The states ranking foremost in the manufacture of iron are: 
 Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, New York, and New Jersey. 
 
 180. The states ranking foremost m the manufacture of textiles (wov- 
 en fabrics) are: Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York, 
 Rhode Island, and New Jersey. 
 
 See charts pp. no, no. in. 
 
 181. Timber, tar, pitch, rosin, and turpentine are known in com- 
 merce as naval stores. 
 
 The pine belt, famed for its naval stores, extends all along our 
 Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Florida and farther inland 
 from the Atlantic coast to Louisiana. 
 
 Savanna, Ga., is the chief turpentine and rosin shipping port 
 in the world. 
 
 Search Questions, 
 
 1. Name ten of the United States that have seaports and men- 
 tion the chief seaport of each. 
 
 2. Name ten articles of commercial importance going east 
 through the Sault Ste. Maria Canal. 
 
 3. Trace wheat from a Minnesota farm to a foreign consumer''s 
 table. 
 
 4. Bound the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 5. Name five of the most important lumber states of our 
 country. 
 
 6. Write the five following states in order of size: Minnesota, 
 Texas, California, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. 
 
 7. The British Isles and Labrador are in the same latitude. Ex- 
 plain the difference in climate. 
 
 8. Discuss somewhat in detail the dom.estic commerce of the 
 United States, naming three of the articles most prominent in 
 domestic commerce, and the routes by which commerce in these 
 articles is mostly carried on. 
 
137 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL TOAST. 
 
 At any of our large hotels, we may sit down to dinner before a mahog- 
 any table, made from trees grown in the West Indies. Our table-cloth may 
 be woven from Irish flax, and our knives and forks are of steel made of iron, 
 dragged from the mines of Lake Superior. We driak coffee which has been 
 imported from the East Indies or Brazil; the sugar we put into it came 
 from the cane-fields of Cuba, or the beet-fields of Germany. We have a 
 splendid cut of roast, which a few months ago was a part of an animal, gal- 
 loping madly over some western prairie with a cowboy behind him. Some 
 of this same beef is being consumed at the tables in Germany, or the Brit- 
 ish Isles, our fresh meats being shipped to these countries in refrigerators. 
 We sprinkle our meat with salt from the salt wells of Michigan or New 
 York, and season it with pepper which grew on the island of Singapore, 
 on the other side of the world. Our bread is made of wheat which was 
 ground into flour at Minneapolis. The mince pie which is brought in for 
 dessert, is filled with currants from Greece, while the three-cornered nuts 
 with which we finish our meal, were shaken from trees in the forests of 
 Bra il. 
 
 OUTLYING TERRITORIES AND COLONIAL 
 POSSESSIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ALASKA. 
 
 North, far north, we find Alaska, with its mines and forest lands, 
 Where the stately Mt. McKinley rears its lofty head and grand. 
 Here we see the Yukon flowing, from all falls and rapids free. 
 Thro' its many-channeled delta on its journey to the sea. 
 
 1. Position: Alaska is situated in the extreme northwestern part oi 
 North America. 
 
 2. Bays, seas and sounds: 
 
 I- Bering sea, P- 6g, no. 21; 
 
 2. Bering strait, p. 69, no. 23; 
 
 3. Norton sound, p. 69, no. 22; 
 4- Bristol bay, P- 72, no. 46; 
 
 3. Islands: 
 
 I- The Aleutian islands, p. 75> QO. 85; 
 
138 
 
 2. Kadiak island, off the southern coast; 
 3- Pribilof island, p. 75, no. 86; 
 4. Baranof island, p. '^4, no. 84; 
 
 4. Capes and peninsulas: 
 
 1. Cape Prince of Wales, P- 73» no 49; 
 
 2. Cape Lisburne, p. 73, no. 50; 
 3- Point Barrow, p. 73, no. 51; 
 
 4. Alaskan peninsula, p. '^2, no. 47; 
 
 5. Mountains: The Alaskan mountains form the principal highland. 
 Mts. McKinley and Elias are the highest peaks. P. 76, nos. 94, 
 
 97. 
 
 6. Rivers: The Yukon, p. 78, no. 109, 
 
 7. What would you say of the climate of Alaska? 
 
 8. Important products: Seal furs, fish, gold, whale-bone, sulphur. 
 What are the leading industries? 
 
 9. People: The population is veiy sparse. Most of the people are 
 Indians aud Eskimos, though there are a number of white trad- 
 ers, fishermen and gold miners. 
 
 10. Government: Alaska is a territory of the United States. P. 122, 
 no. 124. 
 
 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
 
 11. Position: The Hawaiian islands, formerly known as the Sar d- 
 wich islands consist of eight large islands ard a few rocky islets. 
 The largest of the group is Hawaii and Lhemost important Oahu. 
 They are located in the Pacific ocean about 2, 100 rniles south- 
 west of San Francisco in about the same latitude as Cuba. P. 19, 
 
 no. 16. 
 
 The island of Molokai is set apart for lepers. 
 
 12. Mountains: Mts. Loa and Kiianea ^ire volcanoes. 
 
 13. Climate: ft is warm the year round. 
 
 14. Products: Sugar, rice, coffee, tropical fruits, and meats. 
 
 The raising of sugar-cane and of sheep are the principal industries. The 
 brown sugar is exported to the United States. 
 
 15. Area: About 6,740 square miles. 
 
 16. People: It has 154,000 inhabitants, consisting of the natives, 
 
 Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, and Americans. 
 
 The Hawaiians belong to the Malay race. They resemble the natives of the 
 other Pacific islands, and have made rapid progress in civilization, having excel- 
 
139 
 
 lent schools. 
 
 17. City: Honolulu, on Oahu island, is the capital and metropo- 
 lis. It has fine buildings and a large American and English pop- 
 ulation. 
 
 18. Government: It is a territory of the United States. P. 122, 
 no. 124. 
 
 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 This vast labyrinth of islands in Pacific's waters calm, 
 For the splendor of its landscapes unto none doth yield the palm, 
 With its shores all deep indented by fair bays and inlets too. 
 Crests and cones all wrapped in vapor, island-studded lakes of blue. 
 
 19. Position: This archipelago, a group of the East Indies, con- 
 sists of about 1,500 islands; It is situated about six hundred 
 miles southeast of continental Asia. 
 
 The principal islands are: Luzon, Mindanao, and Mindora. 
 
 20. Climate: It has a tropical climate, always warm and some- 
 times very hot. There are two seasons, the dry or summer sea- 
 son, and the wet or winter season. 
 
 In what zone are these isl nds? 
 
 21. People: The natives are of the Malay and Negro races. The 
 foreign population consists chiefly of Spaniards and Chinese. 
 
 The population is about seven million, (6,961,339) nearly all 
 of whom are Roman Catholics. 
 
 22. Products: Manila hemp, a fiber of the banana tree, is one 
 of the principal products. Tobacco, sugar, spices, and all tropi- 
 cal fruits are plentiful. Minerals of all kinds are found. 
 
 23. Chief Industries: Agriculture and the manufacturing of hemp 
 and cigars are the principal industries. The water-buffalo is the 
 beast of burden. 
 
 24- Government: It is a dependency of the United States. 
 
 25. Cities: Manila on Luzon island, is the capital and a seaport. 
 Iloilo, on Panay, and Cebu, are also important ports. 
 
 Manila hemp is the principal export of these islands and is sent chiefly to the 
 United States. 
 
 Trace a cargo of manila hemp and spices from the port of Manila to New York. 
 To London. 
 
140 
 
 PORTO RICO. 
 
 26. Position: Porto Rico, an island of the Lesser Antilles, is lo- 
 cated east of Cuba in the Atlantic. 
 
 It is about as large as the State of Conneticut. 
 
 27. Products: Sugar, coffee, oranges, bananas. 
 
 28. City: San Juan is the principal city founded in 151 1 by Ponce 
 de Leon. 
 
 29. Government: It is a dependency of the United States. 
 
 GUAM. 
 
 30. P- 122, no. 126. 
 
 TUTUILA. 
 
 31. P. 123, no. 126. 
 
 WAKE. 
 
 32. P. 123, no. 126. 
 
 ST. THOMAS, ST. JOHN, ST. CROIX. 
 
 33. P- 123, no. 126. 
 
 PANAMA CANAL ZONE. 
 
 34. P. 123, no. 126. 
 
 Describe the route by which the products of Alaska reach Chicago or Wash- 
 ington. Why is sugar refining a large business at San Francisco? - 
 
 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 Mighty stretch of land extending upward to the Arctic clime, 
 Land of stately elm and poplar, land of oak and tow'ring pine. 
 Land where pastures are the greenest, land of wheatfields vast and fair. 
 Land where rivers teem with salmon, land of marten fox and bear. 
 
 Position. 
 
 1. British America comprises about one-third of the continent of 
 North America. (P. 94, no. 8), Its chief divisions are the Do 
 minion of Canada and the Province of Newfoundland. 
 
 The Dominion of Canada occupies all the northern part of 
 North America except Alaska and a part of Labrador. (42° — 86° 
 N. latitude; 52° — 142° W. longitude). 
 
l4l 
 
 Boundary. 
 
 2. Boundary* Canada is bounded on the 
 
 a- North, by the Arctic ocean, Hudson bay and Atlantic ocean; 
 
 b. East, by the Atlantic ocean and Gulf of St. Lawrence; 
 
 c. South, by the United States and Great Lakes; 
 
 d. West, by the Pacific ocean and Alaska. 
 
 3. Its coast is irregular containing fine harbors. 
 The northern coast is little known. 
 
 Coast Forms of Land and water. 
 
 From Geography Island to Queen Charlotte Islands. 
 
 Peninsulas, Capes, and Islands. 
 
 4. Geography island, is in the mouth of the Mackenzie river. 
 
 5. Bathurstis a cape in northwestern Canada. 
 
 6. Arctic archipelago, is a group of islands north of North America. 
 Baffin Land is the largest island of the group. 
 
 7. Southhampton is a large island at the entrance to Huds&nbay. 
 
 8. Greenland, p. 18, no. 8 a. 
 
 9. Farewell, P- 7j> no. 54. 
 10- Labrador, p. 7-> "O. 56. 
 
 11. Chidley or Chudleigh, p. 73, no. 57. 
 
 12. Newfoundland, p. 73, no. 58. 
 
 13. Race, p- 73- no. 59. 
 
 14. Newfoundland Banks, ?• 73. no. 60, 
 
 15. Ar.ticosti and Prince Edward are islands in the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 18. Cape Breton, p. 73> no. 61. 
 
 17. Novo Scotia, p- 73» no. 62. 
 
 18. Sable, p. 73, no. 63. 
 
 19. Vancouver p- 74> no. 83, 
 
 20. Queen Charlotte, p- ^4, no. 83. 
 
 From Mackenzie Bay to Puget Sound. 
 Seas, Gulfs, Sounds, and Straits 
 
 21. Mackenzie bay, is in northeastern Canada at the mouth of the 
 Mackenzie river. 
 
 22. Banks strait, p. 69, no. 24. 
 
 23. Melville sound, P- 09, no. 25. 
 
142 
 
 24. Baffin bay, P- 69, no. 26. 
 
 25. Davis strait, p. 69, no. 27. 
 
 26. Hudson strait, p. 69, no. 28. 
 
 27. Hudson bay, P- 69, no. 29. 
 
 28. Belle Isle strait, p. 69, no. 30. 
 
 29. St. Lawrence gulf, P- 72, no. 31. 
 80. Fundy bay, P- 72 no. 32. 
 
 31. Juande Fuca strait, P- '^S, no. 44. 
 
 32. Puget sound, p. 72, no. 45. 
 
 Relief. 
 
 33. The relief of Canada is similar to that of the United States. 
 84. Lawrentian plateau, p. 75> no. 88. 
 
 35. Arctic plain is the northern part of the Great Central Low- 
 land of North America. P. 75, no. 89. 
 
 36. The northern part of the Pacific Highland System traverses the 
 western part of Canada. 
 
 37. The principal ranges are: 
 
 a. The Rocky mountains, p- 75> no. 92 b. 
 
 b. The Cascade Range, P- 76, no. d. 
 
 38. The highest peaks are Mts. Brown and Hooker in the south- 
 west. 
 
 39. Pacific Plain, p. 75> no. 91. 
 
 Drainage- 
 
 40. The Arctic Slope, p. '^'7, no. 104. 
 
 41. The Hudson bay slope, P- 77' no. 105. 
 
 Where does the Red river of the North rise? P. 99, no. 19. 
 
 42. The Atlantic slope, P- "il , no. 106. 
 
 43- The Pacific slope is drained chiefly by: 
 
 1. The headwaters of the Yukon, P- 78, no. 109, a. 
 
 2. By the Frazer river flowing southward into Queen Charlotte 
 seund between Vancouver island and Canada. 
 
 3. By the headwaters of the Columbia river, p. 78^. no. 109, b. 
 In what province do the Yukon and the Columbia river rise? 
 
 44. Lakes, pp, 80, 81, nos. 116 — 120. 
 
M3 
 
 Climate. 
 
 45. Canada has long, severe winters and short, hot summers. 
 The western part is warmer than the eastern. Why? p. 29, no. 110 a. 
 (last sentence.) 
 
 Products. 
 
 46. The northern part of Canada is unproductive. The south- 
 ern part is similar to that of the northern part of the United 
 States. 
 
 47. f. The principal agricultural products are wheat, oats, bar- 
 ley, and fruit in the Central plain, or "fertile belt, " which em- 
 braces millions of acres between Lakes Winnipeg and Athabasca, 
 and the Rocky mountains; 
 
 2. Lumber, from the great forests extending throughout the 
 southern and western parts; 
 
 3> The principal animal productions are dairy products chiefly 
 from the St. Lawrence valley; fish from the Great Lakes, St. 
 Lawrence river, and waters bordering Nova Scotia and New- 
 foundland, p. 73, no. 58., and from the Pacific ocean; skins and 
 furs from the wild animals found in the forests and northern re- 
 gions; whale walrus, and seal blubber, and whale-bone and 
 ivory from animals living in the northern waters. 
 From what animals are whale-bone and this ivory obtained? 
 
 48. Name six industries largely pursued in Canada. 
 
 Why is ship-building a great industry in Canada? Canada produces more cheese 
 for export than any country in the world. It also ranks first in the value of its fish- 
 eries. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 49. The commerce of the country is extensive and is carried on 
 chiefly with England and the United States. 
 
 50. It exports cattle, grain, and cheese mostly to England. Why 
 not to the United States? Its lumber, metals, coal and fish are 
 sold to the United States. Why not to England? 
 
 51. Canada imports from the United States iron and steel goods, 
 machinery, farm tools, petroleum and cotton. 
 
 52. The Canadian Pacific Railroad extends from Halifax in Nova 
 
144 
 
 Scotia, to Vancouver in British Columbia. At each of these ports 
 steamship connections are made with European and Asiatic ports. 
 The Grand Trunk Railway system connects the cities along the 
 Great Lakes and on the St. Lawrence with the Atlantic sea- 
 board. 
 
 53. The Ked River of the North and the Saskatchewan traverse 
 the " fertile belt," and with Lake Winnipeg and Hudson bay 
 furnish a continuous water route to the ocean during the sum- 
 mer. The wheat lands of the West have attracted a vast number of 
 immigrants, many of them going from the United States. 
 
 54. How can a boat loaded with lumber leave Toronto and reach 
 New York city without going to sea? 
 
 People. 
 
 55. The population of Canada is about five million (5,372,000) 
 of which number about 100 thousand are Indians. 
 
 Most of the inhabitants of Canada are of British descent. A large popu- 
 lation in the southeast, however, are descendants of the early French immigrants 
 and profess the Roman Catholic faith. Indians and half-breeds are found in the 
 west and northwest, andsome scattered tribes of Eskimos live along the Arctic coast. 
 
 56. The Catholics of Canada number over two million (2,229,600), 
 which forms about forty-two per cent of the total population. Of 
 these Catholics about three fifths live in the province of Quebec. 
 
 In the ordinary intercourse of life. Catholics and Protestants 
 live in concord and work together harmoniously for the common 
 welfare of Canada. 
 
 Political. 
 
 27. The government is somewhat similar to that of the United 
 StJites. The Dominion is governed b)' a Parliament, or Con- 
 gress, and a Governor -General. 
 
 The Congress is composed of the lower House representing the people, and 
 of the upper House, appointed by the Governor -General. The Governor -General 
 is appointed by the British Sovereign. 
 
 58. The Provinces of Canada and respective Capitals are: 
 1- British Columbia, Victoria, on Vancouver island; 
 2. Manitoba, Winnipeg, on Red river of the North; 
 
 3- Ontario, Toronto, on Lake Ontario; 
 
 4- Quebec, Quebec, on St. Lawrence river; 
 
145 
 
 5- New Brunswick, Frederickton, on St. John river; 
 
 6. Nova Scotia, Halifax, on the Atlantic ocean; 
 
 V. Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, on Northumberland. 
 Newfoundland, with eastern Labrador, formsa British colony independent of 
 Canada. 
 8. Newfoundland, St. John's on the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 59. Ontario, with Quebec second to it, are the most popu 
 lous, productive, and 'prosperous of the provinces. 
 
 What do you think are the leading industries in these provinces? 
 
 60. Noted cities are: 
 
 1- Toronto, in Ontario, on Lake Ontario, is the largest port in 
 Canada, and is noted for its manufactures and schools. 
 
 2. Ottawa, ici Ontario, on the Ottawa river is the capital of 
 the Dominion and is the first lumber manufacturing city in Cana- 
 da. 
 
 3- Montreal, on the St. Lawrence river, in Quebec, is the 
 largest city and manufacturing center of Canada. 
 
 4- Quebec, in Quebec, on the St. Lawrence river, is the old- 
 est city of Canada, founded 1609, by Champlain. 
 
 Quebec is a walled town situated on a high bluff, and is so strongly fortified 
 that it is called the "Gibraltar of America". 
 
 5. St. Johns, in Brunswick, on the bay of Fundy, is a great 
 seaport. 
 
 6. Halifax, in Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic, is the principal 
 
 naval store (p. 136, no. 181) of Great Britain on this side of the 
 
 Atlantic. The harbor of Halifax is unsurpassed in the world. 
 
 The shores of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are washed by the tides of the 
 bay of Fundy. These tides are the highest in the world, sometimes reaching the 
 enormous height of sixty feet above low-water mark. 
 
 DANISH AMERICA. 
 
 Land of icebergs, glaciers, snows, 
 Where the North-wind fiercely blows. 
 
 1. Danish America comprises Greenland, Iceland, and their out- 
 lying islands. 
 
 2. What important small circle crosses over southern Greenland 
 and north of Iceland? 
 
 3. In what zones is Greenland? In what zone is Iceland? 
 
 4. Danish America belongs to Denmark. 
 
 5. Greenland is one-fourth as large as the United States. Except 
 
a narrow strip of the coast in the south, it is one great sheet of 
 ice forming the greatest glacier in the northern hemisphere. 
 
 6. Greenland has a scanty vegetation consisting of mosses, lichens, 
 and a few stunted trees. 
 
 7. Nearly all the inhabitants of Greenland are Eskimos. 
 
 8. The principal exports are seal blubber, seal-skins, eiderdown, 
 whale oil whale-bone, and fish, exported to Denmark during Au- 
 gust. 
 
 9. The chief settlements of Greenland are on the western coast. 
 Godhaven is the most important port. Upernavik, 7-2° north lati- 
 tude, is the most northerly abode of civilized man. 
 
 10. The beautiful Aurora Borealis, P- 13. no. 52. "Land of the mid- 
 night Sun," p. 13, no. 52. 
 
 11. Greenland is governed by Danish officers. 
 
 12. Iceland is situated 250 miles east of Greenland. The warm 
 winds render the southern side habitable and adapted to grazing 
 and some farming. 
 
 13. Mt. Heclais an active volcano, and near it are noted geysers. 
 
 14. The inhabitants are descendants of the Northmen and are in- 
 telligent and thrifty. 
 
 15. The principal industries are: 
 
 Raising of vegetables and stock on a small scale; collecting ei- 
 derdown, and fishing. 
 
 16. Iceland exports sulphur, Iceland spar, ponies, wool, eiderdown 
 and feathers. 
 
 Spar is a non-metallic mineral usually cleavable and sometimes lustrous. Ei- 
 derdown is the soft, white feathers obtained from black and white eider ducks. 
 It is used as wadding for quilts, for trimming cloaks, for collars, muffs, wraps, etc. 
 f he eiderdown is collected from the nests where it serves as lining. 
 
 17. The peoplegovern themselves, but acknowledge the supremacy 
 of Denmark. 
 
 18. Reikiavik, "steam town," on the southern coast, is the capi- 
 tal. 
 It contains a college and a public library. 
 
147 
 MEXICO. 
 
 Mexico, sweet land of flowers, 
 Of rippling streams and shady bowers, 
 
 Of cactus plant and cypress tree, 
 Of humming bird and honey bee. 
 
 Position. 
 
 1. The republic of Mexico is south of the United States. 15° — 32^ 
 north latitude; 87° — 117° west longitude. 
 
 2. Mexico is about one-fourth the size of the United States. 
 
 Boundary. 
 
 3. Mexico is bounded on the 
 
 a. north, by the United States; 
 
 d. east, by the United States, Gulf of Mexico, Central America, 
 Caribbean sea; 
 
 c. south, by Central America, Pacific ocean; 
 
 d. west, by the Pacific ocean. 
 
 Coast Forms — Land and Water. 
 Peninsulas, Capes, Isthmus. 
 
 4. Yucatan, P- 74' ^O- 7i- 
 
 5. Catoche, p. 74j "o. 72. 
 
 6. Tehuantepec, P- 21, no. 41 b. 
 
 7. Corrientes, p. V4, no. V5. 
 
 8. Lower California, P- 74, ne, 1Q. 
 
 9. San Lucas, p. V4, no. 77. 
 
 Seas, Gulfs, Channels. 
 
 10. Mexico, p. 72, no. 35. 
 
 11. Yucatan, p. 72, no. 36. 
 
 12. Caribbean, p. 29, no. 112. 
 
 13. Honduras, p. 72, no. 38. 
 
 14. Tehuantepec, P- 72, no. 41. 
 
 15. California, p. 72, no. 42, 
 
 Relief. 
 16- a. The western and central part is a high plateau crossed by 
 several ranges of snow-capped mountains. 
 
 b. The eastern coast is a low plain. 
 
17. The Sierra Madre,in the west, is the principal mountain range. 
 P. 76, no. c. 
 
 18. The principal mountain peaks are: 
 
 a. Volcano Popocatepetl, P- 7^, no. 98. 
 
 b. Volcano Orizaba, P- ^^, no. 96. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 19. The principal rivers are: 
 
 a. The Rio Grande which separates Mexico from Texas, United 
 States. P. 78, no. 108. 
 
 b. The lower course of the Colorado river. P. 78, no. 109 c. 
 
 c. The Grande de Santiago, in the southeast, flows into the Pacific 
 ocean, north of Cape Corrientes. 
 
 The rivers of the plateau do not generally reach the ocean, though a few 
 reach the Pacific through great gorges in the Sierra. 
 
 20' The principal lakes are: 
 Lake Chapala, in west central Mexico, and Lake Texcoco, 
 in the south central part; on the western shore of which the 
 city of Mexico is situated. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 21. V/hat important small circle crosses Mexico? In what zone is 
 it? 
 
 The climate is hot and unhealthful along the coast, but mild and 
 healthful in the interior. Explain. 
 
 22. There are two seasons. The rainy season lasts four months, be- 
 ginning in May. Explain. P. 38, no. 202 a. 
 
 Productions. 
 23. The principal products of the soil are: 
 
 a. Mahogany and other cabinet woods from the lowland forests; 
 p. 85, no. 166 b. 
 
 b. Cotton, indigo, coffee, cacao, vanilla, and tropical fruits from 
 
 the hot lands; 
 
 A blue dye-stuff is obtained from the indigo plant. Chocolate is made from the 
 cacao bean, the the fruit of a species of ever-green tree. 
 
149 
 
 c. Maguey, from the plains of Yucatan; 
 
 The maguey is a species of cactus. Its leaves serve the Aztec Indians as paper. 
 Its juice, when fermented, is the national alcoholic drink. One variety of this plant 
 yields a kind of hemp called, from the place of its export, sisal hemp. 
 
 d. Indian corn, cotton, coffee, tobacco, and'grain from the cool belt, 
 or the interior plateau. 
 
 In the production of corn, Mexico ranks fourth in the world. 
 
 24. Millions of horses, cattle, sheep, and goats are raised on the 
 ranches of Mexico. 
 
 Sheep are raised for their wool, which is of a very fine quality. 
 
 25. Gold, silver, copper, lead, and quicksilver are obtained from the 
 table-land. 
 
 This part of the western highland of North America, may be called the metal 
 producing treasury of the Western Hemisphere, 
 
 Mexico produces about one-third of the silver of the world, and is the second 
 nation in the production of copper. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 26. Jasper, Mexican onyx, and other gems and precious stones are 
 found and exported. 
 
 27. Mexico exports sisal hemp to New Orleans, New York, and 
 Mobile; copper and lead ores to the United States to be smelt- 
 ed; hides, vanilla, and mahogany chiefly to the United States. 
 
 28. Mexico imports mining machinery, timber, explosives, and 
 cotton textiles from the United States. 
 
 29. What do you think are the principle industries of Mexico? 
 
 People. 
 
 30. The population of Mexico is over thirteen million, about one- 
 sixth of that of the United States. 
 
 31. The Spaniards are the leading race of Mexico, and form ab««it 
 one-half of the population of the country. The rest of the popu- 
 lation are of mixed Spanish and Indian blood. The Roman Catho- 
 lic religion prevails. The Spanish language is the language of 
 the country. 
 
 Mexico, termed the "Italy of the Occident," is noted for its general pro- 
 gressiveness. Even at the end of the first century of its history, the five thousand 
 miles stretch of its territory was covered with churches, schools, courts of justice 
 aqueducts and roads, so splendid, as still to cause the wonder of the traveler. 
 
 In 1536 the first priuting-press in the New World was set up in Mexico. 
 
I50 
 
 Position. 
 
 32. Mexico was a Spanish colony until 1821 (about three hun- 
 dred years), when it became independent of Spain. It is now a 
 Federal Republic composed of twenty-seven states, two territo- 
 ries, and a Federal District. 
 
 33. Mexico is the capital of the country. It is situated on a table 
 land over seven thousand feet above the sea, and is surrounded 
 by lofty mountains. It is a very ancient city, and was discovered 
 by Cortez, It is noted for its many beautiful buildings among 
 which is the cathedral of Mexico, built by the early Spaniards 
 and still used by the Catholics as a place of worship. It is one of 
 the most famous and beautiful buildings of the Western Hemi- 
 sphere. This city has numerous factories producing coarse cloths, 
 leather, cigars, and other articles which are consumed at home. 
 
 The city of Mexico is connected with the United States by 
 two trunk lines. 
 
 34. Leon, northwest of the city of Mexico; Morelia, west of it; 
 Pueblo, southeast of it; Queretaro, northwest of it are centers of 
 manufacture. 
 
 35. Oaxaca, southwest of the city of Mexico is the center of coffee, 
 sugar, and chocolate industries. It is celebrated for cochineal, 
 and its coffees are the finest produced in the Americas. 
 
 Cochineal is a scarlet dye-stuff made from the dried body of insects that live 
 on a certain kind of cactus. 
 
 36. Tampico and Vera Cruz, on the Gulf of Mexico; Carmen, on 
 Carmen island, in Campeche bay; Sisal and Progreso, northern 
 Yucatan, on the Gulf of Mexico, are the chief seaports on the 
 Gulf coast. 
 
 37. Guaymas on the Gulf of California; Mazatlan, Manzanillo, and 
 Acapulco are the chief seaportson the Pacific. 
 
 All these ports are connected with the United States by steamship lines. 
 
 The ruins of many ancient cities are still in existence. More than two thousand 
 years ago there were many flourishing cities in Mexico. These cities were built by 
 the Indians-. 
 
 CENTRAL AMERICA, 
 
 1. Central America occupies the extreme southern portion of 
 
151 
 
 North America and lies between the Caribbean sea and the Pa- 
 cific ocean (9° — 17^ north latitude; 83° — 92° west longitude). 
 2. Central America is bounded on the 
 
 a. north, by Mexico and the Caribbean sea; 
 
 b. east, by the Caribbean sea and Panama; 
 
 c. south, by the Pacific ocean; 
 
 d. west, by the Pacific ocean and Mexico. 
 B.Caribbean, p- 29, no. 112. 
 
 4, Honduras, p- 72, no. 38. 
 
 5. Cape Gracias. Dios an eastern projection on the Caribbean sea. 
 -6. Mosquito bay, p. 72, no, 39. 
 
 7. Daricn gulf is an arm of the Caribbean sea, and indents Panama 
 and South America. 
 
 8. Panama, P- 72. no. 40. 
 
 9. Panama, P- 21, no. 41. 
 
 10. Marito, P- 74» no. 74. 
 
 11. Tehuantepec, P- 72, no. 41. 
 
 12. Relief p. 147, nos. 16 and 17. 
 
 it is situated in the belt of volcanoes called the "circle of fire". P, 24, no. 63. 
 
 13. The only important river is the San Juan, the outlet of Lake 
 Nicaragua. 
 
 14. In what zones is Central America? 
 
 15. The principal products of the soil are: 
 
 Coffee, bananas, cacao, sugar, indigo, tobacco, vanilla, India 
 rubber, mahogany, rosewood, and dyewood. 
 
 16. The principal minerals are: 
 Gold, silver, copper, mercury. 
 
 17- Central America exports, chiefly to the United States, coffee, 
 bananas, indigo, rubber, hides, and mahogany. 
 
 18. Central America imports from the United States, flour, meats, 
 cloth, iron goods, and machinery. 
 
 19. What do you think are the principal industries of Central 
 America? 
 
 20. The population of Central America is nearly equal to that of the 
 
 state of New York, nearly four million. 
 
152 
 
 21. The dominant race is Spanish; the religion is the Roman Cath 
 olic; the language, Spanish. 
 
 22. Central America once belonged to Spain; now it is composed 
 of six independent republics and the British colony of Belize. 
 
 23. Republics of Central America and their respective capitals: 
 
 1. Nicaragua, Managua; 
 
 2. Honduras, Tegucigalpa; 
 
 3- Guatemala, New Guatemala; 
 
 4- Costa Rica, San Jose; 
 
 5- Salvador, San Salvador; 
 6. Panama, Panama; 
 
 7- British Colony Belize, Belize; 
 
 24. Panama is the most important country in Central America: 
 goods in transit between the Atlantic ports of North America or 
 Europe and the Pacific ports of the Americas and Asia are trans- 
 ferred by rail from Colon across the isthmus of Panama to Pana- 
 ma city. 
 
 25. What two cities will the cities of Panama and Colon resemble 
 after the completion of the Panama canal? P. 58, no. 24 a. 
 
 26. What can you say about the Panama canal and the changes it 
 will work in the commerce of the world? P. 59, no.f. 
 
 27. New Guatemala, in Guatemala, is the largest city of Central 
 America. 
 
 West Indies 
 1. The West Indies are an archipelago southeast of the United 
 States in the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 2- What circle nearly marks the northern latitude of Cuba? The 
 20th parallel nearly marks the southern latitude of Cuba. It cross- 
 es northern Africa and southern Asia, 
 
 3. Latitude, io° — 27°, north. 
 Longitude, 60^ — 85°, west. 
 
 4. The area of the West Indies is over 91 million square miles. 
 
 5. The waters surrounding the West Indies are: 
 
 The Atlantic ocean, Caribbean sea, Yucatan channel, Gulf of 
 Mexico, Florida strait. 
 
 6. All of these islands are mountainous, except the Bahamas 
 
153 
 
 which are low coral islands. 
 
 7. The West Indies, with the exception of the northern Bahamas, 
 are in the torrid zone. They have a hot climate and during the 
 summer months, an abundant rainfall. 
 
 8. Productions: The sugar crop is of more value than all other 
 crops combined. Next in order is tobacco. The people depend 
 largely for food upon the yam, a sort of sv/eet potato, the plan- 
 tain, and the banana. 
 
 Cuba ranks first in the world in the production of cane sugar. 
 Its tobacco and cigars are the finest in the world. Its forests pro- 
 duce valuable woods, and its mines, copper and iron. 
 
 Turtles, sponges, pine-apples, cotton, and sisal hemp are ex- 
 ported from the Bahamas. 
 
 9. Exports: The sugar crop of Cuba and the other islands is al- 
 most entirely sold to the United States: Tobacco, tropical fruits, 
 coffee, and ginger are the exports. 
 
 10. imports: The West Indies import coal, lumber, cotton goods, 
 and iron and steel from the United States. 
 
 11. The population of the West Indies is about 6,750,000. The in- 
 habitants are mos;;Iy negroes or descendants of Spanish settlers. 
 
 12- The West Indies consist of three groups: 
 
 a. T.hieBaliiraa islands form the northern group of the "West In- 
 dies and belong to Great Britain. 
 
 b. The greater Antilles form the central group of the West In- 
 dies and include the largest islands of the group. 
 
 1- Cuba is a republic protected by the United States. Ha- 
 vana, in the northeast, is the largest city of the West Indies. 
 Santiago deCuba, in the south, is next in size. 
 
 2. Haiti comprises the two independent negro republics of 
 Haiti and Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo, the capital of Santo 
 Domingo, is the oldest city, founded by Europeans, in the New 
 V/orld. — 150-t. Port au Prince is the capital of Haiti. 
 
 ^- Jamaica belongs to Great Britain and is the third of the 
 West Indies in size, Kingston, in the south, is the capital. 
 
 4- Porto Rico belongs to the United States. San Juan, on the 
 northern coast, founded 151 1 by Ponce de Leon, is connected 
 with Fence on the southern coast by a fine macadamized road. 
 
154 
 
 c. The Lesser Antilles form the southeastern group of the 
 West Indies. They extend in a curve from the mouth of the Ori- 
 noco river in South America to Porto Rico, and are divided in- 
 to the Leeward and Windward islands. They belong to the 
 following nations: France, Great Britain, The Netherlands, 
 Venezuela, in South America, and the United States. 
 
 Trinidad almost joins South America. It is celebrated for a lake 
 of pitch, or asphalt, from which immense quantities are taken to 
 make the composition with which many of our sidewalks and 
 streets are paved. 
 
 12. The Bermuda islands, p. 73. no. Ql . These islands export large 
 quantities of easter-lilies, onions, and potatoes. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 
 
 The United States. 
 
 Mathematical. 
 
 Recite poem. 
 
 I. Locate the United States. What are its latitude boundaries? Its longitude 
 boundaries? Name a cit)- having the same latitude as the northern United States. 
 What countries of Europe have about the same latitude as the United States? Of 
 Asia? 
 
 Bound the United States. What is the greatest extent of the United States from 
 the Atlantic to the Pacific? From north to south? What is the area of the United 
 States? What part of the area of North America does it include? Compare the 
 United States in area with other countries. 
 
 Physical. 
 
 g. Describe the Atlantic coast. The Pacific coast. 
 
 lo. Name and locate the gulfs, bays, sounds, and straits, on the Atlantic ocean 
 and Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific ocean. On the Great Lakes. 
 
 II. Name and locate the capes, peninsulas, and islands on or in the Atlantic 
 and the Gulf of Mexico. On or in the Pacific. 
 
 12. Name and describe in order from east to west the physical regions of the 
 Uaited States. 
 
 13. Name the three ranges of the Atlantic Plighland. Name and describe the 
 
155 
 
 eight groups into which these ranges are divided. Name the principal peaks ef the 
 Appalachian system. Name and locate the noted peaks of the Pacific Highland. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 i6. How is the Atlantic slope drained? Name and locate ten rivers draining 
 the Atlantic slope. By what river system is the Gulf of Mexico drained? Name the 
 two principal eastern branches of the Mississippi. Three principal western branch- 
 es. What other less important rivers drain the Gulf slope? What can be said of the 
 rivers draining the Lake slope? By what rivers is the Pacific slope drained? 
 
 21. Describe the Great Basin. What can be said of the state of Colorado regard- 
 ing the sources of rivers? In what is it similar to Switzerland? 
 
 22. Name the principal watersheds and state what river system each divides. Where 
 are the lakes of the United States most numerous? Name and locate the more im- 
 portant lakes The more important deserts. The Great Plains. The rolling prairie 
 and wooded lands. Name and locate five noted waterfalls. Two noted caves. The 
 palisades. The Grand Canon. Geysers and hot springs. The Yellowstone National 
 Park. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 33. What can be said of the variety of climate in the United States? Describe 
 the climate of the region bordering the Pacific ocean. Of the Pacific Highland. Of 
 the Appalachian Highlands. Of the region along the Atlantic seaboard. Locate 
 and describe the regions having a very heavy rainfall. Where is the dry section? 
 What can be said of the climate in the- eastern and northeastern parts of the coun- 
 try? What are cyclones? Where do our cyclones generally originate? Why are the 
 Great Lakes a storm center? 
 
 United States Weather Bureau. 
 
 36. What can you say of the United States Weather Bureau? How does it give 
 its warnings? Explain the meaning of these signal flags. 
 
 Industrial Sections and Groups. 
 
 37. How is the United States divided into sections? Into what six sections is 
 it divided? Name the states of each of the six sections giving the capital, metropo- 
 lis, and chief productions of each state. Name the territories and outlying posses- 
 sions with the capital, metropolis, and chief production of each. 
 
 40, Describe the District of Columbia. 
 
 41. Name the states on the Atlantic. On the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific. 
 Those bordering on Canada. Of what states does the 45th parallel from the boun- 
 dary. Name the states crossed by 45th parallel. A belt extending across the Unit- 
 ed States between the 40th and 45th parallels would mark what crop region? 
 
156 
 
 48. What two states touch both sides of the Mississippi? Name the states on the 
 east bank of the Mississippi river. On the west bank. Name the states on the north 
 and south banks of the Ohio river. What states would one cross, going directly 
 west from New York. Name six rivers crossed in a direct trip west from New York 
 city to the Pacific. 
 
 Products. 
 Agricultural Products of the United States. 
 
 54. In what zone is the United States. 
 
 55. Describe the crop belts into which this zone is divided. If one were to 
 travel directly south from the northern boundary of Minnesota to the Gulf of 
 Mexico, name in order the states and great crop belts one would cross. 
 
 61. Where are sugar-cane, sugar beets, rice, oranges, peaches, apples, peanuts, 
 and timber largely produced? 
 
 65. In what states are horses most extensively raised? Cattle and hogs? Cattle 
 and sheep? Where is cattle raising an important industry? Where are cattle reared 
 formeat? For hides? For dairy products? Where is dairying an important industry? 
 
 69. From what waters are cod-fish obtained? Salmon? Herring? Sardines? 
 Oysters? Sponges? What country is the center of seal fisheries? What fish are found 
 in the lakes and rivers? 
 
 73. How does the United States rank with the other leading countries of the 
 world in the production of cotton? Corn? Wheat? Oats? Barley? Rye? Tobacco? 
 Lumber? Cattle? Swine? Sheep? Wool? Fish? 
 
 86. Discuss the value of mineral wealth to a country. How are the arts classi- 
 fied? Name the states noted for the production of iron. Silver. Gold, Copper. 
 Nickel. Zinc. Lead. Mercury. Aluminum. Coal. Petroleum. Gas. Salt. Granite. 
 Slate. Marble. Limestone. Where are graphite and whetstone obtained? 
 
 106. How does the United States rank with the other leading nations in the 
 production of iron and steel? Gold? Silver? Copper? Coal? Petroleum? 
 
 Where are the best cement works? How is clay utilized? Where are the most ex- 
 tensive pottery manufactories? 
 
 History. 
 
 112. Who discovered America? Tell about the early explorations and settlements 
 of England. Spain. France. State briefiy some facts concerning the growth, devel- 
 opment, and final independence of the thirteen colonies. Give the original extent of 
 the United States and tell what accessions have been made since 1789. 
 
 Religion. 
 
 114. Speak briefly on the beginning and the growth of Catholicity in the United 
 States. 
 
157 
 
 Education. 
 
 115. What provision is made for education in the United States? Name some 
 noted institutions. Tell about the educational work conducted under the direction 
 and influence of the Catholic Church. Name some noted Catholic universities. 
 
 People. 
 
 119. What is the population of the United States? Speak brieflj' on the different 
 races of mankind under the control of the United States. 
 
 Government. 
 
 121. Describe the government of our country. What is the constitution, and for 
 what does it provide? How is each state governed? Each territory? 
 
 125. How are the Indians governed? Locate and describe the out-lying posses- 
 sions of the United States. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 127. What transportation facilities has the United States? To what con- 
 dition may be attributed the fact, that the United States ranks foremost in the pro- 
 duction of salable articles? Answer questions in footnote following no. 128, p. 123. 
 
 129. Give the industries of the United States in order of importance. How does 
 the United States rank with other nations in foreign trade? In domestic trade? With 
 what countries is our largest foreign trade? What are the principal articles of ex- 
 port in this trade? Through what city do one-half of our exports go? To what coun- 
 try do one-half of our exports go? Why do we import cotton? Why tobacco? Name 
 our most valuable imports. From what countries imported? What are breadstuffs? 
 Provisions? Name our chief seaports and give the principal articles exported 
 from each. What is a port of entry? Name and describe the principal lake ports. 
 River ports. Account for the growth and location of St. Paul and Minneapolis. 
 What is an arsenal? What is meant by "cool belt"? "Warm belt"? Namesoipe p'fh- 
 ducts of each of these belts. What conditions led to the location and growth of 
 New Orleans? 
 
 Transportation. 
 
 136. What is transportation? What are the land routes of transportation? Wa- 
 ter routes? Who owns the railroads in the United States? What is the railroad 
 mileage in the United States? Name and locate the principal railroads of the United 
 States. What do trains going east carry? Those from Missouri and Kentucky? From 
 
158 
 
 Ohio and adjoining states? From what states are coal trains generally bound ? Trains 
 carrying fresh meat and fruit? Those carrying petroleum? What do railroads from 
 the South transport to ports on the Gulf and Atlantic sea-board? "With what are 
 northward bound trains likely to bo freighted? What do trains running westward 
 carry? Are they as heavily laden as those going eastward? What do boats carry 
 over the Mississippi? Over the Great Lakes? The Erie canal? The Soo canal? 
 What goods of ours do steamships carry to foreign countries? From what ports, to 
 what countries are they carried? What goods are brought back in return? How 
 are the rivers and lakes of our country connected? Locate and describe the Erie 
 canal. The Welland canal. Other leading canals. 
 
 Standard Time. 
 
 148. Describe fully Standard Time. Name and locate the Standard Time belts. 
 What places are generally selected for changing time? Prove that 15 degrees of 
 longitude correspond to one hour of time. About how many hours are required 
 to carry the United States past the sun? 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 Cities. 
 
 Atlantic Coast. 
 
 150. Locate and describe New York. What does it export? Where to? What 
 part of our exports are sent from New York? Locate and describe Philadelphia. 
 What does it export? Where to? Locate Boston. Why distinguished? What does it 
 export? Where to? Locate Baltimore. What does it export? Where to? Locate Wash- 
 ington. Why important? 
 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 15T. Locate San Franci=;co. What does it export? Whereto? Locate Los Angeles, 
 Describe Tacoma and Seattle. What railroads terminate at Seattle? Locate Oak- 
 land. Why noted? Locate San Diego. Portland. 
 
 152. Name and locate ten leading inland cities of the United States. 
 15s. Name and locate ten of the largest cities of the United States in order of 
 population. 
 
 154. Give three reasons why a large city should have grown up at New York. 
 
 155. Why should a large city have grownup at Philadelphia? 
 
 156. Why should a large city have grown up at Boston? 
 
 157. Name some cities not located on salt water, still having a very extensive 
 commerce. 
 
 158. What cities of the world have about the same latitude as your home city 
 or village? 
 
159 
 
 159- Name the chief export points of the cotton belt. 
 
 i6o. What leading cities of the United States are in the same latitude as Lis- 
 bon in Portugal? 
 
 i6i. For what are the following cities noted: Pittsburg, Pa.? Waterbury and 
 
 Birmingham, Conn.? Brattleboro, Vt. ? Gloucester, Mass.? Waterbury, Conn, and 
 Elgin, 111.? 
 
 1 66. What rivers on the Atlantic coast are useful on account of their manu- 
 factures? On account of their commerce? 
 
 167. What state has the greatest variety of climate? 
 
 168. What state sends a part of its drainage to the Arctic ocean, part to the 
 Atlantic ocean, and part to the Gulf of Mexico? Explain. 
 
 169. How many stars in our flag? 
 
 170. A line drawn so as to separate the drainage waters of the St. Lawrence 
 system from others, would pass through what states? Which of the states of the At- 
 lantic slope send a part of their drainage waters into the Mississippi river, 
 
 172. What states west of the Mississippi river send only a part of their drain- 
 age into it? What states farther north than Wisconsin? What state has the 
 greatest extent of lake shore? Of sea shore? 
 
 174. What river is the outlet of Lake Champlain? 
 
 175. What countries surpass the United States in extent? 
 
 176. Which is the most eastern city of the United States? Which is the small- 
 est state? The largest state? 
 
 178. What cities of the world are on or near the 40th parallel north latitude? 
 
 179. What states rank foremost in the production of iron? Of textiles? 
 
 181. What are naval stores? Locate the pine belt noted for its naval stores. 
 For what is Savannah, Georgia, noted? 
 Answer search questions on page 136. 
 Give a geographical toast such as might be rendered at a merchants' banquet. 
 
 Outlying Territories and Colonial Possessions of the United States. 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 I. Position. 2. Bays, seas, and sounds. 3. Islands. 4, Capes and peninsulas. 
 5. Mountains. 6. Rivers. 7. Climate. 8. Important products, g. People. 10. Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 II. Position. 12. Mountains. 13. Climate. 14. Products. 15. Area. 16. People. 
 
 17. City. 18. Government. 
 
 Philippine Islands. 
 19. Position. 20. Climate. 21. People. 22. Products. 23. Chief industries, 24 
 
l6o 
 
 Government. 25. Cities, Trace a cargo of manila hemp from the port of Manila to 
 New York. To London. 
 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 26. Position and size, 27. Products. 28. City. 29. Government. 30. What can 
 be said of Guam? Tutuila? Wake? St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix? Panama 
 Canal Zone? 
 
 British America. 
 
 1. What portion of the continent does British America comprise? What 
 are its chief divisions? What part of North America does the Dominion of Canada 
 occupy? 
 
 2. Name the boundaries of Canada. 
 
 3. Describe the coast. 
 
 Coast Forms of Land and Water. 
 
 4. Trace and describe the peninsulas, capes, and islands from Geography is- 
 land to Queen Charlotte islands. 
 
 21. Trace and describe the seas, gulfs, sounds, and straits from Mackenzie bay 
 to Puget sound. 
 
 Relief. 
 
 22. Beginning at the Atlantic Coast, describe the relief of Canada and name 
 the rivers that drain its slopes. 
 
 Climate and Products. 
 
 45. Describe the climate of Canada. 
 
 46. What can be said of the productiveness of Canada? 
 
 47. What are the principal agricultural products of Canada? The principal 
 animal productions? 
 
 48. Name six industries largely pursued in Canada. Why is ship-building a 
 great industry in Canada? How does Canada rank in the production of cheese? 
 In the value of its fisheries? 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 49. Discuss the commerce of Canada, naming exports and imports. 
 52. Describe the great commercial routes of Canada. 
 
 54. How can a boat loaded with lumber leave Toronto and reach New York 
 
i6i 
 
 city without going to sea? 
 
 People. 
 
 What is the population of Canada? What can be said of the people of Canada? 
 Of Catholicity? 
 
 Political. 
 
 58. Discuss the government of Canada. Name, with their capitals, the political 
 divisions of Canada. How is Newfoundland governed? 
 
 59. Which of the provinces are the most populous and productive? What do 
 you think are the leading industries in these provinces? 
 
 60. Name, locate, and describe the six most populous cities of Canada. Why 
 is Quebec called the "Gibraltar of America"? Locate the bay of Fundy. What 
 can be said of the tides in this bay? 
 
 Danish America. 
 
 1. What does Danish America comprise? 
 
 2. What important small circle crosses southern Greenland and north of 
 Iceland? 
 
 3. In what zones is Greenland? In what zone is Iceland? 
 
 4. To what country does Danish America belong? 
 
 5. How does Greenland compare with the United States in size? Describe the 
 surface of Greenland. The vegetation. Inhabitants. Principal exports. Chief 
 settlements. 
 
 8. Which is the most important port of Greenland? What city is the most north- 
 erly abode of civilized man? 
 
 10. What is the Aurora Borealis? 
 
 11. How is Greenland governed? » 
 
 12. Locate Iceland. What part is habitable? 
 
 13. What active volcano is in Iceland? 
 
 14. Tell about the inhabitants. What are the principal industries? Principal 
 exports? What is spar? What is eiderdown? Tell how it is collected and used. 
 
 17. How is Denmark governed? What is the capital? 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 X. What is the position and extent of Mexico? How does it compare with the 
 United States in size? 
 
 3. Bound Mexico. 
 
 Coast Forms. Land and Water. 
 
 4. Locate and describe the peninsulas, capes, and isthmus on the coast of 
 Mexico. 
 
 10. Locate and describe the seas, gulfs, and channels on the coast of Mexico. 
 
1 62 
 
 Relief. 
 
 Locate and describe the plateau of Mexico. The low plain. The mountains. 
 The high peaks. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 Name and locate the principal rivers and lakes. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 What important small circle crosses Mexico? In what zone is Mexico? Why is 
 the climate hot and unhealthful along the coast, but mild and healthful in the in- 
 terior? How many seasons are there? 
 
 Productions. 
 
 22. What are the principal productions of the soil? What is obtained from the 
 indigo plant? From the cacao bean? Tell the different uses of the maguey plant. 
 How does Mexico rank in the production of corn? 
 
 24. What may be said of ranching in Mexico? 
 
 25. What may be said of the mineral productions? What may this part of the 
 highland of North America be called? How does Mexico rank in the production of 
 silver? Of copper? What maybesaid inregardto the production of precious stones? 
 
 27. Name some Mexican exports and tell to what countries exported 
 
 28. What does Mexico import from the United States? 
 
 29. What do you think are the principal industries of Mexico? 
 
 People. 
 
 Give the population of Mexico. How does it compare with that of the United 
 States? Which is the leading race in Mexico? What religion prevails? What is the 
 language of the country? What may be said as to the progress of Mexico? Where 
 was the first printing press in the New World set up? 
 
 32. Discuss the history and the government of Mexico. 
 
 33. Describe the city of Mexico; Leon; Oaxaca. What is cochineal? Name: 
 and locate the chief seaports on the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific. How are 
 these ports connected with the United States? What may be said about the ancient 
 cities of Mexico? 
 
 Central America. 
 
 I. Give position and extent of Central America. 2. Boundary. 3. Describe the 
 Caribbean Sea. 4. Honduras. 5. Cape Gracias Dios. 6. Mosquito bay. 7. 
 Darien. 8. Gulf of Panama, g. Isthmus of Panama. 10. Mariato. 11. Tehuantepec. 
 12. Relief. In what belt of volcanoes is Central America situated? 
 
163 
 
 13- Name the only important river in Central America. 
 
 14. In what zones is Central America? 
 
 15. Give the principal products of the soil. 16. Principal minerals. 17. Exports. 
 18. Imports. 19. What do you think are the principal industries? What is the popu- 
 lation? The dominant race? Religion? Language? 22. Government? 23. Name the 
 political divisions and give their capitals. 
 
 24. Describe Panama. What two cities will the cities of Panama and Colon re- 
 semble after the completion of the Panama canal? 
 
 26. What can be said about the Panama canal and the changes it will work 
 in the commerce of the world? 
 
 27. Which is the largest city of Central America? 
 
 West Indies. 
 
 I. Locate the West Indies. What circle nearly marks the northern latitude of 
 Cuba? What parallel nearly marks the southern latitude? 
 
 3. Give the latitude of the West Indies. Longitude. Area. 
 
 5. What waters surround the West Indies? 6. Describe the surface. 
 
 7. In what zones are the West Indies? Describe the climate. 
 
 8. What can be said about the productions of Cuba? Principal exports of the 
 Bahamas? 
 
 9. What are the principal exports of the West Indies? Imports? 
 
 II. What is the population of the West Indies? To what races do the people 
 belong- How many groups of islands do the West Indies comprise? Locate the Ba- 
 hama islands. To what country do they belong? Locate the Greater Antilles. What 
 can be said of Cuba? Haiti? Jamaica? Porto Rico? Describe the Lesser Antilles. 
 To what nation do they belong? For what is Trinidad celebrated? 12. Describe 
 the Bermuda islands and name their exports. 
 
