LIBRARY OF CONGRESs' 
 
 UNITED STATES^F AMERICA. 
 
 1} 
 
PART I. 
 
 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 COMMON SCHOOLS 
 Of the United States. 
 
 By K. C. stone. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 TOPICAL COURSE FOR ELEMENTARY 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 1. School, Calendar in Years or Grades, Quarters 
 
 OR Sessions, and Weeks. 
 
 2. Weekly Programme for the First Eight Years 
 
 OR Grades, referring to the Calendar and 
 Course of Topics. 
 
 3. Complete Course of Study by Topics for the 
 
 First Eight Years in Common Schools. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 TOPICAL COURSE FOR HIGH SCHOOLS. 
 
 1. School. Calendar. 
 
 2. Weekly Programme for the 9th, 10th, 11th and 
 
 l;iTH Years ; referring to the Calendar and 
 Course of Topics. 
 
 3. Complete Course of Study by Topics for the 
 
 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Years or Grades. 
 
 A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, 
 NEW YORK, CHICAGO AND Nj:W ORLEANS. 
 
 is"? 8. 
 
 /'■' 
 
-1m 
 
 ■5 
 
 READING maketh a full man ; 
 CONFERENCE a ready man ; 
 And WRITING an exact man. 
 
 —Essay on Study. Bacon. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, BT 
 
 A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, 
 1878. 
 
PEEFACE 
 
 A GRADE that includes in riglit proportion, the 
 studies which make symmetrical groioth, is the 
 first essential of a successful school system. 
 
 How to establish such a gradation in the largest 
 number of our common schools is the predominant 
 object of every conscientious educator. 
 
 There are two great obstacles to making such gra- 
 dation for all our common schools. 
 
 First : Under existing conditions, the necessarily- 
 close adherence of teachers to Text-books. 
 
 Second : The endless variety of Text-books in use. 
 
 There appears to be but one way to overcome these 
 obstacles : that is a course of study in Topics. 
 
 We have had a sufficient number of successes in 
 individual schools to indicate what the topics of each 
 grade should be ; the order in which they should be 
 studied, and, the average proportion of time that 
 should be given to recitations upon each. (The pro- 
 portion of time to be given to the study of each topic 
 must depend upon the pupil.) 
 
 The Topical Course of Study, is a compilation 
 from the courses of study of our most successful 
 public schools, and the best thought of leading edu- 
 cators. Acknowledgments are due to the superin- 
 
 3 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 tendents of the New York, St, Louis, Boston, De- 
 troit, Chicago, San Francisco, Nashville, Louisville, 
 and many other schools. 
 
 It is hoped this arrangement will aid in establish- 
 ing a common gradation in all common schools of 
 our nation, which will utilize most fully, all faithful 
 work by pupil and teacher, and materially lessen the 
 enormous sacrifice of time, labor and expense to the 
 arbitrary "page" measure of the thousand Courses 
 of Study varying with the constantly varying Text- 
 books. 
 
 The topics in each branch being given in their. nat- 
 ural order of sequence, the Course fits alike every 
 school, country or city, and while allowing widest 
 field for highest educational ability and most com- 
 plete appliances, is none the less within the scope 
 of the humblest school in the land. 
 
 It is obvious that having only topics or subjects 
 in the Course, enables the pupil to make full use of 
 any and all Text-books bearing on the given topics, 
 and also incites use of all other relevant infor- 
 mation within his reach. 
 
 Writing on each subject in its proper order, leads 
 the pupil to making a Text-book on each branch, in 
 Ms own words, which, at the same time, becomes a 
 BECOKD of his work, that he can prove by oral ex- 
 amination is really his own, to parent, teacher, or 
 school officer. 
 
TO THE TEACHEE. 
 
 Education is complete only va. formed habits. 
 Mental, as physical ^roj^^A, depends on assimilation. 
 Therefore, lead the pupil to form habits of : 
 
 1. Best possible investigation. 
 
 2. Most careful thought, or digestion. 
 
 3. Forming own opinion, or assimilation. 
 
 4. Clear expression in (?«o?i words, or reproduction. 
 
 Read carefully. General Directions. 
 
GENEEAL DIEECTIONS. 
 
 1 1. The pupil will write (or print), on slate or paper, 
 
 substance of what he knows or learns 
 relative to each topic of the Lesson. 
 
 2. This work should be criticised, v. 3, and 
 
 corrected accordingly. 
 
 3. Pupils should be provided with a blank 
 
 book for each branch of study in the 
 course, as taken up ; into which to copy 
 corrected work. 2. 
 
 4. Treat each topic in the oi^dej' given. 
 
 2 The teacher should constantly lead the pupil to 
 
 form habits of 
 
 1. Systematic investigation of every topic 
 
 presented. 
 
 2. Carefully thinking over what is thus 
 
 learned. 
 
 3. Selecting what is most pertinent and 
 
 valuable, or forming an opinion. 
 
 4. Expressing this opinion in his — the pu- 
 
 pil's — own words. 
 
 5. Copying the corrected work, v. 1. 2, on 
 
 the day it is corrected, v. 3. 
 
