^^\J. '\ ^ 'i X \ ; I /■ \^\{' Professional Paper No. 44 c;,riPorings made at Long Island City pumping station No. 3 (No. 99) .... 188 Fig. 1. Sections from Hud.son River to Long Island, showing the general folded and eroded character of the bed rock underlying Long Island " 17 2. Map showing dip of Cretaceous beds near Setauket, N. Y 19 3. Section from Delaware River to Pipers Corner, N. J 22 4. Sketch map showing known distribution of the Miocene near Long Island 27 5. Stereogram of eastern England showing the development of wolds and vales 28 6. Diagram showing the three uses of "escarpment" as applied to wold 29 7. Diagram showing relations of wold, vale, cuesta, and bajada 29 8. Sketch map showing locations of .sections shown on PI. V 30 9. Comparative maps, showing deflection of streams in the Hightstown Vale, and the deflection which would be produced by the large Texas bars if the land were elevated 32 10. Section from near Ridgewood, Brooklyn, to Valley Stream, showing position of the Wisconsin, Tisbury , Sankaty, Jameco, and Cretaceous beds, and the east side of the Sound River Valley ■ 34 11. Section near middle of northeast shore of Gardiners Island, New York 35 12. Section on west side of the hollow which afforded the section in fig. 11, about 200 feet farther west 35 13. Section from Wards Island to Barnums Island, showing fold at Rockaway Ridge (Hewlett), and relations of the (1) Sankaty, (2) Jameco, (3) Cretaceous, and (4) "bed rock" 36 14. Section at Tobacco Point, east side of Gardiners Island, New York : . 37 15. Section nearCheriy Hill Point, Gardiners Island, showing location of fossil-bearing stratum, . 37 16. Cross section through Oyster Bay and Center Island, showing relations of clay and water- bearing horizons encountered in the Oyster Bay wells to the Cretaceous clays and Lloyd gravel in the Center Island wells 38 17. Cross section at Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard 39 18. Sections exposed at Browns Point, after storm of October 11 and 12, 1836 39 19. Diagram illustrating factors giving spring plienomena great power in reexcavating the north shore valleys 43 20. Sketch map showing relative positions of the ice during the Ronkonkoma and Harbor Hill stages of the Wisconsin period 44 21 . Diagram showing ground-water table unaffected by surface features 54 22. Diagram showing water table cut by valleys 54 23. Diagram showing common arrangement of factors producing artesian wells 55 24. Diagrammatic cross section of Long Island, showing general water conditions and cause of flow- ing wells -. 56 25. Diagram showing perched water table on north side of West Hills, and source of Mountain Mist Springs 57 26. Diagrams showing analogy between a well and a channel that cuts the ground-water table... 58 27. Sketch map showing increase in spring flow along Hempstead Brook. From data collected by the Brooklj^n waterworks 59 28. Sketch map of Long Island, showing distribution of water power developments, 1800-1900. . 60 29. Lake Success; an example of a kettle-hole lake depending on local impervious strata 61 30. Diagram showing effect of a pond on the ground-water table , and the consequent decrease in spring flow on southern Long Island 62 31. Diagram showing loss of water by leakage from pond whose surface is above the adjacent ground-water table 62 ILLUSTEATIONS. 11 Page. Fig. 32. Lake Ronkonkoma; an example of a kpttle-hole lake depending on the main ground-water table 63 33. Artesian well or spring (No. 335) at Manhasset, from a drawing by J. H. L'Hommedieu 64 34. Autograph record of water level in a 386-foot well at Long Beach, N. Y., showing fluctua- tions due to tides 70 35. Record of water level in a 40-foot well of the Citizens' Water Supply Company at Douglaston, N. Y., and tidal record in adjacent creek 71 .36. Diagram showing cone of depression produced by a pumping station, and its effect on a nearby pond and well 72 37 Map of southern Long Island showing location of underflow stations at which determinations of the rate of flow of underground water were made 87 38. Plan of arrangement of test wells used in determining the velocity and direction of motion of ground water 88 39. Diagram showing electric method of determining the velocity of underground water 89 40. Cune of velocity and underflow measurements, San Gabriel River, California 91 41. Curves showing the po.ssibility of using direct-reading apparatus when well points are not used. 92 42. Diagram showing manner in which the electrolyte spreads in passing downstream 93 43. Diagram showing spread of electrolyte from a well in which the water is moving about twice as fast as in fig. 42 94 44. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh pumping station 98 45. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping station (station 5) 99 46. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Agawam pumping station (station 6 ) 100 47. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at East Meadow Brook and Babylon road (station 7 ) 101 48. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water near Merrick pumping station (station 8) 102 49. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Cedar Brook (.station 10) 103 50. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Grand avenue and Newbridge Brook (station 12) 105 51. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 14) 106 52. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15) 107 53. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15x) 108 54. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water south of Wantagh Pond (station 13 ) 109 55. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 16x ) : 110 56. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 17 ) ' Ill 57. Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water above Wantagh Pond ( station 21 ) 112 58. Map showing locations of stations 5 and 6 with reference to Agawam pumping station and East Meadow Pond 113 59. Vertical section through stations 5 and 7 and test wells in Agawam Pond, shown in fig. .58. . 113 60. Map showing locations of stations 2, 13, 16, and 17, near Wantagh pumping station and Wantagh Pond 114 61 . Sketch map showing location of deep wells of the Fleischmann Manufacturing Company at Long Island City 180 12 ILLUSTEATIONS. Page. Fig. 62 Index map showing location of Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII 182 63. Type of well used at the Montauk waterworks plant, at Dunton, N. Y 213 64. Sketch map showing location of test borings at Baj'side pumping station. 217 65. Sketch map giving locations of wells of the Queens County Water Company, shown in fig. 66. . 223 66. Sections of wells of the Queens County Water Company, by Charles R. Bettes, chief engineer. 225 67. Sketch map showing location of wells described at Oyster Bay -. 281 68. Long Island marsh stream valley " 362 69. Ideal Long Island stream profile 362 70. Temporary gaging station of the United States Geological Survey, Orowoc Creek, Islip, Long Island, June 7, 1903. Plan shows bridge floor removed . 367 71. Weir on private pond, Cutting Creek, near Great River, Long Island , 378 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Hydrographic Branch, ■ Washington, B.C., July 7 , 1904. Sir: I transmit herewith the manuscript of a paper entitled "The Underground Water Resources of Long Island, New York," by Messrs. A. C. Veatch, Charles S. Slichter, Isaiah Bowman, W. O. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. The field work upon which the report is based formed a part of a detailed investigation of the geology and water resources of the island conducted by Mr. M. L. Fuller, chief of the eastern section of the division of hydrology, assisted by Mr. Veatch, to whom was given the immediate supervision of problems relating to underground waters. The paper deals with an area in which the problems relating to underground waters are of great importance, especially as they affect city and town supplies. Great interest is manifested in such waters throughout the area, and it is thought that the report, which is the result of unusually detailed work, will prove of great value to engineers and others who may be interestecj in public or private supplies from underground sources. A separate report, treating the geology of the island in more detail, has been prepared by Mr. Fuller and will soon be transmitted for publication. Very respectfully, F. H. Newell, Chief Engineer. Hon. Charles D. Walcott, Director United States Geological Survey. 13 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. By A. C. Veatch, Charles S. Slighter, Isaiah Bowman, W. O. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. CHAPTER I. OUTLIISrES OF THE GEOIiOGY OF LONG ISLAIS^D. By A. C. Veatch.« INTRODUCTION. As Long Island is the largest island on the eastern coast of the United States, and is of such size, 120 miles long and 23 miles wide, that it is a more or less noticeable feature on even very small-scale maps, little need be said of its general geographic position. TOPOGRAPHY. In shape Long Island resembles a huge fish, with the head toward New York. This rude resemblance caused the early whalers to apply the names North Fluke and South Fluke to the two projections which form the tail. A range of hills having a relief of from 100 to 200 feet gives topographic expres- sion to each of the flukes; and continuing westward, these ranges coalesce north of the center of the island near the Suffolk-Nassau county line, where they reach their maximum elevation of 420 feet at High Hill. Westward a group of rolling hills, occasionally reaching a height of over 300 feet, and not separable into distinct lines, continues to the Narrows at Brooklyn. South of these hill ranges the land is comparatively level and slopes off gently to the sea or forms more or less elevated table-lands between the two lines of hills. The northern shore, skirted by the hills, is rugged and precipitous, with long, narrow bays, while the southern shore passes gradually from a gently sloping plain into a salt marsh inclosing broad, shallow bays, beyond which is a barrier beach. « A more detailed report on the geology of Long Island is now in preparation, and the discussion of local data, as well as questions of correlation, has therefore been omitted in this outline, which has been condensed from the writer's complete report on the geology. 15 16 UNDEEGROUND WATEE RESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND. NEW YOKK. The hills are veiy irregular and even the plains between the two ranges of hills are by no means level, but are pitted by somewhat circular depressions found in glaciated regions and commonly called "kettle holes." On Long Island many of those contain water, forming charming little lakes and ponds, which add much to the picturesqueness of the region. In general the topography has a glacial aspect, and the glacial forms are so prominent that the fact that the major topographic features are of pre-Glacial origin is commonly overlooked. LITERATURE. The literature dealing with the geology and water resources of Long Island is very extensive, and will be presented in detail in a paper on the Geology of Long Island, now in preparation. Only a few of the more important titles are presented in the accompanying list: ]\Li.THER, W. W. Geology of the first geological district. Geol. New York, pt. 1, 1843. Lewis, E. Ups and downs of Long Island. Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, pp. 434-446. Upham, Wakeen. Terminal moraines of the North American ice sheet. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 18, 1879, pp. 81-92, 197-209. Dana, J. D. Long Island Sound in the Quaternary age, with observations on the submarine Hudson River channel. Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 40, 1890, pp. 425-437. Merrill, F. J. H. Geology of Long Island. Annals New York Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, pp. 341-364. HoLLiCK, Arthur. Preliminary contributions to our knowledge of the. Cretaceous formation of Long Island and eastward. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 12, 1893, pp. 222-237. Some further notes on the geology of the north shore of Long Island. Trans. New Yorit Acad. Sci., vol. 13, 1894, pp. 122-130. Dislocations in certain portions of the Atlantic coastal plain strata and their probable causes. Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 14, 1894, pp. 8-20. De Varona, I. M. History and description of the water supply of the city of Brooklyn. 1896, 306 pp., 8 tables, 45 pis. (Gives bibliography of the Brooklyn waterworks on pp. 301-306.) Freeman, John R. Report upon New York's water supply. New York, 1900, 587 pp., 113 figs. The Merchants' Association. The water supply of the city of New York. 1900, 62 pp., 25 pis. RiEs, Heinrich. Clays of New York. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 35, 1900, pp. 495, 572, 573, 595-607, 692, 817-822. ' . ■ Woodworth, Jay Backus. Pleistocene geology of portions of Nassau County and Borough of Queens. Bull. New York State Mus., No. 48, 1901. Salisbury, R. D. Description of New York City. Geologic Atlas U. S., foho 83, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1902. Spear, Walter E. Long Island sources. Rept. Commission on Additional Water Supply for the City of New York, Nov. 30, 1903, New York, 1904, appendix 7, pp. 617-806. THE BASEMENT ROCKS. Although bed rock underlies all Long Island at a greater or less depth, it outcrops only along East River, at Long Island City and Astoria, where Merrill has recognized two divisions — the Fordham gray gneiss and the Stockbridge dolo- mite, the former of probable pre-Cambrian and the latter of Silurian or Cambro- Silurian age." In the Fordham gray gneiss are occasional dikes and bosses of granite and intrusions of diorite. These rocks are the remnants of strata which were profoundly altered by pressure and heat, by folding and faulting, and then reduced by erosion (fig. 1), dur- o Merrill, F. J. H., Description New York City, Geologic Atlas U. S., folio 83, TJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1902, pp. 3-5. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL I LEGEND 7i°00' MAP SHOWING DATA BEARING ON THE POSITION OF BED ROCK IN WESTERN LONG ISIiAND, NEW YORK, AND VICINITY. By A. C. "^eatch. 1904. Scale 5 5 10 miles I I I I I I I I BASEMENT ROCKS. IT ing the ages that elapsed between the Silurian and the Cretaceous periods. The many changes of this old land surface and its topographic aspect at different stages before the Cretaceous can only be partly outlined, but the history since the begin- ning of the Cretaceous can be inferred more or less completely. The surface of these older beds, so far as it has been revealed on Long Island by borings that penetrate the mantle which has protected it from erosion since the early Ci'etaceous, has a few minor irregularities, but, on the whole, slopes gently to the south and east at a rate of about 100 feet per mile. The unevenness of the present surface is very slight when compared with the great irregularity (fig. 1) indicated by the structure. On PL I is shown the depth to bed rock in the western portion of the island; in the eastern part of the island the depths at which bed rock was encountered, at 655 feet at Greenport (892'*) and at 150 *eet at Fishers Island (919°), show a similar slope. Scale Fig. 1. — Sections from Hudson River to Long Island, showing in a general way the folded and eroded character of bed rock underlying Long Island (Merrill 1902); fgn, Fordham gneiss (pre-Cambrian) ; eSs, Stookbridge dolomite (Cambro- Silurian); Sh, Hudson schist (SOuriati). This sloping surface, with its minor irregularities, was probably at one time nearly horizontal and formed a part of the great, almost level, plain known as the Schooley peneplain,* which extended over a large part of the eastern United States and which resulted from long-continued erosion under very uniform con- ditions. It owes its present slope or dip to the very broad folding which began near the beginning of the Cretaceous and which, after several minor halts and fluctuations, elevated the Schooley Mountain in New Jersey 1,500 feet and depressed the old surface in the Long Island region. " The numbers given in parentheses throughout this paper correspond with those used on PI. XXIV and in Chapter IV, where detailed records are given. 6Davis, W. M., and Wood, J. W., Geographic development of northern New Jersey: Proo. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 24, 1890, pp. 365-423. Willis, BaUey, The northern Appalachians : Mon. Nat. Geog. Soc, vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 169-202, 1895; Salis- bury, R. D. Phys. Geog. New Jersey: Final report State geologist New Jersey, vol. 4, 1898, pp. 83-85. 18 UNDEEGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. CRETACEOUS. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. By this change of level at the beginning of the Cretaceous period the sea again covered this area, and the rejuvenated streams carried into it the deeply weathered material from the surface of the old Schooley peneplain. The strata for 300 or 400 feet above the bed rock are therefore composed almost entirely of the products of long-continued weathering and present a peculiar mingling of . sand and plastic clays, often brightly colored, which are more or less distinct from the beds that follow. CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. These UTegular-bedded varicolored clays with hght-colored quartz sands and gravels, which characterize the base of the Cretaceous system in this region, show an increasing percentage of sand in their upper portions, and pass more or less gradually, on the north shore, into the light-colored quartz sands with occasional irregular clay beds which form the upper strata of the pre-Pleistocene series, and, on the south shore, into the fine gray hgnite-beariag sands and clays of the same age. The thick greensand marls of the New Jersey section are almost wholly absent, their presence being merely suggested in the West Hills, at Quogue and Bridgehampton. The absence of greensand marls, the extreme scarcity of marine fossils, and the presence of plant remains, indicate shoal water, or near-shore conditions during the several epochs in which these rocks were deposited. As a result of the long-continued weathering to which all the material compos- ing these beds has been subjected, the sand beds lack the readily broken-down minerals so common in glacial deposits, and the gravel beds do not contain compound crystalline or transported clastic pebbles. The gravels from the lowest to the highest (with but one doubtful exception) are composed of quartz or locally derived quartz-conglomerate, with occasional . very much decomposed milk-white chert fragments. This difference in composition is the most serviceable criterion for separating the pre-Pleistocene from the Pleistocene beds in this region. STRUCTURAL RELATIONS. These Cretaceous beds are now not only almost entirely hidden by Pleistocene deposits, but are so disturbed in the few hmited outcrops on the north shore (PI. Ill) that neither the original slope of the strata, the amount of deformation, either horizontal or vertical, nor the relation of one outcrop to another can be satis- factorily determined. The apparently undisturbed outcrop in the West HiUs fur- nishes no extended exposure, and even here the structure is concealed by hill creep and landshdes. Any knowledge of the structure is, therefore, dependent upon well records, and these have fortunately revealed a key bed that is not onl}'- satisfactorily persist- ent on the island, but continues in New Jersey, and furnishes a new basis for a comparison of the stratigraphy. A critical study showed that the top of a water- bearing sand situated 150 to 200 feet above bed rock in 14 north shore wells (see U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. II 72 OO' MAP SHOVV^ING BASAL CRETACEOUS BEDS ON LONG ISLAND,NEWYORK ELATION TO THE CRETACEOUS OF NEW JERSEY ByA.C.Veatcl-i 1904 Scale IS 20 somiles LEGEND ipO iimoudi.KcLiicocas Successful wells Lloyd staidhorizon Unsuccessful wells anasquai"! formations •ea sand maj'l series Basal Mata^v an Figures in red Blue contours indicate iorizon indicate deptliin approximate lop of the feet below sealevel Lloyd sand^figures §ive depths below sealevel JUS BIEN & CO.LtTH CRETACEOUS ROCKS. 19 Crane Nt Old Field Pt;' p. 65) has a very regular southeastward dip (PL II) and a continuation of the lines of equal depth parallel to the line of strike showed that not only the nonwater- bearing gravels of the Woodhaven well (143) and the good water carriers of the Barren Island wells (129-132) belonged to the same horizon, but also the water- bearing beds in certain wells in New Jersey, which encounter a gravel horizon at a somewhat similar height above bed rock. The position of the top of this gravel and sand, which it will be convenient to call the Lloyd sand from its fossiliferous development in the well (633) on Lloyd Neck, is shown in PL II. As indicated on PL II, in northern Long Island on a e-mde line, the dip is as much as 80 feet per mile, wdiUe in New Jersey on a 22-mile hne it is only half so much. It is quite prob- able, therefore, that the dip on Long Island becomes somewhat less to the south, and that on the south shore, about Amityville and Baby- lon, wells will strike this sand at even a less depth than indicated on Pis. II and XVI. Some additional evi- dence bearing on the gen- eral structure of this region is furnished by the dip indi- cated by a few weUs near Setauket (fig. 2), which reach a coarse sand and gravel about 600 or 700 feet above the Lloyd sand. The original calculation of the dip, based on the similarity suggested by the Cox (763), Rowland (760), and Emmett (752) records, has been confirmed by the record and samples from the Port Jefferson Company well (811). A comparison of the strike of this bed (fig. 2) with that of the Lloyd sand (PL II) shows it to be very nearly parallel, although the dip is much nearer that usuaUy found in New Jersey — about 40 feet per mile. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. A detailed knowledge of the distribution of the Cretaceous on Long Island is, like the determination of the structure, almost wholly dependent on well records. The available data are shown on PL III. This map emphasizes two points: Although (1) the Cretaceous beds have determined the major topographic relief of the island (see also PL V, A-A), (2) near the western end they have been deeply trenched by a broad north-south vaUey, representing the outlet of the Sound River (PL VI). The most important outcrop of Cretaceous rocks is in the West Hills, on the road leading from Melville to Hicksville (PL III) . The following section was observed 5 miles Fig. 2. — Map showing dip of Cretaceous beds near Setauket, N. Y. Figures at wells give depth of water-bearing stratum below sea level. 20 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. at this point early in the spring of 1903, just after the landslips of the previous winter had been removed by road graders and the section further cleaned up with a spade: Section just west of Melville, N. F. [Top of section about 300 feet above tide.] Plpistocene: Feet. 1. Horizontally bedded yellow sand and quartz gravel, with a few very much weathered compound pebbles. Near the upper part of the section the gravel is a very bright orange. (PI. IV, ^).. 35 Miocene (?): Fluffy (Beacon Hill) sand: 2. Orange clayey sands, fine, micaceous, containing iron scales and small gravel: closely resembles sand at Kirkwood, N.J 3 Cretaceous : 3. Dark-colored, lavender, green, and black sandy clay, weathering yeUow 3 4. Horizontally bedded, finely laminated red clayey sand, with a few rounded quartz pebbles (weathering product of bed below) 2. 5 5. Horizontally bedded, finely laminated green, white, and pink clayey sand, containing some greensand grains and rounded quartz pebbles 3 6. Ferruginous sandstones 0. 3 7. Yellow sand with ferruginous plates. _ _ 0. 5 8. Irregularly bedded gray clayey sand, blotched with red and yellow, becoming more sandy above, and passing into a pinbor red sand with lens-shaped masses of white clay 9. 5 9. Covered ■. 0.5 10. White clayey sand with large quartz gravel 2 11. Covered 1 12. Stratified orange-colored sandy clay, with ferruginous plates 1 13. Very black sand and gravel, stained, probably with manganese dioxide 0. 2 14. Coarse white sand and yellow clayey sand, horizontally, though rather irregularly, bedded, the bedding lines being darker and rather more clayey than the rest. (PI. IV, 5). ._ 19 STRATIGRAPHIO SUCCESSION. A study of the local data indicates that from a stratigraphic standpoint the greensand beds in the Quogue (858-859) and Bridgehampton (897) wells, and the impure greensand marls in the Melville section (p. 20) are to be regarded as the highest beds of the pre-Pleistocene series which have thus far been recognized. Wells which might show younger beds may be looked for east of Babylon, but the wells in this region, except those at Quogue and Bridgehampton, are so shallow and the data so meager that the hgnitiferous sands of the Pleistocene can not with certainty be separated from the older, and while a portion of these sands are doubt- less pre-Pleistocene, theu- thickness can not be very great and a generalized section of the pre-Pleistocene beds may be commenced with the. greensand layer above mentioned. Gtieraliifd section of pre-Pleistocene deposits on Long Island. Feet. 1. Impure greensand marl developed in about the same stratigraphic position in the Melville section and in the wells at Quogue and Bridgehampton SOdz 2. Sands with irregular clay beds. The beds, though showing considerable lignitic material, are commonly lighter on the north shore and in the hiU lands than on the south shore. They are shovNTi in detaO in the many shallow wells in northern Oyster Bay Township, in the Lake Suc- cess well (317), the Hollis well (220), the Wheatley Hill wells (particularly 431), in the Mel- ville section, in the Barren Island wells, and in many of the test wells of the Brooklyn water- works east of Jameco, as well as in the Long Beach, Barnum Island, Quogue, and Riverhead wells _ , 1 , GOOzb m <1> -1 0) E ^1^- 1 15 ^ o « 0^ »" o « S >" tSU to c ^ _l H ^ s 2 g^ o Q /■ ffi" s ►-- 3 O ^ o 2t a^ q; '^ 2 c TACEO S^A.C.Veatc 1904 Scale Q Z LU O HI -1 WW °- -s K <» ^^ g.2 5 c CJ 3j CO z gs 5|-S r^ "- ^ o t- w + 1 o r = •• -PScu H sgg ^ J d ^ ro cq 0^ ^ a; (y III 2§ 3 a ocS « = S H 1)1 Is •s5 Z i g-5 _ [J A'i CRETACEOUS EOCKS. 21 3. Varicolored clay, often bright red, in wells on the north shore; may be entirely absent or very thin, as in the Cox well (564) in Hempstead Harbor, and the Bevin well (670) on Eaton Neck; with the clay layers in the succeeding beds it sometimes reaches a thickness of between 400 and 500 feet, as in the Ward well (628) near Huntington, but this thickness, as shown by near-by wells (620), is abnormal, the average thickness being about 100 to 150 feet. 4. Lloyd sand. Yellow to white quartz sand and gravel, with occasional clay layers, as at Wood- haven; separated from bed rock by clay beds, but at Greenport apparently resting directly upon it; contains much decayed white chert, and in one case (633) marine fossils. Maxi- mum thickness shown at Peacock Point and Lake Success (317). Lithologically this gravel is identical with the older portions of the yellow gravel of New Jersey, and suggests that a part of this complex may represent imdisturbed Cretaceous outcrops Feet. 0-1 SO 80-90 5. Probable thickness of beds between the Lloyd gravel and bed rock 100-200 RELATION TO ADJACENT AREAS. Fortunately for the purposes of this study the pre-Pleistocene beds in New Jersey, particularly those belonging to the Cretaceous, are not only well developed but well known, and furnish a ready near-by standard with which to compare the Long Island section. Before undertaking this comparison in detail, it will be necessary to review briefly the geologic succession in that region, and to give the thickness and general character of the main lithologic units. In various reports of the New Jersey geological survey these details are given at length, and it is from this source that the following abstract has been prepared: Table I. — Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of Nev) Jersey. Salisbury." Clark.& Cook.c Bridge ton. Lafayette (Yellow Gravel in part) Chesapeake Yellow gravel. Beacon Hill Miocene Marl series Shark River (Eocene) Manasquan fVincentown lime-sands Rancocas. A ISewell marls _ f Redbank sands Monmouth. Navesink marls Mount Laurel sands clays, astri >Upper marl. >Middle marl. Red sand. >Lower marl. >Clay marl. -' agent clays). 'Marine series. fHazlet sands . . . Clay marl formation Matawan . .< . , , ICrosswick clays . Raritan Raritan Plastic clays — Nonmflrinp sprlps "Final Kept. State Geol. Survey N. J.,vol. 4, Physical Geography, 1898, p. 117. Ann. Rent. N. J. Geol. Survey, pp. 13-15, 1898. b Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey p. 334, 1894; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 8, pp. 315-358, 1897; Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey, p. 174, 1898. c Geology of New Jersey, 1868, and subsequent publications. The "yellow sand" has been omitted, as Clark has shown that it has not the stratigraphic position indicated by Cook. The Miocene strata which unconformably overlie the Cretaceous and Eocene beds are as a rule coarse and lighter colored at the outcrop than in the embed. At the outcrop these beds are commonly yellow or brown, while in the embed they are darker and the percentage of clay material is greater. They cap many of the 22 rNDEKOROrND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, -NEW YORK. high hills ot" tho coastal plain as outliers in the Cretaceous area, and underlie all of the plain south of the Cretaceous outcrop. The Cretaceous, including the lithologically similar Eocene Sluuk River beds. may be divided on lithologic grounds into {\) the marl series or greensand beds, (2) the clay marls (,or Matawan). and (8) the plastic clays (or Raritan). The general character and relation of these beds are well shown graphically in lig. 3 and PI. U, aT\d may be brielly stated as follows: Feet. 1. Marl series. Givenssind marl, sometimes with some clayey material which pivduces gray or chocolate-colored marls, generally unite fossilifeixms. and at times calcareous. Toward the base the amount of sandy material increases and the beds take on a ferruginous aspect with a decreasing peix'entage of glauconite 2tV2— " 430 2. Clay marls or Matawan. Higlily ferruginous brown sands, at times coarse and white, passing into slate and dral>-colored days interstnvtilied with white sand, and finally into dark-colored or black clays. Marine fossils are by no means as abundant as in the overlying layers, and are as a rule poorly preserved 27o-5'24 3. Plastic clays or Karitan. Clays and sands, often brightly coloivd; beds generally become more sandy in the upper portion, though they sometimes contaiit dark-<"olored day, and are then not sepanible from the overlying Matawan or clay marl. The ditVei-entiation of this hori- zon has rested on the plastic days which it contains, and its general nonmarine character 347 A comparison of this section with the general section found on Long Island shows little similarity. In part this difference is dtie to the relatively small amoun- LINE&UtD * New Albany Moorestown Mt.LaoreJ iiic»iEM«.(noMM>.«T,«) Pipers Corner iVf««TTV S4' _ Pp' 107' '"^MIOCENE 53' \ p., >J_,. -..tMftET «L£.£1. R*SIT*N FORV*TIO\ CLA> VARL FORMATION MARL SERIES Horizontal scale P ' j i s § nniles Fig. 3.— Section fi-om Delaware River to Pipers Corner. X. .1., showing character and reJatiou of Cretaceous horizons. (.Salisbury. ISSe.^l Black represents surficlal deposits. Length, 20 miles; height. 47S feet. of information available regarding the older beds on Long Island, and will probably disappear as the data increase. In part, however, it is real: for although the Pleis- tocene deposits effectually mantle almost the entire island and prevent a careful stxidy of the older beds, the well data are now complete enough to positively indicate the absence of any great fossiliferotis greensand marl bed 250 to 450 feet thick, such as occurs in New Jersey. Only in the lower beds is there any similarity', and these have thus far furnished the only bases for the correlation of the two sec- tions. The manifest lithologic resemblance of the few outcrops on the north shore to the Raritan beds of New Jei-sey caused Mather at a very early date to correlate them. Later the work of Newberry, Hollick, and White on the fossil plants of Long Island and the New England islands confirmed this tentative correlation. To these data it is now possible to add direct stratigrapliic evidence, which con- firms the conch.sion reached by Ward from a study of the flora : That the beds furnishing the fossil leaves on Long Island (the Island series) are somewhat younger, and therefore stratigraphically liigher than the Amboy days.^ •' FortliieknessshownintheAsbury Park well, see Kept. X.J. Geol. Survey, 1896, p. Ti. f" Ann Kept. Xew Jersey O.eol. Survey for lS9o. 1S96. PI. II. f Wanl. Lester F.. The Potomac formation: Fifteenth Ann. Kept. I'. S. Oeol. Survey, 1S95, p. 335; Age of the Island series: Scieuce.newser.. vol.4. 1896, pp. 757-760. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. IV J. MANNETTO GRAVEL NEAR TOP OF MELVILLE SECTION. y;. CRETACEOUS SAND NEAR BASE OF MELVILLE SECTION. CEETACEOUS ROCKS. " 23 In this work the top of the Lloyd sand has proved a convenient plane of reference, and a study of the New Jersey records shows that it continues into New Jersey and can therefore be made a basis of correlation between the two sections. This exten- sion is graphically shown in PL II. The considerations on which the prolongation of these lines from Long Island were based are: (1) The general line of strike of the Cretaceous beds; (2) a water horizon in the wells at Runyon" (white sand beneath 100 feet of white, red, and blue clay), Yardville,* Hightstown, '" Jamesburg,'' Asbury Park/ and Ocean Grove,'' which is 150 to 200 feet below the base of the Matawan. Woolman-'has sugg'ested that the Woodhaven and Barren Island horizons are a continuation of the horizons developed at Keyport,^ Matawan,'' Atlantic Highlands,' Brookdale-^' (644 feet), Holmdel,^' Seabright,' and Asbury Park'" (1,083 feet), but an attempt to include the horizon developed in these New Jersey wells causes the lines of equal depth to diverge from the general line of strike, and does not account for the depth reached in the Asbury Park and, Ocean Grove wells. Woolman explains this greater depth by an assumed thickening of the Matawan, but Clark in reviewing the evidence is inclined to give to the Matawan in these wells a thickness of only about 400 feet."' According to this hypothesis the lowest water-bearing layer would have about the position of the beds which were struck by the Runyon, Jamesburg, Hightstown, and Yardville wells, and which are 200 feet below the beds of the Matawan. More- over, a water-bearing sand occurs in the Asbury Park well at a depth of 954 feet which seems the true continuation of this upper horizon. If the 200-foot line on PI. II is called and the other lines renumbered accordingly, the position of this upper horizon will be approximately indicated in all of the wells. Thus, near the 200-foot line will be found the Matawan and Keyport wells (215-220); near the 400-foot line, the Holmdel well (450) ;" near the 500-foot line the 465-foot horizon in the Atlantic Highlands well; near the 600, the 606 horizon of the Brookdale well; near the 700, the 670 of the Seabright well, and near the 900, the 954 Asbury Park horizon. The Lloyd sand is therefore equivalent to the lower horizon in the Asbury Park and Ocean Grove wells and is about 200 feet below the horizon in the other wells to which Woolman" referred it. This upper horizon is regarded as either basal Matawan or uppermost Raritan, and the Lloyd sand is therefore a horizon in the Raritan about 200 feet below the base of the Matawan. In a general way, then, the 200 or 300-foot line marks the line of parting between the so-called marine and nonmarine a Ann. Kept. New Jersey Geol. Survey for 1897-98, p. 246. 6 Ibid., p. 281. c Ann. Kept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 189.5, pp. 200, 201; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 66-67. rt Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1880, pp. 166-168; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 67, 68. e Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey 1896, pp. 72-75. / Woolman, Lewis, Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1900, p. 77. Berry, E. W., Am. .Nat., -.ol. 37, 1903, pp. 677-684; Bull. New York Bot. Gar., vol. 3, No. 9, 1903, pp. 45-103, pis. 43-S7; Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. 3i, 1904, pp. 67-82, pis. 1-5. c Bull Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 8, 1897, pp. 202, 203. CRETACEOUS EOCKS. . 25 of the south shore above the beds regarded as Matawan suggest Miocene, but a com{)arison with the known position of the Miocene in adjacent areas renders this correlation very doubtful. It will be seen from fig. 4 and PI. V that, so far as present knowledge goes, Long Island lies north of the main Miocene deposits, and that if the Miocene occurs at all it is to be expected as mere erosion outliers occupying the highest hills. Moreover, Mr. G. N. Knapp, who, by reason of liis long and extensive field work in New Jersey, is well fitted to judge, has examined the beds in the Melville section (p. 20) and regards them as Cretaceous, with the possible exception of a thin layer between the upper gravel and the impure marl, which resembles Miocene. In order that any other portion of these beds may be Miocene, it is necessary to assume a much greater discordance of structure than is known to exist anywhere in this region between the Miocene and Cretaceous. These facts, with the agreement of the thickness of the beds below the Miocene (?) of the West Hill section with the thickness of the Cretaceous deposits of northern New Jersey, and the fact .that Long Island is to be regarded as the normal continuation of New Jersey, both geologically and topographically, with the addition of a mantle of glacial deposits, thi'ow the burden of proof on the person arguing for the Miocene age of these beds. The total absence of large greensand beds indicates a change in the local conditions. Perhaps the ancestral Hudson and Connecticut rivers may have had something to do with it; perhaps the ocean currents are responsible, for it is well known that both these factors tend to interfere with the formation of greensand, and glauconitic deposits are therefore seldom continuous over great areas." This sandy phase reappears on Marthas Vineyard above the basal plant- bearing beds, though at this point it contains fossils,* and while the data are not conclusive, they furnish further evidence of the change from the New Jersey conditions which is indicated on Long Island. AGE OF THE RARITAN FORMATION. After the early correlations, which were based on very meager data, the Raritan was referred to the Upper Cretaceous, and it was not until the work of Ward in connection with the much disputed Potomac group that it was referred to the Lower Cretaceous.'' It was shown by Newberry'' and Hollick^ to be rather closely related to the Dakota and the Patoot and Atane beds of Greenland, all of which are regarded as Upper Cretaceous. The work of Berry has now shown that there is no essential break between this fauna and that of the Cliffwood section, which is clearly Upper Cretaceous.-^ a Clark, W. B., New Jersey Geol. Survey, 1893, p. 22.5. 6 Woodworth, J. B., Bull. Geol. Soo. America, vol. 8, 1897, pp. 199-200. « Ward, L. F., The Potomac Formation: Fifteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1895, pp. 345-346; Age of the Island series, Sci., new series, vol. 4, 1896, pp. 757-760; Professor Fontaine and Professor Newberry on the age of the Potomac for- mations, Sci., new series, vol. 5, 1897, p. 420. d Newberry, J. S., The flora of the Amboy clay, a posthumous work edited by Arthur HoUick: Monograph U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 26, 1895, pp. 23, 33. ' Hollick, Arthur: Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Science, vol. 47, 1898, pp. 292-293: Science, new series, vol. 7, 1898, pp. 467^68; Am. Geol., vol. 22, 1898, pp. 255-2.56. /Berry, Kdward W.', Plants from the Matawan: Am. Nat., vol. 37, pp. 677-684, 1903; Flora of the Matawan formation (Crosswick's clays) : Bull. New York Bot. Gar., vol. 3, No. 9, 1903, pp. 45-103, pis. 43-57; Additions to the flora of the Matawan formation: Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 31, 1904, pp. 67-82, pis. 1-6. 26 UNDEEGROUND WATEE EESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. . Mr. David White informs me that he regards the Marthas Vineyard flora, on which Ward based his Island series, as essentially the same as the Cliffwood. The Long Island plant remains described by Hollick represent a horizon 100 or 200 feet above the Lloyd sand, and are therefore stratigraphically between the Amboy clays (Woodbridge, South Amboy, and Sayreville horizons) and the Cliffwood or basal Matawan. The stratigraphic sequence is, then, as follows: (1) Amboy clays; (2) Long Island red leaf-bearing concretions; (3) Cliffwood, Marthas Vineyard, East Neck." The few fragmentary marine remains obtained from the Lloyd sand at Lloyd Point are regarded by Stanton as Upper Cretaceous, and therefore confirm the general drift of the plant evidence, as do the molluscan remains (including Exogyra) reported by Woolman from a sirriilar horizon in the Asbury Park well.'' On the one hand marine fossils indicate the flora in the upper beds as clearly Upper Cre- taceous; on the other, the flora shows that there is no essential break between the upper and lower beds of the Raritan. There is, however, a sharp floral break at the base of the Raritan'' and it seems, therefore, necessary to return to the view of Newberry and regard the Raritan as b^sal Upper Cretaceous, and essentially equivalent to the Dakota and the Woodbine.'* ; : SUMMARY OF THE CRETACEOUS. The more important points relative to the pre-Pleistocene on Long Island may be briefly summarized as follows: 1. The bulk of the pre-Pleistocene deposits on Long Island are Cretaceous. 2. The basal beds are the stratigraphic equivalents of the Raritan, and are Upper Cretaceous. 3. The Matawan beds are apparently well represented, but their lithological character changes in going eastward. 4. No greensand beds comparable to the great greensand marl beds of New Jersey have been found, their stratigraphic position being occupied by fine hgnitiferous sand with occasional clay beds. TERTIARY. GENERAL CONDITIONS. Although there are no indications on Long Island of any break in the sedi- mentation during the Cretaceous, Doctor Clark has found in New Jersey evidence of perhaps two unconformities which indicate land periods of comparativelj^ short duration.^ It was, however, not until rather late Tertiary time that this region commenced to undergo the profound erosion which has given rise to the present land forms. These stages are imperfectly shown on Long Island, but in adjoining portions of the coastal plain the following major stages have been foimd: Late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion, Lafayette submergence, early Pliocene erosion, Miocene submergence, Eocene erosion. a The East Neck locality is perhaps a little higher stratigraphically than the other two. b Ann. Rept. N. J. Geol. Survey, 1895, pp. 72-75, 1896. f Science, new series, vol. 4, 1896, p. 759. d Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 7, 1901, pp. 318-322. t BuU. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 8, 1897, pp. 328, 337-338. TERTIARY PERIOD. 27 EOCENE EROSION. The absence of the greater portion of the Eocene in New Jersey indicates a period of elevation, but the absence of any great unconformity between the Cretaceous or Eocene and the Miocene strata indicates that either this elevation was slight or that the period was of such a duration that the land was essentially base-leveled. MIOCENE SUBMERGENCE. While the deposits of the Miocene were clearly very thick toward the sea and thin toward the land, the exact position of their landward edge is uncertain. Fig. 4. — Sketch map showing known distribution ol the Miocene near Long Island. Shaded area is underlain by Miocene. Heavy black line gives general direction of strike and shows approximate point at which base of Miocene reaches sea level. It may, however, be regarded as reasonably certain that over most of the Atlantic coastal plain they were of sufficient extent and thickness to obliterate the low features developed in the underlying Cretaceous and Eocene beds during the preceding erosion period. Distribution of Miocene deposits. — In the Long Island region and in the New Jersey region the Miocene sediments were deposited under similar conditions, and as these two areas have been subjected to the same forces, except glacial action, their distribution in both should be similar. The only bed thus far seen on Long 28 UNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Island wliich is regarded as possibly Miocene is a thin bed of "fluffy sand" which Mr. G. N. Knapp recognized in the upper part of the Melville section (p. 20), and which is the counterpart of certain sands occurring in the Miocene of New Jersey. A comparison of the sections shown in PL V indicates that if the structure is normal, and there is every reason to believe it is, a Miocene outlier should be expected at this point. The same evidence shows the absence of the Miocene above sea level (fig. 4 and PI. V) on southern Long Island, except possibly along a portion of the South Fluke. This line of argument is important, for it shows that the Tertiary deposits can not be expected on the north shore any more than in the Hightstown Vale (p. 30) in New Jersey, and that the occurrences on Long Island are probably limited to erosion outliers, with the embed beneath the Atlantic. EARLY PLIOCENE EROSION. In the succeeding erosion period the first forerunners of the present topography were developed. Erosion was active, the mantle of Miocene beds was partly removed and the underlying Cretaceous exposed near the old shore line. LAFAYETTE SUBMERGENCE. During Lafayette time the rather low topography developed in this region was buried by a mantle of littoral deposits. The smaller depressions were oblit- erated but the broader features persisted. LATE PLIOCENE (POST-LAFAYETTE) EROSION. After the Lafayette submergence there was a long period of erosion in which the land stood relatively high and the essential features of the present topography were developed. DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. The most pronounced topographic feature resulting from or accentuated by the early and late Pliocene erosion epochs is a more or less persistent line of hills overlooking a landward depression which extends from the Mannetto (West) and Wheatley hills on Long Island through the highlands in the coastal plain of New Jersey and Mar3dand to the Potomac River near Washington. Such a degradational fea- ture is common in all regions of gently inclined rocks of unequal hardness. By weathering and erosion the softer beds are removed and the more resistant ones stand out as chains of hills. Marked topographic forms depending on these factors extend over wide areas and it seems desirable to have distinctive topographic terrhs for them. Fig. 5. Sleieogram of eastern England (alter Davis), sho-wing the development ol wolds and vales. B, D, vales; 0, E, wolds. TERTIARY PERIOD. 29 Fortunately names ai'e readily obtainable by analogy with eastern England where, in the gently sloping rocks of the post-Paleozoic series, similar features are well developed (fig. 5). There the ranges of hills are in many places called wolds — as the Cotswold Hills and the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire wolds — and the accompanying longitudinal depressions have been termed vales — as the vales of Pickering, Blackmore, White Horse, Red Horse, Pewsey, and Wardour. These terms are, therefore, appropriate for lines of hills and parallel valleys of a similar Fig. 6. — Diagram showing the three uses of "escarpment" as applied to topographic features. type and origin. As a definite physiographic term wold may then be defined as a range of hills produced by differential erosion from inclined sedimentary rocks, and vale as the accompanying depression or strike valley (fig. 7). Wold has, so far as the writer is aware, never before been used as a distinct term for a definite topographic form, but vale has been extensively employed by Woodward in describing the longitudinal valleys in eastern England." As a geographic term, vale, although generally applied to these strike valleys, has occasionally been used for valleys of other origin — as the Vale of Eden, in Westmoreland and Cumberland, in which a portion of the depression has been Fig. 7. — Diagram showing relations of wold, vale, cuesta, and bajada. produced by faulting* — but these may be regarded as exceptional cases, and the word used in a physiographic sense as the direct antithesis of wold, or wolds, without confusion. To the feature here defined as a wold, the term escarpment has often been applied, but, as already pointed out by Davis,'' this usage is objectionable, for when escarpment is used for the whole hill feature it is given a meaning quite different from that usually associated with it. It is commonly used for a very steep declivity or cliff,'' but has been extended to mean: (1) The steeper slope of a a Woodward, Horace B., The Jurassic rocks of Britain: Memoirs Geol. Survey Gt. Brit., vol. 3, 1893, pp. 309-313; vol. 4, 1894, p. 459; vol. 5, 1895, p. 297. The geology of England and Wales, 1887, p. 599. bMarr, John E., The scientific study of scenery, London, 1900, p. 113. Ramsey, A. C, Physical geology and geography of Great Britain, 6th ed., 1899, pp. 362-363, fig. 129. c Proc. Geol. Assoc. Lond., vol. 16, 1899, p. 77. ri Geikie, Archibald, Text-book of geology, vol. 2, 1903, p. 13. Example cited: The face of a mesa. 30 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. wold;« (2) the top or crest line of a wold ;^ (3) the whole hill feature — exactly synonymous with wold (fig. 6)/ The word cuesta is used in the southwestern United States for a sloping plain which is terminated on one side by a steep slope. <^ ' It seems to have no relation to structure, but only to topographic form, and while the long slope of a wold, or dip slope, is a cuesta, a cuesta is not always a dip slope. The word has been, apphed by Davis to many of the dip slopes of wolds in the United States, and has been extended by him to include the whole topographic form, with the remark that while there may be objection to this use of the word it will, until a better name is suggested, serve a useful purpose. « Cuesta should doubtless be restricted to its original usage, and apply only to the gently sloping plain. A name for the shorter slope or inface can likewise be ob- tained in the same region in the com- panion terms to cuesta of ceja and la- jada, the first referring to an escarp- ment and the second to "a gradually descending slope as distinguished from a more vertical escarpment. "■'' Bajada would then be applied where there is no escarpment or where the escarp- ment feature was an insignificant por- tion of the whole slope; while ceja would be applied where the scarp forms the major part of the bound- ary between two successive cuestas (fig. 7). WOLDS AND VALES. , FIG. 8.-sketch map showing ^locations of sections shown on j^ ^j^^ coastal plain of New Jersey there is a well-marked vale and wold (PL V) and a less perfectly developed pair. The innermost vale may be traced more or less continuously from the Potomac River near Washington to northern Long Island , and perhaps to southeastern Massachusetts; in it are found Long Island Sound and the northeast and southwest portions of the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Potomac rivers. Through New Jersey it is particularly well marked, and may be named the Hightstown Vale, from Hightstown, in Mercer County, where it is typically developed (Pis. II and V, C). Coastward of the Hightstown Vale and overlooking it is a range of rolling hills, highest to the northeast at Beacon Hill and Telegraph Hill, N. J., and Mannetto Hills, a Harrison, W. Jerome, Geology of theeountiesof England, 1882, p. 344. Geikie, James, Earth sculpture, 1898, p. 58, fig. 15. 6 Marr, John E., The scientific study of scenery, 1900, p. 117. c Geikie, James, Earth sculpture, 1898, pp. 65, 70, fig. 23. Woodward, Horace B., The geology of England and Wales, 1887, p. .599; The Jurassic rocks of Britaui: Memoirs Geo) . Survey of United KLagdom, vol. 4, 1894, p. 459; ibid., vol. 5, 1895, p. 297. <* Hill, R. T., Description of topographic terms of Spanish America: Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 7, 1896, p. 295. « Davis, W. M., The drainage of cuestas: Proc. Geol. Assoc. London, vol. 16, 1899, pp. 76, 77. / Nat. Geog. Mag., vol. 7, 1896, p. 297. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. V 6 4 3 2 10 Horizontal Scales 10 miles Vertical 1000 2000 3000 feet COMPARATIVE CROSS SECTIONS OF LONG ISLAND AND NEW JERSEY ALONG LINES SHOV^N IN FIGURE 8, SHOWING RELyVTIONS OF THE TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. By A. C. Veatch, 1904. Dotted portion of sections A-A and B-B represents Pleistocene deposits. Broken line marked Cr. siiows pre-Cretaceous 17116— No. 44— OG— 3 TERTIARY PERIOD 31 Long Island, but gradually becoming lower and of less importance topograpliically to the south. This range of hills is typically developed at Perrineville, in Monmouth Count)^, N. J., 5 or 6 miles east of Hightstown, and is, therefore, named the Perrine- ville Wold. Both the Hightstown Vale and Perrineville Wold have been produced by the differential erosion of Cretaceous strata. Of the minor and but partly devel- oped vale and wold to the east of the Perrineville Wold little need be said at this time, except to point out their general resemblance to the major topographic features of this type. DEFLECTION OF RIVERS IN HIGHTSTOWN VALE. In studying the abnormal deflection of the rivers in the Hightstown Vale it is nec- essary to commence with the uplift which marked the beginning of the post-Miocene erosion cycle. At that time the streams issuing from the valleys of the older land followed the retreating sea directly across the emerging coastal plain and adapted themselves to its minor iiTcgularities and gentle slope (PI. VI, A). During this period, in the region north of Virginia, the streams near the landward edge of the Miocene rocks cut through the Miocene and reached the Cretaceous. The soft basal Cretaceous rocks were more easily eroded than the overlying ones, and a shallow vale, overlooked by a low, northwest-facing wold broken by the transverse or dip valleys of the main streams, was developed parallel to the old shore line. This ancestral Hights- town Vale and Perrineville Wold was farther inland than to-day and, though not prominent, was doubtless well marked. In the succeeding Lafayette submergence a mantle of littoral sediments was spread over the coastal plain. The narrow transverse valleys through the wold (fig. 5) were more nearly obliterated by this mantle than the broad vale, and when the land was again elevated the ancestral Connecticut, Delaware, Susquehanna, and Potomac rivers discharged into a slightly depressed trough. Had there been no tilting in either direction in this uphft these rivers would have overflowed the barrier afforded by the wold and the more or less completely filled, narrow, trans- verse valleys and cut new channels directly to the sea; but if there was tilting in either direction the rivers would have flowed down the vale in direction of the tilting and finally escaped seaward thi'ough the partly filled depressions of lower transverse stream valleys. As these streams were favored by softer strata and by greater volumes, they maintained then ascendancy over the smaller streams wliich developed east of the crest of the Perrineville Wold, and so persisted in their defiected courses (PI. VI, 5). In much of Virginia and North Carohna where the more recent deposits overljdng these Cretaceous beds have not been removed, no such deflection of the rivers occurs; but in Alabama where this mantle is no longer present the Coosa is deflected into an east-west course at the point where it leaves the older land ; farther north the Ten- nessee is deflected under conditions very similar to those on the North Atlantic coast. Two other explanations have been offered for this deflection, the first by McGee,*" and the second by Darton.^ In the first the deflection is attributed to faulting and in the second to the action of coastal bars. In the first case it must be regarded as a 1 McGee, W J, The geology of the head of Chesapeake Bay: Seventh Ann. Rept. TJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1888, pp. 616-634. bDnTton, N. H., Jour, geol., vol. 2, 1894, p. 581; also Newsom, J. F., The effect of sea barriers upon ultimate drainage: Jour. Geol., vol. 7, 1899, pp. 445-451. 32 [JNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. very strange coincidence that a fault should follow the curved line of strike of the Cretaceous when this is not parallel to the mountain chains and produce a valley just where a vale should be produced by differential erosion. Moreover, the rock surface beneath the plain and the remnants of the old surface preserved in the crests or flat tops of the hills through New Jersey show no break such as would have been pro- duced by a fault. Darton's explanation was proposed when further field work had proved the non- existence of this hypothetical fault, and was based on the prevailing southward drift of the sands of the Atlantic coast. This is assumed to have prevailed since early Cretaceous time, and to have produced the ultimate deflection of the rivers by build- ing spits or bars along the shores. There are two objections to this hypothesis: (1) it does not explain why the deflection is confined to the outcrop of the soft layers of the Cretaceous — why it does not extend continuously southward through the coastal plain, but reappears when the Cretaceous is again exposed ; (2) all the coastal bai-s now Fig. 9. — Comparative maps showing deflection of streams in the Hightstown Vale and the deflection which would be pro- duced by the large Texas bars if the land were elevated. forming are cut by important breaks, or tidal guts, and while these might, if the land were elevated, produce minor deflections under certain favorable conditions, they could not cause deflections of this magnitude, and the deflections would not have the same uniformity in direction. The long Texas bars offer, perhaps, the closest analogy to hypothetical bars necessary for the diversion of these northern rivers, both in the length of the bars and the size of the rivers discharging into the coastal lagoon behind them. However, careful study of the Coast Survey charts shows that where the rivers are carrying a moderate amount of sediment, as the Brazos and the Rio Grande, they have extended their mouths to the coastal barrier, and that where they are not so laden there is always a deep channel or tidal gut in the bar so situated that the deflection on elevation would be comparative^ small. The comparatively insig- nificant effect that these bars would have in case the land were elevated is shown in fig. 9. Rivers may be deflected, as in the case of the Colorado, but it is regarded as - extremely improbable that they could be deflected to the extent and with the regu- larity of the rivers in the Hightstown Vale. ,S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (A) POST-MIOCENE EROSION INTERVAL Id POST- MANNETO EROSION INTERVAL DEVELOPMENT OF MAJOR DRAINAG BYA.I 50 26 —J L. ^ lJ PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL, VI LEGEND Present drainage and shore lines V, Former drainage and shore line Canyons of the coastal shelf Cretaceous outcrops 390 Soiindings in feet belowpresent sealevel (B) POST- LAFAYETTE EROSION INTERVAL ID) VINEYARD EROSION INTERVAL •F NORTH ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN ATCH EN &CO, LITH.N.Y. 300 miles QUATERKAEY DEPOSITS. 33 QUATERNARY. While during the Cretaceous and Tertiary the portion of the Atlantic coastal plain between Cape Hatteras and Nantucket was subjected to very nearly the same conditions and the development was therefore the same in both periods, in the Quaternary new factors arose which affected only the region from Long Island east- ward, and gave to it a surficial aspect differing decidedly from that of the other portions of the coastal plain to the south. Although the several ice advances directly affected Long Island and the region eastward, none of them reached the coastal plain of New Jersey and Maryland, and here the only records of Pleistocene time are therefore the terraces formed in such positions that they were not destroyed b}^ subsequent submergences. In the region affected by the glaciers the following divisions of the Pleistocene have been recognized : Table II. — Pleistocene formations on Long Island. Division. Wisconsin stage Late: Harbor Hill Moraine. Early : Ronkonkoma Moraine. Vineyard interval Tisburj' stage Gardiner interval Gay Head folding Sankaty stage Jameco stage Post-Mannetto and pre-Jameco erosion JMannetto stage Characterization. iGlacial: Formation of two lines of terminal moraines, with I accompanying outwash and kettle plains. Interglacial : Elevation of land 150 to 200 feet above the present sea level, and profound erosion of Tisbuiy. Glacial: Depression 200 to 250 feet below sea level, and forma- tion of great deposit of outwash sand and gi'avel. Interglacial: Land somewhat lower than to-day; erosion of folds produced by the Gay Head folding. Glacial : Folding of surficial portions of all older formations. Interglacial : Formation of clay and sand beds with land slightly above the present sea level. Glacial: Partial filling of Sound Vallej' in western Long Island, and deposition of gravel with large bowlders on Gardiners and New England islands. Interglacial: A long erosion period, with land about 300 feet above the present sea level. Glacial: Depression of 300 feet; deposition of old gravel in West and Wheatley hills. MANNETTO GRAVEL. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. Following the long post-Lafayette erosion epoch, when the drainage was approxi- mately as shown in PI. VI, B, the land was submerged to a depth of about 300 feet at Long Island, and a mantle of gravel and loam spread over the irregular surface developed during the Tertiary. 34 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. CHAEACTER OF DEPOSITS. In this region these deposits are for the most part composed of quartz gravel, but contain also some very much decayed pebbles and bowlders of probable glacial origin, in which respect they agree with the earhest Pleistocene deposits which Salisbury has recognized in New Jersey. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. Because of the destructive and reconstructive effects of the succeeding periods the deposits of this age are now recognizable, as a rule, only in the higher levels, and the typical examples on Long Island are, therefore, on the highest hills of the pre- Pleistocene, as in the Mannetto.(West) and Wheatley hills, from the first of which the formation has been named. POST-MANNETTO AND PRE-JAMECO INTERVAL. Following the deposition of the Mannetto gravel the land was again lifted, this time to a height of something of over 250 feet, and the work of the preceding erosion epochs was continued. The Mannetto deposits were to a large extent removed 'aiad the valleys somewhat deepened. JAMECO GRAVEL. o " o o o O OO O tiO 0> CT t-. o^ ,--■ O^ 03 COOO CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. The ice sheet, again advancing, appears to have about reached the present north shore of Long Island, and to have extended well down toward Block Island ^ and Marthas Vineyard. On western Long Island the Sound River Valley (PL VI) offered a natural outlet for the detrital-laden streams issuing from the ice front, and as the land probably stood somewhat lower than in the preceding erosion epoch, the old valley was partly filled with highly erratic sand and gravel (fig. 10). This glacial debris was deposited along the north shore and in the region to the east, but not south of the nucleus of older upland. The deposits are then thickest in and near the old valley; . they are poorly developed on the south shore east of this valley, but reappear in force on eastern Long Island and the islands to the east, where they have been brought up by folding. CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. In western Long Island the Jameco gravels consist of dark-colored sands and gravels that vary considerably in coarseness and are distinguished by the small per- FiG. 10. — Section from near Ridgeway, Brooklyn, to Valley Stream, showing po- sition of (1) Wisconsin, (2) Tisbury, (3) Sankaty, (4) Jameco, (5) Cretaceous beds, and the east side of the Sound Eiver Valley. Figures correspond with those used in PI. XXIV and in Chapter IV. JAMECO GEAVEL. 35 Even the surface gravel, which represents few miles to the north, contains a very FiG- 11. — Section near middle of northeast shore of Gardiners Island, N. Y. ; (0) black Cretaceous clay; (1) fine gray micaceous sand (Cretaceous); (2) Jameoo gravel; (3) red clay (Sankaty) ; (4) sUty sand (Sankaty) ; (5) Wisconsin tUl and outwash gravel. Height of section, 60 feet. centage of quartz which they contain, the outwash when the ice was but a much higher percentage of quartz ; the only gravel beds on the island resem- bling these occur in the Wisconsin deposits in and north of the moraine. So pronounced was the gla- cial character of these old gravels that when they were first examined it was thought they surely represented surface Wisconsin deposits, and that some careless clerk had inverted the tube and labeled it upside down;" but this theory became untenable as well record after well record was examined, and all, in certain regions, showed the following succession: Geologic succession in wells in ujesiern Long Island. 1. Quartz sand and gravel with a noticeable percentage of erratic material (Wisconsin). 2. Quartz sand, gray or yellovF, vsdth little if any material of recognizable glacial origin (Tisbury). 3. Blue clay vpith wood (Sankaty). 4. Dark, multicolored, highly erratic gravel (Jameco). East of this valley and the delta-like extension at its opening the only repre- sentatives of this period are the normal coastal sands and gravels simi- lar to the beds above and below, and seldom separable from them. At Gardiners Island and on Marthas Vine- yard the percentage of fine, yellow, gravel is much greater, and the beds contain very large bowlders of compound quartz crystalline rocks, indicating the nearness of the ice. These beds, which are here brought up by folding, are likewise separated from the younger gravels by the clay deposits of the Sankaty (figs. 11, 12). PRESENT DISTEIBDTION. On the north shore the Jameco beds have been considerably eroded and dis- turbed and are not always readily separable from the succeeding deposits. Occa- sional remnants of considerable local importance as sources of water supply, how- ever, have been encountered, as indicated in the well records. On the south shore where the Jameco beds have not been eroded and are typically developed in the region of the old valley (fig. 10) they form one of the most important water horizons of the island. w Fig. 12. — Section on west side of hoUow which afforded the section in fig. 11, about 200 feet farther west. The numerals indicate same beds as in fig. 11. a The samples of the borings of the Brooklyn waterworks are preserved in the Municipal Building, Brooklyn, N. Y., in glass tubes representing miniature reproductions of the borings. 36 UNDEEGEOUND WATER RESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. SANKATY FORMATION. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. The effect of the Jameco epoch was to partly fill the Sound Valley on western Long Island and to spread a relatively thin cover of gravel and sand over the areas not in the lee of the old land masses. With the continuance of the progressive subsidence, which appears to have begun near the close of the post-Mannetto erosion interval, the coarser beds of the Jameco were succeeded hj finer sediments, and as the ice retreated, temperate water forms similar to those living to-day occupied the waters. The land stood about 50 feet liigher than to-day, and there existed an ancestral Long Island rudely resembling the present island. The beds forming near its shore were predominanth" swampy and in many ways similar to those accumulating on a minor scale at present. These swamp conditions gave place in deeper water to more truly marine ones, where marine forms were included, in greater or less numbers, in the sediments deposited. Jameco Cretaceous Bed rock Fig. 13.— Section from Wards Island to Barnum Island, showing fold at Rockaway Ridge (Hewlett), and the relations of the Sankaty, Jameco, Cretaceous, and "bed rock." Figures correspond to those used on PI. XXIV and in Chapter IV CHAR.\CTER OF DEPOSITS. These sediments therefore vaiy from truly swampy deposits on the one hand to relatively fiiie sands and claj^s, which show no trace of swamp origin, and wliich con- tain shallowTwater moUusks on the other; thus on western Long Island, Avhere the parth" fUled channel of the Sound Yalle}' favors the formation of swamp deposits, there are irregular beds of dark-colored clay (figs. 10, 13), containing considerable lignite and lignitized wood, occasional lenticular beds of silt}" sand and gravel from .5 to 10 feet tliick, and, toward the coast, a few marine shells. On the other hand, the beds of this age on Gardiners Island (figs. 14, 15), wliich have been brought up by folding, were formed farther from the shore, contain no lignitic material, and carry a good moUuscan fauna. In general this formation is about 50 feet thick, although some of the Brooklyn waterworks test borings show a thickness of 150 feet near the axis of the old valley. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. The Sankaty deposits, like the Jameco, occur on the north shore merely as erosion remnants, more or less disturbed by folding, and associated with some- GAY HEAD FOLDING. 37 what similar Cretaceous deposits. They afford some of the local clay layers which are the retaining layers in some of the shallow north shore artesian wells (fig. 16). On the south shore these beds are most typically developed in the region of the old valley, where ihej form the retaining laj^er for the water in the Jameco gravels (fig. 13). East of Springfield they are less typical, although well developed at the Queens County Water Company's plant and under Rockaway Ridge. Their presence is suggested by the silty clays overlying the artesian horizons at a number of the Brooklyn plants east of Millburn. GAY HEAD FOLDING. DESCRIPTION. The exact conditions immediately following the deposition of the Sankaty are not known, but there is no evidence indicating that the relative positions of 4 • / "r ■1 '1^ '2- \ : ^^•:r ^ ^ -^^ 1? ^ -3c4^ .^^ Fig. 14.— Section at Tobacco Point, east side of Gardinei's Island, N. Y. 1, Cretaceous; 2, Jameco gravel; 3, red clay (San- katy) ; 4, fossil ted with bowlders (Sankaty) . Height, 20 feet; length, l,200±feet. Surface beds omitted. the land and sea were materially changed. The increasing sandiness of the upper part of the Sankaty on Gardiners Island suggests a slight change from the progress- ive subsidence which began in the post-Mannetto interval, but the .''''' ~~"n change was not of a A^ery great x^' \ order. The important and dis- ^^' \ tinctive feature of this period is / ( the wonderful folding and disturb- / j ance of the beds along the north / shore of Long Island and the / islands eastward. These folded and faulted strata can now best be seen at Gay Head on Marthas Vineyard (fig. 17) and on Gardiners Island (figs. 11, 12, 14, 15). At Gay Head Woodworth has veiy carefully worked out a section showing a deformation of more than 200 feet and a wonderful series of closely compacted folds and faults. On Gardiners Island the folds are as complicated as on Marthas Vineyard, and the opportunities for study even better. It is regarded as particularly unfortunate that time was not available in which to work out the detailed maps and sections, which are urgently needed at this locality. At present v.^-Tr^ ^^^>\ 1 / "1 11 /TV / S Sea level mil ///// Ni Beach s if// 1 2 3 Fig. 15. — Section near Cherry Hill Point, Gardiners Island, showing location of fossO-bearing stratum. 1, Laminated red clay and sand; 2, mottled-gray, brown, and yellow sand; 3, dark, yellowish-brown, siJty clay; 4, tUl. 1-3 are Sankaty; 4 is Wisconsin. 38 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. it can only be stated that while the axes of a series of adjacent folds are generally parallel, they are not parallel to the axes of a series at no very great distance. Thus, near the center of the northeast shore a series of four folds was seen whose axes are N. 20° W., while a little farther east, near Eastern Plain Point, the axis of three or four sharp overturned folds is almost due east and west. Ries observed a similar folded structure on Fishers Island, where excavation has shown that the folding does not extend downward over 20 or 30 feet." On Long Island, near Orient, Mather observed the same phenomena (fig. 18) and noted their superficial character. * Some folding and disturbance of strata can be observed in nearly all of the outcrops of the older beds on the north shore, among which should be noted particularly those near Lloyd Beach in Cold Spring Harbor, at the southern end of Center Island, and at Glen Cove and Sea Cliff. In these regions well borings have clearly shown that the folding is entirely superficial (PI. II, fig. 16). CAUSE OF FOLDING. In studying the cause of this folding four principal points need to be considered : (1) As the folding involves glacial deposits, it is clearly Pleistocene; (2) it is essen- 1 - 2 3 miles Fig. 16. — Cross section through Oyster Bay and Center Island, showing relations of clay and water-bearing horizons encoun- tered in the Oyster Bay wells to the Cretaceous clays and Lloyd gravel in the Center Island wells. tially superficial and, therefore,' can not be of orogenic origin; (3) it occurs wholly in a glaciated region, other portions of the coastal plain showing no analogous phe- nomena; (4) the general direction, as well as the local irregularities of the folds, are such as would be expected from ice thrusts. To account for these folds three theories have been advanced: (1) That they are due to landslips;'^ (2) that they were formed by mountain-building forces ; ^ (3) that they were produced by the lateral shove of a continental ice sheet.* It is well known that landslip or hill creep can produce local disturbances of considerable importance, and these phenomena may be observed to-day in all bluff sections or steep slopes in this region, particularly at the Broken Grounds or Ragged Ground near Fresh Pond, north of Northport (PI. VII). At these places, however, • a Bull. Ne-w York State Mus. No. 35, 1900, p. 603. b Geology of the First District, 1843, pp. 249, 259. (^^ Mather, W. W., Report of the first district, 1843, p. 249. Dana, Manual of Geology, 1895, p. 1021. d Shaler, N. S., Seventh Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1888, pp. 343-347; Bull. Geol, Soc. Am., vol. 5, 1894, pp. 199-202; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 6, 1895, p. 7. Dana, Manual of Geology, 1895, p. 934. - e Merrill, F. J. H., Proo. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 35, 1886, pp. 228-229. Hollick, Arthur, Trans. New York Acad. Soi., vol. 13, 1894, p. 123; Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 6, 1895, pp. 5-7. Ries, Heinrich, Bull. New York State Museum, No. 35, 1900, p. 603. UJ 2 9 =1 UJ O GAY HEAD FOLDING. 39 the folding is essentially local, and presents neither the characteristics nor the magnitude of the occurrences at Gardiners Island, Block Island, and Marthas Vine- yard, where the materials have been forced up — not let down. Moreover, no analogous foldings occur in the southward extension of the coastal plain beyond the limits of ice action. The theory of orogenic origin is not only ruled out by the superficial character of the folding, but has other insurmountable objections. Fig. 17. — Cross section at Gay Head, Marthas Vineyard. After Woodworth. A, Cretaceous; B, Miocene, with pi'obably Pliocene; C, Jameoo and Sankaty; D, thrust planes and faults. Surface morainal deposits omitted. Height, 120 feet; length, 1 mile The only hypothesis which explains all of the phenomena observed is that the folding was produced by the thrust or drag of a continental ice sheet. As the major portion of the folding occurred at one time, or in the same epoch, and 200 yds. south of Browns Point, 3 'A miles west of Oyster Point, Long Island, N.Y. Sections, exposed by encroachnnentsof the sea near Browns Point, Pettys Bight, Long Island, N.Y. KSand;Clay,v-Sand- Section exposed after the storm of 1 1th and 12th of October, 1836. 200 yds. south of Browns Point Long Island N.Y. Tig. 18. — Sections exposed at Browns Point after storm of October 11 and 12, 18-36. After Mather, 1843. as later deposits show only minor disturbances, it is necessary to suppose that the conditions were more favorable during the Gay Head stage than during the Wis- consin stage, which is the only other advance which approached this one in extent. Among the conditions which may have been effective in producing this difference in results, the following may be enumerated: (1) The ice producing this folding extended farther south than any previous advance, and therefore was resisted by more of the original irregularities of the surface; (2) the clayey character of the strata against which it pressed was particularly favorable for the production and preservation of the folds, while before the Wisconsin all the older beds had been covered with a heavy mantle of Tisbury gravels which did not lend themselves so readily either to deformation, or the preservation of records of deformation. •10 IINI)KI{(Jll(»lINI) WA'I'lOli KKSOIIKOKS OK LONd ISLAND, NKW YORK, III (,li(vlw() inosi, n()l(>(l cxiunplcH of disturhancc by {2;lacinJ iiciioTi in Ei]ro|)o — (lie Norfolk (Ilifl's in i*)ii.u,liui(l, and the cJid's oi' {,\u\ islands of Moon a,nd l{ii^(>n " in Denmark and (iciiiuuiy lli(> (jonditions wore very similar to tliose in lliis rop;ion. The ice, comiiifj; IVoiii t.lic iiardcr, prc-C/n^l.aroona rocks, passod across a doprcssion, w'liicli may liavc \h\o\\ filled wilJi water, and, inipin^iiifi; a,|•ittl(^ than tins (!retac.e(Mis clays of the coast of the llnit(>(l Stat(\s, was moj-e ollen brok(Mi, and gieai masses wecc pushed up bodily nnd coinniinglcd with theglacial beds. 'rh(> saiiie sMgg(>stions of origin have been proposed for these European ice- ma(l(> folds and fauHs, with the addition, in ICngland, of ai\ iceberg liypotliesis. 'I''liis theory, (irst propos(>(l by Lyell,'' was widely adopttnl in England, and it was not until the extc^nde-d, careful work of Keid that it was shown to be untenable. (lARDINi;!} INTIOKVAI,. .After the (Jay Mend folding the toj)S of the folds were trui>eiated. "WIiHb. this tnincntion might be produced by the overriding of the ice, the exposure's on (iardiners Isltiiid show no evideiic(> that it was accom|)lished iii this nutnner. The trnncation is clean, not dragg(Ml as it would b(^ if it had been produced by ice, iind l)(\ars all the aspects of having been produced by water erosion. Woodworth hiis arrived at a similar conclusion from a, study of tlu^ exijosures on the New England islands, and leels that a considerable erosion period is indicated.'' The truncation, as was (irst obseived by Mr. IsaitiJi Bowman, is more nearly that whi<'h would \)o produced on a slowly sul)siding coast by wave action tluui that caused by streani (M'osion at a high level. Of fourse, very long-contimuHl erosion would (>ventua-lly produce" a basevlevel condition, but th(> (leca|)itation of the folds on such limited ar(>a,s as (JardiiUM", Block, and Nantucket islands, and Martlias Vin(\va,r(l, under such favoi'able conditions as nuist have (>xist(>d tJiere, would be nuich more (piickly and normnJly accomplished by wave action than by run-ofT.'' It. is therefore lelt thai th(> land during this (>rosion int(M'val, instcMul of standing high(>r than to-day,' was FyO to 100 feci, lower. As tlu^ name CJay Head belongs m()r(> properly to tlie folding ' than to the erosion interval W^hich followed, the name (Jardiner interval is suggesl,(>(i for the lait(>r, from (oirdiiuM's Island, where the truncaU'd folds can be well obs(>rv(>d. ".liilniHl,iu|i, \<\, IHu'i'ilId l,iij;i'nm|,rNvi'i'li;il( iiiNHc iiiul cll(\ llnhiiiiKMpliiinoiHciK! in dio K ii\|ili>IVlNi\ti auf Mfloil lind HOgen: Zdllwliriri, l)i>ii(.Ncli(Mi (idol, (iiwoll., Iliuid '2ii, \H7-\, pp. Ka TM. lUUd, Cloinonl., 'Plio Klnoiiil doposlU of Croitior: Oool. MiiK.,ncw wM'li'N, vol. 7, IHHO, pp. M (1(1, a;!S 2.'«); Tlici KooloKy of tho ooinilry ai'ound ('roiiuM': Momoli-H Oool. Siirvoy KnglHiid tind WiUoN, IH,S'2. (!<>lkl(', .liuiioH, Tlio (IriMi.l, loo Ago, 1,S(M, pp. ;);«) *n, 'r2(i''i:t(). '' l.yoll, Clmrlos, On Uw howldin- foniial.loii oi' drlflr lUid l.lio iiNNOoliilcd I'i-ohIi \mi,1,oi' d<\po,slls coiiipoNliij; llio mud cIIiVn of oiiNli'i'ii Norfolk, London, luul Killnlini'g: I'lill. Mug., vol, Kl, ;t(l now, ISKl, p. :t7!l. ■• Hull. (lool. ,Soo, Am., vol, .s, isi)7, pp. 207 ail. ''.Si'(v vi'tiMvnoiw 1,0 d(>,sl,i'M('(.lon of Miiropoim coaul, by wiivc iiodon in l.yi'll, I'rlnclpli'n of neology, vol, I, I,S72, pp. .'iit7 .")(!l; OiilUlii, 'I'i'Xi-hooli of g(>ology, vol. I, HHKt, pp. ATI Wt;i; ii,Iho CliMniluThiln iiml SiillNlmry, (JcoloKy, lildl, pp. ;t:!(\ ;t;il; .slmlor. Sea and liuid, pp. I ;i(); 'Piut, I'liyNlojil geoKvapliy, pp. :t;i'2 XV.\. "SovonUwiiLh Ann. Itopt. U. S. Oool. S(irv(\y, i)t I, IWHi,'l.iililo I'acInK p. iw.s, IHw\ UitaKi>of "(lay lload dla((troi)ho," by Woodwortb, Unll. Odol. Soc, Am., vol, .S, l,Sl)7, pp. ^07 ■-'10. I'l'ofesnoi Woodwoi'tb wrlli'M, Di'cembcf h, l!HM: " In regard lo l.be iLse of Uio pbniso •• (Jay lloii.d folding" or It.s .synonym," (lay Htvid dlnMlrophi\" I agreo \vl(,l\ yon Mini, II, iMdoNli'alilo to ivsl.rlol, U, to tlio mow faotof tlie rptsodo of (bo dl.sloca(,lon and to frmi l( from (bo Idea earlier term of (be "(lay llea,red (bi^ vvbole (|ne,stlon of I he iineoiirormily," U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROEESSIONAl PAPTR NO. 44 PI. VIII HORIZONTALLY STRATIFIED TISBURY (MANHASSET) SAND AND GRAVEL BEDS, WITH INCLUDED LAYER OF BOWLDER CLAY (DARK-COLORED BAND), MANHASSET BOWLDER BED, KING'S SANDPIT, HEMPSTEAD HARBOR, N. Y. TISBURY GRAVEL. 41 TISBURY (MANHASSET) GRAVEL. CONDITIONS OF DEPOSITION. The subsidence that began near the close of the post-Mannetto erosion interval, and gradually increased during the Jameco, the Sankaty, the Gay Head, and the Gardiner culminated in the Tisbury epoch, with a total depression of 200 to 250 feet below the present sea level. The ice again advancing passed beyond the continental border and deposited great beds of outwash gravel in the border of the sea and around the higher parts of Long Island, then a group of rather small islands. As these deposits were perhaps laid down to a great extent by a retreating ice sheet, it is possible that the ice extended south of the Sound and that the gravel capping the Half Hollow Hills south of the Wisconsin deposits, and lapping around the southern edge of the West Hills was deposited in this earlier greater advance. The greater portion, however, was formed when the ice was but a short distance north of the present shore, the northern edge of these deposits terminating along this line in the rather abrupt scarp of a sand plain. The deposition took place very near sea level, and at times the submergence was sufficient to allow floating ice. Such conditions are thought to have controlled the formation of the bowlder bed in the midst of the stratified gravels in the region about Hempstead Harbor and caused the hregular distribution of bowlders through beds of the same age on Marthas Vineyard. (See PI. VIII.) CHARACTER OP DEPOSITS. The deposits of this epoch consist of quartz sand and gravel, containing a relatively small proportion of slightly weathered compound crystalline pebbles. They lie horizontally on the truncated folds produced by the Gay Head folding and Gardiner erosion and are separated from the Wisconsin deposits by a marked unconformity. On Long Island they differ from the Jameco in the small amount of erratic material which they contain and from the still older Mannetto in the very slight weathering of the compound pebbles. These lithological distinctions can not, however, be regarded as absolute, and confirmatory stratigraphic evidence must be sought in all cases. PRESENT DISTRIBUTION. Woodworth has shown that on the north shore of Long Island the Tisbury sands were deposited as a comparatively level, plateau-like plain, reaching a height of over 200 feet. In this region the beds are most characteristically developed and attain a maximum thickness of 150 to 250 feet. Deposits are commonly thinner near the axes of the peninsulas and thicken toward the valleys, as would be expected from their deposition over an antecedent topography. The surface exposures show that the Wisconsin is relatively thin, and while there is always a chance of correlating some Mannetto or Cretaceous with this gravel, or of including stratified sand and gravel of Wisconsin age, the following table m.ay be regarded as giving a fau- approximation of the thickness of these beds in this region. 42 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table III. — Thickness of late Pleistocene deposits in wells on the north shore of Long Island. No a 151 239 241 246 247 326 457 459 460 465 476 477 484 485 564 596 601 613 624 628 629 633 651 652 654 659 660 666 667 683 686 687 720 724 750 751 763 811 825 892 Location. Corona Whitestone... do JClm Point do -. Thomaston Glen Cove. do do - Dosoris - - . Lattingtown do do do Mill Neck Cold Spring Harbor . do do Huntington do do Lloyd Point Huntington do Centerport Greenlawn Northport Little Neck . do Kings Park Fort Salonga do.. '.. Smithtown Stony Brook St. James do Setauket Port Jefferson Wardenclyffe Greenport Total i Recent to Ti Woodworth, Bull. N. Y. State Mus., No. 48, 1901, pp. (Ml, 642. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. IX A. PORTION OF THE HARBOR HILL OUTWASH PLAIN OVER THE TISBURY TERRACE, SOUTH OF HUNTINGTON, N. Y. The West and Half Hollow hills in the distance mark the southern limit of the ice and represent a pottion of the Perrineville Wold with a slight morainal covering. B. BOWLDERY PORTION OF THE HARBOR HILL MORAINE NEAR CREEDMOOR, N. Y. WISCONSIN EPOCH, 45 CHARACTER OF DEPOSITS. The Wisconsin deposits on Long Island do not differ in any respect from those on the adjoining mainland, which have been fully described by Salisbury in his report on the glacial geolog}^ of New Jersey." They show the same major divisions of till (unstratified drift or bowlder clay) and stratified drift, forming terminal moraines, till plains or ground moraines, outwash plains, kettle plains, deltas, etc. Terminal moraines (PI. IX, B) represent more or less hilly accumu- lations formed at the end of an ice sheet during a halt; they are for the most part composed of till or unstratified material, but may under some circumstances show considerable stratification, when they become known as kames. Deposits which are formed under the ice, or when the ice is moving at such a uniform rate that it does not form a hilly accumulation in well-defuied belts, are called till plains or ground moraines. When the ice is melting rapidly the outflowing water carries off a great amount of detrital material, which is spread out as alluvial fans, and when many streams are concerned in this action the adjoining fans coalesce and give rise to a comparatively level plain, called a sand or outwash plain, at the edge of which the more important fans produce a distinct lobate effect. If detached masses of ice are buried in this outwash plain, when the ice retreats these masses melt and produce a pitted or kettle plain. Deltas differ from sand plains in their more limited size and in the fact that they are formed in water by one major stream rather than by a great number of streams of about the same size. The materials composing these several types on Long Island are largely derived from the local beds, for the most part from the Tisbury, and it is therefore not always possible to distinguish between the Tisbury and the reworked Tisbury belonging to the Wisconsin. The Wisconsin, however, as a rule contains a greater percentage of erratic material, shows decided morainic characteristics, and presents more or less pronounced topographic and stratigraphic distinctions. TMcTcness. — The deposits of the Wisconsin, although widespread, are rela- tively tliin. The till, which is regarded as its most characteristic deposit, has a thickness of 100 feet in places, and averages perhaps 10 to 20 feet. The extreme thinness of the Wisconsin can be well observed along the north shore, where the waves expose bluff sections. In the outwash plains the distinction is not so sharp, and considerable difficulty is experienced in drawing a line between the Tisbury and the Wisconsin outwash. If the more erratic .portion of the plain is regarded as Wisconsin, the thickness of the deposits increases from only a few feet near Babylon to 192 feet at Ridgewood (fig. 10). In the following table the more noteworthy occurrences have been brought together. Additional data will be found in the table, page 118, and in the detailed well records, page 168. a Final Kept. State Geol. New Jersey, vol. 5, 1902. 17116— No. 44—06 i 46 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table IV. — Thickness of Wisconsin deposits on Long Island. Location. Pleistocene (Recent to Mannetto). Wisconsin. Tisbury. Remarks. No.o Till. Stratified gravel. 3 Brooklyn (sewer tun- nel ) Sixty-fourth and Sixty-second streets. 90+ 80 10± 23 Brooklyn 135+ - 45 90± Stratified gravel may be in Tisbury. part 41 do 90+ 60 30d= Do. 42 ' do 84+ 18 (?) 44 .do 60+ 60 -^ 46 -do 60+ .21 39-1- 35 do 275 ? 23 (?) Sand from 23-105. 32 do 105+ 284+ All sand. 141 Ridffewood (?) 192-1- 137 Spring Creek 149+ 97± 29 201 Jameco 160+ 30 55 196 Springfield 180± 25 53 162 Woodside 138 ? 38-t- (?) (?) 326 Thomaston 42 27 (?) 15 369 Manhasset Neck do (?) (?) 100 26 368 (?)- (?) ■ (?) 80-^- 437 Roslvn 100 H- 435 Wbeatley Hills 40 40 (?) r....do 80 . 149 90+ 80 106± 90 o" (?) 15 ? 431 ....do do 751 St. James . 250 30 -^ 1 Very few wells report till in / region. this 750 do 150+ 60 (?) 90- 760 Setauket-. . 62 50+ 40-1- 25 20 20 765 Port Jefferson do.... 30+ 20+ 764 818 Middle Island East Marion 39+ 50+ 39 38 894 12+ 884 Shelter Island do 53 76 12 30 908 .46 n Numbers correspond to those used on PI. XXIV and in Cliapter IV, where additional data will be found. DEVELOPMENT OF TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES. The effect of the Wisconsin deposits on the topography of Long Island is almost everywhere visible. It is shown in the many local details, which in the aggregate are so pronounced that they cause one to lose sight of the fact that the major topo- graphic features are older and that the Wisconsin deposits have caused but surface WISCONSIN DEPOSITS. 47 changes in the topography of the island. Even had there been no Wisconsin ice and no terminal moraine Long Island would have existed and would have been roughly similar to the island of to-day. The island would have had a "backbone" and would have shown pronounced cliffs on the north shore, but many of the steep hills rising about 50 feet above the surrounding country would have been absent, as would the many lakes in funnel-shaped depressions and the immense bowlders which add so much to the picturesqueness of certain areas. These effects have been produced largely by transportation and deposition, though some features are traceable to erosion and folding. Transportation and deposition. — The general effect of the Wisconsin epoch was to build up rather than to tear down. In some places it added materially to the relief, as in Brooklyn, which, without the moraine, would have been comparatively fiat. In others, as in the West Hills, the older topography was so pronounced that it was not materially affected. The two lines of morainic hills, which have at times been regarded as the main skeleton of Long Island, are as a whole to be regarded as only surface deposits which are recognizable because of their peculiar minor topographic forms. Associated with these morainic hills are kettle-shaped depressions, now the sites of many lakes, representing the positions of buried ice blocks which melted when the ice retreated. These depressions contain water when they satisfy either one of two conditions: (1) When they are lined with relatively impervious strata, which prevents the rapid outward passage of the water falling in them or draining from the adjacent hills, as Lake Success; and (2) when a portion of the depression lies below the main water table (pp. 61-63) . In the latter case the level of the water represents the main ground-water table, and the character of the sides is therefore immaterial. Lake Ronkonkoma is an example of this class. Erosion. — One of the most marked features of the southern plain are the dry stream channels slightly creasing it. These are now generally regarded as the work of glacial streams of late Wisconsin age. They are clearty not due to causes now in operation and contain streams only in their lower portions where the valleys cut the ground- water table. Folding. — The wrinkling of the beds on Long Island by the Wisconsin ice was slight compared with the Gay Head folding, from which, as a rule, it may be readily separated. The most evident wrinkle, and the one which is of greatest topograpliic importance, is a low ridge which extends from Far Rockaway to Lynbrook. On the one hand the Sankaty clay underlying it shows that it is a true fold (fig. 13), and on the other the coarse Tisbury gravel at the surface shows that the folding is post-Tisbury, for had a fold existed in Tisbury time this coarse gravel would have been deposited in the hollow rather than on the crest. The axis of this fold is, moreover, exactly parallel to the Wisconsin moraine to the north, all of which indicates that it is due to the weight of the Wisconsin ice. The Sankaty clay, with its underlying water-logged gravel, furnished the favorable conditions nec- essary for the production of a phenomenon of this sort. The accompanying depression of Jamaica Bay is but slightly connected with this folding. It represents for the most part a partly filled portion of the old Sound River depression. 48 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. POST-GLACIAL AND RECENT. After the retreat of the Wisconsin ice the land stood somewhat above its present elevation. The only evidence indicating that this elevation was very considerable is that afforded by the close botanical affinities between the plants found in the sand hills of New Jersey, Long Island, and the New England islands. Hollick believes that the only explanation of this distribution is that since the Glacial epoch a land connection, broken only by the channels of the Hudson and Connecticut rivers, existed for a sufficient period to allow the migration of these plants.^' This would involve an elevation of from 100 to 200 feet, and so recent an elevation should have left very pronounced channels on the sea bottom. Thus far no channels have been found which can be referred deffiiitely to this epoch, and it is this lack of corroborative evidence that is the strongest argument against so high an elevation. There is, moreover, the natural question whether a land connection is really necessary to account for this distribution of the "pine-barren flora." Another line of evidence pointing to a higher elevation, though not to the total amount, is offered by the drowned forests along the south shore and by the less conclusive though corroborative phenomena of barrier bars and receding sea cliffs. While buried vegetable deposits, barrier bars, and receding sea cliffs may, and often do, occur under conditions which do not indicate subsidence, the evi- dence at this jDoint will bear no other interpretation.* The tree stumps are not driftwood, but are clearly in the places where they grew. The swamp deposits are being exposed on the beach as the barrier bars migrate inland. Indian shell heaps or "kitchen middens" are- found which are now covered at very high tide. Most of these data are available in the bays and marshes along the south shore, where the conditions were particularly favorable for the preservation of records of this sort, but even here the subsidence recorded is scarcely greater than 30 feet. The work of Cook in New Jersey has led him to estimate the rate of subsid- ence at that point at about 2 feet per century, and a somewhat similar rate must affect Long Island. SUMMARY. GEOLOGIC HISTORY. Although Long Island is underlain by metamorphosed rocks which range from Archean to Silurian in age and which represent a long and complex history, its geologic history begins more properly with the Cretaceous deposits. At this time the warping of the old land surface permitted a northward trans- gression of the sea, into which the rejuvenated streams carried the residual material formed in the preceding long period of erosion and weathering. In this region the basal Cretaceous beds are of the same age as the Raritan in New Jersey and -belong to the upper Cretaceous; above these are more nearly normal sands and clays of Cretaceous age, the whole series having an aggregate thickness of 1,300 n Hollick, Arthur, Plant distribution as a factor in the interpretation of geologic phenomena, with special reference to Long Island and vicinity Trans. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 12, 1893, pp. 189-202. '' Lewis, E., Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, pp. 434-439. GEOLOGIC HISTORY. 49 to 1,400 feet. These beds are correlated with the New Jersey formations in part by paleontologic and in part by stratigraphic evidence. The great greensand marl beds which occur in the upper part of the Cretaceous in New Jersey are absent on Long Island, their place being taken by fine sands with local clay beds, indi- cating a considerable change in the local conditions of deposition. These beds form the substructure of the island and are responsible for its major topographic features, the Pleistocene beds only mantling the older deposits. During the greater part of the Eocene this part of the coastal plain was above water, but late in the Miocene it was again submerged and received a covering of the same beds which are now found along the New Jersey coast. On Long Island these beds have been almost entirely removed by erosion and are now recognized only in the top of the West Hills section. This distribution is similar to that found in New Jersey, of which Long Island is but the normal geologic continuation; and unless there is a much greater discordance in structure between the Miocene and underlying beds than is now known, the Tertiary can not occur on the north shore of Long Island and will be found only as elevated outliers, with the possible exception of a portion of the South Fluke. After the early Pliocene erosion interval the Appomattox or Lafayette formation was spread as a littoral deposit over the coastal plain. Deposits of this age have not been recognized on Long Island, unless they are represented by the Mannetto, which is / regarded as younger — probably Pleistocene. In the succeeding very long erosion interval the land stood higher than before and was more deeply eroded. The events of the earlj^ Pleistocene were very similar to those of the late Tertiary; the Mannetto, though containing compound crys- talline pebbles, which have caused it to be referred to the Pleistocene, is appar- ently a littoral deposit, similar to the Lafayette, and the succeeding long erosion period resembles to a great degree the late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion inter- val. On Long Island the results would have been essentially the same, whether there was one submergence and one erosion or two submergences (Lafayette and Mannetto) and two erosion periods. All of the beds were profoundly eroded, and in the gradual subsidence following this uplift a continental glacier advanced well toward the north shore of Long Island, and the streams issuing from it deposited great beds of gravel (Jameco) in the old Sound River Valley across western Long Island and over eastern Long Island and the New England islands. As the ice retreated and the submergence continued beds of sands and clay (Sankaty) were deposited around the nuclei of older uplands. In this epoch the land stood about 50 feet higher than at present, and the climatic conditions, as indicated by marine fossils, were ranch the same as to-day. A very extensive and important deglacia- tion is, therefore, represented. With the return of the ice in the period of the Gay Head folding some of these older beds were overridden and a wonderful series of superficial folds produced which involve alike the pre-Cretaceous beds, the Jameco gravel, and the Sankaty clay. The tops of these folds in such exposed localities as Gardiners Island and the New England islands were then truncated by wave action, with the land about 100 feet below the present sea level. An estimate of the time involved in this 50 UNDKKaBOUND WATP:R KESOUKCES OV long island, new YORK. wavo cut.l.inij; tte. After this period of erosion and high elevation the Wisconsin glacier approached Long Island, and after an initial advance, when the ice reached a line extending from Long Island through Montauk Point t.o Block Island, Marthas Vinejaird, and Nantucket, the ice retreated and returned again with the relative position of the ice front somewhat altered. In this readvance it passed the limit reached by the ihst. advance in western Long Island, but did not reach so far south to the east (fig. 20). In the com|)aratively short time which has elapsed since the retreat of the Wisconsin ice the changes have been almost entirely t.hose produced by wind and wave action along exposed shores. The relative position of the land and sea undoubtedly changed on the retreat of the ice, and while, according to certain peculiarities of the distribution of the llora, this change may have aniounted to as much as 100 or 200 feet., there is no corroborative evidence of so high an elevation. , TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY. While the Atlantic coastal plain, of which Long Island forms a part, was subjected to some erosion during the Eocene, the elevation was either so slight that it left no pronounced record or the uiterval was so long that the coimtry was essentially j)eneplained, and the beginnings of the present topography were not made "until the post-Miocene uplift, wheil the streams emerging from the older land flowed directly across the coastal plain (PI. VI, ^1). As the erosion progressed the thinner portions of the Miocene deposits near the Cretaceous con- tact were cut through, and tlie topography developed in this section began to show the elfect of the differences in the hardness of the underlying strata. A low, longitudinal valley, or vale, was developed from the softer basal Cretaceous laj'ers, and a belt of hill land, or wold, cut by the narrow transverse valleys of the coast- flowing streams, was formed from the overlying harder ones. To the south of Washington, where the cover of Miocene sediments was greater, the underlying Cretaceous was not reached, and the topography showed no distinctive featm-es. In the Lafayette subnierget\ce, which followed, a littoral deposit was spread over the coastal plain, mantling the low topography developed in the post-Miocene. The narrow transverse valleys were obliterated more completely than the broad vale, and when the land was again elevated the rivers discharged into a longi- tudinal trough. Had there been no deflection the streams must have cut new ' TOPOGRAPHIC HISTORY. 