164 
 
 By Capricorn and midway line this continent is crossed, 
 
 By oceans two, her eastern shore and western coast are washed. 
 
 Her mountains unto heights sublime their stately crests do rear, 
 
 With snows eternal crowned are they, throughout the livelong year. 
 
 Her northern part is ramified by many waterways. 
 
 Which, forming inland networks vast, both lace and interlace. 
 
 The great Brazilian forests deep, the pampas too, as well. 
 
 The llanos stretching northward, each of varied climate tell. 
 
 And o'er her plains, unchecked, unreined, the wild horse freely roams, 
 
 While tapir, bear, and monkey tribes in forests make their homes. 
 
 Her trackless forests dense and dark, where human foot scarce trod, 
 
 Her mountains high, her rivers broad, all tell how great is God. 
 
 And in a language of their own speak of the Hand divine. 
 
 That sways the scepter of His love above this southern clime. 
 
 (The study of South America is V. Grade work.) 
 
 What and Where. 
 Mathematical South America. 
 
 1. South America is the fourth in size of the continents, and has 
 nearly twice the area of the United States. It is located in the 
 southern part of the Western Hemisphere and extends from 12° 
 north of the equator to 56° south, and from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific ocean. 
 
 2. 5,000 miles is the greatest length of South America. 
 
 3. 3,000 miles is the greatest width of South America. 
 
 Compare the length and width of South America with the length and width of 
 Ncttih America. P. 68, nos. 2 and 3. 
 
 4- One-seventh. South America contains about one-seventh of 
 the land mass of the globe. (About 6,850,000 sq. mi.) 
 
 5. 12° and 56°. South America lies between 12° north latitude, 
 and 56° south; hence it extends through ( i2°+56°) 68° of latitude. 
 
 6. 35° and 82°. South America lies between 35'^ and 82° west 
 longitude; hence it extends through (82° — 350)470 of longitude. 
 
 7.20°. The parallel of 20° south crosses central South America, 
 s.outhern Africa, and northern Australia. 
 
i65 
 
 What is the latitude of central North America? P. 68, no. 7. 
 
 8- The equator is the great circle midwa)' between the poles. It 
 crosses the northern part of South America, central Africa, and 
 the islands Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 9. The tropic of Capricorn is one of the four important small circle. 
 It is 23}^° south of the equator and crosses about the central 
 part of South America, southern Africa, and central Australia, 
 
 Physical South America. 
 Bounding Waters. Winds. 
 
 10. Caribbean sea, p. 29, no. 112. 
 
 11. Atlantic ocean, p. 27, no. 92. 
 
 12. Antarctic ocean, p. 27, no. 94. 
 
 13. Pacific ocean, p. 26, no. gi. 
 
 14. Peru current, P- 29, no. log, b. 
 
 15. Equatorial current, p. 28, no. 108, a. 
 
 16. Brazilian current, is a southern branch of the equatorial cur- 
 rent washing a part of the eastern shore of South America. 
 
 17. Trade winds, P» 41, no. 214. 
 
 18. a. Calms of Capricorn, p. 40, no. 212, c. 
 b. Equatorial calms, P- 40, no. 212, a. 
 
 19. Prevailing Westerly winds, p. 41, no. 216. 
 
 From the Isthmus of Panama byway of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans 
 to the Isthmus of Panama. 
 Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. 
 
 Define each. 
 
 20. Darien is a gulf; it is an arm of the Caribbean sea, and in- 
 dents Colombia and Panama, 
 
 21. Venezuela is a gulf; it is an arm of the Caribbean sea, and in- 
 dents Venezuela and Colombia. 
 
 22. Lake Maracaibo, the largest lake of South America, is really 
 a deep gulf; it indents northern Venezuela. 
 
 The early Spaniards, while exploring Lake Maracaibo, observed that the na- 
 tives had built their houses on piles along the shore, and hence called the sur- 
 roundingcountry Venezuela, a word meaning "little Venice." 
 
 23. Paria is a gulf; it is an arm of the Atlantic and indents the 
 northern coast of Venezuela. 
 
"SK '\ 
 
1 68 
 
 24. The mouths of the Amazon and Tocantins rivers form an estuary on 
 the northern coast of Brazil, in which is locatedMarajo island. 
 
 25. All Saints is a bay; it is an arm of the Atlantic ocean, indents 
 the eastern coast of Brazil, and forms one of the few important 
 harbors of the continent. 
 26 The Rio de la Plata forms the estuary of the Parana and Uru- 
 guay rivers; it is situated between Argentina and Uruguay. 
 
 On account of the great amount of silt deposited here by the rivers, the harbor 
 is naturally shallow but has been deepened by artificial means and is now the most 
 important harbor of South America. 
 
 27. Blanca is a bay; it indents the eastern coast of Argentina, 
 forming a deep but narrow harbor. 
 
 28. Magellan is a strait; it connects the Atlantic and Pacific 
 oceans, and separates the island Terra del Fuego from the main- 
 land. 
 
 The Strait of Magellan was discovered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1520, when 
 he circumnavigated the globe. 
 
 29. Guayaquil is a gulf; it is an arm of the Pacific indenting the 
 western coast of Ecuador. 
 
 From the Isthmus of Panama by the way of the Atlantic and Pacific 
 oceans to the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Capes and Islands. 
 
 30. Point Gallinas, is the most northern cape of South America, 
 in Colombia, on the Caribbean sea. 
 
 81' Trinidad is an island off the northeastern coast of Colombia, 
 at the mouth of the Orinoco river, belonging to Great Britain. 
 It is celebrated for its pitch lake from which much of the asphalt 
 used for paving in the United States is obtained. 
 
 It is one of the West India islands. To which of the three groups does it be- 
 long? P. 74, no. 73. 
 
 32. Marajo is a large island, in the mouth of the Amazon, belong- 
 ing to Great Britain. It has rich pasture lands. 
 
 83. St. Roque is the most eastern cape of South America, in 
 Brazil, on the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 34. Frio is a cape, southeastern Brazil, on the Atlantic ocean. 
 
169 
 
 35. The Falkland islands are two small windswapt islands, east 
 of Magellan strait, belonging to Great Britian. Tbey furnish good 
 pasturage for cattle and sheep, and harbors (or whaling ships. 
 
 36. Terra del Fuego (land of fire) is an island about the size of 
 the state of Ohio, at the extremity of South America. It belongs 
 partly to Argentina and partly to Chile. The rich pasture lands 
 make sheep-raising the principal industry. 
 
 37. South Georgia is an island east of Terra del Fuego in the 
 Atlantic ocean belonging to Great Britain. 
 
 38. Horn is the most southern coast of South America, Chile. 
 It marks the point for the meridian boundary between the Atlan- 
 tic and Pacific oceans. 
 
 39. Chiloe is an island off the coast of Chile, belonging to Chile. 
 
 40. Juan Fernandez 9.re islands west of South America, in the 
 Pacific oeean. They belong to Chile. 
 
 41. Farina is the most western cape of South America, Peru, on 
 the Pacific oeean. 
 
 42* San Francisco is a cape of western Ecuador, on the Pacific. 
 
 43. Galapagos, or Turtle islands, are a group of islands west of 
 Ecuador, on the equator, belonging to Ecuador. They are no- 
 ted for the gigantic tortoises or turtles found there. 
 
 Relief. 
 44. The Andes form the continental divide of South America. 
 They extend like a great wall along the western coast, from the 
 Caribbean sea to Cape Horn, forming the longest unbroken 
 mountain range in the world. In the north this range spreads out 
 in three chains forming the valleys of the Magdalena and of the 
 streams flowing into Lake Maracaibo. As they near the equator, 
 they increase in height and narrow to a single high range. Far- 
 ther south they spread out in two lofty ranges and then again 
 converge till they end abruptly in cliffs, thousands of feet high 
 at Cape Horn. 
 
 In the Andes are lofty plateaus on which are many peaks high- 
 er than the highest peak of North America. Thirty or forty active 
 volcanoes occur in the Andes, uid earthquakes are frequent, some 
 
regions being almost constantly shaken. 
 
 45. TKe Plateau of Bolivia is the loftiest plateau, located in the 
 widest part of the Andes. It is chiefly in Bolivia and corresponds 
 with the Great Basin of North America, having salt and alkaline 
 lakes in the south. 
 
 4Q- The Brazilian Highland is the triangular-shaped plateau which 
 occupies the eastern part of South America. It extends from the 
 La Plata northward nearly to the Amazon, and corresponds, in 
 location and height, v/ith the Appalachian highland of North 
 America. 
 
 47. TK€ Guiana Highland is a lew, much worn plateau, trending 
 nearly east and west between the Orinoco and Amazon rivers. It 
 corresponds with the Laurentian piattau of Norih America. 
 
 48. Aconcagua, iJ3 the southern Andes near the southern bound- 
 ary of Argentina, is the highest mountain peak, not only of South 
 America, but of the Western Continent. It is over four and one- 
 fourth miles high. 
 
 49. Chimborazo is a high peak of the norchern Andes, in Ecua- 
 dor. 
 
 50- Cotopaxi, in the northern Andes, is the most rottd volcano of 
 the Andes. It has had many remarkable eiuptions. 
 
 51. Aiacima is a desert in the northern part of Chile cnthe west- 
 ern slope of the Andes. The soutlieastern and northt asttm trade. 
 winds (north of 30° north latitude) coming from the sea, deposit 
 their moisture as rain or snow on the eastern slope of the moun- 
 tains, leaving the opposite side raii less; conseqvently, the desert 
 region isoa the western slope 
 
 By way of what rivers does the rain, deposited on the eastern slopes of the 
 Andes, return to the sea? 
 
 52. The desert region of Patsfonia is located on the eastern slope 
 of the Andes in southern Argentina. The prevailing westerly 
 winds (south of latitude 30°) deposit their moisture on the 
 Wistira slope of the Andes, leaving the opposite eastern slope a 
 desert region. 
 
 Patagonia is the southern part of Argentina. Its inhabitants are remarkable for 
 their height, many of them being seven feet high. 
 
 If the Andes mountains were on the east coast instead of the west, northern 
 South America would be a desert and the southern part a fertile region. Explain. 
 
171 
 
 53. The Great Central Plain surrounds the Guiana plateau and 
 extends southward, east of the Andes, to the island Terra del 
 Fuego. It consists of the valleys of the Orinoco, the Amazon, 
 and the La Plata rivers, and is divided by low elevations into: 
 
 a*. The llanos are the treeless plains of the Orinoco river basin. 
 They are covered with luxuriant grass in the rainy season and are almost a 
 desert in the dry season. 
 
 b*. The siivas are the densely wooded plains of the Amazon 
 river basin. 
 
 They are in the region of heavy and almost daily showers. 
 
 The siivas have an immense variety of trees laced together by huge vines, and 
 the branches are laden with air plants. The rubber trees of the siivas supply most 
 of the market of the world. The cinchona trees furnish Peruvian bark from which 
 quinine is made. Rich cabinet woods abound. Vanilla, cocoa, and various medici- 
 nal plants are obtained from these forests. 
 
 c*. The pampas are the great plains of course grass in the Parana 
 and Plata river basin. 
 
 The coarse grass with which they are covered make them vast herding places 
 for cattle, horses, and sheep. They are treeless, and in some places, barren. 
 
 In the New World the mountains are situated on the margins of the continents 
 and the great plains in the interior. In the Old World the mountains are in the in- 
 terior and the plains along the margins. Determine the truthfulness of this state- 
 ment as to each continent. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 54. The great slope of the continent extends from the Andes to 
 the Atlantic and is drained chiefly by three great river systems: 
 the Orinoco, the Amazon, and the Plata. 
 
 55. Orinoco (coiled serpent) is a river of northern South America. 
 At the mouth of this river, Columbus discovered the mainland of 
 the continent 1498. It follows a northeastern course through gras- 
 sy but treeless plains and empties its sluggish waters, through 
 numerous mouths, into the Atlantic ocean, forming a delta larg- 
 er than the state of New Jersey. 
 
 What name is given the grassy plains of the Orinoco? P 171, no, 53 a*. 
 
 56. The Amazon, the"King of Rivers", is the largest and one 
 of the longest rivers in the world. It rises in Peru among the 
 Andes and^ flows eastward into the Atlantic ocean at the equator. 
 Its course isalongthe equator through a rainy region. This river 
 drains more than one-third of the surface of South America. 
 
i73 
 
 It has numerous tributaries, the most important of which are: 
 
 a. The Rio Negro is a northern tributary of the Amazon, chiefly 
 in Brazil, It is connected with th^ Orinoco by the Cassiquiare. 
 
 An Indian may pass from the Amazon to the Orinoco in his canoe. 
 
 b. The Yapura is a northern tributary of the Amazon, draining 
 Colombia and Brazil. 
 
 c. The Madeira is a southern tributary of the Amazon, draining 
 Brazil and Bolivia. 
 
 d. The Xingu ut a southern tributary of the Amazon in Brazil. 
 The Amazon with its numerous tributaries, furnishes about 50,000 miles of 
 
 navigable waterway. It is navigable for ocean steamers as far as the Rio Negro. 
 
 The name Amazon is derived from an Indian word meaning "boat destroyer", 
 from the destructive tidal waves at its mouth. In its mouth are many islands, Marajo 
 island being the largest. P. 168, no. 32. 
 
 The destructive tidal waves of the Amazon carry the sediment, brought down 
 by the river, out into the ocean and prevent its forming a delta. The West Indies 
 keapout the tidal waves from the Gulf of Mexico. Hence the sediment is not ta- 
 away from the mouth of the Mississippi, but deposited as flood plains or a del- 
 ta at the mouth of the river. 
 
 Compared with the Mississippi-Missouri, the Amazon, though not as long nor 
 commercially as important, drains a larger area, has a heavier rainfall, carries a 
 greater volume of water, and has more and larger tributaries than the Mississippi. 
 It has a large estuary mouth while the Mississippi has a large delta. 
 
 57. The Rio Plata is a southeastern river system of South Amer 
 ica, formed by the union of the Parana and the Uruguay rivers. 
 It drains an area one half as large as that of the United States. 
 This system is important for its commerce because it flows 
 through the most productive region of the continent. 
 What are the plains drained by the Plata called? P. 171, no. 53 c*. 
 Account for the estuary forming the Rio Plata ot the mouth of the Parana and 
 Uruguay, and the delta ot the mouth of the Orinoco. 
 
 118. The Magdalena, the only large river on the western side of 
 the Andes, rises in the Andes and flows in a general northern 
 CQi^rse into the Caribbean sea. It is a great commercial route far 
 into the mountains of Colombia. 
 
 59. The Tocantins is a river rising in southwestern Brazil, tak- 
 ing a northern course through the silvas of Brazil, and terminat- 
 ing in a large estuary mouth, called the Para river. 
 
 60. The San Francisco is a large river of eastern Brazil. Taking a 
 general northern course, it drains a part of the Brazilian plateau 
 
173 
 
 and finally flows in a northeastern direction into the Atlantic 
 ocean. 
 
 61. Maracaibo, P- I75> no, 76. 
 
 62. Lake Titicaca is the loftiest large body of water in the New 
 World, and also the highest navigated water in the world. It is lo- 
 cated on the high plateau of Bolivia, partly in Bolivia and partly 
 in Peru. A railroad, three hundred miles long, connects Puno on 
 Lake Titicaca with Arequipa, the chief city of Peru, on the Pacific. 
 
 A steamer navigating Lake Titicaca was made at Glasgow, Scotland: trace the 
 steamer from Glasgow to Lake Titicaca. How do you think the steamer was trans- 
 ported, in parts, or as a whole? The coal used by the engineer comes from Austra- 
 lia: trace this coal from Australia to Lake Titicaca. 
 
 63. Lake Aullagas is southeast of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. It is 
 fed by a river forming the outlet of Lake Titicaca. This lake has 
 no outlet and its waters are consequently salt. 
 
 Political South America. 
 
 From the Republic of Colombia by Sea to the Republic of Colombia. 
 
 64. Colombia is a northwestern republic. It is bounded on the 
 
 north, by the Caribbean sea; on the east, by Venezuela and Brazil; 
 
 on the south, by Ecuador and Peru; on the west, by the Pacific ocean 
 
 and Pdaanii. Bogota is the capital and metropolis. 
 
 65. Venezuela is a northern republic. It is bounded on the north, 
 by the Caribbean sea and the Atlantic ocean; on the east, by Brit- 
 ish Guiana; on the south, by Brazil and Colombia; on the west, by 
 Colombia. .Caracas, on the Caribbean sea, is the capital and me- 
 tropolis. 
 
 66. Guiana is a northern country comprising British, Dutch, and 
 French Guiana. It is bounded on the north, by the Atlantic ocean; 
 on the east, by Brazil and the Atlantic ocean; on the south> by Brazil; 
 on the west, by Brazil and Venezuela. Georgetown, on the Atlantic 
 ocean, is the capital of British Guiana. Cayenne, on the Atlantic 
 ocean, is the capital of French Guiana. Paramaribo, on the Atlan- 
 tic ocean is the capital of Dutch Guiana. 
 
 67. Brazil is an eastern republic comprising nearly one half of the 
 area of South Americav It is bounded on the north, by Venezuela, 
 the Guianas, and the Atlantic ocean; on the east, by the Atlantic 
 
174 
 
 ocean; on the south, by Uruguay; on the west, by Argentina, Para- 
 guay, Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. Rio Janeiro, or Rio, on the At- 
 lantic, is the capital and metropolis. 
 
 Brazil is the largest and most important country of South America. 
 68. Uruguay, a southeastern republic, is bounded on the north, by 
 Brazil; on the east, by the Atlantic ocean; on the south, by the Plata 
 river; on the west, by Argentina Montevideo, on the Plata river, is 
 the capital and metropolis. 
 
 69. Argentina is a southern republic next to Brazil in area and 
 importance and is bounded on the north, by Bolivia and Paraguay; 
 on the east, by Brazil, Uruguay, and the Atlantic ocean; on the 
 south, by Chile and the Atlantic ocean; on the west, by Chile. Buenos 
 Ayres, on the Plata is the capital of Argentina and the metropolis 
 of South America. 
 
 70. Chile is a southwestern republic nearly three thousand miles 
 long but scarcely one hundred miles wide and is bounded on the 
 north, by Peru; on the east, by Bolivia and Argentina; on the south, 
 by the Pacific ocean, (p. 26, no. 91, first sentence); on the 
 west, by the Pacific ocean. Santiago is the capital and metropolis; 
 it is connected with the seaport, Valparaiso, by railway. 
 
 Chile is the most enterprising republic of South America. 
 Valparaiso is the chief seaport of South America. 
 
 71. Peru is a northwestern republic, famed for the wealth of its 
 mines. It is bounded on the north by Ecuador and Colombia; on 
 the east, by Bolivia and Brazil; on the south, by Chile and the Pa- 
 cific ocean; on the west, by the Pacific ocean. Lima, on the Pacific 
 is the capital and m^etropolis. 
 
 72. Ecuador, meaning equator, is a northwestern republic, no- 
 ted for its remarkable group of volcanoes. It is bounded on the 
 north and east, by Colombia; on the south, by Peiu; on the west, by 
 the Pacific ocean. Quito is the capital and metropolis. 
 
 Inland Countries. ' 
 
 73. Paraguay is a south central republic, located between the Pa- 
 rana and Paraguay rivers. It is bounded on the north, by Bolivia 
 and Brazil; on the east, by Brazil and Argentina; on the south and 
 west, by Argentina Asuncion on the Paraguay river, is the capital 
 and metropolis. 
 
175 
 
 74. Bolivia is a west central republic. It is bounded on the north 
 and east, by Brazil; on the south, by Paraguay and Argentina, on 
 the west, by Chile and Peru. Sucre is the capital, though the gov- 
 ernment usually meets at La Paz, the metropolis of Bolivia. 
 
 Seaports — Exports — Imports. 
 
 From Barranquilla, Colombia, by Sea to Guayaquil, Ecuador. 
 
 The goods from these ports are exchanged largely for goods from the ports of 
 Europe, (especially England), and the United States. 
 
 75. Barranquilla is located in northern Colombia, on the Carib- 
 bean sea at the mouth of the Magdalena river. It exports gums, 
 cotfee, cocoanuts, and gold. It imports flour, salt, and petroleum. 
 
 76. Maracaibo and La Guaira are located in northern Venezuela, 
 on the Caribbean sea. They export coffee, cacao, hides. They 
 import textiles, hardware, and provisions. 
 
 77. Georgetown, British Guiana; Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana ; Cay- 
 enne, French Guiana are located on the Atlantic ocean. They ex- 
 port sugar. They import textiles, hardware, and provisions. 
 
 The Guianas are not thickly settled and the value of their trade is not very 
 great. 
 
 78. Para, in northern Brazil on the Para river; Pernambuco, in east- 
 ern Brazil on the Atlantic; Bahia, in eastern Brazil on the Atlan- 
 tic; Rio Janeiro, in southern Brazil on the Atlantic; and Santos, the 
 port of San PauIo> in southern Brazil on the Atlantic are leading 
 seaports of Brazil. They export coffee, rubber, or caoutchouc, 
 tobacco, cacao, and drugs. They import foodstuffs, cottons, coal, 
 and petroleum. 
 
 Para is the greatest rubber shipping port in the world. For v.hat 
 purposes is rubber used? During one year the school children of New York alone 
 used more than five tons of rubber erasers. 
 
 Santos is the largest coffee market in the world. It ships most of its coffee to 
 Europe. It is the port of San Paulo which is situated in the heart of the coffee dis- 
 trict. 
 
 Rio Janeiro, ranks next to Santos as a coffee market and is the second largest 
 city of South America. It ships most of its coffee to the United States. 
 
 Bahia is the second largest city of Brazil. It was for many years one of the 
 chief centers for the slave trade of Brazil. It was one of the ports nearest Africa, 
 and the negroes could be kidnapped and carried across the Atlantic to this port, A 
 great many of the slaves who were brought to North America came to Bahia first. 
 
 Pernambuco is in the center of a sugar district. 
 
176 
 
 79. Montevideo is in southern Uruguay, on an excellent harbor, 
 ou the left bank of the Plata. It exports meat, hides, and grain. 
 It imports food, machinery, and textiles. 
 
 80- Buenos Ayres, the metropolis of South America, is in eastern 
 Argentina on the right bank of the Plata. It exports animal pro- 
 ducts and wheat. It imports textiles and agricultural implements. 
 
 The largest refrigerator plant for meat in the world is at Buenos Ayres. 
 Hundred thousands of carcasses (dead bodies) of beef and millions of carcasses of 
 sheep are frozen and exported annually. 
 
 81. Valparaiso, the port of Santiago, in western Chile, on the Pa- 
 cific; and Iquique, in northern Chile, on the Pacific are the lead- 
 ing seaports of Chile. They export nitrate, copper, silver, iodine, 
 and wheat. They import textiles, petroleum, iron, and steel goods, 
 and lumber and farming tools. These ports trade chiefly with 
 England. 
 
 Nitrate is used in the arts, as a fertilizer, and in the manufacture of explosives. 
 
 Punta Arenas, (sandy point) in Chile, midway on the strait of Magellan, is a 
 coaling station for all steamers crossing the Atlantic between Australia and Europe, 
 and those going to and from the west and east coasts of South America. Sailing 
 vessels, however, advancing by the aid of the wind, prefer to sail about stormy 
 Cape Horn. Why is it easier to sail around Cape Horn to the east than to the west? 
 About Cape Horn fierce winds blow all the year round. The extreme southern end 
 of South America may be called the very home of the winds. 
 
 82. Callao, the port of Lima, is in western Peru on the Atlantic 
 ocean. It exports silver ore, sugar, cotton, coffee, guano, and 
 alpaca wool. It imports machineiy, lumber, flour, cars, and pe- 
 troleum. 
 
 Guano is a fertilizer or manure composed of decayed animal and vegetable 
 matter. 
 
 83. Guayaquil is in western Ecuador on the Pacific. It exports 
 cacao, coffee, vegetable ivory, gold, panama bats, rubber, and 
 hides. The imports are cotton and woolen goods, machinery, 
 flour, lumber, and petroleum. 
 
 Vegetable ivory is the product of a species of palm tree in the form of sever- 
 al nuts in a ball. These nuts, somewhat like a chestnut, but about five times as 
 large, are manufactured, especially in New York, into buttons, combs, etc. 
 
 Which countries have no seaport? Why? 
 
SOUTH AMERICA. 
 Continuation and Review- 
 Mathematical. 
 
 For answers to questions see "What and Where". 
 
 84. Locate South America. 
 
 85. What is its greatest length ? Greatest width? Compare with North 
 America. 
 
 86. What part of the land mass of the globe does it comprise? 
 
 87. What are the latitude boundaries? 
 
 88. What are the longitude boundaries? 
 
 What is to be noted regarding the parallel of 20°? 
 
 89. What great circle crosses South America? "Where does it 
 cross? What other continents, and what parts of these continents, 
 are crossed by the equator? 
 
 90. What important small circle crosses South America? Where 
 does it cross? What other continents and what parts of these 
 continents, are crossed by the tropic of Capricorn? 
 
 Physical. 
 Boundaries. 
 
 91. The natural boundaries of South America are: 
 
 a. On the north, the Caribbean sea and the Atlantic ocean; 
 
 b. on the east, the Atlantic ocean; 
 
 c. on the south, the Atlantic ocean and the Pacific ocean; 
 
 d. on the west, the Pacific ocean. 
 
 92. Its shape is triangular, tapering to a point toward the south. 
 
 Coast Forms of Land and Water. 
 
 93. Trace the gulfs, bays, and straits, from Panama by way of the 
 CaiTibbean sea, the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, to Panama. 
 
 94. Trace the capes and islands from Panama by way of the Carib- 
 bean sea, the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, to Panama. 
 
 ReUef. 
 
 95. Name and describe the continental divide of South Arricvica. 
 
 96. Describe the plateau of Bolivia. 
 
 97. Describe the Guiana highland. 
 
178 
 
 98. Name and locate three volcanoes. 
 
 99. Name and describe the Great Central plain. 
 
 100. Discuss the position of the mountains and plains in the New 
 World compared with the position of those in the Old World. 
 
 Drainage. 
 
 101. Describe the great slope of South America. 
 
 102. Describe the Orinoco river. The Amazon. The Rio Plata. 
 
 103. Describe the Magdalena river. The Tocantins. The San Francis- 
 co. 
 
 104. Name, locate, and describe, three lakes of South America. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 105. In what zone is South America? 
 
 106. a. The climate of the lowlands in the torrid zone is hot; in the 
 interior of the lowland plains the heat is almost inloleiahle. 
 
 b. The climate of the plateau region varies according to the height 
 above the sea-level, from a spring climate to a cooler, a tem.per- 
 ate, and finally to a climate of perpetual snow. P. 42, no. 229 b. 
 
 c. The climate of the regions south of the tropic of Capricorn is tem- 
 perate. The extreme southern part of the continent is very cold. 
 
 107. a. In the torrid zone the winds are the northeast and the 
 southeast trades. How do they afftct the rainfall of the eastern 
 slopes of the Andes? Of the western Andes? P. 170, no. 51. 
 
 b. In the southern part the winds are the prevailing westeriies. 
 How do they affect the rainfall of the western slope of the Andes? 
 Of the eastern slope of the Andes? P. 170, no, 62. 
 
 Vegetation. 
 108. The plant;: of South America are of many kinds, and all the 
 agricultural productions of the world may be successfully cul- 
 tivated in South America. Explain. 
 
 The distribution of vegetation here, as in other continents, follows closely 
 the distribution of rainfall. 
 
 109. a- What can you say of the silvas? P- 171 > no- 53^ ^^ 
 
 b. On the southwest Pacific coast are great forests of cedar, 
 oak, pine, laurel, and beech. 
 
 110. Locate and describe two areas of grassy land. 
 
179 
 
 111. Locate and describe two desert regions. 
 
 112. See seaports, exports, and imports, P- i75> nos. 75— 83, and show 
 on an outline map of South Anaerica where these export products 
 are produced. 
 
 Animals. 
 
 113. The animals of South America are very unlike those of any 
 other continent, and no other continent is so rich in animal life. 
 
 Bird and insect life is remarkable for variety and brilliancy and 
 the reptiles are large and numerous. 
 
 Reptiles are animals that creep; such as, snakes and lizards. 
 
 114. Animals of the tropical lowlands- 
 
 I- The fierce, cat-like jaguar is the largest American flesh-eating 
 animal. 
 
 It is so strong that it can carry off a horse with ease, 
 
 2. The cat-like puma, called also the American panther, preys on 
 cattle, sheep, and other animals. 
 
 It is found throughout the region of the Andes. 
 
 3- The tapir resembles a pig, but is much larger and has a short 
 proboscis. 
 
 The tapir of South America is black, that of Europe, partly white or light col- 
 ored. 
 
 4- Many kinds of long-tailed monkeys inhabit the forests. 
 
 5- The sloth, so named from its sluggish movements on the 
 groaiid, hangs from the branches of the trees with its back down- 
 ward, aad feeds on foliage. 
 
 6. The whale-like manatee and the lizard-like reptile, called alli- 
 gator, are found in the rivers. 
 
 7- The boa-constrictor attains a length of thirty feet. It kills its 
 victim by winding itself around it and crushing it. 
 
 8. The peccary is a species of wild hog very savage in its nature. 
 
 9- The armadillo, so called from the horny scales which cover 
 its body like with an armor, is a burrowing animal. 
 
 10. The ant-eater feeds on insects conveyed to its rrjouth by its 
 long, flexible tongue. 
 
 11. The flamingo is a stork-like, web-footed birr, with 
 a small body, long ueck, long legs, and pink or red plumage. 
 
 12. The parrot is a bird noted for its brilliant plumage ar d its 
 
i8o 
 
 ability to imitate the human voice. 
 
 13- The iguana, a lizard-like animal from two to five feet long; 
 is highly prized as food. 
 115. The animals of the pampas: 
 
 1. The deer is hunted for its flesh and skin. 
 
 2. The guanaco, an animal of Patagonia, is valued for its fine silk- 
 y wool and its flesh. 
 
 3- The ostrich-like rhea is hunted for its feathers which are used to 
 make feather dusters and feather rugs. 
 
 116. The animals of the Andes are: 
 
 I- The llama, in the central Andes, is noted for its fine, silky 
 wool and it is used as a beast of burden. 
 
 2. The alpaca, in the southern Andes, and the vicuna are noted 
 for their fine silky wool, and are domesticated. 
 
 3- The chinchilla, in the cold Andes, is a squirrel-like animal, 
 valued for its delicate, gray fur, called chinchilla. 
 
 4- The condor, or vulture> is a very large bird of prey living in the 
 high Andes, from which it flies many miles in search of food. 
 
 117. Select from the wild animals of South America those valued for 
 their wool. Those valued for their flesh. 
 
 118. The domestic and most useful animals are the horse, sheep, and 
 cattle, introduced from the Old World. 
 
 119. Thousands of cattle and sheep are pastured on the pampas. 
 Sketch a map of Scuth America and show where all these animals are found. 
 
 Minerals. 
 120. South America is one of the richest mineral regions of the globe. 
 
 121. a. Gold, silver, and copper are found in the Andes and in 
 Brazil. 
 
 b. Coal and iron are widely distributed. 
 
 c. Nitrate of soda is one of the most important minerals and is 
 obtained from the dry, west coast, northern Chile and, Peru. 
 
 d. Diamonds are found in Brazil, but are neither so plentiful nor 
 so valuable as they once were because of the discovery of richer 
 deposits in Kimberley, South Africa. 
 
 122. Emeralds are found iu the northern Andes. 
 
 On an outline map of South America show where these minerals are found. 
 
Political. 
 History — Education — Religion . 
 123- South America was discovered by Columbus, who landed at 
 the mouth of the Orinoco river in 1498. By whom was it named? 
 P. 87, no. 179. 
 
 The vast empire of Peru was conquered by Pizarro, 1532, and even- 
 tually the whole of South America came under the Spanish rule, 
 except Brazil, which was discovered by Portugal, 1501, under 
 Americus Vespucius 
 
 The "gold working" Incas were the native Indians, found in Peru by the Span- 
 iards. The Incas were partly civilized. They wove coarse cloth, made pottery, and 
 built excellent roads. Cuzco was the capital of the Inca empire and was surrounded 
 by thick walls of stone. Within was a magnificent "Temple of the Sun.' On an is- 
 land in Lake Titicaca was another temple almost as magnificent. After a savage 
 war, 1533, the Spaniards, led by Pizarro, conquered the Incas, so that little by 
 little their great empire melted away. The wonderful ruins of the cities of the In- 
 cas remain, and descendants of the lucas still inhabit this region. 
 
 In 1810 the colonies revolted and by 1822, all of them were inde- 
 pendent republics. 
 
 Brazil became independent in 1822, but remained an empire till 18P9. 
 
 124. Name in order the political divisions of South America with 
 boundaries, capital, and metropolis of each. P. 173, nos. 64 — 74. 
 
 From the highlands of Colombia are obtained gold, silver, and the purest em- 
 eralds. 
 
 Venezuela is noted for its extensive salt deposits and for its wonderfully rich 
 and varied flora. 
 
 The Guianas are the only portions of South America now dependent on any 
 European power. The French division is used as a penal settlement. Cayenne, 
 the capital, has given its name to the red pepper which grows there. 
 
 Brazil is ttte largest and most important republic and ranks fcremcst in the 
 world in the coffee and the rubber trade. 
 
 Uruguay is the smallest of the South American republics, but one of the most 
 progressive. 
 
 Argentina is next to Brazil in size and importance. It has more miles of rail- 
 road than any other South American republic, and next to Australia is the greatest 
 wool-producing country in the world. It is next to Chile in educational advantage. 
 
 Chile isone of the most enterprising republics and has good schools and good 
 roads and railroads connecting the larger towns. 
 
 Peru has been famed from the earliest times for the almost fabulous wealth of 
 its mines. 
 
 Ecuador is one of the least important of the South American countries. It 
 produces more cocoa than any other South American republic. Wheat and po- 
 
l82 
 
 tatoee are raised looo feet above the level of the sea. 
 Bolivia produces the finest quality of rubber. 
 Paraguay is the second smallest and least important republic. 
 
 125. Name and locate in order the seaports of South America with 
 the principal exports and imports of each. Pp. 175-176, nos. 75-83- 
 
 126. Ten cities of South America in order of population are: 
 I- Buenos Ayres, Argentina, (r, 000, 000), p. 176, no. 80. 
 2. Rio Janeiro, Brazil, (750,000), p. 175, no. 78. 
 
 3- Santiago, Chile, (334'538)> P- ^75> »o- 81. 
 
 4. Bahia, Brazil, (174,412), p. 176, no. 81. 
 
 5 Valparaiso, Chile, (143,769), p. 176, no. 81. 
 
 Valparaiso is almost directly south of New York city. 
 
 6. Montevideo, Uruguay, (139,866), p. 176, no. 79. 
 
 7- Rosario, Argentina, (131,000), three hundred miles frcm 
 Bueaos Ayres, situated on the Parama river in the center of the 
 agricultural region, is a great wheat port. It can be reached by 
 ocean steamers. 
 
 8. Lima, Peru, (130,000). 
 
 Lima, the capital and largest city of Peru, is situated about seven miles from 
 the ocean. If it were not for a mountain stream, Lima would be a desert. Why? 
 Lima is noted as the home of St. Rose of Lima, a Dominican nun and the first 
 canonized saint of the New World. (1586) 
 
 The skeleton of the treacherous Pizarro is preserved in a glass coffin in the 
 great Lima cathedral. 
 
 9. Bogota, Colombia, (120,000). 
 
 Bogota, although within four and one-half degrees of the equator has a climate 
 of perpetual spring due to its altitude of nearly 9,000 feet. 
 
 10. Pernambuco, Brazil, (111,506), p. 175, no. 78. 
 
 127. Notes of interest: 
 
 1- Cartagena, a seaport of Colombia, on the Caribbean sea, is 
 the scene of the heroic labors of the Jesuit Saint, Peter Claver who 
 spent a long sacrificing life in bettering the life of the imported 
 negro slaves. Died, 1604. 
 
 2- The Franciscan Saint, Francis of Solano, has earned by his labors 
 and services the title of the "Apostle of Peru", He was also the 
 first to preach the faith in Paraguay. 
 
 3- Pasco, Peru, over fourteen thousand feet above the sea, is the 
 highest city in the world. It has a disagreeable, moist and cold 
 climate. 
 
i83 
 
 Can you think of any reason for its location at such an ahitude and in such a 
 climate? 
 
 4. Diamantina, in southwestern, and Diamantino, in central Brazil, 
 are named from the diamond mines near them. 
 
 5- Manioc is a sort of flour made frona the root of the Cassava 
 plant from which is prepared our tapioca of commerce. 
 
 Manioc is the principal food of the people of South America. 
 
 6, Rubber. The milky sap of the India-rubber tree is exposed 
 to a smouldering fire for a few hours. It soon thickens and forms 
 the rubber of commerce. An American, named Charles Goodyear 
 discovered, in 1842, a way of hardening or vulcanizing rubber by 
 melting sulphur with it, so that it could be worked into any form 
 desired. » 
 
 7- Paraguay tea, or mate, is the dried leaf of a kind of holly. It is 
 used throughout South America instead of ordinary tea. 
 
 8. The original home of the coffee tree was in Southern Arabia, 
 where Mocha, the most expensive variety, is still grown. A good 
 coffee tree produces three or four pounds of coffee beans a year 
 and will bear fruit for thirty years and sometimes more. 
 
 Coffee grows only in the tropics and thrives best on well-watered mountain 
 sides. 
 
 9- The cacao bean is an almond-shaped seed obtained from the 
 palms of an evergreen tree. Our cocoa, used for making a drink, 
 is prepared from the seed-coats of this bean. Cocoa butter is a 
 nutritious oil which is extracted, by heating, from the cacao bean. 
 When ground with sugar and pressed into cakes, the product is 
 called chocolate. 
 
 128. The population of South America is over thirty-eight miliou. 
 (38,391,000). 
 
 129. The population is made up of: 
 
 a. Whites, principally descendants of the early Spanish and Por- 
 tuguese settlers, who are the ruling people. 
 
 b. Indians, the aboriginal inhabitants. Some of them, dwelling in 
 the interior and in the South, are still savage. 
 
 c. Negroes, the descendants of slaves imported from Africa, who 
 form a large part of the population of Brazil. 
 
 d. Mestizas and Mulattoes. 
 
 A Mestiza is a person of mixed Spanish and Indian blood. 
 
i84 
 
 A Mulatto is a person of mixed white and negro blood. 
 
 130. Portuguese is the national language in Brazil. Elsewhere Span- 
 ish is usually spoken. 
 
 131. There have been frequent wars in all the republics and a few 
 of the boundaries are even now unsettled; still it is a mistake to 
 claim that South America is unprogressive. When comparing the 
 higher classes in South America with the higher classes in Europe 
 and the United States and the original natives of North America 
 with the original natives of South America, - the South American 
 civilization does not lose by the comparison. 
 
 It should be borne in mind that the original native Indian races were not driv- 
 en beyond the frontier of civilization in South America as thsy were in the Unit- 
 ed States, but became and remain to this day an integral part of the population. 
 
 Good schools are found in nearly all parts of South America. The universities 
 of some of the political divisions rank with the best universities in the world. 
 
 132. The Roman Catholic Religion prevails. The present Catholic 
 population of South America numbers about 37,000,000. 
 
 Here, as in North America, the missionaries were the pioneers, not only of the 
 cross and religion, but also of civilization. They studied the languages of the na- 
 tives, won their confidence, and rooted out cannibalism. They gathered the dwell- 
 ers of the wilderness into settled habitation, taught them to read, write, and sing, 
 to sow and reap. 
 
 Whilst the Indians were never inventive they were wonderful imitators. 
 Indians, whose forefathers had been cannibals, became skillful carpenters, ma- 
 sons, blacksmiths, turners, carvers, printers and gilders, watchmakers, and manu- 
 facturers of musical instruments; they cast bells, built organs, and constructed 
 horse-mills and water-works for irrigation. They built plain, but roomy and com- 
 fortable houses, erected magnificent churches and public buildings which they 
 adorned with their own statuary. Thus in the course of about a century and a 
 half from the date of discovery, a free, happy, and innocent population of more 
 than a million of Indians was instructed and civilized by zealous missionaries. 
 
 Commerce. 
 
 133. The coast of South America is very regular. Poor harbor.s, 
 mountain ranges cut by swift streams and gorges, unhealthy 
 coast plains, and interior marshes greatly hinder commerce. 
 
 134. Land routes of transportation are: 
 
 a. Good wagon roads along the coast; 
 
 b. mule paths in the interior; 
 
 c. numerous lines of railroad that run from coast towns for short 
 
t85 
 
 The central part of the continent, excepting Argentina, is still a wilderness. 
 A railroad is being built over the Andes between Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso 
 and is nearly finished. 
 
 135. Which slope has the greatest commercial advantages? Why? 
 What products are brought down the Amazon? The Orinoco? The 
 
 La Plata? 
 
 136. Our trade with South America is greatly hindered by the lack 
 of regular and frequent steam-ship service. Fifty European ves- 
 sels to one American vessel enter the ports of Rio Janeiro or 
 Valparaiso. 
 
 We need the raw tropical products and foods of South America while she needs 
 our manufactured goods. Many of our imports from South America go first to 
 Europe and are then brought to us, and many of our exports to South America go 
 first to Europe and then to South America. This is because there is better service 
 between Europe and South America and between Europe and the United States. 
 
 137. In what language should labels and advertisements put on 
 goods sent to South America be printed? 
 
 138. Make a list of our principal imports from South America with 
 the names of the ports from which they are likely to be sent, and 
 also the names of the United States ports at which they are like- 
 ly to enter. 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 
 South America. 
 
 What and Where. 
 
 Mathematical. P. 164. 
 
 I. South America. 2. 5000 miles. 3000 miles. Compare with North America. 
 4. One-seventh. 5. 12° and 56°. 6. 35° and 82'^, 7. 20°. What is the lati- 
 tude of central South America? 8. The equator, g. The tropic of Capricorn, 
 
 Physical P. 165. 
 Bounding Waters. Winds. 
 10. Caribbeansea.il. Atlantic ocean. 12. Antarctic ocean. 13. Pacific ocean. 
 14. Pjeru current. 15. Equatorial current. 16. Brazilian current. 17. Trade winds. 
 18. Calms of Capricorn. 19. Prevailing westerly winds. 
 
 From the Isthmus of Panama by Way of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 
 to the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. P. 165. 
 
 20. Darien. 21. Venezuela. 22. Lake Maracaibo. 23. Paria. 24. Mouths of the 
 Amazon and Tocantins. 25. All Saints. 26. Rio de la Plata. Which is the most 
 
i86 
 
 important harbor of South America? 27. Blanca. 28. Magellan. By whom was the 
 strait of Magellan discovered? 29. Guayaquil. 
 
 From the Isthmus of Panama by Way of the Atlantic and Pacific 
 Oceans fo the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Capes and Islands. Pp. 168 — 169. 
 
 30. Point Gallinas. 31. Trinidad. To which of the three West India island 
 groups does it belong? 32. Marajo. 33. St. Roque. 34. Trio. 35. Falkland islands, 
 36. Terra del Fuego. 37. South Georgia. 38. Horn. 39. Chilce. 40. Juan Fernan- 
 dez. 41. Parina. 42. San Francisco. 43. Galapagos. 
 
 Relief. P. 169. 
 
 44. Andes. 45. Plateau of Bolivia. 46. Brazilian Highland 47. Guiana High- 
 land. 48. Aconcagua, 49. Chimborazo. 5c. Cctopaxi. 51. Atocama. 52- The des- 
 ert region of Patagonia. Locate Patagonia. Describe its inhabitants. What would 
 be the effect on South America if the Andes mountains were on the east coast in- 
 stead of on the west? Explain. 53. Great Central plain. Describe the Ibrcs. Tie 
 silvas. What useful articles of commerce are obtained from these forests? Describe 
 the pampas. What important industry is carried on in that region? Speak briefly 
 on the positions of the mountains and plains in the Old and New World. Hew do 
 they differ? Examples. 
 
 Drainage. P. 171. 
 
 54. The Great Slope. 55, Orinoco. What name is given to the grassy plains 
 of the Orinoco? 56, Amazon. Rio Negro. Yapura. Madeira. Xingu. From what 
 word is the name Amazon derived? 57. Rio Plata. 58. Magdalena. 59. Tocan- 
 tins. 60. San Francisco. 61. Maracaibo. 62. Lake Titicaca. 63. Lake Aullagas. 
 
 From the Republic of Colombia by Sea to the Republic of Colombia. P. 173. 
 
 64. Colombia. 65. Venezuela. 66. Guiana. 67. Brazil. 68. Uruguay. 69. Ar- 
 gentina. 70. Chile 71. Peru. 72. Ecuador. 
 
 Inland Countries. P. 174. 
 
 73. Paraguay. 74 Bolivia. 
 
 Seaports — Exports — Imports. P- 175- 
 
 From Barranquilla, Colombia, by Sea to Guayaquil, Ecuador. 
 
 75. Barranquilla. 76. Maracaibo and La Guaira. 77. Georgetown, Paramaribo, 
 Cayenne. 78. Para. Pernambuco. Bahia. Rio Janeiro. Santos, 79. Montevideo. 
 80. Buenos Ayres. 81. Valparaiso. 82. Callao. 83. Guayaquil. 
 
 South America. Continuation and Review. P. 177. 
 Mathematical. 
 
 84. Locate South America. What is the greatest length? Greatest width? Com- 
 
i87 
 
 pare with North America. What part of the land mass of the globe does it com- 
 prise? What are the latitude boundaries? What are the longitude boundaries? 
 What is to be noted regarding the parallel of 20 degrees? What great circle crosses 
 South America? Where does it cross? What other continents and what parts of 
 these continents are crossed by the equator? What important small circle crosses 
 South America? Where does it cross? What other continents? What parts of these 
 continents are crossed by the tropic of Capricorn? 
 
 Physical. 
 
 Boundaries. 
 
 Coast Forms of Land and Water, P. 177. 
 
 93. Trace the gulfs, bays, and straits from Panama by way of the Caribbean 
 sea, the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans to Panama. 94. Trace the capes and is- 
 lands from Panama by way of the Caribbean sea, the Atlantic and the Pacific 
 oceans to Panama. 
 
 Relief. P. 177—178. 
 
 95. Name and describe the continental divide of South America. Describe 
 the plateau of Bolivia. Describe the Guiana highland. Name and locate three 
 noted volcanoes. Name and describe the Great Central plain. Discuss the position 
 of the mountains and plains in the New World compared with the position of 
 those in the Old World. 
 
 Drainage. P. 178. 
 
 loi. Describe the great slope of South America. Describe the Orinoco river. 
 The Amazon. The Rio Plata. Describe the Magdalena river, The Tocantins. The 
 San Francisco. Name, locate, and describe three lakes of South America. 
 
 Climate. P. 178. 
 
 105. In what zone is South America? Describe the climate of the lowlands. The 
 plateau region. The region south of the tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 107. What winds blow over the torrid zone? How do they affect the rainfall 
 of the eastern slopes of the Andes? Of the western Andes? What winds blow over 
 the southern part? How do they affect the rainfall of the western slope of the An- 
 des? Of the eastern slope? 
 
 Vegetation. P. 178. 
 
 108. What can be said of the plants of South America? What can be said of 
 the silvas? Forest of Pacific coast? Locate and describe two areas of grassy land. 
 Locate and describe two desert regions. 
 
 Animals. P. 179. 
 
 113. Compare the animals of South America with those of the other contin- 
 
ents. Describe the animals of the tropical lowlands. Of the pampas. Of the Ancles. 
 Select from the wild animals of South America those valued for their wool. Those 
 valued for their flesh. Name the domestic animals of South America. "What indus- 
 try is especially important on the pampas. 
 
 Minerals. P. 180—181. 
 
 I20. What may be said of the mineral regions of South America? What miner- 
 als are found? Where? Tell about the gold-working Incas. Tell how the Spanish 
 and Portuguese colonies became independent. 
 
 Political 
 History — Education — Religion. P. 181. 
 
 123. Who discovered South America? Who conquered Peru? 
 
 124. Name in order the political divisions of South America with boundaries, 
 capital, and metropolis of each. State an important fact about each of the follow- 
 ing: Colombia. Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Peru, 
 Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay. 
 
 125. Name and locate in order the seaports of South America with the prin- 
 cipal exports and imports of each. 
 
 126. Name ten cities of South America in order of population. What city is 
 almost directly south of New York city? Why is Rosario noted? Lima? Bogota? 
 
 Notes of Interest. P- 182—183. 
 
 127. Why is Cartagena noted? What saint is called the apostle of Peru? Name 
 the highest city in the world. Locate Diamantina and Diamantino. Why so call- 
 ed? From what is tapioca prepared? How is rubber prepared? What is Paraguay 
 tea? Discuss the production of coffee. Of cacao. 
 
 128. What is the population of Soutti America? What races inhabit South 
 America? What is a Mestizo? A mulatto? What languages are spoken in Soiith 
 America? What can be said of the progress of South America? What is said of the 
 original inhabitants? The schools? What religion prevails in South America? What 
 is the Catholic population? Tell about the works accomplished by the early mis- 
 sionaries. The progress made by the Indians. 
 
 Commerce. P. 184—185. 
 
 13^. Describe the coast of South America. What are the land routes of transpor- 
 tation? What slope has the greatest commercial advantages? Why? What produces 
 are brought down the Amazon? The Orinoco? The La Plata? What hinders trade 
 between the United States and South America? In what language should labels 
 and advertisements pu-t on goods sent to South America, be printed? 
 
 138. Make a list of our principal imports from South America with the names 
 of the ports from which they are likely to be sent and also the names of the Unit- 
 ed States ports at which they are likely to enter. 
 
189 
 
 BSts, 
 
 ky: 
 
 N, 
 
 !r as his own, 
 
 of the globe, 
 id lies in the 
 ng on either 
 its vertex to 
 which, how- 
 5 coast hne is 
 
 le land mass 
 
 '° north and 
 i 35°) 72° of 
 
 west and 51° 
 69° of long- 
 
 rthern South 
 
 rosses north- 
 a. 
 
 a-tor) crosses 
 .istralia. 
 
WaXt<ii 
 ■StaoP 
 
 Ou>rAa-^> ^ 
 
 ■S'i' 
 
 ■11 
 
 Bu-EariNt 
 
189 
 
 (The study of Africa is V. Grade work.) 
 
 Mountains on the east and west rearing high their lofty crests, 
 Great Sahara's waste so dry, lying 'neath a scorching sky: 
 
 Seldom here is seen the snow, seldom cooling breezes blow, 
 
 While the sun from burning throne shines and claims her as his own, 
 This land of Africa. 
 
 WHAT AND WHERE? 
 MATHEMATICAL. 
 
 1. Africa, the second in size of the great divisions of the globe, 
 is nearly four times the size of the United States and hes in the 
 Eastern Hemisphere, about one-half of its length being on either 
 side of the equator. It is triangular in shape, having its vertex to 
 the south. It is joined to Asia by the isthmus of Suez, which, how- 
 ever, is cut by the Suez canal. P. 58, no. 24, a. Its coast line is 
 more regular than that of any other continent. 
 
 2. 5,000 miles is the approximate length. 
 
 3. 5,000 miles is the approximate width. 
 
 4. One-fifth. Africa contains about one-fifth of the land mass 
 of the globe (11,500,000 sq. mi.). 
 
 5. 37° north and 35° south. Africa hes between 37° north and 
 35° south latitude; hence it extends through (37° and 35°) 72° of 
 latitude. 
 
 6. 18° west and 31° east. Africa lies between 18° west and 51° 
 east longitude; hence it extends through (51° and 18°) 69° of long- 
 itude. 
 
 7. Equator. The equator crosses central Africa, northern South 
 America, and the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. 
 
 8. The tropic of cancer (23^° north of the equator) crosses north- 
 em Africa, southern North America, and southern Asia. 
 
 9. The tropic of Capricorn (23^° south of the equator) crosses 
 southern Africa, central South America, and central Australia. 
 
