rflE on / PRACTICAL GRAMMAR, PF THE 3lrí0) fLattguase* BY / THE REV. PAUL O'BRIEN. DUBLIN; rBINTED BY H. FITZPATItICK, 4, CAPEL-STREE1 > Printer and Bookseller to the R. C, Coll. Mayiiootb. 1809. <£ntere& at Stationer?' $ail. 30/ aP bSoo • 02. TO THE LOVERS OF IRISH LITERATURE, THREE years have elapsed since the Manuscript Copy of the following work was delivered to me by the Rev. Doctor O' Briek, the Irish Professor in the College of Maynooth: All necessary arrangements zuere then made for its being immediately committed to press ; nay, so certain was I of being enabled in a short time to gratify tlie under -graduates of Maynooth, for whose particular use it was originally designed, and the lovers of Irish literature in general, that I actually an- nounced, in my Catalogue, its speedy public a^ tion. All these dispositions were, however, rendered ineffectual by the interference of another work of indispensable necessity, and of peculiar difficulty in the execution, in which I had previously engaged. Thus was I, until the present time, prevented from the publication of the Irish Grammar, a work in the publishing of which I considered my ambition somewhat flattered, by being employed, even as an frumblc instrument, for facilitating the acquirement of the long- neglected, yet venerable language of my fore- fathers ; a language which has the singular advantage of surviving centuries of discou- ragement, ahd being now acknowledged by philologcrs Till t philologers as the purest branch of the Celtic now in existence, and the matricular tongue of the Greek, Latin, and other European dialects. With a reflecting public, whose good opinion- it has ever been my most earnest wish to cultivate, these considerations will, I flatter myself apologize for the delay thus uninten- tionally occasioned to the publication of the Irish Grammar, a delay which even milU tated against my interest, as, from the repeated demands made for the book since first advertised, I am fully convinced that the whole impression would have been long since sold off, and that, previously to the printing or publishing of tzvo other works of the same description which have been edited in this city within these twelve months past, Notwithstanding the diligence used for the prevention of typographical errors, by a Gentleman to whom the Author committed the care of its revision, a task for which he is eminently qualified, I have, however, to entreat indulgence for some mistakes which escaped our vigilance. The most material of these, especially such as affect the author's meaning^ are particularly noticed in the table of Errata subjoined to the work. I remain, with great respect, Your most obliged And devoted servant, AugulfiW IL ^PATRICK. INTRODUCTION. .««o^ JlT is not my intention in the following sheets to enter into any learned disquisitions, or remote historical researches, concerning the antiquity or the original structure of the Irish language, as that task has been already performed by a gentleman who, like Pythagoras of old, left his native land to visit the seat of ancient learning, and recover the wisdom of former days. Mine is an humble province ; to exhibit our native language in its present form, and unfold its various grammatical analogies ; to conduct the curious to that venerable edifice, once the mansion of genius and science, and still, after the lapse of centuries, and a long succession of tempestuous seasons, exhibiting proofs of its ancient grandeur; and to introduce them to those sons of harmony whose animating sono-s resounded through the halls of their chiefs, and roused them to battle, or soothed them with the praises of their past achievements. Such is the account handed down to us of those celebrated bards, and such were the tíie powers of a language tliat enabled them tó excite or compose, at will, the passions of men ; and indeed even now those who understand it well, discover in it a softness and an energy that they would seek for in Vain in more modern languages. To rest it on the basis ot Grammar, and thereby facilitate the acquisition of it to learners, I have undertaken the present work. H<>w far I have suc- ceeded, those who are skilled in the language will be the best judges. Í have used my best endeavours to render the book as complete as possible ; it contains a scale of the vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs^ collated with corresponding English sounds, and the various powers of the consonants are pointed out, to render their pronunciation more easy to the learner. It also contains a general table of all the terminations of Substantives, in their principal cases ; Adjectives with their comparisons, in their most simple and complicated forms ; the different kinds of Verbs, with their various inflections ; Grammatical Terms, ancient and modern ; Syntax, Abbreviations, an explication of the Alphabet, Druidical characters, &c. To complete the course of instruction in the lan- guage three things would be requisite, in addition to the Grammar ; a Book of Exercises, to reduce tó practice the rules delivered in the Grammar, and to teach the application of them to the different cases that may occur. A Book of Dialogues, in familiar but correct language. And finally, an Irish Dictionary; this VII this last the most important of the three. A Prospectus of an Irish Dictionary has been already executed by General Vallancey, the gentleman alluded to above ; and a Dictionary is advertised to be published imme- diately by the author of a Grammar of the Gaelic Language, lately published in Dublin, Should my endeavours, at any future period, be thought useful towards the accomplishment of what remains, I shall decline no labour to that effect ; and, on the other hand, should the present work be neglected, I may indeed feel some regret at seeing a favourite purpose defeated, but shall console myself with the consciousness of having meant well ; nor shall any abject pride or affected refinement teach me to blush at my attachment to the language of my forefathers whose memory and whose virtues I shall ever revere, jr. the only memorial that remains to us of them. foiila ctg Sfijof OF THE ALPHABET. THE modern Irish Alphabet, or tíibgi-i/i, (i) consists of eighteen letters, and is arranged in the same order as their corresponding letters in the Roman and English Alphabets. But this arrangement must have taken place since the introduction of Christianity, and with it the Latin language; for, in our most ancient grammars, and in the Ogbam, or occult manner of writing, the Consonants follow each other in regular succession, and the Vowels and Diph- thongs immediately after. (2) Forchern, in his rftdicepc ya flCigey, (pro- bably the most ancient grammar of any language now extant) arranges his letters in an order quite different from the Alphabet at present used in the Irish language. In the Book of Leacan, there is another Alphabet, classed in the same manner as Forchern's, but differing from him in the names of the letters, and in having the letter p, (3) inserted, which is not to be found in Forchern's. General Vallancey, in his grammar, has given us a copy of Forchern's bobel-lot, (a) (Alphabet) which differs both in the Onhograpby of the names, and Order of the letters, from the Scbel-loi, which I have seen in an old copy of the ujtcticepu. " B TH» THE ANCIENT ALPHABET. The bcbel-loz of Forchern, a^= given by Gen. ValUneey. Name, ooibel lozh múb-gúbort lit"* bú}bwt CdOl Cdilejpr woijiirt gcíú *{bprr p^ben úcúb o^e rpcí eyu ftucin) euc/tofiuf Q-\p.bWVOp.f irjroetílcdf to&owuf dO£jtC(1lT) The booel-losnj í)it-l^y-wotT. ofForcherti,from|from the Book an óld copy of the tí f Leacan. u/itficept. h 6 Z c It) 5 r 6 7 1 b B b be\zh beith c C o c coll coll ó 6 p d bVlff duir e e E $ P4ÓÚ eadha F F F f f:ect^r> fearan S 5 G g 5°^ gort 1 1 I i log,* iogh.j i I L \ luif luis «.CO *> M m mum muiqt H fl N n ))U17) nuiu G O Olji oir P P P P pei£ peitb n i* R r r u V mis s r S 8 fU\l suil c •c T t seine teine u UT U U UJX ur h h H h uat uifh The»* These letters are divided into two classes, Vow- els and Consonants ; which are again subdivided into broad and slender vowels, and mutable and immutable consonants. The broad vowels are , gold *2* j. olong Quantity, 2. ó short I. u long g. u short Engl, sounds» as u in buck as u in true as u in put Irish examples, yxoc, a trumpet lift-, green ucó, the breast Vowels are never written double, nor are thejr ever quiescent at the end of a word PF THE MUTABLE CONSONANTS. The mutable consonants, in their primitive or pnaspirated state, are pronounced nearly l}ke their corresponding English letters, thus ; T . f , English letters and Irish letters. ; 6 examp i es . i> as b in bay C c in call b thick th in there 6 liquid d in gordian f f in fat 5 i \ n £ al1 tn min mother p j> in pawn f > in son I" jA in shine P th in thumb Irish examples* bátj, white 1>* 5/n cctt, battle **W 6 a banquet, (7)» This letter in any situation is only an aspirate* It is never used but in the beginning of simple words, and in the initials of the second parts of «ompoUnds, and then the following vowel U pronounced strong; as, singly Singly has two sounds, the first of which is like uie English r, in road, brand, far, &c. as ( ndrj, a Verse, ped/t, a man, &c. The second sound is like r in clarion, as ti ftein), her couise. It is some- tines written double, as bd/tjtdc, tow ; edjtjt, a champion ; and is then strongly pronounced, wih a longer dwelling on the sound of 71 than if it were written singly. These immutables at the beginning of words which have a reference either to objects of the feminine gender, or to persons or things, of the plural number, are pronounced double. Thus N &C and therefore they refuse it a ptaci amongst the letters of the Irish A'pbabet. But in the Ogham and all ou! most ancient Alphabets* it was ranked as a letter; and in all our old Ma- nuscripts it is written, and us^d as a Consonant. Some of our late writers have omitted it in uicif C works; 12 works; but this omission is by no means de- fensible; for, iu the Genitive Cases of all Nouns of the Feminine gtnder whose initial is a vowel, the letter h, is as forcibly expressed as in the English words have, hall, &c. Example ; ú becíóctt), her face ; d bcd/igioó, her silver &c. The character r)g or rjgeódl, has a sound pe- culiar to itself, which can only be leaned by the ear. The sound of ng, in the English words long, king, &c. has some faint resemblance to it, but the Irish ^15 is sounded more nasal. When it occurs in the middle of words as in «cetíttgd, a tongue; cdrngetiT}, a confedracy; &c. it must not be pronounced as if written tecOhgit» cdTíj-gecí)!, but as cea-ttgcc, c ? the Sua (9) long fcti always j^# year icftricecxwi. the Pole of th$ long h . d I. 10 long ee keen port, Wine. 2 io shor: i kill biolct^t, Cresses* 1. iu long w fume cíuncíf, Silence. 2. iu short you young pliuc, wet, auc thicl^ Ir; always as two syl- Ciin», meek. long lanles like ut in fuel X oi long as aw in cdi/i, Just. stress on o slow 2. oi short ^inthread oi$e a teacher* 1. 01 short ui in quill roil, the Will. 2. 01 long i in mile coillxe, Woods, (stress en 1) 3. oi long eeln bee cjtoide, a Heart. flu always ou in pour fuúp, Cold, (g) long 1. 7; long sounds as -pfl, an Eye; 6^1 Desire two sylla- Hope, bles, soQ~H 3. 17 long nee in i>^6e yellow, queen 2. 17 short z/i in quill prji, Blood; c^t, a Fly, li(ii always sounds as óúdw, Poems, Sfiuctin?, long two sylia- ^ Gloom, grief &c, b\Gs 3 doo-am The long vowels and diphthongs, are distin* guished from the short, by a diagonal stroke from right *■#*• tight to left, drawn over them (0, the short having none ; thus péaji, grass ; feJ.j\ P a man; mw 7 fine j row, meal. OF THE INFLUENCE OF CONSONANTS ON EACH OTHER, COMMONLY CALLED LCLiPSIS, This happens when the leading or primary Con- sonant in any word becomes mute by having another consonant piehxed to it, thus. Examples. To be read» h in tyon, sorrow úp mb$6y 7 our djt mpói) sorrow c QÚúipz, 2l visit j. Example : £tfOdc, Cloth, Masculine. - §ifigular# Plura!. Worn, «v zéúbúc - y the mú hédódrg - y the Cloth, Clothes, Gen. uyi édóctrj;, yú néctéxXc, Dat. 6on or 60 an édódc, 60 úy\ bedodcdik, Ace. úf) zéúódc, í)tX héúbú^, Voc. (12.) Abl. uúú úr\ édótíc, uú6 dú bédódcodfc. JH5J11, a Daughter, Feminine. Norn, d» 1*151», the »c* bwgírjetícd — tt>, the Daughter, Daughters, Gen. W bvipye, w n)wg'uj|, Singular Singular. Plural. Dat. boy) wgirj bond nlngrmfc, Ace. úr) ingír) y\ the Genitive retains its natural power; and if the initial Consonant be of the influenced class, its peculiar eclipsing letter must be prefixed in the dative^ In the plural, the leading Consonant preserves its natural power in all the Cases, except the Genitive in which Case it must be eclipsed, if it be of the influenced Class. Example : CIy<í{ ; an Ear, Feminine. Singular. PJural. Norn. Ú» cluufy the net ducket the Ears, Ear, Gen. rid cluctife, flee gclud^, Dat. 6on gclúcíf , óoná cliicif-dik • — Ace. <ín cluciy, 1)4 Clúrtfd, Voc. Abl. leif 4* gctudy, lei|- ud clucfftXifc. To this Declension belong all Feminine Nouns beginning with the letter f, followed by a Vowel or the lmmutables I, or n. In any •f these situations the letter z, must be prefixed in H in all the Cases of the Singular, except the Genitive, in which Case the y retains natural sound ; as it does also in all the Cases of the plural. f -rt, an Eye, Feminine. Plural» Singular» Nom. Hid "Cf-ql, the wtf fifle, the Eyes, Eje, Gen. 7)ú f-qle, nd pfl, Bat. óo» cyuii, bom fi]hh — -f^le, Ace. 4T) ^f^l, r& f^le, foe. JbU uúS ún Zfiql, tíjcCb doc f 77I1B— e. Tí/rá Declension* In this Declension, when the Article is ex- pressed all Mutable initial Consonants except f, must be aspirated i» the Genitive, but re- gain their natural power in the Nominative*, and Accusative, Singular. In the Dative, and Ab- lative Singular the initial sufTeis Eclipses if it, be of the influenced class. In all the cases of the Plural except the Gen- itive it preserves its natural sound, but in the Genitive it must follow the Dative Singular. Example : Cítjl^ a m&id 9 takes the masculine article. Singular. Plural» Nom. ú» Cdiliti, the maid t\a cailwib Gen. ú or <*i? bdilyn i)d geculi» Dai. bo\) gcáúíí) óot)d ccnliwí) Ace. úi) cúúh) f)dr)ú. cdibwtf Voc. AbU utó 0) gcdilnj vaó i)ú cúhwb crtttf 23 Cjirtn, a tree, Masculine* Singular. Plural. Norn, dri c/iOT)ct CfttXíjcC — CfUfiicCiB ^££. tXr) C/icí)) ud Cjttfi)) ftw:. ^3/. ucró án gc^ictí) tmóncí cjttXíTíí— c^tíífcciB All Nouns of the masculine gender, whose initial consonant is -f, belong to this declension. If the y be followed by a vowel, or by the immu- tables t or j\ 3 it preserves its natural sound i -he nominative and accusative cases singular; but in the genitive, dative and ablative singular, i: re- quires z prefixed. In all the cases of the plural it retains its na- tural sound. Example : { a priest, Mascupne. Sing. Piu:-. Nom- CS >v$ >$ ^ P P P P. 3 -o OCá . > „. , ■ ts x . .