51 channels through the barriers afforded by tliis ancestral Perrineville Wold (see p. 31) and by the more or less filled channels through it, but as there was a tilting to the south the rivers flowed down the partly filled Hightstown Vale until they found a partly filled break of a lower stream through which they could turn seaward. As the land rose higher and higher these streams trenched deeper and deeper, and at the end of the long late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) erosion interval the present topographic features of the coastal plain were well developed (PI. VI, B). The Hightstown Vale was strongly marked, being more pronounced on the north than on the south, owing to the greater thickness of the Miocene deposits in the southern region. In it were found the northeast-southwest portions of the Potomac, Sus- quehanna, Delaware, and Sound rivers. Seaward of this vale was the range of hills now recognized as the Perrineville Wold, considerably diss(!(;t(!(], but essentially continuous from southern New England to Virginia. The breaks in this range were of two kinds — those due to the present channels of the rivers where they turned seaward from the Hightstown Vale, and those possibly ref)resenting coast- ward channels of these streams in pre-Lafayette times before theh- deflection, which have persisted because of this slight initial advantage. Of such an ultimate origin may be the depression in the Perrinevilh; Wold acros.s New Jersey along Rancocas and MuUica rivers, and in Delaware and Maryland between Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. As the subsidence which followed the late Pliocene (post-Lafayette) uplift progressed the Hightstown Vale became a coastal sound and the Perrineville Wold developed into a chain of islands. One of these was the first Long Island, and while it was somewhat different in shape from the present island, it showed many points of similarity. It was from this nucleus that the present island was developed. In the Jameco, Sankaty, Gardiner, and Tisbury epochs the portion of the Sound Valley crossing western Long Island was largely filled, some (jf the beds were profoundly folded, the position of some of the more prominent points of the archipelago to the eastward changed, and a great deposit of gravel was laid down about the older nuclei. Wlien the land was again elevated. Long Island showed more nearly its present outline. The Tisbury had filled in and rounded out the older topography and made a body of land somewhat larger than that of to-day, with a northward-facing scarp not far from the presf^nt bluff line. The short, deep valleys running northward from the crest of the wold were buried, and there were, tlierefore, no deep, reentrant bays or valleys such as now char- acterize this shore. The Connecticut, no longer able to discharge westward, cut a new channel directly seaward between Fishers and Plum islands on the one side and Block Island and Montauk Point on the other. The Housatonic probably flowed eastward and joined the Connecticut near Fishers Island. As the elevation continued the excavation of valleys in the Tisbury began along lines determined by the preexisting valleys, in which, because of the differ- ence in the porosity of the Tisbury gravel and the Cretaceous sands, the under- ground waters were concentrated. It is to this excavation, in which springs played a large part, that the present shape of the north shore valleys is in a large measure due. 52 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OB' LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. After this period of elevation the ice again advanced, and, by means of its rela- tively thin superficial deposits gave to Long Island its present glacial topography. The moraines were deposited \vithout regard to previous topography, and therefore filled the Sound River Valley in Brookljm, and to the east covered the older hills, givmg rise to the erroneous correlation of the whole hill mass as moraine. In the outwash deposits accompanying these moraines, as well as in the moraines them- selves, masses of ice were buried which, on the final retreat of the glacier, melted, and produced the many picturesque kettle holes wliich now dot the island. The channels across the southern plain were also produced at this time, and the shape of the north shore valleys was probably slighth^ modified. The changes since the retreat of the ice have been relativel}" slight and largel}^ restricted to the shores; the waves have worn back the headlands, and the wmds and tidal currents have carried this debris along the shore to form bars and spits, sometimes long, with but one end fixed, as the great barrier bar which extends from Montauk Point to Fire Island, sometimes fixed at both ends, as the bars which connect the former islands of Lloyd Neck, Eaton Neck, and Center Island, with the mainland. Behind/these bars marshes have formed wliich, with the silt brought do\yn by the streams, have been struggling to reclaim such areas from the sea. Along the beaches and in the iireas laid bare of vegetation by man, or forest fires, the winds have taken up the loose sands and piled them into dunes. CHAPTER II. UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIOISrS OF LONG ISLAND. By A. C. Veatch. GENERAL PRINCIPLES. SOURCE OF UNDERGROUND WATER. The water that falls on the land in part flows ofi^ on the surface and in part sinks into the ground. In both cases a portion is returned to the atmosphere by evaporation, and another portion is consumed by living organisms and in chemical work. The water which flows on the surface is called the run-off, though this term is used to include also the water which returns to the surface after a greater or less underground passage. The water which sinks into the ground through the interstices of the soil or rock, and furnishes the supply for springs and wells and in some cases for ponds and lakes, is called the ground water. TRANSMISSION. The "channels" through which this underground water moves are, with rare exceptions, the small spaces between the particles of which the rock is composed, as the sand of a sand bed or sandstone, or the gravel of a gravel bed or conglom- erate; therefore, the coarser or more porous the bed the greater its water-carrying power. Water that travels through breaks in the rocks such as joint planes or fractures is rarely of very considerable economic importance and never, except in the case of hmestones in which caverns have been developed, forms an under- ground stream in the usual sense. In the study of underground water it is therefore necessary at the outset to abandon the idea of underground streams resembling surface streams, and to conceive of the water as passing through the very small interstices of sand or gravel or other porous bed, rather than in great open channels or conduits. The motion of underground water, like that of surface water, depends entirely on gravitation, and the rate of motion — or rapidity of flow — depends on two prin- cipal factors — slope and resistance. Surface waters are entirely unrestricted in one direction and their channels therefore readily adjust themselves to any amount of water, the only resistance being that of the bed and banks; underground waters, on the other hand, are carried in a "channel" composed of an infinite number of small openings, each of which offers a resistance that varies inversely as its size, the 53 54 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. whole resistance being in a way the sum total of these separate resistances. It therefore happens that while surface water commonly moves at the- rate of a few miles a day underground water moves at the rate of only a few feet. Fig. 21. -Diagram showing ground-water table unaffected by surface features. GROUND- WATER TABLE. The upper surface of the beds saturated b}^ this percolating water is called the ground-water table. Its depth from the surface of the ground varies with the character of the beds, whether relatively porous or impermeable; with the rain- fall, whether heavy or light, and with the relief of the country. In regions of low rainfall and low relief the water table is very deep seated and relative^ horizontal (fig. 21). In regions of greater rainfall and greater relief it is relatively near the surface, and may be directly affected bj^ the topograph}^. If the valleys cut the water table the ground water moves toward the valley, producing springs (fig. 22). REQUISITE CONDITIONS FOR FLOWING WELLS. Underground water in passing downward maj^ go beneath a relatively imper- vious layer which tends to confine it and produce a hj^drauHc head. In this respect underground waters differ from „ surface waters, wliich are al- ways free on one side and can not, except where artificially confined, as by closed flumes, produce analogous phenom- ena This natural confine- Fir,.22.— Diagram shoT\'ing ground-water taWe cut by valleys. ment of the ground water causes water in wells to stand above the porous layer in which it is encountered, and is of vast economic importance, especially in arid regions where the water is very deep seated and has been transferred from a region of more bountiful rainfall. In order that a well may flow, it is necessary that the following conditions be satisfied : 1. There should be sufficient rainfall. 2. There should be relative^ porous beds suitably exposed to collect and transmit the water. 3. There should be less porous or relatively impervious layers so placed that they may confine the water collected. 4. The level of the ground water at the source should be at a sufficient height about the mouth of the weU to compensate for the loss of head due to resistance and leakage. J UNDERGEOUND WATER CONDITIONS. 55 The arrangement of the factors which produce a flow is by no means constant. These factors vary considerably from point to point, and relatively new combina- tions are to be constantly expected. Probably the commonest combination is that shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 23). Here the confining beds are clay and the porous bed is a sand which dips regularly in the direction in which the Fig. 23.— Diagram showing common arrangement of factors producing artesian wells. A, Artesian wells; B, head of water it there be no loss by resistance or leakage: C, actual head or hydraulic gradient; D, ground-water table at outcrop. surface slopes. Water falling in the region marked "catchment area" sinks into the sands and supplies the artesian wells on lower ground. While this arrangement of the factors may be taken as typical of a large class of artesian wells, and is, perhaps, the one most commonly expounded and understood, a radical rearrangement of the factors, such as is found in some wells on Long Island, will produce results depending on the same general principles. UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS ON LONG ISLAND. GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS. The geologic factors which affect the water supply of Long Island are graph- ically shown in the accompanying diagram (fig. 24), and may be briefl}^ sum- marized as follows: 1. Above a rock floor which underlies the island at a greater or less depth, but which is of little importance except as a more or less complete ultimate barrier to the downward passage of water. Long Island is composed of a nucleus of Creta- ceous beds. These are for the most part sand, but contain some discontinuous clay masses, and dip, except for minor disturbances produced by ice thrust, regu- larly southward. 2. Beds of glacial gravel deposited in an early ice advance surround this nucleus, except in a portion of the southern side of the island, which the older hill land protected from du'ect currents and in other places where they have been removed by subsequent erosion. This formation, which has been called the Jameco gravel, is particularly well developed near the western end of the island, where it has partially filled a deep, broad valley in the older beds (fig. 10). 3. Over this gravel and around the edge of the Cretaceous beds is a layer of blue clay, the Sankaty — a deposit somewhat similar to, but of greater extent than the coastal marsh deposits of to-day, and at present situated from 50 to 100 feet , below them. 4. Covering both the nucleus of Cretaceous beds and the younger blue clay, with its underlying early glacial gravel, are deposits of more recent ice 56 UNDERGROUND WATER REf-OURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. advances — the Tisbury and Wisconsin. These are, for the most part, sand and gravels, though here and there are local beds of clayey material which, while they give rise to local water tables that may be of value for local wells, ponds, or springs, are of no general importance. The more important results of these geologic conditions are: 1. The rain water sinks directly into the very porous surface gravels and produces, therefore, practically no run-off, except that supplied by springs. Since all streams are spring fed there is great difficulty in determining the exact limits of the watersheds, which depend on the relief of the ground-water table and only indirectly on the shape of the surface. 2. As the greater portion of the water of the island is under ground, and as the 25 to 30 per cent which normally returns to the surface is exposed for but a relatively short distance, the percentage of the total rainfall lost by evaporation Fig. 24. — Diagrammatic cross section of Long Island, showing general water conditions and cause of flowing wells. is abnormally small and the yield of this watershed, could all the water be econom- ically obtained, would, therefore, be larger per square mile than in any adjoining areas. 3. As there is no uniform "blue-clay floor," or other extensive geologic barrier, a portion of the ground water passes coastward in the upper gravels and another portion, apd by no means a negligible one, sinks into the Jameco and Cretaceous sands and finally escapes in the form of suboceanic springs. This transmission of water is one of the more important factors of the underground conditions of Long Island. There is no geologic reason why a relatively important portion of the rainfall should not pass seaward in the beds below the surface gravel, and that this occurs has been proved by the many deep wells on the island and by the work of Prof. Charles S. Slichter, who has shown that there is a greater velocity beneath the bed of blue clay than in the surface gravel, page 102. UNDERGROUND WATER CONDITIONS. GROUND-WATER TABLES. 57 As all the water on the island is of ultimate ground-water origin, one of the most important points to be determined is the exact position of the ground-water table, since on it depends the stream flow, the depth to permanent water in wells, and the pressure in artesian, or flowing, wells. Were the island entireh" homoge- neous in composition there would be but one water table, which would be at ocean level on either side and would gradually rise toward the highlands in a curve entirely symmetrical with the surface, and at a depth determined by the porosity of the soil and the amount of rainfall. No wells, or springs, or ponds would be possible, except where this ground- water table was reached, and no water in any well would ill Sea level Vi 1 mile Fig. 25.— Diagram showing perched water table on north side of West Hills and source of Moimtain Mist Springs. A, unsaturated strata; B, perched water table; C, saturated strata; D, relatively impervious till. rise above the ground w^ater at that point. There would, therefore, be no artesian wells. As the island is not entirely homogeneous, the upper limit of the zone of com- plete saturation — that is, the main ground-water table, or "main spring," as it is locally called — is not entirely symmetrical with the curve of the surface, and there are, moreover, a number of more or less limited areas of saturated beds above the main one. PERCHED GROUND-WATER TABLES. These perched ground-water tables are for the most part confined to the moraine where local clay or other relatively impervious la5^ers have arrested the flow of the underground water and prevented it from reaching the main ground- water table. One of the best examples of such a perched water table is found in the northern end of the West Hills, where a relative^ impervious bed is furnished by the Wisconsin till (fig. 25). Other examples are shown in fig. 24 and PI. XL 58 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE. The general character and position of the main ground-water table is shown in Pis. XI and XII, which are based on the careful work during the summer of 1903 of the Long Island division of the New York commission on additional water supph'. Tliis work has developed the interesting point that while the slope of the ground- water table is in a general way the same as that of the surface, the divide of the ground water is farther to the north than the surface divide. SPRINGS. Whenever the main water table, or one of the perched water tables, is inter- cepted by the surface a spring is formed. SPRINGS DEPENDENT UPON PERCHED WATER TABLES. The water of springs dependent upon perched water tables penetrates the earth until it reaches a relatively impermeable stratum above which it collects, and along which it passes until it finds aii outlet. Springs of this tj^pe are common wherever a perched water table occurs, and represent essentially the overflow of these underground basins. The much talked of springs that occur at the summits of hills or mountains are invariably of this class, and examination always shows that, though rela- tively at the top of the hill, there is always an appreciable area of higher ground above them which serves as a reservoir. The Mountain Mist Springs in the West Hills are of this type, and while thev are situated at a height of about 280 feet above sea level, the hill behind them rises 140 feet higher, and there are several hundred acres of land to serve as a catchment area and reservoir (fig. 25) . Springs of this type are found in many places along the north shore, and are particularly abundant where the fine Creta- ceous beds are overlain by coarser Pleistocene gravels. SPRINGS DEPENDENT UPON THE MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE. The water of springs formed by the cutting of the main water table escapes from the top of the water-logged beds, rather than at their base, as in the springs just discussed. The channels which cut tliis water table may be regarded as large wells, with one side open, into which the water is flowing and escaping (fig. 26). The old glacial channels across the southern plain invariably cut the ground-water table near their lower ends, and at the point where this occurs little streams start which grow very rapidly as the channel gets deeper into the satu- rated layers. A quantitative determination of this increase in Hempstead Brook was made by the engineers of the Brooklyn waterworks in 1895. This valley, which was perfectly dry just above Hempstead village, showed an average dis- 1 f X^""'^ Jii, Hempstead Reservoir -5,618,603 gals, in 24'hrs. Sept. Oct. 1895. i'M'lf Hempstead I'ond Scale of miles j Smith Pond "I I 1 1 1 11114- Fig. 27. — Sketch map showing increase in spring flow along Hempstead Brook. From data collected by the Brooklyn waterworks. The well-known solvent power of water, especially when containing car- bonic acid, causes it to dissolve what- ever soluble salts are contained in the beds through which it passes. Thus, all springs and well waters contain a greater or less amount of mineral matter in solu- tion. Sometimes the ingredients have medicinal value, or the water is of so great relative purity that its use is recommended, and the springs are developed com- mercially. This forms "mineral water." So far as has been learned from a rather extensive inquiry, the waters of bvit four springs on Long Island have been put on the market, namely: (643 '■) The Colonial Spring, one-half mile west of Wyandanch. (643) The Mo-mo-ne Spring, one-half niile northwest of Wyandanch. (593) The Mountain Mist Spring, 2 miles south of Huntington station. (226) Deep Glen Spring, 1^ miles northeast of Richmond Hill. n History andDescriptionof the Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, 1896, p. 58. 6 Op. cit.^p. ISO. c These numbers correspond with those used in Chapter IV, where additional data ^^•ill be found. 60 UNDEEGEOITND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. STREAMS. As has already been indicated, the streams on Long Island are fed almost entirely by ground water'. The valleys in wliich they flow were not formed by the present streams, but under conditions which existed in the Wisconsin and Vineyard epochs (pp. 43, 44), and the present streams may, almost without excep- tion, be said to be the result, rather than the cause, of the valleys which they occupy. In other words, had not the channels across the southern plain been cut during the Wisconsin epoch, there would now either be no streams, or the streams would be of small magnitude, and the water which is now collected in them would appear as springs along the shores. The drainage areas of such streams depend entirely upon underground conditions, and, as was early appreciated in the study of this region, they can not be outlined with certainty from surface condi- tions. Another point of importance in such streams is that the flow is unusually uniform; the great beds of sand and gravel act as equalizing reservoirs in which the intermittent I'ainfall is stored and distributed throughout the year. - ?3»3fl' ?3°Q0' ?a''3o' ■ Flour, grist and saw rmills o Paper factories • Woolen and cotton mills ♦ Other factories ' Electric light plants 74° oo' Fig. 28. — Sketch map of I/Ong Island, showing distribution of water-power developments, 1800-1900. WATER POWERS. The comparatively steady flow of these short streams made them of consid- erable value for small water powers in the early history of the country, and one or more mills were erected along every important stream or branch (fig. 28), While a number of these were simply local grist or saw mills, requiring but a lim- ited supply of water, a number of more pretentious mills were erected, among the more important of which the following may be mentioned:" Jones & Co., Woolen Factory, Cold Spring Harbor. Patchogue Electric Light Company (new plant built which uses steam). a Damerum, Wm., Map of the southern part of the State of New York, including Long Island, the Sound, the State of Connecticut, part of the State of New Jersey, and islands adjacent. New York, 1815. Burr, David H., An atlas of the State of New York, containing a map of the State and of the several counties; pro- jected and drawn under the superintendence and direction of Simeon De Witt, pursuant to an act of the legislature; also the physical geography of the State and of the several counties and statistical tables of the same, pp. 7-29, New York, 1829, 120 pp., 52 maps. Smith, J. Calvin, Map of Long Island, with the environs of New York and the southern part of Connecticut, New York, 1837. Beers, F. W., Atlas of Long Island, New York, 1873, 192 pp., 97 maps. PONDS AND LAKES. 61 Union Twine Mills, Patchogue. Patchogue Manufacturing Company (water and steam), Patchogue. Swan River Cotton IMills, East Patchogue. Patchogue Paper Mill Company (water and steam), li miles north of Patchogue. Perkins Brothers Woolen Mills, 1 mile west of Riverhead. Riverhead Electric Light Companj' (water and steam), 1 mile west of Riverhead. Tower Roller Mills, Riverhead (includes pumping plant of Riverhead Waterworks). C. Hallett's Sons' Flour Mills and Electric Light Plant, Riverhead. Jagger & Luce's Flour Mill, Riverhead. Phillips & Company, Factory, Smithtown. Paper mills were also operated at Roslyn (3), Meadow Brook (3), Merrick, Babylon, Moriches, Patchogue, and Riverhead. No new projects are heard of and many of the old ones are falHng into decay, but there seems to be a good opening for small developments for local electric lighting and power, especially at such favorable locations as Roslyn and Cold Spring Harbor. PONDS AND LAKES. Like the springs, the ponds and lakes of Long Island are of two classes, one dependent upon perched water tables or relatively impervious strata, the other on the main ground-water table, quite independent of impervious layers. N E. Scale PONDS AND LAKES DEPENDENT ON PEECHED WATER TABLES. To the first class belong almost all of the lakes and ponds situated in the more elevated portions of the island. The natural ones are for the most part due to kettle holes made by the melt- ing of blocks of ice detached from the glacier and buried dur- ing the last ice invasion, or to other irregularities of deposition by the glacier. When the sides of such depressions are of rela- tively impervious strata they collect the water falling in their limited drainage area, and form lakes or ponds. If the sides are composed of pervious beds, these depressions are dry, except where they extend below the main ground-water table. Ponds may be produced artificially by lining a depression or excavation with clay, and Mather states that at the time of his visit such artificial watering holes were a striking feature of the farming econom}^ of the island." The most striking example of a lake of this type is Lake Success, between Floral Park and Manhasset (fig. 29) . . It is situated high above the main water table and is clearly due to impervious beds in the moraine. Its watershed is veiy Hmited, and as a source of water supply would be of small value. Such a lake could be drained very easily, since if a hole were drilled in the bottom the water would escape Fig. 29. — Lake Success; an example of a kettle-hole lake depending on local Imperious strata. o Geology of the first district, 1843, p. 146. 17116— No. 44—06- 62 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. into the dry sands below. Other notable examples of the same type are the ponds shown in fig. 25. Whether or not such a pond has a surface outlet is determined by the relative importance of the following factors:- (1) Size and condition of catch- ment area; (2) amount of rainfall; (3) amount of evaporation; and (4) permea- bility of the sides. PONDS DEPENDENT ON THE MAIN WATER TABLE. Fig. 30. — Diagram showing effect of a pond on the ground-water table and conse- quent decrease in spring flow on southern Long Island. A -B, initial position of ground-water table: A-B', resultant position of ground-water table. Arrows show direction of motion of ground-water. As explained above, any depression, either natural or artificial, which cuts the main water table will tend to fill with water; if the depression is open at one end it will form a spring- fed stream; if closed, a lake or pond; or, if still more closely inclosed, simply a well. If a dam is tlu'own across a depression which cuts the main- water table the effect is to obstruct the fiow and to impond the water. As the flow in such a depression depends on the spring discharge, which in turn depends on the steepness of the slope of the ground-water table near it (A-B, fig. 30), it is evident that a ponding of the water will decrease the steepness of the gradient and so reduce the spring fiow. The crest fiow of such a pond will, therefore, be much less than the normal fiow of such a brook without a dam. Thus it has been found by the engineers of the Brooklyn waterworks that, under similar conditions, the Hemp- stead reservoir discharged 5,600,000 gallons per day when the water was maintained at a depth of 14.35 feet and 8,000,000 gallons when at 4 feet.« If the water in a pond of this Idnd is raised above the level of the main water table in the adjacent divide (a condition which is possible because of the sloping nature of the ground- water table, the hori- zontal character of the surface of the pond, and the relatively rapid fiow of the surface water) the ponded water will not only prevent a normal spring fiow, but will fiow out tlu"ough the sides of the pond. (Fig. 31.) Such an outfiow was clearly proved for the Hempstead reservoir by the engineers of the Brookljm waterworks in 1878, when it was estimated that one million and a quarter gallons a day was transferred '' by ground fiow from Hemp- stead reservoir to Schodack Brook. (Fig. 27.) The effect of dams in the brooks of Long Island is: (1) To raise the ground- water table; and (2) to very materially decrease the stream fiow at the points where dams are erected. In addition to the valleys which cut the main water table, and in which ponds are artificially constructed, a number of the large kettle holes extend below it, Fig. 31. — Diagram showing loss of water by leakage from pond whose surface is above the adjacent gi-ound-water table. a History and description of the water supply of the city of Brooklyn, p. 58, 1896. 6 Op. cit., p. 5. ARTESIAN AND DEEP WELLS. 63 and therefore contain water. In such cases it is not necessary that the depres- sion be hned with impervious beds, the sides may be entirely of sand and the depres- sion still contain water. To this class belong all the large important lakes east of the West Hills, among the more important of which are Lake Ronkonkoma, Artist Lake, Long Pond (near Wading River), Deer Pond, Swan Pond, Great Pond, Big Fresh Pond, Poxabogue Pond, and Long Pond (near Sag Harbor) . Lake Ronkon- koma may be taken as typical. Fig. 32 shows the essential difference between it and lakes of the Success type. This difference is very important if these lakes are ever considered as sources for municipal or village water supplies, for while the yield of Lake Success would be relatively small, the yield of Lake Ronkonkoma would be large. Lake Success could be very easily pumped dry, but to dry Lake Ronkonkoma it would be neces- sary to remove a large part of the ground water above sea level from perhaps o^ie- third of Long Island. Its location near the center fi of the island, and its ex- treme depth, say 5 to 10 feet below sea level, make it an immense natural ° ^ . ^ ""'^^ 11 f f Ti ii+Tvi/->e.+ iTvn-.,->T. Fig. 32.— Lake Ronkonkoma; an example of a kettle-hole lake depending on the WeU or tne utmost impor- ^^^^ ground-water table. tance, and while the pop- ular idea that Lake Ronkonkoma is supplied by an underground stream from Connecticut or New England is entirely unfounded, the relation of the lake to the ground water of the island and its effective drainage area when lowered, say 50 feet below its present level, would give it a yield quite comparable to that which the believers in such an underground stream imagine for it. (See PI. XI and fig. 32.) ARTESIAN AND DEEP WELLS. The discussion thus far has been confined almost wholly to phenomena such as ground-water tables, springs, streams, lakes, and ponds, which relate to surface waters. It has, however, been pointed out that this water is relatively free to pass downward, and that when it passes beneath a retaining layer a head sufficient to produce a flow may be developed. The nature of this retaining cover is purely relative. It must always be finer than the water-bearing stratum, but although the ideal retainer is a very fine clay, under certain conditions a flow may be obtained from a fairly porous sand above a coarse gravel. SHALLOW NORTH-SHORE ARTESIAN WELLS. Cause. — Flowing wells in which there is only a sand covering are found near the heads of many of the deep reentrant valleys on the north shore. In these val- leys the slope of the water table is very great and the velocity of the ground water considerable. Many springs break out near water level, and often a pipe sunk entirely through sand to a depth ranging from 30 to 150 feet will furnish flowing water (see fig. 33) . In these cases it is doubtless true that the layer which furnishes the flowing water is. coarser than the overlying ones and affords a freer passage for the water. 64 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOOROES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Such wells do not show many differences from the near-by springs. In the one a barrel is sunk 2 or 3 feet in the gravel and the water rises several inches above the surface. In the other a pipe 20 to 200 feet long is sunk entirely through sand and the water flows from it several feet above the surface. Local clay beds are important in producing some of these flows, and in these cases the structure is essentially the same as that explained below for the Jameco gravels, which, in some of these north-shore wells, are doubtless the water-bearing horizon. In most cases the water is from the Pleistocene gravels and the wells have 3delded as high as 125 gallons per minute, natural flow. A flow of 50 gallons per minute is not uncommon (Pis.' XIII, XIV). Distribution. — While these wells are somewhat irregularly distributed, they are generally in the upper half of the steep-sided vaUeys or bays which characterize Flow at low. tide Fig. ,33. — Artesian well or spring (No. 335) at Manhasset. From a drawing by J . H. L'Hommedieu. the region (PL XV). They seldom occur more than 10 to 20 feet above sea level, although flows have been obtained at an elevation of 35 to 50 feet at Dosoris (466), Huntington (626), and Glen Cove (455). Predictions. — Many shallow, 50- to 200-foot artesian wells will doubtless be developed along the north shore during the next few years, and in prospecting for them the heads of steep hollows or the bottoms of steep banks should be chosen in preference to other sites, and the lower the elevation the greater will be the chances for obtaining a flow. THE JAMECO ARTESIAN WELLS. Cause. — The water passing under the blue clay (Sahkaty), into the Jameco gravels (fig. 24), has a head dependent upon the height of the water table above the landward edge of the clay, and as the sand and gravel is fairly coarse and the loss by resistance not great, when a well is drilled only a few feet above tide level, the water from this gravel has a sufficient pressure to flow. In this case, although the water-bearing stratum has no outcrop and is not inclined, porous beds connect it with the surface, and the slope of the water table supphes the lack of slope of the strata. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XIII .1, BURGESS WELL, OYSTER BAY. Water rises to within 1 foot of top of pipe. Rod projecting above pipe is aluminum gage used in observations on tidal fluctuations. B. JONES WELL, COLD SPRING HARBOR. Water flows freely over elbow in pipe. VIEWS SHOWING HEAD DEVELOPED IN THE NORTH SHORE ARTESIAN WELLS. ARTESIAN AND DEEP WELLS. 65 Distribution. — The head of water in the Jameco gravels rarely exceeds 10 feet and flows can, therefore, not be expected much above this height. This basin is best developed in the region of the old valley and becomes of lesser importance in passing eastward because of the conditions which governed the deposition of the Jameco gravel (see p. 34). The coloring of the Jameco artesian area on PL XV has therefore been discontinued near Babylon. At Riverhead the coarse gravels of this horizon again appear with a thin capping of clay, and yield as much as 130 gallons per minute, but the water is so chalybeate that it is necessary to obtain water from lower horizons. West of Jameco the artesian supply soon gives out because of leakage on the line where the Hudson has cut tlu-ough the blue clay, and at the breaks in the clay layer at Barren Island and elsewhere. Predictions. — The main outlines of this basin have been fully disclosed by the work of the Brooklyn waterworks. Along New York Bay no wells have reported potable water from this horizon and the hmit of development must be drawn somewhere to the west of New Lots. On the south at Barren Island the blue clay is entirely absent, a fact which, it is beheved, increases the danger of an influx of salt water from heavy pumping at the pumping stations to the north. This horizon may have an artesian value on the south side of the South Fluke, and near tide level wells 50 to 150 feet deep are likely to yield flows. THE CEETACEOUS ARTESIAN WELLS. ■ Cause. — The water which sinks deep into the Cretaceous sands may pass under a clay sheet, and when this clay is penetrated at low points on the north and south shores, the head, which depends on the height of the water table above the landward edge of the particular clay layer in question, may, under favorable circumstances, be sufficient to produce a flow. The principal requisite in this case, in addition to those already mentioned,' is that the gravel shall be of such a coarseness that the loss of head in transmission from the edge of the claj bed may not be excessive. On the north shore the outlet of the gravel under the Sound should be more or less completely sealed by an impervious layer^. Distribution. — The principal bed of this character is the Lloyd sand (p. 19), the position of the surface of which is shown on PI. XVI, from which the position of the bed at any point may be inferred. This horizon has been det^eloped to a very con- siderable extent on the north shore and at one point on the south shore. The most important wells deriving water from it are the following : Table V. — WeUs in the Lloyd sand. No. a Location and owner. Total depth. Remarks. 633 Lloyd Neck ; Dr. 0. L. Jones 248 Elevation approximately 5 feet above mean high tide. Flows 5 gallons per minute at high tide. 620 Cold Spring Harbor; T. S. Wil- liams. 430 Elevation 8 feet above mean high tide. Flows 12 gallons per minute. 559 Center Island: C. W. Wetmore 318 Elevation approximately 5 feet. Flows 25 gallons per minute at high tide. a Numbers correspond with those used in Chapter IV and on index map, PI. XXIV. 66 UNDERGROUND "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, Table V. — Wel^ in the Lloyd sand — Continued. No. liOCiition and owner. Total depth. Remarks. 558 Center Island; Colgate Hoyt 320 Elevation approximately 6 feet. Flows. 557 S. T. Shaw 292 Elevation approximately 5 feet. Flows 5 to 6 gallons per minute at higli tide, flows slightly at low tide. 556 C. S. Sherman 351 Elevation approximately 8 feet. Flows 30 gallons per minute at high tide, 20 at low tide. 555 G. M. Fletcher 370 Elevation approximately 10 feet. Flows 25 to 30 gal- lons per minute at high tide. 554 G. C. MacKonzie 379 Elevation approximately 10 feet. Flows 75 gallons per minute at high tide, 45 at low tide. 553 Oyster Bay; Emily Roosevelt 460 Flow was obtained at 460 feet, but well was abandoned because of breaking of pipe. ' 560 Bayville; Dr. 0. L. Jones. . . 276 Flows. 564 Mill Neck; Irving Cox 330 Elevation about 12 feet. Flows 72 gallons per minute. Elevation approximately 6 feet. Flows 30 galloQs per minute. 470 Peacock Point; C. 0. Gates 230 472 ; do 210 Elevation approximately 15 feet. Flowed when first completed 40 gallons per minute. Is now being pumped. 471 ; do 225 Flows 10 gallons per minute. 473 W. D. Guthrie 340 Elevation about 10 feet. Flows 10 gallons per minute. 317 Lake Success ; W . K . Vanderbilt , jr . 755 Pumps 300 i gallons per minute. 130 Barren Island: Thomas F. White Co. 740 Elevation approximately 7 feet. Flows 103 gallons per minute. 131 Barren Island; New York Sani- tary Utilization Co. ■ 724 Elevation 5-7 feet. Flows 50 gallons per minute. 132 : do 700 Elevation 9 feet. No flow. Pumps 150,000 gallons in 24 hours. The many wells put down in the Cretaceous beds overlying this horizon have yielded very conflicting results. There seem, however, to be several water-bearing horizons oi' greater or less importance which can be made available, and which have been overlooked in the earlier work because of the ease with which water could be obtained from the coarse Jameco gravels. A 10-inch well near Lynbrook, 504 feet deep, belonging to the Queens County Water, Company, has been very carefully tested and found to yield 450,000 gallons per day. Flowing water has also been obtained at the following places and depths : Flowing wells in the Cretaceous on Long Island other than those in the Lloyd sand. Depth in feet. Long Beach 270-383 South of Baldwin 289 Quogue, 3 wells - 240 Riverhead 250-330 Setauket 225 None of these wells has been carefully tested, and no definite data can be given regardmg their capacity. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XIV HEAD DEVELOPED IN A 40.FOOT ARTESIAN WELL BELONGING TO THE CITIZENS' WATER-SUPPLY COMPANY NEAR DOUGLASTON, N. Y, Water rises to within 1 .5 feet of top of pipe. Box contains automatic gage used in study of the tidal fluctuations in this well. U S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO-44 PL. XV MAP OP^ L.ONO ISLx\NU, NEW YORK SIRAVINO NORTH SHOl^ AND JAMECO ARTKStAN M'liLL AItK/\S ByA-C.Vcatch O Freshwatei" iiol Hovrtn^ EGEND !■]■ not nmvii,^ ! 4 I Snll wnloi- lluwiini 1 ?^^H;:?'n|?^ nftha Juiiieco 72 45 K ManorvQ]; D #Baiting Hollow 72 45 PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XV 72 30 72 15 72° 00' MAP OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK SHOWING KORTH SHORE AND JAME CO ARTE SIAN >VELL AREAS ByA.C.Veatch 1904 S c ale 5 15 miles Areas of artesian or flowing water Fresh -water not flowing Fresh -vfuter flowing 72 30 LEGEND Salt water not flowing Salt water flowing Uiiauccessful I Figures give total depth or deptK of ISO j major flow in deep wells , I boltoiti of the Janieco 72° 15' 72 00 JULIUS BlENaCO.LrTH.N Y. SOUKCE OF UNDERGEOUND WA.TER. 67 Like the other artesian wells on Long Island, water from the Cretaceous horizons will seldom rise higher than 5 to 10 feet above sea level, and artesian wells are there- fore restricted to the region of the shore. Predictions. — The Lloyd gravel is the best-defined artesian horizon on the island and is believed to be remarkably persistent. It may be regarded as available south and east of a line connecting Bay Ridge and Willets Point to, perhaps, some- what beyond Riverhead, and will furnish flowing water at elevations less than 5 to 10 feet above sea level. The importance of this horizon on the North and South flukes is uncertain because of the distance from the main uplands of the island. The South Fluke, however, is the more promising territory, because it is down the dip and has a greater area. The minor upper horizons are not so well known and their positions can not be definitely predicted. REQUISITE CONDITIONS FOE SUCCESSFUL WELLS ON LONG ISLANB. Were Long Island composed of entirely homogeneous porous materials it would be necessary to sink wells onl)^ slightly below the main ground-water table, a dis- tance of 25 or 30 feet probably being all that would be required in any case. The great irregularity of the formations, however, introduces a new factor. For a permanent well it is not only necessary to go to the main ground-water table, but to land the well m a coarse bed from which water will be given up freely. It is this point that makes well smking on the island somewhat uncertain. In general it is not necessary to go far below the main, water table (fig. 24), but in some cases, notably in the Wheatley HUls, the beds at the water table and for some distance below are so fine that they pass the strainers and fill the well with quicksand. In these cases it was necessar}^ to drill until a coarser bed was reached, which in the Morgan well (431) was 100 feet and in the Duryea well (430) was about 140 feet below sea level, the main water table being in both cases about 85 feet above sea level. In the Vanderbilt well (317), although the main water table was encountered at about 50 feet above sea level, the well was pushed to a depth of 585 feet below sea level, completely penetrat- ing the coarse Lloyd gravel, from wliich an abundant supply was obtained. One very significant point in regard to these deep weUs in the higher parts of the island is that the height to which the water will rise never exceeds the height of the main water table, and generally falls shghtly below it. The point, then, in going deeper, except near the shores where artesian conditions are present, is not to get an increase in head, but to find a coarse layer which wiU readUy yield water; in other words, to find an extensive natural horizontal strainer which will aid in separating the water from the adjacent fine sands. SOURCE OF THE UNDERGROUND WATER ON LONG ISLAND. The gradual decrease in head, with depth which is observable in deep weUs in the center of the island, is an important matter in the consideration of the source of the water. Thus in the Vanderbilt well (317) while the main water table was encountered at 54 feet above sea level, the height to which the water rose from the Lloyd gravel was only 35 feet, a loss of 20 feet of head in about 550 feet of depth. This height is, moreover, greater than that to which the water wiU rise from the 68 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. same horizon on the north and south shores. If the water came from below, as is very generally imagined, the pressure should decrease from bed rock upward for an appreciable distance, the pressure near bed rock being greater because of the loss in head in transmission through the sand; while if the water came from above it would be expected that the head would either remain the same or decrease with the depth. As it decreases it furnishes conclusive ])roof of the insular source of the water. The geologic structure of the region (fig. 24) , uioreover, forbids the transporta- tion of water from New England, exce])t through bed rock, and the metamorphosed and highly folded character of these beds makes such transmission very doubtful. Early in the consideration of the possible reason for the deep flowing wells from the Lloyd gravel, al'ter it had been found that the Cretaceous beds dip regularly south- ward, and before it was known that the clay beds were not continuous, it was sug- gested bjrProf. W. H. Ilobbs, of the University of Wisconsin, and Prof. H. E. Gregory, of Yale University, that if the faidted structure found in Connecticut continued under Long Island, and if the fault springs which are common in the former region were present, then the water furnished by these springs would be retained beneath the clay layer and give rise to an artesian condition. Fault springs, or natural artesian wells, produced under the proper conditions by tlie cutting of a porous water-bearing layer by a faidt line, are comparatively simple plienomena, but the hypothesis that such springs occur under Long Island must rest on the assumption of a complexity of horizontal faulting of which there is no evidence. Moreover, the water obtained from these deep wells runs exceptionally low in chlorine, alkalinity, and hardness, while waters from the rock wells in the western part of the island and in neighboring regions of New York and Connecticut have, as a rule, a much liiffher mineral content. T.\BLE VI. — Analyses sliowbifi difference heiiveen waters from the Lloyd sand and> those from the rock ^vells of Connecticut. [Parts per million.] Location Chlorine. Hard- ness. Alk-a- linity. • Analyst. Remarks. Center Island, Lon? Island (559). Center Island, Long Island (55fi). 3.54 3.89 ■1.25 .'■). 83 20.0 20.0 20.0 97. .'; 19.0 18.7 C. S. Slichter do feet deep. Flowing \vell in Lloyd sand; 351 feet deep. Flowing well in Lloyd sand; 378 feet deep. Flowing well in Llovd sand" 230 20.0 27.2 do (554). Peacock Point. Long Island (470). Lattingtown, Long Island (473). Long Island City {~r>) do. 4.60 1 ''2.5 17.5 do ; feet deep. Flowing well in Lloyd sand; :i42 feet deep. Well in rock ; 275 feet deep. 1,902.1 9.28 32.00 25.0 20.0 5.6 12.0 31.0 21.0 Jacob Bhimer, Oct. 12, 1888 H. T. Vult^ . Connocticnt: Greenwich 10.7 62.9 60.0 45.7 74.3 121.0 22.0 Well in rock; 177 feet deep. Well in rock; 395 feet deep. Artesian well. RowaA'ton H. E. Smith Norwalk S.P.Wheeler . ...do Norwalk Do. do Do. do Do. Fairfield Fairfield 164.3 S. P. Wheeler.- Do. Fold-out Placeholder This feild-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at future date. 72^45 >' 9 ^-' ~2 45 PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XVI 72 30 72"lE 72()() MAP OF LONG ISLAND, NEW^YORK SHOWING PROBABLE CRETACEOUS ARTESIAN WELL AREAS AND DEPTH OF TOP OF LLOYD SAND BELOW SBALE\^L ByA^CVeatch 1904 Scale 5 15 miles LEGEND ^^HAi-ea ill which nowin^ wells waiprobabty be obtained ^ Salt water not flowing • Fresli water flowing O Frosli walf-r not flowing 4 Salt water flowing 7» Contours slww lop of Lloyd gra^^l bt-iow pej U-wl Single dashes u:iaicate tliat this gravfl is prohably absent; dash and two dots indicite Ltsii^erred position Unsuccessfi dwell "Well penetrated rock without obtaining satisfactory' supplj- from th FLUOTUATIONS OF GEOUND-WATEE LEVEL. 69 Table VI. — Analyses showing difference between waters from the Lloyd sand and those from the rock wells of Connecticut — Continued. Location. Chlorine. Hard- ness. Alka- linity. Analyst. Remarks. Connecticut— Continued. 26.0 32.9 7.0 28.7 5.5 9.1 14.5 6.6 22.5 13.0 11.0 30.7 167.5 60.0 36.4 56.0 54.0 15.0 160.0 28.5 C) 24.0 72.9 128.6 S. P.Wheeler Artesian well. do Rockwell; 125 feet deep. Artesian well. do H.E.Smith R. B. Riggs Rock well; 52 feet deep. Artesian well. Niantic A. B. Bryant .do Deep artesian well. Middletown Do. Hartford Henry Souther Artesian well; 350 feet deep. Hartford - - - Artesian well; 242 feet deep. Hartford H. E. Smith...: Artesian well; 260 feet deep. Hartford S. P.Wheeler Hartford R.B. Riggs Artesian well. a Very hard. On the whole, there is absolutely no evidence of a Connecticut source for the underground water on Long Island. The water is derived entirely from rainfall on the island, and all the water phenomena observed can be directly traced to this source, except that a slight amount may be transmitted through the Lloyd gravel from New Jersey. CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION OF THE GROUND-WATER TABLE." The causes which produce fluctuations of the ground-water table on Long Island may be subdivided as follows: A. Natural: Rainfall. Sympathetic tides.' Thermometric changes. Barometric changes. B. Artificial : Dams. Pumping. NATUEAL CAUSES OP FLUCTUATION. Rainfall. — As rainfall is the source of ground water, it would seem self-evident that the ground-water level must vaiy directly with the rainfall, heavy rains raising it and long periods of drought lowering it. While this is true in a broad way, the relation between the rainfall and the changes in level of the ground-water table is not such a simple one as this statement might imply. In the summer of 1903 the engineers of the Long Island division of the com- mission on additional water supply made daily observations on the water levels in wells in many parts of Long Island and accumulated much definite data on this point. Fortunately the observations began just before the exceptional period of drought which extended from April 16 to June 7. The wells observed were a Preliminary statement; a more complete report on the observations on these fluctuations made during the summer of 1903 is now in press as Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 155. 70 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. largely open dug wells depending on the main ground- water level, which, as already indicated, rises from sea level on each side of the islajud to a summit somewhat north of the surface divide (p. 57). From these records the typical hydrographs shown on PI. XVII have been selected. This group of wells, with the possible exception of No. 6, are all south of the ground-water divide and in a region where the direction of underflow is southward. In shallow wells near the south shore, such as Nos. 1 and 2, the relation between the rainfall and the fluctuation of the ground-water table is very apparent. Fig. 34. — Autograph record of water level in a 386-foot well at Long Beach, N. Y., showing fluctuations due to tides. Record from a Means nilometer in charge of F. D. Rathbun, field assistant. Elevations indicated are approximate. Five or six days after the heavy rains of April 14 and 15 the water, after rising for a few days, fell steadily through the period of dry weather. Three or foTir days after the rain of June 7, which ended the drought, the water in both wells began to rise and continued to rise during the rainy weather which followed. Farther inland, a gradual change is noted in the behavior of the surface of the ground-water, wells 7 or 8 miles from the shore, such as Nos. 3, 4, and 7, showing an entirely different curve. In these the water rose steadily during the drought and began to fall when the heavy rains commenced. In wells still farther inland, as Nos. 5, 6, and 8, the water rose steadily for the whole period shown. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XVII FLUCTUATIONS OF THE MAIN GROUND-WATER TABLE ON LONG ISLAND. From observations of the Long Island division of the New York City comnnission on additional water supply, March-June, 1903. FLUCTUATIONS OF GEOUND-WATER LEVEL. 71 Feet WELL CURVE AUG. 25 AUG. 26 AUG. 27 +18 -- f 1 7 t ^ /^ i t, + 4 + 2 + 1 Zero well No. 8 actually rising over 2 feet during the greatest drought this section had ever experienced. These curves indicate that the deeper the ground-water table and the farther it is from the shore (or the higher it is above sea level) the more slowty it responds to the rainfall. The retardation is entirely out of proportion to the thickness of the unsaturated beds above the main water table. In the wells at Lynbrook and Massapequa, which are from 4 to 8 feet deep, rain water should, according to the rate of flow deter- mined by laboratory tests, reach the ground-water table in a few minutes, yet the water table did not begin to rise until four or five days after the heavy rains. As the thickness of the unsaturated beds increases, this retardation is multiplied at an astonishing rate. Thus, while the 4 and 8 foot wells at L3rnbrook and Massapequa began to fall seven days after the close of the rainy period in April, the 32-foot well at Mineola did not begin to fall until after thirty-five days, the 34-foot Creedmoor well after about fifty-five days, and the 55-foot Hicksville well after about sixty-five days, while the 70- and 90-foot wells at Lake Suc- cess and Hicksville showed no tendency to fall after seventy-five days, but were still rising from the effects of the March and April rains. In this delayed transmission the effects of single showers is almost wholly neutrahzed, the sand acting as so perfect an equalizer that only the mass results of long periods of rain or drought are indicated. The question involved here is apparently not so much how fast a constant stream of water under a given pressure will flow through a column of earth of a given height as how long it will take a given quantity of water precipitated on the top of this column during a relatively short time to entirely or almost entirely run out at its base. Tides. — Nearly all the wells in the neighborhood of the shores, both shallow and deep, show a sym.- pathetic vibration with the tides. The nature of this vibration and its clearly tidal character are shown in flgs. 34 and 35. Fig. 34 represents a 386-foot well at Long Beach and fig. 35 a 40-foot well at Douglaston. This fluctuation is commonh* greatest at the shore and becomes less on passing inland, but this rule is by no means invariable, and many very pecuHar local variations are found. AUG. 25 d SURVEY BAi AUG. 26 TIDE CURVE Fig. 35. — Record ol water level in a 40-foot well of the Citizens' Water Supply Com- pany at Douglaston, N. Y., and tidal record in adjacent creek. Record from Friez tide gages In charge of F. L. Whitney, field assistant. 72 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The tidal curves in the wells are miniatures of those in the near-by body of water, but are generally somewhat behind them. Thus, at Oyster Bay, where the water is under sufficient hydraulic head to lift it considerably above the surface of the ground (see PI. XIII, A), the tide in the Casino well, which is in the very edge of the water, is five to ten minutes behind that in the bay, while in the Underbill well, which is only 300 feet from the shore, it shows a lag of from sixty-five to seventy-five minutes. Wliile this great increase in the amount of lag in very small distances indicates that the factors concerned in the formation of these sympathetic tides are rather complex, it is not felt that the phenomenon necessarily involves a free outlet of the underground water into the "ocean, as is very commonly held in this region. On the contrary, it is thought to be conceivable that the clay layers, rendered more or less sensitive by the water-logged artesian sands beneath them, may act as large diaphragms and respond directly to the al- ternate loading and un- loading caused by the flood and ebb tides. Thermometric and ha- rometric changes. — Self- recording gages placed on the wells of the Queens County Water Company at Lynbrook (277) dur- ing the summer of 1903 showed very regular daily fluctuations of the ground- water table, which were clearly due neither to rain- fall nor tidal action. A comparison of these curves with the thermograph and barograph records obtained at Floral Park and Brentwood by the commission on additional water supply (PI. XVIII) shows that the fluctuations closely correspond to the changes in temperature and only remotely to those of air pressure, except in the case of the 504-foot well. It was at first thought that the daily fluctuations in the temperature might produce minor barometric fluctuations and that the changes in the water level might be ultimately due to changes in air pressure, but a study of the data forces the conclusion that the normal fluctuation shown in curves 1 and 2 are directly due to temperature. Thus the important barometric depression indicated on July 26 produced no effect on the water level in the 14- and 72-foot weUs, although clearly noticeable in the 504-foot weU. Even the sudden rise of the water, which occurred during the storm of July 30 and which has many aspects of being due to a change in air pressure, has a sharpness and definition not indicated by the barograph curve, although suggested by the thermograph curve. Fig. 36. -Diagram showing cone of depression produced by a pumping station and its effect on a near-by pond or well. 1903. Autographic record of fluctuations of water surface in 14-foot well at Lynbrook, New York. (inverted curve) II Autographic record of fluctuations of water surface in 72-foot well at Lynbrook, New York. (inverted curve) III Autographic record of fluctuations of water surface in 504-foot well at Lynbrook, New York. (inverted curve) IV Thermograph curve at Floral Park, New York. Barograph curve at Brentwood, New York. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JULY 26 1 JULY 27 M'2 4 6 810X112 4 6 8 1 M*2 4 6 810X112 4 1 JULY 28 JULY 29 ! 6 8 IDIVI'2 4 6 8 10X112 4 6 8 10W*2 4 6 810X112 4 6 8 i A 1 ^. 7" t ,^ t- -j^s / t -^ t ^1 ^ / 4 /A 7 V ■f^ -t ■^ -, V- C 31 '^ 4- ^<- ^ ^s^ -y \ 1 1 / ^■^7 ^-, Z / -N t V _i_' Sri _i -J- "^^^ ^ ^■^ ^ >-.^_>' / '^ / 7 ^^ ^ — T^ 1 1 1 n ^ ^ ^ """^ ^ - /' — ^^ ^ ^ ' ' — r~ • ^ '^'^ „^ ' i_^ ^ ^j__ y . ^'~ r^ ■^ „ . j^ . f- "^"^ ' -^ — ~^"^ 1 J ^ 0^_^ " ^v. ^^ ^-^^ — ^ J. ,j- -- "^yr-" , . /^ "^ V l/ /^ > ^^-^ y . -^ i J . .._. .._ . % 1 Ha /t, s: ^^ J r \ -' - \ f -J ^ iv^ T k .-^ ^ ' J \ ^^n-t \- .E \- 4 Z ^^=- vTT;^ X -I X- E»>^v -= \ ■^ r -/ S -J \-^ ^ "1 \ ■ ■■/ \ ,^^ ^\ ' -/ ^i ^:^ ^ "f ^ n; /- ^ rt. , . ■- .- ^^i3 5/=^ t ^s^ ^ _, ^ 1 — r^ "^ — '-^ — ^ ^- — J — " v^ — ■ "~-. ,'' <. j *" EXAMPLES OF FLUCTUATIONS DUE TO Records at Lynbrook from King self-recording instruments in charge of F. L. Whitney, field assistant. PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XVIII JULY 30 4 6 8 10X112 4 6 8 10M*2 4 6 8 10X112 4 6 8 10M'2 4 6 8 10X112 4 C 8 lOM^Z 4 6 810X112 4 6 8 lOM *^ water in inches R^'i-n-5-05- JULY 31 AUG. 1 AUG. 2 Fluctuation of m 1 '^ — -^ y ai n- 5t 0S r- •^, y , !\ _ _ _ -— t — _ _ _ _ _ -J _ _ _ , _ _ jC _ _ _ _ _ — — — — _ — — ^ — - — — — — — — ^ — -" — ^r — — — ~ — __ — H — —1 ^ — — — — — 1— ^ ^ L^ 1 ^ s ^ 1 — 1 t ^- -^ i ' -J _j 1 1 1 1 1 - ! I _ _ _ _ __ 1 _ _ _J 1 L_ i 1 1 , 1 L„^^ ' _ _ _ _ 1 1 ^ 1 ^ - — — _ — — — ^ — — L _ FH- H [='^ ~-n IT '__ — ~ — — — ' — — — ~ — L--^ [:=' ^ — ' I 1 — ^__ -^rr n — — — _ _ _ _ , - _ 1_ _ _ L^ _ _i_. 1 1 _ „ _ __ — — — — J - - — p^ - - - —\ —] r- — r^ n- — -^ — — -1-\ / 1 y ft rr , , .» ^ !y \ n . n- 5^ Ot 1 1 1 i _ _ _ _ L_ i _ _ _ Fahr. degrees "■ 1 — ~ ~ _ - ' ~ "" 1 ~ ~1 _ 1 ■ _— - 1 — ' — ^ -^ ■ — 1 — 1 .._ 1 — - _^ ■ — 1 ' — ■ --J -^ — 1 ; 1 L_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ _ _ __j .. 1 50 Inches of mercury 5 30 5 29 RMOMETRIC AND BAROMETRIC CHANGES. rds at Floral Park and Brentwood from records of the commission on additional water supply. FLUCTUATIONS OF GROUND-WATER LEVEL. 73 ARTiriCIAL CAUSES OF FLUCTUATION. Dams. — The first important cause producing a change in the normal level ot the ground-water table was the construction of dams for mill purposes. These, without exception, raised the ground-water table and decreased the spring flow in the valley above the points at which they were constructed (see p. 62). The crest flow in every case was less than the normal flow of the stream at the same point. The enlargement of these ponds for storage purposes by the Brooklyn waterworks but emphasized this condition. Pumping. — When pumping stations were established a diametrically opposite effect was produced. A pumping station instead of hindering the outward flow of the water helps it, and as the group of wells connected with a pumping station is usually restricted to a relatively small area, a more or less symmetrical cone of depression is produced with the group of the wells as a center. All wells, springs and ponds which depend on this main water table and which are in the radius of the cone of depression are directly influenced. As a result preexisting wells have had to be driven to a depth slightly greater than that of the new water table (fig. 36), the spring flow is decreased, and adjacent ponds and marsh areas are more or less completely drained. Mr. L. B. Ward has compiled the following table showing the decrease in stream flow on southern Long Island between 1873 and 1899, which must be largely due to the effect of the pumping stations: Table VII. — Tlie effect of grouTidr-water pumping in diminishing stream flow from 1873 to 1899 in the old water- shed of the BrooMyn waterworlcs, comparing five-xjear periods. [By L. B. Ward.] Aver- age annual rain- fall. Average annual Area of water- shed. Driven-well supply. other pumped sources of supply. Daily total per square mile derived from all sources in the water- shed. Water collected as stream flow, referred to .50 square miles of watershed. Period. rainfall col- lected, referred to watershed as a whole. Ex- pressed as rain- fall. Daily per square mile. Ex- pressed as rain- fall. Daily per square mile. Daily per square mile. Expressed as rain- fall. Amount. Propor- tion of total. Inches. Per cent. Inches. Square miles. Inches. Gallons. Inches. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Inches. Per cent. 1873-1877 43.33 25.07 10.86 52.30 (a) («) 0.18 8,659 517,206 532,034 11.17 25.79 1878-1882 41.58 29.60 12.31 55.14 (a) (a) .99 47,063 585,978 594,310 12.48 30.02 1883-1887 43.30 31.60 13.68 64.42 2.95 140,392 2.30 109,041 651,506 518,071 10.88 25.13 1889-1893 45.05 38.43 17.31 65.54 5.85 278,383 4.17 198,605 824, 195 455, 153 9.56 21.22 1895-1899 43.14 36.32 15.67 66.44 7.76 369,581 2.74 130,224 745,983 327,122 6.89 15.96 a Began in 1883. While a decrease in spring flow must follow any extensive method of removing the ground water in this region, it should be borne in mind that the cost of such a removal will probably be less than its collection from surface ponds and the subsequent filtration which must necessarily follow. A subterranean system will, moreover, result in the more or less complete reclamation of the swampy lands along many of the brooks. The effect which the lowering of the ground-water table by a few feet in this region may have on farm products is not very clear. It is certainly true that 74 UNDERGROUND WATER RESt)URCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. plants thrive where the ground-water table is 25 to 100 or more feet below the surface, and it is difficult to see how the lowering of the water table a few feet will very definitely affect farm products, except where it makes swamp land cultivable. BLOWING WELLS. Mr. William Jaegle, a well driller of Hicksville, reports a number of blowing wells about Woodbury (519, 588, 589, 590). These blow intermittently, generally before a storm, and are clearly very similar to the blowing wells reported from the Western States." The cause of this blowing seems to a large extent to be due to changes in baro- metric pressure, an outflow of air occurring when the surface pressure is relatively low, and an inflow when it is relatively high. A careful examination was made of the wells at Woodbury by Mr. R. D. Rathbun, field assistant, with a view to attaching a recording instrument and carefully studying this phenomenon, but the conditions were found not to be favorable. ; ,- WATERWORKS. The porous nature of Long Island, which causes it to readity absorb , filter, and store the rain water, admirably fits it for furnishing large quantities of very pure water. As has been pointed out, the total loss by evaporation is relatively small, and the run-off is almost wholly that supplied by springs. These short, steady- flowing, spring-fed streams, which were first utilized for small saw and grist mills, were the most natural source for water when the growing city of Brooklyn began to demand a water supply. The original Brooklyn system, completed in 1862, derived its supply wholly from a number of surface streams between Brooklyn and Lynbrook, which were intercepted by a conduit in which the water flowed by gravity to Ridgewood, where it was lifted into reservoirs which supply a simple gravity system. As the demand increased, it became necessary to utilize other ponds and streams which were too low to flow naturally into the conduit, and in 1872 pumping stations were established at Watts Pond and Smiths Pond. In the same year a private system supplied by springs was established at Sea Cliff. This was the first waterworks plant on Long Island after the Brooklyn system. In 1874 plants were completed by three villages: College Point, Flushing, and Long Island City; of these, the first two depended on spring and stream supply, and the last on a single large well. This last was the first plant using the ground water as a source of supply. Garden City followed in a few years with a system depending on a single large well. In 1880 the surface supply of the Brooklyn waterworks was supplemented by open-well stations at Springfield and Watts Pond, and in 1882 gang-well stations were established at Spring Creek and Paisleys. Since that time the K 1858 n 1897 1880 1885 1862 1862 1885 1872 '2 1894 f 1872 |nl894 1862 Source of supply. /Driven weUs and] \ streams. / 120 2-inch wells, 30 feet deep. 113 2-inch wells, 50 feet deep. 22 2-inch wells, 45' to 50 feet; 14 6-inch wells, 80 to 90 feet; 4 6-inch wells at hottom of 1 open well, 29 by 24 feet. Ridgewood aque- duct; force main from Millburn. 100 2-ineh wells, 36 feet deep; 1 6-tnch well, 150 feet deep; 7 8-inch wells, 150 feet deep. 13 6-inch wells, 42 to 75 feet deep. 12 8-inch wells, 195 feet deep. 12 8-inch wells, 195 feet deep. 100 2-inch wells, 44 feet deep. Surface water ....... 16 8- and 10-inch wells, 160 feet deep; 183 2-inch wells, 27 to 73 feet deep; 4 4-inch wells, 160 feet deep; 3 6-inch wells, 153 feet deep. ;20 8-inch wells, 170 ' feet deep. Surface water 110 2-inch wells, 41 feet deep. Surface water .do. 150 2-mch wells, 38 feet deep. Surface water Watts Pond 12 6-inch wells, 50 feet deep. Surface water Estimated capacity of station per day. Gallons '125,000,000 2,000,000 2,600,000 5,000,000 4,500,000 3,500,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 6,000,000 6,000,000 2,000,000 5,000,000 200,000 5,000,000 2,500,000 2,500,000 1,300,000 Average yield per day for year given in last column. Wells. Springs. Gallons. Gallons 1,120,596^. 2,444,032 4,3.30,600 28,581,383 3,973,160 2,997,945 1,678,219 1,634,408 1,527,051 4,9.35,482 2,133,890 3,4,39,039 2,568,055 iJ2,213,703 Streams c Gallons. 63,761,017 6,000,000 2,000,000, 2,000,000 200,000 840,000 1,000,000 a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xix, xxiv. b See Pis. xix, xxiv. Streams are all very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. d Whole system. « Ridgewood. / Mount Prospect. ' 9 Mount Prospect standpipe. A 1899. i Original station established in 1880. WATERWORKS. 77 systems on Long Island. Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Elevation of reser- Miles of Fire hy- drants. Authority. Date. No." Capacity. Size. standpipe. Gallons. Feet. Feet. [Gravity and direct pump- l ing- fp 304, 000, 000 1 / 19, 185, 000 [ 111, .500 eno f 198. 5 a 204-278. 4 '1597 1899 (I. M. De Varona. (L. B. Ward 64.4 by 16 Direct, connecting with Mount Prospect reser- U) fc35 ; L. B. Ward 1899 15 VOU-. Direct fcl7 It 49 &144 16 194 L. B. Ward 1899 135 ing with reservoir. Ridgewood reservoir Ridgewood aoueduct 304,000,000 170 do 1899 140 do 1899 138 do do 1899 139 do do 1899 194 .do . . do 198 do 1 .. ..do 200 Not used I. M. De Varona L. B. AVard 1896 1899 201 do .do 1899 1896 196 Springfield station 7,199,000 5.08 1.74 I i I. M. De Varona Ridgewood aqueduct . L. B. Ward 1899 290 1 do 9,879,000 f 13.11:1 1894 1 ' do 977,500 ) 7.05/- f 13.19| 1 10. 19 1 " do 1894 do L. B. Ward 1899 1894 288 3,750,000 1 2.7,J I. M. De Varona Ridgewood aqueduct .... L. B. Ward 1899 286 do 10,850,000 1 14.58| 1 10.5 i) I. M. De Varona 1896 3 250 feet high, 16 and 8 feet in diameter. Not used, fc In 1896. I Formerly Long Island Water Supply Company. TO Sole source of supply from November, 1858, to July, 1860. '! Driven-well station installed. o Temporary station; permanent station established in 1880. P AUowing 1,000,000 for yield of Watts Pond. 78 UNDERGROUNB WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table VIII. — Waterworks No. a 487 489 491 493 567 81 175 99 Owner. New York City, department of water supply gas, and elec- tricity (Bor- oughofBrook- lyn). do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ...do; ...do. ...do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. New York City department of water supply, gas, and elec- tricity (Bor- o u g h of Queens). do .do. .do. Description. Co- ordi- nates Smiths Pond . /Smiths Pond sta- \ tion. /Pine's supply \ pond. Schodack Brook.. fHempstead sup- t ply pond. Hempstead stor- age reservoir. Millbum reservoir fMillburn piimp- \ ing station. /Millbum supply \ pond. /East Meadow \ supply pond. Agawam station. . Merrick station. . . [Matowa (new \ bridge) supply { pond. Matowa station . . /Wantagh supply \ pond. /Seaman's supply \ pond. Wantagh station. /Massapequa sup- \ ply pond. Massapequa sta- tion. Long Island City, station No. 1. Long Island City, station No. 2. Long Island City, station No. 3. {Fresh Meadow Station (for- merly College Point station) . 6 B, ^6C. 6C. 6C. . 6B . [6B . [6B . 7B . 7B . 7 BC 7 B . .7C.. •7C.. 7C.. ■7 0.. 8C.. 2C.. 3D 3 D . 4C. Serv- ice began. 1872 1872 1862 1873 1862 1892 1896 1896 1892 1896 1892 1892 1896 1892 1896 1874 1894 1874 Source of supply. Estimated capacity of station per day. Surface water . Smiths Pond . Surface water . .do. .do. Gallons. 4,500,000 600,000 1,000,000 Streams, Millbum to Massapequa. Streams, Millbum to Massapequa, and driven-well sta- . tions given below. Surface .do. 32 6-inch wells, 33 to 91 feet deep. 624J-inchwells, 40to 100 feet deep. Surface , 464J-uich wells, 38 to 97 feet deep. Surface . . . .■ .do. 43 4J-inoh wells, 24 to 89 feet deep: 6 6- inch wells, 92 feet deep. Surface 53 4J-inchwells,37to 106 feet deep. 7 6-inch wells, 70 feet deep; 1 open well, 47J feet diameter by 30 feet deep. 28 4-inch wells, 45 feet deep; 1 16-foot well, 22 feet deep. 12 4-inch wells, 41 feet deep. Springs . 8,000,000 d 4, 518, 951 d 4, 693, 432 rt 4, 495, 622 rf 3, 998, 844 d 5, 373, 196 2,500,000 Average yield per day for year given in last column. Wells. Springs. Streams c Gallons. Gallons. 3, 114, 739 520,305 325, 813' 890,939 1,37' 682 682,800 / 803, 000 621,000 970,783 622, 700 Gallons. 8,517,299 8,000,000 30,450,000 36,974.474 « Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps. Pis. xix, b See Pis. xix, xxiv. c Streams are very short and spring led, and differ very little from springs. d Average daily yield for test of July-December, 1896. WATERWORKS. 79 systems on Long Island — Continued. Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Elevation of reser- voir or standpipe. Miles of mains. Fire hy- drants. Authority. Date. No.n Capacity. Size. Smiths Pond station Gallons. 41,580,000 Feet. Feet. f 5.09 1 -.33 J 5.09 1 -.33 f 13.68 1 9.57 I. M. De Varona L. B. Ward I. M. De Varona .. do 1896 1899 1896 1 I do 9,046,000 1 1 do 1 do 26,900,000 1,000,000,000 373,000,000 J 12.21 1 8.42 , do .- - do 1894 1896 1894 1899 1896 1896 1899 1899 1899 1899 1896 1896 1899 1896 1899 1899 1902? 1899 do To Ridgewood pumping station. do do L. B. Ward fTo MiUburn pumping 1 station. \ 11,100,000 18,830,000 J 4.0 1.4 ( '•' 1 3.77 1 I. M. De Varona do 1 Millburn aqueduct L. B. Ward 487 do do 489 do 11,428,000 8.5 4.17 I I. M. De Varona L. B. AVard do 1 491 do 15,030,000 28,990,000 \ 9.7 1 4.87 f 14.9 1 6.9 1 I. M. De Varona . do ... do J I do....". J L.B.Ward 493 do 19,000,000 5.0 3.5 1 I. M. De Varona L. B. Ward do } 567 Direct service 23.19 L. B. Ward f ^^ do 175 Sanborn Map Co.g L. B. Ward .....do 99 Direct; overflowing to standpipe. do '. 936,000 135 by 35 188.8 15.42 231 e Not running. / Destroyed. by boiler explosion in 1900 and not rebuilt. 9 Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 5, 1903. 80 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table "VIII. — Waterworks No. o Owner. Description. Co- I ordi- I nates 238 239 242 4 New York City, department of water supply, gas, and elec- tricity (Bor- o u g li of Queens). ....do -do. BIythebourne Water Co. .do. Bayside station (formerly Flush- ing station). WMtestone, No. 1 Whitestone No. 2 (resen'e station). Principal station . Reserve station . H. C. Pfalzgraf estate. Flatbush Wa- terworks Co. {German Amer- . ican Improve- ment Co. rWoodhflvpn ■ I Pumping Plant at f"w;tiVu;?,°y --ojA|- ■ ^°- 1 1 AVareCo. 223 213 213 219A 158 162 225 150 151 153 161 178 Montauk Water ! Dunton. Co. I Jamaica Water Supply Co. Jamaica. .do. .do. Holliswood pri- vate high service. Citizens Water Supply Co. do do do Woodside Wa- ter Co. do do Hollis . Station No. 1. Station No. 2. Station No. 3. Station No 4. Station No. 5. Station No. 1 . Station No. 2. Station No. 3. 4D . 4D' 4D. IB . 2B . 2B.. 2B.. 3B 3C.. 4C., 4C.. 4C.. 4C. 3C.. 3D. 4C.. 3C.. 3C.. 3C.. 3D. 3D. Serv- ice 1874 1892 1892 1890 1891 1882 1892 1894 1895 1887 1887 1894 1897 1899 1900 1901 1897 Source of supply. 121 3-, 4-, and 6-inch wells, 40 feet deep. Oakland Laked [174- and 6-inch wells, I 55 to 75 feet deep. 5 3- and 4-uich veils, 80 feet deep. 1 open well 5 feet di- ameter by 90 feet deep; 1 open well, 20 feet diameter by 90 feet deep. 2 7-inch wells, 70 feet deep. Brooklyn water- works. Single well 3 5-inch wells, 18 feet deep; in each of 12 open wells, 8 feet diameter by 26 feet deep; 19 5-inch wells. 55 feet deep. |-3 6-mch wells, 60, 65, J and 70 feet deep. [Island Water Sup- l ply Co.* , 10 4-inch and 6 6-inch wells, 80 to 150 feet deep. 17 10-inch wells, 30 to ■ 50 feet deep. 7 10-inch, 12 5-lnch wells, 50 to 60 feet deep. [1 8-inch weD, 57 feet deep; 1 10-inch well, 150 feet deep; 1 8- inch well, 50 feet [ deep; 5-inch wells. Jamaica Water Sup- ply Co. 28 6-inch weUs, 45 to 62 feet deep. 78 4J-inch wells, 45 to 80 feet deep. 31 6-ineh wells, 45 to 90 feet deep. 56 6-inch weUs, 45 to 90 feet deep. 16 6-inch wells 13 4i and 6 inch wells . 178 shallow driven \ weUs. Estimated capacity of station per day. Gallons. 3,000,000 1,780,000 1,000,000 70,000 75,000 3,500,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 Average yield per day for year given in. last column. Wells. Gallons. 980,000 1, 206, 584 181,000 196,551 200,000 106,000 2,155,400 70,000 90, 600 548,000 1,800,000 1,500,000 2,275,000 608,000 1,510,000 2,067,700 Small. Not used. Not used. Springs. Streams e Gallons. Gallons. 1,780,000. a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps, Pis. xix. xxiv. b See Pis. xix, xxiv. c Streams are all very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. d Also called Douglass Pond; used only for reserve in case of ilre. e Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 5, 1903. f Five elevated tanks. »In 1897, M.N. Baker. A Now New Lots pumping station of the Brooklyn waterworks. WATERWORKS. 81 systems on Long Island — Continued. Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Elevation of reser- voir or standpipe. Miles of mains. Fire hy- drants. Authority. Date. No.n Capacity. Size. Direct ; overflowing to standpipe. Gallons. Feet. Feet. 218 15.4 L.B.Ward 1899 1902? 1902 1899 1902' 762,000 135 by 33 . . Sanborn Map Co.e . . . Chief engineer L. B. Ward • 238 239 Direct; overflowing to standpipe. do 10.4 212,000 95 by 20. . . 182.3 Sanborn Map Co.e ..do 242 Direct; ovei-flowing to tanks. / 125, 000 160 30 T>. R. Ward 1899 1896 1899 1899 1899 4 I. M. De Varona L.B.Ward. . 21 1.7 72 do 18 Direct; overflowing to standpipe. 239,700 20 by 102 . . 194 9 590 do 22 [ 134 fDirect service; overflow- \ ing to reservoir. Direct service; overflow- ing to standpipe. do. 1 J 4,000,000 1 500,000 1 125 175 175 32 9.5 '60+ J 493 L. B. Ward. 1899 1899 1899 1903 1903 1899 1899 1903 1903 1903 1899 1 142 2 stand- pipes. do.fc . . . do 223 do 213 C. A. Lockwood Sanborn Map Co. J L. B.Ward 1 511,000 40 by 50 62 2 "56.92 640 213 . 210 219A I Direct 183,600 25 by 50'". L. B. Ward f 158 do 162 do J. Edward Meyer, su- 225 perintendent. do 150 do 151 7.5 L.B.Ward 153 161 178 • Statement of F. H. Luce, superintendent: J Insurance maps of the Borough of Queens, city of New York, vol. 4, 1903: fc Combined capacity about 1,000.000 gallons. 1 In Greater New York. m Manual of American Waterworks, 1897, p. 123. n In 1899 delivered 2,336,400 gallons to the city for use in Long Island City. 82 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table III. — Waterworks No.o 174 176 273 379 37a 397 490 405 414 442 452 466 455 525 503 579 568 674 650 658 675 Owner. Description. Steinway& Son di Bowery Bay Building and Improvement Co. /Queens County \ Water Co. fRookville Center 1 village. Long Beach As- sociation./ Freeport village Merrick Water Co. fHempstead vil- l lage. Garden City Wa- ter Supply Co. C. H. Mackay... /Sea Cliff Water I Co. Pratt estate. .. North Beacli. [■Valley Stream (•Rockville Center . East Roekaway. . Co- ordi- nates W 3D 3D 5B 6 B 6B Freeport I 6 B Merrick 7 B /Nassau County I Water Co. ..do ^Hempstead . . Garden City. Roslyn >SeaCUfl. Glen Cove . .do. Oyster Bay. . do . . . .' I Hicksville . .do ; Farmingdale . Amityville Wa- ter Works Co. (Babylon Sump- ■J warns Water Co. Huntington Water Works Co. fNorthport Wa- I ter Works Co. /Great South I Bay Water Co, AmityvUle. Babylon. [•Huntington. [Northport... [Bayshore 6C.. 6C.. 6D. 6E . 6E . 6E . 7E . 7D. 8C.. 8C.. 10 C. 8E.. 9E.. IOC. Serv- ice began. 1884 1896 1894 1896 1890 1876 1872 1891 (.'■) («•■) (fc) (fc) 1893 1893 1893 1893 1889-90 Source of supply. Wells 17 6-inch wells, 65 to 70 feet deep. 16 3 and 4 inch weUs, 145 to 180 feet deep; 45 3-inch wells 30 to .50 feet deep. 32 4 and 5 inch wells, 33 feet deep. 19 6-inch wells, 150 to . 190 feet deep. 2 wells, 50 feet deep . . ■inch wells, 40 to feet deep. Shallow wells |2 wei: \i 8-ir I 50 f 2 6-inch wells, 35 feet deep; 2 10-inch wells, 35 feet deep. Shallow wells WeUs \% 6-inoh wells, 50 feet I deep. Well 50 feet diameter by 35 feet deep. Shallow weUs 6 6-iuch wells, 60 feet deep. 4 6-incli wells (3 driven wells 3 6-inch wells, 38 to 48 feet deep. 1 6-inoh well, 82 feet deep. f4 10-inch wells, 45 to L 60 feet deep. Driven wells 2 8-inch weUs, 85 feet deep. Driven weUs 6-lnch wells, 40 feet deep. [Driven wells I4 8-inch wells, 60 feet I deep. 3 8-inch wells, 60 feet deep. 12 8-inch wells, 47 feet [ deep. f20 5-inch wells, 40 to I 45 feet deep. Estimated capacity of station per day. Average yield per day for year given in last column. Oallons. 5,000,000 500,000 500,000 1,000,000+ 500,000 1,000,000 150,000 2,250,000 Wells. Gallons. 500,000 1, 123, 581 1,6.34,000 2.5,000 150, 466 60,000 200,000 75,000 500,000 33,000 75,000 100,000 104,000 175,000 66, 274 96, 280 Springs. Gallons. (") ('») Streams c Gallons. a Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps. Pis. xix, xxiv. 6 See Pis. xi.x, xxiv. c streams are very short and spring fed, and differ very little from springs. rt A small private plant supplying houses in the vicinity of the Steuiway piano factory. cTwo standpipes. / Private plant supplying Long Beach. ff Manual of American Waterworks, 1897. WATERWORKS. 83 systems on Long Island-Continued. Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Elevation of reser- voir or standpipe. Miles of mains. Fire hy- drants. Authority. Date. No.ii Capacity. Size. To tank Gallons. Feet. Feet. 174 Direct 1.5 37. 17 ■(- 50 5 ■ I/. C. L. Smith, con- sulting engineer. L. B.Ward C. R. Bettes M. N. Baker 1903 1899 1902 1897 1902 176 Direct and to standpip'es. 235,000 93,000 r 235,000 ! 20 by 100- . 12 by 100.. 20 by 100. . 1 300 49 273 iDirect, overflowing to 1 standpipe. To standpipe at Long Beach. Direct, overflowing to standpipe. Pumped by windmill to tanks. jDirect pumping and to \ standpipe. Direct pressure ] 1 379 Village clerk I 4 375 Engineer 1902 397 490 1 258,000 20 by 110 6 75 M.N. Bakers/ Engineer 1897 1903 1897 \ 405 ■ 11 1 35 M. N. Bakers J 414 To tanks 442 To standpipe 235, 000 20 by 100 J. T.Pirie, president.. Sanborn Map Co M.N. Baker 1903 1902 1897 1903 \ 1903 [ 1903 To reservoir and stand- pipe, i To standpipe S 5 30 9 452 158,000 30 by 30. . . do [ 190 1 160 1 265 1 145 245 145 D. M. Munger super- intendent. (W. F. Clapton, super- 1 intendent. (Oscar DarUng, oon- 1 suiting engineer. do [ 466 4.55 . do 282,000 235,000 25,000 25,000 300,000 (0 100,000 . 20 by 120. . 20 by 100.. ..do 1 49 49 50 525 Acme system 1 503 do do 579 To standpipe 20 by 125.. Solomon Ketchem, secretary. M.N. Baker 1902 1897 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1903 1902 568 Acme system 7 33 do Oscar Darling, con- sulting engineer. Chief engineer Oscar Darling, con- sulting engineer. J. Irwin, treasurer fOscar Darling |s. L. Ackerly ■ 674 8 47 To reservoir 250, 000 170 [ 650 10 5 47 33 (Ground reservoir [Acme system 250,000 25,000 350,000 ) 658 1 20 by 150 To standpipe C. A. Lockwood, sec- retary. Sanborn Map Co. " . . . 1 \ 675 16 140 J '' Originally supplied by springs. ' Reservoir, 120,000 gallons; elevation, 175 feet; standpipe, 235,000 gallons; elevation, 250 feet. J Construction well advanced in September, 1903. fc Under construction September, 1903. I Two 7,000-gallon tanks. »n The springs which formerly supnlied this plant were abandoned in 1903. " Maps of Bayshore and Islip. 84 UNDERGEOUND WATEK EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table III. — Waterworks No." 777 803 863 861 879 910 903 892 Owner. Great South BayWaterCo."* Port Jefferson Water Co. JRiverhead Wa- \ ter Works. Quantuck Wa- ter Co. Southampton Waterworks Co. Easthamp ton Home Water Co. Sag Harbor Water Co. Shelter Island Heights Asso- ciation. Manhasset House. Greenport vil- Description. Patchogue Port Jefferson. >Riverhead Quogue Southampton . Easthampton | 23 F Sag Harbor , Shelter Island do Greenport. Co- ordi- nates Serv- ice began. 13 D 1887 11 F. 1898 18 E 1892 'l8D. ffl903 21 E 1894 23 F. 1899 22 F. 1889 21 H 21 H 21 H m 1889 Source of supply. 2 6-Lnch wells, 54 feet deep. 1 8-inch weU, 225 feet deep; 16-inch well, 305 feet deep.e 6 8-inch wells, 40 feet deep. 3 6-inch wells, 80 feet deep. 3 4-inch weUs, 70 to 75 feet deep. Ligonee Brook Open well, 21 feet deep, with 6-inch pipe to a depth of 33 feet. Group of 18 wells 9 6-inch wells, 28 to 48 feet deep. Estimated capacity of station per day. Gallons. 200, 000 500,000 1,000,000 250,000 Average yield per day for year given in last colvmin. WeUs. Gallons. 80,000 6,000 340,500 i 250,000 120,000' (96,000 (0 Springs. Gallons. Streams c Gallons. 1SO,,000 o Numbers correspond to those used in the detailed records in Chapter IV and in the index maps. Pis. xLx, xxiv. b See Pis. xix, xxiv. c Streams are very short and spiing fed, and differ very Uttle from springs d Until 1894 the Suffolk County Water Company. e Statement of driller, N. W. Davis. / Pumped by water power. 9 June 1 1903. WATEEWORKS. 85 systems on Long ZsZarMZ— -Continued. Delivery of water. Reservoir or standpipe. Elevation of reser- voir or standpipe. Miles of mains. Fire hy- drants. Authority. Date. No.o Capacity. Size. Gallons. 272,000 Feet. 20 by 115. . Feet. 18 3.5 98 35 Sanborn Map Co W. T. Wheeler, secre- tary. J. R. Perkins 1902 1902 1903 1902 777 803 (To tank f |-...do Tostandpipe. 40,000 235,000 85,000 235,000 A- 400, 000 100 ± 120 ± 17 50 89 47 34 !■ 863 861 20 by 100. . -J n. Gardner, treasurer.: 1903 Geo. Elhston, engi- 1902 neer. B.H.VanScoy, presi- 1903 dent. H. F. Cook, president . 1 1902 Wesley Smith, super- 1903 Acme system 879 910 do 20 by 100. . 140 + 100 5 903 To reservoir and tanks . . . 889 intendent. W. H. Havens, chief engineer. 1903 890 To standpipe 235,000 20 by 100 892 h Three 10,000-gaUon tanks. i Yield in summer, 1903. Average for year much less. J Well supply abandoned. fc Ground reservoir. There are also three storage tanks In this system. ' Not known. '» Built by Greenport Water Company. Purchased by village 1899. CHAPTER IIT. MEASUREMENTS OF THE RATE OF UNDERFLOW ON LONG ISLAND. By Charles S. Slichtek. DISTRICT INVESTIGATED. The following determinations of ground-water velocities were made along the south side of Long Island, between the villages of Freeport and Massapequa. These places are located about 6 miles apart on the Montauk division of the Long Island Railroad, which between these points runs nearly east and west about 1 mile north of the edge of the extensive salt marshes which border the Atlantic Ocean. (See fig. 37.) Freeport is about 24 miles from Brooklyn Bridge, and Massapequa, 6 miles east of Freeport, is within 2 miles of the western line of Suffolk County. Within the 6-mile stretch above mentioned the city of Brooklyn has 5 pumping stations, drawing water from extensive batteries of driven weUs. The names of these stations, from the west,- are: Agawam, Merrick, Matowa, Wantagh, and Massapequa. A brick conduit on the north side of the right of way of the Long Island Railroad receives the water from the pumping station and carries it by gravity to a pumping station at Millburn, just west of Freeport, where an additional Hft sends it into the city of Brooklyn. Within the 6 miles from Freeport to Massapequa the conduit crosses several small surface streams, four of which have been ponded and their waters gated into the conduit. These surface waters flow into the conduit the year round, the driven wells constituting an auxiliary supply for the summer months, the period of use extending usually from July to December, but varying with the rainfall and other climatic conditions. The particular district under discussion was selected as the object of study because, first, the region seemed typical of conditions on the south side of the island, and second, because the ground water was substantially in normal condition, owing to the fact that the driven-well plants had not been operated since the previous December. The purpose of the work was to determine the principal facts concerning the underground drainage of the island, so that a preliminary basis might be estabhshed from which an estimate of the amount of ground waters available for municipal supply could be made. The determination of ground-water velocities was made at certain selected stations or locahties, following in general an east-west hne. The stations were MEASUREMENTS OF BATE OF UNDERFLOW. 87 restricted for the most part to the highways or other pubhc lands, but this fact did not interfere materially with the selection of the best sites for the work. One set of stations was placed south of the railroad and just north of the line of wells of the driven-well stations, it being considered of importance to measure velocities in the immediate neighborhood of the pumping plants both before and after pumping had commenced. Other stations were located north of the railroad and conduit, out of range of any extensive influence of the pumping plants. 73°35' 73°30' ■jfas' 73°35' 73°30' 73°25' Fig. 37.— Map of southern Long Island, showing location of underflow stations at which determinations of the rate of flow of underground water were made. Measurements were made by the electrical method described by the writer in Engineering News for February 20, 1902, and in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 67 of the United States Geological Survey. The test wells were driven by the commission on additional water supply, and the measurements were in charge of the writer and of Mr. Henry C. Wolff. 88 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. APPARATUS USED. The apparatus used comprised a series of test . wells and various electrical devices for ascertaining the conditions that obtained in them. TEST WELLS. Test wells may be common IJ-inch or 2-inch drive wells if the soil and water- bearing material is easily penetrated and if the depths desired to be reached do not exceed 30 or 40 feet; for greater depths and more difficult materials wells of heavier construction are necessary. The test wells put down by the commission on additional water supply for Greater New York in 1903 for the work described herewith are suitable for ordinary conditions as met with in the eastern part of the United States or in any place where the gravels are not too coarse or too compact. In them there was used full-weight standard wrought-iron 2-inch pipe Fig. 38. — Plan of arrangement of test wells used in determining the velocity and direction of motion of ground waters. A, B, C, D are the test wells. The direction A C is the direction of probable motion of the ground waters. The dimensions given in plan (o) are suitable for depths up to about 25 or 30 feet; those in plan (6) for depths up to about 75 feet. For greater depths the distances A B, A C, A D, should be increased to 9 or 10 feet and the distances B C and C D to 4 feet. The well A is the "salt well " or well In which the electrolyte is placed. in lengths of 6 or 7 feet, with long threads (x^-inch) and heavy wrought nipples which could be screwed up until the ends of the pipe abutted. The well points were 4-foot standard brass jacket points, No. 60 gauze. For wells no deeper than 30 feet closed-end points were driven, but for deeper work open-end points were used. The test wells were driven in place by use of a ram from 150 to 250 pounds in weight, simultaneously hydraulicking a passage for the pipe with water jet in |-inch standard wash pipe. In line material there were coupled ahead of the open-end well point 3 or 4 feet of pipe carry- ing a shoe coupling, so that the sand in running in through the open end of the pipe would not rise above the bottom of the screen inside of the finished well. The test wells were grouped as shown in figure 38. In case the weUs are not driven deeper than 25 feet, an "upstream" or "salt" well, A, is located, and three other wells, B, C, and D, are driven at a distance of 4 feet from A, the distance between B and C and between C and D being about 2 feet. The well C is located so that the line from A to C will coincide with the APPAE4TUS USED IN MEASUJRING UNDERFLOW. 89 probable direction of the expected ground-water movement. This direction should coincide, of course, with the local slope of the water plane. For deeper work the wells should be located farther apart, as shown in the right portion of figure 38. For depths exceeding 75 feet, a radius of 8 or 9 feet and chords of 4 feet should be used, the general requirement being that the wells should be as close together as possible, so as to cut down to a minimum the time required for Fig. 39.— Diagram showing electrical method of determining the velocity of ground water. The ground water is supposed to be moving in the direction of the arrow. The upstream well is charged with an electrolyte. The gradual motion of the ground water toward the lower well and its final arrival at that well are registered by the ammeter A. B is the battery and a commutator clock which is used when A is a recording ammeter a single measurement, but not so close that important errors are liable to be introduced from the inabihty to drive the wells perfectly straight and plumb. On this account, the deeper the wells the farther apart they should be placed. The angles BAG and CAD should not exceed 30°. Electrical connection is made with the casing of each test well by means of a drilled coupling carrying a binding post. Each of the downstream wells, B, C, D, 90 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. contains within the well point or screen section an electrode consisting of a nickeled brass rod three-eighths inch by 4 feet, insulated from the casing by wooden spools. This electrode communicates with the surface by means of a rubber-covered copper wire. Fig. 39 illustrates the arrangement of electric circuits between the upstream ■ well and one of the downstream wells. An electrode is shown in PI. XX Each of the downstream wells is connected to the upstream well in the manner shown in that plate. FOEM& OF METERS. The meters used were of two types: (1) Direct reading or hand, which requu'ed the personal presence of the operator every hour for reading, and (2) self-recording, which required attention but once a day. DIRECT-READING METERS. A photograph of the direct-reading underflow meter is shown in PL XXI, A. Six standard dr}^ cells are contained in the bottom of the box, their poles being connected to the 6 switches shown at the rear of the case. By meaiis of these switches any number of the 6 cells may be thrown into the circuit in series. One side of the circuit terminates in 8 press keys, shown at the left end of the box. The other side of the circuit passes tlu'ough an ammeter shown in the center of the box, to 2 three-way switches at right end of the box. Four of the binding posts at the left end of the box are connected to the casing of well A, and to the tlnree electrodes of weDs B, C, and D, in order. The binding posts at the right end of the box are connected to the casings of wells B, C, and D. There are enough binding posts so that two difi^erent groups of wells can be connected to the same instrument. When the three-way switch occupies the position shown in photograph, pressing the first key at left end of box will cause the ammeter to show the amount of current between casing of well A and casing of well B. When the next key is pressed the ammeter wUl indicate the current between the casing of well B and the electrode contained within it. In one case the current is conducted between the two well casings by means of the ground water in the soil; in the second case by means of the water within weU B. By putting the three-way switch in second position and pressing the fii'st and the third keys in turn, similar readings can be had for the current between casings A and C, and between casing C and its internal electrode. Similarly with the switch in the third position readings are taken by pressing the first and the fourth keys. The results may be entered in a notebook, as shown in Table IX, p. 95. The electrolyte does not appear at one of the downstream wells with very great abruptness, but its appearance there is somewhat gradual, as shown in the curves in figs. 40 and 41. The time required for the electrolyte to reach its max- imum strength in one of the downstream wells (and, hence, for the current to reach its maximum value) may vary from a few minutes in a case of high ground-water velocity to several hours in a case of low velocity. The writer formerly supposed that the gradual appearance of the electrolyte at the downstream well was largeh' due to the diffusion of the dissolved salt, but it is now evident that diffusion plays but a small part in the result. The principal cause of the phenomenon is now U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 4+ PL. XX ELECTRODE AND PERFORATED BRASS BUCKETS USED IN CHARGING WELLS. FORMS OF UNDERFLOW METERS. 91 known to be the fact that the central thread of water in each capillar}^ pore of the soil moves faster than the water at the walls of the capillary pore, just as the water near the central line of a river channel usuall}'' flows faster than the water near the banks. For this reason, if the water of a river suddenly be made muddy at a certain upstream point, the muddy character of the water at a downstream point will appear somewhat gradually, being first brought down by the rapidly P^ 10 12 A.M. M. MX® 5 'AUa. 6 Fig. 40.— Cui-ves showing electric current between casing of well A and casing of well B (heavy curves), and between casing of well B and its internal electrode (dotted curve) at station No. 5, San Gabriel River, California. These curves illustrate results made with the hand form of apparatus. moving water in the center of the channel, and later hj the more slowly moving water near the banks. The effect of the analogous gradual rise in the electrolyte in the downstream well requires us to select the "point of inflection" of the curve of electric current as the proper point to determine the true time at which the 17116— No. 44—06 7 92 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. arrival of the electrolyte should be counted. This point is designated by the letter ^'M" in figs. 40 and 41. Owing to the repeated branching and subdivision of the capillary pores around the grains of the sand or gravel, the stream of electrolyte issuing from the well will gradually broaden as it passes downstream. The actual width of this charged water varies somewhat with the velocity of the ground water, but in no case is the rate of the divergence very great. Figures 42 and 43 show some actual deter- minations of the spread of the electrolyte around a well in a coarse sand, in one case the ground water moving 12 feet per day, and in the other case moving 23 feet per day. Samples of ground water were taken from small test wells placed only 6 inches apart, and the amount of salt or electrolyte was determined chem- i i iiiiiiii i i i i i i ii i i iiiiii i iii iimi i m ill: Q.OI .24 .20 .16 .12 .04 Tquarts WATER TAKE N FRC M WE LL J 2 QU/ TAKE RTS \ •i FRO VATEI M WE L f r -X / / ^ / *M / / ) ia JART ; WAT ER TA KCN ROM VELL CASl^ G _^ / J ,-- E LECTROOE . y 1 1 2.40 2.2C 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 .80 .60 .40 .20 9 10 12 A.M. 2 4 8 10 12 JUNE 21 & 22, 1903 4 6 8 10 12 VELOCITY 5.5 FEET PER DAv Fig. 41. — Curves showing possibility of using direct-reading apparatus when well points are not used. The casing in this instance consisted of common black 2-inch pipe, with a few small holes in bottom section. The "casing" curve must be relied upon for determining velocity. The "electrode" curve was obtained by drawing water from well C, as shown on diagram, the charged water penetrating tlie well through small holes and the open end of well. This diagi-am shows the velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Massapequa, L. I., Station No. I. Velocity 5.5 feet a day, S. 10° E. ically. The amount at any point is indicated by the area of the circles shown in the diagrams. It will be seen that the salt barely showed itself at a distance of 3 inches upstream from the well. Three feet downstream from the well the width of the salt stream was about 3 feet in the first case and about 2 feet in the other case. Application of principles . — It is possible to dispense with the circuits from the casing of well A to those of the other wells, as the short circuit between the well and the electrode forms the best possible indication of the arrival of the electrolyte at U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 14 PL. XXI UNDERFLOW METER, SHOWING CONNECTIONS WHEN USED AS DIRECT-READING APPARATUS. B. COMMUTATOR CLOCK FOR USE WITH RECORDING AMMETER. FORMS OF UNDERFLOW METERS, 98 the downstream well. For cases in wliich the velocity of ground water is high tlie circuit to well A is practically of no value, but for slow motions this circuit shows a rising current before the ariival of the electrolyte at the lower well, often giving indications of nuich value to the observer. The method can be used quite successfully even though nothing but common WELL SALTED AT 2;00 P.M O O O 8 P.M. Fig. 42. - Diugnim showing tlio inannor in whicli tlic ciccti-olytc sjirpads in passing downstrpiim with the ground walpr. Tho sl\a.d(Hl circle show.'f the location of tli(- salted well, and samples were taken from the sand at the corners ol (i-iiich squares, shown by dots in the diagram. The areas of the circles are proportional to the strength ol the electro- lyte found at their centers. The rough outline indicates the area covered by the charged water at the limes specified. The velocity of the ground water (in the direction of the arrows) was 12 feet a day. It can l)e seen that the clectro- lyto barely reached a distance of 3 inches against th(> direction of flow. pipe be used for the wells. In this case, liowever, the absence of screen or per- forations in the wells renders the internal electrodes useless, and one must depend upon the circuit from well casing of the upstream well to well casing of downstream well 94 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The results in the table on page 95 and fig. 41 present such a case. In this case the wells were not. provided with well points, but merely possessed a 4-foot length of pipe, provided with 4 or 5 holes on opposite sides of the pipe containing small 2-inch washer screens. These few openings are not sufficient to permit the electrolyte to freely enter the well, so that readings between casings were relied 10:15 A.M. WELL SALTED Fig. 43. — Diagram showing spread of electrolyte from a well with ground water moving about twice as fast as in fig. 42, or 22.9 feet a day. The electrolyte spreads less rapidly for the higher velocity, as is shown at a glance. upon for results. As a matter of fact, enough of the electrolyte did get into the well to give small increased readings, but in order to secure the electrode readings given in the table, water was removed from the downstream wells by a small bucket holding about 6 ounces, so as to force a quantity of the water surrounding the well into the perforated sections. RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS. 95 Table EX. — Station No. 1, Massapequa, Long Island, June 21 and 22, 1903. FIELD RECORD OP ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS IN AMPERES, OBTAINED WITH DIRECT READING UNDERFLOW METER. Time. June 21, a. m: 8.45 Casing B. 0.03 Electrode B. 0.08 Casing C. 0.03 Electrode C. 0.10 Casing D. 0.03 Electrode D. 0.09 9.30'' 10 10.30 11. 11.30 12 June 21, p. in: 1 1.30 2 2.30 3b 3.30 4 4.30 5 -.-- 5.30 6.30 ' 7 7.30'' i.30. 10.30. 12.'... .04 .08 .04 . 079 . 04 . 079 . 04 . 079 . 04 . 079 . 041 . 079 . 042 . 079 .042 .079 . 043 . 079 . 043 . 078 . 043 . 078 .043 .078 . 043 . 078 . 043 . 078 . 043 . 078 . 045 . 078 . 045 . 078 . 045 . 078 . 045 . 078 . 045 . 