190 
 
 PHYSICAL. 
 
 Bounding Waters. Winds. 
 
 10. Mediterranean sea — p. 228, uo. 31. 
 
 11. Red sea— p. 190, no. 24. 
 
 12. Indian ocean — p. 27, no. 93. 
 
 13. Atlantic ocean — p. 27, no. 92. 
 Bound Africa. 
 
 14. Monsoon Drift — ^pp. 46, 47, no. 16. 
 
 15. Mozambique Current — pp. 46, 47, no. 19. 
 
 16. Antarctic Current — ^pp. 46, 47, no. 13. 
 
 17. Benguela Current — pp. 46, 47, no. 19. 
 
 18. Guinea Current — pp. 46, 47, no. 9. 
 
 From the Strait of Gibraltar to the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 Seas, Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. 
 
 19. Strait of Gibraltar connects the Mediterranean sea with the 
 Atlantic ocean and separates Africa from Europe. P. 229, no. 41. 
 
 20. Mediterranean — p. 228, no. 31. 
 
 21. The gulf of Gabes is an arm of the Mediterranean sea, indent- 
 ing northern Africa. 
 
 22. The gulf of Sidra is an arm of the Mediterranean sea, indent- 
 ing northern Africa. 
 
 23. Suez— p. 228, no. 30. 
 
 24. Red sea, southwestern Asia, is partly enclosed by Asiatic 
 Turkey and Africa. 
 
 25. The strait of Babel Mandeb, "Gate of Tears," connects the 
 Red sea and the gulf of Aden, and separates Asia from Africa. 
 
 26. The gulf of Aden is an arm of the Arabian sea, between the 
 
191 
 Arabian peninsula and Africa. 
 
 27. The Mozambique channel separates the island of Madagascar 
 from the mainland of Africa. 
 
 28. Delagoa bay is an arm of the Indian ocean, indenting south- 
 eastern Africa. 
 
 29. The gulf of Guinea is an arm of the Atlantic, indenting west- 
 central Africa. 
 
 30. The bight of Biafra is an arm of the gulf of Guinea, indent- 
 ing west-central Africa. 
 
 31. The bight of Benin is an arm of the gulf of Guinea, indenting 
 west-central Africa. 
 
 From Cape Bon to Cape Bon. 
 Capes and Islands. 
 
 32. Cape Bon is the most northern point of Africa, on the Med- 
 iterranean sea. 
 
 33. Suez is an isthmus connecting Africa and Asia. P. 189, no. 1. 
 
 34. Guardafui is the most eastern cape of Africa, on the Indian 
 ocean. 
 
 35. Zanzibar, an island off the eastern coast of Africa, is the chief 
 market of the world for ivory and cloves. It belongs to Great 
 Britain. 
 
 36. Madagascar, a long island east of southern Africa, in the 
 Indian ocean, belongs to France. One of its chief exports is raffia. 
 
 Raflfia is a palm fibre, derived from the cuticle of the leaves of an African 
 palm, taken before they are fully expanded. The commercial product conies in 
 the form of narrow ribbons of fibrous material. It is used for making and trim- 
 ming hats, also in the manufacture of fancy baskets, etc. 
 
 37. Cape Agulhas is the most southern cape of Africa, on the 
 Indian ocean. 
 
 38. Cape of Good Hope is a southern cape on the Atlantic. 
 
192 
 
 It was discovered by the Portuguese navigator Diaz, 1486. Vasco de Gama, 
 in 1497, sailed from Portugal around the cape of Good Hope across the Indian 
 ocean to India. He was tlie discoverer of this water-route to India. 
 
 39. St. Helena is an island off the southwestern coast of Africa, 
 in the Atlantic. It is a coaling station belonging to Great Britain. 
 P. 18, no. 12, c. 
 
 It is known as the prison home and the scene of the death of Napoleon I., 
 Emperor of France, who was banished to this island by the English after his 
 defeat at Waterloo, i 
 
 40. Cape Verde is the most western cape of Africa, on the At- 
 lantic. 
 
 41. Cape Verde islands, a group of unimportant islands, are in 
 the Atlantic ocean nearly opposite cape Verde. 
 
 42. Blanco is a western cape of Africa on the Atlantic. 
 
 43. Canary islands are a cluster of islands in the Atlantic ocean, 
 sixty or seventy miles from the northwestern coast of Africa, be- 
 longing to Spain. 
 
 They were anciently called "Fortunate Islands," on account of their climate 
 and fertility. 
 
 44. The Madeira are a group of islands off the northwestern coast 
 of Africa, in the Atlantic, belonging to Portugal. 
 
 They produce much wine and fruit. 
 
 45. The Azores are a group of islands off the northwestern coast 
 of Africa, in the Atlantic, belonging to Portugal. 
 
 They produce oranges and pineapples. 
 
 46. Cape Spartel is a northern cape on the strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 RELIEF. 
 
 47. Africa is a vast plateau, surrounded by a belt of low, marshy, 
 malarious land, varying in width from a few miles to two hundred 
 miles. It may be likened to a lengthy vegetable dish, the convex 
 part of the dish representing the vast plateau region, and the low 
 margin the belt of marshy lowland surrounding the plateau. 
 
 48. The great African highland occupies the southeastern half 
 
193 
 
 of Africa, and extends as a plateau a mile high from the strait of 
 Babel Mandeb to the Atlantic ocean. From this great highland 
 plateau three rugged and narrow tongues of highland extend far 
 to the northwest. 
 
 49. One of these tongues extends along the Red sea coast; 
 
 50. the second highland tongue extends through the center of 
 the grand division; and 
 
 51. the third highland tongue extends in broken plateaus along 
 the Atlantic coast. 
 
 52. The Atlas mountains are an isolated highland situated in 
 the extreme northwest. 
 
 53. Mt. Kilimanjaro in the east, and 
 
 54,. Mt. Kenia, north of it on the equator, are two extinct vol- 
 canoes nearly three and one-half miles high. They are the loftiest 
 points in Africa. 
 
 55. Mt. Teneriffe, on one of the Canary islands, is a celebrated 
 volcano about two and one-third miles high. 
 
 56. A vast, almost continuous lowland, with broad southward 
 extensions on either side of the central highland tongue, occupies 
 the northwestern half of the continent. 
 
 57. The deserts of Africa occupy nearly one-third of the entire 
 area of Africa. 
 
 58. The Sahara, or Great Desert, is situated in the northern part 
 of Africa. It is nearly two-thirds as large as the United States 
 and is enclosed on the 
 
 (a) north, by the Atlas mountains and northern plateaus; 
 
 (b) east, by the mountains along the Red sea ; 
 
 (c) south, by the Sudan; 
 
 (d) west, by the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 It is a desert from lack of water and not because of its sandy soil. It is a part 
 of the great desert belt that extends from the western shores of Africa to the 
 eastern limits of the desert of Gobi in Asia. It lies in the region of the north- 
 
194 
 
 east trade winds, and these, coming from the dry plateau of Arabia, are rainless 
 and hot. 
 
 59. The Nubian desert, an eastern division of the Sahara, is sit- 
 uated between the Nile and the Red sea, 
 
 60. The Libyan desert, an eastern division of the Sahara, is sit- 
 uated west of the Nile. 
 
 61. The Kalahari desert is located in southern Africa, near the 
 tropic of Capricorn, north of the Orange river. It is due to the 
 influence of the calms of Capricorn and the dry winds. 
 
 DRAINAGE. 
 
 62. Africa is the driest of the continents, still it has some of the 
 largest rivers in the world, which have their sources in the regions 
 of heavy rainfall and on the long slopes of the highlands. 
 
 For convenience in studying, we may divide the drainage areas 
 into three great slopes — ^the Mediterranean slope, the Indian slope, 
 and the Atlantic slope, 
 
 63. The Nile, a great historic river, rises south of the equator in 
 lake Victoria Nyanza. It is made up of three rivers — ^the White 
 Nile, the Blue Nile, and the Atbara river, and flows in a winding 
 northern direction, emptying by two arms into the Mediterranean 
 sea. It is 42,000 miles long. Compare with the Mississippi, p. 
 77, no. 107. 
 
 The great fertility of Egypt is due to the annvial overflow of the Nile. The 
 rising of the waters begins the latter part of June, or just about the time of the 
 summer solstice. The first sign of the flood is a change in the appearance of 
 the w^aters, which become red and turbid. About the middle of July they over- 
 flow the banks and spread themselves over the land till the country looks 
 like a great inland sea, dotted here and there by villages and towns. The latter 
 part of September the waters begin to subside. Thirty feet is about the average 
 rise of the river. The annual inundation leaves a rich alluvial deposit which 
 produces a most luxuriant vegetation. 
 
 THE NILE. 
 
 Rising high above sea level in the Mountains of the Moon, 
 Cradled in their mighty caverns, the fair Nile its way has hewn 
 
 Thro' the many mountain barriers, and thro' granite rocks beside, 
 Over terraces and rapids, on it courses in mad ride, 
 
195 
 
 Down the cataracts now dashing, into foam its waves now lashing, 
 Till at length it meets the plain, where it calmly smiles again; 
 
 But it onward, northward, flows; scattering blessings as it goes, 
 As it slowly glides along, murmuring low its happy song 
 
 Till it finds at last its grave on blue Mediterranean's wave. 
 
 64. The Zambezi river, the most important on the eastern coast 
 of Africa, and the fourth largest of the continent, rises in the south- 
 western plateau region and flows in an eastern direction, through 
 a large delta, into the Indian ocean. It is 1,200 miles long. 
 
 65. The Orange river, southern Africa, is the most important 
 southern river of the continent. It rises within one hundred miles 
 of the Indian ocean and flows in a general western direction into 
 the Atlantic ocean. It is about 1,300 miles long. 
 
 66. The Kongo, the second longest and the largest river of Afri- 
 ca, is formed by the junction of the Luapula and Lualaba rivers in 
 about the same latitude as its mouth. It is connected with the 
 great lake region of Africa by its head stream, and flows by a large 
 bend, in a general western direction, crossing the equator twice, 
 into the Atlantic ocean. It is about 3,000 miles long. 
 
 67. The Niger, the third largest river of the continent, rises in 
 west-central Africa, and flows first in a northern and then in a 
 southeastern direction and empties by a delta, one hundred miles 
 long, into the gulf of Guinea. It is about 2,600 miles long. 
 
 Name in order of length the five most important rivers of Africa. 
 
 Navigation of the African rivers is frequently obstructed by cataracts and 
 waterfalls. The Nile and the Niger are navigable for about seven hundied 
 miles, but in the Kongo cataracts occur much nearer the mouth. The Zambezi 
 and the Orange rivei'S have many falls and are not extensively navigable. 
 
 68. The Victoria falls, p. 35, no. 159, c. 
 
 The most important group of lakes in Africa is situated in the highland, 
 near the equator, in the eastern part and in the great rain belt of the continent. 
 
 69. Lake Victoria, the source of the Nile, is next to lake Super- 
 ior, the largest fresh water lake in the world. 
 
 70. Lake Albert Edward, on the equator, and 
 
196 
 
 71. Lake Albert Nyanza, a little north of it, discharge their wat- 
 ers into the Nile river. 
 
 72. Lake Tanganyika, a long, narrow lake, has its outlet through 
 the Nile river; also 
 
 73. Lake Bangweolo, which is the source of the Luapula river, 
 the head tributary of the Kongo. 
 
 74. Lake Nyassa is a long, narrow lake; it discharges its waters 
 into 
 
 75. Lake Tchad, in the north central part of Africa, near the 
 border of the Sahara, is a shallow fresh water lake, and during 
 the wet season is larger than lake Erie. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 76. Africa is the hottest of the continents and the only one that 
 extends across the torrid zone. It may be divided into four cli- 
 matic belts: 
 
 (a) The northern part, excepting the region bordering on the Med- 
 iterranean, is hot and rainless. Why? P. 193, no. 5S, note. It is 
 subject to extremes of temperature — very hot in da3rtime and 
 very cold at night. 
 
 Eggs may be baked in the sands of the Nubian desert. Egypt has a mild 
 and delicious climate, noted for the clearness of the atmosphere. The diyness 
 of the air preserves objects from decay and hastens evaporation. Travelers 
 are obliged to oil their faces and hands to prevent them from cracking. 
 
 The climate of the region bordering on the Mediterranean is moderated by 
 the breezes from over the sea. 
 
 (b) Central Africa, though it extends over the entire width of 
 the torrid zone, is not so hot as it is north or south of this region, 
 owing to the elevation and consequent heavy rainfall. The heavy 
 rainfall is caused by the southeast trade winds; these come from 
 the Indian ocean and are laden with moisture which is condensed 
 above the snowy mountains of equatorial Africa, and falling as 
 rain or snow, feeds the great rivers and lakes of Africa. P. 39, no. 
 202, b. 
 
 On the Guinea coast, on the lowlands, the climate is malarious 
 
197 
 
 and intensely hot. This entire region has a very heavy rainfall, 
 owing to the equatorial calms. P. 38, no. 202, a., also p. 40, no. 
 212, a. 
 
 (c) Southern Africa possesses a mild and genial climate, and a 
 moderate rainfall, due to its latitude, elevation, and the southeast 
 trade winds. 
 
 The rainless region of the Kalahari desert, near the tropic of Capricorn, is due 
 to the calms of Capricorn and the dry winds. P. 40, no. 212, c. 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 77. Africa is noted for its great number and variety of strange 
 and ferocious animals, as well as for its many birds of beautiful 
 plumage. 
 
 (a) The large animals include the elephant, lion, leopard, rhi- 
 noceros, giraffe, zebra, hippopotamus and crocodile. 
 
 (b) Antelopes, deer-like animals of many species, herd on the 
 grassy plains. 
 
 (c) The fierce gorilla, the chimpanzee, and many other kinds of 
 monkeys, are at home in the tropical forests. 
 
 (d) The camel is the principal animal of northern Africa. 
 
 (e) Vast herds of cattle and tlocks of sheep are raised in southern 
 Africa. 
 
 (f) The ostrich roams over the deserts and open plains. Other 
 birds are the Guinea fowls, beautiful sun-birds, and parrots. 
 
 (g) Venomous snakes abound in the south. 
 
 (h) The locust is the scourge of vegetation; and the tsetse, in 
 southern Africa, is a venomous fly whose bite is fatal to cattle. 
 
 The elephant and the hippopotamus of Africa yield thi'ee-fourths of the ivory 
 product of the world. From what three sources is ivory obtained? The an- 
 imal ivory is obtained from the hippopotamus, elephant, and the narwhal, 
 a sort of fish found in the northern waters. 
 
 78. VEGETATION. 
 
 (a) Northern Africa yields grain, cotton, dates, almonds and 
 olive-oil. 
 
 (b) Rice is the leading product of the Guinea coast. 
 
 (c) The date palm flourishes along the shores of the Mediterranean 
 
198 
 
 and in the^oases of the desert. 
 
 (d) The^ famous baobab tree is found in central Africa. It is 
 noted for its great size and is one of the giants of the vegetable 
 kingdom. 
 
 Its trunk is from twenty to thirty feet in diameter. Its fibre is used in making 
 paper, cordage, etc. Millions of these trees are found south of the Kongo river, 
 and many of them are said to be thousands of years old. 
 
 (e) Dense forests cover eqiiatoral Africa. 
 
 (f) Groves of teak, mangrove, ebony, and India-rubber abound on 
 the western coast. 
 
 (g) Gum-arabic, myrrh, cotton, coffee, sugar-cane, and spices are 
 the products of eastern Africa. 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 79. Africa possesses great mineral wealth. 
 
 (a) Coal and iron are found n considerable quantities. 
 
 (b) The diamond mines, near Kimberley, in the northern part of 
 cape Colony and the gold mines near Johannesburg, in the Trans- 
 vaal colony, are the richest in the world. 
 
 Gold is also abundant in western Africa on the Guinea coast. 
 
 (c) Copper, lead, and salt are obtained in some places. 
 
 POLITICAL. 
 History and Religion. 
 
 80. Africa differs so much from the other continents of the world, 
 
 and so much concerning it is unknown that it is called the "Dark 
 Continent." Like Europe it was first settled by people from Asia. 
 Northern Africa is noted in history as the seat of very ancient civ- 
 ilization which was fostered by the fertility of the lands bordering 
 the Mediterranean s.ea and by the proximity of southern Europe. 
 
 Africa south of the Mediterranean states, first became known to 
 Europeans about the time of the discovery of America. 
 
 Through trade, by sending out missionaries, and by conquest, 
 Europeans gradually gained a foothold in Africa and extended 
 their spheres of influence from the coast to the interior. Now each 
 of the Great Powers is striving for the greatest share. 
 
199 
 
 Dr. Livingstone, employed by the London Missionary society, and Heniy 
 Morton Stanley, sent by the "New York Herald" to learn of the fate ofi_Living- 
 stone, are two to the most noted of the African explorers. 
 
 81. As regards religion, a great proportion of the inhabitants are 
 savages of the lowest type. Mohammedanism possesses a large 
 number of adherents in northern Africa. Christianity prevails 
 chiefly among the Copts (descendants of the ancient Egyptians), 
 the Abyssinians, and the natives of Madaga^ar. 
 
 The Roman Catholic religion was first brought to Africa by St. 
 Mark. It rapidly spread over northeastern and northern Africa, 
 and derived great splendor from its doctors, anchorites, and con- 
 fessors. It was represented by such men as Clement of Alexan- 
 dria, Origen, Athanasius, and Cyril, and produced such doctors as 
 TertulUan, Cyprian, Optatus, and Augustine. 
 
 At present. Catholic missionaries are zealously laboring in Af- 
 rica endeavoring to evangelize the natives. Their work, begun 
 and continuing amidst so many difficulties, has developed wonder- 
 fully in every direction and is Attended with promising success. 
 
 It is encouraging for the Catholic to see the heroism with which 
 the missionaries are toiling for the welfare and salvation of the 
 Dark Continent. 
 
 PEOPLE. 
 
 82. The population of Africa is 158 million. 
 
 83. The people of Africa are all either of the white or of the 
 black race. 
 
 (a) North of the southern Sahara the native people are of the 
 white race and consist of Berbers, Arabs or Moors, and Egyptians 
 or Copts. 
 
 (b) The European whites prevail in the coast regions. 
 
 (c) Elsewhere the people are blacks. 
 
 The very black negroes live in the center of the continent in a 
 region called the Sudan which means "Land of the Blacks". 
 The light colored negroes live south of the equator. 
 
200 
 
 The kafirs, a tall, muscular race, inhabit the coast region between^Delagoa 
 bay and Cape Colony. 
 
 The Bushmen, a race of dwarfs, inhabit the Kalahari desert and some north- 
 erly portions of Cape Colony. They are among the lowest savages of the world, 
 but are remarkably acute in securing food and finding their way through the 
 pathless forests. Their weapons are poisoned arrows. 
 
 The Pygmies, or Negritos, the smallest people in the world, live in the Kongo 
 forests. They vary in height from thirty-three inches to about four and one- 
 half feet. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 84. Three-fourths of Africa is under the direct or indirect con- 
 trol of seven European states. 
 
 These nations, in order of extent of territory are France, Great 
 Britain, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, and Italy. 
 
 85. The part of Africa not under the control of European nations 
 comprises independent empires and kingdoms; held by unruly 
 hordes, or by savage people, still in the tribal state. 
 
 POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 The Barbary States. 
 
 86. MOROCCO. 
 
 (1) Position — Morocco in the northwest is the largest of the 
 Barbary states. 
 
 (2) Government — Independent empire ruled by a sultan. 
 
 (3) Capitals — Fez and Morocco. 
 
 (4) City— Tangiar. - 
 
 (5) Exports — Grain, eggs, almonds, leather, and dates. 
 
 (6) Imports — Textiles, coffee, sugar, tea, and firearms. 
 87-88 ALGERIA AND TUNIS. 
 
 (1) Position — Algeria and Tunis, in northern Africa, are the 
 most prosperous of the Barbary states. 
 
 (2) Government — ^They are French colonies. 
 
201 
 
 (3) Capitals — Algeria, Algiers; Tunis, Tunis. 
 
 (4) Exports — Esparto grass, used in making paper, zinc ore, 
 flaxj tobacco, grain, wine, honey, wool, sponges, coral, and coal. 
 
 (5) Imports — ^Textiles, coal, coffee, tea, and various manufac- 
 tures-. 
 
 89. TRIPOLI AND BARCA. 
 
 (1) Position — ^Tripoli and Barca, in the north, are mostly sterile. 
 
 (2) Government — ^Turkish dependency. 
 
 (3) Capitals — ^Tripoli, Tripoli; Barca, Bengazi. 
 
 (4) Exports — Wool, ivory, ostrich plumes. 
 
 (5) Imports — ^Textiles, coal, coffee, tea, various manufactures, 
 
 OTHER COUNTRIES OF AFRICA. 
 
 90. EGYPT. ^ 
 
 (1) Position — Egypt, in the northeast, occupies the lower part of 
 the Nile valley. It is the most important country of Africa. 
 
 (2) Government — Nominally a Turkish province, but Great 
 Britain controls its finances and foreign trade. The ruler is called 
 Khedive, which means king. 
 
 (3) Capital — Cairo, on the Nile. It is the largest city of Africa. 
 
 (4) Cities — Cairo, Alexandria, Suez, Port Said. 
 
 (5) Exports — Raw cotton, grain, vegetables, sugar, tobacco. 
 
 (6) Imports — Textiles, lumber, and coal. 
 
 The valley of the Nile is in a rainless region. At certain seasons however, 
 among the mountains of Abyssinia and equatorial Africa, the rain pours down 
 in torrents. The Nile is swollen by this rainfall and overflows. P. 194, no. 63. 
 
 In olden times Egypt was the granary of the world, the home of learning and 
 civilization. 
 
 (7) The ruins of the temple and pyramids on the left bank of 
 the Nile, show engineering and architectural skill. They are 
 
203 
 
 unrivaled for grandeur. 
 
 The Sphinx (watch-tower) was hewn out of soUd rock. It has 
 a human head on the body of a lion. The pyramid of Cheops 
 covers an area of about thirteen acres. It is fifty-four feet in height. 
 
 91. ABYSSINIA. 
 
 (1) Position — Abyssinia, in the east central part, occupies an 
 extensive plateau region. 
 
 (2) Government— It is one of the oldest monarchies of the world 
 and is governed by an emperor. 
 
 (3) Capital — Addis Abeba. 
 
 (4) Exports— Coffee, ivory, gold, and wax. 
 
 (5) Imports — Textiles, cutlery. 
 
 92. THE SAHARA. 
 
 (1) Position and Extent — ^I'he Sahara, p. 193, nos. 58, 69, 60. 
 
 (2) Its population consists of widely spread nomadic Arabs, 
 who are largely occupied in transporting the exports of the Sudan, 
 to the Mediterranean cities, and bring in return, cutlery, cotton 
 goods, and trinkets. By what means are these goods transported? 
 
 (3) Exports — Salt from the Sahara mines and brine pits, is the 
 only important export. 
 
 The negroes of this i-egiou are the most intelligent and civilized of their race. 
 
 93. THE SUDAN. 
 
 (1) Position — ^The Sudan, or "Land of the Blacks," occupies 
 the region south of the Sahara, stretching nearly across the continent. 
 
 (2) Government — It comprises petty mixed breed kingdoms and 
 various divisions under English and French rule. 
 
 (3) Exports — Gold dust, ivory, palm-oil, and ostrich feathers. 
 
 (4) Imports — ^Textiles, fcutlery, and trinkets. 
 
204 
 94. KONGO STATE. 
 
 (1) Position — ^The Kongo State comprises a large portion of 
 the basin of the Kongo. It extends from tlie Atlantic to lake 
 Tanganyika. 
 
 (2) Government — It is under the protection of the king of Belgium. 
 
 (3) Capital — Boma. 
 
 (4) Exports — Rubber, palm-oil, coffee, ivory, and nuts. 
 
 (5) Imports — ^Textiles and cutlery. 
 
 95. WESTERN COAST. 
 
 (1) The western coast of Africa consists of a lowland bordering 
 on the Atlantic ocean and comprises: 
 
 (a) English possessions; 
 
 (b) Liberia, a small independent republic, established in 1847 
 as a refuge for freed negro slaves of America; 
 
 (c) French possessions; 
 
 (d) German possessions; 
 
 (e) Portuguese possessions, including the Azores, Cape Verde 
 islands, and other groups; 
 
 (f) Spanish possessions, including the Canary islands. 
 
 The Canary islands are the native home of the little singing bird that bears 
 the name. 
 
 (2) Exports — Coffee, rice, palm-oil, ivory, ebony, India-rubber, 
 and other tropical products. 
 
 (3) Imports — Textiles, cutlery, hardware, firearms, Hquors. 
 
 (4) Monrovia is the capital of Liberia. 
 
 96. SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 (1) Position — Southern Africa comprises chiefly British posses- 
 sions which extend northward as far as the great lake region and 
 the Kongo State. It is bounded on the west by the German and 
 Portuguese possessions, and on the east by Portuguese and Ger- 
 man possessions. 
 
205 
 
 (2) Cape Colony includes the Kimberley diamond mines of 
 southern Africa. Cape Town is the capital and largest city. 
 
 (3) Orange River colony is rich in gold and diamond mines. 
 
 (4) The Transvaal colony contains extensive gold deposits. 
 Pretoria is the capital of the Transvaal colony and Johannesburg, 
 which is now the largest city in southern Africa, is the center of 
 gold mining. 
 
 (5) Exports. — Wool, gold, sugar, and hides. 
 
 SEAPORTS. 
 From Alexandria by Sea to Alexandria. 
 
 97. Alexandria, on the delta of the Nile, is the chief seaport of 
 Egypt and a very aricient city. 
 
 It was named in honor of its founder, Alexander the Great, 332 B. C. Its 
 situation close to the Nile and to the Suez canal, gives it a favorable location 
 for commerce. 
 
 98. Port Said, at the northern terminus of the Suez canal, and 
 Suez, at its southern terminus, owe their importance to their loca- 
 tion. At least ten vessels a day pass through this canal and nat- 
 urally have to stop at each of the above named places. 
 
 99. Berbera, on the strait of Babel Man deb, is the capital and 
 chief port of Samoli. A great fair, or bazaar, is held here every 
 year, and thousands of traders from various parts of Asia and 
 Africa, gather to exchange products. 
 
 100. Zanzibar, on Zanzibar island, off the eastern coast of Afri- 
 ca, is the chief market of the world for ivory and cloves. 
 
 101. Tamatave, on Madagascar island, is the only good port and 
 the chief commercial center of the island. 
 
 102. Lorenco Marques, on Delagoa Bay, has the best harbor in 
 the eastern coast. 
 
 103. Port Elizabeth, in southern Cape Colony, has a very good 
 harbor and is connected with the interior by railway lines. 
 
 104. Cape Town, the capital and the largest city of South Africa, 
 
206 
 
 has a fine harbor. It is the terminus of the railway lines, which 
 connect it with the chief cities of that region. 
 
 105. Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, is a commercial and sea- 
 port town, near the mouth of St. PauPs river. It was named after 
 James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States. 
 
 106. Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, is the best British 
 port on the western coast of Africa. 
 
 107. Oran, on the northern coast of Algeria, has valuable marble 
 quarries. 
 
 108. Algiers, the capital and chief port of Algeria, is an import- 
 ant coaling station for Mediterranean vessels, and is a great trad- 
 ing center. Its climate is delightful which makes this city a fav- 
 orite resort for invalids in winter. 
 
 109. Tunis, on the Mediterranean, near the site of ancient Car- 
 thage, is an important port. It is connected with the sea by a 
 canal and ocean-going vessels can land here. 
 
 110. Tripoli, on the Mediterranean, is the capital of TripoH. It 
 is the terminus of many important caravan routes which cross the 
 Sahara and over which the products of the Sudan are transported. 
 What are the products of the Sudan? 
 
 OTHER NOTED CITIES. 
 
 111. Cairo (570,062), in the western part, on the Nile river, is 
 the capital and the largest city of Africa. It is a picturesque an- 
 cient city, and a favorite resort for tourists. 
 
 Near Cario are the pyramids and the sphinx which are among the oldest 
 structures in the world. 
 
 112. Alexandria (319,766), p. 205, no. 97. 
 
 113. Tunis (170,000), p. 206, no. 109. 
 
 114. Johannesburg (158,600), in the southeastern part of South 
 Africa, is in the center of the gold-mining region. It is connected 
 with the coast by railway. 
 
207 
 
 115. Fez (140,000), the northern capital of Morocco, is its chief 
 city. 
 
 116. Algiers (96,542) is the capital and chief port of Algeria. P. 
 206, no. 108. 
 
 117. Oran (87,000), p. 206, no 107. 
 
 118. Cape Town (77,183), p. 205, no. 104. 
 
 119. Tananarive (55,000), the capital of Madagascar, is the chief 
 city of the island. 
 
 120. Kimberley (34,300), situated north of the Orange river, has 
 the richest diamond mines in the world. It exports wool, ostrich 
 feathers, and hides, but the value of its diamonds is greater than 
 all its other exports. 
 
 121. Khartum (40,000), at the confluence of the White and Blue 
 Nile, is a straggling place, covering a wide area, with irregular 
 streets and houses built of sun-dried bricks. Its situation has 
 given it a large trade in gums and ivory. 
 
 122. Pretoria (22,000), the capital of Transvaal colony, is situated 
 about thirty-two miles northeast of Johannesburg. 
 
 The gold rush which began in 1886 had great influence regardmg its archi- 
 tecture and sanitation. The town is regularly laid out and many of the streets 
 are planted with splendid willow trees. 
 
 123. Assouan (10,000), on the Nile river near the first cataract, 
 is noted for the ancient ruins in its vicinity. 
 
 A great dam has recently been constructed at Assouan to hold in much of the 
 water of the Nile so that it may be allowed to flow down as needed. This reg- 
 ulates the floods and will make the valley more valuable than ever before as 
 an agricutural region. 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 124. Trade. The Mediterranean countries have a good trade 
 with the countries of southern Europe. 
 
 The exports to these countries — garden products, ostrich feathers ,ivory» 
 gold dust, and leather are all obtained by caravan trade from the Sudan. 
 The imports from these countries are tools, textiles, and lumber. 
 
208 
 
 The trade of central Africa is almost wholly with Great Britain, 
 France, and Belgium. 
 
 Exports to these countries are coffee, gum, copal (a resin from which varnish 
 is made), ivory, and rubber. 
 
 The Kongo State is one of the principal sources of rubber in the world. 
 
 The colonies of South Africa trade chiefly with Great Britain. 
 
 Exports from these colonies are wool, ostrich feathers, hides, gold, and diamonds. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 125. What animal is employed in transporting the articles of 
 trade? 
 
 Railway construction is receiving much attention. Africa has 
 a total railroad mileage of 11,575 miles. 
 
 Algeria, Tunis, and Egj'-pt in the north, and British South Africa 
 in the south, are the best equipped with railroads. 
 
 Cairo, Suez, and Cape Town have cable connections with Europe. 
 
 The principal cities of the settled portions are connected by 
 telegraph. 
 
 SEARCH QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. If a vessel is in longitude 0° and in latitude 0° in what gulf 
 and ocean is it? 
 
 2. Which of the African lakes is crossed by the equator? 
 
 3. How was Africa artificially made an island? 
 
 4. How does the annual overflow of the Nile affect the fertility 
 of Egypt? At what season of the year does this overflow occur? 
 
 5. Where in Africa is the region of the greatest heat? — Egypt 
 and Sudan. 
 
 6. What animal is most useful in crossing, deserts? 
 
 7. Which is the most important country of Africa? 
 
 8. What city of the United States is in the same latitude as 
 Cairo? 
 
 9. For what is Egypt noted? 
 
 10. Name the Nile countries. — Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, and Su- 
 dan. 
 
 11. Which is the largest city of Africa? 
 
209 
 
 12. To what country do the Cape Verde islands belong? 
 
 Questions for Class Use. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 What and Where? Page 189. 
 
 Mathematical. 
 
 1. Locate Africa. 2.— 5000. 3.— 5000. 4. One-fifth. 5.-37° 
 N. and 35° S. 6.-80° W. and 51° E. 7. Equator. 8. Tropic of 
 cancer. 9. Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 Physical. Page 190. 
 
 Bounding Waters. Winds. 
 
 10. Mediterranean sea. 11. Red sea. 12. Indian ocean. 13. 
 Atlantic ocean. 14. Monsoon Drift. 15. Mozambique Current. 
 16. Antarctic Current. 17. Benguela Current. 18. Guinea Cur- 
 rent. 
 
 From the Strait of Gibraltar to the Strait of Gibraltar. Page 190. 
 
 Seas, Gulfs, Bays, and Straits. 
 
 19. Strait of Gibraltar. 20. Mediterranean sea. 21. GuH of 
 Gabes. 22. Gulf of Sidra. 23. Suez. 24. Red sea. 25. Strait 
 of Babel Mandeb. 26. Gulf of Aden. 27, Mozambique channel. 
 28. Delagoa. 29. Gulf of Guinea. 30. Bight of Biafra. 31. 
 Bight of Benin. 
 
 From Cape Bon to Cape Bon. Page 191. 
 
 32. Cape Bon. 33. Suez. 34. Guardufui. 35. Zanzibar. 36. 
 Madagascar. What is raffia and how used? 37. Cape Agulhas. 
 38. Cape of Good Hope. 39. St. Helena. 40. Cape Verde. 41. 
 Cape Verde islands. 42. Blanco. 43. Canary islands. 44. Madeira. 
 45. Azores. 46. Cape Spartel. 
 
 Relief. Page 192. 
 
 47. What can be said of the general relief of Africa? With what 
 
210 
 
 may Africa be compared as to relief? 48. The great African high- 
 land. 49. One of these tongues. 50. The second highland tongue. 
 51. The third highland tongue. 52. The Atlas mountains. 53. 
 Mt. Kihmanjaro. 54. Mt. Kenia. 55. Mt. Teneriffe. 56. A vast, 
 almost continuous lowland. 57. The deserts of Africa. 58. The 
 Sahara. 59. The Nubian desert. 60. The Libyan desert. 61. 
 The Kalahari desert. 
 
 Drainage. Page 194. 
 
 62. What can be said of the dry climate and large rivers of Africa? 
 
 63. Nile. Discuss the ann\ial overflow of the Nile. Recite poem. 
 
 64. The Zambezi. 65. The Orange. 66. The Kongo. 67. The 
 Niger. Name in order of length the five largest rivers of Africa. 
 Are all the rivers of Africa navigable? 68. Victoria Falls. 69. 
 Lake Albert Nyanza. 70. Lake Victoria. 71. Lake Albert Ed- 
 ward. 72. Lake Tanganyika. 73. Lake; Bangweolo. ^74. Lake 
 Nyassa. 75. Lake Tchad. 
 
 Climate. Page 196. 
 
 76. Speak in general on the climate of Africa. Discuss the climate 
 of northern Africa. Of central Africa and the Guinea coast. Of 
 southern Africa. To what may the rainless region of the Kalhari 
 desert be ascribed? 
 
 Animals. Page 197. 
 
 77. What is noteworthy regarding the animals of Africa? Name 
 the large animals of Africa. Speak briefly on the antelope. Gor- 
 illa. Camel. Herds of cattle and flocks of sheep. The ostrich 
 and other fowls. Venomous snakes. The locust. What can be 
 said of the ivory product of Africa? 
 
 Vegetation. Page 197. 
 
 78. Speak briefly on the agricultural products of northern Africa. 
 What can be said of rice? The date palm? The famous baobab 
 tree? Dense forests? Groves of teak? Gum-arabic? 
 
 Minerals. Page 198. 
 
 79. What can be said of the mineral wealth of Africa? What can 
 
211 
 
 be said of coal and iron? Of the diamond and gold mines? Of 
 copper^ lead, and salt? 
 
 POLITICAL. 
 
 History and Religion. Page 198. 
 
 80. Why is Africa called the "Dark Continent?" Discuss the 
 early history of Africa; also how Europeans gradually gained a 
 foothold. Name two great explorers of Africa. 
 81 What can be said of religion in Africa? 
 
 People. Page 199. 
 
 82. What is the population of Africa? Discuss the races of man- 
 kind! living in Africa. What can be said of the various races of 
 negroes?. 
 
 Government. Page 200. 
 
 84. Discuss the government of Africa. The part of Africa not 
 under the control of European nations. 
 
 POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 
 
 The Barbary States. Page 200. 
 
 85. Morocco: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3)* Capitals. (4) 
 City. (5) Exports. (6) Imports. 
 
 86-87. Algeria and Tunis: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) 
 Capitals. (4) Exports. (5) Imports. 
 
 88. Tripoh and Barca: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) 
 Capitals. (4) Exports. (5) Imports, 
 
 OTHER COUNTRIES OF AFRICA. 
 
 89. Egypt: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) Capital. (4) 
 Cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Exports. (7) Imports. The Nile is 
 in a rainless region; what causes its overflow? What can be said 
 of the ruins of the Temples and pyramids found on the left bank of 
 the Nile? 
 
 90. Abyssinia: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) Capital. (4) 
 Exports.. (5) Imports. 
 
212 
 
 91. The Sahara: (1) Position. (2) Population. (3) Exports. 
 The negroes of this region. 
 
 92. The Sudan: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3)Exports. (4) 
 Imports. 
 
 93. Kongo State: (l)Position. (2) Government. (3)Capital. (4) 
 Exports. (5) Imports. 
 
 94. (1) The western coast. Of what does it consist, and what does 
 it comprise? What can be said of the Canary islands? (2) Exports. 
 (3) Imports. (4) Monrovia. 
 
 95. South Africa: (1) Position. (2) Cape Colony. (3) Orange 
 river. (4) The Transvaal Colony. (5) Exports. 
 
 From Alexandria by Sea to Alexandria. 
 
 96. Locate and describe Alexandria, Port Said, Berbera, Zanzibar, 
 Tanatave, Lorenco Marques, Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, Monrovia, 
 Freetown, Oran, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli. 
 
 Other Noted Cities. Page 206. 
 
 97. Carlo, Alexandria, Tunis, Johannesburg, Fez, Algiers, Oran, 
 Cape Town, Tananarivo Kimberly, Kahrtum, Pretoria, Assouan. 
 
 Commerce. Page 207. 
 
 98. Discuss the trade of the Mediterranean countries. Of central 
 Africa. Of the colonies of south Africa. 
 
 Transportation. Page 208. 
 
 99. Discuss the means of transportation. Answer search questions, 
 page 208. 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 (Oceania is V. Grade work). 
 
 A land of flowers 'neath southern skies, 
 
 The continent Australia lies; 
 Here feathered warblers bright abound, 
 
 And forests with their lays resound. 
 Here lyre and regent birds we see, 
 
 Of royal grace and dignity. 
 
 Oceania includes Malaysia or East Indies, Australasia, and Polynesia. 
 Australasia comprises the continental island of Australia, Tasmania, and 
 New Zealand. 
 
213 
 
 I. AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 What and Where? 
 MATHEMATICAL. 
 
 1. Australia is the smallest of the continents and is nearly equal 
 in area to the United States and to Europe. It is located in the 
 southern half of the Eastern Hemisphere, southeast of Asia, between 
 the Pacific and Indian oceans. 
 
 2. 2500 miles is the approximate length from east to west. 
 
 3. 2000 miles is the approximate width, 
 
 4. One-twentieth — Australia contains about one-twentieth of 
 the land mass of the globe (2,972,573 square miles). 
 
 5. 10° and 40°. Australia hes between 10° and 40° south latitude; 
 hence it extends through (40°-10°) 30° of latitude. 
 
 6. 112° and 155°. Australia hes between 112° and 155° east 
 longitude; hence it extends through (155°-112°) 43° of longitude. 
 
 7. The tropic of Capricorn crosses central Australia, southern 
 Africa, and central South America. 
 
 PHYSICAL. 
 
 Bounding Waters. 
 
 8. Pacific ocean, p. 26, no 91. 
 
 9. Indian ocean, p. 27, no. 93. 
 
 10. East Australian Current, pp. 46, 47. 
 
 11. West Australian Current, pp. 46, 47. 
 
 12. Calms of Capricorn, pp. 46, 47. 
 
 See winds pp. 46, 47. 
 
 From the Gulf of Carpentaria to the GuK of Carpentaria. 
 Coast Forms of Land and Water. 
 
 13. Carpentaria is a large gulf indenting the northern coast of 
 
214 
 
 k peninsula, 
 ea from the 
 
 em coast. It 
 acific side the 
 Australia the 
 
 les, on the 
 
 I the Indian 
 
 "^er, and tin 
 
 was for a 
 
 )f Australia. 
 
 about the size 
 he sheep folds. 
 
 ustralia and 
 
 ioutheastern 
 
 ralia, in the 
 
 indents the 
 
 dentation of 
 
 ndian ocean, 
 rt of Austra- 
 
214 
 
 Australia. 
 
 14. Cape York is the northern extremity of Cape York peninsula, 
 
 15. Torres is a strait separating the island New Guinea from the 
 mainland. It connects the Arafura and Coral seas. 
 
 16. Coral is a sea northeast of Australia. 
 
 17. Great Barrier Reef, p. 19, no. 18. 
 
 This great coral belt extends ,1200 miles along the northeastern coast. It 
 has but few openings through which ships can pass. On the Pacific side the 
 breakers dash against this coral wall, while on the side toward Australia the 
 sea is smooth and imtroubled. 
 
 18. Sandy Cape— p. 21, no. 39, b. 
 
 19. Howe is a cape, southeastern New South Wales, on the 
 Pacific ocean. 
 
 20. Point Philip— p. 21, no. 39, c. 
 
 21. Tasmania is an island southeast of Australia, in the Indian 
 ocean. Grazing and the mining of gold, copper, silver, and tin 
 are the chief industries. Hobart is the capital. It was for a 
 long time an English penal colony, but is now a state of Australia. 
 
 The Tasmania wolf and Tasmanian devil (a bear-like animal, about the size 
 of a badger) are peculiar to Tasmania. Both cause great loss in the sheep folds. 
 
 22. Bass is a strait. It separates Tasmania from Australia and 
 connects the Pacific and Indian oceans. 
 
 23. Encounter bay is an arm of the Indian ocean, southeastern 
 South Australia. 
 
 24. Kangaroo is a small island, south of South AustraHa, in the 
 Indian ocean. 
 
 23. Spencer gulf is an arm of the Indian ocean. It indents the 
 southern coast of South Australia. 
 
 26. The great Australian bight is a large southern indentation of 
 Australia, on the Indian ocean. 
 
 27. Arid is a cape of southwestern Australia on the Indian ocean. 
 
 28. Leeuwin is a cape off the extreme southwestern part of Austra- 
 
215 
 
 lia, on the Indian ocean. 
 
 29. Northwest cape — ^p. 21, no. 39, d. 
 
 30. Leveque is a cape on the northwestern coast, on the Indian 
 ocean. 
 
 31. Timor sea, north of Austraha, is enclosed by Austraha and 
 the East Indies. 
 
 32. Melville is an island off the northern coast of Australia in 
 the Timor sea. 
 
 33. Arafura is a sea, north of Australia, enclosed by Australia, 
 New Guinea, and other East India islands. 
 
 RELIEF. 
 
 34. A low plateau broken by short mountains ranges covers the 
 eastern half of Australia. 
 
 35. The Dividing Range, a mountainous belt , skirts the eastern 
 and southeastern coast. It attains its greatest height in a chain 
 called the Australian Alps. 
 
 36. The Australian Alps are located in the southeastern part of 
 Australia. 
 
 37. Mt. Kosciusko, over one and one-fourth miles high, is a peak 
 of the Austrahan Alps in the southeastern part of Australia. 
 
 The highlands of Australia are worn-down mountains and may be compared 
 to our Appalachian mountains. 
 
 38. A great plain occupies nearly the western half of the con- 
 tinent. 
 
 39. The great Victoria desert is located in the southwestern part 
 of Austraha. 
 
 Deserts and scrubs occupy large areas of the interior. The deserts are des- 
 titute of vegetation. The scrubs are covered with a dense growth of shmbs 
 or low trees. 
 
 The trade winds leave most of- their moisture in the range of mountains lying 
 on the windward side of the continent and become dry and warm winds as they 
 blow over the interior. To this and to the calms of Capricorn are due the desert 
 
216 
 
 and scrub regions of the great centralfplain. 
 
 DRAINAGE. 
 
 40. The Murray with its tributaries, the most important of 
 which is the DarUng, drains a great part of southeastern 
 AustraUa, west of Dividing Range. It flows in a general south- 
 western direction into Encounter bay, an arm of the Indian ocean. 
 
 41. Lake Eyre, 42. lake Torrens, and 43. lake Gairdner vary 
 in size and saltness according to the season. 
 
 44. Lake Amadeus is a large salt lake west of the center of 
 Australia. 
 
 Why are the lakes of Australia salt? 
 
 (Australia Continued) 
 
 45. CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of Australia is generally hot and dry but very health- 
 ful. 
 
 (a) The northeastern and eastern coast have an abundant rain- 
 fall. Why? 
 
 The climate of southeastern Australia is as mild as f hat of Europe. 
 
 (b) In the interior droughts are extreme. Why? 
 
 (c) The southwest corner has an abundant rain brought by 
 prevailing westerlies which blow from the Indian ocean to this 
 corner. 
 
 In Australia the seasons are opposite oure — Christmas is in mid-summer and 
 the Fourth of July in mid-winter. The Australian farmer sows his seed when 
 we are gathering our harvests, and he gathers his harvest when we sow our seed. 
 
 46. ANIMALS. 
 
 (a) The animals of Australia are unlike those of any other part 
 of the world. 
 
 (b) There are among them no beasts of prey. The common 
 domestic animals have been imported by the English, and the 
 sheep do especially well. Australia surpasses all other countries 
 in the production of wool. 
 
 (c) It has many pouched animals; of these the kangaroo is the 
 principal type. 
 
217 
 
 (d) There are many parrots and other birds of beautiful plumage. 
 The most interesting of them are the lyre bird, so named from 
 the shape of its tail, the bird of paradise, the emu or Australian 
 ostrich, and the black swan. 
 
 Other peculiar animals are the duck-bill, the echidna, and the kaola. The 
 pearl oyster is found in the waters bordering Australia. 
 The kiwi, or apteryx, is peculiar to New Zealand. 
 
 47. VEGETATION. 
 
 (a) More than half the species of plants that grow in Australia 
 are peculiar to that continent. 
 
 (b) There are dense forests chiefly of evergreens, which produce 
 a fine quality of hard wood; such as, the eucal5rptus and many 
 other gum trees, the acacia that has very small leaves, and other 
 trees that have no leaves at all. 
 
 (c) On the plains there is a dense growth of thorny bushes and 
 cactus plants. 
 
 The eucalyptus yields a fine quality of tough durable timber. The average 
 height of the tree is over 300 feet, but it has been known to attain the height of 
 500 feet. 
 
 48. MINERALS. 
 
 About one-fourth of the world's supply of gold comes from 
 Australia, and it is also one of the great tin and copper regions 
 of the world. 
 
 POLITICAL. 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 49. It is not known when Australia was first discovered by 
 Europeans, but the first authenticated discovery is said to have been 
 made in 1601 by a Portuguese. During subsequent years dis- 
 coveries were made by various European nations, and in 1770, 
 Cook carefully surveyed the east coast, named a number of the 
 places, and took possession of the country for Great Britain. In 
 1788, England sent a ship-load of convicts, with soldiers as guards 
 to Australia, thus laying the foundation of the colony. 
 
 Convicts were long sent from the mother country, but the transportation 
 
218 
 
 practically ceased after 1868. In all about 70,000 convicts were landed at 
 Australia, and almost as many at Tasmania. 
 
 Australia has never been wanting for explorers and since 1870, a year has 
 scarcely passed that an expedition of some kind has not been at work. 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 50. Various forms of religion are in practice in Australia. As to 
 the number of adherents, the church of England ranks first and 
 the Eoman Catholic church second. 
 
 Catholicity was brought to Australia by the thousands of un- 
 offending Irish political prisoners who were sent to the penal 
 settlements by England. 
 
 When Australia at length became a freeman's country, the 
 Catholic population increased rapidly. The present Catholic 
 population of Oceania numbers nearly one million. 
 
 PEOPLE. 
 
 51. The population of Australia is nearly 4 million. The people 
 belong to the white and black races. 
 
 (a) Most of the people of Australia belong to the white race, 
 they are emigrants from Great Britain. 
 
 (b) An unknown number of black-skinned people still live in 
 the wild state in small and scattered communities, in regions 
 extending from central Queensland almost to the western coast 
 of Australia. 
 
 (c) A few Chinese and Malays are also found in Ausrtalia. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 52. Australia is divided into five colonies, which, with Tasmania, 
 form the commonwealth of Austraha. This federation is ruled 
 by a governor general appointed by the British crown, and a 
 parliament chosen by the people. 
 
 53. DIVISIONS AND CAPITALS. 
 
 (1) Victoria. Melbourne is the capital and the largest city of 
 Oceania. 
 
 (2) New South Wales, Sydney. 
 
 (3) Queensland, Brisbane. 
 
219 
 
 (4) South Australia, Adelaide. 
 
 (5) West Australia, Perth. 
 
 (6) Tasmania, Hobart. 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 54. Two-thirds of the trade of Australia is with Great Britain. 
 Why? 
 
 55. Exports: 
 
 ,.To Great Britain — wool, foods, and metals. 
 To the United States — wool, hides, hemp, and rabbit skins 
 used in making hats. 
 
 56. Imports: 
 
 From Great Britain — textiles, iron goods, machinery, ships, 
 chemicals, and manufactures. 
 
 From the United States — flour, oil, steel, machinery, tobacco, 
 paper, lumber, and explosives. 
 
 Australia is one of the great gold, tin, and copper regions of the world and 
 surpasses all other countries in the production of wool. 
 
 The salt bush of the eastern plains furnishes excellent grazing for sheep. The 
 flesh of the sheep of this region has a better flavor and the wool a finer texture 
 than that of sheep of other regions. Australia has been called the "Land of 
 wool and gold." 
 
 SEAPORTS. 
 
 57. Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, in the southeast, is the 
 largest city of Australia and the chief commercial center of the 
 continent. It is a picturesque city situated in the midst of beautiful 
 scenery. Its harbor is excellent and it is well equipped with docks 
 and ship-yards. 
 
 58. Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, on the southeast 
 coast, is the second commercial city of Australia. Its harbor is 
 fine and it is the terminus of many oceanic mail routes. 
 
 60. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, on the southern 
 coast, opposite Kangaroo island, is the third commercial city in 
 importance. Vessels coming from Europe stop at this port and 
 leave their mail, which is then sent to the other chief cities by 
 
220 
 railroad. 
 
 61. Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, on the eastern coast, 
 is the principal city and likewise the chief seaport and commer- 
 cial center. 
 
 62. Hobart, the cap'tal of Tasmania, is located near the mouth 
 of the principal river. It has a good harbor and is a noted summer 
 resort. 
 
 63. Perth, the capital of western Australia, is the chief commer- 
 cial center on the western coast. 
 
 64. NEW ZEALAND. 
 
 (1) The British Colony of New Zealand is like Tasmania, in- 
 cluded in Australasia. It is located 1200 miles southeast of 
 Australia and consists of two large islands, North Island and 
 South Island, and many small islands. The chief part of the group 
 is like a great boot with the sole turned toward the equator, and 
 the toe toward Australia. 
 
 North Island is the foot of the boot; South Island its leg, and little Steward 
 Island is the loop through which one puts his finger to put the boot on. 
 
 (2) North Island is noted for its active volcanoes, hot springs, 
 and geysers like those of Yellowstone park; while 
 
 (3) South Island is noted for its snow-capped mountains and 
 glaciers. 
 
 (4) The climate is warmer than that of England. The rainfall 
 which is more than forty inches a year is heaviest on the western 
 side where it is deposited by the prevailing westerlies. 
 
 New Zealand lies in the region of the "Roaring Forties," a part of the ocean 
 so called from its terrible storms. 
 
 (5) The principal products and exports are: grain, wool, meats, 
 dairy products, kauri gum, gold. 
 
 • Kauri gum is a resin of a sort of pine tree used in making fine varnish, etc. 
 
 (6) Wellington, North Island, on Cook strait, is the capital. 
 Dunedin, on the southern coast of South Island, is the principal 
 seaport. 
 