 3 Cbiticism. — 1. By class, noting errors in subject 
 
 matter — style — deportment. 
 7 
 
8 GEN^ERAL DIRECTIOi^S. 
 
 2. Pupils exchange papers, each criticising 
 
 the other's. 4. Teacher correct for 
 copying. 
 
 3. Pupils write letters to teacher reviewing 
 
 work of the week, or criticising spe- 
 cial papers. 
 
 4. All iiaipers should be criticised as to, 
 
 Neatness — Penmanship — Spelling — 
 Use of Capitals — Punctuation — Cor- 
 rect or Grammatical expression ; in 
 the order these topics have been taken 
 up. 
 
 5. All recitations should be criticised on 
 
 Position, — Distinctness, — Making 
 Complete Statements. 
 
 6. Politeness should be constantly taught. 
 
 7. The moral tone and polite deportment of 
 
 a school depend largely on the deport- 
 ment and conversation of the teacher, 
 in and out of school, which are there- 
 fore open to the criticism of all inter- 
 ested. 
 
 4 Reviews and Examinations by school officers, pa- 
 
 trons, or teachers should be conducted 
 orally on the basis of the pupil's re- 
 cord, V. 1, and pupils should be taught 
 to make records with this in view. 
 
 5 Teacher place on blackboard each Monday morn- 
 
 ing, programme of the week's work, 
 giving each day's so as to embrace in 
 the aggregate, that designated in the 
 Course, for the week. 
 
10 Weeks 1st Quarter. 
 
 10 Weeks 2d 
 
 10 Weeks 3d 
 
 10 Weeks 4tli " 
 
 10 Weeks 1st Quarter. 
 
 10 Weeks 2d 
 
 10 Weeks 3d 
 
 10 Weeks 4th " 
 
 10 Weeks Ist Quarter. 
 
 10 Weeks 2d " 
 
 10 Weeks 3d " . 
 
 10 Weeks 4th " 
 
 To Weeks 1st Quarter. 
 
 10 Weeks 2d 
 
 10 Weeks 3d 
 
 10 Weeks 4th " 
 
 To^Weeks 1st Quarter, 
 
 10 Weeks 2d 
 
 10 Weeks ...3d " 
 
 10 Weeks 4th '' 
 
 10 Weeks 1st Quarter. 
 
 10 Weeks 2d " 
 
 10 Weeks 3d " 
 
 10 Weeks ...4th 
 
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 10 Weeks 2d " 
 
 10 Weeks 3d " 
 
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 10 Weeks 3d " 
 
 10 Weeks 4th " 
 
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 10 Weeks 3d " 
 
 10 Weeks 4 th " 
 
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 10 Weeks 3d " 
 
 10 Weeks 4th " 
 
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 10 Weeks 2d '• 
 
 10 Weeks 3d " 
 
 10 Weeks 4th " 
 
 10 Weeks 1st Quarter, 
 
 10 Weeks 2d 
 
 10 Weeks 3d " 
 
 10 Weeks 4th *' 
 
 
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Readiitg. 
 
 1 To Teacher,— F,yery recitation wherein the pu- 
 
 pil reads anything should be made a Eeading 
 Lesson, or exercise in voice culture, to teach 
 distinct and natural utterance. 
 
 Pupils should be led to read as if the 
 words they read were their own, and they 
 were talking them. 
 
 No rules can give Reading the perfectly fit- 
 ting emphasis, accent, and intonation that 
 nature supplies to the speaker. But, con- 
 stant use of the rules as to distinctness, and 
 appropriating the sentiment of what is read, 
 together with the drill necessary to recog- 
 nize the words at sight, will correct the 
 pupil's speech whether reading or talking. 
 
 Bimiiltaneously the eye must be taught to 
 recognize the word, the mind the idea, and 
 the voice to give the correct utterance. 
 
 2 THE ALPHABET. To Te«c/*er.— Teach the 
 
 Alphabet, first, with special reference to 
 illustrations, not alphabetically. Commence 
 with picture of a familiar object, e. ^., A 
 cat. — Pupil observe the picture. Teacher : 
 "What is this a picture of?" Pupil : ** A 
 
READING. 27 
 
 cat." Teaclier (pointing to word cat, in book 
 or on chart, and writing it on blackboard): 
 " This is the icord cat. It has three letters. 
 The picture represents a cat. These letters, 
 thus put together, represent the word. The 
 first letter is called C." 
 
 Drill with questions to impress statements 
 on the pupil's mind ; e. g.," What is this ? " 
 Ans. " A word." " How is it made?" Ans. 
 " By three letters," and so on. 
 
 Pupils print C on slates. 
 
 Either proceed with A and T, or take up 
 pictures whose initial letters are respectively 
 A and T, as Ax, Top, and continue the drill 
 in like manner. 
 
 Proceed in this manner until pupils can 
 read and print the alphabet, and also the 
 numerals, v. Arithmetic 3.— Pupils will 
 write the alphabet in its usual order. 
 
 WORD SYSTEM. 
 