080 .049 .080 .048 ; .079 .050 .079 .050 1 .079 a 10 pounds ol sal ammoniac placed in well A. b 2 .04 .039 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .041 .041 .040 .042 .042 .042 .043 .043 .046 .046 .048 .049 .050 .070 .095 095 .092 .097 .095 .091 .092 .090 .092 .092 .094 .094 .094 .094 .095 .096 .096 .C97 .099 .099 .099 .100 .100 .101 .106 pounds of sal ammoniac placed \ .036 .036 .039 .059 .039 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .041 .041 .041 .041 .041 .042 .041 .041 .042 .043 .043 .045 .047 in well A .088 .088 .087 .087 .087 .087 .088 .088 .089 .088 .090 .090 .090 .090 .090 .090 .091 .091 .090 .093 .094 .094 .095 .095 96 UNDEEGBOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table IX. — Station No. 1, Massafequa, Long Island, June 21 and 22, 190S — Contimifid. FIELD RECORD OF ELECTRIC CURRENT READINGS IN AMPERES, OBTAINED WITH DIRECT READING UNDERFLOW METER— Continued. Time. Casing B. Electrodes. Casing C. Electrode C. Casing D. Electrode D. June 22, a. in: ■ 1 0. 051 0.079 0.120 0.122 0.049 0. 099 2 _ ... .051 .079 .147 .152 .050 . 100 3 '..- .050 .079 .168 .195 .050 .100 4 - -- ■ .053 .079 .178 .430 .050 .100 4.30 .053 .079 .188 .470 1.4 .050 .100 4.40 5 .053 .075 .200 .0.50 .100 6..-- --- .200 .260 .260 1.4 1.5 <1.9 7.45 - 8 - ... .052 .075 .0-50 /f.lOO 8.15 '•2.20 '• 2. 20 2.20 2.20 2 ( Ifi— t 3 12 VELOCITY 3.1 FEET PER DAY Fig. 4S. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water near Merrick pumping station (Station 8). that it could not be prevented from running into the bottom of the well above the top of the screen so that the wells could not be used. The existence of a deep zone of flow was also established. At station No. 15 clay was encountered at a depth of about 44 feet. These wells were driven to a depth of about 62 feet, when an artesian head of about 30 inches developed. A measurement was then made, the screens on the wells being just below the imper- vious layer. A velocity of 6 feet per day was found to exist, in a direction about 10° west of south. The rate of flow at the same point just above the clay was only 18 inches per day, so that a true deep zone of flow undoubtedly exists at this point. This result, although very important, was not" a surprise, as it had already been quite well established by the work of Mr. A. C. Veatch, of the United States Geological Survey, and others, that the clay layer, formerly supposed to be of EXISTENCE OF UNDEKl'LOW. 103 wide expanse and quite unbroken, is, as a matter of fact, absent over considerable areas of the island, so that no reason exists why a part of the undei'ground drain- age should not exist below this impervious bed. The surface zone of flow of the underground waters is probably divided into a number of drainage areas, although it is exceedingly doubtful if the underground drainage basins coincide very closely with the drainage areas of the surface streams. In general, the velocities seemed to increase from west to east, the lowest velocities, however, being in a middle area, where the yellow gravels contain a quantity of ROAD. .70 .60 / ^~~ IE ul |.30 < .■20 ^ / / / ^ .10 6 P.M. 9 1 -ejULY 17^ -JULY 18- -JULY 19— VELOCITY 2.6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 49. — Diagram showing velocity and dii-ection of flow of underground water at Cedar Brook (Station 10). fine, clay-like silt. The Wantagh area seemed to have the largest underflow. It would be exceedingly interesting to have series of measurements extended eastward into Suffolk County. By increasing somewhat the number of stations in the area already covered and comparing with results from drainage areas in Suffolk County, a comparative study of underground drainage systems would result which ought to have much value in planning new sources of supply for Brooklyn. The details of the measurements are given in the reports on individual stations contained in the following table. The locations of the stations are shown in fig. 37 (p. 87), and the curves of electrical current for various stations are given in fig. 41 and figs. 44 to 57. 104 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORI^. Table X. — Underjhw measurements on Lomj Island. Velocity of Number of | ground station. water' per day. Direction. 1. 2. 2x 3- 4. 5. 5x 5y 6. 7. 8. 8' 10. 11. 12. 13. 13. 14. 15. 15x 16. 16x 16x 17. 18. 21. 22. Feet. 5.5 <2.0 6.0 <2. <2.0 6.4 5.4 8.0 5.0 2.6 .0 3.1 2.6 .0 1.07 96.00 6.90 9.30 1.53 6.00 .00 77.00 11.60 10.60 <1.00 21.30 5.60 Date, 1903. S. 10° E ! June 21.. June 24 S. 40° E \ August 21 : June 26 :| June 27 .. S.8°W June29 S.8°W July 3, 4 S. 22°E. August 19 S.8° W \ July 1,2.... S ! July 5,6 S i July 9, 11, 11 N. 34°W July 14, 15, 16, 17... S. 37°E July 17, 18, 19, 20. . . July 27-August 8. . . S. 3° E July 27-August 1 . . . S i August 3, 4 S ! August 3, 4 S ' August 5, 8 '. S ; August 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. S. 15°W I August 17,18,19... S. 30°E I August 10,11. S. 60°E ^ August 13,14 S. 60° E \ August 13, 14....:.. S. 30°W ' August 12,13 S I August 15-21 S. 50° E i August 18,19 S. 30° E August 20,21 Depth of wells below water plane. Feet. 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 34 20 21.6 21.6 28.0 22.0 .27.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 42.0 62.5 16.0 16.0 16.0 20.0 62.0 16.5 16.0 Kind of point. Perforated pipe. Do. Do. Do. Do, Common point. Do. Do. Do. Do. Open-end point. Do. Common point. Do. Open-end point. Common point. Do. Do. Open-end point. Do. Common point. Do. Do. Do. Open-end point. Common point. Do EFFECT OF THE RAINFALL ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. An excellent opportunity was presented at one of the stations for noting the influence of a heav}^ rain upon the velocity of ground waters. At station No. 5, at Agawam pumping station (see figs. 45 and 58), the upstream well A was salted at 9.45 a. m., June 27, 1903. Between 9 a. m. and 1 p. m. nearly 3 inches of rain fell, so that the heavy precipitation coincided with the early part of the ground-water measurements. The velocity found was 6.4 feet per day. On July 3 the experiment was repeated, there being no rain in the intervening time. The velocity found in the second trial was 5.4 feet per day. The change in velocity was undoubtedly due to the enormous rainfall during the first experiment. Part of the high velocity during the rainstorm may be attrib- EFFECT OF RAINFALL ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 105 uted to the effect of the low barometer accompanying the storm, but part of it should be assigned to the increased head of ground-water pressure caused by the heavy rainfall upon the receiving area. As I have shown in another place," ground waters move very much as electricity is conducted in a good conductor, the most striking quahty in ground-water motion being an almost complete absence of true inertia. The motion of a mass of ground water, even for the highest velocities, is so slow that the resistance presented by the inertia of the ground water to an accelerating force is almost nothing when compared with the component of the retarding force, consisting of the capillary resistance in the small pores of the sand Grand Avenue II 2.00 1.80 T ' — = 1.60 1.40 / 1 / J ■ «0 UJ £'■00 Q. s < .80 / f / / / .40 -^ y ^^ ■^ .20 12 M. JULY 27-x 12 M. •-28— I2M. -29- 12 M. —30- 12 M. -31 — 12 M. -AUQ.1- 12 M. 2 12 M. -3— VELOCITY 1.07 FEET PER DAY Fig. 50.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of uadergi'ound water at Grand avenue and Newbridge Brook (station 12). or gravel. Actual computation will show that in a uniform sand of diameter of grain of one-half millimeter the ground water will i^each within 1 per cent of its final maximum velocity by a sudden application of pressure or head in approxi- mately thirty seconds of time. This surprising result of the theory of ground- water motions receives a ver}^ striking verification in the increase in velocity noted during the rain storm as described above. These results have important bearings on our knowledge of ground-water phenomena in the neighborhood of a well. They indicate that the velocity of the 1 Sliohter, C. S., Theoretical investigation of motion of ground waters: Nineteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1S99, p. 331. 106 TJNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. rantBf line of foad- ground waters in the neighborhood of a well reaches a maximum value soon after pumping is commenced. The gradual formation of the cone of depression near the well shows that there must be a progressive augmentation to the initial velocit}^ of the ground waters toward the well. Nevertheless, the rate of depression of the water table is so slow that the ground-water motion established soon after the pumping has begun is substantially the same as after prolonged pumping. These remarks have their most important bearing upon the phenomena of the mutual interference of wells. The interference of one well with the supply of a neighboring well is thus seen to come into existence almost instantaneously and need not wait for the establishment of a cone of depression of large area. The phenomena of the cone of depression have much to do with the permanent supply of the well, but have slight bearing upon the proper spacing of the wells or the percentage of inter- ference of one well with another. EFFECT OF SEEPAGE WATERS FROM PONDS AND RESERVOIRS ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. Some unusually good opportunities occurred during the work on Long Island of determining the rate of seepage below the impounding dams of some of the storage ponds which the Brooklyn water- works has established north of the con- duit line referred to in the opening pages of this chapter. The batteries of driven wells which have been placed a few hun- dred feet south of nearty all of these ponds were quiescent during the summer of 1903, as the heavy rains furnished a sufficient quantity of surface water, and the auxiliary supply from the wells was not drawn upon, as usual, during July and August. At station No. 5, below East Meadow Pond and somewhat within its line of seepage (see fig. 58), the normal velocity of the ground water is 5.4 feet per day. At station No. 7, just north of the pond, the velocity was 2.6 feet per day. It seems clear that the natural velocity at these points, if the influence of the dam and pond were removed, would be about 4 feet per day. The velocity at station No. 6, located bxit a few feet from No. 5, at a depth of 34 feet, was 5 feet per day, as compared with 5.4 feet per day at a depth of 22 feet. The dam has the effect of making the water table nearly level in the immediate neighborhood of the pond, and also of greatly augmenting the slope of the water table for a short distance below the pond. The lower velocity above the pond and the higher velocity below the pond correspond with these facts. When there was no flow over the waste weu* of the dam I measured the flow of the small .0, / - / / mJ / / 1 P.M. < — -AUQ-5 X AUQ-6 » VELOCITY 8.6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 51. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellerue road (station 14) . EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON BATE OF UNDERFLOW. 107 stream which rises below the dam at the bridge marked "A" in fig. 58. On July 10 this flow was 1.2 second-feet, practically all of which represented seepage water from the reservoir. This amount, 1.2 second-feet, or 103,680 cubic feet per day, represents the amount of water that would flow through a bed of sand 30 feet deep and 1,000 feet wide at a velocity of 1 foot per day, the porosity of the sand being supposed equal to one- third. The normal velocity of the ground water is augmented, as shown by the measurement quoted above, by somewhat more than 1 foot per day. The width of the lower end of the pond, or the length of the earthen dam, is about 1,400 feet; basing the estimate on this minimum length and on a minimum depth of 30 feet, and augmented velocity of 1 foot per day, gives a minimum esti- 1.40 1.20 1.00 CO U .80 (T lii a. S .60 < .10 /^ 1 J ■■ .20 12 M. •»-Auo.6-x— 12 M. --Aug. 7- 12 M. -—Aug. 8 — 12 M. ^AuG.9--- 12 M. ■Auo.10 VELOCITY 1.53 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 52. — Diagram showing velocity and direction ol flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15). mate of the seepage from the dam of 1.6 second-feet; since 1.2 feet are known to actually come to the surface to feed the stream below the dam, it is evident that this estimate of seepage is a niinimum. It seems evident that a considerable volume of seepage water could be recovered, without seriously lowering the water plane, by extending the line of driven wells to the east of the present terminus a distance of 600 or 700 feet. A test well was driven in the lower south end of East Meadow Pond to a depth of 10 feet to determine the pressure gradient of ground water beneath the surface of the pond. The water in tliis test well stood about 1 foot lower than the water in the pond itself, showing a slope of the water plane, or a hydraulic gradient, of 7 feet to a mile. These facts are shown in fig. 59 (p. 113). 17116— No. 44— 06 8 108 UNDKBGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The gradient of the water plane below the dam — that is, between the dam and station No. 5 — was 17 feet to the mile, so that the velocities to be compared are: Pressure gradients and velocities above and below East Meadow Pond, Long Island. Station. Gradient of water plane per mile. Velocity of ground water per day. No. 7, above pond No. 5, below pond Feet. 7 17 Feet. 2.6 5.4 These results check very favorably, especially when it is considered that the gradient above or north of station No. 7 was probably 10 or 12 feet per mile, which S .30 2 P.M. 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 lU 2 ti 10 ■: o lu •= «— AUG.17->' AUG.18 « AUG. 19 x-^- VELOCITY 6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 53. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Bellevue road (station 15x). would make the effective gradient at this station somewhat greater than 7 feet per mile. Very striking results were obtained below the dam at the Wantagh Pond, where measurements were undertaken especially to determine the rate of seepage. The dam of the Wantagh Pond runs parallel to the right of way of the Long Island Railroad about 75 feet north of the latter, and has an extreme length of 500 or 600 feet. About 150 feet south of the railroad, downstream from the res- ervoir, the city of Brooklyn began in the summer of 1903 the construction of an infiltration gallery, consisting of a line of 36-inch double-strength tile laid at a depth of 16 feet below the water plane. It is purposed to extend this gallery for a mile east and west from the Wantagh pumping station. Stations Nos. 13, 16, and 17 were EFFECT OF SEEPAGE ON RATE OF UNDERFLOW. 109 Gate house Gate house established for the purpose of measuring the normal ground-water velocities at the depth (16 feet) of the purposed gallery. Two of these stations are immediately south of the pond and in the apparent direct line of seepage, while station No. 17 is located slightly to the east of the edge of the pond, and, as seems evident from fig. 60, just on the edge of the main influence of seepage from the ponds. The seepage velocities at stations No. 13 and 16 turned out to be enormous, the velocity at No. 13 being 96 feet per day, S., while at station No. 16 it was 77 feet per day, about S. 30° E., the deflection being toward the neighboring stream as shown in fig. 60. These velocities are the highest the writer has determined, and may be regarded as record-making rates for the horizontal motion of ground waters. Both measure- ments were made with the re- ,^^ WAlfTAGB FON'D cording instruments; by consult- ing the curves in figs. 54, 55, and 56 it will be noted that each curve has two maximum points, which must correspond to the velocities in two distinct layers of gravel. The secondary velocity for station No. 13 was 7.4 feet per day and for station No. 16, 11.3 feet per day. A very strik- ing verification of the fact that the high movements here found were due to the escape of water from the pond will be noted when the temperatures of the waters in the wells of these sta- tions are compared with the tem- peratures of the water in the pond and the water in wells outside of the influence of seepage from the pond. Practically all water from wells on Long Island has a tem- perature between 58° and 60° F. In the present case, the tempera- ture of water drawn from H. A. ^^= Conduit '-J-' V % ?„ r ■ r \ \ / / -.. \ / \ / / ■^ Q. ^ 00 .60 ] .20 I e P.M. 8 10 12 2 I 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 ■< ^UG-, 5 > — \UG.-' \ 5 , * VELOCITYUr) 96 FEET PER DAY ;C2) 6.9 FEET PER DAY. Fig. .54. — Diagi-am showing velocity and direction of flow of under- ground water south of Wantagh Pond at station 13. Russell's well, 22 feet deep, located just west of the Wantagh Pond (see fig. 60), was 59° F. on August 8, 1903, while the temperature of water from wefl D, of station No. 17, just east and slightly below the pond, was 61.2° F. on August 11, 1903. This well was 20 feet deep, the bottom being at the same depth as the wells of stations Nos. 13 and 16. The temperature of water in the pond varies more or less, especially the temperature of the surface layer. The temperature of the pond water on August 8, a cloudy day, was 72.5° F., and on July 30, a sunny day, 80° F. The temperature of water from the wells of station No. 13 was 65.8° F. on July 30, and that from the wells of station No. 16 on August 8 was 69.5° F. These high temperatures at stations Nos. 13 and 16 show that a large portion of the moving ground water must come directly from the pond, and 110 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. that the rate of motion is so great that the ground water has not time to be reduced to the normal temperature of the ground. At station No. 17 the water had a velocity of 10.6 feet per day in a direction S. 30° W., and a temperature of 61.5° F. The ground water at this point is probably not entirely free from the seepage water from the pond. The direction of flow, the velocity, and the temperature of the water all indicate, however, that a con- siderable part of the water is the natural underflow which at this point is diverted toward the lowland occupied by the streams below the pond. There can be no doubt but wANTAGu POND ^ t^^t thc proposcd infUtratiou gallery will intercept a large amount of seepage water from the pond which at present runs entirely to waste. The arnount of seepage in the first 16 feet of depth is probably somewhat less than 3 second-feet per 1,000 feet of length of cross section, or about 2 million gallons per twenty-four hours. At station No. 21, located just above the Wantagh Pond, the velocity at a depth of 17 feet was 21.3 feet per day in a direc- tion 60° east of south. This station is near the west bank of the main brook that feeds the pond, and the greater share of the ground water at this point percolates into the bed of the stream. The true underflow at this point can be found by tak- ing the southerly component of this velocity, which gives 10.6 feet per day. The temperature of the ground water at this point was 58° F. The increase of underflow rate at the Wantagh Pond from 10.6 feet per day to 96 and 77 feet per day, as compared with velocities above and below East Meadow Pond of 2.6 and 5.3 feet per day, respectively, are easily understood when the material constituting the bottom of the ponds is inspected. The material of the bed of the pond at Agawam is good, the soil being fine and compact, while at Wantagh the bottom of the pond is very sandy, in some places having a closer resemblance to a filter bed than to a puddled floor. 1.80 1.40 1.20 toi.oo UJ IE liJ Q. .80 < .60 / 'A / \ r \ _ / \ / \ .40 -~\ / s J» I \ .20 4 P.M. e 8 10 ^AUO.3 12 2 4 6 8 10 w .. AUG.4 5 VELOCITY: (J) 77 FEET PER DAY; (2) 11.6 FEET PER DAY, Fig. 55. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of ilow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 16x) RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. Ill EFFECT OF PUMPING ON RATE OF MOTION OF GROUND WATER. Through the courtesy of Mr. I. M. De Varona, an excellent opportunity was furnished the writer of making some observations upon the influence of pumping upon the normal rate of motion of ground water in the neighborhood of some of the Brooklyn driven-well stations. For this special purpose, the pumping stations at Agawam and Wantagh, which had been idle since December, 1902, were started up for two days each in August, 1902. Agawam was operated continuously from 7 a. m., August 19, to 7 a. ra., August21,and Wantagh was ==-- wantagh operated from 7 a. m., Au- gust 22, to 7 a. m., August 24. At the Agawam station observations were made at station No. 5, by means of the recording instrument. Well A was charged at 4 p. m., August 19, or after nine hours of continuous pumping, an interval supposed to be suffi- cient for the establishment of the maximum rate of flow of the ground water, although, of course, the cone of depres- sion near the wells would still be changing quite rapidly. Station No. 5 is 30 feet north of the intersection of the chief suction mains com- municating with the line of driven wells and 12 feet east of the central discharge main (see fig. 58). The depth of the test wells was 22 feet, while the depth of the 30 sup- ply wells of the Agawam sta- tion system varies from 30 to 105 feet, the wells being arranged at intervals of 50 feet along two suction mains, each 750 feet long. The rate of pumping during the 48-hour test was very uniform, this average being 2,250,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. The vacuum at the pump was maintained at 24 inches, while that at the first well east of the engine house was 23.2 inches. The charge of the centrifugal pump v/as dropped from 4 p. m. to 4.40 p. m. August 19, during which time the vacuum fell to 7 inches. This was the only interruption during the test. 2.M 2.00 / Y ^^ ^ 1 "^ ■^^ 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 .80 .60 .40 .20 1 1 / J 10 A.M. 12 < -AUQ.-12 X: AUG.-13— - VELOCITY 10.6 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 56. — Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water at Wantagh Pond (station 17). 112 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Fifth telephone pole south of grist mill. 2.40 y Elec trode 2.20 / 1.60 1.40 CO UJ UJ Q- .80 .60 .40 1 1 / Casin g / / / / ' / J The velocity determined at station No. 5 during the test was 8 feet per day, in a direction S. 22° E. The normal velocity at this station is 5.4 feet per day, S. 8° W., so that the influence of the pumping was to increase the velocity by 2.6 feet per day, or an increase of about 50 per cent. The actual velocity found and the percentage of increase are both very moderate, and indicate that the pumping station is not making an unreasonable draft upon the ground-water supply at this point. The 30 wells of the Agawam supply station have screens each 10 feet long, or altogether about 730 square feet of screen. The maximum velocity of ground water as it enters these screens must be at the rate of 1,230 feet per day, since the actual pumpage was 2,250,000 gallons or 300,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours. The mean velocity in the area, 10 by 1,500 feet cross section, immediately drawn upon by the wells (the supply wells covering an expanse of about 1,500 feet) was about 30 feet per day. The reduction of this rate to 2.6 feet per day represents a ratio of reduc- tion of 11 to 1, which could be taken care of by a depth of 110 feet in the water-bear- ing gravels, without going outside of the 1,500-foot east and west line of the driven wells. To put this in another way: The daily pumpage of 300,000 cubic feet of water could be supplied by the normal rate of motion of the ground water at this point (5.4 feet per day) through a cross section of 510,000 square feet, or, say, 100 feet deep by 1 mile wide. To supply this amount of water, if removed from the ground on each of the 365 days in a year, would re- quire 1 foot of rainfall on 12 square miles of catchment area, or 18 inches of rainfall on 8 square miles of catchment area. Since the watershed is at least 12 miles north of the station, there is ample area to supply this amount of ground water, and the rate of removal at the Agawam station must, therefore, be regarded as moderate. The observations at Wantagh pumping station were made on August 21 and 22. The pumping at this station began at 7 a. m., August 21, and continued forty-eight hours at the uniform rate of 4,366,000 gallons per twenty-four hours. The water at this station is drawn from 48 driven wells, arranged on three lines of suction mains, as shown in fig. 60. The east-west expanse of the two chief lines of wells is about 1,500 feet. The wells of this station are of two different types- shallow wells of depth of about 24 feet; and deeper wells, extending below an impervious bed to depths of from 60 to 112 feet. These latter wells have an artesian VELOCITY 21.3 FEET PER DAY. Fig. 57.— Diagram showing velocity and direction of flow of underground water above Wantagh Pond at station 21. EFFECT OF PUMPING ON EATE OF UNDEEFLOW. 113 head of 3 or 4 feet, and when the pumping plant is idle the water from the deep wells flows into the suction main and into the shallow wells, from the latter of which it escapes into the sands and gravels of the upper zone of flow, raising abnor- mally the zone of saturation. An attempt was made on June 24 to measure the rate of motion of the ground water at station No. 2, situated 17 feet west of the chief discharge pipe, and 300 feet north of the intersection of the naain suction pipes from the driven wells, as shown in fig. 60. The attempted measurement was a failure, it not being known Fig. 58. — Map showing locations of stations 5 and 6 'with reference to Agawam pumping station and East Meadow Pond. at the time that the discharge from the numerous artesian wells was entering the surface layers of gravels and hence interfering with the normal flow in these gravels. The ground water at station No. 7 was, on account of this situation, either entirely stationary or moving slightlj^ toward the north. On August 21, well A, of station No. 2, was charged at 6 p. m., after eleven hours of continuous Ft Water piffne Slope 7 feet per •'r^'"""'"'^,.;,^ Level of po nd B "-"rj^Pond Slope 6 feet per mile ■r^w-"''^ per mile Fig. 59. — Vertical sections through stations 5 and 7 and test wells in AgaTvam Pond, shown in fig. 5S pumping from the driven wells. The -velocity of the ground water observed was at the rate of 6 feet per day in a direction S. 10° E. As this station is distant only 300 feet from the lines of driven wells, it is evident that the withdrawal of 4,366,000 gallons or 582,000 cubic feet per twenty-four hours has not an excessive influence on the normal rate of motion of the ground water. The results at Wantagh compare very well with the results at Agawam and indicate that the driven-well plants have not exhausted the possibilities of ground-water develop- ments. 114 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. SPECIFIC CAPACITY. The writer uses the term "specific capacity'' to designate the numerical expression of the readiness with which a well furnishes water to the pump." This quantity can be obtained by dividing the yield of a well by the amount that the water is lowered in the well. Thus, in the case of the Agawam wells, the discharge was 1,560 gallons per minute under a vacuum of 23.2 inches of mercury at the first well east of the engine house. This vacuum corresponds to a head of 26 feet of water, but the water in the wells was lowered only 20 feet hj the pump. The specific capacity of the group of wells was therefore 78 gallons per minute. The area of all strainer surface in .the wells was 730 square feet. From these data it can be readity estimated that the specific capacity of the Agawam wells was 0.11 Fig. 60. — Map showing locations of stations 2, 13, 16, and 17, near Wantagh pumping station and Wantagh Pond. gallon per square foot of well strainer under 1 foot head. This is a numerical expression of the degree of coarseness of the material in which the well is placed, combined, of course, with any resistance offered to the intake of water by the well strainer itself. At Wantagh station the discharge of 3,030 gallons per minute took place under a vacuum of 15.3 inches of mercury at the wells. The average head under which the water entered the wells was equivalent to 17.4 feet of water, from which the specific capacity is estimated to be 176 gallons per minute. The total strainer surface on the wells of this group amounts to 1,170 square feet, from which we conclude that the specific capacit}^ per square foot of well strainer is 0.15 gallon per minute. This is nearly 40 per cent higher than at the Agaw^am wells. With carefully constructed wells of large diameter a minimum specific capacity of 0.15 gallon per minute per square foot of strainer can be depended upon for all wells in the Long Island watershed if properly designed strainers be used. oSee Water-Sup. and Irr. Paper No. 140, tJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1905, chapter 7. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS. 115 CONCLUSION. The very evident conclusion from observations on Long Island is that large amounts of ground water can still be obtained along the south shore of the island, especially if deep wells of large diameter can be successfully bored. The writer has already called attention to the possibility of constructing 12-inch wells of the California or "stovepipe" type in the unconsolidated material met with to considerable depths on Long Island." Such wells, several hundred feet in depth, with perforations opposite the best water-bearing material, would utilize a large part of the underflow which now escapes to the sea. The practicability and success of such wells in this locality seem very probable, but the actual construction of a test well is the only way of arriving at an entirely satisfactory conclusion. aSlichter, C. S., The California or "stovepipe" method of well construction for water supply: Eng. News, Nov. 12, 1903, p. 429. CHAPTER IV. WEI^Ii RECORDS OlST LONG ISLiAN^D. Compiled by A. C. Veatch and Isaiah Bowman. INTRODUCTION. The presentation in a compact form of the data and detailed well records collected during the work on Long Island has proved a considerable problem. Presented, in the text in connection with the geologic discussion, they furnish the necessary proof of many of the statements there made but so encumber the text that the mind loses itself in the mass of detail. Recourse has therefore been had to the presentation of all the well data in a compact table with notes giving such additional information as may be available. The arbitrary numbers assigned to the wells in the table correspond to those used in the index map (PI. XXIV) and through the text in Chapters I, II, and V. While an attempt has been made to indicate the geologic subdivisions in some of the records for a critical discussion of their geologic bearing, the reader is referred to the paper on the geology of Long Island, which will be published in a short time. AC KNO WLEDGMENTS . Thanks are due to Mr. I. M. De Varona, chief engineer of the Borough of Brooklyn, for access to some of the invaluable records collected by his department; to Mr. L. C. L. Smith, engineer in charge of the Borough of Queens, for many kindnesses and suggestions regarding that borough; to Mr. Cord Meyer and Mr. Edward Meyer, of the Citizens' Water Supply Company, and to Mr. Franklin B. Lord and Charles R. Bettes, of the Queens County Water Company, for much assistance in the study of the fluctuations of well waters. From the commission on additional water supply, samples were received from the many shallow wells which they put down in their study of the position of the ground-water table. Descriptions of these samples will be found in the descriptive notes following and the results of the sizing and filtration tests in Chapter V. The well drillers on the island almost without exception rendered valuable assistance, and it is a great pleasure to acknowledge aid from the following sources: Samuel H. Allen, well driver, 513 Broadway, Long Island City, N. Y. 4.rthur & Tuthill, well drivers, Cutchogue, N. Y. Gilbert Baldwin, well driver, Woodmere, N. Y. 116 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 117 William H. Beers, well driver, Wading River, N. Y. Ralph B. Carter Company, artesian-well contractors, 47 Dey street, New York City. Cole Brothers, artesian-well contractoi-s, 102 Fulton street. New York City. P. H. & J. Conlan, artesian-well contractors, 253 Lafayette street, Newark, N. J. Chester D. Corwin,- artesian-well contractor, 198 Seventh avenue, New York City. C. H. Danis, artesian-well driller. Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. N. W. Davis, artesian-well driller. Port Jefferson, N. Y. DoUard Brothers, artesian-well drillers, Babylon, N. Y. H. J. Dubois, artesian-well driller, Huntington, N. Y. L. J. Dubois, artesian-well driller. Glen Cove, N. Y. J. EUiott, tile wells, Pinelawn, N. Y. John Fisher, well driller, Westbury, N. Y. I. H. Ford, artesian-well contractor, 102 Fulton street. New York City. C. L. Grant, artesian-well contractor, Hartford, Conn. Elisha Gregory, artesian-well contractor, 123 Liberty street. New York City. Paul Haller, well driver, Cedarhurst, N. Y. W. J. Hancock, well driver, Baldwin, N.. Y. Thomas B. Harper, artesian-well contractoi-, Jenkinstown, Pa. John Heerdegen, 44-46 Broadway, New York City. J. H. Herbert, tubular wells. Floral Park, N. Y. Hudson Engineer and Contracting Company, vrater supply engineers, 92 William street. New York City. E. K. Hutchinson, artesian-well driller. Oyster Bay, N. Y. W. C. Jeagle, artesian-well driller, Hicksville, N. Y. Isaac Kasteard, well digger, Port Washington, N. Y. Thomas J. Kirk, well driver, Patchogue, N. Y. J. W- Nichols, well driver, Manorville, N. Y. R. F. Nichols, well driller. Oyster Bay, N. Y. J. M. Peler, well driver, Manhasset, N. Y. Phillips & Worthington, artesian-well contractors, 136 Liberty street, New York City. Pierce Well Engineering and Supply Company, artesian-well contractors, 136 Liberty street, New York City. Charles E. Price, artesian-well driUer, Smithtown Branch, N. Y. O. W. Quinn, well driller, 257 Seventh avenue, New York City. J. B. Redwood, well digger, Smithtown, N. Y. Robinson Brothers, well drivers. Center Moriches, N. Y. T. B. Rogers, artesian-well driller, Ston3'brook, N. Y. Rust Well Machinery Company, artesian-weU contractors, Ithaca, N. Y. A. O. Ryder, well digger, 227 Franklin place. Flushing, N. Y. George Schmidt, well driller. East Williston, N. Y. Ed. Schmidt, well driver, Mineola, N. Y. Hany Strausbinger, well digger, Shelter Island, N. Y. H. S. Stewart, well contractor, 354 South Highland avenue. East End, Pittsburg, Pa. Stotthoff Brothers, artesian-well contractors, Flemington, N. Y. Sweeney & Gray, consulting engineers and well drillers, 81-85 Sixth street. Long Island City. John Tart, driller, with Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, 92 William street. New York City. S. E. Terry, well borer, Holtsville, N. Y. Andrew Vandewater, weU digger, Hempstead, N. Y. A. J. Velsor, well digger. Fort Salonga, N. Y. Lawrence Verdon, well driller. Far Rockaway, N. Y., with Queens County Water Company. F. K. Walsh, artesian-well driller, Woodmere, N. Y. Frank Wankel, well driller, 535 Himrod street, Brooklyn, N. Y., with Hudson Engineering and Contract- ing Company. Alfred Wisson, well driller. Old Westbuiy, N. Y. W. V. Young, artesian-well driller. Baiting Hollow, N. Y. 118 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. Table XI. — Representative No. '*10 *li *12 *13 14 15 *16 17 *18 *19 *20 21 22 *23 24 *25 26 *27 *28 *29 *30 *31 Location. Hoffmann Island. Fort Lafayette. Bay Ridge Bay Ridge Park. Brooklyn do do do do Governors Island. Ellis Island Brooklyn New York-Brooklyn . . . Manhattan Beach New Utrecht pumping station. Gravesend pumping sta- tion. Gravesend Mapleton Borough Park West Brooklyn. Blythebourne . . Flatbush Brooklyn: 8th avenue and 18th street. 12th street and Go- wanus Canal. 9th street and Go- wanus Canal. Hoyt and 5th avenue 3d avenue and 3d street. 3d avenue, between Degraw and Doug- lass streets. Dean street, near Vanderbilt avenue. St. Marks and Grand avenues. Lewis and De Kalb avenues. Coordi- nates. IB. IB. IB. 1 B. IC. IC IC. IC. IC. IC. IC... IC... 2C.., 2 A... 2B.. 2B.. 2B.. 2B.. 2B.. 2B.. 2B.. 2B.. 2B.. 2C... 2C..- 2C.. 2C... 2 0... 2C... 2C.... 2C... Owner. New York Quarantine Sta- tion. U. S. Army Brooklyn sewer depart- ment. Blythebourne Water Co... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co Mllliken Bros Barrett Manufacturing Co . . P. H. Gill& Sons I Crescent Chemical Co I Driller. Elisha Gregory. EUsha Gregory. Milliken Bros... U. S. Army. Long Island R. R . Rapid Transit Manhattan Beach Hotel. Brooklyn waterworks . . . .do. Brooklyn Borough Gas Co. . Pfalzgral estate (West Brooklyn Water Co.) .do. Blythebourne Water Co. Flatbush Water Co TheMaltineCo Brooklyn Union Gas Co. Tartar Chemical Co Brooklyn Union Gas Co.. Transit Development Co . Brooklyn Union Gas Co. Humbert & Andrews Knox Hat Co Borden Condensed Milk Co. P. H. and J. Conlan Pierce Well Engineering Co. DoUard Bros. W. D. Andi'ews & Bro. Foster Pump Works. . . Elisha Gregory. Chester D. Corwin. Elisha Gregory Chester D. Corwin. Authority. Elisha Gregory. E. Lewis J. C. Meem, engineer. L. B. Wards Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co Milliken Bros.. Barrett Manufacturing Co. . P. H. Gill& Sons Crescent Chemical Co. . . ^v . . Elisha Gregory Pierce Well Engineering Co. C. M. Jacobs, engineer. Chief engineer Dollard Bros. L. B. Ward!-. .do.6 . Brooklyn Borough Gas Co. L. B. Wards I. M. De Varona.f do.ff ....do./ L. B. Ward TheMaltineCo Brooklyn Union Gas Co. EUsha Gregory Brooklyn Union Gas Co. Samples in office of Transit Development Co. Brooklyn Union Gas Co... Chester D. Corwin. Elisha Gregory Chester D. Corwin. * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Yield from a single shaft t> Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, table following p. 186. c Average per well lor 1899. d See Table VIII. WELL RECORDS. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 119 wells on Long Island. Diameter of well Inches. 60 240 8-6 2i 12-8 96-5 5 96-8 2 &-4J 6 10 R Depth of of well. Feet. 1,000 53 40-90 90 90 1,503 65 50 50 56 1,822.5 1,400 120 12-102 ' 40 30 50 14 Height of level. Feet. 750-1,000 Feet. 52 1,715 65 60 44 55 177.6 65 143 40 30^50 72-90 331 101 - 10 - 10 - 35 - 15 Flows. - 10 - 3.6 17.4 157.5-177.5 140 81-98 217 -157.5 - 67 Yield q per minute. Gallons. 33 Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Cambro-SUurian (?)..; Rock encountered at a depth of 450 feet. Foundation test borings . Sewer tunnel 2 520-695 Wisconsin. C139 100 c6.5 cl5 c27 500 JlOO '■ 1, 200 i20 !'38 40-1- 100 -do I See Table VIII . Cambro-Silurian. Wisconsin do do .' ....do Cambro-Sll urian. Salt water Hard water; used only for cooling Used for cooling purposes only Water salty and hard Slightly brackish; not used for boiler or drinking. Salty water Brackish water [Pleistocene; Cambro- \ Silurian. Pleistocene Wisconsin .do. Wisconsin. W isconsin . Tisbury?.. Jameco?. Jameco?. Tisbury?. Jameco . . . Tisbury . . Test boring . ...do. Coarse sand and gravel . . . Group of 120 driven wells , Group of 113 driven wells . Blue clay at a depth of 14 feet Single well used for local water supply Reserve station of old West Brooklyn Water Co. Principal station of old West Brooklyn Water Co. Reserve station; not used Group of 55 wells Used for cooling and manufacturing; slightly hard. 2 wells 2 wells ; water not used for boilers . Group of 5 wells Test borings for foundations . Group of 11 wells. Bed rock at 331 feet. « Op. oit., p. 181. /History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 1896, p. 139. sOp. cit., p. 138. i Average of each well. 10 11 12 13 14 Nothing but brackish water. Rock at 101 feet. Record of beds penetrated in dry-dock exca- vations. Original yield in 1 873, 500 gallon s per minute . 53 54 f 3 4 I 6 129.5 85 85 65 65 35-45 140 117 50 100 100 100 do I ^'i do 2 wells 56 4 -20 5 Hard water; temperature, .50° F All sand 57 58 90 101-117 Blue clav, 90 to 140 feet 51 S -51 -15 400 Pleistocene 60 .do Used for cooling purposes only 61 b Geology of the First District, 1843, p. 259. c Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 225. 122 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *62 63 *fi4 *65 *66 *67 69 70 *71 *72 73 74 *75 *76 77 78 Brooklyn — Continued. Ten Eyck street, between Bushmck and Florence Sen- Montrose and eca streets. Maspeth and Gardi- ner avenues. Porter and Maspeth avenues. Meeker and Kings- land avenues. Meeker avenue, be- tween North Moore and Moni- tor streets. Wythe and Metro- politan avenues. Kent avenue and North 12th street. 110-118 North nth street. 99-117 North 11th street. Kent and 12th streets. Noble and West streets. Fly Island, New- town Creek. Long Island City: BUssville Blissville . Laurel Hill. Laurel Hill New Calvary Ceme- tery. 2C. 2C. 2C. .2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. }-2C. 2C. 2C. 2C. 2C... 2C... 2C... N. Seitz's Sons , Robinson Bros Peter Cooper Glue Co . JPhilUps & Worthington |l. H. Ford BrookhTi Union Gas Co. Neptune Consumers Ice Co. Streeter & Dennison BrookhTi Union Gas Co . Hecla Iron Works New York Quinine and Chemical Co. Standard Oil Co /American Cordage and \ Manufacturing Co. Empire OD Refinery JFleischmann Manufactur- \ ingCo. Standard Oil Co 81 *82 *83 84 *8S *87 Van Dam street. Manhattan ough to son street. Near depot 6th and'West . . . Vernon avenue . Bor- Thom- Nichols Chemical Co.. General Chemical Co. Calvary Cemetery 2C 2C 2C ! Flower estate ! J Department Water Supply, "".\ gas and electricit}'. 2C.. 2C.. 2C.. 2C.. 2C.. 2C. . Flower estate . Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island R. R. Westinghouse Electric Co. . A. & S. B. Coyson Jas. GllUs & Sons I. H. Ford Chester D. Corwtn. The Rust Well Ma- chinery Co. P. H. & J. Conlan. Elisha Gregory I. H; Ford fP. H. &T. Conlan {Nichols Chemical Co General Chemical Co. . . Pierce Well Engineering. Co. Commission Pierce Well Engineering Co. Commission Pierce Well Engineering Co. W. E. Dohrman Sweeney & Gray Pierce Well Engineering Co. . PhilUps & Worthington I. H. Ford Robinson Bros '. Peter Cooper Glue Co Brookl\-n Union Gas Co C. Harty, foreman Chester D . Corwin Streeter & Dennison BrookljTi Union Gas Co Hecla Iron Works New York Quinine and Chemical Co. H. L. Pratt.., P. H. &-.T. Conlana EUsha Gregory I.H.Ford Jacob Blumer, chemist Chas. O 'Conner, superin- tendent. P. H. & J. Conlan c Nichols Chemical Co General Chemical Co E . Lewis tf Commission L. B. Ward« Chas. D. Pierce, manager . . . Commission Pierce Well Engineering Co Chief engineer W. E. Dohrman Sweeney & Gray Pierce Well Engineering Co, *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1900, 1901, p. 156. ^ Originally — .5. c Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1897, 1898, p. 284. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 128 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 8 12-9 72 3 Feet. 240 160 15 30 190 54 225 73 60 46 60 333 ±200 80 610 300 60-70 275-450 60-70 100-135 60 66 582 38 70 30 145 40 100 10-150 69 152 lOO' Feet. 52-75 58-76 Feet. Gallons. 400 100 50 10 200 125 Tisbury? I 62 63 do - 10 - 19 Wisconsin. . . Hard water used for cooling 19 f 48 1 190 do Temperature, 54°. Six wells 64 6 10-8-6 8 1" 28-32 63-70 AVisconsin . . No water below 3^^ feet 66 67 '• Water cold and pure and plenty of it". . 68 4 6 ' 10 7 125 69 Wisconsin . . Hard water . . . 70 - 10 Silurian ? Rock below 125 feet. Not used for drinking. Stnick rock and abandoned 71 7? Brackish water 1 73 74 8 Rock, 90 to 610 feet; brackish water Rock, 100 to 300 feet f 6 <{ 180-6 - 40 J -220 1 -250 b- 60 200 1 10-125 75-100 66 Pleistocene Water lowered from —15 to - 40 feet Rock below 124 feet . 1 Silurian ? " Pleistocene ) 76 ..do Water of good quality ) 10 4 - 15 Group of 6 wells. Used only for cooUng [77 78 70 Gneiss, 182-582 feet 79 2 f e [ 570 8 2 6 80 I /474 75 Long Island City pumping station No. 1 Rook, 112 to 145 feet; no water ffSl 1 90-100 82 S3 - 6 Rock, 50 to 100 feet 84 Test borings for East River Tunnel Test borings for f oimdations 85 86 152 -19 72 100 Gneiss, 2''-152 feet; brackish water. 87 8 Rock, 30 to 100 feet; brackish water. ... 88 dAnnals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 346; Bull. U. S. Gool. Survey No. 138, p. 31. « Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, table following p. 186. / ."Average from station for 1899. aSee Table VIII. 17116— No. 44—06- -9 124 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISL4ND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Revresentative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authofity. *89 90 *91 *92 *93 *94 *95 *96 Long Island City — Cod. Vernon and Nott avenues. SkiUman avenue and School street. Skillman avenue and School street. 596 Jackson avenue . Jackson avenue and Hill street. Long Island R. R. and Remsen street. MiBersburg avenue and Moore street. Buckley and Mid- dleburg. *99 *10O *101 *102 103 *]04 *105 *106 107 108 109 *110 HI 112 113 114 *115 *116 *117 2C....i C. A. WiUey A- Co. 2C.. Sweeney & Gray Sweeney & Gray-. Mrs. Mary Ryan S. H. .\llen. 2 C Bragnaw estate . 2D... Gus. Steinhert 2D...' Long Island R.R. S. H. Allen, foreman do . Sweeney & Gray ! Sweeney &. Gray . . Long Island R.R. 2D... Westcott Express Co S. H. .Ulen S. H. Allen . 2D .. 2D .. Smith ; do «. Sweeney & Gray. Long Island R. R. and Lowerv street. Long Island R. R. and Grove street. 2D... }2D... I Ed. O'Kiefe Consumers Hygeia Ice Co - I /Department water supply, I gas, and electricity. S. H. Allen .do Sweeney i Gray. 2 D . 2D ... 2D ... Steinway avenue between Pierce and Graham. 5th avenue between Pierce and Gra- ham. Washington and 4th avenues. 2d avenue between Pierce and Wash- ington avenues. Pierce avenue and Crescent street. Williams street and Beebe avenue. Ely Ijfetween Pa>-n- tar and Beebe avenues. Hancock avenue near Bodine street. 337 Vemon avenue. Vernon and Harris avenues. 401 Vemon avenue. . i 2 D ("ommission. 2 D ...i I S. H. .A.llen.. Frank Froellich . ilartin Hummel. 2 D ...j Mrs. Wonder 2 D ...| W. J. Matherson & Co. 2 D 2D . 2D.. 2D.. Vemon avenue . 2D... Vemon avenue | 2D Vemon avenue 2D . 725 \'emon avenue. . i 2 D . ' 2D. Broadway and . 2D.. Academy street. 9th and Jamaica 2D., avenues. Emken Chemical Co. Young & Metzner . D. G. Morrison. .. New York Architectural Terra Cotta Co. John Good Cordage and Macliine Co Young Bag Co East River Gas Co.. Witherspoon & Son New York .Asbestos Co. Wm. Siebrecht Rudolph Harek . .do. .do. .do. do C. C. Vermeule. S. H. .\llen do Sweeney. & Gray. S. H. .Ulen do Sweeney & Gray. L.B.Ward 6.... \K. S. Farmer [Commission S. H. AUen.. .do. .do. .do. .do. Sweeney & Gray. do -...do W. J. Matherson & Co. S. H. Allen ; Sweeney & Gray . .do. .do. .do. .do. Pierce Well Engineering I Pierce Well Engineerine Co. Co. • .do. .do. .do. .do. Sweeney & Gray I Sweeney & Gray . F. W. MiUer Sweeney & Gray ' Sweeney & Gray . S. H. .Ulen i S. H. Allen. *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. o Several inches. EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 125 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. Feet. 85 31 30 30 30 53 38 19 42 51-66 62 41 125 42 43 60 57 63 74 30 22 80 125 125 115 350 150 100 125 31 90 74 Feet. 8.5 Feet. (a) + 2 + 3 - h Gallons. Gneiss, 25 to 86 feet 89 4 6 8 15 Group of 4 wells; all flowing; pumps 78gal- lons per minute. Well now entirely clogged up 90 30 .. do 91 92 Flows. Slight flow p;^ 36-lJ 2 42-53 P4 Flows. -16 J - 3 1 - 5 -22 -10 95 96 2 4 6 4 97 I 48-60 Plei.stocene . . . do I 98 36 Tisburv Long Island City pumping station No. 3 Fordham gneiss, 118 to 125 feet I ic99 1} 36 3 240 2 6 1 + 0.7 -30 -30 -55 14 lOO Rock at 60 feet; water level formerly —18 .. 101 102 Rock, at 63 feet 103 104 + 2 34 5 Used for manufacturing 105 106 Fordham gneiss do Gneiss,8 to 80 feet; water slightly brackish . Gneiss, 6 to 125 feet; brackish watei- Gneiss, to 125 feet; brackish water Gneiss, 22 to 115 feet; brackish water Gneiss, 20 to 350 feet. 107 - 5 -25 -40 -20 -25 (?) -40 Flows. -18 -43 108 do. 109 6 6 8 6 6 4J-3 6 36-2 do 110 50 do 111 do Gneiss, 20 to 150 feet 112 75 . do Gneiss, 20 to 100 feet; well probably aban- doned. Gneiss, to 125 feet; water very brackish . . . Rock at 31 feet do... 114 Pleistocene 115 Good... do Brackish waters 116 117 f) Annals N. Y.Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 346; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, p. 34. c See Table VIII. 126 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative quells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *U8 *U9 *120 *121 *122 *123 124 *125 *126 127 *128 *129 *130 *131 *132 *133 *135 *136 *137 *1.38 *139 Long Island City— Con. 408 9tli avenue Steinway and Ja- maica avenues. Albert street and Jamaica avenue. 12th between Broad- way and Jamaica avenue. Grand street and 3d avenue. Elm street and Hopkins avenue. Fulton and Halsey streets. Munson and Or- chard streets. Steinway avenue and River road. Woolsey and Van Alst avenues. Barren Island . do do... 140 *141 do Crook Island East New York: r Pennsylvania and L Stanley avenues. New Lots road and Fountain avenue. Brooklyn Aqueduct Brooklyn Aqueduct r Old Spring Creek \ pumping station. Temporary Spring Creek "pumping station. Ridgewood pump- ing station. Jamaica avenue and Aqueduct. *U2 Woodhaven 3C 2D .. 2D.. 2D.. 2D.. 2D.. 2D.. 2D.. 2D.. 2D.. 2D.. 2D.. 3 A.. 3 A., 3B. 3B. 3B. |3 B . |3C.. 30. 3C. Dr. Hamier Chas. Bickerman. S. H. Allen . ....do S. H;. Allen . ....do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Commission Mrs. Fleming Ward's ship yards . . . Astoria Steel Co Consolidated Gas Co . Newwitter & Migel . . . S.H.Allen ....do Elisha Gregory. McKievery . . , Thos. F.White Co. .' New York Sanitary Utiliza- \ tion Co. do .! White Lead Co S. H.Allen Thos. B. Harper. do ....do Commission S.H. Allen ....do Elisha Gregory. . . . .. .- Phillips & Worthington S.H. Allen ....do Thos. B. Harper. . Lewis Woolmann. do.n Chester D . Corwin . do Chester D. Corwin. do (German American Improve- \ ment Co. /Department water supply,. \ gas, and electricity. -do. .do. L.B.Ward Robt. Van Buren, engineer. [l. B.Ward'' .3C. 3C. 3C. 3C. .do. .do. .do. .do. I. M. De Varona f . do.f/ do.'' L. B. Wardd. W. D. Andrews & Bro . W.D. Andrews & Bro. I. M. De Varona' L.B.Ward I. M. De Varona n. .do.. 9 ;... fWoodhaven Water Supply ( j p w„i.(irf I \ Co. ) I '■ ■ *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. o Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey for 1896, pp. 155-156. b Average per well for 1899. cSee Table VIII. d Merchants' Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, table facing p. 186. e Report of P. H. & J. Conlan, drillers: Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1898, p. 142. / Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 298. 9 History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1896, pi. 40. AOp. cit.,p. 20. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 127 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth ol well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. Feet. 57 65 60 65 31 35 22 008 55 100 48 740 740 720 700 134 60 65 70 168 45-50 80-90 24+ 191 148 30^1 36 150 150 100+ 42-75 42-75 Feet. Feet. Gallons. Marine shells at 50 feet. IIS -47 -42 119 42-60 TO T^l 2 199 - 1 10 Rock at 35 feet ■ Well unsatisfactory ; i-ock at 22 feet Rock 28 to 608 feet; salty water Hard water Abandoned Bad water at 14 feet 123 124 10-8 3 125 - 4 18 Fordham gneiss ^9.e• 127 2 6 ' 6 6 ia-4J 2 f ^ 6 I 6 6 1 • I 288-6 5 5 2 1 i 2 6 6 - 1 Flows. + 10 + 10 - 4 128 Lloyd gravel 129 103 50 do - 130 do 131 .do Pumps 105 gallons per minute Salt water at 134 feet 13' 133 1 6 16 <'134 1 Jaraeco New Lots pumping station c 135 e270 ("Wisconsin and Tis- l bury. Average for whole station of 40 wells for 1899 was 3,007 gallons per minute. Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 17 Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 4 Test of 1894 None. 136 - 2.5 137 i 80-103 do -12.1 ■;■ 2, 759 [l38 do Ul + 2 * 30-40 n»240 Test wells sunk in 1882 Wisconsin and Tis- Test in 1894: group of 13 wells -11 160 Good. Good. 6 24 bury. do Average for 1899 ll39 do Temporary pumping station yielded 4,000,- 000 gallons daily. Brooklyn waterworks test well No. 5. >Group of 16 wells ■•140 5 J * I 6 284 ■ 80-150 -46 —30 Jameco 141 fWisconsin and Tis- \ bury. "14? i Tests ol separate weUs. Average per well lor test of whole plant at same time 30+ gallons. j Average for whole station of 108 wells for 1899. fcWith a hand pump. I History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1896, p. 21. '« Average yield in 1899 was 160 gallons. nOp. cit.,p. 100. 128 UNDEEGKOUND WATER EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. "n^afef Driller. Authority. *143 Woodhaven 3C.... 3C.... 3C.. Lalance & Grosjean Manu- facturing Co. Commission . .Tnhn Bryson a *144 Union Place Commission . . . *145 Glendale do . .. do 146 Evergreen 3C.... 3C.... 3C.... 3C.... 3C.... 3C The Frank Brewery ■. . . The Frank Brewery 1 Montauk Brewing Co | *147 Metropolitan *148 Middle ViUage *149 Middle Village H. Bottjer F.d. Schmidt Ed. Schmidt 150 Flnshinf^ Prpplr Citizens' Water Supply Co J. Edward Meyer, superin- tendent. do ... *151 Flushing Creek do *152 Flushing Creek 3C.... 3C.... 30.... 3C... CoTTiTTiiRsion Commission . . ' ." *153 Maspeth Woodside Water Co *154 New Calvary Cemetery . New Calvary Cemetery . New Calvary Cemetery . Newtown New Calvary Cemetery ...do S.H.Allen do S. H. Allen *155 do *156 3C ...do do do *157 30.... 30.... 3 0.... 3D... 3D... 3D... 3D... 3D... CnTnTnissioTi Commission L. B. Ward . . 158 Newtown *159 *160 *161 *162 Elmhurst Woodside /New York and Queens \ CoimtyR.E. Is. H. Allen S. H. Allen Do Do Citizens' Water Supply Co. . I. tsenburg L. B. Ward Stotthofi Bros Long Island City: *163 Albert street near S. H. Allen S. H. Allen Grand avenue. *164 Grand and 9th ave- do . do *165 nues. 13th avenue near Vandeventer. Bowery Bay road near Flushing avenue. Albert street and Ditmars avenue. Steinway avenue . . . Potter avenue near Park place Merchant.street and Ditmars avenue. Near Merchant street and Dit- mars avenue. Crescent street near Ditmars avenue. Lawrence street and Wolcott avenue. Bowery Bay 3D... . do do *166 3D... Commission Commission *167 3D... 3D... 3D... 3D... 3D... Commission do *168 Astoria Silk Works Dillman S.H.Allen do S. H. Allen *1fi9 do *170 Rivercrest Sanitarium . . .. do do *171 do do . ..do *172 3D... do do do *173 3D... 3D... Commission OnTnTTiis.<5ion 174 Stelnwav & Son Pierce Well Engineering Pierce Well Engineering Co . Co. 1 *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Am. Geol., vol. 2, 1888, pp. 136-137; vol. 3, 1889, pp. 218-219. b Estimate for whole station. cSee Table VIII. REPKESENTATIVE WELLS. 129 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above (+) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No Inches. Feet. 577 46 76 110 106 109 96 135 50 J 50 1 190 22 Feet. Feet. Gallons. Gneiss 556 to 577 feet 14^ 2 2 96 1 ^ 1 5 2 2 6 4i-6 2 Commission No. .567 144 Commission No. 1372 , 145 -85 104 Pleistocene Temperature 50° F. 146 do |l47 109 100 do . Temperattu'e 51° R . . . , CommisRiori No. 1204 148 -35 Flows. Flows. 149 6 1,735 61,388 Station No. 4; group of 16 wells "1.50 do Station No. 5; group of 13 wells ll51 50-90 Test well ; no water below 90 feet Commission No. 1188 15? Pumping station No. 1 «1.53 6 8 8 2 6 2 1 i 70 51 56 26 45-62 69 32 52 60 Flows. - 1 -26 Pleistocene Rockat80feet; pumps 80 gallons perminute. 154 80 80 do.. 155 do. I.W Commission No. 1189 l.W dl5 Wisconsin Pumping station No. 1; 28 wells "l.w do Commission No. 662. . 1W - 2 - 8 85 30 40 Pleistocene 160 Pumping station No. 2 [Pumping station No. 2; 78 wsUs '■161 4J 45-80 227 61 60 72 40 40 112 63 48 70 42 31 100 e -15 dl4 Pleistocene ll62 (Gneiss, 138 to 227 feet do 163 do . 164 do 165 2 ■ 2 8 Commission No. 827; rock at 40 feet, prob- ably a bowlder. Commission No. 828 166 167 80 210 168 do 169 -31 -.59 200 Group of 3 wells 170 Water in crevice in rock 171 36 o 6 3.5-40 179 Commission well No. 859 Rock, 50 to 100 feet 173 - 6 <;174 d Average per well for 1899. e Report of J. Ed. Meyer, who states that a few of these weUs were originally artesian. / Ann. Rept. New Jersey Geol. Survey for 1899. 1900, p. 80. 130 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — -Representative wells No. 175 *176 *177 *178 *179 *180 *181 *182 183 *184 185 *186 *187 *188 *189 *190 *191 192 *193 194 *195 *196 *197 198 *199 *200 Location. *201 *202 *203 Long Island City — Con. r Cabinet and Bowery [ Bay road. North Beach North Beach Flusliing and Ehret avenues. Trains Meadow and Highway roads. Trains Meadow road near Jacli- son avenue. Junction avenueand Strongs Lane. College Point .-..do ....do ....do Tallman Island Far Eockaway. ....do .do. .do. ....do Nigger Point. Shetucket pumping sta- tion. ....do /Springfield pumping \ station. Near Springfield pump- ing station. Oconee pumping station Near Oconee pumping station. /Baisley's pumping sta- \ tion. )ameco pumping sta- tion. Aqueduct and Cornell Creek. Aqueduct and Rocka- way road. Coordi- nates, JSD. 3D.. 3D. 3D. 3D. 3D. 3D. 3D... 3D... 3D... 3D... 3D... 4B... 4B... 4B... 4B... 4B... 4B... 4B... 4B... 4B. •4B. 4B. Owner. fDepartment water supply, 1 gas, and electricity. Bowery Bay Building and Improvement Association. 4C. 4 0. 4C. 4C. 4 0. 4C. Woodside Water Co . Commission ....do .do. India Rubber Comb Co Stonebanks American Hard Rubber Co Long Island R. R. Jas. Cafiery B. L. Carroll Jas. Cafiery Long Island R. R . Queens County Water Co . . Idlewlld Hotel Theo. R Chapman Department water supply, gas,, and electricity. ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Driller. Sweeney & Gray. Chester D. Corwin , Lawrence Verdon . Gilbert Baldwin . . . F. K. Walsh 0. A. I/Ockwood. Theo. R. Chapman. W. D. Andrews & Bro. .do. Authority. L. B.Ward. L. C. L. Smith, consulting engineer. Commission . ....do .do. A. D . SchUssinger, president A. D. SchUssinger Chester D. Corwin A. D. ScUissinger C. M. Jacobs, consulting engineer. Lawrence Verdon Gilbert Baldwin. F. K. Walsh, Long Island R. R. C. A. Lockwood. ., Theo. R. Chapman. do L. B. Ward I. M. De Varona. JL. B. Ward 1 Peter C. Jacobsen < I. M. De Varona.. L. B.Ward ,. I. M. De Varona W. D. Andrews & Bro. I. M. De'Varona L, B.Ward I. M. De Varona .do. I * For additional data see descriptive no^es, pp. 168 et seq. a Average yield to pumps per minute from whole station, 1899. i See Table VIII. c Reports to Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona. L. B. Ward I. M. De Varona. ....do REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 131 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above (+) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No Inches. 1 4 i 192 6 6 Feet. 45 22 70 40-50 Feet. I Feet. Flows. -12 Gallons. 557 20 Longlsland City station No. 2; 29 wells ... Group of 17 wells hl75 J do M76 Group of 3 well s 177 Station No. 3; not used 6178 2 2 28.5 31 53 35 28 86 60 149 112 190 90 30 20-30 50 200 200 203 180 154 170 156-207 271 195 192 + 100 28-65 44 200 150 155 151 290 151 23-73 160 156 257 Commission No. 767 . . . 179 Commission No. 762 180 Commission No. 768 181 Poor water ^m 36 2 1 Lignitized wood at 28 feet. 183 1 50 184 i Blue clav, 0-60 feet 185 1 Fordham gneiss, 110 to 149 feet 186 6 ( - 6 1 6 Flows. Flows. -20 187 lEO-190 90 20-30 Salt water Fresh water 188 Good. Tisbury 189 190 f 5 1 5 2 8 8 5 8 8 5 8 5 2 2 2 2 f * 6 6 10 8 I 4-10 5 5 1 Tisbury Jameco do Abandoned station 1 200 200 202 Brackish water 191 Flows. Flows. -10.3 f -10.7 1 -16.7 - 9.6 Flows. 192 .do 193 /97 I do Group of 12 wells 6194 146-154 do Brooklyn test well No. 16 G roup of 20 wells 195 1 /74 15-25 m /95 do do 117-207 Well No. 15 jielded on test 694 gaUons a mlnute.lowering water to about — 14feet. Brooklyn test well No. 9 Group of 12 wells; pumps Il96 W 197 + .8 Jameco do 6198 185-192 BrookljTi test well No. 18 Test well of 1884 199 + 3 -10.6 -11.7 Flows. «+ 7 do - . - - 18-42 10 Small. 90 100 475 Wisconsin do Test of 1894 Average for 1899 200 (») 140-170 Test well of 1894 Jameco do do Pumps 280 gaUons per minute Pumps 300 gallons per minute e+U Pumps 500 gallons per minute Andrews's well; abandoned Pumps 700 gallons 201 137-151 Flows. 154 1 Jameco ('') Group of 207 wells - 3.4 + 1 + 2 J Jameco ., ..do Brooklyn test well No. 1; flows 30 gallons per minute. Brooklyn test well No. 2; flows 5 gallons per minute. 141-1.56 146-162 202 ?03 d No water was obtained below surface gravel. •■ Letter from W. D. Andrews & Bro. ■ / Average yield to pumps per well per minute for : 132 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. DrUler. Authority. *?M Aqueduct aud New York avenue. Aqueduct and Fanners avenue. Aqueduct 4 C. . . . 4 C. . . . Department water supply, gas, and electricity. do I. M. De Varona , '^n.'i do ' *?.nfi 4 C do do *-?07 New York avenue near Locust avenue. Rockaway road 4C.... 4C 1 Commission. 1 do , *?,ns do nm 4 C do do nw Morris Park 4 C do do ':■ *?.ii Jamaica 4C do ...do ----- *212 do 4C.... 4C.... 4C.... 4C (■Department water supply, 1 gas. and electricity. Jamaica Water Supply Co. . \ I. M. De Varona .. .. . - . L. B. Ward do J *213 (C. A. Lookwood C. A. Lockwood ... *214 Commission. *?15 ...do do - *?lfi 4C do do .-- *?17 4C.... 4 C do do *218 Queens HolUs do WoodhuUPark West Jamaica . do do 219 4C.... 4C.... 4C.... 4 C F W. Dunton C. A. Lookwood C. A. Lockwood *220 Department water supply, gas and electricity. I. M. De Varona *221 *222 do do Dunton Willow Glen 4C.... 4C.... 4C.... 4C ... 4C.... 4 C Montauk Water Co . L.B. Ward *223 C. A. Lockwood C. A. Lockwood Commission *224 Commission . . . .* *225 Head of riushing Creek. Deep Glen Spring Citizens' Water Supply Co . L. B.Ward *226 .. *227 Commission =f=228 R. S. Hopkins *229 *230 4C.... 4C.... }4C.... 4D... 4D... Commission f Engineer 1 Sweeney & Gray fDepartment water supply, \ gas and electricity L. B. Ward---- *231 fFresh Meadow pump- \ ing station. Chester D. Corwm 1 do Chester D . Corwin- - - - do do do *232 Commission *233 Broadway do do *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. o With hand pump from water-bearing stratum between 176 and 182 feet. b Average of whole station for 1899. EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 133 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above (+) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 1 a f 96 8 10 5 10-4 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 10 10 2 6 Spring. 2 30 2 f 8 1 2 8 Springs. 2 2 2 2 2 Feet. 277 295 419 29.5 31 44 50.5 122 197 50-60 57 50 150 50 352 31 25.5 24.5 32 60 80 406 29 52 30-50 64 25 45 Feet. 1-82 6-28 f 20-78 I 176-182 Feet. - 1 Gallons. Wisconsin and Tis- bury. Wisconsin Brooklyn test well No. 3 204 Brooklyn test well No. 8 W^ 1 ~ " al /Wisconsin, Tisbury, \ and Jameco. terooklyn test well No. 7 206 Commission No. 628 'KM Commission No. 638 ''OS Commission No. 467 . . 'ym Commission No. 673 ■Jin Commission No. 426 •'ii ( 11-95 1 190-198 -11 -11 Large... Large... 6 1,041 W isconsin and Tis- bury. Jameco [•Brooklyn test well No. 11 ?12 G roup of 19 wells ; Jamaica pumping sta- tion. /Wisconsin and Tis- l bury. . Tile well 213 i'^; 173 - 1 Chalybeate water Commission No. 588 ?14 Commission No. 627 ■'IS Commission No. 639 216 Commission No. 717 917 CnmTni.^sion No. 688 918 -60 Wisconsin Reddish brown sand and gravel to 80 feet. Brooklyn test well No. 6 ?19 990 Commission No. 687 ?91 292 d61 139 Wisconsin and Tis- bury. . do . . Group of 17 tOe wells -22 I223 Comm ssion No. 1373 994 Flow. d46 347 Wisconsin and Tis- bury. Station No. 3. Group of 31 wells <:99,>; ^96 46 86 35 35 35 40 Commission No. 1374 ■'97 99S Commission No. 695 999 Pumps 400 gallons per minute 1 Flow. + 1 do U30 35-40 do 1 6 432 1.5 do . ... 80 55 80 33 40 49 35-40 26-55 + 2 231 (0 Commission No. 860 939 Commission No. 1089 233 cSee Table VIII. (« Average yield to pumps per well per minute for 1899. 184 [JNDEEGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Re-presentative No. Location- [ f Coordi- nates. 1 Owner. DriUer. Authority. *234 1 Comer Queens avenue and Rocky Hill road. Aubumdale I 4I>... 4D... 4D... 4D... }4D... 4D... 4D... 4D... 41)... 41)... 4D... 4D... 4D... 4D... 4D... 4D... CommissioTi Commission *235 do do *236 Bayside do i do *237 do do do *238 *239 /Bayside pumping sta- \ tion. Whitestone pumping station No. 1. Whitestone Landing . . . do Whitestone pumping station No. 2. Whitestone Willets Point /Department water supply, ( gas and electricity. do } fJ. Laughlin, engineer N. S. Hill, chief engineer ... L.B.Ward.. *240 McWOliams Coal Co Long Island R. R Department water supply, gas and electricity. W. W.Cole -.... Sweeney -^t\ 240 ... 85-120 Jameco . Ttrfl.cVish wpter 241 4-3 6 Flow? -60 Group of 5 wells. Reserve station ao^o 10 Pleistocene 94^ Brackish water from bed rock 244 36-6 -55 -38 -12 -15 '''It 103-104 ''■16 2\ 4 +22 +20 Tisbury . . . Elevation 46 feet above tide All glacial gravel Cretaceous below 12 feet Very stiff clay to 40 feet ''17 do ''48 94q ''■iO 2 36-6 5 66 -28 75 Cretaceous ?... ''■il 959 -22 -42 ■ -40 58 253 Cretaceous ? • ''.54 2 8 do 255 Good.. . Rock 230 to 512 feet ?5R 257 2} n 8-2 5 6 6-3. 6 93-108 Salt water 40 to 60 feet 258 Jameco ? ''59 20-30 70-100 60-70 40 150 416 25-30 - 6 — 5 -26 Wisconsin and Tis- bury. Jameco ?60 Large . . 261 Jameco ? First water encountered at 16 feet . . . . . ''fi'? Tisbury Jameco Cretaceous Tisbury Contaminated with sewage 1 -15 -15 Chalybeate 1263 Salty 1 ■>64 -20 -16 -16 -18 -15 -19 -12.5 Plow. 265 8 6 5 16-42 16-37 27-35 15-40 228 1 266 1 267 268 ' do All sand and gravel 269 6 6 ' do All sand and gravel. Water chalybeate — 270 dn 271 Jameco Slight flow at 150 feet 272 = Also called Douglass Pond. ' Average per well for 1899. Estimated capacity per well per minute, 33 gallons. •■ Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1899, 1900, p. 132. 136 UNDEKGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *?~^ (Queens County Water i. Co. pumping sta- [ tion. Hewlett SB... 5B... SB... SB... SB... SB... SB... Queens County Water Co . . . fChas. R. Bettes, chief engi- \ neer. F. K. Walsh *?.74 Jirden Abrames F. K. Walsh *?75 Lynbroolc Mrs. Julia Flower ..do. . .do ?7fi do mi do Queens County Water Co. . . f Franklin B. Lord, presi- \ dent. I. M. De Varona *278 Brooklyn Aqueduct do Department water supply, gas and electricity. do *?7P do *'>m do SB. . do do .,- . *?M do SB. . do do nm do SB.. do do *?R3 Valley Stream SB... SB... SB... SB... SB... }s B . . . SB... Is B . . . S C C. Schreiber Gilbert Baldwin *?84 do Long Island R. R *?85 Brooklyn Aqueduct Watts Pond pumping station. do Department water supply, gas, and electricity. .do I. M. De Varona *286 J. Edwards &Co do *?87 do ..do rClear Stream pumping \ station. do do : W. D. Andrews & Bro. . ....do (.. do *288 II. B. Ward .do W. D. Andrews &Bro..'... I. M. De Varona *289 fForest Stream pump- \ Ing station. Brooklyn Aqueduct do do .. Rosedale Springfield Fosters Meadows 1 mile north of Valley Stream. 2 miles north of Valley Stream. do W. D. Andrews & Bro . do [ do [L. B. Ward W. D. Andrews & Bro IPhillips and Worthington.. I. M. De Varona .do . .. *290 *291 do PhUlips and Worthing- ton. *292 S C do *293 5 C do . ..do *294 5C.... .5 C. . . . 5C.... SO Commission Commission I. M. De Varona *295 Department water supply, gas, and electricity. Commission *296 Commission *297 do do *298 SC do do *299 5 C do do *300 5 C do do . - *301 SC do . do *302 Elmont SC do do *303 Floral Park 5C do do *.sn4 5 C. . . . do do * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Maximum daily pumpage for whole station in 1902. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 137 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. ( 4-0 Feet. 33 150-190 160 70 180 65 504 74 14 200 390 Feet. Feet. Gallons. } a 3, 125 Tisbury Jameco. Flow. Flow. -12 -13.5 6 273 6 do C) 5 70 do 974 Small. 27.'i Clay 47 to 65 feet Pumps xna gallons ppr minutp 27fi f 8 + 2 + 1 V277 1 I 5 5 5 5 • Flows intermittently Brooklyn test well No. 24 Brooklyn test well No. 23 Brooklyn test well No. 22 Brooklyn test well No. 21 Brooklyn test well No. 20 - J Small. Small. Small. 278 ?79 370 410 '80 300-305 do 981 212 18 do 282 283 Analysis B rooklyn test well No. 19 Test of January, 1895; group of 12 wells B rooklyn test well No. 25 284 5 - 6 5 2 2 2 5 , 2 2 4-2 4 4 5 5 5 2 5 2. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 207 48-53 331 29-53 38 + 106 190 33-56 Flow. -10.3 Small. 144 Cretaceous ? ''SS ?>2S6 987 c 25-53 cl2 10 22 21 5-10 5 Wisconsin and Tis- bury. do Test of 1894; group of 150 wells Average for 1899; group of 150 wells Test well driven in 1884 Brooklyn test well No. 15 -11.6 + 3 288 Jameco (?) ?89 [Wisconsin and Tis- 1 bury. /Jameco and Cretace- t ous. /Group of 110 wells - 5 I Flows. /Test well driven in 1884 300 400 435 406 412 390 30.5 357 35.5 26 25.5 120.5 41 25.5 14-34 41 38 f 60 \ 100 1 300 35 105 Test well driven in 1884; no water below 35 feet. 290 Brooklyn test well No. 12 991 29? 293 294 Brooklyn test well No. 10 995 996 997 1 Commission No. 672 . 998 299 \ Commission No. 606 son r,nTnmi.<;sion No. 590 301 Commission Nos. 1013-1033, 1146-11.54 30? 303 ' Commission No. 552 304 i See Table VIII. : Yield per well. 138 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Alley Creek 5D- Douglaston 5D. Lake Success. do.... Lakeville. *305 *306 *.307 *308 309 *310 311 *312 313 314 *315 *316 *317 *318 *319 *320 *321 *322 *323 *324 *325 *326 *327 328 *329 *330 331 *332 333 334 *335 i 336 I Manhasset Hill . Coordi- nates. New Hyde Park : 5 0. do ' 5C. do ; I .5 0. do ' 50. do ! 50. Floral Park \ 5 0. do [ 50. Creedraoor \ 5 C. do ! 5C. do ' 5 0. Plattsdale do 1 mile south of Manhas- set. Little Neck do Thomaston do do (Thomaston (Great t Neck station). Manhasset . do do do...;. do do *337 *338 339 *340 *341 *342 343 *344 *345 do do do do Great Neck . do do do do -346 do. *347 do. *348 ' do. 349 ' do. 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D = .. k5 D . . . 5D... 5D... 5 D . . . 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D. 5D. 5D. 5D. Owner. Commission . . . do do ....do Ohas. Morgan . . Commission. . . Freestone Commission... Anthony Graf . C. W. Ward... Citizens' Water Supply Co Jagnow Bros W. K. Vanderbilt, jr Commission Commission Ed. C. WDletts . A. Kiefer Commission W. J. Hamilton. D. O'Leary Commission J. B. Hixon Long Island R. R. Co. Commission Henry Huher J. F. Hamilton John H. Rice Herman Klothe J. H. L'Hommedieu's Sons Estate of L. A. Seaman... Commission Henry Lustgarten. . Christ Church Commission Great Neck school. . Mrs. Mary E. King. 0. F. Recknagel H. B. Booth H. B. Anderson Wm. R. Grace. do V. P. Travis... Driller. Ed. Schmidt. Ed. Schmidt. Andrew Vandewater. J.H.Herbert.... Thos. B. Harper. Ed. Schmidt Andrew Vandewater . J. H. Herbert. do J. H. Herbert. do Phillips & Worthington J. M. Peler. Isaac Kasteard. do J. H. Herbert Phillips & Worthington J. H. Herbert do Authority. Commission . . . do do do Ed. Schmidt... Commission. . . Ed. Schmidt... Commission . . . Anthony Graf . 0. W. Ward... J. Edward Meyer.. J. H. Herbert..:.. Thos. B. Harper a. Commission Henry Onderdonk, sr. Commission Ed. Schmidt Andrew Vandewater... Commission J.H.Herbert do Commission J. H. Herbert do Long Island R. R. Co. . . do Phillips & Worthington. Commission J. F. Hamilton. J. H L'Hommedieu's Sons . W. A. Skidmore Commission Henry Lustgarten . Ohas. Newbold . . . - Commission Isaac Kasteard do J.H.Herbert H. B. Booth Wm. Mahoney, tendent. J.H. Herbert Phillips & Worthington... J. H. Herbert do superm- ■''For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Through A. S. Farmer, C. E. EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 139 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(-l-) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 2 2 2 2 IJ 2 n 2 33 48 a 6 8Hli 2 36 2 36 2 2i 2i 2 2i 2i 6 Feet. 32.5 .56 74 66.5 37 106 40 56 60 70 32-42 127 755 35 140 45 37 116 48.5 136 142 79 93 87 96 117 112 25 30 78 37 35 10 86 28 122 108 87.5 52 52 96 240 237 86 104 119 32 Feet. Feet. Gallons. Commission No. 553 305 Commission No. 740 ^Ofi 307 308 35-37 - 35 Bowlders, 35 to 37 feet 309 Commission No. 829 310 Coarse white sand, 28 to 40 feet 311 Commission No. 619 312 55-60 62-70 - 55 - 62 1 ll Wisconsin 313 do 314 Flow. 0-50 Group of 8 wells; 6 flowing 315 Tisbury?.. 316 191 ■ 700-750 -116 -135 40 +300 Cretaceous . I Lloyd gravel 1 Commission No. 864 318 319 Commission No. 776 320 - 22 114 Wisconsin Cretaceous? Depends on perched water table 321 322 Commission No. 956 3?3 Cretaceous 324 do 325 do Commission No. 1191 326 - 87 do 327 do 398 + 30 150 100 Well 200 feet from station 117 93-112 b- 10 - 53 2 wells one-fourth mile apart U'>P 6 2 2 2 i 1 34 2 34-2 36 2 Commission No. 957 Elevation 20i feet 830 Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. 1 - 80 331 * 332 333 2 3.34 335 f 40 1 80 336 Commission No. 1190 337 - 81 -103 338 Temperatui'e about 50° F 8.39 Cretaceous Commission No. 963 840 - 30 - 48 .341 .342 92 -240 237 Blue clay to 92 feet' .343 .344 .345 - 74 Well is near barn 346 6 2 60 500 500 347 - 77 - 8 Tisbury ? Surface water at 24 feet ,848 Wisconsin Elevation about 95 feet ,349 17116— No. 44—06- -10 i Pumps down to —40. 140 UNDEKaKOUND WATEE EE80UBCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW TOEK. Table XI. — Representative vjells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. DrUler. Authority. *3o0 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... 5D... oD... 5D... oD... 5E... 5E... 5E... 5E... 5E... SE... 5E... 5E... Robert Cox J. H. Herbert Geo. Schmidt Isaac Kasteard J. H. Herbert *351 Plandome Mills Port Washington do Robert Seizer Geo. Rnhmidt *3o2 Chas. Vanderbilt Isaac Kasteard 353 J. Reed Commission do do *354 do 355 do Isaac Kasteard 356 do Stephen Kimmerly Theo. Valentine N. H.Jacobs T,orpn7.n Smiill do do do do .... *357 do do *358 do .... do .'... 359 do .... Lorenzo Smull *360 do. . Thos. E.Webb Geo. Schmidt Thos. E. Webb *361 do *362 do Long Island R. R Long Island R. R *363 do .• do do ■ do Barker Point *364 *365 Isaac Kasteard *366 Dodge estate W. De Forest Wright Geo. Zabriskie do Geo. Schmidt do. 367 Oscar Darling, consulting engineer. Geo. Schmidt *368 Sands Point *369 Isaac Kasteard *370 do do C.H. Danis /Hudson Engineering \ and Contracting Co. C. H. Danis C.H. Danis ■ \j. D. Kilpatrick a C. H. Danis Wm. C. Jaegle *371 *372 do 5E... 5E... 6B... 6B... 6B... 6 B . . . 6B... 6B... 6B... 6B... 6B... 6B... 6B ... 6B... 6B... 6B ... 6B ... 6B... 6B ... 6B... 6B ... 6B ... 6B ... do..... Bourke Cockran *373 Long Beach Long Beach Association Hempstead Poor House. . . . Long Beach Association Wm. C. Jaegle.. Theo. A. Carmen *374 *375 Bamum Island East Rockaway do....' Eockville Center Smith Pnnd E. Lewis, jr., Theo. Carmen. *37oA J.H.Clark Chas. A. Fass Chas. A. Fass...^ E. E. McCarten I. M. De Varona ' *376 J. M. Smith E. E. McCarten [ F. K. Walsh *377 /Department water supply, 1, gas and electricity. Commission Rockville Center water- works. Commission do do .....do do do do do do do do do do *378 *379 RockvlUe Center .do.. Commission Village clerk *380 do Commission do do do - I do do *d81 *382 Millbum Reservoir do *383 do *384 *385 do do *386 do do *387 do do do do *388 do *389 do ♦390 do do *391 do do *392 do do * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. o Superintendent lor Hudson Engineeilng and Contracting Co. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 141 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above (+) or, below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. Feet. 107 113 80 76 87 69 46 129 35 55 206. 5 69 60-70 46 83 54 91 30 250 88 65 300 f 169 1 120 354 386 383 Feet. Feet. Gallons. Cretaceous 350 3 32 32 .2 32 32 32 32 3 4 32 1 '^ [100-113 - 17 - 80 - 76 - 72 166 Jameco ? 351 352 Tisbury Sand to 76 feet .353 CoTnmisRion Nn. 114."^ 354 -65 - 42 -125 - 31 - 41 - 71 - 65 ' Sand 2 to 69 feet 355 Whitfi fl.nd yellow sand tn 46 feet 356 357 1 358 + 12 Small. Tisbury? Cretaceous White sand and gravel 42 to 55 feet .... 359 205.6 360 361 362 32 30-6 32 - 42 - 50 - 50 Cretaceous ? 363 Large. 364 Tisbury 365 Small. 366 3 6 32 f 6 1 6-4 - 20 " Coarse sandy gravel, with water of great purity." Rock at 250 feet 367 368 - 84 - 20 - 20 369 Large. Tisbury 2 weUs - 1 Cretaceous Abandoned 370 30 102 Small. 5 ...do do \ 371 J Flows. ■ + 6 .. .do Pipe clogs with quicksand 372 6 220 270 340 [ 383 123 Shallow. do Water chalybeate 373 Well abandoned 374 Pumping station for Long Beach 6375 4 27 18 587 74 40-50 24 38 97 31 32 31 25.5 25.6 25 25.5 29.8 32.3 31.7 Tisbury 375 A - 17 I Flows. do 376 5 2 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 f 40^5 1578-587 5 Brooklyn test weU No. 26 377 Commission No. 605 378 - 8 c26 Group of 4 wells !>379 Commission No. 844 380 Commission No. 697 381 Commission No. 658 382 Commission No. 641 383 Commission No. 640 384 Commission No. 630 385 1 Commission No. 615 386 Commission No. 629 387 Commission No. 616 388 Commission No. 623 389 Commission No. 617 390 Commission No. 618 391 Commission No. 622 392 b See Table VIII. o Average for 1903. 142 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Kepresentative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. DrUler. Authority. *393 6B... 6B... 6B... 6B... 6B... 6C... M. S. Thomas *394 do 0. H. Southard *395 do do do ... *396 do Adolph Schreiber ' A. Schreiber 397 398 Hempstead reservoir... *399 6C... 60... *400 do. do ; *401 60... 60... 60... 60... .. .do do *402 Greenwich Point . .do . do *403 ... .do do *404 do do do... .....;.. 405 do 60... 6C... 6C... Hempstead Water Co Engineer *406 do Commission *407 East Meadow Brook . . . do do *408 60 . do do *409 .Garden City 60... do do *410 do 60... do do *411 do 60... do do ...;... 412 do 60... 60... 60... 60... 60... 60... 60... 6D... St. Paul School Andrew Vandewater . . . A ndrew Vandewater Commission *413 do OOTTlTTliRSiOTl *414 do Garden City Water Supply Co. Geo. L. Hubbell, general manager. C. A. Lockwood 415 Mineola C. A. Lockwood *416 .....do do do Commission Commission 417 Long Island R. R. Co C. A. Lockwood C. A. Lockwood *418 Commission *419 do .. do do *420 East Williston 6D... 6D... 6D... Geo. Schmidt Geo. Schmidt *421 do Commission . . i Commission *422 Albertson . .do . . - do *423 Old Westbury 6D... 6D... 6D... 6 D . . . 6D... 6D... 6D... 6D... 61)... W. G. Parks *424 do. W. P.Kelsey Jas. F. Brady R. L. Cottnet .Tnhn Fisher John Fisher *425 do... Wm. Jaegle Wm. Jaegle *426 do *4?7 ;....do Long Island Historical So- ciety. Alfred Wisson *428 do *429 do *430 do H B Duryea Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. John Tart i Wheatley Hills.. , E. D. Morgan John Fisher Alfred Wisson Alfred Wisson *43I E D Morgan A. W. Gallierme Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. Ed. Danis i> . . F. Wankel « *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Foreman for Hudson Engineering and Corftracttng Co. 6 Dj-Uling the Harriman well (512) at the time this well was sunk. If I REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 143 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below (—) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. Feet. 18 35 50 370 ! =' 360 34 32 32 30 33.5 97 50 52.7 125 35 37 37 25 40 38.5 40 80 42.5 90 56 53.5 56.5 55 37 230 150 143 180 103 150 383 343 298 280 280 284 283 434 Feet. Feet. Gallons. Average of all wells about Baldwin 393 4 394 Very black mud at 50 feet. 395 8 + I - 10 Flows. 396 1 ' 40 10 Tisbur V 4 wells , , '•397 1 10 Cretaceous 398 2 2 2 2 ! 2 2 Commission No. 825 _ Commission No. 845 Commission No. 846 Commission No. 604 Commission No. 847 Commission No. 848 Group of 8 wells. 399 400 401 402 403 404 - 15 10 AVisoonsin and Tis- bury. "405 2 2 2 2 2 2 120 2 600 Commission No. 425 406 Commission No. 424 407 Commission No. 42.3 408 Commission No. 422 l 409 Commission No. 862 4in 411 - 30 Large. Wisconsin and Tis- bury. 41? Commission No. 589 413 - 19 - 60 See Table VIII Reddish sand and gravel to 80 feet Commission No. 863 Sand and gra vel to 90 feet ■ . . 414 415 2 10 2 2 36 2 2 416 30-90 - 30 Wisconsin and Tis- bury. 417 Commission No. 901 Commission No. 587 418 419 50-56 - 50 Tisbury 4''0 Commission No. 906 . . 4''1 49? -100 -100 - 73 -110 493 494 6 6 495 +30 Cretaceous 49(1 497 5 -146 25 498 499 1 ' -117 -274 ^10 do 430 ' 00 00 -250 -244 8 Cretaceous Well completed in 1896 ,431 8 -245 150 c See Table VIII. 144 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XL — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi-| nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *432 *433 *434 *435 *436 *437 *438 439 *440 *441 442 443 *444 *445 *446 447 44S 449 *450 451 *452 *453 *454 *465 *456 *457 *458 *459 *460 461 *462 *463 *464 *465 *466 *467 468 Wheatley Hills . do .do. 6D. 6D. 6D. Wm. C. Whitney. do ....do ! 6D. I Roslyn 1 6 D. Stanley Mortimer . W. Stowe Mrs. I. Vowman. . .do. do do do do do do do Glenwood I/anding. Glenhead Greenvale Hempstead Harbor. Sea Cliff do do do Glenhead 6D. 6D. 6D. 6D. 6D. 6D. 6D. 61). 6D. 6D. 6D. 6E. 6E. 6E. 6E. 6E. 6E. 6E. fNassau Electric Light and 1 Power Co. [Alfred Wisson . . . [John Fisher fl. H. Ford [John Heerdegan. George Schmidt. !-John Heerdegan . Wm. C. Whitney. Thos. Griffin a.... Alfred Wisson John Fisher I. H. Ford John Heerdegan . . George Schmidt . . Jolm Heerdegan . Glen Cove fi E Locust Valley . Glen Cove do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 6E... 6E... 6E... 6 E . . . BE... .! 6E. .\ 6E. -! 6E. Glen Cove Landing j 6 E . Dosoris 6 E . .do. 6E. do Dosoris Island . 6E... 6E... Theo. Valentine. Ed. Schmidt. C. H. Danis.. Ed. Schmidt. C. H. Danis.. Commission do C. H. Mackay L. F. Powell Walter Willetts Ward J. Post brickyard , A. A. Knowles Frank Nostrand J. B. King* Co Kersona F. W. Geissenhainer. Sea Cliff Water Co . . Thos. C. Watt Commission Nassau County Water Co. Friends' Academy. F.E. Willets S. Seeman S. Burke North Country Club . Frank Bemheim . John Minniken . . . Crystal Springs Ice Co. J. P. Tangeman... Wm. M. Valentine . Pratt estate . do Paul Dana. L. J. Dubois Jesse Conklin . . . George Schmidt . L. J. Dubois do L. J. Dubois. do L. J. Dubois. L. J. Dubois.. A. J. Corcoran <• George Schmidt L. J. Dubois do J. B. King & Co L. J. Dubois do .....do J. T. Pirie, president L. J. Dubois Commission fW. F. Clapton, superintend- t en1 L. J. Dubois. do do do ent. L. J. Dubois. ....do do ....do C. H. Danis. C. H. Danis. L. J. Dubois. do L. J. Dubois. do .do. Phillips & Worthington . L. J. Dubois Phillips & Worthington . L. J. Dubois^ f M. Mimger, superintend- ent. .do. L. J. Dubois ' L. J. Dubois. *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Superintendent for W. C. Whitney. b See Table VIII. c Windmill manufacturer, 11 John street, New York. EEPKESENTATIVE WELLS. 145 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above (+) or below(— ) ground level. Yield per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 10 Feet. 400 340 300 205 389 265 115 2.50 128 300^00 52 25 Feet. Feet. -230 Gallons. 35 4-5 50 Large. Cretaceous Water soft 43? do 433 8 do 434 Water in gravel Very httle water 8 6 8 32 6 2 2 -218 - 96 - 78 17 Good. 83 49 ^ 16 42 Cretaceous 435 Pleistocene 4S6 Cretaceous 437 Pleistocene ? 438 - 70 Abandoned 439 Pleistocene Commission No. 1199 440 Flows. do Commission No. 1185. Slight flow 441 Private pumping plant. Shallow wells ft449 3 6 3 2 2 '6 82.5 190 69 141 96 98 Shallow. 106 32 60 140 52 45-60 40 222 186 140 170 J 109 1 129 130 80 73 72 106 215 38 48 38 82 125 125 44 - 70 - 50 - 22 -122 - 66 Flows. Flows. Flows. - 23 (d) -122 18 443 444 69 50 12 44=> Cretaceous . . 446 All sand .... 447 Flows into pit 2 feet above tide level '. . 448 449 2 2 6 3 2 f ^^ I 4 3i 3 2 2 1 6 2 2 I 4 4 2 6 6 6 6 I H 45 Small. +25 450 451 Group of 6 wells. Pumps 70 gallons e ''45? 453 Commission No. 960 454 34-60 34-40 212-222 182-186 Flows. Flows. - 75 -108 - 98 - 98 do Group of 4 wells. Pumps 315 gallons per well per minute. Flows 18 gallons per minute. . do [455 (b) 30 16 12 12 Cretaceous 456 Cretaceous ? 457 . -do.. 458 165-170 I Cretaceous 459 460 1 Flows. Flows. + 14 - 40 - 65 Flows. 461 78-80 70-73 90-100 79-83 46? t /18 1 /30 30 1 do 463 1 464 465 Large. (.466 .4 wells; abandoned 75-82 Flows. I.'') 2 wells; abandoned 467 - 8 Tisburv All sand and gravel 468 i Originally all were flowing wells. « Yield per well per minute on a 10-hour test. / Natural flow at ground level. g Since pumping these wells have ceased to flow. 146 UNDERGKOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Bepresentative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. i Authority. *469 Dosoris Pond 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 6E... 7 B D. F. Bush L. J. Dubois *470 Peacock Point C. 0. Gates P. H. & J. Conlan E . K. Hutchinson C. H. Danis M. TaUona ' *471 do do... K. K^. TTntnhinsnn *472 do do 0. H. Danis *47,3 W. D. Gutherie E. K. Hutchinson L. J. Dubois Foreman for E. K. Hutch- inson. *474 do do *475 do Wm. Price do do *476 do ■VV H. Baldwin, jr do.. W. H. Baldwin jr 477 do Berger E. K. Hutchinson 0. H. Danls 478 do A. C. Bedford C. H. Danis *479 do L. C. Wier do.. Ed. Danis, foreman.. ...... Phillips & Worthingtoii Ed. Danis, foreman do *480 do do ... PhilUps & Worthlngton 0. H. Danis *481 do do *482 do Paul D. Cravath do *483 do Ed. Latting. ,. do . ..do *484 do W. D. Gutherie do... do *485 do do do C. H. Danis 486 Freeport C. S. Slichter f Agawam pumping sta- \ tion. Old Freeport pumping station /Merrick pumping sta- \ tion. Merrick }7B... 7B /Department water supply, 1 gas, and electricity. do : I [I. M. De Varona 6 . *487 [L. B. Ward / *488 l7B do I. M. De Varona 'i . . . *489 L. B. Ward . i / 7B... }7B... 7B... 7C.... 7 C Merrick Water Co. *490 E. C. Oammann, secretary. . fl. M. De Varona E.B.Ward *491 fMatowa pumping sta- \ tion, do /Department water supply, \ gas, and electricity. I 1 *492 Commission fWantagh pumping sta- \ tion. do /Department water supply, 1 gas. and electricity. Commission I [I. M. De Varona *493 |L. B.Ward / *494 Commission *495 Wantagli do do . .do *496 7C . -do do *497 do 70 . do . .. .....do *498 Camp meeting grounds. Smith-ialle South Hempstead Plains 7C do do 499 7 C do . do *500 70?... U.S. Army Camp Black Dollard Bros Dollard Bros | *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Foreman for P. H. & J. Conlan. b Ann. Kept. Dept. of City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 263, 1897. c Average of whole station, June 17, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. d Samples show depth of 110 feet. « Average of whole station for 1899. /See Table VIII. » History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 1896, p. 78. i REPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 147 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above (+) or below(— ) ground level. Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 3 6 6 Feet. 97 230 225 210 342 92 162 265 110 148 132 123.5 91.9 105 138 108 144 60 Feet. 95-97 230 225 Feet. + 6 Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows.' + 2 + 2.5 - 90 -125 - 94 -110 -114 - 93.5 - 76 - 80 Gallons. Jameco? Llovd sand Flows 30 gallons per minute 469 30 5 470 do 471 do 47? 6 2 2 24 2i 260-342 13 25 162 260-265 10 I. do 473 Pleistocene Test wells 474 1 + 12 + 10 475 do 476 Reported as all sand and gi'avel 477 25 + 25 +40 + 2.5 478 479 6. 6 4 4 3 3 480 481 48' 483 - 70 - 60 Flows. 484 + 25 Group of 3 wells 48,5 486 c3,131 e361 Pleistocene 1487 488 6 4i-6 4i-6 4i d 33-91 37 f 45 1106-109 40-110 30^0 1 83 Tisbury; Jameco ? . . . Pleistocene Group of 32 wells Group of 40 wells; abandoned because of ex- cess of chlorine. Group of 62 wells '3,259 e378 1 = Tisbury; Jameco ? ... do : 1489 - 4 1 - 8 Pleistocene Group of 8 wells ■1 6-35 No water below 40 feet 1490 [CO i3,122 e618 Formerly called Newbridge 1 4i 2 38-97 20 1 ~ ® 1 fc Flow. [Tisbury > Group of 46 wells 1491 Jameco ? ((./■) Commission No. 1161. Slichter underflow station No. 3. 1 492 ! 2,777 1 4i-6 2 2 2 2 2 2 24-92 20 71 83 13 17 14 22 I - 2.7 1 k Flow, [Group of 49 wells l493 Slichter underflow station No. 2, commis- sion No. 1176. Commission No. 1272. Slichter underflow station No. 2. Commission No. 1293. Slichter underflow station No. 15. Commission No. 13.56 1 494 m Flows. m Flows. 495 49fi 497 Commission No. 1357 498 Commission No 1375 499 - 17 Pleistocene ? 500 '' Ann Rept. Dept. of City Works, Brooklyn, 1896, p. 266. 1897; History and Description of the Water Supply of Brooklyn, 1896, p 79 i Average of whole station, Jan. 23, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. .;■ Average of whole station, Sept. 23, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896 k Deep wells onlv ' Average of whole station from July 16, 1896, to Dec. 31, 1896. «i Flow began at 62 feet. 148 ITNDEBGKOUND WATER EES0UKCE8 OF LONG ISLATSTD, NEW YOEK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. *501 *502 *503 504 *505 *506 *507 *508 *509 510 *511 *512 *513 *514 *515 *516 *517 *518 *519 *520 *521 *522 *523 *524 *525 *526 *527 *528 *529 *530 *531 *532 *533 *534 *535 536 537 538 *539 540 541 *542 -*543 Location. Hicks ville . ....do ....do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Westbury Old Westbury. -...do Wheatley Hills . Jericho ....do .do. .do. -do. Syosset do Broolrville do East Norwich. do ....do Oyster Bay. .:..do ....do ....do ....do....... ....do ....do ....do ....do do -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. Coordi- nates. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7 D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.. 7D.". 7D.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E.. 7E .. 7E .. 7E ., 7E ., '7E ., Owner. Commission do Nassau County Water Co . Fassbender & Stande. . . -. H.J. Heinz Co Commission Joseph Steinart St. John's Protectory. Colored Children's Home. Robert Winthrop Wm. Payne Thompson. . . J. H. Harriman. Commission H. R. Winthrop. Theo. Willis Jacob Jackson. -- Jtiles Kunz Allard & McGuire . John Kennedy Cotmty poor farm. Henry Rushmore. . Commission Qutnan Ludlum Nassau County Water Co . Townsend Underbill. Charles Weeks John M. Sammis VanSis9& Co D. W. Smith A. S. Hutchinson E. K. Hutchinson. . . Townsend heirs Jas. Norton Capt. Alfred Ludlum. Mrs. Coles White John M. Sammis Peter N. Lay ton A. J. & A. S. Hutchinson. Oysterman's Dock Co Long Island R. R Dr. O. L. Jones do Driller. W. C. Jaegle. ....do W. C. Jaegle. ....do....... F. K. Walsh. Ed. Schmidt. Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. C. H. Danis Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. Geo. Schmidt W. C. Jaegle J. W. Hendrickson W. C. Jaegle ....do E. K. Hutchinson. C. H. Danis. do E. K. Hutchinson. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. Authority. ■Commission do :.. Oscar Darling, consulting engtaeer. Fassbender & Stande W. C. Jaegle Commission Joseph Stetaart St. John's Protectory F. K. Walsh Ed. Schmidt Robert Winthrop G. H. Pease, foreman . . Ed. Danis, foreman. . Commission Thos. Shay, foreman. Geo. Schmidt .' W.C. Jaegle Long Island Historical So- ciety. W. C. Jaegle .....do C. A. Zanor, foreman J. L. Bogart... Commission C. H. Danis do /Oscar Darling, consulting \ engineer. A. S. Hutchinson b do The Long Islander « A. S. Hutchinson b do E. K. Hutchinson. do .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. E. K. Hutchinson. do E. M. Sammis b . . . . Peter N. Layton b A. S. Hutchinson b do Engineer b A.'S. Hutchinson') R. F. Nichols, foreman. *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. oSee Table VIII. Records transmitted to the Survey by Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon, civil engineer and geologist. Oyster Bay, N. Y. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 149 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of weU. Depth of welL Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 2 2 8 6 42-4 2 6 6 6 36 10 Feet. 56 135.5 85 79 90 80.5 150 73 80 60 377 209 220 60 183 175 168 147.5 53 + 150 278 396 23 224 149 160 35 165 110 140 56 65 aO-lCO 83 133 65-70 82 118 115 60 48 190 36 20 126 220 Feet. Feet. Gallons. CoTntnissinn Nn. 909 501 Commission No. 955 ,50? 63-85 - 63 - 71 - 68 Tisbury 2 wells "503 Lai-ge. 4 Tisbury? 504 Cretaceous 505 Commission No. 1142 ,506 130-150 - 75 - 61 - 60 - 35 -200 ,507 35 * ,5(W Small. 25 60 + 25 ,509 Cretaceous . Water slightly hard 510 195-205 200-220 do .511 -180 do .512 2 3 6 36-3 36 Commission No. 1193 .51, S 150-183 -150 -160 -165 Cretaceous .514 Cretaceous ? .551 Originally reported 210 feet deep .516 ,517 47-50 Large. ,518 Well "blows" at a depth of 150 feet .519 -105 ,520 .521 2 3 3 1 :' 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ! : 2 3 1| 5 2 4 2 4 Commission No. 1192 ,522 5?.S -213 524 4-10 10-30 162 90-110 Abandoned 1.525 + 13 Flows. Flows. + 1.5 Flows. + 6 Group of wells JC) cdlOO c20 ,5?6 do 527 Snouder's pharmacy 528 53-57 c3 c5 c8.5 .-/21 c/15 c4 c2 c30 c7.5 c5.5 cl c70 4-5 +66 18 0-26.5 Original flow 9 gallons . ... .5W do Original flow 15 gallons .- do ,5.30 do do ,531 ,5,32 Flows. do 5,33 do do do do Original flow 10 gallons .5.34 + 2.3 + 7 + 1.5 + 2 + .3 + 17 Flows. - 10 + 9 Original flow 9 to 10 gallons Original flow 36 gallons [t)35 .536 do ,537 do do Ceases to flow at low tide ,538 185 .5.39 Does not flow at low tide .540 541 Jameco? 542 do 1 543 c Rate of flow varies with the tide. d Flow at ground level. At + 17 feet furnishes 5 gallons per minute. e Huntington, N.Y., June 15, 1895. / Initial flow. g Flow at low tide JiUy 30, 1903. 150 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. DrOler. Authority. *544 Oyster Bay 7E ..'. 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 7E ... 8B ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C ... 8C.... 8 0.... 8C.... 8 C. . . . 8C.... 8D... SD... 8D... 8D... 8D... 8D... Mohannes Casino E . K. Hutchinson do A. S. Hutchinson o- do .. *M.'i do ♦.Mfi do R. F. Nichols.. *M7 do *MH do E. K. Hutchinson do E. K. Hutchinson *.=i4P do Wm. Trotter . do .S.W do do *,W1 do do fEd. Schmidt Ed. Schmidt *,',W [H. J. Dubois do *.W,S E. K. Hutelunson P. H. & J. Conlan E. K. Hutchinson ; R. F. Nichols, foreman..... G. M. Fletcher... : *^M Center Island G. C. MacKenzie *.W.'i do G. M. Fletcher do *.'),'ifi do C. S. Sherman do E. K. Hutchinson ♦.'i.'i? do S. T. Shaw Colgate Hoyt C, W. Wetmore do .....do do G. M. Fletcher *.55S do *nm do do. *nm BayvUle R. F. Nichols R.F.Nichols 561 do Mrs. Elizabeth Godfrey Winslow Pierce George Schmidt E. K. Hutchinson George Schmidt C. H. banis J.Elliott Walter Dudley *562 do A. Neilson, superintendent. Edward Knierum 563 do *.564 Mill Neck Irving Cox.. C. H. Danis 565 J. EUiott *^m Massapequa pumping station. do Commission *567 /Department water supply, \ gas, and electricity. Amityville Water Co 1 I. M. De Varona L.B.Ward Amityville ) *568 S. Ketohem. secretary Commission do *569 *570 do do *571 do do .do... *572 do do .do *573 do do .do *574 do do ...do *575 do do ...do *576 Central Park . . W. C. Jaegle W. C. Jaegle *577 Farm in gd ale Village of Farmingdale ,T. Keller & Sons J. Elliott J. E'Uott *578 do do do 579 do *580 .do Commission 581 do W. Smith •T. Elliott. J. Elliott *582 Plfl.invip.w Chas. Keil J. H. Gutheil J. H. Gutheil *583 do Harms estate W. C. Jaegle W. C. Jaegle *584 do . J. Elliott J. EUiott *585 West Hills J. H. Gutheil J. H. Gutheil *,586 do H. L. Stimpson H.J. Dubois H.J.Dubois *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Records transmitted to the Survey by Mr. W. H. C. Pynohon, civO engineer and geologist, Oyster Bay, N. Y. b Flow varies with the tide. c Depth July, 1903, 188.3. EEPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 151 on Long Island — Continued. Diam- eter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal \vater supply. Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 3 2 3 2 Feet. 99 107 C200 155.5 227 105 90 77 259 60 212 465 378 370 351 292 320 318 295 23 40 80 45 330 27 24 Feet. Feet. Gallons. 6 20-100 6 18 no 1)25 I Jameco? 544 + 2 Flows. Flows. do 545 do 546 .. ..do 547 130 105 Flows. Flows. Flows. - 1 - 3 + 13 Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. Plows. Flows. Flows. - 17i - 27 548 3 3 2J 4 2 J 6 100 (-100 Jameco ? 549 do 550 259 Cretaceous .... Well flows into pit. . . 551 1 65 552 1 Lloyd sand . Abandoned because of breaking of pipe 465 5.53 b 4:5-75 6 30 6 20-30 5-6 50 25 8 83 25 +25 Large. 6 120 .. ..do .. 554 360 .do 555 .. ..do. . 556 Cretaceous Does not flow at low tide 557 300-320 300-318 Lloyd sand do 558 do 559 Lloyd sand ■160 84 f 60-6 1 6 6 3 8 2 Pleistocene Private water supply system supplying Pine Island Park and vicinity. ,561 do do MV, - 39 do 563 300-330 ,564 - 22 2 tile wells ,565 Commission No. 1173. Slichter underflow station No. 1. 566 8 638 .Commission No. 826 . 639 ~ Commission No. 763 Commission No. 758 640 141 Commission No. 772 64'' The Colonial spring and the Mo-Mo-Ne spring. 643 136 56 -124 - 44 644 8 645 646 3 30^ . 2 8. 3 4 3 3 374 267 2a5 60 102 75 238 185 42 131 117 -150 -120 -113 - 5 - 5 4- 2 -188? - 75 - 13 - 28 - 19 20 10 7-8 a 150 100 Cretaceous Small water-bearing horizon at 100 feet 647 do 64S 649 3 wells hMn Light-colored gravel to 102 feet 651 65'> 653 175-185 654 25 655 Bluish sandy clay to 131 feel 656 657 , 200 C125 12 +25 Pleistocene Springs 1 8 2 6 2i 1} 30 2 4 3 3 3 50 51 186 196 92 15 Flows. Flows. -172 -141 Flows. - n + 5 - 48 - 42 -130 -100 Tisbury Elevation 32 feet 1.658 do (.''; 172-186 Soft water 659 660 10-15 661 L^sed for botthng . . . 66'' Pleistocene Depth shallow, flows 2 gallons perminute. . 663 75 50 143 127 28-55 340 366 270 140 22 70 40-45 67-75 Large. 30 664 665 All sand and gravel 666 do 667 Group ol wells, all fine white sand 668 3 d Flows. Flows. Flows. - 60 - 6 - 8 - 4 Salt water; abandoned 669 .. .do 670 3-2 6 1 200 1 270 14 8 Cretaceous Dirty water 1 do 671 Pleistocene? 67'' 673 8 5 /.300 y 1,545 Group of 4 wells ''674 do Group of 20 wells 6675 c Yield to pumps. d Slight flow of salty water at high tide. « Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey lor 1899, 1900, p. 79. / Each well. a Estimated capacity of whole station. . 17116— No. 44—06- -11 156 UNDEKGEOUND WATER EESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. , Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. 676 Deerpark 10 D.. 10 E.. 10 E.. 10 E.. 10 E.. 10 E.. 10 E?. 10 E.. 10 E.. 10 E.. 10 E. . 10 E. . 10 E.. 10 E. . 10 E.. lie. . 11 C H. G. Totten H. G. Totten 677 678 .do Victor V. Smith i Victor F. Smith j 679 do J. Otis Smith J. Otis Smith *680 TTings Pfl.rk Carl S. Burr H. J- Dnbms *681 Captain Clarke do rlo_ 682 *683 684 do *685 Middleville Edward Thompson J". F. McGifl H.J.Dubois A. J. Velsor Edward Thompson A. J. Velsor. . . *686 Fort Salonga . 687 do Edward Rowley do fin *688 . ..do Doctor GQlette do . do _ . _ - . _ 1 689 .. ..do H. C. Brown H.C.Brown 690 do Justin Butterfield A. .1. Velsor Justin Butteriield Great South Bay Water Co . *69l do Strong Ed. Schmidt *692 Ed. Schmidt 693 Islip n c General *694 Bayshore n C Commission *695 do 11 c. . do........ do *696 East Islip 11 c. . 11 D.. 11 D do .do *697 Brentwood do .do *698 . .do. do do =i-699 Islip . . . 11 D.. 11 D do :. do *700 do do do .... *701 do 11 D do do *702 Central Islip UD.. 11 D. do do *703 do do do !. .do 704 11 D.. 11 D.. U D.. 11 D.. U D.. 11 D.. 11 D.. HE.. HE.. HE.. HE.. HE. . HE. . HE. . Manhattan State Hospital . Dr. G. A. Smith, superin- tendent. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer. J. Elliott *705 Brentwood do St. Joseph's in the Pines *706 General J. Elliott . *707 do *708 do do do 709 Central Islip General *710 Hauppauge Chas. Blyndenburgh C. B. Pedrick C. E. Price C E Price *711 Smithtown do .. do . . *712 do J. B. Payne. J. B. Payne J. B. Payne *713 Smithtown Branch do Fredrick Noback C. E. Price . .. C. E. Price *714 C.D.Smith J. B. Redwood. ... J. B. Redwood- T. B. Rogers . ..do *715 do E.M. Smith T. B. Rogers *71fi do do *717 do Rassapeaque Club N.W. Davis N.W. Davis *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. RBPEESENTATIVE WELLS. 157 on Long Island— Continned. Diameter of well. ! Depth of Depth of ' principal well. water supply. Height of water ahove(+) or below(— ) ground level. Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. ^ Inches. 30 Feet. 43 15-75 96 110 142 170 136 152 153 .33 33 162 45 120 106 73 116 106 60 +262 67 112-15 102.5 36 30 30 30.5 40.5 41 35 25 35 40 52 50-80 103 44 50-60 49.5 168 127 125 95 100 160 18 Feet. Feet. - 37 1 Gallons. J 15-30 1 50-75 36 36-6 36-3 36-3 72 6 30 f IJ 1 ^ 6 I 6-l| 36^ 33 1 - 93 - 95 Soft water do 138-142 Large. Smah. -100 -142 -148 Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. -110 -100 - 66 Tisbury All sand and gravel 50 10 120 All sand and gravel Small. 4 48 ' 5 -100 Pleistocene Group of wells; abandoned. . . 1 262 Flows. - 7 a- 8 49.5 1 2 Pleistocene 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 Commission No. 861 t Commission No. 843 Cnrnmissinn Nn. lORfi Commission No. 1087 Commission No. 1088 Commission No. 842 \ 1 - 21 - 25 f - 28 1 - 52 i> + 125 150 Pleistocene Group of 17 wells Pleistocene ? Pleistocene 2 2 f - 45 1 - 50 - 43 1 Pleistocene? 165-168 2 36-2 - 30 - 50 - 84 - 85 125 Pleistocene do 6 6 Flows. 60 1 ' No. 676 677 678 681 682 683 684 685 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 a Average for this vicinity. b For whole system. 158 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, Table XI. — Representative wells No. *718 *719 720 *721 *722 *723 *724 725 726 *727 728 • *729 *730 *731 *732 733 *734 735 ♦736 *737 *738 *739 *740 *741 742 *743 *744 *745 *746 747 748 *749 *750 *751 *752 *753 *754 *755 *756 *757 758 *759 *760 *761 *762 *763 *764' *765 Location. Coordi- nates. King's Park HE. do U E. Nissequogue River ! HE. do j 11 E. do ■ 11 E. Stony Brook Harbor... J HE. ....do ' 11 E. Oakdale I 12 C . ....do...'. 12C . ....do 12 C. WestSayville 12 C . Sayville : 12 C . Ronkonkoma 12 D . do do do do Lake Ronkonkoma. do .do. do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do Lake Grove.. ....do ....do ....do ....do St. James ....do ....do ....do do do do do Stony Brook. do do Setauket do do do do do 12 D. 12 D. iSD. 12 D. 12 D. 12 D. 12 D. 12 D. 12 D. 12 D. 12 D. 12 D. 12 D. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 E. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. *For Owner. Society of St. Johnsland Long Island State Hospital. W. W. Kenyon W. J.Matherson L. Harris R. H. Smith ". H. W. Reboul W. K. Vanderbilt F. G. Bourne C. R. Roberts General. Commission . . . do do do General JohnKlaiber.. P. G. Hallock. Wm. Ralston. J. Weber George E. Plimkett R. W. Newton. W. Imhauser estate Nelson Newton E. Hollis Newton W. H. Warner , John Morrissey Irving Overton Dr. Monecke M. A. Metzner B. Franklin Hallock Commission Father Ducey Jerome Saxe D. Emmett ....do ....do Commission ....do Chas. T. Darling Wm. Shipman estate George Erland, sr Woodhuil Rowland Wm. Clarke Howard Wallace Wilmot T. Cox Nort House Chas. Benner. additional data see descriptive Driller. George Schmidt Hudson Engineering and Contracting Co. H. J. Dubois C. H. Danis T. B. Rogers do do J. Elliott do Theo. J. Kirk S. E. Terry Arthur & Tuthill. Wm. Ralston Arthur & Tuthill . -...do T. B. Rogers Arthur & Tuthill. Wm. Ralston Arthur & Tuthill. S. E. Terry ....do ....do T. B. Rogers. T. B. Rogers .-..do ....do ....do A. J. Velsor.. Plat Gildersleeve . . . ....do T. B. Rogers ....do ....do ....do E. K. Hutchinson. . Nelson W. Davis . . . ....do notes, pp. 168 et seq. Authority. Society of St. Johnsland Long Island State Hospital. H.J. Dubois C. H. Danis T. B. Rogers,; do........ do J. Elliott ■ do Theo. J. Kirk '. . . Postmaster... Commission... do do ....do... Postmaster. .. S. E. Terry... W. T. Arthur. Wm. Ralston. W. T. Arthur. ....do T. B.- Rogers W. T. Arthur Wm. Ralston E. Hollis Newton W. T. Arthur S. E. Terry ....do ....do B. Franklin Hallock. do Commission T. B. Rogers do ....do ....do A. J. Velsor - Commission ....do Chas. T. Darling- ....do T. B. Rogers do..: do do Wilmot T. Cox Nelson W . Davis do i KEPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 159 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or beIow(— ) ground level. Supply per mmute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 6 6 4 3 Feet. 68 90 212 140 100 117 110 50 40 170 10-50 45 62 56 25 60-90 81 73 54 117 70 60 75 33 27 47 86 58 24 Feet. Feet. - 55 a Flow. -114 - 8 - 80 - 60 - 80 - 10 - 5 Gallons. Hard water 718 40 196-212 6 625 Pleistocene Group of 12 wells. Water hard and salty. . 