221 
 
 65. MALAYSIA. 
 
 (1) Position. — The East Indies, called also Malay archipelago, or 
 Malaysia, are located in the Pacific ocean southeast of continental 
 Asia. They comprise the most extensive group of islands on the 
 globe. They extend in a curve from the strait of Malacca to the 
 strait of Formosa. 
 
 The largest and most important islands of this group are Su- 
 matra, Java, Celebes, Molucca (Spice islands), Borneo, New Guinea, 
 and the Philippines. 
 
 (2) Government. Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Molucca, and parts 
 of Borneo and New Guinea belong to the Netherlands and are 
 called the Dutch East Indies. 
 
 Northern Borneo is a British possession. 
 
 The northern part of eastern New Guinea, or Papua, is a German 
 possession, and the southern half, a British possession. 
 To whom do the Philippines belong? 
 
 (3) This island group is one of the most remarkable of the vol- 
 canic regions in the world. Java and Sumatra have very many 
 volcanoes. 
 
 (4) The animals of Malaysia, west of the Celebes islands, are 
 similiar to those of southeastern Asia — ^the monkey, tiger, rhi- 
 noceros, tapir, and elephant. 
 
 East of the Celebes islands, the animals resemble those of Aus- 
 tralia. The orang-outang, a large ape resembling the gorilla, is 
 peculiar to Sumatra and Borneo. 
 
 (5) The principal products of these islands are: coffee, grown 
 chiefly in Java; tobacco, in Sumatra; and pepper and cocoanut, 
 in Borneo. Most of our cloves and nutmegs are furnished by the 
 Molucca, or Spice Islands. A great part of the world's tin is mined 
 in these islands and forms the most important mineral product 
 of the archipelago. 
 
 We buy Java coffee, Sumatra tobacco, Banca tin, also sugar, gums, and spices 
 that are produced in the Dutch East Indies, in Holland. We sell kerosene 
 and machinery to the Dutch East Indies through Holland. Explain. How 
 do Borneo and New Guinea rank in size with the largest islands of the globe? 
 P. 18, no. 8. 
 
222 
 
 66. MELANESIA. 
 
 (1) Position. Melanesia, "Land of the Blacks", comprises the 
 Solomon islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and the Bismarck 
 archipelago. 
 
 (2) Government. The Solomon islands belong to Great Britain 
 and Germany; New Hebrides and New Caledonia belong to France; 
 and the Bismarck islands belong to Germany. 
 
 New Caledonia is a mountainous island east of Australia. It and Loyalty 
 islands are used by the French as convict colonies. 
 
 POLYNESIA. 
 
 (1) Position. — Polynesia (many islands) comprises all the islands 
 lying east of the longitude of New Zealand. The most important 
 of these are." The Fiji, belonging to Great Britian; and the 
 Samoa islands, which belong to Germ.any, except Tutuila and 
 other small islands, belonging to the United States. P. 123. no. 
 126. 
 
 68. MICRONESIA. 
 
 (1) Position. — Micronesia comprises the islands extending south- 
 ward from Japan to New Guinea, the principal groups of which are 
 Gilbert, Marshall, Carolines, Pelew, and Ladrone islands. Guam, 
 one of the Ladrone islands, belongs to the United States. P. 122, 
 no. 126. 
 
 (2) Wake island, p. 123, no. 126. 
 
223 
 
 Questions for Class Use, 
 OCEANIA. Page 212. 
 Recite Poem. What does Oceania include? 
 I. AUSTRALASA. 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 WHAT AND WHERE? 
 Mathematical. 
 
 I. Locate Australia. 2. 2,500 miles. 3.2,000 miles. 4. One- 
 twentieth. 5. 10° and 40°. 6. 112° and 155°. 7. Tropic of Cap- 
 ricorn. 
 
 Physical. Page 213. 
 
 Bounding Waters. 
 
 8. Pacific ocean. 9. Indian ocean. 10. East Australian current. 
 
 II. West Australian current. 12. Calms of Capricorn. Winds. 
 From the Gulf of Carpentaria to the Gulf of Carpentaria. 
 
 Coast Forms of Land and Water. Page 213. 
 
 13. Carpentaria. 14. Cape York. 15. Torres. 16. Coral. 17. 
 Great Barrier Rief. 18. Sandy cape. 19. Howe. 20. Point Phil- 
 ip. 21. Tasmania. 22. Bass. 23. Encounter bay. 24. Kanga- 
 roo. 25. Spencer. 26. Great Australian bight. 27. Arid. 28. 
 Leeuwin. 29. Northwest cape. 30. Leveque. 31. Timor. 32. 
 Melville. 33. Arafura. 34. A low plateau. 35. Dividing range. 
 36. Australian Alps. 37. Mt. Kosciusko. 38. Great plain. 39. 
 Great Victoria desert, its vegetation and its cause. 40. Murray 
 river. 41. Lake Eyre. 42. Lake Torrens. 43. Lake Gairdner. 
 
 44. Lake Amadeus. 
 
 Australia continued. 
 
 45. Climate. Page 216. 
 Discuss the climate and rainfall. 
 
224 
 
 46. Animals. Page 216. 
 
 What can be said of the animals of Austraha? The domestic 
 animals? Pouched animals? Parrots and other birds? 
 
 47. Vegetation. Page 217. 
 
 Discuss the species of plants. The dense forests. Growth of 
 thorny bushes and cactus plants. 
 
 48. Minerals. Page 217. 
 
 What can be said of the mineral resources of Australia? 
 
 49. Political. Page 217. 
 
 Discuss the early history of Austraha. Australia as a convict 
 colony. 
 
 50. Religion. Page 218. 
 What can be said of the religion of Australia? 
 
 51. People. Page 218. 
 
 What is the population? Discuss the races of mankind inhabit- 
 ing Australia. 
 
 52. Government. Page 218. 
 
 How is Australia governed? 
 
 53. Name its principal states and the capital of each. 
 
 Commerce. Page 219. 
 
 54. With what country does Australia trade chiefly? What can be 
 said of Australia as to its exports and imports? Its gold, tin, copper 
 and wool productions? 
 
 57. Seaports. Page 219. 
 
 Locate and describe Melbourne, Sidney, Adelaide, Brisbane, Ho- 
 bart, Perth. 
 
225 
 
 64. New Zealand. Page 220. 
 
 Locatei Describe North island, South island. The climate. 
 What are the principal products and exports? Capital and prin- 
 cipal seaport? 
 
 65. Malaysia. Page 221. 
 
 Locate and tell what it comprises. Name the most important 
 islands of this group. What can be said of the government of this 
 group of islands? What can be said of these islands as a volcanic 
 region? Of the animals? What are the principal products? 
 
 66. Melanesia. Page 222. 
 
 Locate. What can be said of the government? Of New Cale- 
 donia and Loyalty islands? 
 
 67. Polynesia. Page 222. 
 Locate. What does this group comprise? 
 
 68. Micronesia. Page 222. 
 
 Locate Micronesia. What islands does it comprise? What can 
 be 'said of Wake island? 
 
226 
 
 Stretching upward to the north Pole, stretching south to torrid clime, 
 
 From the Bering sea extending unto Old Atlantic's brine, 
 Lies this mighty land, Eurasia, with her plains and high plateaus, 
 
 With her forest lands and deserts, with her crests all wreathed in snows; 
 While her lofty ranges center round Pamir plateau so high 
 
 And Mt. Everest's towering smnmit seems to pierce the fair blue sky, 
 And her vastness and her beauty and her grandeur so sublime, 
 
 All bear witness to the greatness of a wondrous Pow'r divine. 
 
 COAST FORMS OF LAND AND WATER. 
 
 The study of Eurasia is VI. Grade work. 
 
 1. The mainland of Eurasia is composed of Europe and Asia. 
 It is the largest mass of land on the globe, and contains two-fifths 
 of the land area of the globe. 
 
 2. It is situated entirely in the northern half of the Eastern 
 Hemisphere, and is separated from North America by Bering Strait ; 
 it is connected with Africa by the isthmus of Suez, 
 
 WHAT AND WHERE? 
 
 Bounding Waters. Winds, 
 
 1. Arctic ocean, p. 27, no. 95. 
 
 2. Pacific ocean, p. 26, no. 91. 
 
 3. Indian ocean, p. 27, no. 93. v 
 
 4. Mediterranean Sea, p. 228, no. 31. 
 
 5. Atlantic ocean, p. 27, no 92. 
 
 6. Bering Strait Current, p. 29, no. 110,a 
 
 7. Japan Current, p. 28, no. 108, c 
 
 8. Monsoon Drift, pp. 46, 47. 
 
 9. Trade Winds, p. 41, no. 214. 
 
 10. Calms of Cancer, p. 40, no. 212. 
 
 11. Prevailing Westerly Winds, p. 41, no. 216. 
 
227 
 
 From Bering Strait to Bering Strait 
 
 Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Sounds,and Straits. 
 
 12. Bering strait, p. 69, no. 23. 
 
 13. Bering sea, p. 69, no. 21. 
 
 14. The sea of Okhotsk, northeastern Asia, is an arm of the 
 Pacific, and is partly enclosed by Siberia, the northern Japanese 
 islands, and Sakhalin island. 
 
 15. The sea of Japan, eastern Asia, is an arm of the Pacific and 
 is partly enclosed by Korea, Siberia, and the Japanese islands. 
 
 16. The channel of Tartary is an arm of the Japan Sea, between 
 Siberia and the Sakhalin island. 
 
 17. Korea strait connects the Japan sea with the east China 
 sea, and separates Korea from the Japanese islands. 
 
 18. The Yellow sea indents eastern Asia. It is partly enclosed 
 by Korea and China. 
 
 19. The East China sea, eastern Asia, is an arm of the Pacific, 
 partly enclosed by China, Korea and the Japanese islands. 
 
 20. The South China sea, southeastern Asia, is an arm of the 
 Pacific, partly enclosed by Indo-China, China, Formosa, and the 
 East Indies. 
 
 2L The gulf of Siam is an arm of the Pacific; it indents southern 
 Indo-China. 
 
 22. The strait of Malacca connects Java sea and the bay of 
 Bengal, and separates the island of Sumatra from the Malay 
 peninsula. 
 
 Straits Settlements, which occupy the lower part of the Malay peninsula 
 belong to the British Empire and give the English control of the Strait of Ma- 
 lacca. The city of Singapore, on an island at the end of the Malay peninsula 
 is strongly fortified. 
 
 23. The bay of Bengal is an arm of the Indian ocean; it indents 
 India and Lower Burma. 
 
228 
 
 24. The Arabian sea., southern Asia, is an arm of the Indian 
 Ocean, partly enclosed by India, Baluchistan, Persia, and Oman. 
 
 25. The gulf of Oman is an arm of the Arabian sea; it indents 
 Persia and Oman. 
 
 26. The. Persian gulf is an arm of the Arabian sea; it indents 
 Persia, Turkey, and Oman. 
 
 27. The gulf of Aden is an arm of the Arabian sea between 
 the Arabian peninsula and Africa. 
 
 28. The strait of Babel Madeb, "the gate of tears", connects the 
 Red sea and the guK of Aden, and separates the Arabian peninsula 
 from Africa. 
 
 Connect Bible facts with the Red Sea. 
 
 30. The Suez Canal, p. 58, no. 24, a. 
 
 This canal has shortened the distance by water between western Europe and 
 the East Indies, and enables vessels to follow a safer route than that around the 
 cape of Good Hope. It was largely built by the French, but is now under Eng- 
 lish control. 
 
 31. The Mediterranean sea, southern Europe, is the largest 
 inland sea in the world. It is bordered on the north by Spain, 
 France, Italy, Austria Hungary, Montenegro, Greece, and European 
 and Asiatic Turkey; and on the south by Egypt and the Barbary 
 states. 
 
 The Mediterranean, "the sea in the middle of the land," may be called the 
 cradle of early navigation. This inclosed sea offered opportunity for the ex- 
 pansion of commerce and for the introduction of Asiatic civilization. A power- 
 ful nation developed on the Grecian peninsula, from which civilization spread 
 over the rest of Europe. 
 
 32. The Aegean sea is an arm of the Mediterranean, partly 
 enclosed by Greece and Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 33. The strait of Dardanelles connects the Aegean and Marmora 
 seas, and separates European Turkey from Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 34. The sea of Marmora, connected with the Aegean sea by the 
 Dardanelles and with the Black sea by the Bosphorus, separates 
 
229 
 
 European and Asiastic Turkey. 
 
 This sea is noted for the marble quarries on its islands. 
 
 35. The Bosphorus, a strait connects the great Black sea 
 with the little sea of Marmora. It winds in and out through the 
 deep mountain valley which lies between Europe and Asia. It is 
 controlled by Turkey. 
 
 The Bosphorus is one of the great water highways between Europe and Asia. 
 The strait is only nineteen miles long, but so wide and deep that the largest 
 ocean steamer can easily navigate it. 
 
 36. The Golden Horn is the horn-shaped inlet on the northern 
 side of the lofty peninsula, which extends far out into the water, 
 where the strait of Bosphorus enters the Marmora sea. On this 
 inlet which forms a wide, deep harbor, Constantinople, one of the 
 most beautiful cities of the world, is located. 
 
 37. The Black sea indents southeastern Europe and western 
 Asia; it is enclosed by Bulgaria, Roumania, European Russia, 
 Caucasia, and European and Asiatic Turkey. It is next to the 
 Mediterranean and the Caspian seas, the largest inland sea in the 
 world. Three large rivers of Europe, the Danube, the Dnieper, 
 and the Don, empty into this sea. 
 
 38. The Sea of Azof, southern Europe, is an arm of the Black sea; 
 it is enclosed by European Russia and its Crimean peninsula. 
 
 39. The strait of Otranto connects the Mediterranean and the 
 Ardiatic seas, and separates lower Italy from Euro|Dean Turkey. 
 
 40. The strait of Messina separates the island of Sicily from 
 lower Italy. See p. 25, no. 69, last fact. 
 
 41. The strait of Gibraltar connects the Mediterranean sea and 
 the Atlantic ocean, and separates Spain from Morocco. 
 
 Gibraltar, Spain, the strongest fortified city in the world, is situated on an 
 enormous promontory commanding the strait of Gibraltar. This fortification 
 belongs to England and is the key to the Mediterranean, and through it to the 
 Suez canal. It protects the English ships which must go through it to and from 
 Asia, Australia, and the Mediterranean ports. 
 
230 
 
 42. The bay of Biscay is an arm of the Atlantic ocean; it indents 
 northern Spain and western France. 
 
 43. St. George's channel connects the Irish sea and the Atlantic 
 ocean, and separates Ireland from England. 
 
 44. The Irish sea is an arm of the Atlantic, partly enclosed by 
 Ireland and Great Britain. 
 
 45. The North channel connects the Irish sea and the Atlantic 
 ocean, and separates Scotland from northern Ireland. 
 
 46. The English channel is situated between southern England 
 and northern France. 
 
 47. The strait of Dover connects the Nortli sea and the English 
 channel and separates southeastern England from northwestern 
 France. 
 
 48. The North sea, western Europe, is an arm of the Atlantic, 
 partly enclosed by Great Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, the German 
 Empire, Denmark, and Norway. 
 
 49. The Skagerrack connects the Cattegat and the North sea, and 
 separates Norway from Denmark. 
 
 50. The Cattegat connects the Baltic sea and the Skagerrack 
 and separates Sweden from Denmark. 
 
 51. The Baltic sea, western Europe, is an arm of the North sea, 
 partly enclosed by Denmark, Sweden, European Russia, and the 
 German Empire. 
 
 52. The gulf of Finland is an arm of the Baltic sea; it indents 
 western European Russia. 
 
 53. The gulf of Bothnia is an arm of the Baltic sea; it indents 
 western European Russia and Sweden. 
 
 54. The White sea, northern Europe, is an arm of the Arctic 
 ocean, enclosed by northern European Russia. 
 
 55. The Kara sea, northern Asia and Europe, is an arm of the 
 Arctic ocean, partly enclosed by Nova Zembla islands and European 
 
231 
 
 and Asiatic^Russia. 
 
 56. The gulf of Ob is an arm of the Arctic ocean; it indents 
 northern Asiatic Russia. 
 
 From East Cape to East Cape. 
 
 Peninsulas, Capes, and Islands, 
 
 57. East cape, or cape of Deshnef, is the most eastern cape of 
 Asia, northeastern Siberia, on Bering strait. 
 
 58. Kamchatka is a northeastern peninsula of Siberia; it projects 
 southward and is washed by the waters of Bering sea, Pacific 
 ocean, and sea of Okhotsk. 
 
 59. Sakhalin is an island off the Eastern coast of Siberia; it is 
 surrounded by the waters of the sea of Okhotsk and the channel 
 of Tartary. The northern part of it belongs to Siberia and the 
 southern part, to the Japanese Empire. 
 
 60. Formosa is an island east of southern China in the south 
 China sea. It is crossed by the tropic of cancer. 
 
 What part of North America is crossed by the tropic of cancer? 
 
 61. The Japanese islands compose the Japanese Empire and 
 comprise a chain of about four thousand islands, properly known as 
 the" Sunrise Kingdom". They are situated in the Padific ocean 
 off the eastern coast of Asia, in about the same latitude as the 
 United States, and extend in three curves from the peninsula of 
 Kamchatka to the southern end of Formosa island. 
 
 What four seas are partly enclosed by these islands? The four largest of these 
 islands are: Yesso, Hondo, Kiushu, and Shikoku. 
 
 62. Korea is a peninsula of eastern Asia, washed by the waters 
 of the Japan and Yellow seas. 
 
 Korea, known as the "Hermit Kingdom," is now under the control of Japan. 
 
 63. Hongkong is an island southeast of China, near the mouth 
 of the Canton river, in the South China sea. 
 
 It was ceded to Great Britain in 1842, and is the center of a large foreign trade. 
 
232 
 
 64. The East Indies, in the Pacific ocean, southeast of contin- 
 ental Asia, comprise the most extensive group of islands on the 
 globe. They extend in a curve from the strait of Malacca to the 
 strait of Formosa. 
 
 65. Malay peninsula is the extreme southern end of continental 
 Asia; it projects southward and is washed by the waters of the gulf 
 of Siam, South China sea, Malacca strait, and the bay of Bengal. 
 
 66. Ceylon is an island southeast of the southern extremity of 
 India; it belongs to the British Empire, and is the third greatest 
 tea-producing region in he world. Colombo is the capital and the 
 most central port of the Indian ocean. 
 
 67. Point de Galle is the most southern point of the island of 
 Ceylon. 
 
 68. Cape Comorin is the most southern point of India. 
 
 69. Indian peninsula, southern Asia, projects southward, and is 
 washed by the waters of the bay of Bengal, Indian ocean, and Ara- 
 bian sea. 
 
 70. The Arabian peninsula, southwestern Asia, projects south- 
 ward and is washed by the waters of the Persian gulf, gulf ofOman, 
 Arabian sea, gulf of Aden, and Red sea. 
 
 71. The isthmus of Suez connects Turkey and Egypt. P. 189 no. 31. 
 
 72. Cyprus is -an island under British control, lying south of 
 Asia Minor, in the eastern part of the Mediterranean sea. 
 
 73. Crete is an island south of Turkey in the eastern part of the 
 Mediterranean sea. It is a part of the Turkish Empire. 
 
 74. The peninsula of Asia Minor, or Anatolia, western Asia, is 
 washed by the waters of the Mediterranean sea, Aegean sea, the 
 Dardanelles, Marmora sea, the Bosphorus, and the Black sea. 
 
 75. The Balkan peninsula (from the Turkish word for mountain), 
 southern Europe, comprises the five Balkan states; it projects 
 southward and is washed by the waters of the Black sea, the 
 Bosphorus, Marmora sea, the Dardanelles, Aegean sea, Mediter- 
 
233 
 
 ranean sea, strait of Otranto, and the Adriatic sea. 
 
 76. The Grecian peninsula occupies the southern part of the 
 Balkan peninsula A great part of its area consists of islands. 
 
 77. The isthmus of Corinth connects the nearly cut-off lower 
 part of the Grecian peninsula, called Morea, with the mainland. 
 It is cut by a ship-canal. 
 
 78. The Italian peninsula, southern Europe, comprises the 
 boot-shaped portion of Europe extending southward into the 
 Mediterranean sea. It is washed by the waters of the Adriatic 
 sea, strait of Otranto, and the Mediterranean sea. 
 
 79. Sicily is an island off southern Italy in the Mediterranean sea. 
 It is separated from Italy by Messina strait. It belongs to Italy. 
 P. 25, no 69. 
 
 80. Malta is an island south of Sicily in the Mediterranean; 
 it belongs to England and here are the headquarters of the British 
 Mediterranean fleet. 
 
 81. Sardinia is an island in the Mediterranean sea, south of 
 northern Italy and Corsica. It belongs to Italy. 
 
 82. Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean sea, south of 
 northern Italy. It belongs to France. 
 
 It was the birthplace of Napoleon the Great. 
 
 83. The Balearic islands in the Mediterranean sea, east of Spain, 
 belong to Spain. 
 
 84. The Spanish or Iberian peninsula, southwestern Europe, 
 comprises the kingdoms of Portugal and Spain. It projects south- 
 west, and is washed by the waters of the Mediterraneanr sea, 
 strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic ocean, and bay of Biscay. 
 
 85. St. Vincent is a cape, southwestern Portugal, in the Atlantic 
 ocean. 
 
 86. Finisterre, northwestern Spain, is the most westerly cape of 
 continental Europe. 
 
234 
 
 87. The British Isles, in the Atlantic ocean, west of continental 
 Europe, comprise the most important island group in the world. 
 They compose the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 88. Great Britain, the largest of the British Isles, which includes 
 England, Scotland, and Wales, is surrounded by the Atlantic 
 ocean, North sea, strait of Dover, English channel, St. George's 
 channel, and the Irish sea. 
 
 89. Ireland is surrounded by the Atlantic ocean. North channel, 
 Irish sea, and St. George's channel. 
 
 90. Land's End is a cape, southwestern England, on the Atlantic. 
 
 91. The Isle of Man, in the Irish sea, is a part of the British 
 Empire, but practically independent. 
 
 92. The Channel islands, right across the English channel, very 
 near to France, belong to great Britian. 
 
 Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney, are the largest, and are noted for their 
 fine breed of cattle called Jerseys, Guernseys, and Alderneys. 
 
 93. The Hebrides islands, in the Atlantic ocean, northwest of 
 the coast of Scotland, are noted for their grand mountain scenery. 
 
 94. The Orkney islands, in the Atlantic ocean, off the northern 
 coast of Scotland, are bleak and dreary; they have important 
 fisheries. 
 
 95. The Shetland islands, in the Atlantic ocean, northeast of 
 Scotland, are noted for their little Shetland ponies. 
 
 The Hebrides, the Orkney, and the Shetland islands belong to Scotland. 
 
 96. The Faroe islands, in the Atlantic ocean, north of Scotland, 
 belong to Denmark. 
 
 97. The Danish, or Jutland peninsula, northern Europe, projects 
 northward and is washed by the waters of the North sea, Skagerrack 
 and Cattegat channels, and the Baltic sea. 
 
 98. The Scandinavian peninsula (Land of the Midnight Sun), 
 northwestern Europe, is the largest peninsula of Europe, and 
 comprises the two kingdoms of Norway and Sweden; it projects 
 
235 
 
 southward, . and is washed by the waters of the North sea, the 
 Atlantic ocean, Skagerrack and Cattegat channels, Baltic sea, and 
 gulf of Bothnia. 
 
 99. The Naze is a southern cape of Norway on the Skagerrack 
 Channel. 
 
 100. Lofoden islands are a group of numerous islands that 
 skirt the coast of the Scandinavian peninsula. They are noted 
 for their great cod, herring, and lobster fisheries. 
 
 The Maelstrom, fabled to suck in and swallow up vessels, whales, etc., is sim- 
 ply a violent current or tidal whirlpool, off the northwest coast of Norway, im- 
 mediately southwest of the southermnost Lofoden isles. 
 
 The many islands lining the coast of the Scandinavian peninsula form a 
 break-water against the stonns, and cause a smooth sea between the ocean and 
 the mainland. 
 
 101. North Cape, Norway, the northernmost point of continental 
 Europe, is the northern extremity of Norway in the Arctic ocean. 
 
 During several months of sunimer, numerous travelers visit North Cape to 
 see the midnight sun. 
 
 102. Spitzbergen, in the Arctic ocean, is a group of islands 
 north of the Scandinavian peninsula. 
 
 103. Nova Zembla, in the Arctic ocean, comprises two islands 
 off the northern coast of European Russia. 
 
 104. Franz-Josef Land, in the Arctic ocean, comprises a group 
 of Islands, north of European Russia. 
 
 105. North East cape, northern Asiatic Russia, on the Arctic, 
 is the northernmost land of Asia. 
 
 106. New Siberia, in the Arctic ocean, comprises a group of 
 islands, north of Asiatic Russia. 
 
 107. Wrangell, in the Arctic ocean, is an island north of north- 
 eastern Asiatic Russia. 
 
 RELIEF. 
 
 The great Eurasian highland extends as a continuous ridge of elevation from 
 Bering strait to the Mediterranean sea, where it is cut by the Black sea. From 
 
236 
 
 the Black sea it extends as a broken and much narrower highland through 
 southern Europe to the Atlantic ocean. The Eurasian highland is widest in 
 central Asia, where it is as wide as the United States from Chesapeake bay to 
 San Francisco (about 3,000 miles). 
 
 From the Pamir Plateau to Bering Strait and Back. 
 Plateaus, Deserts, Mountains. 
 
 108. The Pamir plateau, in southern Asia north of India, is 
 a narrow, but rugged and lofty tableland, nearly three miles high. 
 This plateau is called the"Roof of the World", for from it radiate 
 the loftiest mountain ranges of the world. 
 
 Though the surface in general is bare and barren, parts of it furnish pasturage 
 for cattle, and two recognized trade routes have traversed it for ages. 
 
 109. The Tibet plateau is an extensive table-land of an oval form 
 in southern Asia between the Himalayas and the Kuenlun moun- 
 tains. 
 
 The Pamir and Tibet plateaus are the two loftiest plateaus on the globe. 
 Tibet is regarded as the highest inhabited region of the world. It is in the 
 Chinese Empire. 
 
 110. The plateau of Mongolia, the great table-land of central 
 Asia, extends northeast from the Pamir plateau and is an arid 
 region enbracing the plateau of Turkestan and the great desert of 
 Gobi. 
 
 This plateau is bordered on the northwest by the Thian Shan, Altai, and Yab- 
 lonoi mountains; on the east and south, by the Khinghan and Kuenlun moun- 
 tains. It is in the Chinese Empire. 
 
 111. The plateau of Turkestan comprises the southwestern 
 part of the Mongolian plateau. 
 
 112. The Gobi (naked desert) is a rainless, sandy region, com- 
 prising an area of about three hundred thousand square miles. 
 
 It is in the Chinese Empire. 
 
 113. The Thian Shan mountains extend northeast from the Pamir 
 plateau; they form the northwestern border of the southwestern 
 part of the Mongolian plateau, often called the plateau of Turkes- 
 tan. 
 
237 
 
 They are in the Chinese Empire. 
 
 114. The Altai mountains form the northwestern border of the 
 
 central Mongohan plateau. 
 
 They are in the Chinese Empire. 
 
 115. The Yablonoi mountains form the northern border of the 
 
 eastern Mongolian plateau. 
 
 They are in southern Siberia. 
 
 116. The Stanavoi mountains are in southeastern Siberia. 
 
 117. The Khinghan mountains form the southeastern border of 
 the eastern Mongolian plateau. 
 
 118. The Kuenlun mountains extend east from the Pamir 
 plateau, and separate the plateau of Tibet from the plateau of 
 Turkestan, as the southwestern part of the Mongolian plateau is 
 called. 
 
 119. The Himalaya mountains (abode of snow) extend south- 
 west from the Pamir plateau and form the southern border of the 
 Tibet plateau. They are the highest mountains of the globe. 
 
 Some of its peaks rise two miles higher than the highest peaks of the Alps. 
 Along their entire length of 1,500 miles they rise far above the line of perpetual 
 snow, and vast fields of solid ice, or glaciers, from thirty to sixty miles in length 
 move down the slopes. 
 
 120. Mt. Everest, p. 22, no. 49, d. 
 
 121. Parallel mountain chains, separated from each other by 
 great rivers, and sometimes called the plateau of Indo-China, 
 Extend southward from the eastern part of the central highland 
 and spread over all the peninsula of Indo-China into the south- 
 ern extremity of the Malay Peninsula. 
 
 122. The plateau of Dekkan is the table-land occupying the 
 peninsula portion of India, bordered on the east by the Eastern 
 Ghats, on the west by the Western Ghats. 
 
238 
 From the Pamir plateau to the Strait of Gibraltar. 
 Plateaus, Deserts, Mountains. 
 
 123. The Plateau of Iran, about one-third as high as the plateau 
 of Tibet, extends eastward from the Pamir plateau, and lies between 
 the valley of the Indus river on the east, and that of the Euphrates 
 and Tigris on the west. It comprises rugged mountains and salt 
 deserts with many fertile valleys. 
 
 It includes the countries of Persia and Afghanistan. The Elbiu"z mountains 
 border the plateau on the north, the Zagros moixntains on the south and west, 
 and the Sulaiman on the east. 
 
 124. The plateau of Asia Minor occupies the peninsula of Asia 
 Minor. It is rugged and mountainous, and comprises numerous 
 salt lakes and fertile valleys. It is prolonged eastward to the 
 Caucasus mountains where it is known as the plateau of Armenia. 
 
 125. The plateau of Armenia is much higher than the plateau 
 of Asia Minor, but possesses a richer soil. 
 
 126. The plateau of Arabia occupies the Arabian peninsula. 
 It has a small, well-watered, and fertile mountainous tract in the 
 interior, but the greater part^ of the plateau is a dry, hot desert. 
 
 127. The Balkan plateau is a table-land occupying the Balkan 
 peninsula. It constitutes the water-shed between the Black sea 
 and the Aegean sea. 
 
 128. The Alpine plateau, a vast table-land occupying the south- 
 ern part of western Europe, is traversed by the Alps, and sends off 
 many highland branches which connect it wath nearly all the 
 mxountains of Europe. 
 
 129. The Spanish plateau is the western end of the great series of 
 plateaus and mountains, which extend from Bering strait to the 
 strait of Gibraltar. It is a lofty tableland, from 2000 to 3000 feet 
 above sea level, surrounded on all sides by mountainous terraces, 
 and is crossed from east to west by several mountain ridges between 
 which lie river valleys. 
 
 130. The Hindu Kush mountains, in northern Afghanistan, west 
 
239 
 
 of the Pamir plateau, border the plateau of Iran on the north. 
 
 131. The Sulaiman mountains, in western India, border the 
 plateau of Iran on the east. 
 
 132. The Elburz mountains, in northern Persia, border the 
 Caspian sea on the south, and the plateau of Iran on the north. 
 
 133. The Zagros mountains, in western Persia, border the plateau 
 of Iran on the south and west. 
 
 134. The Caucasus mountains, a lofty and rugged range, form 
 one of the natural boundaries between Europe and Asia. They 
 extend from the Caspian sea, in a northwestern direction to the 
 sea of Azof. 
 
 The mineral wealth of the Caucasus is very great, and in this respect the 
 Caucasus are the most noteworthy range in the world. Much of their wealth is 
 as yet undeveloped. 
 
 135. The Taurus mountains, in Asiatic Turkey, border the plateau 
 of Asia Minor on the south; they extend parallel to the coast of 
 the Mediterranean. They send off several branches, one of which 
 extends into Syria bordering on the eastern Mediterranean where 
 it is linked with 
 
 136. The Lebanon mountains mentioned in Bible history and in 
 the Psalms. 
 
 137. The Carpathian mountains, chiefly in Austria Hungary, 
 are rich in minerals, and comprise fertile plateaus and steep slopes 
 covered with forests of pine. 
 
 138. The Alps (white, or snow mountains), the highest portion 
 of the great highland of southern Europe, traverse the Alpine 
 plateau. They cover all of Switzerland, a great part of northern 
 Italy, and spread out into the neighboring countries. The great 
 rivers of southern Europe, the Danube, Rhine, Rhone, and Po, 
 rise inthe Alps. 
 
 The Alps, in most cases, are far back from the edge of the plateau; and the 
 avalanches, which frequently slide down the slopes, usually remain on the pla- 
 teau, where they form the source of rivers. 
 
 What is an avalanche? P. 35, no. 164. 
 
240 
 
 In what does Switzerland resemble Colorado, United States? See p. 100, note. 
 
 139. The Apennines, the chief mountain range of Italy, extend 
 in the shape of a bow throughout Italy. 
 
 140. The Pyrenees are a lofty mountain range forming the bound- 
 ary between Spain and France. 
 
 They contain mimerons mineral springs, both cold and hot, which are fre- 
 quented by visitors. The Alps and the Pyrenees are snow-capped. 
 
 141. The Asiatic zone of deserts extends in a northeasterly 
 direction through Arabia, Persia, and China, ending in the great 
 desert of Gobi. 
 
 The desert OA'^er which the Israelites traveled after passing through the Red 
 sea, the desert into which Moses led his flocks, and other deserts mentioned in 
 connection with Bible history, were a part of the Arabian desert region, border- 
 ing the Red sea. The desert into which David fled from Saul, that in which 
 St. John the Baptist lived, and that in which our Lord was tempted, are desert 
 tracts in the southern part of Palestine. 
 
 142. The Kiolen mountains extend in a southwestern direction 
 across the Scandinavian peninsula. 
 
 This highland is capped with snow-fields, and in the north sends many gla- 
 ciers down into the deep fiords which border the Atlantic coast. 
 
 143. The Ural mountains traverse the great northern lowland, 
 trending nearly north and south, and form a part of the boundary 
 that separates northern European Russia from northern Asiatic 
 Russia. 
 
 For a remarkable series, or belts, of volcanoes, see p. 24, no. 63, a and b. 
 Noted Peaks of the Eurasian highland west of the Pamir plateau: 
 
 144. Mt. Elburz, is the loftiest peak of the Caucasus mountains 
 which form a part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. 
 
 145. Mt. Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps, France, is nearly 
 three miles high, 
 
 146. Volcano Stromboli is located on an island off the coast of 
 Sicily. It is over three thousand feet high and in constant activity. 
 
 This volcano yields sulphur and pumice stone. 
 
 It has sometimes been called the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean Sea." 
 
241 
 
 147. Volcano Vesuvius, in southwestern Italy, is the most famous 
 volcano in the world. It is always quietly active with dangerous 
 eruptions every few years. P. 24, no. 65, a and c. 
 
 148. Mt. Etna, on the island of Sicily, is one of the most noted 
 
 and the largest active volcano in Europe. 
 
 / 
 
 149. Mt. Ararat, on the plateau of Asia Minor, in Asiatic Turkey, 
 is noted os the place on which Ndah's ark rested after the waters 
 of the deluge had subsided. 
 
 150. Mt. Sinai, at the northern end of the Red sea, in Asiatic 
 Turkey, is noted as the mountain from which God gave the ten 
 commandments to the Israelites. 
 
 Point out on the map the approximate location of mounts Tabor, Olive, and 
 Calvary. 
 
 151. The great northern lowland of Eurasia comprises the vast 
 plain extending from the great highland region to the Arctic ocean. 
 
 East of the Caspian sea, this great lowland has a width of nearly twenty-five 
 hundred miles. It is broken only by the low Ural mountains near the center, 
 and sinks below the sea. leA^el aroimd the northern part of the Caspian sea. 
 East of the great highland, and partly enclosed by it and its ranges, are a num- 
 ber of detached lowlands. 
 
 152. The tundras are the marshy, mossy plains of northern 
 Russia, bordering on the Arctic coast. 
 
 They are inhabited by nomadic tribes, who live chiefly on fish and the flesh 
 of reindeer. 
 
 153. A vast forest belt, south of the tundras, composed chiefly 
 of cone-bearing evergreens, extends from the gulf of Finland to 
 the Pacific coast, about 4,000 miles. 
 
 It is the abode of nmnerous fur-bearing animals. 
 
 154. The Kirghiz steppes extend from the Volga river, to the 
 Caspian sea in the west, to the Altai and Thian Shan mountains 
 in the east, and from the sea of Aral in the south to the head tribu- 
 taries of the Ob river. 
 
 They are rolling prairies, gay with flowers in the spring and green with grass 
 in the summer, and the home of widely spread nomadic people of Russian and 
 
242 
 
 Chinese descent, who raise great numbers of horses and cattle. 
 
 155. The plains of Manchuria comprise the rich agricultural 
 and grazing region in tl>e northeastern Chinese Empire, in Man- 
 churia. 
 
 156. The plains of China comprise the great flood plains of the 
 Hoang and Yangtse rivers, in eastern Chinese Empire. P. 33, no. 
 146, d. 
 
 157. The plains of Indo-China comprise the low, often-flooded 
 lowland in French Indo-China and Siam. 
 
 158. The plains of India, or Hindustan, are located between the 
 Himalaya mountains and the plateau of Dekkan, in Asia. They 
 comprise the fertile lowland, drained by the Ganges and Indus rivers. 
 
 159. The plains of Mesopotamia (between the rivers) are located 
 between the plateaus of Iran and Arabia, in Asiatic Turkey. They 
 comprise the fertile basin of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. 
 
 The natural divisions separating Europe from Asia, are the Ural mountains, 
 the Ural river, the Caspian sea, the Causacus mountains, the Black sea, the Bos- 
 phorus, the Marmora sea, the Dardanelles, and the Aegean sea. 
 
243 
 
 Europe, land of many nations, land of scenic^beauty rare, 
 
 Land of commerce, land of culture, with thee no land can compare. 
 
 Here are castles, grand and stately, world-famed shrines, cathedrals old; 
 Here is queenly architecture, libraries of wealth untold. 
 
 Unto artists, poets, statesmen, thou hast ever given birth. 
 And of all thy noble sisters, none can equal thee in worth! 
 
 (The study of Europe is VI. Grade work.) 
 MATHEMATICAL. 
 
 1. Europe is located in the northern part of the Eastern Hemi- 
 sphere, partly in the north frigid zone, but mainly in the north 
 temperate zone. 
 
 It is the only grand division, no part of which lies in the torrid zone. 
 
 2. Latitude. The mainland of Europe extends between the par- 
 allels of 37° and 72° north latitude, or through (72°-37°) 65° of 
 latitude. 
 
 3. Longitude. Europe extends between the meridians of 10° 
 west and 65° east longitude, or through (10° west and 65° east) 
 75° of longitude. 
 
 What part of Europe does the 40th parallel of latitude cross? Of North 
 America? 
 
 4. The countries of Europe in about the same latitude as the 
 United States are: — P. 93, no. 4, a. 
 
 5. The area of the main body is nearly four million square miles. 
 (3,753,310.) 
 
 Compare with other continents, p. 94, no. 8. 
 
 PHYSICAL 
 
 6. The coast of Europe is very irregular and has more indentations 
 than any other continent. 
 
 Europe may be considered as a great peninsula projecting from Asia and may 
 be called the "peninsula continent." 
 
 7. Europe is bounded: 
 
 (a) on the north, by the Arctic ocean and its arms; ' 
 
244 
 
 (b) on the east, by the Ural mountains, Ural river, and Caspian 
 sea; 
 
 (c) on the south, by the Caucasus mountains, the Black sea, 
 and the Mediterranean sea and its arms; 
 
 (d) on the west, by the Atlantic ocean and its arms. 
 
 8. Trace and describe the seas, bays, channels and straits of 
 
 Europe from the Caspian sea to the Kara sea. Pp. 228-230, nos. 
 31-55. 
 
 9. Trace and describe the capes, peninsulas and islands of Europe 
 from the Crimean peninsula to Nova Zembla. Pp 229, 232-235 nos. 
 38, 72, 73, 75-103. 
 
 RELIEF. 
 
 10. A line drawn from Hamburg, Germany, to Odessa, Russia, 
 divides the continent into high and low Europe. All east of this 
 line is a low plain, the Valdai Hills in Russia being the highest land 
 (1500 feet). In the north, bordering the Arctic ocean, is a desolate, 
 swampy tract of land, called tundras. 
 
 In the southeast are tree-less steppes which are swept by clouds 
 of dust in summer and drifting snow in winter. 
 
 The western part of Europe is a network of mountain ranges of 
 which the Alps are the highest. 
 
 11. The principal mountain ranges of Europe are: 
 
 (a) The Pyrenees, p. 240, no. 140; ^ 
 
 (b) the Alps, p 239, no. 138; 
 
 The Alps are known for their lake scenery and glacier-fed rivers. 
 
 (c) the Carpathians, p. 239, no. 137; 
 
 (d) the Apennines, p. 239, no. 139; 
 
 (e) the Caucasus, p. 239, no. 134; 
 
 (f) the Balkan, p. 238, no. 127; 
 
 (g) the Kiolen, p. 237, no. 142. 
 
 The Valdai Hills are in eastern European Russia; the .Cevennes are in south 
 central France; the Cantabrians are in northern Spain; the Sierra Nevada and the 
 Sierra Morena are in southern Spain; the Cheviot Hills are between England and 
 Scotland; the Grampian mountains are in central Scotland; the Cambrian moma- 
 tains are in Wales. 
 
245 
 
 12. The principal mountain peaks of Europe are: 
 
 (a) Mt. Elburz, p. 240, no. 144; 
 
 (b) Mt. Blanc, p. 240, no. 145; 
 
 (c) Vol. Vesuvius, p. 240, no. 147; 
 
 (d) Vol. Etna, p. 241, no. 148; 
 
 (e) Vol. Stromboli, p. 240, no. 146. 
 
 13. The region around the Caspian sea, western Netherlands, 
 and western Belgium are below sea level. 
 
 14. The main divide of Europe extends southwest ward from the 
 Ural mountains to the strait of Gibraltar. 
 
 Begin at about tlie central part of the Ural mountains and trace a line .between 
 the rivers flowing northwest or west, and those flowing southeast or east. 
 
 Note that the drainage areas of Europe may be divided into one general north- 
 western and western slope, draining into the Arctic and the Atlantic oceans, or their 
 arms; and a general southeast and eastern slope, draining into the Caspian, 
 Black, and Mediterranean seas. 
 
 DRAINAGE. 
 
 Rivers of the Southeastern and Eastern Drainage Area. 
 
 15. The Ural river rises in the Ural mountains; it flows first south, 
 then west, then south again, and finally empties its waters, through 
 many mouths, into the Caspian sea. 
 
 It foirms one of the natural boundaries separating European Russia from 
 Asiatic Russia, and is navigable for vessels of considerable size. Its sturgeon 
 fisheries are important. 
 
 16. The Volga river, the largest river of Europe (2,200 miles), 
 rises among the marches and small lakes near the Valdai hills. 
 It flows through Russia, at first east, and then in a general southern 
 direction into the Caspian sea by many mouths. 
 
 The river is connected with the Caspian, Baltic, Black and White seas, by a 
 system of canals and is navigable almost from its source. Its banks are fertile 
 and often well-timbered. It abounds in fish. 
 
 17. The Don river flows south and southwest, through Russia, 
 about 1200 miles, and empties into the sea of Azof, near the town of 
 Azof, by three mouths. 
 
 The Don has the most busy trade of southern Russia. 
 
246 
 
 18. The Dnieper River (1230 miles long) rises in. western Russia; 
 it flows in a general southeastern course, through Russia, into the 
 Black sea. 
 
 19. The Bug river (500 miles long) rises in western Russia, 
 ajid flows in a southeastern direction into the estuary of the Dnieper 
 on the Black sea. 
 
 20. The Dniester river (800 miles long) rises in a lake in the 
 Carpathian mountains in Austria Hungary, and follows a general 
 southeastern course, first through Austria Hungary, then through 
 Russia, into the Black sea. 
 
 21. The Danube river (1875 miles long), a famous river of Europe 
 rises in the Schwarzwald, or Black Forest, covering the slopes of 
 the Alpine palteau; it follows a general eastern course through 
 Germany, Austria Hungary, and the Balkan States into the Black 
 sea. 
 
 This river has sixty navigable tributaries and fonns a water highway to the 
 Hungarian plain. 
 
 22. The Po river (400 miles long) rises on the confines of France 
 and Italy, in the Alps, and flows eastward through Italy and an 
 extensive delta into the Adriatic sea. 
 
 The valley of the Po is said to be the most fertile in the world. The Po river 
 is well supplied with fish. 
 
 23. The Tiber river (260 miles long) rises in the Apennines, 
 central Italy, and flows in a winding southern course, past many 
 noted cities, and through Rome, into the Mediterranean sea. 
 
 24. The Rhone river (580 miles long) rises in the Alps, in Switz- 
 erland, as a mountain torrent, flows through Lake Geneva, and then 
 proceeds westward, then southward, through France, into the Gulf 
 of Lyons. 
 
 A series of magnificent canals connect the Rhone with the Rhine. Thus a 
 ship may sail from the mouth of the Rhone up the Saone, by canal, to the Loire 
 and, by canal, from the Loire to the Seine and, again by canal, from the Seine 
 to the Rhine, and from thence to the North Sea. 
 
 25. The Ebro river (500 miles long), a river of Spain, rises in 
 
247 
 
 the Cantabrian .mountains and flows southeast into the Mediterr- 
 anean sea. 
 
 Rivers of the Northwest and Western Drainage Area. 
 
 26. The Petchora river (1200 miles long) rises in the Ural 
 mountains, and flows in long curves, in a general northern direction, 
 through many mouths into the Arctic ocean. 
 
 27. The Dwina river (1000 miles long), formed by the [union of 
 two heads tributaries, rises in northern Russia, and flows in a 
 general northwestern direction into the White sea. 
 
 28. The Duna river (650 miles long) rises in west central 
 Russia in a small lake near the source of the Volga, and flows in 
 a general northwestern direction into' the Gulf of Riga, an arm of 
 the Baltic sea. 
 
 29. The Vistula river (650 miles long) rises in the northern 
 Carpathian mountains, in Austria Hungary, then flows by curves^ 
 in a general northwestern direction, through western Russia and 
 eastern Germany, into the Baltic sea. 
 
 This river flows through the Pohsh province and is therefore especially im- 
 portant to Poland. 
 
 30. The Oder river (500 miles long) rises in northern Austria, 
 Hungary; it follows a general northwestern course through 
 Germany; near its mouth it expands into a lake and then empties 
 its waters into the Baltic sea by three branches. 
 
 31. The Elbe river (780 miles long) rises in the mountains of 
 western Austria Hungary, and flows in a general northwestern 
 direction, through Austria Hungary and Germany into the North sea. 
 
 32. The Weser river (430 miles long) rises in west central Ger- 
 many and flows in a general northwestern direction, through 
 Germany, into the North sea. 
 
 33. The Rhine river (800 miles long), called "Father Rhine" 
 by the Germans, rises in small lakes, Switzerland, and flows in a 
 general northwestern direction, through Germany and the Nether- 
 lands, into the North sea. 
 
248 
 
 The Rhine is distinguished for the beauty of its scenery and the rich fields 
 and vineyards which clothe the banks. It is one of the most picturesque rivers 
 in the world. Scarcely a river of the world is of more importance to more peo- 
 ple than the Rhine. It is famous in song and story, lined with great cities and 
 ruined castles of robber barons. It is the Mecca of many tourists during all 
 seasons of the year. 
 
 34. The Seine river (500 miles long) rises in western France 
 and flows in a general northwestern direction, through France by 
 a large estuary, into the English channel. 
 
 It is noted for its fisheries, its scenery, and for the cities and towns which line 
 its banks. 
 
 35. The Loire river (645 miles long) rises in the Cevennes in southern 
 France, and flows by curves, in a general northwestern direction, 
 through France, by an island-studded estuary, into the bay of 
 Biscay. 
 
 Dikes have been^constructed along its lower course. 
 
 36. The Garonne river (400 miles long) rises in the Pyrenees 
 in Spain, and after a subterranean course of about two and one- 
 half miles, it flows in a general northwestern direction, through 
 France, and by an estuary fifty miles long, into the bay of Biscay. 
 
 37. The Tagus river (565 miles long) rises in the mountains 
 of northern Spain, and flows in a general western direction nearly 
 along the 40th parallel, through Spain and Portugal, into the 
 Atlantic ocean. 
 
 It is the largest river of Spain. 
 
 38. The Douro river (500 miles long) rises in the mountains of 
 northern Spain, and flows in a general western direction, through 
 Spain and Portugal, into the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 39. The Thames river (217 miles long) rises in southeastern 
 England; it flows in a general eastern direction, and by an estuary, 
 twenty-seven miles wide, into the North sea. 
 
 40. The Severn river (200 miles long) rises in central Wales, 
 and then flows in a general eastern and southern direction, into 
 Bristol channel, an arm of the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 It is the second largest I'iver of England. 
 
249 
 
 41. The Shannon river (254 miles long) rises in east central 
 Ireland, and flows in a general western direction, through lakes, and 
 by a large estuary, into the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 42. The five largest rivers of Europe in order of length are: — 
 
 (a) The Volga, p. 245, no. 16. 
 
 (b) The Danube, p. 246, no. 21 
 
 (c) The Dnieper, p. 246, no. 18. 
 
 (d) The Don, p. 244, no. 17. 
 
 (c) The Petchora, p. 247, no. 26. 
 
 Name in succession the rivers on the northwestern slope; those on the south- 
 eastern slope. 
 
 Nearly all the rivers of Europe are navigable and much used as commercial 
 highways. Nearly all the rivers of the southeastern slope have been connected 
 by canals, with the rivers of the northwestern slope. 
 
 43. Trace a water route by river and canal from the Rhone to 
 the North sea. From the Black sea to the mouth of the Rhine, 
 etc. 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 Account for the numerous lakes on the British Isles, Scandinavia, and Fin- 
 land. P. 35, nos. 161, 162. 
 
 44. Lakes in the region about the Baltic: 
 
 (a) The numerous lakes of Finland are east of the Gulf of Bothnia. 
 
 (b) Lake Ladoga, in Russia, east of the gulf of Finland, is the 
 largest fresh-water lake of Europe. P. 36, no. 3 
 
 (c) Lake Omega, northwest of lake Ladoga, is the second largest 
 of Europe. 
 
 (d) Lakes Wenner and Wetter, in southern Scandinavia, are 
 the largest lakes of Sweden. 
 
 (e) The lakes of the British Isles are numerous. They are 
 small, but noted for their beauty. 
 
 These lakes surround the Baltic sea and its arms in the same manner as the 
 North American lakes surround the Hudson bay. 
 
 45. Over four hundred lakes are located in the region of the 
 Alps. The most noted of these are: — 
 
 (a) Lake Geneva, between Switzerland and France. 
 
250 
 
 The river Rhone enters this lake as a muddy stream and leaves it with pure, 
 transparent water. This lake is noted for its picturesque surroundings. 
 
 (b) Lake Constance, between Switzerland and Germany. 
 
 (c) Lake Lucerne, in Switzerland, the most beautiful sheet of 
 fresh water in the world. 
 
 (d) The Elton lakes, between the Ural and Volga rivers, are salt 
 lakes from which thousands of tons of salt are manufactured 
 annually. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 46. For convenience in study, Europe may be divided into 
 the following three climatic regions: — 
 
 (a) Eastern, or low Europe, has a colder climate than western, 
 or high Europe. It is exposed to the winds of the Arctic ocean, 
 which sweep over this plain and make the eastern part of the 
 continent colder than the western. 
 
 (b) Western and northwestern Europe has a mild climate. 
 It is warmed by the winds of the gulf stream; Hammerfest, 
 70° north, being only a little colder than New York. 
 
 The influence of the westerly winds from over the Atlantic is so great, that 
 tlie cold increases more rapidly eastward than northward and the ports of the 
 Black sea are closed with ice while those of Norway are open. 
 
 (c) Southern Europe is warmed by the hot winds of the Sahara 
 desert, which gather moisture as they cross the Mediterranean, 
 causing heavy rainfall, and making the chmate south of the Alps 
 almost tropical.- 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 47. The animals of Europe, both wild and domestic, are in the 
 main the same as those of North America. Instead, however, of 
 the bison, grizzly bear, musk ox, racoon, and prairie dog, pecu- 
 liar to North America, we find, as characteristic of Europe: 
 
 (a) The reindeer is used for driving and work in Lapland. 
 
 (b) The chamois inhabiting the Alps and Pyrenees, resembles 
 a large goat; it is much hunted for its skin, which is dressed into 
 a fine leather. 
 