| a -a H 33 . §1 ^ í^ X* 55". * E^ 2á °ft § s § § ° ■° s gj W h4- «, * .2 ó ' . S ■=§ •*> g Genitive Plural, in *§ -§ •=§ ^ i a Nominative Plural, in. »— * H H The Gen. Sing, ends in. Jr * «i When the N. S. ends in. •§ ^ ( 28 ) Genitive Plural, o o fr/| 4 | Genitive Plural, Nominative Plural, £ X3 \S >S \5 \* P ff p p p j? 0> Nominative Plural, 1 "I? "2 57 \S 5"- >á ^ ^ f * Genitive Singular; « £ « * -p H 5J ? 5* ^ »• •^ r~» •& ^O ^Q V* £ \$ £ « J? >3 uX? 5=r V fr V 5^ *—=* • • r— - 5 « ■« « s £ e^a^s ' CO o o -o -o ,o jo \s \s v \s v v v'SP* £ 3 o u «kf>o jo .q >— i— r- r- r- r- The Gen. Sing, ends, When the N. S. ends, S 8 a ( =9 ) M3cEMDeHV-?r wWWDjJO^ KO ^ M) 1-0 M5 °.« « .«&. i». .»li B -g -o _o -u -o .aq v- tf V~y o -y ,2 -u NO-y ^> « -* _. Cv rt • -« w o £T^ c_) J ^ ** „ m í i o J2 <=? r *= *.^ ^uá gj-lr o §cf £.'5. S3 v3 I •X) -S 5- W ^-MO-W^ ^E^i^i o '.0 U. 1-0 -JJO *H £ .£ í? O- t. ¥ V V xs 3 i~ ' rL vs »-"* .-O O -o T-J o o H MDB S- M3 KO >ci \s \3 xs >3 AS 5^ 5? 5^ 5=" P ■5 p •P •p >3 T—> fc. (__ I T— • vO o ~Q v-o o «Í V, 3 •P •p 5J v\3 ^ — *£ »—» >c$ »— * *^> o ^O V~o a s? \s R XÍ ;=- xs V s=- XS 5 X* 5? Ú » fc- kj • &£•£ s tr« t> - •!■! «I * « ML 1 1 k~ a á £ >, -: ^ .2 ^ Jo £ c £ &\* o S ^ g *r « .g ^S^ SLUQU £ otírO JO U U w U u-O IS I w up \3 • £ ^^XSu^XJ'tfU^VcjQjttajtf-. ■JD ^ VÍ X »— rM M\ H\ rii Ml ~ ST 5- ir V, -ft ^ o .y /3 \o U. W-tf),-. g -i S ( 3? ) CSenitiye Plural, Nominative Plural, Oeniiive Singular, J I Genitive Plural, Nominative Plural, (pi. ,1 v. P P . xs ^ £ J5 &3 u X$ tí « xs xs jR ^ R 5^ t) R \3 to V xs X3 «J P í xT xs •J P « j= M3o TL ¥ «j S) ^ «D 'rv Si. • d -P *L P « X5 n "3' -u - ^5 tj X5 v^ P « T3 x* *F The Gen- Sing, ends, §~ © © © •& When the N. S. ends, o, r^ v- p -p ( 33 ) & 2 . 40 o o g ^ -$ o x* o £ m cL o o o ^o ~ J ,-o UQ MD MD B xs xs ST J? XS X5 X* ?=■ ÍC $=" X5 ; X5 x$ XS X5 $=: R 5= S? ?r o ,2 \5 U O O 5 O O fO CUO O O Xi -o XS « T -O -O SL.J2 -o xs ^ IS" 2§ \s xs ts xs ts t5 j: Sr R j; p yr _ XS XS -i> 5, xs \_ iu=. Hr x$ ^3 • ~ x$ ^ 8 *W) s 5 2 O^^VUD o o X5 «• X5 R X5 £ O 'MJ-O Q a o o u- v-o v- S o J3 ^ V- M3 «*S OJ ^5 p ts p 1 5 tí jr « p « P« P . **- w w r« C ui . & £ 2 « «gc g ^u Mf i; rtfe « o 5. X5 o £ v O r? Ti- cs o o ~ -^ . u Í3 "° ~~u u.o 0"u I o,2 r_ q .2 - O t^ - H « ft ..■ rt rt 2 -.o- .^ 8 5 ,r 2 js r h S T3 C 8 #ÍJQ i o wo o o ^q ^o o o -o -u «o. -o \o ooooooooo o o o o o o -g ^s -o -o ^> v .. v " a> u> «i rT *£ ^ •=$ -^ ^ ^ *W)-u o -o «2 'o W M0-U).&x^. Q iO o -'-J m ( 34 ) .£ v O |S=- Jt J In St Genitive Plural, sf ? * ** » Nominative Plural, Genitive Singular* o xs .£, Ji \5 O-e 5 'o JE- o o *-* $C rO p V* ft) .£ SS 6 S*a £ o "5 1?? o v— o ^5 fe. o V-* T-» 5=:^D p p >£$ S^ it X5 J5- 5=r tí xs 5^ IS s s 2 m « „ a §4 g "g £ g •- ^ ^ i. ^ 12 S t 2.S IS 5 OT »- £ •£ ■ S tf $> «~. The Gen. Sing, ends, g I £ s S- When the Jtf. S. ends, | g § §• ( 35 ) ^O O >r V- p "b? -p x 3 ^o ^ O .Q -S <0 3b 8 ly B.s-Sb-2 5" Sri i feif'f Sg§g§g§Bg§sgBf WO'J & U C^t-S ^ÍO U CO JO I £ & *- £. V- V- p -p .U .o ^ J5 O -O -0 ©OOO 00033333» 5-v £-tf xsts^^^c^Xíi» _ S - D L> -P -,,0^^ O-CJ r> O © O O PJ3 «?P ( 3* ) Genitive Plural, g g E 5 B § 5^ 5^ X5 xs xs ** Nominative Plural^ «f Vg *•*. |/§ "x* a-* V » *- ÍL 'P xs Genitive Singular, | | § § § S *^M s .é a cs ^ o fe bo o w- C S * « * > Genitive Plural in, § '§ £>'£<$ ^ Nominative Plural in, \$ x* IP xs ^ xs xs The Gen» Sing, ends in, 5 S fcP'tí^ 5 When the N. S. ends in, § 4 g ^'^'S ( 31 ) v. 3 Xá Si — ' rt X3 »- •*= <^ . = H 3 ■*- •8 ^J •o P •P -u >o P p 3 S -0 r— < &* *, 5i_ o 3 5 a O w MO í^" f- s W ■£ « d I « xs 5=r 5^ f ^ 5=- xs p P •P -0 p »— > •P 3 <) 4^* TL -g !Í 5s t^ V-P F 3 e u> \s TS p p> ^3 • -CJ -o O* •P •P 3 j5 •P SL -0 3= t— > K* V- -u 3 ^3 *~ P o ^ rXT •e o <+: vS * S ^ -s S e * *_?*■■ S E *re O -z c: Gtf w - > re ^ K C qj r^L re t: -* x> " -S rt „ re M w re * O 3 re ^~ w g U ■^ re re X3 w Cu qj fe- re ~ w "X * «* c« re re q> 3 re *- x? g^ 3 -if o *^S y w c> ^.w c§-y s » o •p £ .5= .f» ?r ?r tL XL. W V- P -P P -0 -0 P P ^ ts xs P P S,i. w p XÍ >s o p E to •1 xs 0) r- r— p S «, a v. a p 1» p s 43 -«< ( 38 ) Genitive Plural* •s. 8 m Qenitiye Plural* Nominative Plural, •jo \o -2 £ xs xs xs $ *£ p p j^ £ «O V- V- ^ \s XS XS p ? p p Nominative Plural, J § v-£. •jo *£ ^ S3 tf ^ P ^ ^> ,p V- v- Genitive Singular, % § xs «" I 5* w ^ 5^" •p o o CO o be ■t— • CJ «\ IS r> MQ £ •jO MO so xs (0 xs JO \5 >3 p S3" Í CO CO. ^o MOMOsr *-0 •X) ■gp '.Q ^fi MO XS *-o \o « Sir The Gep. Sing, ends, y^.,. When the N. S. ends, é tf s ( 39 1 ^ -p ^ * =» o ^ 5 « : j R ^ 5 s ^"■* ^"^ ^^ ^«^ r—w • iJ ^^ ^"* T"^ * 3 * r-*^J rW «W *-í *-• «-* ^*=i £ ( 4o ) ta ** 5 « p o ~ ^- &sf a- 515 Genitive Plural, g ^ v v^« 15 ^ & ^ j^ 5. \s Nominative Plural, u I f u. . 8. 5 4T 5 § 5* 3£- |L J> 3 «{ 5« Ó 1) 9 ^ H « w -u. u. S Genitive Singular, f B S S § S § >3 .J; •» M *^ « fc g \3 £ j^ _q ^^5 ,^ Q -T r ^ O 2 « Genitive Plural, |p m s *& ^ ^a * * 5= 9t TSL XL XL Nominative Plural, ^ xs r§_ ^ The Gen. Sing, ends, E' g «T $. -£- 3£.fr When the N. S. ends, ^ | £ ^ ^ jsa ( 41 ) s i-^-f^ g-l'i-^gjff'sf is <íj « Sí fr\ o * 3= . P ^ o o 5- 5- 5- J£. £-■ s- ]§- f ~ £- 3 £- ^ 3 xs o Jo P^^ yj: s^ o-o w-o íq o *l-o >3 r.5-^v; tP 5 f £ <- £ *~ ^ 3 « o £-* ^xs £»'0 »-"* £-*.££•£ *"* «* *- u Z-v £-■£»£&-« £ > í- fr íT £r i? x^ ^ IS» *» *• *- ** *-V ( 42 ) v ■£_ xs jr* Genitive PluráL iri « « «"^ * 5C Jí 55 35 Nominative Plural in* 35- to Genitive Singular in* § § B 8- ££!?• Nominative Plural in, \o s2^ £ The Gen. Sing, ends in, Wbcn the N. S. ends in> £. !£ £ 43 IN the foregoing TABLE, there are no examples given of Nouns terminating in Vowels, be- cause, all regular Nouns of that description, generally terminate the Gases of the Singular number alike. But as there are sei'eral irregular Nouns ending in Vowels, which vary their termina- tions in some of the cases of the singular, the following examples are given. Substantives ending in § uIar -- ííuraí. Mm. úi) p\6> %, 45 03i, a Month, Fern, and Mas. Singular. plural. Nom. ÚV mi,-mi wjl mhfd Gen. rjtt miof d, tin xoioy n<* mí r míof Dat. 6o tin wif boyxx mjoyciii) ^r. d*r) rní,-n)í »tt miofd ^í/. o'í) roif tfdb t)d Twofítiia Substantives ending in p. Cjio ? a hovel, Mac, Singular» Plural» Nom. ún cj\ó tiú cjit(©vcrtdoiúe Gen. ún c/iaoi yic( c^c(óií),-c^cíoiúiB Acc. ún c/tó w c^aoi,-C|taoite Voc. Ábl. o\ gCjió lidb' r) 06, a Cow, Fern. Singular* Plural* Nom. cu) bó r) Gen. M brioy), bpóvrj r\tk njb^or) Dat. óo'íi fyoi* 60 dú bjiónúú Ace. uyi bpú. w*bji^yje,&c.asinjY0/tf. Voc. Abl. ot) bp,ori) íúó rjtx tyo>)di& Besides the above Examples, there are a great number of Substantives terminating ir- regularly in Vowels; for the convenience of the learner, a few of them are here given, with their genitives and datives, singular and plural. Nom. 47. A o o D á o bt> a CO (3 bO G CO c o 2 bo c CO • a o If o u -I S -B u 5= X5 w ft» w ¥ « r S \o o 5 R «U C Í o - X3 ^Q U *=• -O ^O © ^ £ 5 « « ^ 3 >5 ^ *W) j=r JO g r 5--0 ^ V- S « \s ts ^ g c> vJ ^- ** ^ "2 o o i= 5 u b U co i^ ^o .2 \T o CO UU^CL •| co ~ o Mi c s W CUZ r, bfi c r: g <+- H S-S^ o ^j *.o o o o (U « XS XJTi o mm* IT) o u o 4 8 3 a a D a, i ho G •■1-4 CO Q S \Q O •0 •¥ '.O i o "5 o 4S- 5=" G J3 to c « CO CO § I a, CO CD CO G CO •i o o g -a - £3 g>0 £ MD MD >3 P o G CO ,g ^ 2Í co .** G s bfi a .^r • ~ .G S 3 C 8 S fc< 5 Sec' 5 G CD cS * o •c ^ >2 cJ ci CTS i^S-CcSO CO o-5 •Jl o 3 M U4 u *G CO a JO g CO CO CD s bí> S= • ■-« a c >-i a> o J- o e «s CO o CO w g bO bo CD G c bo CÍ • t—t R > CO *> J3 »G ^ # > ' 05 « £ C W a cd RJ d . p CO O CAÍ 1-4 ^3 5 *T3 P rC a G CO w co 7tX yeacaiB, ^&C tXT7 f IOC 7)tf faded, ^Z>/, itab úí) rfioc tictb t)cí feciccCib. In this manner is declined blioct, b/tiocc, f bocó, C/noy, biop, Cjiiom, piocó, lot, f ftiob, nrtob, plioó, and some others. Nouns having ea in the last syllable, singular number, drop ti, in the genitive, and substitute i, in its place, See Table passim. C^inedcz, wheat, genitive singular, Cft^tnecccra, is an ex- ception to this rule. In all the examples of Declensions here given, the article is prefixed ; and as the arti- cle makes the Noun appear in the third per- son, it is obvious that no vocative case could be given with propriety. The vocative is properly applied to the second person, it is expressed by placing tX, before the Nominative case of the Noun, but if the Noun begins with a Consonant capable of aspi- ration, it must be mortified; as ú Bean! O Woman ! ú pgedóó^ ! O Weaver ! &c. except f and jc followed by a consonant in which case they do not admit of aspiration. Some writers terminate their Nominatives Plural, generally in c(, e, or b, thus ped/id, for pji 9 coftpttj for coijtp, olctf. for oilc, -btfjiod, for bcujifc, • ku/ió, ccolzti, for ceolta, jngcitíe, for /tigte, fcolga, for ioilg, &c. &c. Some also substitute if, tor o, in their genitive singular and nomi- native and genitive plural ; as y;Ic for one :-^fge, for oiyge, crrf-p, for coijip, &c. but an ancient Grammarian (uctóg ó óóldn) does not approve of such transmutation, unless in the following, which make their genitive in a, and by him termed nouns of multitude, from their having a plural termination in their genitive singular. Examples. Nam. Sing. Gen, S'mg* Nom. Sing. Gen Sing* p;l blood gúlalamen' tation mil honey m-qfx a sea gut a voice cj\\t a tremor cit a shower céijt, wax cold)) a body i. e. human 5/tut curds luf a leek porj wine edg death coil the will dú pola y jtut a stream an rf jtota* »(t gold cat a battle an catrt. Y)ú noecxlíX óat a colour ná rr>újitx ^eáfc a grave an gota plait a lord e|-cc úri eya an anama ar) útúfux na m ataxia an B;ta- m cat- jiaca na peola Many more examples of this kind might be given 3 but these are sufficient to shew the devi- G ation 5* ation of such nouns, from the general order of substantives, exemplified in the foregoing Table. The same author (6 balm) calls all proper names of Men, Women, Countries, Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, Grain, Seeds, Trees, Plants, Trades, &c, Solitary Nouns, because they have 210 Plural number. Treating of Irregular Nouns, he enumerates four only, viz. Oecty, a Woman. Cldr), Children. Cultug, a ridge of small Hills ; and Uearoaijt, Tara* Thus, 6e-dti, a Woman* Singular. Plural, Norn, beún t)$ row* Gen. M trpni yi/ Declension. too etui™, my maid. dft gctulin, our maids, óo cáúw, thy maid. hup gccili)), your ihaids- a ccxili», his maid. a gcttitiu, their maids. d cailín, her maid. Genitives'. too cculwe, of my maid, dft gccnlme of our maids. 60 cailine, of thy, &c. Buji 5CttHi»e,of }our ; &c. d ccnlwe, of thy,&c. tx gcailwe, of their, &c. tt ccilme of her s &c. iDo clutiiye, of my ear. tty gcluit^e, o r our ears. to cluaifc, of, &c. hup. 5cluaiye, of, &c. a cludife 56 ú cludif e, of his ear. ijte, the the large Ear. large Ears. Gen. nd cludif e roÓTjte, G^tf. w* ^cluúf rnojt, of of the, &c. the,'&c. Dat. bon gcluiciy mój<, D^/. óowx cluaf mói/ie, to the, Sec. to the, &c. Ace. ún cluúf inófi Ace. na cluttf d moi^e, the, to the, &c. &d Foe. Féfy§, Singular ; r\ú beabtírg óedjigci, Plural. Degrees of Comparison* There are in common Irish but the three degrees of comparison found in all other Lan- guages ; but the Bards, in the glow of Poetic rap- ture, passed the ordinary bounds, and upon the common superlative, which their heated imaginations made the positive degree, raised a second comparative and superlative ; and on the second also, raised a third comparative and superlative; from an irregular but noble effort to bring the Language to a level with their lofty conceptions ; which uncommon mode of expressing their effusions, though it may seem romantic to others, the natives regarded as a source of peculiar beauty, and a high poetic embellishment to their Language» The 6i The comparative signs at present used are riiof, more; j\6, very, or too ; and f&fo most; as, lc(i5i/t, strong, (positive) — rrioy- Idióijie, stronger or more strong, (comparative), — jto Icuoijt very, or too strong, (superior to the comparative, inferior to the superlative), ^újx lc(iói/t, s rongest or most strong; (superlative). — The particle po is ge- nerally, though improperly, used for ^^.(14.) There is another manner of exoressing the comparative, which is done by adding the pre- position bar), the white. i\ú hme, of the white. 