 3 To Teac/ier.— Remember that beginners in 
 Reading have already a vocabulary that they 
 can readily use in conversation, and which 
 is much larger than the vocabulary of the 
 Primer or First Reader. The immediate ob- 
 ject is to give them a reading vocabulary 
 which they can use with as great ease and 
 perfection in expression as they do their 
 talking vocabulary. 
 
 Gradually perfect their voicing by drill on 
 the sounds the letters in the words read are 
 intended to represent. Drill in this order. 
 To call the word at sight. 
 
28 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 Begin with a subject represented by a pic- 
 ture, or object, or both, e. g., A can. Show 
 a can, then a picture of a can, then the word 
 can. Next give other words necessary to 
 make a simple sentence, as, A, It, Is — pupils 
 calling the word as the teacher places it on 
 blackboard. Pupils print the words. Make 
 sentences ; interrogatory or asking sentence, 
 as. Is it a can ? Asserting or stating sen- 
 tence, as. It is a can. 
 
 Vary position of the words ; pupils calling 
 as written. Prevent calling from memory, or 
 hearing others. Make each call from sight. 
 
 Pupils name the letters in each word ; 
 1. e., S2')ell the words. 
 
 Pupils spell the same words phonetically, 
 and mark, first, the short vowels, then the 
 long vowels. 
 
 4 To Teacher, — In like manner to 3 take other 
 
 subjects and words to complete sentences, 
 from one to four new words at a lesson. 
 Ij^" Gradually introduce punctuation marks — 
 ■ one at a time, mastering it fairly before tak- 
 ing another. 
 
 5 To Teacher* — As early as possible have pupils 
 
 review these lessons in script. 
 
 6 SELECT RE ADINGS.— Pupils copy paragraphs 
 
 from story-books, or elsewhere, or compose 
 from pictures in the reading-book. 
 
READING. 29 
 
 SECOND READER. 
 
 ORAL ELEMENTS. 
 
 7 To Teacher, — Drill on each elementary sound 
 
 preceding the reading, by words at head of 
 the lesson, 
 
 8 Sounds of A. i. Pupils write words marking the 
 
 letter. 
 
 9 8oundH of E, v. 8. l. 
 
 10 Sounds of I, V. 8. l. 
 
 11 Sounds of 0, V. 8. 1. 
 
 12 Sounds of TJ, v. 8. l. 
 
 13 Sounds of Ou. 
 
 14 Suhtonics. 
 13 Atonies. 
 
 16 Select Readings in Prose. 
 
 17 Select Readings in Verse. 
 
 THIRD reader; 
 
 18 To Teacher, — Keep prominently in view 
 
 through this Reader, that the purposes of 
 reading are to acquire and impart informa- 
 tion. Require evidence that the pupil has 
 gained the information in each lesson, by 
 having him repeat the material points or 
 substance of the lesson. This necessitates 
 understanding by the pupil of the words 
 used. Require, as test of this, definitions 
 of new words used in each lesson, as usually 
 indicated in accompanying vocabularies or 
 foot-notes. 
 
30 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 19 LANGUAGE — 1. The English language. 2. 
 
 Good elocution. 
 
 20 ARTICULATION — 1. Oral Elements —How 
 
 many. 2. Tonics — Subtonics — Atonies. 3. 
 Vowels. 4. Diphthongs. 5. Consonants. 6. 
 Tables <?/— Tonics— Subtonics — Atonies. 
 
 21 To Teacher, — Dnll on analysis of words. E.g.: 
 
 The word ape ; as spoken, it contains two 
 oral elements. The first, a pure tone or 
 to7iic ; the second, a mere breathing tone or 
 an atonic. 
 
 The word ape as written, is formed of 
 three letters, a-p-e. A stands for a tonic, 
 hence is a vowel ; p stands for an atonic, 
 hence is a consonant ; e is silent. 
 
 22 To Teacher, — Drill on Articulation. 
 
 23 SYLLABLE— 1. Monosyllable. 2. Dissyllable. 
 
 3. Trisyllable. 4. Polysyllable. 
 
 24 ACCENT— 1. Acute — Mark of. 2. Grave- 
 
 Mark of. 
 
 25 EMPHASIS. 
 
 26 INFLECTION— 1. Rising— Mark of. 2. Fall- 
 
 ing — Mark of. 3. Circumflex — Mark of. 
 
 4. Rule for using each. 
 
 27 PUNCTUATION MARKS — i. Comma. 2. 
 
 Semicolon. 3. Period. 4. Interrogation. 
 
 5. Exclamation. 6. Dash. 7. Parenthesis. 
 8. Quotation. 9. Dieresis. 
 
 28 Key to Letters and Sounds, v. 9 to 16. 
 
 29 General Diagram of Reader. 
 
READING. 31 
 
 FOURTH READER. 
 
 30 To Teaclier. — The main idea to be advanced 
 
 by this Reader is the necessity of intelligent 
 and earnest interest in what is read in order 
 to read it well. 
 
 |^° Remember that children read best 
 what they like best. 
 
 Appeal to the pupil's own sense of the 
 beautiful, the good, the brave and the 
 spirited. 
 
 ^^ Remember children denire to read 
 well that which fits their age and wishes. 
 
 Elocution aids them in giving the expres- 
 sion they desire to give when thoroughly 
 interested in the subject. 
 