 (c) The ibex, a species of wild goat, inhabits the most precipitous 
 
251 
 
 and inaccessible heights of lofty mountains. 
 
 (d) The brown bear is found in the mountains and forested 
 part.s of Europe. 
 
 What other wild animals of North America are found in Europe? P. 11, nos, 
 42 and 43. 
 
 47. The birds of Europe are similar to those of North America. 
 Vultures, pheasants, starlings, magpies, and nightingales are 
 peculiar to Euro])e. 
 
 The nightingale is a celebrated song-bird of Europe. The male bird sings, 
 not only during the day, but at night also. 
 
 48. The domestic animals, common in North America, are found 
 in nearly all parts of Europe. Great numbers of horses and cattle 
 are raised in the west and in the mountain valleys. Sheep and 
 goats thrive in the east and southeast. The camel is used in the 
 driest part.s of sovitheastern Europe. 
 
 49. Immense quantities of food fish are taken from the coast 
 waters and from the seas and rivers of the southeast. 
 
 50. The red coral and sponge fisheries of the Mediterranean are 
 of great value. 
 
 VEGETATION. 
 
 51. For convenience we may divide Europe into the following 
 vegetation regions: 
 
 (a) The extreme northern part comprises the tundra region 
 which is covered with snow and ice during the greater part of 
 the year. Mosses, lichens, and scanty shrubbery are the only 
 vegetable gro-v\i^.hs. P. 25, no. 76. 
 
 (b) In northern Europe south of the tundra region, are forests 
 of pine, fir, and spruce. 
 
 (c) In central Europe, between the Alps and the Valdai hills, 
 grow the deciduous (shed their leaves) trees, the grains, orchard 
 fruits, and vegetables of the cool temperate zones. 
 
 Locate the cool temperate belt around the world. What are the chief pro- 
 ductions of this belt? P. 11, no. 42. 
 
 (d) Southern Europe produces grapes, figs, olives, lemons, 
 
252 
 
 oranges, and other tropical fruits. 
 
 Trace the warm temperate belt around the world. What are the principal 
 productions of this belt? P. 11, no. 42. P. 113, note after no 47. P. 114. 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 52. Europe possesses abundant stores of those minerals which 
 are of the greatest importance to man. 
 
 53. Coal and iron are found abundantly in Great Britain, and 
 are also obtained from France, Belgium, and Germany. 
 
 Great Britain ranks next to the United States in the coal and iron production 
 
 54. Gold is found to an unimportant extent. 
 
 55. Silver is widely spread in small quantities. 
 
 The richest silver mines are in Norway, Spain, and in the Hartz mountains 
 and Erzgebirge of south central Germany. 
 
 56. Petroleum abounds in the region of the Caucasus moun- 
 tains, where are the richest petroleum fields in the world. 
 
 57. Copper ores are abundant in the Ural mountains, Germany, 
 England, and Spain. 
 
 58. Tin ores are found in England, in the Erzgebirge of Germany, 
 and in France. 
 
 59. Peat, or black turf, is obtained in Ireland. 
 
 What is peat? P. 44, no. 243. 
 
 60. Salt is obtained in Great Britain, Russia, Germany, France, 
 and Austria Hungary. 
 
 In Gennany and Russia, mines of rock salt, some of them very deep, are 
 worked. In the other countries of Europe, salt is obtained by evaporating sea 
 water. 
 
 HISTORY AND RELIGION. 
 
 61. Europe, though the smallest of the great continents, is 
 the most important. It is distinguished for its flourishing con- 
 dition of the arts, sciences, industries and commerce and for the 
 superior cultivation of the soil. 
 
253 
 
 Europe was first peopled, and received its early civilization 
 from Asia, the cradle of mankind. The first authentic history 
 begins in Greece about 776 B. C. 
 
 From Greece, the European neighbor of Asia, civilization was 
 transmitted by trade and colonization to the countries lying on 
 the shores of the eastern Mediterranean and to southern Italy. 
 
 From Italy it spread, with the growth of the Roman Empire, 
 over western and northern Europe. 
 
 The Roman Empire, at the time of its greatest extent, comprised all the 
 countries about the Mediterranean, or what were then thv.^ civilized nations. 
 It was out of the wreck of the ancient Roman Empire that the modern European 
 nations were formed. 
 
 To the Phoenicians, a people inhabiting the country bordering the Mediter- 
 ranean on the east, we are indebted for our alphabet. From the Phoenician 
 alphabet the Greek was derived; from the Greek, the Roman; and from the 
 Roman, the modern alphabet. 
 
 62. The Latin countries of Europe are those that lie west of the 
 Rhine, and the Adriatic sea, and have a sea-coast — Belgium, 
 France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. 
 
 They are called Latin countries because the language spoken in them is de- 
 rived from the Latin language used by the ancient Romans. From where did 
 the Romans receive their civilization? 
 
 63. The Germanic, or Teutonic countries are those situated 
 between the Latin countries and a straight line drawn from the 
 strait of Otranto to North Cape, — Austria Hungary, Switzerland, 
 Netherlands, German Empire, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 
 including the British Isles. 
 
 They are called Germanic, or Teutonic countries, because the language spoken 
 in them resembles the old German language. The barbarous Teutonic tribes 
 conquered and overran the civilized Latin countries during the so-called "Dark 
 Ages" but in doing so, learned civilization from the conquered people. 
 
 64. Great Britain derived its language from two Teutonic tribes, 
 the angles and the Saxons, who settled in the southern part and 
 gave to the country the name Angle-land, or England; and 
 the blended languages became Anglo-Saxon, or nearly English. 
 
 The tribes of the Scandinavian and Danish peninsulas were called Northmen 
 and Vikings; they discovered and settled Iceland and Greenland. 
 
254 
 
 65. Slavonic Europe comprises the eastern part of Europe 
 and includes Russia^ Bohemia, Poland, and the six Balkan states. 
 
 They are called Slavonic Europe because the languages spoken in them are 
 derived from the Slavonic language used by the Slavs, a great tribe that once 
 lived northeast of the Carpathian mountains. 
 
 66. Greece was the first European nation to become civiUzed. 
 It was the home of art and literature, of commerce and good gov- 
 ernment, long before the rise of Rome. It was successively invaded 
 and conquered by the Romans, Teutons, and finally by the Turks, 
 and was thus sadly reduced, both in wealth and culture. 
 
 67. Christianity, like civihzation, came from Asia (Palestine) 
 by way of Greece and Rome, through the apostles. Rome to 
 this day is the residence of the Pope, the head of the Catholic 
 church. 
 
 The Catholic religion prevails in nearly all the Latin countries. 
 
 The Protestant religion prevails in all the Germanic countries, 
 except in Austria, which is still mainly Catholic. 
 
 In the Slavonic countries the Greek form of the Christian re- 
 ligion prevails. 
 
 The Eastern, or Greek church,, was separated from the Roman Catholic church 
 by the Greek schism in 858. 
 
 The United Greek Churches or Uniates comprise those churches of Greek rite 
 which are in communion with the See of Rome. These several churches retain 
 their Greek, or Oriental liturgies and sacramental rites. 
 
 68. The Catholic population of Europe numbers about 180 
 million. 
 
 PEOPLE. 
 
 69. The Population of Europe comprises about 420 million, or 
 one-fourth of the world's population. 
 
 It is the most densely and completely populated of all the continents of the 
 world. 
 
 70. It is divided among many nations speaking as many dif- 
 ferent languages. Many of these languages include a number 
 of dialects. 
 
 A dialect is a peculiar way of speaking a language. 
 
255 
 
 71. The races of mankind in Europe are: — 
 
 (a) the Caucasian, or white race, to which belong nearly all the 
 inhabitants; 
 
 (b) the Mongolians, comprising the Lapps and Finns in the 
 north and the Turks and the southern Hungarians in the south. 
 
 INDUSTRIES. 
 
 72. In its people, industries, and products, Europe greatly re- 
 sembles the United States. Explain. 
 
 73. The principal industries of Europe are: — - 
 
 (a) Agriculture, in which more than one-half of the people are 
 engaged. 
 
 (b) Herding. — Where is herding the principle industry? 
 
 Hogs fatten upon the acorns and beech nuts in the forests. 
 
 (c) Manufacturing, carried on most extensively in the United 
 K ngdom and throughout nearly the whole of the western half 
 of Europe. 
 
 The chief manufactures are food products, textiles, iron manufactures, leather, 
 glass, porcelain, etc. 
 
 (d) Mining. — What is mined, and where? 
 
 (e) Commerce including; 
 
 (l)The exportation of chiefly manufactured goods from Eng- 
 land, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium, and the products 
 of the soil, forest, and sea, from other countries. 
 
 (2) The importation of cotton, wool, and silk for manufactures, 
 and food stuffs. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 74. There are twenty-three independent countries, or states of 
 Europe of which 
 
 (a) four are republics — France, Switzerland, San Marino in 
 Italy, and Ardorra in the Pyrenees, Spain; 
 
 (b) and nineteen are monarchies. 
 
 75. The six great powers of Europe are Great Britain, Germany, 
 France, Austria, Russia, and Italy. 
 
256 
 
 These nations are called the Great Powers because they are the strongest and 
 most populous of the European countries, and have for a long time controlled 
 affairs of continental importance. 
 
 COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. 
 
 76. Austria Hungary. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. Germany, Russia; E. — Russia, Roumania; 
 S. — Roumania, Servia, Turkey, Montenegro, Adriatic sea; W. — 
 Italy, Switzerland, German Empire. 
 
 (2) Government. — Monarchy, consisting of the empire of Austria 
 and the kingdom of Hungary. 
 
 Bohemia is a province of Austria Hungary, with the title of 
 kingdom; it is located in the northwestern part and is famed for 
 its colored glass-ware. Prague, formerly the capital, contains 
 one of the oldest universities of the world. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Vienna, on the Danube river. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — Vienna, Buda-Pest. 
 
 (5) Seaport. — Trieste, on the Adriatic sea. 
 
 (6) Products. — Wheat, grapes, wine, coal. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Glass-ware, flax, beet-sugar, beer, hides. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Coal, silk, raw cotton, copper, kerosene, and ma- 
 chinery. 
 
 (9) The quicksilver mines of Idria in the southwest are, next 
 to those of Spain, the richest in Europe. 
 
 (10) The mineral waters of Carlsbad and Toplitz in the north- 
 west are famous. 
 
 77. BELGIUM. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — North sea, Netherlands; E. — German Em- 
 pire, Luxemburg; S. and W. — France. 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 (3) Capital.— Brussels, on the Senne River. 
 
257 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — Brussels, Antwerp, Ostend. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Antwerp, Ostend. 
 
 Antwerp is an important seaport on the North sea and is the headquarters 
 of the Belgium cod and herring fisheries. P. 86, nos. 174, 175. 
 
 (6) Products. — Grain coal, iron, zinc. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Linen, laces, diamonds, gun barrels. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Food products, naval stores, raw cotton, and pe- 
 troleum. 
 
 Belgium is noted for its enormous foreign trade. It is the most densely pop- 
 ulated country of Europe, and one of the greatest European coal and iron pro- 
 ducing counti'ies. Brussels carpets were first made here. 
 
 78. BULGARIA. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Roumania; E — Black sea;S. — ^Turkey; W, 
 
 — Servia. 
 
 (2) Government. — It is practically independent, but pays tribute 
 to Turkey. 
 
 (3) Capital — and chief city. Sophia, in the southwestern part. 
 
 (4) Seaport. — Varna on the Black sea. 
 
 (5) Products. — Grain, stock, mulberry trees. 
 
 (6) Exports. — Wheat and stock. 
 
 (7) Imports. — Manufactured goods. 
 
 79. DENMARK. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Skagerrack channel; E. — Cattegat channel 
 and Baltic sea; S. — Baltic sea and German Empire; W. — North sea. 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 (3) Capital, chief city, and seaport. — Copenhagen, on Zealand island. 
 
 (4) Products. — Dairy products, beef, cattle, horses. 
 
 (5) Exports. — Dairy products, hides, wool. 
 
258 
 (6) Imports. — Oil-cake, grain, flour, cotton, kerosene. 
 
 The western coast of Denmark is dangerous, and is called by sailors, the 
 "iron coast." To avoid this coast and narrow sound, the Kaiser Wilhelm canal 
 has been constructed. P. 59. No. 24, c. 
 
 80. ENGLAND. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — England, including Scotland and Wales, is 
 bounded on the N. — by the Atlantic ocean; E. — North Sea; S. — 
 English Channel; W. — St. George's channel, Irish sea, North 
 channel, Atlantic ocean. 
 
 (2) Government. — Empire. The United Kingdom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland, including all the foreign possessions, constitutes the 
 British Empire. England includes Scotland and Wales. 
 
 The naost important British foreign possessions are: (a)Malta and Gibraltar 
 in Europe; (b) British India, Cypress, Ceylon, Hongkong, Straits Settlements 
 and Aden in Asia; (c) numerous colonies in Africa; (d) Australia, Tasmania, 
 New Zealand, Fiji, part of New Guinea and Borneo, and many other Pacific 
 island groups in Australasia; (e) Canada, Newfoundland, British Honduras, 
 Jamaica, the Bahamas, parts of the Lesser Antilles, British Guiana, Trinidad 
 and the Bermudas in America. 
 
 (3) Capital. — London on the Thames River. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — London, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, 
 Leeds. 
 
 Birmingham, England, and also Birmingham, Alabama, are noted for their 
 iron industries. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — London, Liverpool, Manchester. 
 
 Manchester is an inland port connected with the sea by the Manchester ship- 
 canal. It is the greatest cotton-manufacturing city in the world. 
 
 (6) Products. — Iron, coal, tin, agricultural products, horses, cat- 
 tle, sheep. 
 
 (7) Exports. — ^Textiles and steel manufacturers. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Bread-stuffs, meat, cotton. 
 
 Great Britain excels all other countries, except the United States, in the 
 value of her manufactures. It is the foremost country on the globe, and her 
 merchant vessels are equal in number to those of all the other nations combined. 
 
259 
 
 (9) The English are leaders in civilization, and are noted for their 
 enterprising trade and their soundness of learning. 
 
 (10) Oxford and Cambridge are noted for their famous univer- 
 sities, founded in the latter part of the eleventh century by Cath- 
 olic ecclesiastics and laymen, distinguished for their great learning. 
 
 The grand cathedrals, churches, monasteries, and schools, built in ages when 
 the faith was enshrined in the hearts of the people, once merited for England the 
 title of "Daughter of the Church," or "Our Lady's Dower." All the principal 
 buildings erected by Catholic devotion before the time of Henry VIII. have been 
 taken from the control of the church. 
 
 The Episcopal church is the established church of England; the Presbyterian, 
 of Scotland. 
 
 81. FRANCE. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — English channel, strait of Dover, Belgium; 
 E. — German Empire, Switzerland, Italy; S. — Mediterranean sea, 
 Spain; W. — Bay of Biscay. 
 
 (2) Government. — Reupbhc. 
 
 The most important colonial possessions of France are: (a) Algeria, Tunis, 
 Madagascar, and other colonies of Africa; (b) French Indo-China in Asia; (c) 
 French Guiana, and the islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe and Bartholomew in 
 the New World; (d) New Caledonia, Tahiti and Marquesas islands in Oceania; 
 (e) the island of Corsica, in Europe. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Paris, on the Seine river. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — Paris, Marseilles, Lyons, Bordeaux, Havre, Ver- 
 sailles. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Marseilles, Bordeaux, Havre. 
 
 (6) Products. — Wine, olives, silk, wool. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Silk, woolen and cotton goods, wines, jewelry, mil- 
 linery, gloves, and ladies' clothing. 
 
 (8) Imports.— Cotton, wool, petroleum, meat, and grain. 
 
 Fi-ance ranks next to England and Germany in her foreign and domestic com- 
 3rce. 
 
 (9) The French people are very polished and fond of excitement. 
 
260 
 
 They are unsurpassed for thrift and mdustry and are noted for 
 their culture and earning capacity. 
 
 82 GERMAN EMPIRE. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — North sea, Denmark, Baltic sea; E. — Rus- 
 sia; S. — Austria Hungary, Switzerland; W. — France, Belgium, 
 Netherlands. 
 
 (2) Government. — Empire, composed of the federation of a num- 
 ber of states. 
 
 Prussia is the largest and most populous of the German states; Saxony is thev 
 most densely settled region (not country) of Europe. 
 
 The colonial possessions of the German empire are: (a) colonies in Africa; 
 (b) a part of New Guinea; (c) groups of small islands in the Pacific. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Berlin, in the central part, on the Spree river. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — BerUn, Hamburg, Munich, Dresden, Leipsic, 
 Breslau. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Hamburg, Bremen, Stettin. 
 
 (6) Products. — Grain, wine, zinc, and coal. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Textiles, hardware, chemica's, beet-sugar. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Provisions, raw material, oil. 
 
 Germany has a large growing commerce with all ports of the world. In value, 
 this trade is next to that of the United Kingdom. It ranks first of all countries 
 in the production of zinc. 
 
 (9) The German people are naturally home-loving, thrifty, in- 
 genuous, and intelligent. We are debted to them for many great 
 inventions, and for scholarly works on the ancient languages, and 
 on chemistry and philosophy. They are noted for their love of 
 music, and some of the greatest composers have been Germans. 
 
 83. GREECE. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — ^Turkey; E. — Aegean sea; S. — Mediterra- 
 nean sea; W. — Ionian sea. 
 
261 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Athens, in the southeast, on the gulf of Aegina. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — Athens, Piraeus, Corinth. 
 
 (5) Seaport.— Piraeus. 
 
 (6) Products.— Figs, oHves, currants. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Currants, olive oil, sponges, marble, licorice. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Cotton, kerosene, machinery. 
 
 (9) P. 228, no. 31; page 233, no. 76; page 253, no. 61. 
 
 84. HOLLAND OR NETHERLANDS. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — North sea; E. — German Empire; S.— Bel- 
 gium; W. — North sea. 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 The population of the colonial possessions is about seven times as large as 
 that of the mother country. The colonial possessions include many of the most 
 important of the East India islands, seven of the West Indies, and Dutch Guiana. 
 
 (3) Capital. — ^The Hague, on the Zuyder Zee. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — Amsterdam, Rotterdam. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Amsterdam, Rotterdam. 
 
 (6) Products. — Linen, paper, dairy products, herring. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Dairy products, meat, hides, tobacco, linen, herring. 
 Holland is a sort of dairy farm for Great Britain. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Naval stores, flour, cotton, meats. 
 
 Holland has no coal, iron, or other metals, and little timber and building 
 materials. 
 
 Java, one of the East Indies, and the most iinportant of its colonial posses- 
 sions, is famed for its Java coffee. Banca and Billiton, in the East Indies, sup- 
 ply most of the best tin in the world. 
 
 Amsterdam, P. 50, note after no. 286. 
 
 Dikes, P. 33, no. 151,b. 
 
 (9) The Dutch are sober, provident, and thrifty people. 
 
 (10) Luxemburg was once a part of the Netherlands, but is now 
 
262 
 
 independent by agreement of the powers of Europe. The people 
 generally speak German. The city of Luxemburg is the capital. 
 
 85. IRELAND. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Atlantic ocean; E. — North channel, Irish 
 sea, St. George's channel; S. and W. — Atlantic ocean. 
 
 (2) Government. — A part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Dublin, on the Liffey river. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — Cork, DubUn, Tara, Belfast, Maynooth. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Cork, Dublin, Belfast, Londonderry. 
 
 (6) Products. — Oats, flax, potatoes, iron, coal, silk, linen. 
 
 (7) Export.s — Grain, flour, live-stock, salt, meat, linen. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Woolen and cotton goods, wool, coal, salt. 
 
 The Giant's Causeway, which stretches from the northeastern shore of Ire- 
 land towards the Scotch coast, is composed of thousands of columns of rock 
 called basalt. The peasants have a legend that the Causeway is a part of a 
 bridge made long ago by giants who tried to build a road-way across the sea to 
 Scotland. 
 
 (9) The Irish have always been a literary people, fond of song, 
 legend and history. They have clung with lofty tenacity to faith 
 and fatherland. Never in the history of the propogation of the 
 Catholic faith was there found a soil more ready for the reception 
 of the blessed seed of the Gospel than that of Ireland. In the wide 
 expanse of the dominion of the Catholic church, Ireland stands 
 alone as a nation, whose conversion from the darkness of Paganism 
 to the full light of the true faith was accomplished without the 
 shedding of one drop of a martyr's blood. 
 
 With all the natural advantages of water for turning machinery and for trans- 
 portation, and with all her wealth of mineral products, and a location more 
 favorable for commerce than any other large island — the mines of Ii eland are 
 practically undeveloped, her waters unused, and the world passes by her excel- 
 lent harbors. 
 
 The laws of the land for the last three hundred years, have not permitted 
 the development of the natural resources. 
 
263 
 
 86. ITALY. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Switzerland and Austria Hungary; E. — 
 Adriatic and Ionian seas; S. — Mediterranean sea; W. — Mediter- 
 ranean sea and France. 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 It includes the islands of Sicily and Sardinia. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Rome, on the Tiber river. 
 
 (4) Chief ofties. — Naples, Milan, Rome, Turin. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Naples, Venice, Genoa. 
 
 (6) Products. — Silk, wheat, corn, rice, grapes, olives, figs, lemons, 
 oranges, sulphur. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Raw silk, velvets, oUve oil, wine, fruits, sulphur, 
 marble and macaroni. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Grain, raw cotton, coal, lumber, wool, tobacco, 
 and kerosene. 
 
 Italy is famous for its bright skies, beautiful scenery, public buildings and 
 works of art. 
 
 (9) The people of Italy are lively and gay and fond of bright col- 
 ors, out-door amusements, music, and dancing. 
 
 87. MONTENEGRO. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Austria Hungary and Turkey; E. — ^Tur- 
 key; S. — Adriatic sea; W. — Austria Hungary. 
 
 (2) Government, — Principality, or an independent monarchy, 
 ruled by a prince. 
 
 (3) Capital, chief city and seaport. — Cetinje. 
 
 (4) Products. — Grapes, wine, grain, silk. 
 
 (5) Exports. — Meat-stuffs. 
 
 (6) Imports. — Manufactures. 
 
264 
 
 88. NORWAY 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Arctic ocean; E. — Russia, Sweden; S. — 
 Skagerrack channel; W. — Atlantic ocean. 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Christiania, on the Skagerrack channel. 
 
 (4) Chief Cities.— Christiania, Bergen 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Hammerfest, Tromso. 
 
 (6) Products. — Fish lumber, furs, butter, grain. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Wood pulp, flsh, 
 
 (8) Imports. — Raw cotton, kerosene, flour, and farm tools. 
 
 89. PORTUGAL. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. and E. — Spain; S. and W. — Atlantic ocean. 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 The colonial possessions are: (a) Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde islands 
 off the western coast of Africa; (b) parts of Africa. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Lisbon, on the Tagus river 
 
 (4) Chief Cities. — Lisbon, Oporto. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Lisbon, Oporto. 
 
 (6) Products: — Cork, wine, olive oil, fish. 
 Portugal yields a larger supply of cork than any other country. 
 
 (7) Exports: — Wine and Cork. 
 
 (8) Imports . — Manufactures. 
 
 The Inhabitants are much like the Italians and all other people 
 who live in a mild climate and under bright sunny skies. 
 
 90. RUSSIA. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Norway, Arctic ocean and its arms; E. 
 Asiatic Russia, Caspian sea; S. — Caucasia, Black and Azof seas; 
 
265 
 
 W. — Roumania, Austria Hungary, German Empire, Baltic sea and 
 its arms, Sweden. 
 
 (2) Government. — Empire. 
 
 (3) Capital. — St Petersburg, on the Neva river. 
 
 (4) Chief Cities. — St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, Odessa, 
 Riga. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — St. Petersburg, Odessa, Riga. 
 
 (6) Products. — Grain, horses, cattle, wool. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Wheat barley, lumber, flax and flax seed, wool, 
 hemp, petroleum, furs, and iron. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Raw cotton, copper, farm machinery, 
 
 Russia ranks third among the cotton manufacturing nations. Its exports of 
 grain go to the western, thickly-settled countries of Europe. The foreign com- 
 merce of Russia is chiefly with Germany. 
 
 (9) Lapland comprises parts of Sweden, Norway, and Russia, 
 It is occupied by the Lapps. 
 
 (10) Poland is an extensive territory of central Europe which 
 existed for many centuries as an independent and powerful state; 
 but having been fallen a prey to internal dissentions was violently 
 seized by Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and divided among these 
 three powers. The Poles like the Russians are a Slavonic race. 
 The Polish language is remarkable for its richness, power, and har- 
 mony. 
 
 The population of Poland is nearly 8 million, over 70 per cent, 
 of whom were Roman Catholics. 
 
 91. ROUMANIA. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Austria Hungary and Russia; E. — Russia, 
 Black sea; S. — Bulgaria; W. — Servia, Austria Hungary. 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Bukharest, in the central part. 
 
266 
 
 (4) Chief Cities. — Bukharest, Jassy. 
 
 (5) Products. — Grain, grapes, timber, cattle, hogs. 
 
 (6) Exports. — Hogs, grain, catt e, wine. 
 
 (7) Imports. — Manufactures. 
 
 92. SCOTLAND. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. and E. — Atlantic ocean; S, — England; W. — 
 North channel, Atlantic ocean. 
 
 (2) Government. — A part of the United Kingdom. 
 
 (3) Capital.— Edinburgh, on the Firth of Forth. 
 A firth is the mouth, or the estuary of a river. 
 
 (4) Chief Cities. — Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen^ Dundee. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Glasgow, Aberdeen. 
 
 (6) Products. — Wheat, oats, potatoes, tin, coal, cattle, sheep. 
 
 (7) Exports.— Textiles. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Bread-stuffs, meat, cotton. 
 
 93. SPAIN. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — bay of Biscay, France; E. and S. — Mediterr- 
 anean sea, strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic ocean; W. — Portugal, 
 Atlantic ocean. 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 Colonial possessions: (a) Canary islands, ofT the west African coast; (b) 
 islands and parts of the west African coast. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Madrid, in the central part. 
 
 (4) Chief Cities. — Madrid, Barcelona. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Barcelona, Malaga. 
 
 (6) Products. — Lead, quicksilver, cork, grain, esparto, oUves, 
 grapes, and other fruits. 
 
267 
 
 (7) Exports. — Ores, wine, oranges, olive oil, raisins, nuts, grapes. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Cotton, tobacco, lumber, oil. 
 
 The inhabitants possess the characteristics common to people hving in warm, 
 sunny chmates. 
 
 94. SWEDEN. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Norway; E. — Russia, Baltic aea; W. — 
 Cattegat, Skagerrack, Norway, 
 
 (2) Government. — Kingdom. 
 
 (3) Capital.- — Stockholm, on Malar lake. 
 
 (4) Chief Cities. — Stockholm, Gottenborg. 
 
 (5) Seaport. — Stockholm. 
 
 (6) Products. — Iron, lumber, furs, wool. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Iron, wood pulp. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Raw cotton, kerosene, farm tools. 
 
 95. SERVIA. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Austria Hungary; E. — Roumania, ■ Bul- 
 garia; S. — Turkey; W. — Austria Hungary. 
 
 The Danube river bounds it on the north. 
 
 (2) Government.— Kingdom. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Belgrade, on the Danube River. 
 
 (4) Chief City.— Belgrade. 
 
 (5) Products. — Grapes, wine, grain, silk, hogs. 
 
 (6) Exports. — Hogs, wheat, corn, v/ine. 
 
 (7) Imports. — Manufactures. 
 
 Servia is a country of farmers. The poorest own land, and poverty is rare. 
 
 96. SWITZERLAND. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — German Empire; E. — Austria Hungary; 
 
268 
 
 S.— Italy; W.— France. 
 
 (2) Government. — Republic. 
 
 (2) Capital. — Berne, on the Aar river. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — Berne, Zurich, Basel. 
 
 (5) Products. — Dairy products, cotton and silk goods. 
 
 (6) Exports. — Watches, cotton and silk goods, musical instru- 
 ments, dairy products, toys. 
 
 (7) Imports. — Breadstuffs, cotton, silk, minerals, coal. 
 
 Switzerland is a great manufacturing country. Swiss muslins are sold all 
 over the world. Her trade is mainly with her neighbors. The Swiss are an 
 industrious and liberty-loving people. 
 
 97. TURKEY. 
 
 (1) Boundaries. — N. — Servia, Bulgaria; E. — Black sea; S. — ^the 
 Bosphorus, sea of Marmora, the Dardanells, Aegean sea, Greece; 
 W. — Ion- an sea, strait of Otranto, Adriatic sea, Montenegro 
 and Austria Hungary. 
 
 (2) Government. — Empire, — limited monarchy. 
 
 (3) Capital. — ^Constantinople, on the Bosphorus. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. — Constantinople, Saloniki, Adrianople, 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Constantinople, Saloniki. 
 
 (6) Products. — Olive oil, wine, rice, minerals, silk, wool, grain, 
 tobacco. 
 
 (7) Exports. — Silk, wool, carpets, grain, tobacco, valonia (acorn 
 cups for tanning), meats, and cotton. 
 
 (8) Imports. — Meats, cotton, steel, leather. 
 
 The Turkish, or Ottoman Empire, occupies parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. 
 Turkey is rich in minerals, forests, fisheries, and fanning lands, but a poor 
 government^depresses all its industrial pursuits. 
 
269 
 
 SMALL COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. 
 
 98. Andorra, — situated high up among the Pyrenees in Spain, 
 has maintained its independence for centuries. 
 
 Its inhabitants are a sturdy race of peasants. Its area is about 175 square 
 miles, and its popiilation about six thousand. 
 
 99. Monaco, — situated on a high rock in the extreme southeast 
 of France, is an independent principality. Monaco is the caiptal. 
 
 Monaco is noted for its gambhng houses. The Httle country of Monaco has 
 been independent about a thousand years. It is among the other countries 
 what Tom Thumb was among m.en. 
 
 100. San Marino, — on the Apennine mountains in Italy, is a 
 picturesque little republic, the smallest in the world. 
 
 Its area is about 32 square miles and its population about eight thousand. 
 
 SEAPORTS— EXPORTS— IMPORTS. 
 
 101. Odessa, — southern Russia, on the Black Sea, is a flourish- 
 ing modern city. It exports p. 264, no. 90. It imports p. 264 no. 90. 
 
 It is the great wheat-shipping port of Russia. 
 
 102. Constantinople, — is beautifully located on the Golden Horn 
 (p. 229, no. 36)where the Bosphorus strait opens into the Marmora 
 sea. Its situation commands the shores of both Europe and Asia, 
 and the trade of the Mediterranean and Black seas, hence it is 
 sometimes called the "Key of the East." It was founded by Con- 
 stantino the Great, 328 A. D. It exports p. 260, no. 83. It im- 
 ports p. 260, no. 83. 
 
 103. Salonikij — southern Turkey, on the Aegean sea, ranks sec- 
 ond in importance and is a noted port of Turkey. It exports p. 260, 
 no. 83. 
 
 104. Athens. — southeastern Greece, on the Mediterranean sea, is 
 a growing commercial city. It exports p. 260, no. 83. It imports 
 p. 260, no. 83. 
 
 It is famous for its history, and its splendid ruins, which are still the wonder 
 of the whole world. The most noted of these ruins is the temple of Parthenon, 
 located on a fortified rock, called the Acropolis. 
 
 105. Trieste, southwestern Austria Hungary, on the Adriatic 
 
r270 
 
 sea, is the only important seaport of the empire. It exports p. 256, 
 no. 76. It imports p. 256, no. 76. 
 
 106. Venice, — located on seventy-two small islands south of 
 northern Italy in the Adriatic sea, is sometimes called the "Bride 
 of the Sea." It exports p. 263, no. 86. It imports p. 263, no. 86. 
 
 107. Naples, — southwestern Italy, on the Mediterranean sea, is 
 the largest city of Italy. It exports p. 263, no. 86. It imports p. 
 263 no. 86. 
 
 Near Naples stood the cities Herculaneum and Pompeii. P. 24, no. 65, a. 
 
 108. Genoa, in the southern part of northern Italy, on the Med- 
 iterranean sea, is the leading seaport of Italy. It exports p. 263, 
 no. 86. It imports p. 263, no. 86. 
 
 It is famous as the birthplace of Columbus. 
 
 109. Marseilles,^ — southern France, on the Mediterranean sea, is 
 the largest seaport town in France, and the largest on the Mediter- 
 ranean sea. It exports p. 259, no. 81. It imports p. 259, no. 81, 
 
 Its docks are among the finest in the world. 
 
 110. Barcelona, — southern part of northern Spain, on the Med- 
 iterranean sea, is the second largest city of Spain, and its chief 
 commercial center. It exports p. 266, no. 93. It imports p. 266, 
 no. 93. 
 
 111. Malaga, — southern Spain on the Mediterranean sea, is the 
 second seaport of Spain. It exports p. 266, no. 93. It imports 
 p. 266, no. 93. 
 
 112. Lisbon and Oporto, — western Portugal, on the Atlantic, are 
 commercial cities. They export p. 264, no. 89. They import p. 
 264, no. 89. 
 
 Lisbon" was the native home of the wife of Columbus. Oporto is chiefly known 
 or its port wine. 
 
 113. Bordeaux, — western France, at the mouth of the Garonne 
 river, on the Bay of Biscay, is the leading wine shipping city of 
 Europe. It exports p. 259, no. 81. It imports p. 259, no. 81. 
 
 114. London, — southeastern England, on both banks of the 
 
271 
 
 Thames, fifty miles from its mouth, is the largest city and financia 
 center of the world. It exports p. 258, no. 80, It imports p. 
 
 258 no. 80. 
 
 Its imports exceed largely its exports. It is noted for its many famous build- 
 ings. See "Miscellaneous " p.274, nos. 143, 144. Its area is nearly twice that 
 of the District of Columbia, and its population is nearly 7 miUion. 
 
 115. Liverpool, — on the Mersey river estuary and Manchester, — 
 connected by canal with the Mersey river, both in western Eng 
 land on the Irish sea, are great cotton markets of Europe. They 
 export p. 258, no. 80. They import p. 258, no. 80. 
 
 Li^'erpool ranks next to London in commerce, and is, next to London and 
 Glasgow, the largest city of the Ignited Kingdom. 
 
 116. Glasgow, — western Scotland, on the Clyde river estuary, is 
 the second city of the kingdom in size, and the third in importance 
 as a seaport. It exports p. 266, no. 92. It import p. 266, no. 92. 
 
 Glasgow exceeds all other cities in ship-building, and is the great center of 
 Scottish trade and manufacture. 
 
 117. Belfast, — northeastern Ireland, on the North channel; Dub- 
 lin, — east-central Ireland, at the mouth of the Liffey river: and 
 Queenstown, — the port of Cork, are the leading' seaports of Ireland. 
 They export, p. 26_2, no. 85. They import p. 262, no. 85. 
 
 Dublin is the metropolis of Ireland and the seat of a celebrated university. 
 Belfast manufactures more linen goods than any other city in the world. 
 
 118. Antwerp, — northeastern Belgium, on the North sea, is the 
 only large seaport of Belgium. It exports p. 256, no. 77. It im- 
 ports p. 256, no. 77. 
 
 119. Amsterdam, — northern Holland, on the Zuyder Zee, an arm 
 of the North sea, is situated on ninety islands, and is the largest 
 and most important city of the country. It exports p. 261, no. 84. 
 It imports p. 261, no. 84. 
 
 120. Rotterdam, — northern Holland, on the North sea, is next 
 to Amsterdam in size. It is the chief port of the country and one 
 of the important seaports of the world. It exports p. 261, no. 84, 
 It imports p, 261, no. 84. 
 
272 
 
 121. Bremen, — northwestern Germany on the Weser, is second 
 to Hamburg as a maritime city. It exportsp. 260, no. 82. It im- 
 ports p. 260, no. 82. 
 
 122. Hamburg, — northwestern German}^, some miles up the Elbe 
 river, is the second port of the continent, and the second German 
 city in size. It exports p. 260, no. 82. It imports p. 260, no. 82. 
 
 Hamburg and Bremen are the two cities of Geimgny from which most of the 
 emigrants leave their native coujitry to come to the United States. 
 
 123. St. Petersburg,- — western Russia, situated near the mouth of 
 the Neva river, is connected by a ship canal with the Gulf of Fin- 
 land. It is the western terminus of the great railroad across the 
 continent. It exports p. 264, no. 90. It imports p. 264 , no. 90. 
 
 The city was built by, and named after Peter the Great. It is built in a 
 swamp, and to save it from sinking into the ground, it is built on piles driven 
 to great depths. So gieat was the suffering endured by those who laid the 
 foundation of the city, that ICCOOO lost their lives. It is frequently spoken'of 
 as the "Paris of the North," on account of its magnificent streets, majestic 
 buildings and the gayety of its people. 
 
 124. Riga, — western Europe, on the Baltic sea, is an important 
 northern seaporti of Europe. It exports p. 264, no. 90. It imports 
 p. 264, no. 90. 
 
 125. Stockholm, — eastern Sweden, is built on a number of islands 
 in the Baltic Sea. It exports p. 267, no. 94. It imports p. 267, no. 94. 
 
 126. Gottenborg,^western Sweden, on the Cattegat, and Christ- 
 iania, — southern Norway, on the Skagerrack, are trading centers. 
 They export p. 267, no. 94. They import p. 267, no. 94. 
 
 127. Hammerfest, — northern Norv/ay, on the Arctic ocean, is the 
 most northern port of the world open to navigation. P. 13, no. 52. 
 It expprts chiefly fish. It imports breadstuffs and manufactured 
 goods. 
 
 The Ten Largest Cities af Europe in order of Population. 
 
 128. London,— (6,907,756) p. 270, no. 114. 
 
 129. Paris (2,714,068), in northern France, is situated on both 
 sides of the Seine. It is the capital of France and is a center of 
 
273 
 
 wealthj art, science and fashion. It is, next to London, the larg- 
 est city in the world. 
 
 It is on the same parallel of latitude as the northern boundary of the United 
 States and the mouth of the St. Lawrence river. 
 
 130. Berlin — (1,884,848), central Germany on the Spree river, is 
 the capital of Prussia and all Germany. It is noted for its extens- 
 ive manufactures and commerce, and its excellent university and 
 other educational institutions. 
 
 131. Vienna (1,674,957), northwestern Austria Hungary on the 
 Danube river, is the capital and metropolis of the empire. It is 
 a great center of traffic and one of the most beautiful cities of the 
 world. 
 
 132. St. Petersburg (1,313,300), p. 272, no. 123. 
 
 133. Constantinople (1,125,000), p. 269, no. 102. 
 
 134. Moscow (1,092,360), central Russia, the former capital of 
 Russia, is the winter residence of the royal family. It is a manu- 
 facturing center, and is celebrated for the citadel (fortress), called 
 the Kremlin, which includes a cathedral, churches, palaces, forts 
 and barracks. 
 
 135. Glasgow (798,357) p. 271, no. 116. 
 
 136. Warsaw (756,426), southwestern Russia, on the Vistula, is 
 the chief seat of western trade and manufacture. It was the cap- 
 ital of the former kingdom of Poland. 
 
 137. Buda-Pest (732,322), central Austria Hungary, comprises 
 Pest on one side of the Danube, and Buda on the other. They are 
 connected by a magnificent suspension bridge. This city is the 
 chief commercial center of Hungary. 
 
 The celebrated crown of St. Stephen, first king of Hungary, is kept here. 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 138. The population of Europe is about six times as great as that 
 of the main body of the United States. 
 
 139. Russia, Sweden, and Norway are the coldest countries of 
 
274 
 Europe. Spain and Italy are the warmest. 
 
 140. The Danube, Rhine, Rhone, and Po have their sources in 
 the glaciers of the Alps. 
 
 141. The Danube flows through Germany, Austria and Rou- 
 mania. 
 
 142. Birmingham, England, manufactures toys in such quanti- 
 ties that the city is called the toyshop of England. Sheffield, Eng- 
 land, makes the best cutlery in the world. 
 
 143. Westminster Abbey, London, England, was originally a 
 monastery. All the sovereigns of England have been crowned 
 here, and to be interred within its walls is considered the greatest 
 honor which the nation can bestow. The interior is rich with 
 splendid monuments and tombs of the noble dead. 
 
 144. The London Tower, England, is a gloomy building on the 
 banks of the Thames; parts of it are almost a thousand years old. 
 It was for years the prison and place of execution for the celebrated 
 criminals and traitors of England. 
 
 145. Edinburgh, Scotland, is a noted seat of learning and center 
 of literature and education. 
 
 146. Dublin, Ireland, has been an educational center for hun- 
 dreds of years. 
 
 147. Armagh, Ireland, is noted for being the place where St. 
 Patrick established his episcopal see. 
 
 148. Granada, southern Spain, contains the Alhambra, which is 
 among the first of the splendid monuments of the past. It is a 
 great fortress crowning an eminence of the city; formerly it was the 
 palace of the Moorish kings and was called the "Red Castle." 
 Washington Irving visited Granada, and wrote a delightful book 
 about the Alhambra, and one of its windows is named after him. 
 The Alhambra is kept in preservation as a work of art. 
 
 149. Madrid, Spain,[^is noted for its library, university and mu- 
 seum of art. 
 
275 
 
 150. St. Etienne, France, is celebrated for its fire arms, and con- 
 tains the largest ribbon factories in the world. 
 
 It is surrounded by coal fields, and is sometimes called the "Pittsburg of 
 France." 
 
 151. Havre, northern France, is the port of Paris; it is noted for 
 its great trade with the Americas. 
 
 152. Orleans, France, is a great historical city, the Key of South 
 France. Here blessed Joan of Arc led the attacks in the great 
 victory of Orleans over the English. 
 
 153. Lyons, France, is the world's greatest silk market. 
 
 154. Lourdes, southern France, is noted for the miraculous grotto 
 where the blessed Virgin appeared to the shepherdess, Bernadette. 
 A magnificent church has been erected at the grotto. The place 
 is distinguished for the miraculous cures wrought there. It is an- 
 nually visited by many thousands of pilgrims and tourists from 
 all parts of the world. 
 
 155. Avignon, southern France, on the left bank of the Rhone, 
 is noted for its very ancient cathedral and the papal palace. From 
 March, 1309 to Spetember, 1377, seven popes in succession, from 
 Clement V. to Gregory XL, were compelled to dwell in this city. 
 
 156. Cologne, western Germany, is noted for its cathedral which 
 is one of the grandest examples of Gothic architecture in the world. 
 It was begun 1248 and completed in 1880. It is also noted for its 
 wine and perfume. In this city, cologne, the well-known perfume, 
 was first made. 
 
 157. Strassburg, southwestern Germany, is celebrated for its 
 fortress and its cathedral, which contains a wonderful clock. 
 
 158. Most of our dolls come from Sonneberg, Germany. 
 
 159. Munich, southern Germany, is renowned for its literary in- 
 stitutions and galleries of art. 
 
 160. Switzerland and Servia are the only countries of Europe that 
 have no sea-coast. 
 
276 
 
 161. The Alps mountains are pierced by three long tunnels: 
 (a) The Mt. Cenis tunnel, seven and three-fourths miles long, from 
 France to Italy; (b) the St. Gothard tunnel, nine and one-fourth 
 miles long, from Switzerland to Italy; (c) the Arlberg tunnel, six 
 and one-half miles long, from Austria to Hungary. 
 
 162. Rome, the capital of^Italy, is the residence of our Holy 
 Father, the Pope. Rome was founded seven hundred and fifty 
 years before Christ. It was built on seven hills on both sides of 
 the Tiber and is called the "Eternal City." 
 
 The present city is noted for: 
 
 (a) St. Peter's Dome, the most magnificent cathedral in the world; 
 
 (b) the Vatican, the residence of the Pope, containing 4,422 apartments 
 noted for its great library of original manuscript and its large collection of stat- 
 uary; 
 
 (c) the catacombs, where many martyrs were buried and where the early 
 Christians worshipped; 
 
 (d) the ruins of the Coliseiun, where thousands of the early Christians were 
 put to death; 
 
 (e) its musemns and galleries, which contain many of the best paintings and 
 other works of art in the world. Rome is the home of art and artists; it is the 
 most famous city of the world. 
 
 163. St. Peter's Dome is the most magnificent structure in the 
 world, the construction of which took one hundred seventy-six 
 years. It is six hundred thirteen feet long, two hundred eighty- 
 six feet wide, and four hundred thirty-four feet high. The great 
 artistMichaelangelo was but one of the thirteen architects, who in 
 turn directed the construction of this magnificient dome. 
 
 164. Assisi, about forty miles north of Rome, is famous as the 
 birth-place of St. Francis and St. Clare. 
 
 165. Pisa, in northeastern Italy, is noted for the Campanile, or 
 Bell Tower, better known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa. It is 
 one hundred seventy-nine feet high and deviates fourteen feet 
 from the perpendicular. Its leaning position is probably due to 
 an earthquake during the bviilding. 
 
 166. Brussels, Belgium, is noted for its manufactures of beauti- 
 ful lace, carpets, and linens. 
 
277 
 
 167. Waterloo, near Brussels in Belgium^ is the field where 
 Napoleon was defeated. 
 
 168. St. Sophia's at Constantinople, Turkey, was originally a 
 place of Catholic worship, erected by Constantine. The present 
 structure 'is virtually that enlarged and rebuilt by the Emperor 
 Justinian. Over ten-thousand workmen were employed seven 
 years in its construction and the rich materials used were taken 
 from nearly every celebrated pagan temple in all parts of the king- 
 om. The emperor thought his church more magnificent than 
 Solomon's temple at Jerusalem, and cried proudly, "Solomon, I 
 have surpassed thee!" When the Turks took Constantinople in 
 1453, St. Sophia became a mosque. 
 
 169. St. Petersburg, Russia, is the most northerly capital city 
 of Europe, and Athens, Greece, is the most southerly. 
 
 170. European Russia, embraces more than one-half of the area 
 of Europe. 
 
 171. The five principal cities of European Russia are: 
 
 St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, Odessa, Cronstadt. 
 
 171. Sebastople, on the Crimean peninsula, an old historic city, 
 is a Russian naval port of the Black sea. 
 
 It is noted as the chief seat of the Crimean war between Russia and the 
 allied English and French troops. During this war, took place the famous bat- 
 tle distinguished by the heroic charge of the Light Brigade, when, in conse- 
 quence of a misinterpretation of an order, six hundred cavalry rode headlong 
 against the Russian army to certain death. Tennyson describes this event in 
 his poem, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." 
 
 Search Questions. 
 
 1. What part of Europe is crossed by the meridian of Green- 
 wich? By the Arctic circle? 
 
 2. What meridian is the boundary between the Eastern and the 
 Western hemisphere? What island is crossed by this meridian? 
 
 3. What is t' e most northern cape of Europe? 
 
 4. What mountains form the main axis of Europe? 
 
278 
 
 5. For what are the valleys of the Danube and the Po noted? 
 
 6. Where is the chief lake region of Europe? 
 
 7. What are the productions of the countries along the coast of 
 the Mediterranean sea? 
 
 8. What is the most northern town of Europe? Why is it never 
 ice-bound? 
 
 9. How does Austria Hungary rank with other countries of the 
 world in the production of corn? Russia and France in the pro- 
 duction of wheat? Russia, Germany, and France in the production 
 of oats? Russian Empire, Germany, and Austria Hungary in the 
 production of barley? Germany, Russia, Austria Hungary in the 
 raising of swine? Russia in the raising of sheep? 
 
 10. Give the probable cargo and the route of a vessel sailing from 
 Honolulu to Liverpool. 
 
 11.. Write a letter from one of the following cities, describing its 
 location, sources of wealth, objects of interest : Edinburgh, Venice, 
 Paris, Constantinople. 
 
 12. Describe a voyage from Yokohama to Liverpool by way of 
 the Suez canal, and name the cargo and the chief ports passed on 
 the route. 
 
 13. Describe a journey in Europe which shall include an account 
 of some of the finest scenery, the most interesting historical asso- 
 ciations, and the most important productions and manufactures; 
 or (b) describe a voyage from San Francisco to Melbourne, via 
 Yokohama, Singapore, and Sydney, southeastern Australia, nam- 
 ing other ports touched, the exports of each port, the water passed 
 through, the ocean currents and wind currents encountered and 
 describe some possible adventure of the voyage. 
 
 14. Name the leading manufacturing countries of Europe. 
 (Great Britain, Germany, France, Holland and Switzerland.) 
 
 15. Which is most northerly country of Europe? The most 
 southerly? The most easterly? The most westerly? 
 
279 
 
 , 16. Which is the highest country of Europe? The lowest? 
 Which has the longest written history? Which is the most densely 
 populated? Which is the most sparsely populated? Which has 
 the greatest foreign commerce? What river (a) rises in a glacier? 
 (b) Has many ruins of castles on its banks? (c) Flows through 
 Paris? (d) Flows through London? (e) Flows between Scotland 
 and England? (f) Is sacred to the Hindus? (g) Forms a part of the 
 boundary between Europe and Asia? (h) Is in northern Italy? 
 (i) Rises in the Valdai Hills? (j) Flows into the Persian gulf? 
 
M 
 
 280 
 Sin. 
 
 Spreading out in vast proportions to the north, south, east and west, 
 
 This great continent surpasses in her vastness all the rest. 
 Here we find the highest mountains, here too are the broadest plains, 
 
 Here we see in monsoon regions driest winds or plenteous rains. 
 Here Arabia is the hottest, coldest are Siberian wilds. 
 
 Here are India's lands the wettest, elsewhere is the climate mild. 
 Here was rocked mankind's first cradle, here we find the Holy Land, 
 
 With its scenes sublime and sacred, with its stories old and grand. 
 
 (The study of Asia is VI. Grade work.) 
 MATHEMATICAL. 
 
 1. Asia, the largest of the continents, is more than twice the size 
 of North America. It includes more than one-third of the land of 
 the world, and more than one-half of the people. 
 
 2. Asia lies entirely in the northern hemisphere. Like North 
 America, it is situated in three zones — ^the north frigid, north tem- 
 perate, and torrid zones. 
 
 Its southern point extends to within ninety miles of the equator and its north- 
 ern coast lies half-way between the Arctic circle and the north pole. 
 
 3. Latitude. The mainland of Asia extends between the par- 
 allels of 2° N. and 77° N. or through (77°-2°) 75° of laittude. 
 
 What part of Asia is crossed by the 40th parallel north? 
 
 4. Longitude. Asia lies between the meridians of 26° east and 
 170° west, or through (180°-26°-|- 10°) 164° of longitude. 
 
 5. The greatest length of Asia from Bering strait to the strait of 
 Babel Mandeb is about 7,500 miles. 
 
 6. The area of the main body is over seventeen million square 
 miles. 
 
 PHYSICAL. 
 
 7. Its coast-line is very irregular, marked by many indentations. 
 
 8. Asia is bounded: 
 
 (a) north, by the Arctic ocean and its arms; 
 
281 
 
 (b) east, by the Pacific ocean and its arms; 
 
 (c) south, by the Indian ocean and its arms; 
 
 ■ (d) west, by the Ural mountains, Ural river, Caspian sea, Cau- 
 casus mountains, Black sea, and Marmora sea. 
 
 9. Trace the bays, seas, channels, and straits of Asia, from Kara 
 sea to the Caspian sea. 
 
 10. Trace the capes, peninsulas, and islands of Asia from North 
 East cape to the Crimean peninsula. 
 
 From the Indian Ocean across Asia to the Arctic ocean. 
 
 RELIEF. 
 
 11. The continent of Asia may be divided into the three follow- 
 ing great physical regions: 
 
 (a) The peninsulas comprise the table-lands, low mountains, and 
 well- watered valleys, and river plains. 
 
 Describe the plateau of Indo-China ; of Dekkan; of Arabia. Describe the 
 plains of India. 
 
 (b) The central region comprises deserts, plateaus, and moun- 
 tains. It extends from the Red sea nearly to the Pacific ocean. 
 
 Beginning with the Pamir plateau, trace and describe the plateaus, mountain 
 ranges, and deserts extending between the Pamir plateau and the Bering sea. 
 
 Next trace and describe the plateaus, mountain ranges, and deserts extending 
 from the Pamir plateau to the Mediterranean sea. 
 
 (c) The great northern plain comprises the steppes, a vast forest 
 region, and the tundras. It extends from the Altai mountains and 
 the Caspian sea to the Arctic ocean. 
 