719 7?0 Cretaceous ? Tisbury Tisbury ? 7''1 7''? 7?3 do All sand 7''4 12 12 2 Pleistocene 2 tile wells do "''5 do "•'6 Wfl.tpr nn.^fltisfilf'tnrv 7''7 1 ~ ^^ I - 20 1 7''S 2 2 2 2 1 Commission No. 1198 Commission No. 1196 Commission No. 1200 Commission No. 1202 7W 730 731 732 - 65 - 63 - 63 - 50 1- - 62 - 48 - 8 - 30 - 23 - 35 - 72 - 52 - 17 733 8 li 36 ii 36-lJ 6 14 36 40 i 8 8 8 63-81 63-73 734 735 736 f 32 1 112 do 737 738 739 740 741 5 Hard water 742 Water used for local irrigation 743 744 ' 745 Clay 8 to 21 feet 746 Group of 4 wells used for irrigation 747 2 2 6 t 6 6 6 36 2 2 30-6 36 6 6 6 6 6 2 3 38 59 150 250 300 97 160 90 70 123 90 107 252 90 70 320 40 SO - 28 1 1 748 Commission No. 1205 749 -132 -208? - 90 - 83 -156 Large. Pleistocene Tisbury 7.50 751 752 7.53 7.54 Tisburj' Commission No. 1206 7.55 .. do.. 756 88.5-123 - 88.5 do... 7.57 do do 758 7.59 Cretaceous 760 - 75 - 50 Flows. - 24 - 44 7fil 76? + 18 Flow varies with the tide 763 764 do 765 a When not pumping. i> Yield to pumps from whole plant of 12 wells. 160 UNDERGEOUND WATER EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. *766 767 *770 *771 *772 *773 *774 *77.5 *778 *7/9 *780 *781 *782 783 *784 *785 *786 *787 *788 *789 *790 *791 *792 *793 *794 *795 *796 *797 *798 799 *800 *801 802 *803 *804 805 *806 810 *811 *812 *813 Crane Neck do do Old Field Point do Mount Misery Point. . . Sayrille Bayport station Patchogue -do. do do do do do do Holbrook HoltsvUle Farmingville do do do do do Farmingville (?). Selden do do New Village Terryville do Echo do do Port Jefferson . . . do do do do do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do Mount Sinai. Bellport Elversley Childs . . , Frank Melville, jr. John Thatcher General. T. B. Rogers. do do. do do Cole Bros General Long Island R. R. Sea Cliff Hotel Arthur & Tuthill . Theo. J. Ejrk Nassau Oyster Co. .do. .do. Theo. J. Kirk. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 12 F. 13 C . 13 C . 13 C . 13 C . 13 D. 13 D. 13 D. 13 D. 13 D. 13 D., 13 D. 13 D. 13 E . , 13 E.. 13 E., 13 E. 13 E. 13 E. 13 E ? 13 E. 13 E. 13 E. 13 E. 13 E. 13 E. 13 F. 13 F. 13 F. 13 F. 13 F. 13 F . . 13 F . 13 F . 13 F. 13 F . 13 F. 13 F. 13 F. , 13 F . . 13 F. 13 F. , 14 D.. *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. Theo. J. Kirk Great South Bay Water Co Commission do do do Reynolds C. B. Dedrick Commission A. P. Terry August Fuch D. Schwarting Wm. Clark Mrs. Max Richter Frank Franz John F. Byrne Doctor Emerson Axel Hodges Adolph Sembler Commission do do do .-.-. Thos. Marsh J. J. Overton J. L. DarUng J. H Davis do Port Jefferson Water Co I T. B. Rogers S. E. Terry... ....do ....do ....do ....do Theo. J. Kirk. S. E. Terry... ....do ....do ....do Nelson W. Davis. ....do ....do Nelson W. Davis. Dryer A. T. Norton J. W. Brown J. Biddle Port Jefferson Fire Co. Port Jefferson Co do J. H. Hopkins.. - Joseph M. Shaw. Nelson W. Davis . do .do. .do. .do. .do. T.'B. Rogers.. do do do do Cole Bros..... Postmaster . . W. T. Arthur. Theo. J. Kirk. .do. Commission do do do Theo. J. Ku-k C. B. Dedrick Commission S. E. Terry... ....do do do do Theo. J. Kirk S. E. Terry do do do.. Commission do do '.... do Nelson W. Da'S'ls. do do do T. B. Rogers Nelson W. Davis . do .do. .do. .do. .do. Pierce Well Engineering Pierce Well Engineering Co. Co. T. B. Rogers Nelson W. Da^is. Arthur & Tuthill . T. B. Rogers Nelson W. Davis. W. T. Arthur KEPKESENTATIVE WELLS. 161 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(-l-) or below(— ) ground level. Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. Feet. 38 80 65 50 43 275 40-45 28 Feet. Feet. - 12? Gallons. Pleistocene Salt water 766 6 6 6 li 8-6 Tisbury? 767 - 30 + 15 768 769 Salt water 36 Fresh water 770 771 772 773 774 [775 '776 Well abandoned - 30 Pleistocene li 8 72 19 ! I ^ 1 2 2 '* Black water" abandoned - 17 - 18 28 Shallow Pumping station Commission No. 1145 a777 2 2 2 2 IJ 36 2 12 8 8 8 8 2 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 150 50 50 51 90 46 50 110 70 27 59 60 80 64 59 38 38 70 59 85 90 150 20 96 ±25 54 75.5 60 140 90 120 Shallow. 35 370 95 45 778 1 Commission No. 1184 779 Commission No. 1007 ' 780 Commission No. 1169 781 - 80 - 40 Tisbury? 782 783 Commission No. 1008 . . -. 784 Pleistocene 785 - 65 - 22 - 52 - 54 - 70 do 786 do 787 do 788 789 1 790 791 - 54 - 26 - 32 792 793 794 Commission ISIo. 1237 795 Tisbury? Commission No. 1214 796 Commission No. 1233 797 Commission No. 1215 798 -145 Flows. - 40 Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. Large. 799 4 3 2 6 6 li li 2 3 800 801 5 802 Pleistocene do 2 wells. Pumps 133 gallons per well per minute. '803 25 804 This well ceased to flow when No. 804 was completed. 805 140 1 806 - 70 -110 807 1 808 100 Pleistocene Wells for fire protection 809 2 Flows. Temperature 58° F.; pmnps 42 gallons per ' minute. 810 Small. Good. Cretaceous 811 2i li - 88 - 20 812 813 a See Table VIII. 162 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUEOES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. *814 815 817 *818 *819 820 821 *822 823 *824 *825 *826 *827 *830 *831 *832 *833 834 835 *836 837 *838 *839 *840 *841 *842 *843 *844 *845 *846 *847 *848 *849 *850 *851 *852 853 *854a *855 Location. 2 miles west of Yaphank station. Yaphank Coram Middle Island. do Coordi- nates. 14 D. 14 E. 14 E. 14 E. 14 E. Rocky Pomt ' 14 F . do 14r. Brookhaven ] 15 D . Manorville Wading River. "Wardenclvffe.. .do. Woodville Landing. do - Wading River... do do Center Moriches . do do do .....do East Moriches. . do South Manor. ... do - do -do. do Manorville . do ;...do do .do. Hulse Landing. . Remsenburg Speonk do do f Calverton [....do BaitiBg Hollow. do ISE . 15 F . 15 F . IS F . 15 F . 15 F . 15 F . IS F . 15 F . 161). 16 D. 16 D. 16 D. 16 D. 16 1). 16 D. 16 E. 16 E . 16 E . Owner. Walter McGee. Dr. C. A. Baker. E.S. Still... Wnl. Davis. Judge Bartlett. Hawman Bros Long Island R. R. General . Mrs. Groty Mary Miller Geo. E. Hageman. Nikola Tesla . North Shore Industrial Co J . S. Warden Wardenclyfie Brick and Tile Co. Long Island R. R Mrs. De Groat S.W.Wheeler Dr. Wm. Carr Otto Lauraman Wm. Hallock Kroln Dr. A. J. Woodruff. W. Fi'ank Smith... George Harris Wesley Yotmg Alfred Steele Benj. Raynor 16 E .'. Wallace Raynor. 16 E.. 16 E.. 16 E .. 16E .. 16E .. 16E .. 16E .. 17 D.. 17 D.. 17 D.. 17 D.. 17 E.. 17 E.. 17 F.. 17 F.. Porter Howell J. W. Niehol M. E. Raynor Long Island R. R . Mrs. Jones Preston Raynor . Dr. J. H. Darlington. R. B. Dayton Jacob Raynor Ellsworth Raynor . . . W. C. Rogers Mrs. Robinson General. . . .- Chas. H. WeUs Charles Warner DrOler. S. E. Terry. S. E. Terry Nelson W. Davis. S. E. Terry Nelson W. Davis. J. W. Niehol Preston Raynor . . Nelson W. Davis: [T. B. Rogers IW.H. Beers DoUard Bros J. W. Niehol Nelson W. Davis. Robinson Bros. . . ....:do do do Arthur* Tuthni. J. W. Niehol. do do .do. .do. .do. .do. J. W. Niehol. Preston Raynor . W.H. Beers Arthur & TuthUl . do do...... Wm. V. Young... Wm. V. Young... Arthur & TuthUl. Authority. S. E. Terry. Dr. C. A. Baker. S. E. Terry....... Nelson W. Davis . S. E. Terry. Nelson W. Davis.. Long Island R. R. Postmaster J. W. Niehol Preston Raynor. . Nelson W. Davis. Nikola Tesla . . . . . W.H. Beers Jas. S. Warden. . . S. B. Saxe Jas. S. "Warden. .. DoUard Bros. J. W. Niehol Nelson W. Davis. Robinson Bros. . . do do.... do W. T. Arthur W. Frank Smith. George Harris . . 1 . J. W. Niehol do do '. .do. ....do do do Long Island R . R . J. W. Nichoi Preston Raynor. Dr. J. H. Darlington . R. B. Dayton W. T. Arthur do.. ....do Wm. V. Young Postmaster Wm. V.Young W. T.Arthur *For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seg. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 163 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Inches. 8 36 li 60-8 48-3 28 Depth of well. Feet. 18-24 33 62 39 128 120 14-20 29 50 123 166 347 94 90 57 110 38 68 20 34 20 67 26 33 60 22 15 24 36 20 12 15 Depth of principal water supply. Feet. 29 +.36 Height of water above(+)[ Supply or below (—) ground level. per minute. Feet, i Gallons. - 62 1 16 18 - 12 - 30 -121 -106 - 8 - 10 - 21 12-15 -113 -110 57 50 4 Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Wisconsin . Wisconsin . Tisburv?. . Tisbury?. Tisbury . 28 - 10 - 28 - 56. 5 - 18 - 12 - 22 f - -^ 1-10 - 15 - 9 - 12 Tisbury. Jameco?. Tisbury Pleistocene . do do do do do do Pleistocene? . .do. .do. -do. Remarks. All morainal material Medium white sand to 62 feet. Clay 3 to 29 feet All sand and gravel . Water pure and soft . Experimental well , . . Clay from to 47 feet. Abandoned . All sand and gravel do Soft water do Sand and stones 2 to 22 feet . Sand 2 to 15 feet Clay 22 to 24-1- feet Clay 3 to 15, 19 to 36 feet . Clay 6 to 7 feet . No. 814 815 816 817 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 l847 850 851 852 853 854 855 42 42 32 92 25 29 26 26 65 20-50 105 99 Pleistocene?. 92 10-25 Clay 3 to 42 feet.. Clay 3 to 40 feet.. Clay 12 to 28 feet . ~ 87 - 10 - 21 Large. 20 Pleistocene . do Clay 21 to 25 feet. Clay 18 to 20 feet. Pleistocene. . Pleistocene?. - 20 - 54 - 20 - 94 - 90 a Other wells also numbered 8-54 have similar sections. All sand and gravel . 164 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wells No. Location. Coordi- nates. Owner. Driller. Authority. , *856 Baiting Hollow 17 F.. 17 F.. 18 D.. 18 D.. 18 D.. 18 D.. 18 D.. 18 E.. 18 E.. 18 E.. 18 F. . 18-19 F 19 E . . 19 E.. 19 F.. 19 F. . 19 F?.. 19 F.. 19 F-G 20 E.. 20-21 F 20 F.. 20 F.. 20-21 G 21 E.. 21 E . . 21 E.. 21 E. . 21 G.. 21 G.. 21 G.. 21 G.. 21 G . . 21 G.. 21 G . . 21 H. . 21 H.. 21 H.. Howell Sandford Arthur & Tuthill S. E. Terrv W.T. Arthur.. *856A Sydney Shaw S. E. Terry.. *857 West Hampton Beach. Quogue Beach Augustus Zabriskie : . . . Hallook & Small Arthur & Tuthill Nelson W. Davis .do.. W.T.Arthur... *858 Nelson W. Davis *859 Asha'B. Hallock Asha B. Hallock *860 do .T. Wendell Cole Bros Cole Bros ... *861 do Quantuok Water Co Henry Gardner, treasurer. . Long Island R. R . . . 862 Quogue Station Long Island R. R Riverhead Waterworks... . Yetter & Moore Nelson W. Davis W. V. Young (•Nelson W. Davis. . *863 ^John R. Perkins do *864 AV. V.Young... 865 Chas. Wells A. 0. Ryder . do A. 0. Ryder ■ ' 866 Nicholas Bro\vn do 867 Good Ground do General S. L. Squires. ..... 868 Gilsey estate J. ElUott J. Elliott *869 Capt. Jas. Downs W.V.Young *870 do John J. McLaughlin Chas. Darling, consulting engineer. do 871 F. M. Lupton *872 do Long Island R. R Long Island R. R 873 do General Dr. E. K. Morton *874 Shinnecock Hills North Sea Thane Chester D. Corwin W T. Arthur Chester D. Corwin *875 Chas. W. Payne W. T. .Arthur 876 New Suffolk Donald Goldsmith .... Arthur & Tuthill . do .. *877 do Reid do do .878 Southold Nelson W. Davis Nelson W. Da^^s *879 Southampton Water Co fOscar Darling, consulting J engineer. Geo. Elliston, engineer W. T. Arthur ♦880 Hampton Park . do Mrs. S. F. McDonald Edward G. Whittaker Arthur & Tuthill do .. *881 do *88iA Water Mill General Frederick H. Rose *882 John F. Becker Harry Strausblnger do ... Harry Strausblnger do *883 do XJlmer *884 do John Weber do '. do *885 . ..do J. N. Steams A. 0. Ryder Nelson W. Davis A. Ryder .A.. 0. Rvder 886 do Mrs. Post Nelson W. Davis. . . 887 do do Capt. Max Walthers A. 0. Ryder A. 0. Ryder.. *88S do . do *889 Shelter Island Heights. (Shelter Island Heights As- t sociation. I /Wesley Smith, supeiintend- 1 ent. W. H. Havens, chief engi- neer. A. 0. Ryder *890 1 891 Greenport J. Madison Wells A. 0. Ryder *ror additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. < EEPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 165 on Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(-l-) or below(— ) ground level. Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. 2i 12-3 2-U Feet. 104 109 20 225 277 277 40 42^6 225 305 Feet. Feet. - 96 - 92 Gallons. 856 856 A Pleistocene Fluctuates with the tide 857 225 + 12 + 3 Flows. - 4 - 30 Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. Flows. - 5 -135 - 30 f c- 40 1 — 50 - 22 - 6 - 7 - 16 Cretaceous Flows 16 gallons per minute Flows 1 gallon per minute 858 do 859 8 8 4 ! : 1-2 a 347 do 860 Group of 6 wells '^ . 6 861 2 wells . - 862 (6) .... ■ S3 l 225 [ 305 863 L . Pumps 133 gallons f (*) 16 150 35 15-90 32 45 70 30 20 12-90 35 25 28.5 88 70 80 80 80 111 ^ 864 Pleistocene ? . . . All coarse white sand 865 Pleistocene All medium red sand 866 Fair. do 867 8 do All light-colored sand and gravel 868 869 1 : 4 60-70 30-40 50 All sand 870 Pleistocene do 871 872 f - 12 1 - 90 i Good. Pleistocene 873 do 874 14 ... -do.. 875 - 25 All white sand 876 li Clav 4 to 88 feet 877 Clay 40 to 60 feet 878 - 27 - 35 8 U 3 ^683 Small. Pleistocene Group of 3 wells 1 879 1 W Clay 34 to 80 feet 880 -100 Jameco?. . Clay 2 to 82 feet 881 Pleistocene .... 881 A 3H 3fi 52 43 53 36 60 73 62 33 60 36 65 45 882 Pleistocene 883 do .: . 884 - 30 - 50 - 68 - 50 - 18 Sankaty 885 Tisbury All sand and gravel 886 Tisbury? do 887 Sankatv 888 f 3fi-6 100 Tisbury 1 1 889 1 36 1 C) - 32 - 45 Tisbury Group of 18 wells 6890 35-45 Jameco? 891 o Estimated. b See Table VIII. c Average. d Test for whole station of 3 wells. 166 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XI. — Representative wMs No. *892 *893 *894 *895 896 *897 898 899 *900 *901 902 *903 *905 906 *907 *909 *910 *911 912 *913 *914 *915 *916 *917 *918 *919 Location. Coordi- nates. Greeaport 21 H. . do East Marion. do ....do 21 H. 21 H. 21 H. 21 H. Bridgehampton 22 F.. . do 22r... Sagaponaek \ 22 F... I .do. 22 F.. . Sag Harbor I 22 F.. do ! 22 F.. .do. -do. do Shelter Island do do Orient (Long Beach) Easthampton ' 23 F.. 22 F.. . 22 F... 22 F-G, 22 G... 22 G.. . 22 G... 22 H.. Plum Island. Owner. Driller. Village ol Greenport. Long Island R. R . East Marion Life- Saving j A. O. Ryder. Station. W. F. Furst ' General Jas: A. Sanford & Son , Jas. A. Sanford & Son. General ' I do J. Wilkes Hedges. John K. Morris... Sag Harbor Waterworks Co Fahy Watch Case Co. 23 I . . . Amagansett 24 F.. . do....- I 24F... Gull Island ! 24 I . . . Montauk 26 G... do 26 G... .-...do ' 26 G... j 26 G... Fishers Island ' 26 J... Chas. W. Payne F. M. Smith Doctor Benjamin J. Eugene Parker Orient Manufacturing Co . . . Easthampton Home Water Co. ■ U. S. Army I. H. Ford. E. Camerdon. Frank Wankel . A. 0. Ryder. do do Uriah White W. C. Jaegle. General -.. Long Island R. R. U. S. Array -do. Long Island R. R Fort Pond Great Pond E. M. & W. Ferguson j C. L. Grant. C. A. Lockwood. C. A. Lockwood. Authority. W. E. Reynolds. Long Island R. R. A. O. Ryder W. F. Furst. Postmaster Jas. A. Sanford. Postmaster do J. Wilkes Hedges . John K. Morris... E . Camerdon H. F. Cook, president. Frank Wankel. John H. Hunt. A. O. Ryder... do do J. A. Worthington, engi- neer. O. W. Degend. Postmaster C. A. Lockwood; O. W. Degentf... C. A. Lockwood. Long Island R. R. ....do do C. L. Grant .\. * For additional data see descriptive notes, pp. 168 et seq. a Reported test of first 4 wells. 6 See Table VIII. REPRESENTATIVE WELLS. 167 071 Long Island — Continued. Diameter of well. Depth of well. Depth of principal water supply. Height of water above(+) or below(— ) ground level. Supply per minute. Geologic horizon of water-bearing strata. Remarks. No. Inches. Feet. 28-48 690 J 15-20 1 12 50 35 18-36 300 20-60 20-40 Feet. Feet. Gallons. a 300 Pleistocene 665 Flow. Abandoned; rock below 670; supply very small. Yf 8f^ 1 - 48 Tisbury RP4 HP'S 1 -18 1 - 30 - 35 - 25 - 30 - 15 - 40 - 145? I Pleistocene S96 Cretaceous - 897 Pleistocene 898 .. . do . 899 do .. .' . 900 6 185 Pleistocene ? . 901 "Mineral springs;'' a large chalybeate spring Abandoned for sui'f ace supply 9n'> I ® 1 40-100 I 60 182 80 38 60 76 +406 75-86 f 69 85 i 89 20-50 107 291 [ 30 I 37 I - 3 . - 14 Pleistocene h()m 1 f 40 90 130 i 155-160 80 500 do /Abandoned because of contamination from I chemicals in factory. 905 - 35 - 40 - 71 Tisbury All sand 906 Sankatv ? 907 Tisbury 908 Struck rock and well abandoned 909 6 6 - 32J - 28 e- 45 - 67 / Flow. - 13 <:166 Pleistocene Group of 3 wells WIO 1 Pleistocene ? 911 1 Pleistocene qi9 10 8^ 8-10 + 15 do PIS 91 10 Salt water, to 110 feet; abandoned 914 52 69 [pleistocene 915 Analysis 916 .do 917 do 918 6 485 Rock at 204 feet; abandoned P19 cTest of single well. <2 Superintendent of construction and civil engineer, quartermaster's department. e Average. / Salt water. 168 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES. [Numbers in black-faced type correspond to those used in. the table preceding.] 1. The sample from this well preserved in Mr. Gregory's office, marked " Iloffmans Island 210 feet," is a dark, bluish-gray sand, apparently glacial. Record of quarantine station well, Hoffmann Island, New Yorlc. Feet. L Sand, clay, and gravel, with salt water 0-450 2. Rock, with salt water. .. . 450-750 3. Rock, with fresh water 750-1, 000 2. In 1867 John Nadir, United States engineer at Fort Hamilton, carefully examined the underlying for- mations at Fort Lafayette, making borings 800 to 1,000 feet from the shore. These borings showed the follow- ing section; a Generalized record of United States Army test borings at Fort Lafayette, N. Y. Feet. 1. Coarse sand and gravel, with a few broken shells 0-20 2. Decayed marsh or meadow mud with diatomacese and spiculse of sponges and shells 20-23 3. Gravel and sand containing many broken shells 23-40- 4. Mud, quite compact, which appears to have been a marsh with scanty vegetation, rather than a meadow. In this formation a great number of shells were found which were identified as Nassa ohsoleta, Anomia ephippium, Mya arenaria,Crepidvla fornicata, Solen ensis, Mytilus edvlis : 40-53 3. See plan and cross section of south Brooklyn tunnel, by Isaiah Bowman, from notes furnished by J. C. Meem, civil engineer (PI. XXV). Mr. Meem states that in order to keep the tunnel dry 750,000 to 1,000,000 gallons per day were pumped from each of the seven shafts. 4. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data:& "This company has no municipal contract. Its area of operation comprises Blythebourne and Borough Park tracts, situated in the Thirtieth Ward. The supply is pumped from open wells at a depth of 80 feet. The works consist of 1 principal pumping station, and 1 reserve station, also 5 elevated tanks (wooden structures) of 25,000 gallons each. Daily pumpage 200,000 gallons. An average of 106,000 gallons per day is also received from the city." 5. Mr. J. C. Breckenridge, general manager of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, in a letter dated April 29, 1901, gives the following data regarding this well: " Well was put down 1,503 feet; 8 inches in diameter to 1,000 feet, and 6 inches below that point. It was nevei' pumped to determine the yield, as the water always tested salty and unfit for boiler use. The original plan was to go down to a fissure in the bed rock where it was supposed a stream of running water suitable for boiler use could be found. The nature of the material penetrated was .as follows : Record of Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's well at Brooklyn, N. Y. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand .-.-. 0-73 2. Clay 73-95 Sankaty: 3. Fine sand 95-101 4. Clay , 101-139 Jameco: 5. "Hard pan," with small stones, black, and varying in size 139-169 6. Coarse sand 169-189 7. " Hard pan " to bed rock 189-212 "At 140 feet no clay, struck a bowlder and were obliged to shoot the well to get it out of the way, as it jammed the drilling at the end of casing. At 292 feet a sand pocket was struck. When the sand had been pumped out the cavity was filled with cement and the drilling continued. Work was started on August 31, 1897 and stopped December 21, 1898." a Am. Nat., vol. 2, 1869, p. 335. . -' b Merchants' .Association report on water supply of the city of New York, 1900, p. 181. i i(<:MSl 1 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- 1- LlI II II LL iii IJJ Ll III ll liJ III III oc IT rr IX rr: IT 1- y- y- ^- h- 1- « (/i (/) U> o\ o m * vo vO n 3nN3AV Hianod 3nN3AV n 1 JieMS' 1 WCMSI 1 1 1 X ^ -D TJ O O .p U) 00 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 169. 7. This well is about 10 feet above low tide and was completed in November, 1903. It is entirely in sand and gravel. At 50 feet clay was encountered, below which the driller stated it was useless to look for water in this vicinitJ^ The clay suggests the Sankaty, and it is supposed that the underlying Jameco does not yield potable water at this point, because of the removal of the clay covering in the upper bay. 10. Q. M. Gen. C. F. Humphrey reports: At Governors Island an 8-inch well was recently sunk to a depth of 1,822 feet 6 inches. At 1,175 feet a flow of 15 gallons per minute was obtained. By torpedoing the well the flow was increased to about 18 gallons per minute. The water was salty and chemical analysis pronounced it unfit for drinking purposes. The following samples have been received from this well: Record of United States Army well on Governors Island, New YorJc. Feet. 1. Red clay, with bowlders 13 2-4. Red cla}^ ; no bowlders. 44-55 5. Very fine, gray, micaceous, silty clay _ 60 6. Dark multicolored gravel, with fragments of Recent shells 70 7-8. Disintegrated micaceous rock, with fragments of Recent shells 73-87 9. Highly micaceous schist or diorite, thought by Mr. E. C. Eckel, of this Survey, to resemble the Harrison diorite . - 87-1 , 700 11. Record of well on EUis Island, New York. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-35 2. Rock ; trap and gneiss 35-1, 400 12. Samples and record in the Long Island Historical Museum show: Record of Long Island Railroad well in BrooMyn, N. Y. Feet. 1. Sand, gravel, clay, etc 0-88 2. Micaceous gne'iss (possibly Harrison diorite — Eckel ) 88-120 1 3. See Pis. XXVI, XXVII. 16. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: Analysis of ivell imter at Gravesend pumping station. Parts per million. Total solids. 127. 00 Loss on ignition 27. 00 Free ammonia . 002 Albuminoid ammonia . 000 Chlorine as chlorides 12. 50 Sodium chloride 20. 60 Nitrogen as nitrates 5. 76 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 76. 00 Permanent hardness 65. 50 18. Mr. L. B.Ward gives the following data regarding this company: "This tract of 90 acres, located in the Thirtieth Ward, between Fifteenth and Eighteenth avenues, and Fifty-third and Sixtieth streets, has an independent water service, with 1.7 mile of distributing pipes and one pumping station located at Seventeenth avenue and Sixtieth street, supplied from a single well." • 23. Temperature 52° to 53°. Water used for cooling and manufacturing. 17116— No. 44—06 12 170 UNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Sanitary analysis of water from well at Eighth avenue and Eighteenth street, BrooMyn. [Analyst not reported.] Parts per million. Total solids. . : _ 376. 04 Loss on ignition (slight charring) 84. 80 Chlorine. 30. 02 Nitrogen of free ammonia. ...... .05 Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia .03 Nitrogen of nitrite '. .05 Nitrogen of nitrate 12. 07 Temporary hardness 87. 28 Permanent hardness - ■ 55. 84 Total hardness 143. 12 Iron Very faint trace. Samples received from Mr. R. A. Ward, treasurer, show the following section: Record of well at Eighth avenue and. Eighteenth street, BrooMyn. Wisconsin till : Feet. 1. Reddish bowlder clay -5 2. Fine to coarse silty sand with a little gravel 15 3. Same, but much cleaner: note on samples says, "Struck first water, which yielded 3 gallons per minute " 25 Wisconsin and Tisbury: . 4—5. Reddish-brown bowlder clay 35-45 6-14. Clean, dark-colored, reddish-brown glacial sand and gravel 55-135 25. Sample preserved in Mr. Gregory's office dated April 24, 1894, and marked " 141 feet; 46 gallons per minute" is a mixture of sand and coarse gravel with much glacial material. It is believed to represent the Jameco gravels. The Tartar Chemical Company report that the water falls to 14 feet wljen the well is pumped. Temperature 54°. - Analysis of unfltered well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooMyn. ' [Water taken February 20, 1893.] Evaporated, 4 liters. Parts per million. Total solids 225 SiO. .' 19 Cad. .... 47 MgO 14 Traces of FeAl.Oa- Analysis of ■filtered well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooMyn. [Water taken February 23, 1893.] Evaporated, 7 liters. Parts per milUon. Total solids ". 171. SiO, 19.4 Cad 46.8 MgO 14.8 1 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. : PROFILE Bowlders or lock tetminating wash boiInKs O End wash batingt In sand or clay End diiniontl-diill boiinga in sand or clay ^ Rock Land bo.ing notes. For wash borings, surfact! elevations show distance above MH.W. Sub-surlacc elevations show TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION ACROSS EAST RIVER. E S T 12 9 5 22 20 28 27 30 32 31 000 00 o <^ "^00 39 35 t?: o o c TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION. B I V E R f>ftOFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVI 29 b 26 25 23 21 >s< o , o- O O O •>« o 041 37 O 8 17 38 o o o o o o o 4 VI 36 6 3 7 10 ^'^o) ^^M' BROOKLYN Mean high wafer EXPLANATION PLAN O River-wash borings - End diamond-drill borings in sand or clay I ' T- 200 100 Horizontal scale 200 400 Vertical scale — I 800 feet 30 reet OSS EAST RIVER. I DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 171 Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooJclyn. ■ [Analysis by Charles L. Bauer, Springfield, Ohio, September 26, 1896.] Parts per million. Calcium sulphate — - 46. 3 Calcium carbonate — - - - - .0 Magnesium- sulphate 49. 6 Magnesium carbonate 117. 3 Sodium chloride - — — 26. 2 Iron - .0 Volatile and organic 171. Total sohds 410. 4 Remarks: Odorless and clear. Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooMyn. Analysis by bureau of chemistry, board of health, Brooklyn, September IG, 1897; G. J. Volckening, cluef chemist; H.W. Walker, assistant chemist.] Parts per million. Chlorine in chlorides . . 47. 02 Equivalent to sodium chloride ' 77. 50 Phosphates . .00 Nitrogen in nitrates and nitrites 16. 90 Free ammonia ; .00 Albuminoid ammonia .00 Hardness ecjuivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 197. 5 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling ) . . ; 197. 5 Organic and volatile _ 145. 3 Mineral matter 384. 7 Total solids by evaporation 530. 1 Analysis of well water from Ninth street and Gowanus Canal, BrooMyn. [Analysis by Pittsbui'g Filter Manufactm'ing Company, Pittsbiu-g, March 20, 1903; F. T. Asehman, chemist.] Parts per million. Sodium chloride 58. Calcium sulphate 100. Calcium carbonate 80. 4 Magnesium carbonate 57. 8 Iron and aluminum oxides 5. 8 Silica 19. Organic and volatile matters. Traces. Total solids 321. Carbon dioxide 67. 8 Sample clear. 27. Seventeen test borings were sunk at this point: No. 1, 110 feet north of Third avenue and Third street; Nos. 2-9, at intervals of 50 feet west; Nos. 10-16, bordering Third street, at intervals of 50 feet east toward Third avenue; No. 17, opposite No. 2. The following sections may be taken as typical: Record of Transit Develofment Conipany's test horing No. 3 near Third avenue and Third street, BrooMyn. Feet. 1. Light-yellow sand filling 0-12 2. Ash and cinder filling 12-30 3. Gray silt 20-40 4. Very fine to medium light-gray sand 40-50 172 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Record of Transit Development Company's test horing No. 9 near Third avenue and Third street, BrooTdyn. Feet. L Ash filling ■- 0-12 2. Gray silt. 12-22 3. Medium light-gray sand containing muscovite and a considerable percentage of erratic material 22-24 4. Light-brown sand, gradually becoming coarser and with an increasing percentage of erratic material ' 24-35 Re'cord of Transit Development Company's test horing No. 13 near Third avenue and Third street, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Ash filling ■ 0- 7 2. Gray silt 7-15 3. Coarse light-gray sand with a high percentage of erratics 15-20 4. Gray silt. 20-27 5. Transition from silt to sand 27^32 6. Medium-brown sand with some erratics 32-40 Record of Transit Development Company's test horing No. 16 near Third avenue and Third street, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Light-brown sand with erratic material between 5 and 10, and fine sand between 10 and 15 0-15 2. Coarse sand with erratic material 15-20 3. Verydarksilt 20-32 4. Transition material, silt to fine sand 32-35 5. Fine to medium dark-gray sand with a considerable amount of erratic material 35-42 28. Record of well on Third avenue hetween Degraw and Douglas streets, BrooMyn. Recent: Feet. 1. Filled ground , 0-30 2. Silty clay 30-35 Recent ? : 3. Blue clay 35-40 Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : ■ 4. Clay and sand 40-45 5. Sand and gravel 45-77 6. Quartz sand 77-85 29. Record of well on Dean street near Vanderhilt avenue, BrooMyn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Gray sand and stones, large bowlders 8-56 Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : 2. Brown sand and bowlders '. 56-81 3. Coarse brown sand (water at 81 feet ) - 81-98 Mr. Corwin adds: "Nearly always we get water in brown sand — pepper and salt mixture — sometimes in yellow coarse sand: never, or hardly ever, in white sand." 30. A sample from this well preserved by Mi'. Gregory, and marked 217 feet, is a coarse, multicolored, glacial gravel,- similar to the Jameco gravel in the Brooklyn test wells. Record of well at St. Maries and Grand avenues. BrooMyn. ■ Feet. 1. Dug well : 0-100 2. Sand, gravel, and clay 100-331 3. Granite rock 331- U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVII nnn^ TEST BORINGS OF RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMMISSION FROM EAST RIVER TO DE KALB AVENUE, tZOA/ )C PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVII Horizontal scale 200 400 800 feet I I I I u Vertical scale 80 feet Surface eievations^elevations above mean high water Sub-surface elevations=di3tance below surface 2 teS 3 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 EXPLANATION Top soil of clay, sand, gravel, etc. Sand, clay, and gravel Sand and gravel with trace clay Sand and gravel Sand and clay Sand with trace clay Hardpan River mud S Hardpan and clay Foundations Sand Clay Bowlders L. L. POATES ENGR'G CO., N.Y. I DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 173 31. Becord of vjell at Lewis and De Kalh avenues, BrooMyn. Feet. 1 . Dug well 0-63 Tisbury?: 2. Light-gray sand and stones 63- 91 3. Coarse gray and white sand 91-101 33. A sample preserved by Mr. Gregory, marked " 12.5-138 feet, " is a highly erratic glacial gravel. 35. Record of v:ell at Forest street and Evergreen avenue, BrooMyn. Wisconsin: Feot. 1. Loam and bowlders. .... 0- 23 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Yellow gravel and sand 23- 63 3. Yellow gravel with water . 63-105 Sankaty or Cretaceous : 4. Blue clay . ' 10.5-275 37. Record of well at Barilett street and Harrison avenue, BrooMyn. Feet. L Oldwell 0- 60 Tisbury?: 2. Coarse sand, water-bearing 60- 65 Sankaty : 3. Bed clay with an occasional large bowlder 65-150 Jameco : 4. Coarse red sand, water-bearing 150-165 38. Record of well at Bartlett street and Flushing avenue, BrooMyn. Recent: Feet. 1. Miscellaneous filling down to bottom of old creek 0- 6 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Loam, sand, and gravel 6- 37 3. . Sand and gravel, water-bearing 37- 45 Sankaty: 4. Interstratifications of clay and fine sand and gravel 45-139 Jameco: 5. Water-bearing stratum of coarse yellow sand 139-176 The samples of the material encountered in this well, which were obtained through the courtesy of Mr E. L. Heusner, chief engineer, show the following section: Record of well at Bartlett street and Flushing avenue, BrooMyn. Recent: Feet. 1. Filled ground. ... 0- 8 2. Black marsh mud 8- 9 3. Blue clay 9-15 Wisconsin and Tisbury ?. 4. Light, yellowish brown, sandy clay at . 19 5. Bluish gray, rather pure, clay at 26 6. Highlj' erratic glacial gravel 31- 36 7-9. Medium sand, the particles being uniform in -size, the composition very similar to No. 6 36- 62 10. Erratic gravel mixed with gray clay >.. 62- 73 11. Coarse glacial sand 73- 81 Sankaty : 12. Bluish gray, impure, sandy clay 87- 93 174 UNDEKGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK* Sankaty — Continued. Feet. 13. Yellowish gray sand mixed with clay 93-108 14. Clean, light-brown, medium, erratic sand 108-122 15. Bluish gray sandy clay _ . 122-124 16. Yellowish brown medium sand, sKghtly clayey 124—127 Jameco : 17. Yellowish brown, coarse, clayey sand 127-134 18-19. Very coarse slightly clayey sand, having a dark-yellow color. . - : 134—145 20-22. Reddish yellow, extremely coarse sand with erratic material as in the preced- ing samples 145-174 23. Similar to the preceding, but much coarser and with erratic material more abun- dant - 174-175 Mr. Heusner states that the first wells which were used on tliis property by the chemical company were 30 feet deep. These wells were successively deepened to 40, 50, and 70 feet, and finally it became necessary to sink the deep wells above described. The water from the deep wells rises to within 7 or 8 feet of the surface, or to the surface of the original ground before this section was built up by filling. The capacity of this well is 500,000 gallons in twenty-four hours, the well being pumped steadily the year round, night and day. 40. Record of well at 20 to 3J^ Byerson street, BrooJclyn. Feet. 1 . Filling 0-8 2. Sand, stones, and little clay 8-32 3. Fine sand and clay . 32-84 4. Hell Gate rock 84- 41. Record of well at 163 Carlton avenue, Brooklyn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Dug well 0-50 2. Bowlders 50-60 Wisconsin and Tisbury : 3. Sand _ . _ - 60-90 42. Mather gives the following section of a well sunk for Mr. Johnson in Brooklyn between " WaUabout and Guanus" in April, 1811: Record of well between WaUabout and Gowanus, BrooMyn. Feet. 1 . Sandy loam 0-3 2. Hard concreted clay, sand, and stones colored with iron and requiring a pick to dig; com- posed of gneiss, hornblende, and brittle slate 3-18 3. Loose gravel and grayish sand, with thin streaks of gravel, the gravel of quartz, bassanite, breccias, mica slate, and red sandstone 18-38 4. Alternating layers of 2 or 3 feet of sand and gravel, containing coarse green soapstone in addition to the materials of No. 3 38-55 5. Sand and gravel in alternating layers; the gravel beds contain sea shells, mostly clams and oysters, but the sand none 55-84 43. According to Hollick,'' this is the location of the well from which the Exogyra costato, reported by Redfield'' and Cozzens,<^' was taken at a depth of 65 feet. 45. A drawing in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, by C. M. Jacobs, consulting engineer, gives the following section at the east tower of the Brooklyn Bridge: a Trans. New York Acad, of Soi., vol. 12, 1893, p. 225. 6 Am. Jour. Soi., 1st ser. , vol. 45, 1843, p. 156. c A Geological History of Manhattan Island, 1843, p. 51. DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 175 Record of excavation for east tower of BrooMyn Bridge, BrooMyn. Feet. 1. Water. ..^ _ -10 2. Gravel and bowlders 10 -12 3. Hardpan ; concrete and serpentine rock 12 -23.6 4. Bowlders and sand ; a trap bowlder. 23.G-32 5 Sand 32 -34.8 6. Sand, gravel, and clay 34.8-49 7. Reddish clay 49 -50 8. Very compact sand, gravel, and clay, mixed with trap. SO -89 9. Rock 89 - 46. Record of well at Pear and Front streets, BrooMyn. Wisconsin and Tisbuiy : Feet. 1. Sand and bowlders 0-21 2. Coarse brown sand 21-60 3. Fine red sand 60- 47. Mr. Ingalls, of John W. Masury & Son, reports two 5-inch and five 6-inch wells drilled between 1877 and 1902. He gives the following description of the locality: "After a few feet of loose earth there is clay, very hard, from 27 to 33 feet, where we get gravel and clay to 40 feet. The lower clay and gravel are filled with hard bowlders (probably glacial, as every well in this end of Long Island has shown these to be widely distributed). J3elow 40 feet the sand becomes finer and is water bearing. Our wells give a good suppty at 53 feet, which is not much increased at 75. Below 50 feet is clear fine sand, with bowlders in some places, extending to about 90 feet, where hard blue clay is reached. "An interesting feature of our wells is the rapid corrosion of brass strainers. The metal loses the zinc. A corroded and useless strainer showed 65 per cent copper and 35 per cent zinc in the perfect spots and over 99 per cent copper in the corroded parts, which were chiefly at the bottom, the top bemg in perfect condition. The water is not acid except with COj, and the prevailing opinion is that the action is electrolytic, though this has not been proved. "The 75-foot well has a casing of 59 feet of 8-inch pipe, with a 16-foot brass strainer, 6 inches in diameter, extending below and connected with a 6-inch iron pipe inside the casing. This well when first completed gave 225 gallons per minute with a centrifugal test pump. "The supply is all right, buc the strainers give out, the pump fills with sand, and we have to keep putting down new wells and strainers every year or two. "Changing the position of the wells only 25 or 50 feet seems to make a difference in durabihty. Water is good, but hard. It is used principally for cooling purposes." Ml-. Jamieson, of Arbuckle Brothers, reports that a sample taken from this well November, 1899, showed 1,662.5 parts of chlorine per million. 48. Mr. H. S. Stewart reports: "Well No. 1 was about 800 feet deep. We struck what 1 would call trap rock at 97 feet — until that depth it was quicksand or gravel and bowlders. We shut that ofl" with 18-inch pipe. From 97 feet to 800 feet it was trap rock standing on edge all the way and full of crevices, making it veiy hard to keep a straight hole. We abandoned that well at about 800 feet, and started No. 2 about 500 feet away. We encountered the same formation in this well to a depth of about 93 feet and then struck the same kind of trap rock, which continued for about 800 feet. Below this the rock lay level and we had no more trouble in keeping a straight hole. This rock was granite, some dark and some red. It would change in color sometimes in 20 feet and sometimes run in the same color for 30 feet. This well was drilled to a depth of 2,148 feet. There was water in the gravel above the trap rock, but it was not the quality of water wanted. We cased it off and went on down. There was no water in the granite nor trap rock — it was too hard to contain water. The w^ell was then abandoned at Mr, Arbuckle's request." Water from a depth of 51 feet showed 560 parts of chlorine per milhon. 176 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 51. Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Filled ground- : 0-15 2. Stiff blue claj- - : 15-24 3. Hardpan ..'. 24-26 4. Blue clay and gravel 26-30 5. Hard pan '. 30-38 6. Reddish blue clay _ 38-42 7. Sand 42-48 8. Blue clay 48-60 9. Gravel and hardpan 60- 73- 10. Stiff blue clay ' 73- 84 1 1 . Bowlders and gravel ; water brackish and filthy , 84-103 12. Brown-yellow granite i03-122 13. White granite 122-129 14. Gray granite. 129-144 15. Bluish granite . 144-156 16. Gray mica-schist 156-168 17. Darker schist _ 168-172- . 18. White schist 172-185 - 19. Black schist. , 18.5-227 20. White granite 227-246 21. Gray granite 246-259 22. White granite, yielding good clear water, which dissolved scale in boilers, and contained some soda 259-275 23. Reddish brown granite ' 275-288 24. Black granite, more water 288-296 25. White granite 296-312 26. Black granite. . 312-316 Mr. Wankel adds: "All the water above the rock is of very poor quaUty. The water from the rock rose to within 50 feet of the surface. A supply of 60 gallons was obtained at 275 feet and 80 gallons at 296. This weU was put down in the granite building which inclosed the large pumping engine." The civil engineer at the navj--yard reports in a letter transmitted bj- the Secretary of the Navy: "At a point marked 2 on the map a well was driven to a deptli now unkno^^-n, but from such sources as are now available, this depth is supposed to have been about 120 feet. The water was found to be brackish and the well was abandoned." From the location given, this is clearly the well described by Mr. Wankel. 52. Mr. Wankel says: "This well furnished about 60 gallons per minute of verj' good clear water from the rock at about 190 feet. It dissolved scale in boilers, and contained some soda and carbonic-acid gas." Record of v;ell at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Filled ground , 0-11 2.. Marsh 1 1- 23 3. Blue clay 23- 26 4. Fine white sand 26- 29 5. Coarse sand 29- 35 6. Hardpan 35-51 7. Mixed sand 51- LQ 8. Yellow water sand 56- 62 9. Brown water sand. 62- 74 10. Coarse brown water sand 74- 83 - 11. Gray sand 83-85 12. Beach sand 85-88 13. Blue clay .' 88-93 14. Sand and grave], " brackish water" — 93- 96 15. Blue granite 96-220 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 177 The civil engineer of the navy-j'ard reports: "Only one well was a success. It still exists and it is stated that the depth is about 216 feet, and that rock was struck at a depth of 96 feet. From measurements made recently the depth of this well is found to be 205.6 feet from the top of the casing." 53. Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Filledground 0- 9 2. Stiff blue clay : - - - - 9-35 3. Hardpan 35- 46 4. Sandy yellow clay 46- 54 5. Hardpan 54- 66 6. Sand and water .• . 66- 74 7. Hardpan 74-80 8. Fine pasty sand 80-98 9. Granite bowlders 98-101 10. Flint granite. 101-108 54. The various depths given in the following record are referred to the top of the coping of dry docks 2 and 3 : Record of well at Brooklyn Navy-Yard, Brooklyn. Feet. 1 . Filling : -9.5 2. Bluish clay-like materials mixed with shells 9. 5-25 3. Peat 25 26 4. Fine light clayey sand 26 28 5. Fine iron-colored sand 28 31 6. Fine drab sand , 31 33 7. Fine dark-drab sand 33 39 55. The original record of this well, published l)y E. Lewis, jr., in the Popular Science Monthly, volume 10, 1877, page 443, is as follov/s: Record of well at 556 Kent avenue, Brooklyn. Feet. 1 . ■Surface gravel - 30 2. Quicksand 30 - 32 3. Bowlder drift. 32 -102 4. Clay 102 -129 5. Oystershells 129 -129.5 6. Coarse sand 1 29. .5- Samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society show the following section: Record of well at 556 Kent avenue, Brooklyn. Feet. 1 . Bowlder clay 0-70 2. Y\^ater-worn fragments of saells apparently Recent from a layer at a depth of . 129. 5 3. Medium white sand, not clearly glacial. Depth not given, marked "water-bearing stratum." An error has apparently been made in transcribing the record, which is published by Merrill (Annals , N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, p. 346) and reprinted by Darton (Bull. U. S. Geol. Suixey iSo. 138, 1896, p. 34). Mr. Fred S. Benson, chief engineer of the eastern division of the Brooklyn Union Gas Company, reports under date of November 30, 1£03: "The well you refer to as being 129 feet 6 inches deep was put down by the Nassau Gaslight Company in 1873 or 1874. The well was located at Kent avenue and Cross street, Brooklyn. Its yield when first tested was 500 gallons per minute. We have since put down two other pipes in the same excavation, but the quantity of water has diminished yearl}'. I might add thait the pipes have been drawn up to a depth of 85 feet from the ground level, that'being the depth from which the maximum quantity was obtained in 1902." 178 UNDEEGEOUNT) WATEE EE8OUE0E8 OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 60. Mr. C. D. Corwin reports the following section: Record of well at Bushmck and Meserole avenues, BrooTclyn. , Feet. 1 . Yellow clay and stones 0-49 2. Gray sand 49-55 3. Fine sand and mica 55-63 4. Yellow clay, with quartzite, slate, conglomerate, and feldspar pebbles 63-101 5. Water-bearing gray sand and gravel 101-117 6. Blue cla}'^ (not passed through) • 117-120 62. Phillips and Worthington report the following section: Record of loell on Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick avenue and Florence street, BrooJclyn. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Interlying strata of cla}^, sand, and gravel (very heavily bedded with bowlders) . . . 0-52 Tisbury?: 2. Coarse yellow sand and gravel 52-75 Sanl^aty?: 3. Blue clay : 75-100 Jameco ? and Cretaceous : 4. Beach sand 100-240 This well was abandoned and a new one sunk, which obtained its supply from the water-bearing strata between 52 and 75 feet. Mr. I. H. Ford gives the following section: Record of well on Ten Eyck street, between Bushwick avenue and Florence street, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Dug well ■ ... 0-58 Tisbury?: 2. Water-bearing sand 58-76 Sankaty ? : 3. Reddish-brown clay 76-160 64. These wells are entirely in sand; there is plenty of water, but if too much is drawn, salt water from Newtown Creek comes in. Analysis of the water shows 1,000 parts of chlorine per million. 65. A test well at this point gave the following section: Record of well at Porter and Maspeth avenues, Brooklyn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Stones and rough material ; no sand 0-12 Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : 2. Loam, sand, etc -. 12-48 S&nkatjl: 3. Clay having a blue color 48-190 Jameco ? : 4. Water-bearing gravel. 190- A good supply of water is reported from layer 4, but the wells at this point are completed in layer 2. 66. Mr. C. Harty, foreman for 1. H. Ford, has kindly furnished the following data of the deep test wells at this point: Diameter, 10 inches, 0-137 feet; 8 inches, 137-200; 6 inches, 200-225. Record of well at Meeker and Kingsland avenues, Brooklyn. Feet. 1 . Filled ground .' 0-5 Wisconsin : 2. Blue clay with bowlders 5-16 3. Sand and small bowlders with water 16-32 DESCKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 179 Cretaceous ?: Feet 4. Blue clay .' 32-72 5. Light-gray clay 72-180 Cretaceous : 6. Sand — not water bearing 180-180. 5 7. Blue clay 1 - - - . - 180. 5-205 8. Light-greenish clay, passing into dark-greenish clay containing small concre- tionarj' masses 205-215 9. Yellow and dark-colored sandy clay 215-225 Pre-Cretaceous : 10. Rock, mica-schist 225- This well was abandoned and a shallow well sunk near it, which obtained water from the glacial gravels between 28 and 32 feet. Tlie section of this shallower well is; Record of well at Meeker and Kingsland avenues, Brooldyn. Wisconsin : ■ Feet, 1 . Blue clay; no stone 0-28 2. Reddish-brown glacial sand and gravel 28-32 Cretaceous ? : 3. Light-gray clay 32-40 67. Record of well on Meeher avenue, between North. Moore and Monitor streets, Brooldyn. Feet. 1. Yellow clay and stones -10 2. Gray sand and stones 10 -18 - 3. Nearly all stones, very little sand 18 -27 4. Stones and gray sand 27 -32 5. Stones and red sand - 32 -40 6. Fine gray sand _ 40 -43 7. Veiy tough light diy clay 43 -47 8. Fine sand with conglomerate, quartz, feldspar, and jasper pebbles 47 -54 9. Coarse gray sand with fresh water 54 -55. 5 10. Yellow clay 55. 5-60 11. Blue clay GO -63 12. Gray sand and gravel; good water-bearing stratum 63 -70 13. Fine sand 70 -73 71. Mr. F. P. Rust, manager of the Rust Well Machiner3^ Company, gives the following record of this well: Record of well at 99 to 117 North Eleventh street, Brooklyn. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Sandy loam and bowlders -50 Sankaty ? : 2. Blue clay 50-70 Jameco ? : 3. Gravel and bowlders 70-100 Cretaceous 1 : 4. Blue clay 100-125 5. Quicksand 125-132 Pre-Cretaceous : 6. Light-gray and black granite 132-333 The New York Quinine Chemical Company report a j'ield of 7,500 gallons per hour. The water level lowers 5 feet on pumping eight hours; temperature of water 65° F.; it contains much lime and magnesia and is not used for drinking. 180 UNDEEGROFND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 6.5 I 3?5' _evi__ 300' 2 III 450' 20.35 n' LONG ISLAND R. R. r,' IV 490' 72. Mr. H. L. Pratt of the Standard Oil Company' gives the following information: "About twenty-five years ago an attempt was made to drive a well at this point, but after going to the depth of 200 feet without getting any water the well was abandoned on account of a ledge of rock." 75. The following data have been furnished by ilr. Jacob Blumer: "We drove at least 25 shallow wells to a depth of from 60 to 70 feet. In the depth mentioned, we went through sand and gravel only and never struck rock. All the wells furnished water, but of late years the levels became lower. Twenty years ago the levels stood 15 to 16 feet fiom the surface, and in the last wells, made in 1897, it was as low as 38 to 40 feet. As for the atnount of water furnished, I can only give you figures for the three wells which w-ere made in 1897. These were made by sinking a pit 7 by 9 feet to a depth of 36 or 40 feet, and then we drove 20 to 25 feet of 6-inch pipe with a perforated strainer at the end through sand and gravel. The pump was at the bottom of the pit and each well was good for 200 gallons per minute. The water in these wells wks clear and cold, but exposed to the air became yel- lowish. Hydroxide of iron precipitated in the water; this was quite troublesome in our pipe lines. After about three years a 3-inch pipe would be nearly filled up solid with the precipitate. "We also made four deep wells, the locations of which are shown on the accompanying diagram [fig. 61]. In these we went through 70 to 80 feet of sand and gravel, and in all of them stnick rock at 124 feet; the rock was porous but hard. In all wells we found plenty of petrified wood, some black, some yellowish white, like hard maple, and in some of the shallower wells we found petrified fish roe. "Ncc. 1 deep well was originally 275 feet deep, and yielded 80 to 100 gallons per minute. After No. 3 well was made and operated, the yield of No. 1 diminished; then we drilled to 375 feet, but did not get the water back, and in a few months it had gone out entirely and the well was abandoned. "No. 2 deep well was 300 feet deep, and jielded 120 to 125 gallons per minute, and kept it up until we closed the works. Level of water in the well when not in operation was 220 feet from the surface. "No. 3 deep well was 450 feet deep; it yielded 125 gallons as long as we were running the place; level was 250 feet from surface. "No. 4 deep well was 490 feet deep; it yielded about 10 gallons- per minute and was abandoned. The water from all the deep wells was a little brackish — the amount of chloride increasing continuously. I can give you the amount of clJorine for No. 1 well for a period of over three years." Scale 200 400 feet Figures at corners give elevation in feet, city datum. Fig. 61. — Sketch map showing location of deep wells of the Fleischraanu Manufacturing Company at Long Island City. DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 181 Chlorine in water of Fleischmann deep well No. 1 at BJissville, Long Island City. Parts per million, October 12, 1888 , 1, 902. 1 October 17, 1888 - 2, OOO. 8 December 11, 1888 - - - - 2, 329. 5 March 11, 1889 2, 556. May 29, 1889 2. 756. 9 June 24, 1889. - - - 2, 785. 4 October 11 , 1889 3, 064. Marcli 5, 1890. 3, 415. 2 December 10, 1890 : 3, 632. 2 February 10, 1892 3. 984. 76. A large well at this point, 25 feet in diameter and 50 feet deep, has a number of 6-inch points driven in the bottom of it to a depth of 60 to 70 feet; the water level was originally 5 or 6 feet from the surface of the ground, but is now 60 feet, and the large well, or pit, has been deepened from time to time as the water- level lowered. In the spring of 1903 the large plants across Newtown Creek which have wells in the same stratum closed down, and the water is rapidly rising in the Standard Oil Company well, and threatens to drown out the pumps which are placed in the bottom of the large well. The water is "eveiything that is bad;" it is used for condensing purposes only. 79. The original record by Lewis is as follows: Record of well at New Calvary Cemetery, Long Island City. Pleistocene; Feet. 1. Surface loam and drift 1-139 ' Raritan; 2. Greenish earth 139-178 3. White clay with red streaks 178-182 4. Gneiss 182-582 Darton reports the water soft, with only a little lime, magnesia, and chlorine. In the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, the following samples are preserved; (1) Green sandy clay, marked: '"39 feet thick at a depth of 139 feet:" (2) mottled red and white clay, " 200-204." Of the green sandy clay Merrill says: "The greenish earth was found to be ferruginous, and on treatment with li3'drochloric acid left a residue which, under the microscope, was seen to consist of fragments of kaolinized feldspar, with occasional grains of coarse sand." SO. Record of commission's test well, Long Island City. Wisconsin; Feet. 1. Humus-stained loamy sand. 0. 4- 0. 5 2-3. Very fine, light-yellow, clayey silt 1.5- 6. 4-5. Fine, reddish-yellow, silty sand 7. 5-14. 6. Medium to coarse, clean, dark-brown sand 18. 5-19. 7. Fine, reddish-yellow, silty sand 20. 5-21. 5 8-10. Dark, grayish-brown sand to small gravel 27. 5-38 All samples have a decidedly glacial appearance. 82. Record of Flower estate well. Long Island City. Wisconsin ; Feet. 1. Sandy clay 0-90 Tisbury?: 2. Coarse sand, full of water 90-100 Cretaceous 1 : 3. Clay 100.-112 4. Rock 112-145 182 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOKK. S3. Record of commission's test well., Long Island City. Feet. 1. Humus-stained sandy loam ^ 0. 5 2. Yellow sandy loam 1. 5- 2. 5 3-10. Fine to medium, reddish-3-ellow, glacial sand with a little silt 8 -40. §5. See fig. 62 and Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII. 86. A number of test borings were put down at this point for foundations for an electrical plant. In one well marine shells were found at a depth of about 60 feet; in another water was encountered which flowed 1 foot above the surface; bed rock was reached at different depths, the greatest being 69 feet. Scale 1000 2000 3000 feet ST. Fig. 62. — Index map showing location of borings represented on Pis. XXVIII-XXXIII. Record of well at Sixth street and West avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1 Ash and cinder filling 0- 7 2. Fine yellow sand 7-18 3. Blue mica sand (disintegrated rock ) 18- 22 4. Gneiss rock '. 22-152 Mr. Sweeney reports that the rock in this well dipped at rather a high angle, and that it was very difficult to enter the pipe in the rock. At the last depth given a supply of brackish water was found in a crevice. The granite was of unequal hardness. • 88. Water is only slightly brackish, is excellent for boiler useand gang purposes, and contains hme, mag- nesia, and salt. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY '134 = 132 CD PI O 30 > 2 < ol27 ol31 cl26 »125 0122 o123 o121 >156 158 WASH 109 ; 300 P290 ; 280' ; 270 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 ITS s. C.cS. PI A. ^ .^r^ A. m cS.G. O^^ St. °h G.S. i A.S.G. > .-, Br.or 8. W^- St. A. C.cS. A.S. }l% St. Br.or B. cS.G. Br.or B. cS.G. ■—■=. C.cS. fS.C. "--!_ fS.C. M A. CIS. S.G.O. R.S. C"''/^ C.fS. %.,v Br.or B. Br.or B. Br.orE fS.C. Hfe cS.G. C fS. V'"" S.C. cS.G. itT' fS.C. Br.or B. Br.or B. C.fS. cS.G. fS.C. Br.or B. -'-7 Bf.or 8, 250- W A S H BORINGS % 300' i M290 129 130 131 132 133 134 155 tq- a Mean , —,— , h igh rrr^ water s'l.^ S.C.G. cS.G. Sr.or B. G.S.C. Sj-G-fSr- 5 C. cS.Gt- Br.or B. 250- C.S.G.B. S.C. G.S. C.(S. cS.G. G.S. a G.S.B. S.G.C. C.fS. 156 IS.G. .G.S Br.or B. G.S. C.fS. Br.or B. Br.or B. C.fS. C.fS. S.C. 157 CS.G. C.fS. S.C. G.S. 158 '- Br.or B. Br.or B. Br.or B. C.fS. cS.G. Br.or E MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG |SI PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXVIII nSo 0115 1140 1190 1200 > < I N G S 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 Mean high -1^ --1 - water r^ pjq FT^ -4-- F^fe 1 PF L A. A. m A. di A. S.C.G. r:\~ A. A. A. A. LZt- A. >.C. '-^ fS,C. S.C.G. St. M C."cS. ^ St. % St. V? St. St. ;.s. •jrr C.fS. §^ s.e. fS.C. fS.C. S.G.C. CfS. -7^ CS.G. S.C. r. IS ir.or B. as'. Br. Of B. C.fS. "■P-- S.C.G.B. S.C. ^7^7. iVy Br.or B, Br.oi B. -vk Br. or B. fS.C.G. Br.or B. S.G.C. S.C. 5 S.C. o-^P \ 1/ Br. or B. Br. or B. LU Br. or B. WASH BORINGS 28 29 30 35 37 38 39 40 41 42 300'- S 290 1 280' E .2 270 o o c 260' _o 1 250' UJ 240 ^\= A.fS. F"^ A.fS.G.C. m irni '1/ A.fS.C. S.G.C. S.C. -;L A.fS. IVIean high water pR 777 -1- \ - S.C. StGtC^ fS.G.C. Ls.G.C. S.G.C. -Jz F^ rE S.G. S.C. g m -N.V Sr. Br. t^ r-S.G.C. S.C. ^77 V7 V? ■'M G.S.C.B. ^ -.ff ''a i A'. Br, , MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISL PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXIX I N G S 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 _i_ 31-3 rR A.S. r-pi ¥ A. r-r-i ZF 3'2 -Iz A. -1— A. s. ± zlE A. J- A. A. AS.G, A. G.S.C. .c. -^ 1S.C "^ H fS.C. fS.C. zrzz C.fS. E£ C.fS. C.fS, CIS. ^ C.fS. G.S.C C.fS. C.fS. '_'^Ez. C S. r^:^ C.fS.G. fS. Br. or B. Br. or B. i'i C.fS. '■fi G.S. >.G. cS.G. CIS. cS.C. •;." G.S. cSG. CIS. cs.e.c. ^ = r S G ~' " Br. or B. r. or B. >,i GS. \,"^ cS.G. V,' Br. or B. \ / C.fS. Br. or B. Br. or B. Br. or B. ~j^^ cS.G G.S. -1- Br. or B. Br. or B. 310 300' 290' 280' 270' ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial ground G. Gravel S. Sand fS. Fine sand cS. Coarse sand C. Clay St. Silt B. Bowlder D. Disintegrated rock Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder Br. Bed rock Horizontal scale 200 300 500 v id 1 A.S. rJ-z m - A.C. A.S.G. '.n-r. A.S. ._l] A.S.G. 230— S.G. A.S.G. A.S. A.S. ^t fS.C.A. fS. ^- IS.C. ^ IS.G.A. C.F.S. fS.. fS.: oSJ3 "S.G.C. s \1Z fS. cS.C. rF^ i*^".- IS. i 280— ^ C.cS. :iic fS.C. Br. fS.G. (^ OS. fS. • fS.C. ;~^ fS.C. fS G ~F fS. cS.C. *• Br. 331 C.fS. fS.C. •iT:r: fS. 0; 1 fS.G.B. zrrz CIS. ~ s C.cS. fS. C.fS. Br. C.fS. G.C.S. t fS. H ■--■^ 7'- '2^ Br.. 1-1 1 Ls> = zz^ G.C.S. cS.G. 1 cS.G. tS.G. cS.G. Br. 1— I -V-- fS. Br. ■^ 1- - l2d cS.G. ) 1 "in' Br. Br. Br. Br. "} '1 Br. 200' MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG IS PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXX EN AVENUE o36 034 o33 o31 032 27 05 NG 08 OZ 023 °24 O25 o z cc RINGS 23 3.B. 'v-l -_T3a.s. cS.G. cS.G. A.tS.G. fs- Br. A.G. IS. IS.G.C. CIS. cS7G— SrGrO— cS.G. Br. -240' -230' -220' -210' -200' 26 27 A.S.G. fS. :^^ A.S.G. a- fS. CIS. Br. 31 32 33 C; = S IS.G.- ^- ^ S,C. s.c. IS.C— S. G. CtcS^t- A.S.G. fS.C. 34 .3-"-- Br. A.S.G. 36 Br. ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial ground S, Sand fS. Fine sand cS. Coarse sand C. Clay St. Silt G. Gravel B. Bowlder D. Disintegrated rock Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder Br. Bed rock A.cS. A.S.G. -300' -290' Br. -280' -^50 Horizontal scale 200 300 500 feet . POATE6 ENGR'G CO., D RAILRO.'kD TUNNEL; VERNON AVENUE TO EAST RIVER, LONG ISLAND CITY. U. S. ( U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. ^4 pl, : MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; EASTERN HALF OF EAST RIVER. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 185 A well put down by the commission on additional water supply about 60 feet west of the pumping station showed the following section : Record of commission's test well at Long Island Railroad and Grove street, Long Island City. Wisconsin: Feet. 3. Black humus-stained clay _ 5. 0- 5. 5 4. Grayish green sandy clay l _ 5.5- 6. 5 5. Multicolored fine silt to medium sand ^ 9. 5-10. 5 6-9. Dark, multicolored, glacial sand and gravel 12. 0-35 11. Fine, yellowish brown glacial sand 41 -42 100. Record of well on Steinway avenue, between Pierce and Graham avenues, Brooklyn. Feet. 1. Sand : 0-8 2. Blue clay; no bowlders ' 8-30 3. Quicksand with black water , 30-38 4. Hardpan ~ 38-39 5. Gravel 39-43 101. Mr. Allen sunk five wells on the east side of Fifth avenue between Pierce and Graham streets to an average depth of 32 feet; one he sunk to a depth of 60 feet and reached rock without getting a second water-bearing stratum. Water in these wells has been lowered from 18 feet below the surface to 30 feet below the surface by the pumping of the ice-factory well; and the wells have been driven 5 feet deeper, or to 37 feet. A well just across the block, on Fourth avenue, belonging to Mr. Vanderhyde, reached rock at 58 feet; water was found on the rock. lO!^. Record of well at Washington and Fourth avenues, Long Island City. Feet. 1 . Gravel 0-10 2. Sand ; ■ _ 10-32 3. Gravel with large bowlders 32-40 4. Blue clay _ 40-.50 5. Red sand and gravel with some small black gravel 50^57 104. Record of well at Pierce avenue and Crescent street, Long Lsland City. Feet. 1. Gravel and bluish rock_ ' 0-34 2. Blue clay 34-64 3. Gravel 64-74 105. Well is pumped empty and then allowed to fill; water is used for manufacturing purposes, and not for drinking. Sanitary analysis of water of well at Williams and Beehe avenues, Long Island City. [By E. H. Richards.] Appearance: Parts permOlion. Turbidity None. Sediment Slight. Color None. Odor: Cold None. Hot Faintly earthy. Total residue on evaporation 836 Ammonia: Free 0.006 Albuminoid . 036 17116— No. 44—06 13 186 UNDEBGROUND WATER RESOUROES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Parts per million. Chlorine 80. 000 Nitrogen as nitrites ^ _ . 003 Nitrogen as nitrates , 34. 000 Oxygen consumed . 180 I am afraid it is a case of the border line. I do not know why the nitrates should be so high, unless there is some contamination. — E. E. Richards, May 22, 1900. 106. I" the spring of 1903 Mr. Allen completed three weUs in the kitchens of new houses on the west side of Ely street between Paynter and Beebe streets, which afforded the following section : Records of wells on Ely avenue between Payntar and Beebe avenues, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Quicksand -12 2. Blue clay 12 -17.5 3. Gravel 17.5-20.5 4. Sand 20. 5-22. 5 5. Bed rock. 22. 5- The well in the house nearest Paynter street flows about 5 gallons per minute 2 feet above the ground; the others flow, but a less amount. On the corner of Beebe and Paynter streets, just northwest of the jast of these houses, is an old factory with a well about 20 feet deep which reached bed rock and furnished flowing water. This well has now stopped flowing, because of the construction of the sewer along Beebe street which drains the water from it. The elevation at the corner of Ely and Paynter streets is 9 feet, city datum. 110. The water of this well is extremely brackish and can not be used in boilers; it is used for mixing clays. The elevation of the grade line, corner of Wallach and Vernon avenues, is 14.89 feet, citj' datum. Record of well at Jfil Vernon avenue. Long Island City. Feet. 1 . Ash and sand filling 0- 4 2. Coarse red sand. 4- 22 3. Rock : 22-115 115. These wells are reported as being about one-half mile north of bridge No. 4 (Blackwells Island bridge). There are two 3-inch weUs, and two 4A-inch wells. Record of well near Blaclcwells Island bridge, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Mai-sh mud 0-16 2. Mud and sand 1 6-20 3 . Sand _ 20-31 4. Bed lock 31- 116. Record of well at Broadway and Academy street, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Heavy, coarse, building sand, with bowldei-s of various sizes 0-35 2. Very large bowlders packed closely together, many weighing a ton or more 35-40 3. Coarse gravel containing stones 4 to 6 inches in diameter 40-50 4. Very tenacious blue claj', containing no stones 50-57 5. Fine yeUow sand 57-60 6. Fine white sand . 60-90 The bowlders in stratum 2 so hindered the sinking of the well that it was necessary to dig a hole 1 feet square and blast them out. At 90 feet a large supply of brackish water was obtained. ■ 117. Record of well at Ninth and Jamaica avenues, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Stratified sand and gravel 0--i8 2. Fine reddish sand _ 48-58 3. Red sand and gravel 58-74 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY — 1 1 W V-. T H 1 R T Y - FO U R T H STREET \ ®47 ©43 -ri \ ' ■ . ©44 1— T-^ 1 I 1 UJ r-^t ID Z ■ lii > < F3 V ®P 1 I \ THIRTY-THIRD 6 T R E ET |C (r 1 ■ NEW YORK CITY H CO tr Li. i ®i @2 THIRTY-SECON D ffl4 S3 STREET WASH BORINGS 8 9 10 11 12 13 A 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 3 1 "1= St. St. 3=Z 1=1 s. r=E i = = St. Ill F M fS. '^^ fS.C. ii M C.fS. St. fSvGv _^ h T^n' _H.. , ^^ SC S. fll St. == fS. =s St. -S: fJJ St. fli St. fS.C. — ■^^ fS. \l/ St. F^ h 1 230 — St. S. ^ fS. ':i- 3 -= fS. fS. J'^J- St. i St. \ 1/ S'- s fS. s ^ fS.C. iM 11 fS.C. S. fS.C. — _ fS.C. CfS. fS. .-, s mean high r 1 r B w fS.C. fSC. fS. fS.C. fS.C. ^ "= H CrfS^ C.fS. =; \T/ fS.C. fS.C. "= fS.C. 2 fS.C. C.fS. C.fS - ^•^ si =s ^= ^ — 71 CS.G. cS.G. = •'SE: C.cS. fS.C. 1 £J= CfS. C.fS. cS.G. K \-ri Br. or B. P ^ cS.G. fS. cStg: cSG. 3r.o.- §^ cS.G. Vi Br.or B. '-•- Br.or - B. i 2 cSG. cS.G. fS cSC. Hole ban. cS.G. .■— — •-: cSG. :z. > Br.or B. cS.G. V- Br.or B- 3 Hole ban. 5 ~^ sb o^e — Br.or B. /\ B. )L\ Br.or -t B. ^ Ul )U. Br.or s. Br.or B. w= fe ■c-S-G^ fS.C, ^^ r= ^ fS.C. ■ I ^,. \ ^ '/ , ~ fS.C. Rolp C.fS. ^': ^ ban. i 1 MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK / PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXII ^ 34 o\ = 13 A o8 "18 0? 190 Y ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial ground S. Sand fS. Fine sand cS. Coarse sand C, Clay St. Silt G. Gravel B. Bowlder D. Disintegrated rock Br. or B. Bed rock or bowlder Br. Bed rock Horizontal scale 200 300 500 feet 1 N G S 3rB. 150' 140' L. U.POATES ENGR'GCO., LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; WESTERN HALF OF EAST RIVER. U.S. ^H. ? M 2 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY o3a "50 '6 .4 o5 "7 WASH BORINGS PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXllI «52 =58 »53 059 "6+ «61 .46 E^ •47 .54 'SS 7 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44 _F=l5l PMS°B. |.,.|Br. 0.6.1—'' '"'^WTlBror B , % St. St, ^ ^ S.C. '■■' '^° - 1 Si. St. B.,0. B, IS. jS St. St. 1 fS. s f^' cS.C. »-u 240'— «:. fS.C St. SI. P^ 51. . , SI. SL '": St. S. (^j_^ SI. rr St, St. s, i22 St. St St. s. '!" :-■ fS s_ "-" S. fSC. jr s,.__ 1 -- s.c. IS i^ ;;"" 5^ s. fSC 'S_ IS -^ IS.C, C.cS. cS-Gt- ISC. s. r^ ts. CfS. cS.G. C.cS. iSC ISC. ^~ B-o- B. e-...e ISC_ -- 15 _C^ Ibu. TscT "no. cSG. C IS c?s^ G. CcS. i C,I5_ cSG. fSC. i; cSG. «^^' Si.crB, (S.c M7 CIS. cS.G. B. o-B , "" i cTIs. C ;S C.cS C cS C IS. B-.o. B, ban B.o.B. iX B,,o. B "'" CIS. ^i- IS.C.G. cSG. ,.„' ^ c.s.a. eSG. i: f cS.G. ■i« VS cSG. -ic Br.oi B, .-_' a,..,B 0,..,B. qS.G. •X' 8f.or B. w B,.o, B , "°° "o'n.' ;S ... 1-0 Brr- B ... WASH BORINGS 46 47 49 50 51 52 SI. 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 61 64 65 — m ■■'■ St. fl St. St. cS.G. St. It St. •i 7Z. St. S. i% j.?.i_ St. S:G^ cSC 3 SC. m St. T50'- g St. ^ s. fS, S.C s.c, S.C. =■<=• 250' SO. -V; fS. s.c. cSG, C.cS. i 51. eSG. 5 ^^^, B,.orB. C.cS. S. cS.G. cS.G. s.c. ?• eS.G. IS ISC. ISC. -240' '-.<- ii,..,a. cSG. B,.«,B. CIS. V-: Bt.ot B, ttt: cS.G 'T' B..0. e. fSC. cS.G. r?^ C.cS. - = ISC. CIS, ""' 15 B..O. B. CS.G.C. fS.C. _.^ -\ :V, e,.o,e. ISC. V £ ^ ISC. CIS. ^S CSC. ]f li "' '^ C cS, cSG. r'S^' ,.„' S C (S. V, CIS. i ;ij CIS. if ■i. cS.G, 1 i cS.G. ^-^' Bf.orB. uj '0° cSG. C.(S C.IS.G. ;i C.cS. :w B, o, B. -° , Br.or B, CcS. cS.G. = , 190 ■t-> T^ cSG ^ B, c.fl B..0. a. b r.-T cS-G -^ cS.C "° ;-,' B,.ora. T^ 8r 0. B B. „, B. , ABBREVIATIONS A. Artificial giound G. S. Sand (5, Fine sand cS. Coarse sand Bi C. Clay St Sill Bowlder Disintegiated lock or B, Bed rock or bowlder Hotiior\Ul scale MAP AND DIAGRAM OF BORINGS FOR PENNSYLVANIA, NEW YORK AND LONG ISLAND RAILROAD TUNNEL; EAST RIVER TO FIRST AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY. DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 187 In this well the first water was encountered at 32 feet; below this was 7 feet of clayey sand and a second layer of clay and gravel. 118. Record of vxll at JfiS Ninth avenue Long Island City. Feet. 1 Sand with bowlders •- 0-50 2. Quicksand with marine shells 50-57 3. Water-bearing sand - - - 57- 4. Very hard layer of red sand and gravel. 119. Record of well at Steinway and Jamaica avenues, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Glacial gravel with bowlders 0-18 2. Gray sand - 18-36 3. Red gravel, water-bearing 36-65 120. Record of weU at Albert street and Jamaica avenue, Long Island 'City. Feet. 1 . Unstratified glacial sand and gravel 0-4 2. Quicksand 4-39 3. Grayish clay 39-42 4. Red sand and gravel, water-bearing - 42-60 121. Record of well on Twelfth street between Broadway and Jamaica avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Unstratified sand and bowlders : 0-30 2. Stratified red sand ^ . 30-60 3. Water-bearing gravel with more or less clay 60-65 4. Black clay - 65- Mr. Allen reports that in this vicinity the water-bearing gravel lying between the stratified sand and black clay ranges in thickness from to 23 feet. 122. Record of well at Grand street and Third avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Humus-stained sandy loam _ 0. 1- 0. 4 2. Reddish sandy loam 1.5- 1.7 3. Fine to medium reddish yellow silty sand 6. 0- 7. 4—6. Dark brownish gray multicolored glacial sand and gravel 11.5-23.0 7-8. Same, but with much reddish silt 24. 0-31. 123. Mr. Allen reports that this well is in an area which is about a block and a half square, in which it is quite easy to get water; outside of this local basin it is much more difficult. 125. Surface water was shut out at 225 feet, and the well tested at 352 and 608; both tests gave salty water. 1 26. No water encountered until 43 feet, where it was found in a crevice of the rock, and came up to within 4 feet of the surface. Water contains too much lime for boiler use. Well pumps 18 gallons a minute at suction limit. Record of well at Steinway avenue and River road, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Yellow bowldery clay 0-24 2. Quicksand (veiy fine, clean sand — no mica)_ _ 24-37 3. Coarse, white gravel and beach sand 37-42 4. Conglomerate rock ("like the rock at Scranton, Pa., just above the hard coal") 42-45 5. Gray gneiss 45-55 128. Impotable water is reported at 14 feet; good water at 48 feet. 129. Mr. Harper states that the record of material penetrated in this well is exactly the same as in the other wells which he put down on Barren Island. (See Nos. 130 and 131.) 188 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. I SO. The following section has been prepared by Mr. Lewis Woolman from samples furnished by Mr. Thomas B. Harper : « Record of T. F. White Company's well on Barren Island. New Yorlc. Pleistocene: _ Feet. 1. Interval; no specimens 0- 70 2. Brownish sands, sometimes slightly yellowish and sometimes slightly reddish in cast 70-130 3. Reddish-brown and yellowish-brown sands, same as next above, with the addition of pebbles and cobbles, etc. (Jameco) 130-220 Cretaceous: 4. Whitish sands ' 220-240 5. Brown sands ' . 240-260 6. Bluish-white sands with some lignite throughout 260-500 7. Dark, micaceous sandy clay, no lignite 500-690 8. Yellowish-white, water-bearing sand, coarse at 700 to 720 (Lloyd sand) 690-740 131. The following samples were furnished by Mr. Thomas B. Harper to the New Jersey Geological Survey: ^ Record of Sanitary Utilization Company's well on Barren Island, New Yorlc. : .: Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Whitish sand for some distance down from the surface; heavy gravels and cob- bles at 140 3. "Reddish" (1) sand. . ' 4. Dark-colored conglomerate, quartz grains and pebbles size of mustard seed to that of shellbarks and walnuts at 218 5. Cobbles at some distance below 230 Cretaceous: - ' 6. Whitish sand. 7. "Cemented material" of feldspar and quartz . . ; 495-500 8. Bluish soft marl (?) 500-560 9. Alterations of sands and clays, each 15 to 20 feet thick 560-660 10. Red clay at 706 11. Yellowish-white coarse sand and fine gravel, water bearing (Lloyd sand) 712-720 12. Whitish clay, prospected 4 feet, or from 720-724 132. The following section was reported by Mr. Chester D. Corwin: Record of Sanitary Utilization Company's well on Barren Island, New Yorlc. Feet. 1 . Medium fine gray sand 0-135 2. White beach sand 135-525 3. Hardpan, clay and stones; clay and gravel-like cement; color between gray and brown 525-530 4. White sand 530-680 5. Light-gray medium gravel: good water-bearing stratum 680-700 133. Record 6f White Lead Company's well on Crook Island, New Yorlc. Feet. 1. Fine gray sand 0-95 2. Brown medium sand 95-115 3. Coarse light-gray sand - 115-116 4. Brown medium sand (similar to No. 2) 116-130 5. Coarse white sand 130-134 a Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey New Jersey, 1897, pp. 15fr-157. b Op. cit., p. 155. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY No.l No. 2 No.3 No.4 No. 5 No.6 No. 7 No. 8 No.9 Loam black 5-- m Sand light brown, fine grains, mixed with coarse oneSi porphyritic character 10 Sand light brown, fine grains, cemented together 15- Sand ' white, black I and brown, coarse grains 1 in finer matrix. . I porphyritic character 20 25- 30 35 40 45 t Clay -j^ light drab, ! cemented in. I Sand j blackish brown, ">, fine grainS; ^ homogeneous I, in character Loam black Loam black Loam Gravel grains cemented together Sand white, black -i, and brown, p^ coarse grains I in finer matrix, ' porphyritic *Gravel and sand L light drab, ^J cemented A together t Sand "4? light drab, Igrams cemented I together Loam black Loam black Sand I white, black and brown, o coarse grains T in finer matrix, I porphyritic I character t Sand -J^blackish brown, j^ fine grains, I cementing imaterial present I Gravel and sand ^ light drab, I cemented , together J Clay CO 1 gray character t Stones -^white and slate ^ colored quartz, I Vi6 "to Va'in ^ diameter j Sand 5^ blackish brown I coarse and ' fine grains j Sand ^1 blackish brown, *^ fine grains: homogeneous I in character Sand ^1 white, black and brown, coarse grains in finer matri> I Sand and gravel ^blackish brown, ■^ cementing Imaterial present 50 Sand ~ blackish brown i coarse and fine grains I Gravel white and slate ifi colored quartz, diameter I Stones ^1 white and slate t^ colored quartz, I Vi'eto %"in diameter Sand I blackish brown, 1^ coarse and t fine grains I Water bearing? Sand I blackish brown, r coarse and fine grains Sand 1 blackish brovv' -^ coarse grain ^ in finer matn I cemented . 1 together I Sand I blackish brov\ ? fine grains: homogeneou. . in character RECORD OF TEST BORINGS MADE AT LONG 1 . Prepared from the s PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXXIV No, 11 No. 12 No. 13 No. 14 No. 15 No. 16 No.l7 No. 18 I Clay vj gray I mixed with grit Clay gray ^1 Clay and loam OJ I gray .i Clay CM yellow Clay yellow Loam dark brown Clay yellow Sand gray, very fine grains approaching clay in composition Clay gray Sand white, black and brown coarse siliceous grains Sand gray. very fine grains , cemented , together approaching clay in composition Sand I gray. V I very fine grains 00 ' ^ I approachmg ] clay in composition I Sand I very fi.ne grains 1^ mixed with ^ coarse ones, I cementing [material present Sand 1 gray, ^1 very fine grains ^ cemented I together, I approaching clay in I composition Clay gray i mixed with grit ■i Clay j yellow Clay gray Stones vhite and slate colored quartz, Vis "to '/a" in diameter Sand while, black and brown, coarse grains, cemented together 'T Sand ^1 blackish brown, ^ fine grains: I homogeneous in character Sand white, black and brown coarse and fine grains, cementing material present 10 Sand very fine grains approaching clay in composition Sand light brown, ^ coarse grains in finer matri? cementing material present I Sand ^o blackish brown I coarse grains I in finer matrix Gravel and I stones ^1 white and slate in , I colored quartz, I vis to Vain I diameter Stones I white and slate ■^ colored quartz. I Vieto Va'in I diameter 15 20 Sand ^hite, black X« and brown t> coarse siliceous I grains- Water bearing? I Stones . I white and slate ^ colored quartz, I Vie to Yain I diameter "25 ' Stones I white and slate p^ colored quartz, I '/ntoV/in f diameter 30 35 Sand white, black J and brown, coarse siliceous grains --40 45 Gravel I white and slate 'pcolored quartz, I Vieto i/,"in I diameter \ND CITY PUMPING STATION NO. 3 (NO. 99). les by A. S. Farmer. 50 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 189 134. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data: "This company operates under the franchise of the Long Island Water Supply Company in the Twenty-sixth Ward, where its property is situated. It pumps 70,000 gallons of water daily from driven wells for the supply of houses built on its tract No. 1, and takes 90,600 gallons additional from the Long Island Water Supply Company for use in tract No. 2. The plant consists of a pumping station and a standpipe. It supplies 176 houses on tract No. 1 and 275 houses on tract No. 2." 135. !Mr. Robert Van Buren, of the department of water supply, Borough of Brooklyn, has kindly furnished samples from the deep wells put down at New Lots in 1903. From these the following section has been compiled (see fig. 10): Record ofdee-p wells of department of water supply at New Lots road aJuH, Fountain avenue, East New York. Recent : Feet. 1. Peat - 0- 4 Wisconsin and Tisbury?: ^ 2. Gray sandy clay with gravel 4- 12 3-5. Light, multicolored, fine to coarse, glacial sand i : . 12- 70 6. Light-gray clay 70- 72 7. Fine to medium, light yellow glacial sand 72- 93 8. Reddish brown fine to coarse glacial sand 93-113 Sankaty: 9. Light-gray gravelly clay 113-118 Jameco : 10. Coarse, multicolored, highly erratic glacial sand and gravel 118-164 Messrs. P. H. & J. Conlan reported to the Geological Survey of New Jersey « in 1896 the following: 'The greatest yield and the best quality of water for the Long Island Water Supply Company were found at East New York, where it is all gravel and coarse sand. The yield was about two and one-half million gallons per day from six 8-inch wells that run from 65 to 95 feet deep." In 1898 the same firm reported:'' "We have erected a pumping plant for the Long Island Watei- Supply Company in Brooklyn, N. Y. We put down five wells averaging a depth of 80 feet. Supply collectively was 2,000,000 gallons per day of 24 hours. The strata were: Record of wells of department of water supply at New Lots road and, Fountain avenue, East New York. Feet. 1 . Loam 0- 4 2. Fine sand 4-10 3. Gravel with water 10- 35 4. Thin vein of clay 35- 36 5. Sand and gravel 36-100 6. Clay 100- 7. Fine red sand _ -140 "We went to 140 feet with one well, but got no water. It was fine red sand with much iron and no gravel, and we went no deeper. The levels of the wells are about high-tide level; a very high tide breaks up, so that they are all connected at tide level, but the water is fresh and good for use, but a little hard." 1 36. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved in the office of the depart- ment of water supply in the niunicipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well, No. 17. Wisconsin: Peet. 1 . Yellow loamy sand _ 0- 8 2. Light, reddish-brown, fine to coarse, speckled sand 8-70 Tisbury: 3. Light-yellow sand and pebbles (orange sand) 70- 95 a Ann. Kept. .Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1896, 1897, p. 186. 6 Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1898, 1899, p. 142. 190 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Sankaty: Feet. 4. Dark-gray clay with vegetable matter (swamp deposit) 95-106 Sankaty?: 5. Light-yellow fine to medium sand • 106-128 Jameco: 6. Fine, dark, reddish-brown sand, glacial 128-140 7. Very coarse multicolored sand - 140-150 8. Coarse multicolored gravel, with a very small percentage of quartz 150-170 9. Fine to coai-se dark reddish-yellow sands and gravel 170-191 The elevation, of the surface at this point is 10.6 feet above the Brooklyn base. 137. The following records have been prepared from the samples preserved in the office of the depart- ment of water supply, municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn lest well, No. 4- Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Dark, humus-stained surface, sandy loam 0- 9 2. Clean reddish-brown sands and gravels of glacial origin 9- 97 Tisbury: 3. Dirty-gray sands with a few pebbles 97-126 Sankaty : 4. Gray pebbly clay 126-141 Jameco : 5. Coarse multicolored gravel with a very few quartz pebbles 141-149 Mr. De Varona reports: "Water level above the blue clay is about 16 feet below the surface of the ground, and below the clay it is about 2.5 feet below the surface. "« Analysis of water of BrooMyn test well, No. 4-^ Parts per million. Total sohds - 93. 000 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) _ 29. 000 Ammonia: Free 014 Albuminoid ' ^ , . 078 Chlorine as chlorides . .■ _ 3. 500 Sodium chloride 5. 770 Nitrogen as nitrates . 422 Nitrogen, as nitrites - . . 060 Total hardness 31. 500 Permanent hardness 31 . 500 13§. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn department of water supply: Record of wells at Old Spring Creek pumping station. Well number lA. 2A. 3A. 4A. oA. Recent 1. Peat 0- 3 0- 4 0- 4 0- 2 0- 2 Wisconsin and Tisbury. . 2. Fine to medium yellow to reddish yellow sand with some'gravel. 3-125 4-127 4^127 2-126 2-124 Sankaty 3. Gray gravellv clay 125-133 127-137 127-13fi 126-136 124-134 Jameco ... 4. Multicolored sand and gravel with rela- tively small percentage of quartz. 133-158 137-151 136-153 136-153 134-151 a Arm. Rept. Commr. City Works of Brooklyn for 1895, 1896, p. 346. b .Analysis by the Brooklyn health department, op. cit., pp. 140, 142. DE8CEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 191 Messrs. W. D. Andrews & Brother, who put in the original plant at this point, report under date of March 8, 1895: "At Spring Creek and Baisley trial tubes and wells were driven to a depth of 100 feet or more, from which water flowed, and would rise 2 or 3 feet above the surface if confined in a tube. By hand pumping these 2-inch wells would yield 30 to 40 gallons per minute." Analysis of water from shallow driven well plant at Spring Creelc pumping station. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids 194. 429 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 40. 429 Free ammonia - . 005 Albuminoid ammonia _ . 015 Chlorine as chlorides 12. 857 Sodium chloride. . _ 21. 186 Nitrogen as nitrates _ .,. 4. 510 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 110. 214 Permanent hardness. 809. 29 139. The following analysis was furnished by Mr. I. M. De Varona: Analysis of water from well at temporary Spring Creelc pvmping station. [Analysis by Brooklyn health department.] Parts per mDlion. ' Total solids. ' 223. 500 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 52. 000 Free ammonia . 000 Albuminoid ammonia _ . 017 Chlorine as chlorides ; 14. 000 Sodium chloride 23. 070 Nitrogen as nitrates 6. 965 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 92. 500 Permanent hardness 91 . 000 141. Section from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10); Record of Brooklyn test well No. 5. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Yellow surface loam 0- 16 2. Keddish brown multicolored sands and gravel of glacial origin 16-192 Sankaty: 3. Gray clay 192-200 4. Dark multicolored silty sand (glacial ) .- 1 200-216 5.. Gray silty clay 216-281 Jameco: 6. Gray silt with multicolored pebbles (glacial) 281-284 Accompanj'ing the samples preserved in the glass tube is a sample in an envelope, marked "Test well No. 5, below clay, received August 21, 1895." This sample consists of large dark-colored pebbles, only about one-fourth of which are quartz. Mr. I. M. De Varona adds: "When the pipe was down about 284 feet the water level was about 46 feet below the surface." Elevation of ground 61.8 feet, Brooklyn base. 192 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analysis of water from BrooMyn test well No. 5. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per mjlUon. Total solids ! _ '. 139. 000 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 20. 000 Free ammonia None. Albuminoid ammonia _ . 024 Chlorine as chlorides 8. 500 Sodium chloride .■ 14. 010 Nitrogen as nitrates . 659 Nitrogen as nitrites ' . None. Total hardness •. 63. 500 Permanent hardness 63. 500 142. The wells of this company are arranged in two groups about one-half mile apart, the northern one consisting of 4 wells and the southern one of 12. The pumping station is located about midway between them, in the factory of the Agate-Nickel Steel Ware Company. Section from samples preserved in the office of the Agate-Nickel Steel Ware Company: Record of Woodhaven Water Supply Company's well near Woodhaven. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Light-brown, medium, glacial sand 0-16 2-3. Coarse glacial sand and gravel, containing a large percentage of granitic and sachistose pebbles 16-31 4. Fine, light-gray, micaceous claj'ey sand 31-38 5-8. Brown glacial sand and gravel _ 38-91 The whole section is pronouncedly glacial, with the highest percentage of erratic material between 16 and 31 feet. An analysis of this water, made November 28, 1902, gave the following results: Analysis of water from Woodhaven Water Supply Company's well near Woodhaven. Appearance, etc., clear pale brownish yellow. Odor (heated to 100° F.), faint earthy. Parts per million. Chlorine in chlorides ' 11.5 Equivalent to sodium chloride 18. 9 Phosphates. Trace. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates 2: 1 Free ammonia. .03 Albuminoid ammonia .04 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 149.7 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 29. Organic and volatile (loss on ignition ) 56. 2 Mineral matter (nonvolatile ) 146. 1 Total solids (by evaporation ) _ 193. 4 143. The record of the deep well at this point has been published by Messrs. Bryson," Lewis,* Darton," and Woolman.'' A complete set of samples presented by Mr. F. H. Luce, superintendent of the Woodhaven Water Supply Company, which are preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, show the following section: a Am. Geologist, vol. 3, pp. 214, 1889. b Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 37, p. 233, 1889. cBull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, pp. 31-32. d Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey, for 1896, 1897, pp. 158-160. DEaCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 198 Record of well of Lalance & Grosjean Manufacturing Company near Woodhaven. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Reddish-yellow glacial sands and gravels « 0-213 Cretaceous: 2. Dark laminated clay with some quartz pebbles 213-358 3. Gray clayey sand with lignite 358-430 4. Very dark sandy clay 430-436 5. Fine white sand 436-443 6. Very dark-gray dirty sand 443-456 7. Medium white sand, with small quartz pebbles 456-460 8. Very dark clayey sand 460-475 9. Small quartz gravel 475-510 10. Fine to medium, dirty, clayey sand 510-515 11. Dark, sandy, laminated clay, with quartz pebbles 515-518 12. White or dirty gray clay 518-540 13. Dirty gray medium sand - 540-556 Pre-Cretaceous : 14. Rock 556-570 144. Record of commission's test well near Union Plj.ce. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Surface dark-yellow sandy loam. 2. Reddish-yellow sandy clay 1.5 3. Dark-yellow sand and small gravel 5 4-5. Sand and coarse gravel, with much erratic material 10-15 6-7. Grayish-yellow silt and coarse sand 20-25 8. Fine to medium dark-yellow sand 30 9. Coarse, dark-gray, multicolored sand, with much erratic material 32-32. 5 10. Dark-colored sand, with some silt 33-34 11-13. Dark-yellow silty sand 35-46 This whole section is apparently outwash glacial gravel. 145. Record of commission's test well near Glendale. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Dark humus-stained clay 0. - 0. 4 2. Reddish yellow clay 1.5- 1.8 3-5. Reddish yellow silty sand .- 6. -18 6-16. Fine to coarse dark-gray glacial sand 24. -76 147. Analysis of water of Montauk Brewing Company's well near Metropolitan. [By H. W. Walker.] Appearance clear. Color normal. Parts per million. Odor (heated to 100° F. ) None. Chlorine as chlorides 14. 5 Sodium chloride 23. 89 Nitrogen in nitrites .00 Nitrogen in nitrates 1. 186 Free ammonia. None. Organic and volatile loss on ignition — . 74. 5 Mineral matter not volatile 184. Total solids 257. Mr. H. W. Walker, of the Brooklyn cit^ health department, says, August 8, 1903: "This water is of bright and sparkling appearance, and the analysis indicates a high degree of purity." a In the samples the sand ends at 163 feet, but as both the Lems and Bryson records carry it to 213 feet it has been so placed in this record. 194 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 148. Record of commission's test well near Middle Village. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: ' Feet. 1-2. Surface gravelly loam : 0- 1.5 3-5. Yellowish clayey sand 5-16 6. Fine to medium, dark, multicolored sand 19-20 7. Dark yellowish brown, clayey sand, glacial _ 21-22 8. Dark, multicolored, fine sand to coarse glacial gravel 22-23 9-11. Dark, multicolored, clayey sand and gravel, glacial. _ 30-37 12-20. Dark, multicolored, fine to coarse glacial sand'. 44-96 See Table XIII. 149. Record of H. Bottjer's well near Middle Village. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 3 2. Stones and clay "hard pan," with occasional streaks of water-bearing sand and gravel 3-135 ? 3. Coarse white sand 135- 151. A test well put down at station No. 5 gave the following section (see fig. 13): Record of well of Citizens' Water Supply Company at Station No. 5, hear Flushing Creek. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Reddish-brown sand and fine gravel 0- 60 Tisbury?: 2. Coarse reddish-brown gravel 50- 90 Sankaty ? : 3. Blue stony clay 90-190 152. Record of commission's test well near Flushing Creelc. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface; sandy loam 0- 2 3-4. Reddish-brown clayey sand 4-11 5-6. Multicolored glacial sand and gravel ; 15-22 153. Mr. L. B. Ward gives the following data: "The works of this company are located in the Second Ward of Queens Borough and were erected to supply Long Island City. They consist of three pumping stations, each containing one pumping engine, also 178 driven wells, and 7.5 miles of 12-inch and 16-inch pipe in three "force mains laid to connect with the Long Island City distribution system. The pumps and pump houses are of a provisional character and the works are idle except for the formal operation of one small pump." 154. Record of well at New Calvary Cemetery, Long' Island City. Feet. 1. Black mud : 0-22 2. Blue clay and small blue rock 22-70 3. Bed rock 70- 155. Record of well at New Calvary Cemetery, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Blue clay and bowlder rock , 0-15 2. Quicksand 15-21 3. Gravel with water - 21-51 156. Record of well at New Calvary Cemetery, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Hard pan and small rocks 0-20 2. Gravel. 20-56 DESOEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 195 157. Record of commission's test well near Newtown. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-3. Surface ; clayey sand 1- 5.5 4^5. Yellow, clayey sand 10-13 6. Bowlder clay 15-16 ■ 7-9. Dark multicolored sand and gravel, increasing in coarseness with depth 18-26 159. Record of commission's test ivell near Elmhurst. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-5. Yellow loam with gravel - 5 6-12. Fine to coarse, dark, multicolored sand with some gravel; "hardpan, very hard driving " 5 -41. 5 13-16. Fine yellow sand and clay; " easy driving " 41. 5-55 17-18. Dark multicolored sand and gravel; "hardpan".... 55 -65 Bowlder or ledge at 69 See Table XII. 160. The difference in elevation between these wells is very sUght. Well No. 1, if anything, is on higher ground than wells Nos. 2 and 3. There is apparently a very rapid and irregular variation in* the water table. 161. See No. 153. 162. Messrs. Stotthoff Brothers report « the following data to the New Jersey Geological Survey (see fig. 13): Record of Citizens' Water Supply Company's well near Woodside. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Earth, clay, and bowlders 0-38 Jameco and Cretaceous ? : 2. Hard clay mixed with sand •. 38- 98 3. Quicksand 98-118 4. Blue clay. 118-138 Fordham gneiss: 5. Rock, "gneiss layer," etc : 138-227 163. Mr. Allen reports that the bowlder in the following section was blasted and that water-bearing gravel was found immediately below it. When he penetrated the gravel 3 feet the water rose in the pipe 15 feet, or 4 feet above the bowlder. Record of I. Isenburg's well on Albert street near Grand avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1 . Sand with bowlders 0-40 2. Sand and gravel 40-50 3. Large bowlder 50-58 4. Water-bearing gravel 58-61 164. Mr. S. H. Allen states that most of the wells in this vicinity are about 60 feet deep and that he encountered two water-bearing layers separated more or less by a bed of sandy clay or clayey sand. The water in the upper layer has no pressure, while that from the lower often has pressure enough to rise 5 or 10 feet. The water from the lower layer is considered better both in quantity and quality. 165. Record of well on Thirteenth avenue near Vandeventer avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1 . Unstratified sand and bowlders . 0-28 2. Coarse sand and gravel 28-39 3. Hard sand with bowlders 39-46 4. Clear sand with water 46-56 5. Large bowlders 56- 6. Water-bearing sand 7. Water-bearing gravel -72 a Ann. Kept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1899, 1900, p. 80. 196 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 166. Record of coimnission' s well on Bowery Bay road near Flushing avenue, Long Island City. Wisconsin: • Feet. 1-2. Yellow sandy loam , •. 0- 6 4. Very fine dark-gray sand and clay 10-11 5. Very fine yellow sand and clay : 15-16 6-11. Fine to coarse, multicolored glacial sand and gravel 16-40 12. Eock or bowlder 40- See Table XII. 167. Record of xuell at Albert street and Ditmars avenue, Long Island City. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 3 3-5. Fine, yellow, silty sand and gravel 5-16 6-10. Clean, coarse, multicolored glacial sand and gravel 20-39 11. Eock or bowlder 39-40 . 168. Mr. S. H. AUen completed a well at this place 79 feet 9 inches deep, which yielded 210 gallons per minute. This well ended on what appeared to be bed rock. Later the well was deepened, and after drilling 32 feet the rock was penetrated and quicksand found. It was found impossible to obtain water from this quicksand and a new well was drilled to the original depth. Record of Astoria Sillc Worlcs' well on Steinway avenue, near Ditmars avenue, Long Island, City. Feet. 1. Hardpan 0-51 2. Bowlder 51-53 3. Water-bearing sand and gravel _ 53-80 4. Rock 80-112 5. Quicksand _ _ 112- 169. Record of well on Potter avenue near Parle Place, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Solid stone and hard pressed gravel 0-40 2. Blue clay , 40-48 3. Quicksand, black • 48-56 4. Micaceous sand with water; took quite a time to clear 56-63 170. Record of well at Merchant street and Ditmars avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1. Sand and bowlders 0-32 2. White sand and gravel 32-40 3. White sand packed very hard 40-48 171. Record of well near Merchant street and Ditmars avenue, Long Island City. Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel 0-25 2. Fine sand 25-30 3. Sand and bowlders 30-37 4. Solid rock with water in crevice of rock ., 37-45 172. Record of well at Crescent street and Ditmars avenue. Long Island City. Feet- 1 . Sand and gravel : 0-42 . -2.. Bed rock or bowlder 42- DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 197 173. Record of commission's test well at Lawrence street and Wolcott avenue, Long Island City. Pleistocene : Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 2.5 3. Fine yellow sand 4. Small gravel of a dark mud color 5. Yellow to dark-brown rock flour formed from drilling in bowlder 12-12. 5 6. Multicolored glacial sand and gravel 14-31 See Table XII. 176. Mr. L. C. L. Smith, consulting engineer, reports that there are 17 wells at this station which pass through the following material: Record of wells of Bowery Bay Building and Improvement Association, at North Beach. Wisconsin and Tisbury ? Feet. 1. Sand_._ 0-45 Sankaty ? 2. Clay - '. _.- 45-60 Jameco : 3. Water-bearing strata 65-70 Sweeney & Gray, drillers, report the follo%ving section: Record of wells of Bowery Bay Building and Imfrovement Association at North Beach. Wisconsin to Tisbury ? Feet. 1 . Sandy top soil varying in color from white to yellow 0-20 2. Compact mixture of sand and gravel •. 20-32 Sankaty ? 3. Blue and gray clay in alternating layers 32-36 Jameco ? 4. Veiy coarse sand and gravel in alternate layers 36-82 177. This is the locality from which the wells described by Darton as "Bowery Bay: 110 feet deep; 6 inches in diameter; one flowed 50 gallons," were reported. It seems that several parties attempted wells at this point, but that no results were obtained until after this information had been given the Survey, when three 6-inch wells were put down in a near-by hollow to a depth of 40 or 50 feet, the present water supply being derived from these. Mr. I. H. Ford states that the first weU was sunk to a depth of 400 or 500 feet, but no further data has been obtained regarding it. 17§. See No. 153. 179. Record of commission's well at Trains Meadotu and Highway roads. Long Island City. Recent: Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam . . 0- 2 8. Dark clay with decayed glacial pebbles and peat 5- 6 Wisconsin : 4. Very fine, grajash or reddish brown, clayey sand, glacial. _ 10-28. 5 ISO. Record of commission's well on Trains Meadow road near Jackson avenue, Long Island City. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0-3 3. Yellow clay with considerable MnO, 5- 5. 5 4r-5. Fine, dark-colored, micaceous clayey sand 10-13. 5 6. Yellow clayey sand _ 15-16 7. Medium, coarse, multicolored gravel 17-18 8. Yellow clayey sand 19-20 9-10. Fine to coarse multicolored sand and gravel 22-26 11. Dark reddish speckled sand suggesting disintegrated Triassic sandstone 30-31 See Table XII. 198 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 181. Record of commission's test well at Junction avenue and Strongs lane, Long Island City. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Missing. , 3. Light-yellow clayey loam with pebbles, "bowlder clay' ' 7 -8 4-7. Reddish yoUow, fine to medium, silty sand 14. 0-30. 5 8-1 1 . Dark iriulticolorcd glacial sand and gravel 36. 5-53. 182. A. D. Schlissinger, president of the India Rubber Comb Company, reports as follows: Record of India Rubber Comb Company's well near College Point. Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel 0-35 2. Black muck and water smelling of clams. 35- 184. C. D. Corwin reports the following section from this well: Record of well of American Hard Rubber Company, near College Point. Feet. . 1. Filled ground 0- 8 2. Yellowish clay and sand 8-25 3. Hard pan, yellow clay, and stones, impervious to water; like macadamized roads 25-60 ; 4. Water-bearing gravel and light-brown coarse sand 60-70 5. Yellow clay and stones : 70-85 1 86. A sketch in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society by Mr. C. M. Jacobs, consulting engineer, gives the following section of the test well at this point: Record of railroad test boring on Tallman Island, New Yorlc. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Sand and trap bowlders; old sea beach - 7. 3 2. Yellow quartz sand 7. 3- 30 3. Quartz gravel and bowlders 30 -31.5 4. Yellow quartz sand, medium fine. 31. 5- 50 5. Trap l)owlders, quartz sand, and gravel; regular glacial drift 50 - 57 6. Sand 57 - 63 7. Quartz gravel 63 - 66 8. Gravel and sand ." 66 - 73. 3 9. Quartz gravel 73. 3- 76. 3 Cretaceous : 10. Soft clay 76.3- 79.3 11. Lignite intermixed with clay bands 79. 3- 91.7 12. Streaked red and white clay; hard, bored out as a solid core 91.7-110.4 Fordham : 13. Soft, wiiite micaceous "sandstone," the upper part of which was so soft as to wash to powder under diamond drill; below it gradually became less micaceous and liarder, the lower part coming out as a solid core 110.4-159 The core mentioned in No. 13 is regarded by Mr. Eckel as quartzitic Fordham. 187. Lawrence Verdon says: "Stopped at 112, as I could get the well no farther." Record of James Caffery's tvell near Far Rockaway. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Water-bearing strata, almost clear gravel 0- 42 Sankaty : 2. Clay 42-66 Jameco : 3. Black sand with water which looked and tasted good 66- 88 4. No record 88-112 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 199 I §8. This well was put down by Mr. Gilbert Baldwin under the direction of Mr. Jesse Conklin. Mr. Conklin, under date of April 25, 1895, gives the following: "At Far Rockaway, about one-fouitli mile from the ocean I drove a well 210 feet. I found water at 16 feet from the surface and got a good supply. I drove 180 feet through beach sjand and gravel. At 195 feet stiiick petrified wood. Last 15 feet was clear white giavel, with a veiy good supply of water of about 40 gallons." From Mr. Baldwin it is learned that this water was so salty that the well was abandoned. The record, according to Mr. Baldwin, is as follows: Record of B. L. Carroll's ivell near Far Rockaway. Tisbuiy: Feet. 1. Fine beach sand 0- 25 2. Coarse sand and gravel 25- 45 Sankaty: 3. Blue clay ; no stones 45- 65 Jameco and Cretaceous?: 4. Fine gravel and sand with brackish water (this Inyer furnished biit a small quan- tity of water) 65-180 5. Coarse gravel with a vigorous supply of salty water. . .• 180-190 The second well was drilled at a distance of about 400 feet, and Mr. Cai'roll reports the following section : Record of B. L. Carroll's well near Far Rockaway. Tisbuiy: ' ' Fe^t. 1. Beach sand 0-20 Sankaty : 2. Blue clay „ 20-60 Sankaty and Jameco: 3. Quicksand '. 60-90 Jameco : 4. Gravel 90- The water from this layer was of suflRciently good quality for ordinary use. Analysis showed a large amount of chlorine, but this was not sufficient to bo perceptible to the taste. 189. Record of James CajTery's well near Far Rockawai/. Feet. 1 . Ordinary soil, sandy loam 0- 2 2. Fine sand with no gravel except in streaks 2-30 Mr. Walsh reports that the material was so fine that he used a Cook strainer to prevent the sand from entering the tube and clogging the well. He adds that in geneial the water on Rockaway Ridge occurs from 12 to 18 feet below the surface, and that the water near the center of the ridge is better in quality than that near the margin. At the edge of the meadows there is a fine nonwater-bearing sand. 190. The following analysis is reported by the Long Island Railroad Company: Analysis of water from railroad uxil at Far Rockaway. Parts per million. SiOj and ¥.fii, etc 4.8 CaCos and MgCO^. Traces. CaSO, 88. 1 CaCl, 15.7 MgCl, 68. 2 NaCl 31.1 Total solids 207. 9 A corrosive water at 200 pounds pressure. 200 UNDEEGROUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 191. This was the site of the first plant of the Queens County Water Company. Mr. C. A. Lockwood, who put in the wells, reports that there were twenty 5-inch wells, 50 feet deep. These were entirely in light- brown sand and gravel. As these wells did not yield a sufficient supply two deep wells were sunk to a depth of 200 feet, but in both brackish water was encountered and they were abandoned. The section reported is as follows : Record of well of Queens County Water Company near Far Rodkaway. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-brown sand and gravel similar to the rest of the Rockaway Ridge material. . 0- 60 Sankaty: 2. Blue clay 60-100 Jameco and Cretaceous ? : 3. Beach sand ■. 100-200 The above record is for the well nearest the bay north of Far Rockaway; the one farther south near the raiboad station contained clay from 60 to 78 feet. 193. Record of T. R. Chapman's weM on HooTcs Creelc. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand 0- 2. Quicksand - - 3. Alternate layers of sand and clay : brackish water -140 Sankaty; 4. Dark-colored clay. 140-200 5. Very hard clay; required 120 blows from 1-ton hammer to drill 1 inch 200-202 Jameco : 6. Gravel with artesian water 202-203 Water at first flowed a good stream several feet above the surface, but the jaeld is now much less. 195. The following record has been prepared from samples preserved by the depai'tment of water sup- ply in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 16 at ShetucTcei pumping station. Wisconsin : . Feet. 1. Fine, dark-brown, loamy sand 0-20 2. Fine to coarse, light, yellowish white, speckled sand -. 