 31 ELOCUTION— 1. General Divisions. 
 
 32 ORTHOEPY. 
 
 33 ARTICULATION — l. Oral Elements — How 
 
 produced. 2. Organs of Speech — Voice. 3. 
 Tone — Tonics — Subtonics— Atonies. 4. Let- 
 ters — Vowels — Diphthong — Triphthong — 
 Consonants — Labials — Dentals — Linguals — 
 Palatals — Cognates — Alphabetical Equiva- 
 lents. 
 
 34 SOUNDING, or Voicing— 1. The Tonics. 2. The 
 
 Subtonics. 3. The Atonies. 4. How indi- 
 cated. 5. Table. 
 
 35 COGNATES— 1. Drill on Table of. 
 
 36 ALPHABETIC EQUIVALENTS— 1. Drill on 
 
 Table of. 
 
32 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 37 ORAL ELEMENTS COMBINED— 1. Drill 
 
 on — Table of Tonics and Subtonics — Tonics 
 and Atonies. 
 
 38 ERRORS IN ARTICULATION— 1. Omission 
 
 of Elements — Ex's. 2. Addition of Ele- 
 ments—Ex's. 3. Substitution of Elements 
 —Ex's. 
 
 39 ANALYSIS OF WORDS— 1. Pronunciation. 
 
 2. Writing, v. 21. 
 
 40 BvZes in Articulation — i. The word A: 2. The 
 
 word The. 3. U" preceded by R. 4. When 
 R may be trilled — Ex's. 
 
 41 SYLLABLE— V. 23— Ex's. 
 
 42 ACCENT— 1. Primary. 2. Secondary— Ex's.— 
 
 V. 24. 
 
 43 EXPRESSION— 1. Divisions. 
 
 44 EMPHASIS— 1. Rules. 2. Peculiar signifi- 
 
 cance. 3. Contrast — Ex's. 
 
 45 INFLECTION— V. 26. 1. Rules for using— 
 
 Ex's. 
 
 46 SLUR— 1. When used— Ex's. 
 
 47 PAUSES— 1. Rules— Ex's. 
 
 48 PUNCTUATION— V. 27. 1. Parenthesis. 2. 
 
 Brackets. 3. Index or Hand. 4. Apos- 
 trophe. 5. Ellipsis. 6. Hyphen — Ex. of 
 each. 
 
 49 General Diagram of Reader. 
 
READING. 33 
 
 FIFTH READER. 
 
 50 To Teacher, — Dwell on Reading as a means of 
 acquiring information, not only as to senti- 
 ment, but as to style. Teach pupils to read 
 carefully, not only what is written or print- 
 ed, but also pictures, nature — all tliat meets 
 tlie eye. 
 
 The rules and directions of this Reader are 
 mainly an expansion of those in the Fourth 
 Reader, and the order given for that book 
 may be followed. 31 to 41. 
 
 61 SYLLABICATION— V. 23, 41. 1. Ultimate. 
 2. Penult. 3. Antepenult. 4. Preantepe- 
 nult. 5. General Rule, with Ex's. 
 
 52 ACCENT — V. 42. 1. Words distinguished by 
 
 accent. 2. Accent changed by contrast. 5. 
 Ex. 
 
 53 Expand 43 to 49. 
 
 54 MODULATION— 1. Divisions of. 2. Pitch— 
 
 High—Moderate — Low. 3. Force — Loud — 
 ■ Moderate — Gentle. 4. Quality — Pure Tone 
 — Orotund — Aspirated — Guttural — Trem- 
 bling. 5. Rate — Quick — Moderate — Slow — 
 Ex. of each. 
 
 55 MONOTONE Ex's. 
 
 56 PERSONATION Ex's 
 
 57 PAUSES— V. 47. Suspensive Quantity— Ex's. 
 
 58 General Diagram of Reader 
 
 3 
 
34 TOPICAL COUESB OF STUDY. 
 
 SIXTH READER. 
 
 59 To Teacher,— Secure with tlie Exercises given 
 in this Reader an intelligent application by 
 each pupil of all the foregoing rules and di- 
 rections in order given in the Fourth and 
 Fifth Readers. 
 
 The Readings should be mastered by 
 topics, two or more with each subject relat- 
 ing to important elements of elocution, with 
 needful definitions and explanations. 
 
Spelling. 
 
 To Teacher. — l. As spelling is only used in 
 writing or printing, and there are no 
 rules which will materially aid the pupil 
 to spell correctly, it follows that the 
 drill in spelling should consist almost 
 entirely in writing the words. 
 
 Every lesson that requires writing by 
 the pupil is necessarily an exercise in 
 spelling. 
 
 More aid is given by the eye than the 
 voice in learning to spell correctly. The 
 voice is aided in distinct utterance by 
 phonetic spelling, which, therefore, be- 
 longs under the head of Reading. 
 
 S. Introduce rules for spelling, prefixes and 
 affixes, synonyms, abbreviations, as indi- 
 cated in any text-book that may be at 
 hand. 
 