63 6uB, black, úf) óufc, the black, nú ó^Be, of the black. fcedfig, red. 5ldf, the green, rtt sldife, of the green. Comparatives. Superlatives. ijiof bcciYie, more white, yciji or 710 fcth), most, or whiter, very white, uioy óTjhe, more black, yc(/i or jio 6uB, most, blacker. or very black, uioy óeijige, more red, ydjt or jto tied/t^, most, redder. or very red. riof glttiye, more green, y txjt or jto gltff , most, greener. or very green. Irregulars. Substitutes. Genitives. fodrcb, good. a» menu, the good, an mrt of the good. ole, bad. txi) zoic, the bad. úii oilc, of the bad. fcea5 little. one Person, biy- or be'/ic two Persons ; zpuip. three Persons ; ceú,zúj\új\ four Persons ; CT^eúp. five Persons ; f eyeaji, six Persons , feúczúfí or mopf eyea/i, seven Persons ; occú^, eight Persons; múomú^ nine Peisons; óeicrjarndjt, ten Persons ; úon petijt-óéug," eleven Men; c^g-nwa-óéug, fifteen Women. Adjectives of Office are compound Substantives, expressing both the English Ad- jective and Substantive. They are formed of their conpound personals, thus ; Personals. Substantives. zúzloiúp, a Tailor. ztxzlotújiácz^ tailoring Trade, coiftpettápofió, a coipfeúcpcp'óeúcz, Shoemaker, shoeraaking Trade. Rubbed) : e> Personals. ■gkboean, a Smith. budbu-gúifbeó^, a Batcher. Substantives. gtxBb'écunbecú, Smiths tiade. Budbugaifóeói/iecícu, Butchering trade. Their component parts are as follow, thus zuziotdp, is compounded of zdit 9 cement, join, and lottift, cloth garment ; coiftpedtipofio, of cuiji Skin, Hide • jzettó, sew, and poy, Skill ; gaiboeaio, of gaB, a Spear, Dart, or any pointed Weapon ; and óea», do, or make ; SuaBugaiy- óeot^, of Sucxb, Cattle; bug, mince, slaughter; and a- foe, Manner, Form. — And so of all other Nouns of Office. OF COMPOUND ADJECTIVES. These generally terminate in , if, incty, or rnuji, sometimes contracted are Active; the Passive end in zú, td, ze, &c. these are formed of the imperative Mood, second person singu- 1 lar, and become the Comparatives of their pri- mitives or active Participles, as, Primitives. 6 7 Primitives let» full líoíutó, filling, ittoldb, praising. buúlúú, beating. loygcXb, burning, geajt/tccó, cutting. Imperative. lion, fill. n»ol, praise. butxil, beat» loif 5, burn.' geajiji, cut. Comparatives. Superlatives. 7\fof lionza, more full. y áji or jio liojfcá, most full. j)ioy rooln*, more yflji or 710 njolca, most praised, praised. ffiof biailze, more beaten, f c(jt or /«$ fcudilce, most b -ten. ■flioy loiygte, more burn- ya/t or pó loiygee, most ed. burned, ftioy geajtjtid, more cut. yá^or/iogedjijvtc*,most cut. If the Positive, or Primitive, end in *x, or td, it never changes (unless in the sound of its initial mutable) in Number, Gender, Case, Declension 01 Comparison, not being formed of the Imperative Mood. When zú is in the primitive it terminates its Substantive in y, as, Positive or Primitive. CDdcdTTCiX, honest. ffioy macanzra, more honest S pjt wúcdi)zú, of the honest Man. ^]ú mA wúGúnzú, of the honest WomasiJ Numbers. Singula*. Plural. Qt» pedji roúcúnzd, the ffapjt Tnccccaicd, the ho* honest Man. nest Men. QÍ» beet» rndcúrizú, the ^TcX td^cc rodccíTircí, the ho- honest Women. nest Women. Substantives. COacctwrctf, Honesty* Sowmzúf, Mildness. , The Participials in ttf, form two Substantives ; viz. in jt personal, in cu general; as wdlzú del ceived ; vntalzttoji a deceiver ; mealzMpeúcz de* ceit, &c. They forra their diminutives in ún> and «9 and their Substantives in úf ; as roeatáfo, a little deceiver ; meaXzanu-f , low or mean deceit, &c If the Primitive be a Substantive, it produces an Adjective and two Substantives ; as, jzedll, treason, petfluccc, treacherous; pealxotijt, a traitor ; jrealudijteacu, treachery, &c. Some writers terminate their Personals diffe- rently, according to their own particular mode of pronunciation ; but ail terminations of this kind must be erroneous, if they depart from the following GENERAL RULE. If the Primitive, (whether Substantive, Ad- jective, or Participle,) has a broad Vowel before ns final Consonant, the subsequent Vowel in its derivation must be broad also; thus, jceall, meall, in their primitives, will be pealzú, ír,eaiua,in theic derivatives ; and as no VoweJ can. follow tX, but, i, in Personal terminations, whether the final consonant be /t, 6, g, Sec. it must, end in i^ t hence peVrdaijt, &c. — JrJut if the Primitive final is preceded by a slender vowel, the following vowel in the derivative must be slender likewise ; thus, cdirjr, speech, will be edifice ; and as oi atone can follow e, in personal terminations, they must end in oiji F hence caificeoiji, &c. OF 7° OF COMPLEX ADJECTIVES. First, Of the Adjective compounded with the Substantive. When an Adjective is thus formed, if it precede the substantive, it conveys a more forcible meaning than if it followed ; as, peúp cecri-vfiéíCo, a head-strong Man ; pean c/iécín- cecuiac, a resolute Man, &c. in this last, the former Substantive becomes an Adjective, as in the English heart-broken, and broken- heart- ed, &c. Secondly, Of Simple Adjectives compounded with Impersonal Pcssessives. Informing these, the fimple precedes the posses- sive ; as : iiécílo glafl-f oilf ecíc, a bright-shining Star, glojt bra-gstóttój a sweet-sounding Voice, &c. Such Adjectives involve two Substantives, which then become Adjectives, and may be termed. Thirdly, Adjectives compounded of Adjectives ; thus, oióce glayj-ftetflt-f oitf eac, a bright-star-shin- ing "Night, fettfi bifl-glo/i-gutac, a sweet-sound- ing-voiced Man. (15.) Ihese are again com- pounded, and become Fourthly, Adjectives compounded of com- pound Adjectives ; as, orgpety gjtáaig-pm-fio^ cáiíhtíúal-fcáiíieógac, a soft- silken- wide-spread- ing- 7i ing-ringleting-fair-haired Youth, i. e. the Youth of soft. silken-wide-spreading, ringleting fair Hair. (16V Adjectives of this description, have the Substantive in their first syllable ; for if it be placed in the last syllable, the whole com- pound becomes an expressive Substantive ; as, Fifthly, ú ipéú'n-áfib-fluúfrcúi-ceúrif dltfiji, thou mighty Ruler of lofty embattled Chiefs. (17.) Sixthly, Of Participial Adjectives, compounded of compound Substantives, compounded of compound Adjectives. In these the Epic Bards delighted, magnifying the exploits of their Heroes beyond measure, and inspiring their hearers with a thirst for military Glory, emu- lation of feats, and contempt of Death.— Of which, the following Soliloquy of o/ntyof 5, over the grave of his brother ^i^moji, gives a suf- ficent Example : Secijtc f eijice mo c/toibe pjb* licig iu iC/tgmoiji ! Ceo gle&klc mo F- fE iu, ú bea/ibjuiidiji. Qi Bile 6ÍÓ107) up. CO1I16 xx óuedgíncnl ! CDo rjúdiji riúc Bp-rjli/t mo-f pa a gccróbáil, Qlig láocjitUb léíjcí t^eacumab í/t cUv). Ql jiectyoa ut*it)je 3 mo meobuw-cjieac, if ctioim liom. Ce óeójidc me c /to lionet Cjiion o^u, éífóf e fie cftéigúe mo áótf&jtdtaiji. (Do béúpú'ó jie toún-lúúS-Cfiáóúfcc huúihtioxtrn-ctJíf* gctjira Cfijtléim, fíobBafrtc fariuac-jiucíig-mcíjtfciac ppaif-létíódjtt^ óíocofgajtúa écigmaflamciil ;to cjteigtedc géuri-rdim&ejii^l, tíjió-digectauac, irem), Éím poil-ygdtitgcic- Y*pot-óca))utí/iúc( tíeílB-gfigw- Cloo- ?3 f)t*l-bojtb-pjU;eítc i)ú Idoc roetfjt Ecc, TRANSLATION, Argmhor I Love of the love of my hearfl beneath this stone thou liest ! A mist of sorrow to mine Eyes thou art, my Brother ! Stern bul- wark of our. heroes in battle ! woe is me, no longer art thou sharer of the Spoils among the Chiefs of Lena, defeating the Sons of anger.—» Thou too, alas! his grassy mansion, art dear, to me.— Tho' my aged-bursting-breast with tearful eye bend over thee, hearken thou to the mighty deeds of my only Brother — Who with fleet-valiant-bone-crushing Arm. — Torrent* like-rapid, dartingly-eager, mortal his strides \ dauntless, dealing Death around ; invincible, fierce, vigorous, active, hostile, courageous, in- trepid, rending, hewing, slaughtering, deforming forms and features ; shaded with clouds of certain death. Sanguine as the Hawk of prey; furious as the resistless- strongframed-bloodthirsty Lion ; impetuous as the boisterous-hoarse-foam- ing-bold-bursting-broad-moumain Biilowsjwould rush through ciose-thronged crowds of enraged Warriors, &c- OF 7,3 OF PRONOUNS. THE Pronouns are divided into six classes; Personal, Possessive, Demonstrative, Relative^ Interrogative, and Indefinite», Tbe Personals are me, I; zu, you, or thou; e, or ye, he, it, or thing (abstract;) i, or yi, she. — C, or i, when expressed, denote their ap-> jpropiiate Genders. They are thus declined. tlfol. Singular* Plural. Norn. me ; I. fin, we. Gen. mo, Mine, or of me. tí^, our, or of us. X)at. bum, for so me, to otjy), for óo iíf 3 to us, me. Ace me, me. in, or fin, us. Abí. ucim, for udó me, izctin for ua6 in, from from. us. Cu, Thou. Singular* Plural. Wow. ru, thou. ifc, or fi6, ye. Got. or Bujt, your, oc of yc. 74 Singular* Plural. Bat. b^z, for 60 zu> to 016 for 60 iB, to ye. thee. Ace. tu, thou, iB, or yiB, ye. %<:. tuy ci, O ! thou. 1B, ye, O ye ! AbL ucíió, for uú'ó zu, t/diB, for uccSiB, from from thee. yc. Se-, He. Singular* Phril Norn, ye, he. fidó, they. Gen. ú 9 his, its, of him* a, their, or of them. Dot. 60, to him. 001B, to them. ^. e, him, it or thing. idó, them. ^W. «do, from him. nctótct from them. S), She. Singular. Plural» JVcm. yi, she. fi(tt>, they. G*«. <*, hers, of hen rf, their, or of them. Dat. 6), for 60 i, to her 001B, to them. Ace. 1, her. Któ, them. AbL uúxó, for «ttó i, from «dtíétf from them. The 75 The Possessives are, mo, mine; 6o^ thine, Cv yonr ; yo, they are here ; an peap. yiw, that man ; nd pp. yw, those men; za ye új\ pn, he is there; wd pjt yuo, those men ; yuo tin ^ect/t^ there is the man ; yu6 na pji, there are the men ; tin pea» uó, that pen ; na lama no, those hands ; tii) rede 126 tall, yon house. The relatives are a, who, which, that ; and 110c, noca, who, which. — Like the Demonstra- tives, they are indeclinabie, and the same in both numbers. Examples , of a. 2lguy do cuccib ioya a yoeac 50 ceropoll Óé, tXQXf 60 ieilg ye .fe úi) pocrtlfo all ? John 9 Chap. 19 Verse. And 77 And they asked them, saying, Is this your Son, who, ye say, was born blind ? ^lguf TOdjt út) gcécíóncí if 1*56 yo tin bjieim tin rfji e^fiectb CM fiol a bueauo. (j clo^ac, noca élfdedV dill Zjjnctcd/i, dgu^* gdbuf cuca í ój laúai/t maiue ;\e gcu/tóedccíf, And these are they likewise which are sown on stony ground, w^o when they have heard -.• he Word, immediately receive it with joy* Mark, 4 c. x6 v> The Reverend and learned Mr. Stewart, in his cc Elements of Gaiic Grammar," and the anony- mous Author of £i A Grammar of trie Gaelic Language," lately published in Dublin, assert . tnat 7}ac is a Relative Pronoun; but, neitiici of these gentlemen have thought proper to give us any Examples, to support their assertion, i am of opinion that tfdc is merely a negative particle ; but there are Examples o< its use, in. which a Pronoun is unders'oo 1 to accompany it j as, &£Uf oo it fe úpúri net jcutt>ni;p, ntfc dp cedóTjgret £ bice dcó óo net yctgajtwtiii). A.id he did cat the s lew- bread, wte/> is not lawful to eat but for the priests. Mark, 1 c. 26 v. Oij\ m hfT } l m ) f w cp^neocttíp n<* biolTjp. For 8o *KH S ltí *é wc 5 eu6^6 cuca r i6. And whosoever will n™ r»^: 9c,j v. not re ? eiv ' e 7»n, Luke, & went out before then, ./, Mark> ^ OF THE INCREASE OF PRONOUNS. with them f e, or , c in X / ^joined-. Persons singular ; J, ' Í St - "í Sec ? nd Person singular e in rDfi £"'' ln the thir <» Wa», thémselíes^ ' f f ' ^ urselves > «ed of 8i of yd, in the first, second, and third Persons singular; ne, in the first Person plural; y d, in the second Person plural ; and fun, in the third Person plural. But these syllables must not be joined immediately to the possessive Pronoun, but follow the Substantive to which the Pronoun is prefixed* As, mo trfrnye*, my hand ; 6o tdnjy d, thy hand ; ú Icim-y-a, his or her hand ; úp. lairóne, our hands ; foji lúvo.-fú, your hands -> tx lam-fun, their hands. The personal and possessive Pronouns arc often compounded with Prepositions, so as to ap- pear but one word. When this happens, the Preposition is written in full, and the first letter of the Pronoun, in the singular Number, is con- nected with it by the vowel, if the last letter of the Prep©sition be a consonant ; (18) but if the Preposition end in a vowel ct, the initial letter of the Pronoun immediately joins with it, except in the third Person singular, Feminine Gender, and third Person plural of either Genders, which sometimes require t to connect them. In the plural Number, ihe final letter of the Pronoun is; connected with the Preposition by the vowels úi y or l, in the first and second Persons, and some- times by z y t, or p, in the third Persons». The learner should be well acquainted with these compounds; and it is therefore necessary to pay particular attention to the following examples : Personal. Si PERSONALS. Compounds.- Compounded of «5 dm, with me. tig, with, and me, me. úfrúb, with thee. tig, with, and zu, thou.