20-89 Tisbury : 3. Fine gray sand 90-105 4. Fine to coarse reddish-brown sand 105-135 Sankaty : 5. Gray clay 135-146 Jameco : 6. Dark multicolored sand and gravel with some clay ( glacial ) 146-154 Elevation of ground, 12.7 feet Brooklyn base; water was found below the blue clay, and water level was originally 9 feet from the surface. The elevation of the water in this test well ranged from 11 to 17 feet below the surface in 1901. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES OK WELLS. 201 196. The following records have been compiled from the manuscript reports of Mr. Peter C. Jacobson which were kindly placed at our disposal by chief engineer I. M. De Varona (see fig. 10) : Records of wells at Springfield pumping station. Well No. Section. Total depth. Flow per minute. Yield for 24 hours. Remarks. Sand. Blue clay with wood and sand. Water-bearing sand and gravel; some wood and clay. «15 3 2 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Feet. 0-74 0-50 0-50 Feet. 74-182 .50-117 50-124 Feet. 182-207 117-177 124-178 Feet. 207 177 178 177 177 177 179 Gallons. 15 Gallons. 6 700,000 Sand with water, no gravel, 117 to 134 feet. Began to flow at 134 feet. Flow increased to 25 gal- lons on washing out. Water-bearing sand and gravel at 160 feet. Do. Do. Flows at 135 feet. Fine sand and gravel worked do\vn for bot- tom. 15 20 15 ^15 160-177 160-177 139-179 '1,000,000 76-135 132-156 156 157 158 . a This is from a report on this well made in July, 1897. c November 17, 1897. t> August 24, 1897. d October 26, 1897. In the report for June 7, 1897, the following record is given, apparently referring to well No. 15: Record of well 1.5 at Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Sharp water-bearing sand 0-25 Tisbury : 2. Fine hard packed sand with very little water 25-78 Sankaty : 3. Blue clay with sand and gravel 78-123 Jameco : 4. Small gravel and sand with a large percentage of carbonized wood; water bearing; water level 6 inches above surface; will yield with hand pump 75 gallons per minute; pumping with hand pump lowers it 6 feet; when pumping is stopped the level of 6 feet is recovered in ^ minute 123-129 5. Sand of various fineness containing carbonized wood and clay 129-158 6. Gravel, sand, and a little clay mixed; water bearing 158-178 On June 14 it was stated that the flow of well 15 had increased to 9 gallons per minute and that its pumping capacity was almost a million gallons a day. As no samples from these wells were preserved and as the data are very meager and somewhat confusing, it is not possible to arrive at a very satisfactory conclusion regarding the exact stnicture at this point. From the location of the wells and from the data furnished by adjoining wells it is felt that the water-bearing sands and gravels are, in part at least, Jameco, and the blue clay, Sankaty. The locality is very near the eastern edge of the old Sound Eiver Valley, and the irregularity of the lower part of this section is doubtless due to 17116— No. 44—06 14 202 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. the unevcnnoss of the old land siirfaco and the redeposition of the pro-Pleistocono materials. The statement of the inspector that the water-bearing stratmn grows finer and the gravel less toward the west seems to indicate a rise in the old surface in that direction, as indicated in fig. 10. Toward the east it is known from the samples of well No. 197 that the pre-Pleistocene beds are very near the surface. All the data at hand point to the conclusion that the development at this place is in a small valley in the older beds. Analysis of Springfield Pond, pump well at Springfield. [Surface water; analysis by Brooklyn health department.] Parts per milljon. Total soHds - 86. 00 . Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 29. 10 Free ammonia 06 Albuminoid anmionia : .12 Chlorine as chlorides 10. 58 Chlorine equivalent to sodium chloride 17. 48 Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 13 ■ Nitrogen as nitrites None. Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 28. 80 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 26. 90 197. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10) : Record of itcll near Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Fine to medium, light, reddish-yellow sands - 33 2. Same, but a little lighter 33-39 3. Light, brownish-yellow, fine to medium sands 39 - 54 Tisbury: 4. Bright-yellow silt (looks like surface loam ) 54 - 56 5. Fine olive-yellow sand 56 - 59 6. Bright-orange fine to coai-se sand 59 - 77 7. Light-yellow sand 77 -106. 5 Jameco?: 8. Fine steel-gray sand wdth quartz, jasper, and ferruginous sandstone pebbles 106. 5-109. 5 Cretaceous : 9. Very dark-blue clay (different from claj' above the glacial gravels) 109. 5-130 10. Light-gray sands with lignite at 136 and 140 130 -234 11. Lignite 234 -236 12. White clay 236 -251 13. Dark-blue clay 251 -258 14. Fine gray sand. 258 -271 In addition to the samples preserved in the glass tube, there are a number of samples incanswliich may be described as follows: 107-110, several large quartz, jasper, and ferruginous sandstone pebbles; 110-125, lignite and gray clay; 125, lignite and p}Tite; " 130, specimen found in white sand October 25,1895" — large pieces of lignitized wood, evidently part of a tree. Elevation of surface is 10.3 feet, Brooklyn base. 199. Section prepared from samples preserved bj^ the Brookljm water department, in the municipal building, Brooklyn: Record of test ivell No. 18, near Oconee pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Dark reddish-brown loam _ 0- 8 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Fine to coarse, light , reddish-yellow sand 9- 56 Tisbury: 3. Fine, light, grayish-jrellow sand , 56- 89 4. Dark, medium, reddish-brown sand ^ 89-115 DESCKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 203 Sankaty: Feet. 5. Fine gray clay 1L5-185 Jameco : 6. Dark, multicolored, very coarse sand (glacial) 185-192 Elevation of surface, 10.3 feet; average height of water in December, 1901, 17 feet from the surface; in November of the same year, 16.2. 200. Section prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department, in the muni<;ipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of tent well at Baisley's pumping station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Yellowish sand and gravel - 21. 5 2. Fine yellow sand 21. 5- 34 3. Coarser yellowish sand 34 - 39 T.»sbury ; 4. Fine yellowish sand 39 - .58 5. Gray sand and gravel 58 - 77. 5 6. Gray sand 77. 5- 97. 5 7. Yellowish sand and gravel 97. 5-103 8. Yellowish sand, gravel, and clay - 103 -106 Sankaty : 9. Blue clay 106 -139. 5 10. Blue clay and quicksand 139. 5-156 Jameco : 11. Black sand and gravel 156 -166 12. Black sand 166 -174 13. Finer black sand _ 174 -200 Elevation of surface, 6.7 feet; see report of Andrews & Bro., under No. 138. Analysis of water from test wdl at Baisley's pumping station. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids 167. 50 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 58. 12 Free ammonia .06 Albuminoid ammonia .02 Chlorine as chlorides 37. 98 Chlorine equivalent to sodium chloride 62. 61 Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 39 Nitrogen as nitrites .05 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (before boiling) 68. 68 Hardness equivalent to carbonate of lime (after boiling) 61. 37 204 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 201 . The following summary of the material penetrated at the Jameco pumping station has been prepared from the samples preserved hj the Brooklyn waterworks (see fig. 10): Records of wells at Jameco pumping station. Cramer. i2A 3A. 4A. IB. 2B. 3B. 4B. 5B. 6B. 8B. 9B. lOB No.l. No. 2. Recent. 1. Peat and silt. to 5 to 5 to 5 to 5 •0 to 6 to 5 5 to 34 to 2.5 2.5 to 38? to 2 2 to 37 to 4,5 4.5, to. 80 80 (a) to 143 - to 6 2. Yellow loam. to 30 to 5 to 33 6 to 31 to 25 Wisconsin. 3. Fine to coarse reddish-yellow sand and gravel, containing considerable material of glacial origin and per- haps representing Wisconsin out- wash. 5 to 32 5 to 20 5 to 18 5 to 22 5 to 31 6 to 39 Tisbury. i. Very light-yellow to gray sands, gen- erally very fine, but occasionally containing a few pebbles. Con- tains very little material which is clearly of glacial origin. 30 to 84 32 20 to 1 to 84 83 18 to 81 22 to 79 31 to 80 33 to 83.5 31 to 86.5 25 to 83 34 38? to to 87.5; 80 87. 5 80 1 . 1 (a) i (a) to to 140 144 37 to 78 78 (a) to 143 39 ; to 84 5. Dark-gray (" blue ") clay. 84 to 105 84 to 106 83 (a) to 141 81 to 138 79 (a) to 137 80 W to 141 83.5 (o) to 141.5 86.5 (a) to 141 83 (a) to 143 84 C) • to Sankaty. 6. Fine grayish-yellow silty sand with pebbles. 105 to 113 106 to 114 7. Dark-gray (" blue") clay. 113 to 141 114 to 137 135 Jameco. 8. Dark-brown, highly erratic, multi- colored sand and gravel. 141 to 160 137 to 161 .141 to 154 138 to 150 137 to 151 141 to 154 141.5 to 153.5 141 to 155 143 to 157 140 144 to to 153 153 143 to 157 143 to 161 135 to 145 « stratum 6 absent. The 183 shallow-driven wells which originally constituted this station were supplemented by 7 deep wells. Data regarding these is presented by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona in the following table: Records of deep wells at Jameco puw.ping station. No. of well. Size of well. Size of suction. When com- pleted. Depth driven. Rate of nor- mal flow per 24 hours. Yield per 24 hours, when pumped. 186 185 100 i Inches. 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 Inches. 2 2| 2i 2J 2i 4i 1891 1892 1892 1893 1893 1893 1893 Ft. in. 165 163 150 4 157 4^ 151 ih 154 9 150 10 Gallons. 30, 240 34, 560 129, 600 . 34, 560 684, 000 144, 000 201,600 Gallons. 172, 800 158, 400 403, 200 504, 000 720,000 432, 000 864,000 In 1894 wells No. 100 and' 186 were pulled up, cleaned, and redriven to depths of 157 feet 8 inches and 160 feet 7 inches, respectively. After being cleaned the normal flow of well No. 100 was 4,320 gallons per day, and with a pump it yielded 20,160 gallons; well No. 186 flowed 5,760 gallons per day, which was increased to 60,480 gallons by pumping. No. 185 was tested without cleaning, and flowed 20,160 gallons, and with a pump yielded 90,000 gallons per day of twenty-four hours. - DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 205 The results from these wells were so satisfactory that arrangements were made with Messrs. Andrews & Bro. to construct additional wells. Four 8-inch wells completed late in 1894 gave the following results: Records of Andrews deep wells at Jameco pumping station. No. of well. Thickness of sand stratum. Thickness of clay stratum. Length of pipe in water-bear- ing stratum. Normal yield per 24 hours. Ft. in. Ft. in. Ft. in. Gallons. lA 82 55 6 10 4 201,000 2A 83 59 4 11 5| 144, 000 3A 81 6 57 9^ 11 4 159, 000 4A 78 10 58 8 12 7i 222, 000 In January, 1895, a test was made of these wells extending over a period of twelve days, during which time the wells were run under various combinations, from singly to all four together; the gaging showed an average daily delivery of over 1,000,000 gallons when one well was being pumped, and 3,500,000 gallons with the four wells connected. During the period of observations the elevation of the underground water at the 2-inch test wells, Nos. 8 and 9, at Jameco (each of which was about 140 feet deep), and the deep test well at Baisley's station (No. 200), about one-half mile distant, was noted. The lowering of the water at the station was approximately 5 feet when 1,000,000 gallons were being pumped, and 10 feet when the delivery was 3,500,000 gallons. The greatest lowering shown at Baisley's deep test well was slightly over 4 feet. The effect of the rise and the fall of the tide on the level of the ground water could not be taken into account at the time in determining the lowering of the water. Early in 1895 Mr. C. P. Cramer, of Paterson, N. J., completed a 10-inch well 160 feet deep, which flowed 150,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. A test of the four 8-inch Andrews wells (Nos. lA, 2A, 3A, and 4A) and the 10-inch Cramer well (No. 5A), was made from December 9 to 28, 1895, the wells being run singly and in groups of from 2 to 5. Elevations of the deep underground water level were taken at the Jameco test wells Nos. 8 and 9, at the 5-inch test wells Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 11, and at Baisley's deep test well. The average daily yield per well was approximately 1,000,000 gallons, with nearly a pro rata increase for each well connected, making the total yield about 5,000,000 gallons. During the test, lasting twenty days, the total amount pumped was 61,239,555 gallons, and when pumping the maximum of 5,000,000 gallons daily the greatest lowering, of water at Jameco was slightly over 14 feet. The greatest lowering of water in the deep test wells during the above test is given as follows: Depth to which water level in neighboring deep test ivells was lowered by pumping at Jameco station, December ^ 9-28, 1895. Feet. Jameco test well No. 8 15. 23 Jameco test well No. 9 - 13. 44 Baisley's deep test well (200) 8. 86 Test well No. 1 (202 ) 9. 99 Test well No. 2 (203 ) 8. 69 Test well No. 4 (137 ) .31 Test well No. 5 (141 ) 91 Test well No. 7 (206 ) - - 1. 53 Test well No. 11 (212) _ 7. 25 The locations of these wells are shown on PI. XXIV. 206 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Analyses of waters from wells at Jameco pumping station. [By the Brooklyn health department.'a Parts per million.] Old driven wells (shal- low). Old driven wells (deep). No. 2A No. 4A (An- (An- ' drews) . , drews) . No. 5A (Cramer). Number of analyses. Total solids 2 174.50 1 125.00 20.00 105.00 .78 .15 4.50 7.42 .71 None. 92.00 87.00 4 119. 25 3 123. 66 1 138. 00 Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 44.50 130. 00 15.50 19.33 Mineral matter 103.75 104. .^3 10.'^ no Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Chlorine as chlorides Sodium chloride .48 .14 32.50 53.56 .42 None. 50.75 .77 .07 9.37 15.44 .61 .7 6.66 10.98 1.04 .00 1 6.00 9.89 .00 None. 60.50 60.50 Nitrogen as nitrates Nitrogen as nitrites Total hardness .31 None. 70.00 .34 None. 72. 83 Permanent haidness 50.75 40. 25 69. 16 a Ann. Rept. Comm. City Works, Brooklyn, 1895, pp. 139, 141. A letter from W. D. Andrews & Bro., dated May 8, 1895, gives the following: "In 1890 at Jameco Park we, on our own account, sunk test wells 4, 5, and 6 inches in diameter. From veins of water varj'ing in depth from 30 to 160 feet the water rose 10 feet above the surface. The natural flow from one 4-inch open-ended pipe was 90 gallons per minute. Another 6-inch tube delivered at the ground level 500 gallons per minute and rose inside of the tube 11 feet above the surface. During Major Boody's term we made several 6-inch wells at Jameco station having an average depth of 1.50 feet and a natural flow at the surface of 120 to 180 gallons per minute." 202. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved by the department of water supply, municipal building, Brookhm: Record of BrooMyn test well No. 1, Brooklyn aqueduct and Cornell Creek. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Light yellowish sands and gravel, glacial". 0- 54 Tisbury : 2. Fine, yellowish-gray, " pepper and salt " sand 54- 62 3. Fine yellowish-white sand _ 62- 75 4. Grayish white silty sand and gravel (very few glacial pebbles) 75- 89 Sankaty : 5. Gray clay 89-142 Jameco: 6. Dark multicolored sands and gravel 142-156 "When the well casing was worked down to the surface of the ground the flow was 30 gallons per minute. The normal level of the water in the strata below the clay bed was 0.75 foot above the sur- face of the ground." " a Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works, Brooklyn, for 1895, 1896, p. 343. DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 20,7 Analysis of water from. Brooklyn test well No. 1, BrooMyn aqueduct and Cornell CreeTc. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million . Total solids ., 124. 00 Loss on ignition 14. 00 Free ammonia - 2. 05 Albuminoid ammonia - . . . — .00 Chlorine as chlorides - 5. 50 . Sodium chloride 9. 06 Nitrogen as nitrates. — .37 Nitrogen as nitrites - - None. Tote.1 hardness 75. 00 Permanent hardness - 47. 00 203. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of BrooMyn test well No. 2, Brooklyn aqueduct and. Rockaway road. . Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Fine to very coarse reddish silty sand- . - 0- 19 Tisbury : 2. Fine light, yellowish gray, "pepper and salt " sand 19- 43 3. Fine, darker, yellowish gray sand; some pebbles near bottom of layer 43- 72 4. Fine grayish sand 72- 83 - Sankaty: 5. Dark-gray silty clay _ 83-140 6. Very fine, dark-gray, sandy silt 140-154 Jameco: 7. Dark multicolored sands and gravels; only a small percentage of quartz (pro- nouncedly glacial ) 154-258 "At a depth of 169 feet the water rose in the well to within 18 inches of the surface. When the pipe was down to 239 feet, the top of the pipe being 2.25 feet below the surface of ground, the flow was 5 gallons per minute." Elevation 7.4 feet, Brooklyn base. Analysis of water from Brooklyn test well No. 2, Brooklyn aqueduct and Rockaway road. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. Total solids 48.00 Loss on ignition 15. 00 Free ammonia _ .51 Albuminoid ammonia .10 Chlorine as chlorides _ 7. 00 Sodium chloride — 11. 54 Nitrogen as nitrates .76 Nitrogen as nitrites .05 Total hardness 16. 00 Permanent hardness 16. 00 204. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): 208 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Record of BrooMyn test well No. 3, BrooMyn aqueduct and New York avenue. Wisconsin: • - Feet. 1 . Reddish yellow silty sand and gravel 0- 9 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand with pebbles in lower portion (glacial) 9- 45 Tisbury : 3. Fine light-yellow sand 45- 86 Sankaty : 4. Dark-gray, silty, lead-colored clay , 86-139 5. Very fine, dark-gray, silty sand 139-158 6. Medium, dark-gray, silty sand 158-160 7. Gray clay .•_ 160-201 Jameco: 8. Dark, multicolored, silty, fine to coarse sand (glacial) 201-277 Elevation 9.8 feet, Brooklyn base. In addition to the samples preserved in the glass tube a number were found in a can marked "Third, 5-Inch test well;" they are as follows: "69 feet clay," light-gray silty clay; "72 feet wood," small pieces of peat, evidently a swamp deposit; "140 to 158 feet wood," fragments of lignitized driftwood; " 161 to 202 feet wood," lignitized pieces of driftwood. " No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 205. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of BrooMyn test well No. 8, BrooMyn aqueduct and Farmers avenue. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand 0- 27 Tisbury : 2. Light, brownish yellow, fine to coarse sand- 27- 59 3. Fine speckled gray sand .59- 72 Sankaty: 4. Gray clay 72-212 Jameco: 5. Dark, multicolored, fine to medium, dirty glacial sand (same as 8 in well 204)... 212-260 Cretaceous: 6. White micaceous sand 260-293 Elevation 10 feet, Brooklyn base. / The following samples were preserved in can marked "Eighth, 5-inch test well:" "59.7 to 72.3 feet, specimens found in gray sand October 7, 1895" — water rolled twigs (only slightly lignitized), water rolled pieces of lignite, and large flakes of muscovite; " 258 to 275 feet, specimens found in sharp white sand October 14, 1895," fragments of lignitized wood; "258 to 275 feet," several small pieces of yellow amber, and a piece as large as a pigeon's egg of yellow gum. No water was found in the strata below the clay bed. 206. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of BrooMyn test well No. 7, BrooMyn aqueduct, northwest of Springfield pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Yellow surface loam 0- 3 2. Light, multicolored, clean, fine to coarse sand 3- 20 Tisbury: 3. Clean, reddish yellow, fine to coarse sand 20- 32 4. Dirty yellowish-white, medium, "pepper and salt" sand 32- 43 5. Fine to coarse, dark, yellowish gray sand 43- 65 DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 209 Sankatj: Feet. 6. Gray clay ("blue clay") 65- 70 7. Same as 5 70- 78 8. Gray clay 78-170 Jameco: 9. Reddish yellow multicolored sand and pebbles (glacial) 170-183 Cretaceous : 10. Fine to coarse white sand with a few slightly darker quartz pebbles below 183-420 The following samples are preserved in cans: "90 to 95 feet," pieces of gray clay with vegetable matter, apparently marsh or swamp deposit. " 88 feet, drilled through something hard for about a foot, presumably a log, as these fragments of wood were washed up." "These fragments of wood" prove to be pieces of peat made up of parts of many small plants closely compacted. " 230 feet," large pebbles of rose quartz, much disintegi-ated felspathic rock, black chert, banded lime- stone, ferruginous sandstone, conglomerate, iron pyrite, and lignite. "Contained in gravel washed up from a depth of 171 feet" — fragments of soft red Newark sandstone. "Pieces of wood washed up from a depth of 196 feet September 6, 1895" — lignitized wood, evidently parts of a log. As the material in the tube from 183 to 420 is clearly not glacial, the sample fi'om 230 shows some disagreement. According to the tube samples the glacial material ended at 182 feet, while according to the samples in the cans it extends to at least 230 feet. Elevation of surface, 10 feet Brookljm base. "No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 2© 7. Record of commission's test well near New Yorlc and Locust avenues, south of Jamaica. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Surface loam _ 0. 5- 1.5 3-9. Outwash gravel 5. 0- 29. 5 See Table XII. 20S. Record of commission's test well on Roclcaway road. Wisconsin : Feet. 1- 2. Yellow surface loam : _ 0.5- 1 3-10. Outwash gravel with quite a considerable percentage of erratic material 5-31 See Table XII. 209. Record of commission's test v.dl, 2 miles south of Dunton. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 - 2. Coarse sandy loam 0- 2 3- 9. Yellowish-red glacial sand and gravel 2- 35 10-12. Dark, j^ellowish-gray, fine sand with much biotite 35- 44 210. Record of commission's well near Morris Parle. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1- 2. Yellow surface loam 0- 1 3- 8. Fine to coarse, grayish-brown, glacial sand 5- 31 9-12. Dark steel-gray sand (glacial) 31- SO. 5 211. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1- 3. Filled ground 0- 4 4-12. Dark-gray fine sand and gravel with much biotite and erratic material 4—41 13. Small, multicolored, glacial gravel with much erratic material 41- 43 210 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Tisburj-: Feet. 14-27. Dark-gray fine to medium sand 43-106 28-80. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand with a very small percentage of glacial material. , 106-111 Sankaty : 31-33. Blue sandy clay 111-122 21i2. The following section has been prepared from the sjamples preserved bj' the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 13): Record of Brooklyn test well No. 11, near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Fine to coarse light sand with some pebbles ._ 0- 3 2. Medium reddish-brown sand 3- 7 3. Same as 1 7-20 Tisbury : 4. Fine to coarse reddish-yellow sands (glacial ) 20- 43 5. Fine, yellowish-gray, speckled sands (glacial ) _ 43- 89 6. Coarser yellowish gray sand with gravel 89- 95 Sankaty: 7. Gray clay 95-189 Jameco: 8. Dark multicolored fine to coarse sand (glacial ).. ■. 189-200 Elevation of surface, 19.2 feet. Between 190 and 198 feet below the surface large quantities of water were found. 213. Mr. C. A. Lockwood has kindly furnished the following record of a deep well put down at the pumping station of the Jamaica Water Supply Company (see fig. 13): Record of well at 'pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ~ Feet. 1 . Surface loam - 1.5 2. Sand and gravel 1.5- 60 Sankaty: 3. Blue clay '. 60 -104 Jameco : 4. Coarse sand and reddish gravel. 104 -120 Cretaceous: .5. Blue clay like that in stratum 3 120 -140 6. Coarse sand and gravel lighter in color than preceding 140 -156 7. Blue clay like that in strata 3 and 5 156 -175 8. Coarse gray sand 175 -235 9. "Pretty" red clay 235 -239 10. Lignite 239 -240 11. Very coarse, sharp, nearly white sand. 240 - 12. Pink clay of the consistency of putty, described as very beautiful in appearance. 241 13. Lignite 241 -242 14. White putty-like clay 242 -243 15. Beach sand. - 243 -352 Near this well another well was put down to a depth of 330 feet, when work was discontinued because of the great amount of lignite encountered. The first clay bed in the second well was of somewhat less thickness than in the first. Clam shells are reported at various depths. The water in this well contains considerable quantities of iron. DE8CRIPTIVK NOTES ON WELLS. 211 Other wells at the Jamaica pumping station arc as follows: One 8-foot brick-curb well 57 feet deep; one 8-inch tile well .TO feet deep ; one 10-inch well 1/50 feet deep. The material above the first layer of clay in these wells varies in dilferent localities fi'om sand and gravel to a red or gray sand and in some places to quicksand. Mr. Lockwood reports that the ca|)acity of the entire sei'ies of wells is 7,000,000 gallons a day, but that only 3,000,000 gallons a day arc actually piunptul during the summer months, and that tlic average foi' the year is from 2,27.'i,000 to 2,.')00,()00 gallons a day. The smallest wells at the station are 5 inclies in diameter and out of a single one of these 2.50,000 gallons a day is pumped. In 1886 if the 10-inch and .'i-inch wells at the station were allowed to remain without- pumj)ing, it took the water live seconds to recover its natural level. In 1903 it took four and one-half minutes to recovci'. In the interval of seventeen years the water le\'el has been lowered about 1 foot. Analysis of well water from pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. [By Brooklyn health department, July 31, 1903. Analyst, Uichard J. Roilly, assistant chemist ] Parts per million. Appearance Clear. Color None. Odor (heated to 100° F. ) None. Sediment Chlorine in chlorides 17. 00 Sodium chloride 28. 01 Phosphates , None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates 6. 00 Free ammonia - . 005 Albuminoid ammonia .01 Total hardness - - - 83. 4 Permanent hardness 75. Organic and volatile matter (loss on ignition ) 39. Mineral matter (nonvolatile) ■. 120. Total solids (by evaporation ) 1.59. Analysis of well water from pumping station of Jamaica Water Supply Company, Jamaica. [By Long Island Railroad Company, May, 1897. | Parts per million. SiO, 17.1 AlAandFeA 2. .39 CaCOs 29. 07 MgCO., - - 16. 42 CaSO, 23.77 MgCl, 14. 71 NaOl 8.21 Total solids 111. 67 214. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Surface, dark sandy loam 2. Subsoil, reddish-yellow loamy sand 3-4. Yellow silty sand 5. .5-11 5-6. Sand and fine gravel 15 -21 . 5 7-8. Sand bucket sample shows sand with a considerable percentage of fine gravel, and a wash sample shows reddish yellow sand 25 -31 212 UNDEKGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 215. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Surface loam - 1 3-8. Outwash gravel. ' 1 -25. 5 See Table XII. 317. Record of commission's test well near Springland. Wisconsin. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam - 1 3-8. Outwash sand and gravel with much biotite 3 -24. 5 See Table XII. 216. Record of commission's test well near Jamaica. Wisconsin : , ' Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 3-5. Outwash material increasing in coarseness with depth 5 -16 Yellowish sandy clay. _ 19. 5-20 6-8. Reddish-brown outwash sand and gravel 21 -32 See Table XIL ■ 218. Record of commission's test well near Queens. Wisconsin and Tisbuiy ? • Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam , 0- 1 3. Yellow loamy sand - , 5- 5. 5 4-5. Light, grayish yellow, outwash sand and gravel 10-16 6. Fine, dark, steel-gray sand (glacial) 20-21 7-11. Light, grayish yellow, outwash sand and gravel 26-60 See Table XII. 2 19 A. This is a small private, high-service system, which draws its water from the mains of the Jamaica Water Supply Company and supplies an area of about 195 acres. 220. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department : Record of BrooTclyn test well No. 7, near Hollis. Wisconsin: ■ . , Feet. 1 . Reddish yellow surface loam and loamy sand. 0- 15 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Light, reddish yellow, multicolored sands and gravel (glacial) 15- 69 Tisbury: 3. Medium-light grayish yellow sand : 69- 77 4. Light-yellow sand. _ _ 77- 98 Cretaceous ? : 5. Very fine, gray, silty clay ("blue clay") 98-103 Cretaceous : 6. Reddish yellow sand and gravel, with muscovite. 103-117 7. Light, yellowish white, medium sands 117-144 8. Darker yellowish white sands _ 144—157 9. Light, yellowish white, fine to medium sands ■ 157-217 10. WMte quartz pebbles 217-224 11. Fine to coarse, light, yellowish sands 224-294 12. F ne pink sands , 294-297 13. Fine reddish yellow sand : 297-302 14. Dark blue-gray clay. 302-319 15. Fine gray sand 319-337 16. Very fine pinkish gray sand 337-348 17. Very fine olive-gray sand 348-354 18. Alternate layers of very fine and fine pinkish gray sand 354-369 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 213 Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 19. Fine light-gray sand 369-401 20. Medium dark-gray sand : 401-403 21 . Very fine very dark-gray sand 403-407 Elevation, 58.6 feet, Brooklyn base. The samples below No .7 all have cons derable muscovite and resemble the yellow Cretaceous sands of the old Westbuiy section (well No. 430) and the Melville section in the West Hills. 221. Record of commission's test well near WoodhuU Parle. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 5. 2 3. Very fine dark-gray clayey sand 10-11 4^8. Highly erratic outwash sand and gravel. 15-29 See Table XII. 222. Record of commission's test well near West Jamaica. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1 . Surface sandy loam _ 0-2 2-4. Reddish brown fine to coarse glacial sand. 2-20 5-9. Medium gray sand with much biotite . 20-52 223. The plant of the Montauk Water Company, situated at Dunton, consists of eighteen 10-inch tile wells having an average depth of 50 feet. The type of the well and the character of strata penetrated is shown in the accompanying figure (fig. 63) . Mr. C. A. Lockwood gives the following section of a well com- pleted by him at this point: Record of Montauk Water Company's well at Dunton. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1 . Sandy loam 0-8 2. Blue clay 8-24 3. Coarse gray sand and gravel 24-64 The following analyses were reported by the Long Island Rail- road Company, April, 1897, and September, 1901, respectively: Analyses of water from Montauk Water Company's well at Dunton. Parts per million. SiO, - 19. 15 AI263 and Fe.Oa 51 CaCOs - . . . 42. 07 MgCOa - 23. 08 CaSO, 10. 09 MgSO,- MgCl... NaCl... .51 14.19 4.96 114.56 Fig. 63.— Type of well used at the Montauk waterworks plant at Dunton, N. Y. SiO,„ etc. 20. 35 CaCOj - 54. 55 MgCOs - - - - 25. 65 CaSO,-. 13.00 MgSO, --- 7.69 MgCl^ - - 16. 42 NaCl - 13. 00 150. 66 An excellent boiler water, but forms some scale. 214 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analysis of water from MoniauJc Water Company's well at Dunton. [Analyst, H. B. Hodges.] Parts per million Silica oxide of iron and alumina - 11. 97 Carbonates of lime and magnesia 77. 98 Sulphate of lime and magnesia ^ 22. 06 Chlorides 39. 50 Soluble sulphates 51. 98 Total sohds.. 203.49 , 224. Record of commission's test well near Willow Glen. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Humus-stained clay - 0. 0- 0. 5 2. Reddish yellow clay _ 7-1 3-4. Very fine, reddish-yellow, clayey sand 7 -14 5-6. Very fine, dark-gray, glacial sand 19 -25 225. The average section at this point is reported as follows : Record of wells of Citizens' Water Supply Company at head of Flushing Creek Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : Feet. 1. Bluish clay and stones _ , 0-18 2. Coarse brown sand and gravel 18-45 3. Fine brown sand 45- Water below 50 feet is poor. 226. Mr. Edgar L. Wakeman, proprietor of the Deep Glen Spring, reports that in 1903 between 2,000 and 2,500 gallons of this spring water were placed on the market every week, having a value of from $200 to $250. Analysis of water of. Deep Glen Spring, near Flushing. Parts per million. Sodium chloride _ 26. 3940 Sodium bromide 0360 Sodium iodate : - 0051 Sodium and potassium sulphate 2. 8272 Sodium carbonate 6. 5040 Strontium carbonate _ . 0022 Calcium , _ 1. 5851 Magnesium - 5147 Iron 0955 Silica. 7517 Organic and volatile matter Trace. 227. Record of commission's test well north of Jamaica. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Black, humus-stained, gravelly loam 0- 0. 5 2. Yellow gravelly loam. , 1- 1.5 3-4. Reddish yellow clayey sand _ 5-11 5-8. Dark, grayish brown, fine to medium sand _ 15-31 9-11. Dark, multicolored, glacial sand and gravel 35-46 22§. Record of well between Queens and Bayside. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Loam and loamy clay 0-50 2. Sand and gravel - - 50-86 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 215 229. Record of commission's test well near Flushing. Wisconsin: pect. 1-8. Yellowish gray sand of probable outwash origin 0-31 9. Yellowish gray sand with small percentage of clay 34-35 See Table XII. 230. This well flows 12 or 14 inches above the top of the ground. It is just below the dam of the ice pond, and Mr. Sweeney believes that this is po.s.sibly responsible for the head. Record of ivell of Casino Lake Ice Company at Casino Lake, near FhisMmj. Feet. 1 . Black mud 0-5 2. Compact mixture of sand and gravel .5-13 3. Clean coarse red sand ' 13-35 4. Pure-white quartz gravel 35-40 231. This is the old College Point municipal plant, which was built in 1874-75 at the Kassena spring south of Flushing." It has now been decided to replace or supplement the spring supply by driven wells. The following sections of 3 test wells are reported by Mr. C. D. Corwin: Record of test vjell No. 1 , Fresh Mea/low pimping station, south of Flushing. Feet. 1. Black silty mud ■. 0. 0- 2. 6 2. Yellow clay with stones 2. 6- 5 3. Sand and gravel 5 -10 4. Yellow sand 10 -12 5. Medium gray sand 12 -24 6. Fine yellow sand ' 24 -26 7. Yellow medium sand with water 26 -40 8. Coarse yellow sand 40 -.55 9. Yellow and white clay and fine sand 55 -65 10. Yellow clay and fine sand 65 -75 1 1 . Fine white sand ; flowed slightly 75 -80 At 49 feet flowed lA gallons per minute 24 inches above ground. Brook is 9 inches higher than pond. Temperature of water of well, 56°; of pond, 44°. Mr. Corwin has furnished the following samples from, this well: Record of test well No. 1 , Fresh Meadow pumping station, south of Flushing. Wisconsin or Tisbury: Feet. 1. Clean, orange-colored, quartz sand and small gravel, with considerable percentage of glacial material 49 Mannetto or Cretaceous: 2-3. Very coarse orange sand and small gravel ; quartz with a small percentage of decayed white chert, which suggests Cretaceous or Mannetto .50-.57 Cretaceous ? : 4. Medium white quartz sand, with much nmscovite .57-85 Record of test v)ell No. 2, Fresh Mexidow pumping station, south of Flushing. Feet. 1 . Black silty mud 0. 0- 2. 6 2. Yellow clay with stones 2. 6- 5 3. Sand and graVel 5 -10 4. Yellow sand 10 -12 5. Medium gray sand 12 -24 6. Fine yellow sand 24 -26 7. Medium yellow sand, water-bearing 26 -55 8. Coarse yellow and white sand, mixed 55 -57 9. White sand and clay 57 -80 " Fire and Water Engineering, vol. 23, 1898, p. 91. 216 UNDEKGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of test well No. 3, Fresh Meadow jumping station, south of Flushing. Feet. 1. Gray sand with stones 4- 9 2. Hardpan ; clay and stones 9-20 3. Medium sand witli little water 20-28 4. Medium dark sand _ 28-35 5. Medium gray sand with water 35-40 6. Medium sand, darker. ." 40-55 232. Record of commission's test well near Flushing. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam ., 0- 3. 5 3-7. Yellow silty sand and bowlders ^ . 5-26 8-9. Fine sand to small gravel, dark, multicolored 30-33 233. Record of commission's test well near Broadway. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Yellow sandy loam 0- 6 4. Fine, dark yellowish, clayey, silty sand _ 10-11- 5-6. Dark multicolored sand and gravel; large percentage of erratics .- .. 14-20- 7-11. Dark, 5'ellowisli brown, fine to medium sand with considerable mica 21-40 234. Record of commission's test well at Queens avenue and Rocky Rill road- Wisconsin: . Feet. 1-2. Dark loamy sand and gravel 0- 1.5 3-8. Glacial sand and gravel with a very large percentage of fresh glacial material. . 5-30 Wisconsin and Tisbury : 9. Dark, reddish brown, fine to coarse micaceous sand (apparently glacial) 33-34 Tisbury : 10-11. Fine to coarse yellow sand (glacial) 37-41 235. Record of commission's test well near Auburndale. Wisconsin: ' Feet. 1-3. Yellow loamy sand 0- 6 4-8. Dark yellowish brown sand and gravel of glacial origin 10-27 9. Dark silty sand formed from drilling in rock 28-28. 5 10-11. Multicolored, glacial, gravel till 30-38 See Table XII. 236. Record of commission's test well near Bayside. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellowish brown surface loam 0. 5- 1 2-3. Reddish loamy sand 2- 6 4. Yellowish brown silt to fine gravel (glacial )- 10-11 5. Yellowish clayey sand 15-16 6. Black clayey sand 17-18 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 7-14. Dark reddish brown sand and gravel (pronouncedly glacial) 19-55 Tisbury: 15. Light, reddish yellow, medium sand 56-57 16. Grayish white sand and gravel with a very small percentage of glacial material. . 60-61 . Cretaceous ? 17. Medium grayish yellow sand with muscovite (probably not glacial) 63-64 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 217 237. Record of commission's test well near Bayside. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Yellow sandy clay 0- 2 3-4. Yellow clayey sand with some pebbles 3- 5. 5 5-6. Dark clayey sand 10-18 7-10. Mottled sand and gravel (pronouncedly glacial ) 20-29. 5 11. Multicolored sand and gravel similar to that found below the blue clay on the - south shore 35-36 Test well No. 9. Test well No. 8.^^'' -^ Test well No. 7 y'^^ ^ ^ ,-^Tcst well No.6 y'<<^ ^ ,.«,^ ■^ / iy .v^ "Test well No. 2 Test well No. 3 y TttiX woH No. 5 .Tost/well No. 4 Scale 100 200 300 400 500 feet Fig. 64. — Sketch map showing location of test borings at Bayside pumping station. 12-13. Dark yellowish clayey sand (glacial ) 40-46 14-16. Dark, multicolored, fine to coarse sand (glacial) 49-65 Tisbury : 17. Fine to coarse yellow sand with very little glacial material 65-66 Tisbury?: 18. Yellow sand and small gravel with many fragments of ferruginous concretions.. 70-71 17116— No. 44—06 15 218 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 33S. The 21 wells which now supply the Bayside pumping station are all finished in glacial sand and gravel of Wisconsin or Tisbury age. The engineer at the station reports that the wells will begin flowing about five hours after pumping is stopped. Ten test wells were put down several yeai's ago around the edge of Oakland Lake just above the pumping station; the material penetrated is shown in the following table, which was prepared from the samples by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer. The location of the wells is shown on the accompanying sketch map, fig. 64. Description af samples from test iorings at Bayside pumping station. [By Alexander S. Fanner.] Test boring No. Composition ot soil at a deptb of- 5 feet. 10 feet. 15 feet. 20 feet. 10 Sand, Ijrown, mixed with black; fine quartz grains. Sand, brown, mixed with black; coarse and fine quartz grains. Sand, brown; coarse grains fs to J inch in diameter in a matrix of finer quartz grains: porphyritio in ohf aeter. Water bear- ing? Sand, brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix; porphyritic in character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains. Water beaiing? Sand, brown: coarse grains containing some mica; homogeneous in charac- ter. Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Sand, light brown; coarse grains,. ^g to ■i'g inch diam- eter,uinnermatrlx; mica present; porphyritic character. Water bear- ing? Sand, buff colored: fine grains approaching clay in composition. Sand, brownish white, mixed with black; coarse and fine quartz grains. Sand, brown, mixed with black; coarse and fine quartz grains. Sand, brown; coarse quartz grains ^^ tc | inch in di- ameter in a matrix of finer grains: porphyritic in character. Water bearing? Sand, bro\vn: coarse grains in finer matrix. Sand, light bromi; coarse grains in finer matrix; porphyritic in character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains, j\ to i iuch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones; poiphyritic charac- ter. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: con- tains some black: very finegrains: micaprese-nt; homogeneous in charac- ter. Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown; coarse grains, j'^ to ^ inch diam- eter, in finer matrix; mica present: porphyritic character. Water bear- ing? Sand, buff colored: fine grains approaching clay in composition. Sand, brownish white, mixed with a little black; coarse grains, homogene- ous in character. Water beai-ing? Sand, white with brownish tinge; very fine quartz grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light brosvn; fine quartz gi'ains mixed with some coarse ones. Clay, white". Small gravel J to J inch in diameter, cemented in brownish- white clay ma- trix; porphyritic struc- ture. Sand, light brown: coarse gi'ains, yig to i inch diam- eter, . mixed with finer ones; porphyritic charac- ter. Water hearing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix; mica present; porphyritic in character. Water " beajing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. Water hearing? Sand, light brown: coarse grains, ^\ to -^ inch diam- eter, in finer matrix ; mica present; porphyritic character. Watei' hear- ing? Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, white with brown- ish tinge: fine quartz gi'ains, homogeneous in character. Sand, white with brown- ish tinge; very fine quartz grains, homoge- neous in character." Sand, Ught brown; "fine quartz grains mixed "With some coari;e ones. Clay, white. Sand, cemented in slate- colored clay matrix. Sand, light bro"wn: coarse grains, Jg to -J- inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones; porphyritic char- acter. Water bearing? Sand, light brown; fine grains; mica present; homogeneous in charac- ter. Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown: fine grains, homogeneous in character. Do. Test boring No. Composition of soil at a depth of— 2.5 feet. 30 feet. 35 feet. 40 feet. 1 - 2 Sand, white with brownish tinge; very fine quartz grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, white with brownish tinge; fine quartz grains, homogeneous in charac- ter. Sand, almost white: very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. iSand, brownish white; coarse quartz grains, ' homogeneous in charac- ter. Water hearing? Sand, almost white; very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, brownish white; coarse and fine quartz grains. Sand, white "with brown- ish tinge; coarse quartz gi-ains, J to t»; inch in diameter, mixed with coarse and fine grains; porphyritic in charac- ter. Water bearing? Sand, hght brown; very fine quartz grains, ho- mogeneous in character. DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 219 Description of samples from test borings at Bayside pumping station — Continued. Composition of soil at a depth of- 25 feet. Sand, light brown; very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. 4 I Sand, light brown; very fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, cemented in slate- colored clay matrix. Sand, light brown; coarse grains, ^'^ to \ inch diam- eter, mLxed with finer ones; poi-phyritic charac- ter. Water bearing? Grains averaging j',. inch in diameter, cemented to some extent in grayish- white clay matrix. Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, blackish brown; coarse grains, homogene- ous in character. Water bearing? 30 feet. Sand, brown ; coarse quartz grains, homogeneous in character. Water bear- ing? Sand, very light brown; very fine grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains, homogeneous in character. Water bear- ing? Sand, light brown; coarse grains, -f^ to \ inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones; porphyritic in char- acter. Water bearing? Clay, grayish white Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, light brown; coarse grains, ^ inch diameter, in finer matrix. Water bearing? Sand, white; very fine grains containing coarse ones; resembles sea sand. 35 feet. Gravel, brown; grains aver- a-ginig 1^ inch in diameter, homogeneous in charac- ter. Water bearing? Gravel, light brown; grains averaging jV ™ol^ in di- ameter, homogeneous in character. Water bear- mg? Sand, brownish white; very fine grains; resem- bles sea sand; homogene- ous in character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains, I'g to J inch diam- eter, mixed with finer ones; poi-phyritic in char- acter Water bearing? Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light colored; very fine grains approaching clay in composition. Sand, gray ; large grains, J inch diameter, in finer matrix; porphyritic in character. Water bear- mg? Sand, light brown: coarse grains in finer matrix. 40 feet. Sand, light brown;- very fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Sand, light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Sand, Ught 'brown; very fine grains, homogene- ous in character. Sand, light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light colored; very fine grains, homogene- ous in character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Water beaiing? Sand, Ught brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Test boring No. Composition of soil at a depth of- 45 feet. 50 feet. 55 feet. 60 feet. Sand, brownish whixe ; coarse, differentiating to fine quartz grains. Wa- ter bearing? Sand, light brown; very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, light brown; very fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Clay, yellowish white Sand, light brown; very fine gi-ains, homogeneous in character. Sand, light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, almost white; resem- bles sea sand; miichmica present. Sand, light bro\^'n; coarse gi'ains in finer matrix. Water bearing' Sand, light brown; fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, brownish white ; coarse quartz grains, homogeneous in charac- ter. Water bearing? Sand, light , bro\vn ; very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous in character. Sand, light bro^^Ti; very fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Clay, yellowish white Clay, yellowish white. Sand, light brown; very fine grains, homogeneous in character. Sand, hght brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Clay, grayish wliite Sand, grayish white; very fine grains; on the border line between clay and sand. Sand, light colored; fine grains containing some coarse ones. Sand, light brown; very fine quartz grains, homo- geneous In character. Sand, light brown; coarse grains in finer matrix. Clay, yellowish white Sand, light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. do Clay, light drab do Sand, grayish white; al- most clay; impalpable character. Clay, grayish white j Clay, grayish white- Clay, yellowish white. Sand, light brown; very fine quartz grains, ho- mogeneous in character. Sand, very light brown; fine grains mixed with coarse ones. Clay, yellowish white. Sand, Ught brown; fine' grains mixed with, coarse ones. Do. Clay, Ught drab. Do. Sand, grayish white; al- most clay; impalpable character. Clay, grayish white. 220 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 239. The following section has been prepared by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer: Record of well at pumping station No. 1, Whitestone. Wisconsin and Tisbur}': Feet. 1. Water-bearing sand and gravel ; 0-25 Sankaty: 2. Blue clay 25-45 Jameco: 3. Water-bearing glacial sand and gravel 45-95 Cretaceous ? : 4. Clay 95- 240. This well was driven in the bay 100 feet from the shore; at high tide it is covered with from 12 to 14 feet of water. Record of well of McWilliams Coal Company near Whifestorte Landimj. Recent: Feet. 1. River mud 0- 6 Cretaceous: 2. Blue, white, and red clay, arranged in alternate layers, but containing no sand or gravel . 6-175 241. Four test wells were put down to depths ranging from 90 to 120 feet; in all of them the water was found to be brackish, and the wells were abandoned. The tops of the wells are about 15 feet above high tide level, and the water in them fluctuates with the tide, to an amount thought b}' the driller to be almost equal to that in the bay; they are situated about 400 feet from the water's edge. Record of railroad wells near Whitestone Landing. Recent: Feet. 1. Coarse, sandy, marsh material and " muck " . 0- 15 Tisbury: 2. White beach sand 15- 60 Sankaty : 3. Clay 60-85 Jameco : 4. Coarse varicolored gravel ." 85-120 242. This was formerly a private plant from which the water was pumped into a ground reservoir on the hill behind it. It was later acquired by the city, and is now used only as a reserve station. 243. Stottholf Brothers report the following section for this well; Record of W . W. Cole's well near Whitestone. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-16 Sankaty 1 : 2. Clay. _ 16-56 Sankaty? and Jameco?: 3. Quicksand 56-70 Jameco: 4. Medium, coarse, water-bearing gravel 70-96 244. No definite information has been obtained regarding the deep well at this point, other than that it is about 500 feet deep. The depth to bed rock, which is an interesting point, because this well is in the line of the old Sound River Valley, is likewise not obtainable. It was reported from one source as being about 10 feet above sea level, but Maj. Edward Burr, of the Corps of Engineers, reports that the excavations at this point have not sho^vn rock at such a height. DBSCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 221 246. Record of H. B. Gilbert's well near Great Neck, Elm Point. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow clay with, bowlders 0- 12 Tisbury: 2. Gray sand 12-24 3. Rusty gravel 24- 56 Tisbury?: 4. Fine canary-colored sand 56- 66 5. No record 66-103 6. Coarse sand and gravel, water bearing . . 103-1 14 A near-by dug well encountered water at 26 feet, evidently in layer No. 3. This dug well goes dry in dry seasons. 247. Record of J . E. Martin's well near Great Neck, Elm Point. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow clay with bowlders _ .. 0-22 2. Hardpan clay with small cobbles 22-30 Tisbury: 3. Gray sand, passing below into gravel about the size of sheUed corn 30-67 249. Mr. J. H. Herbert has kindly furni-shed the following samples from this well: Record of H. B. Gilbert's well near Great Neck, Elm Point. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Red sandy clay (glacial ) _ 6-1 1 Cretaceous: 3. Fine white sand with hgnite 13 4. Very fine, white, sandy clay 17 5. Fine gray sand and lignite 19-24 6. Gray laminated clay 60 The well was abandoned at this point and a new well (248) sunk at a distance of about 300 yards, where a good supplj^ was obtained in glacial gravel. 251. The driller reports a dry hole at 65 feet, and water at 66. The well is about 6 feet above high tide n(}ar the beach, and it is stated that a float placed in this well did not fluctuate with the tide. Record of H. C. Childs's well near Hewlett Point. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface loamj' sand 0-3 Wisconsin and Cretaceous?: 2. Gray sand. 3-26 Cretaceous i : 3. Blue clay 26-29 4. Quicksand , 29-35 5. Coarse gray sand, dry 35-65 6. Clay 65-65. 5 7. Gravel with water 65. 5-66 252. ]\lr. Herbert reports having sunk a 6-inch pipe 40 feet in the bottom of a 52-foot dug well; he then encountered hard rock (probably a bowlder) and discontinued the work. The material penetrated was all quicksand and gray beach sand. 254. It is stated that Mr. GrifBn had 17 wells put down at his place without success; one on the edge of the beach, about 200 yards north of well No. 251, is reported to have been 90 feet deep and to have found no water. The well completed by Mr. Herbert furnishes a good supply of water. The material encountered in this well is as follows: 222 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, Record of C. L. Griflin's -well near Hewlett Point. Feet. 1. Top soil - : - -- 0-3 2. Blue clay -. 3-26 4. Quicksand 26- 5. Light-graj' hardpan 6. Gray gravel -68 255. Record ofW. H. Arnold's well near Hewlett Point. Feet. 1. Hard dark-colored earth 0-16 2. Yellow sandy clay. . _ ...,_. ... 16-28 . 3. Blue clay with sand 28- 4. Gray sand -132 5. Blue clay 132-150 6. Gray gravel. 150-159 256. Stotthoff Brothers, in letter dated April 30, 1903, report the following: " The well is 512 feet deep, and 8 inches in diameter; the first 90 feet light gray sand with coarse seams, 5 to 20 feet apart, and from 6 inches to 2 feet thick; there being enough clay to hold the sand so that it would hold itself while driving the pipe; the next 140 feet fine gray sand and quicksand very fine and uniform to top of rock; no water. Rock from 230 to 512 feet, soft gray granite and mica veins, same character as is found throughout Westchester County, N. Y." 257. Record of Mrs. M. E. Scott's well at Hewlett Point. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-38 2. Stony clay .... 38-68 3. Blue clay and quicksand 68-164 The well was abandoned at 164 feet. 25S. Record of G. B. Wilson's well near Hewlett Point. Feet. 1. Dug well (fresh water, shghtly hard) 0-14 2. Beach sand .- 14-20 3. Light-colored clay with stone 20-30 4. Quicksand 30-32 5. Stony clay 32-36 6. Coarse gray sand containing salt water at 46 feet, and brackish water at 59 feet . 36-59 7. Alternate layers of sand and clay 59-63 8. Yellowish sand 63-65 9. Blue clay 65- 10. Fine yeliow and grayish sand -103 11. Hardpan. 103-105 12. Yellow gravel with fresh water 105-108 259. Record, of well of Lawrence Beach Bathing Association, at Lawrence Beach. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand 0-25 Sankaty : 2. Clay 25-55 Jameco : 3. Gravel 55-62 260. Record of John Lawrence's well, on Isle of Wigh', New Yorl\ Recent and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Fine beach sand and clay mixed 0-20 2. Sand and gravel 20-40 Sankaty : 3. Sand and clay 40-100 The well was completed at 30 feet, this being the best gravel layer encountered. DESOKIPTIVE KOTES ON WELLS. 223 261. Mr. Gilbert Baldwin, who was in charge of the sinking of this well, gives the following record: Record of D. D. Lord's well near Lawrence. Tisbury : 1. Fine sand _ . Sankaty : 2. Clay, containing few small stones 3. Sand, containing shells, like clam and oyster shells _ Jameco : 4. Coarse sand changing to gravel. ,_ The contractor, Mr. Jesse Conklin, under date of April 25, 1895, gives the following data: "At Lawrence I drove a 6-inch well 107 feet ; I struck water at 5 feet ; drove 25 feet in water and got a good supply; struck blue clay at 30 feet; drove 25 feet tkrough it and struck fine sand and some oyster shells, continuing 30 feet; at 90 feet I struck white gravel, drove 17 feet in this and got an un- limited supply of water." Feet. 0-31 35-50 50-70 70-100 Feet. 0-40 • B • D • E Scale lao 200 feet 262. Record of A. W. Hart's well near Lawrence. Tisbury : 1. Yellow sand and gravel Sankaty and Jameco: 2. Grayish clay, no pebbles - . . 40-60 3. Coarse white sand mixed with a little clay (some oyster shells found in this sand ) . 60-70 263. Mr. Edward Man gives the following data regarding this well: "At a depth of 416 feet I struck a plentiful supply of bright clear water, which, however, was exceedingly salt. It contained quite a large amount of iron, and had a slight odor of sulphureted hydrogen. In my opinion this water contained considerably more salt than the ocean itself . The water rose in the pipe to within about 15 feet of the surface. " In driving the well I encountered a water-bearing layer at about 40 feet and another at about 150 feet; these I should judge to have been about 3 feet in thickness. The first layer yielded a bright, clear, fresh water, pleasant to the taste, and apparently free from any iron, but was unfortunately found, after being used for several years, to be 'contaminated with sewage to a marked degree,' according to the report of Mr. Vulte, Professor Chandler's assistant at Columbia College. "At 150 feet there was another water-bearing layer, which yielded a plentiful supply of bright clear water, but as soon as the water was exposed to the air, the iron in it seemed to be chemically changed by the light and air and the water became quite brown, so that it could not be used for washing. This water when filtered through a Gate City stone filter was entirely free from any appearance or taste of iron, so that I think the iron in it was not in solution but in suspension." This is the well reported by Darton as "Lawrence: Depth 205 feet; capacity 35 gallons: water layer at 40 feet." It has since been deepened. 265. Mr. Walsh reports that in the vicinity of Cedarhurst he usually encounters streaks of hard pan 6 inches thick at 22 or 25 feet below the surface. The hard pan is described as a mixture of brown claj^ and coarse gravel, packed closely together and cemented with iron. • C Pumping Station I of Queens County Water Company oF Fig. 65.— Sketch map giving locations ol wells of the Queens County Water Com- pany shown in fig. 66. 224 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Judge Diver's well near Cedarhurst. Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0-3 2. Sand similar to that elsewhere on the Rockaway Ridge '. 3-25 3. Coarse sand and gravel 25-35 266. Record of Dr. Anderson's well near Cedarhurst. Tisbury: ■ Feet. 1. Yellow sand 0-42 2. Gravel 42- 267. Record of Louis Touscher's well near Cedarhurst. Tisbury: . Feet. 1 . Fine white sand - 0-37 2. Gravel 37- 26§. Record of Samuel Brower's well near Brewer Point. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand : 0-17 2. Quicksand; very fine 17-27 ~ 3. Sand and gravel ; coarseness increasing with depth _ 27-35 272. Mr. Jaegle reports that the marsh deposits in this well were about 10 feet thick, below which there was 15 feet of fine dark-colored sand, the remainder of the well being through an alternation of lead-colored sand and clays. A small flow was obtained at 150 feet; at 228 feet a coarse gravel was encountered, from which a good supply of pure water was obtained, flowing 3 feet above the surface of the meadow. A sample of the water-bearing sand from a depth of 228 feet, presented by Mr. Jaegle, is composed of small white quartz pebbles, with a very considerable percentage of erratic material. 273. Mr. Charles R. Bettes, chief engineer, reports that there were in use at this station in the summer of 1903 thirty-two 4- and 5- inch wells 33 feet deep and nineteen 6-inch wells 150 to 190 feet deep. The average daily pumping in 1902 was 1,634,000 gallons, the minimum 850,000 gallons, and the maximum 4,500,000 gallons. One of the new 6-inch test wells completed in 1903 tested 800,000 gallons per day. The water is pumped from the wells to a filter which removes the excess of iron, and is then pumped into mains. Samples obtained from one of the 6-inch wells drilled during the summer of 1903 show the following section : Record of well at Queens County pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Gray silty sand and gravel, with a large percentage of biotite 6- 10 Tisbury: 2-3. White to hght-yellow quartz sand and gravel, with only a small percentage of glacial material . 10- 32 Sankaty ? : 4. Blue gravelly clay 33- 35 5. Dirty-gray sand and gravel 35- 54 Sankaty: 6. Blue clay 54-76 7-10. Fine, gray, pepper-and-salt sand, composed of a mixture of white quartz and green sand, weathering to a reddish yellow . 76- 95 Sankaty and Jameco: 11-12. Light yellowish white sand and gravel; no greensand 95-100 13. Lignite 110 14. Fine pepper-and-salt sand, composed of mixture of white quartz and greensand, containing a little gray clay. 115 DESCKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 225 Wells- -3.70' Sand and grave! -56.30 Blue clay ■76.30' Black sand -92.30' Gravel and sand _1H.30' Black sand -116.30' Reddish sand -124.30 Coarse sand -138.30' Gravel and sand -148.30' -1-2.90 Red sand -28.10 Sand and gravel -39.10 Slack sand -51. lO' Blue clay -84.10 Black sand -97.10' Reddish sand -1 10.10' Coarse white sand -126.10' Sand and gravel -155.10 ^ M.90' _°,,,> Red sand ■25.10 White sand -59.10 Blue clay -82.10 Black sand ■ 110.10 White sand and gravel -156.10 Red sand 6.30' White sand and gravel -32.30 Black sand ■47.30 Blue clay -84.30 Black sand -110.30 Red sand -126.30 Gravel and sand J-144.30' Red sand 5.60' White sand -27.60 Clay and gravel -30.60' Sharp red sand ■1-2.40' •50.60 Blue clay -90.60 Tine dark sand -1 I 1 .6O' Gravel -146.60 Far Rockaway s'l'n'd '"*^'=*i 1= ' *°°* -8 00' f^'gl^s' ■'^'2" average at Valley Stream) Light sand 28.00 Clay and gravel -31.00' Clean sharp sand 2.00' Datum M.H.T.at -47.00 Hard compact gravel -64.00' Blue clay -95.00 Black sand ^-1 12.00 Sand and gravel -138.00 Peat ^^-171. 10' Sand and gravel ^-1 78.10' Fig. 66.— Sections oJ wells oi the Queens County Water Company, by Charles R. Bettes, chief engineer. (For locations of wells see fig. 05.) 226 UNDEEGBOtJND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Jameco: Feet. 15-19. Light-colored, coarse sand and gravel containing a considerable percentage of erratic material ; 120-155 Records of the first five wells are shown in fig. 66; for general relations see fig. 13. Analysis of water from Queens County pumping station. [Analysis by C. F. Chandler, September 17, 1902.] Parts per million. Chlorine in chlorides 4. 100 Sodium chloride . . 6. 766 Phosphates (as P2O5) None. " Nitrogen in nitrites , None. Nitrogen in nitrates . 010 Free ammonia _ . 048 Albuminoid ammonia . 018 Total nitrogen 10. 064 . Hardness: Before boihng 15. 780 After boiling 10. 520 ■ • Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) 12. 000 ^^ - . Mineral matter (nonvolatile) CO., restored with ammonium carbonate , 34.500 Total sohds (by evaporation) dried at 110° C 46. .500 Appearance Slightly turbid . Color Slightly yellowish on account of sediment . Odor (heated to 100°F) None. Taste - None. The Long Island Railroad Compam- report the following analysis of water taken from the mains of the Queens County Water Company at Rockaway Beach, ^l&j, 1897: Analysis of water of Queens County Water Company at Rockaway Beach. Parts per million. SiOj 14. 71 A1.A and FeA 3. 42 CaCO, ! ..■ Trace. MgCO;, 4. 10 CaSO, 8. 04 MgCL. 4. 62 NaCl : 2 22 Total , 37. 11 274. Mr. Walsh reports that at a depth of 50 feet layers of hgnite and mud were encountered, in which were found "snail shells, skimmer shells, and razor shells." (See fig. 13.) Record of well near Heuiett. Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand and gravel similar to material elsewhere on Rockaway Ridge 0-13 Sankaty : 2. Blue clay 13-21 Sankaty and Jameco: 3. Fine sand with no available water • 21-70 4. Good water-bearing sand 70- DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 227 275. Record of Mrs. Julia Flower's well near Lynbrook. Tisbury: ^ Feet. 1 . Blown to red sand and gravel 0- 13.5 Sankaty and Cretaceous: 2. Perfect!}" dr}' blue clay; no stones _ 17- 80 3. White clay, which became creamy under the action of the wash pipe . 80- 82 4. White sand 82-90 5. Blue clay similar to that in section 2 90-130 6. Fine sand, somewhat clayey from clay above . 130-135 7. Sand, changing gradually to white gravel. (This layer was water bearing, but the water had a puckerish taste, like alum. ) 135-155 8. A blue dry clay, similar to that in sections 2 and 5 155-180 277. Through the kindness of Mr. Franklin B. Lord, president of the Queens County Water Company, and Mr. Chas. R. Bettes, chief engineer, self-recording gages were placed on three wells at this point: One 504 feet deep, another 74, and the tliird 14 feet deep. A portion of the results of this work is shown in PI. XYIII; a detailed report may be expected later. Mi-. Lord-reports that in 1903 the deep well was pumped at the rate of from 36,000 to 44,000 gallons for twenty-four hours, for a period of twenty-four and one-fourth hours, with three stops of fifteen minutes each. This reduced the level of the water 3.92 feet; it returned to its normal level in seventy minutes after the pumping was stopped. During this test the level of the water in the 74-foot well was not reduced, and the 504-foot well was not affected by the pumping of the shallower well. On February' 13, 1903, the 74-foot well was given a five-hour test, and the level of the water was reduced more than 22 feet; it regained its normal level in eighteen minutes. In December, 1903, a new well was started at this place from which Mr. Bettes has furnished the following samples: Record of Queens County Water Company's well at Lynhrook. T!sbury: jFeet. 1. Coarse yellow quartz sand; no erratic material . 0- 29 2. Light-gray sand 29-31 3. Same as No. 1 31- 73 Cretaceous ? : 4. Light-gray silty clay 73- 89 5. Light-yellow medium sand; no erratic material 89-150 Cretaceous : 6. Fine to medium gray, lignitic sand 150-158 7. Very fine black, micaceous, lignitiferous silt 158-200 8-9. Verj" fine, dark-colored, hgnitiferous sand 200-228 10. Medium Ught-gray sand with small amount of ligmte 228-340 11. Dark-colored, lignitiferous, silty clay 340-363 12. Medium dirty-yellow sand, lignitic . 363-403 13. Medium to coarse grav sand 403-536 228 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OE LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Analysis of water from wells of Queens County Water Company at Lynbrook. [By F. C. Chandler, February 25, 1903'. Parts per million.] Appearance ^ Color - Odor (heated to 100° F.) Taste _ Chlorine in chlorides -. Sodium chloride Phosphates (as T.fi-^ ) Nitrogen in nitrites Nitrogen in nitrates Free ammonia _ Albuminoid ammonia Total nitrogen _ Hardness : Before boiling After boiling Organic and volatile (loss on ignition) Mineral matter (nonvolatile), COj,, restored with ammonium carbonate Total solids (by evaporation) dried at 110° C 504-foot well. Clear. None. None. None. 3.000 4.950 None. None. .014 .022 .026 .053 8. 855 3. 795 2.000 13. 500 15.500 72-foot well. Faint milkiness. None when filtered. None. None. 9. 000 14. 851 None. None. .562 .016 .006 .580 13. 915 8. 855 5.000 40. .500 45. 500 2T§. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona : Record of Brooklyn test well No. 24^. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ■ . Feet. 1. Top soil.... 0- 4 2. Yellowish sand, water bearing 4-20 3. Gray sand, water bearing 20- 28 4. Gray sand with little gravel, water bearing _ . 28- 36 5. Fine gray sand. 36- 40 6. Yellowish sand and gravel 40- 44 7. Yellowish sand and gravel ; traces of clay 44^ 58 8. Sand, clay, and large gravel .58- 68 Tisbury? : 9. Sharp yellow sand with traces of clay 68- 78 Cretaceous ? : 10. Gray sand and clay 78- 88 11. Blue clay, sand, and wood : 88- 92 1 2. Yellowish sand and clay. _ 92- 98 13. White sand, wood, and clay 98-108 Cretaceous : 14. Gray sand, wood, and clay 108-128 15. Brown sand, wood, and clay 128-138 16. White sand with traces of clay 1 138-160 17. White sand with wood and clay 160-200 Elevation of surface, 16.0 feet. DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 229 279. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona : Record of BrooMyn test well No. 23. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Yellow sand - 0- 8 2. Gray sand, water bearing 8- 36 3. Coarse gray sand, water bearing 36- 52 4. White sand, gravel, and clay 52- 7-1 Transition : 5. Yellow sand, water bearing. 74- 78 Cretaceous ? : 6. Clay, sand, and gravel 78-100 7. Clay, sand, gravel, and wood '. 100-106 8. White sand, clay, and wood 106-130 Cretaceous : 9. Sand, dark clay, and wood. 130-148 10. White sand, clay, and wood .' 148-168 11. Sand, gravel, wood, and blue clay 168-172 12. Blue clay 172-185 13. Sandstone, iron ore, and wood embedded in black clay 185-198 14. Wood and black clay 198-202 15. Fine white sand, wood, and clay 202-220 16. Sand, wood, and blue clay. 220-247 17. Blue clay and iron ore 247-260 18. Sand, wood, and clay 260-276 19. Sand, wood, clay, and iron ore . . . : 276-282 20. Sand, clay, and wood. 282-296 21. Hard p9,n; iron 296-298 22. Blue clay _ 298-312 23. Sand, wood, and clay 312-367 24. Clay with a little sand 367-374 25. Sand, wood, and clay 374-390 Elevation of surface, 16.7 feet. 2SO. The following record is taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona: Record of BrooMyn test well No. 22. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Yellow sand 0- 15 2. Sharp grayish sand, water bearing 15- 24 3. Coarse, grayish sand, with gravel, water bearing 24- 36 4. Same sand ; larger gravel, water bearing 36- 44 5. Fine grayish sand, water bearing 44- 56 6. Gravel, sand, and clay 56- 67 Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 7. Sharp, yellow sand, water bearing 67- 82 8. Fine grayish sand 82- 90 9. Fine grayish sand with gravel, wood, and clay 90-100 Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 10. Fine grayish sand with larger gravel, wood, and clay 100-107 Cretaceous : 11. Gray sand with wood and clay 107-145 12. Gray clay.. 145-169 13. Clay, wood, and iron pyrites 169-180 14. Sand, gravel, cla}', wood, and iron pyrites 180-190 15. Fine grayish sand, clay, and wood 190-220 230 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous — Continued. Teet. 16. Fine sand, clay, wood, and iron pjrrites 220-276 17. Sharp grayish sand, clay, and wood 276-310 18. Black muck, wood, and sand 310-324 19. Light-colored gray sand, wood, and traces of clay 324-327 20. White clay, wood, sand, and gravel 327-333 21. Hard pan with white clay 333-343 22. Sharp grayish sand, wood, and traces of clay ■. 343-347 23. Same sand; slightly water bearing 347-356 24. White clay, sand, and wood 356-370 Elevation of surface, 17.4 feet. 2S1. As no samples were preserved from test well No. 21, the following record is taken from the reports of the inspector : « Record of Brooldyn test well No. 21. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Yellow sand 0- 8 2. Fine yellowish sand 8-28 3. Fine yellowish sand with a large quantity of mica scales 28- 36 4. Coarser yellowish sand . . 36- 50 . Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 5. Finer yellowish sand with small gravel 50- 65 6. Fine white sand with large gravel 65- 69 7. Fine white sand with wood and traces of clay 69- 80 Tisbury and Cretaceous ? : 8. Fine brownish sand with wood and traces of clay 80- 85 Cretaceous: 9. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay . 85^116 10. Fine gray sand with wood and traces of clay. 116-195 11. Black clay and wood , 195-202 12. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay 202-225 13. Gray claj^ with wood and hardpan 22.5-236 14. Gray sand with traces of wood and clay . 236-240 15. Gray quicksand with traces of wood and clay 240-248 16. Gray clay ..." 248-262 17. Gray sand with traces of wood and clay . 262-276 18. Gray sand with wood, clay, and hardpan 276-282 19. Fine gray sand and clay 282-290 20. Sharp grayish sand with traces of wood and clay, slightly water bearing 290-295 21. Sharp grayish sand with wood and traces of clay 295-345 22. Gray sand with wood and traces of clay 345-380 23. Fine white sand with traces of wood and clay 380-410 Elevation of surface 17.8 feet. 282. As no samples were preserved from test well No. 20, the following record is taken from the report of the inspector:'' Record of Brooldyn test well No. 20. Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Peet. 1. Yellow sand - 0- 6 2. Yellowish sand 6-20 3. Yellowish sand with a little gravel 20- 26 4. Fine yellowish sand 26- 36 5. Small light-colored gravel with gray sand 36- 78 a Ann. Rept. Dept. City Works of Brooklyn for 1896, 1897, pp. 302-303. b Ibid,, p. .301. DE8CETPTIVE JSIOTES ON WELLS. 231 Cretaceous? : * Feet 6. Fine gray sand with traces of clay 78- 85 7. Gray clay and gravel 85- 90 Cretaceous : 8. Gray sand with clay and wood 90-100 9. Gray sand with clay, wood, and gravel 100-110 10. Fine gray sand with clay and wood 110-124 11. Fine gray sand with clay, wood, and gravel. 124—130 12. Gray sand with clay and wood 130-148 13. Darker gray sharp sand with a httle wood 148-152 14. Dark-gray clay with wood and gravel 152-154 15. Light-gray sand with wood and traces of clay '. . . 154-172 16. Finer light-gray sand with wood and clay 172-178 17. Fine white sand with wood and clay 178-212 18. Sharp hght-gray sand with wood and clay (contains water, but not enough for pumping) 212-225 19. Hardpan and wood ' 225-228 20. Gray sand with clay and wood (contains water but not enough for pumping). 228-242 Elevation of surface 14.6 feet. 2§3. Record of 0. Schreiber's' well at Valley Stream. Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel 0-18 Mr. Baldwin says that the description of this well will apply to all the wells in the vicinity of VaUey Stream. In some places it is 2 or 3 feet farther to the water, but there is no change in the material. 284. The Long Island Kailroad Company gives the following part analysis of its shallow dug well at this point: Analysis of railroad well at Valley Stream. Parts per million. Total sohds _ 56. 09 3§5. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved by the Brooklyn water depart- ment (see fig. 10): Record of BrooMyn test well No. 19. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Reddish yellow loamy sand. 0- 4 Transition: 2. Fine to coarse light-yeUow sand . 4- 18 Tisbury: 3. Light-gray and grayish-yellow sands and gravel, probably glacial 18- 72 Sankaty ? : 4. Yellowish gray clay 72- 95 Cretaceous : 5. Dark-gray fine to medium sand, with lignite. _ _ _ 95-132 6. Black clay with lignite 132-140 7. Grayish-white clay _ . _ _ 140-150 8. Medium gray sand with lignite _ 150-208 "At extreme depth was found to be slightly water bearing; very small flow." Elevation of surface, 9.4 feet, Brooklyn base. 2§6. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: Analysis of water from wells at Watt's Pond pumping station. Parts per million. Total solids •_ 63. 25 Loss on ignition 15. 15 Free ammonia .06 Albuminoid ammonia. . _ .04 232 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. ■ Parts per million. Chlorine as chlorides 8. 87 Sodium chloride 14-62 Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 05 Nitrogen as nitrites ' None. Total hardness 16. 12 Permanent hardness _ _ . 16. 12 This is the average of 4 anah'ses. 287. The following section has been taken from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona; no samples were preserved from this well (see fig. 10): ■ Record of BrooMyn test well No. 25, at WatVs Pond pumping station. Wisconsin: - Feet. 1. Top soil 0- 3 2. Brown sand and gravel 3- 15 Tisbury : 3. Yellowish fine sand. 15- 62 Transition: 4. Sand, gravel, and clay. . _ 62- 70 Sankaty?: 5. Clay and gravel 70- 95 6. Fine gray sand: traces of clay and wood '. .. . 95-118 Jameco ? : 7. Sand and small gravel, water bearing , 118-130 Cretaceous: 8. Black clay, gravel, and wood 130-148 9. Blue clay, gravel, and wood 148-157 10. Sand, wood, and clay 157-160 11 . Small gravel, wood, and clay 160-168 12. Sand, wood, and clay 168-176 13. Sand, wood, and clay, water-bearing . . . , 176-184 14. Sand, traces of clay and wood 184-220 15. Sharp sand, clay and wood, water-bearing 220-235 16. Fine gray sand, wood, and traces of clay 235-245 17. Sharp, gray sand, clay, and wood, water-bearing. . : 245-284 18. Sand, small gravel, clay, and wood, water-bearing 284-296 19. Whitish clay, sand, and wood 296-302 20. Small gravel, wood, and clay, water-bearing : 302-331 Elevation of surface, 8.2 feet. 2§§. See under No. 290. The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: Analysis of water from Clear Stream pumping station. Parts per million. Total solids 64.62 Loss on ignition 16. 62' Free ammonia .01 Albuminoid ammonia .02 Chlorine as chlorides. 7. 87 Sodium chloride 12. 98 Nitrogen as nitrates 2. 51 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness. 19. 31 Permanent hardness 18. 12 This is an average of 8 analvses. DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON %ELLS. 238 2§9. The following record has been prepared, from samples preserved by the Brooklyn department of water supply (see fig. 10): Record of well at Clear Stream pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Dark-yellow sandy loam 0- 6 Transition: 2. Light-yellow medium sand 6- 35 Tisbuiy : 3. Darker, yellowish-brown, fine to medium sand 35- 44 4. Fine, light, yellowish-white sand 44- 56 Cretaceous : 5. Dark-gra}^ fine to coarse sand, with lignite . 56- 63 6. Ver}' dark-gray clay (unlike clay above old glacial beds: resembles claj' in No. 197) . 63- 87 7. Fine to medium gray sands _ _ 87-125 8. Gray sand and lignite or peat. 125-130 9. Fine to medium gray sand 130-190 Elevation of surface, 13.6 feet. "No water was found in this well." 290. W. D. Andrews & Brother, under date of May 8, 1895, report: "In 1894 we completed for the city of Brooklyn a second contract for two tubular gang-well plants, with a capacity of 5,000,000 gallons each, one plant being located at the Forest Stream and the other at the Clear Stream station. * * * \yg struck veins of water at these two stations, at and beyond 106 feet in depth, that flowed 10 gallons per nunute at the surface from a 2-inch tube, and would rise in a pipe 3 feet above, while the water levels in the auxiliary tubes of the gang wells were several feet below this surface (lowered to that depth by continuous pumping of double the quantity of water required by our contract obligations). Within 60 feet of water veins that would flow 5 to 10 gallons per minute, through 2-inch tubes, from depths of 60, 100, and 300 feet, and yield by hand pumping 30 to 50 gallons from any one of the depths named, we sunk a 4-inch tube 400 feet, and the only water found was at about 35 feet, which did not rise above the level at which it was first encountered, nor yield, by hand pumping, above 5 gallons per minute. Phillips & Worthington report the following section of a test well at this point (see fig. 10): Record of test well at Forest Stream pumping station. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Stratified clays and sands, with underlying strata containing water 0-100 Jameco i : 2. Water-bearing iron formation 105-1 15 Cretaceous: 3. Hard white sticky clay 115-260 4. Various stratified sands 260-435 It is quite probable that the water-bearing formation from 105 to 115 is Jameco. The "hard white sticky clay" is probably the same as the fine white or gray lignitiferous sands found in the Brooklyn water- works test wells. Mr. De Varona reports that the water from the deep test well at Forest Stream station is so impreg- nated with sulphureted hydrogen as to be unfit for use.^' The following analysis has been made by the Brooklyn health department: Armlysis of water from Forest Stream pumping station. Parts per million. Total solids 52. 87 Loss on ignition 12. 00 Free ammonia .02 Albuminoid ammonia .02 Chlorine as chlorides 7. 69 a History and Description of the Brooklyn Waterworks, 1896, p. 16. 17116— No. 44—06 16 234 UNDEEGROUND WATEK EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Parts per million. Sodium chloride ... 12. 67 Nitrogen as nitrates. . . _ _ .66 Nitrogen as nitrites ' None. Total hardness : . 21. 94 Permanent hardness . 19. 44 This is the average of 8 analyses. 391. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see figs. 10, 13): Record of BrooMyn test well No. 12. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Yellowish surface loam 1 - 5 2. Fine to coarse light yellowish brown speckled sands. 5-30 Tisbury : 3. Medium to coarse hght yellowish, white sand 30 - 46 4. Medium j^ellow sand with quartz pebbles below . 46 - 63 5. Yellowish gray clay with quartz pebbles 63 - 66 6. Medium light-yellow sand 66 - 73 7. Light, reddish yellow, medium sands 73 - 98 Sankaty : 8. Fine gray silt 98 - 98. 5 Jameco : 9. Dark, multicolored, dirty sands (old glacial) 98. •3-138 Transition : , 10. Transition 138 -145 Cretaceous: 11. Fine gray sands 145 -162 12. Fine, dark-gray, clayey silt 162 -172 13. Gray sand with occasional quartz pebbles and pieces of Hgnitized wood. Wood ver}- abundant at 340 feet . . ; 172 -406 Elevation of surface 18 feet. "No water was found in the strata below the clay bed." 292. The following record has been prepared from the samples preserved in the municipal building, Brooklyn (see fig. 10): Record of BrooMyn lest vjell A^o. 13. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Surface yellow loam 0- 8 2. Fine to medium reddish-yellow sands 8- 32 Transition : ' 3. Medium yellow sand, speckled with black : . 32- 58 Tisbury: 4. Yellowish-white sand and gravel. No glacial pebbles .58- 70 Jameco: 5. Fine, reddish yellow, silty sand becoming coarser below, and containing good sized pebbles ; many erratics 70-102 Cretaceous: 6. Gray clay : 102-105 7. Very dark clay, lignite, and pebbles :■ . . . 105-112 8. Fine gray sand with lignite 112-122 9. Gray clay. . 122-130 10. Fine dark-gray sand 130-175 11. Very coarse gray sand and small pebbles 175-190 12. Fine dark-gray sand with occasional quartz pebbles and lignite ... 190-412 Elevation 21.5. feet, Brooklyn base. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 235 The presence of reddish yellow silty sand containing a considerable percentage of the compound peb- bles which ordinarily characterize the glacial deposits, and which is here not separated by a clay bed from the overlying j'ellow sands with no glacial material, is unique in this section and doubtless represents a Jameco deposit, which has either never been covered by Sankaty clay or from which the clay has been removed by erosion. 293. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department (see fig. 10): Record of BrooTclyn test well No. 14- Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 6 Transition : 2. Medium light-yellow speckled sand 6- 50 Tisbury: 3. Fine to light-yellow sand 50- 55 4. Fine to coarse grayish white sand 55- 58 Cretaceous: 5. Very light-yellow silt, looks hke loess . . 58- 62 6. Fine sand to coarse gravel, with many pieces of feiTuginous concretion 62- 72 7. Light-yellow sand 72- 77 8. Yellowish white sand and gravel 77- 92 9. Fine dark-gray sand . 92-125 10. Very fine dark-gray sand 125-135 11. Grayish white fine to medium sands, with lignite at 181 and at 244 feet . 135-328 12. Very fine gray silty clay. 328-342 13. Fine gray sand 342-350 14. Very fine gray sand .' 350-365 1 5. Fine to medium gray sand 365-390 Elevation of surface, 16.7 feet. ''No water found in this well." :494. Record of commission's well near Rosedale. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 1 3-9. Reddish-yellow outwash gravel 5-30. 5 See Table XII. 295. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water 'department: Record of Brooklyn test vxll No. 10, near Springfield. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 2. Fine to coarse j^ellow sands and gravel (glacial ) 2- 40 Tisbury : 3. Medium bright-yellow sands, probably glacial 40- 54 4. Fine and coarse yellowish graj' sands 54- 73 5. Orange sand and gravel 73- 80 Transition : 6. Gray sand with much lignite 80- 89 Sankaty ? : 7. Blue-gray clay - 89-94 Cretaceous: 8. Fine white sand 94-102 9. Fine gray sands with lignitized wood, well marked at 110-112, 139, 177-180, 199-200, 219, 229, 235, 241-242, 250-252, 295, 306 feet_ 102-357 All trace of glacial material ceases at 54 feet, and in the examination of samples this point was selected for the line between the Pleistocene and pre-Pleistocene deposits. The yellow gravels, however, suggest the Far Rockaway material, and the blue-gray clay the Sankaty. Elevation of surface, 27 feet. "No water was found in the strata below the blue clay bed." 236 UNDEEGKOUND WATEE EE80UECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 296. Record of commission's test well near Fosters Meadows. Wisconsin and Tisburv? ' Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 1 3-10. Reddish-brown outwash sand, with very Httle gravel 5-3o. 5 See Table XII. 297. Record of commission's test well 1 mile north of Valley Stream. Recent? Feet. 1-2. Surface loam - 1 3-4. Black sand: considerable percentage of MnO.^ (swamp deposit) 2. .5- 5. 5 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 5-8. Light yellow sand 9. 5-26 There is very little glacial material in the two lower samples. 29§. Record of commission's test well 2 miles north of Valley Strearn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 1 3-6. Outwash sand, reddish brown. 5-21 Tisbury? 7. Light-yellow sand (nothing recognizablj' glacial) 25-25.5; ■ 299. Record of commission's test well between Valley Stream and Floral Parle. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Surface loam - 7 3-9. Reddish brown silty sand and gravel (considerable glacial material) 6-36 Tisbury : 10-16. Lighter, brownish yellow, medium sand, doubtfullj^ glacial; no sharp line can be drawn between this material and that either above or below 42 - 73 Cretaceous: • 17-18. Fine to coarse white sand 76 - 82 19-21. White sand and gravel (not recognizably glacial).--. 84 - 96 22-23. Yellowish white sand with a little clay 96. 5- 98. 5 24. Light gray sand and gravel 99. 5-100. 5 25. Very fine, dark-yellow, clayey sand 101. 7-102 26. Very fine, light grayish white sand, with much silvery white muscovite. . . . 105.5-106.5 28. Very light, grayish yellow, clayey sand 106. 6-107. 1 29. Very fine white sand with muscovite and a little lignite 107. 5-108 30. Very fine clayej' sand with lignite and muscovite, yellowish brown 108 -109 31. Fine grayish sand with muscovite and Ugnite 110 -111 32. Very fine brownish white sand 112. 5-113. 5 33. Very dark grayishs and, with muscovite . ^ 114. 7-115. 5 34. Black sandy clay with lignite 115. 5-116. 5 35. Very black sandy clay, with FeS 120 -120. 5 300. Record of commission's t-est well 2 miles southeast of Queens. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-12. Reddish-yellow glacial sands and gravel, with nmch biotite. 0-41 301. Record of commission's test well 1 mile south of Queens. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: 1. Dark sandy loam. 2. Subsoil sandy loam. Feet. 3. Medium yellow sand 5- 5. 5 4. Sand with fine gravel; considerable erratic material 10-11 5. Wash sample shows fine grayish sand, while the sand-bucket sample shows a large percentage of gravel , 15-15. 5 I 6. GrajHsh-yellow sand (sand-bucket and wash samples very nearly the same) 20-21 j 7. Same, except that sand-bucket sample shows some, gravel 25-25. 5 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 237 302o A number of shallow wells were put down at this point by the commission on additional water supply for pollution tests, by Mr. George Whipple, of the Mount Prospect laboratory. The material pene- trated was entirely glacial outwash sand and gravel. 303. Record of commission's test well near Floral Park. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. L Surface, dark sandy loam 0- 2. Lighter loamj' sand, some gravel - 5 3. Coarse yellow sand ' 5- .5. 5 4. Medium grayish-yellow sand with some small graveL 10-10. 5 5. Same, with more gravel 15-16 6-7. Fine grayish yellow sand 20-26 8. Grayish j^ellow sand with considerable gravel 30-30. 5 9. Reddish yellow sand 35-36 10. Same, but with more gravel _ . 40-41 The whole section is apparent!}' outwash gravel. See Tables XII and XIII. 304. Record of commission's test well, 2 miles south of New Hyde Parle. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-2. Yellow loamy sand 1- 3 3. Yellow sand, some clay ^ - 6 4. Coarse grayish yellow sand 10-11 6-6. Reddish yellow sand -'. 12-15 7-8. Coarse yellow sand to fine gravel, with some erratics 19-25 9-10. Grayish yellow sand, with much biotite 29-36 11 . Coarse grayish yellow sand , 38 305. Record of commission's test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Black sandy loam 0- 5 2. Reddish yellow clayey sand 4 3. Reddish yellow sandy claj' 8- 9 4. Reddish brown very fine to coarse sand, with much mica and erratics , 14-15 5. Gravel up to three-eighths inch in diameter: some erratics 19. 5 Tisbury : 6-7. Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand 21-26 8-9. Fine sand 28-32. 5 306. Record of commission's test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam and sand. 0- 1 3-9. Reddish-brown outwash sand and gravel 5-.36 Tisbury : 10-13. Fine to coarse grayish san.d, clearly glacial, but differing in appearance from that just above it. 36-.56 307. Record of comjnission's test well near New Hyde Park. Wisconsin : * Feet. 1-2. Surface, loamy sand 0- 1 3-5. Light reddish yellow outwash sand and gravel .5-16 5i. Dark-gray outwash sand and gravel . 17-17. 3 6-7. Reddish brown silt to coarse sand (glacial outwash ) 20-26 8-9. Fine to coarse grayish sand (glacial ) 30-38 10. Very fine light-grayish sand i.nd clay 43-43. .5- Transition : 11-16. Grayish brown outwash sand and gravel 45-71 Tisbury: 17. Coarse light-yellow sand, with a much smaller percentage of glacial material than in samples above 73-74 238 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 30§. Record of commission's test well near New Hyde Pari-. Wisconsin: . Feet. 1-2. Surface loam - ; - 0- 1 3-17. Dark-gray outwash sand and gravel; very large percentage of erratic material. . 2. 5-66. 5 See Tables XII. Xlil. 310. Record of commission's test ivell near Floral Pai'l\ AYisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Dark gravelly loam. — - 1 . .5 3-8. Grayish brown outwash sand and gravel 4 - 31 Tisbury: 9-12. Medium to fine gray sand 35 - 53 13. Medium gray sand, with small gravel 55 — 56 14—17. Fine grayish-brown gravel, with some sand; contains some erratic material- 60 - 77 Cretaceous : 18. Very fine yellow sand — 80. .5- 81. 5 ' 19-23. Light yellow, medium, quartz sand lacking the erratic particles in the upper samples -. 84 -106 24-26. Very fine, j'ellow, silty sand. 109 -117 27. Dark sandy clay 120 -121 28. Very fine dark-gray sand 130 -134 29. Very fine, dirty yellow sand 148 -149 Sample No. 25 was obtained when the small hand pump was changed to a larger force pump. It consists of coarse, varigated gravel with many glacial pebbles, and represents the accumulated coarser material from the upper part of the well. It does not represent material from the depth, 113 feet, from which it was obtained. See Tables XII, XIII. 312. Record of comrnission's test ivell near Creedmoor. Feet. 1-18. Outwash sands and gravel 0-73 See Table XII. " 315. See fig. 35 and PI. XIV. 316. J. H. Herbert reports the following section for this well: Record of Jagnow Brothers' well near Douglaston. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1 . Yellow clay and sand 0- 35 2. Yello\(r sand and small bowlders 35- 47 3. Coarse yellow sand and gravel 47- 55 4. Coarse brown sand and iron gravel : 5.5- 67 5. Fine brown sand 67- 71 6. Fine yellow sand. 71- 77 7. White beach sand 77- 89 8. White and yellow sandy clay 89-107 9. Coarse yellow sand and gravel 107-127 317. The well at this place was started by Stotthoff Brothers, who furnished the following samples: Record of well of W . K. Vanderbilt, jr., near Lalce Success. Feet. 1. No record 0-40 Wisconsin, Tisbury, and Mannetto: 2. Fine sand to large gravel, with a large percentage of erratic material 40-125 3. Reddish-yellow medium sand, with small gravel (contains glacial material) 12.5-145 Cretaceous: 4. Yellow medium sand (not glacial) — 145-191 9 DE§CEIPT1VE NOTES ON WELLS. 239 The water in this well stood 116 feet from the surface and tested 21 gallons per minute for twenty- four hours, when the test was pushed up to 40 gallons per minute. The elevation of the ground is 171 feet as determined by the engineers of the commission on additional water supply. The screen was placed from 166 to 186 feet. Later this well was deepened by Thomas B. Harper, of Jenkinstown, Pa. The following record has been transmitted to the Survey by Mr. Alexander S. Farmer: Record of well of W . K. Vanderhilt, jr., near Lake Success. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Earth and clay 10- 80 2. Yellow sand. - - - - 80-100 Transition : 3. Yellow sand and gravel, water bearing _ 100-200 Cretaceous : 4. Hard crisp sand or cemented sand . 200-425 5. Sand and clay in layers; light-colored clay and yellowish-white sand 425-460 6. Organic matter — wood; becomes black after exposure 460-538 7. Red clay - - 560-660 8. Fine yellowish-white sand; Lloyd sand. ... 660-700 9. White and coarse gravel; free water-bearing strata; Lloyd sand 700-750 10. Blue clay ; becomes light colored upon exposure 750-755 318. Record of commission's test well near Lake Svccess. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Yellow sandy loam 0- 3 3-8. Dark-grayish glacial sand 8-35 See Table XII. ' 319. According to Mr. E. Lewis, oyster and clam shells were taken from the sands beneath the bowlder drift at Lakeville at a depth of 140 feet." 320. Record of commission's test well between New Hyde Park and Lake Success. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1 . Dark sandy loam 0- 0. 4 2. Yellow loamy sand 0. 4- 1.5 3. Black sandy loam. 1.5- 4. 4 4-6. Yellowish-brown outwash sand and gravel 4. 4—24 7-9. Very fine, yellow to gray, silty sand 24 -36 10. Yellow sand to fine gravel containing many erratics 39. 5-40 1 1 . Medium gray sand. 41 -42 12. Fine gravel with many erratics 43 -45 321. Record of E. C. Willetts's loell near Plattsdale. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Loam 0-4 2. Red clay and stones 4—36 3. Hardpan; very hard substance containing many angular stones cemented together with iron 36-37 4. Very fine white sand containing dark-colored mica; water bearing 37- In spring the water comes up to within a few feet of the surface; in the dry season it is within 21 or 22 feet of the surface: evidently a perched water table. 322. Record of A. Kiefer's well near Plattsdale. Wisconsin: • Feet. 1 . Very hard marl with some cobbles -80 Cretaceous: 2. Yellow sand. 80 -114 3. Clay 114 -114. 5 4. Water-bearing sand 114. 5-116 a Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, p. 442. 240 UNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 3S3. Record of commission's test well 1 mile south of Manhasset. Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : . Feet. 1-2. Sandy loam 0- L 5 3. Dark-brown silty sand _ ! 4- 5 4-9. Sand and gravel (glacial ) 9-35 10-1 1 . Brownish-yellow silty sand (apparently glacial ) 39-47 See Tables XII, XIII.' 324. Record of W . J . Hamilton's well near Little Neck. Wisconsin ^ and Tisbur>' : Feet. " 1 . Fine yellow sand. - 0- 45 2. Coarse yellow sand '. 45- 55 3. White beach sand 55- 63 Cretaceous ? : 4. White coarse sand and small gravel 63- 71 5. White fine sand and yellow fine gravel 71- 83 • Cretaceous: 6. Wliite, fine, beach sand 83- 99- 7. White, coarse, beach sand 99-102 8. Blue clay , 102-125 9. White coarse sand 125-143 10. White small gravel. 143-147 325. Same section as 324. 326. Record of commission's test well near Thomaston. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-3. Yellow sandy clay. ; - 4 4-5. Dark, multicolored, fine sand to coarse gravel, pronouncedly glacial 8 -12 6-8. Yellowish-brown clayey silt with gravel 16 -27 Tisbury : 9-12. Fine to coarse glacial sand and gravel 32 -41. 5 Cretaceous: 13. Light-yellow, highl}' micaceous, clayey sand •. - . _ . 42. 7-43. 5 14^17. White, clayey, highly micaceous sand 44. 5-60. 5 18. Fine, pinkish white, micaceous sand. 64. 5-65. 5 19. Fine, light-yellow, clayey sand _ 69. 5-70. 5 20. Fine to coarse yellow sand 75 -76 21. Medium to coarse white sand; water bearing 78 -79 327. Record of J. B. Hixon's well near Thomaston. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Yellow clay .• 0-26 Transition : 2. Yellow fine sand 26-44 Tisbury: 3. Coarse, brown, iron-stained gravel. 44-52 4. Brown sand and clay 52-.56 Cretaceous: 5. Wldte and pinkish clay 56-61 6. White fine beach sand 61-77 7. Yellow fine beach sand 77-83 8. Yellow clay and sand 83-85 9. Yellow coarse sand 85-93 • DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 241 329. Phillips & Worthington report the following section : Record of railroad well at Great Neck station, Thomaston. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand.--. ---- 0- 90 Cretaceous : 2. Blue clay ---- 90- 93 3. Water-bearing strata of sand 93-100 4. Gravel - 100-112 330. Record of commission's test well near Manhasset. Wisconsin ; Feet. 1-3. Dark, brownish-yellow, clayey sand 0-5 Cretaceous ? : 4—7. Fine, dark-gray or bluish-gray silty sand 9-25 332. Water rises to a height of 13 feet above the surface, which is perhaps 5 feet above extreme high tide. Mr. Hamilton reports that the onljr change ever noticed in tliis well was during the earthquake that occurred in September, 1898. Then the well commenced to flow very strongly and continued to do so for eight or ten hours, when it became normal and has remained so ever since. Record oj J. F. Hamilton's well at Manhasset. Feet. 1. Gravel and ironstone 0-10 2. Quicksand- 10-70 3. Iron ore 70-70. 6 4. Quicksand - - - : 70. 6-74 5. Iron ore 74—75 6. Quicksand, with artesian water 75-78 7. Iron ore — 78- 335. Fig. 33 illustrates a typical case of a flowing well having many of the aspects of a spring. In this case the pipe was driven to a depth of 10 feet and flowing water obtained, as illustrated. It also shows the difference in flow at high and low tide, which is common in nearl}^ all of the wells along the shore and the mud springs or mud cones on the bottom of the bay: these latter are evidently the same as the cones which were studied near Douglaston. 337. Record of commissioii's test ivell near Manhasset Hill. Wisconsin and Tisbiu-y?: Feet. 1-3. Dark, bowldery, surface loam - - - - 0-5 4-10. Reddish brown glacial sand and gravel, with large percentage of erratic material. 11-28 33§. Record of H. Lustgarten's xvell near Manhasset Hill. Wisconsin : ' Feet. 1. Loam 0-3 2. Hard pan - - 3-4 Transition : 3. Light-colored sand and gravel 7-85 Tisbury : 4. Quicksand and gravel - 85-127 340. Record of commission's test well near Manhasset Hill. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-3. Brownish yellow silty sand 0-5 4-11. Dark fine sand and small gravel, containing much glacial debris 9-45 Cretaceous : 12-19. Fine white, micaceous, clayey sand . 48-87. 5 242 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 341. Record of Great Neck School well at Great NecTc. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Surface sand and gravel " 0-26 Cretaceous ? 2. Clay : 26-52 Mr. Kasteard left this well one night without having encountered water; when he came back the next morning there was 9 feet of water in the well, and the water gradually rose until it came within 30 feet of the surface; it is probable that he had gotten down very near the bottom of the clay layer and that during the night the water worked its way through. 342. Record of Mrs. M. G. King's well near Great Neclc. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Red clayey loam •_ 0-4 2. Wliite medium sand 4-6 3. Hard pan _ 6-12 Tisburj-: 4. White sand with occasional streaks of iron 12-22 5. White sand, described as good building sand . 22-45 6. Sand with cobbles. 45-48 7. Ordinary sand - 48-52 ; f 344. Record of H. B. Booth's well, Great A'eck. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel _ 0-6 Cretaceous : 2. Clay of various colors; some dark, some light, some reddish 6-240 3. Water-bearing sand (Lloyd sand) 240- 345. The following section should probably be regarded as only approximate: Record of H. B. Anderson's well. Great Neck. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Hard clay and gravel; some bowlders 0-50 Cretaceous : 2. Quicksand and very fine white sand 50-237 347. Record of Wm. R. Grace's well, Great Neck. Feet. 1 . Various sands . 0-103 2. Hard pan. 103-104 34§. " Record of V. P. Travis's well, Great Neck. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0- 2. Hard yellow claj. 3. Yellow water-bearing gravel -119 Surface water was encountered at 24 feet; the water from the lower horizon stands 77 feet from the surface. 350. Mr. Herbert has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: Record of Robert Cox's well, Great Neck. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Clean glacial gravel 0-6 Cretaceous: 2. Coarse white sand and small gravel 8-9 3. White sand 11 4. Fine yellowish white sand 21 5. Fine white sand 35 6. Very fine white sand 52 • DESCEIPTIVE KOTES ON WELLS. 243 351. Mr. Isaac Kasteard, who dug the upper part of this well, reports the following oection: Record of Roht. Seizer's well near Plandome Mills. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Water-bearing sand 0-17 2. Fine sand 17-21 3. Clay and quicksand (containing mica ) 21- Mr. George Schmidt, who completed this well, gives the following data: Record of Roht. Seizer's well near Plandome Mills. Wisconsin: * Feet. 1. Dug well 0-21 Tisbury?: 2. Sand 21-50 Sankaty ? : 3. Bay mud and sand 50-100 Jameco?: 4. Coarse sand \\ath no clay 100-113 352. Record of Charles Vanderbilt's well near Port Washington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0-8 2. Gravel and cobbly sand 8-80 3. Coarse sand 80- 354. Record of commission's test ivell near Port Washington. Wisconsin : Feet 1-3. Fine, yellowish-brown, silty sand . - 5 Transition : 3-6. Dark yellowish brown sand and gravel of glacial origin . 9 -25 Tisbury: 7. Yerj^ fine, brown, micaceous, silty sand 27 -28 8. Very fine, yellow-white, silty sand 31. 5-32. 5 9-10. Fine, dark-brown, micaceous sand . 36. 5—40 1 1 . Dark-graj" micaceous sand to small gravel ; looks like glacial rock debris 45 -46 12. Very fine, brown, silty sand ... 49. 5-50. 5 13. Yellowish brown sand with small gravel (glacial material) 54 -55 Cretaceous '>.: 14-16. Very fine reddish-brown to steel-gray, silty, micaceous sand 59 -70 17-18. Dark, steel-gray, very fine, clayey silt (blue clay) 74 -79 19-20. Dark, grayish-brown, micaceous, silty sand 82. 5-87 357. Record of T. Valentine's well near Port Washington. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Hardpan and dark iron soil, very hard 0- 15 Transition : 2. Cobbles 15-33 Tisbury : 3. Yellow sand 33-53 Manhasset bowlder bed: 4. A very compact layer of stones, which appeared to be put in almost artificially.. . 53- 60 Tisbury : 5. White sand, described as good building sand 60- 80 Tisbury?: 6. Yellow sand. 80-123 7. White gravel.. 123-129 244 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 358. Record of N . H. Jacohs's well near Port Washington. Feet. 1 . Dug well : 0-24 2. Yellow sand and gravel : 24-32 3. Clay, between blue and white in color _ 32-35 4. Sand and gravel ; water-bearing 35- 360. Mr. George Schmidt reports the following section : Record of T . E. WebVs well near Port Washington. Feet. 1. Loam, gravel, and sand 0-68 2. Clay : 68-200 3. Sand and gravel, water-bearing ; 200-205. 6 At 207 feet carbonized wood was found. Top of well is 73 feet above high water. Mr. John Fischer, who drilled the first 145 feet of this well, reports that water was found in soft, clayey sand, and that the greater part of the well was in soft clay or clayey sand; at 140 feet a lignitized log was struck. 361. Record of Isaac Kasteard's well near Port Washington, N. Y. Feet. ■ 1 . Surface loam ; no stones : 0-10 2. Cobbles and iron ore (size of cobbles, 4 to 8 inches in diameter) .., 10-18 3. Varicolored sands, each stratum about 4 feet thick (described as good building sand). .. 18-69 362. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis from their 60 to 70 foot driven well: Armlysis of railroad well near Port Washington. Parts per million. Total solids 74. 72 Chlorine 12. 82 363. Record of F. VanosM's well near Port Washington. Feet. 1. Hardpan — clay and bowlders 0- 6 2. Varicolored coarse sand, containing occasional streaks of iron 6-46 364. Record of Charles H. Mason's vjell near Port Washington. Feet. 1 . Fine brown sand 0-18 2. Black marl containing oyster shells 18-38 3. Clayey loam 38-42 4. "Black marl" with pebbles 42-52 5. Very fine sand with iron ; water-bearing ^ 52-79 6. White sand and gravel mixed. 79-83 A' shell from stratum No. 2 has been identified by Dr. W. H. Dall as Ostrea virginica and is regarded as probably Pleistocene. 365. Record of Catholic Church well near Port Washington. Feet. 1 . Loam and gravel 0- 4 2. Coarse white sand 4-52 3. Very fine sand .52-54 366. Record of well of Dodge estate near Port Washington. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Yellow stony loam • 0- 6 Tisbury : 2. Fine dry sand 6-16 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 245 Manhasset bowlder bed?: Feet. 3. Rough stratum of cobbles with scarcely any sand between 16-22 Tisbur}' : 4. White building sand ; very compact 22-40 5. Wliite loose dr}' sand 40-50 Sankaty or Cretaceous: 6. Yellow dry clay 50-71 7. Blue clay, containing some water 71-91 The pipe broke off at the last depth given and the clay was not penetrated. 36S. Record of G. Zabriskie's well near Sands Point. Feet. 1 . Fine wliite beach sand 0- 80 2. Blue clay (like. putty when wet, impalpable when dry) 80-120 3. Pure white sand ; whiter than that in stratum 1 120-250 In the sand at 120 feet lignite, clam shells, and oyster shells were found. At 250 feet a hard substance was encountered upon which drilling made no impression; Mr. Schmidt then abandoned the job, and Mr. A. J. Connolly attempted to drill farther; after working three weeks, he also abandoned the well. Mr. Schmidt says that none of the hard material was brought to the surface. This probably represents bed rock. 369. Record of well at Castle Gould, near Port Washington. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Siuface loam. . . 0-3 2. Black hardpan (rough, stony material, with no clay) 3-26 Tisbury : 3. Coarse gravel 26-30 4. Sand 30-40 5. Fine sand containing mica 40-42 6. Coarse sand (described as good building sand ) 42-88 370. Mr. C. H. Danis reports that he put down a test well at this point to a depth of about 300 feet; the material passed through was successive small laj^ers of sand and clay, none exceeding 4 to 6 inches in depth. At last a thick bed of gravel was reached, when the pipe broke: the water in the well rose to a point 12 feet above mean high tide; it would, therefore, have been a flowing well on the beach. 371. Record of well at Castle Gould, near Port Washington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Coarse gravel, with very little water 6- 51 Tisbury and Cretaceous: 2. White sand 51-109 Cretaceous : 3. Gray clay 109-119 4. Fine sand 119-127 5. Sandy clay _ 127-152 6. Quicksand. - 152-158 7. Blue clay. 158-161 8. Water-bearing sand 161-166 9. Fine sand. 166-169 10. Quicksand 169- "We placed a Cook patent strainer between 161 and 166 feet, and although at the first test the well only showed 2^ gallons per minute, we were able, after developing the well, to get over 30 gallons per minute. Lower down the hill, at a difference in elevation of about 40 feet, where we had 10 feet of this coarser water- bearing sand, we obtained 102 gallons per minute." — J. D. KUpatriclc. 372. Mr. Danis reports the material penetrated in this weU as all white sand. This well flows at times, and would flow continuallj^ if the sand were coarser, the stoppage of the flow apparently being due to clogging with fine sand. The elevation is about 15 feet above mean high tide. 246 UNDBEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOKK. 373. The following section to a depth of L58 feet has been prepared from samples furnished by Mr. Paul K. Ames, of the Long Beach Association; the remainder is from the record of the driller, Mr. "W. C. Jaegle: Record of well of Long Beach Association at Long Beach. Recent: Feet. 1. White beach sand, with water-worn fragments of shells _ 0-36 2. Dirty graj^ sand, with small quartz pebbles and particles of vegetable matter. _ 36- 40 Tisbur^': 3. Fine to coarse gray sand, with a few small quartz pebbles (salt water) 40- 50 4. Medium gray sand; no gravel 51- 55 5. Grayish yellow sand and small gravel, with a few greensand grains 55- 65 6. Yellowish gray sand _ 65- 70 7. Orange-yellow sand and gravel, similar to Rockaway material 70- 73 Sankaty : 8. Gray sand and gravel, similar to No. 7 in texture, but not iron-stained 73- 76 9. Large quartz gravel and pieces of blue clay containing sand and gravel 76- 82 Jameco: 10. Dark, multicolored coarse sand and gravel; considerable percentage of flattened shale pebbles; only 50 to 60 per cent of quartz; some biotite; looks as if it might be a sample taken from the Wisconsin moraine in the center of island. ... . 82- 90 . -^ . Cretaceous: 11. Black sand composed of fine, gray, quartz sand with a large percentage of lignite: some FeS and S; several large pieces of lignitized wood at 99 feet 90- 99 12. Grayish sand with some free sulphur and a few particles of lignite 99-107 13. ^Vhite sand with occasional patches tinged lemon yellow, perhaps due to iron stains ; a few particles of free sulphur 107-111 14. Dark-gray silty sand 111-119 15. White sand with small pieces of lignite; note on bottle sa3TS " 120, petrified wood' '. 119-121 16. Very dark colored clay ( ' ' blue clay" ) 121-135 17. Coarse, gray, clayey sand, with particles of sulphur. 13.5-143 18. Medium dark-gray sand (salt water) 143-145 19. Verj' coarse dark-gray sand 145-156 20. Olive-green sand and small quartz gravel; some sulphur salt water) 156-158 21. Very dark lead-colored clay ; 158-174 22. Wliite sand, containing at 190 a log of lignitized wood 174—192 23. White gravel and salt water 192-196 24. Clay 196-200 25. Fine sand 200-220 26. SoHd blue clay 220-270 (At 270 fresh water, sweet and chalybeate.) 27. White sand and wood 270-276 28. Clay 276-282 29. White sand and wood. 282-297 30. Blue clay 297-305 31 . ^Vhite sand, wood, and water 30.5-308 32. Blue clay. '. 308-317 33. White sand containing wood and artesian water 317-325 34. Blue clay 32.5-340 35. White sand and mineral water; has considerable CO.,, sparkling and effervescent. . 340-356 36. Blue clay 3.56-360 37. White sand and pure water 364-378 38. Blue clay 378-380 39. White sand 380-381 40. White clay 381-383 41. Fine sand with artesian water : : 383-386 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 247 On May 6, 1903, well was flowing 5 gallons per minute, at a height of about 1 foot above the surface of the ground: it was from this well that the tide curve shown in fig. 34, was obtained. The water from a depth of 270 feet has been analyzed by Endermann and Saarbach, analytical chemists of I\ew York, with the following results: Analysis of water from depth of 270 feet in Long Beach Association's well at Long Beach. Parts per million. Alkali 125. 000 Lime _ - - 3. 525 Magnesia - . 4. 276 Oxide of iron 7. 057 Chlorine 1 158. 750 Sulphuric acid — 14. 760 Silica - - - - - - 3. 577 Total 317. 545 Analysis of water from 383 to 386 feet by Doctors Endermann and Saarbach : Analysis of vMter from depth of 383-386 feet in well of Long Beach Association at Long Beach. Parts per million. Total residue 157. 32 Organic and volatile matter . . 54. 72 Mineral residue 102. 6 Free ammonia ., .07 Albuminoid ammonia. .13 Nitrous acid- : - None. Nitric acid 1 . 71 Oxygen required for oi'ganic matter 4. 79 Chlorine. . .. 29. 07 374. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society: Record of well at Hempstead poorhouse, Barnum Island, Xeir Yorl-. Tisbuiy : Feet. 1 . Orange sand and gravel _ 0- 4 2. Fine yellowish brown sand 5 4. Orange sand and gravel 15 5. Very, dark-gray, clayey sand, with a few quartz pebbles 22 6. Small and medium quartz pebbles orange yellow 29 7. Fine to coarse orange-yellow sand 40 8. Same 60 9. Yellow clay and gravel, partly cemented with iron 63 10. Fine yellow sand 70 Transition : 1 1 . Fine to medium dark-gray sand 74 Sankatj^ : 12. Very fine dark-gray clay, ^\'ith a little lignitized wood 75 13. Dark-gray clay 95 14. Same 113 15. Dark-gray clayey sand and gravel 126 Jameco ? : 16. Gravel of quartz and chert: has no recognizable erratics, but colore suggest glacial material : quite difl'erent from the orange sand at the top of the section 129 248 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous : Feet. 17. Dark-gray sand 135 18. White micaceous sand ■ 147 19. White sand and orange gravel ; a few fragments of red quartzite 168 20. Coarse gray sand _ 170 21 . Fine to coarse dirty yellowish gray sand 175 22. Coarse white sand with lignite 1 80 23. Lignite : 200 24. Very fine gray clayey sand _ 225 25. Coarse grayish white sand 243 26. Much lignite in gray sand 245-270 27. Gray sand and lignite , . 270-370 28. Grayclay - 380 29. Carbonaceous clay 383 These samples were furnished by the driller, Mr. Theodore A. Carmen, who gave the following data regarding this well in a letter dated April 24, 1895: '-'Some years ago I attempted to bore a well near the shore; at 123 feet reached fresh water; we con- tinued boring to a depth of 380 feet: the soil was fine beach sand and clay, but the water was not good and did not rise to the surface." • A record of the well has been published by Lewis," who adds the following remarks on the section: • " The deposit of clay between 70 and 126 feet seems closely analogous to many clays now found upon, and at various depths beneath, the surface of the island; it is evidently a local deposit, such as might occur in the depressions of the surface. Two tube wells have been driven at no great distance from Barnums Island, one 97 and the other 194 feet, in which no similar layer of clay was detected." Other records have been published by Merrill,'' Darton,'' and Woolman.'' 375. As the artesian water obtained from the deep well at Long Beach, No. 373, was so chalybeate that it was undesirable for domestic use, a pumping plant was established at East Rockaway which draws its water from shallow wells in the surface gravels. The following analysis by Doctors Endermann and Saarbach has been furnished by Mr. Paul K. Ames: Analysis of water from pumping plant of Long Beach Association near East Rockaway. Parts per million. Total residue - . - 94. 05 Organic and volatile matter 13. 68 Mineral residue 80. 37 Free ammonia Trace. Albuminoid ammonia — Trace. Nitrous acid None. Nitric acid 2. 82 Oxygen required for organic matter 56. 94 Chlorine 19. 32 375A. Record of J. H. Clark's well at East Rockaway. Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand 0-6 2. Coarse white gravel 6- 8 3. Sand 8-21 4. Coarse white gravel 21-24 Tisbury?: 5. Bright-yellow clay which tasted like alum 24-27 a Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. 10, 1877, p. 442. ft Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, p. 350. cBull. N. Y. Geol. Survey No. 1.38, 1896, pp. 32-33. il Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1896, 1897, p. 160. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 249 The driller, Mr. Fass, did not penetrate the clay in this well, but pulled up the pipe and obtained the water from the gravel above it. 376. Record of J . M. Smith's ivell near Rockville Center. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Stratified, yellow sand and quartz gravel, containing a small percentage of erratic material 0-17 2. Cobble bed; large, yellow, iron-stained quartz bowlders 17-18 Ml'. McCarten says that eight or ten attempts have been made to drive wells on the property of Mr. Smith, all of which have been unsuccessful on account of the pipe bending in the attempt to pass through the layer of stones, which is water bearing and 26 inches in thickness. The sand and gravel below the layer of cobbles is said to be relatively dry. 377. The following record has been copied from a blueprint kindly furnished by Chief Engineer I. M. De Varona: Record of Brooklyn test well No. 2G,-near Smith Pond. Recent to Tisbury: Feet. 1. Muck and sand : 0- 15 2. Bluish gray clay. 15- 2-1 3. Yellow sand and gravel 24r- 56 Cretaceous?: 4. Bluish gray clay mixed with fine sand 56- 64 5. Bluish gray and yellow clay mixed with fine sand 64- 71 Cretaceous : 6. Yellow sand with traces of clay 71- 76 7. Gray sand, gravel, clay, and wood. 76- 84 8. Yellow sand, clay, and wood 84- 96 9. Gray sand, bluish clay, and wood 96-108 10. Yellow clay, sand, and wood 108-114 11. Gray sand, cla}^ and wood 114-118 12. "Yellow sand, clay, and wood 118-128 13. Bright-yellow sand, clay, and wood 128-134 14. White sand, clay, and wood (slight^ water-bearing from 170.7) 134-184 15. White sand, brown clay, and wood 184r-202 16. Sohd gray clay; no water 202-214 17. Gray clay, sand, and wood ; slightly water-bearing 214-235 18. Gray clay, fine sand, and wood; sli'ghtly water-bearing 235-279 19. White sand, clay, and wood; shghtly water-bearing 279-510 20. Solid clay of dark bluish gray color 510-518 21 . Clay, sand, and wood ; slightly water-bearing 518-522 22. Solid clay; no water 522-527 23. Light-gray claj^, sand, and wood; slightly water-bearing 527-554 24. Sand, gravel, clay, and wood; water-bearing 554-578 25. Sharp white sand and white clay; no wood; flows 5 gallons per minute 578-579 26. Small gravel, white sand, and white clay; flows 5 gallons per minute 579-587 Elevation of surface, 8.3 feet. " First water at 25 feet; rises to 6 feet below at the surface; the best supply of water is from 42-45 feet." 37S. Record of commission's test well near Roclcville f 'enter. Wisconsin and Tisburj- : Feet. 1-2. Dark-brown loamy sand 0. 5- 1.5 3. Reddish yellow fine sand — 4. 5 4. Vei-y fine white sand to small gravel 8-9 5. Very fine grayish yellow sand; some fine gravel 13-14 6. Yellow silty clay, mottled red 17-17. 5 17116— No. 44—06 17 250 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Feet. 7. Reddish yellow sand _ •. 17. 5-18 8. Red sand, fine to medium, with biotite 18. 5-19 9. Light-yellow sand 22-22. 5 10. Same, with considerable yellow clay 23-23. 5 11. Red and yellow sand 26. 5-27 12. Fine, dark gray-blue clay, wil'i quartz sand and lignite 27 -27.5 13. Grayish sand and lignite 29 -30 14. Light reddish yellow sand, i o erratics 33 -34 15-16. Medium white sand 36 -42 . 17. Medium yellow sand 43. 5-44 19. Fine to medium gray sand: . _ .... 47 -48 20. Fine to coarse grayish yellow sand : 48 -49 21. Fine to very coarse brownish yellow sand and quartz gravel (bowlder struck in this). . ., 49. 5-51 22. Bowlder 51 -52 23. Medium yellow sand 52. 5-53 Cretaceous : 24. Medium wliite gray sand and a little white clay 53. 5-54. 5 25. Very fine gray sand and much white clay 55 -55. 5 26. Very coarse white sand 55. 5-56 27. Fine to coarse quartz sand and gravel 58 -60 28. Fine quartz sand apparently pulverized rock 61 -62 29. Medium grayish yellow sand 65 -66 30. Fine to medium yellowish gray sand and yellow clay 66. 5-67. 5 31. Medium to coarse yellow sand and clay 71. 6-72 32. Dark-gray clay 72. 4-74 379. Two of the wells used in this plant were completed in 1895 and the other two in 1892. The village clerk gives the follo^'ing data regarding the daily pumping during 1902: Yield in 1902 of wells of RockviUe Center waterworks, Rockville Center. Gallons. Maximum daily yield... 249,000 Minimum daily yield 112, 000 Average daily yield .' 150, 466 3S0. Record of commission's test well near Rockville Center. Feet. 1 . Black surface loam - 0.3 2. Yellow dayey sand - 1.8 3. Medium yellow sand 5. 8- 6. 3 4. Medium to coarse gray sand 9 -10 5-7. Medium to coarse reddish brown sand; glacial 10 -19 8. Fine gray and bro%vn sand : same as No. 9, well 378 23 -24 3§ 1-392. These were test wells put down by the commission on additional water supply around the Millburn reservoir; the deepest was No. 382, of which the section is as follows: Record of commission's "deep" test well near Millburn reservoir. Feet. 1-8. Reddish outwash sand. -30 ' 9. Fine gray beach sand 31. 5 10. Yellow quartz gravel 34. 5-35 11. Fine yellowish gray sand 35. 5-36 12. Reddish yellow sand 40 -4] 13. Fine bro^vnish yellow sand 41 .-42 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 251 Feet. 14-15. Coarser yellowish white sand 46 -51 16. Light gray highlj' micaceous sand 54 -55 17. Brownish beach sand 56 -57 18-20. Fine, light-gray, highly micaceous sand - - 58 -69 21. Coarser white sand. 73 -74 22. Fine yellowish sand 78 -79 23-25. Fine gray sand with a little white clay 81 -92 26. Dark gray micaceous sand with a little lignite 93 -94 27-28. Very dark-colored sandy clay 95 -97 The materials penetrated in the other wells are summarized in the following table: Records of commission's weUs near Millhurn reservoir. Well number 381. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. , 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 1. Reddish yellow out wash 0-29 29-38 0-31 4-29 29-32 0-30 30-31 0-22.5 22.5-22.5 0-21 21-25 0-24 24-25 0-21 21-22.5 0-29 29-30 0-26.5 26.5-32 0-26 2. Fine gray beach sand 26-32 See Tables XII, and XIII. 393. Mr. Hancock reports that all shallow wells in this neighborhood are sunk through about the same material and that one description will fit all. They vary in depth from 8 to 20 feet, according to the elevation of the surface. Record of M. S. Thomas's well at Baldmn. Feet. 1. Reddish brown clay: no bowlders 0- 5 2. Loose sand, gray in color 5-10 3. Hard red sand 10-12 4. Red sand with white pebbles 12-13 5. White sand with an abundance of mica 13-18 394. Record of C . H. Southard's vjell at Baldwin. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-3 2. Fine brown sand 3-8 3. Very coarse light-colored gravel. 8-1 1 4. Finer gravel, decreasing in size 11-30 5. Very white beach sand , 30-35 395. Mr. Wortman reports that at 50 feet he encountered a very black mud which choked the well point. He reports that the clay at Lynbrook is about 12 feet below the surface and is of great thickness. Above the clay is a very coarse stony material. He also reports that a black mud was encountered in driving a well at the railroad station at Baldwin. 396. Tliis well was sounded July 10 by Francis Whitney, field assistant, and found to be 288.6 feet deep from the top of the old pipe. Lignite was reported from 300 to 370 feet. 399. Record of commission's test well near Norwood. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Brown loamy sand 0- 1.4 3-4. Medium reddish yellow sand 5. 2- 6:2 5. Fine to medium brownish yellow sand with much biotite 10. 5-11. 5 Tisbury: 6. Medium light-brown sand. , 15 -16 7. Fine to mediimi rusty red sand. 18 -19 8-11. Fine grayish yellow sand (possibly glacial ) 20 -34 252 UNDERGROUND "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 400. Record of commission's test well between Rochville and Hempstead. Wisconsin: ' Feet. 1-2. Yellow gravelly loam : 0- 2 3-8. Outwasli sand and gravel 2-27 Tisbury : 9. Medium light-yellow sand ; 31-32 See Tables XII, XIII. 401. Record of commission's test weU south of Hempstead. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-2. Yellow gravelly loam ,.. - 1.6 3-4. Reddish yellow silty sand 2.5- 6.5 5. Fine reddish brown sand 9. 5-10. 5 6-9. Dark reddish yellow sand and gravel (glacial ) 14. 5-22 Tisbury ? : 10-12. Fine yellowish silt to coarse gravel, becoming lighter and coarser below, not sharply glacial 23 -32 See Tables XII, Xllf. 402. Record of commission's test well near Greenwich Point. Wisconsin and Tisburj-: Feet. 1-2. Surface dark loamy clay _ 1.5 3-4. Tough sandj' clay with bowlders _ 2. 5-3. 4 5-8. Yellow sand to fine gravel 6 -17 9-10. Reddish yellow sand and small gravel, with a considerable percentage of finer material . _ 19 -26 11. Coarse reddish yellow sand (same as No. 7 in well 411) _ ._ 29 -30 All the section, with the exception of the upper 3.5 feet, appears to be regular outwash material. 403. Record of commission's test well near Hempstead. Wisconsin: Feet. I. Dark loamy sand ■ 0. 4 2-3. Reddish dark-gray sand and gravel 1.5- 9 4. Medium gray sand with considerable glacial debris. 10 -11 5-6. Pebbles and fine sand (glacial) 11 -13 Tisbury ? : 7. Dark reddish sand. 15 -16 8. Dark reddish sand and gravel ^ 18 -19 9-10. Medium reddish yellow sand 23 -29 II. Light reddish yellow sand; no erratics (not clearlj- glacial) 33 -33.5 See Tables XII, XIII.' 404. Record of commission's test well near Hempstead. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Black sandy loam _ _ -27 2. Dark silt to cobbles _ . . 2. 8- 3. 2 3-5. Fine to coarse sand, very light yellow 5. 5-16 6. Medium reddish sand - 17 -18 Tisbury: 7. YeUow sand and gravel with some erratics : 18 -19 Tisbury and Cretaceous: 8-16. Red sand (doubtfuUy glacial).... 20.5-61 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 253 Cretaceous : Feet. 17. Fine dark-colored sand with lignite 64 -65. 5 18-23. Fine, light-colored, silty, micaceous- sand, suggesting material of Cretaceous age 67 -94 24. Very black, micaceous, sandy clay _ 95. 5-97 400. Record of commission's lest well near Hempstead. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam -2 3-11. Glacial sand and gravel - . 2 -52. 7 407. Record of commission's test well near East Meadow Brooli. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Light-yellow surface loam ■. - 1.5 3-5. Coarse sand, with some erratic material 5 - 15 6. Considerable gravel, with much erratic material _ 20 Cretaceous : 7-14. Fine, white, highly micaceous, clayey sand 22 - 51 15. Dark-brown, very fine, micaceous, clayey sand 55 - 55. 5 16. Light-yellow clayey sand . . . 58. 5- 60 17. Greenish yellow fine silt to medium sand, highly micaceous. .. 65 - 66 18. Gray silt to medium sand, highly micaceous 70 - 71 19. Bright red sandy silt 75. 1- 76 20. Light, grayish brown, micaceous, sandy silt 80 - 81 21-22. Greenish yellow, micaceous, sandy silt . 85 - 91 23. Grayish brown, micaceous, silty sand, with some lignite 91. 7- 91. 8 24. Fine light-yellow sand 93. 5- 94 25. Fine, greenish yellow, micaceous, silty sand 95 - 96 26. Dark-gray, micaceous, silty sand 100 -101 27-28. Medium light yellowish white sand 105 -111 29. Brownish white silty sand 115 -116 30. Dark yellowish gray silty sand 120 -121 31. Laminated black and white sandy clay 123. 5-125 40§. Record of commission's test well near East Meadow Brook. Wisconsin and Tisbury 1: Feet. 1-8. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel 0-35 409. Record of commission's test well near Garden City. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1-9. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel 0-37 See Table XIL 410. Record, of commission's test well at Garden City. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Dark-colored gravelly loam - 1.6 3-7. Brownish-yellow outwash sands and gravel, with much glacial material 2. 3-23 Tisbury?: 8-10. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand, not clearly glacial 27 -36. 8 See Tables XII, XIII. 254 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 411. Record of commission's test well at Garden City. Wisconsin and Tisbury: • Feet. 1. Black loamy sand 1 2. Yellow sand to coarse gravel with a little yellow clay 3 3-6. Bright reddish yellow sand and fine gravel 5-21 7. Fine yellow gravel with little, if any, glacial material (same as 1 1 , well 402 ) 25 413. Record of commission's test well at Garden City. Wisconsin:' . Feet. 1. Dark sandy loam with gravel. ^ 0. 5 - 2. Yellow sandy clay 2 3. Yellow sand and gravel : 4 4^10. Grayish yellow sand to fine gravel 8. 5-38. 5 All samples apparently represent out wash material, and contain much biotite. 414. Mr. George L. Hubbell, general manager, states that the water level in the well owned by the Garden City Water Supply Company can be reduced 12 feet by excessive pumping, and that when the water level falls after several months' steady pumping the hydrants are opened and the pumps are run at their fiill capacity night and day for from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. When the normal rate of pumping is resumed the water level rises 5 feet. A layer of clay is encountered between 20 and 24 feet, which is overlain and underlain by sand and gravel. 416. Record of commission's test well near Mineola. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Black surface silt 2-3. Yellow gravelly loam. . , 1.2- 3. 4 4—8. Fine sand to small gravel (outwash glacial material ) 6 -27 9. Very fine, reddish, clayey sand 30. 9-31 10-12. Fine silt to small gravel (outwash material). 31 -42. 5 See Table XII. 41 §. Record oj commission's test well near Mineola. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Black surface loam 0. 5 2. Yellow, silty, gravelly sand i 2 - 2. 4 3-10. Fine silt to small gravel (outwash glacial material ) 6. 5-42 Tisbury: 11. Very fine, light-yellow, silty sand 50 -51 12. Medium yellow sand (doubtfully glacial ) 51 -53. 8 13. Coarse reddish yellow sand (doubtfully glacial ) 53 -55. 7 See Tables XII, XIII. 419. Record of commission's test well near Mineola. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Black sandy loam 0. 5 2. Dark loamy sand with gravel 2 3. Grayish yellow sand with fine gravel ...., 4 -6 4. Same, but with more gravel 10 -11.5 5-6. Small gravel with much erratic material 15 -20. 5 Tisbury: 7. Yellow sand with small gravel 20. 5-21 8. Same, with a little clay 25. 5-26 9-10. Small gravel 29. 5-36 11. Very coarse yellow sand 38 -39 12-13. Fine grayish yellow sand 43 -48. 5 14. Same, but with a little coarse gravel , 53 -53. 5 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 255 420. Record of C. Edison's well near East Williston. Feet. 1. Coarse sand - - . - - 0- 2. Medium sand - - -50 3. Coarse sand to gravel ; water-bearing 50-56. 6 4i21. Record of commission's test well near East Williston. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Very dark-brown surface loam - 0. 8 2. Keddish brown loamy sand 2. 7- 2. 9 3-4. Yellow clay and bowlders 7. 5-13. 2 5. Light yellowish white sand and gravel 17. 5-18. 5 6. Reddish yellow silty sand 22. 5-23. 5 7. Very black sand, full of mica, looks like ground-up bowlder _ 25 -26. 5 Tisbury: 8-9. Fine to medium yellowish white sand- 30 -36 10. Fine yellowish white sand to medium gravel _ 40 -41 11. Small light-colored gravel (considerable percentage of glacial material) 41 -42 12-13. Fine to medium yellowish white sand _ 45 -51 14. Small light-colored gravel with glacial material 54 -55 See Tables XII, XIII. 422. Record of commission's test well near Albertson. Feet. 1. Black loamy clay 1. 7- 2. 3 2. Brownish yellow clay with a few pebbles very similar to the clay at East Williston.. . 3 - 3. 5 3. Brown and yellow clay with reddish brown sand and gravel (glacial) 8 - 9. 5 4. Dark grayish sand with much fresh biotite; evidently debris from a glacial bowlder. 10. 5-11. 5 5-6. Yellow clay, sand and gravel (" bowlder clay " ) _ _ 15 -21 7. Sand and coarse gravel (glacial ) _ . 23 -24 8-10. Fine yellow sand with a noticeable percentage of glacial material. 27 -37 See Tables XII, XIII. 423. The greater portion of this well is in light yellow sand and gravel. Near the bottom fine gray sandy clay was encountered. 424. Record of W. P. Kelsey's well near Old Westhury. Wisconsin: " p^eet. 1. Coarse gravel 0- 50 Cretaceous?: 2. Alternate layers of sand and clay 50-150 425. Record of J. E. Brady's well near Old Westhury. Feet. 1. Glacial deposit 0-20 2. Clay and sand, mixed (white beach sand and greasy, slippery clay) 20-133 3. Coarse gravel, the pebbles of which were highly colored — black, red, and all grada- tions to yellow 138-145 426. Record of R. L. Cottnet's well near Old Westhury. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Gravel and large stones _ 0- 50 2. Black hardpan containing a great many stones and a great deal of mica 50- 62 Mannetto : 3. Very coarse gravel, quite hard and with no water _ 62- 75 Cretaceous : 4. Sand with little water, quite black, and with a bad odor 75- 80 5. Very fine muddy sand 80- 85 256 DWDEEGROUND WATER EESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous — Continued . Feet. 6. Wliitish blue clay, lighter than other clays 85- 88 7. White beach sand, water-bearing ' 88-170 8. Quicksand __. 170-175 9. A very large stone was encountered at 175 10. Coarse white sand 175-180 \ 427. The following section has been prepared from samples preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society. The location given is only approximate: Record of J . F. D. Lanier's icell near Old Westhury. Mannetto: Feet. 1. Yellow surface sand and gravel, no glacial material ' 0- 10 Cretaceous: 2. Pinkish white clay interbedded with white sand, suggesting the upper part of the Melville section 10- 22 3. Fine yellow sand ^^dth supply of water 22- 37 4. Pinkish white clay, marked " clay in thin layers " 37- 57 5. Fine to medium yellow sand, marked "quicksand'' 57-103 6. Ferruginous cnists in clayey sand 103- That stratum 3 should have contained an abundant supply of water, is rather surprising, considering the height of the well. The probable explanation is that the well was put down in the wet season and that this represents a perched water table. 428. The quicksand in the section below rose in the pipe three or four times. It was at last kept down by putting gravel in the bottom of the well. The water was obtained from quicksand. It was tested for twenty-four hours at a rate of 25 gallons per minute. Record of J. F. D. Lanier's well near Old Westhury. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan 0- 20 Transition: 2. Brown or gray clay, with plenty of flinty stones at the top 20-100 Cretaceous : 3. Fine white sand 100-146 4. Quicksand, water-bearing ■ 146-150 429. This well is about 40 feet higher than well 430. 430. The following record has been prepared from the samples furnished by Mr. John Tart rnd the record of Mr. F. Wankel, foremen for the Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company: Record of H. B. Duryea's well near Old Westhury. Wisconsin and Mannetto: Feet. 1 . Loam 0- 3 2. Hardpan 3-27 3. Coarse sand 27- 30 Cretaceous ? : 4. Yellow clay 30-50 5. Hardpan 50- 76 6. Quicksand 76- 86 Cretaceous: 7. Medium, very light yellow sand " 86- 92 8. Sand with clay layers 92- 97 9. Fine white sand 97-105 10. Medium yellow sand ^^"ith some clay 105-121 11 . Yellow sand with lumps of clay 121-140 a No samples above 90 feet. DESOKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 257 Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 12. Bright reddish brown sand, with some ferruginous sandstone 140-152 13. Medium yellow sand, with lumps of white clay 152-171 14. "Quicksand;" a very fine, hght yellow, micaceous, clayey sand 171-190 15. "Sandy white clay;" samples show only very fine, light yellow, micaceous, clayey sand - - - 190-225 16. "Quicksand;" fine to medium, yellow, clayey sand 225-258 17. "Dark clay;" samples show very dark, micaceous, sandy clay 258-280 18. Coarse soapstone sand 280-286 19. Medium to coarse gray sand 286-290 20. Medium to coarse sand 290-308 21 . Fine to medium gray sand 308-314 22. White clay 314-324 23. Coarse white sand - 324^329 24. Coarse pink and chocolate sand 329-343 25. White clay - - . . 343- Strainers are placed from 300 to 308 feet and from 330 to 340 feet. Elevation of ground, 197.5 feet. 431. The Cretaceous sand which underhes the Wheatley Hills, while water-bearing, is so fine that it is difficult to finish a well in it. Mr. E. D. Morgan has been particularly persistent in his search for a coarser layer that would yield an adequate supply of water. The records of several of the wells drilled at this place are given below. The section of the well completed by Mr. John Fisher is reported as follows: Record of E. D. Morgan's well in Wheatley Hills. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan '. 0-80 Cretaceous?: 2. Reddish clay. 80-92 Cretaceous : 3. Fine sand ^. 92-295 4. Very white and sticky clay •. 295- Water found at the top of the clay. Five other parties (among whom was Gallienne) made failures in the same locality. Fisher ascribes their failure as due to their having passed through the clay. Below this there is a fine sand which sometimes rises in the pipe to a distance of 100 feet. In one case, where Fisher went through the clay for an experiment, the sand rose in his pipe to a distance of 60 feet. Down to 40 feet in this well the material passed through was so hard that no pipe was required. A foreman in the employ of Mr. A. J. Connolly reports the following section: Record of E. D. Morgan's well in Wheatley Hills. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Sand and clay with bowlders 0- 90 Mannetto?: 2. Coarse gravel, white and yellow 90- Cretaceous : 3. Yellow clay with fine sand 4. Whitish clay (60 feet thick) _ 5. Fine white sand with mica particles ; water-bearing -280 Mr. Alfred Wisson reports that in the well which he completed the section is almost the same as that which he reported from well 434. Of the wells drilled by Mr. A. W. Gallienne, Mr. Ed. Danis reports that the material penetrated was very similar to that encountered in the Harriman well (No. 512), on which Mr. Danis was working at the same time. 258 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. In the summer of 1903 a new well was drilled at this place by Messrs. Wankel and Tart, of the Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, who have furnished the Survey with the following record and samples: Record of E. D. Morgan's well in Wheailey Hills. [Section by F. Wankel.] Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Hardpan .• 0-1 06 Mannetto : 2. Beach sand ' 106—115 • 3. Hardpan _ 115-130 Mannetto ? and Cretaceous: 4. Beach sand ..,.. 130-201 Cretaceous : 5. Yellow clay _ 201-218 6. Beach sand (here I reached the surface of the water) 218-236 [ 7. Gravel , 236-243 8. Medium coarse sand _ 243-252 ■ " 9. Yellow clay . 252-277 10. White clay _ _ 277-298 ' ,^ 11. Grayish clay 298-316 12. Yellow clay.. 316-334 13. Gravel, chunks of iron ore, hollow sandstones and big flow of water. 334-336 14. Yellow clay 336-344 15. Yellow beach sand, very fine , 344-350 16. Coarser 350-360 17. Still coarser 360-364 18. Quicksand 364-368 19. Coarse, yellow sand 368-393 20. Pink sand 393-398 21. White sand, growdng continually coarser to almost gravel. 398—427 22. White medium coars^e sand 427-434 23. White clay, not penetrated 434- From samples received from Wankel apd Tart the following record has been compiled (elevation 328.5 feet, Geological Surve}'^ base): Record of E. D. Morgan's well in Wheailey Hills. Wisconsin and Tisbury ? : Feet. 1. Quartz, sand, and gravel, with a considerable percentage of glacial material 0-106 Mannetto : 2. Fine sand to small gravel; quartz, with fragments of red ferruginous sandstone and white chert, and a few compound pebbles *. 106-115 . 3. Quartz, sand, and gravel, many pebbles of ferruginous sandstone, and a few fragments of compound pebbles (mica schist ) 115-130 Mannetto ? : 4. Quartz, sand, and gravel, with some pebbles of ferruginous sandstone (no com- pound pebbles) 130-148 5. Orange-yellow quartz gravel, with a few pebbles of verj' much decomposed white chert and a few fragments of compound pebbles 148-149 Cretaceous : 6. Light-yellow quartz, sand, and gravel; white chert (no erratics) 149-170 7. Light-yellow quartz, sand, and gravel (no erratics ) 170-201 8. Very light-yellow quartz, sand, and gravel ("water sand " ) 201-218 9. Fine to medium yellowish-white sand, with a few small pebbles (no erratics)... 218-236 10. Small quartz gravel; many pebbles and fragments of white chert ... 236-243 11. Medium light-vellow sand 243-251 DESCRIPTIVE KOTES ON WELLS. 259 Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 12. Yellow sandy clay (very fine yellow sandy silt ) 251-277 13. Gray sandy clay (very fine, gray, sandy silt ) 277-334 14. Quartz, sand, and gravel with a large percentage of rounded pebbles of ferrugi- nous sandstone. A large fragment (3i by 2 inches) of a very much decayed, rounded, granitic bowlder was obtained from this layer. This is the only piece of erratic material in the sample 334-336 15. Yellow sandy silt or clay, with a few small quartz pebbles and fragments of ferru- ginous sandstone 336-344 16. Uniform, fine to medium, yellow sand 344^350 17. Same 350-354 18. Same _ 354-368 19. Uniform, fine to medium, dirty, white sand 368-375 20. Medium yellow sand 375-393 21. Uniform, coarse, reddish-brown sand 393-398 22. Coarse light-yellow sand 398-418 23. Fine, white and yellow, quartz gravel, with fragments of ferruginous sandstone. . 418-435 A few specimens are preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society, marked "Specimens obtained in boring a well at Wheatley Hills, Long Island, summer of 1890." These are all normal Cretaceous material, but as no depths are given have no definite stratigraphic value. In one case a small tray marked "460 feet" contained a medium dirty yellow sand. This probably belongs to another section. 432. Mr. Thomas GriflBn, foreman for W. C. Whitney, reports that the material penetrated was chiefly "hardpan and fine white sand." 433. Material penetrated very similar to that found in well 432, but the sand is finer and contains a large amount of mica. The water is raised by steam pump and if a greater amount than 4 or 5 gallons per minute is pumped the water becomes cloudy. 434. Mr. Alfred Wisson reports the following section: Record of S. Mortimer's well in Wheatley Hills. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Hardpan (mixed clay and gravel with occasional streaks of clay). 30-100 Cretaceous : 2. Soft mushy clay with much mica; the clay was black and had a very bad odor 100-105 3. Soft- reddish clay, loam-like in texture with some pure sand intermingled; some clear water was found at the bottom of the clay: yield, about 5 gallons a minute. 105-205 4. Good, coarse, white sand with veiy few pebbles 205-225 5. Blue clay (no stones) 225-226 . 6. Good clear gravel 226-300 7. Clay 300- This well was tested for three weeks at a rate of 25 gallons a minute and occasionally 50 gallons a minute No effect was produced on the water level. The following section is reported by Mr. John Fisher: Record of S. Mortimer's well in Wheatley Mills. Wisconsin and Mannetto: Feet. 1. Coarse gravel and loamy sand, like surface material 0-150 Cretaceous : 2. Light baky clay ; no water on top of the clay 150-160 3. Fine sand 160-200 4. Coarse gravel, about the size of hickory nuts 200-205 Mr. Fisher states that this is the onlj- well in this neighborhood in which water was found in gravel. He regards it as the best well in the vicinity of Wheatley Hills. 435. According to Mr. John Heerdegan the material penetrated in this well is as follows: 260 UKDEEGEOUND WATER RE80UECES OP LONG ISLAND, NEW YOKK. Reccrd of W. Stowe's well in Wheatley Hills. Wisconsin: Feet 1. Bowlders and clay (till) ■. ^ 0-40 Cretaceous ? : 2. Alternating series of coarse and fine white sands 40-190 Cretaceous : 3. Fine sand and clay mixed ll0-228 4. Material gradually coarser until gravel, is reached at 240 228-245 5. Clay and sand mixed _ 245-295 Water was found in the sandy layers between 245 and 295 feet, but was cloudy, and the well was plugged at 240 feet and a strainer put in from 230 to 240. No water was encountered until a depth of 228 feet was reached. The gravel in this well is reported as coarser than in any of the wells of the Nassau Electric Light and Power Company, No. 437. Mr. I. H. Ford reports that in the well which he put down at this place he found nothing but sand. The first water was found at a depth of 130 feet. 436. Record of Mrs. I. Vowman's well near Roslyn. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Coarse red gravel, very hard, and with no stones 0- 20 2. Coarse sand, quite red in streaks 20- 50 Manhasset bowlder bed?: 3. Sand, with a thin layer of bowlders 50-53 Tisbury and Mannetto: 4. Finesand 53- 90 5. Coarse red gravel ; water-bearing 90-115 437. Record of well of Nassau Electric Light and Power Company, Roslyn. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Sand and gravel, similar to that at surface beneath loam (water-bearing between 80 and 82 feet ) ^ : . . 0-100 Cretaceous : 2. Ordinary, white, " beach" sand . 100-180 3. Lignite, with sand , . . ^ 180-182 4. Clay, containing a very small percentage of sand (" almost solid clay " ) 182-220 5. Water-bearing gravel 220-238 6. Fine sand and white clay mixed 238-250 At 250 feet a shell was found in white clay which was identified by Dr. W. H. Dall as Terebratula filosa. According to tests made by the Nassau Light and Power Company the whole series of 4 wells when pumped together yields 176,000 gallons in 24 hours. Individually the wells yield as follows: Yield of wells of Nassau Electric Light and Power Company at Roslyn. Gallons. Well No. 1 120, 000 Well No. 2 70, 000 Well No. 3 24, 000-25, 000 Well No. 4 60, 000 The strainers in these wells are 10 feet long and are between 228 and 238 feet below the surface. The wells were sunk to a depth of 250 feet, 12 feet below the strainers, in order that matei'ial passing the screens would fall below the screens and not clog up the wells. 438. Mr. Schmidt could not give a complete log of this well, but furnished the following data: Two bowlder beds were encountered, one at 82 feet, 4 feet thick, and another at 124 feet, 2 feet thick. Many of the stones were the size of a double fist and not a few were as large as one's head or even larger. Occasional streaks of clay were encountered, but these were not of any considerable thickness. There were some layers DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WEI.LS. 261 of coarse sand and gravel of the ordinary color, containing many quartz pebbles the size of hickory nuts One such bed was found at 126 feet, from which the supplj' of water comes. Mr. Schmidt says that the above conditions are frequently met with north of the Jericho turnpike, and at least as far east as Westbury. He has also encountered such bowlder beds at East Williston and always found water in them. He says that some of the stones are so large that it is all two men can do to pull one out with the windlass. 440. Record of commission's test well near Roslyn. Feet. 1-2. Dark sandy loam - 1.4 3. Yellow sandy clay _ . 5 - 5. 5 4^5. Fine to coarse reddish-brown sand 7. 5-12 6. Fine, reddish-brown, clayey sand with bowlders and cobbles 14 -14. 6 7-9. Dark, yellowish gray, fine sand and small gravel, with a considerable percentage of erratics 18 -28. 8 10-11. Very fine, light, yellowish-brown, micaceous clayey sand; resembles Cretaceous. 34 -40 12-14. Fine to coarse reddish-brown sand, mostly quartz (glacial) 44 -52 441. Record of commission's test well near Roslyn. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Black surface loam _ 0.2- 0. 8 2-6. Dark, yellowish-brown, clayey sand and gravel containing a very large amount of glacial debris 2 -25 444. Mr. Corcoran reports that a clay bed was encountered between 90 and 190 feet, on penetrating which, water rushed up with considerable force, bringing sand with it. Mr. Jesse Conklin writes (April 25, 1895), regarding a well at Roslyn, which is probably this well: "In Roslyn, near the Long Island Sound, I drove a 6-inch well 210 feet. At 74 feet I struck water, drove 10 feet in water and got a poor supply. I drove on 116 feet through fine sand and some claj^: all through this 116 feet I found clam and oyster shells. At 200 feet I struck white gravel and drove 10 feet and got an unlimited supply of water. I pumped from this well 100 gallons per minute and could not lower the water a particle." 445. Record of well at W. J. Post's iricTcyard, Glenwood Landing. Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Sand - 0-31 Cretaceous : 2. Solid clay _ 31- 61 3. Quicksand 61-69 4. Coarse gravel — - . 69- 446. Record of A. A. Enowles's well near Glenhead. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Brownish loam 0- 7 Tisbury : 2. Yellow sand and gravel 7- 60 Manhasset bowlder bed: 3. Sand and clay ---- 60- 75 Tisbury : 4. Sand -- 75-136 ' Cretaceous : 5. Very dark clay - 136-137 6. White sand, with water 137-140 262 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 450. Record of Kersona well near Sea Cliff. Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Feet. 1 . Brown sand ; slight flow of water at 45 feet _ _ 0-45 Cretaceous : 2. Fine white sand, yielding milky water 45- 3. White and pink clay ^. . -106 452. This plant draws its water from six 6-inch wells sunk bet\veen 1897 and 1903, which 3-ield 250,000 gallons in ten hours. The original supply was from springs. 453. Mr. Dubois states that at 80 feet he struck hardpan with some stone. This probably represents the Manhasset bowlder bed. 454. Record of commission's test well 2 miles south of Locust Valley. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Grayish-yellow fine sand to coarse gravel 1. 5-10 Transition : 3. Medium dark brownish gray sand _ . 21-25 Tisbury: 4. Light yellow, veiy coarse sand and fine gi'avel: looks like Tisburj' material 37-40 _ 5. Same, rather finer , 47-52 ■ See Table XIII. 455. Record of well of Nassau County Water Company, near Glen Cove. Recent: Feet. 1. Marsh mud - 0-2 2. Brown sand. 2-8 Tisbury: 3. Sand and brown gravel - 8-35 4. Coarse gravel 35-54 5. Fine gravel i — 54- "The gravel [in this well] is as large as a man's fist; the sand is white and coarse from 8 to 54. This well flows 6 feet in the air, and its pumping capacity is 250 gallons per minute." Samples in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section for the fiist 10-incli well: Record of well of Nassau County Water Company, near Glen Cove. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-yellow sand and gravel with small percentage of glacial material 0-23 2 Yellow sandy clay 27 3. Fine yellow sand. 31 4. Pepper and salt sand (much glacial material ) 37-41 5. Coarse white sand 46-66 This well flowed first at 41 feet. The 2-inch test well flow'ed first at a depth of 34 feet: it flowed, at 18 inches above the surface, 20 gallons per minute. ilr. Darling gives the elevation of the ground at the pumping station as 50 feet above mean high tide. 456. Record of Fnervds' Academy well near Locust Valley. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Yellow sand - - 0- 4 2. Light-colored sand and gravel 4— 80 Manhasset bowlder bed?: 3. Brown clay. 80- 87 Tisbury : 4. Reddish brown sand, with some water ■ 87- 90 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 263 Cretaceous?: Feet. 5. Hard sandy clay ("hardpan") 90- 93 6. Gray sand and gravel ^ 93-156 7. Hard sandy clay ("hardpan") 156-160 8. White sand with water 160-164 9. " Hardpan " 164-168 Cretaceous: 10. Brownish yellow to white sand 168-197 1 1 . White clay, becoming pink below 197-209 12. Greenish white sand, without water 209-212 13. White sand and gravel ; water bearing 212-222 457. Record of F. E. Willets's well near Glen Cove. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Brown loam , 0- 9 2. Brownish gravel and sand .- 9- 29 Manhasset bowlder bed: 3. "Hardpan;" clay with bowlders 29- 44 . Tisbury: 4. Light-colored sand : 44- 70 5. Brownish clay 70- 85 6. Sand, growing whiter as the depth increases 85-158 Cretaceous ? 7. Clay, with enough grit to make it hard ("hardpan") 158-164 8. White gravel (no water) 164-182 9. White coarse sand, with an abundant supply of water 182-186 ' 45§. Record of S. Seernan's well near Glen Cove. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Hard brown clay 0- 15 Tisbuiy : 2. Sand and gravel 15- Transition : 3. Wliite sand. Cretaceous : 4. White clay, becoming pink below. 5. White sand ; water bearing -140 459. Record of S. Burlce's well near Glen Cove. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. " Hardpan ;" brown clay with grit; no bowlders 0- 41 Tisbury: 2. Brownish sand and gravel 41-1.50 Cretaceous: 3. Whitish clay, becoming pink in its lower portion _ 150-165 4. White sand, containing water 1 65-170 Mr. Dubois states that this bed of white or pink clay commonly overlies the water-bearing strata in this section. 460. Record of North Country Club well near Glen Cove. Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Surface gravel. 0-20 2. Clay. 20-21 3. Dry brownish-yellow sand 21- 90 Cretaceous : 4. White clay.... 90- 94 5. Sand 94-129 264 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EE80UECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. 462. Record of John Minniken's well near Glen Cove. Recent: Feet. 1 . Filled ground - 5 2. Peat 5-10 Tisbury : 3. Veiy light-brown sand _ 10-70 Cretaceous : 4. Pink clay. .' 70-78 5. White sand and gravel, water bearing; similar to the gravel in Baldwin's well (No. 476) 78-80 ' This well flows at a height of about 40 feet above sea level. 463. Record of Crystal Springs Ice Company's wells near Glen Cove. Recent: Feet. 1 . Marsh deposit 0-20 Tisbury : 2. Sand, with water (small flow of fresh water at 28 feet). 20-28 Cretaceous: 3. Bluish clay, becoming white below 28-70 4. White gravel, with artesian water _ 70-73 5. White clay (not passed through) 73- Two-inch well flowed 18 gallons per minute when first drilled, but the flow seems to have decreased slightly; 4-inch well flowed 30 gallons, with no decrease noticed. Water was piped up to 14J feet above ground in 1899. Mr. Oscar Darling reports the surface at the 4-inch well to be 30 feet above mean high tide. 464. Mr. Ralph D. Carter gives the following section of this well: Record of J. P. Tangeman's well near Glen Cove Landing. Feet. 1. White sand ' 0- 87 2. Hardpan : 87-90 3. Water-bearing stratum of gravel, sand, and clay, containing mica 90-100 4. Gray-colored clay : 100-105 465. Record of W. M. Valentine's well near Dosoris. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Brown loam 0- 6 2. Gray to brown sand and gravel 6- 76 Manhasset bowlder bed: 3. "Hardpan" 76-79 Tisbury : 4. Brownish sand with wafer 79- 83 5. Some gravel at about 125 Cretaceous : 6. Very white clayey sand 144—200 7. Blue clay, with a veiy hard layer at the base 200-215 466. This plant was originally constructed to supply the Pratt estate, but the mains were ultimately extended to Lattingtown and Glen Cove. Mr. Frederick Miller put in the fiist two wells near the pumping station, after he had made the two tests mentioned under well 467. These were both 6-inch wells, one 38 and the other 48 feet deep. The 38-foot well has an elevation of about 48 feet, and flowed when first put down. Since the wells have been pumped, this well has ceased flowing. In 1900 Mr. Munger put in two additional 6-inch wells, one 38 feet and the other 82 feet deep. The 82-foot well is on the lowest ground of the series, being only about 30 feet above high tide; it is reported to flow 4 to 5 gallons per minute. Its section is approximately as follows: DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 265 Record of Pratt estate well near Dosoris. Feet. 1. Soil '. 0- 2 Cretaceous: 2. Blue clay 2-17 3. Reddish sand and gravel 17^19 4. Blue clay. 19-30 5. Fine white sand 30-36 6. Alternate layers of gravel, sand, and clay 36-82 Water was first struck at about 40 feet, but did not flow; at 70 feet water was again encountered, which filled the pipe almost to the top; at 75 feet the water flowed over the top of the pipe. The yield of these 4 wells is given as about 100,000 gallons per day. The standpipe, which has a capacity of 158,000 gallons, is situated on the top of a hill, at an elevation of 160 feet. About 250 feet southwest of one of the good wells at the pumping station, Mr. Hunger put down four IJ-inch test wells to a depth of 125 feet without getting water. He reports the same character of soil, but no water. 467. Mr. Munger reports two wells sunk at this point to a depth of 125 feet, through sand and clay, without any results. 469. Record of D. F. Bush's well near Dosoris Pond. Recent: Feet. 1. Yellowish brown sand : - 4 2. Marsh deposit 4 -7 Wisconsin ? : 3. Blue clay with pebbles (" hardpan " ) 7 -15 Tisbury : 4. Quicksand 15 -85 Sankaty ; 5. Reddish gravel and clay. 85 -88 6. Very red sand 88 -88. 5 7. Reddish gravel and clay 88. 5-95 Jameco: 8. Light-colored gravel with a considerable percentage of glacial material ; furnishes artesian water 95 -97 Mr. Dubois has furnished a sample from stratum 8. 470. The following section has been compiled from samples furnished through the kindness of Messrs. P. H. and J. Conlan: Record of C. 0. Gates's well near Peacoclc Point. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0- 40 2. Greenish gray sandy clay, with a few quartz pebbles 45 3-5. Dark, reddish brown sandy clay, with some biotite 60 - 80 Transition : 6. Fine gray sand 90 Cretaceous: 7. Laminated, reddish brown, sandy clay ; no biotite 95 8. Very fine, pinkish white, micaceous sand 100 9-14. Light-gray, medium, micaceous sand 105-130 15. Dark, grayish brown, sandy clay 135 16. Pebbles of ferruginous sandstone 140 17-20. Laminated red and white clay. In the fragments furnished, the laminations show very great distortion ; whether this is the natural condition of bed or is the result of method of taking samples is not knoNvn. Sample 17 contains a few fragments of a lamelhbranch, but the sample shows 17116— No. 44—06 18 266 UNDERGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. evidence of having been laid out on the ground before it was packed in the bottle, and the shell may have been picked up there 145-160 21-26. Brick red, very plastic clay^ .'_ 165-190 Lloyd sand : 27-30. Fine reddish sand; the red color seems to be due in a great measure to the red clay from the overlying bed 195-210 31-33. Medium light-yellow sand .--. 215-225 34. Fine to coarse, light yellow, quartz gravel, with a few fragments of white, chalky looking chert 230- Elevation 9.0 feet, Geological Survey base. Mr. Bowman reports that the well flows 30 gallons per minute. For partial analysis by Prof. Charles S. Slichter, see page 68. 471. Ml'. E. K. Hutchinson reports the following section for this well: Record of C. 0. Gates's well near Peacock Point. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Fine sand and gravel , 0- 80 Cretaceous: 2. Alternate layers of red, black, gray, and milky-white clay 80-200 - Lloyd sand: 3. Fine sand, gradually growing coarser 200-225 472. Water brings up a fine, micaceous, white sand, which settles with difficulty. It is claimed that storms from the north do not affect the water, but that storms from the east cause it to be very turbid. Record of well near Peacoch Point. Pleistocene: Feet. 1 . Beach sand and gravel 0-138 Cretaceous: 2. Red clay , " 138-198 Lloyd sand: 3. Sand with artesian water 198-210 473. Mr. Hutchinson reports the following section: . Record of W. D. Outherie's well near Lattingtown. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0- 80 Cretaceous: 2. Clay, blue, white, and red, encountered in order given 80-260 Lloyd sand: 3. Varicolored sand and gravel, becoming coarser 260-340 This well began flowing at 260 and continued to 340 feet. One of the workmen engaged on well gives the following record: Record of W. D. Gutherie's well near Lattingtown. , Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-110 Cretaceous : 2. White, blue, brown, and red clay, encountered in the order given 110-260 Lloyd sand: 3. Wliite and yellow sand, in layers of 3 or 4 feet, alternating with layers of white clay. 260-342 Elevation 13.0 feet, Geological Survey base. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 267 474. Record of W. D. Gutherie's well near Lattingtown. Recent: ^ Feet. 1. Swamp muck 0-5 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Brownish sand 5-60 Cretaceous?: 3. Blue clay with gravel, not passed through _ 60-92 At 13 feet the water rose in a pipe 2 feet above the surface, and at 25 feet, 2.5 feet. 475. Record of W. Price's well near Lattingtown. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Brown clay 0-15 Transition : 2. White sand 15- 35 Cretaceous : 3. Blue clay _ 35- 37 4. Light-colored clay 37- 5. Pink clay -160 6. Light-yellow gravel 160-162 Elevation of surface 140 feet above mean sea level. 476. Mr. W. H. Baldwin, jr., has kindly furnished the foUowng record of this well: Record of well of W. H. Baldwin, jr., near Lattingtown. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Brown loam 0- 3 2. Gravelly loam .' 3- 7 Transition: , 3. Yellowish sand and gravel : . 7- 12 Tisbury: 4. Sand and gravel, with occasional thin streaks of clay 12-107 5. White gravel, hard and flinty 107-120 Cretaceous : 6. Clay 120-130 7. Yellow sticky sand, with some water 130-134 8. Gravel, with occasional streaks of very hard hardpan 134-199 9. Very hard clay bed 199-255 10. WHte sand 255-257 11 . Gray sand •. 257-260 12. White and pink gravel 260-265 Elevation of surface 179.5 feet above sea level, Geological Survey base. Analysis of water from well of W. H. Baldwin, jr., near Lattingtown. Parts per million. Total solids - 48. 00 Chlorine - - 7. 60 Nitrogen as free ammonia . 022 Nitrogen as albmninoid ammonia . 024 Nitrogen as nitrites . 003 Nitrogen as nitrates - 3. 300 Odor and color .' None. The solid matter is all in solution and is practically all sulphates. The amount (2.8 grains per gallon) is extremely small. This is an unusually soft water (almost as soft as rainwater) and bears no e%'idence of contamination. — C . N. Forrest, chemist and inspector, Long Island Railroad. 268 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 479. Record of L. C. Wier's well near Lattingtown. Pleistocene: ^ Feet. 1. Same as No. 481 '. 0-124 Cretaceous: 2. White clay .-r. 124^130 3. White sand 130-132 480. Record of L. 0. Wier's well near Lattingtown. •Feet: 1. Sand with an occasional stratum of impervious clay.. -117.2 2. Beach sand and gravel _ 117. 2-123. 6 481. Record of L. 0. Wier's well near Lattingtown. Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel _ -60 Manliasset bowlder bed?: 2. Red clay with gravel (hardpan ) _ 60 -63 Tisbury and Mannetto?: 3. White sand and gravel _ 63 -73 ■ 4. Orange sand with water 73 -91. 9 Cretaceous; 5. White clay 91.9- 482. Record is reported as very similar to that of 481. 483. Record of E. Lotting' s well near Lattingtown. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-60 Manhasset bowlder bed: 2. Red clay and gravel. 60-63 Tisbury: 3. White sand and gravel 63-73 Mannetto?: 4. Orange sand with water 73-126 Cretaceous: 5. White clay 126-132 6. White sand 132-138 484. Record of W. D. Gutherie's well near Lattingtown. Tisbury: Feet. 1. White gravel. 0-60 Manhasset bowlder bed: 2. Red clay with gravel (hardpan ) 60-64 Tisbury and Mannetto?: 3. White sand 64-83 Mannetto? and Cretaceous: 4. Orange-colored sand 83-108 Cretaceous : 5. White clay 108- 485. Record of W. D. Gutherie's well near Lattingtown. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Stratified sand and gravel 0- 38 Manliasset bowlder bed: 2. Large bowlder 38- • Tisbury: 3. Sand and gravel -100 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 269 Cretaceous : Feet. 4. Wliite clay 100-110 5. Orange-colored sand; water bearing 110-144 4§7. Mr. Ward reports that the plant at this station consists of thirty-two 6-inch wells, 33 to 91 feet deep. Samples from a number of these are preserved in the archives of the Brooklyn department of water supply, and while the sections shown are quite irregular, the following selected records will indicate something of their general nature: Record of well No. 2 E, Agawam pumping station. Feet. 1. No samples 0-35 2. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, and medium to coarse yellow sand 35-40 . 3. Fine, gray, micaceous sand 40-45 4. Dark yellowish-gray silt to small gravel 45-55 5. Very white, medium, micaceous sand 55-60 6. Yellowish-white, medium, micaceous sand 60-65 7. Mixture of medium yellow and fine gray sand with some small pebbles 65-90 Nothing recognizably glacial. Record of well No. 10 E, Agawam pumping station. Feet. 1. No samples _ . _ 0-30 2. Dark-gray clay 30-35 3. Fine, gray, micaceous sand 35-45 4. Fine yellow sand 45-50 5. Dirty grayish yellow sand and gravel 50-65 6. Blue clay 6&-70 7. Fine grayish-yellow sand 70-75 8. Fine orange-yellow sand 75-80 9. Medium grayish-yellow sand, with a considerable percentage of very small orange- colored pebbles 80-94 Record of well No. 5 W, Agawam pumping station. Feet. 1. No samples _ _ _ . 0-54 2. Very fine, gray, micaceous sand _ _ _ 54-65 3. Light-yellow to orange, small, quartz gravel _ _ 65-69 4. Fine gray sand, with lignite _ _ 69-79 5. Same as 3. _ _ _ _ 79-84 6. Gray and yellow fine to medium sand, with lignite _ 84—89 Record of well No. 10 W, Agawam pumping station. Feet. 1. No samples _ _ 0-30 2. Fine grayish yellow sand with a few pebbles. _ _ 30- 35 3. Very fine dark-gray sand : 35- 45 4. Gray to light yellowish gray fine sand _ _ _ _ 45- go 5. Fine, light, yellow or grayish yellow sand _ . 80-106 Record of well No. 11 W, Agawam pumping station. Feet. 1. No samples 0-24 2. Orange sand and gravel 24-35 3. Fine, dark, gray and light gray sands in alternating beds 35-80 270 UNDEKGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of well No. 12 W Agawam pumping station. Feet. 1. No samples 0-35 2. Fine j-ellowisli gray sand 35- 45 3. Fine gray sand rr; 45- 60 4. Fine dark-gray sand, with considerable lignite 60-110 This section is much more uniform than the other rapidly alternating sections of the same series. Record of well No. 6 B, E, Agawam pumping station. •Feet. 1. No samples 0-24 ' 2. Fine gray micaceous sand, with a little yellow sand 24—62 3. Fine to coarse yellow and orange sand 62-90 488. This was the site of the original Freeport or Agawam station, and was abandoned because of the large amount of chlorine which the water contained. The following summarized section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks: Record of wells at old Freeport pumping station. IE. 2E. 3E. 4E. 5E. 6E. 7E. 8E. 9E. 10 E. HE. 12' E "13 E. 1. Bleached or humus-stained gravel and sand 0-5 5-27 27-31 31-34 0- 5 5-27 27-31? 31-33 0- 6 6-27 27-30 30-33 0- 5 5-24 24-30? 0- 5 5-30 0-30 0- 6 5-28 28-30 30-33 0- 5 5-28 28-30 30-33 0- 5 0-29 29-31 0- 6 5-25 25-27 2. Light-yellow to orange-yellow sand and gravel; apparently all quartz, 0-28 2S-34 34-36 0-2S 28-34 34-36 0-27 3. Bright-orange sand and gravel not always sharply separated from bed above, but generally coarser; 27-30 4. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, with a little yellow gravel (transition ?) . . . 30-33 30-33 30-33 27-31 30-32 14 E. 15 E. 16 E. 17 E. 18 E. 19 E. 20 E. IW. 2W. 3'W. 4W. 5 W. 6 W. 1. Bleached or humus-stained gravel and 0- 5 5-25 25-27 27-31 0- 5 5-26 a26-30 30-32 0- 3 3-23 23?-30 30 -32 0-? 5 5-24 24-29 29-32 (?) 0-26 26-29 29-32 0- 5 5-25 25-29 29-31 0-? 5 5-29 0- 4 4-33 0-5 5-39 0-4 a 4-35 a35-38 38^0 0-5 5-35 035-39 39^2 0- 5 a 5-34 034-39 39-42 0-? 5 2. Light-yellow to orange-yellow sand and gravel; apparently all quartz, no erratics 5-40 3. Bright-orange sand and gravel not always sharply separated from bed above, but generally coarser; quartz, no erratics 40-4? 4. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, with a little yellow gravel (transition?) 29-31 33-36 7W. 8W. 9W. low. 11 W. 12 W. 13 W. 14 W. 15 W. 16 W. 17 W. 18 W. 19 W. 20 W. 1. Bleached or humus-stained gravel and sand 2. Light-yellow to orange-yeUow sand and gravel; apparently all quartz, 0-9 9-37 60- 9 9-31 31-39 60- 9 9-32 032-37 0- 5 5-39 0-5 5-36 (<^) 0- 4 4-38 0- 4 ■4-35 35-39 bO- 9 9-30 30-39 60- 8 8-30 030-38 6 0-10 10-30 030-36 60- 8 8-35 35-40 60-10 10-34 34^38 60-10 10-38 38-40 60- 5 5-40 3. Bright-orange sand and gravel not always sharply separated from bed "above, but generally coarser; 4. Fine, gray, micaceous sand, with a o Medium sand. 6 Weathering shows sharply to 5 feet and less markedly to depth indicated. <;37 to 40 feet white quartz gravel tinged with yellow. DESOEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 271 Analysis of ivaier from wells of old Freeport pumping station. [By Brooklyn health department.] Parts per million. 253.941 Total solids Loss on ignition (organic and volatile matter) 46. 765 Mineral matter 207. 176 Free ammonia _ _ . 017 Albuminoid ammonia _ . 019 Chlorine as chlorides 110. 206 Sodium chloride 181. 528 Nitrogen as nitrates . 798 Nitrogen as nitrites None. Total hardness 39. 382 Permanent hardness 36. 647 489. The plant at this station consists of sixty-two 4i-inch wells. The following summarized record has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn waterworks: Record of wells at Merrick pumping station. Test wells. Service wells, east. IE. 2E. 3E. 4E. Cen ter. IW. 2W. 3W. 4W. No. 6 1 E. 2E. 3 E. 4E. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- monly quite coarse and con- - taming a very small percent- age of material of probably glacial origin (outwash) 2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradually passing into bed below 0- 9 9-43 0-9 9^0 0- 9 9^0 0-10 10-41 045 0- 5 5-49 0- 5 5-46 0-12 12-36 ! ■ O-IO' (») 10-35 (a) (a) 0-10 10^5 0-10 10-40 0-10 10-40 0-9 9^0 3. Gray clay 40-45 4. Fiiie to medium gray sand with some Ugnite in deeper wells 43^8 40-47 40-45 41^5 49-50 4&^8 36^7 35^1 36-105 Service wells, east. 5E. 6E. 7E. 8E. 9E. 10 E. HE. 12 E. 13 E. 14 E. 15 E. 16 E. 17 E. 18 E- 1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- monly quite coarse and con- taining a very small percent- age of material of probably glacial origin (outwash) 2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gi-adually passing into bed below * . . 0-10 10-45 0-10 10-45 0-10 10-45 0-15 15-43 0- 8 8-40 0-9 9-40 0- 9 9^0 0-15 l.T-41 0-11 11-40 0-11 11-10 0-10 10-40 0-? 12 12-39 0-10 10-40 (6) 10-40 3. Gray clay 4. Fine to medium gray sand with some lignite in deeper wells 43-45 40-45 40-45 40-44 41^5 40-45 40^5 40-45! 39^5 40-45 40-45 ■ aJMissing. 272 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of wells at Merrick pumping station — Continued. Service wells, east. Serv- ice wells, west. 19 E. 20 E. 1 21 E. 22 E. 23 E. 24 E. 25 E. 26 E. 27 E. 28 E. 29 E. 30 E. ! 31 E. IW. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, com- monly quite coarse and con- taining a very smaU percent- age of material of probably glacial origin (outwash) 2. Light-yeUow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradually passing iato 0-10 10-40 0-11 11-40 0-? 10 10-40 0-11 11-40 10-10 0-11 11-iO 0- 9 9-40 0-10 10-40 0-? 10 10-40 0-? 10 1^40 0-10 10^0 1 0-10, 0-10 10-4ff 10-40 •0-9 3. Gray clay 4 . Fine to medium gray sand with some hgnite in deeper wells 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 40-45 4^45 40^5 45 45 45 45 Ser\T.ce wells, west. 2\V. 3 W. ' 4 W. ! 5 W. 6 w. : 7 w. 8W. !9W. low.! 11 W. 1 12 W. 13 W. 14 W. 15W.'16W. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, . commonly quite coarse ' and containing a very small percentage of ma- terial of probably glacial origin (outwash) 2. Light-yellow to orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradu- ally passing into bed be- low 0-15 40 0-10 lO-lO (?) 0-40 0- 9 9-40 0-10 10-40 0- 10 10- 40 (?) 0-40 0- 5 .5-40 0-9 9-45 0-10 10-45 (?) 0^5 0-10 10-45 0- 8 7-^0 0-10 .10-40 40-45 45-110 0- 8 8-45 3. Gray clay ] I i , 4. Fine to medium gray sand with some lignite in deeper weUs 40-45 40-45 : 40-45 40-107' 40-45 40-45 Service weUs, west. 17W.'l8W.}l9W. 20W. 21 W. 22W. 83 W. 24 W. 25 W. 26 W. 27 W. 28W.129W. 30W. 31W. 1. Fine sand to small gravel, commonly quite coarse and containing a very small percentage of ma- terial of probably glacial origin (outwash) 2. Light-yellow to' orange, fine to medium, sand with some gravel gradu- ally passing into bed be- low.. 0- 6 0-16 6-45 lfr45 0-10 10-43 (?) 0^0 0-10 10-45 0-? 10 10-45 (?) 0-40 0-10 10-40 n-40 0-10 10-40 0-13 13^0 (?) 0-37 .(?) 0-40 0-10 1^41 (?) 0-41 3. Gray clay 1 4. Fine to medium gray sand with some lignite in deeper wells . . . 43-45 40-45 40-i5 i 40-45 40-45 40-45 4045 37-45 40-45 41-45 41-45 1 a Very fine white sUt with gravel of very doubtful origin. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 273 The elevation of a number of the wells is given below; Elevation of wells at Merrick pumping station. Feet. 7 E _ _ 13. 5 15 E 15. 5 7 W 14.2 15 W 14. 8 During the month of June, 1900, when the station was not in use, the average height of the water in the deep wells was 9.01 feet above the Brooklyn base; in the shallow wells, 7.11 feet. In August, 1900, after pumping had begun, the average height of the water in the deep wells was 3.98 feet above, and in the shallow weUs 2.32 feet below, the Brooklyn base. 490. The plant of the Merrick Water Company consists of 8 or 10 shallow wells pumped by a 16-foot windmill; the water is discharged into a number of tanks and is distributed by a 3-inch pipe to the adjacent cottages. 491. According to Ward, the plant at this station consists of forty-six 4J-inch wells, 38 to 97 feet deep. When not pumped all of the deep wells will flow at a height of 11.11 feet above the Brooklyn base. The following summarized section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department : Record of wells at Matowa pumping station.- IS. 2S. 3S. 4S. 5S. 6S. 7S. 8S. 9S. 10 S. US. 12 S. 1 W. 1. Orange sand and quartz gravel 2. Transition 0-35 35-40 40-50 50-100 0-35 35-45 45-50 50-98 0-35 0-35 35-44 44-55 65-100 0-35 35-44 [44-99 0-35 IZ 0-35 35-44 44-50 50-97 0-35 35-55 55-104 0-31 r31-38 0-35 0-35 0-30 0-35 3. Very dark-gray sand 35-38 35-38 30-38 .S.'i-.Sfi 4. Medium gray sand, with occasional particles of lignite 2-3 W. 5-6 W. 11 W. 14 W. 18 W. IE. 2E. 3E. j 4E. 5-7 E. 8E. i 9E. 10-19 E. 1. Orange sand and quartz gravel 2 Transition 0-30 30-35 ■ 35-98 0-30 30-35 0-30 0-30 0-35 35-38 0-36 36-39 0-35 35-40 0-40 0-40 0-30 30-40 0-35 0-35 3. Very dark-gray sand 30-50 50-73 4. Medium gray sand, with occasional particles of lignite 35-98 30-104 35-40 35-40 492. Record of commission's test well at Matowa pumping station. Feet. 1-2. Sandy peat 0-5 3-4. Light yellow sand and gravel 6-10. 5 5-8. Reddish-yellow sand and gravel 11-24 The whole section is probably of glacial origin, although the lower samples show a very small percentage of glacial material. 274 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 493. According to Ward, the plant at this station consists of forty-three 4J-inch wells, 24 to 89 feet deep, and six 6-incli wells 92 feet deep. The shallow wells do not flow, but the deeper wells do when the station is not in operation. The following section has been prepared from the samples preserved by the Brooklyn water department: Record of wells at Wantagh pumping station, New York. 12 E. 14 E. 16 E. 18 E. 20 E. 14 W. 16 W. 1. Grayish yellow sands and gravels, in part glacial. 2. Fine dark-gray sands, occasionally showing yel- low sands, possibly from the bed above 3. Dark-gray clay or sllty clay; containing a few O0-25 25-49 b 49-50 50-91 O0-25 25^0 40-50 50-100 10-30 30^0 140-50 50-70 a 0-25 2.5^0 ('40-50 50-65 O0-25 25-40 40-50 50-65 0-20 ' 20^0 40-SO 50-66 66-70 70-90 0-25 25-46 46-.50 4. Fine gray sands, occasionally yellow or reddish yellow - 50-75 5. Sandy clay 6. Same as 4 . . 18 W. 20 W. 22 W. IS. 2S. 3S. 4S. 5,S. ■' 1; Grayish yellow sands and gravels, in part glacial. 2. Fine dark-gray sands, occasionally showing yel- low sands, possibly from the bed above 3. Dark-gray clay or silty clay; containing a few quartz pebbles in S series of wells . . 0-20 20-40 40-44 44-85 0-20 20-41 i> 41-15 45-85 0-20 20-50 c 50-55 55-90 0-20 20-40 d 40-56 56-90 0-20 20^0 '2 40-56 56-91 0-20 20-40 d 40-56 55-90 0-25 25-55 55-60 c 60-70 70-75 75-90 0-20 20-45 45-55 4. Fine gray sands, occasionally yellow or reddish yellow 5.5-85 5. Sandy clay 6. Same as 4 1 No samples. >> Quite sandy. c Very fine dark silt. d Quite sandy; .central portions with pebbles. The deep test well No. 2 at this station has an elevation of 7.69 feet, and furnishes flowing water when the station is not in operation. In September, 1900, when the station was actively pumping, the average height of the water in the deep wells was L8 feet above the Brooklyn base, while in the shallow wells it was 2.8 feet below the Brooklyn base. 494. Record of commission's test well at Wantagh. pumping station. Feet. 1-3. Sand and gravel with some peat 3- 5 4-6. Reddish-brown fine to coarse sand 9. 5-20 495. According to the report of the commission's inspector this well began to flow at 62 to 63 feet. Record of commission's test well at Wantagh pumping station. 1-5. Dark, reddish brown, swamp-stained sand and gravel, for the most part quartz. 6-8. Very light-yellow quartz gravel, with very few, if any, erratics 9. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand 10. Yellowish gray sand and fine gravel. . _ ; - . : 11-13. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand 14. Blue clay, with quartz pebbles 15-18. Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand, with lignite See Table XIII. Feet. 0-16 16-30 30-31 32-33 34-46 48-60 63-71 496. From the upper part of this well no samples were received, but Prof. C. S. Slichter has furnished the following data: " Clay was encountered at a depth of 44 feet. At 62 feet an artesian head of about 32 inches was developed." DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 275 Record of commission's test well near Wantagh pumping station. Feet. No samples 0-64 1. Veiy fine, dark-gray, micaceous sand 64-64. 5 2. Grayish yellow fine sand to small gravel (glacial? ) 67-67. 5 3. Light-gray silty sand . _■ 72-73 4. Medium, white, micaceous sand 77-78 5. Medium, yellowish white, micaceous sand 82-83 497. Record of commission's test well near Wantagh pumping station. Feet. 1. Humus-stained loamy sand 0- 0. 25 2. Gravelly loam 2-3 ■4-5. Brownish yellow outwash sand and gravel 5. 5-13 49§. Record of commission's te!?t well near Camp Meeting grounds. Feet. 1. Humus-stained loamy sand 0- 5 2. Yellow sandy loam 1- L 5 3-5. Grayish yellow outwash sand and gravel 4^17 499. Record of commission's test well near Smithville South. Feet. 1. Humus-stained loam - 4 2. Yellow clayey loam 1. 4- 2. 4 3. Grayish yellow sand and gravel (outwash) _ 5 -14. 25 500. This was one of the wells put down at Camp Black during the Spanish-American war; its exact ocation was not learned. Record of United States Army well on Hempstead Plains. Feet. 1. Top soil - 0- 3 2. White coarse sand and gravel 3-15 3. Slate-colored clay 15-17 4. White sand and gravel 17-22 501. Record of commission's test well near HicksviUe. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. I. Surface loam - 5 2-10. Outwash sand and gravel 2. 5-41 II. Fine to coarse yellowish sand with small particles of glacial material 45 -46 Cretaceous ? : 12-13. Fine light-yellow sand with considerable mica (probably not glacial) ; suggests the older sands exposed in the MelviUe section 50 -56 See Table XII. 502. Record of commission's test well near HicksviUe. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-3. Sandy loam - 3 4r-6. Light-yellow outwash sand and gravel , 4. 5- 11 Tisbury : 7-8. Sand and gravel with a considerable percentage of black silt; looks very much like an old land surface (no glacial pebbles ) 15 - 22 9-15. Very light, yellowish white, fine sand to small gravel, containing a very small percentage of glacial pebbles 25 - 57 276 UNDEEGEOUND WATEB EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Cretaceous?: Feet. 16. Very fine yellowish white sand, with a little lignite.' 59 - 61 17-25. Lightj yellowish white, speckled, fine sand and small gravel; gravel is white quartz, with occasional particles of ferruginous sandstone; no pebbles of recognizable glacial material 64. 5-100 Cretaceous : 26-32. Uniform, light-yellow to white, micaceous sand 101 -131. 33. Fine sand to small gravel, containing a considerable number of small, ferru- ginous, sandstone fragments, which give sample a speckled appearance. 132. 5-135. 5 See Table XII. 503. Samples preserved in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section : Record of Nassau County Water Company's well near Hicksville. Wisconsin and Tisbury : feet. 1 . Glacial sand and gravel 0-85 The well plant consists of two 8-inch wells placed in the bottom of a pit 50 feet deep, in which the direct suction pump is also placed. An Acme system is used having a storage capacity of 25,000 gallons. 505. Record of well of H. J. Heinz Company near Hicksville, Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet, 1. Sand and gravel. 0-90 Cretaceous : 2. Sand and clay 90- 506. Record of commission's test well near HicTcsville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-yellow surface loam ,, 0. 5- 1 2. Dark, humus-stained, loamy sand." . . 1.8- 2. 2 3-13. Light-colored outwash sand and gravel 3 -53 Cretaceous : 14-162- White, micaceous, clayey .sand, pronouncedly Cretaceous in character 59 -75 17-18. Fine, micaceous, reddish-brown, clayey sand 75 -80. 5 See Table Xll. 507. . Record of Jos. Steinart's ivell near Hidcsville. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Gravel. 0-75 Cretaceous : 2. Gravel with lignite and white clay, water bearing; water would not clear 75-120 3. Very black clay 120-130 4. Gray sand with abundant supply of water 130-150 50§. Mr. F. K. Walsh reports the following section: Record of St. John's Protectory well near HicTcsville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. A very compact sand with no gravel and no clay 0-75 2. Water-bearing gravel .■ 75-80 509. Record of well of Colored Children's Home near Westbury. Wisconsin: ' Feet. 1 . Sharp dirty -white sand 0-20 Cretaceous?: 2. Mixture of gray quicksand and clay 20-60 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON" WELLS, 277 511. The following section has been prepared from the record and samples furnished by Mr. George H. Pease, foreman: Record of W. P. Thompson's well near' Old Westbury. Wisconsin; Feet. 1. Bowlder clay 0-23 Mannetto : 2. Yellow quartz sand and gravel (no glacial material ) 23- 56 Cretaceous? : 3. Yellow silty clay, resembling loess- _ - 56- 98 Cretaceous : 4. Fine to coarse yellow sand 98-108 5. Very coarse light-yellow sand, with some gravel: slightly water bearing 108-128 6. Fine sand 128-131 7. Fine light-yellow sand; slightly water bearing 131-144 8. Coarse sand ; water bearing 144-190 9. Coarse light-yellow sand and gravel, becoming fineji- below 190-209 Strainer was placed between 195 and 205 feet. The well tested about 60 gallons per minute. Test was made on two consecutive days, and each test was continued ten hours. 512. Record of J B. Harriman's well in Wheatley Hills. Wisconsin and Mannetto; Feet. 1 . Loam and bowlders (some yellow gravel ) 0- 70 Cretaceous? : 2. Clay, with very little grit and no gravel (j^ellow, almost a loam, resembling loess in color but not in texture ) 70-130 Cretaceous: 3. White gravel, with layers of white clay 130-200 4. Wliite sand with water 200-220 513. Record of commission's test well near Jericho. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Dark sandy loam 0- 1 2. Yellow clayey sand 4 - 5 3-6. Yellowish-brown fine to coarse glacial sand 8 -18 7. Yellowish-white coarse to fine gravel (doubtfully glacial) 18. 5-19. 5 8. Fine to medium yellowish-brown sand 23 -23. 5 9-10. Yellowish-white medium to coarse sand. 28. 5-35. 5 11. Fine reddish-brown sand with considerable muscovite 39 -40 12-13. Medium to coarse yellowish-white sand with some biotite 44 -50 > Cretaceous ? : 14-15. Fine to medium yellowish-white sand 54 -56 16. Very fine reddish-white sand 59 -60 ._ 514. Record of H. R. Winthrop's well near Jericho. Feet. 1 . Surface loam 1- 6 Pleistocene and Cretaceous : f 2. Coarse sand and gravel — 6-183 No change in the material from 6 to 183 feet. It was all of the same degree of fineness. Water was first encountered at 150 feet; down to that depth the material was almost perfectly dry. Four samples from the well, ranging from 171 feet 9 inches to 182 feet 10 inches, show very light-yellow sand and gravel, with no erratic material. It is therefore impossible to tell how much of this section is to be considered Pleistocene and how much pre-Pleistocene. 278 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 515. Record 0/ T. Willis's well near Jericho. Wisconsin: - ■ " Feet. 1. Ordinary sand with an occasional bowlder (several blasts were necessary) 0-50 Mannetto? and Cretaceous: 2. Quicksand 50- 53 3. Red sand, with alternate layers of yellow and reddish-yellow gravels 53-175. 5 See record and sample from well No. 514, which indicate that part of this gravel should be con- sidered pre-Pleistocene. 516. The following record has been compiled from information furnished by Mr. John- J. Hicks and Mr. Wilham C. Jaegle: Record of Jacob Jachson's well near Jericho. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Surface sand and gravel 0- 40 Cretaceous : 2. Black sticky clay, containing Ugnitized wood _ 40- 80 . 3. Sand, clay, and gravel 80-165 4. Sand (3-inch pipe) 165-168 - Mr. Hicks reports that this well was drilled from 165 to 210 feet by A. W. GalUenne. Mr. Jaegle, how- ever, drove a new pipe in the same well to a depth of 3 feet and found good water, so the Gallieime well is to be discounted. 517. Samples from this well, together with a section drawn by W. Goold Levison December 28, 1881, are preserved in the museum of the Long Island Historical Society. In the following section the record given on the left is from Mr. Levison's drawing, and that on the right is from the samples: Records of Jules Kunz's well near Jericho. Drawing. Feet. Samples. (i Clay and gravel loam - 15 Yellow quartz sand and gravel. Wisconsin Compact, tough, unmodified drift. 15 - 51 No sample. Mannetto ? 3. Gravel and sand; "glacial rubble". 51- - 81 Fine sand to medium yellow gravel (all quartz). 4. Sharp, yellow, friable sand 81 - 96 Yellow silty .sand (Cretaceous?). 5. Sandy clay; laminated; piece of tree (probably chestnut). 96 -103 Finely laminated yellow and white clay. Cretaceous 6. Blue and gray, compact, sandy, rather tough clay, abounding in nodules and crusts of iron pyrites. 103 -133 Very dark, laminated, micaceous sandy clay, showing ripple marks ■ ("blue clay"). 7. Micaceous sand; water; gray sand; fine dune sand. 133 -143 Fine, pink, clayey sand. ,8. Medium, white, micaceous sand 143. 5-147. 5 Do. Merrill " and Darton ^ have both published records of this well in which an error has evidently been made in copying in the thickness of the yellow gravel, which extends from 51 to 81 feet. 51§. This is a dug well from which the supply is now obtained from four 3-inch strainers 12 feet long, placed horizontally in the water-bearing gravel just above the clay, and connected directly with the suction pipe from the pump. a Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1886, p. 353. i> Bull. U. S. Geological Survey No. 138, p. 35. DESCKIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 279 Record of Allard & McGuire's weU near Syosset. Pleistocene: , Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-47 2. Gravel 47-50 Cretaceous : 3. Lead-colored clay 50-53 519. Mr. Jaegle states that in sinking this well he encountered, at a depth of 150 feet, a stratum of fine gravel, overlaid by gravelly clay, from which the air rushed with considerable force. This is probably a blowing well similar to those which have been described in many parts of the'West (see p. 74). 520. Record of county poor farm well near BroolcvUle. Feet. 1. Wliite sand and gravel 0-105 2. Quicksand; fine dark-colored sand with coarse material at bottom 105-278 521. Record of H. Rushmore's well near BroolcmUe. Feet. 1. Surface loam and then ordinary sand 1 ' 0- 75 2. Quicksand _ 75-375 3. Blue clay 375-377 4. Hardpan (gravel and sand packed very hard ) 377-396 This record was reported by Mr. J. L. Bogart, who lives on the adjoining property and who was much interested in the well at the time it was sunk. 522. ■ Record of commission's well near East Norwich. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Dark surface loam and gravel 1 - 5 2-3. Reddish-yellow medium sand _ 4. 5- 7 4. Yellowish-gray clayey sand. 12. 5-13. 8 5-6. Grayish sand and gravel (glacial) 14. 2-20 Wisconsin? : 7. Light yellowish-white silt to coarse sand 20 -23 523. Record of Quinan well near East Norwich. Wisconsin and Tisbury: • Feet. 1 . Very stony sand and gravel 0-100 Tisbury and Cretaceous: 2. Yellowish-red sand 100-120 Cretaceous : 3. Black clay, becoming white 120-124 4. Clay and fine sand, dark colored. 124-127 5. Coarse sand (water bearing) 127-149 6. Clay 149- 524. Record of LuMum well near East Norwich. Feet. 1. Gravel 0-212 2. Sand -.... : 212-224 3. Clay 224- 525. The first test well at this place, which was put down about 25 feet from the engine house, was unsuccessful. The samples preserved in the office of Mr. Oscar Darling, consulting engineer, show the following section: Record of Nassau County Water Company's well at Oyster Bay. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Wliite sand and gravel 0- 5 2. Coarse gravel 5-15 3. Medium yellow sand 15- 60 4. Gray sand with much biotite 60-160 280 UNDEEGROUT!TD WATER EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Water was found in abundance in the coarse gravel from 5 to 15 feet, but the sand below this point while water bearing, was regarded as too fine to furnish water for waterworks purposes. An attempt was then made to develop the stratum at 10 feet by a series of gang wells, but it was found to be only a small pocket. About 300 feet north of the pumping station, and down the valley, coarse water-bearing gravel was found at a depth of 10 feet which had a thickness of from 10 to 30 feet. It is expected that a gang of twelve 4-inch wells of an average depth of 35 feet will be put down at this point. The water from these wells stands just level with the surface, which is 23.5 feet above mean high tide. 536. This well was driven in 1900. At a depth of 3 or 4 feet from the surface clay was encountered, below which there was gravel, and then clay to a depth of 50 feet, where water was encountered which flowed 8 to 9 gallons p^r minute. Below this was sand and gravel, which furnished a small flow of artesian water, to a depth of 160 feet, where a layer of clay 2 feet thick was encountered. At 62 feet a'strong artesian head was encountered which forced the water 11 inches above the 3-inch pipe, and furnished over 100 gallons per minute. As the water did not clear, it was driven through clay and sand to 165 feet, where it was stopped in sand and gravel. At this point it furnished about 80 gallons per minute of clear water. At 17 feet above the surface of the ground the well delivers 5 gallons per minute. The following partial analysis was made by Prof. C. S. Slichter: Ancdysis of water from Townsend TJnderhill's well near Oyster Bay. ■ ■ Parts per million.^ Hardness _ 31. 2 ■ . Chlorine ...:.. 7; 08 Alkalinity . 27. 5 Temperature, 59° F. 527. This well was driven in 1900 and now furnishes 15 gallons per minute at a height of 3 feet above the ground. The well is about 20 feet above mean sea level. Record of Charles Weelcs's well near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel ^ 0- 15 Sankaty ? : 2. Clay - - 15- 90 Jameco ? : 3. Micaceous sand, gradually growing coarser 90-110 528. Record of J. M. Sammis's well near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ' Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel with poor water_ _ 0- 30 Sankaty ? : 2. Clay ■. _ : 30-35 Cretaceous 1 : 3. Fine white sand with little water 35-140 See fig. 16. 529. Mr. E. K. Hutchinson, under date of April 29, 1896, gives the following data regarding this well: ^ Record of well of Van Sise <& Co. near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisburj^: Feet; 1 . Sand and gravel _ 0-30 Sankaty?: 2. Clay 30-35 3. Clay and sand no water 35-53 Jameco?: 4. Yellow sand and gravel 53-57 Flows 9 gallons per minute. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON" WELLS. 281 The flow of this well was measured by W. H. C. Pynchon, April 11, 1903, and found to be 3 gallons per minute, at a height of 18 inches above the surface, or 10 to 12 feet above mean sea level (see fig. 16). 5'iO. On April 27, 1903, Mr. Pynchon found the flow to be 5 gallons per minute from a reduced nozzle at 18 inches above the surface. He reports that the water will rise 2\ feet above the surface. Record of D. W . Smith's well at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-35 Sankaty ? : 2. Clay _ 35-50 Jameco?: 3. Fine yellow sand, growing coarser 50-65 531. Mr. Hutchinson states that the original flow was 15 gallons per minute. On May 27, 1903, Mr. Pynchon found it to be 8.5 gallons. The water will rise about 6 feet above the surface of the ground- Fig. 67. — Sketch map showing locations of wells described at Oyster Bay. 532. The water-bearing gravel is reported to be unusually coarse in this well. When first completed, it flowed 21 gallons per minute. Record of E. K. Hutchinson's weU at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1. Sand and gravel '. . _ 0-35 Sankaty?: 2. Clay 35-50 Jameco?: 3. Sand, growing coarser 50-83 533. The clay layer usually encountered in this vicinity is reported as very thin in this well. 534. The original flow is reported as 10 gallons per minute. When measured by Mr. Pynchon April 27, 1903, if was 4 gallons per minute at a height of 2 feet above the surface. 535. The original flow was 9 to 10 gallons per minute. The flow April 27, 1903, was 2 gallons per minute at a height of 2 feet and 4 inches above the surface. 17116— No. 44— 06 19 282 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 539. The following section of this well was furnished by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson in a letter dated April 29, 1895: Record of A. J . & A. S. Hutchinson well at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: t . j-eet. 1 . Sand and gravel, with plenty of water of poor quality _. 0-30 2. Clay 30- 35 3. Sand and gravel; plenty of water raised 6 feet above level of first water 35-120 Sankaty': 4. Clay; no water 120-185 Jameco?: 5. Yellow sand and gravel with artesian water 185-190 The original flow from stratum 5 was about 70 gallons per ininute at 3 feet above the ground. The water will rise to a point 17 feet above the surface at low tide and will overflow at high tide. The surface is 2 to 3 feet above mean high tide. 542. Mr. W. H. C. Pynchon reports the following history of this well: " First position : Driven to a depth of 106 feet through sand and gravel with water all the way for 80 feet, then clay to 105 feet. It was left on Saturday night with water just dripping from the well pipe which stood 2 feet above ground. The flow kept on increasing until at the end of eight days it was flowing SO gallons a minute fi'om 2-inch pipe, about as much sand as water. It ran so for one week and then began to fall off, until at the end of one week more it was not running at all. Second position: It was then driven to 130 feet, but no flow Pipe was pulled up and its lower 6 feet perforated and covered with 40-mesh wire gauze. Third position: The pipe was then reinserted in the hole to a depth of about 125 feet, with the result that the water came up on the outside of the pipe instead of the inside so that earth had to be ranuned in all around the pipe. It then flowed 18 gallons per minute at 3 feet above the surface, though the water will rise to a level of about 9 feet. The wellhead is now 3.50 feet above high tide." (For general relations see fig. 16.) 543. The flow at low tide, June 30, 1903, was 26.5 gallons per minute. Record of Dr. 0. L. Jones's well at Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Gravel , 0-60 Sankaty ? : 2. Clay '- - 60-135 Jameco 1 : 3. Little flow at '. 135-140 4. Coarse sand 140- Cretaceous : 5. Clay 6. Very heavy gravel mixed with white sticky clay -220 Prof. C. S. Slichter has made the following partial analysis of this water: Analysis of water from Dr. 0. L. Jones's well at Oyster Bay. Parts per milliDn. Hardness 20. Chlorme 4. 25 Alkalmity 17.0 Temperature 57° F. 544. "Driven in July, 1896. It is located on the beach at the edge of the salt marsh, and the tide rises ordinarily about 1 foot over the wellhead, i. e., well is about 6 feet above low-tide mark. At low tide the flow is not over 20 gallons per minute, but just before the tide goes over the wellhead it flows 100 gaUons a minute. Water comes from gray and black sand, but is free from iron." This well was sounded in connection with observations on the effect of the tide on the rate of flow and found to be 93.1 feet deep. (For general relations see fig. 16.) DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 283 The sample of water, marked Mohannes Spring, Oyster Bay, Long Island, submitted to me for exami- nation contains: Analysis of water from Mohannes Casino m>ll at Oyster Bay. Parts per million. Appearance Clear. Sediment- Norie. Color . - . . ... None. Odor (heated to 100° F) None. Chlorine in chlorides 7. 92 Sodium chloride ■ 13. 08 Phosphates None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates (reduced by sodium amalgam) . 495 Free ammonia . Trace. Albuminoid ammonia Trace. Total nitrogen -. . 495 Total hardness 28. 3 Permanent hardness 28. 3 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition ) 8. 00 Mineral matter (nonvolatile) . . 46. 00 Total solids (by evaporation ) 54. 00 This sample of water is of great organic purity; it is very soft and is admirably adapted for use as a drinking water as well as for domestic purposes. — Ernst J . Lederle, Ph. D. The "Mohannes Spring" is the 99-foot artesian well described in the table of wells. ' 545. The water is so strongly impregnated with iron that it is unfit to drink. Yield 2 feet above the ground, 18 gallons per minute, at high tide. Record of T. TJnderhilVs well at Oyster Bay. Kecent to Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel _ 0-25 Sankaty : 2. Clay 25-80 Jameco : 3. Fine gray and black sand, growing coarser 80-107 Total depth according to sounding, 114 feet. Analysis of water from T. UnderhUVs well at Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Parts per mUlion. Hardness 46. 9 Chlorine 6. 18 Alkalinity 37. 5 Temperature .• 57" F. 546. Record of Lee well at Oyster Bay. Feet. 1. Heavy sand and gravel 0- 50 2. Gray and blue clay .50-125 3. Beach sand, growing coarser, well commenced to flow at 160 feet 130-200 Depth by sounding, 188.3 feet. Analysis of water from Lee well at Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Sliehter.] Parts per million. Hardness 37. Chlorine 3. 9 Alkalmity 43. 7 Temperature 58 F°. 284 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 547. Analysis of water from Burgess well at Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Parts por million. Hardness '. - - 28. 7 Chlorine 4. 77 Temperature 58° F. See PI. XIII, A. 548. Record of Hamilton viell near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbui-y: Feet.- 1. Gravel Q- 30 Sankaty?: 2. Clay 30-80 Jameco?: 3. Sand nilli wiitcr, i\()t arlosian 80-130 Cretaceous: 4. Clay 130-227 . A second well was drilled near this one and a good flow obtained at 105 feet. 540. Record of William Trotter's well near Oyster Bay. ■ Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Vc.cx. 1 . Gravel 0-10 Sankatyh 2. Clay '. 10-70 Jamcco?: 3. Gravel, with artesian water 70-90 Analysis of water from William Trotter's well near Oijster Bay. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Parts por million. Hardness 21. 9 Chlorine 6. 2 Alkalinity 21. Temperature ■. 56° F. 551. Water is reported for the whole depth of the well, but did not flow until a depth of 259 feet was reached. Record of II. Bollard's well near Oyster Bay. Feet. 1 . Surface sandc and gravel with some water 0- 45 2. Fine dark-colored brown sand, becoming coarser at the bottom and passing into a lead- colored gravel 45-259 Analysis of water from H. Bollard's v>ell near Oyster Bay. [By Prof. C, S. Sliclitor.] Parts per million. Hardness 33.7 Chlorine '. 6. 02 Alkalinity 19. 95 Temperature 62° F. 552. The following section is from Mr. Ed. Schmidt: Record of Edward Swan's well near Oyster Bay. Foot. 1. Coarse sand, slightly yellow in color, with occasional layer of gravel 0-60 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 285 553. This well was veiy easily drilled. The material became coarser and coarser until at 465 Tcct an excellent flow was obtained. There was no rod clay hei'e and no hai'd red stratum. A little blue clay was found at 150 feet. Record of E. Roosevelt's well near Oyster Bay. Wisconsin and Tisbury: I'l.ct. 1. Sand and gravel, water bearing ()-l(X) Cretaceous : 2. Brown sandy clay, grading into gray sandy clay 100-465 554. For partial analysis see page G8. (See fig. 16 for general relations.) 555. Record of G. M. Fletcher's well on Center Island, New York. Pleistocene and Cretaceous?: Feet, 1 . Sand, with an occasional stratum of clay 0-160 Cretaceous : 2. Alternate layers of yellow, black, red, blue (hard like flint), and milkv-wliilc clay 160 -316 3. Very fine beach sand 316 -330 4. Thin stratum of brown shale 330 -330. 4 5. Coarse sand (with some water ) 330. 4-360 6. Thin stratum of brown shale 360 -360. 2 7. Very fine sand, gradually growing coarser 360. 2-370. 10 Elevation above tide 12 feet. At the last depth given the particles ranged from one-eighth to one-half inch in diameter. A concretion was encountered at 280 feet, and lignite at 330, 350, and 370 feet. Mr. Frank Nichols, foreman in charge of the drilling of this well, reports that salt water wa.s encountered at 18 feet and again at 100 feet. Fresh water was first encountered at 360 feet. 556. For partial analysis see page 68. 557. Nichols states that the natural pressure is "lower" in this well than in the others, and this, together with the fact that salt water was used in drilling the well, necessitated long pumping before the water became fresh. The clay contains a great deal of sand and is very micaceous. The low pressure is probably due to the fact that the main artesian gravel was not reached. It will be noticed on PI. II that this well lacks .50 feet of reaching the coarse Lloyd gravel, in which the other wells are finished. Record of S. T. Shaw's well on Center Island, New York. Pleistocene: Feet. 1 . Coarse yellow gravel 0- 50 Pleistocene and Cretaceous: 2. Fine beach sand and clay 50-150 Cretaceous : 3. White, blue, and gray clay; red clay and sand and gray clay; encountered in the order named 1 .50-295 4. Coarse sand 295-298 55§. Mr. R. F. Nichols, foreman in charge of the drilling of this well, reports the following section: Record, of C. Hoyt's well on Center Island, New York. Pleistocene: Feet. 1 . Very coarse gravel , coarse as black walnuts 0- 60 Cretaceous : 2. White and very stick}^ clay 00- 72 3. White beach sand 72-90 4. " Very pretty blue " clay '.' 90-130 5. Gray sandy clay 130-275 286 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous: Feet. 6. Very hard stratum, brownish red in color, were two da5's in drilhng 8 inches; described as very similar to hard stratum reported in Fletcher well (No. 555). . 275- 7. Gray sandy claj^ • 8. A second hard stratum ^ -300 9. Sand, becoming coarser and passing into white gravel-like peas 300-321 Well began to flow at 300 feet. Elevation above mean high tide, 4 feet. 559. ilr. R. F. Nichols, foreman, reports that this well began to flow at night. The screen was put in and the well was left at the depth to which it had been sunk. Record of . W . 'Welmore's well on Center Island, New Yorlc. Pleistocene: Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel : 0-60 Cretaceous: 2. Clay, no bowlders '. 60-300 3. Very white sand (Lloyd sand) 300-318 Elevation above mean high tide, 3 feet. For partial analysis, see page 68. 560. The material encountered in this well is very similar to that found in No. 558. Below 150 feet considerable lignite was found. 562. Mr. A. Neilson, superintendent of the Pierce estate, reports the following: "The \vriter was not managing the property when the well was put down, and so can not give record of strata. There was originally an old open well 30 feet deep, which was a good one, but to get more water a 6-inch pipe was put down 10 feet below the bottom of the open well. This well is about 600 feet back from the shore of the sound, and the top is about 30 feet above high water. The tides do not change the water in anj. way. About 150 feet from the one described there is another well about 80 feet deep, all 6-inch pipe, which I believe is a better well, though it has never been tested to its full capacity." Mr. Frank Wankel, now foreman of the Hudson Engineering and Contracting Company, reports that a number of j^ears ago he sunk a 6-inch well for Colonel Kruger, and it may be that this is the well referred to in the above letter. Mr. Wankel gives the following data regarding it: Record of Colonel Eruger's well near BayviUe. Wisconsin and Tisbury ; Feet: 1 . Beach sand ' : 0-160 2. Coarse gravel 160-170 At this depth a fine material was encountered and the driving was discontinued. No clay was encountered. The well is 200 feet from the water's edge, and 50 or 60 feet above sea level, and tests 15 gallons a minute at full capacity. 564. Mr. Danis stated that early in July, 1903, the pipe, which originally extended 9 feet above the surface, was cut off even with the ground, and the flow increased very rapidly from 75 to 120 gallons per minute, weir measurement. Sand then followed and the water finally became very red. After a time it cleared and continued to flow at the increased rate. Record of I. Cox's well near Mill Neck. Tisbury: Feet. 1 . White sand with fresh water 0- 12 2. Wliite sand with very salty water ^ 12-100 Sankaty?: 3. "Black muck" - 100-150 Cretaceous: 4. Thin layers of clay and quicksand 150-200 5. Red clay, with occasional layers of gray clay containing hgnitized wood 200-300 6. Sand, becoming coarser and filled with water (Lloyd sand) 300-330 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 287 566. Record of commission's test well at Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1-2. Peat with sand and gravel. 0-2 3-4. Dark-brown vegetable stained sand and gravel 2- 5 5-9. Yellow-brown sand and gravel (probably glacial outwash ) 5-24 567. According to Mr. Ward this plant consists of fifty-three 4J-inch wells, 37 to 106 feet deep. All the deeper wells furnish artesian water. Samples of the shallower wells, preserved in the municipal building, Brooklyn, show the following generalized section: Generalized section of BrooMyn waterworlcs wells at Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1. Light yellowish gray sand and gravel; nothing readily recognizable as of glacial origin. 0-25 2. Fine reddish brown to yellowish gray sand 25-40 3. Fine gray sand 40- The elevation of deep test well No. 1, which is a flowing well, is 10.1 feet Brooklyn base. 568. Mr. Solomon Ketchem, secretary, reports that the supply of the Amityville Water Company is derived from 6-inch wells, 40 feet deep, sunk in 1893; the water level is 12 feet below the surface and is lowered 4 feet by pumping. The yield in 1900 was as follows: Yield of Amityville Water Company's wells in 1900. Gallons. Maximum daily ' 156, 000 Minimum daily 53, 000 Average daily 104, 000 569. The whole section given below is glacial outwash. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1-2. Yellow sandy loam 0-2. 4 3-9. Fine reddish-yellow sand to small gravel . 4. 5-31 See Table XII. 570. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1 . Humus-stained loamy sand and gravel 0. 0- 0.4 2-3. Reddish-yellow loamy sand and gravel 1.0- 3.5 4-6. Light yellowish-white outwash sand and gravel 6. 0-17. 75 571. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1-3. Surface loam 0-2 3-9. Light-colored sand and quartz gravel only a very small percentage of erratic material . 5-31 572. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0-1.2 3-9. Light grayish sand and small gravel, with a smaller percentage of erratics than in the wells farther west. 5-35. 5 573. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Feet. 1-2. Yellow sandy loam 0-1.5 3-7. Reddish yellow fine to coarse sand (glacial outwash ) 4-25 574. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Surfaceloam. - 2.3 3. Yellow loamy sand and gravel 2. 7- 3. 3 4-9. Coarse outwash sand and gravel 5 -32 288 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LOTSTG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Tisbury: Feet. 10. Fine yellowish gray sand _ _ 36 -36. 