 In absence among pupils of Spelling- 
 Books, use the words in other Text- 
 Books — Readers, Arithmetics, Gram- 
 mars, etc. (Teacher using a Spelling- 
 Book to introduce rules as above.) 
 35 
 
TOPICAL COUKSE OF STUDY. 
 
 3. Reserve definitions and derivations of 
 
 words for Reading or other lessons 
 wherein the pupil actually uses the 
 words to be defined. 
 
 4. This Course of Study makes almost every 
 
 lesson a practical spelling lesson. 
 
Weitie^g. 
 
 1 The work required by tliis Course involves such 
 constant use of Penmanship that pupils only 
 need guidance as to the principal elements 
 to form a clear, fair and quick hand. Teach- 
 ers should perfect themselves, at least theo- 
 retically, in the knowledge of the simple 
 principles of script, as laid down in the Pay- 
 son, Dunton & Scribner, or some equally 
 excellent system, and thus be able to criti- 
 cise the pupil's work. This, with the use 
 by the pupil of a set of Writing Books in 
 their order, as indicated in the Programme, 
 will be found sufficient to give a really use- 
 ful style. 
 
 37 
 
Aeithmetto. 
 
 1 To Teacher,— You will find in almost every 
 school-room exercise, means to teach arith- 
 metic by actual vse. Avail yourself largely 
 of these opportunities. Begin with making 
 the pupil clearly understand the unit. Ap- 
 peal first to the eye, drilling on visible ob- 
 jects ; secondly, to the memory, using concrete 
 numbers, objects not being seen by the 
 pupil ; thirdly, as an invariable sequence, 
 appeal to the reason, using abstract numbers. 
 
 For Example. — 1st. One finger; one book ; 
 one line. 
 2d. One river ; one tree ; 
 
 one horse. 
 3d. One. 
 In this manner count to ten. 
 
 2 1. Count to 100. 
 
 2. Model.— Pupil count 13, then put 12 
 lines, 111111111111, on black- 
 board or slate and count them. Then 
 place 12 lines in rows and columns and 
 count them in different directions. 
 
ARITHMETIC. 39 
 
 3 1. To Teacher, — Familiaetze the pupils with 
 the fundamental operations on each 
 number up to ten, as indicated in 
 model. 
 
 2. ^W° Drill on signs + , x , -r-, =, and —, as 
 
 they occur. 
 
 3. Model. — Number One. v. 1. 
 Pupils write 1, I. 
 
 Add to 1. Substract from 1 ; multiply 
 1 by 1 ; divide 1 by 1. 
 |2^°Illustrate by lines 2. 2. 
 
 Pupils write + 1=1. 
 1-0=1. 
 1x1=1. 
 1^1=1. 
 
 (J^^Found once in room as bell, teacher. 
 Once on the face, as nose, mouth, etc. 
 
 4. Nuniber Two. v. 1. 
 
 Put two lines on blackboard and pupils 
 make same on slates, count ; rub one out, 
 count ; add one, count ; multiply 2 by 1, i.e., 
 take the two lines one time ; take one line 2 
 times ; divide 2 by 1 ; by 2. 
 
 Pupils write Two. 2. II. 
 
 1 + 1=2. 
 2-1=1. 
 
 2—0=2. r 2 is one more than one. 
 
 2—2=0. 7) -11 J 1 is ^^® ^^^^ *^^^ *"^<^- 
 
 2 X 1=2. I 2 is double or twice one. 
 1 X 2=2. [ 1 is one half of two. 
 2--2=l. 
 
 2h-1=2. 
 
 Illustrate and prove by lines and other 
 msihle objects, v. 5. 4. 
 
40 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 4 1. To Teacher. — Proceed as per models with 3, 
 
 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 
 
 2. Drill on each until pupils perform and 
 
 read the operations instantaneously. 
 
 3. Keep up drill on the signs +, x , — , etc. 
 
 5 1. To Teacher, — As pupils progress have each 
 
 huild tables of Addition, Subtraction, 
 Multiplication, and Division, with defi- 
 nitions. 
 
 2. Model.— 1+0=1. 1-1=0. 1x0=0. 
 
 1 + 1=2. 2-1=1. 1x1=1. 
 1 + 2=3. 3-1=2. 1x2=2. 
 
 3. Drill on counting by 2^, 3*?, i.^, and so on 
 
 from to 100, and from 100 to 0. 
 
 4. When pupils fail or make mistakes, aid 
 
 or correct by lines. 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 Model.— 3 x 3=7— to correct 111 111 111 q 
 123 456 7 8 9=''- 
 
 Ahhreviations Used in Arith/inetic, 
 
 Ex. — Example (should always be original). 
 
 lis. — Illustration. 
 
 Expl. — Explanation. 
 
 Prac. Prob. — Practical Problems. 
 
Written Aeithmetio. 
 
 MANUAL. 
 
 6 Definitions. — i. Unit. 2. Numbers. 3. Arithmetic. 
 
 7 NUMBERS— 1. Abstract. 2. Denominate. 
 
 8 NOTATION and NUMERATION — l. Fig- 
 
 ures — Places of. 2. Orders of Units. 3. Gen- 
 eral Principles. 4. Rules for Writing Num- 
 bers — 5 Ex. 5. Rule for Reading less than 
 100—5 Ex. 6. Rule for Writing Numbers 
 less than 1,000 — 5 Ex. 7. Rule for Reading 
 Numbers less than 1,000 — 5 Ex. 8. Periods 
 of Figures — Rule — 5 Ex. 9. General Rules — 
 5 Ex. 10. Roman Notation — Principles of. 
 