* tíige, with him. tig, with, and e, him. iXiGi, with her, tfg, with, and i, her. again, with us* kwith me. íé, with, and me, me, ledm. liom, leac, with thee. le, with, and zu, thou» lei|-, with him. le, with, and ye, him. hwith her. le, with, and i, her. lei leite. lin, with us. le, with, and in, us. liB, with ye. le, with, and ifr, ye. leo, or a with them, le, with, and o or ú them. Ipuro, under me. pu, under, and me, me. fúb, under thee. pu, under, andru, thee. f uici, under her. pu, under, and 1 her., f-fj'óe, under him. fu, under, and e.him. f^Ti, under us. jcu, under, and irj, us. pr;B, under ye. pu, under, and lb, ye. ^ ttv T fc ' founder them, ru, under, and a, them. Ojim, on me. ojt, or cijt, on, and me, me. ojt<;, on thee. op, on, and cu 3 thee. ** f*on him. ort, on, and e, him. tu r Oljt 83 Compounds. Compounded of Turtle, on her. ojt, on, and i, her. ' ojx-qT}, on us. Ofi, on, and lij, us. op.r,b, on ye. Oji, on, and ii>, ye. ojtjttx, on them. ori, on, and , ye. jtornpcc, before them, ftoiro, before, and it, them. C;iim, thro* me. cjú, thro', and 'me, me. c|tíú, thro' thee. "C/ti, thro', and uu, thee. cjiíó, thro' him. c/tr, thro', and e, him. Cfiiti, thro' her. i/ii, thro', and i, her. Cjtnj, thro' us. crti, thro', and iri, us. cjtiB, thro' ye. Cfii, thro', and >[>, ye. Cjtiota, thro' them. rrú, thro', and a them. The following Personals are compounded in the same manner : Singular. Plural. cugdro, unto me. hu^úvi, unto us. ctrgttd, unto thee. cugcuB, unto ye. c-r^e, unto him. cuca, unto them. PtjCi, unto her. jnom, with me. jivn, with us, jtioc, with thee. ytii>, with ye pif, with him. jVru, with them, jtut, with her. 4fd% *4 Sirtgular. u P on y e - ' • Tjme, upon him. iwpu,-» , ^mpe, upon her. «^ J u P° n tb «n. iojufin,;) over, or be- rojuxiij, over, or beyond tojtm, ) yond me. us. to/tdó, 7 over, or be- copaiS, over, or beyond tope, 5 yond thee. ye, t«/ o/* ; 6i, off, from, (signifying privation;) eióirt, or isirt, between; lor), in ; uú/from \ urn, about ', #£0» and óa^, o*w, beyond, and their Personal Pronouns, me, zu, ye, an, singular ^ f irj, or ii?, i£>, and tf, plural, POSSESSIVES, Compounds. Compounded of torn, to my. 60, to, and mo, my. bob, to thy. too, to, and óu, thy. b\t, to his, or her. 60, to, and d, his, or her,, tafi 9 to our. po, to, and ttjt, our. &' prefixed to them ; as, po rj'd, under his, her, or their ; 6 rfú 9 from his 9 her, or their-, jie »'ct, with his, her, or their; cpe rj'ti, through tó, /^r, or ^tór. The second Person plural simply follows the Preposition ; as, óo bup. 9 le bup, po hup, &c. to your, with your, under your, &c. These Compounds take an increase like their respective Primitives. The Personal Compounds require the increase to be immediately joined to them ; as, i-gm^a, with me ; but the Possessive Compounds must have the increase attached to the Noun immediately following them • as, pen) Xmfú, with my hand. As a Pronoun should represent the Substantive for which it itands, either alone, or in conjunction with 8? with its governing Preposition, it is plain that such Particles as admit of no Inflection, are not properly of that class. Hence there are really but four Pronouns, as in page 72. But in com- pliance with the custom of other Irish Gram, marians, I have divided the Pronouns into distinct classes, and have treated of each separately* OF ss OF VERBS. Ai .LL regular Verbs claim the following Accidence, viz. two Voices, Active and Passive. Five Moods ; Imperative, Indicative, Potential, Conditional, and Infinitive. Three Tenfes ; present, past, and future. Two Numbers , Singular and Plural. Three Persons ; I, thou, he, she, or jt, singular) ire, ye, they, plural. Three Participles ^ present, past and future. The Conjugations are two ; the first has a broad Vowel, and the second a $lender vowel, in the termination. Verbs are of four kinds ; Active, Passive, Im- personal, and Neuter. Of this last kind are the regular, irregular, and defective Auxiliaries, having no passive Voice. The impersonals have always a passive termination. All Verbs Active, when indicating habit ot cuflom, change the final m of their first Person singular Number, present Tense, indicative Mood, into )) : but in the passive voice, (like the impera- tive 8 9 tive Mood, and impersonal Verbs) they are formed fcy annexing ft to their participles» When the future Tense of an interrogative oe affirmative active Verb, is preceded by a personal Pronoun, the final b is changed into y, and if thf initial be a mutable consonant, it suffers aspira- tion. When a personal Pronoun precedes a Verb, the initial of the Verb, if a mutable, must be aspirated, because the relative tf, i. e. that or which, if not expressed, is always under stood* which deprives its subsequent mutable of its natural sound, in the present and future Tenses; as, a» zu-fú rnealdn, or, a rneúlú'n, is it you deceives, or that deceives ? f^ldc zufú. rnealtci;t, or ct roealtúji^ is it not thou that art deceived ? The negative particle m 9 and the interrogative cut, have also the" same influence on their subsequent mutables. All Verbs, not having their first Person, present and past Tense, of the indicative Mood, formed of the second Person singular, imperative Mood, are irregular. All regular Verbs of the first conjugation, ter- minate their first Person singular, present Tense, indicative in ctm ; and in ay, in the first Person, past Tense. All regular Verbs of the second conjugation, have their present indicative in in?, and past in if. No Verb can grammatically end in ro, or i, ia the plural ; nor in o 3 iu the singular. Ail 9 o All Verbs should be absolute in their Initials, in Tenses and Persons; unless they begin with p, or a vowel. There is no consuetudinal Mood ; it has pro- bably been mistaken for what ftútfofiííig óf^oórtig calls bfiicccdfi ^rtúibéúfat, the habitual Verb. There is no optative or deprecative Mood ; these emotions are expressed by proper par- ticles. There are no Gerunds, or Supines ; the passive Participle annexed j:o it?, supply their place. Particles peculiar to Moods, are only sigtrs of the different Moods. All particles prefixed to Verbs, become Ad- verbs, and add energy to the Verb, though not blended with it ; as, in the English words, moan, be-moan ; get, be-get ; speak, be-speak, &c. I have given two different modes of Conjuga- tion, which I have designated by the names of jnodern mode, and ancient mode. The modern mode, or manner of conjugation is not strictly grammatical, particularly in the present Tense of the indicative Mood, active Voice, which, except the first Person, is the form the Verb takes to indicate habit or custom ; "but as it is more commonly used in conversation than the true, or ancient mode used in our Manu- script and printed books, it is necessary that the learner should know it. OF 9* OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS. THE Auxiliary Verbs are four in number, viz - if, it is ; ru, it is; bibim, or hom, (19,) I be ; bfr r lim, am I ? or I am. 1y is an irregular defective Auxiliary, having but one variation, buó, which is its past Tense, and which it occasionally transfers to the" poten- tial Mood, and is often improperly written bo. It can form no sentence without a repetition of itself, the aid of its past Tease, or of zú ; thus : 1f § if lcuóijie, it is he is stronger. A repetition of itself. 1f me bu6 lcíióijte, it is I was stronger. Aid of its past Tense. V me zú Idióiji, it is I am strong. Aid of the Verb zú. Zb yicto, let them be. Pkohibitive, fja ; as w bi, be not. INDICATIVE MOOD, Fresent Tense. Singular. Plural. fcib'im, I be. bibin fir), we be. "fcitiitt zu, you be. bibw yiB, ye be. brow ye, he be. 1>i6id yido, they be. Positive* zú noe, I am. rtx yw, we are. rd ru, you are. zd yib, ye are. zú ye, he is. z+ y íctó, they are, 61,-616 nje, I was. h yi)i, we were. fcvfob tra, thou wast, bi f ib ye were. Jiyl>j$ ye ; he was. h yicto, they weie. Future 93 Future Tense* Singular. Plural. bevó me, I shall be. be\6 pri 9 we shall be. bevó zu, thou shah be. bevó -pk, ye shall be. be\6 f e, he shall be. Beió yict6, they shall be. POTENTIAL MOOD. fceib'ifl, I would be. fceitf f in, we would be. fceibeb, you would be. hero f ii>, ye would be. beti-fe, he would be. fceib f uio, they would be. CONDITIONAL MOOD, bú mfeeitfir), if I would óúmbe\6 fv} 3 if we would be. be, bú mbeibeb*, if you t>ú mbeib* fib, if ye would would be. be. ócc mbeib fe, if he ócí nobeib fia& 9 if they would be. would be. ma Bib™, 7 if I be, or m fcib'w pf, ? ... , ma za me, ) am. mo, or he * s * gftti, they be, Posit feel 35 Positive. Singular, Ploral. ttfiro, I am. zúmuji^zarr)úo-\b, we are.' P 9 Mhou art, zrxbupy-ztxtuo}, ye are. 1 e ' [=he is. c&ó, they are. i ÚV crtoi/i, ) úza Past-Tense* hí6}f r há6<íf 9 I was. í>íorouft,-!>árotfji, we were. Bibeif ,-Bdouif, thou 7-- I- i-^l i ' i ' bioDLM ; -oc(D*rt 5 ye were. wast. ' ' J líó f e,-Ba f e,-i>i, he was. bíoóajvfcáód/i, they were. Future Tense. lé,&, I will be. ^gjf h ' m6mb ' we wil1 béibift, thcu wilt be. beibbuji, ye will be. kéió,-béió f e, he will be. oeioió, they will be. POTENTIAL MOOD. Béiów, I could or would «... . i - , , « , .foeióbmif, we would be. Beióeb, thou wouldst be. b^t> pbh, ye would be. beió ye, he would be. ftéióif , they would be, CONDITIONAL MOOD. bú robéifrbn), if I would 6a robcitírmf , if we would be. be éd wbebbeób, if thou bú mbéió fib, if ye would wouldst be. be. btx 96 Singular. PluraU tú rcbeifc ye, if he would 6tX róéió'íf, if they would be. be. M |?ióbw), if I may be, kc. as in all the Persons of the present Tense, Indicative Mood. go whhb, until I will be, &c. as in the future Tense, Indicative Mood. (fOuji ní>éió, unless I will be, &c. as in the future Judicative, INFIFITIVE MOOD, bo, or ú fcéit, to be, participles. 4 s %in tne Modern Mode. The Negative of this Verb, in the imperative Mood, is mim, I am not ; m ftióbir) zv, you are not, &c. The Interrogative is m 3 but before consonants which require eclipsis, the n is sometimes omitted and the ú retained ; as, a mfabhv) zu, do you be. Sometimes úrt is altogether omitted ; as, mhbhw v*e, does he be. Conjugation 97 Conjugation of frfvrljw, I am, or am I? MODERN MODE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. Plural# fcprjliro, I am, or am I \ pbjcrjl f i/), we are, &c. fchprfl zu, thou art, &c. Obpjl fibb, ye are, &c. thptjl -f e, he is, &c. Obp^l f iced, they are, &c. Past Tense. Ticttbb me, I was, or was ,, ~ ^ ff . ' i * . fittioo fin, we were, &c; jictibh zu, thou wast, &c. fitXiSb f ibb, ye were, &c. yuubb f e, he was, &c. ytcxibh yiao, they were, &c« ANCIENT MODE, Present Tense. fabpT;lmi|t,-í)bpTjln)i6, we ObpTrflim, I am, or am 1 r are? ^ c% . , _ bhfrAbhat\,-bhff]lilbh,yQ bhpjltpn thou art, &c. ^ &c< hhft]l f e. he is, &c. bbpjbb, they are, &c. 98 Past Tense. Singular* • Plural. púhhúf , I was, or was I? púbhúwúp^ we were, &c. fiúbhaif, thou wast, &c. pabhúbhú^ ye were, &c. púbh fe 9 he was, &c. pabhabap, they were, &c. This Verb is only used in its indicative present and past Tense, and becomes a positive Interro- gative and Negative for bibhm ; as, úd bhfr^hp, úd pabhuif, do án mbhbhp bo ^ig, ? Art thou, wast thou, or wilt thou be a kii;g ? (Interrogative.) J^t bbrjlim, fli jitfbbctf, itself Di bhhb wo fúg, I am not. I was not, and I will not be a king. (Negative.) Particular attention must be paid to the aspira- tion of initial and final letters, and to the eclipsis of initial consonants, as they are not only dis- tinctive marks of the different Persons, but also of Moods and Tenses. The letter p should never be omitted in the future Tense of any Verb, except the auxiliary Bíóbim, or biom ; (20.) It must be placed next to the termination of the second Person singular, of the imperative Mood ; as, noedll, deceive thou , medico, 1 will deceive. OF REGULAR VERBS. VERBS of the first Conjugation are such as have their last vowel broad in the s« cond Person singular, imperative Mood. They terminate their first Persons singular, indicative Mood, in 99 rim, in the present Tense; in dy, in the past Tense; and in pdi6 me mealed, let me be deceived ; Sib zu wealed, be thou deceived ; ea me mecrtua, 1 am deceived ; h me mealed, I was deceived, &c. But it is some- times formed in the imperative by adding edft, or zep, to the root of the Verb ; as, mealed^ ia, ye deceive. njeaUr? fe, he deceives. noealaflfiad, they deceive.* io6 Past Tense. Singular. Plural, ibetf.lt me, I deceived. rrjetul yin, we deceived. medU ru, thou deceiv- ., h , . , , f ' Tneccll yib, ye aeceived. fasall f e, he deceived, meall pab, they deceived Future Tense. COeúlfúbh me, I will de- mecttpiób frn 9 We will de« ceive. cei^e. roeúlfábh zu, thou wilt metrtpciób y ií>, ye will de* deceive. ceive. roealfúbh fe, he will de- roeúlfabh éiób f e n-ealea, he will Béiób pub medlrd, they be deceived. will be deceived. POTENTIAL MOOD. hhbhn mealed, I would Bbéió fir} rcedlea, we be deceived. would be deceived. fcéiobeób roeaiet*, thou Bbéió phh medled, ye wouldst be deceived. wouid be deceived- bé}b fe mealea, he would bbeió peb mealea, they be deceived. would be deceived. CONDITIONAL 109 CONDITIONAL MOOD. Singular. Plural- bet rooéibi» rr^úlzú, if I Óc( nibeió fvn mealed, if would be deceived- we would be deceived. bú mbéióbeób mealutí, if Óú mbeió pbh mealed, thou wauldst be de- if ye would be de- ceived, ceived, t>ú mbéió f e mectled, if Oú wbeió púb medletí, he would be de- if they would be de- ceived, ceived. ANCIENT MODE ACTIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD, j5ingular Pluial* COedltXm ,-roetít ctmtíoió,- inedlamtdy-, let us de ceive. COeal, deceive thou. °^ atób í**' deceivc CQeúlúóh fe, let him mealaióíf, let them de- deceive, ceive. Infinitive Mood and Participles, are 4 .he same as in the modern Mode, active Voice. INDICANIVE M**^ no INDICATIVE MOOD, Present Tense. Singular» Plural. CDecrtcfe, I deceive. COedl^-meátowío*; we deceive. COedloti/ijtbou deceivest. CQeúlúbúp, ye deceive^ CQealtxn v*e, ) he de- , j t ., , /V1 . . ' ' h • njedldió, they deceive. Cpealaib ye, j ceives. '■ J Past Tense.