5 11. Very fine yellowish gray sand 37. 5-38 12. Medium-sand ^.. 40 -41 13. Fine to coarse sand 45 -46 14r-15. Coarse sand to fine gravel, with small layer of silt 50. 5-53 16-18. Fine silty sand 55 -61. 5 19. Fine to medium sand 63 -64 20. Coarse sand 65. 5-66. 5 21. Fine silty sand . 70 -72.5 Cretaceous : 22. Very fine, greenish yellow, micaceous sand 74. 5-75. 5 23-24. Medium, whitej coaree sand 80 -85 This series of samples shows apparently four stages of deposition above a depth of 70 feet. See Table XII, 575. Record of commission's well near Massapequa pumping station. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Surface loam. - .1 ;, 2-3. Yellow sand and small gravel . . 1.5-4 4-5. Yellowish white sand and small gravel 6 -11 6. Small gravel, with considerable percentage of erratics 15 -16 7. Fine to coarse sand 20 -21 Cretaceous ? : 8-12. Fine white sand with tendency toward a yellow color in the upper samples, possibly due to an old land surface 24 -41. 5 See Table XII. 576. Record of Dry fuss & Nibbe's well near Central Park. Pleistocene: " Feet. 1. Surface gravel -15 Cretaceous : 2. Black clay 15 -35 3. Iron rock ". : 35 -35. 5 4. Fine dark sand, becoming coarser and containing water 35. 5-55 Mr. J. Elliott reports having dug a well at this place in which he struck clay very near the surface and passed through 3 feet of iron rock. Analysis of water from Dry fuss & Nibbe's well near Central Parle. [By Prof: C. S. Slichter.] Parts per million. Hardness 185 Chlorine 55. 6 Alkalinity 26. 2 Temperature .... 56-F. The high hardness and chlorine indicates that this well has become contaminated with the brines from the pickle factory. 577. Mr. Elliott reports that in some of these wells thin layers of clay were found at 4 feet and 20 feet. He adds that similar layers of clay are often found in wells at a distance of half a mile from the foot of the hills, at which point the silty or clayey layers dis^pear. 57§. The high chlorine in the analysis below is doubtless due to brine from the pickle factory. DESCRIPTIVE KOTES ON WELLS. 289 Analysis of water from well of J . Keller & Sons near Farmingdale [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Parts per million. Hardness - 30. 6 Chlorine - - . - - 32. 6 Alkalinity 21. 5 Temperature - _ . 63-F. 5§0. Record of commission's test well near Farmingdale. Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0- 1 2-6. Light sands, passing into small gravel, with a very small percentage of erratics 1-21 5§i2. Mr. J. H. Gutheil gives the following data: "Diameter, 3 feet from to 81; 1\ inches from 81 to 111 feet. The surface of the ground is black soil mixed with coarse gravel; yellow clay is underneath; then pure sand in depths of 10 to 15 feet, separated by iron ore and hardpan. About the middle of the dis- tance in depth I found a coarse yellow sand, very sticky, as if mixed with mud." 383. Record of Harms estate well near Plainview. Pleistocene : Feet. 1 . Gravel - 0-50 Cretaceous : 2. Alternate layers of light gray and black clay 50-70 3. Dark, rather coarse sand, with water 70-75 584. Mr. Elliott furnished four samples representing material between 58 and 70 feet; all are fine yellow Cretaceous (?) sand. Analysis of water from John Titus's well near Plainview. [By Pro! C. S. SUchter.] Parts per million. Hardness. 20 Chlorine ! 2. 76 Alkalinity 9 Temperature ' 59° F. 5§3. Record of Oscar Jaclcson's well in West HiUs. Pleistocene : Feet. 1 . Dark surface soil mixed with large field stones 0- 2 Cretaceous : 2. Clay 2- 6 3. Fine white sand 6-16 4. Coarse gravel mi.xed with clay, parted b}^ veins of iron ore and hardpan 16- 56 5. Sand with veins of black and blue clay 2 to 3 feet thick 56-119 6. Driven; material not known 119-141. 5 586. Mr. Dubois has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of H. L. Stimpson's well in the West Hills. Wisconsin : Feet. 1-3. Clayey sand and gravel with many compound pebbles 8- 20 Mannetto : 4. Orange-yellow quartz pebbles, with a very few fragments of compound rocks, the latter probably derived from the overlying beds 28 5. Orange-yellow quartz pebbles, with considerable sand and yellow clay, and many fragments of decayed white chert 40 6. White quartz sand, with much fine-grained red ironstone and decayed chert . , , 52 290 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK, Cretaceous 1: Feet. 7-17. White to light-yellow quartz sand and gravel containing fragments of decayed white chert :. 60-120 18. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand _ : 125 19. Fine to coarse white sand "T. 130 20. Fine to coarse yellow sand 135 21-22. Medium, yellow, sllty sand, with many small, brown, ferruginous nodules and a few pellets of clay 140-145 23-24. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand with many fragments of dark-brown fer- ruginous sandstone. 150-155 587. Record of Richard Collier's ivell near Woodbury. Pleistocene: ■ Feet. 1. Surface loam; no gravel 0- 15 2. Sand with considerable gravel '. 15- 35 3. Gravel _ 35-98 Cretaceous : 4. Black clay 98-138 5. Hard iron rock 138-138.5 6. White sand 138.5-144 " Analysis of water from Richard Collier's well near Woodbury. [By Prof. C. S. Slichter.] Parts per million. Hardness. ■ 52. 5 Chlorine 16. 6 Alkalinity 12. 5 Temperature 60° F. 5§8. Mr. William Jaegle, who drilled this well, reports that between 120 and 150 feet he encountered a dry gravel from which the air i-ushed with considerable force, and that it blows intermittently between the 4^inch and 6-inch casing. The 6-inch casing extends to a depth of 120 feet and the 4-inch to a depth of 185 feet. 589. Mr. William Jaegle reports that a blowing well formerly existed at this place, but that it was destroyed in an attempt to find the hidden treasure which this blowing was thought to indicate. 590. It is stated that this well blows before a storm, and that it makes enough noise to be heard in the house. 591. These samples were taken from the dump by one of the men who had been with the well from the start. The surface about the well is distinctly morainal in character, but the samples indicate that the Pleis- tocene material is of no very great thickness. The sands are apparently the same as the sands shown in the Melville section. Record of Cold Spring Creamery well near Cold Spring station,. Cretaceous : Feet. 1 . Dark clayey sands 0-20 2. Medium yellow sand 20-60 3. Medium reddish yellow sand, containing water 60-96 592. Record of H. A. Monfort's well Tiear Cold Spring station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Loam and gravel 0- 4 Wisconsin and Cretaceous: 2. White sand (dry) : 4- 90 . Cretaceous: 3. Dark clay '. 90-130 4. Orange clayey sand 130-173 5. Blue clay. !. ^ . 173-181 6. White sand 181-195 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 291 593. Analysis oj water jrom Mountain Mist Springs, West Hills. [By G. J. Volckening, E. M., Feb. 21, 1S98.] Parts per miUion. Sodium chloride 13. 95 Lime 6. 80 Magnesia 2. 15 Iron and alumina .41 Sulph .^rio anhydride 2. 53 Carbonic anhydride 5. 15 Silica 8. 17 Alkalies (approximate) 1. 00 Total 40. 16 594. The section in this well is reported as very similar to that of well No. 595. 595. Record of Columbia farm well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin and Tisbury: 1. Sands and gravel. Cretaceous : Feet. 2. Water-bearing sand, yielding milky water at 186 3. Alternate layers of fine white or lead-colored claj' and sands, the sands containing water 186-195 59<». At 160 feet the well is reported to have furnished quite a little gas, which has very much the odor of marsh gas. Record of W. R. Jones's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel..... 0-190 Cretaceous : 2. Black clay, becoming whiter below. 190-200 3. White sand with water 200-228 598. Record of Mrs. W. Wood's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel with an abundant supply of clear water, which turned dark on boiling 0-40 Cretaceous : 2. Altei'nate layers of white or lead-colored sands and clays. 40-163 599. Record of well of Van Wyke heirs near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Surface sand and gravel 0- 35 2. Sand and gravel, with a little water 35- 40 Cretaceous : 3. Sand and clay , 40-150 4. Water-bearing sand 150- 601. Record of W. E. Jones's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Sand 0-160 2. Clayey sand 160-179 3. Gravel with glacial pebbles 179-195 602. This is stated to be the well which in Barton's report is given as " Cold Spiing Harbor, 125 feet deep: flow 18 gallons per minute." 292 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 603. Record of G. E. Brightson's well near Cold Spring Harhor. Feet. 1. Gravelly clay, quite hard - 0- 30 2. Fine gravel and coarse sand. - . - 30-105 3. Blue clay. **- 105-135 4. Bluish sand - - 135-170 5. Veiy coarse sand, water bearing 170-177 604. Record of L. C. Tiffany's vjell near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbur}': -Feet. 1. Gravel 0-125 Cretaceous ? : 2. Clay, with some grit : 125-135 3. Fine sand 135-225 4. Blue clay 225-235 5. Coarse sand, with abundant supply of water 235-243 607. Record of Wm. White's well near Cold Spring Harhor. Tisbury : Feet. ' 1 . Sand and gravel 0- 40 Cretaceous ? : 2. Black clay 40-41 3. Sand and gravel 41- 95 4. Brown clay, passing below into white clay 95-118 5. Red sand 118-120 6. Fine white sand ■ 120-179 The well began to flow at 120 feet, but choked with sand, and a fi'ee flow was not obtained until a depth of 179 feet was reached. This well flowed 12 feet above high tide. 60§. Record of J. T. Jones's well near Cold Spring Harhor. Tisburj'-: Feet. 1 . Top soil and gravel, with highly mineral water 0-12 Tisbuiy?: 2. Black muck 12-20 3. Coarse sand and gravel 20-60 Cretaceous : 4. White clay 60-65 5. Red sand : 6.5-66 ■ 6. Coarse white sand, with artesian water 66-70 609. Record of L. C. Tiffany's well near Cold Spring Harhor. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Marly mud 0- -5 2. Beach gravel, with large stones .■ 5-50 Cretaceous I : 3. Clay, black on top, becoming white below 1 .50-58 4. Fine sand, becoming coareer below. 58-76. 8 When the artesian sand was first struck, it is estimated that the well flowed 120 gallons per minute, but the water contained a large amount of fine, white, micaceous sand. To cut off this, the well was driven deeper and the flow reduced to 75 gallons per minute (measured). This is the maximum yield, the flow being less at low tide. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELIS. 293 610. ■ Record of H. De Forest's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Tisbury : Feet. 1. Upper gravel and sand 0- 80 Cretaceous : 2. White clay 80 -80.5 3. Orange sand ' 80. 5- 95 4. Sand, brighter yellow than No. 3. 95 -133 5. White clay 133 -148 6. Fine sand becoming coarser 148 -165 61 ii. The following record has been prepared from samples preserved from this well: Record of R. De Forest's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Glacial sand and clay 5 2. Large quartz and granite pebbles 15 Cretaceous : 3. Medium hght-yellow sand 17- 25 4. Pink sand, medium 28. 8 5. Medium, white, quartz sand with much mica. 32 6. Fine pink sand. 60 7. Medium, coarse, white, quartz sand 70 8. Coarse quartz with large pieces of FeS 120 9. Wliite laminated clay 160-167 10. Fine gravel ; water bearing 177-183. 8 613. Record of Eagle dock well near Cold Spring Harbor. Recent: Feet. 1. Filled ground 0- 10 2. Muck- 10-14 Tisbury : 3. Beach gravel with salty water 14-100 Sankaty : 4. Clay 100-158 Jameco : 5. Fine sand, passing into coarse gravel containing artesian water 158-176 The samples of the water-bearing gravel preserved by Capt. W. R. Bingham show a very large per- centage of erratic material. 614. Mr. Webster reports that the measured flow of this well at 12.10 p. m., December 31, 1902, was 39 gallons per minute. Mi'. J. G. Hannah, the former owner of the well, reports that on November 5, 1902, the flow at low tide was 16 gallons per minute and at high tide 50 gallons per minute. Mr. Webster has kindly furnished the following analysis, and notes by Prof. Herbert E. Smith, State chemist of Connecticut: Analysis of water from James Bowen's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Residue on evaporation : ' Parts per million. Total 39. Volatile 13. 5 Chlorine, combined 4. 00 Nitrogen of free ammonia . 032 Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia . . 012 Nitrogen of nitrites . 001 Nitrogen of nitrates .55 Oxygen consumed from permanganate in one-half hour at 100° C .2 Hardness as carbonate of calcium 10. 00 Color 0.0 294 UNDEEGEOUND WATER RESOUECES OF LOWG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Professor Smith says: "The sample was clear, free from sediment, colorless, and odorless. These results show that the water contains a very small amount of mineral matter, that it is soft, and that it is of high organic purity. The figure for chlorine is subnormal for the locaUty of the well, and the nitrogen of nitrates is not much, if any, above the normal. These results indicate, in my opinion, that the water is free from sewage or drainage contamination and excelilent for drinking and other domestic uses. "The figures for organic matter are very satisfactory indeed. The figure for chlorine (4) is the clJorine that is normal to a narrow strip in the central portion of Long Island. According to the chlorine map, this area is about 35 miles long, with an average width of not over 2 miles, and runs through Sufl'olk Countj^, back of Cold Spring Harbor. As the normal on the coast is 6 or above, the result in this sample would indicate that the water comes from the interior portion of the island. "I of course do not wish to make to,o strict an interpretation of a single analysis, but where the differ- ence between the local chlorine and that found is so distinct as in this case, I think it pretty safe to conclude that the water sent me comes from the interior." In this connection see the analysis from the deep wells given on page 68 and analyses of wells Nos. 526, 543, 545, 546, 547, 549, 554, 556, and 559. 615. Record of L. V. Bell's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Feet. ■ 1. Coarse sand and gravel, with one or two layers of cobbles; no clay 0-65 616. This well is in the basement and begins in pink Cretaceous sand. 617. Mr. Matthew King, foreman for P. H. & J. Conlan, reports that this well is 325 feet deep, but Mr. J. Conlan states that it was finished at 140 feet. 620. Record of T. S. Williams's well near Cold Spring Harbor. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Gravel 0-30 Cretaceous: 2. Red and white sand. 30 - 80 3. White clay 80 -86 4. Fine white sand; fresh water 86 -136 5. White clay and sand 136 -146 6. Yellow sand and gravel (looks like brown sugar) 146 -160 7. Red and white clay ". 160 -162 8. Fine white sand 162 -178 9. Coarse quartz gravel; no sand; gravel about 1 inch diameter. 178 -200 10. Fine white sand becoming pinkish ^ 200 -230 11. Small gravel 230 -230. 5 12. White sand 230.5-256 13. Yellow clay 256 -257 14. Reddish sand 257 -262 . 15. Gray clay 262 -394 16. Coarse yellow gravel. 394 -398 This well flows 10 gallons per minute at a height of 8.5 feet above mean high tide. 621. Mr. Danis reports the following section for this well: Record of Walter Jennings's well near Cold Sfring Harbor. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Stony soil 0-10 Cretaceous: 2. Clay : 10-12 3. Sand 12-40 4. Clay 40-42 5. Red sand , - - . 42-65 6. White sand 65-92 Di:8CEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 295 622. This well was first driven 42 feet and water obtained which was used for a time, but proved unsatisfactory. It was then deepened and two more water-bearing sands encountered. The present supply from the lower layer is reported to be very good. 623. Record of R. De Forest's well, West Neck. Cretaceous: . peet. 1. Brownish-red sandy clay 0-117 2. White sand 117-137 3. Clay 137-157 4. Coarse white sand; water bearing 157-168 624. Record of Alex. Denton's well near Huntington. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan.. 0-80 Tisbury?: 2. Fine white sand 80-165 Cretaceous : 3. Light-colored clay 165-175 4. Water-bearing sand. 175-181 625. Record of H. J. Dubois's well near Huntington. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Gravel and sand 0-80 Tisbury and Cretaceous: 2. Very fine brown clayey sand 80-255 Cretaceous : 3. Fine to coarse light-yellow sand 255-264 626. On May 11, 1903, gage readings were begun on this well. Observations for six hours showed no fluctuations in the level of the water, which rose about 10 inches above the top of the pipe out of which it was flowing before being piped up. Mr. Sammis says that when first driven the water did not reach the top of the pipe but stood several inches below it. After one or two weeks' pumping the well began to flow. 627. This well was aU in sandy gravel, with the exception of a thin layer of clay just above the white water-bearing gravel. 62§. This weU was abandoned in the summer of 1903, but MJr. Dubois states that they intend to sink it deeper. It will be seen from PI. XVT that the Lloyd gravel should be encountered at this place at about 500 feet below sea level, or about 125 feet below the present bottom of the well. The chances of getting a good supply of water by deepening the well 150 feet are, therefore, regarded as extremely good. Record of B. Ward's well, West Neclc. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Loam 0-10 Tisbury: 2. Sand and gravel 10- 88 Sankaty ? : 3. Blue clay 88-116 Jameco ? : 4. Dark-brown gravel mixed w'th clay 116-149 Transition: 5. Dark-brown sand 148-164 Cretaceous : 6. Blue hardpan 164-173 7. Blue clay... 173-193 8. Pink clay 193-273 9. Brown sand, very fine 273-280 296 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 10. Pink clay 280-335 1 1 . Pebbles 335-336 12. Dark-brown sandy clay 336-347 13. Sandstone 347-350 14. Pink clay 350-386 15. Brown sand 386-416 16. Fine sand, like quicksand 416-417 17. Brown clay 417-429 18. Water sand .'. 429-430 19. Light-blue clay. ..:... 430-432 20. Veiy black clay 432-435 21. Light-blue clay, turning to reddish color near bottom of stratum. 435-439 22. Brick-red clay. , , . 439-444 23. Slate-colored clay 444-447 24. White clay, like kaolin 447-449 25. Very dark-blue clay 449-453 26. Blue clay with charcoal 453-455 27. Light-blue clay , 455-461 28. Light-green clay 461--465 29. Red clay ...: 465-471 30. Dark-gray clay 471-476 31. Light-blue clay : 476-479 32. Dark-brown sand. , 479-480 33. Green clay 480-482 34. Red clay mixed with blue 482-485 35. Very fine brown sand mixed with clay 485-487 36. Very white clay - 487-488 37. Black clay 488-491 38. Dark-brown clay ..-.: 491-495 39. Drab-colored clay -. 495-497 40. Hardpan, or sand rock; looks like an oolitic limestone 497-498 629. Record of Mrs. M. H. Clots's well, West Neck. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0-10 2. Hardpan with gravel — 10-25 Tisburjr and Sankaty: 3. Fine brown sand; a little clay 25-85 Sankaty : 4. Blue clay 85-93 Jameco?: 5. Brown gravelly sand ; water bearing 93-97 630. The 4-inch pipe is cut off 17 feet from surface, and the well flows 10 gallons per minute into an underground cistern. Water would rise to within 4 feet of the surface. A 5-inch well was sunk about 10 feet from the 4-inch well, to a depth of 147 feet, and flows into the underground cistern 18 gallons per minute. Record of A. Heckscher's well near Halesite. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface - 0- 10 Cretaceous: 2. Pink clay 10-140 3. Coarse white gravel 140-142 DESCBIPTIYE NOTES ON WELLS. 297 631. Record of Mrs. A. W. Marsh's well, West Neck. Feet. 1. Dug well 0-80 Cretaceous: 2. Marl 80-90 3. Blue clay - 90-110 4. Fine sand, white -- - 110-111 5. White clay- 111-115 6. Water-bearing sand . . 115-131 632. Record of R. B. ConJclin's well, We,st Neck. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Surface earth -10 2. Bowldei-s - . - - 10 -12. 5 3. Gravel and clay mixed with surface material 12. 5-24 Tisbury : 4. Fine dark-gray sand - - _ 24 -29 5. Dark-gray gravel 29 -30 Cretaceous ? : 6. White sand - - 30 -46 7. White quartz gravel; water bearing , 46 -51 8. Yellow sand 51 -56 633. This well was visited in company with Dr. O. L. Jones on April 24, 1903, and the following sam- ples and records obtained. At this time the pipe had been cut oft' about a foot below the mean level of the ground (5 to 6 feet above high tide), and the well was flowing about 5 gallons per minute. The foreman stated that at low tide the water ceased to flow, but when the tide had risen 1 foot the well commenced to flow and the flow increased until high tide. Record of Dr. 0. L. Jones's vjell, Lloyd Neck. Recent to Tisbuiy: Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel 0- 95 Sankaty ? : 2. Dark-gray laminated clay, with pieces of partly lignitized wood 95-105 Jameco?: -3. Fine to coarse yellow sand (glacial?) 105-122 Cretaceous : 4. Dark-gray laminated clay . 122-222 Lloyd sand : 5-6. Veiy light-yellow sand, with fragments of wliite, very much decayed chert 222-243 7. White quartz gravel, with a few pebbles of ferruginous sandstone and white chert. 243-246 8. Coarse, light-yellow sand, with a few fossil fragments 247. 5 9. Small yellow quartz gravel, with a few white chert pebbles 248. 5 The fossils from No. 8 were submitted to Dr. T. W. Stanton and he regarded them as Upper Cretaceous. They show: (1) Crinoid stem; (2) fragment of shell; (3) Clausa americana, a bryozoan veiy common in the Rancocas formation in New Jersey. (Identified by Ray S. Bassler. ) 635. Record of commission's test well 1 mile northeast of Amityville. Teet. 1-2. Surface loam 0-1 3. Gravel and yellow loam 1- 2 4-8. White quartz, sand, and gravel; very few if any erratics 5-25 See Table XII. 636. Record of commission's test well 1 mile north of Lirulenhurst. Feet. 1. Very dark sandy day ; - 0. 5 2-4. Sand and gravel, with a small percentage of erratics 0. 5-16 5-6. Medium gray sand (possibly glacial) 16 -21 1 7116— No. 44—06 20 298 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 637. Record of commission's test well 2 miles northwest of Lini-enTiurst. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam and sand 0- 1 3-9. Sand and small gravel: very small percentage of erratics 1-29.5 See Table XII. 63$. Record of commission's 'test well near Maywood. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0-1 3-9. Light grayish-white sand and quartz gravel; very sniall percentage of erratics.. 5-30 639. ' Record of commission's test well 1.5 miles south of Pinelawn. Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: Feet. 1 . Dark-colored loamy sand - 0. 5 2-5. Dirt)' yellow sand and small gravel . 5-16 • 6-7. White sand and gravel : some erratics 20 -26 8. Fine yellow sand 30 -35 9-14. Medium grayish-yellow sand ; some erratics 40 -60 " Cretaceous: 15-19. Coarse, sharp yellowish-white sand 60 -85 20-21. Verj' dark, fine lignitic sand 87 -92 -' See Table XII. 640. Record of cotnmission's test vxll 2 miles north of Lindenhurst. Feet. 1-2. Surface loam , ' 0-2 3-5. Medium yellow sand 2-12 6. Very light-colored sand and gravel; smaU percentage of glacial material 14—30.5 641. Record of commission's test well 2' miles south of Wyandanch. Feet. 1-2. Surface gravelly loam 0-1 3-8. Very light-colored sand and gravel with a very small percentage of glacial material. 5-31 642. Record of commission's test well near Pinelawn. Feet. 1 . Dark-colored surface loam 0-0. 5 2. White sand and gravel with some erratics 5-42 643. The following analysis was made Febraaiy 5, 1894, b}^ C. F. Chandler, Ph. D. and Charles E. PeUew, E. ^L: Analysis of water from Colonial spring near Wyandanch. Parts per million. Potassic sulphate 3. 30 Potassium chloride. 7. 42 Sodium chloride 13. 72 Calcic carbonate 5. 09 Magnesic carbonate 3. 03 Oxide of iron and aluminum .26 Silica J 7. 55 Organic and volatile matter 1. 50 Total residues on evaporation at 230° F 41. 87 " The ' Colonial ' is a pure alkaline water, showing unusual freedom from organic matter." The analysis of the ilo-Mo-Xe spring was made by the same chemists, who pronounced it the purest water they had ever examined. DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 299 Analysis of the Mo-Mo-Ne spring near Wyandanch. Parts per million. Potassic sulphate 2. 00 Potassium chloride 1 . 08 Sodium chloride 8. 20 Sodic carbonate , 1.12 Calcic carbonate . . . 1 . 56 Magnesio carbonate 2. 30 Oxide of iron and aluminum 28 Silica - - - 8. 01 Organic and volatile matter 3. 35 Total residues on evaporation at 230° F 27. 90 644. Mr. George Carll reports regarding this region: "My well was first dug 130 feet and gave a fair supply of good water. When the well was finished the bottom was a kind of a quicksand and clay, that at times would make the water of a whitish color. I afterwards sunk two terra-cotta tubes, making it 136 feet deep, and the water was from 12 to 15 feet in depth. About 500 or 600 yards to the north are never-failing springs. The wells north and south range from 20 to 50 feet in depth. I struck the same bed of clay at 47 feet, but there was nearly 3 feet difference in striking it in just the width of the well, and consequently I could get but little water.' ' 645. Mr. Elliott states that the thin clay layer which occurs very near the surface in this well extends for about 1 mile south of his house, and north as far as Huntington. Record of J . Elliott's well near Melville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Loam, sand, and gravel. 0- 4 2. Clay 4-5 3. Sand and gravel 5-56 64§. All deep wells in this neighborhood lost more or less water in 1900^1901. Record of A. C. Soper & Company's well near Fairground. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Dug well (sand) 0-120 Cretaceous : 2. Sand : 120-130 3. Clay 1 30-200 4. Very fine sand, mixed with a little clay; plentj^ of water but could not pump on account of stopping up 200-260 5. Coarse sand; very good water; pumps without trouble 260-267 649. Record of F. Gallienne's well near Huntington. , Feet. 1. Glacial sand and gravel 0- 65 2. Dark-gray sand and clay ... 65- 70 3. Dai-k dirty-gray sand and gravel (probably glacial ) 70- 90 Cretaceous: 4. Veiy fine, dark-colored, silty, micaceous sand. 95-120 5. Clay 120-200 650. Mr. Darling states that this is a gravity system depending on a ground resei-voir situated 170 feet above mean high tide. The material penetrated in the group of driven wells is as follows: 300 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of wells of Huntington waterworhs, Huntington. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Silt, mixed with clay 0- 5 2. Loam, passing into hardpan 5-25 Tistury : 3. Water-bearing gravel .^ 2.5-60 Each well will yield 150 gallons per minute without lowering the water below the suction limit. 652. Record of well of Huntington Light and Power' Company near Halesite. Recent: Feet. 1. Filled ground ' 0-6 2. Swamp deposit .' , 6-10 Tisbury: ' ~ 3. Dark sand and gravel _ _ 1 . 10-70 Sankaty ? : 4. Blue claj' 70-71 Jameeo?: 5. Light j^ellowish gravel 71-75 • 653. Record of R. F. Carmen's well near Centerport. Tisbury; Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-154 Cretaceous : 2. Blue clay '. 154-229 3. White gravel 229-258 654. Record of R. S. McCrary's well near Centerport. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1 . Coarse sand and some water ' 0-161 2. Sand. , 161-175 Jameco ? : 3. Multicolored stones as large as a man's fist 175-185 655. Record oj C. A. Hallock's well near Centerport. Wisconsin: " Feet. 1. Surface gravel 0-4 Cretaceous : 2. Pink clay: solid, sticky 4-38 3. Dark-colored gravel : water bearing. 38-42 657. Record of J. J. Robinson's well near Centerport. Feert. 1 . Dug well 0-26 2. Bluish sandy clay 26-110 3. Yellow gravel. 110-117 658. This plant was originally supplied from springs which yielded about 200 gallons per minute. The water from these was collected in a basin at the pumping station and then lifted to a ground reservoir having a capacity of about 250,000 gallons. Early in 1903 two very successful artesian wells were completed, and the spring supply has now been abandoned. The wells, which are 8 inches in diameter and 47 feet deep, are situated about 32 feet above mean high tide, and it has been found that 250 gallons per minute must be pumped from them to cause them to cease flowing. The ground reservoir is still used to supply the lower parts of the town, and an Acme system, having storage capacity of 25,000 gallons, has been installed foi high-level service. The following samples from one of the wells have been furnished by ilr. Henry Cabre, driller: DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. " 301 Record of well of Norihport waterworks, Northport. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Clayey gravel : 0-1 2. Silty sand, fine, dark reddish brown 1- 3 3. Very fine, reddish brown, clayey sand — 3- 5 4. Reddish brown silt to small gravel; contains a considerable percentage of erratics. . o-'lO Tisbury : 5-6. iledium, dirtj', yellow sand — 10-20 7. Fine white sand to coarse gravel (doubtfully glacial ) 20-25 5. Fine, dirty, yellow sand 25-30 9. Medium sand , 30-35 10-13. Medium sand to small gravel 35-48 14. Medium, dirt}% yellow sand 48-51 This whole section, while not pronouncedly glacial, is probably to be regarded as composed of reworked material of Glacial age. 659. Record of A. 0. Gilder sleeve' s well near Larkjield. Wisconsin and Tisbury ; Feet. 1. Coarse sand, mixed with gravel and small stones. ... 0- 50 2. Coarser sand '. 50-186 660. Record of Fred Nevins's well near Northport. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Loamy clay. Tisbury: 2. Sand, becoming coarser with increasing depth. 3. Water-bearing sand at. 165 4. Sharp white sand, water bearing, at 196 662. The following analysis was made by George A. Ferguson and Raymond J. Nestell, November .30, 1901 : Analysis of icater from F. J. Smith's well near Northport. Parts per million. Chlorine in chlorides 19. 252 Equivalent in sodium chloride. 31 . 774 Phosphates None. Nitrogen in nitrates _ 4. 490 Nitrites None. Free ammonia. . 040 Albuminoid ammonia . 040 Hardness equivalent in calcium carbonate : Temporary. 56. 000 Permanent! 18. 000 Organic and volatile matter _ 35. 000 Mineral matter after ignition. 125. 000 Total solids at 230° F 160. 000 663. This flowing well consists of a short pipe driven into an old spring site. The water rises 5 feet in the pipe. It is a good example of a type of well common on the north shore which is on the border line between a spring and an artesian well. (See fig. 33.) 664. Record of D. B. Moss's well near Little Neck. Feet. 1. Fine sand to water level 0-48 2. Gray clay 48- 3. Very fine brown sand, some water ' -67 4. Coarse white gravel 67-75 302 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 666. Record of well oj P. Van Iderstine's Sons, Little Neck. Tisbuiy: Feet. 1 . Light-Golored coarse sand and gravel 0-130 2. Water-bearing gravel . 130-143 669. This is the Port Eaton well reported by Darton/' who gives the following record, furnished to him by j\Ir. Nimmo : Record oj Dr. 0. L. Jones's well on Eaton Neclc. Feet. 1 . Quartz gravel and sand _ 10 2. Quartz gravel and sand _ 20 3. Fine sand mixed with claj' 30 4. Gravel .' . 40 5. Sand and fine gravel 50 6. Sand and fine gravel 60 7. Coai-se gravel 70 8. Coarse gravel 80 9. Fine gravel 90 10. Fine gravel , = 100 11. Gravel and sand. . 110 12. Fine gravel. 120 13. Coarse gravel 130 14. Fine yellow sand 140 15. Fine yellow sand mixed with mica 150 16. Lighter-colored sand with mica 160 17. Coarser sand ; no mica — 170 18. Coarser sand; no mica -. 180 19. Fine red sand. 190 20. Coarse straw-colored sand 200 21 . Very coarse sand ' 205 22. Fine light-colored sand. 210 23. Clear gravel 215 24. Light coarse sand 220 25. Light coarse sand. 225 26. Coarse gravel 230 27. Coarse gravel - - 240 28. Yellow sandy clay 250 29. Sharp coarse sand. - 255 30. Sand and gravel. : 260 31. Clear, fine, light-yellow sand 265 While salt water was reported in this well to a depth of 205 feet, at 263 feet an excellent supply of fresh water is said to have been obtained which flowed slightly above the surface. Attempts to develop this brought in salt water, and Mr. C. H. Danis, who afterwards worked on the well, reported that he could get no fresh water. The well was deepened to 340 feet through sand and gravel containing salt water. 670. Mr. Bevin has kindly furnished the Survey with the following samples from this well: Record of L. A. Bevin' s well on Eaton Neclc. Pleistocene : Feet. 1-2. White sand and gravel, with a percentage of erratics 15- 30 Cretaceous: 3. Medium-coarse white sand 40 4-6. Sand and small pebbles with a rather pinkish cast 50- 75 a Darton, N. H., Artesian-well prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region: Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Survey No. 138, 1896, p. 35. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 303 Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. 7. Coarse pinkish white sand 80 8-9. Medium, white, micaceous sand 90-100 10. Very fine, gray, micaceous sand 1 10 11. Medium to coarse white sand. _ 120 12. Small angular quartz pebbles, evidently broken from larger ones 130 13. Medium to coarse white sand 130 14. Medium white sand , - . . 150 15. White clay ("kaolin" )._ 159-160 16. Small white quartz pebbles 165 17-20. Fine, gray, micaceous sand. . 250-300 21-25. Medium-coarse white sand 215-240 26-31. Fine, white, micaceous sand 250-300 32-34. Medium yellowish white sand 310-330 35-39. Fine sand and small quartz pebbles 335-350 Nearly all the samples contain fragments of milk-white chert, generally quite soft; when first seen they may be mistaken for white, calcareous concretions. Mr. Danis reports that fresh water was encountered at a depth of 12 feet, and that below that nothing but salty water was found. The well is about 5 feet above high tide, and flows a little salty water at high tide. &71, The following record has been furnished by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson to the New Jersey Geological Survey: « Record of Dr. E. H. Muncie's well on Muncie Island, New York. Recent: ' " Peet. 1. Muck and sand with shells 1 0- 10 Wisconsin? and Tisbury: 2. Heavy, yellow, micaceous sand and gravel, with water salt as the ocean, standing nearly at the surface of the meadow; this stratum is very similar to that obtained from most of the shallow wells on Long Island 10- 45 Sankaty? and Jameco? 3. Clay; fine sand like beach sand; sand and clay mixed; color, blue and gray 45-150 Jameco ? and Cretaceous : 4. Clay, sand, etc., much like the last, only darker, with water which flowed 14 gallons a minute over the top of the casing, which was 2 feet above the ground. This water was fresh, but was colored black; about three wheelbarrow loads of wood (lignite ) was pumped out ; the pipe seemed to be in wood 1 50-200 Cretaceous : 5. Lighter colored sand and clay mixed; amount of lignite gradually decreased. Sand a little heavier at the base where good water was obtained. Water flowed 8 gallons a minute from 2-inch pipe 2 feet above the surface 200-270 Doctor Muncie reports: "The present well flows 15 gallons per minute; the first water obtained flowed for about 6 months and then stopped. At first the flow was about 30 gallons per minute, but the water ontinued dirty." 673. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis made January, 1901: Analysis of water from railroad well near Babylon. Parts per million. iotal solids 81. 39 674. Mr. E. Camerdon, cliief engineer, reports that two of the wells at this place were put down in 1893, and two in 1898; each well will yield 300 gallons per minute. The section is as follows: a Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey New Jersey for 1899, 1890, p. 79. 804 UNDERG-EOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Sumpwams Water Company's v;ell near Babylon. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Surface loam ' , 0-3 2. Fine white sand. '. 3-54 3. Coarse sharp sand 54—60 4. Very clean white gravel v 60-70 The water contains no iron, but shows slight traces of alum and salt. A detailed description of this plant will be found in the Engineering Record, volume 43, 1901, pages 28-30. 675. When the original site of the Great South Bay Water Company plant, No. 691, was abandoned, the station was moved to this place. The present plant consists of twenty 5-inch wells, 40 to 45 feet" deep, with a capacity of 2,250,000 gallons per day. 6§0. Record of C. S. Burr's well near Kings Parle. Feet. 1. Dug well _ . _ 0-118 Cretaceous : 2. Pink sand - 118-138 3. Wliite sand 138-142 6S1. Record of Captain Clarice's well near Elwood. , - Feet. 1. Dug well - 0^ 90 Cretaceous : 2. Dark, quite fine sand, sticky, no water. 90-170 6§3. Record of Wm. Herod's well near Kings Parle. Feet. 1. Sandy loam 0- 4 Tisbury and Cretaceous? 2. Medium white sand with occasional thin streaks of clay 4-152 685. Mr. Thompson reports: "I have put down five 6-inch flowing wells, the water from which is used for trout hatching and growing. The first well was sunk about ten years ago. I sunk a l|-inch pipe, and got a good flow at 33 feet. A 6-inch pipe gave 50 gallons per minute at 33 feet. I then dro^e a 1-J-inch pipe inside of the 6-inch pipe, and at a depth .of 45 feet got a nice flow." ' Mr. H. J. Dubois, the driller, reports the following section for two wells on the south side of the ravine: Record of Edw. Tlwmpson's wells near Middleville. Wisconsin and Tisbury : " Feet. 1. Red loamy sand at the surface, becoming coarser and passing into gravel below 0-32 A deeper well, put down on the northern side of the ravine, showed the following section: Record of Edw. Thompson's well near Middleville. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1 . Gravel with only a small amount of water D- 30 Cretaceous ? 2. Dark-brown clayey sand, becoming coarser below and yielding artesian water 30-160 6S6. Record of J. F. McGiff's well near Fort Salonga. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Soil 0- 5 Tisbury : 2. Ferruginous sand 5- 6 3. Clean, light-colored, pebbly sand 6-113 Cretaceous : 4. Tenacious sandy clay 113-118 5. Water-bearing gravel 118- DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 305 68 §. Mr. Velsor has furnished the following samples from this well: Becord of Doctor Gillette's well near Fort Salonga. Wisconsin; Feet. 1. Very fine light grayish loam ,. 0- 8 Tisbury: 2. Glacial sand and gravel, for the most part quite clean, but containing a little silt between 35 and 38 , 8-73 Below 45 feet the samples show quite a little ferruginous concretionarA' material. 691. This was the site of the original pumping station of the Great South Bay Water Company. The supply was from a gang of 5-inch wells, 60 feet deep, of which Mr. C. A. Lockwood gives the following data: Record of old wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. Feet. 1. White beach sand becoming finer near the bottom of the well 0-60 For the first two years these wells, of which there were 12 or 15 in all, yielded a sufficient supplj', but at the expiration of that time the demand increased, and a 350-foot well was sunk to obtain a greater supply. The material encountered in putting down this well was all white beach sand with some lignite at 300 feet. The water from the gang of 60-foot wells became more and more charged with iron, and had a smell similar to that of decayed vegetation; its taste was also bad. It was for this reason, together with the fact that a greater supply was desired, that the deep tests were sunk and, when these failed, the station was moved to No. 675. Mr. Sands, the superintendent, has furnished the following notes regarding these deep test wells made by Mr. John C. Lockwood, the former president of the Great South Bay Water Company, who had charge of the drilling: Record of deep test wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Yellow sand and gravel _ 0- 59 Sankaty 1 : 2. Clay (15 or 20 feet thick) 59- Cretaceous: 3. No record. 4. Clay , 144-146 5. No record. 6. Clay (15 or 20 feet thick) 242- "At 262 feet got strong flow, water rising 9 feet 6 inches above surface when casing was run upward." . The following analysis was published in the first rules and regulations of the company: Analysis of water from old wells of Great South Bay Water Company at Bayshore. [Analysis by C. F. Chandler, Ph. D., New York, December 5, 1889.] Parts per million. Appearance in 2-foot tube Clear, colorless. Odor None. Taste - - . None. Chlorine in chlorides _ 8. 10 Sodium chloride 16. 78 Phosphates. . . None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates. .02 Free ammonia. .17 Albuminoid ammonia .07 Total hardness 19. 03 Permanent hardness. . 19. 03 306 UNDERGBOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Parts per million. Organic and volatile matter 3. 99 Mineral matter. 44. 87 Total solids at 240° F '. 48. 86 " The total amount of solid matter contained in the \s^ter is extremely small. There are no phosphates and no nitrites, both of which are regarded as evidences of contamination when present. The nitrogen in the form of nitrates is very small, and the free and albuminoid ammonia is moderate." 692. Record of Strong well near Bayshore. Feet. 1 . Sand : no change in texture or color 0-67 694. Record of commission's test well near Bayshore. Pleistocene: Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam. - 1. 5 3. Medium yellow sand 5 - 5. 5 4-5. White sand and gravel : 10 - 16 6-21. Grayish white sand and gravel 20 -100.' .5 Cretaceous 1: 22. Very dark brownish gray, micaceous, clayey sand. 101. 5-102. 5 Samples 1 to 21 apparently represent glacial outwash. See Table XII. 695. Record, of commission's test well near Bayshore. Feet. 1-2. Surface sandy loam 0- 2 3. Medium yellow sand 5- 5.5 4. Coarse sand and small gravel with glacial material 10-10. 5 5-6. Light yellowish white fine sand and small gravel 15-20. 5 7. Small gravel with a little fine sand, containing sorne glacial material.. 25-26 8-9. Fine sand to small gravel .- . 's 30-36 The whole section of this well is composed of glacial outwash. See Table XII. 696. Record of commission's test well near East Islip. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1-2. Sandy loam 0-3 3. Light-yellow fine sand to small gravel 3- 5 4. Grayish white sand and gravel, with considerable glacial material ' 5-10 5-6. Light reddish brown sand and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial material. . 10-20 7-8. Light yellowish white fine to medium sand, not clearly glacial 20-30 697. Record of commission's test loeU near Brentwood. Feet. 1-2. Sandy loam. 0-1.5 3-8. Grayish white sand and gravel ; probably glacial outwash 5-30 See Table XIII. 698. Record of commission's test well near Brentwood. Feet. 1-3. Surface loam; some gravel 0- 5. 5 3-8. Outwash sand and gravel 10-30. 5 See Table XIII. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 807 699. Record of commission's test well near Islij). Feet. 1-2. Yellow surface loam 0- 2 3. Dark, humus-stained, medium sand 5- 5. 5 4— .5. Medium light-yellow sand . . 10-16 6. Small gravel, with a noticeable percentage of glacial material 20-21 7-9. Dirty, yellow, fine sand to small gravel 2.5-40. 5 This whole section appears to be of glacial origin. 700. Record of commission's test well near Islip. Feet. 1-2. Yellow loamy sand ^ 0-1.5 3-8. Light grayish sand and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial material .5-31 9-10. Medium light-yellow sand ; age very doubtful 35-41 701. Record of commission's test well near Islip. Feet. 1-2. Yellow gravelly loam 0- 2 3. Dark reddish brown sand and gravel with considerable glacial material 2- 5 4. Light-j^ellow medium sand to coarse gravel, with only a small percentage of glacial material , 5- 9. 6 5. Very dark reddish-brown sand and gravel ; very doubtfully glacial 15-35 702. Record of commission's test ivell near Central Islip. Feet. 1. Black loamy sand - 0. 5 - 2-4. Fine to medium Light yellow sand : 0. 5-10 5-7. Light yellow sand and gravel with glacial material 12 -25 703. Record of commission's test well near Central Islip. Feet. 1-2. Yellowish-brown sandy loam 0- 2 3. Medium light yellow sand 2- 5 4-9. Light yellow sand and gravel with a little glacial material 5-35 705. Mr. Darling states that the two wells at this point furnish 150 gallons of water per minute with deep-weU pumps; with direct suction he believes they would yield 2.50 gallons each. He has installed an Acme system with a storage capacity of 10,000 gallons. Record of wells at St. Joseph's in the Pines, near Brentwood. Feet. 1 . Sand 0-27 2. Water-bearing sand 27-32 3. Clay 32-35 4. Water-bearing sand 35-52 706. Mr. Codman writes regarding this localit}^: "In excavating for cellars or wells there is often found at a depth of 2 to 5 feet a layer of grayish-blue deposit, locally called 'blue clay.' This layer, which is 2 or 3 feet thick, on di'ying shows a clayey fracture, though it is wholly devoid of plastic qualities, j have washed it and find it a very fine sand. I consider it rock flour." One mile south of the main line of the railroad the water stratum is found at a depth of 28 feet; 1 mile north of the track the depth gradually increases to 52 feet. 707. Record of commission's test well near Brentwood. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1-2. Reddish yellow surface loam 0- 3 3. Medium yellow sand with a little gravel 3- 5 4. Dark-drab silty sand, with a few pebbles 5- 21 308 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Wisconsin and Tisbury — Continued. Feet. 5-8. Yellowish white sand and gravel 21- 40 9-10. Coarse sand and gravel, with a very noticeable percentage of erratics for this region 45- 50 1 1-12. Fine to coarse light yellow sand and gravel £0- 60 13. Fine to coarse gravel with some sand and a smaS percentage of glacial material . . 60- 65 14—18. Light yellowish sand and gravel, glacial . . 65- 88 19. Fine to medium yellow sand • 88- 92 20. Light reddish-bi'own sand and gravel, with erratics _ 92- 97 Cretaceous?: 21. Fine, yellowish brown sand and gravel 97-100 22. Fine to medium, grayish-yellow sand , 100-103 See Table XIII. 708. Record of commission's test well near Brentwood. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1 . Black sandy loam_ : 1 - 0. 4 2. Light-yellow silt 0. 4- 2. .5 3-11. Light-yellow or grayish yellow sand, with considerable erratic material (glacial outwash) 2. 5-44 See Table XIII. 71©. Record of Charles Blyndenhurgh's well near_ Hauppauge. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Coarse gravel _ 0-20 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Fine sand, with thin layer of clay at 25 feet. _ 20-45 Tisbury : 3. Coarse gravel. 45-49. 5 711. Mr. Price has kindly furnished the following samples from this well: Record of C. B. Pedriclc's well near Smithtown. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Very fine, brown, micaceous sand .- 90 2. Grayish yellow silty sand and small, rather angular, quartz gravel; contains a few pebbles of glacial origin _ 163 3. Very fine, bright-yellow, micaceous silt, with quartz pebbles 165 4. Medium yellow sand 168 The section reported by Mr. Price is as follows: Record of C. B. Pedriclc's well near Smithtown. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Coarse gravel 0- 20 2. Very micaceous quicksand 20- 95 Pleistocene?: 3. Stiff clay with quartz pebbles. 95-165 4. Yellow sand with small supply of water : 165-168 712. Record of J. B. Payne's well near Smithtown. Feet. 1. Gravel and sand, with surface water 0- 20 2. Clay 20-60 3. Quicksand and water 60-100 4. Clay 100-118 5. Gravel and sand 118-127 This well was never completed. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 309 7 1 3. Record of Frederick Nohaclc's well near Smithtown Branch. Feet. 1 . Sand, with surface water 0- 30 2. Clay with stone (stones were black and did not wash white) 30-105 3. Black material. 105-110 4. Sand and gravel 110-125 The sand from stratum 4 of this well rose in the pipe and was cleaned out and the water at once rose to within 50 fe?t of the surface. 714. Mr. Redwood has kindly furnished a sample from a depth of 95 feet; it is a glacial gravel, similar to that found in upper part of wells in this section. 715. Record of E. M. Smith's well near Smithtown Branch. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0^ 5 2. Clay containing a few pebbles , 5- 40 Tisbury : 3. Fine white sand. ..... 40-83 4. Good gravel , . . . 83-100 71<». Record of C. F. Leeman's well near Smithtown Branch. Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0- 5 2. Good gravel 150-160 Mr. Rogers was unable to finish a complete log of this well. He thinks no claj' was encountered. 717. Record of Rassapeaque Club's well near Smithtown Branch. Wisconsin or Tisbury : Feet. 1. From medium white sand at the top gradually becoming coarser until coarse gravel is encountered 0-18 The coars? gravel in this well at 18 feet furnishes artesian water. 71 §. Mr. George Schmidt reports that one bed of clay was encountered in this well. He could give no further information regarding it. 719. These wells were completed in 1899 and are pumped with an air lift. The supply is stated to have decreased and the water to be hard and salty. Record of well of Society of St. Johnsland at Kings Parle. Pleistocene?: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel, with surface water below 10 feet 0-15 2. Clay 15-20 3. Sand, with main water-bearing horizon at about 40 feet 20-90 720. Record of W. W. Kenyan's well on Nissequogue River. Tisbury : Feet. 1 . Gravel. 0-130 Cretaceous : 2. Dark-blue clay. 130-170 3. Grayish brown sticky sand 170-206 4. Coars? white gravel. 206-212 725. It is stated that the water in this well at first stood 12 feet below the surface, but that after pump- ing it rose to 8 feet. Record of W. J. MatJierson's well on Nissequogue River. Feet 1 . Dug well 0-20 2. Sand and gravel. 20-35 3. Black clay. 35-45 4. Marsh mud and sand 45-100 5. Very fine white sand 100-130 6. Coarse sand with water 130-146 310 UNDEEGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 722. Mr. Rogers has kindly furnished a sample from this well from a depth of 80 feet; it consists of brown glacial sand and gravel. 723. Record of R. H. Smith's well near Stony BrooTc Harbor. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand •. ^ 0-60 2. Mixture of clay and sand _ _ 60-- 90 3. Fine sand and gra%^el, growing coarser. '. . . 90-117 724. No clay or quicksand was encountered in this well, the material being entirely sand and gravel. . 727. Record of C. R. Roherts's well near Oalcdale. Feet. 1. Bog, bearing foul-smelling water - 15 2. Fine black gravel - . ... 15 - 17. 5 3. Muck, bearing foul-smelling water 17. 5-170 At the depth of 170 feet, no better water having been encountered than that found at the top, the well- was abandoned. Mr. Kirk reports that in the vicinity of Swan Creek the same conditions are often encountered. 729. Record of commission's test well near Sayville. Feet. ■ 1. Black loamy sand - 0. 4 2. Yellow loamy sand 0. 4- 2 3-11. Light-yellow or grayish yellow fine sand to small gravel, with a few glacial pebbles. 2 -45 See Table XIII. 730. Record of commission's test well near Ronkonkoma. . Feet. 1. Black loamy sand _ Surface. 2. Yellow loamy sand Subsoil. 3-6. Light grayish white sand and gravel (glacial ). . . , 2-20 7. Fine to medium white sand, with traces of lignite _ 24—25 8-14. Light-3'ellow fine sand to small gravel, with a few erratic fragments in the lower samples 29-62 731. Record of commission's test well near RonkonTcorna. Feet. 1 . Black loamy sand - 0. 6 2. Yellow loamy sand 6-2 3-5. Grayish yellow sand and gravel with a few erratics.-. 1 _. 4 - 5 6. Very bright, vermilion, clayey sand 18 7-13. Very light grayish yellow sands and gravel, with a small percentage of glacial material 24—56 See Table XIII. 732. Record of commission's test well near Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1 . Black loamy sand - 0. y 2. Yellowish loamy sand 5- 3 3-4. Light-yellow sand with a few gravels 4 -10 5. Very fine to medium grayish brown sand. 14 -15 6-9. Reddish yellow sand and gravel, with pronounced glacial pebbles 19 -35 See Table XIII. 734. Record of John Elaiber's well near Ronkonkoma. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet, 1 . Sandy loam 0-8 2. Coarse sharp sand ; no stones nor clay 8-81 DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 311 736. The location of this well as given on the map is probably slightly in error. Record of William Ralston's well near Lake Bonkonlcoma. Wisconsin and Tisbury: . Feet. 1. Surface loam _ 0-5 2. Coarse gravel 5-12 3. Medium white sand- 12-22 i. Black hardpan, with stones about the size of walnuts 22-25 5. Medium white sand 25-54 737. Record of J. Weher's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Sand : 0-13 2. Sand, with a little gravel and occasional streaks of clay. 18- 25 3j Coarse sand 25- 38 4. Clay; no bowlders _ 38-103 5. Water-bearing sand '. 103-117 Mr. W. T. Arthur has kindly furnished the following samples from this well : Record of J . Weber's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1. Medium to very coarse, dirty, quartz sand, with some small gravel; has the general aspect of glacial material, and contains a few rounded fragments of soft, fine-grained, mica schist, with biotite 103-117 2. Very fine, light-gray, silty sand, with much muscovite 117- ' The water from the sand and gravel between 112 and 117 rises just to lake level. 738. There was 8 feet of water in pipe when the well was completed; the lake level was then said to below. Later the lake level rose and a corresponding rise of the water in the well occurred. Record of G. E. Plunkett's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1. Dug well _ . _ 0-60 2. Coarse sand 60-70 739. Record of R. W. Newton's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-5 2. Fine white sand 5-55 3. Clean white gravel _ 55-60 Mr. Rogers reports that where waterworn gravel is encountered at any depth exceeding about 50 feet the supply of water is always abundant and good. This statement of Mr. Rogers is equivalent to saying that wherever a coarse gravel is found below the main water table an abundant supply is obtained (p. 67). A sample furnished by Mr. Rogers, marked "Newton well, 60 feet, 1896," is fine Ught-yellow glacial sand with some gravel. 740. Water stands 8 feet below surface; this is said to be at the same level as Lake Ronkonkoma. Record of well of W. Imhauser estate near Lake Ronkonkoma. Pleistocene : Feet. 1 . Clay ; no bowlders 0-62 2. Medium sand 65-75 741. Mr. Ralston, who has lived near Lake Ronkonkoma all his life, reports that in digging or driving wells on the west side of the lake a considerable thickness of clay is encountered in nearly every instance, while on the east side the material is for the most part sandy, the sand being of the kind known as "beach sand." 312 UNDEEGKOUND WATER RESOUKCES OV LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Nelson Newton's xvdl near Lake Ronkonkoma. Feet. 1 . Surface loam. _ '. . 0-5 2. Yellow sand .' _ 5-10 3. White beach sand ' 10-33 743. Record of W. H. Warner's well near Lake Ronkonkoma. Wisconsin and Tisbury; Feet. 1. Fine sand ._ -35 2. Clay J 35 -36. 5 3. Sand and gravel 36. 5-47 744. In wet weather the water is milky, indicating, Mr. Terry thinks, that clay lies a short distance below 86 feet. Record of John Morrissey's well near Lake Grove. Wisconsin and Tisbury : . Feet. 1 . Stony sand .-. ... 0-8 2. Coarss sand; no stones 8-15 3. Yellow sand, described as being like the subsoil in sandy places 15-17 4. Coars3 sand, with stones varying in diameter from 4 to 6 inches,. 17-45 5. Stones and gravel , 45-58 6. Ordinary sand , 58^86 • 745. Record of Irving Overton's well near I^ake Grove. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1 . Stony top soil .■ 0- 6 2. Finer material to fine sand 6-14 3. Clean white sand , 14-35 4. Gravel and clay .• 35-45 5. More or less stony gravel 45-52 6. Ordinary sand 52- 746. Record of Doctor Moneclce's well near Lake Grove. Feet. 1 . Light sandy top soil 0- 4 2. Yellow sand subsoil, no stones 4- 8 3 . Hard blue clay, no stones or pebbles 8-21 4. "Mica mud".. . . 21-24 Water rose in the pipe, stopping further work. The water was muddy, but had no bad odor or bad taste. In putting down another well on this same property for Doctor Monecke, leaves and muck were encountered at 23 feet. There was a 14-inch stratum of this material, and the water coming from it had a very bad odor. 749. Record of commission's test well near St. James- Feet. 1. Dark humus-stained loam - 0. 3 2. Reddish brown sandy loam 3 - 3 3. Brownish yellow sand and gravel 3 - .6 4-11. Dirty, gray, fine sand to coarse gravel; a small quantity of glacial material 6 -45 12-14. Dark, yellowish gray, very fine to coarse sand, glacial 45 -59 7 .50. Record of Father Ducey's well near St. James. Wisconsin ; Feet. 1. Hardpan, a compact mixture of sand and gravel, containing bowlders 0- 60 Tisbury : 2. Gravel and sand : - 60-150 Mr. Rogers has sent the following sample from this well: Feet. 1-2 Clean, light-colored sand and gravel, clearh' glacial, perhaps Tisbury 140-150 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 313 'S'Si. Record of Jerome Saxe's well near St. James. Pleistocene : Feet. 1. Very coarse stony gravel 0- 30 2. Hardpan 30-150 3. Clay containing a few stones 150-160 4. Gravel, etc 160-208 5. Quicksand 208-245 6. Clean white gravel ,. 245-250 Mr. Rogers has furnished the following sample from this well : Feet. 1. Clean, light-colored glacial sand and gravel at _ 250 752. Record of D. Emmett's well near St. James. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel stones from the size of a fist to a robin's egg 0- 30 2. Loam ( « ) _ 30-90 3. Quicksand ( ? ) , 90-140 4. Clay, with thin layers of gravel. 140-190 5. Quicksand 190-290 6. Gravel 290-300 753. Mr. Rogers reports this well to be 82 or 83 feet above the level of the Sound, and that the water in the well rose to the level of the water in the Sound. He has furnished a sample of clean, light-colored glacial sand and gravel taken at a depth of 97 feet: Record of D. Emmett's well near St. James. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel 0-30 2. Light-yellow fine sand. .... 30-40 3. Water-bearing gravel 40-97 754. According to the location indicated on the map, the depth to water in this well is abnormally great, and it is quite possible that the location is an error. Record of D. Emmett's well near St. James. , Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. "Till" (probably also including outwash gravel) 0-140 Cretaceous : 2. Fine pink sand 140-160 755. Record of commission's well near St. James. Wisconsin: Feet. 1-2. Brown surface loam 0- 4 3. Very fine j^ellow loam and sand 4— 5 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 4-16. Fine sand and small gravel, yellowish gray above and darker below (glacial). . 5-69 Tisbury: 17-20. Dark, yellowish gray, fine to medium sand, probably glacial 69-90 The material shown in samples 17-20 is the same as that shown in samples 12-14 in well No. 749. See Table XIII. 756. Record of commission's test ivell near St. James. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Humus-stained surface loam - 0. 4 2. Yellow sandy loam — .4-3 3. Yellow sand. 3 - 5 4-16. Gray sand and gravel (considerable glacial material) 5 -70 757. This well was first dug to 94 feet and then the 6-inch pipe sunk 40 feet. The sinking of the pipe did not in any way aflfect the water level in the weU. 17116— No. 44—06 21 814 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 75J>. Record of George Erland's well near Stony Brooh. Feet. 1. Surface loain '. 0- 10 2. Dark almost red sand 10- 60 3. Quicksand 60-160 4. Coarse, dark, almost red sand lOG-107 760. Record of W. Rowland's well near Setauket. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Hardpan 0-25 Tisbury : 2. Sand and gravel with one or two strata of hardpan. 25- 60 3. Water-bearing gravel 60- 62 Cretaceous?: 4. Quicksand mixed with some clay 62-251 5. Gravel ." 251-252 761. Record of William Clarice's well near Seimilcet. Feet. 1 . Surface loam : 0-10 2. Various strata of sand and gravel 10- • 3. Yellow clay, containing no stones (2 feet thick). 4. Quicksand. 5. Coarse sharp sand -90 762. Record of Howard Wallace's well near Setauket. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0-12 2. Coarse sand and gravel 12-50 3. Quicksand 50-52 4. Coarse reddish sand .- 52-70 Mr. Rogers has furnished a sample marked "70 feet, 1896," which is clearly glacial material. 763. The following samples have been received from this well: Record of W. T. Cox's well near Setauket. Tisbui-y: Feet. 1. Light, brownish yellow glacial sand and gravel, possibly Tisbury 0-85 Cretaceous: 2-3.- Very fine, dark-gray, micaceous, sandy clay 85-132 4. Medium to coarse, white, quartz sand, with some mica and white clay 132-145 5. Fine and coarse, gray, micaceous sand 145-155 6. Light-yellow medium sand 155-180 7. Light-yellow clayey sand 180-188 Water is reportedto have stood only 4 feet below the surface when well was between 145 and 155 feet, but at 188 feet it stood 10 feet below the surface. Under date of October 5, 1903, Mr. W. T. Cox reports: " The water came from fine gravel mixed with sand, which looked like brown sugar. The water was obtained, Mr. Hutchinson told me, at 320 feet. He measured the flow carefully and stated that it was 18 gallons a minute at low water and considerably more at high water. Water was abundant from 188 feet to the bottom of the well, but the fineness of the material prevented a flow, which commenced when a slightly coarser layer was encountered at 320 feet." 764. Record of Nort House well at Setauket. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Hardpan 0-20 Tisbury : 2. Medium white sand 20-40 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 315 76<>. Record of CharUfs Benner's well near Setauket. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Hardpan (poiiipact mixtiiro ol' sand and {gravel; brown in color) 0-20 Tisbury: 2. Medium white sand 20-50 766. The elevation of this well is said to be 6 feet above tide level. At a depth of 38 feet it was abandoned on account of the constantly increasing supply of salty water. Mr. Rogers reports that several other wells on the same property 20 to 30 feet deep gave fresh water. One of these wells is about 10 feet above high water and the other 5 feet. 76§. Record of John Catcher's imll, Crane Neck. Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0-10 2. Gravel, with occasional streaks of hardpan 10-50 3. Clay and quicksand 50-56 4. Yellow gravel '. 56-65 769. Record, of v)ell near Old, Field, Point. Feet. 1 . Hardpan 0-40 2. Clean, fine gravel _ 40-50 At the depth of 50 feet salt water was encountered and the well was abandoned. 770. A good water-bearing strata was encountered at 36 feet. Mr. Rogei^s reports that a number of wells in this iinmediate vicinity give a good yield of fresh water at about the same depth. Well No. 769 is the only exception of which he knows. 771. Record of well near Mount Misery Point. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Sand, with .salt water 0-110 Cretaceous?: 2. Blue gravelly clay 110-165 772. General section of wells about SayviUe. Feet. 1. Fine sand of different colors, sometimes red and sometimes white, changing to good, clear, water-bearing gravel 0-45 773. Record of Long Island Railroad well at Bay port station. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Surface loam _ 0-1 2. Yellow sand 1-4 3. Clay ; no bowlders 4- 5 4. White sand. 5-28 There was no change in the coai-seness of the material in stratum 4. Mr. Arthur reports that in digging- wells near Bayport occasional patches of clay may be found, but that suqh occurrences are rare. 774. Record of Sea Cliff Hotel well at Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Loam 1 _ 0-4 2. Medium reddish gravel. 4-6 3. Blue clay ; no stones 6-8 4. Very fine sand S- 316 CJNDEEGEOUND WATER EESOUR0E8 OE LONG ISLAKD, NEW YORK. 775. Eecord of Nassau Oyster Company's well at Patchogue. Feet. 1 . Limbs, stumps, and trunks of trees '. 0- 9 2. Fine yellow gravel ' _ . 9-12 3. Blue clay; no stones. __ 12-14 4. Muck and black loam .'^ 14^49 5. Fine white sand - 49-52 6. Black mud .- 52-72 At this depth very black water was encountered and the well was abandoned. The pipe was then pulled and the location changed 90 or 100 feet north, where the pipe was driven 19 feet through the following material : Record of Nassau Oyster Company's well at Patchogue. Feet. 1. Sandy loam _ ...■...'. 0-6 2. Medium yellow gravel 6-9 3. Clean medium sand 9-19 776. - Record of T. J. Kirk's well near Patchogue. Feet. . 1. Loam - - 0^ 4 2. Yellow gravel -■. 4^ ;^ 3. Fine white sand ,. 6-10 . 4. Fine to coarse gravel. 10-15 5. Pure white fine sand. *. 15-28 778. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1-2. Surface loam 0- 3 3-13. Light, yellowish gray, speckled sand (nothing clearly glacial) .4-55 14-20. Reddish brown fine to coarse sand (glacial ) 59- 90 Cretaceous : 22-28. Very fine, micaceous, gray to olive-green sand. , 99-129. 50 29. Very fine, reddish brown silty sand 131-133 30. Dark brownish gray, very fine silty sand 134-135 31. Dark yellowish brown silt to coarse sand 139-140 See Table XIU. ' ■ 779. Record of commission's t€st well near Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1-2. Medium silty sand — .... 0- 1 3. Medium light-yellow sand with gravel (probably glacial ) 3-5 4-12. Fine to medium light-yellow sand (glacial) 10-50 780. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Black loamy sand. 0- 0. 4 2. Medium yellow sand — . 0. 4- 2 3-12. Yellowish white fine to medium sand, with a few pebbles (age very doubtful) . . 3-50 y§l. Record of commission's test well near Patchogue. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1-2. Yellow silt 0-3 3. Yellowish brown medium sand . 3- 5 4^9. Light grayish white sand and gravel ; the gravel is quite mottled and is probably to be regarded as glacial 9-35 Cretaceous : 10. Grayish white medium sand, with much silvery white muscovite; suggests Cre- taceous material. . 39-40 11-12. Yellowish white fine to coarse sand. 44^51 See Table XIII. - DESOEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 317 7 §2. Record of Reynolds well near HoTbrooTc. Pleistocene: Feet. 1 . White sand and gravel — 0-90 Mr. Kirk reports that there was no change in the material at increasing depths. At 65 feet a bowlder the size of a man's head was encountered. 784. Record of commission's well near Farmingville. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Dark humus-stained sand , . - 0. 2 2. Yellow loam _ 2-2 3. Bright-yellow medium sand 1 - 3 - 5 4. Dark-gray sand and gravel, with much glacial material 9 -10 Tisbury: 5-6. Fine to coarse yellow sand : — 14 -20 7-12. Light-gray sand and gravel, with some glacial pebbles 24 -50 785. Record of A. P. Terry's well near "Farmingville. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Sand -- 0- 4 2. Gravel and stones 2 to 12 inches in diameter 4- 16 Tisbury: 3. Coarse sharp sand — 16- 23 4. Gravel 23-37 5. Sand 37-46 6. Gravel and stones '- 46- 63 7. Coarse sand _ . 63- 71 8. Coarse gravel. . - 71- 73 9. Finer sand . 73- 78 10. Sharp, white, coarse sand, with black specks 78- 86 11 . Coarse gravel 86- 90 12. Coarse sand _ 90-94 13. Sandy gravel 94-104 14. Coarse gravel and small stones . 104—1 10 At 54 feet a stone 10 by 14 inches was taken out of this well. 786. Record of August Fuch's well near FanningviVe. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Stony loam 0-12 2. Coarse white sand, with occasional stones 3 to 5 inches in diametei' 12-40 Tisbury : 3. Medium white, clean sand _ 40-58 4. Yellow hardpan (a verj^ hard and stony layer ) 58-62 5. Medium clear, bright sand 62-65 6. Gravel _ 65-70 Mr. Terry reports that at 70 feet he stnick "real" hardpan, on top of which water was found. 787. Record of D. Schwarting's well near Farmingville. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Sand and stones . 0-13 2. Coarser material : mixture of loam, gravel, and stones 13-17 Tisbury: 3. Coarse dull-white sand 17-22 4. Sandy material, with some mica and an occasional stone 22-27 318 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLaND, NE 5V YORK. 7§8. Record of William Clark's well near Farmingville. Wisconsin and Tisbuiy: . Feet. 1. Heavy gravell}- loam 0- 6 2. Fine gravel, with an occasional stone the size of one's fist 6-45 3. Coarse gravel ^ 45-59 Material became coarser at increasing depths, and water was found in very coarse stony gravel. 789. Record of Mrs. Max Richter's well near Farmingville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ^ Feet. 1. Gravelly loam _ 0--4 2. Sand, with an occasional stone _ 4-30 3. White clean sand 30-60 790. This well is described as at " Waverly, 3 mUes 'northwest of Holbrook," and its exact location not known. Record of Frank Frans's weU at Waverly. Feet. . 1. Sand and gravel 0-45 2. Gravel and stone, 4 to 6 inches in diameter 45-49 3. Sand, slightly yellow in color 49-55 4. Ordinary sand 55-80 791. Record of J. F. Byrne's well near Selden. Feet. 1. Sand and gravel 0-14 2. Coarse sand and occasional stones 14-30 3. Coarse stony gravel _ 30-45 4. Coarse, sharp, white sand, containing black specks which were thought to be iron pyrites. 4.5-64 792. Record of Doctor Emerson's well near Selden. Feet. 1. Sandy top soil 1 0-3 2. Medium, white, fine sand ; no mica 3-14 3. Very fine, hard, gray material, with a great deal of mica; soft and velvety to the touch. 14-17 4. Medium white sand ; no stones. . _• 17-40 5. Coarse sand 40-43 6. Dark-colored fine sand 43-53 7. Coarse sand ... 53- 793. " Record of Axel Hodges's well near Selden. Feet. 1 . Light sand 0-4 2. Medium sand, containing a little mica; no stones 4—14 3. Yellow sand, almost hke subsoil 14-16 4. Mica sand, said to glisten in the sun hke silver, this being probably due to the presence of muscovite; there were no stones in this stratum 16-38 On account of the increasing stickiness of the sand Mr. Terry believes that clay underlies it. 794. Record of Adolph Serabler's well at New Village. Feet. 1. Medium dull sand ; no top soil 0- 4 2. Coarser yellow sand 4—8 3. Very fine mica sand; from 8 to 32 feet the sides of the well stood up like a wall; there was no caving whatever 8-32 4. Blue clay ; no stones 32-34 5. "Mica mud" 34-38 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 319 795. Record of commission's test well near TerryviMe. Wisconsin and Tisbury?: Feet. 1. Fine yellowish gray sand, evidently filling - 0. 3 2-3. Yellow sandy loam 3- 6 4-5. Yellowish gray sand with a few erratics ' 6 -15 6-10. Very fine gray sand with some biotite _ 15 -38 Cretaceous?: 11-16. Fine to coarse reddish yellow sand . 40 -70 796. Record of commission's well near Terryville. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Humus-stained surface loam - 0. 3 2. Dark reddish sandy loam _ 3- 3 3-4. Light-yellow medium sand, passing gradually into bed below . _ 3 -10 5-11. Fine grayish white sand, with muscovite and biotite 10 -45 12-14. Medium to coarse light-yellow sand .- 45 -57 See Table XIII. 797. Record of commission's test well near Echo. Feet. 1. Dark humus-stained loam - 0. 3 2. Dark-yellow loam 3-4 3. Medium yellow sand 4 - 5 4—19. Dirty gray sand to small gravel; small percentage of glacial material- 5 -85 Samples 13 and 14, 50 to 60 feet below the surface, show a very considerable amount of glacial material. 798. Record of commission's test well near Echo. Feet. 1. Humus-stained surface loam - 0. 4 2. Dark-yellow sandy loam 4- 3 3. Medium yellow sandy loam 3 - 5 4r-21. Dirty gray fine sand to small gravel; very small percentage of glacial material. 5 -95 See Table XIII. 800. This well is approximately 5 feet above mean high tide. Mr. Overton reports it to be 63 feet' deep, which would more nearly agree with the depth of the Port Jefferson Water Company's wells, which obtain their water at about a depth of 50 feet. They are also flowing wells. As the well was attached to a ram, the depth could not be measured readily. Record of J. J. Overton's well near Port Jefferson. Feet. 1. Loam - 0- 4 Tisbury: 2. Coarse white sand with occasional layers of wlfite gravel 4—20 801. Record of J. L. Darling's well near Port Jefferson. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sandy loam ^ _ 0-4 2. Medium yellow to white sand 4r-20 Cretaceous ? : 3. Sticky brown to drab colored clay 20-40 4. Medium white sand 40-96 The elevation of the surface at this well is approximately 50 feet above mean high tide. The clay described in stratum 3 is similar to that found in the brickyard 150 yards south of Mr. Darling's house. 803. The supply of the Port Jefferson Water Companj^ is from two 6-inch wells, 54 feet deep, which will normally flow about 4 feet above the surface. One well tests 7,000 to 8,000 gallons per hour, while the two together give only 8,000 to 9,000. Mr. T. B. Rogers gives the following section of these wells: b'ZO UJSTDEEGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Record of Port Je^erson Water Company's wells, Port Jefferson. Wisconsin and Tisburyl: " Feet. 1 . Surface loam — 0-5 2. Sand and gravel 5-51 3. Hardpan ^ - 51-54 Mr. Rogers also furnishes a sample of the main water-bearing stratum, which is a clean, highly' erratic, glacial sand. The Long Island Railroad Conipanj' has furnished the following partial analysis of water fronv the mains of the Port Jefl'erson Water Company (March 30, 1903): Analysis of xoaier from Port Jefferson Water Company's wells, Port Jefferson. P arts.per million. Total solids 40. 18 Chlorine 8. 04 804. This well will flow about 5 feet above liigh tide. By means of a ram it supplies the bank and adjoining buildings. Record of N. W. Davis's well, Port Jefferson. Tisbury: F«efc - 1. Medium white sand 0-75. 5 806. Mr. Davis reports that this is a closed-point well and that he can give no record of the material passed tlirough, but that it appeared to be very fine sand with probably some clay. He bases this opinion on the amount of fine sand which was pumped out during the water tests at difi'erent depths. At 140 feet very coarse material, probably coarse gravel, was encountered. 807. Record of J. W. Brown's ivell near Port Jefferson. Feet. 1 . Brown loam 0-3 Tisbury: ' 2. Medium white sand 3-90 808. Record of J. Riddle's well near Port Jefferson. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Gravelly sand and some bowlders 0- 15 Tisbury and Cretaceous?: 2. Medium white sand with a little brown, sticky clay at about 100 feet 15-120 Attempts were made to dig a Well on ground 20 feet higher, but the efl'ort was abandoned on account of bowlders. • 811. The following samples have been received from 'Mr. Rogers: Record of well of Port Jefferson Company, Port Jefferson. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Medium light-colored sand (glacial) 212 2. Light-colored sand and gravel; fragments of ferruginous concretions and con- siderable erratic material 240 3. Light-colored glacial sand and gravel 265 4. Same as 3 2S0 Cretaceous: 5. Dark-drab clay, containing some coar.se quartz sand: leaves the fingers white as does Cretaceous material 325 6. Light-drab clay, containing some coarse quartz sand, evidently from laminated layer 340 7. Fine to medium, white, highly micaceous, quartz sand ('' not much water") 370 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 321 812. Mr. Davis reports that the surface in the vicinity of this well is rather thickly covered with bowl- ders and that he expected to encounter them in putting down this well, but that not a single bowlder was encountered, nor even coarse gravel. ■ . Record of J . II. HopJcins's well near Mount Sinai. Feet. 1 . Surface loam ■ 0-3 Tisbury : 2. Medium white sand . 3-95 813. Record of J. M. Shaw's well near Bellport. Feet. 1 . Surface loam and yellow sand 0- 4 Tisbury : 2. White sand with no change in coareeness - 4r-4:5 814. Record of W. McOee's well, 2 miles west of YapJiank station. Wisconsin and Tisbury: ' Feet. 1. Loamy top soil, no stones 0- 4 2. Coarse sand 4-68 Mr. TeiTy reports that the material of this well was the most even in character that he ever found. 818. Record of Judge Bartlett's well near Middle Island, New YorJc. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Hardpan 0-39 Mr. Terry reports that the stones were embedded in a very heavy loam. Water was encountered at 8 feet, in a 6-inch stratum of yellow mud. Another similar stratum was found at 32 feet. In the spring of the j'ear the water stands 8 feet below the surface; in the dry season at ^0 or 32 feet. The water at the 8-foot level is impure. 819. Record of Hawman Brothers' well near Rocky Point. Feet. 1 . Surface loam _ . . 0- 3 Tisbury: 2. Medium white sand with no gravel nor clay. . 3-128 822. Record of Mrs. Oroty's ivell near Manor. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Surface loam _ 0-3 2. Clay, no stones 3-29 3. Sand 29- 824. Mr. Davis says that none of the water-bearing material in this well can be called gravel. In most of the wells in the vicinity of Port Jefferson he calculates on getting water a little above sea level, the elevation of the water level being greater at greater distances from the sea. Record of G. E. Hageman's well near Wardenclyffe. Feet. 1 . Brown loam 0-3 Tisbury: 2. Medium white sand 3-123 825. Mr. Nikola Tesla reports the following section : Record of Nikola Tesla's well near Wardenclyffe. Tisbury and Cretaceous 'I : Feet. 1. Fine sand .' 0-122 2. Gravel 122-124 3. Alternating layers of sand and gravel 124-166 322 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. "At a greater depth than that shown in this well layers of fine sand and gravel, each about 2 feet thick, alternate seemingly to an infinite depth. This was observed in digging a large shaft near the well, and it is assumed that the soil in the well is of the same character." A sample furnished by Mr. T. B. Rogers, the driller, from a depth of 167 feet, is a clean glacial sand and gravel. The shaft referred to in Mr-. Tesla's letter was 135 feet deep. In the bottom of this two pipes were driven at angles of 45 degrees. According to Mr. W. H. Beera, the driller,. the section is as follows, depths along the pipe having been reduced to vertical depths: Record of shaft sunk near Nikola Tesla's well, Wardendyffe. Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand and gravel in dug well 0-135 Cretaceous V. 2. Fine gray sand ■_ 135-205 3. Coarse white gravel ' 205-223 Cretaceous : 4. Fine white sand 223-347 §26. According to Mr. Saxe, this well shows medium-white fine sand all the way to its bottom at 90 feet." A sample from a depth of 80 feet shows light -yellow sand not clearly glacial. Mr. Warden reports the following section : Record of well of the North Shore Industrial Company near WoodviUe Landing. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Sand and clay 0-30. Tisbury and Cretaceous ? : 2. White sand, very fine 30-50 3. Gravel, growing coarser 50-94 82T. Record of Wardendyffe Brick and Tile Company's well, WoodviUe Landing. Feet. 1. Heavy tenacious claj' . . _ , _ _ 0-47 2. Coarse gravel ; . . 47- , * 82§. Record of well of Long Island Railroad at Wading River. Feet. 1. Surface loam 0- 5 2. Coarse white sand, passing below into coarse gravel 5-110 §29. Record of Mrs. De Groat's well near Wading River. Recent: Feet. 1. Creek mud, bearing very black water 0-20 Wisconsin : 2. Hardpan (an iron cemented mixture of clay and stones) 20-38 The pipe broke at a depth of 38 feet and the well was abandoned. §30. Record of S. W. Wheeler's well near Wading River. Feet. 1 . Surface loam - 0-4 Tisbury : 2. Medium white sand 4-68 Mr. Davis reports that in all his well experience he has not encountered bowlders below the surface between Wading River and Port Jefl^erson. §31. Record of Dr. William Carr's well near Center Moriches. Wisconsin 1 : Feet. 1. White sand and gravel, with many stones 0-18 2. Clay,no stones .' 18-20 3. White sand 20- DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 323 532. Record of Otto Lauraman's well near Center Moriches. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-8 2. Coarse, white, " gravelly " sand _ 8-18 3. Hard, dry, yellow clay 18-24 4. Coarse sand 24-34 533. Record of William HaUock's well near Center Moriches. Wisconsin*: Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0-5 2. White " gravelly " sand 5-15 3. Hard, dry, yellow clay with an occasional stone , 15-20 S36. Record of W. Frank Smith's well near East Moriches. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Loam '. 0-2 2. Sand 2-9 3. Gravel 9-17 4. White sand 17-28 5. Quicksand 28-33 §3§. Record of Wesley Young's well near South Manor. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Loam 0-2 2. Sand with stones • 2-22 539. Record of Alfred Steele's well near Sovth Manor. Wisconsin: ' Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0-2 2. Sknd 2-15 540. Record of Benj. Raynor's well near South Manor. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Surface loam 0-1 2. Sand 1-22 3. Clay 22-24 Mr. Nichol reports that he drove the pipe several feet into the clay bed and then pulled it up again, and obtained the water from above the clay. §41. Record of Wallace Raynor's well near South Manor. Wisconsin ? : Feet. 1. Black loam 0-3 2. Clay, with occasional layers of sand; no stones 3-15 3. Quicksand 15-19 4. Clay. ■. 19-36 5. Coarse sand; water bearing. ^ 36- §42. Record of Porter Howell's well near South Manor. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Loam 0-3 2. Sand, with a Uttle clay. 3-18 324 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. §43. ^ Record of J. W. Nichol's well near ManorviUe. Wisconsin ? : . Feet. 1. Surface material 0-6 2. Clay. . . . : '. 6-^ 3. Coarse white sand ^ 7-12 §44. Record of M. E. Raynor's well near ManorviUe. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1 . Sand 0-12 2. Sandy clay :... 12-15 The clay in this well is described as being heavier (purer) at increasing depths. Water was found in a thin stratum of sand overlain and underlain by clay. 845. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following partial analysis: Analysis of water from railroad well at ManorviUe. Parts per million. Total solids 153.9 §46. Record of Mrs. Jones's well near ManorviUe. Wisconsin?: Feet. - > 1 . Surface loam , 0-3 2. Clay, with occasional layers of water-bearing sand; no stones i . 3-42 3. Water-bearing sand 42- Mr. Nichol reports that the clay in stratum 2 was the color of putty, and that he has often encountered it in digging near the surface. He has never found stones in it. §47. Mr. Preston Raynor reports the foUowing sections from two wells on his place: Record of Preston Raynor's weU No. 1, ManorviUe. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1 . Loam and yellow sand. .• 0-12 2. Clay; no stones . . . . . : . 12-28 3. Pine clean sand ' 28-32 Recorh of Preston Raynor's well No. 2, ManorviUe. Wisconsin?: , ■ . Feet. 1. Black loam j 0-3 2. Hard clay ; no stones 3-40 3. Sand '. 40-42 Mr. Raynor reports that he has never found a single stone in his vicinity. Clay is exposed in many of the ponds at low water, and several firms have made brick in this vicinity. §4§. Mr. W. H. Beers has reported the following ])artial record: Record of Dr. J . H. Darlington's ivell near Hulse Landing. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Black surface loam 0-2 2. Sandy subsoil 2-3 3. Yellow surface cla;-. 3-4 Transition : 4. Coarse gravel 4^5 Tisbury : 5. Fine white beach sand 5-35 Sankaty?: 6. Dark-red clay, like brick in color 35-43 7. Black sand, like that in sluggish creek ponds 43-60 DESCEIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 325 §49. Record of R. B. Dayton's well near Remsenhurg. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Loam ----- - 0- 2. Sand and gravel • - - 3. Slate-colored clay - - . 4. Sand and gravel -20 850. Record of Jacob Raynor's well near Speonlc. Wisconsin ? : Feet. 1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0-5 2. iledium sand 5-21 3. Brown clay - 21-25 4. Coarse white sand 25-29 851. Record of BJllsworth Raynor's well near Speonlc. Wisconsin?: . Feet. 1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0-4 2. White sand 4-18 3. Clay- - 18-20 4. White sand , ..- 20-26 852. Record same as 850. 854. Record of C. H. Wells's well near Baiting Hollow. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sandy loam - - 0- 5 2. Fine slightly yellow sand 5- 50 3. Hardpan (a hard stratum which carries no water and is composed of a mix- ture of clay and quite coarse gravel, seeminglj^ cemented together with iron.. 50- 51 4. White sand 51-105 Mr. Young says that the record above is duplicated in every well which he has put down in the vicinity of Baiting Hollow. The surface loam is of about the same thickness in each place, wliile the depth to stratum No. 2 varies from 45 to 60 feet, and the total depth of the wells from 90 to 110 feet. The depth to water varies with the elevation. Mr. Young gives the following owners of wells in this vicinity, which have similar sections: Howell Benjamin, John B. Warner, Charles Warner, George F. Terry, John W. Fanning, J. C. Young, J. L. Young, Sydney Shaw, E. Hallock, Frank O. Reeves. 855. Record of Charles Warner's ivell near Baiting Hollow. Feet. 1 . Heavy surface loam - 4. 5 Tisbuiy : 2. White sand with occasional streaks of clay: no change in coarseness of sand at increasing depths 4. 5-100 856. Record of Howell Sandford's well near Baiting Hollow. Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Heavy surface loam 0- 5 2. White sand with occasional streaks of clay - 5-104 The material in this well is almost exactly similar to that in No. 855. There is no change in coarseness of sand at increasing depths. 326 UNDEBGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. §56A. Mr. Terry has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of Sydney Shaw's weU at Ceniervilte. Tisbury: Peet. 1-10. Light j-ellowish outwash sands with a little gravel , 0-65 Below 65 feet the well was driven with a closed point and no samples were obtained. §57. Record of A. Zabriskie's well near West Rampion Beach. Wisconsin?: Feet. 1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0- 4 2. Hardpan (described as a clay mixture of a slaty color whose particles seem to be cemented together) . ., ' 4- 5 3. White sand 5-20 §5§. Record of Hallock d- Small's well near Quogiie Beach. Recent: Feet. 1 . Black marsh deposit 0- 10 Pleistocene: 2. Medium white sand bearing salt water 10-150 Cretaceous?: Feet. 3. Green greasy clay 150-180 4. Medium white sand, containing a great deal of lignite 180-225 The sand gradually grew coai-ser until at 225 feet it was quite coai-se. The top of the well is at tide level, and at the time it was drilled tlie water would rise in a pipe 12 feet above the surface. Analysis of water from HallocJc cO Small's well, Quogue Beach. [By F. E. Chandler, New York, .\pril 2.5, 1899.] Parts per million. Appearance Clear. Color - None. Odor (heated to 100° F.) None. Taste None. Chlorine in chlorides 10. 00 Equivalent to sodium chloride 16. 48 Phosphates (as P.^Oj ) None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates 1 . 20 Free anunonia -04 -\lbuminoid ammonia .02 Total nitrogen , 1. 27 Total hardness 6. 00 Permanent hardness 6. 00 Oi"ganic and volatile (lass on ignition ) 14. 00 Mineral matter (nonvolatile 'j CO.j 52. 00 Total solids (by evaporation), dried at 110° C 66. 00 Residue on evaporation White. "This is a i-emarkably pure water, and is entirely free from contamination of every kind." 959. Mr. Asha B. Hallock has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of A. B. Hallock's well mar Quogue. Sankaty: Feet. 1 . Fragments of shells 135 Cretaceous : 2. Green sand marl 156-192 3. Coaree white quartz sand with pieces of gray clay and mica 192 4. Very fine dark-gray sand 200-224 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 327 Cretaceous — Continued. Feet. .5. Gray clay 224-230 6. White micaceous sand with fragments of lignitized wood 230-235 7. Veiy coarse quartz sand with mica and lignitized wood 23.5-247 The fragmentary material from 135 feet was referred to Dr. W. H'. Dall, who reports as follows: "Con- tains fragments of Mulina, Astarte, an unidentifiable bivalve, a specimen of Nassa iriviitata Say and frag- ments of an echinoderm. This is probably Pleistocene." 860. The well is on high ground and will flow from 1 to 2 gallons a minute. Record of J. Wendell's well near Quogue. Pleistocene: Feet. 1. Soil 0- 5 2. Sand with little streaks of clay 5- 90 Pleistocene and Cretaceous: 3 . Clay 90-200 Cretaceous: 4. Clay with lignite 200-265 5. Coarse white sand, water bearing 265-277 S61. The driller, Mr. F. K. Walsh, gives the following record: Record of Quantuck Water Cornfany's well near Quogue. Recent: Feet. 1 . Bog material 0-1 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Loose sand 1-3 3. Sand, clay, and stones as large as one's head : 3- 5 4. Very coarse sand with a little gravel .5-20 5. Very coarse sand and fine gravel with coarse stones 20-40 Analysis of water from Quantuck Water Company's well, Quogue. [By C. F. Chandler, New York, December 17, 1902.] Parts per million. Appearance Clear, with very slight sediment on bottom. Color None. Odor (heated to 100° F.) None. Taste None. Chlorine in chlorides 11. GO Equivalent to sodium chloride 18. 15 Phosphates (as P2O5 ) None. Nitrogen in nitrites None. Nitrogen in nitrates .07 Free ammonia .01 Albuminoid ammonia ' .03 Total nitrogen .10 Total hardness 7. 99 Permanent hardness 5. 33 Organic and volatile (loss on ignition ) 4. 00 Mineral matter (nonvolatile) COj restored with ammonium carbonate 28.50 Total solids (by evaporation) dried at 110° C 32. .50 "This water is veiy pure indeed. It shows no signs whatever of contamination of any kind. The water does not contain any appreciable quantity of iron." §63. The pumping station of the Riverhead waterworks is in the Tower rolling mill and the pumps are 1 Knowles vertical triplex water-power pump, capacity 135 gallons per minute; and 1 single-stroke water- power pump in reserve. The water is delivered into a tank having a capacity of 40,000 gallons, which is situated in the tower of the mill. 328 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Mr. John K. Pei-kins, the former president of the company, reports the following data: "At the depth of 83 feet the first well flowed at the rate of 3 barrels a minute, but the water contained so much iron that the well was sunk deeper, to an approximate depth of 300 feet. The second well was sunk to a depth of 320 feet. Both contained a great deal of iron. The minimum amount pumped is 4,000 gallons an hour; the maxiiBum amount is 8,000." The driller, Mr. N. W. Davis, gives the following information: 'iTwo wells, one 8 inches (225 feet deep), one 6 inches (305 feet deep). Lignitized wood at 180-200 feet. jVo clay beds found, but there were occa- sional beds of clay mixed with sand. Water first flowed over the pipe at 60 feet. The first well for this company was 85 feet deep and flowed a large amount of very chalybeate water. The well was made deeper to obtain a purer water. The flow becomes less at greater depths." In a letter dated April 25, 1903, he states, regarding the first well: "Sunk an 8-inch well for the River- head waterworks 82 feet deep. Formation was sand, dark gravel, thick bed of clay, then sand mixed with jittle gravel. This yielded about 120 to 130 gallons per minute.'' §64. 1L-. Young reports that the points in all the wells in the vicinity of Eiverhead corrode verj' quickly. Smiace wells in the vicinity of Riverhead average a depth of 18 feet. Record of Tetter cfc Moore 's well near Riverhead. Wisconsin ? : Feet. 1. Dark-brown sand and gravel containing dark-colored stones: the whole discolored by iron - - - - . 0-16 §69. Record of Capt. Jas. Downs' s well near James-port.- Feet. 1. Gean fine sand, very shghtly gray in color 0-18 2. Hard layer . _ 18-19 3. Coarse hght-colored sand containing less mica than usual 19-45 870. Record of J. J. McLaughlin's well near Jamesport. Feet. 1. Brackish water 10-12 2. Fresh water 60-70 §72. The Long Island Railroad Company has furnished the following partial analysis, dated February, 1899, of the water from their 20-foot driven well: Anal-ysis of water of railroad well at Mattituck. Parts per million. Total soUds ___ ". -. 123.63 Chlorine _ 9. 58 §74. Record of the Thane well near Shinnecoclc HiUs. Feet. 1. White beach sand 0-25 2. Coarse sand to gravel — 25-35 Several attempts were made to drive a well on the hilltop near the above well, but too mam- cobbles were encountered and the holes were abandoned. ■ §75. Record ofC. W. Payne's weU near North Sea. Feet 1 . Surface loam and yellow sand with some gravel 0- 8 2. Hardpan 8-10 3. Sand and gravel 10-18 4. Coarse sand and gravel 18-25 §77. Record of Reid well near New Suffolk. Wisconsin: Feet. 1 . Surface loam 0-3 2. Sand : 3- 4 Sankaty ? : 3. Clay.. : -^88 The clay is said to be distinctly stratified, the strata dipping 30° W.: it is also stained with iron. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 329 §f 9. Mr. George EUiston, engineer, gives the following record for 1902: "Maximum daily yield (August 29), 733,000 gallons; minimum daily yield (January 10), 114,000 gallons; average daily yield for year, 340,500 gallons; greatest amount pumped from the three wells, 41,000 gallons per hour; this was accomplished without difficulty, indicating a capacity of about a million gallons per day. ' ' The original water level, according to Mr. Darling, constructing engineer, was 27 feet from the surface, while the present level reported by Mr. Elliston is 35 feet. Analysis of water from well of Sovthampton Water Company, Southampton. [By Frazer & Co.. New York, June 30, 19a3.] Parts per million. Color '. - Colorless. Turbidity. Clear. Sediment. Very slight. Odor (cold ) None. Odor (hot). None. Total solids 60. 000 Loss on ignition (no charring ) 25. 000 Chlorine 13. 580 Nitrogen as free ammonia 0. 008 Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia ^ . .^ 0. 018 Nitrogen as nitrite. None. Nitrogen as nitrate 0. 800 Temporary hardness 5. 000 Permanent hardness 20. 000 Total hardness , . 25. 000 Iron. Minute trace. " The bacteriological examination shows the absence of any bacteria that indicate contamination by human or animal waste. The analysis of this water shows that it is pure and suitable for drinking purposes and general domestic use. The water is soft and does not show evidence of sewage contamination." When this system was first projected Fresh Pond was very seriously considered as a source of supply. Gagings showed sufficient water and analyses showed no contamination. 880. Mr. Arthur states that the water in this vicinity is found in pockets of clay, which, through surface wash, have become filled with gravel. Record of Mrs. S. F. McDonald's well near Hampton Park. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Coarse white sand. 0-34 , Sankaty I : 2. Clay 34-80 881. Record of E. G. Whittaker's well near Hampton Park. Feet. 1 . Surface loam ■ 0- 2 Sankaty t : 2. Very hard clay .' 2-82 Jameco ? : 3. Sand 82-111 At 18 feet clay was taken out which contained the imprint of shells, which, from the description given, were probably pectens. 881 A. Mr. Frederick H. Rose reports the following: "Our main spring-water supply seems to come from near sea level, and as we go in and up from the sea the wells deepen from a few feet to perhaps 60, with a few hilltop clay or upper springs. My well here at Water Mill is about 18 feet deep, springs bubbKng up through sand and gravelstones. " 17116— No. 44—06 22 330 UNDEEGEOUND WATER EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. §§2. Record of J. F. Becker's well on Shelter Island, New Yorh. Feet. 1. Tioamy clay •- 0-9 2. ' 'Silver' ' sand '. 9-52 §§3. Record of the TJlmer well on Shelter Island, New Yorh. Wisconsin: // ■ Feet. 1 . Loam and clay mixed 0-10 2. Gravel mixed with loam • 10-14 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 3. Hardpan 14-20 Tisbury : 4. Sand : 20-43 §§4. Record of John Weber's well on Shelter Island, Nevj Yorlc. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Stony, dark-colored, almost red clay 0-12 . Tisbury: 2. Gravel, light in color , 12-30 3. Fine beach sand 30-^S3 At 53 feet a big bowlder was encountered and the well was sunk no farther. 885. Record of J. N. Stearns's well on Shelter Island, New Yorlc. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Red sandy loam 0-15 2. Hard mixture of clay, sand, and gravel 15-27 Sankaty: 3. Red and blue clay in strata 5 or 6 inches thick, alternating with strata of line white and red sands ' 27-35 888. Record of A. 0. Ryder's well on Shelter Island, New Yorlc. Tisbury and Sankaty: Feet. 1. Ordinary sand in alternate layers of fine and coarse, containing a variety of shells at a depth of 60 feet 0-62 889. The main source of supply at this pumping station consists of a dug well about 70 yards south of the Shelter Island Heights landing. In the bottom of the dug well there is a 6-inch pipe 12 feet long. Record of well of Shelter Island Heights Association, Shelter Island, New York. Feet. 1 . Sand ' 0-18 2. Gravel 18-21 During the summer of 1903 the maximum amount pumped was 5,000 gallons per hour and the average about 4,000 gallons. If the well is pumped at the rate of 10,000 gallons per hour the water becomes brackish from the influx of the sea water. Five hundred feet from this well a test boring was made in which the following material was encountered : Record of test boring oj Shelter Island Heights Association on Shelter Island, New York. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel 0-20 2. Quicksand 20-60 Sankaty : 3. Red clay 60- DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 331 Seven hundred feet west of the first well at the same elevation above the mean high tide and at the same distance from tlie shore the following section was obtained: Record of test boring of Shelter Island Heights Association on Shelter Island, New York. Wisconsin and Tisbury : Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel 0-26 2. Quicksand: this was described as a very coarse and fine sand very much like mold- ing sand - - - 26-36 Sankaty: 3. Tough, red clay, containing no stones as far as penetrated 36- 890. Mr. Havens reports that a group of 18 wells supplies the Manhanset House and the cottages adjacent to it. The amount pumped varies so greatly from day to day, according to the needs of the people in the cottages, and from summer to winter, according to the needs of the hotel, that no average could be given by Mr. Havens, nor could he estimate the maximum or minimum amount pumped. Record of wells of Manhanset Rouse, Shelter Island, New Yorlc. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. . 1. Stony and sandy loam 0- 8 2. Hardpan 8-12 3. White beach sand (coarse and fine mixed, running in places into "sandy gravel"). 12-17 4. Hardpan 17-20 5. Quicksand, described by Mr. Havens as a good beach sand containing both black and white mica 20-65 S91. Record of J. M. Wells's well near Greenport. Feet. 1. Dry, yellow clay, containing a few small stones (the auger was twice broken and the fourth hole was begun before the attempt to complete the well was successful ) 0-35 2. Medium red sand 35-45 §92. Mr. Camerdon, of the Sumpwams Water Company, who was formerly engineer at this place, reports the following section for the first four wells: Record of Greenport waterworlcs well, Greenport. Feet. 1. Hard, yellow sand and some yellow clay 0-20 2. Fine, white sand, gradually growing coarser 20-48 3. Coarse gravel with pebbles 2 to 3 inches in diameter 48- In April, 1903, 5 additional wells were sunk, ranging in depth from 28 to 38 feet. As the water from these shallow wells showed a considerable percentage of chlorine a deep test well was sunk. Mr. N. W. Davis, jvho began this well, reports the following section for the upper 225 feet: Record of test well of Greenport waterworlcs, Greenport. Wisconsin : Feet. 1 . Yellow gravelly material 0- 20 Tisbury: 2. Alternate series of sands and gravel 20-100 Sankaty: 3. Brown clay similar to that in Sanford's brickyard 100-1.50 Jameco: 4. Fine sands 150-225 , 332 UNDEEGROUND "WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. The well was then completed by Mr. E. K. Hutchinson, the only record kept being a few samples in a test tube preserved by Mr. FredKHp. These show the following materials: Record of test well of Greenport waterworks', Greenport. Feet. 1. Coarse, yellow sand and gravel (probably glacial) 225- 2. Coarse quartz sand .>..- _• 3. Coarse quartz pebbles (one granite pebble ) 4. Ferruginous quartz conglomerate • -555 Cretaceous: 5. White, highly micaceous sand 555-605 6. Fine, white sand 605-612 7. Bright red sand and clay 612-619 8. Brick red clay 619-635 9. Yellow sand and clay 63.5-640 10. Yellowish-white clay 640-645 11. Salmon colored clay 64.5- 12. Fine, rather dark quartz sand 13. Fine, dark-colored sand -650 14. Coarse quartz sand containing fresh water (Lloyd sand?) 650-670 Pre-Cretaceous: 15. Schist : 670-690 One of the drillers reports that at 665 feet fresh water flowed over the top of the casing in a stream about the size of a pencil; the supply, however, was not deemed sufficient for pumping. Salt water was encountered between 225 and 555 feet. The Long Island Railroad Company furnished the following analysis of water taken from the mains of the Greenport waterworks, November, 1901: Analysis of water from Greenport waterworlcs, Greenport. Parts per mil- lion. SiOj, etc : 15. 73 CaCOa 11 . 29 MgCOa - 33.17 CaSO, - 64. 98 MgSOl : ----- 27.53 MgCl^ - 73.02 NaCl , - 672. 03 Total .897. 75 §93. The Long Island Railroad Company report the following analysis from a 12-foot driven well about 600 or 700 feet from tide water: Analysis of water from Long Island Railroad well, Greenport. Parts per mil- [April, 1898.] Hon. SiOj, etc - 6. 33 CaCO;, 121.07 MgCO:; : 33. 86 CaSO, ' 4. 79 MgSO, 9.06 MgCl, 13.34 NaTl ; 9.06 Total '. 197.51 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 333 They also report the f oho wing analysis from a 15 to 20 foot dug well 200 to 300 feet from tide water: Analysis of water from Long Island Railroad well, Greenpori. Parts per mil- [October, 1901.] ■ lion. SiOj, etc ; 8.04 CaCOg Traces. MgCO;,. -----, 11.11 CaSO, - - 43.60 MgCl,. 19. 15 NaCl - 65.15 Total 147.05 §94. Record of well at East Marion lAfe-Saving Station. Wisconsin : Feet. 1. Stones embedded in loamy clay and sand ^ 0-38 Wisconsin and Tisbury: 2. Coarse white sand 38-47 Tisbury : 3. Coarse white gravel 47-50 Some of the stones taken out of this well weighed at least 1,000 poimds. Many of them had to be blasted in order to be removed. The sand and gravel is reported as dipping about 45° N. §95. Record of W. F. Furst's well, East Marion. Wisconsin: Feet. 1. Surface loam and yellow sand 0-18 2. Hardpan (sand and gravel packed hard ) 18-22 Tisbury?: 3. Gravel and j^ellow sand 22-35 ,4. Fine sand 35- 897. Mr. Sanford has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of Sanford & Son's well at Bridgehampton. Tisbury?: Feet. 1 . Gray micaceous clay, with a few small quartz pebbles 70 Sankaty : 2. Medium grayish white sand and gravel, with pieces of greenish clay containing fragments of shells 100 Jameco: 3. Fine to medium orange-yellow sand 105 4. Orange-yellow gravel, apparently identical with that of the old glacial bed on Gardiners Island 110 5. Very fine yellow silt, with orange gravel 112 Cretaceous: 6. Fine gray sand, with muscovite and lignite 115 7. Medium yellow sand, with fragments of shells 140 8. Gray clayey sand, with fragments of shells 140 9. Greenish gray sandy clay, with fragments of shells 155 10. Very fine dark-gray sand, with some coarse white quartz sand 165 1 1 . Fine light gray sand 190 12. Fine to coarse light gray sand with partially lignitized wood. 210 13. Medium white micaceous sand 215 14. Fine light gray sand with lignite 222 15. Lignite and large flakes of muscovite 231 16. Medium white micaceous sand 235 17. White sand, muscovite and lignitized wood 27-5-287 18. Fragments of iron pyrite : 287-288 19. Fine to medium grayish-yellow sand 288-300 334 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Mr. Sanford reports that no record was kept, but that the samples were taken whenever he noticed a change in the material. In the above record the beds, therefore, probably extend from one sample to the next. 900. Mr. J. Wilkes Hedges reports: "From within one-eighth of a mile of the Atlantic Ocean to one and one-half miles north, the depth to water varies from 15 feet to 40 feet. As regards the strata, the first 15 inches is vegetable mold; the next 3 feet subsoil; then a layer^f blue clay from 18 inches to 30 inches; then sand to water." 