 9 ADDITION — 1. The Sum. 2. Signs, v. 3. 2. 
 
 3. Simple and Compound Numbers. 4. Drill 
 on Table, v. 5. 5. Similar Numbers or Units 
 — Ex. 6. Column of Figures — Rule — 
 Exp. — 5 Ex. 7. Simple Addition — Rule — 
 Exp.— 5 Ex.— Proof. 8. Problem. 
 
 10 PROBLEM — 1. Solution. 2. 1 1 1 u s t r a t i o n. 
 
 3. Explanation. 2 Ex. 
 
 11 SUBTRACTION— 1. Difference. 2. Minuend. 
 
 3. Subtrahend. 4. Remainder. 5. Signs. 
 6. Drill on Table, 3. 5— Ex. 7. Simple Sub- 
 traction — Rule — lis. — Exp. 5 Ex. — Proof — 
 5 Pract. Prob. 
 
 41 
 
42 TOPICAL COUESE OF STUDY. 
 
 12 MULTIPLICATION — 1. Multiplicand. 
 
 2. Multiplier. 3. Product. 4. Factors. 
 5. Sign. 6. Drill on Table, V. 5— Ex. 7. Multi- 
 plication by one Figure — Rule — lis. — Exp. 
 — 5 Ex. 8. Annexing Ciphers — lis. — Exp. 
 — 2 Ex. 9. Multiplication by two or more 
 Figures — Rule — lis. — Exp. — Proof — 5 Ex. 
 10. Composite Numbers. 11. Integral Fac- 
 tors. 12. Pract. Prob. — 5 Ex. 
 
 13 DIVISION — 1. Dividend. 2. Quotient. 3. Re- 
 mainder. 4. Signs. 5. Drill on Table — 5 
 Ex. G. Short Division — Rule — lis. — Exp. — 
 Proof — 5 Ex. 7. Long Division — Rule — lis. 
 —Exp.— 5 Ex. 8. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 14 FACTORING— 1. Factor. 2. Composite Num- 
 
 ber. 3. Prime Number. 4. Rule — lis. — 
 Exp. — 5 Ex, 5. General Principles. 
 
 15 CANCELLATION— 1. Rule— 2 Ex. 2. Great- 
 
 est Common Divisor — Finding by Factors — 
 Rule — lis. — Exp. — 2 Ex. — Finding by con- 
 tinued Division — Rule — lis. — Exp.— 2 Ex. 
 
 3. Multiple — Common — Least Common. 
 
 4. Finding Least Common Multiple — Rule 
 — Hs.— Exp.— 2 Ex. 
 
 16 FRACTIONS— 1. Common Fractions. 2. Frac- 
 
 tional Unit — How Written — 5 Ex. 3. A 
 Fraction. 4. Terms — Denominator — Nu- 
 merator. 5. Notation and Numeration — 5 
 Ex. each. G. Nature of a Fraction — 2 Ex. 
 7. Proper Fraction — Ex. 8. Improper 
 Fraction — Ex. 9. Mixed Number — Ex. 
 10. Simple Fraction — Ex. il. Complex 
 Fraction — Ex. 12. Compound Fraction — 
 Ex, 13. Principles, 
 
WRITTEiq^ ARITHMETIC. 43 
 
 17 REDUCTION (Fractions.)—!. Whole Number 
 
 to Simple Fraction, having given Denomina- 
 tor — Eule — II. — Exp. — 2 Ex. 2. Mixed 
 Number to Improper Fraction — Rule — lis. — 
 Exp. — 2 Ex. 3. Improper Fraction to Mixed 
 Number — lis. — Exp. — 2 Ex. 4. Compound 
 Fractions to Simple — Rule — lis. — Exp. — 
 2 Ex. 5. Fractions to Least Common De-' 
 nominator — Rule — lis. — Exp. — 2 Ex. 
 6. Complex to Simple Fractions — Rule — lis. 
 —Exp.— 2 Ex. 
 
 18 ADDITION (Fractions.)—!. Similar Fractions 
 
 —Rule— lis.— Exp.— 3 Ex. 2. Pract. Prob. 
 —0 Ex. V. 9. 
 
 19 SUBTRACTION (Fractions.) — Rul e— lis. — 
 
 Exp.— 2 Ex. 1. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 20 MULTIPLICATION (Fractions.)— Rule— lis. 
 
 —Exp.— 2 Ex. 1. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 21 DIVISION (Fractions.) — Rule— lis.— Exp. — 3 
 
 Ex. 1. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 22 Simplifications of Multiplication and Division. 
 
 1. X by 25— Rule— by 125— Rule. 2. -^by 
 25— Rule— by 125— Rule. 3. Other simpli- 
 fications — 5 Ex. 
 
 23 DECIMALS (Fractions.)—!, Decimal Units- 
 
 How expressed. 2. Notation — 2 Ex. 
 3. Mixed Decimals — 2 Ex. 4. Numeration 
 — as Common Fractions — By Periods — Table 
 — 3 Ex. 5. General Principles. 
 