 Describe the steppes, the forest region, and the tundras. 
 
 12. The great central highland, extending from Bering strait to 
 the Mediterranean sea, forms the continental watershed and di- 
 vides the drainage of Asia into three great drainage slopes. 
 
 13. The chief rivers of the northern, or Arctic ocean slope, are the 
 
 Ob, Yenisei, and the Lena rivers. 
 
 The Ob rises in the Altai mountains; the chief branch of the Yenisei, in Lake 
 Baikal; the Lena rises in the Yablonoi mountains. All three traverse Siberia 
 
282 
 
 and empty eventually into the Arctic ocean. 
 
 The Ob is the richest, in fish, of all the Siberian rivers. The Yenisei has large 
 trafl&c by steamer in summer and by sledge in winter. 
 
 The Lena is a highway for trade in eastern Siberia. 
 
 14. The chief rivers of the eastern, or Pacific slope, are the Amur, 
 the Hoang, the Yangste and the Mekong rivers. . 
 
 All four rivers rise in the great highland region. The Amur first flows ina 
 general eastern direction between Siberia and China, and then northward, through 
 southeastern Siberia into the sea of Okhotsk, opposite Sakhalin island. It is 
 navigable for more than 2,000 miles and is an important commercial highway. 
 
 The Hoang, or Yellow river, flows eastward through the Chinese Empire and 
 empties into the Yellow sea. It is a turbulent river, little used for navigation. 
 It is sometimes called "China's Sorrow" on account of the number of people it 
 has destroyed and sufferings it has caused. 
 
 The Yangtze flows eastward through Cliina and empties into the East China 
 sea. It is the great commercial highway of China and is navigable for large 
 vessels 1,200 miles from its mouth. The delta of the Hoang and Yangtze p. 
 33, no. 146, d. 
 
 The Mekong river flows southward into the South China sea. ^1 
 
 15. The rivers of the southern, or Indian ocean slope, are the 
 
 Irawadi, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Indus, Tigris, and Euphrates rivers. 
 
 The Irawadi, the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Indus, are large rivers 
 of northern India. Each of these rivers rises in the Himalaya mountains; the 
 Indus flows into the Arabian sea and the other three into the bay of Bengal. 
 
 The Ganges is one of the greatest rivers of Asia and the sacred river of the 
 Hindus. Its delta is second in size to that of the Hoang and Yangtze rivers 
 in China. 
 
 The Syi" and Amu are the largest interior rivers. They rise in the western 
 part of the Pamir plateau and flow into the Aral sea. 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 16. The lakes of Asia are numerous. Most of them are on high 
 plateaus or arid steppes and have no outlets. 
 
 17. The most important salt lakes are the Caspian sea and the 
 Aral sea. 
 
 18. The Caspian sea is the largest on the globe. It is more than 
 four times the size of Lake Superior. 
 
 It receives the fresh water of the Volga, the largest river of Europe, as well 
 as that of other small streams, but it evaporates so rapidly that its surface is 
 
283 
 
 86 feet below the level of the sea, and its Maters are always salt. 
 
 19. The Aral sea, in southwestern Asiatic Russia, is called the 
 "sea of islands." It is nearly as large as lake Superior. It was 
 once a part of the Caspian sea, and is situated in the same great 
 depression, or basin. 
 
 This great basin of the Aral and Caspian sea Mas once densely peopled. Here 
 Attila, in the fifth century, raised his annies of Huns, with M'hich he overran all 
 southern Europe, till he ruled from Germany in Europe to China in Asia. 
 
 Attila called himself the "Scourge of God." He plundered and devasted all 
 in his path M'ith unparalleled ferocity. He M^as, howeA^er, often restrained by 
 the moral power of the Bishops of France and Italy. 
 
 When approaching Rome, Attila was persuaded by Pope Leo the Great to 
 spare the city. Soon after this Attila died. 
 
 20. Lake Baikal is the largest fresh water lake of Asia. It is 
 over 400 miles m lengi:h and is a valuable highway. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 21. Continental Asia, like America, has every variety of climate. 
 
 (a) The northern and greater part of Asia is separated from the 
 warm south by lofty mountain ranges, and the Arctic winds blow 
 over the vast plains, therefore this region is very cold during most 
 of the year. 
 
 The coldest place in the northern hemisphere is in Q7° N. latitude, north of 
 Yakutsk. 
 
 (b) The climate of the great highlands is cold and severe. Why? 
 P. 42, no. 229 b. 
 
 (c) Southern Asia has a tropical climate with intense heat during 
 the greater part of the year. 
 
 The annual rainfall is eighty feet, and three feet of rainfall in a day is not in- 
 frequent. P. 39, no. 202, e. 
 
 (d) On the eastern borders of the continent the temperature is 
 modified by the nearness of the ocean, and the climate resembles 
 that of eastern North America. 
 
 (e) Japan has a maritime climate. 
 
 Arabia is generally considered the hottest, Siberia the coldest, and India the 
 wettest country in the world. 
 
284 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 22. (a) North of the great highland, the animals of Asia are sim- 
 ilar to those of the corresponding region in Europe: — ^The bear, 
 wolf, fox, buffalo, Vkdld cattle, and many kinds of deer. 
 
 The musk deer, a small, deer-like animal, is foimd in the highlands of central 
 and eastern Asia. It is hunted for the musk foimd in a sack or pouch, about 
 the size of a hen's egg. Musk is used almost wholly by perfumers, and the de- 
 mand is so great that the animals are now comparatively rare. 
 
 Fossil ivory is the remains of mammoth, or huge animals, which perished 
 ages ago. It is found all over northern Siberia, and on the islands north of it. 
 Ivory is therefore obtained from four sources: — The elephant, the walrus, the 
 ivory-nut, and the fossil-mammoth. 
 
 (b) Tropical, or southern Asia, abounds in dangerous and fierce 
 reptiles. The largest animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, 
 lion, tiger, hyena, and jackal (an animal resembling a wolf). 
 
 Poisonous serpents, of which the most dreaded is the cobra of 
 India, abound. Monkeys and birds of brilliant plumage are num- 
 erous. 
 
 (c) The domesticated wild animals used as beasts of burden are 
 elephants, camels, yaks, and buffaloes. 
 
 The camel is called the "ship of the desert." The dromedary is a one-humped 
 camel; the bactrian, a two-humped camel. 
 
 (d) Our domestic animals, — the dog, cat, horse, cow, sheep, goat, 
 hog, and fowl, all originated in Asia, and have spread over the 
 world Tvdth mankind. 
 
 The turkey is peculiar to North America. 
 
 VEGETATION. 
 
 23. Asia has a widely diversified vegetation. Most of the val- 
 uable food plants are native to Asia, and have spread, with man- 
 kind, to the other continents. 
 
 24. The continent may be divided into three zones of vegetation: 
 (a) Southern Asia is covered with dense tropical vegetation. 
 
 The palm, bamboo, and huge banyan tree are abundant. 
 
 Rice, cotton, sugar-cane, flax, jute, hemp, the poppy, and spices 
 are the principal plants cultivated on the plains of southern Asia. 
 
285 
 
 The bamboo is a plant watb round, hollow stems, used in manufacturing fur- 
 niture, baskets, etc. 
 
 The banyan is a fig-tree of India, whose branches take roots and become ad- 
 ditional trunlcs. 
 
 Jute is a plant resembling hemp; it is used in the manufacture of mats, coarse 
 carpets, etc. 
 
 The poppy is a plant from which opiimi is made. 
 
 (b) Central Asia produces the plants which thrive best in the 
 temperate zones. Vast forests of pine, oak, maple, birch, etc., 
 grow on the upland terraces of Siberia. The cultivated plants are 
 cereals, tea, and fruits. 
 
 (c) In western Asia, Mocha coffee, tobacco, figs, dates, and olives 
 grow. 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 25. All the precious and useful minerals are found in Asia. 
 
 (a) Gold and platinum are found in the Ural mountains and in 
 the central plateau. 
 
 (b) Silver is mined in Siberia. 
 
 (c) Copper and iron are abundant and ■v\ddely distributed. 
 
 (d) Tin is abundant in the Malay peninsula and in the islands of 
 Banca and Billiton, near Sumatra. 
 
 These tin regions furnish nearly one-half of the world's supply of tin. 
 
 (e) Petroleum is found chiefly in the basin of the Caspian sea. 
 
 (f) Quicksilver is obtained in China and Tibet. 
 
 (g) Diamonds, sapphires, rubies, and emeralds are obtained from 
 the mines of India. 
 
 (h) The finest pearls are obtained in the Persian gulf and along 
 the coast of Ceylon. 
 
 Coal, iron, and salt abound in various places; 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 26. Asia is the oldest known portion of the globe, the cradle of 
 the human race, and the earliest known seat of civilization. 
 
 The valleys of southern and eastern Asia were early the homes 
 of peoples who had made considerable progress in civilization. 
 They founded Babylon and Nineveh, two of the most beautiful 
 cities built by man. They founded also the historic empires of 
 
286 
 
 Europe, and from them we get our alphabet, our Arabic numerals 
 and the elements of algebra, astronomy, and physics. Here was 
 begun the forward march of the civilization that is rapidly filling 
 the whole earth. Asia, it is true, at first made rapid progress, but 
 was gradually outstripped by other countries in civilization. 
 
 The larger number of the inhabitants of Asia are not as ener- 
 getic and inventive as are the Europeans. They reverence the 
 old and dislike the new. They are conservative and self-satisfied, 
 hence they have not come in contact with the world at large, nor 
 kept pace with the general progress of modern civilization. The 
 most active countries are Japan, India, and China, and others de- 
 veloped by European countries. 
 
 There -are comparatively few schools, and the masses of the peo- 
 ple are uneducated. 
 
 China, nevertheless, because of the density and industry of the population 
 and the vast number of natural resources of the country, may, if the modern 
 means of commerce and transportation be introduced, yet become one of the 
 leading nations of the world. 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 27. Asia is not only the cradle of mankind, but also that of all 
 the prominent religions of the world. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church is comparatively small in Asia; 
 still, thanks to the heroic efforts of zealous missionaries, it is firmly 
 established in every Asiatic region, side by side with other widely 
 spread religions. The Catholic population of Asia is over eleven 
 and one-half million. 
 
 28. Name and describe the other principal forms of religioin n 
 Asia. P. 54. 
 
 - PEOPLE. 
 
 29. The population of Asia contains more than one-half the pop- 
 ulation of the world ^over nine hundred million. • The most densely 
 peopled regions in order of population are China, Japan, and India. 
 
 30. The races inhabiting Asia are: 
 
 (a) The Caucasians, who inhabit chiefly western Asia and India; 
 
 (b) The Mongolians, who inhabit eastern Asia, — China, Japan, 
 
287 
 
 Tibet, Burma, Siam; — and Turkey in western Asia; 
 
 (c) The Malays, who occupy the Malay peninsula and the neigh- 
 boring islands. 
 
 31. The leading occupations are: 
 
 (a) Agriculture, in the warm and moist countries, in the south 
 and southeast. 
 
 (b) Grazing, on the central plains. 
 
 (c) Hunting and fishing, in the north and northeast. 
 
 (d) Manufacturing, chieflv in China and Japan. 
 
 (e) Mining, see p. 285, no. 25. 
 
 GOVERNMENT. 
 
 32. Asia comprises thirteen independent countries. 
 
 (a) Six Monarchies: — ^Turkey, Russia, China, Japan, Persia, and 
 Siam. 
 
 (b) Four countries controlled by foreign powers: — India, Burma, 
 Straits Settlements, and French Indo-China. 
 
 (c) Three countries having no fixed form of government: — 
 Arabia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan. 
 
 THE COUNTRIES OF ASIA. 
 
 From Turkey by Sea to Russia. 
 
 33. TURKEY. 
 
 (1) Position — ^Turkey in Asia, borders on the Red, Mediterranean, 
 and Black seas, and the Persian gulf. It includes Asia Minor, 
 Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and large parts of the coast of 
 Arabia. 
 
 (2) Syria, on the Mediterranean sea, was once the great trade 
 center. It includes Palestine, or the Holy Land, dear to all Christ- 
 ians because of its connection with the life and death of our Lord. 
 
 (3) Government. — Empire. The ruler is called Sultan and each 
 province is governed by a Pasha. 
 
 (4) Capital. — Constantinople, on the Bosphorus. 
 
 (5) Cities. — Smyrna, Damascus and its port, Beirut, and Bagdad. 
 
288 
 
 Damascus, the capital of Syria, is the oldest city in the world. It is spoken 
 of in the Bible as existing 1913 years B. C. 
 
 (6) Seaports. — Smyrna, Beirut. 
 
 (7) Products. — Sponges, coral, grapes, figs, olive oil, opium, silk, 
 cotton, grain and tobacco. 
 
 34. ARABIA. 
 
 (1) Position. — Arabia is situated in the southwestern part of Asia. 
 
 (2) Government. — It is occupied by nomads, or wandering tribes, 
 that have no responsible government. 
 
 (3) Capital.— It has no capital. Why? 
 
 (4) Cities. — Mecca and Aden. 
 
 Mecca, in the west, is noted as the birthplace of Mohammed. It is visited 
 yearly by thousands of pilgrims, who go to worship at the shrine of Mohammed 
 What do we mean when we say that a place is a Mecca? 
 
 Medina, the "Prophet's City," contains the tomb of Mohammed. 
 
 (5) Products. — Camels, horses, coffee, tobacco, dates, and pearls. 
 In the Persian gulf are the most noted pearl fisheries of the world. 
 
 (6) Mocha is noted for its famous Mocha coffee. 
 
 (7) Oman, in the southeast, is an independent state under Brit- 
 ish protection. 
 
 (8) Masket is its capital and one of the hottest cities on the earth. 
 
 (9) Aden, on the gulf of Aden, near the strait of Babel Mandeb, 
 belongs to the British and has been strongly fortified by them. 
 Why? It is sometimes called the "Gibraltar of Asia." 
 
 35. PERSIA. 
 
 (1) Position. — Persia occupies the western part, of the plateau of 
 Iran. 
 
 (2) Government. — Persia was a monarchy up to 1909; but is now 
 under the joint protection of Great Britaiin and Russia. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Teheran, in the northern part. 
 
289 
 
 (4) Products.— Carpets, shawls, silk, cotton, opium, fruits, pearls, 
 turquoise. 
 
 36. BALUCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN. 
 
 (1) Position. — ^They occupy the eastern part of the Iran plateau. 
 
 (2) Government. — Unimportant and little known monarchies. 
 
 England and Russia are rivals for the control of these countries. Nearly all 
 of Baluchistan is included in the British possession of India. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Afghanistan, Kabul, in the east ; Baluchistan, Khelat. 
 
 (4) Products. — Cereals, fruit, horses, sheep, goats, camels. 
 
 37. BRITISH INDIA. 
 
 (1) Position. — It occupies the great southern peninsula of Asia, 
 and includes a narrow strip of territory, skirting the coast of the 
 bay of Bengal. 
 
 (2) Government.. — It belongs to the United Kingdom and forms 
 the empire of India, of which the king of the United Kingdom is 
 the emperor. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Calcutta, on the Ganges river. 
 
 (4) Cities. — Calcutta, Bombay. 
 
 (5) Products. — ^Tea, wheat, jute, rice, cotton, indigo and opium; 
 also pearls, cinnamon bark, coffee, cinchona, cacao and cocoanuts 
 from Ceylon. 
 
 (6) The commerce of India is very great. It comprises a mari- 
 time trade with England and China and a caravan traffic with cen- 
 tral and western Asia. 
 
 Benares, in the northeast, on the Ganges I'iver, is the most scared city of the 
 Hindus and their chief city of learning. It contains many hundred Hindu tem- 
 ples. 
 
 (7) Kashmir, in the north, is noted for the celebrated kashmir 
 shawls, made of the wool of the kashmir goat; also for its floating 
 gardens and its roses. 
 
290 
 
 38. NEPAL AND BHUTAN. 
 
 Position. — Nepal and Bhutan, located on the southern slopes of 
 the Himalaya mountains, are two small independent principalities. 
 
 39 INDO-CHINA. 
 
 (1) Position.— Indo-China or Farther India, forming the south- 
 eastern peninsula of Asia, comprises French Indo-China, Siam, 
 also Burma and Assam in British India, and the Straits Settlements. 
 
 (2) Government. — 
 
 (a) French Indo-China comprises Anam, Cambodia, Cochin- 
 China and Tonkin, and is under French control. 
 
 Hanoi, in the northeast, is the capital. 
 
 (b) Siam is an independent native kingdom. 
 
 Bangkok, on the gulf of Siam, is the capital and the largest city 
 of the peninsula. 
 
 (c) Straits Settlements, occupying the lower end of the peninsula, 
 are a part of the British Empire and give the British control of 
 strait of Malacca. Singapore is the capital and Malacca is the 
 principal city. 
 
 (d) Burma and Assam are the most easterly provinces of India. 
 Burma is celebrated for its ruby mines. 
 
 (3) Products. — Rice, indigo, cotton, sugar-cane, and tobacco; mul- 
 berry, cinnamon, teak, and taban trees; sago, gums, and spices; 
 ships and tin. 
 
 The teak tree is valued for its dark, durable wood used in ship and car build- 
 ing. The taban tree yields a sort of rubber, called gutta-percha. The spices 
 include cinnamon, ginger, pepper, nutmegs, cloves, etc. 
 
 40. THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 
 
 (1) Position. — The Chinese Empire comprises the eastern part of 
 Asia; it includes China with its dependencies, Manchuria, Mongol- 
 ia, Tibet, and Chinese Turkestan. 
 
 It is larger than the entire continent of Europe. Its population, which is 
 
291 
 
 nearly 400 million, is about one-fourth that of the entire globe. The people are 
 chiefly Mongolian. 
 
 (2) Government. — A monarchy in which the emperor chooses his 
 successor from his own family. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Pekin, about one hundred miles from the sea, on 
 the gulf of Pechili, is the capital and Tientsin, its port. 
 
 Mukden, in the northeast, is the capital of Manchuria. 
 Mongolia, inhabited by nomadic, or wandering tribes, has no 
 capital. 
 
 Lassa is the capital of Tibet. 
 Chinese Turkestan has no capital. 
 
 (4) Cities in order of their population: Pekin (1,000,000), Canton, 
 Hankau, Tientsin, Hang Chan, Fuchan, Shanghai, Suchan, Chung 
 King, Hongkong, Ningpo. 
 
 There are more large cities in China than in any other country in the world. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Shanghai, Canton, Hongkong. 
 
 Hongkong is an island southeast of the mainland of China, ceded to Great 
 Britain in 1842. It is a strong military station and the center of British trade 
 in China. Victoria is the most important city. 
 
 (6) Products. — Tea, silk, rice, millet, cotton, sugar-cane, porce- 
 lain, coal, iron, salt, gold, silver, copper, quicksilver, lead, zinc 
 precious stones, and drugs. 
 
 R'ce and millet (a cereal resembling rice) are the chief ai'ticles of food, 
 
 (7) The Chinese are noted for their industry, patience, economy, 
 and ingenuity. To them we owe the invention of gunpowder and 
 the mariner's compass. 
 
 They show great skill in the carving of ivory and have known 
 the art of paper-making, printing, and the manufacturing of china- 
 ware and metal- ware for ageS; 
 
 (8) The most noted public works of China are: 
 
 (a) The Great Wall, 1200 miles long was built over two hundred 
 years B. C, to keep out the tartars who inhabited Mongolia and 
 
292 
 
 Manchuria and were then the enemies of China. 
 
 (b) The Grand Canal, 700 miles long, connecting the Yangtze 
 and the Hoang rivers, was built over a thousand years ago. 
 
 (9) Historical notes. — China is called Cathay, Middle Kingdom, 
 Flowery Land, and the Celestial Empire. Its records extend back 
 to the time of Abraham, about two thousand years B. C. 
 
 Formerly the Chinese and Japanese refused Americans, English, 
 and other foreigners admission to their countries, but now they 
 trade freely with them. 
 
 Commodore Perry visited Japan and made a treaty between 
 that government and the United States. 
 
 41. KOREA. 
 
 (1) Position. — Korea occupies the peninsula between the Japan 
 ane'Yellow seas. 
 
 (2) Government. — It is governed by Japan. 
 
 (3) Capital.— Seoul. 
 
 (4) Seaport. — Chemulpo, on the Yellow sea. 
 
 (5) Products. — Cereals, tobacco, rice, gold, copper, iron. 
 
 42. JAPANESE EMPIRE. 
 
 (1) Position. — The Japanese Empire, or Sunrise Kingdom, com- 
 prises a chain of about four thousand islands. This island empire 
 is situated in the Pacific ocean off the eastern coast of Asia in about 
 the same latitude as the United States, and extends in three curves 
 from the peninsula of Kamchatka to the southern end of Formosa. 
 
 (2) Government. — It is an empire. The emperor is called Mikado. 
 
 (3) Capital. — Tokyo, on Hondo island, is connected by a railroad 
 with its seaport, Yokohama. 
 
 (4) Cities. — Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, Hakodate, Nagasaki. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Yokohama, Hakodate, Nagasaki. 
 
 (6) Products. — Silk, rice, tea, camphor, copper, cotton goods. 
 
 (7) The Japanese are the most progressive of the Mongolian 
 
293 
 
 race. They have opened their ports to foreign trade and residence. 
 
 They are skilled in the manufacture of silk, porcelain, and paper. They uaed 
 the art of printing long before it was introduced into Europe. 
 
 43. ASIATIC RUSSIA. 
 
 (1) Position. — Asiatic Russia comprises all of northern Asia and 
 extends from the Black sea to the Pacific ocean. 
 
 (2) Government. — It is subject to the Czar, and includes Siberia, 
 Transcaucasia and Russian Turkestan. Bokhara and Khiva in 
 the southwest are indenendent, but pay tribute to the Czar. 
 
 (3) Capitals. — Of western Siberia, Tobolsk, on the Ob river; of 
 eastern Siberia, Irkutsk. 
 
 (4) Cities. — Baku, Tifiis, Tashkend, Kokan, Irkutsk," Tobolsk, 
 Tomsk, Omsk. 
 
 (5) Seaports. — Vladivostok. 
 
 (6) Products. — Grain, hides, furs, cattle, fish, wool, silk, petroleum. 
 
 (7) The Trans-Siberian railroad connects St. Petersburg with 
 the Russian possessions on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Vladivostok and Port Arthur are important terminal points on 
 the railroad. 
 
 The principal cities on this railroad are Vladivostok, Kiakhta, 
 Irkutsk, Tomsk, Omsk and St. Petersburg 
 
 SEAPORTS. 
 
 44. From Vladivostok by sea to Smyrna. 
 
 (1) Vladivostok, southeastern Asiatic Russia, is an eastern ter- 
 minus of the Trans-Siberian railroad. It is the only seaport of 
 Siberia. This port is much used by our country. Much tea ia 
 imported at this port to be carried over land to Europe. 
 
 Tea carried over land is considered of better quality than that transported 
 by water. 
 
 (2) Port Arthur, in northeastern China on the Yellow sea, is a Jap- 
 
294 
 
 anese naval station. It is an eastern terminus of the Trans-Siber- 
 ian railroad. 
 
 (3) Yokohama, on the island of Hondo, the largest island of the 
 Japanese Empire, is the principal seaport of the empire, and the 
 seaport of Tokyo, the capital and largest city of Asia. 
 
 (4) Shanghai, at the mouth of the Yangtze river, is the most 
 important seaport of China. 
 
 (5) Canton, southeastern China, is an important seaport of China. 
 
 (6) Hongkong, on an island off the southeastern coast of China, is 
 a British port and naval station. It belongs to Great Britain and 
 is the great center of foreign trade. 
 
 (7) Bangkok, the capital of Siam, in the southern part, about 
 forty miles up the Menam river, is the most important seaport of 
 Siam. 
 
 Commerce at Bangkok is somewhat retarded by sand banks in its harbor. 
 
 (8) Singapore, south of the Malay peninsula, in the Straits Set- 
 tlements, belongs to Great Britain. Singapore is an important 
 trading station for all nations and a coaling port for vessels plying 
 between Europe and the far east. At this port may be seen ships 
 leaving for all parts of the world. It is a great ship-building cen- 
 ter, and is near the largest tin-smeltering works in the world. 
 
 Most of our spices come from Singapore. The Malay peninsula, with its 
 neighboring islands, furnish nearly one-half of the world's supply of tin 
 
 (9) Rangoon, on the Irawadi river, is the capital of Burma, and 
 the chief port of the Irawadi valley. At high tide this port can be 
 reached by ocean-going vessels. 
 
 Teak-wood is one of the chief exports of Rangoon. The surrounding country 
 is rich in its forests of teak which, next to mahogany, is the most valuable wood. 
 
 (10) Calcutta, on the delta of the Ganges, is the capital and 
 largest city of India. It is the chief trade center for the products 
 of the Ganges valley. 
 
 (11) Madras, in southeastern India on the bay of Bengal, is sit- 
 uated on the rich plains of India. 
 
295 
 
 (12) Colombo, on the island of Ceylon, southeast of India, is a 
 coaling port for vessels plying between Europe and the far east by 
 way of the Suez canal. The chief exports are tea, rice, and cocoa- 
 nuts. 
 
 What precious stones are found near Colombo? 
 
 (13) Bombay, on an island off the western coast of India, has a 
 fine protected harbor, the best in India. Bombay has recently 
 been brought into close touch with the productive regions of the 
 interior, by the development of railroads over the mountains. It 
 is now the most important seaport of India. Its chief export is 
 cotton. 
 
 (14) Karachi, at the mouth of the Indus river, is located in the 
 great wheat-producing region of India. 
 
 (15) Maskat, on the gulf of Oman, is near valuable pearl fisher- 
 ies. Its chief exports are pearls and dates. 
 
 (16) Aden, in the southwestern part of Arabia, on the gulf of 
 Aden, is a fortified town belonging to Great Britain. It com- 
 mands the entrance to the Red sea. 
 
 (17) Java, on the Mediterranean coast, western Turkey, is a 
 seaport of Jerusalem with which it is connected by railroad. 
 
 (18) Beirut, on the Mediterranean coast, western Turkey, is the 
 port of Damascus with which it is connected by railroad. 
 
 (19) Smyrna, on the Mediterranean, western Turkey, is the larg- 
 est city of Turkey and the chief commercial center. It is the 
 western terminus of the Asiatic caravan trade. Its chief exports 
 are Smyrna rugs and figs. 
 
 45. Ten largest cities of Asia in order of popualtion are: 
 
 (1) Tokyo (1,818,655), Hondo island, is connected by a railroad 
 with its seaport, Yokohama. 
 
 It contains the imperial palace, which comprises a large cluster of buildings 
 surrounded by magnificent gardens and enclosed by high walls and ditches. 
 
 (2) Pekin (1,600,000), situated about one hundred miles from 
 
296 
 
 the gulf of Pechili, is the capital of China and is connected by rail 
 with Tientsin, its port. It is noted for its many Buddhist temples 
 and is surrounded by high walls. 
 
 (3) Calcutta (1,026,000) p. 293, no. 44, (10). 
 
 The religious, educational, and benevolent institutions are niunerous. Here 
 are also several Roman Catholic churches and among these a beautiful cathedral. 
 
 (4) Singan (1,000,000), in the northwestern part of China Proper, 
 on a branch of the Hoang river, was the capital of China during the 
 twelfth century. 
 
 (5) Osaka (995,945) is located on the island of Hondo, Japan. 
 It is the second largest city of the empire, and is of commercial 
 and industrial importance. 
 
 It has been likened to Chicago on account of its progressiveness, to Glasgow 
 for its industry and thrift, and to Venice for its beauty and quaintness. Locate 
 these cities. 
 
 (6) Canton (900,000), in southeastern China, on the Pearl river, 
 eighty miles from the sea, is the second largest city of the Chinese 
 Empire. 
 
 It contains no horses and no wheeled vehicles. Goods are transported on 
 bamboo poles laid across the shoulders of men; while people who can afford it, 
 have themselves carried about in sedans (chairs enclosed and made for the pur- 
 pose). 
 
 (7) Hankau (870,000) is situated in southeastern China at the 
 junction of the Yangtze with the Han. Together with Hanyang 
 and Wuchang, it forms the largest center of population in China. 
 
 It is famous for its learning, its manufactures of metal and its export of tea. 
 
 (8) Bombay (776,000) p. 295, no. 13. 
 
 (9) Tientsin (750,000) eastern China, on the gulf of Pechili, is a 
 great seaport of Pekin. 
 
 (10) Shanghai (620,000), on the East China sea at the mouth of 
 the Yangtze river, has immense commerce. 
 
297 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 46. Agra, in northern India, is celebrated as having the best 
 specimens of architecture of the country. Its greatest marvel is a 
 Tag Mahal, a splendid Mausoleum, or tomb, of pink sandstone and 
 white marble, surrounded by cypress trees. It was built by one 
 of the emperors as a tomb for his empress and himself. 
 
 47. Delhi, nearly in the middle of northern India, is a very old 
 city and has such extensive ruins of its ancient grandeur that it 
 has received the title of "Rome in India." 
 
 During 1857, the Mogul who held the place of sovereignty under British pro- 
 tection, joined the rebellion of his subjects against the British. In the mutiny 
 and siege that followed, Delhi was reduced to ruins. These ruins cover forty 
 square miles. 
 
 48. Pekin is the oldest city in China. It is believed to have ex- 
 isted even at the time when the Israelites crossed the Red sea. 
 
 49. Yokohama, with its fine harbor, is the Liverpool of China. 
 
 50. The Chinese Language is spoken by the greatest number of 
 people, and the English language is most widely spread. 
 
 51. There are many curious customs prevalent in China. When 
 two friends meet each shakes hands with himself. 
 
 The Chinamen keeps on his hat as a mark of respect. Women 
 never go shopping in China; the merchant carries the goods to 
 the house. 
 
 Under no circumstances will the Chinese gentleman ride in the 
 carriage with his wife. Only the very aged men ever think of 
 carrying a cane or a walking stick. 
 
 52. Printing was invented in China more than four hundred years 
 ago. There are, however, but very few newspapers and not a 
 single school or educational journal is published. 
 
 53. The ruins of Babylon are situated on the Euphrates. But 
 little is left to mark the site of the once famous Babylon. This 
 city stood on both sides of the river, was in the form of a square, 
 and surrounded by a wall sixty miles in length, three hundred 
 fifty feet high, and eighty-seven feet wide at the top; it was entered 
 
298 
 
 by twenty-five gates on each side. Within were the hanging 
 gardens and the supposed site of the "Tower of Babel." 
 
 54. The ruins of Nineveh are situated on the Tigris. The site of 
 this once famous city, the capital of the great Assyrian Empire, 
 was discovered in the present century. 
 
 What do you know from your Bible history relating to Nineveh? 
 
 55. The Crusades, or "Wars of the Cross," were designed to rescue 
 Palestine or the Holy Sepulchre from the hands of the Turks. 
 
 There were at least seven of these crusades, beginning in 1096 
 and covering a period of almost two hundred years. 
 
 The Children's Crusg^des of 1212 consisted of thousands of chil- 
 dren led by Stephen, a shepherd-boy. 
 
 This expedition was a failure as well as all the other Crusades, 
 as far as the original object of them was concerned. Much good 
 came from them, however. They united nations, developed com- 
 merce, and tended to the introduction of arts and sciences into Eur- 
 ope. 
 
 56. Arabia and Persia are famed for their fine horses. 
 
 57. Elephants are used as domestic animals in Indo-China. The 
 white elephants, which are very rare, are much honored and are 
 not permitted to work. They are kept in barns, separated from 
 those of the gray ones. 
 
 58. The three chief products of China are tea, silk and bamboo. 
 
 59. Opium is the dried juice of the poppy. It is used as a medi- 
 cine in the form of laudanum and morphine. The effect of the 
 frequent use of it, however, is like that of alcohol or brandy. Those 
 who eat or smoke it soon find that they cannot get along without 
 it. They become opium drunkards and it destroys their bodies 
 and minds. 
 
 The Chinese are great opium eaters. They import their opium 
 from India, the greatest opium producing country in the world. 
 
 60. Our fire-crackers and fire- works were first made by the Chi- 
 nese or Hindus, Americans began to make fire-crackers only a 
 few years ago, although at the present time they are turned out by 
 the millions. One of our largest factories is in New Jersey. 
 
299 
 
 61. The bamboo, a plant with round, hollow stems, is put to an 
 endless variety of uses. From it is made everything from a pen- 
 cil-box to a house; buckets, chairs, fish-rods, musical instruments, 
 bird cages, bellows for blowing the fire, fans, measuring cups, 
 chop-sticks, etc. etc. 
 
 It was in a bamboo cane that silkworm eggs were smuggled across the Chi- 
 nese frontiers and brought to Europe by two Persian monks in the sixth century . 
 
 62. Camphor is a whitish, granular substance extracted from three 
 kinds of trees of the laural tribe. It is produced in China and 
 Japan, and prepared chiefly on the island of Formosa. 
 
 The wood is cut into chips and stilled in water. The rising vapor of cam- 
 phor is collected and from it is produced our camphor. 
 
 63. Attar of Roses is an oil, or perfume, made from roses. One 
 hundred thousand roses yield only about one hundred eighty grains 
 of attar. 
 
 Kashmir in India, Damascus in Syria and Teheran in Persia, are 
 celebrated for the manufacture of attar. 
 
 64. Lacquer is secured from a tree of the same name by a secre- 
 tive process. Lacquer- ware is the most beautiful production of 
 Japanese art; it consists of woodwork, finished in a hard, highly 
 polished varnish, and often inlaid with ornaments of gold, silver, 
 bronze, ivory, mother-of-pearl, etc. 
 
 65. Frank-incense, or incense, is an odorous gum, or resin, pro- 
 duced by certain trees in both hemispheres. It is used at religious 
 services and exhales aromatic fumes when burned. 
 
 66. Sago is the starch obtained from the sago palm. The tree 
 is cut into sections, these are split, and the granules of starch are 
 separated. This starch constitutes our sago-meal, and if granulat- 
 ed our pearl-sago of commerce. 
 
 Three trees furnish as much food matter as an acre of wheat. 
 
300 
 PALESTINE. 
 
 Palestine, thou fair, bright land where om- Saviour loved to dwell! 
 
 Ah, how ev'iy scene of thine has its own sweet tale to tell! 
 Here was heard the angel-chant which announced the Savior's birth; 
 
 Here He labored, here He suffered for the wayAvard child of earth. 
 
 1. Name. — In Hol}^ Scripture, Palestine has several names. 
 The oldest name of this noted land is Canaan, being named after 
 the fourth son of Cham. It is also called the "Promised Land," 
 God having promised the Patriarchs to give it to their descendants 
 In consideration of its connection with the ilfe of our Lord, we 
 Christians call it the "Holy Land." Usually it is termed Pales- 
 tine, although the name does not appear in Holy Scripture. The 
 name signifies, the land of the Philistines. 
 
 2. Position.— Palestine is located in southwestern Asia, compris- 
 ing the southern portion of Syria. It lies on both sides of the Jor- 
 dan river and consists of a great table-land which extends through 
 its entire length, and through two narrow strips of lowland. 
 
 3. Boundaries. — It is bounded on the: 
 
 (a) north, by the mountain ranges of Lebanon; 
 
 (b) east, by Syria; 
 
 (c) south, by the desert, of Sinai; 
 
 (d) west, by the Mediterranean sea. 
 
 . 4. Extent.— It lies between 31° 15' and 33° 30' north latitude, 
 and between 34° 30' and 36° 30' east longitude. 
 
 5. Size. — Palestine is not more than one hundred forty-five 
 miles long with an average width of eighty miles, making its area 
 about equal to the two states of Massachusetts and Connecticut 
 together. 
 
 6. Physical Features. — ^The principal physical feature of Pales- 
 tine are: 
 
 (a) a central plateau with an average height of sixteen hundred 
 feet ; 
 
 (b) the Jordan valley and its lakes; 
 
 (c) tie maritime plain; 
 
 (d) the plain of Jericho. 
 
301 
 
 7. Mountains.. — ^The mountains are: Sion, Hebron, Olivet, Ta- 
 bor, and Mt. Calvary, the most note- worthy peak in the world. 
 
 Mt. Sion means citadel, or stronghold. It is the traditionary crescent-shaped 
 mountain, overlooking Jerusalem from the east. In all history, there is no 
 mountain m.ore venerable, that has witnessed more important events or served 
 greater and sublimer purposes. One division of it is called Moriah, the mount 
 on which Abraham was about to slay his only son, while another part of it forms 
 Mt. Calvary, on which the Heavenly Father actually sacrificed His only son. 
 
 On Sion the royal Da^ad built his palace, and here he chose that hie remains 
 should repose. Here the Ark of the Covenant was kept before its removal to 
 the New Temple. Here Solomon and his successors reigned in truly regal grand- 
 eur. 
 
 Jesus loved to tarry here, and here He willed that the cradle of His church 
 should stand, for on Sion stood the far-famed house within whose walls Jesus 
 instituted the adorable Sacrament of the Altar. In this house Jesus frequently 
 appeared to His apostles and desciples after His resurrection, here he strength- 
 ened the incredulous Thomas in his faith, and instiuted the holy sacrament 
 of penance. In an upper chamber of this house, finally, the Holy Ghost descended 
 upon the apostles. 
 
 8. Rivers. — ^The principal river is the Jordan, called the "River of 
 the Great Plain," It is two hundred miles in length and varies 
 in width from forty-five to one himdred eighty feet, and in depth 
 from three to twelve feet. It empties into the Dead sea, which is 
 situated in the deepest depression of our globe, its surface being 
 about thirt^een hundred feet beneath the level of the sea. 
 
 9. Lakes. — The only lakes of Palestine are in the valley of the 
 Jordan; they are lake Merom, the sea of Galilee, and the Dead sea. 
 
 The sea of Galilee is geographically interesting, because it is a 
 lake of fresh water, whose surface is six hundred fifty feet below 
 the level of the sea. The Dead sea occupies the site of ancient 
 Sodom and Gomorrha. It has no outlet and is so heavily charged 
 with salt that its water is twenty per cent heavier than that of the 
 
 ocean. Its shores are desolate, and -without a single port. 
 
 » 
 
 10. Climate. — ^The climate of Palestine varies. January is the 
 coldest and July the hottest month. The mean average tempera- 
 utre of Jerusalem resembles that of California. Violent thunder- 
 storms occur in winter. 
 
 11. Productions. — Palestine, "the land flowing with milk and 
 
302 
 
 honey," would, no doubt, support as great a population as former- 
 ly, provided that the same means were used for its cultivation. 
 The productions of Palestine are olives, palms, corn, barley, peas, 
 wheat, potatoes, cotton, flax, grapes, and sugar-cane. Olive oil is 
 a valuable export. 
 
 12. Divisions. — After the Israelites had taken possession of Pal- 
 estine, the land was divided among the twelve tribes, nine and 
 one-half tribes receiving portions west, and two and one-half tribes 
 receiving portions east of the Jordan. The twelve tribes were 
 united under one government up to the year 930 B. C, when the 
 ten northern tribes (Manasses being counted as two tribes) seceded 
 and formed the kingdom of Israel, the three southern tribes form- 
 ing the kingdom of Juda. The former kingdom v/as destroyed by 
 the Assyrians, 722 B. C, the latter by the Babylonians, 588 B. C. 
 
 During the time of Christ the divisions were as follows: On the 
 west of the Jordan the provinces of Galilee in the north, Samaria 
 in the middle, and Judea in the south; on the east of the Jordan, 
 Perea and Decapolis. The boundaries of the provinces are very 
 uncertain. The present population is 720,000 cons'sting chiefly 
 of Syrians, Arabs, and Turks. 
 
 13. Cities. — ^The chief cities are: Jerusalem, Jaffa (Joppa), Beth- 
 lehem, Nazareth, and Bethany. 
 
 (a) Jerusalem (abode of peace), is today a total ruin. The 
 dwellings are in a dilapidated condition, and the streets are very 
 irregular. This city witnessed the Passion and Death o' our dear 
 Lord. St. Helena, the mother of Constantine, here erected a basi- 
 lica, inclosing the site of the crucifixion and the Holy Sepulchre. 
 
 Jerusalem has been several times destroyed and rebuilt. In the year 70 A. D., 
 the most terrible destruction was caused by the Romans. So many of the in- 
 habitants who attempted to escape, were captured and suspended on crosses 
 around the walls, that one historian says, there was no more space on the walls 
 to place them. The famine was most terrible. After all food that could possibly 
 be secured was consumed, the bark M'as stripped off the trees and eaten, and it 
 is related that some killed and ate their own children. After a siege of six months 
 the city was reduced to ruins, and the inhal')itants who had not perished, were 
 sold as slaves or treated as criminals. 
 
 (b) Java (Joppa) is a famous ancient city supposed to have 
 
303 
 
 been built by Japhet. It is supported by travelers and pilgrims 
 on their way to Jerusalem. 
 
 (c) Bethelem (house of bread) is noted for being the birth-place 
 of Jesus Christ. Here the Emperor Constantine, at the request 
 of his mother, had a church built over the birth-place of our Savior. 
 
 (d) Nazareth, the most memorable place in Galilee, was the home 
 of the Blessed Virgin and St. Joseph, and here lived our Lord and 
 Savior after His return from Egypt. 
 
 (e) Bethany is near Mt. Olivet. Here Mary, Martha and Laza- 
 rus lived. 
 
 Questions for Class Use. , ' 
 
 EURASIA. Page 226 
 
 Coast. Forms of Land and Water. Relief. Recite stanza. 
 
 1. What two continents are comprised in Eurasia? What part 
 of the land area of the globe does it contain? Locate. 
 What and Where? Page 226. 
 
 Bounding Waters. Winds. 
 
 1. Arctic. 2. Pacific. 3. Indian. 4. Mediterranean. 5. At- 
 lantic. 6. Bering Strait Current. 7. Japan Current. 8. Monsoon 
 Drift. 9. Trade Winds. 10. Calms of Cancer. 11, Prevailing 
 Westerly Winds. 
 
 From Bering Strait to Bering Strait. Page 227. 
 
 Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Sounds, and Straits. 
 
 12. Bering Strait. 13. Bering sea. 14. Sea of Okhotsk. 15. Sea 
 of Japan. 16. Channel of Tartary. 17. Korea Strait. 18. Yellow 
 Sea. 19. East China sea. 20. South China sea. 21. GuK of Siam. 
 22. Strait of Malacca. 23. Bay of Bengal. 24. Arabian sea. 25. 
 Gulf of Oman. 26. Persian gulf. 27. Gulf of Aden. 28. Strait of 
 Babel Mandeb. 29. Red sea. 30. Describe the Suez canal. What 
 are the benefits derived from the use of this canal? 31. Describe 
 the Mediterranean sea. What may it be called? 32. Describe the 
 Aegean sea. 33. Strait of Dardanelles. 34. Sea of Marmora. For 
 what is this sea noted? 35. Describe the Bosphorus. Tell of its 
 importance. 36. Describe the Golden Horn. 37. Black Sea. 38. 
 
304 
 
 Sea of Azof. 39. Strait of Otranto. 40. Strait of Messina. 41. 
 Strait of Gibraltar. 42. Describe the bay of Biscay. 43. St. 
 George's channel. 44. Irish sea. 45. North channel. 46. Eng- 
 hsh channel. 47. Strait of Dover. 48. North sea. 49. Skager- 
 rack. 50. Cattegat. 51. Baltic sea. 52. Gulf of Finland. 53. 
 Gulf of Bothnia. 54. White sea. 55, Kara sea. 56. Gulf of Ob. 
 
 From East Cape to East Cape. Page 231. 
 
 Peninsulas, Capes, and Islands. 
 57. East cape. 58. Kamchatka. 59. Sakhalin. 60. Describe For- 
 mosa. What circle crosses it? What part of North America does 
 it cross? 61. Japanese islands. What four seas are partly in- 
 closed by these islands? Name the four largest. 62. Describe 
 Korea. It is under the control of what nation? 63. Describe 
 Hongkong. Belongs to what nation? 64. Describe the East In- 
 dies. 65. Malay peninsula. 66. Ceylon. 67. Point de Galle. 68. 
 Cape Comorin. 69. Indian peninsula. 70. Arabian peninsula. 
 71. Isthmus of Suez. 72. Cyprus. 73. Crete. 74. Peninsula of 
 Asia Minor. 75. Balkan peninsula. 76. Grecian peninsula. 77. 
 Describe the isthmus of Corinth. 78. Italian peninsula. 79. Sici- 
 ly. 80. Malta. 81. Sardinia. 82. Corsica. What noted man was 
 born on Corsica? 83. Describe the Balearic islands. 84. Spanish 
 or Iberian peninsula. 85. St. Vincent. 86. Finisterre. 87. Brit- 
 ish Isles. 88. Great Britain. 89. Ireland. 90. Land's End. 91. 
 Isle of Man. 92. Channel islands. What noted breeds of cattle 
 are grown on these islands? 93. Describe the Hebrides. 94. Ork- 
 ney islands. 95. Shetland islands. To what country do these 
 islands belong. 96. Describe ^the Faroe islands. 97. Danish, or 
 Jutland peninsula. 98. Scandinavian peninsula. 99. The Naze. 
 100. Lofoden islands. What is the Maelstrom? 101. Describe the 
 North cape. 102. Spitzbergen. 103. Nova Zembla. 104. Franz 
 Josef Land. 105. North East cape. 106. New Siberia. 107. 
 Wrangell. 
 
 Relief. Page 235. 
 
 ■ Describe the great Eurasian highland. Where is it widest? 
 From the Pamir plateau to Bering strait and back. 
 Plateaus, Deserts, Mountains. 
 
305 
 
 108. Describe the Pamir plateau. What may be said about the 
 surface? 109. Describe the Tibet plateau. Which is the highest 
 inhabited region of the world? 110. Describe the plateau of Mon- 
 golia. What mountains border on this plateau? 111. Describe 
 the plateau of Turkestan. 112. Gobi. Where is it? 113. Describe 
 and locate the Thian Shan mountains. 114. Altai mountains. 
 115. Yablonoi mountains. 116. Locate the Stanavoi mountains, 
 117. Khinghan mountains. 118. Kuenlun mountains. 119, Hi- 
 malaya mountain peaks. 120. Mt. Everest. 121. Tell about the 
 parallel mountain chains. 122. Plateau of Dekkan. 
 
 From the Pamir Plateau to the Strait of Gibraltar. Page 236. 
 
 123. Describe the plateau of Iran. What does it include? 124. 
 Describe the plateau of Asia Minor. 125. Plateau of Armenia. 
 126. Plateau of Arabia. 127. Balkan plateau. 128. Alpine 
 plateau. 129. Spanish plateau. .30. Hindu Kush mountains. 
 131. Sulaiman mountains. 132. Elburz mountains. 133. Zagros 
 mountains. 134. Caucasus mountains. What may be said as to 
 their mineral wealth? 135. Taurus mountains. 136. Lebanon 
 mountains. 137. Describe the Carpathian mountains. 138. Alps. 
 What can you say about the position of the avalanches? What is 
 an avalanche? In what does Switzerland resemble Colorado, 
 United States? 139. Describe the Apennines. 140. Pyrenees. 
 What do they contain? 141. Describe the Asiatic zone of deserts. 
 Name some events of Bible history which occurred in the Arabian 
 desert. 142. Describe Kiolen mountains. 143. Ural mountains. 
 
 Noted Peaks of the Eurasian Highlands West of the Pamir. 
 
 Plateaus. Page 238. 
 
 144. Mt. Elburz. 145. Mt. Blanc. 146. Volcano StromboH. What 
 does this volcano yield? What is it sometimes called? 147. Vol- 
 cano Vesuvius. 148. Mt. Etna. 149. Mt. Ararat. 150. Mt. 
 Sinai. Point out on the map the approximate location of mounts 
 Tabor, Olive, and Calvary. 151. The great northern lowland of 
 Eurasia. What may be said of its width? Of its surface? 152. 
 
306 
 
 Describe the tundras. By whom inhabited? 153. Describe the 
 forest belt. What kind of animals are found there? 154. Locate 
 and describe the Kirghiz steppes. 155. Describe the Plains of 
 Manchuria. 156. Plains of China, 157. Plains of Indo-China. 
 158. Plains of India. 159. Plains of Mesopotamia. What are 
 the natural divisions separating Europe from Asia? 
 
 EUROPE. Page 243. 
 
 Mathematical. 
 
 Recite poetry. 
 
 1. Locate Europe. In what zones does it lie? What are its lat- 
 itude boundaries? Its longitude boundaries? What part of Eur- 
 ope does the 40th parallel of latitude cross? Of North America? 
 What countries of Europe are in about the same latitude as the 
 United States? What is the area of the main body of Eruope? 
 Compare it with other continents. 
 
 Physical. Page 243. 
 
 6. Describe the coast of Europe. What may Europe be called 
 as to land divisions, and why? 
 
 7. What are the natural boundaries of Europe? 
 
 8. Trace the seas, bays, channels, and straits of Europe from the 
 Caspian sea to the Kara sea. 
 
 9. Trace and describe the capes, peninsulas, and islands of Eur- 
 ope from the Crimean peninsula to Nova Zembla. 
 
 * 
 Relief. Page 244. 
 
 10. Trace a line to mark the continental divide of Europe. Into 
 what drainiage areas does this line divide Europe? Describe each 
 area. Discuss the principal mountain ranges of Europe. . Moun- 
 tain peaks. What parts of Europe are below sea level. 
 
 14. Locate the main divide of Europe. Begin at about the 
 central part of the Ural mountains and trace a line between the 
 rivers flowing northwest or west, and those flowing southeast or 
 east. How may the drainage areas of Europe be divided? 
 
307 
 
 Drainage. Page 245. 
 
 Rivers of the Southeast and Eastern Drainage Area. 
 
 15. Describe the Ural river. The Volga. The Don. The 
 Dnieper. The Bug. The Dniester. The Po. The Tiber. The 
 Rhone. The Ebro. 
 
 Rivers of the Northwest and Western Drainage Area. 
 
 26. Describe the Petchora river. The Dwina. The Duna. The 
 Vistula. The Oder. The Elbe. The Weser. The Rhine. The 
 Seine. The Loire. The Garonne. The Tagus. The Douro. The 
 Thames, The Severn. The Shannon. 
 
 Name and describe in order the five largest rivers of Europe. 
 Name in order the rivers on the northwestern slope. 
 
 How have the rivers of Europe been made a great commercial 
 importance. Trace a water route by river and canal from the Rhone 
 to the North sea. From the Black sea to the mouth of the Rhine. 
 
 Lakes. Page 249. 
 
 Account for the numerous lakes on the British Isles. In Scan- 
 dinavia and Finland. 
 
 44. Discuss five lakes in the region about the Baltic sea and 
 eompare with the lake region of North America. 
 
 Discuss the lakes in the region of the Alps. 
 
 Climate. Page 250. 
 
 46. Describe the climate of eastern, or low Europe. Of western 
 and northwestern Europe. Of southern Europe. 
 
 Animals. -Page 250. 
 
 47. How do the animals of Europe, both wild and domestic, com- 
 pare with those of North America? Name the animals peculiar to 
 North America. Discuss the characteristic animals of Europe. 
 The birds of Europe. The domestic animals. Food fish. 
 
 Vegetation. Page 251. 
 
 51, Discuss the vegetation of the extreme northern part. Of 
 the region south of the tundras. Of central Europe. Locate the 
 cool temperate belt around the world. What are the chief pro- 
 
308 
 
 ductions of this belt? Discuss the vegetation of southern Europe? 
 Trace the warm temperate belt around the world. What are the 
 principal productions of this belt? 
 
 Minerals. Page 252. 
 
 52. What can be said of the mineral resources of Europe? Speak 
 briefly on gold, silver, petroleum, copper-ores, tin-ores, peat, salt. 
 
 History and Religion. Page 252. 
 
 61. What may be said of the importance of Europe and for what 
 is it distinguished? By whom was Europe first peopled and from 
 where did it receive its early civilization? Describe the spread of 
 civilization from Greece to Italy, and from Italy over western and 
 northern Europe. What can you say of the Roman Empire? Of 
 the origin of our alphabet ? 
 
 62. Name and locate the Latin countries. The Germanic coun- 
 tries. From where did Great Britain receive its language and its 
 name. 
 
 64. What does Slavonic Europe comprise? What can be 
 said of the early civilization of Greece? From where and by whom 
 was Christianity brought to Europe? 
 