* foecttrty, I deceived. rneúlúnxip; we deceived. roeuldiy, hou d ceivedst. weúlúbdp, ye deceived. foeai ye, he deceived. róetxlttóaji, they deceived. Future Tense. COedptó, I will deceive. > Al f«™f ,-mertlpftWo^ r we will deceive. COealpsft, thou wilt de- CpealfoBcc^, ye will de- ceive, ceive. QQeúlrúri ye, he will CQeúlpúib, they will de- deceive, ceive. POTENTIAL * In the past Tense of the indicative, and in the potential Mood, óo is generally expressed be- fore the Verb ; as, 00 medlay, Í deceived ; óo Wúlamxtp, we deceived ; 60 mectlpctirT, I would deceive , 00 ceilj:edí»aoiy, we would conceal^ &c. &c. Ill POTENTIAL MOOD. .Singular. Plural. ifleúlpúvn, I would, or wealpimcuy-, we would, or could deceive. could deceive. ivealpú'ó, thou wouldst, rnealpdib y ii>, ye would, or or couldst deceive. could deceive. meáifúb y e, he would, wealpdioiy, they would, or could deceive. or could deceive* CONDITIONAL MOOD, 0ú roedlpiitt, if I would bc( roedtpdrocidiy, if we deceive. would deceive. btx roeaXpúó, if thou bú roeúlpúxó fib, if ye wouldst deceive. would deceive, 6c( meúlpúb ye, if he 6c( meal^dioiy, if they would deceive. would deceive. ANCIENT MODE. PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Oalodjt, be deceived. Singular. Plural. CQedlzúfl me, let me be Qdedlzun lij, let us be deceived. deceived. C0eolzú]x zu 3 be thou CQealzúp ifc, be ye de- deceived, ceived. «jealctfj* 112 Singular* PluraU COealzúp. e, let him be CQeúlzújx íaó, let them deceived. be deceived. The infinitive Mood and Participles are th<5 Same as in the modern Mode, passive Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD., Present Tense. Zú\m voealzú, 1 am de- Zúmúp. meólztx, we a»e de- ceived, ceived. zúw rt)eúlzú, thou art zúbúp. me«lcc(, ye are de- deceived, ceived. zú fe wealed, he is de- c.ai6 rceatot, they are de- ceived. ceived. The present Tense is frequently written in all the Persons, like the imperative Mood, passive Voice ; except that sometimes the z which follows the root of the Verb is aspirated ; avS, roeúlzúp. me, let me be deceived ; roeúliújx n)e, I am de^ ceived. Past Tense. C0ecil rne 9 I was de- CpecittXb ir?, we were de- ceived, ceived. COeáldb tu, thou wast Cpecrtab iB, ye were de- deceived, ceived. CQeúlúb é, he was de- Cpsolcfó ició, they were ceived. deceived. Future m Future TensS. Singular. Plural, COedtptfbci/t me, ? l W j ; meúlfúúúp irj, -i we will be weúlfú^. me, 3 e . \ mealfúji iri, j deceived. tneúlpaúúji zu, 1 thou, meúlftxbúp. v5 9 ) « roedlpuji tu, )&c. mealpty iB, )' ' meúlpaóap. e, 7 , « iDealfdbti/t i<16, ) they 5)edlj:ty e, 3 e ' C * mealpty i, if ye wouldst be deceived. would be deceived. )kíj4. Example, JMitiji Tnealáf, I did not deceive $ flitf/t . roeftlrt» m> I was not deceived. SECOND "5 SECOND CONJUGATION. Regular Verb, Ceil, Conceal MODERN MODE. ACTIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. ceilitf f it), let us conceal, ceil, conceal thou. ceil 16 fib, conceal ye. ceilib f e, let him con« ceibb yiao, let them con- ceal, ceal. INFINITIVE MOOD, bo, or ú ceilr, to eonccal: PARTICIPLES. Present Tense» 21 5 ceilr, concealing. Past Tense. 1a ji gceilu, having concealed. Future Tense* 2ljt z) ceúz, about to conceal. P INDICATIVE n6 INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense, Singular. Plural Ceilw, I conceal. Ceilifl ffo, we conceal-; ^cLS th ° U COn " ceili» f iB, ye conceal.' ceiliy) ye, he conceals. ceilw) yido, they conceal. Past Tense. ceil m I concealed. ceil yirj, we concealed. ceil cu, thou conceal- , - .1. i , , ceil yio, ye concealed, ceil ye, he concealed, ceil yiao, they concealed. Future Tense. v ceilpb we, I will con- ceilpb yw$ we will con- ceal, ceal. ceilpb zu 9 thou wilt ceilpb yiB, ye will con- conceal, ceal. orú Jjeit ceilue, to be concealed. PARTICIPLES. Present Tense. Ceilue, concealed. Ptf.tf T ceitue, if he would be con- they would be con- cealed, ceakd £>£* mbeióhm ceilce, if I would be concealed. &ú mbe\bhebh ceilce, if thou wouldst be con- cealed. ANCIENT MODE, ACTIVE VOICE, IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sipgukr. Plural. Ceilecínvceiliroió,-ceileíí- mcioiy, let us conceal. Ce,t, conceal thou. ^Wc e ,l tó bi f e, con- ceal ye. ceitibb ye, let him con- ceitió!y,-ceilióbi6, let ceal. them conceal. i . . . . Infinitive X20 Infinitive Mood and Participles, the same as ia the modern Mode. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular* Plural. Ce,l,m, I conceal. Ceileam^-ceilw,*; we conceal. ceity, thou concealest. ^'^/VCeUCT, ye con- conceals. f ce ' 1 ' 6 ' the y conceal - Past Tense* ceileáf, I concealed. ceiledimfyi, we concealed. ceibf,thou eoncealedst. ceiledbty, ye concealed. ceil f e, he concealed. t^^ff^ the ? 1 concealed. Future Tense. Ceilpb, I will conceal ^f^^eúp^o^ r we will conceal. ceilpipy thou wilt con- ceilpeakd^-ceTlpfcbe, ye ceal. will conceal. ceilpiób ye, he will con- ceúpb, they will con- ceal, ceal. POTENTIAL MOOD. ceilpin, I would con- ceilpeTfcbntáoif, we would ceal. conceal, ceilp&b» thou wouldst ceilpóbe, ye would con- conceal, ceal. ceitpób 121 Siugular. Plural. ceitpb fe, he ^ould ceitpibif, they would conceal. conceal. CONDITIONAL MOOD. be* gceilcirj, if I would Óú -gceupeubhrnitoif, if conceal. we would conceal. e>d gceilpiób, if thou bú gceilpbe ye, oryik, if would st conceal. ye would conceal. ** gceilpb fe^ceiL ^cérftnbí^ if ther peaóh, if he would bú E c ^ l P b ^ ■* ™ e J conceal. would conceaL ANCIENT MODE. PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Ceúzed^ me, let me be Ceil-edji i>), let us be concealed. concealed. cejlceajt tu, be thou ceilcecCn ib, be ye con- concealeu. cealed. ceilrec^t e, let him be ceúzeap iúb } let them concealed. be concealed. Infinitive Mood and Participles are the same as in the modem, passive. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Cum ceilce,-ceilcec(ft tamdp ceilre^ceilre^ij^ we, I am concealed. we are concealed. 122 Singular. PíuraL tdOft te\lze 9 -ceúzedfi iiij zúbdp. ceilze^ceilzédjt $ 9 thou art concealed. ye are concealed. zú f e ceilce,-eeiltedjt tcttó ceilre,-ceik;ec(ji k*6, f e, he is concealed. they are concealed. Past Tense. Ceileddb me, I was con- ceúeúbh % we were con- cealed, cealed. ceileáób t&i thou wast ceileúbh iB, ye were con- concealed, cealed. ceiledób e, he was con- ceiletfób nb, they were cealed* concealed. Future Tense. ceiipioni/* mé,-ceilpiji me, ceilptói/i tn,-ceilp'jt ir)> I will be conceal- we will be conceal- ed, ed. ceilpibift úu,-ceilpfi ru, ceilpóbi/i iB,-ceitpi/i iB, thou wilt be con- ye will be conceal- cealed, ed. ceilpbiji é,-ce7tpfi é, ceilpibiji itfó,-ceitpijt icte, he will be conceal- they will be con- ed, cealed. POTENTIAL MOOD. ceitpóbe me, I would be ceitpóbe uj, we would be concealed. concealed. ceilpbe z\x, thou wouldst ceilpóbe iB, ye would be be concealed. concealed. ceilpibbe é, he would ceitpióbe ídó, they would be concealed. be concealed. CONDITIONAL 123 CONDITIONAL MOOD. Ód gceilpibe roe, if I &ú gceilpb'e ir?, if we would be concealed. would be concealed. bú rceilcioe ±u 9 if thou ^ . -. t. -r . ° ,| .' ! M rceilpibe lb, if ye wouldst be conceal- °uu i a , would be concealed, ed. óú gceilpbe c, if he bú gceitpóe ícíó, if they would be concealed. would be concealed. OF IRREGULAR VERBS. THE Irregular Verbs are the most difficult part of the Irish Language, and therefore claim a particular attention from the learner. To enable him the better to understand them, the ancient and modern Modes of conjugating the entire of them are displayed in the following Examples. Conjugation of periods, I can, or I am able. MODERN MODE. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. Pluial. perform, I can, or I pétíód» ynj, we can, or am able. we are able. Q^ petted») 124 Singular. Plarah tédfcdn zu, thou canst, ^- ,_ „ h Q r a pettódri fib, ye can, &c. péaóttí) f e, he can, &c. péaócí)) f iúó, they can, &g. P#j/ Tense. S'jiedb we, I could, or b'p&úb ynj, we could, or I was able. we are able. b'jzéúb ou, thou, &c # ó'jzéaó f iB, ye, &c. d'jhéaó y e, he, &c. ó'péaó ^icíój they, &c. Future. Tense. Tédbfóú we, I may, or péctópctó yirj, we may, or I will be able. we will be able* Téúbpdó zu, thou may- .^- ;. ,, L - r e ^ &c ' peáópab f tf>, ye may, &c. "péáófúó f e ? he may, pédópctá f ídó, they may^ &c. &c. POTENTIAL MOOD. ^eúbptxrn, I might, or bpéctópdb fir), we might, could be able. he. bféúbpúú thou mightest, bpéúbpas fib, ye might, &c. &c. ^fétíóptíb f e, he might, ópéotópab yicxb, they &c. might, &c. CONDITIONAL MOOD. 'Otbfétbf^iílcould. ^JgJP^-f* if We 03 *as Singular. Plural. £cí bfxúbpúó, if thou bú bpéúbpdb yifc, if ye couldst. could. éa bpéabpúb ye, if he bú bpéúbpúb f icf.6, if they could. could. ANCIENT MODE. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD, Present Tense. recoct™, I can, or I am lpéábúmú^,-^éúbúwáoib, able. we can, or we are able» tTéaódijt, thou canst, &c. péftódBtXri, ye can, &c. réctbdb ye, he can, ckc. ptfótíTÓ, they can, &c. Past Tense, tipéúbdf, I could, or bpéúbúmúp., we could, or I was able. we were able. feKtfMlfc thou COuldst, 6 -^[j &e fcjzeaó ye, he, &c. bpéúbúbdp, they,&c^. Future Tense. tSdbplb, I may, or I F^F^^P», r L / n ' , . ; ' wc may, or we will be will be. able. aWei *> £iabfú\fi i 126 Singular. Plural. pedtytfift, thou may- pcíóptu5Ba/i, ye may, est, &c. &c. pjbptó ye, he may, p^^ they raay? & Cs POTENTIAL MOOD. bpéúbpdm, I might, or ó£écíóptón?aoiy 9 we might, could be able. &c. ópjdóptxb, thou might- bpéúbpfaó fe,-bj:éúbpd.ú est, &c y iB, ye might, &c. dpédópíó ye, he might, bpéúbfútáif, they might, &c. &c. CONDITIONAL MOOD. bú hpétxbpúmúoif, if we Ód Bpecctyrriiij, if I could could. bú bpéúbpúó, if thou bú bpéúbpúió>fe r hpéúbp6}ti couldst. fib, if ye could, ótí bpéúbpúú ye, if he óct kpedbpaibif , if they could. could. In the plural number, the last 6 is generally rejected ; thus bfeabpabbmaoiy, Ópéúbparó^e^ ópéúbpttb púb y is more commonly written Opéúb- parotxoiy, Ópéabfú ye, Ópéúbpú yiáó; This Verb wants the imperative and infinitive Moods, and the Participles; and having no passive Voice, it takes for its passive substitute the Verbal Noun peióirt, :* . -* Conjugating 127 Conjugation of the irregular Verb Óedíj, do, or make, &c. MODERN MODE. ACTIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD* bed», do. INFINiriVE MOOD. bo, or ú óécoiaó, to do. PARTICIPLES. Present Tense. <% béancíb, doing or making. Past Tense. 1cty 'nóecuiaó, having done or made. Future Tense. yvo, we will do, will do, or make. or make. ÚéúDfú'ó zu^ thou, &c. 6éúnpa6 pb, ye &c. úeúnpúú ye, he, &c. óéccopaó yiao, they, &c. POTENTIAL MOOD. ©bétíttpdw, I would do, pbecttjpítí yvn, we would or make. do or make. 6ncL 5 made, xci ru óéctyrcd,-jtéiób, cd yib bect7K;ti,-fieibb, ye, thou, kc. &c. ■^x ye béctyccl,-jtéiób 3 he, z:c* fitfb óéarjwCCj-^eiób, &c. they* &c jybb me bédnrtí, I was Bibb f lij fcedflctf, we were done, or made. done, &c. bjbh zu ócamzú, thou, fc ., t . - ^ c u oión yib beanuci, ye, &c. Ibfcb fe bectyytf, he, Bibb fiab bedrid, they, &C« &c. Future i 3 d Future Tense» Singular. Plural. Béió me béúnzú, I will béiób fvn béúvzú, we, be done, or made. &c. béiób zvl óétííjcd, thou, béiób y iB 6ec(^ ^ &é4nah ye> &c> &eió ye Oectyud, he, fcéifc yic(ó Óédíjrd, they, &c. &c. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Óú nfóbw bedflra, or jieib, if I was done, &c. and so of all the other persons, as in the conditional Mood of the auxiliary Verb, b'u ANCIENT MODE, ACTIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. let us do. béctt). do thou. óéafldib ye, do ye. í)ééciflcíiji, thou doft. Óéúnúbújx, ye do. r he does. &eti W b, they do. /iiTieaf, I did. fxfieamaix, we did. jnwy, thou didft, |ii)ieaBiX/i, ye did. fff) f e, he did, jiiTjecioajt, they did» Jfníure Tense. bheuvfub, I will do. Óbécí^cíwcíit, we will do. óbédíiprtiji, thou wilt do. Óhéúnpúbúji, ye will do. £>bécí»Fc^ f e, he, &c. Ój)écí^c(i6, they will do. POTENTIAL MOOD. \ óhéúVfCLw, I would do. bbécOipdmcíoif , we, &c. óhéar/pa'ó, thou, &c Óbértnpdiób f e, ye, &cv bbécir)pcti6 f e, he, &c. óbéar)j:c(!6if , they, &c. CONDITIONAL MOOD. ^c( ^óécoipcci^ if I would M tióédnpdnxicoif, if we, do. &c, R ** *3« Singular. p IuraL m teéúvúóh, if thou, tú Ddéúvpwóh fc, if ye> *a wectntto fe , if he, 6a i,6étí»j=tíi6í r> if they, ANCIENT MODE, PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD. béúrrcúji fj 9 let us b$ , , done. 'heancúft in, be thou i, t , done. fcedircaji ib, be ye done, 'péavaiit é, let him be fcedwaaft ictá, let them be done. done. INFINITIVE MOOD. po , or « 6eté 6«&)W, to be made, done, or nmshed. Participles are the same as in the modern Mode. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. «wéfanc^éití.Iam zarnaji óénncn, we are d0n 5* done. Sty *ea»<:tf, thou art zabun bétnct, ye are done - done. J *!* . f e .*cfljw> he is cai6 óéccncd. they are ****• done. * Past Ten. i33 Past Tense. Singular. Plural, yXYiedbh me, I was done, pvneúbh in, we were done, inyjeaob iu, thou wast - ^., 7. • j^„^ ' , ' junedób ib, ye were done. - '',* ' , , 1 inrieííb iad, they were jurjedoo e, he was done. ' i ■ ■ • 7 Future Tense» bhéaiipúji noe, I will be obe^pty 177, we will be done. done. bhéúnpújx ru, thou wilt bhearipui iB, ye will be be done. done, frbednpty a, he will be onednpccn ic*6, they will done. be done. POTENTIAL MOOD, fcbéciflfíííób me, I would bhémpfabh vn 9 we would be made. be made. fbbédnpdiób cu, thou óbédnpcuób ifc, ye would wouldst be made. be made. bhéúnpúióh, he would bhéúvpúibh ítfó, they be made. would be made. CONDITIONAL MOOD, fed nbeulripuVQ me, if I ótt nbéúiipáró rn y if we would be made. would be made. ba vbéú-nparó iu, if thou aú nbéar-piiró ?fc, if ye wouldst be made. would be made. bú Dbcdvparó é, if he bú v&cúnpa'ró nb, if they would be made. would be made. Irngulap %ri. 134 Irregular Verb> £t)téw, I dc£ or makei INDICATIVE MOODt. Present Tense. gwtiín),' or 5Y)tm," I do, piób ^vÉwóbmÍ6,-5wb*- or make. nxíji, we do, or make. gwbijygwtf ru, thou 5»i6b f ií>,-5r)i6htí6h,-5»ití- , d oil or makeft, búp, ye do, or make. 5»ib ye, he does, or gwób ficrtvgwóbio, they makes. do, or make. All the other Moods and Tenses of this verb, in both voices, are borrowed from the foregoing. Irregular Verb, peipim, I say, MODERN MODE, ACTIVE VOICE, This Verb borrows its imperative Mood from tfkii^ say, or speak ; and its infinitive Mood and Participles from fittob, say. •■-,<- IMPERATIVE 13$ IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. tfbdiruófiri, let us say. *lgLi ye, he says. óeirt f iaó, they say. Past Tense. bubuyz trie, I said. 6u£<[r yir?, we said. bub$z zu, thou saidst. óuB^u , ye will say. • say." beúpfaá ye P he will óeí|pi/:(Xób fitfó, they will say. say. POTENTIAL is6 POTENTIAL MOOD, Singular. Plural» fcefypdw, I would say. beúppdb yin, we would say beúncdbb, thou wouldst ^ -,« u ' r becXHpcfo fib, ye would say. beúppúb ye, he would dect^pab y ic(6 3 they woul^ say. say. CONDITIONAL MOOD, &ct flbedjtpdi», if I would ótí ttóea/iptXd yirj, if we say. would say. foot yjoedftpaob, if thou ód ))bel]\pxb yifc, if ye wouldst say. would say. ■$>ct r)6eajipc(6 ye, if he 6a flóedripaó púb, if they would say, would say. MODERN MODE. PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD* •d&djttttfi, let it be said. >articipl2. ftdrce, said. INDICATIVE MOOD, Present Tense, beijiredjt, it is said. jPjjí TéW£. óuBjuíóh, it was said. Future Tense, beapfúp, it will be said POTENTIAL MOOD. htúpf$\bhe y it would be said. CONDITIONAL 13? CONDITIONAL MOOD. £>cl í)6etyf:tíióbe 3 if it would be said* ANCIENT MODE. ACTIVE VOICE. Imperative Mood, as in the active Voiced Jnodern Mode. Infinitive Mood and Participles, the same as in the modern Mode. INDICATIVE MOOD Present Tense. Singular. • Plural. *>ei jtfro, I say. fceijtm^-óeijtgmct/t, we say'. fceijiiri, thou sayest. óeMtitvóeipeotédft, ye say" fceijt ye, he says. «eijiió, they say. Past Tense. fcufycif , I said. óufejtíUDcí/i, we said, £>uBru*if , thou saidst. bu .