 24 REDUCTION (Decimals.) — i. To Common 
 
 Fractions — Rule — 2 Ex. 2. Common Frac- 
 tions to Decimals — Rule — lis. — Exp. — 2 Ex. 
 
44 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 25 ADDITION (Decimals.)— Rule— 3 Ex. l. Pract. 
 
 Prob.— 2 Ex. 
 
 26 SUBTRACTION (Decimals.) — Rule — 2 Ex. 
 
 1. Pract. Prob.— 2 Ex. 
 
 27 MULTIPLICATION (Decimals.)— Rule— 2 Ex. 
 
 1. Pract. Prob.— 2 Ex. 
 
 28 DIVISION (Decimals.) — Rule— lis.— Exp.— 2 
 
 Ex. 1. Pract. Prob.— 3 Ex. 
 
 29 UNITED STATES CURRENCY — l. Cur- 
 
 rency. 2. Decimal Currency. 3. Notation 
 and Numeration — 5 Ex. 4. Applications of 
 the Rules (same as for Decimals) — 2 Ex. 
 each. 5. Pract. Prob. 6. Bills for goods, 
 farm products, or labor. 
 
 30 ALIQUOT PARTS— 1. Table. 2. Rule— 3 Ex. 
 
 31 COMPOUND NUMBERS — 1. Denominate 
 
 Number. 2. Scales of Compound Numbers 
 — Ascending — Descending — 2 Ex. 
 |^° Drill on Terms used with each Table. 
 
 32 TABLES (Comp. Nos.)— 1. United States Cur- 
 
 rency. 2. Canadian Currency. 3. English 
 Currency. 4. Troy Weight. 5. Apothecaries' 
 Weight. .6. Avoirdupois Weight. 7. Time. 
 8. Long Measure. 9. Surveyors' Measure. 
 10. Cloth Measure. 11. Square Measure. 
 12. Lajid Measure. 13. Cubic Measure. 
 14. Dry Measure. 15. Liquid Measure. 
 10. Circular Measure. 
 
 33 REDUCTION (Comp. Nos.)— 1. Descending- 
 
 Rules II. — Exp.— 3 Ex. 2. Ascending — 
 Rule— lis. —Exp.— 3 Ex. 3. To Highest 
 Unit— Rule— lis.— Exp.— 3 Ex. 
 
ft 
 
 WRITTEN ARITHMETIC. 45 
 
 34 ADDITION (Comp. Nos.)— Rulo-Ils.— Expl.— 
 
 2 Ex.— Proof. 1. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 35 SUBTRACTION (Comp. Nos.)— Rule— lis.— 
 
 Exp. — 2 Ex. — Proof. l. Interval between 
 Dates— 2 Ex. 2. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 36 MULTIPLICATION (Colli]). Nos.)— Rule— lis. 
 
 Ex]).— 2 Ex. 1. Pract. Prob.— 3 Ex. 
 
 37 DIVISION ((^omp. Nos.)— 1. Divisor an Ab- 
 
 stract Number — Rule — lis. — Exp. — 2 Ex. 
 2. Divisor similar to Dividend — Rule — lis. — 
 Exp.— 2 Ex. 3. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 38 RATIO — 1. Antecedent. 2. Consequent. 3. 
 
 Terms. 4. Methods of writing Ratio — 
 2 Ex. 
 
 39 PROPORTION— 1. Extremes. 2. Means. 3. 
 
 Solution. 4. Rule— lis.— Exp.— 2 Ex. r,. 
 Rule of Three — lis. — Exp. — Statement — 
 5 Ex. 
 
 40 ANALYSIS — 4 Ex. with Analysis. Pract. 
 
 Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 41 PERCENTAGE — i. Base. 2. Rate. 3. Rule 
 
 —2 Ex. 4. Amount— Rule— 2 Ex. 5. Dif- 
 ference — Rule — 2 Ex. Pract. l^rob. — 5 Ex. 
 
 42 COMMISSION — 1. Agent. 2. Commission 
 
 Mcicluuit. 3. Broker. 4. Collector. 5. 
 CoHsignnicnt — Consignor — Consignee, (i. 
 Net Proceeds. 7. Apply 41. to 5 Pract. 
 Prob. 
 
 43 PROFIT and LOSS— Apply 40. to 5 Pract. 
 
 Prob. 
 
46 TOPICAL COUBSE OF STUDY. 
 
 44 INTEREST— 1. Principal. 2. Rate. 3. Amount. 
 
 4. Rule — Time given in years— 3 Ex. 5. 
 Rule — Time given in years and months — 
 lis. — Exp. — 3 Ex. 6. Rule — Time given in 
 years, months, and days — 2 Ex. 
 
 45 NOTES — 1. Fro ?nissori/ —Maker — Payee — Hold- 
 
 er — Ex. 2. Negotiable — Indorser — Ex. 
 3. Interest on Notes — Rule— 2 Ex. 4. Par- 
 tial Pai/ments—Swpre-me Court Rule — lis. — 
 Exp. — State Rule — lis. Exp. 
 