 67. What religion prevails in nearly all the Latin Countries? 
 In the Germanic countries? In the Slavonic countries? What 
 can be said of the Eastern or Greek church? What is the Catholic 
 population of Europe? 
 
 People. Page 254. 
 
 69 What is the population of Europe? What can be said of 
 the density of the population? How is Europe divided? What 
 races of mankind prevail in Europe? 
 
 Industries. Page 255. 
 
 72. In what does Europe greatly resemble the United States? 
 Explain. Discuss the three principal industries of the people 
 of Europe. 
 
 Government. Page 255. 
 
 74. Discuss the government of Europe. Name the six great 
 
309 
 
 powers of Europe. 
 
 Countries of Europe. Page 256. 
 
 76. Austria Hungary: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) 
 Capital. (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaport. (6) Products. (7) Ex- 
 ports. (8) Import.s. What can be said of the quicksilver mines 
 of Idria? Mineral Waters? 
 
 77. Belgium: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaports. For what is Antwerp noted? (6) 
 Products. (7) Exports. (8) Imports. For what two things is 
 Belguim noted? 
 
 78. Bulgaria: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital, 
 and chief cities. (4) Products. (5) Exports. (6) imports. 
 
 79. Denmark: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital 
 and chief cities. (4) Products. (5) Exports. (6) Imports. What 
 may be said of the western coast of Denmark? 
 
 80. England: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. Name the 
 most important British foreign possessions. (3) Capital. (4) 
 Chief cities. .What can be said of Birmingham? (5) Seaports. 
 What can be said of Manchester? (6) Products. (7) Exports. 
 (8) Imports. (9) For what are the English people noted? Oxford 
 and Cambridge? What can be said of the grand cathedrals, 
 churches, and monasteries? 
 
 81. France: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. Name the most 
 important colonial possessions. (3) Capital. (4) Chief cities. (5) 
 Seaports. (6) Products. (7) Exports. (8) Imports. The French 
 people. 
 
 82. German Empire: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. 
 For what is Pussia noted? Name the principal colonial poss- 
 essions of the German Empire. (3) Capital. (4) Chief cities. 
 
 (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7) Exports. (8) Imports. The 
 German people. 
 
 83. Greece; (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7) Imports. (8) 
 Exports. 
 
 84. Holland: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. Colonial 
 possessions. (3) Capital. (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) 
 
310 
 
 Products. (7) Exports. (8) Imports. Where are the chief 
 mineral resources of this country? The Dutch people. (10) 
 Luxenburg. 
 
 85. Ireland: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7) Exports. (8) 
 
 Imports. The Giants' Causeway. The Irish people. 
 
 86. Italy: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. (4) 
 Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7) Exports. (8) Im- 
 ports. The people of Italy. 
 
 87. Montenegro: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Cap- 
 ital. (4) Products. (5) Exports. (6) Imports. 
 
 88. Norway: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7) Exports 
 
 (8) Imports. 
 
 89. Portugal: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. Colonial pos- 
 sessions. (3) Capital. (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products 
 
 (7) Exports. (8) Imports. Inhabitants. 
 
 90. Russia; (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7) Exports. 
 
 (8) Imports. Russia among the cotton manufacturin:' nations. 
 
 91. Roumania." (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Products. (6) Exports. (7) Imports. 
 
 92. Scotland: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7)Exports. (8) 
 Imports. 
 
 93 Spain; (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. (4) 
 Chief cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7) Exports. (8) Imports. 
 The inhabitants. 
 
 94. Sweden: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Seaport. (6) Products. (7) Exports. 
 (8) Imports. 
 
 95. Servia: (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital. 
 (4) Chief city. (5) Products. (6) Exports. (7) Imports. For 
 what is Servia noted? 
 
 96. Switzerland; (1) Boundaries. (2) Government. (3) Capital 
 (4) Chief cities. (5) Products. (6) Exports. (7) Imports. For 
 what is Switzerland noted? 
 
311 
 
 Small Countries of Europe. Page 269. 
 
 98. Locate Andorra. Government. Its inhabitants. 
 
 99. Monaco, locate. For what noted? 
 
 100. San Marino. Position. Area. 
 
 Seaports, Exports, Imports. Page 269. 
 
 101. Locate and describe Odessa, Constantinople, Saloniki, 
 Athens, Trieste, Venice, Naples, Genoa, Marseilles, Barcelona, 
 Malaga, Lisbon, Oporto, Bordeaux, London, Liverpool. 
 Glasgow, Belfast, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Hamburg, St. Petersburg, 
 Riga, Gottenborg, Hammerfest. 
 
 The Ten Largest Cities of Europe. Page 272. 
 
 128. Describe London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, 
 Constantinople, Moscow, Glasgow, Warsaw, Buda-Pest. 
 
 Miscellaneous. Page 273. 
 
 138. How does the population of Europe compare with that of 
 the United States? Which are the coldest countries of Europe? 
 The warmest? What four rivers have their sources in the glaciers 
 of the Alps? Through what countries does the Danube flow? 
 For what is Birmingham noted? Sheffield? 
 
 143. Give a short description of Westminster Abbey. The London 
 Tower. For what is Edinburgh noted? Armagh? Granada? 
 Madrid? St. Etienne? Havre? Lyons? Lourdes? Avignon? 
 Cologne? Strassburg? Sonneburg? Munich? Switzerland? Tell of the 
 three long tunnels piercing the Alps. Describe Rome. St Peter's 
 Dome. Assisi. For what is Pisa noted? Brussels? Waterloo? St. 
 Sophia's? St Petersburg? 
 
 170. What part of the land area of Europe does Russia com- 
 prise? Name the five principal cities of Russia. For what is 
 Sevastople noted? Answer search questions. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 MathematicaL Page 280. 
 Recite poem. "^ 
 
312 
 
 I. How does Asia compare with the other continents in size? 
 What part of the land area of the globe does it comprise? Locate 
 Asia. 
 
 3. What is the latitude? Longitude? The area? 
 
 Physical. Page 280. 
 
 7. How is its coast line? Bound Asia. 
 
 8. Trace the bays, seas, channels, and straits of Asia from Kara 
 iea to Caspian sea. Trace the capes, peninsulas, and islands of 
 Asia from North East Cape to Crimean peninsula. 
 
 Relief. Page 28 L 
 
 II. Into what three physical regions may the contnient of Asia 
 be divided? Describe each. Describe the steppes. The forest 
 region. 
 
 12. Trace the great central Highland. Name and decsribe the 
 chief rivers of the Arctic slope. Of the Pacific slope. Of the 
 Indian ocean slope. What can be said of the lakes of Asia? Name 
 and describe the principal salt lakes of Asia. The largest fresh 
 water lake. 
 
 Climate. Page 283. 
 
 21. What can be said of the variety of the climate of Asia? 
 How is the climate in the northern part ? On the great highlands? 
 In southern Asia? On the eastern borders of the continent? In 
 Japan? 
 
 Animals. Page 284. 
 
 22. What can be said of the aminals north of the great high- 
 lands? Of the musk deer? What is fossil ivory? Where found? 
 From what four sources is ivory obtained? What can be said of 
 the animals of southern Asia? Of the domesticated wild animals? 
 Distinguish between the dromedary and the bactrian. What can 
 be said of the domestic animals of Asia? 
 
 Vegetation. Page 284. 
 
 23. What can be said of the vegetation and food plants of Asia? 
 
313 
 
 Into what three vegetation belts may the continent be divided? 
 Describe the vegetation of . southern Asia. Of central Asia. Of 
 western Asia 
 
 Minerals. Page 285. 
 
 25. What can be said of the minerals of Asia? Where are each 
 of the following found; — gold, platinum, silver, copper, tin, pet- 
 roleum, quicksilver, diamonds, and other precious stones, pearls? 
 
 History. Page 285. 
 
 26. Speak briefly on the history of Asia. 
 
 Religion. Page 286. 
 
 27. What can be said of the religion of Asia? Of the Roman 
 Catholic Church? Name and describe the other principal forms of 
 religion. 
 
 People. Page 286. 
 
 29. Discuss the population of Asia. Name and locate the 
 different races of mankind inhabiting Asia. What are the leading 
 occupations of the people of Asia. 
 
 Government. Page 287. 
 
 32. Discuss the government of Asia. 
 
 The Countries of Asia. Page 287. 
 From Turkey by sea to Russia. 
 
 33. Turkey: (1) Position. What does it include? (2) What 
 can be said of Syria? (3) Government. (4) Capital. (5) Cities. 
 
 (6) Seaports. (7) Products. 
 
 34. Arabia: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) Capital. (4) 
 Cities. For what are Mecca and Medina noted? (5) Products. 
 
 (7) Oman. (8) Maskat. (9) Aden. 
 
 35. Persia: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) Capital. (4) 
 Products. 
 
 36. Baluchistan. Afghanistan: (1) Position. (2) Government, 
 (3) Capital. (4) Products. 
 
314 
 
 37. British India: (1) Position. (2) Government. (3)Capital. 
 (4) Cities. (5) Products. (6) Commerce. Benares. (7) Kashmir. 
 
 38. Nepal and Bhutan. Where and what? 
 
 39. Indo-China. (1) Position. (2) Government of French 
 Indo China, Siam, Straits Settlements, Burma and Assam. For 
 what is Burma noted? (3) Products. Of what value is the teak 
 tree.? What is gutta-percha? 
 
 40. The Chinese Empire. (1) Position and extent. (2) Govern- 
 ment. (3)Capitals. (4) Cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products, (7) 
 For what are the Chinese noted? (8) Not d public works. 
 (9) Historical notes. 
 
 41. Korea. (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) Capital. (4) 
 Cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. 
 
 42. Japanese Empire. (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) 
 Capital. (4) Cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7> For what 
 are the Japanese noted? 
 
 43. Asiatic Russia. (1) Position. (2) Government. (3) Capi- 
 tals. (4) Cities. (5) Seaports. (6) Products. (7) What can be 
 said of the Trans-Siberian railroad? 
 
 Seaports. Page 293. 
 
 44. From Vladivostok by sea to Smyrna, 
 
 (1) Vladivostok. (2) Port Arthur. (3) Yokohama. (4) Shang- 
 hai. (5) Canton. (6) Hongkong. (7) Bangkok. (8) Singapore. 
 (9) Rangoon. (10) Calcutta. (11) Madras. (12) Colombo. (13) 
 Bombay. (14) Karachi. (15) Maskat. (16) Aden. (17) Jaffa. 
 (18) Beirut. (19) Smyrna. 
 
 Ten largest cities of Asia: 
 
 45. Locate and describe: Tokyo, Pekin, Calcutta, Singan, Osa- 
 ka, Canton, Hankou, Bombay, Tientsin, Shanghai. 
 
 Miscellaneous. Page 297. 
 
 46. For what is Agra noted? Delhi? Pekin? Yokohama? 
 Which language is spoken by the greater number of people and 
 which is most widely spread? How long has the art of printing 
 been in use among the Chinese? Describe briefly the ruins of Ba- 
 bylon. Of Nineveh. What can be said of the Crusades? What 
 two countries are famed for their fine horses? How are elephants 
 
315 
 
 employed in Indo-China? What are the three chief products of 
 China? What is opium? By whom were fire-crackers and fire- 
 arms first made? What is the bamboo? Camphor? Attar of 
 roses? Lacquer? Frank-incense? Sago? 
 
 Palestine. Page 300. 
 Stanza. (1) Name. (2) Position. (3) Boundaries. (4) Ex- 
 tent. (5) Size. (6) Physical features. (7) Mountains. (8) Riv- 
 ers. (9) Lakes. (10) Chmate. (11) Productions. (12) Divi- 
 sions. (13) Cities. — .Java, Bethlehem, Nazareth, Bethany. 
 
 POINTS FOR GENERAL REVIEW. 
 
 I. — Name the continents in order of size. 
 II.— Discuss: 
 
 1. The islands in each ocean and in the Mediterranean. 
 
 2. The capes on each ocean; 
 
 3. The peninsulas of each continent; 
 
 4. The seas of the globe; 
 
 5. The gulfs, bays, and sounds of each continent; 
 
 6. The channels and straits in connection with each continent; 
 
 7. The relief of each continent; 
 
 8. The drainage areas and rivers of each continent; 
 
 9. The principal lakes of each continent; 
 
 10. The 40th and 45th, the 30th and 35th parallels north latitude; 
 
 11. The equator and four principal small circles; 
 
 12. The climate of each continent; 
 
 13. The animals of each continent; 
 
 14. The vegetation of each continent; 
 
 15. The minerals of each continent; 
 
 16. The exports and imports of each continent; 
 
 17. The rank of the countries in each of the leading productions; 
 
 18. The largest cities of each continent; 
 
 19. The seaports of each continent; 
 
 20. The principal cities on the Mississippi; 
 
 21. The prinicpal cities on the Great Lakes; 
 
 22. The principal seaboard cities of Nort.h America; 
 
 23. The principal canals and locks of the world; 
 
 24. The government and political divisions of each continent; 
 
 25. The people of each continent; 
 
 26. Religions practiced in each continent. ; 
 
Examination Questions. 
 
 1. — What is latitude? How is it reckoned? What is longitude? How is it 
 reckoned? Give approximately the latitude and longitude of La Crosse. 
 
 2. — What relation to longitude has our system of time in the United States? 
 If you were to go directly east from La Crosse around the world, what countries 
 would you cross? 
 
 3. — Name the States that touch the Mississippi River, and give their capitals. 
 
 4. — Why should a large city have grown up at Minneapolis? At Chicago? 
 
 5. — Name and locate by states, ten of the largest cities of the United States. 
 
 6. — Select five of the leading agricultural productions of the United States, 
 and locate by states the regions where they are most largely produced. 
 
 7. — Do the same with five mineral productions. 
 
 8. — Name ten countries of Europe, the capital and at least one other large city 
 of each. 
 
 9. — What is climate? V\^hat are the two chief factors that detei-mine it? 
 How else may the climate of a place be modified? Give illustration. 
 
 10. — Write on the topic, "The Mountains and Rivers of Asia." 
 
 II. 
 
 1. — How often is the census of the United States taken? Give approximately 
 the population of the V. S. Of Wisconsin. Of La Crosse. What five cities 
 would you put first in the population of the U. S? 
 
 2. — Bound Wisconsin; give capital; locate five of the largest cities. 
 
 3. — Name and locate the three principal drainage areas of Wisconsin. Name 
 three of the chief streams of the largest drainage area, and one each of the two 
 smaller. 
 
 4. — Name ten of the more important rivers that drain the Atlantic Slope 
 within the U. S. 
 
 5. — AVhich two to the above ten would you put first because of their commerce? 
 What one because of its manufactures? Is there any other river of the continent 
 floMang into the Atlantic that you would consider quite as impoitant as any 
 you have named? Give your reasons for thinking so. 
 
 6. — Name the two largest rivers of each continent. 
 
 7. — What and where are these: Vienna, Manila, Nome, Honolulu, Liverpool, 
 Pretoria, Yukon, Mindanao, St. Elias, Sault St. Marie? 
 
 8. — Select five of the most important productions of the United States. Which 
 two would you put first among the exports? What part would be more likely 
 to send more of each than another? 
 
 9. — How long do the days continue to increase in length? When will the 
 days and nights be equal? Upon what three factors do the unequal days and 
 nights and the changes of seasons primarily" depend? 
 
 10. — Give the name and location of (a) one important river in Siberia, (b) 
 
two important cities in China, (c) one seaport of India, (d) one important island 
 of the Indian ocean. 
 
 III. 
 
 1. — If one were to travel from the north pole to the south pole, across what 
 heat belts, or zones, would he pass? Mention them in order, giving their boimd- 
 aries as reached, and the width in degrees of each zone. How many miles is 
 such a degree? 
 
 2. — Name five groups of states. Name the states composing one of these groups 
 and their capitals. 
 
 3. — The leading forms of production are argicultural, mineral, and manufactured; 
 which of these takes the lead in the group you have mentioned? Mention some 
 of the chief items produced. Which states of the group lead in any of these? 
 
 4. — If you were to go from. New York City directly west to the Pacific coast, 
 what states would you cross? Name them in order. Name in order five of the 
 largest rivers you would cross. 
 
 5. — Beginning with Mimiesota, name in order the states you would cross and 
 the leading productions of each, following the west bank of the Mississippi to 
 the Gulf. 
 
 6. — Mention five of the most important centeis of foreign commerce in the 
 U. S. Locate by states five of the most important inland cities. 
 
 7. — ^What and where are these: Volga; Vesuvius; Caucasus; Biscay; Bulgaria; 
 Azov; Greece; Gibraltar; Odessa; Bosphorus? 
 
 8. — ^Which is the most northerly country of Europe? Southerly? Easterly? 
 Westerly? The highest? The lowest? Which has the longest written history? 
 Which is the most densely populated? Which is the most sparsely populated? 
 Which has the most foreign commerce? 
 
 9. — Locate the three chief rivers of S. America. Locate three of the chief 
 seaports. Locate the largest country and name two of the most important 
 exports. 
 
 10. — ^What three countries occupy the largest part of Asia? What important 
 Asiatic nation occupies no part of the mainland of the continent? Locate the 
 Philippine Islands. 
 
 IV. 
 
 1. — ^What is meant by alluvial lands? Deltas? Tributaries? 
 
 2. — What is meant by climate? Name the four chief factors that determine 
 the temperature of a place. What is longitude and how reckoned? 
 
 3. — Describe briefly the three chief drainage areas of Wisconsin, naming some 
 of the largest streams of each. 
 
 4. — Name the continents in order of their size. Airange them in order of 
 population. Which ones are wholly in the northern hemisphere? Which ones 
 m the southern? 
 
 5. — Locate these rivers: Columbia, Arkansas, James, St. Lawrence, Rio Grande. 
 Locate the Cascade Mts., White Mts., Puget Soimd, Hudson Bay, Cape Hatteras. 
 
 6. — Name the territories. Name the outlying possessions of the U. S. 
 
 7.- — Use a brace and write the names of three states you would put first in 
 these productions: cotton, wheat, com, iron, coal. 
 
•8. — Name the three chief rivers of South America, Africa, Europe. 
 
 9. — Name the countries of Europe and their capitals. 
 
 10. — ^Where are the chief sources of the world's supply of cotton? "Wheat? 
 What two countries would you put first in commerce and manufactures? 
 
 V. 
 
 1.— Locate approximately five of the chief cities of Wisconsin. Name five 
 of the largest rivers, giving the directions in which they flow. 
 
 2. — Locate two great ocean currents. Name any region whose climate is 
 modified by either of them, and tell how. 
 
 3. — Besides fertile soil, what other conditions can you name that seem to be 
 essential for abundant vegetation? Give an illustration showing the effect of 
 the lack of one of these conditions. What is meant by irrigaiton? Isotherms? 
 
 4. — Give approximately the latitude and the longitude of the U. S., the area, 
 the extent in miles, and the population, 
 
 5. — Locate the chief drainage areas of the U. S. Name four of the largest 
 streams on each of the areas. 
 
 6. — What states are in the cotton belt? What states are in the wheat belt? 
 What three cities are the chief export points of the cotton belt? How many 
 stars are on our flag? Why? 
 
 7. — Name ten seas in, or bordering on Europe. 
 
 8. — Name the countries of Europe and the capitals of each. 
 
 9. — What nation controls the largest area in Asia? Second in extent? Third? 
 What nation has the largest foreign commerce with the people of Asia? Locate 
 three great seaports of Asia. 
 
 10. — What and where is each of these: Venezuela, Luzon, Martinique, the 
 Transvaal, Everest? 
 
 VI. 
 
 1. — Name and describe the two motions of the earth. Mention an effect of 
 each. 
 
 2. — What is the equator? Of what use are parallels and meridians? How 
 many degrees from the equator to the north pole? About how many miles is it 
 from the equator to the north pole? 
 
 3. — ^Upon what four things does the temperature of a place depend? How 
 ■ does each affect it? 
 
 4. — Make a pencil sketch to illustrate a river system. Indicate on it these: 
 source, mouth, right bank, tributary, a river basin, (include the latter with a dotted 
 line). 
 
 5. — About what is the latitude of La Crosse? Through about what degrees 
 of latitude does Wisconsin extend? What degrees of longitude? Which is 
 the largest river wholly within the state? Where was one of the earliest white 
 settlements in the state? 
 
 6. — How does the area of the L^nited States compare with that of Canada? 
 With Mexico? With Europe? Through what degrees of latitude does U. S. 
 extend? Through what degrees of longitude? 
 
 7. — What are the chief sources of the world's supply of cotton? Put first 
 
G. — In what countries are the following articles made in qiaantities : clocks, 
 cotton, cloth, wines, silk, machinery? 
 
 7. — ^Write in a cokimn the names of four European countries that have pos- 
 sessions in Asia, and after each the possession. 
 
 8. — Locate and state one notable fact about each of the following: Tokio, 
 Calcutta, Pekin, Vladivostok, Mecca, Baikal, Tundra, Ceylon. 
 
 9. — ^What and where are: Port Arthur, Malacca, St. Peter's, Land's End, 
 Bosphorus, Okhotsk, Gibraltar? 
 
 10. — Trace a route from Hong Kong to London. 
 
 XL 
 
 (6th Grade). 
 1. — ^What mountain system is nearest us on the west? On the east? 
 
 2. — From the skin of what wild animal are buckskin gloves made? Are cutter 
 robes made? Name three other mid animals of N. A. 
 
 3. — What country is north of ours? Name and locate three of its important 
 cities. 
 
 4. — What great branch of the Mississippi river comes in from the west? From 
 the east? Which is nearer the mouth? 
 
 5. — About one hundred miles up the river from here, one comes to the head of 
 navigation and a big city. What is the name of this city? 
 
 6. — Near the mouth of the river is a large city, the streets of which are below 
 the level of the river. Do you know its name? 
 
 7.^-Name a state good for mining. For lumbering. For commerce. For 
 fruit raising. For cotton raising. 
 
 8. — ^Where are there great cotton mills? Great pork packing-houses? 
 
 9-10. — What state is noted for maple sugar? For cod fishing? For petroleum 
 wells? For rice fields? For its production of tar? For its great wheat fields? 
 For its salmon fisheries? For its great herds of cattle? For its oysters? For 
 its coal mines? 
 
 XII. 
 
 1. — What is latitude? How is it reckoned? What is longitude? How is 
 it reckoned? 
 
 2. — Name the six continents in the order of their size. Which of them lie 
 wholly in the northern henisphere? 
 
 Name the zone in which you live, and give its boundaries. 
 
 3. — Locate the county seat of La Crosse county. Name two towns ( not 
 villages) in this county. In what direction from La Crosse is Winona? In what 
 direction from La Crosse is West Salem? In what direction from La Crosse 
 is Stoddard? 
 
 4. — Beginning at the north, name ten of the more important rivers that drain 
 the Altantic slope of the United States. 
 
 5. — Name in the order of their importance, the four factors that determine 
 the temperature of a place. Aside from the character of the soil what two 
 things have most to do in affecting the vegetation of a place? 
 
 6. — Name three argicultural products of which the U. S. produces more than 
 
any other country. Name three states among the foremost in the production 
 of each. Name three of the foremost states in the production of iron ore. 
 
 _7. — ^With what waters is the Mediterranean sea connected, and how? Name 
 two peninsulas that project into it from the north. 
 
 8. — What countries of Europe border on the Mediterranean Sea? What 
 countries or dependencies of Asia or Africa border on the Mediterranean Sea? 
 
 9. — ^Write in a column the names of five of the chief seaports of the U. S. 
 In a second column opposite the names of any three of these ports, write the name 
 of one of its chief articles of export. In a third column, three leading articles 
 of import. 
 
 10. — Locate by countries, ten large seaports of Europe, five of Asia, two of 
 S. A., and one of Australia. (Tabulate) 
 
 XIII. 
 
 1. — Draw the figure of a hemisphere. Show on it the position of each zone. 
 Mark the latitude of their boundaries. 
 
 2. — What is usually the most important factor in determining the climate of 
 a place? What other two factors might modify the effect of this one? Give 
 an illustration. 
 
 3. — Name two of the largest rivers of each of any five continents, and the 
 waters into which they flow. (Use brace and tabulate). 
 
 4. — Between what parallels of latitude does the U. S. lie? What countries 
 of Europe lie wholly or chiefly between the same parallels? Of Asia? Of Africa? 
 
 5. — Locate the three principal water-sheds of N. A. To what drainage areas 
 do they give rise? 
 
 6. — Beginning at the east, name with their capitals the states of the U. S. 
 that border Canada and the Pacific Ocean. (Tabulate) 
 
 7. — Give approximately, the size of your own state, either in area or in extent. 
 Name in order of importance the principal drainage slopes of the state and name 
 the chief streams of each slope. 
 
 8.— About what is the latitude of your native city? What are some of the 
 principal productions of your county? What railroads run into or through the 
 county? 
 
 9. — Name three of the most important agiicultm-al products of the U. S. 
 with three states very prominent in the production of each. (Tabulate). Name 
 two chief articles of export of the U. S. , the port from which each is largely shipped, 
 and a probable port of destination. (Tabulate). 
 
 10. — Locate five of the largest cities on the Mississippi river. Give reasons 
 why any of them has grown up where it is in preference to some other point on 
 the river. ^ 
 
 XIV. 
 
 1. — Locate and bound La Crosse County. Name two cities, two villages, 
 and three towns in this county. 
 
 2. — What can you say of the position and extent of Wisconsin? In wliat 
 direction does the largest part of its surface slope? Name three of the largest 
 rivers that drain the slope? 
 
 3.— Name five of the largest cities of the state, and tell in what portion of the 
 
state each ie located. What mineral productions are found, and in what part 
 of the state? In what occupation are more of the people of the state employed 
 than in any other? 
 
 4. — ^What is latitude? How is it indicated on maps? What is longitude? 
 How is it indicated on maps? What point on the earth's surface has the least 
 latitude and longitude? 
 
 5. — Name five forms of land. Define one of these and locate an example 
 of it. 
 
 6. — ^If one were to start from the northern boundary of Minnesota and go 
 directly south to the Gulf of Mexico, what states would he cross? 
 
 Name in order three great crop belts he would cross? 
 
 7. — Name ten seas in or bordering upon Europe. 
 
 8. — ^What nation in Europe has the largest foreign commerce? Name the 
 largest city of Europe. What form of government has France? What form of 
 government has Germany? What form of government has Turkey? What 
 is the largest river of Austria, and into what does it flow? Name the highest 
 mountain range in Europe, stating in what part of the continent it is'. Name 
 two peninsulas, each of which is occupied by two nations. 
 
 9.— Name three states that are foremost producers of each of the three crops 
 mentioned in the sixth. Name three lake ports that ship large quantities of 
 iron ore, and three other lake ports to which it largely goes. 
 
 10. — Name the highest mountain range of Asia. Name two of the largest 
 rivers draining the eastern and two the southern slope of Asia. Name three of 
 the most important countries of eastern or southern Asia, and the capital of each. 
 Name the two largest rivers of Africa. Name the two largest rivers of S. A 
 
 XV. 
 
 1 — Give as nearly as you can, these facts about Wisconsin : latitude, longitude, 
 area, population, capital, three chief farm products, two chief mineral products; 
 put each item in a line by itself. 
 
 2. — Name two cities, three villages, and three towns in this county. 
 
 3. —What states touch both banks of the Mississippi? What states touch 
 only its east bank? Its west bank? 
 
 4.— What outlying possessions has the United States? Name two important 
 productions of each of three of them. 
 
 5. — ^What route might it follow if a cargo of flour were shipped by water 
 from Duluth to Liverpool? 
 
 6. — ^What three nations of Europe have the largest trade with the U. S.? Name 
 three of the chief items of our exports to them, and two of our chief imports from 
 them. With what country of S. A. do we have the largest trade, and what is 
 the chief item of their sales to us? 
 
 7. — In a belt extending around the world from 25° N. latitude to 30° N. lati- 
 tude, what are five of the most important agricultural productions? What 
 in a similiar belt between 40° and 45° N. latitude? 
 
 8. — Locate the chief mountain range of each of five of the continents. 
 
 9. — ^What bodies of water are separated by the isthmus of Suez? What 
 bodies of land does it connect? Same of the isthmus of Panama. 
 
 10.- — ^What three rivers of Europe would you name as being among those of 
 the greatest commercial importance? 
 
 Which are the two largest rivers of Africa? 
 
XVI. 
 
 1. — Locate by states ten of the chief seaports of the United States. 
 
 2. — Locate by states ten of the chief interior cities of the United States. 
 
 3. — ^What railroads has La Crosse? Name five prominent manufacturing 
 industries of La Crosse. 
 
 4. — What states extend farther north than Wisconsin? What two rivers 
 carry any portion of the M^aters of Wisconsin to the ocean? Name the longest 
 stream of the state, and tell into which of the above named rivers its waters 
 find their way. 
 
 5. — What is longitude? From what point is it generally reckoned? Name 
 in order of importance three things that affect the climate of a place. 
 
 6. — Name three agricultural products in which the U. S. is foremost in the 
 world. Name three states prominent in the production of each and a port from 
 which each would probably be shipped for export. (Tabulate). 
 
 7. — Name the states that touch Wisconsin gi^'ing the capital and largest 
 city of each. (Tabulate). 
 
 8. — Name in order beginning at the north, ten of the chief rivers that drain 
 the Atlantic slope of the U. S. 
 
 9. — Give in tabular form the names of ten of the chief countries of Europe, 
 with the capital of each. 
 
 10. — What and where are these: Vladivostok, Formosa, Korea, Manchuria, 
 Tokyo, Hong Kong, Everest, Mudken, Amur, Tibet. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 1. — Bound Wisconsin. Give approximately: its area; its length in miles 
 from north to south, its breadth from east to west. 
 
 2. — Name in order, beginning at the north, the four chief rivers that drain 
 the western slope of Wisconsin and state into what they flow. Name and locate 
 its most important mineral product. Name and locate five of the chief cities. 
 
 3. — On what four things does the temperature of a place mainly depend? 
 What and where is the north temperate zone? What continents lie mainly 
 within it? 
 
 4. — Which races of mankind have no powerful nations? Which two nations 
 live chiefly in the torrid zone? Which race has the largest number of people 
 under the control of the U. S? Which next? Which third? 
 
 5. — Mention some of the vegetable productions that are characteristic of each 
 zone. 
 
 6. — Name the four chief drainage slopes of N. A., and three of the largest 
 rivers of each. (Tabulate). 
 
 7. — ^What state has waters to flow into the Arctic ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, 
 and the Gulf of Mexico? What state has a greater climate than any other? Give 
 two reasons for this. What state is first in production of coal? What state is 
 first in the production of iron ore? What state is first in population, wealth 
 commerce, and manufactures? 
 
 8. — Arrange in tabular form the names of ten nations of Europe, their cap- 
 italSjJand form of government. 
 
9. — Name ten seas in, or bordering on Europe. 
 
 10. — Compare Russia with Japan in situation, size, population, and wealth. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 1. — What is meant by "the trade winds"? Locate them. Explain their 
 importance to man. 
 
 What is a glacier? a geyser? an isthm.us? Give illustrations. 
 
 2. — Name four peninsulas of Asia. In what general direction do they project? 
 Name five bodies of water which touch Asia. 
 
 3. — Compare Iowa with Alabam-a as regards area, surface, climate, population, 
 principal crop. 
 
 4. — Locate Hawaii; the Phillippine Islands. Of what importance are they 
 to the U. S.? Name the principal city of each. Name two products of each. 
 Where is Mauna Loa? What is it? 
 
 5. — Compare Africa with South America as to . ^ 
 
 (a) size; 
 
 (b) location and chief mountain system; 
 
 (c) number of large river systems; 
 
 (d) large and important cities; 
 
 (e) number, size, and im.portance of lakes. 
 
 6. — Define delta, archipelago, estuary, river-basin, volcano, atoll, strait, 
 selvas, sound. Name and locate an example of each. 
 
 7. — Describe fully the Nile river. 
 
 8. — Describe and locate Niagara Falls, Yellowstone Park. 
 
 9. — What is hay? Where largely produced? 
 
 10. — ^Write a letter from one of the following cities describing its location, 
 sources of wealth and objects of interest: Edinburgh, Venice, Paris, Constantinople. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 1.^ — Describe the formation of coal. Distinguish between the different kinds. 
 What is peat? 
 
 2. — Explain the relief system of N. A. In it locate five mountain ranges 
 and five peaks. 
 
 3. — Upon what natural resources do the industries of New England depend? 
 Answer by states as far as you can. 
 
 4.— Which has the warmer climate, Boston or Seattle? Give reasons for 
 your answer. How does the climate of Minneapolis differ from each? 
 
 5. — Explain standard time. What is the difference between standard time 
 and sun time? 
 
 6. — Give cause and effect of land and sea breeze. What are monsoons? What 
 are known as trade winds? Why so named? 
 
 7. — Locate six cities in England and four in France. Give reasons for location, 
 and important industry of each one. 
 
 8. — Locate the following and state some important historical fact connected 
 with each: Lake Cham plain, Boston, St. Augustine. 
 
 9. — ^What state in the Union excels in the production of (a) coal, (b) rice. 
 
 (c) cotton, (d) copper, (e) gold? 
 
10. — Name the states bordering on the Gulf of Mexico and give their capitals. 
 
 XX. 
 
 1. — ^Give briefly but definitely (a) three proofs of the earth's shape; (b) 
 Two results of the earth's rotation on its axis. 
 
 2. — Define climate and mention those conditions that influence it. 
 
 3. — Locate and describe briefly any five of the following: Korea, Porto Rico, 
 Yokohama, Gibraltar, Manchuria, the Balkan Peninsula, Finland, Transvaal. 
 
 . 4. — Over what waters would an ocean steamer pass in going from St. Peters- 
 burg to Odessa by the shortest available route? 
 
 5. — Name not more than seven countries (in all) that supply the markets of 
 the world with the following, stating what product each country supplies: (a) 
 wheat, (b) cotton, (c) coffee, (d) diamonds, (e) gold. 
 
 6. — Compare the West Indies with the Eastern Archipelago as to location, 
 climate, products, inhabitants. 
 
 7. — ^What are ten of the following: teak, ivory, whalebone, copra, quinine, 
 asphalt, amber, treacle, sisal, bran, nutmeg, sardines. 
 
 8. — Mention an important seaport of: (a) Scotland; (b) Holland; (c) Texas; 
 (d) Russia; (e) Philippines; (f) Egypt; (g) Venezuela; (h) Hawaii; (i) China; 
 (j) Norway; (k) Washington. 
 
 9. — On what waters would a ship sail in going from London to St. Petersburg? 
 From London to Athens? 
 
 10. — 'Where in the United States are the following most abundantly produced: 
 Beet sugar, cane sugar, marble, turpentine, mercury. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 1. — Draw a map of the western coast of the United States and outline the 
 coast states. 
 
 2. — Locate: Columbia R., Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Sierra Nevada 
 Mts. 
 
 3.— In what zone are the Philippine Islands? Name the longest island; the 
 capital; three important products. 
 
 4. — Name and locate two other island possessions of the United States. 
 
 5. — Give area (main body) and population of the United States. 
 
 6. — Name one state that leads in each of the following: Manufactures, corn, 
 cotton, mining. 
 
 7-8. — Germany. Describe the surface. Name and locate two important 
 rivers. Name and locate the most important seaport. Give two important 
 exports. 
 
 9-10. — Name and locate the capital of Spain. The largest city in Italy. A 
 leading seaport in Japan. Two canals not in the United States. 
 
 XXII. 
 1.— Name three of the prevailing religions of Asia and state where found. 
 
 2.— Name five wild animals one might encounter in going from Madras to the 
 mouth of the Yenesei river. 
 
 3.— Locate Yokohama, Calcutta, Singapore. 
 
4. — Name the state that leads in the production of each of the following: 
 (a) Dairy products, (b) Cotton, (c) Corn, (d) Manufactures, (e) Sugar. (Use 
 the form, Fruit, California). 
 
 5. — Give two leading products of each of the following: Argentina, Germany, 
 Australia, Canada, Philippine Islands. 
 
 ^ 6. — Draw a map of the eastern coast of Asia, including the principal island of 
 the Japanese Empire and of the Philippines. Locate on your map four seas, 
 two rivers, three seaports, and one peninsula. (Scale about }4 inch to 100 miles). 
 
 7. — Name two localities in which each of the following is abundantly pro- 
 duced: Coffee, silk, bananas, rubber, and wool. 
 
 8. — Name ten states of the United States that have seaports and the chief 
 seaport for each state named. 
 
 9 — Bound Brazil, naming natural boundaries as well as political. 
 
 10. — Sketch a map showing the relative positions of Porto Rico, Cuba, southern 
 coast of Florida, New Orleans, eastern terminus of purposed Panama Canal, 
 and the northeastern coast of South America. (Be careful of distances). 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 (3rd Grade). 
 
 1. — Draw a map showing the following: Gulf, peninsula, cape, island, strait. 
 
 2. — How many continents are there? Name them. 
 
 3. — ^What is a river?;^Name two that you have seen. 
 
 4. — ^What are the following: Pacific, Mexico, Cuba, Africa, Mississippi? 
 
 5. — Name five animals of the torrid zone. 
 
 6. — ^In what zones do these grow: wheat, bananas, spices, cotton, coffee? 
 
 7. — Name the five zones. Which is the hottest? Which is the coldest? 
 
 8. — What is the equator? 
 
 9. — Name three occupations of your county. Name your county. 
 
 10. — If you could travel, where would you visit? Why? 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 (4th Grade). 
 
 1. — Name three countries of North America and their capitals. 
 
 2. — How many motions has the earth? Name one thing that each effects, 
 
 3. — Draw a river and mark its source, right bank, left bank, mouth. 
 
 4. — Name and locate the five zones. 
 
 5.— Name a river that flows into the Arctic ocean, the Atlantic ocean, into 
 the Gulf of Mexico, the Pacific ocean, Hudson Bay. 
 
 6. — Name the continents that touch the Pacific ocean. 
 
 7. — About how wide and how long is the United States? 
 
 8. — Name the Great Lakes and tell what river drains them. 
 
 9. — What and where are: Yukon, Cuba, Shasta, Ottawa, Yucatan, Cod. 
 
10. — Name four important seaports on the Atlantic, one on the Pacific, one 
 on the Gulf of Mexico. Name the largest city of your state; of the United States. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 (5th Grade). 
 
 1. — Name the most important countries of Europe. 
 
 2.— What productions do we send to England? What does she send to us? 
 
 3. — Locate China. Name its capital and principal seaports. 
 
 4. — What and whei-e are the following: Tibet, jungles, Suez, Manchuria, 
 Ceylon? 
 
 5. — Name the largest and second largest city of Europe and locate each. 
 
 6. — Name two of the most important rivers of Africa. Why important? 
 Name and locate two other important rivers of Africa. 
 
 7. — ^What island empire is east of China? To what race do her people belong? 
 
 8.— Where are the Alps? The Himalayas? The Andes? The Atlas? the Rockies? 
 
 9. — ^What country of South America leads in the production of coffee? Of 
 wheat? From where is each shipped? 
 
 10. — If you were to travel, where would you visit? why? 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 - (6th Grade). 
 
 1. — What rivers, mountains, and seas separate Europe from Asia? Europe 
 from Africa? 
 
 2. — What warm current reaches the shores of western Europe? How does it 
 affect the cUmate? 
 
 3. — ^What can you say of the government of European countries? 
 
 4. — Name the six great powers of Europe. 
 
 5." — On what waters would a ship sail in going from Marseilles to St. Petersburg? 
 From Liverpool to Bombay? 
 
 6. — What coimtry in Asia belongs to Great Britain? To Russia? What 
 independent empire in eastern Asia? What island empire off the coast? 
 
 7. — Name the chief exports of China. Four chief exports of British India. 
 
 8. — To what Asiatic city would an importer send for cotton? Tea? Coffee? 
 Shawls? Spices? Silk? 
 
 9. — Upon what things does the climate of a place chiefly depend? 
 
 10. — Compare the climate of Labrador with that of the British Isles. Give 
 reason for the difference. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 (7th and 8th Grades). 
 
 I. — Name the continents in order of their size. Which one lies wholly in the 
 northern hemisphere? Which one lies partly in both, the northern and southern 
 hemispheres? 
 
 2. — In Europe, Asia, and North America name two mountain regions, putting 
 
the most important first; name a large river having its source in those mountains, 
 the general direction of its flow, and the water into which it flows. 
 
 3. — ^What and where is the equator? The tropic of Cancer? The tropic of 
 Capricorn? Which is the longest and which is the shortest day of the year on 
 each of the tropics? 
 
 4. — If a line were drawn so as to separate the drainage of the St. Lawrence 
 system from the others, through what states would the line pass? 
 
 5. — ^Which of the states of the Atlantic slope send a part of their drainage 
 waters into the Mississippi River? What states west of the Mississippi send 
 only a part of their drainage waters into it? 
 
 6. — Bound Wisconsin. Name five of its largest riA^ers, five of it largest cities, 
 and five of its principal productions. 
 
 7. — Not including gold and silver, which are the most important mineral 
 productions of the United States, and in what states are the chief sources of supply 
 of each. ^ 
 
 8.- — In what four agricultural products does the United States rank foremost 
 in the world? Name five states prominent in the production of each. 
 
 9. — With what three countries does the United states have its largest foreign 
 trade? Mention five of the most important of our exports in that trade. Men- 
 tion five of our principal imports with the country or countries from which 
 they come. 
 
 10. — Locate by countries ten of the great cities of the world. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 1. — About what is the temperature of the room in which you are sitting? 
 About what is the temperature of a hot day in summer? Of a cold day in winter? 
 
 2. — In what zone is a place one thousand miles east of us? One thousand 
 miles west? 
 
 3. — In what zone are fur-bearing animals found? In which does the monkey 
 live? From what animal is the whalebone taken? Where is it found? 
 
 4. — Name a fruit produced by the palm tree. Name two trees you know by 
 sight. 
 
 5. — What is meant by commerce? By transportation? By agriculture? 
 By manufacturing?.? 
 
 6. — Name three articles made in factories in La Crosse. 
 
 7. — Name three grains, two vegetables, and one fruit raised in quantities 
 by the farmers around La Crosse. 
 
 8. — How far is it from your schoolhouse to the center of the earth? 
 
 9.^ — The earth turns as a top turns. What is the motion called? 
 
 10. — ^Where does latitude begin? In which direction does it extend? 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 1. — Give approximately the days of the year when the sun's rays are most 
 oblique at the equator. 
 
 2.— Define estuary. Mention a great estuary of (a) Scotland; (b) England. 
 
 3. — Mention an important lake port of (a) Ohio; (b) Illinois; (c) Ontario; 
 
(d) New York; (e) Michigan, 
 
 4. — What waters are connected by (a) the Suez canal; (b) the Welland canal; 
 (c) the Cham plain canal; (d) the Erie canal? 
 
 5. — Mention three important ports on the Pacific connected with San Fran- 
 cisco by steamship lines? 
 
 6. — Mention an important possession of England in (a) Africa; (b) Asia! 
 
 (c) South America; (d) North America. 
 
 7. — What is the principal seaport of (a) Scotland; (b) Mexico; (c) Argentina; 
 
 (d) Cuba; (e) Canada. 
 
 8. — Mention and locate five countries of New York which bear the names 
 of lakes within or adjacent to them. 
 
 9.— What waters would be traversed by one on a direct voyage from the 
 mouth of the Nile to the mouth of the Ganges. 
 
 10. — Show how the mineral wealth of England has been conducive to manu- 
 facturing interests. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 1. — Define climate, latitude, longitude, and name five conditions that modify 
 climate. 
 
 2. — Bound England and tell of its climate. 
 
 3. — Name the physical divisions of the United States, and tell what each 
 produces. 
 
 4. — Draw an outline map of Wisconsin, locating principal rivers, cities, and 
 industries. 
 
 5. — ^What are imports? What are exports? Name five of each for this 
 country. 
 
 6.— Locate five principal ports of the United States. Five principal inland 
 
 cities. 
 
 7. — Name five peninsulas which project in a southerly direction, and state 
 from what country. 
 
 8. — Describe the largest mountain range and the longest river of North Amer- 
 ica; of South America; of Europe. 
 
 9. — Locate and tell what the following represent: Cairo, Rhine, Corsica, Liver- 
 pool, Bering.. 
 
 10. — Name the regular waters on which a vessel would sail in going from 
 Chicago to London. 
 
WUxsmnmn. 
 
 Wisconsin! thou precious gem 
 In Liberty's bright crown, 
 
 Let all thy sons and daughters sing 
 Thy glory and renown. 
 
 How many heroes, now at rest, 
 With records fair and bright, 
 
 As staunch and noble sons of thine 
 Have fought for Freedom's right! 
 
 1. Location. Wisconsin belongs to the northern states, and lies 
 in the central part of this section. It is about looo miles from the 
 Atlantic ocean, looo miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and 2000 
 miles from the Pacific ocean. 
 
 2. Boundary and extent. Wisconsin is bounded on the: 
 a. north, by Minnesota, Lake Superior, and Michigan; 
 b- east, by Lake Michigan; 
 
 c. south, by Illinois; 
 
 d. west, by Iowa and Minnesota. 
 
 3. Latitude and Longitude. The land area of Wisconsin lies main- 
 ly between the parallels of 42° 30' and 47° north latitude, and 
 between the meridians of 87° and 93° west longitude. 
 
 4. The form of Wisconsin may be likened to a mitten, the 
 thumb of which is the peninsula of Door county, projecting into 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 5. Size. The greatest length of this state from north to south, 
 including the Apostle islands, is three hundred seventeen miles, 
 and its greatest width from east to west, including the islands, 
 is threse hundred miles. The total area is fifty-six thousand, forty 
 square miles (35,865,600 A.), and its population is over two mil- 
 lion (2,069.042). It is about as large as Iowa, Illinois, and Florida 
 each. It is five thousand square miles larger than England, and 
 one-fourth as large as France. 
 
 6. Drainage: 
 
 a. Wisconsin is situated at the head of the two great and principal 
 drainage systems of the continent of North America. 
 
 On the north and east its rivers flow into lakes Superior and 
 Michigan. These lakes lie in the upper St. Lawrence basin, acd 
 empty their waters eventually, by means of the St. Lawrence 
 river and gulf, into the Atlantic ocean. 
 
M!t30 
 
 
 ^31 
 
W "^^''^ 
 
 
 
 (i 
 9 
 
 
 
 ^Lctdtvdalt 
 
 • 
 
 J-aniSibovo 
 
 •Clfcaotic 
 
 mapUULnv 
 CocTCKoW 
 
 vrvant 
 
 • Oluifitn 
 
 
 
 • WUlttf 
 
 ^vtKVcktvi 
 
 •fTTannin 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 a; 
 
 A* 
 
 ex \a<^\aV>^t\ 
 
 Vj \xWivvL 
 
IV 
 
 On tke west the rivers flow into the Mississippi river, and emp- 
 ty eventually into the Gulf of Mexico, 
 
 The Wisconsin river, belonging to the Mississippi, is separated 
 from the Fox, belonging to the St. Lawrence system, only by a 
 marsh, one and oae-half miles wide. The United States govern- 
 ment has connected them by a canal, at Portage (Portage canal) 
 thus making it possible for steamboats to pass from Lake Mich- 
 igan to the Mississippi river. 
 
 b. Slopes and Rivers. 
 
 The chief slopes are: 
 
 I- The Lake Superior slope, the chief rivers of which are the St.. 
 Louis, Bois Brule, Bad, White, and Montreal. 
 
 2. The Michigan slope, the chief rivers of which are the Fox, Me- 
 nomonie, Oconto, and Milwaukee, 
 
 3' The Mississippi slope, the chief rivers of which are the Wiscon- 
 sin, Chippewa, St. Croix, Black, and La Crosse. 
 
 7. Scenery. 
 
 Wisconsin is noted for the quiet scenes of rustic beauty found 
 
 along its many clear and beautiful lakes, and for the picturesque 
 bluffs found along its winding rivers. Some of the noted scenes 
 of attraction are: The Apostle isles, the brown sandstone cliffs of 
 the Ba5'-field peninsula, Lake Pepin, the four lakes of Madison, 
 the gorges or dalles of the Wisconsin and the St. Croix rivers, 
 and the falls at the mouth of the Montreal river. 
 
 8. Climate: 
 
 The mean temperature of the winter is about 0", varying, hov/- 
 
 ever, from 25° above zero to 50° below zero. The mean temper- 
 ature of spring and autumn is 47°, and that of summer, 72°. The 
 climate of Wisconsin is greatly modified by the influence of the 
 Great Lakes. The winters are quite severe but the air is dry. The 
 summers are short and warm. The autumns are long and most 
 pleasant. Nowhere in the United States are the beautiful effects 
 of Indian summer seen to greater advantage. 
 
 The mean annual rainfall, or quantity of rain and melted snow, 
 is about twenty-nine inches. 
 
 9. Occupation and Productions. 
 
 a. Agriculture. The growing of grain, hay, potatoes, tobacco. 
 
cereals, and the raising of stock, are the chief branches of this 
 industry. About sixty per cent of the land area of the state is in- 
 cluded in the farms. Most of the soil of the north is well adapt- 
 ed to agriculture; but here also, there are large sandy tracts which 
 are suited only to the growth of pine forests. The prairies of the 
 central and southern portions are very rich and productive. 
 
 b. Manufacturing. The principal manufactures, according to 
 value, areas follows: lumber and timber, flour and grist, foundry 
 and machine shop products, cheese, butt^er and condensed milk, 
 leather, malt liquors, packed meat, paper, and wood pulp. 
 
 The forests of the north furnish a vast amount of lumber, and the streams flow- 
 ing into Lake Michigan and Green Bay furnish water power for the lumber mills 
 which are the largest in the country. Vast areas of northern Wiscocsin were cov- 
 ered with fine growths of pine before 1836, but thousands of acres have been cut. 
 The forest fires have also been destructive. Various tracts of northern and cen- 
 tral Wisconsin are covered with heavy hard wood timber, maple, hemlock, biic»b, 
 hickory, oak, and elm. 
 
 c. Dairying. This is a very important industry, Wisconsin yield- 
 ing one-fourth of all the cheese produced in this country. 
 
 d. Mining. Mining is extensively pursued in the iron-producing 
 region, on the boundary line between Wisconsin and Michigan, 
 in the regions of the lead and zinc deposits of the southwest; and 
 in the numerous stone quarries throughout the state. 
 
 Mineral waters, valued at over a million dollars, are shipped 
 annually. 
 
 e. Fishing is a valuable industry along the Great Lakes, the 
 mi ay inland lakes, and the rivers. White-fish and trout are caught 
 in the Great Lakes, and in the inland waters, bass, pike, picker- 
 el, perch and sturgeon are found. The total value of the catch 
 each year is about $2,000,000. 
 
 10- History. Wisconsin, sometimes called the '-Badger State", 
 was admitted to the Union in 1848. The first mission was found- 
 ed in 1665, at La Pointe, or the Chequamegon bay, by Father 
 AUouez. 
 
 The first white settlement was made about 1760 at Green Ba)^ 
 by the Langlade family. Other carl}^ sfttlements \A-ere n rde at 
 Prairie du Chien, Milwa'ikee, and Portage. 
 
 During the Civil War Wisconsin sent a large number of able- 
 
VI 
 
 bodied men into service for the Union, over ten thousand of 
 •Kixom died for the cause for which the)' fought. Wisconsin volun- 
 teers mainly composed the famous «'Iron Brigade". 
 
 11, Cities. The six largest cities in order of population: 
 
 a. Milwaukee (312,948) is located in the southeastern part of the 
 state, on Lake Michigan. Being so situated, it is cooler in the 
 summer, and warmer in the winter, than places inland. It is a 
 great railway center, and is famous for its lake commerce. The 
 principal manufactures are malt liquors, machinery, leather pro- 
 ducts, and flour. For many years the population was largely of 
 German birth, and Milwaukee acquired the title of "German 
 Athens of America". 
 
 b. Superior (36,551) is situated at the head of Lake Superior on 
 the St. Louis river, across the bay from Duluth, with which it 
 is connected by street car line. Its railway connections are im- 
 portant, and it commands a growing lake commerce. The build- 
 ing of steel whaleback vessels is an important industry, and large 
 steel and iron works, and lumber and flour mills are located here. 
 
 c. Racine has a fine harbor, being situated on Lake Michigan at 
 the mouth of the Root river. Important industries are the manu- 
 facture of agricultural implements, carriages and wagons, doors 
 and window sashes. 
 
 d. Oshkosh, situated on the upper junction of the Fox river with 
 Lake Winnebago, was named from a prominent chief of the Me- 
 nomonie tribe. It is one of the chief centers for the manufacture 
 of sashes, doors, blinds, and also has large factones for the mak- 
 ing of matches, furniture, and carriages. 
 
 e. La Crosse (29,078), located at the junction of the La Crosse 
 aad Mississippi rivers, is a most picturesque city. It has large 
 manufactures of lumber, and the making of farm implements is 
 an important industry. 
 
 f. Madison, located in the southern part of Dane county, is the 
 capital. It is an important railroad center and commands a great 
 trade throughout the southern and western parts of the state. 
 
 g- Other important cities are Sheboygan, Green Bay, Eau Claire, 
 Fond du Lac, Janesville, and Ashland. 
 