ába^ ye said. toi&gz ye, he said. £ jjtafcttjt, they saidJ Future Tense. £>6cty|:(*d, I will say. feécí^ptímtx^, we will say/ Oeci|ipcXT|t, thou wilt say, óéajipaí>a/i, yewill say. j£^pc\6 fe, b^will say; fcffypUfy they will say. REIMTIFÉS. Present Tense. % bei^ that says? Past Tense. <í fcufrctyto, that said. Future Tense, -d béú^úf, that will say» Potential mood. Singular. Plural. «Sfcfft I would say. «JW*««^ w * would óiut/tprtób, thou wculdst oédjtpcfo pfc, ye would 5 say. say. fcetypdo fe, he would óertjtpdtióif i they would say. say. CONDITIONAL MOOD. bd fl6ettyp*w, if I would say, &c. like the Po- tential Mood, in all its persons, but prefixing óct, //i and eclipiing the initial by r\. The passive Voice, Ancient Mode, is th.« same as the passive Voice, modern Mode. INTERROGATES PRESENT. iXt> dtyctim, do I say ? Qt» fcufycowty, do we say? an úbújn zu 9 dost thou ' J 7. , -> ' ? a» óeiji fib, do ye say? *D «xodiK ye, does hé' ' * L j .,. % p ' thou Z] S r^-cige&i)^ ye • cornet* come. S pjj 140 Singular. Plural. t% f e, he comes. ng ^7^-01516, they come. Fast Tense. tdiwg melted njjedf , I ttliwg fTrv^Sdmity, we- came. came. raiwg cividingiyytti)}- tdiws pb r zúrí^úbúji y yc gu^, thou earnest. came. túwfi ye, he came. t * ct ^ 111 come, INFINITIVE MOOD. £)o, or ci uectcu, to come. PARTICIPLES. Fresent Tense. <% óeacr, coming. Ptíj/ Tense. 1cX;i ÓuecXcú, having come. Future Tense. 2ljt p ^eacc, about to come. Ti regular *42 Irregular Verb zéa$> or céib', go. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural. Zéúbdb fvi),'ZéabúYfíúo^^ irotig f\ri 9 let us go. reb^imrig, go thou. zéaúútóf e^rotigvwtig ■fA go ye. cectócíó fe 5 -ifi)tigeb" ye, xectbtXioiyvcedbcCo yirto,- let him go. imtigió, let them go. INFINITIVE MOOD. * to ga, PARTICIPLES. Present- 2! 5 out, going. JW. 1c(ji rjóut, having gone. Future. 21 ji ci but, about going. 1 INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. zéúúúmrzéúb me, I go. ^éttó f iVsed&todjV^etfRi- iirmioio, we go. céttb ru téctádiji, thou ^éab yio r ce<(6aí)tí^,-rérttí- goeft. eííb, ye go. céaó ye, he goes. zéúb fVdb r zea6rtb y they Past Tense. cutfib we^cíútádf, I cudib fi»),-cudn)c(ji, we went. went. iícíib* 143 Singular* Plural. iúd6 cu,-cúrtbaif , thou, cucdb f íívcbuííib'fej-cutf- &c. h^ ye went gúú\6 f e, he went, cúctiób fvab^cúúbú^ they went Future Tense, pdcpdbh rrje^jiúbptXb, I pdbpdbh *fyn i -tiácfúrí)áo\^ 9 will go. we will go. púcfúbh cUj-^cfcpcti^, ^dcpáóh pb,-iiúbfabúp 9 yc thou wilt go. will go. púifúbh f e, he will go. pdcpabh púb^\úbpú\b 9 they will go. POTENTIAL MOOD* fidcpúw, I would go. púcpúb fw,-púcpdtmoi we would go. jiúcpúbh, thouwouldst pacpab yi&,-riacpaióbfe, go. ye would go. púipúb -fe, he would jaxcpab -f}ab,-)\acpaibi'f 9 go. they would go. CONDITIONAL MOOD. (&ú pubpdWy if I would go, &c. as in all the per- sons of the potential Mood. Irregular írnguhr Verb cig.n,, I se* ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD, Present Tense. ^S^f: Plum!. •ci|.m, I see ' &g ^,.65^ we M ■ ^Ttó" ** •<« rVc|n4 y e see! «5 f e, |ie sees. c,g f «6,-0,5,6, they see. Past Tense. imay* m*&>WWfi I ft*** f ^co^bw-, w c saw# saw. *ft* S;C o^c^ co, r m ^ t yi Irttofc f e, he saw. 6 ^„ tc f^o^. they saw. Futiire Tense. they will see. POTEN1I4L MOOD. %t?, I would see. «fr** pMiÉpw^ we would see. Singular. Plural, cigpédób, thou wouldst agpedó yiB, ye would) see. see. cigcecíó ye, he would crtgpeaó pdb 9 -c\-gpb]f> see. they would see. CONDITIONAL MOOD. Í)d rjpeicpr), if I would Oct fepeicpgó f ir),-bí( fcpeic* see. feúnxxoi-f, if we, &c* /bctBpeicpeaóhjif thou, fcta bpeKfeub fp, if ye, &c &c. 4&a fyreicpedo fe, if he, Oct kpeicperffc fia6,-ócí &c. fcpeicpióif , if they, &c. IMPERATIVE MOOD. peTcedn)ttoiy,-peici* yfrr, let us see. teic, see thou. peictá yili,.peicióbe, se« ye. J2ei«6 ye, let him sec. jCeició yic(ó,-peicióif , let them see. This Verb takes its imperative and infinitive; Moods and Participles from peicino, I see, and not from peacdm, I view ; hence it has cigi)?, or feciijj for its habitual form. PASSIVE V\)ICE. INDICATIVE MOOD, Present Tense. ^jtecífi íT)e,-f cuciefy roe, éitedji nj,-pei^e6nii}Cloif i-J bei/ieam, let us take, fcei/t, take thota; beijied&b fiiybei/tiobe, t^ke ye. ba/te#> 147 Singulfr. Plural. •apcab fe 9 let him take, be^xeúb y ic(6,-!>eijii6?f , let them take. INFINITIVE MOOD. ,-i>ei;túi6f), ye takest. take, iei/tio f e, he takes. beijtw y idó,-í>eijn&, they take. Past Tense. pvg me,-jiugriy, I took, ^wg y ir),-H u 5<*w*i*> we took. pug cUj-jtfcjpHf, thou jiifg f&'-jtugtf&tfft» ye didft take. took. 71115 ye, he took. ^ug y lcttvjtugctoct/i, they took. Future Tense. kei/tpedbb roe,-i>eijtj:ed6, bei/ipeciob f tn, bei^peaiDCi/S I will take. we will tal^. T be\pfeeij, I r:.j. IMPERATIVE MOOD, Singular. Plural. let us give. CaBcdrt, give thou. c0odi#i& fií5,--aBji£Xibfe,- utfjjtaióe, give ye. ra^ifiió ye, let him caítáijuó yiao^crtSjttfi^iyy give. ' let then give. INFINITIVE MOOD. 0o, or ú zé)úy\z, lo give. PARTICÍPLES 'Present Tense. ?lg oáB^ givi & P^j/ Tense. Ictft bcabi 5 -~eijieí*mtíji, we give. Ijeiji cv,-Be7|ii|<, thou feei/t yiíví>ei/t£&c(ji,[ye give* givest. Beijt ye, he gives» Bei^ yid6 s -6eijtió a x they give. Past Tense. tug we,-úugtfy, I gave, tug yi^-tugctmity, wc gave. •buv, ru,-tugtxiy, thou tug yiB^-tugrtbtfyt, ye didst gi\fé. gave. tug ye, he gave. tug yicttviugaotfjt, they gave. Future Tense. (22.) fceijtpectá me,-befji^ecí6, 1 Bei^pettófivfcewpedtírccíjt., will give- we will give. Beijvceab uu,-6eijipjt 5 thou be^feúbh pB, ye will wilt give. give. Beippertób ye, he will beijipedób yic(ó,-beijtpó, give. they will give. POTENTIAL MOOD, Bbeijijcrii, I would give. bhe^peab f$,4rí)tíijfcp«fy mcioiy, we would give. ibbe^jretíó, thou wouldst bbei/ipetió yií>b,-í>beijij:i6- gtv . ye, ye would give. N ibetí^tpedó ye, he would frbeijipecto yiitfvbbeijtpert- give. fcaoiy, they would give. CONDITIONAL *5* CONDITIONAL MOOD.. Singular. Plural. Oct budbbdijipr), if I bd Óz«bh£fcdb pr) r Ó# would give. ÓzúbbpúmúQif, if we would give. óa óucx&áptíób, if thou bf. bzúbh&ffb f e,-6d 6rd- would st give. bbjt£uóbfe,-ótí £>ua- bbnccióbe, if ye, &c. bet bzúJohá^ifeab f e, if bet órabbcíi/ipedb ym6,-6tí he gives, fcrtrabfidifcif , if they would give. The imperative may also be expressed by rt*5, give thou ; ^ugtft) ye, let him give, &c. termi- nating all ^he persons as in ^ctbbcti^, cdbbaijti^ v-e, &c. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tens?. &eijvcedji me,-uUCÚc(fi me, beiftrecfy T?f,*tliet OecX/t, bring forth* IMPERATIVE MOOD. beájiúb fvíjj let us bring forth. *$3 Singular. Plural; heap, bring forth* fced/idó fibb, bring ye forth. le&púó f} y let her bricg beúpúb yitio, let them forth. bring forth. INFINITIVE MOOD. bo, or ú bbjieat, to briDg forth. PARTICIPLES. Present Tense. 21 5 tyedc, bringing forth. JFW Tense.* 1dji robjtedfr, having brought forth. Future Tense. 2lyi sn fyteat, about to bring forth. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. led/tdm, I bring forth. bédjutt) f nvbécCjicímrtr 1 , we bring forth. lédfuXT) cu,-í)écí/itX^, thou Béd/ictí? fibb, bédjtabbdjt* bringest forth. ye bring forth, fcetydfi yi, she brings beci^pdo^betijtaid^they forth. bring forth. Past Tense. jtu£ me^^ugciy, I brought /1115 yirvjiugarocC/t, we forth. brought forth. ftug -cu, /tugaif-, thou yiug fTO.bj-yiugdbbd^, ye flidst bring forth. brought forth. jtug f 1, she brought ^ug yiao^ugaoajt, they forth- brought iorth. future 15+ Future Tensié Singular. Píurafc iédftp£\bh rt)e,-bédfi£ec(jttítyt iu, é, &c. be thou born, be, &c. INDICATIVE MOOD Present Tense. t>éúp.iúfi s we, tu, é, %% 9 &c. I am born, thou> he, we, &c. P<2>tf Tense. 72vi£ú6 me, iu> é, &c. I was born> thou, he, &c. Future *55 Future Tense, 6ét*;cí rrjbéipfúibhe roe, &c. if I would be born, &q. irregular Verb CW^ hear» ACTIVE VOICE~ IMPERATIVE MOOD. Singular. Plural» cl^mb fi vclTjtnébmíf , let us hear. clTji), hear thou. ciijtiió f iM/,-cli^íóJ>f e, hear ye. «il^Aio |-e, let him hear, cl-rpjifc ^u^-cl^ioíf , let them hear. . INFINITIVE MOOD. óo, o» tf cht^fcm,-cbloy, to hear. PARTICIPLES. Present Tense. 21 5 cltjf civdof > hearing. iW Tiar*. 1djt Bcl-ryfcnj, gclof , having heard. Future Tense. -4/t z] cl-r^civdof» about to hear» i£ INDICATIVE *5<5 INDICATIVE MOOD. Fresent Tense. tit^m, I hear. clr^ fVn^clr^eúm^ wc hear. clr/m zUi-clrjWji, thou clrjr/ f ibb,-cl^tteííí)bíty, ye nearest, hear. clT9»fe,he hears, clyjn fmó,-clY^e hear, ye w ouid hear. GWfipb fe # he would cW f ^ f "*&? cl^móif, hear. tiiey would hear. CONDITIONAL *S7 CONDITIONAL MOOD. ~*Q6 gcti^pn, &c. if I would hear, &c as in tb« potential Mood. PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOD* ClTjircedji tu 9 be thou heard, &c. INFINITIVE MOOD. t>o, or d Beit clique, to be heard. PARTICIPLE, Cb^ce, heard, INDICATIVE MOOD, Present Tense» QW } r\zeúp me, iu, é, &c. I am heard, thou, he,&c* Fast Tense. Cúúlúú me, or clr^edti me, tv, é, &c. I was heard;, thou, he, &c. Future Tense. Cl^/recty me,cu, é, &c. I will be heard, thou,he, Sec. POTENTIAL MOOD. Clr,np-óe me, iu, c, &c. I would be heard, thou, CONDITIONAL rj? CONDITIONAL MOOD. ptf gcliflptíe me &c. if I Wou i d be heard, &c. as m the potential Mood. Some Authors consider this Verb and cloiyiC Ihear 5 asregulars 5 and write the past Tense cbL* and cloipy, J heard. J M J/r#*&r Kyi pá& find, o* get ACTIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE MOOTh girf S uiaf - Plural. f:ága6 f i vpágtfwttov, lee ♦,-./- ,,i us find, ' F^fiAdtbou. rá^ rl6 ,.^ fe>find páé* fe, let him find. $£* f tó S,- F á é to find. PARTICIPLES. Present Tense. ^g^'U Hading. Art r«w. ty Sp^at, having íound. i ^ W " Í *• F^tl, about to find. *59 INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tense. Singular. Plural. fágdro, I find. fépto fiVp^Wify, we fágtfO) ciz,-p%c(i;i a thou p*5dfl ^i&j-págaB^, ye findest. find. ~ Jpágdu f e, he finds, fdgttt) y ictfvpígtfió,, they find. Past, Tense. pidiji íiíe,-piítí/t£tfó, 1 gectkpclb ^ i vgedfyzcCmari, will find. we will find. •geúbpúó cifj-gedBpcíijt, geab^ab fib, yc will find, thou wilt find. •fredbfúó fe, he will gectáptó fi, find. they will find. POTENTIAL MOOD. gertbjrdro, I would find, geabpao fw r '£tabparrxxo'\b, i<*b, I w ^ ^ c found, &c. POTENTIAL MOOD. gedBptfibe, me, &c, páigpdbe me, &c. I would be found, &c. CONDITIONAL MOOD. frá §eb, ye will reach, wilt reach. ftigpib ye, he will Í?igpi6 fítíó^-íjigpió, they reach. will reach. POTENTIAL MOOD. ftigpn, I would reach. ftigpfc y i)j, we would reaché Pi£p$ 9 thou wouldst ftigpfc y ibh, ye would reach. reach, ftigpré ye, he would ftrgpó y jcta, they would leach. „ reach. CONDITIONAL MOOD, &ú Rigpfl, &c. if I would reach, &c. 3$ in t]ie potential Mood* OF IMPERSONALS, All Impersonal Verbs have passive termina- tions, as in the third person singular, in the various Moods and Tenses ; thus : IMPERATIVE MOOD. lucuyctty, let it be reported. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. IwKfcdjt, it is reported. Past 1 63 Past. lúctócíb', it was reported. Future. Luúópap, it will be reported. POTENTIAL MOOD. Lúú'ópúró, it would be reported. CONDITIONAL MOOD. t)ct lúabpavó, if it would be reported. See Syntax. OF INTERROGATIVES and NEGATIVES. Thelnterrogatives and Negatives of the various Moods and Tenses are the same in both voices. The Interrogative of the indicative Mood, present Tense, is a, or an, and nat-, and the Nega- tive is 1)h In the active Voice, the Interrogative requires the initial letter of the Verb to be eclipsed, if it be a consonant of the influenced class, and befoie vowels, requires rj to be prefixed ; and the Nega- tive causes aspiration, if the initial be aspirable. Example. Interrogatives» Negatives. it, yet, hereafter. londfy so that. Q)úiíe, along. TDd, if. ttftlf , (for iflá if) if. iT3íí;iioí), in union. voúfeaú, why then» ítiíí zú } if so. iDimc, often. Ojt, for. oy, (for uiXb \f) since." oy tíjtd, publickly. Of if k>1, privately. 7?e cetle, in conjunc- tion. Sitíft, westwards. f iof , down. fiof, below. f oift, eastwards. fúúf, up. f ikf ? above. ttí/ipinb))é ? the day be« lore yesterday. tdl, beyond. c&/téif , after, ted^c, scarcely. llcíb óedf^ from south. izcuS tuctib, from north. The following negative, intensive, and reitera- tive Particles, are used adverbially in compo- sition. Negatives, i6g Negatives, used as de, dis 9 mis^ in, ir 9 un, &c* in English. Nega- Substantives and tives. Adjectives. Compounds. tun, gíí/t' convenience. tfrfogtt/i, inconvenience, an, j\6, prosperity. tttjtd, adversity. eaó, zjxom, heavy. éccóufton), light. ™& cett ]\z, justice. eagcetf/tc, injustice. *°> coimfedc, compre* oocoiinyeac, incompr^ hensible. hensible. 6i, meciy, respect. oimeay, disrespect. mi, f ciyuct, pleased. rmfufzu, displeased. Deúrn , budy, durable, per- manent. ycambuuv, transitory. eúf, cajitfió, a friend. ecx^cctjtcíib, an enemy. Inten- sive. Ú1), zeúf, heat. mozedf, excessive heat. 10H), pulang, patience. jompulauig, long-suffer- ing */s Sjtánnd, ugly. uji^ÚT)f)ú, very ugly. unites with the Particle ; as, o'n srg, from the, house, not o at) rig j óo't) frcaúh, to the girl, not 00 UY) gccoli». 