901. Mr. S. Shipperley, foreman for I. H. Ford, has furnished the following samples from this well: Record of J. K. Morris's well near Sag Harbor. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Light-yellow sand and gravel, with a noticeable percentage of erratics, the material coarser in the lower portions ^ : 11- 90 2. Orange-yellow quartz sand and gravel _ 95 Sankaty?: 3. Grayish yellow, micaceous, silty clay, with a few pebbles 110-113 4. Light-gray, micaceous, silty clay 132 Jamecol: 5. Fine to verj' coarse, sharp, white sand, with a few scales of biotite 143—1 45 • 903. Mr. Henry F.Cook, president of the Sag Harbor Waterworks Company, reports the following: "In 1888 four wells were sunk to a depth of 40 feet near the pumping plant. These were pumped for a little less than a year, when the water became so red that it did not seem suitable for waterworks use; the weUs were then driven to about 100 feet, and after being pumped for a time the water again became red. A large well, 15 by 15, was then sunk about 900 feet south of the pumping station in the edge of a pond, and four 49-foot wells were sunk, with the same result. The driven well system was then abandoned, and the water piped from Ligonee Brook into the large well. Ligonee Brook drains Long Pond, which may be regarded as the real source of- the water." Mr. E. Camerdon, of Sumpwams Water Company, at one time engineer at this point, states that 3 wells were put down in 1894 or 1895, to a depth- of 60 feet. No gravel was encountered, the section being entirely white sand. The wells were sunk to 60 feet, not in search of a different water-bearing horizon but to reach sand so coarse that it would not pass thfe screens. 904. Record of FaKy Watch Case Company's well, Sag Harbor. Tisbury : Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel, varying a trifle from fine to coarse 0-182 2. Quicksand - . . 182- The moment quicksand was encountered in this well driving was discontinued. The water from this well was obtained from four strata at the following depths : Depths of water-bearing strata in Fahy Watch Case Company's well, Sag Harbor. Feet. 1 - - 40 2 90 3 130 4 - 155-160 The well was tested to its full capacity and yielded 500 gallons per minute. The elevation above high tide is approximately 20 feet, and the water in the well rose to within 14 feet of the surface. The homogeneity of material is indicated by the fact that the same number of feet of pipe was driven daily. 905. Brackish water was found from a few feet below the surface down to 15 and 20; no water was -encountered between 20 and 80, when an abundant supply was obtained. 907. Record of Doctor Benjamin's ivell at Shelter Island, New York. Tisbury and Sankaty: Feet. 1. Verv soft, white, medium, coarse sand _ 0-60 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 335 Shells were encountered at 45 feet and continued to tbe bottom of the well. A fragment of Venus, apparently Venus mercenaria, has been forwarded by Doctor Benjamin, this being the only specimen saved from this shell-bearing layer. 90§. Record of J. E. Parker's well at Shelter Island. New Yorlc. Wisconsin: Teet. 1 . A hard mixture of clay and sand and a few small stones 0-30 • Tisbury : 2. Sand and gravel in alternate laye/s, each layer about 8 or 10 feet thick 30-76 909. Mrs. Hattie Conover, daughter of Mr. Uriah White, artesian-well driller, reports: "My father drilled the well at Orient in 1891 for the Orient Manufacturing Company. I am unable to give you any information regarding the well, except that I find one letter referring to it, giving its depth at that time as 406 feet, but the work was continued about three months longer. The water obtained was very salt, and they encountered a hard rock, and had to abandon the well, at a heavy loss." 910. According to Mr. Van, Scoy, president of the Easthampton Home Water Companj-, the supply is derived from three 4-inch wells 70 to 75 feet deep, driven in the bottom of a pit 20 feet in diameter and 25 feet deep. On testing the wells a single well yielded 10,000 gallons per hour and two wells 15,000 and 16,000 gallons. Mi-. Joe Seaman, foreman for Mr. W. C. Jaegle, gives the following section: Record of Easthampton Home Water Company's well near Easthampton. Wisconsin to Tisbury: Feet. 1. Sand '. 0- 3 2. Clay - 3-10 3. Sand-.._ 10-86 The sample, from a depth of 86 feet, which Mr. Seaman has furnished is a light-colored glacial gravel. Analysis of water from Home Water Company's ivells, Easthampton. [By Fraser & Co., AprU 15, 1899.] Parts per million. Color Very slight. Turbidity SKght. Sediment Slight. Taste - Palatable. OdorlC° C None. Nitrogen of free and saline ammonia 0. 018 Nitrogen of albuminoid ammonia .010 Nitrogen as nitrites , None. Nitrogen as nitrates None. Chlorine _ 12. 35 Total solids 43. 00 Loss on ignition 11.1 Appearance on ignition . _ . _ , _ White. Total hardness 10. Temporary hardness _ 6.0 Iron - Trace. Bacteriological examination : Fermentation test . . Negative. Putrefaction test Negative. "The examination indicates that these specimens of water are soft and free from pollution and any excess of organic matter. The water is, therefore, recommended for drinking and general domestic purposes." 336 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. 911. Record of United States Army well on Plum Island, New York. Wisconsin: . Feet. 1. Loam 0-2.5 2. Sand and large bowlders ■. 2. 5-20 Tisburj'?: 3. Fine sand 20 -31 4. Fine sand and gravel , 31 -49 5. Coarse sand and line gravel 49 -89 "We erected a pumping plant here, which has been in operation since 1899." 913. Record of Long Island Railroad well at Amagansett. Wisconsin and Tisbury: Feet. 1. Coarse reddish brown sand, turning to white gravel 0-107 914. Record of United States Army well at Gvll Island, New YorJc. Feet. 1. Loam and sand 0-30 2. Coarse sand 30- 40 3. Very coarse sand 40- 46 4. Very coarse sand and gravel 46- 52 . 5. Sand : 52- 57 6. Fine quicksand 57- 82 7. Sand and clay 82- 87 8. Gravel and sand ^ 87- 91 9. Coarse gravel and sand 91- 98 10. Fine sand .'. 98-108 11. Light-colored clay 108-112 12. Dark-blue clay, rather oily; when exposed to the air became very hard 112-291 Water was struck at 15 feet, but was very salty; -the well flowed at 91 feet, also very salty; no water below 110. 915. Record of United States Army well at Montauk. Feet. 1. Hardpan (very compact mixture of clay, gravel, and sand) 0-12 2. Bowlders very closely packed together 12-16 3. Coarse reddish brovra sand 16-30 Surface water encountered at 9 feet. Mr. Lockwood put down 3 wells at this place during the Spanish-American war. The second well was similar to the above, but a third well driven some distance from the two former ones had the following section : Record of United States Army well at Montauk. Feet. 1 . Sand and gravel _ 0-15 2. Beach sand 15-27 3. Quicksand 27-37 Mr. Lockwood reports that this well would be exhausted in a minute, and that it took an hour to fill up, so the pipe was pulled up 10 feet, when the well yielded 100,000 to 103,000 gallons a day. 916. The Long Island Railroad Company have furnished the following partial analysis of water from their driven well: Analysis of railroad weU at Montauk. [July, 1898.] Parts per million. Mineral solids 186. 56 . Organic 51. 3 Chlorine 93. 02 DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON WELLS. 337 91 7. The following analysis of Fort Pond water was made by the Long Island -Railroad Company, September, 1897: Analysis of Fort Pond water, Montauk. Parts per million. Si02, etc '. - 5. 98 CaCOg _ 16. 24 MgCOs 14.71 CaSO, 102. 26 MgSO^ 47.37 MgCl^ -- -.--, 186.72 NaCl 1, 216. 84 Total 1,590.13 Not used for boilers. 91§. The following analysis of Great Pond water was made by the Long Island Railroad Company, September, 1897: Analysis of water of Great Pond Lake, Montauk. Parts per million. SiO^ 14. 71 CaCOj .... 25. 14 MgCOg 33. 17 CaSO^ 249. 15 MgSOi 353. 29 MgCl, 614. 74 NaCl ,. 4, 855. 54 Total 6,145.74 Not used for boilers. 919. Record of Ferguson well on Fishers Island, New York. Pleistocene in part: Feet. 1. Gravel, bowlders, and sand 0-260 . Cretaceous ? : 2. Blue clay 260-281 Pre-cretaceous: 3. Rock, Ught-gray granite '. 281-485 Salt water was encountered at 201 feet, fresh water at 328, and salt water at 485 feet. CHAPTER V. RESULTS OF SIZIISTG AIS^B FILTEATIOIS^ TESTS. By W. O. Crosby. SIZING TESTS. In the detailed study of the underground water resources of any area it. is important to know the extent to which the soil or underlying rock will absorb and transmit water. As both absorption and transmission depend more or less directly on the porosity of the strata, which in turn depends upon' the relative size and arrangement of the particles composing them, one method of approaching the problem is to mechanicalty separate representative samples by means of sieves of known sizes and to construct from the data thus obtained a curve showing at a glance the relative proportions of coarse and fine materials and the degree of vmiformity in the composition. From this curve may readily be deduced the effective size and the uniformity coefficient. The effective size is the size of grain that would allow a sand to have its actual transmission capacity if all the grains were of the same diameter. It may be determined from the dimensions of the mesh of a sieve that will permit 10 per cent of the sample to pass through it, but will retain the other 90 per cent. Thus in any soil 10 per cent of the grains are smaller than effective size and 90 per cent are larger. The uniformity coefficient is the ratio of the effective size to the size of grain which is larger than 60 per cent of the particles and smaller than 40 per cent. The actual degree of uniformity of the grains in any sample varies inversely as the coefficient; and hence porosity and transmission must, in general, vary indirectly as the uniformity coefficient and directly as the effective size. Other things being equal, they are low when the coefficient is high, that is, when the grains are diversified in size and the constitution of the sand highly composite, and also when the effective size is small. Otherwise stated, uniformity of grain tends to the maximum values for both porosity and transmission and a high effective size favors transmission, especially by minimizing friction. It will thus be seen that these elements afford a check upon the porosity and transmission values as determined by actual trial in the filtration tests, and that they also afford a means of rating or grading, at least approximately, materials for which filtration tests have not been made. 338 SIZING TESTS. 339 The determinations of the effective size and uniformity coefficient are, natu- rally, more accurate for relatively coarse than for fine materials because of the difficulty of separating and measuring minute particles; and hence it is especialh" desirable to supplement these determinations by filtration tests for fine-grained samples, or for those containing large proportions of quartz ffour and clay. Theo- retically, it should be possible to deduce a factor or formula for the conversion of sizing results into filtration results, and vice A^^ersa; but under the existing limitations of the sizing tests this is manifestly impossible, at least for relatively impalpable materials. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. fiO per cent finer than — 159 166 167 662 827 828 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 Feet. (") ('') 5. 0- 5. 5 6 10. 0-10. 5 15.0-15.5 19.0-19.5 24. .5-25. 30 -31 35 -36 36. 5-37 40. 5-41. 5 49 -50 54. 5-55. 5 59. 5-60. 5 64 -65 (n 3-4 5^6 10 -11 15 -16 17 -18 20 -21 25 -26 29. 5-30. 5 (") "3 5-6 10 -11 Millimeters. Millimeters. 0.70 .138 1.30 0.181 .22 .235 .760 .35 .241 .455 .245 .165 .178 .26 .31 .204 23.2 5.0 6.21 3.05 4.57 7.97 5.05 2.82 3.58 4.78 3.92 3.61 2.84 .203 .153 .165 .145 .20 .131 .195 .170 .202 7.25 3.25 5: 15 2.27 .125 0.112 .595 '1 1 0.182 3.85 a Surface loam. b Subsoil. 340 UNDERGROUND WATER RESODRCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample nimiber. Depth. Effective size. XJniformity coefficient- 60 per cent finer than— 167 173 180 207 208 828 859 762 628 638 5 6 7 8 10 11 1 2 '3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 Feet. 15 -16 20 -21 23. 5-24. 5 26 -27 " 29.5-30.5 35 -36 39 -40 .5-1.0 2.0-2.5 5. 0- 5. 5 10 -11 12. 0-12. 5 (^) (0 5. 0- 5. 5 10 -11 12. 5-13. 5 15 -16 17 -18 19 -20 22 -23 25 -26 30 -31 .5 1.5 5-6 10 -11 15 -16 17 -18 20 -21 25 -26 29 -29.5 .5 1.0 5. 0- 5. 5 10 -11 11 -12 Millimeters. .198 1.28 2.50 .185 .238 .475 .166 3.28 2.27 1.32 2.49 6.72 4.00 2.29 Millimeters. .128 .17 .18 .225 3.44 6.22 (") .458 .205 .700 .329 .379 .131 .84 .167 , . 825 .235 .102 5.88 3.18 3.89 2.16 4.57 4. 16 .32 .117 .20 .225 .22 .260 .266 .228 .28 .16 .182 .213 .21 .211 5.7 4.0 4.0 9.71 2.56 2.11 2.76 3.00 3.25 3.13 2.72 2.33 1.34 1 I a Surface loam. b Subsoil. c 63.9 per cent finer than 200 (0.10) . SIZING TESTS. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 341 Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. 208 638 215 627 216 639 217 ' 717 218 ' 688 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 9 10 Depth. Feet. 13 16 21 26 31 .5 1.0 5. 0- 5. 5 10 -11 15 -16 20. 0-20. 5 23 -24 25. 0-25. 5 .5 1.0 3. O- 3. 5 5. 0- 5. 5 9. 5-10. 5 15. 0-15. 5 20 -21 24. 0-24. 5 .^0.5 1 - 3 5. 0- 5. 5 10 -11 15 -16 19. 5-20. 21 -22 25 -26 31 -32 .5-0.5 1.5- 1.5 5. 0- 5. 5 10 -11 16 21 31 41 46 56 Effective 15 20 26 39 45 55 Millimeters. 0.190 .240 .218 .243 .335 Uniformity coefficient. .107 .245 .229 .265 .29 .40 .27 .132 .212 .23 .245 .229 .247 .26 .24 .119 .238 .22 .231 .220 .244 .225 .245 .12 .233 .238 .190 .212 .262 .247 .25 2.27 2.13 3.56 1.83 8.06 5.79 8.16 2.25 3.32 4.2'± 7.13 2.78 2.71 4.13 2.39 5.22 2.16 3.54 1.81 2.07 3.53 2.15 2.5 7.27 2.66 3.8 2.71 6.53 4.58 3.86 3.82 3.36 3.82 3.36 2.15 2.48 60 per cent finer than — Millimeters. 0.56 .58 .37 .34 342 UNDEKGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefBcient. 60 per cent finer than— 218 221 229 235 294 296 688 687 695 1090 659 660 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 Feet. 59 -60 .4 1.5 5.0 10 -11 15 -16 20 -21 25 -26 28 -29 . 3- 0. 4 1.5- 1.6 5. 0- 5. 5 10 -11 15 -16 20 -21 25 -26 .30 -31 34 -35 37 -38 .5- 1.0 2. 0- 2. 5 5-6 • 10 -11 15 -16 20 -21 22 -23 26 -27 28. 0-28. 5 Millimeters. 0.283 2.86 Millimeters. 0.22 .26 .435 .172 .310 .518 .282 .295 4.65 2.99 5.79 3.72 1.88 .255 .28 .221 .208 .205 .240 .22 .229 4.12 3.66 2.24 2.63 2.14 1.49 .112 .188 .11 .10 .134 . .195 .209 .245 .22 .206 4.04 2.8 3.21 7.00 7.05 3.4 .223 .38 .5 1.0 5. 0- 5. 5 10 -11 15. 0-15. 5 20 -21 23. 0-23. 5 25 -26 30.0-30.5 .4 1.0 5. 0- 5. 5 .215 .192 .224 .233 .212 .245 .243 .250 .128 .20 .22 1.47 2.24 1.83 2.11 1.25 1.9 1.87 1.79 2.91 2.2 2.77 SIZING TESTS. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 343 Well ntunber. 296 Commis- sion well number. 303 308 310 660 607 907 829 Sample number. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 10 1 2 3 4 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Depth. Feet. 10 -11 15 20 28 25 29 -16 -21 -24 -26 -30 35. 0-35. 5 .5-0.5 1 - 1 5. 0- 5. 5 10. 0-10. 5 15. 0-15. 5 20. 0-20. 5 25 -26 30. 0-30. 5 35 -36 40 -41 . 3- 0. 4 .8- 1.0 2.5-3.0 6-7 10 -11 15. 0-15. 5 20. 0-20. 5 25 -26 30. 5-31. 5 32 -33 -36 -41 -45 -51 55. 5-56. 5 .3- .5 1.0- 1.5 4. 0- 4. 5 10 -11 15. 0-15. 5 20 -21 25 -26 30 -30 35 40 44 50 Effective Millimeters. 0.22 .2.58 .207 .212 .226 .215 .216 Uniformity coefficient. .215 .229 .221 .23 .206 .22 .25 .218 .23 .275 .231 .347 .274 .264 .268 .36 .228 .257 .26 .22 .216 .226 .23 .358 .225 .23 .2) .239 60 per cent finer than — 2.09 2.33 1.75 1.8 2.57 2.09 2.64 2.68 5.07 2.35 4.87 3.16 2.05 8.00 3.03 7.43 8.73 2.56 5.48 4.05 3.51 6.34 9.78 11.4 11.28 8.12 2.50 4.31 5.66 3.83 4.47 3.78 3.00 3.85 6 86 Millimeters. 0.442 .28 .282 .23 .38 344 UNDEKGEOUND WATER BESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. WeU number. SEI'Ss. Depth. Eflfective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than— 310 • 312 829 9 10 11 Feet. 35 - 36 40 - 41 ■ 45 - 46 Millimeters. . 0.220" .220 .245 .22 .30 .50 .241 .60 . 57 2.48 2.45 4.00 1.82 2.83 4.00 3.53 4.00 5.26 Millimeters. 12 i 50 - 53 13. 55 - 56 14 ' 60 - 61 15 65-66 16 70 - 71 17 75 - 77 18 80. 5- 81. 5 19 ! 84.0- 85.5 20 90 - 91 21 95 - 96 22 99. 0-100. 5 23 105 -106 24 109 -111 25 113 -115 26 lift -117 0.37 .247 .241 .227 .23 .213 2.27 2.5; 1.78 L65 1.7 " " " " 26 1.48 1.96 (") m 19 97 120 -121 130 -134 148 -149 .3- .3 1 - 1 5. 0. 5 9. .5- 10.0 28 29" 619 1 2 : 3 4 .158 1.64 . 168 22 .262 .26 .24 1.5 .182 .16 .22 .23 .15 .35 .19 .225 .207 .22 .242 .211 17.18 2.27 6.75 2.67 3.00 1.56 10.1 7.61 5.27 3.71 4.00 6.49 2.00 2.91 3.06 2.6 5 15 - 16 1 fi 20 - 21 7 25-27 8 30-31 9 .S5 - ."^fi 10 40 - 41 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 43. 0- 43. 5 45. 0- 45. 5 50-51 55-56 60-61 65 - 66 70 - 71 72 - 73 . 0.5 318 Sfi4. .22 1 « 82.6 per cent finer than 200 (0.10). b 77 per cent finer than 200 ^O.IO). SIZING TESTS. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 345 Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than — 318 323 381 382 864 956 697 658 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Feet. 3.0 8-9 14 -15 19 -20 24 -25 29 -30 34 -35 («) 1.0-1.5 4-5 9 -10 14 -15 19 -20 24 -25 29 -30 34 -35 39 -40 45 -47 11. 5-13. 16. 5-17. 19. 0-19. 5 24 -25 25. 5-26. 27. 0-27. 8 29 -30 34 -34.5 34. 5-35 37 -38 9. 5-10. 5 10 -11 15 -16 20 -21 25 -26 29 -30 31. 5-32. 8 34. 5-35. 35. 5-36. 40 -41 41 -42 46 -47 50 -51 Millimeters. Millimeters. 0.359 0.137 .13 .136 .141 .11 .15 3.0 2.7 2.71 2.73 2.82 2.53 .11 .345 .130 .15 .225 .22 .209 .181 .290 .198 .172 .18 .224 .29 .233 .27 .240 .187 .148 .169 .169 .212 .237 .228 .216 .28 .238 .168 .189 .124 .196 .138 .198 .282 3.35 3 00 3.82 4.05 2.11 3.15 2.24 1.77 3.26 2.02 1.72 3.17 2.15 11.4 2.125 4.81 1.34 1.65 1.95 3.30 3.54 2.06 2.69 2.18 1.97 1.4 1.42 2.00 2.32 1.42 2.65 1.88 i 1 17116— No. 44— 06- -23 a Surface. 346 UNDERGEOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing te.sis— Continued. Well, number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than— 382 390 391 400 1 658 617 618 845 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. 12 1 2 3 4 Feet. 54 -55 56 -57 58 -59 63 -64 68 -69 73 -74 78 -79 81 -82 86 -87 91 -92 93 -94 95 -96.5 96. 5-97. .5 1.8-2.0 2. 8- 2. 5 5-6 8. 5- 9. 10 -11 15 -16 16 -17 20 -21 25 -26 29. 0-29. 8 0.4 1.5 2.5 5-6 8 - 9 10.5-11.5 14 -15 16 -17 18. 5-19. 23 -24 26. 5-27. 5 31.0-32.3 - 0. 8 1.3- 1.5 2.0-2.2 6 - 7 MilUmetertf. 0.245 .187 .2:3 .213 .170 .378 .280 .239 .209 .177 .1 .169 .172 1.51 1.26 1.46 1.62 2.03 2.07 1.48 1.76 1.45 2.06 2.04 1.38 1. 6 Millimeters. 0.305 .25 .35 .346 .26 .22 .22 .24 .236 .22 .141 3.57 4.05 2.77 2.41 1.9 4.00 3.18 1.73 1.38 ' .42 .35 .345 .24 .■4 .247 .251 .211 .31 .39 .159 .17 6.67 10.83 2.35 2.00 2. ir l.£6 3.32 7.12 2.52 1.4 • .225 .41 .415 .289 15.24 6.14 2.01 SIZING TESTS. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 347 WeU number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than— 400 401 403 409 410 845 846 847 422 862 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 Feel. 11.0-11.8 16 -17 21 -22 26 -27 31 -32 , - 0.7 1.2- 1.6 2. 5- 2. 7 5. 5- 6. 5 9. 5-10. 5 14. 5-15. 5 19 -20 21.5-22.5 23 -24 28 -29 31 -32 0. 2- 0. 4 1.5- 1.9 3. 0- 3. 4 8-9 10 -11 12 -13 15 -16 18 -19 23 -24 28 -29 33. 0-33. 5 i") " 1. 5 5 10 15 22 28 35 37 .2- .6 1. 2- 1. 6 2. 3- 2.' 5 7-8 Millimeters. 0. 225 .313 .240 .29 .211 3.02 3.04 2.06 2.76 1.96 Millimeters. • 0.63 .3 .38 • .22 .256 .205 .300 .12 .18 .23 .30 3.74 4.' 9. 3.28 2.63 7.83 3.5 3.00 2.39 6.83 1.38 .29 .45 .223 .228 .41 .315 ..[4 .216 .23 .24 12.76 11.1 2.24 2.63 12.7 3.1 8.15 2.5 2.7 2.04 3.30 .51 .23 .30 .252 .207 .10 .20 .231 .161 .753 .318 .23 12.16 6.52 4.4 4.48 2.32 6.8 2.05 2.1 1.32 8.13 1.8 2.39 a Surface. b Subsoil. 348 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. Well • number. 410 416 418 Commis- sion well number. 862 863 901 421 906 Sample number. 5 6 7 8 9' 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Depth. 12 17 22 27 32 36 1.2 Feet. -13 -18 -23 -28 -33 -36.8 - 0.6 1.4 Effective size. 3 2- 3. 4 6 11 16 21 26 - 7 - 12 - 17 - 22 - 27 30. 9-31. 31 -32 36 -37 • 41. 5-42. 5 .3- .5 2. 0- 2. 4 6. 5- 8. 11 -12 -17 -22 -27 -32 36. 4-36. 9 41 -42 45 -51 51. 0-53. 8 53. 8-55. 7 0-0.8 2. 7- 2. 9 7. 5- 8. 5 12. 2-13. 2 17. 5-18. 5 22. 5-23. 5 25. 0-25. 5 30 -31 35 -36 16 21 26 31 Millimeters^. 0.27 .41 .459 .215 .241 .232 Uniformity coefficient. .28 .28 .38 .445 .41 .38 .365 .33 .365 .48 .368 .35 .362 .362 .325 .33 .198 .350 .221 .35 .206 .269 .22 .243 .23 .22 .215 .228 4.26 11.00 7.01 2.8 5.18 3.44 60 per cent finer than — Millimeters. 16.07 4.43 6.58 6.14 8.78 6.32 9.32 9.09 8.22 13.33 6.71 11.14 9.67 8.01 7.88 9.09 3.8 6.91 L81 2.29 5.34 14.5 6.27 5.1 3.91 7.73 3.02 2.76 0.236 2.08 .229 .44 .242 .34 SIZING TESTS. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 349 Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity ooeflicient. 60 per cent finer than— 421 422 t 501 502 906 959 909 955 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Feet. 40 -41 41 -42 45 -46 50 -51 54 -55 1. 7- 2. 3 3.0-3.5 8. 0- 9. 5 10. 5-11. 5 15 -16 20 -21 23 -24 27 -28 31 -32 36 -37 0-0.5 2. 5- 3. 5 5-7 10 -12 15 -16 20 -21 25 -27 30 -31 35 -36 40 -41 45 -46 50 -51 55 -56 .5-1.0 1.5-2.0 2. 5- 3. 4. 5- 5. 5 6-7 10 -11 15. 0-17. 5 20 -22 25. 0-26. 5 30 -32 35 -36 41 -42 Millimeters. 0.29 1.30 .229 .220 1.10 3.62 2.38 2.75 2.7 2.41 Millimeters. 0.136 .18 - .20 .214 .239 .44 .28 .23 .259 7.5 4.25 7.01 2.76 10.11 3.25 4.43 3.47 .55 .243 .235 .205 .780 .193 .229 .260 .310 .235 .208 .210 .178 3.00 4.04 2.88 5.0 2.33 2.9 5.19 2.9 2.68 1.61 3.33 1.40 .25 .725 .235 .64 .45 .215 .219 .23 .27 .234 .365 .218 13.62 6.64 11.56 10.00 5.02 10.00 7.89 11.54 8.36 5.83 a 61 per cent finer than 0.10. 350 UNDEKGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LOIS-Q ISLAND, NEW YOEK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. WeU- number. 502 506 569 Commis- sion well number. 955 1142 849 Sample number. Depth. 13 45. " 14 50 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 85 90. 9o. 100. 101 104. 109 114. 120 124. 129. 132. 1. 3 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 79. Feet. 0- 46.5 - 52 - 57 - 61 5- 65.5 0- 71.5 - 76 - 81 83 - 86 0- 90.5 0- 95.5 0-105. 5 -102 5-105. -110 5-115. 5 -121 5-125. 5 5-131.0 5-135. 5 - 1.5 8-2.2 - 6 - 11 - 16 - 21 - 26 - 32 - 37 - 41 - 46 - 51 - 56 - 61 - 66 - 71 - 76 5- 80.5 2- .3 Effective size. Millimeters. 0.54 2.00 .42 .365 .42 .225 2.21 .63 .38 .22 .37 .23 .219 .20 .185 .218 .218 .226 .233 .275 .226 .51 .29 .48 .50 .23 .40 .35 .335 .275 .23 .22 .218 .218 .20 .19 Uniformity coefficient". 4.91 1.26 2.26 2.66 3.52 4.00 1.35 4.41 9.37 5.45 5.14 2.26 1.89 1.65 1.52 1.66 1.66 1.61 4.68 60 per cent finer than — Millimeters. 7.27 4.56 7.25 3.72 6.04 4.6 3.91 7.75 5.71 5.08 3.42 9.18 2.09 1.51 1.82 2.25 1.21 0.535 .23 .41 a This sample too small to analyze. SIZING TESTS. Table X.ll.^Results of sizing tests — Continued. 351 Well number. 569 574 575 Commis- sion well number. 849 865 908 Sample number. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 Depth. 15 20 25 30 Feet. 2. 0- 2. 4 4. 0- 4. 5 10 -11 11 -12 15 -16 20. 5-21. 5 25 -26 30 -31 0. 5- 1. 1. 7- 2. 3 2. 7- 3. 3 5-6 9 -10 -16 -21 -27 -32 35. 0-36. 5 37. 5-38. 40 -41 45 -46 50. 5-53. , 52. 4-52. 6 55 -58 58. 5-59. 5 60. 5-61. 5 63 -64 65. 5-66. 5 70. 0-72. 5 74. 5-75. 5 80 -81 84 -85 .5- 1.0 1.5- 2.0 3-4 - 7 -11 -16 -21 -25 6 10 15 20 24 Effective Millimeters. 0.239 .27 .27 .34 .26 .238 .49 ■ .31 .30 .54 .375 .26 .65 .213 .144 .242 .228 .52 .11 .105 .118 .220 .19 .65 .20 .22 .232 .332 .145 .62 .33 .37 .363 .529 .213 .195 Uniformity coefficient. 7.66 3.89 3.89 2.91 4.12 2.48 3.67 60 per cent finer than — 2.97 10.67 6.3 2.47 3.9 4.06 2.07 2.19 2.4 4.17 4.33 7.82 8.39 3.31 1.85 2.8 1.77 2.9 1.66 2.41 1.78 7.93 6.05 6.06 7.03 7.71 7.37 2.63 1.13 Millimeters. 0.605 .216 .205 .23 352 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. Well number. 575 635 637 639 Commis- sion well number. 908 <■ 743 729 826 Sample number. 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Depth. Feet. 27. 0-28. 5 31 -32 35 -37 40.5-41.5 - 0. 5 .5- 1.0 1 - 3 5-6 10 -11 15 -16 19 -20 24 -25 CO .5-1.0 1 - 3 5-6 -11 -16 -21 -26 10 15 20 24 29 (") .5-2.0 5-6 12 16 21 26 31 35 -36 40 -41 45 -46 50 -51 55 -56 60 -61 65 -66 70 -71 75 80 85 -76 -81 -86 Effective Millimeters. 0.215 .218 .218 .228 .53 .38 .341 .398 .28 .38 .308 .358 .435 .25 .23 .345 .338 .156 .259 .434 .219 .365 .42 .22 .209 .314 .265 .34 266 .22 .37 .382 .281 .231 .46 Uniformity coefficient. 1.08 1.09 1.3 1.5 6.51 7.37 7.68 4.22 4.57 2.6 8.08 8.1 7.13 4.8 2.7 2.43 5.47 6.73 4.02 4.61 4.93 2.8 6.21 1.59 1.55 3.12 3.21 1.76 2.03 1.93 2.51 2.49 3.47 2.86 2.72 60 per cent finer than — Millimeters. 0. 605 2.00 1.13 .80 .74 a Surface. SIZING TESTS. Table XII. — Results of sizing tests — Continued. 358 Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth. Effective size. Uniformity coefficient. 60 per cent finer than— 639 694 695 826 861 843 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Feet. 87. 0- 87. 5 91 - 92 0.3 1.0- 1.5 5.0- 5.5 10. 0- 10. 5 15 - 16 20 - 21 30. 0- 30. 5 35. 5- 35. 5 40. 0- 40. 5 45. 0- 45. 5 50. 0- 50. 5 55 - 56 60. 0- 60. 5 65. 0- 65. 5 69. 0- 69. 5 75. 0- 75. 5 80. 0- 80. 5 85. 0- 85. 5 90. 0- 90. 5 95. 0- 95. 5 100. 0-100. 5 101.5-102.0 .5 MilUmeiers. 0. 125 1.72 Millimeters. 0.182 .5 .39 .224 .22 .195 1.10 .3 .33 .23 .214 .238 .222 .19 .224 .229 .242 .208 .209 .200 .22 .18 2.63 15.23 3,33 3.19 5.67 2.73 3.00 1.54 5.25 3.47 1.37 2.28 2.1 1.9 1.25 1.82 1.17 1.59 1.23 ' .22 .4 .6 1.5- 2.0 5.0- 5.5 10.0- 10.5 15.0- 15.5 20. 0- 20. 5 25 - 26 30. 0- 30. 5 35 - 36 .22 .27 .22 .22 .42 .23 .235 4.64 1.73 4.5 2.73 7.33 2.52 3.83 354 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, FILTRATION TESTS. Filtration tests were made with coluniBs of carefully packed material, 6 inches long and one ten-millionth of an acre in section, under a 5-foot head of water. Recently boiled water of normal room temperature was used. Before beginning the filtration test with a sample the air was expelled by admitting water from a burette slowly at the bottom of the column, and the volume of water thus requhed to fill the sand was carefully measured. This volume expressed in cubic centimeters and also m percentages constitutes the porosity determination. The upper end of the tube was then connected with the 5-foot head of water for the filtration test. Water was allowed to flow unmeasured for several minutes until the finer sand particles should have time to adjust themselves and until anj' residuum of air left in the sand should have been dissolved out; the flow was then carefully measured for five minutes and multiplied by 12 to get the rate per hour. Under the conditions of the tests it is, obviously, impossible to reproduce the structure of the material as it existed in the ground; and yet this structure^^— the mode of association and arrangement of the grains of varying sizes — must profoundly influence the filtration rate. This is, probably, the most serious limita- tion of the filtration tests ; for while we may fairly assume that the material in the ground is closely packed (hard-packed), we have, in general, or with ordinarj^ boring samples, no means of knowing whether it is a homogeneous mixture or, as must commonly be the case, distinctly laminated, coarse, pervious layers alter- nating with fine, impervious layers, in a way to insure the maximum flow in a horizontal direction. If a general assumption must be made, it were, doubtless, most conservative to assume the horizontal flow as greater and the vertical flow as less than the filtration rate, which may be, in many cases, an approximate mean. Table XElI. — Results of filtration tests. WeU number. Si^^si' [ Porosity. Filtration: Cm. 3 per hour. Deptn (leet). Cin.3. Per cent. 148 1204 9 30-31 17 32 960 10 35-36 17 32 672 11 36-37 14. 5 27.3 2,880 12 44-45 17 32 5,520 13 50-51 16. 5 31.1 540 14 55-56 18 33.9 960 15 62-63 1 16 30.1 4,320 16 67-68 ' 14.5 27.3 3,144 17 74-75 ! 17. 5 33 3,780 18 82-83 ! 19 1 3.5.8 5, 100 19 88-89 1 14. 5 27.3 2,204 20 95-96 t 17 32 828 803 607 5 15 -15. 5 : 18 33.9 6,180 6 20 -20. 5 18 33.9 2,040 FILTRATION TESTS. Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. 355 Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth (feet). Porosity. Filtration: Cm.« per hour. Cm.3. Per cent. 303 607 7 25 -26 19 35.8 4,200 ■ 8 30 -30.5 17 32 7, 380 9 35 -36 18 33.9 2,616 10 40 -41 15.5 29.2 3,660 308 907 11 35-36 15 28.3 4,800 12 40-41 16.5 31.1 6,240 13 44 -45 20 37.7 7,440 14 50 -51 i5.5 29.2 3,360 15 55. 5-56. 5 17 32 7,560 310 829 8 30 -30 16.5 31.1 5,640 • 9 35 -36 16 30.1 3,540 10 40 -41 18 33.9 4,620 11 45 -46 17 32 8, 760 12 50 -53 24 45.2 4,920 13 55 -56 19.5 36.7 14,400 14 60 -61 19.5 36.7 17, 940 15 65 -66 18.5 34.9 10,200 16 70 -71 21 39.6 20, 880 17 75 -77 15 28.3 21,840 18 80. 5-81. 5 26 49 84 323 956 6 19 -20 16 30.1 4,080 7 24 -25 16.5 31.1 2,136 8 29 -30 15 28.3 936 9 34 -35 21 39.6 14, 880 10 39 -40 12.5 23.5 2,640 11 45 -47 14 26.4 636 382 « 658 3 9. 5-10. 5 24 47 624 4 10 -11 15 29.4 3,960 5 15 -16 22 43.1 9,840 6 20 -21 11.5 22.5 4,740 7 25 -26 21 41.1 9,120 8 29 -30 12 23.5 2, 940 9 31.5-32.3 22 43.1 852 10 34. 5-35. 17.5 34.3 80,000 400 845 3 2 - 2.2 18 33.9 7,200 4 6-7 35 66 11,880 5 11 -11.8 18.5 34.9 4,680 6 16 -17 18 33.9 8,280 7 21 -22 17.5 33 4,320 a Wells 658 and 846 have porosity percentages reckoned on basis of 51 cm.3 capacity for filtration tube; all others 53 cm.3 capacity. 356 UNDEBGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XIII. — Results ofjUtration tests — Continued. Well number. Commls- Sample Depth (feet). Porosity— FOtration: Cm.!* per hour. nZ^e'r.' -"^^er. Cm.3. Per cent. 400 845 , 8 26 -27 17.5 33 8,340 9 31 -32 19.5 36.7 3,540 401 "846 3 2. 5- 2. 7 12.5 24.5 1,200 1 4 5. o- 6. 5 13.5 26.4 3,300 ■ 5 9. 5-10. 5 17 33.3 4,740 6 14. 5-15. 5 17 33.3 1,740 7 19 -20 16 31.3 9,420 9 21. 5-22. 5 14.5 28.4 444 10 23 -24 13.5 26.4 288 11 28 -29 19 37.2 2,880 12 31 -32 17 33.3 8,280 403 847 5 10 -11 16 30.1 4,680 6 12 -13 16 30.1 16,680 7 15 -16 17.75. 33.4 9,420 8 18 -19 14 26.4 12, 960 9 23 -24 18.5 34.9 4,380 10 28 -29 16.5 31.1 5,340 410 862 3 2. 3-22. 5 20 37.7 3,060 4 7-6 16 30.1 2,700 5 12 -13 12.5 23.5 , 6, 060 6 17 -18 13.5 25.4 8,760 7 22 -23 13 24.5 7,740 8 27 -28 15 28.3 2,880 9 32 -33 23 43.3 3,180 . 10 36. 0-36. 8 16.5 31.1 6,000 418 901 8 31 -32 16.5 31.1 13, 260 9 36. 4-36. 9 14.5 27.3 1,944 10 41 -42 17.5 33 13,704 11 45 -51 23 43.3 2,880 12 51. 0-53. 8 20 37.7 7,860 13 53. 8-55. 7 36 67.9 21,840 421 906 9 35 -36 18.5 34.9 9,480 10 40 -41 18 33.9 15,-i20 11 41 -42 24 45.2 60,000 12 45 -46 21 39.6 12, 504 13 50 -51 20.5 38.6 11,340 14 54 -55 19 35.8 52,800 422 959 8 27 -28 16.5 31.1 11,340 9 31 -32 16 30.1 8,400 o Wells 658 and 846 have porosity percentages reckoned on basis of 31 cm.^ capacity for filtration tube; all others 53 cm.' capacity. FILTRATION TESTS. Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. 357 Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth (feet). Porosity— Filtration: Cm.3 per hour. Cm.3. Per cent. 422 959 10 36 -37 17 32 12,060 454 960 1 5-6 16.5 31.1 6,000 2 8 -10 19.5 36.7 3,480 3 21. 1-25. 18 33.9 3,480 4 37 -40 18 33.9 18,240 5 41 -52 17 32 1,980 495 1272 1 0.5- 1.0 16.5 31.1 3,360 2 1.5-2.0 15 28.3 9, 720 3 5-6 16 30.1 17,400 4 10 -11 11 20.7 2,940 5 15 -16 17.5 33 7,260 6 20 -21 17 32 8,940 7 24 -25 18 33.9 7,260 8 29 -30 19.5 36.7 8,760 9 30 -31 20 37.7 1,080 10 32 -33 16 30.1 2, 160 11 34 -35 24 45.2 1,500 12 40 -41 20.5 38.6 852 13 45 -46 20 37.7 1,560 14 15 48 -49 60 -61 408 26 49 16 63 -65 20.5 38.6 756 17 65. &-67. 5 23 43.3 372 18 70 -71 21.5 40.5 251 697 1087 3 5. 0- 5. 5 22 41.5 7,320 4 10 -12 17 32 7,860 5 15 -16 16.5 31.1 7,560 6 20 -21 21.5 40.5 6,000 7 25 -26 16.5 31.1 8,940 8 29 -30 17 32 5,580 698 1088 4 10. 0-10. 5 16 30.1 60, 600 5 15. 0-15. 5 15.5 29.2 10,200 6 20. 0-20. 5 16 30.1 10, 620 7 25. 0-25. 5 17 32 6,600 8 30. 0-30. 5 16 30.1 9,360 707 1141 3 3 - 5 13.5 26.4 4,140 4 5 -21 16 30.1 1,320 5 21 -25 16 30.1 8,760 6 25 -30 15.5. 29.2 15, 360 a Does not filter. 358 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. ' Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth (feet). Porosity— Filtration: Cm.3 per hour. Cm.3. Per cent. 707 1141 7 30- 35 16 30.1 42, 960 8 35- 40 16 30.1 10, 560 9 40- 45 18 33:9 58, 200 10 ■ 45- 50 18.5 34.9 12, 660 11 50- 55 15.5 29.2 12, 960 12 55- 60 18 33.9 9,840 13 60- 65 14 26.4 15, 180 14 65- 70 15.5 29.2 8,700 15 70- 78 16 30.1 9,360 16 78- 81 19 35.8 6,960 17 81- 85 17 32 8,280 18 85-88 18 33.9 5, 760 19 88- 92 20.5 38.6 10,800 20 92- 97 17 32 21,420 21 97-100 17 32 9,240 22 100-103 20 37.7 5,640 708 1195 4 5- 10 14.5 27.3 2,820 5 10- 15 13.5 26.4 6,828 6 15- 20. 17 32 8,040 ~7 25- 28 16.5 31.1 . 7,940 8 29- 30 16 30.1 3,744 9 30- 35 14.5 27.3 8,280 10 35- 40" 17 32 11,040 11 40- 44 14.5 27.3 5,796 729 1198 4 9- 10 15.5 29.2 6,420 5 14- 15 14.5 27.3 4,020 6 19- 20 13 24.5 3,984 7 24- 25 15 28.3 8,520 8 29- 30 16.5 31.1 9,360 9 34- 35 20 37.7 9,960 10 39- 40 17 32 10, 920 11 44- 45 18 33.9 8,760 731 1200 3 4r- 5 13.5 25.4 9,240 4 9- 10 16 30.1 9,780 5 14- 15 14.5 27.3 7,260 7 24- 25 16.5 31.1 10, 620 8 2&- 30 17 32 7,560 9 34- 35 16.5 31.1 7,260 . 10 39- 40 17 32 3,060 11 44- 45 17 32 10,740 FILTEATION TESTS. Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. 359 WeU number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth (leet). Porosity— Filtration: Cm.^ per hour. Cm.3. Per cent. 731 1200 12 49- 50 16.5 31.1 10, 980 13 54- 55 15.5 29.2 6,480 732 1202 4 9- 10 14.5 27.3 3,840 5 14- 15 17.5 33 1,800 6 19- 20 17.5 33 27, 000 7 24- 25 17 32 8,820 8 29- 30 17.5 33 1,860 9 34- 35 17 32 19, 800 755 1206 4 9- 10 16.5 31.1 840 6 19- 20 14 26.4 14, 520 8 29- 30 17 32 3,000 10 39- 40 17 32 3,240 12 49- 50 15.5 29.2 4,140 14 59- 60 16 30.1 7,980 16 69- 70 18 33.9 5,580 ^ 18 79- 80 19.5 36.7 2,700 20 89- 90 21 39.6 4,860 778 1145 3 4- 5 19 35.8 9,360 6 19- 20 19.5 36.7 7,200 9 3^ 35 18.5 34.9 7,320 12 49- 50 20.5 38.6 5,340 15 64- 65 19.5 36.7 6,540 18 79- 80 19 35.8 3,480 21 94- 95 19.5 36.7 3,960 24 109-110 19.5 36.7 6,360 27 124-125 21 39.6 2,700 30 13^135 22 41.5 54 33 ■ 149-150 20.5 38.6 4,344 781 1169 4 9- 10 18 33.9 7,620 5 14- 15 21 39.6 8,580 6 19- 20 16 30.1 9,540 '7 24r- 25 19 35.8 8,940 8 29- 30 18.5 34.9 10, 080 9 34- 35 20.5 38.6 14, 640 10 39- 40 22 41.5 5,280 11 44^ 45 22 41.5 14,700 12 49- 51 20.5 38.6 13,380 796 1214 4 5- 10 20 37.7 3,300 6 15- 20 19.5 36.7 6,360 360 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Table XIII. — Results of filtration tests — Continued. Well number. Commis- sion well number. Sample number. Depth (feet). Porosity— Filtration: Cm.:' per hour. Cm.3. Per cent. 796 1214 8 25-30 20 37.7 5,640 10 35-40 19.5 36.7 3, 060 12 45-50 20.5 38.6 3,480 14 55-57 19 35.8 3,600 798 1215 4 5-10 17 32 9,180 6 15-20 17 32 7,200 8 25-30 16.5 31.1 6,780 10 35-40 17.5 33 5,940 12 45-50 18.5 34.9 5,280 14 55-60 17.5 33 10, 320 16 65-70 15 28.3 4,440 18 75-80 17 32 3,240 20 85-90 16 30.1 2,736 CHAPTER VI. THE SURFACE STREAMS OF LONG ISLAND. By Robert E. Hoeton. CHARACTER OF LONG ISLAND STREAMS. In a region of moderate rainfall a sloping valley which is contiauously depressed below the ground-water horizon will contain a perennial stream. If the bed of the valley is in some degree impervious ^ the stream may continue over regions where the ground-water horizon lies at greater depth, or a perennial stream may be fed from natural or artificial surface storage in lakes in impervious basins lying above the general ground-water bed. In general, however, a stream whose channel lies above the ground- water horizon will be intermittent, and such an intermittent stream may flow under the following conditions: (a) Whenever the ground-water plane, in its periodic fluctuation, rises above the topographical elevation of the stream bed; (b) whenever the surface supply from rainfall or melting snow is in excess of the amount absorbed by the soU, so that surface run-off takes place. The great sand and gravel deposits of Long Island afford streams differing in character from those generally found elsewhere ia New York and in the New England States, where rock is generally found near the surface. Many of the Long Island catchment areas may be described as narrow strips extending inland from the south shore of the island, having in many cases a nearly uniform slope of about 20 feet per mile. The soil is coarse grained and permeable, and the ground- water table slopes toward the south shore at a rate of 10 or 12 feet per mile. In other words, the ground-water table approaches the surface at a rate of 8 to 10 feet per mUe, and in the first few miles back from the coast the ground water lies very near the general ground surface. The general ground surface and ground-water planes intersect at tide water. The stream valleys are flat bottomed and generally marshy, and are depressed a few feet below the general surface. The bed of the stream valley, running parallel to the general slope of the surface, intersects the ground-water horizon a short distance inland, commonly 1 to 5 miles, and it is at this point of intersection that the surface streams usually have their visible sources. The level of the ground water is subject to periodic fluctuations of a few feet; hence the point of its intersection of the stream valley is not invariable, but may recede and advance with the season or with the rise and fall of ground water, as was observed by the writer in 1903. These conditions are illustrated for an ideal stream in figs. 68 and 69. From tide water to the point A of intersection of the stream vaUey with the minimum ground-water level the stream is perermial. 17116— No. 44—06 24 361 362 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. From A to B, covering the range of fluctuation of ground water, the stream is intermittent, having its source at A in times of low ground water and at B in times of high ground water. The distance A-B is usually sHght. Above the point B Fig. 68. — Long Island marsh stream valley. the stream flows only in times of freshets, when supplied by surface run-off. There are also flats and glacial depressions, as at C, from which no surface run-off ever takes place. If for any reason, as, for example, the existence of an outcrop of impervious material in the gravel slope, a permanent stream supply is brought to the surface at- some point in the catchment basin above the point B, a disappearing stream may result, similar in character to streams from the Rocky Mountains which are lost in the porous soils of the Great Plains, but of course very much smaller. A number of such streams arising in springs have been observed. Deep porous soil Fig. 69. — Ideal Long Island stream profile. UTILIZATION OF LONG ISLAND SURFACE STREAMS. The streams are too small in volume and declivity to afford extensive water powers. In constructing the South Shore highway it was necessary to build earth dikes across the flat stream valleys, and these dikes have been utilized in many instances as mill dams, the absence of severe freshets on these streams making large overflow or wasteway channels unnecessary. The second important use of the surface streams has been in the formation of numerous private ponds for landscape effect in private parks and for water supply for estates and summer residences. Certain streams are utilized in cranberry culture and to a limited extent for irrigation of -truck lands. The streams and ground waters are utilized as sources of water supply for Brooklyn and for the extensive summer-resort population at towns along the south shore of the island. WATEE SUPPLY OF BEOOKLYN. 363, THE WATER SUPPLY OF BROOKLYN, N. Y. « Brooklyn was incorporated as a city in 1834; it then contained a population of 23,000. The question of constructing a system of public water supply was almost continually agitated from this date until 1856, when the construction of a waterworks system was undertaken, including supply ponds on a number of streams near Brooklyn, on the south shore of Long Island. The original works were completed in 1862, and comprised six supply ponds receiving the drainage from an aggregate catchment area of 65.6 square miles, including additions made to the waterworks previous to their later extension eastward. The cost of the original works was $4,200,000. Previous to the construction of the municipal waterworks, franchises had been secured and small supplies had been developed by a number of private water companies. In 1889 the extension of the waterworks eastward from Rockville Center to Massapequa was undertaken. The extension of the system added a drainage ai'ea of 88.5 square miles, making the total area tributary to the complete system 154.1 square miles. The names and capacities of the supply ponds in the old and new systems are given in the following tables, together with the population and annual con- sumption of water from the municipal system of Brooklyn:* Area, elevation, and capacity of supply ponds for Brooklyn waterworks. Name. Baisley's Springfield. . . Simonson's Clear Stream. . Watt's Valley Stream. Pine's Hempstead Smith's Millburn East Meadow. . Newbridge Wantagh Seaman's Massapequa . . . Elevation ol waste weir above tide. Area at waste-weir elevation. Feel. A crea. 9.569 40.0 5.078 7.34 16. 995 8.75 13. 194 1.07 6.53 3.43 14. 583 17.78 13. 682 8.0 12. 216 23.52 5.086 27.25 6.6 13.63 7.7 16.15 8.5 8.90 9.7 10.14 14.9 14.78 11.12 14.55 Available storage capacity. U. S. Gallons. 41,940,000 7, 199, 000 9, 879, 000 977, 500 3, 750, 000 20, 850, 000 9, 046, 000 26, 900, 000 41,580,000 11,100,000 18, 830, 000 11,428,000 15,0.30,000 28, 990, 000 16, 990, 000 ■J See The Brooklyn Water Works and Sewers, memoir by James P. Kirkwood, 1857; also History and Description of the Water Supply of the City of Brooklyn, by I. M. De Varona, 1896. b From report ol I. M. De Varona, 1896. 364 UNDEKGKOUND WATER RESOURCES OP LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. fopvlation of Broaiklyn and daily vxiter consumption per capita. Year. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 Population. 266 272 278: 283 289 296 313 332 352 373 396 412 429 447 465 484 500 515 532 549 566 584 601 617 634 673 750 765 782 852 853 880 957 1,003 1, 1, 105 ,714 ,350 ,106 ,983 ,985 ,112 ,852 ,656 ,585 ,710 ,099 ,403 ,380 ,054 ,455 ,616 ,014 ,903 ,296 ,211 ,663 ,659 ,103 ,517 ,887 ,050 ,000 ,000 ,221 ,467 ,945 ,780 ,958 ,781 ,000 ,000 Population de- pendent on Brooklyn water supply. 266 272 278 283 289 296 313 332 352 373 396 412 429 447 465 484 500 515 532 549 566 584 601 617; 634 673 728; 741 756; 823 853 846 919 961 996 1,013 ,714 ,350 ,106 ,983 ,985 ,112 ,852 ,656 ,585 ,710 ,099 ,403 ,380 ,054 ,455 ,616 ,014 ,903 ,296 ,211 ,663 ,659 ,103 ,517 ,887 ,050 ,929 ,104 ,195 ,367 ,587 ,330 ,417 ,039 ,500 ,500 Average daily consumption, Brooklyn water supply. /. 5 gallons. 3, 293, 000 4, 064, 000 5, 026, 000 6 494,000 8, 105, 000 9 232,000 10 908, 000 12 351,000 15 709, 000 17 629,000 18 654,000 19 351,000 22 714, 000 24 875, 000 24 755, 000 27 150, 000 28 109, 000 30 345, 000 30 507, 000 32 912,000 30 745, 000 32 722,000 34 623, 000 36 149, 000 38 880,000 43, 379, 000 45 304,000 46, 278, 000 49, 794,000 52 197,000 55, 201,000 58, 083,000 67 566,000 75, 823,000 71, 360,000 75, 735,000 Second-feet. ' 5.004 6.299 7.790 10. 065 12. 562 14. 310 16. 907 19. 144 24. 349 27. 325 28. 914 29. 994 35. 207 38. 556 38. 370 42.082 43. 569 47. 035 47. 286 51.014 47. 655 50. 719 53. 665 56. 031 60. 264 67. 237 70. 221 71. 731 77. 181 80.905 85. 562 90. 029 104. 727 117. 526 110. 608 117. 389 Consump- tion per capita per day, Brook- IjTi water supply. U. S. gallons. 12.3 14.9 18.1 22.9 27.9 31.2 34.8 37.1 44.6; 47.2 47.1 46.9 52.9 55.6 53. 2 56.0 56.2 58.8 57.3 59.9 54.3 56.0 57.6 58.5 61.2 64.5 62.2 62.4 65.8 63.4 67.0 68.6 73.5 78.9 71.6 74.7 GAGINGS OF SURFACE STREAMS. 365 GAGINGS OF LONG ISLAND STREAMS. The principal results of gagings made prior to the year 1903 are shown in the accompanying tables." The following gagings, by William McAlpine, were made by inserting in the streams wooden sluiceways, thi-ough which all the surface flow was passed. The drainage basin of Parsonage Creek is given as 21.74 square miles, and the com- bined areas tributary to all the streams which extended along the south shore from Jamaica Creek to East Meadow Brook is stated to be somewhat in excess of 100 square miles. The precipitation at Erasmus Hall during the period of gaging was as follows: Predjyitation at Erasmus Hall, Long Island. Month. July August September October November December Period Precipitation. 1851. Inches. 3.85 3.23 1.06 4.47 3.99 2.01 18.61 Normal, Inches. 3.21 4.44 3.09 3.39 3.24 3.74 2L11 Gagings of Long Island streams hy Wm. J. McAlpine and L. S. Nash in 1851. Body of water. Dura- tion of gaging. McAlpine and Stod- dard, Oct. 11,1851. Dura- tion of gaging. Mean of L. S. Nash's gagings Nov. 6, 7, 8, 1851. Dura- tion of gaging. Mean of L. S. Nash's gagings, Nov. 17,18,19,1851. Baisley's Pond (Jamaica Creek) Springfield Stream (Nostrand's Pond), West Branch Springfield Stream, East Branch Hook Creek, West Branch (or Brook- fleld Stream) Hook Creek, Middle Branch (or Clear Stream) Hook Creek, East Branch (Valley Stream) Pine Creek (Pine's Brook) Parsonage Creek Millburn, West Branch Millbum, Middle Branch Millburn, East Branch East Meadow Stream Hours. 6 Gallons per day. 5, 280, 000 1,600,000 264,000 4,095,000 540,000 2,430,000 2, 400, 000 8,330,000 504,000 5,340,000 Second- 8.18 6.34 3.77 3.72 12.91 Hours. 12 .78 12 Gallons per day. 6, 233, 172 1,689,160 300, 072 4,339,720 771,816 2,510,643 2, 832, 240 10, 543, 464 473, 328 299,616 2,836,152 5,601,756 Second- feet. 9.67 2.62 6.73 1.20 3.88 4.39 16.28 .73 .46 4.40 Hours. 8 24 63 12 24 24 24 12 Gallons per day. 8,440,312 1,890,864 354, 384 4,989,782 969,600 3, 374, 742 3, 249, 423 12, 594, 348 518, 400 375, 840 4, 276, 800 6, 280, 800 Second- feet. 13.08 2.93 .55 7.73 1.50 5.22 5.04 19.53 .80 .58 6.63 9.73 aChiefly from "Brooklyn Water Supply," De Varona, 1896, Table No. XVI. 366 UNDERGROUND WATER RESOURCES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK. Mean monthly discharge of Long Island streams from gagings made by Artemus Whitlock in 1852. Body of water. August. September. October. November. December. Baisley's Pond (Ja- maica Creek) On West Braneli Hook Creek, or Brookfield Stream: Gallons per day. 6, 387, 000 Second- feet. 9.90 Gallons per day. 6,863,000 Second- feet. 10.65 Gallons per day. 6, 154,000 Second- feet. 9.53 Gallons per day. 7,804,000 2,701,000 3,121,000 4,616,000 3,601,000 3,121,000 Second- feet. 12.09 4.18 4.84 7.16 5.58 4.84 Gallons per day. 8,137,000 Second- feet. 12.62 Conselyea's Pond. Valley Stream (P. Cornell's) 2,847,000 4.42 4,793,000 7.42 2,493,000 3.85 4,769,000 7.39 On East Branch Hook Creek 3, 078, 000 2, 714, 000 4.74 4.20 5,445,000 3, 447, 000 016,682,000 10,228,000 8.43 5.35 26.20 15.81 3,319,000 2,464,000 5.15 3.81 5,257,000 8.15 On Parsonage Creek: Hempstead stor- 8,993,000 13.93 12,003,000 18.60 ■_' . a The increase of flow was caused by heavy rains just before taking the observations. Miscellaneous gagings of Long Island streams. Body of water. Gagings made by Leigh, Stod- dard, and Bre- V r t , com- pleted Sept. 9, 1854. Gagings made un- der direction of Jas. P. Kirk- wood, 1856-57. Gagings made Sept. 19 to Oct. 12, 1885. Estimate of the minimum flow based on gag- ings made Aug. 30 to Oct. 5, 1894. Baiseley's Pond (Jamaica Creek) Gallons per day. 6,732,000 3,487,000 Second- feet. 10.43 5.41 Gallons per day. 2,924,000 607,000 Second- feet. 4.53 .94 Gallons per day. Second- feet. Gallons per day. Second- : feet. Springfield Stream, West Branch Springfield Stream, East Branch Hook Creek, West Branch (Simonson's Pond) or Brookfield Stream . . . 2,501,000 3.88 1,798,000 708,000 2,287,000 2.79 . 1.10 3.55 1,266,000 1.97 2,000,000 200,000 1,300,000 3.10 Hook Creek, Middle Branch, or Clear .31 Hook Creek, East Branch, or Valley 4,212,000 6.53 1,879,000 2.91 2.01 Watt's Pond, on East Branch Hook Creek, below Valley Stream Pond . . ... l^ine's Brook 2,460,000 3.81 1,050,000 695,000 1.63 1.08 600,000 1,000,000 .93 Schodack Brook . . 1.55 11,266,000 17.51 7,326,000 11.36 7,149,000 11.08 8,000,000 12.40 In thirty days preceding the gagings of October 11, 1851, 1.62 inches of rain fell, an additional precipitation of 3.85 inches preceded the second series of gagings, and a further increase of 0.92 inch of rainfall occurred before the third series of gagings were made.'^ Details as to the methods of gaging, precise location, and drainage areas above the points of gaging, or daily discharge results, are unavailable. It is known, however, that, beginning with McAlpine's gagings in 1851, most of the measurements have been made in flumes or sluiceways constructed for the purpose, the velocity and area of cross section being determined without n Report made to the water committee of the common council, city of Brooklyn, 1852, p. 117. GAGITSTGS OF SURFACE 8TEEAMS. 367 disturbing the ground-water conditions or affecting the relative ground-water level above and below. Most of the streams flow in flat swamp valleys underlain by gravel so porous that the flow from a large spring that was observed was absorbed or lost in the soil within a short distance from its origin. The velocity of flow of ground water adjacent to an earthen dam has been observed by Professor Slichter" to be many times greater than the normal velocity in places where the ground-water level is undisturbed. Scale— feet ELEVATION Earth highway embankment ^ 8 smooth sheeting ■t Old log abutment Earth highway embankment PLAN Fig. 70.— Temporary gaging station of the United States Geological Survey, Orowoo Creek, Islip, Long Island, New York, June 7, 1903. Plan shows bridge floor removed. Care must be exercised in gaging such streams to properly differentiate between the surface discharge of the streams and the underflow in the porous valleys. The method of gaging in open sluiceways, generally used by the earlier engineers, was followed in the investigations of the United States Geological Survey in 1903, except on Orowoc Creek, Doxsee Creek, and Massapequa Creek, streams on which suitable sites for gaging at moderate expense could be found only in conjunction with existing weirs at private ponds. a See pp. 106-110. 368 UNDEEGEOUND WATEE EESOUECES OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YOEK. The gagings of the United States Geological Survey in 1903 included most of the remarkable period of light rainfall in' May and June. They wei'e discon- tinued early in July, after heavy rains had fallen,, disturbing the ground-water conditions. In the following pages are also given results obtained at a number of elabo- rate small weirs erected by the New York water supply commission, chiefly in the swamp stream valleys on the property of the city of New York, in Nassau County. Most of the current-meter measurements of the Geological Survey were made with a specially rated Fteley meter. Vertical velocity curves were taken to determine the distribution of currents in the stream channel. The steady regimen and smooth currents of many of the streams favor accurate results by this method. Some of the stations were not fully completed and none of the rating curves were finished at the time of discontinuance. Points were obtained on the curves in most cases to cover nearly the full range of observed gage heights and to afford a reliable basis of estimating the discharge. The streams gaged were distribvited along the south shore of the island, and the individual cost of gagings was a sniall fraction of that required to build individual weirs. In conjunction with the surface-stream and driven-well supply stations of the Brooklyn waterworks, records have been kept of the ground-water level, showing its reduction by pumping in a most interesting manner ." Records of the pumpage and diversion and of the supplj" pond levels have also been kept. The waste over the spillways when observed in 1903 was largely in the nature of wave wash and not susceptible of accurate estimation. Unfortunately, these records do not furnish a reliable basis for estimating the yield of the streams flowing into the water-supply ponds. The regimen of these streams is further subject to the influence of pumping from the adjacent ground water. Prior to the gagings of 1903 very few .definite data were obtained concerning the regimen of the surface streams of Long Island. The results for 1903 do not of themselves form a sufficient basis for estimating either the average or the minimum yield of the Long Island catchment areas. EAST MEADOW BROOK, NEAR FREEPORT, LONG ISLAND. East Meadow Brook has its visible source 5 miles from the south shore of Long Island. Well-defined stream channels, somewhat branching, extend nearly to the northern hmit of the catchment basin, receiving the surface drainage from its east and west portions. The drainage basin extends inland 14 miles and has a nearly uniform width, varying from 2 to 3 miles. The topography is moderately rolling and the surface slope quite uniform, the northerly divide being about 300 feet elevation above tide. Five ponds and dams are on the main stream. Small water powers for grist mills and a paper mill were formerly in use. The stream is tributary to the Brooklyn water supply through an intercepting conduit, which follows the south shore of the island. a See De Varona, Brooklyn Water Supply. GAGINGS OF SURFACE STREAMS. 369 A portion of the drainage basin lies north of the ground-water divide of Long Island. The catchment basin contains 28 per cent of forest cover, chiefly scrub oaks and conifers, 44 per cent pasture and other grass land, and about 28 per cent of cultivated land. Earlier gagings of East Meadow Brook at Freeport, Long Island. Date. Observer. Gallons per day. Second-feet. Second-feet per square mile (31 square miles). October 11, 1851 McAlpine and Stoddard 6, 410, 000 6, 724, 000 7, 539, 000 9.93 10.42 11.69 0.32 November 6, 7, 8, 1851 November 17, 18, 19, 1851 . August, 1852 ._. September, 1852 October, 1852 November, 1852 December, 1852 L.S.Nash do Artemus Whitlock .33 .38 do do do do 1 a 16, 270, 000 I 9, 583, 000 7, 324, 000 7, 324, 000 25.26 14.85 11.35 11.35 .81 .48 .37 .37 June 1 to October 15,1883 ''. September 19 to October 2, 1885. 5, 200, 000 4, 217, 000 ■ 8.06 6.54 .26 .21 .56 water of. analyses of ^ .'....". B8-69 water supply in ; 6.5-67 wells to 65-66 Long Beach, well at, relation of tide and, figure show- ing 70 Long Beach Association, waterworks of. data concern- ing 82-83, 140-141, 248 Long Island City, water system of, data regarding. . . 78-79 map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Long Island City pumping station No. 8, borings at, diagram showing , . 188 Mackay, C. H.. waterworks of , data concerning 82-83 V7ater system of, map showing .'. PI. xix, in pocket. McAlpine, W. T. . stream measurements by. 365 McGee.W. J., on deflection of rivers in Hightstown Vale. 31-32 Manhasset. well at. figure showing H4 Manhasset bowlder bed , view of 40 Manhasset gravel. See Tisbury gravel. Manhanset House, water system of, data concerning. 84-85, 164-165,. 331 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Manhattan Island, sections of. figure showing 17 Mannetto gravel, deposition and distribution of 33-34 view of 22 Map showing Cretaceous artesian well area 86 showing depth of Lloyd sand 68 showing distribution of Cretaceous 18,20,68 showing distribution of Miocene 27 showing distribution of water-power development. 60 showing deflection of sti'eams 32 showing development of drainage on -North Atlantic coastal plain 32 showing increase of flow of Hempstead Brook 59 showing J ameco artesian- well area , 66 showing location of borings for Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad 182,184,186 showing location of imderflow stations 87, 91,92,99-103,105-114 showing location of wells 180,217 ,223, 281 PI. xix, in pocket. showing north shoi'e artesian-well area 66 showing position of bed rock 16 showing position of ground-water table PI. xix, in pocket, showing relative position of ice at different stages. . 44 showing stnicture of Cretaceous beds , 18, 19 GENERAL INDEX. 889 I'-.ige. Map showing waterworks systems of Long Island PI. xix, in pocket. Marl series of New Jersey, occurrence and character of . 22 Marthas Vineyard, section of, diagram showing 39 Massapequa , underflow raeAsurements near SR , 95-9fi Massapequa Creek, data concerning 371-373 Matawan formation, occurrence and character of 22 Mather, W. W., figure cited from 39 Melville, N. Y., section near 20 views of Cretaceous and Manetto deposits near. . . 22 Merrick pumping station, underflow at, figure showing. 102 Merrick Water Co., water system of, data conceni- ing 82-83, 146-147, 273 water system of, map showing PI. .xix, in pocket. Merrill, F. J. II.. on geology of Long Island 16 Meter, direct-reading, description and use of 90-97 use of, figure .showing 92 view of 92 Meter, self-recording, charts of, view of 100 clock for, views of ; 92,98 description and use of 97-99 view of 98 Meters, types of for imderflow measurements 90 Miocene rocks, distribution of 27-28 distribution of, map showing 27 Miocene submergence, occurrence of 27-28 Montaiik Water Co. .water system of. data concerning . 80-81 . 132-133,213-214 well of, figure of 213 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Mountain Mist Springs, character of 58 water table producing, figure showing 57 Nash, li. S., stream measurements by 365 Nassau County Water Co., water system of. data con- cerning 82-83, 144-145, 148-151,262-276,279-280 New Jersey, Cretaceous rocks of, position of, map showing 18 sections of 22, 30 location of , map showing 30 Newbridge Brook, underflow at, figure illustrating 105 Newbridge streams, data concerning 370 Newtown, watersystem of, niapshowing.. PI. xix, in pocket. New York City department of water supply, water systems of 76-81 watersystem of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. wells of, index to 393 New York City commission on additional water sup- ply, acknowledgements to 87, 116 maps and diagrams from 70, PI. xix, in pocket. test wells of, inde.x to ,391 North shore, artesian area of, map of _. 66 valleys of, origin of 43-44 wells on, views of 64 Northport Water Works Co., water system of, data concerning 82-83. 154-155, 300-301 water system of , map showing Pi. xix, in pocket. OakPark, water system of, map showing. PI. xix, in pocket. Orowoc ( reek, data concerning 376-377 gaging station on, figure of 367 Oyster Bay ,water system of, map showing . PI. xix, in pocket. well at, view of 64 wells at, location of, map showing 281 records of, diagram showing 38 Patchogue, watersystem of, map showing. PL. xix, in pocket. Pennsylvania .New York and Long Island Railroadjbor- ings of, maps and diagrams showing. 182, 184, 186 Perrineville Wold, location and character of , 31 sections showing 30 Page. Pfalzgraf, PI. C, estate, waterworks of, data concern- ing 80-81, 118-119, 169 Pleistocene time , glaoiation in 33-48 Pliocene erosion , occurrence of 28 Ponds, effect of, on ground water 62-63,106-110 effect of, on gi-oimd water, figure showing 62 leakage from , figure showing 62 occurrence and cause of 61-63 Porosity. See Filtration tests. Port Jefferson Water Co.. water system of, data con- cerning 84-85, li;0-161, 319-320 Pratt estate, water system of. data concerning 82-83, 144-145,264-265 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Pumping, effect of, on ground water 73-74,111-114 effect of, on gi'ound water, figure showing 72 Pumping stations , underflow at, diagrams showing. . 98-103, 105-112 Quantuck Water Co., water system of, data concern- ing 84-85, 164-165,-327 Quaternarj' time glaciation in 33-48, 49-52 Queens Borough, waterworks of, data concerning. . . . 78-81 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Queens County Water Co.. watersystem of, data con- cerning 82-83, 1.36-137, 224-226 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. wells of, location of, map showing 223 sections of, figure showing 225 Quogue, water system of, map showing. . PI. .xix, in pocket. Rainfall, effect of, on ground water 69-71, 104-106 Ranfall in 1903, data of 415-417 Rapid transit commission, Ijorings of, diagrams show- ing 170, 172 Raritan formation, age of 25-26 occurrence and character of 22 Rathbun, F. D., record of well fluctuations furnished by 70 Recent time, submergence in 48 Reservoirs, data concerning 76-85 Riverhead waterworks, water system of, data concern- ing 84-85, 164-165, 327-328 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Rockaway Ridge, folding at, section showing 36 Rockville Center, water system of, data concerning. . 82-83, 140-141,250 watersystem of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Ronkonkoma, Lake, character of 63,379-380 character of, figure showing 63 Ronkonkoma stage, position of ice in, map showing. . . 44 Sag Harbor Water Co., water system of, data concern- ing 84-85, 166-167,3.34 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Sal ammoniac, use of 96-97 Sahsbury, R. D., on New Jersey geology 16,21 Sampa warns Creek, data concerning 37.5-376 San Gabriel River, Cal., underflow measurements on, figure illustrating 91 Sand grains, effective size of, definition of 338 filtration tests with different sizes of 354-360 sizing tests of 338-353 Sand spit, view of 52 Sankaty formation, deposition, character, and distri- bution of 30-37 position of, diagrams showing 34-39 Sayville, water system of, map showing. . PI. xix, in pocket. Seaolifl Water Co., water system of, data concerning. 82-83, 144-145, 262 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. 390 GENEKAL INDEX. I'age. Section, cross, showing underground water conditions . 56 Section, generalized , of pre-Pleistocene rocks 20-21 Sections , geologic , of Long Island 20, 33, 35, diagrams showing 17,34, 35,36, 37, 38, 39, 56 Sections, geologic, of Long Island and New Jersey, lo- cation of, diagram showing 30 Setauket, structure near, diagram showing 19 Shelter Island Heights Association, water system of, data concerning 84-85,166-167 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Slichter, C. S., on velocity of underflow on Longlsland. 86-115 Smith town Harbor, sand spit at, view of 52 Southampton Water Co., water system of, data con- cerning 84-85,164-165,329 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Springs, discharge of 59 origin of 58-59 Springs, mineral, occurrence of 59 Steinway and Son, water system of, data concerning. 82-83, 128-129 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Stockbridge dolomite, occurrence and character of 16 cross section showing 17 Streams, channels of, analogy of wells and 58 character of 60, 361-362, 368-3S3 measurements of 58-59, 365-383 occurrence of 60,361-383 origin of 60 profile of, ideal 362 utihzation of 60-61, 74, 76-78,84, 362 Success, Lake, character of 61 character of, figure showing 61 Temperature, effect of, on ground water 72 effect of, on ground water, diagram showing 72 Tertiary rocks, section of 20-21 Tertiary rocks of New Jersey, comparison of Long Is- land Tertiary and 21-25 section of 21 Tertiary time, history of, on Long Island 26-32 Test wells for underflow measurements, description of 88-90 plan of, figure illustrating 88 Texas bars, theoretical deflection of rivers by 32 theoretical deflection by, figure sho\ving 32 Tides, effect of; on ground water 71-72 effect of, on ground water, diagrams showing 64,70, 71 Tisbury gravel, deposition and occurrence of . . .' 41-43 position of, diagrams showing 34,38 Tobacco Point, section at, diagram showing 37 Topography, development of 28-32,46-48,50-52 sketch of 1.5-16 Underflow, existence of : . . 100-104 measurements of 86-104 figure illustrating 89 velocity of 92-94,80-88, 104-113 figures illustrating 91-92, 98-103, 105-113 Underflow apparatus, character of 88-98 pnnciples involved in 99 \iews of 90,92, 98, 100 Underflow stations, location of, maps showing 87,91, 92,98-103,105-114 Underground water. See Water, underground. Vale, definition of 29 diagrams of 28-30 occurrence of 28-32 Veatch, A. C, on geology of Long Island 15-52 Page. Veatch; A, C, on underground water of Long Island . 53-85 Veatch, A- C.,and Bowman, Isaiah, well records by. 116-337 Vineyard interval, character of 43-44 Wantagh Pond, seepage from 108-110 underflow near, figure illustrating 109-112 Wantagh pumping stations, location of, figures show- ing 87, 114, PI. xix, in pocket. underflow at, diagram illustrating 98 Wantagh streams, data concerning 370-371 Ward, L. F., on Island series 22' Water, underground, conditions of .53-85 underground, general principles of 53-55 geologic conditions of 55-59 source of 53, 67-69 transmission of 5.3-54 Water, well, analyses of. See Analyses of well waters. Water powers, development of 60-61,. 362 distribution of, map showing , . 60 Water table, definition of 54 fluctuations of 69-74, 3x3-384 figures showing 70, 72 perched type of 57-.5S, 61-62 figures showing. ;;...- .i6-58, 61 position of 57-59 figures showing 54, 56, 57, 58, 61-63, 70 map showing PI. xix, in pocket. springs dependent on .58-59 figure showing 56 Waterw-orks, data concerning 74-85 map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Well drillers, list of those assisting 116-117 Well owners, list of 391-394 Wells, analogy of deep-cut channels and, diagram showing 58 records of 118-337 specific capacity of 114 Wells, artesian and deep, conditions requisite for . . 54-55,67 artesian and deep, distribution of 63-67 location of, maps showing. . 70-72, 180, PI. xix, in pocket. _ records of 118-337 " views of » 64,66 waters of, analyses of. See Analyses. . Wells, blowing, occurrence of 74 . Wells in Connecticut, water of, analyses of 68-69 West Hills, section in 19-20 strata in, views showing 22 water conditions in, diagram showing. 57 White, Da^id, on Raritan formation 26 Whitestone, water system of, data regarding 80-81 water system of, map showing PI. xix, in pocket. Whitlock, .'Vrtemus. stream measurements by 366 Whitney, F. L., record of well fluctuations furnished by 71 Wisconsin deposits, deposition and occurrence' of 44-48 Wolds, definition of 29 diagrams showing 28,29 occurrence of 30, 31 Woodhaven Water Supply Co., water system of, data concerning. 80-81, 126-127, 192 water system of, map showing .... PI. xix, in pocket. Woodside Water Co., water system of, data concern- ing 80-81 , 128-131 , 194 water system of, map showing P). xix, in pocket. Wood worth, J. B., on Tisbury gravel 37,41 figure cited from 39 Woolman, Lewis, on wells and geology of Long Island and New Jersey 23-24 INDEX OF WELL DATA. (By names of owners.) [For wells by locality, see map (PJ. XXIV,in pocket), from which numbers used in tables and notes, pp. 123-368, can be obtained.] Page. Abrames, Jirdea 136, 226 diagram showing 36 Ackerly, Hiram 154-155 Adams, Maude 154-155 Albertson, .7. A 142-143,256 Allard & McGuire 148-149, 278-279 Amagansett 166-167 American Cordage and Manufac- turing Co 122-123 American Hard Rubber Co. 130-131, 198 Amity vLlle Water Co . 82-83, 150, 151, 287 Anderson, H . B 138-139, 242 Anderson, W. B 134-135, 224 Arbuckle Brothers 120-121, 175 Army, U. S 118-119, 134- 135, 146-147, 166-169, 220, 275, 336 Arnold, Wm. H 134-135,222 Astoria Silk Works 128-129, 196 Astoria Steel Co 126-127, 187 Babylon Sumpwams Water Co. . 82-83, I.54-155, 303-304 Baker,' C. A 162-163 Baker, W. C 134-135, 224 Baldwin, Gilbert 134-135 Baldwin, W. H., jr 146-147, 267 diagram showing 58 Barrett Manufacturing Co. 118-119, 169 Bartlett, Judge — 162-163, 321 Bayside. See New York City de- partment of water supply (Queens Borough). Becker, J. F 164-165, 330 Bedford, A. C 146-147 Bell, L. V 152-153, 294 Benjamin, Dr. — 166-107, 334-335 Benner, Charles 158-159, 315 Berger, — 146-147 Bernheim, Frank 144-145 Bevin, L. A 21, 154-155, 302-303 Bickerman, Charles 126-127, 187, 198 Biddle, J 160-161, 320 Sleeker, — 152-153 Blyndenburgh, Charles .... 156-157,308 Blythbourne Water Co 80-8J , 118-119, 168 Booth, H. B 138-139, 242 Borden Condensed Milk Co. 118-119,173 Bosch, Fred 72, 152-153, 290 Bottjer, H 128-129,194 Bourne, F. G 1.58-159 Bowen, James 152-153, 293-294 Bowery Bay Building and Im- provement Co 82-83, 130-131, 197 Brady, J. F 142-143,255 Bragnaw estate 124-125, 183 Brentwood 156-1.58, 307 Breslau fire department 154-155 Bridgehampton 166-176 Brightson, G. E 152-153,292 Brookhaven 162-163 Brooklyn Borough Gas Co 118-119 Brooklyn department of water supply. See New York City - department of water supply (Brooklyn Borough). Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. 118-119,168 Brooklyn sewer department 118- 119, 168 Brooklyn Union Gas Co 118- 123, 172, 177, 178 Brooklyn waterworks. See New York City department of water supply (Brooklyn Borough). Brower, Samuel 134-135,224 B rower, Warren 134-135 Brown, H. C 156-157 Brown, J. W 160-161,320 Brown, Nicholas 164-165 Burger Brewing Co 120-121 Burgess, — 150-151,284 Burke, S 144-145, 263 Burr,C. S 156-157,304 Bush, D. F 146-147, 265 Butterfield, Justin 156-157 Byrne, J. F 160-161, 318 Caffery , James 130-131, 198, 199 Calvary Cemetery 122-123, 181 Calverton 162-163 Carll, George 154-155, 299 Carmen, R. F 154-155,300 Carr, William 162-163, 322 Carroll, B. L 130-131,199 Casino Lake Ice Co 132-133, 215 Chapman, T. R 130-131,200 Childs, Elversley 160-161, 315 Childs, H. C 134-135,221 Christ Church, Manhasset Hill. 138-139 Chrome Steel Works 120-121 Citizens Water Supply Co 71, 80-81,128-129, 132-133, 138-139, 194, 195, 214, 238 diagrams showing 36, 58 Clark, J. H 140-141,248-249,267 Clark, William 160-161, 318 Clarke, Captain — 156-157, 304 Clarke, William 158-159, 314, 324 Clots, Mrs. M. H 152-153, 296 Cockran, Bourke 140-141, 245 Cold Spring Creamery 152-153, 290 Cold Spring Hatchery 152-153 Cole, Dexter 154-155, 301 Cole, W. W 134-135, 220 Page. College Point. See New York City department of water snpply (Queen.s Borough). Collier, Richard 152-153, 290 Colonial Springs 154-1,55, 298 Columbia farm 152-153,291 Commack 156-157 Commission on additional water supply. See New York City. Congress Brewing Co 120-121 Conklin, Fred 152-153,295 Conklin, R. B 152-153,297 Consolidated Gas Co 126-127 , 187 Consolidated Ice Co 64, 152-153, 295 Consumers Hygeia Ice Co. . 124-125, 184 Cottnet, R. L 142-143,255-256 Cox, Irving 21,66,150-151,286 Cox, Robert 140-141, 242, 260 Cox, W. T 19, 158-159, 314 Coyson, .V. & S. B 122-123, 182 Cravath, P. D 146-147, 268 Crescent Chemical Co 118-119 'Crystal Springs Ice Co 64, 144-145,264,285 Darling, C. T 158-159,313 Darling, J. L 160-161,319 Darlington, J. I-1 162-163,324 Davis, J. Il 160-161 Da\-is, N. W 160-161,320 Davis, William 162-163 Dayton, R. B 162-163,325 De Forrest, Henry 152-153, 293 De Forest, R... 152-153,293,295,317,319 De Groat, Mrs. 162-163,322 Debevoise, W. M 120-121, 174 Decker Bros 74,152-153,290 Dedrick, C. B 160-161 Denton, Alex 152-153,295 Dillman, 128-129, 196 Diver, Judge 134-135,223-224 Dodge estate 140-141, 244-245 Dollard, Henry 150-151,284 Downs, James 164-166, 328 Dryer, 160-161 Dryf uss & Nibbe 150-151 , 288 Dubois, H. J 152-153,295,320 Ducey , Father 158-159, 312 Dunton, F. W 132-133 Duryea, H. B 67, 142-143, 256-257 diagram showing 58 Eagle Dock 152-153, 293, 318 East Marion life-sa'i'ing station. . 166- 167,333 East Marion 166-167 East River Gas Co 124-125 Eastern Brewing Co 120-121,178 391 392 INDEX OF WELL DATA. Page. Easthampton Home Water Co. . 81-85. 166-167, 335 Edison, Charles :.. 142-143,254,274 Elliott, J 154-155,299 Emerson, Dr. 160-161,318 Emken Chemical Co 124-125 Emmett, D 19, 158-159, 313 Empire Oil Refinery 122-123 Epping, Joseph 120-121 Erland, George, sr 158-159,314 E.xcelsior Brewing Co 120-121, 173 Fahy Watch Case Co 166-167,334 Farmingdale 150-151, 288 Fassbender & Stande 148-149 Ferguson, E. M. & W.. 146-147,337,368 Flatbush Waterworks Co 80-81 , 118-119 Fleishman Manufacturing Co. 122-123, 180-181 Flemltag, Mrs. 126-127, 187 Fletcher, G. M 66,1.50-151,285 Flower, Mr.s. Julia 136-137,227 Flower estate 122-123, 181 Flushing. See New York City department of water supply (Queens Borough). Frank Brewery 128-129 Franz, Frank 160-161,318 Freeport waterworks 82-83, 142-143 Freestone. 138-139 Friends Academy 144-145. 262-263 diagram showing 58 Froellich, Frank 124-125, 185 Fuch, August 160-161, 317 Furst, W. F 166-167,333 Gallienne. F 154-1.55, 299 Gardner. A. S 154-155 Gardner City Water Supply Co . . 82-83, 142-143,254 Gates, CO 66, 146-147,265-266 Geissenhainer, F. W 144-145 General Chemical Co 122-123 German-American Improvement Co ■ 80-81, 126-127, 189 Gilbert, H. B 134-135,221 Gildersleeve, H. 154-155, 301 Gill, P. H., & Sons 118-119 Gillette, D r. 156-157, 305 Gillis, Jas., & Sons 122-123, 182 Gilsey estate 164-165 Godfrey, Mrs. E 150-151 Goldsmith, Donald 164-165 Good Ground 164-165 Gould, Howard 140-141, 245 Grace, W. K 138-139, 242 Graf, Anthony 138-139 Great Neck school 138-139, 242 Great South Bay Water Co 82-85, 154-155,160-161,304-306 Greenport waterworks 84- 85, 166-167. 331-332 GrifRn, C. L 134-135,221-222 Groty, Mrs. 162-163, 321 Gutherie,W. D.. 66,146-147,266.267,268 Hageman, G. E 162-163, 321 Hallock, A. B 20,164-165,326-327 Halloek, B. F 158-159 Hallock, C. A 154-155,300 Hallock, F. G 158-159 Hallock, William 162-163, 323 Hallock & Small 20, 164-165, 326 Hamilton, 150-151, 284 Hamilton, J. F 1.38-139, 241 Hamilton, W.J 138-139, 240 Harek, Rudolph 124-125,186-187 Harms estate 150-151, 289 Harnier, Dr. 126-127,187 Harriman, J. H 148-149,277 Harris, George 162-163 Harris, L 158-159,310 Hart, A. W 134-135,223 Hawman Brothers 162-163, 321 Heckscher, August 152-153, 290 Hecla Iron Works 122-123 Hedges, J. W 166-167, 334 Heinz, H. J., Co 148-149.276 Hempstead poorhouse. 140-141,247-248 diagram showing 36 Hempstead Water Co. . .. 82-83, 142-143 Herod, Wm 156-157,304 Hewlett, Walter 152-153 Hixon, J. B 138-1.39, 327 Hodges, Axel 160-161, 318 Hoenighausen, Peter 74,152-153,290 Holt,G. B 1.34-135 Hopkins, J. H 160-161,321 Howard & Fuller Brewing Co.. 120-121 Howell, Porter 162-163, .323 Hoyt , Colgate 66, 150-151, 285-286 diagram showing 38 Huber, Henry 138-139 Humbert & Andrews 118-119. 172 Hummel , Martin 124-125 Huntington Oas Co 154-155 Huntington Light and Power Co . 154- 155, 300 Huntington Water Works Co. . . 82-83, 154-155, 299-300 Hutchinson, A. S : 148-149,281-304 Hutchinson, E. K 148-149,281 Hutchinson, A. J & A. S 148-140, 282 Idlewild Hotel 1.30-131 Imhauser, W., estate 158-159, 311 India Rubber Comb Co 1.30-131, 198 Isenburg, I 128-129, 195 Islip 156-157 Jackson, Jacob. ..: 148-149, 278 Jackson, Oscar 150-151, 289 Jacobs, N. H 140-141,244 Jagnow Brothers 138-139.238 Jamaica Water Supply Co 80-81, 1:32-1.33, 210-211 diagram showing 36 Jennings , Walter 152-153, 294 John Good Cordage and Machine Co 124-125 Johnson, 120-121, 174 Jones, Edwin 152-153, 291 Jones, J. T 152-153,292 Jones, Mrs. 162-163, 324 Jones, O. L 65, 66, 148, 155, 282, 286, 297, 302 diagram showing 38 Jones, W. E 152-153, 291 Jones, W. R 152-153, 291 Jones Brothers 120-121. 175 Kasteard, 1 140-141. 244 Keene, Foxhall 142-143, 256 Keene, James 134-135 ICeil, Charles 150-151, 289 Keller, J., & Sons 150-151,288-289 Kelsey, W. P 142-143,255 Kennedy, John 74, 148-149, 279 Kenyon, W. W 158-159,309 Kersona, 144-145, 262 Kiefer, .-V 138-139,239 Kimmerly, Stephen 140-141 King, J. B., Co 144-145 King, Mary E 138-139, 242 Kirk, T. J 160-161, .316 Klabfleisch, F.H.,Co..- 120-121 Klaiber. John 158-159, 310 Klothe, Herman 138-139 Knierum, Edward 150-151 Knowles, A. .\ 144-145, 261-282 Knox Hat Co 118-119,172 Kroln, 162-163 Kruger, 286 Kurz, Jules... 148-149,278 Lalance & Grosjean Manufactur- ing Co 128-129, 192-193 Lanier, J. F. D 142-143, 256 Latting, E 146-147, 268 Lauraman, Otto 162-163, 323 Lawrence, John 134-135, 222 Lawrence Beach Bathing Asso- ciation 134-135, 222 Layton, P.N '. 148-149 Lee, , 150-151, 283 Leeman, C. F. 158-159,309 L'Hommedieu's,J.H.,Sons 138-139,241 diagram showing 64 Liebmann, S., Sons Brewing Co. 120- 121, 173 Lindenhurst fire wells 154-155 Long Beach Association 24, 70, 82-83, 140-141, 246-248 Long Island Railroad 118-119, 124-125, 130-131, 134-143, 148- 149,154-155,160-167, 169,183, 198-199, 220, 231, 241, 244, 303, 315, 322, 324, 328, 332-333, 336 Long Island Sand Co 152-153 Long Island State Hospital. 158-159, 336 Lord, D. D 1.34-13.5, 223 Ludlum, 148-149, 279 Ludlum, Alfred 148-149, 281 Lupton, F. M 164-165 Lustgarten, Henry 138-139, 241 McCrary, R. S .' . . . 154-155, 300 McDonald, Mrs. S. F 164-165, 329 McGee, Walter 162-163, 321 McGifl, J. F 156-157,304 MacKay, C. H 82-83, 144-145 MacKenzie, G. C 66, 150-151, 285 diagram showing 38 McKilvery, 126-127, 187 McLaughlin, J.J 164-165, 328 McWilUams Coal Co 134-135, 220 Malcolm Brewing Co 120-121 Maltine Co 118-119, 169-170 Man, Edward 134-135, 223 Manhanset House . . . 84-85, 164-165, 331 Manhattan Beach Hotel 118-119 INDEX OF WELL DATA. 393 Page. Manhattan State Hospital 156-157 Marsh, Mrs. A. W 152-153,297 Marsh, Theodore 160-161 Martin, J. E 134-135, 221 Mason, C. H 140-141,244 Massapequa Hotel 15U-151 Masury, J. W., & Son 120-121,175 Matherson, W. T 158-1.59, 309 Matherson, W. T. & Co . 124-125, 185-186 Mattituck 164-165 Melville, Frank, jr 160-161 Merger & ThraU 120-121, 174 Merrick Water Co ... . 82-83, 146-147, 273 Metzner, M. A 158-159 Miller, Mary 162-163 Milliken Bros 118-119 Mineola Court-house 142-143 Minniken, John 144-145, 264 Mohannes Casino 150-151, 283 Mo-Mo-Ne Spring 298-299 Monecke, Dr. 158-1.59, 312 Monfort, H. A 152-153, 290 MontaukBrewingCo 128-129,193 Montauk Water Co 80-81, 132-133, 213-214 Morgan, Charles 138-139 Morgan, E. D 67, 142-143, 257-259 diagram showing 58 Morrell, 154-155 Morris, J. K 166-167, 334 Morrison, D. G 124-125 Morrissey, John 158-159 , 312 Mortimer, Stanley 144-145, 259 Moss, D. B 154-155,301,327 Mountain Mist Springs 152-153, 291 Muncie, E. H 154-155,303 Nassau County poor larm . 148-149,279 Nassau County Water Co 82-83, 144-145, 148-151 , 262, 276, 279-280 Nassau Electric Light and Power Co 144-145, 260 Nassau Oyster Co 160-161, 316 Navy, U. S 120-121,176-177 Neptune Consumers Ice Co 122- 123, 178-179 Nevins, Fred 154-155, 301 New Calvary Cemetery 128-129, 195 New York and Queens County Railroad 128-129, 195 New York Architectural Terra Cotta Co 124-125, 186 New York Asbestos Co 124-125,186 New York-Brooklyn Rapid Tran- sit Co 118-119, 169 New York City commission on additional water supply 126-151, 156-161, 187, 193-198, 209, 211-220, 235-241, 243, 249-255, 261-262, 273- 277, 279, 287-289, 297-298, 306-308, 310,312-313, 316-317, 319, 339-360 New York City department of wa- tersupply (Brooklyn Borough): Agawam r8-79, 146-147,269-270 Baisleys 76-77, 130-131,203 diagram showing 34 Clear St ream 7&-77, 136-137, 288 17116— No. 44—06 26 New York City, department of water supply (Brooklyn Bor- ough): Forest Stream 76-77, 136-137,233-234 diagram showing 34 Freeport 146^147, 270-271 Gravesend 76-77,118-119,169 Jameco 76-77, 130-131, 204-206 diagram showing 34 Massapequa 78-79.150-151,287 Mato wa 78-79 , 146-147, 273 Merrick 78-79, 146-147, 271-273 New Lots 76-77, 126-127, 189 diagram showing 34 New Utrecht 76-77,118-119 Oconee 76-77, 130-131 Shetucket 76-77, 130-131 Spring Creek . 76-77, 126-127, 190-191 Springfield . . . 76-77, 130-131, 201-202 Test wells 126-127 130-133,136-137,140-141,189-190, 200, 202-210, 212-213, 228-235, 249 diagrams showing.. 34,36,58 Watts Pond.. 76-77,136-137,231-232 Wantagh 78-79, 146-147, 274 New York City department of watersupply (QueensBorough) , Bayside 80-81 , 134-135, 218-219 College Point. See Fresh Meadow. Flushing. See Bayside. Fresh Meadow 78-79, 132-133-215-216 Long Island City No. 1 78-79, 122-123 Long Island City No. 2 78-79, 130-131 Long Island City No. 3 78-79, 124-125, 184-185 Whitestone No. 1 80-81, 1,34-- 35, 220 Whitestone No. 2 80-81, 134-135,220 New York Quarantine Station ... 118- 119,168 New York Quinine and Chemical Co 122-123, 179 New York Sanitary Utilization Co 66, 126-127, 188 Newton, E. H 158-1.59 Newton, Nelson 158-159, 312 Newton, R. W 158-159,311 Newwitter & Migel 126-127 Nichol, J. W 162-163,324,353 Nichols Chemical Co 122-123 Noback, Frederick 156-157, 309 Nort House 158-159, 314 North Countr}' Club 144-145, 263 North Shore Industrial Co. 322,362-363 Northport Waterworks Co 82-83, 154-155, 300-301 Norton, A. T 160-161, 349 Norton, Jas 148-149, 281 Nostrand, Frank 144-145 Obermeyer & Liebmann 120-121 O'Kiefe, Ed 124-125 Old Field Point 160-161, 328 O'Leary, D 138-1.39, 240 Orient Manufacturing Co.. 166-167,335 Overton, Irving. 158-1.59, 312, .319 Overton, J.J 160-161,319 Oysterman's Dock Co 148-149 Parker, J. E 166-167. 335 Parks, W. G 142-143,255 Parsons, Fred 156-157 Payne, C. W 164-167, 328, 334 Payne, J. B 156-157,308 Pedrick, C. B 156-157, 308 Pennsylvania, New York and Long Island Railroad.... 122-123,182 Peter Cooper Glue Co 122-123, 178 Pfalzgraf, H. C, estate 80-81 118-119,169 Pfeizer Chemical Co 120-121, 17.3-174 Pierce, Winslow 150-151, 286 Place, Howard 140-141 Plunkett, G. E 1.58-1.59, 311 Port Jefferson Co 19, 160-161, 320 Port Jefferson Fire Co 160-161,320 Port Jefferson Water Co 84-85, 160-161,319-320 Port Washington Catholic Church 140-141, 244,262 Post, W. J 144-145,261,282 Post, Mrs.— 164-165 Powell, L. F...... 144-145 Pratt estate . . 64, 82-83, 144-145, 264-265 Price, William 146-147, 267 Provost, D. C 134-135 Quantuek Water Co. . 84-85, 164-166, 327 Queens Borough. See New York City department of water sup- ply (Queens Borough). Queens County Water Co 24, 66, 77, 82-83, 130-131, 136-137, 200, 224-228 diagram showing , 36 Quinan, — 148-149,279 Ralston, WiUiam 158-159, 311 Rassapeaque Club 156-157, 309 Raynor, Benjamin 162-163, 323 Raynor, Ellsworth 162-163, 325 Raynor, Jacob 102-163, 325 Raynor, M. E 162-163, 324 Raynor, Preston 162-163, 324 Raynor, Wallace 162-103, 323 Reboul, H. W 158-1.59, 310 Reck-nagle, C. F 138-139 Reed, J 140-141 Reid, — 164-165, .328 Reynolds, — 160-161, 317 Rice, J. H 138-139 Richter, Mrs. Max 160-161,318 Rivercrest sanitarium 128-129, 196 diagram showing 58 Riverhead waterworks 84-85, 104-165, 327-328 Roberts, C. R 158-159,310 Robinson, J.J 154-155,300 Robinson, Mrs.— 162-163 Robinson Bros 122-123 Rockville Center 82-83, 140-141, 250 Rogers, W. C 162-163,325,355 394 INDEX OF WELL DATA. Page. Ronkonkoma 158-159 Roosevelt, E 66,150-151,285 Roosevelt, Theodore 152-153, 294 Rowland, WoodhuU 19, 158-159, 314 Rowley, Edward 156-157 Rushinore, Henry 148-149, 279 Ryan, Mrs. Mary 124-125 Ryder, A. O 164-165, 330 Sag Harbor Waterworks Co 84r-85, 166-167, 334 Sagaponak '. 166-167 St. John's Protectory 148-149, 276 St. Joseph's in the Pines. . . 1.56-157,307 St. Paul School 142-143 Sammis, J. M 148-149.280 diagram showing 38 Sandford, Howell 164-165, 325 Sanford, J. A., & Sons 20, 166-167, 333-334 Saxe, Jerome 1.58-159 , 313, 340 Sayville 160-161, 315 Scharman, H. B., & Sons 120-121 Schreiber, A 142-143,251 Schreiber, C 136-137,231 Schwarting, D 160-161,317 Scott, Mrs. M. E 134-135, 222, 237 Sea Cliff Hotel 160-161,315 Sea Cliff Water Co . . . 82-83, 144-145, 262 Seaman, L. A., estate 138-139 Seeman, S 144-145, 263 Seitz, N., Sons 122-123,178 Seizor, Robert 140-141, 243 Sembler, Adolf 160-161,318 Shaw, J. M 160-161 , 321 Shaw, S. T 66,150-151,285,309 Shaw, Sydney 164-165, 326 Shelter Island Heights Associa- tion 84-85,164-165,330-331 Sherman, C. S 66,150-151,285 diagram showing 38 Shipman, William, estate 158-159 Shultz, J. H., Co 120-121 Siebrecht, Wm 124-125, 186 Simpson, T. J., Co 136-137 Small, Lorenzo 140-141 Smith, '. 124-125, 183 Smith, Brewster 156-157 Smith, 0. D 1.56-157,309 Smith, D. W 148-149,281 Smith, E. M 156-157,309 Smith, F.J 154-155,301,327 Smith, F. W 166-167 Smith, J. M 140-141,267 Smith, J. Otis 156-157 Smith, R. H 158-159,310 Smith, Victor F 156-157 Smith, W 150-151 Smith, W. Frank 162-163, 323 Society of St. Johnsland ... 158-159,309 Soper, A. C, & Co 154-155, 299, 325 Page. Southampton Water Co.. 84-85, 164-165,329 Southard, C. H 142-143,251 Standard Oil Co ... . 122-123, 180, 181, 191 Stearns, J. N 164-165,330 Steele, Alfred 162-163,323 Steinart, Joseph '.. 148-149,276 Steinhert, Augustus.... 124-125,183,276 Stein way & Son 82-83, 128-129 Still, E. S 162-163 Stimpson, H. L 150-151 , 289-290 diagram showing 57 Stonebanks, 130-131 Sto we, W 144-145, 259-260 Streeter & Dennison 122-123 Strong, 153-157, 306 Sumpwams Water Co 82-83, 154-155,303-304 Swan, Edward 150-151,284 Sweeney Manufacturing Co 120-121 Talmon, Sarah 152-153 Tangeman, J. P 144-145,264 Tartar Chemical Co 118-119, 170-171 Terry, .V. P 160-161,317 Tesla, Nikola 162-163, 321-322 Thane, 164-165,328 Thatcher, John 160-161,315 Thomas, M. S 142-143,251 Thompson, Edward 154-155, 304 Thompson, W. P 148-149, 277 Tiffany, L. C 152-153, 292, 294 Titus, John 150-151, 289 Totten, H. G 156-157 Touscher, L 134-135,224 Townsend, E. M 150-151 Tawnsend heirs 72, 148-149, 281 diagram showing 38 Transit Development Co 118- 119, 171-172 Travis, V. P 138-139,242 Trotter, William...; 150-151,284 Ulmer, 164-165, 330, 360 Underbill, Townsend 72, 148-149,280,283 Valentine, W. M 144-145, 264 Valentine, Theodore 140-141, 144-145,243,260-261 Van Iderstine, P., Sons 154-155,302 Van Sise & Co 148-149, 280-281 Van Wyke heirs 152-153, 291 Vanderbilt, Charles 140-141,243 Vanderbilt, W. K 158-159 Vanderbilt, W. K., jr 21, 66,67,138-139,238-239 diagrams showing 58, 61 Vanoskd, Frank 140-141,244 Vowman, Mrs. 1 144-145, 260 Wakeman, E. L 132-133,214 Wallace, Howard 158-159, 314 Walsh, F. K 134-135 Page. Walthers, Max 164-165 Ward, Barclay .. 21,24,152-153,295-296 Ward's shipyards 126-127 Warden, J. S 162-163, 351 Wardenclyfie Brick and Tile Co.. 162- 163, 322 Warner, Charles 162-163, 325 Warner, W. H 158-159,312 Water MUl 164-165, 329 Watt, T. C 144-155,282 Webb, T. E 140-141,244 Weber, J 158-159, 311 Weber, John 164-165, 330 Weeks, Charles 148-149, 280 Wells, C. H -. 162-163,325 Wells, J. M 164-165,331 Wendell, J 164-165, 327 West Brooklyn Water Co.. 118-119,178 West Sayville 158rl59 Westbury Colored Childrens' Home 148-149, 276 Westcott Express Co 124-125, 183 ■VVestinghouse Electric Co. . - 122-123, 182 Wetmore, C. W 65, 150-151, 286 Wheeler, S. W 162-163, 322 Whitaker, E. G 164-165, 329 White, Mrs. Coles 148-149 White, Thomas F., Co. . 66, 126-127, 188 White, Wm 152-153,292 White Lead Co 126-127, 188 Whitestone. See New York City department of water supply (Queens Borough). Whitney, W. C 144-145,259 Wier , L. C 146-147, 268 WiUets, E. C 138-139, 239 Willetts , F. E 144-145, 263 Willetts, Walter 144-145, 261 WiUey , C. A., & Co 124-125, 183 Williams , T. S 65, 152-153, 294 Willis, T 148-149,278 Wilson, G. B 134-135,222 Winthrop,H. R 148-149 Winthrop, Robert 148-149 Witherspoon & Co 124-125 Wonder, Mrs. 124-125, 185 Wood, Mrs. Welton. 152-153, 291 Wood, W"ilton 152-153, 295 Woodhaven Water Supply Co . . . 80-81, 126-127, 192 Woodruff, A.J 162-163 Woodside Water Co 80-81, 128-129, 194, 195, 197 Wortman, H 142-144,251 Wright, W. DeF....' 140-141 Yetter & Moore 164-165, 328 i'oung, Wesley 162-163, 323 Young & Metzner. 124-125 Young Bag Co 124-125 Zabriskie, Augustus ... 164-165, 326 Zabriskie. George 140-141, 245 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. [Professional Paper No. 44.] The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of the United States — folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of the United States — folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had on application. Most of the above publications may be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they may be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application. 2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress, for distribution. 3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, from whom they may be had at practically cost. 4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they may be consulted by those interested. The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified into the following series: A, Economic geology; B,- Descriptive geology; C, Systematic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irriga- tion; J, Water storage; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investi- gations; N, Water power; 0, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports. This paper is the seventy-first in Series B and the thirty-ninth in Series 0, the complete lists of which follow. (PP=Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply Paper.) SERIES B, DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. B 23. Observations on the junction between the Eastern sandstone and the Keweenaw series on Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, by R. D. Irving and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 124 pp., 17 pis. (Out of stock. ) B 33. Notes on geology of northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. 23 pp. (Out of stock.) B 39. The upper beaches and deltas of Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham. 1887. 84 pp., 1 pi. (Out of stock.) B 40. Changes in river courses in Washington Territory due to glaciation, by Bailey WilliS4 1887. 10 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) B 45. The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas, by R. T. Hill. 1887. 94 pp. (Out of stock.) B 53. The geology of Nantucket, by N. S. Shaler. 1889. 55 pp., 10 pis. (Out of stock.) B 57. A geological reconnaissance in southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 49 pp., 2 pis. B 58. The glacial boundary in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by G. F. Wright, with intro- duction by T. C. Chamberlin. 1890. 112 pp., 8 pis. (Out of stock.) B 67. The relations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region, by N. H. Darton. 1890. 82 pp. (Out of stock.) B 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by W. H. Weed. 1893. 41 pp., 4 pis. B 108. A geological reconnaissance in central Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1893. 108 pp., 12 pis. (Out of stock.) B 119. A geological reconnaissance in northwest Wyoming, by G. H. Eldridge. 1894. 72 pp., 4 pis. B 137. The geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation and vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 189(5. 35 pp., 8 pis. B 144. The moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1896. 71 pp., 21 pis. B 158. The moraines of southeastern South Dakota and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1899. 171 pp., 27 pis. B 159. The geology of eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 139 pp., 9 pis. B 165. Contributions to the geology of Maine, by H. S. Williams and H. E. Gregory. 1900. 212 pp., 14 pis. WS 70. Geology and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles in eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska, by G. I. .4.dams. 1902. 50 pp., 11 pis. B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 pp., 25 pis. PP 1. Preliminary report on the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, with an introductory sketch of the geology of south- eastern Alaska, by A. H. Brooks. 1902. 120 pp., 2 pis. PP 2. Reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1902. 70 pp., 11 pis. PP 3. Geology and petrography ofiCrater Lake National Park, by J. S. Diller and H. B. Patto.i. 1902. 167 pp., 19 pis. II SERIES LIST. PP 10. Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, by way of Dall, Kanuti, Allen, and Kowak rivers, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1902. 68 pp., 10 pis. PP 11. Clays of the United States east of the Mississippi River, by Heinrich Ries. 1903. 298 pp., 9 pis. PP 12. Geology of the Globe copper district, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1903. 168 pp., 27 pis. PP 13. Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, by W. G. Tight. 1903. Ill pp., 17 pis. B, 208. Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the fortieth parallel and adjacent portions of California, by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 229 pp., 8 pis. B 209. Geology of Ascutney Mountain, Vermont, by R. A. Daly. 1903. 122 pp., 7 pis. WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 51 pp., 2 pis. PP 15. Mineral reso.urees of the Mount Wrangell district, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall and F. C. Schrader. 1903. 71 pp., 10 pis. PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp. ,'43 pis. B 217. Notes on the geology of southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 83 pp., 18 pis. B 219. The ore deposits of Tonopah, Nevada (preliminary report), by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 31 pp., 1 pi. PP 20. A reconnaissance in northern Alaska in 1901, by F. C. Schrader. 1904. 139 pp., 16 pis. PP 21. The geology and ore deposits of the Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1904. 168 pp., 29 pis. WS 90. Geology and water resources of part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. Todd and C. M. Hall. ■ ■ 1904. 47 pp., 23 pis. PP 25. The copper deposits of the Encampment district, Wyoming, by A. C. Spencer. 1904. 107 pp., 2 pis. PP 26. Economic resources of the northern Black Hills, by J. D. Irving, with contributions by S. F. Emmons and T. A. Jaggar, jr. 1904. 222 pp., 20 pis. PP 27. Geological reconnaissance across the Bitterroot Range and Clearwater Mountains In Montana and Idsftio, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1904. 122 pp., 15 pis. PP 31. Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory and Oklahoma, by J. A. Taff, with an appendix on reported ore deposits in the Wichita Mountains, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 97 pp., 8 pis. B 235. A geological reconnai.ssance across the Cascade Range near the forty-ninth parallel, by G. O. Smith and F. C. Calkins. 1904. 103 pp., 4 pis. B 236. The Porcupine placer district, Alaska, by C. W. Wright. 1904. 35 pp., 10 pis. B 237. Igneous rocks of the Highwood Mountains, Montana, by L. V. Pirsson. 1904. 208 pp., 7 pis. B 238. Economic geology of the lola quadrangle, Kansas, by G. I. Adams, Erasmus Haworth, and W. R. Crane. 1904. 83 pp.,lpl. PP 32. Geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 1905. 433 pp., 72 pis. WS 110. Contributions to hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. G. Fuller, geologist in charge. 1905. 211 pp., 5 pis. B 242. Geology of the Hudson Valley between .the Hoosic and the Kinderhook, by T. Nelson Dale. 1904. 63 pp., 3 pis. PP 34. The Delavan lobe of the Lake Michigan Glacier of the Wisconsin stage of glaciation and associated phenomena, by W. C. Alden. 1904. 106 pp., 15 pis. PP 35. Geology of the Perry Basin in southeastern Maine, by G. 0. Smith and David White. 1905. 107 pp., B pis. B 243. Cement materials and industry of tl;e United States, by 15. C. Eckel. 1905. 395 pp., 15 pis. B 246. Zinc and lead deposits of northeastern Illinois, by H. P. Bain. 1904. 56 pp., 5 pis. B 247. The Fairhaven gold placers of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by F. H. Moffit. 1905. 85 pp., 14 pis. B 249. Limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania, by F. G. Clapp. 1905. 52 pp., 7 pis. B 250. The petroleum fields of the Pacific coast of Alaska, with an account of the Bering River coal deposit, by G. C. Martin. 1905. 65 pp., 7 pis. B 251. The gold placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, and Fairbanks regions, Alaska, by L. M. Prindle. 190.5, 89 pp., 16 pis. WS. 118. Geology and water resources of a portion of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 4 pis. B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 138 pp., 24 pis. PP 36. The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky, by E. O. Ulrich and W. S. Tangier Smith. 1905. 218 pp., 15 pis. PP38. Economic geology of the Bingham mining district of Utah, by J. M. Boutwell, with a chapter on areal geology, by Arthur Keith, and an introduction on general geology, by S. F. Emmons. 1905. 413 pp., 49 pis. PP 41. The geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. B 254. Report of progress in the geological resurvey of the Cripple Creek district. Colorado, by Waldemar Lindgren and F. L. Ransome. 1904. 36 pp. B 255. The fiuor.sparueposits of southern Illinois, by H. Foster Bain. 1905. 75 pp., 6 pis. B 256. Mineral resources of the Elders Ridge quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by R. W. Stone. 1905. 83 pp., 12 pis. B 237. Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds, by T. W. Stanton and J. B. Hatcher, with a chapter on the fossil plants, by F. H. Knowlton. 1903. 174 pp., 19 pis. PP 42. Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nevada, by J. E. Spur. 1905. 295 pp., 24 pis. WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C. R. Keyes. 1905. 42 pp., 9 pis. WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1903. 196 pp., 24 pis. PP 43. The copper deposits of the Clifton-Morenci district, Arizona, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1905. 372 pp., 25 pis. B 265. Geology of the Boulder district, Colorado, by N. M. Fenneman. 1905. 101 pp., 5 pis. B 267. The copper deposits of Missouri, by H. Foster Bain and E. O. Ulrich. 1905. 32 pp., 1 pi. PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch, C. S. Slichter, Isaiah Bowman, W. 0. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. 1906. 394 pp., 34 pis. SERIES LIST. Ill SERIES 0, UNDERGROUND WATERS. WS 4. A reconnaissance in southeastern Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1897. 96 pp., 7 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 6. Underground waters of southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth. 1897. 65 pp., 12 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 7. Sejpnge waters of northern Utah, by Samuel Portier. 1897. 50 pp., 3 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 12. Underground waters of southeastern Nebraska, by N. H. Darton. 1898. 56 pp., 21 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 21. Wells of northern Indiana, by Prank Leverett. 1899. 82 pp., 2 pis. WS 26. Wells of southern Indiana (continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett.' 1899. 64 pp. WS 30. Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 7 pis. (Out of stock.) WS 31. Lower Michigan mineral waters, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 4 pis. WS 34. Geology and water resources of a portion of southeastern South Dakota, by J. E. Todd. 1900. 34 pp., 19 pis. WS 53. Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. I. by I. C. Russell. 1901. 86 pp., 10 pis. WS .54, Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. II, by I. C. Russell. 1901. 87-141 pp. WS 55. Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash., by G. 0. Smith. 1901. 68 pp., 7 pis. WS 57. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. I, by N.H. Darton. 1902. 60 pp. (Out of stock.) WS 59. Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. I, by J. B. Lipplncott. 1902. 95 pp., 11 pis. (Out of .stock.) WS 60. Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. II, by J. B. Lippincott. 96-140 pp, (Out of stock.) WS 61. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. II, by N. H. Darton. 1902. 67 pp. (Out of stock.) WS 67. The motions of underground waters, by C. S. Slichter. 1902. 106 pp., 8 pis. B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 pp., 25 pis. WS 77. Water resources of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1903. 62 pp., 4 pis. WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. .51 pp., 2 pis. WS 90. Geology and water resourcesof part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. Todd and C. M. Hall. 1904. 45 pp., 23 pis. WS 101. Underground waters of southern Louisiana, by G. D. Harris; with discussions of their uses for water supplies and for rice irrigation, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 98 pp.. 11 pis. WS 102. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1903, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 522 pp. WS 104. The underground waters of Gila Valley, Arizona, by Willis T. Lee. 1904. 71 pp., 5 pis. WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. WSllO. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. L. Fuller, geologist in charge. 1904. 211 pp., 5 pis. PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pis. PP 32. Preliminary report on the geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 190.3. 433 pp., 72 pis. WS 111. Preliminary report on underground waters of Washington, by Henry Landes. 1905. 85 pp., 1 pi. WS 112. Underflow tests in the drainage basin of Los Angeles River, by Homer Hamlin. 1905. 55 pp., 7 pis. WS 114. Underground waters of eastern United States, by M. L. Fuller and others. 1905. 285 pp., 18 pis. WS 118. Geology and water resources of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 4 pis. B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by 1. C. Russell. 1905. 138 pp., 24 pis. WS 120. Bibliographic review and index of papers relating to underground waters published by the United States Geo- logical Survey, 1879-1904, by M. L. Fuller. 1905. 128 pp. WS 122. Relation of the law to underground waters, by D. W. Johnson. 1905. 55 pp. WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C. R. Keyes. 1905. 42 pp., 9 pis. WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 196 pp., 23 pis. B 264. Record of deep-well drilling for 1904, by M. L. Fuller, E. F. Lines, and A. C. Veatch. 1905. 106 pp. PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch, C. S. Slichter. Isaiah Bowman, W. O. Crosby, and R. E. Horton. 1906. 394 pp., 34 pis. The following papers also relate to this subject: Underground waters of Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado, by G. K. Gilbert, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Preliminary report on artesian waters of a portion of the Dakotas, by N. H. Darton, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Illinois, by Frank Leverett, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Indiana and Ohio, by Frank Leverett, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; New developments in well boring and irrigation in eastern South Dakota, by N. H. Darton, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Rock waters of Ohio, by Edward Orton, in Nineteenth .•Vnnual, Pt. IV; Artesian well prospects in the Atlantic coastal plain region, by N. H. Darton, Bulletin No, 138. Correspondence should be addressed to The Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. February, 1906. o 306 35 linld. PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XI 05 73°00' S GEOLOGICAL SUR PROFESSIONAL PAPER ^ MAI' sno\vix(, TIIK I'OSITIOX OF 'rill-: MAlX(;H()rM) WA'I'Kl! TADLK I,()N(i ISI>AN1). XKW YOHK I'DMPII.ICII FllOM.\M.\|Mll'''l'IIK M V\ >()Hlv ( m (I)MMISSIIIN il\ ADDmoNALVVATIOIl SI'Pl'I.V. 1 ll\l. ISl \M) 1)I\ISI(I\ I'llH jV d j Wi'Ib uliBcrvint iriikli .lfl|ii'iiil un llic- nmin iJi'iuiinl ui.i.'p iiiliI-» r • I IlpcJ ndin-N ly™ liPlglil In fti'i.nlmvo Bronklyn ilnluiu I «*J J July l.ltll):t, iiT Nvmi-rlcvpl In ivdlld .leppntU-nl ofi // J ].PP,-lH'ilwiiUiriHlHfl» h».Mkly" w.W'infW IMiiii Jiiluin.uHKli jI.oijitl.clinPK/1-^.yj-ff oil'. J i0 ^ I _- r^M I I II I 1 M „.^:.r,^ '.-,»■ /=■ 1 V ^ i ^^ - ^ ■¥- / a' K^: /> N -«t„ PROFF!^.SinNAI PAPFR NO 4-4- PI yiy US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I 74'(W ' / " "-_.jK~J' i \A 1 » .1 Y 1 \ 1 I 74O0' PROFESSIONAL PAPER NO. 44 PL. XXIV Ji ) S GCOtOCICAL SURVev ..J&- ^^..^^u:l N so' 22 . ^s^^- ^ 25 __ 72" m^ II 1) I A/f H S i«-f; .1 V /- ;•; 7:? I. O <> ^ I S S 1. A N D S 0\U N D /■' i ' r ^ -"?";ii#^'"'' ^\ ^-^ MAP OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK SII0\V1NG LOCATION OF \An^LLS DATA COiVIPILED BY A.C.Vl- ATCH. ASSISTISD BY ISAIAH BOWMAN 1903 i; -J Scale 1 u a w j: 1904 LEGEND II lofly ra- ,„„„.„» p*^ oiip.s iifwi'lis [-^|u les nriiimmls or U.r Uihic iir»fll.' oiul .1 "---" 36' 19 :J0' 20 21 20' 10- 24 26 7^"0' LBJe'06 I v-^ •► " ''r% ' >-•>,'.-. ^ '• V ■ ' ''^■'■■'■''•''^''■|''r;'^ y^^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 019 953 660 6* 'vNi^ .■■=^^^'-: ^- ;