 12. Institutions. 
 
 a. State: At Mendota and Winnebago there are State and In- 
 
VII 
 
 sane hospitals; a School for the Blind at Janesville; a State School 
 for Dependent Children at Sparta; a Home for the Feeble-mind, 
 ed at Chippewa Falls; a School for the Deaf at Delavan; an Indus- 
 trial School for Boys at Waukesha; the State's Prison at Waupun; 
 and the State Reformatory at Green Bay. 
 
 The principal colleges include the University of Wisconsin at 
 Madison; the Beloit college atBeloit; the Downer college at Mil- 
 waukee; the Lawrence University at Appleton; the Normal 
 Schools at Oshkosh, Stevens Point, Platteville, Superior, White- 
 water, Milwaukee, La Crosse, and River Falls. 
 
 Menomonie has one of the finest Manual Training Schools in 
 the country. 
 
 b. Religious: Schools for higher education of boys include 
 seven colleges in the Milwaukee diocese, two in the Green Bay 
 diocese, and one in the La Crosse diocese; for higher education 
 of girls, seven academies in the Milwaukee diocese, two in the 
 La Crosse diocese, one each in the Green Bay and Superior 
 dioceses. 
 
 There are Catholic Industrial schools and other charitable in- 
 stitutions, throughout the state in the various large cities. 
 
 The state includes the archbishopric of Milwaukee, the bishoprics of La 
 Crosse, Green Bay, and Superior. 
 
 Wisconsin. See Page I. 
 Poem. I. JLocation, 2. Boundaryand extent. 3. Latitude and longitude . 4. Form 
 5. Size. 6. Drainage: (i) Its situation at the head of the great drainage systems of 
 Wisconsin. (2) Slopes and rivers. (3) Lakes. 7. Scenery 8. Climate. 9, Occupa- 
 tions and productions: (i) Agriculture. (2) Manufacturing. (3) Dairying (4) Min- 
 ing, (5) Fishing, 10. History 11. Cities, (i) Six largest. (2) Name other important 
 cities. 12. Institutions: (i) State. (2) Religious. 
 
 LA CROSSE COUNTY. 
 
 1. Position and Size. La Crosse county is located in the west- 
 ern part of Wisconsin, on the left bank of the Mississippi river. 
 
 It is one of the smallest counties of the state, having an area 
 of only 468^ square miles. 
 
 2. Boundaries. It is bounded on the: 
 
 a. north, by Trempealeau and Jackson counties; 
 b- east, by Monroe county; 
 
 c. south, by Vernon county; 
 
 d. west, by the Mississippi river; or, by Winona and Houston 
 
VIII 
 
 counties of Minnesota. 
 
 8. Surface and Drainage. About one-third of the surface of the 
 county is prairie land of rich black soil; one-third is suitable for 
 pasture land; while the remainder is covered with forests, swamps, 
 and bluffs. It is well watered and adapted to both, valley and 
 ridge farms. The rivers are: the Black in the north, which is navi- 
 gable for rafts and raft-boats, and the La Crosse river in the 
 south. This river is not navigable. 
 
 4. Occupations and Productions. Agriculture is one of the chief 
 occupations, and the principal agricultura4 productions are: 
 cereals, orchard fruits, vegetables and berries. 
 
 Manufacturing is also quite extensively carried on and the lead- 
 ing productions of this occupation are: copper, iron, lead, stone, 
 lime, and clay for bricks. 
 
 5. Railroads. The railroads of La Crosse county are: Chicago 
 and Northwestern, Chicago Milwaukee and St. Paul, Burlington 
 and Northern, and Green Bay. 
 
 6. Cities. The only two cities of La Crosse county are La Crosse 
 and Onalaska. La Crosse the county seat, is located in the south- 
 western part, on the Mississippi river. It is in 43° 45' north lati- 
 tude, and 91° 30' west longitude. The city is the fifth in the state 
 in size, consisting of twent5'--one wards and having a population of 
 29,078, in 1909. 
 
 It has many factories and the importart manufactures sre: 
 lumber, flour, crackers, cand^/, furniture, boots and shoes, wagons 
 and carriages, doors and sashes, rubber goods, It atber, psper, 
 i&fxi machinery, and electrical machinery. 
 
 Onalaska is located north of La Crosse. 
 
 7. Villages. The villages of the county are: Holland, Midvay, 
 Bangor, West Salem, New Amsterdam, Sytler, Burrcak, Burns, 
 and Mindora. 
 
 8. Towns, or Townships. The county is divided into eleven town- 
 ships: Holland, Farmington, Burns, Hsmiltcn, OraJaska, Camp- 
 bell, Barre, Bangor, Washington, Greenfield, and Shelby. 
 
 La Crosse County. See Pages VII. and VIII. 
 I Position. 2. Boiirsdaries, 3, Surface and drainn^e. 4. Crcupr tier?, ar d 
 productions. 5. Railroads, 6. Cities. 7, Villages. 8. Town or townships. 
 
IX 
 
 %nmn. 
 
 Bending low beneath their weight, 
 Here we see both tree and vine, 
 
 Yielding up their luscious fruit 
 In the golden harvest time. 
 
 Cornfields swaying in the sun, 
 Holding fast their wealth untold, 
 
 Rising, falling, with the breeze, 
 Like a billowed sea of gold. 
 
 1. Location. Iowa is situated in the north central part of the 
 United States, extending from the Mississippi to the Missouri 
 river. 
 
 2. Boundaries. It is bounded on the: 
 
 a. north, by Minnesota; 
 
 b. east, by Wisconsin arid Illinois; 
 
 c. south, by Missouri; 
 
 d. y/est, by Nebraska and South Dakota. 
 
 3. Latitude and Longitude. It extends through three and one-sixth 
 degrees of latitude and about six and one-half degrees of longi- 
 tude, lying between the parallels of 40° 20' and 43^^ 30' north 
 latitude, and between the meridians of go° 12' and 96*^ 38' west 
 longitude. 
 
 4. Size. The greatest length of the state, from north to south, 
 is two hundred ten miles 1 the greatest width, from east to west, 
 is three hundred ten miles. The total area is fifty-six thousand 
 twenty-five square miles, and its population is over two million 
 (2,231,853), Iowa is about the same size as Wisconsin. It is bu^ 
 little smaller than England and Wales taken together. 
 
 5. Drainage. 
 
 a. Slopes and Rivers. 
 
 1. Mississippi Slope: The chief rivers of this slope are the Up- 
 per Iowa, Turkey, Maquoketa, Wapsipinicon, Iowa with its nor- 
 thern branch, the Cedar, Skunk, and Des Moines. 
 
 The Des Moines system is the greatest, and commercially the 
 most important. The Cedar forms the second largest interior sys- 
 tem of the state. 
 
The state is prolonged by a southeastern corner to include the entire chan- 
 nel of the Des Moines, 
 
 2. Missouri slope- 
 
 This slopeis drained by shorter and swifter rivers, the princip- 
 al ones being the Rock, Floyd, Little Sioux, Soldier, Boyer, 
 Nishnabotna, and Nodaway. 
 
 b. Lakes: 
 
 Northwestern Iowa is an extension of the celebrated lake region 
 of Minnesota, all of glacial origin. The most noted is Spirit lake, 
 near the northern boundary. It is fourteen miles in circumference. 
 East and West Okobozi lakes are united by a narrow^ strait. 
 Clear and Storm lakes are in the open prairie (each covering sn 
 area of several hundred acres). Wall and Twin lakes are partial- 
 ly surrounded by walls, which look as if laid by man, but are in 
 reality, the work of nature. All of these lakes are noted summer 
 resorts. 
 
 • 6- Climate. Iowa has a cool climate, but there are great ranges 
 of temperature from excessive heat in summer, (often 100^ above 
 zero), to extreme cold in winter, (sometimes 40° below zero). The 
 average temperature, however, ranges from 95'-' above to 20'-' be- 
 low zero. The severitj^ of the winter is somewhat tempered by 
 freedom from excessive moisture. The dry, pure air of its rolling 
 prairies affords a valuable sanitarium for consurr;ptives. lie cli- 
 mate is very healthful, and but few diseases can be traced to cli- 
 mate influences. The annual average rainfall is about forty inches. 
 
 7. Soil. The greater part of the surface consists of a heavy, dark 
 drift loam of wonderful, and seemingly inexhaustible fertility. In 
 the west there are silicious deposits of great depth and richness. In 
 the river valleys the soil is of alluvial origin, and is unsurpassed 
 in productiveness. There are no swam.ps and few natural forests. 
 The only woods are those along t-be streams, occupying in all 
 only seven thousand square miles. The only rough spots are the 
 bluffs, where the rivers have cut their paths through the glacial 
 drift. There is no state in the union that has so small an area of 
 barren soil. 
 - 8. Occupations and Productions- 
 
 a. Agriculture- Judging from its fertile soil, abundant rainfall. 
 
XI 
 
 good drainage, and generally level surface, it seems that nature 
 has decreed that Iowa should be a great agricultural state. 
 
 The leading crops are: corn, oats, barley, rye, flax, potatoes, 
 and bay. Cora is the leading article, and nearly one-fourth of the 
 area of the state is devoted to the raising of this crop. Millions of 
 bushels are used within the state to fatten the great numbers of 
 cattle and hogs reared annually, and many millions ©f bushels 
 are exported. Stock-raising is extensively carried en, and in this 
 branch of agriculture Iowa holds a foremost rank among the 
 states of the union. It is also a leading state in dairy products. 
 Large quantities of apples, grapes, and cherries are produced in 
 the southern part of the state. 
 
 b. Manufactures. The prosperity and fast-growing population of 
 the state, together with its abundant supply of bituminous coal, 
 have, within the last few years, greatly influenced the progress 
 of the manufactures. Some of the chief manufacturing industries 
 are: meat-packing, the production of cheese, butter, condensed 
 milk, flour, and of the different grain products. The leading manu- 
 factures are: agricultural implements, carriages, wagons, machin- 
 ery, lumber, pottery, brick-tile, starch, and sorghum sirup. 
 
 c. Commerce. The chief exports are the surplus of the farm, and 
 manufactured products, and the imports are articles of necessity, 
 comfort, and luxury for the people. Of vvhat does the surplus of 
 the farm and manufactured products consist? 
 
 The Mississippi is the only river in practical use for transpor- 
 tation, but the state is a vast net-work of railroads, seven of the 
 great trunk lines crossing it. Every one of the ninety-nine coun- 
 ties has at least one railroad, and no place v/ithin the borders is 
 m^ore than twelve miles from a railroad station. 
 
 9. History. Iowa (The ''Hawkeye state") was admitted as a 
 state in 1846. A part}' of ten white men, under the leadership of 
 Julius Dubuque, established, in 1788, the first white settlement 
 at the place where Dubuque now stands. For many years after 
 this settlement the territory was still held by the Indians, and their 
 povver v/as not broken until the defeat of Black Hawk in 1832. 
 Indian names abound througfhout the state. The names of 
 
XII 
 
 twenty counties are of Indian origin, and hundreds of local names 
 are derived from the same source. 
 10. Gties: 
 
 a. Des Moines (62,139), the capital of the state and the county 
 seat of Polk county, is located in the south central part of the 
 Des Moines river. The state-house is one of the finest buildings 
 of itskind in the Union having been erected at a cost of ^3,000,000. 
 The city is an important railroad center, most of the principal 
 railways of the state enter it. It is centrally located in the heart 
 of the coal region, and is in one of the best agricultural regions 
 of the state. 
 
 b. Dubuque (36,297), in the eastern part, is most picturesquely 
 situated on the Mississippi river. It has extensive manufactures 
 of lumber, clothing, carriages and wagons, malt liquors, packed 
 meat and machinery. It has a large wholesale trade and important 
 commercial and mining interests. In educational facilities it holds 
 a front rank, 
 
 c. Davenport (35> 254), is located on the Mississippi river opposite 
 Rock Island and Moline, Illinois. Its private and public schools 
 are excellent. Many factories, machine shops, and foundries are 
 located here. 
 
 d. Sioux City (33j i i i )> situated at the confluence of the Missouri 
 and Big Sioux rivers, is the largest city in the northwestern part 
 of the state. It has an excellent system of schools, and its manu- 
 factures furnish employment to many people. 
 
 e. Council BluflFs (25,802), is an important city on the Missouri. 
 It is opposite Omaha, and connected with it by several fine rail- 
 road bridges. 
 
 f. Cedar Rapids, a beautiful city of the interior, is located on the 
 Cedar river. It has immense packing houses and its educational 
 facilities are excellent. 
 
 g. Other important cities are: Burlington, Keokuk, Clinton, Mus- 
 catine, Waterloo, Fort Dodge, Marshalltown, Iowa City, Cedar 
 Falls, and Boone. 
 
 11. Institutions. 
 
 a. State. Benevolent and reformatory institutions include: A 
 College for the Blind at Vinton, an Industrial School for Boys 
 
XIII 
 
 at Eldora, and one for girls at Mitchellville, an institution for the 
 Feeble-minded at Glenwood, a School for Deaf-mutes at Council 
 Bluffs, a Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Davenport. State Peniten- 
 tiaries are located at Fort Madison and Anamosa, and the state 
 hospitals for the insane, at Mt. Pleasant, Independence, Clarinda, 
 and Cherokee. The State University at Iowa City, the State 
 College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Ames, and the lov'a 
 State Teachers' College at Cedar Falls, are state institutions for 
 higher education. 
 
 Iowa College at Grinnell, Lenox College at Hopkinton, Cor- 
 nell College at Mt. Vernon, Upper Iowa University at Fayette, Dss 
 Moines College at Des Moines, and Penn College at Oskaloosa are 
 important institutions. 
 
 b. Religious: Schools for the higher education of boys include: 
 one college in Dubuque diocese and one in the Davenport dio- 
 cese; fer higher education of girls, twenty-five academies in the 
 Dubuque diocese, seven in the Davenport diocese, and three in the 
 Sioux City diocese. There are many hospitals and other charitable 
 institutions in the larger cities of the state. 
 
 Iowa includes the archbishopric of Dubuque and the two bishoprics of Dav- 
 enport and Sioux City. 
 
 Iowa. See Page IX. 
 Poem. I, Location. 2, Boundaries. 3. Latitude and longitude. 4. Sizs. 
 5. Drainage: (i) Slopes and rivers. (2) Lakes. 6. Climate. 7. Soil, 8. Occupa- 
 tions and productions: (i) Agriculture. (2) Manufactures. (3) Commerce. 9. His- 
 tory. 10. Cities: Six largest. 11 Institutions: (i) State. (2) Religious. 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 A ber d6€n' 
 
 ib 6 rig'! nal 
 
 A' bra hStn 
 
 Ab ys sin'l a 
 
 A ca pul'ea 
 
 A c6n ca'gua 
 
 Ad'e lay'd© 
 
 Ad dis Ab' e ba 
 
 A dgn 
 
 Ad i rdo' dack 
 
 Xd ri an o'ple 
 
 Ad ri at'Ic 
 
 Ae gs'an 
 
 Ae gi na (§ jl'nd.) 
 
 Af ghSn Is tan' 
 
 Af'ri ca . 
 
 A ful'has (yfis) 
 
 Al a ba'ma 
 
 Al'ba ny 
 
 Al'b5 m^rie 
 
 A las'ka 
 
 Al bert Nyan'za 
 
 Al bu quer que. (kar'ka) 
 
 Al'der ney 
 
 A lefl'ti an (sb\) 
 
 Al ex &nMri a 
 
 Al ge'ri S 
 
 Al ^ier§' 
 
 Al ham^bra 
 
 Al'ka Hnfi 
 
 Al'l^ gAa uf 
 
 Al'l§ gA§ ny 
 
 ai loyed' 
 
 ai pae'4 
 
 Al'pln» 
 
 Alps 
 
 Altai 
 
 Al t^ m^ haT 
 
 9. lu'mi xxQm 
 
 Am a de^fls 
 
 Aro'a z6n 
 
 am'e thyst 
 
 XnKster d&m 
 
 A mar' 
 
 A nam' 
 
 XndCr'rJt 
 
 An dros i}6g'jfl.n 
 
 An'glo Sax'on 
 
 An nSp'o lis 
 
 Ant' are tic 
 
 an'thra cite 
 
 An ti c6s'ta 
 
 Xn tn'le§ 
 
 Ant'werp 
 
 Xp a lach'l c6 la 
 
 Xp'fu nine§ 
 
 Ap pa la'chl an 
 
 Xp'ple tdn 
 
 aq ue duct (ak wS dflkt) 
 
 A ra'bi a 
 
 Ar'ab§ 
 
 A ra fu'ra 
 
 Xr'al 
 
 Ar'a rat 
 
 Xreh an gel 
 
 ar ehi pSl'a go 
 
 areh'i tSct'ure 
 
 Are'tic 
 
 Ar e qui'pa (kS) 
 
 Xr gfen ti'na 
 
 Ar I zS'na 
 
 Xr'kg.n sas 
 
 Xrl'berg 
 
 ar ma dll 15 
 
 Ar msigfi^ 
 
 Xr me'ni i^ 
 
 ar'se nal 
 
 Xshe'vil/e 
 
 Ash land 
 
 A^si a (shia) 
 
 A si at'jc (sM) 
 
 as'phalt (fait) 
 
 As sam' 
 
 As si'si (as sg'z^) 
 
 As souan (as swat^ 
 
 As to'rl a 
 
 as trdn'd my 
 
 A si^n 91'On 
 
 X ta eSi'mA 
 
 At bS'rS 
 
 Atb a bAs'ea 
 
 Xth A na'sl us (-shI-) 
 
 At lan'ta 
 
 At lanMc 
 
 At'lis 
 
 a tflir 
 
 at'tar 
 
 At tii'ia 
 
 Au'burn 
 
 Au gfis'ta 
 
 Aul la gas (oul ya'gas) 
 
 ^1/ rd'ra Bo re a' Us 
 
 Aus'tin 
 
 Aus tra'H a 
 
 Aus tri a Hun ga ry 
 
 A vig non (a ven vOn) 
 
 Az6r 
 
 A z5re§' 
 
 Xz'tees 
 
 Ba'ba 
 
 Ba'bfel 
 
 Bab SI Man'dfib 
 
 Bab'y Ion 
 
 Bab y 15' n J fn 
 
 Baf'fin 
 
 Ba ha'ma§ 
 
 Ba Ai'a 
 
 Bol'kal 
 
 Bai § ar'ic 
 
 Bal kan' 
 
 Bal kash' 
 
 Bal' tic 
 
 Bal'ti m6re 
 
 Ba lu chls tan' 
 
 Base* a 
 
 Ban'da 
 
 Bang kOk' 
 
 Bang w6 o'lo 
 
 Ba ra'ndf 
 
 Bar'ba ry 
 
 Bar'€a 
 
 Bar 5e I5'na 
 
 B5r ba'd6§ 
 
 Bar thfil'o mew 
 
 Bar ran quil la (kSl-yS) 
 
 Bir'rdiy 
 
 Ba'§el 
 
 ba sll^l ea 
 
 BSt'in Rouge (rpzh) 
 
 Bay'QW 
 
 Bg/'rut 
 
 B61 fast' 
 
 Bfel ize' 
 
Belle Isle 
 
 B£n gal' 
 
 Be loit' 
 
 Bfen gi/g'la 
 
 B€n in' 
 
 Ber be'ra 
 
 Ber^bers 
 
 Berg'en 
 
 Be ring 
 
 Ber rau'das 
 
 Ber na detttf' 
 
 Berne 
 
 Beth' a oy 
 
 Be th6§'da 
 
 Bfeth'le hgm 
 
 BAu tar/ 
 
 Bl af ra 
 
 BldVe ford 
 
 Blg'e low 
 
 Bil ba'o 
 
 Bll !i t6n' 
 
 Bi 16x' 
 
 Bir'ming ham 
 
 BIs'eay 
 
 BI§'marck 
 
 b! tQ'nii nods 
 
 B15ne, Mont [MoNBlaN] 
 
 BlSn'eO 
 
 Blpem'fon tela 
 
 Bloom' ing ton 
 
 Blu'men au (6u) 
 
 Bo go ta' 
 
 Bo he'ral a 
 
 Bois Brule (bwa) 
 
 Boi'ge 
 
 B6 kAa'ra 
 
 Bo Hv'I a 
 
 Bo lo^n* a (ya) 
 
 BS'ma 
 
 Bora bay' 
 
 B6n 
 
 B6r deaux'(d6) 
 
 Bor'ne 6 
 
 B6s'ph6 rfls 
 
 B6s't6n 
 
 B6th'nT a 
 
 Boi/1' der 
 
 Boze'man 
 
 BrS^raan igm 
 
 BraA ma pu'tra 
 
 BrSt'tle bo ro 
 
 Bra zW 
 
 Brgm'en 
 
 Brfis'lau (lou) 
 
 Bri§'bane 
 
 Bris'tol 
 
 Brit'ish Isles 
 
 Brung'wick 
 
 Brus's§ls 
 
 Bu'da pest 
 
 Bud'dAa 
 
 Bud'dM§m 
 
 Bud'dMst 
 
 Bue'nos Aires 
 
 (bs'nus a'rlz) 
 Buf'fa lo 
 Bu kAa rSst' 
 Bui ga'rl a 
 Bur'ling ton 
 Bur'ma 
 Bu shire' 
 Butfe 
 -Ca^b^s 
 -ea bra/ 
 ea ea'S 
 e&e^tus 
 ■Co!'' ro 
 
 -eai cut'ta 
 
 -eai 6 do'nl an 
 
 ■eai 1 fdr'ni a 
 
 -eal la'o 
 
 ■cam bo'di k 
 
 -Cam' bridge 
 
 -ean/den 
 
 earn pa ni'ie 
 
 -Gam pe'che 
 
 -ea'naan 
 
 ■CSn'a da 
 
 Ca oa/ry 
 
 ■€an'?er 
 
 €an"on (kan'yiln) 
 
 -€an'so 
 
 •Can ta'bri an 
 
 can ton' 
 
 -Cape Brfet'on 
 
 ■Cap'rf com 
 
 -Gape Verde 
 
 ■Ga ra'eas 
 
 Car de nas 
 
 ■Carls' bad 
 
 Car'men 
 
 ■Car pa'thi an 
 
 ■Car pen ta'ri a 
 
 -Car ra'ra 
 
 car lb be'an 
 
 ■Car' son 
 
 •Gar ta gg'na 
 
 Car'thage (thSj) 
 
 ■eas eade' 
 
 -Cas'eo 
 
 Cas'pl an 
 
 eas'sa va 
 
 Ca si qui a' re (k§) 
 
 €at'a cora6s 
 
 ea to'chg 
 
 Cats'kill 
 
 "Cau ea'sian (shan) 
 
 Caw'ca sfis 
 
 ■eaut chou€ (koS'chook) 
 
 ■Gay 6nne' 
 
 96 bu' 
 
 961' e b6§ 
 
 ^6n'tl grade 
 
 Ce tin je (ts6 tSn'ya) 
 
 56/ Idn' 
 
 €Aam 
 
 ^ham pia/n' 
 
 ^ham'ois (my) 
 
 Cha pa'la 
 
 Charleg'ton 
 
 ghar'lot/e town 
 
 ghat ta hoo'chee 
 
 ghat/ tatf'qua 
 
 ehem'te al 
 
 5h6 mfil'phS 
 
 ■Che'ops 
 
 ghe quam e gon 
 
 (she wa m? gon) 
 Chfer ry 
 ChSs'a peake 
 Che siltfcook 
 Chev'i ot (chlv'e Ct) 
 ghey'Snne 
 gbl cargo 
 Chld'ley 
 Chi le 
 CWm b6 ra'z<5 
 
Chim p&n'zSe 
 Chi'na 
 Chi-'nSge 
 Chip pS w4 
 -ehris ti a'ni a 
 -ehife tiin i ty 
 
 (Chan I ty) 
 
 5ln ehO'na 
 gin pin na'tl 
 Qi mSr rOQn' 
 fir'rfls 
 <Cia'ver 
 ■eiSve'land 
 €5' bra 
 
 ee'chin Chi na 
 •ee iS^yne* 
 -G5 15m' bO 
 -eci o ra'do 
 Coiam'Ma 
 •€6m'or in 
 €on pfep'tion 
 •Cdn'cord (kerd) 
 •€6n ga rSe' 
 •Con nect'i cflt 
 ■Cdn' stance 
 ■€on'stan tine 
 €on Stan ti nCpld 
 •CO pen ha' gen 
 -C6pts 
 Cdr'lnth 
 €6rk 
 
 -€6r ri 6n'tes 
 •€6r'si ca 
 ^©r'tez 
 €«s'ta Ri'ca 
 €5 t6 pax'i 
 €6v'ing ton 
 Gralgh t6h 
 ■er€te 
 €ri me'i 
 €iyT>a 
 
 Cilu/bSr land 
 eti^mu lils 
 Cuz'eo (kus) 
 py'clone 
 Syp ri an 
 Qy'prus 
 
 CZSiT 
 
 D^ mas'ctis 
 
 Dane 
 
 Da'nish 
 
 Dant'zic (sik) 
 
 Dan'ube 
 
 Dar da nfel/eg' 
 
 Dar'Iing 
 
 Dart'moiith 
 
 DSv'en port 
 
 Da-'vid 
 
 Da' vis 
 
 Dfiath Vai'ley 
 
 De eap'6 Us 
 
 De -ea'tur 
 
 de fid'ii ous 
 
 Dfek'kan 
 
 D51 a go'a 
 
 D61'a ware 
 
 Dfel'a van 
 
 D61'M 
 
 Den'i son 
 
 Dfen'mark 
 
 Dfen'ver 
 
 Dfish'nef 
 
 D§s Moines' 
 
 De troit' 
 
 Di a man ti'^na 
 
 Di a man ti^no 
 
 Di'az 
 
 Di§ mal 
 
 (?n/es'ter 
 
 D5n 
 
 DQi/'r5 
 
 Do'ver 
 
 Pr6§'d§n 
 
 dr6ra'e da ry 
 
 DiJb'lin 
 
 Du buque'(bCk) 
 
 Du luth' 
 
 Dii'na 
 
 Du rai/go 
 
 Dwi'na 
 
 East'ham 
 
 East'on 
 
 Eau €la/re'(6) 
 
 E'bro 
 
 fee eie si as'tk 
 
 S cflpse'^ 
 
 Ee'ua dor 
 
 Ed in burgh (bur ro) 
 
 E'gypt 
 
 E gyp'tian (shan) 
 
 ei'der down 
 
 Elbe 
 
 El burz' 
 
 El'lin 
 
 El mi'ra 
 
 El Pa'so 
 
 6m' er aid 
 
 En' gland (is) 
 
 E pis'co pal 
 
 Eph'e sus 
 
 E'rie 
 
 Es'kl m6§ 
 
 es par'to 
 
 6s' tu a ry 
 
 E thi 6'pi an 
 
 Et'na 
 
 £u phra'te§ 
 
 £u ra'si a (shi) 
 
 fu re'ka 
 
 £fl'r6pe 
 
 £u rd pe'an 
 
 Ev'ang vil/e 
 
 Ev'er est 
 
 Eyre (ar) 
 
 Fah ren heit 
 
 Fa/k'land 
 
 Fare'wfil/' 
 
 Far' go 
 
 Fa'roe 
 
 F6z 
 
 Fi'ji 
 
 Fin is terre'(tar) 
 
 Fin'land 
 
 Fiord (fySrd) 
 
 Fiat'ter y 
 
 FlSr'finpe 
 
 Fldr'i da 
 
 F6nd du lae' 
 
 Franpe 
 
 Frank' ford 
 
 Fra'zer 
 
 Franz Jo'sef (Frants V^) 
 
 Fred'er Ic ton 
 
 Pre mfint' 
 
Prgnch' mSQ§ 
 Fu cha«' 
 Ffln'dy 
 Gabes 
 
 Ga/rd'ner 
 Ga ISp'a gds 
 Ga Ig'na 
 Gai'Ilee 
 Gal li'nas (y6) 
 Gai'ves ton 
 Gal' way 
 Gan'gg§ 
 G"a ronwe' 
 Gen e see' 
 6e nS'va 
 Gfen'o k 
 GeSrge'town 
 Ge6r'gl a 
 Ger mSn' ic 
 Ger'ma nf 
 |ey'§er 
 GAats 
 Gfi6nt 
 Gl brSl'tar 
 Gi'la (he-) 
 Gll'bert 
 gl r&tfe' 
 
 Gi rond© (zhe rdno) 
 gla'cier (gla sher) 
 Gias'gSi* 
 
 6lou ces ter (glfis'ter) 
 G6'b! 
 
 G6d ha'ven 
 56 mOr'rAa 
 Grand R^p'ids 
 Got'ten borg 
 grSpl/Ite 
 Gra'51 as 
 GrSm'pI on 
 Gra na'dd 
 Great Bar'ri er 
 Gr^t BtH iao. 
 Gre'ciaa (s^hostD 
 Greece 
 Green'laad 
 
 Green' wich (grin Ij' or 
 gren'Ij) 
 61/a dal qulv'ir 
 
 Gu& de iQvpd^ 
 Guam (gwam) 
 Gtfa te ma' 14 
 Guar d& ful 
 
 [gwar &k fwS] 
 Gt/ay a quil'[k61] 
 Gt/ay'mas 
 5in a'na 
 Guln'^a 
 Guern'^ef 
 Giith'ri© 
 Ha'gerg town 
 Hague 
 Ha/'tl 
 Ha ko da' te 
 
 Hai'i fax 
 
 Ham' burg 
 
 Ham'mer fSst 
 
 Han'nl bal 
 
 Har'lem 
 
 Har'ris burg 
 
 HSrfford 
 
 Haf ter as 
 
 Ha van' a 
 
 H^ver mil 
 
 Havr» 
 
 Hk wal'ian [yatt] 
 
 HSb'ri deg 
 
 H6'br6D 
 
 H^'la 
 
 Her cH. lafnt Hm 
 
 H61'e nk 
 
 Hei'les pont 
 
 H6n lo'pgn 
 
 Hi ma'la ya 
 
 HIn'du kush 
 
 HIn du Stan' 
 
 hip po pdf a mils 
 
 Hoang [hwang] 
 
 Ho'bart 
 
 Ho'bo ken 
 
 HOl'land 
 
 H6n di/ras 
 
 Hd no lu'lij 
 
 HOn'do 
 
 H6ng K6ng' 
 
 HtSd'son 
 
 HC'ron 
 
 Hum'bOlflTt 
 
 Hiln'ga ry 
 
 hy B'uk 
 
 1 be'rl an 
 
 I'bfex 
 
 Ife'land 
 
 Vdk hd 
 
 I'dri k 
 
 I gua'na 
 
 I 16 i'l6 
 
 Il'll nois or [nolz} 
 
 lo'eis 
 
 In'dl a 
 
 In'di an 
 
 In dl an' a 
 
 In d! an ap'6 Hs . 
 
 In d6 Chl'na 
 
 i'6 din© 
 
 T'6 wa 
 
 1 6'nl an 
 
 i qui'qug [S kS ka] 
 
 I ran' 
 
 Ifr a wa'di 
 
 Tre'land 
 
 Trv'Ing 
 
 Ir'kutsk 
 
 I's6 therm 
 
 IsfA'miis 
 
 J tai'ian [yon] 
 
 It'a ly 
 
 If ta^ca 
 
 Wa ek 
 
 jack'spn 
 
 jack* son vll/e 
 
 Jaffa [ya'fa] 
 
 ja ma/'ca 
 
 Jane§'vll/e 
 
 Ja pan' 
 
 jap k nS§e' 
 
 J as sy [ya'sl] 
 
 ja'va 
 
 jef'fer s6n 
 
 J&rfi eho 
 
 Jer'gey 
 
 J6 ru'sa Ifim 
 
 Jo an'of Are' 
 
 Jo han'nes burg 
 
 J6hns't6n 
 
 J5'« «t 
 
 Jdr'don 
 
Ju an'de Fa'ca [hu ^n] 
 Ju an'Fer nap'dez 
 
 [bij an] 
 Jii'di i§m 
 Ju dS'a 
 Ju'neau [no] 
 Jli'ra 
 Jfit'land 
 Ka hnV 
 K^d iak' [ySk] 
 Kaffirs 
 
 Koi'ger Wil/'helm 
 Ka kan' 
 Ka la haM 
 K4m chaf ka 
 Ka na'wAA 
 K^n^gas 
 Ka'ra 
 
 Ka ra'shi [kil ra'chl] 
 KSsh'mir [raer] 
 Ka taA'din 
 Ke'ni a 
 K6n' ne h&e 
 Kg no'sha 
 K6n tuck'y 
 Ke'wee nanr , 
 KS'6 kfik 
 Khar'tum 
 kAe'dive 
 KA§ lat' 
 Khin gAan' 
 Khi'va 
 
 Ki lau S'a [lou] 
 Kil i man ja 6' 
 Bim'ber ley 
 Kia'len [ky3] 
 klr gbiz' 
 jKlOn'dike 
 Kn6x'vil/e 
 Ko kan'[ka kan^ 
 Kiin'go 
 Ko'ran 
 K6 rg'a 
 K6s gi fis'ko 
 KuSn lun' [kw6n] 
 Ky5't6 
 Libera dor 
 La chine' 
 lae'quer [er] 
 
 La Crosse' 
 
 LSd'6 ga 
 
 La Fa/ Stte^ 
 
 La Guay-'ra 
 
 L3,ng' lade 
 
 LSns'ing 
 
 La Paz'' 
 
 La Pointe' 
 
 LSp'land 
 
 L&pps 
 
 La Sai/e' 
 
 Las'sa 
 
 LawrSnce [rSns] 
 
 LSov'en worth 
 
 Lfeb'a n6n 
 
 Leeds 
 
 Leip'zig [sikj 
 
 Le'na 
 
 Le'6a 
 
 Le'o pol(f 
 
 ISv'ees 
 
 Le veque [la vak] 
 
 Lfex'ing ton 
 
 Ley'den 
 
 LT be'ri a 
 
 LIb'y an/" 
 
 li'chen (ken) 
 
 llc'o rice [ris] 
 
 Lgffey 
 
 Li''ma 
 
 LIm'er Ick 
 
 Lin'c6/n 
 
 LI§'b6n 
 
 Lis'burne 
 
 LIv'er pool 
 
 Liv'^ng st6ne 
 
 lla'ma 
 
 lla'no§ 
 
 Lla'no Es ta ca da 
 
 [as ta ka'do] 
 Lo'a 
 
 L6 fo'den 
 Lo'gan 
 Loire [Iwar] 
 Lfiro'ba.r dy 
 L6n^d6n dgr ry 
 Los An'ggl es 
 Lo\i I §1 an' a 
 Lou' Is vil/e 
 
 Lourdes (ISSrd) 
 
 Low'fel/ 
 
 Lu a la'ba 
 
 Lu a pu'ia 
 
 Lu gerne' 
 
 Lfix'Sm bfirg 
 
 Lu z6n' 
 
 Ly'6n§ 
 
 MSe kSn'z/g 
 
 MSd a gSs'car 
 
 Ma de/'ra 
 
 Ma drSs' 
 
 Ma drid/ 
 
 Mael'str6m 
 
 Mag da le'na 
 
 Ma gfil'lan 
 
 mSg'uey [wa] 
 
 Ma'hal 
 
 ma hSg'a ny 
 
 Ma/ne 
 
 Mar que sas 
 
 [mar ka'sSs] 
 MSck^i nac 
 Ma ISe'ea 
 Mai 'a ga 
 Ma'lar 
 Ma lay' 
 
 Ma lay' si a [shI a] ^ 
 Mal'ta 
 Ma na'qua 
 Man'chfis ter 
 
 Man hat^tan 
 Ma nil'a 
 Ma'ni ac 
 Man \ to'ba 
 Man za nil lo 
 
 [Manth 3. nSl'yo] 
 Ma ra eai'bo 
 Ma ra'jo [zho] 
 Mar'fy 
 Mar'mo ra 
 Ma rll S'to 
 mar'I time 
 Mar quette'[ketj 
 Mar se//le§' 
 Mar tl nique'(ngk) 
 Ma'ry land [mfir'] 
 Mas kat' 
 Mas sa chQ's&tfs 
 
Mau'na L5'a (mon) 
 
 mat/ so le'iim 
 
 May'noSth 
 
 Ma zat Ian' 
 
 MSe'ea 
 
 Me di'na 
 
 MM i ter ra'ne an 
 
 M6/g§ 
 
 M§ k6ng' 
 
 M^l a ne'si a (shI a) 
 
 M6r bourne 
 
 M61'v«/e 
 
 MSm'pWs 
 
 Me nam' 
 
 MSn do ci'no 
 
 MSn do'ta 
 
 Me nSm'o nee 
 
 Me no'na 
 
 Mfir'ri mSc 
 
 Mer/§Sy 
 
 M6s o po ta' mf a 
 
 Mes si'na 
 
 m6s ti'z6 
 
 MSx'i CO 
 
 Mianfi 
 
 Mieh'ael Sn'ge 16 
 
 MXgm gSn 
 
 Mi cro ne'si a (shI a) 
 
 mi ka'do 
 
 Mil' an 
 
 Mil wat/'kee 
 
 Min ia, na'o 
 
 Min do'ro 
 
 Min ne Sp'o lis 
 
 Min ne ha' ha 
 
 Min ne so'ta 
 
 Mis sis sip' pi 
 
 Mis SQj/'ri 
 
 Mitch' el/ 
 
 Mo bile' 
 
 Mo'eAa 
 
 Mo gill' 
 
 Mo hSm'med an 
 
 Mo hSm^med an i§m 
 
 M6 ha've 
 
 Mo' hawk 
 
 Mo 16 kai' 
 
 Mo lfle'ea§ 
 
 Mdn' a e5 
 
 Mon go'^li a 
 
 Mo ndn ga hg'la 
 
 M6n ro'vi 4 
 
 M6s'e5iv 
 
 m6n §oon' 
 
 M6s qui'to (kg to) 
 
 M6n ta'na 
 
 M6n te ng'gro 
 
 Mon te vid' eo 
 
 Mont gom'er y 
 
 M6nt pe'li er 
 
 M6nt re al' 
 
 Moors 
 
 Moose'hSod 
 
 Mo re'li a 
 
 Mo rfie'eo 
 
 Motfl'trie 
 
 Mount Si'on 
 
 Muk dSn' 
 
 Mu'nieh 
 
 Mfir'ray 
 
 NSb u eho den's s6r 
 
 Na ga sa'ki 
 
 NSn tflck'et 
 
 Na'ples 
 
 NSr'row§ 
 
 NSsh'vil/e 
 
 Natch' 6z 
 
 Naz'a rSth 
 
 Ne bra^'ka 
 
 ne gri'tog 
 
 NSl'son 
 
 Ne pal' 
 
 Neuge 
 
 Ne'va 
 
 Ne va'da 
 
 New' ark (nu'erk) 
 
 New Brflng'wick 
 
 New CSl e do'ni a 
 
 New'found land 
 
 New Gtfin'ga 
 
 New HSmp'shire 
 
 New Ha'ven 
 
 New Jer''sey 
 
 New Or'le an§ 
 
 New York' 
 
 New Zea'land 
 
 Nfeth'er land? 
 
 Ni fif'a Td. 
 
 Ni ca ra guS 
 
 Ntpe 
 
 Nl'ger 
 
 Nile 
 
 Nin' g veA 
 
 Ning'po 
 
 nl'trate 
 
 n5 mSdMe 
 
 North car 5 Il'na 
 
 North Da ko'ta 
 
 N6r thfim' ber land 
 
 N6r't6n 
 
 N6r''way 
 
 NO'va Seo'ti a (shi a) 
 
 No'vaZSm'bla 
 
 nin^ bfis 
 
 Nue'ggs 
 
 Ny as'sa (ne) 
 
 O a'hu 
 
 o'a sis 
 
 Oa xa ca (wa ha''ka) 
 
 Ob 
 
 O ce Sn'i ea (she) 
 
 O eSn'to 
 
 Oe mill' gee 
 
 O'der 
 
 O dSs'sa 
 
 Og'den 
 
 Ohi'o 
 
 O ke cho'bee 
 
 kA6tsk' 
 
 &k la ho'ma 
 
 Ol'i vSt 
 
 O lym''pi a 
 
 O'ma ha 
 
 O man' 
 
 Omsk 
 
 5 nS'ga 
 
 On tarri 5 
 
 o'nyx (o nix) 
 
 O por'to 
 
 Op ta'tus 
 
 ran' 
 
 Or'e g6n 
 
 Si'i g6n 
 
 O ri no'co 
 
 Ork'ne/ 
 
 O ri za'ba (sa'va) 
 
 O sa'ka 
 
(5sh'k6sh 
 
 Phoe ni ci ans 
 
 rfii nOf'S r6s 
 
 ^s we' go 
 
 (£e nish'ang) 
 
 RAone 
 
 O tran'to 
 
 PhoS'nIx 
 
 Ri9helIeu'[lo?5] 
 
 5f ta wa 
 
 P/5d'm6nt 
 
 Ri'o de la Pla'tft 
 
 Ox'fopd (ferd) 
 
 Pi-'o No' no 
 
 Ri'ga 
 
 O'zark , 
 
 Pi rae'us 
 
 Ri'o Gran'de 
 
 Pa fif'ie 
 
 Pi'§a 
 
 Ri'o Ja ne/'ro 
 
 Pad'u a 
 
 Pla teau' (to) 
 
 Ri'o Ne'grS 
 
 Pa ISr^mS 
 
 piaf I ndm 
 
 Ro'a n5ke 
 
 Pai'es tine 
 
 Piatfe'vll/e 
 
 RSch'Ss ter 
 
 pai 1 sade' 
 
 P5 
 
 RSme 
 
 Pa'15 Al'tO 
 
 P61 y US' si a [shI a] 
 
 ROsaTio 
 
 Pa mir' 
 
 P6m pe'ii [yS] 
 
 R6t'ter d«m 
 
 Pam'H CO 
 
 Pon ce .de Le on 
 
 Rou en' [6n] 
 
 pain'pas 
 
 [pon'thS da la On] 
 
 Rqw raa'nl a 
 
 pan a m&' 
 
 P6 p5 cat e petl' 
 
 Roy/ ale 
 
 Pa nay' 
 
 POrt'au Prin5e'[au==0] 
 
 Rus sia [rfisl/a] 
 
 para' 
 
 Port' land 
 
 Sa bine' 
 
 par a mar'i bo 
 
 Por to ri'co 
 
 Sa'ble 
 
 Pa ra guay 
 
 -Por'tu gal 
 
 Sa'eo 
 
 Pa ra na» 
 
 Por'tu gtfe§e 
 
 sac ra mfin'to 
 
 Pa'ri a 
 
 Po to'mae 
 
 Sag^i natv 
 
 Pa ri'na 
 
 Po to' si 
 
 sa'go 
 
 Par'is 
 
 Po yang' 
 
 Sa ha'r^ 
 
 Pas'eo 
 
 Pra/'r/e du Ch/gn' 
 
 Sakhalin' (yen) 
 
 pa sha' 
 
 PrSs by te'ri an 
 
 Sa^'lem 
 
 pas sa ma-qu6d'dy 
 
 Pri bi 16f' 
 
 sa 15 ni'ki 
 
 pat a go'ni a 
 
 Pro gre'so 
 
 Sa ma'rl a 
 
 peat 
 
 pr6m'6n to ry 
 
 Sa mo'a 
 
 pge'ea ry 
 
 Prfiv'i denfe 
 
 San An to'ni o 
 
 Pe'chi li 
 
 Port Sa'id 
 
 San Di e^go 
 
 Pe kin' 
 
 Pu'get 
 
 San Fran fis'eo 
 
 Pe lee (pe la') 
 
 pyr'a mid 
 
 San-'ga m6n 
 
 Pe lew'(lu) 
 
 Pyr'e nee§ 
 
 San Jo a quin'(h6 a ksrf) 
 
 PSn/> syl va'ni a 
 
 Que bSe' 
 
 San Jo se'[h6 sa] 
 
 Pe n6iysc6t 
 
 Queens'land 
 
 San Ju an' [hu] 
 
 Pe no'kee 
 
 Ra 9ine' 
 
 San Lu'eas 
 
 Pe o'ri a 
 
 raf'fi a 
 
 San Ma ri'no 
 
 Pgp'in 
 
 Ra/'n/er 
 
 San Pau'lo 
 
 P6r nam bi/eo 
 
 R&neigh 
 
 San Sai va dor' 
 
 Per'sia (sha) 
 
 Range'ley 
 
 Sar/ta Bar'ba ra 
 
 Perth 
 
 Rap pa han'nCck 
 
 San^ta Fg' 
 
 Pe ru' 
 
 Rap' I dan 
 
 San ti a'gO 
 
 Pe ru'vi an 
 
 Rfead'ing 
 
 San' to Do min'go 
 
 phSa§'ant {t&zf&nt) 
 
 Reau'mur [ro'mer] 
 
 San'tos 
 
 Phil a dfeKphl a 
 
 Rel'kl a vik 
 
 sap'phire (saf'lr) 
 
 Phn'ip (fil ip) 
 
 Re' DO 
 
 Sar a t5'ga 
 
 PhJl'ip pines 
 
 TtS'a. 
 
 Sar din'l a 
 
 Phi lis' tine 
 
 Rhine 
 
 Sas katch^e w§D 
 
Sault'Ste. Ma'rie 
 
 (sQ'sant Ma ri) 
 Sa y&n'na.h 
 ScSn dl na'vl i 
 SefiQ nSe'ta dy 
 SeAwy'ler 
 Sci 6' to 
 Se at'flfl 
 Sgme 
 
 Se oul'{se5ol) 
 Ser'vl a 
 Se va,s't6 pol 
 SSv'ern 
 ShaA 
 
 ShSng ha'i 
 ShSn'flon 
 Shas/ta 
 She bo/gSn 
 Sh6Ff/eld 
 Shfen an do'aA 
 ShfetMand 
 Shi ko'ku 
 Sh6 sho'ne 
 Si am' 
 SI be/rl a 
 Sic'i ly 
 Sid ra 
 
 Si Sr'ra MS^dre 
 Si fer'ra Ne va'da 
 sil/vas 
 si moon 
 Si^na/ 
 
 Sin ga pore' 
 si sal' 
 Sit'ka 
 
 Skag'^er rack 
 Sla v6n'ie 
 Smyr'na 
 Sfld'om 
 So fi'a 
 s6/'der 
 S61'o mon 
 sdl'stice 
 Soi/ne berg 
 ScJo 
 Sfir'rSl 
 Sou dan' 
 South Smp'ton 
 Sp2r't4 
 
 Spar tfel' 
 
 sphinx 
 
 Spitz berg'en 
 
 Spree 
 
 St. Au'gus tine 
 
 Stan' ley 
 
 Sta no vol' 
 
 Stat'en 
 
 St. Cla/r' 
 
 St. CroiJT' 
 
 St E li'as 
 
 St. Et ienne'(a te 6n)j 
 
 St. GGt'hard 
 
 St. He le'na 
 
 St Lou'is 
 
 St6ck'ho/m 
 
 St. Pg'ter§ burg 
 
 St. Pi erre'(pe ki!) 
 
 Strfim'bc li 
 
 St. Roque'(rok) 
 
 St. Ste'ven 
 
 St. Vin'cgnt 
 
 Su chau'(chou) 
 
 Su'ere 
 
 Su 6z/ 
 
 Su'lu 
 
 Sfil'tan 
 
 Su ma'tra 
 
 Su pe'ri or 
 
 Siis que han'na 
 
 Swe'den 
 
 Swit'zer land 
 
 Syd'ney 
 
 Syr a euge' 
 
 Ta/bor 
 
 Ta eo'ma 
 
 Ta'gus 
 
 Ta hi'ti 
 
 Ta hoe' 
 
 Tai la has'see 
 
 Tam'pa 
 
 Tam pi'eo 
 
 Ta na na ri'v6 
 
 Tan gan yi'ka 
 
 Tan g/er§ 
 
 Ta'ra 
 
 Tar'tars 
 
 Tar'ta ry 
 
 Tash kend'' 
 
 Ta§ m3 n! a 
 
 Tchad' 
 
 Te gu 5! gal'pa 
 
 T6 he ran' 
 
 Te hn'dn tg p6e' 
 
 T&nerWe' 
 
 T6n nes see' 
 
 Teu'tfin 
 
 TSs'as 
 
 tgxniles 
 
 Tgz eo'eo 
 
 Thames (tSmz) 
 
 TM an'shan 
 
 Ti bSt' 
 
 Ti Sn'tsin 
 
 Ti fer'ra dfel Fue'go 
 
 Tif lis' 
 
 Tl'gris 
 
 Tim bile'toS 
 
 Ti mor' 
 
 Tir'61 [or Tyr] 
 
 Ti'tus 
 
 To bSlsk' 
 
 To can tine' 
 
 To'ky o 
 
 T6m big' bee 
 
 T6msk 
 
 T6n kin' 
 
 to'paz 
 
 To pe'ka 
 
 T6p'litz 
 
 To rSn'to 
 
 T6r^r6s 
 
 T6r/ri cel'li 
 
 Trans vaal' 
 
 TrSn'ton 
 
 Tri Sste/ 
 
 Trin i dad' 
 
 Trin'i ty 
 
 Trip'o 11 
 
 Trom'so (troms'^ 
 
 tsfet's^ 
 
 Tuc'sOn 
 
 tun'dras 
 
 Tu'jin 
 
 Turk 
 
 tur quoise^ [koiz] 
 
 T^itui'l^ 
 
ty phoon 
 
 y'per na vik 
 
 U^ral 
 
 y ru guay' 
 
 U'taA 
 
 Val'dal 
 
 Val pa rai'so 
 
 Vfin eou' ver 
 
 Var'na 
 
 Vas'eo da Ga'm^ 
 
 Vat'i can 
 
 V6n e zue' la 
 
 VSn'ipe 
 
 Ve'ra Cruz' 
 
 Verde , 
 
 Ver m6nt' 
 
 Ver sa/l/es' 
 
 VS su'vl us 
 
 Vichy'(shi) 
 
 Vicks'burg 
 
 Vic to'ri a 
 
 vi cu'na (koon ya) 
 
 Vi Sn'na 
 
 Vir gin'i a 
 
 Vis'tu la 
 
 Via di vos t6k' 
 
 VCl'ga 
 
 V^l''ture 
 
 Wa'bSsh 
 
 Wake' 
 
 Wales' 
 
 War''saw 
 
 Wasly ing ton 
 
 Wa' ter bur y (ber) 
 
 Wa ter loo' 
 
 Wa« ke'gan 
 
 Wei'land 
 
 Wen'ner (van-) 
 
 We'§er (Va'zer) 
 
 WSst'Min ster 
 
 WSt'ter (Vet-) 
 
 Wheering 
 
 Whit'ney 
 
 Wilkes 'bSr re 
 
 Wil la''metfe 
 
 Wil'ming t6n 
 
 Win ne ba'go 
 
 Win'«i pfeg 
 
 V/I no'na 
 
 Wi noos'kl 
 
 Wis cCn'sin 
 
 WoblVich (ij) 
 
 Wor ces ter (woos'ter) 
 
 J^ran'gel 
 
 Wu'chang (woo chSng) 
 
 Wy o'ming 
 
 Xin gu (shen ff/) 
 
 Ya bio noi' 
 
 YSng'tze 
 
 Ya pu'ra 
 
 Y6n i'se'i 
 
 Yo k6 ha' ma 
 
 Yo sSm'i te 
 
 Yu'kSn 
 
 Za'grSs 
 
 Zam be'zi 
 
 Zea^land 
 
 Zu'rieh 
 
 Ztfy der Zee'