3. When two Substantives come together, one governing the other in the Genitive Case, the Article is sometimes omitted ; as, Ctxif led» Olle moij-ie 00 leagcíó le Cdúal Q'RcígtfUcíib, the castle of Kilmore was levelled by Cathal O'Reilly ; iwcnce Qjiéipie, the chiefs of Brefny. But when the Article is expressed, it is joined to the latter Substantive 177 Substantive only; as, ceol net r>éí? 3 the rousie of the u birds ; mtfc xm cftíoijt, the son of the artist. gctc, or g 4. The Adjective is usually placed after its Substantive, and agrees with it in Gender and Number ; as, pecty bo^b, a cruel man ; ctn pp. boi^b, of the cruel man; tin bear) cctol, the slender woman ; w* mud cctoile, of the slender woman ; 7)4 rorja cdold, the slender women ; nú rvbún eaol, of the slender women. But sometimes the Ad- jective precedes the Substantive, and is frequently- incorporated with it, so as to form but one com- pound term; as fean-cumfi/t, old times; ogbectn, a young woman. In this case the initial or the Substantive requires aspiration, unle s it begin with e>, f , or z, preceded by an Adjcc.ive, ter- minating in n; as, óedj fmrjrrctjt, gocd pecple ; ór\oc ót;íie,a bad man ; fedn p col, an olJ sa) ing; j-edT) órjne, an old man; fedn f^ul, an * old •tory; -rear) ^ionrjTjcc, the old Testament. 2 In i8o In poetry the Adjective is sometimes inserted in the middle of its Substantive ; thus in O'Dugan: ó ??agallcíTg yíú ^iuctó ^vo ^It clr } nzeúj\ j\ a clucUf óéif , on his right ear; zú 60 bean nn, your wife is sick; zú wo cof zipm, my foot is dry, 6. When a Substantive is the subject, of which any thing is affirmed, the Adjective generally precedes it; as, if óeetf an bean fin, that woman is handsome ; if Idióíjt ún jzecí/t fi», that is a strong man ; but the Substantive sometimes pre- cedes the Adjective ; as, if pecCjt Icti6i/t e, he is a strong man. 7. When two Substantives meet, the latter must be in the Genitive Case, and if it be fol- lowed by Adjectives, they must be Genitives also; as, ceav ún caitw, the head of the maid ; Itfrn co? pifi, the hand of the man ; cean a» ccnli» cir t n céilibe macúnzú, the head of the silent, sensi- ble, honest woman ; lcírn ún pp. cuptfrodig cedn^új^ rtxxcúriza, the hand of the careful, meek, honest man. 8. When three Substantives follow a Verb active, governing a Dative Case, the first being the subject, is put in the Accusative ; the second being general, is put in the Dative ; and the third, particular • j8i particular, if not expressed by a Conjunction, is the Nominative ; as, zabayp. an fpian 60 an (or bon) CQúfiCúc Secfmuy, give the bridle to the horseman James, i. e. who is James. OF PRONOUNS. i. Pronouns have no variation for the distinc- tion of case, except the personals, and these agree with the Noun to which they refer in gender, number, and case ; as, if oocrUc an lá é, it is a severe day ; if band an cailw i, she is a bold girl ; if bojib an noiUb é, he is a tierce soldier ; if roait na baoins idb, they are good men* 2. If there are more than one or two persons, in the antecedent, or if it be a Noun of multitude, the Pronoun is tfre third person plural ; as, ccrnrrg Secímuf a^uf peúban a baúe ú né 9 ^S u f cúcíib fiáb 50 bjcile út h-r t 6e a múó, James and Peter came home yesterday, and they went to Athboy to day; tfgtff ún zán bo aizm an pubdl fin> 00 leándbajx é, and when the people knew it, they followed him. J&ut if the antecedent be of the singular number, the Pronoun is of the third person singular; as, Óo imtij bapnabaf an zany fin 50 Ciijtf uf , b 9 iaj\jidib Shaul ; ag^y* 3 na prfgail 00, j\u$ ft jxif é 50 hanzioc, ihcn Barnabas went to Tarsus to seek Saul; and on finding him, brought him with him to Antioch, 3. Possessive Pronouns influence the initials of their subsequent Nouns, which, if mutable, ex- cept f, will be aspirated in the singular, except the third person, feminine, and have their plurals governed 182 governed by servlles ; as, zd m<* coy, bo coy, á coy, ú coy, úp gcoyd, bup. gcoyd, tlgdy Ú gcoyd ydn pity, my feet, thy feet, his feet, her feet, our feet, your feet, and their feet are cold. When mo, my, precedes a Noun beginning with a vowel, or p, it drops o, and unites with the Noun ; as, no'tiwro, my soul; rn'riizvn, my mind; ro'peajt, my man. Óo, thy, before a vowel is changed into b; as, fiúohiúji bdrwim, hallowed be thy Name ; and before p it loses the o, joins with the Noun, and eclipses the initial ; as, ó'jied/tg, thy anger. When ú, his, precedes a Noun beginning with a vowel, it causes no change in the initial ; but d, her, prefixes b to the Noun ; as, ú edbúc, his cloth, H heúbac, her cloth. The plural possessives pre- fix to to all Nouns beginning with vowels ; as, zu óo yryb, you were sitting ; bib" yiab %ul gcoblaS, they were asleep; if literally trans- lated would be, I was my king; you were your sitting ; they were their sleep; but the preposition tt,or m boctiug, the lame walk; glcurcdjt m lobcip, the lepers are cleansed; but k also often follows it; as, 2(oó mac Oomnaul t* tluúipc óo m<\f\bús bo Cúiúl o'Ctfgalláígj cgay bo Concobdp mac Cojtmaic 17 CCúolnnai.a úp loc áilluje. Hugh the son of Donald O'Rourkt, was killed by Cahal O'Reilly, and Conor the son of Cormnc O'Mi-lroney, on Lough- Allen. CQ'ppof meic biapvnúóa bJ mdjiBob, Maurice MacDermott, was slain uo'if lean v ille moijie bo led ret 6 úfiúf óeoc, fán xonúó púlvoap. yi)l, he got gold and raiment, meat and drink, in that hospitable place. 4. The infinitive mood and present and past participles go vein a genitive case, when the action refers defers immediately or particularly to the detér^ minate objeót ; as, cJ.: \6 Seamuy á ceúriúc a (or a») cdpr^agcif a gcxBccil an p^r 1 ^5 ,jC r ^ 1 cctilw j óu&íijiS ^•e bom, go ficuB fe rtg cecíncíc an tú-pr } \ ceana,. agay lúp gaScul cín pi^ tí^íCf cín cdilín 50 ócrtergpS an zijiy James went to buy the tnare, and to take the man and the maid ; he told me he was buying the mare already, and that having taken the man and the maid, he would quit the country. But if the object be not determinate, and not imme- diately referred to, it goes before the Verb, and is like the Nominative ; as, cctp^l d ceanac, to buy a mare ; peú^ no bean no cctilin tx gd&ail, to take a man, or woman, or maid, If theobjeel be deter- minate, and goes before the Verb, it will be the accusative ; as, ún zóp 60 f drrcco>, to covet the gold ; an cai/'gioo, an /reapi, agcif an Bean d iab^z leif, to take the silver, the man, and the womaa with him. 5. Nouns beginning with mutable consonants^ after active participles, lose the natural sound of their initials, if expressed by úd in the genitive case ; but retain it, if expressed by net;, as, cig gcdjcdl ún pi 71, ún chail'n, dgrtf <ír, buacbcule, taking the man, the maid, and the boy ; ctg p*gail net ma, finding the woman ; ag pcigcul na dfie, leaving the country. Bat, in what is called fu- ture Participles, the accusative goes before the Verb ; as, aj\ ci an tip pcígtíil, about to leave the country. 6. The auxiliaries govern no case. \W other Verbs, regular, irregular, and habitual, govern an accusative, dative, or ablative, according to their quality, i. e. Verbs of giving, granting, &e. i86 he. will have an accusative oF the thing, and a dative of the person ; as, tug Óia c^5fe 6oí) oyjrje God gave understanding to man. 7. Verbs passive, and their participles, govern no case, aad are generally followed by personal Pronominals, (i. e. personal Pronouns com- pounded with Prepositions) indicative of the cer- tainty, doubt, &c. of the speaker ; as, mecílpcíjt é tin, 6-qr), uciiri, cbugcorj, &c. he will be deceived by us, for us, from us, to us, &c. zú ye medtol lw, 6rp), &c. he is deceived by us, for us, &c. 8- The active accusative personal Pronoun, be- comes the nominative in the passive ; as, meálúS é, he was deceived ; njeatpty é, he will be de- ceived. 9. The Verb passive never varies from the first person of any tense, and will agree with thou- sands as well as with one ; as, roealdb* roe, tigdf tnedldb m níúze jiorocíro, I was deceived, and thousands were deceived before me. The Par* ticiple is also unchangeable, ; as, zú mif e roedlrtf, tígdf rtbfún mealed liom, I am deceived, and they are deceived with me. 10. Particles have no influence on the past tense, except when a vowel, or p is its initial ; as in that tense every mutable initial will lose its natural sound, with or without the Particle ; as, heúlúf , I deceived ; cneiledf, I concealed ; ó'dvcui £)id birji), God commanded us, for 60 ditir) Óitf S-rpj ; ó'fofcúil ye úy) leabúp, he opened the book, for 60 pojxrtil ye ú)) ledltájt. 11. ah 187 All Verbs depending on a conditional sentence are Im personals, and have always a conditional sign, or Preposition after them ; as, leiguijt gup ■rc\jib Síxwffoi) leorndn, let it be, or it is read, that Sampson slew a lion, leijceap cup an lo^otb tk puaip. bd-f ot>tf)i, let it be, or it is read, of many who got a sudden death, óú luúópdró go pcuB <*» edict óuB, tígdf ttn Ion bcoi, if it would be reported that the swan was black, and the blackbird white. Sometimes the sentence is inverted, and expressed by rr,áj\' y thus, mdpo Sdnopyor) teorndrj, njti/t leigcertji» Sampson slew a lion, as is read» T2. The place of supines and gerunds is sup- plied by a word formed of the Preposition it?, or ion, and the passive Participle, which is compul- sive, and governs a dative case; as, if gníom tjfc óécuiud bTju fin, you must perform that deed, or that deed is to be performed to you ; lonmolxd, to be praised, or laudable, &c. 13. 615m and peiaep are not Verbs,, but verbal Nouns ; because the auxiliary if, or its past tense contracted always goes before them, éigttj indicates compulsion or obligation, and is fol- lowed by a dative case ; as, if éigm 60, it is in- cumbent on him, or he is obliged, or he must. b'eigiu 00, for bu6 61517) 6o, he was obliged, &c. rodf éigií) óo, for met if £1510 06, if he be obliged, &c. met b'éigi») 00, for met bubh eigin 00, if he were obliged, &c. érgin is sometimes a Substantive ; as ér£u), a rape ; sometimes an Adjective ; as, i)r;ne eigw, a certain person. pei6;ri imports power 01 possibility, and is followed by a dative or ablative case ; as, if ^eioip bhr } z } it is possible for you, or you can ; if peioi/t lectu, it is possible A a, with 1*8 with you, or it is in your power; b'j-eíói^, for hubh peiói^t br,z, it was possible for you, or you could ; bpeibi/t leas, or ó'péúb zu, you could, &c. 14. The vowel e never becomes! a Verb. It has been shewn, page 73, that, e is he, him, it or thing; hence act Biuule? who beat him? is equal to cm e Burtit é, literally cid, who, e 5 he, Budil, beat, é, him? the Verb if being understood. Cpedb e óei/t ye, literally C/tettó, what, e, thing, óeiji, says, ye, he ? For if e were a Verb, so would i in the same manner : thus, act 7 buúú i, literally cia, who, 1, she, Bucttl, beat, 1, her ? Cjieaó i ú)) beúv ú beip, y 1, literally cpedb, what, i, she, tx», the, hean, woman, d, that, óeiji fi, she says ? i. e. what woman does she say ? the Verb being understood. This is not confined to the Irish Language alone \ the same is found in Greek t*^\ what to me ? in Latin, quid ad me ? what to me? the Verb (is it) being understood in both. OF ADVERBS. 1. THE influence which the interrogative and negative adverbial particles have on the Verbs to which they are prefixed, has been already ex- plained, p. J 63 to 166. 2. bo and -ú 9 signs of the infinitive Mood, aspirate the initials of Verbs beginning with mutable consonants. 3« b° 1 89 3. whether the particle be pre- fixed or not ; as, úp. ceilif, didst thou conceal ? ceilecty, I did conceal. PREPOSITIONS. THE principal Prepositions and the cases svhich they govern are to be found p. 172 and 173. Óe, the contraction of 60 e, of it is sometimes added to comparatives , as, if boicteóe, it is the poorer of it ; if lcngeóe, it is the weaker of it ; if gilióe a» Vwéaóac fin, that linen is the whiter of it. When the comparative is expressed in this manner, 'net or ionc(, than 9 is always omitted before the Noun. ^ CONJUNCTIONS. 1. THE copulative Conjunction tf^rff, is always positive, and is often followed by the disjunctive no, in forming a conditional sentence ; as, déancíib ieíícb. ftÓgtíí-ClC. J!ul<íT»5rectcb. Cecíó-pécífiftX.' Óúpú pédjtfCU 'Cpeúf 'píúp.f&i péúpfúóhd. lolpcxcb. lolfiollcCbb.' SealBdvgecícb. Cofncícbcdcb^ latdi/ieacb. óeifnrjugdób.' pOjttfNtfrj. Cdilobedcbcd. Stjmectmlacbc Ccí/i-cbledtclcb, gaolmd^ítcb. óealr^gce. poiób/tectcbt, Cornice*. Cofrótjle. paiúpeacb, íf -oo 5^0Í?C,-C|t)uri -oo ^"5)2LC21L, SCí?2lJif tict ce-e-e-)f b, one stroke at your right hand, But changeless I, doth two command. For p 3 place three, for f xn&xkfour, In forming t) } add one stroke more. The aspirate h 9 on left doth claim One stroke ; but two ó's worth proclaim. C, with three lines we represent, And c with four is e'er content. Queirt's ict^n)iíj6. 15 Cte. ib Cc(j-ic. 17 Cifie. íé ea. 19 CcX. 20 ClftDW. 21 Ci/\io>i. 2 2 Cl/llg. 23 CljllT?. 24 Co^ip. 25 Caccjtíoncí. 26 Ci^tefnorj. 27 JTojt. 28 péi». 29 Ó01B. 30 pai/te. 3 1 |2orw, plorm. 32 fetx,t 5 . 33 ftjl. 34 ptami. 35 paife. pletXb 36 pctb. 37 puut. 138 pdft. 139 jcujtcaócdig- ja.0 ptaiúedf. 141 Bpirjl. 142 cfiec^jtd. 143 píor). HI P ed 1 x S- 145 F^S*, 146 <íi/ipeab. 147 ^laiuecimáíl- 148 pea/tft. 149 peúp.. 150 pea^cO?. 151 pedjxz. 152 gar% 153 M 6 - 154 5^- 155 ^n- 156 5<íc v 157 S* 6 -' 15854 159 SM 5 - 160 £>íiijte, 161 geijie. 164 0'p(i5. 163 C^eis. l64CT75e. 5^35. 166 ^l dy). 167 51 ear?, gloíin. . 168 gRtó. 169 Cijtge. 170 £>ala,u_ 171 fc>- zoo 171 gaijin% 172 ^eújidn). 173605. 174 Cúglú. 176 Cdbon. i.e. 177 ¥• 17B Inglfl, in. 179 Cile. 180 idju*». 181 fa. 182 (Die. 183 eijtic. 185 1ornOjt/io. j86 V,. 387 Ictjidji. 188 1óijt. ecCódji. 189 cat. 190 caogab. 50. 191 óail. 192 Cjiial. 193 Id». 194 law. low. 195 H°» ^- 196 JMoc, some- times pei- tietfcaf. 197 ledBcfyt. 198 luccbocí/t. 199 COíle. 1000. 200 CDcíjtcac. 201 GOdijig. 202 co. 203 Inojtim. 204 COíia. 205 0?ac, wjd|i. 206 CPojt. 207 Ojtno. 208 COu/i. 209 CO die. 210 Cfjiiro. 211 coldirt). 212 CDac. 213 GQl&jit' 214 CDátí. mudb. 515 COúoL 216 COwjoi. 2 1 7 COt^<:ij<- 218 COow. 2 19 CQo. 220 Crjail). 221 CDccolm^jie. 222 mdoilectcloiTi 223 COdolmofibú 224 OMb. 225 Grille. 2 26 JMcC. 227 JMdc. 228 Cijiir?. 229 w. 230 2li^tne. 231 jMedjtc. 232 1»ce. 233 JMedm. mm. 234 Cigedjtrjcí. 235 fvleite, 236 jVudb. 237 jMi bariftfm f o. i. e. it is not diffi- cult. 238 Ol)7). 239 petite* 240 ooác. 241 Gi/now. 242 ó^ita. 243 OújitXf . 244 peji p|io. 24-5 páiftc 246 pedjtltf. 247 peaccib. 248 peaóujt. 249 pjioinpcif. 250 peaw. 251 ptttywjg* 252 Hippocrates 253 W- 254 Ví*- 255 ft. 256 ÓVji. ódíji. 257 12diB. ftdób. 258 Nt*. 259 7?úaób. 260 ftoirne. , 261 fttíw. 262 fttíó. 263 F^T^tge. 264 C/tidji. 265 Qtcó. 266 Sí;t. 267 Sow. 268 Sed/tc, 269 Suaób. 270 Sdó. 271 Slctrj. 272 Sluciób. 273 Slige. 274 Sarórjl. 275 Sleacu. 276 Secic. 201 2*6 Sedc. 271 Sgéul. 278 ÓíUf. 279 Slfl. 280 Sunt. i. e. they are. 281 Social 282 la. 283 Cu^. 284 Cdrj. Ce/i. 285 Cjtd. 286 Ce. Ceine. 287 Ziwat. 288 Ceapc. 289 £tfió. 290 rc. 291 ^ u 5- ctuc. 292 C&óbg. 293 cTinxioll. 294 Tjtuag. 295 ^amal. 296 Cimcioll. 297 Zuúta be búmvn. 298 Coil, zaU. 299 1uem. 300 C175. 30: -rjle. 302 Um. 303 Utdób. 304 Tjllidm. 305 UjljttXIIT). 306 -r^e. 307 Ucif dl. 308 Zoifiea'oh. 309 Umoftjta. 310 SevtzvnaMn. 311 OjpflHúJj. 313 m. 314 ll r . Qí f . 315 £/ c cetera. 316 cecinitji. e. ccuicíiób, he sung, or composed. 2 )l ^j Ó10B. 318 óe - 319^00. 220 -&/> is. 221 ban. ^22 &bo^Uy-. 323 ^Ottí). 324 frtxpci. 225 CflICO). 326 Bp;L 327 b'pyi. 328 ^W- 329 t'pjL 330 CjtiOfC 331 c< *> 332 búÍZú. 333 r r ea r- 334 ^^56 335 Sé - 33^ p?t f e - 337 Oocu. 338 CCncxoi. 339 J^cíoiónce. 340 édó. 341 Cctób. 34a éaótfc. 343 cx 5 cx f coolie. 344 ceúmi. 345 Caó/iom. 346 cauct. 347 $«■ 348 cu. 349 Id est. 350 cum. 351 cUf\ú]bh. 352 cuculairj. 353 cucowdcu. 354 U* 355 2íióbe. 356 pttine. 357 pttitcés 358 ciorjrj fú eize 1)0 ccjt pcC cafdí), See below. 359 c/ioióbe. 360 corjaijt. 361 7?e ceile. 362 o S^ii Sji Cjí> \>5 vjC ^N ^ • ^ Ni ;-«* 4- C* N; O f <^ *V ^ ^ ^ | >} In 3- 1 1) "^ ^ *^> ^ ^i c/ ^féíSC,^ ^ ^l Na Nb N3 !N ^ Vj. 05 ^ S 0> NO 71 c/f' ^ ^ § t* No ^ pT> {-- $u s* .-* 3 « 1 NJ ^j n; >• ^* ^ Co ^i C\ ÍO NO ^ £ Jl <óa ^< ^íp^ o^ i1* <1i r|sr<íl; o^^ á ■& x> O» S_>a ^ 3 C$i vj^ A -£_** **"t[o JK (S3 NO i-O Co Co Co ■^ V M Oo -Sí *> Oo Oo Oa Oi' Ji O, O, O» 4, "l '«NO 20; NOTES, (i.) THE modern Irish call their Alphabet QUb^zip, or more properly cibijt, from their four first letters, tf, i>, c, 6. C and 5, as being letters of the same organ, are often substituted one for the other, as are also 6 and z; hence -áiSgicip is written in place of /a/I to w R ■180 i: 2/5 in M0^ 249pV|i-|' 281 p>"c 3/4 j 3« 7c 349 £2 j í '.', 37 é 7-'> @t) 109 $ i m 3 w/ L ■216 n, 9 252 j 1 " 35i> if 3 ^ 36 l" /w £ Ato" 1* is-i \ W7 miiim 2ífl p 233 r 2 3W ?3c S5/i lf i 3.52 l^l- ' i ;)// ? 7; °* in £>Yc- /W tt /83 l_^ 2/i? ÍW ÍÍ/ p 23-/- e 3/7 ,p J j // c : 77 p /2 J 7rf £ m A «•7 pl- m 1 tig * 252 fjó 2S5 T- w ie- 3.53 ^>B 6 & w ij .7.5 z 56 v>x i)2 CCCCC /i7 p j /ft') SSS igtí \ '90 ") 232 „r 266 r 26-7 f 297 -ÍS 293 - l 333 jy ■:,gi ,,cc 2/ < .57 CC «a F )W# 7^7^ 2í>í< Cite 234 »',1 2(5-a'\ c 2^ 1^ .M/ Í5 362 h 5 .n 22 e' 58 cc^ j #3 i> n» fp 7/ÍÍ f5 2C/ "?- 235 n 6 3^ T? 335 (S 363 C- 23 6 5.0 ?c ,oi./. í>i /3^ e «» T^ 1 " 2(92 00 236' n S 26'S -^ ,W/ ,-r .■;:;,; -^ 3(74 jT? 3(75 jy 266 r 14 t> 2.5 B 61 & .9.5 S /3/ f 161 3^ 2P3> m 204- to 237Í" T Jmt, % :v2 r 3(93 1-I- .",37 bS ^1? 1119 Ztftt 62 cWf i? .97 5 ^H" % Í 2í?á Tn 235 ( I 272 t-V 204. 1- tt= 33.9 ,;c : 3671**1 27 t& /j:>, dií) 0d * 99 * »3 T /7« TT Í06 m 239 5 273 r te :)Cj Tn 345 j 266 l*f J2 240 OTÍ 27 .ip.TR Mrs Ul 7 _ 36!) 1 65 ^ /ÓW i = 1A6 f} /72 n / 2ft? Tli 241 1 m ?ir 2 7ff r ,W7 r2 1 3(73 Í 342 -f 66 % «/-#■ raS -f_ /73 .H 2í^ TH Z42Ú 343 -j.t- aa lí' 67 S ///2 b? /37 Í 73á f 77^ 1jU ii/tf m 24 i f 244 p m 30.9 r M4 c=j 343 fm I ;i7 t' 6» 0* n» ^ 773 If ill Cm MP lljj.ir 1 32 Í? fty Dcófe /^ ÍOIOT «.9frt 77(7 4- 2/2 m -If ?75 1!1 311 346 k* 33 Uj, . r-^H /tfj -m «w jtc| /77 | 21$ TfTr ., ,f 7 , :>,4i\\ 34 S "Í.ÍWE /flí ^ /// |f /7(9 1 2A/j "J- ?4i jblr ,7.0 ,T 1^ w ;tó W 7 / (B /f>7 Í& *e ft 77(7 11 247 pf c7 2«ip 313 j 3"« 4 O54111. 1,.b.r. c. 4- tn. 5.11-5. ;,,. ^• a.o. r. e. t- &*- °t- 17- t< v - jíii P' 1. 11. 111. 1111. inn / // hi mi urn 1 11 mi mi inn — v — A . ,. — 33HL ==- II ■■■ nil — ttttt — ' "" — U * ±J / . // - /// ■ III/ . /////. 1 - II - III- Mil - Mill- 7\' íir^ v_j- =$f= : example C «i 4 ]v b )v fr 111 1 ///// "'" mi — 1 II III iir/l | ///// trvr 204 (5-) See Note i. (6.) There is no certain standard for the pro- nunciation of B, when connected with a broad vowel ; the inhabitanis of every county, nay, I may say every parish, varying in their mode of pronouncing it. (7) and (8.) g is sometimes written for 6, in the middle and end of words, and as they have nearly the same sound, the commutation is allowable when it makes no radical alteration in the word ; thus lao'ó y a calf, pitíótuge, a huntsman, may be written ttfog, or pctgr 7 -be ; but I think r,doig™, an infant, should never be written ndoiów, as it often is, because mcoigm is compounded of »^e, a man, and geifi, offspring. (9 ) Diphthongs having their first vowel long are generally pronounced as two syllables; thus, ■zúin,púúj\, grudn, péuc, are faintly pronounced as if written ctf-i», fú-úp, grú-cui, eé-uc. (10.) In some parts of Ireland, yi following 5 is vulgarly pronounced as ji ; thus, gwom, an action, gfltny, the countenance, are pronounced Sfticxm, givuif ; but with those people who speak the language correctly the y always retains its own sound. (11.) In the dative and ablative cases, when the article follows a Preposition ending in a vowel, the c( is commonly cut off, and the Pre- position unites wih the i) ; as bo\ for 00 an, to the ; o'rj, for ut*6ctY),'or o ún,fro?n the. Óá>i and 60» are sometimes erroneously written for be')) or 6e 205 de rth from the, or of the ; as ban or 6on ccean, /ro/?* or of the head. The Article has no vocative case. (12.) As these examples are declined with the article, it is evident that no vocative case could, wirh propriety, be given, in Nouns of the mas- culine gender the vocative terminates like the genitive, except such as take a broad increase in the genitive,- but feminine Nouns terminate their vocative like the nominative. Nouns beginning with vowels suffer no initial change in the voca- tive ; but Nouns beginning with mutable con- sonants sufTer ampliation. The Interjections ri and o are signs of the vocative case. (1 2".) Many of our writers give an increase to the dative plural of Nouns, and make them ter- minate in a vowel whether the nominative plural took an increase or not, and whether the Nouns consisted of one or many syllables ; thus m coijip, the bodies; bora coppti, to the bodies; t]ú hnfe, the islands ; bom bWfé, to the islands. (Í4-) The particle jto, though generally used as a sign of the superlative degree, is only a mark of eminence in the quality of any thing. The comparative degree requires an increase in the termination of the adjective ; but the super- lative terminates like the positive, and if the initial be a mutable consonant it requires aspi- ration. (IS-) (16.) (17.) M'GratVs History of the Wars of Thomond, abounds with these com- pound Adjectives; but they are seldom used except in poetry or poetic style. (u°.)This 2C6 (18.) This rule though generally true, is not without exceptions. The Preposition zjv, through, compounded with the personal Pronoun, makes the third person singular masculine gender crtiá; and ud, from, when compounded, makes the third person singular masculine gender uúxó. (19.) friom in the present tense, h\of in the past tense, and Beiy in the future tense, are often used tor bibiro, &c. but no Verb in any tense or person should end in om, or oy, except in the imperative mood, second person plural. (20.) In some of the modern MSS. and in conversation the p is frequently omitted in the future tense, as p.úc, I will arise ; coóal, sleep, coióeolafc, or coioeolpctfr, 1 will sleep, &c. (23.) (24.) bo and <* are also used as signs of the infinitive mood. (25.) V», 207 (25.) tjrin, the name here given to the charac- ter which represents the diphthong id, is, by the modern grammarians, used as the general name for all the Diphthongs and triphthongs, beginning with the letter 1 ; and dmdjtcoll, though here confined to the diphthong ao, is the general name for all the diphthongs and triphthongs beginning with the letter ú } as may be seen by the fol- lowing old verse: Ceiu/te harotXfib'qll fiiówtáp úí} y Ct,^ eaBaócí pof 50 cciucemj, C^g 1pyje m^n fitfi mr;)) • Vj\] b^llec^ct • oi;t nú h'uoyuji. (26.) cc This was a musical instrument, made of the shank bones of a deer, in a square form, wiih eight reeds, &c. which was the last played at entertainments or assemblies, to indicate the time of dispersing or going to rest. On it was also played the tírójúíibciól, or farewell dirge, on the graves of druids, chieftains, and bards." £ND OF THE O?. MVJMAK, 208 ^ ^ "8 é rt CO S CO V o CO 1 CO .2 B- c T3 XI ctf . Pi •2 ^? >- »3* CO ^G ^ c ■ w 7? o S^ 2 ° rt £ ^ v_>« .-O Kpq f^Q • .2"* H M 4 bo p* CO • n2 ^*§ 2? £ hi 1 5'? «-. ^* CD *jO \e 3 o co x$ o 1 c 3 O a o ood, and e< branch, an c r> «"• CO ^ o £ -G £ a * 3 N , a vc boug asy, a ancie 1 ^C* *> Si 'a 8 "'1-p x? Í£L££jq tfj ^ O CD CD 5.^^15 ,jQ ^ p c a I* o »s 3 " Wo< I C 5 S-- «5^ _ CD O 3 •3 OrJ Z- SJ-C/3 t^TjO 209 * A» «» «%-* u — • >5 • o 3> 6 H w 5 'ZÍ o a B o. £ 5 o g, 2 «? tfl^j 5=:^ 2> ° IS 5-q be O d ííi c 15 re .~ co O "^3 •o 1 S 5 CJ O 5 o WW U u s a 5- p CO O P .o th « S re R! QJ O ^ P E «> « . b -b t3 5 «^ W J* O •s u o ■JO rt t,c i 1 1-0 ,T g- oc |J5 CJ CJ £ .: * S-jT c?o J£ S Sir o 2 £ o •- re in V W^ — ~Q o o U U 6 Wjc* •h co B 5 .o ■S'S 3 2 .ix cs .B B o , ^ O P-> o «\ J3 BO *=* "5 bC C "3 re r» .00 CíSOrí'Ur- kO Q J= rB O co o ^ ^ o 1ST *-? U Q-. N c B o > H3 re o 2: i: - 2 o IS * .,r «> t M S. »-> •* « 2 '-0 rz f= .o o s ^ B^ v c i: o J2 •2 o h D ;i C ^ o cj v- ~ « .«^ itr í^- IJ &eic/j f - Names. Peir, ScOleóg, Scectcb, Coll, Qlfcat, CDulfcg-íjíc, Óoi/ióbéar), jCfiOJWXtt, Cjiari-Cfuocccc, SedjtBiom, pobbfteacb, 210 -UuS-jS'IO/s?, ALPHABET. MODERN NAMES, Compounded of the same as the ancient, .cdojt, berry, and ucC», thick* the s&me ^s the ancient. fpmtdch, armed, thorny. the same as the ancient. aiú, sfcarp^ and zwe, fire. the same as the ancient. 3od, sweet, and til, nourishment. por h wine, eo, tree, and mr^ juice, j-5) po 9 tree, and pmrejtTr, circle, gnaw. gil, water, and gtxt/, spear. mtili), bunch, and §#<% head, 6oiji, dark, and 6ed)), colour. ?Tftom, heavy, and man, seed, food. gWjTjflr ciurpif, is the fir tree. (5) C/icw, tree, and cjiiotdc, tremulous. eo, tree, shaft, and ha^ú^ slaugh« terV (;) yedjtB, bitter, and zom? bush, brake, pioéb, wood, and itfytacb, black- ish. (8) Explication of Double Vowels» Names. Compounded of (^) ed, etfóaig, chestnut. ecibb, lime, and Mig ? fire. (10) oi, oTjf, nettle-tree. oji, sound, melody. (11) T iy -r^leú)), holly. ifjltf, all, and lecc?), mantle. (12) iá, idbcboin, dogber- #, potion, and coin, a ry tree. dog. (13) úo 9 9 & c - to distinguish it from the virgin vine, which bears no grape." CdUcurj. (6) It is so called from cut, head or top, and jrtif, growth, being remarkable for the growth of its top shoots or stems. (7) " Of this tree were made bows, arrows, &c. for war and hunting. Hence d/tcojt, from í/t, destruction, and cujt, cast, shot* Also,"ujtjt a D d a deer, 213 a deer, and coj<, by some called ftfifiort, &c." (8) poofyiedc, contracted ppédc, fenwood, or moor shrub. " COo nitcdjt gac fg^l. — go. plttijjiuaób ylctycEt Ohpioóbftéttcb icl/if^U; yleibe, The brave who ne'er had aimed a dart in vain, On dark-brown heathy mountain sides were slain* Gssian's £^ eo ^ laoc. (9) On it was kept the calendar for kindling fires, and offering sacrifice to ihe God C;ton}. (10) Of this oijt-iiedntfiob were made reeds for wind-instruments. Hence ojigcun, an organ. (11J So called from its foliage, which is abun- dant. ' It now goes by the name c^Uetfn njdol. (12) A decoction of the bark or berries of this tree, occasionally given to the female dogs of chaee, prevented their periodical attachment to the male, hence of great utility to hunters. It is now known by the name of cttojtd con. (13) The berries of this tree were used as an antidote for the incubus or nightmare. FINIS. «13 ERRATA, 'ase. Line. 15 25 20 3 20 4 -22 *9 23 2 >4 2 24 5 K^4 31 5 25 4 ^5 8 36 1 43 23 45 10 55 21 57 20 58 2, 53 12, 58 25 59 4> 61 13 64 3 75 last 76 10 81 18 91 3 300 22 JCO 23 j 10 3 no 4 l?.4 6 128 5 140 20 for ú fióíjt, read ti^i 6i)t. for ú néttóia», read a bedocirfy for eaoicti), read ectbtXiy). for 3n, read net* for ió, read 16. for retains natural, read retains its natural* for prl, read yr^l. dele na. for M, read úrj. for ucióna, read udb r)cc. lengthways, fur ««^, read an. for ód», read óo>?. for Mac. read Mézjc. for of thy, read 0/ tó. for óeij^, read óea^gcí. 4, and 7, far beijig, read óedjtgtf. 1 1 6, 1 8, ai.d 22, for rooijie, read mó;i^ for óige, read ogti. 6, and 9, for 015a, read 6gc(. for Adverbs, read Prepositions» for /argent, read largest last but one, for cectmcoU, read cectmpotL for noca, read nocix. for the vowel, read a vowel. for ru read tc(. for gceilpin), read gceilpio. for mealpam, read meal^ub. of the note, for mealdf , read rnecttdf. of do. for weálúmdjx, read nxcLunoc ji. for we are, read ic;* were. from bottom, for óéaoucí, read oedncck from top, for trtwgeaf, read £#11715. Tage %Í4 Page. «44 144 144 145 146 146 149 160 181 194 Line* 17 for agpiS, read cig/:T& 19 for cr5p/i ? read ágp/i. 24 for cigpiT), read cigp 1 ». 4 for cagpettó, read cigfectá.- 7 for éo»a / HGaó>, read co)ia ; 'icd6cí 10 for eibpetfy, read cíópeáft, 7 for deijiiro, / tor, read beijnm, J 10 for //" ^ gives j read /f fo wow 19 for 6écCfic(|i f i, read beauty ft. 14 for p/t]c, read pj! á LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 003 173 180 A i !