 46 MENSURATION— 1. Magnitude. 2. Mea- 
 
 surement. 3. Area. 4. Contents. 5. Line 
 — Straight — Parallel — Curved. G. Surface. 
 7. Plane. 8. Angle. 9. Right Angle. 10. 
 Square. 11. Triangle. 12. Rectangle. 
 13. Cube. 14. Rectangular Parallelopipe- 
 don. 15. Rule for Area of Triangle — 2 Ex. 
 16. Rule for volume of Parallelopipedon — 
 Exp. — 2 Ex. 17. Board Measure — Board 
 Foot — Rule— 2 Ex. 18. Wood Measure- 
 Cord— Rule— Exp.— 2 Ex. 
 
Complete Aeithmetio. 
 
 WRITTEN ARITHMETIC. 
 
 47 Definitions v. 6. 
 
 48 FORMATION of Numbers. 
 
 49 CLASSIFICATION of Numbers, v. 7. 9. 3. 
 
 50 NOTATION and NUMERATION, v. 8—5 Ex. 
 
 51 ADDITION, V. 9 — l. Principles of Addition — 
 
 Operation— Proof. 2. Pract. Prob.— 10 Ex. 
 
 52 SUBTRACTION, v. 11—1. Principles of Sub- 
 
 traction — Operation— Exp. 2. Pract. Prob. 
 —10 Ex. 
 
 53 MULTIPLICATION, v. 12—1. Principles of 
 
 Multiplication — Operation — Exp. — 2. Pract. 
 Prob.— 10 Ex. 
 
 54 DIVISION, V. 13—1. Principles of Division — 
 
 Operation — Exp. 2. Division by Composite 
 Numbers. 3. Pract. Prob. — 10 Ex. 
 
 55 FACTORING, 14—10 Ex. 
 
 56 CANCELLATION— 1. Principles— lis.— Exp. 
 
 — 5 Ex. — V. 15. 2. Common Divisor — Great- 
 est. 3. Methods and Principles. 4. Method 
 by Factors— Rule— 3 Ex. 5. Method by 
 
 47 
 
48 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 continual Division— Operation — Exp. — Rule 
 — 5 Ex. 6. Multiple — Common — Least 
 Common — Principles — Operation — Exj), 
 Rule— 5 Ex. 
 
 57 FRACTIONS — V. 16. i. Fractional unit. 2. 
 Reciprocal of a number. 3. Common Frac- 
 tions. 4. Terms. 5. Kinds of Fractions — 6. 
 Principles. 
 
 68 REDUCTION (Fractions.)— V. 17. i. Whole 
 number to form of a Fraction having a 
 given Fractional unit — lis. — Exp. — Rule — 
 2 Ex. 2. Mixed number to simple Fraction 
 — lis. — Exp.— Rule — 2 Ex. 3. Improper 
 Fraction to mixed number — lis, — Exp. — 
 Rule — 2 Ex. 4. Fraction to Lowest Terms 
 — lis. — Exp. — Rule— 2 Ex. 5. Compound to 
 Simple Fraction — lis. — Exp. — Rule— 2 Ex. 
 6. Fractions to Common Denominator — lis. 
 — Exp.— Rule— 2 Ex. 7. Complex to Simple 
 Fractions — lis. — Exp. — Rule — 2 Ex. 
 
 59 ADDITION (Fractions.) — Operation — Exp. — 
 Rule— 2 Ex. 1. Pract. Prob. — 3 Ex.— v. 
 
 60 SUBTRACTION (Fractions.)— Operation — Exp. 
 
 —Rule— 2 Ex. 1. Pract. Prob.— 3 Ex.— v. 19, 
 11. 
 
 61 MULTIPLICATION (Fractions.)— Operation— 
 
 Exp. —Rule — 2 Ex. i. Pract. Prob.— 3 Ex. 
 2. Whole number by Simple Fraction — 
 Rule — Ex. 3. Whole number by Mixed 
 number— Rule— Ex. 4. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 —V. 20, 12. 
 
COMPLETE AEITHMETIC. 49 
 
 62 DIVISION (Fractions.) — Operation — Exp. — 
 
 Rule— 2 Ex. 1. Pract. Prob.— 5 Ex.— v. 21, 
 13. 
 
 63 SIMPLIFICATIONS— V. 22.— Ex. of eacli. 
 
 64 DECIMAL FRACTIONS— V. 23. 1. Power. 
 
 2. Decimals. 3. Notation. 4. Decimals — 
 Places — 5 Ex. 5. Numeration — Table. 6. 
 Principles. 7. Decimals to Common Frac- 
 tion — Rule— 2 Ex. 8. Common Fraction to 
 Decimal— Rule — 2 Ex, 
 
 65 ADDITION (Decimals.) — Op. — Exp. — Rule— 
 
 3 Ex.— V. 25, 9. 
 
 66 SUBTRACTION (Decimals.) — Op. —Exp. — 
 
 3 Ex.— V. 26, 11. 
 
 67 MULTIPLICATION (Decimals.) — Op. —Exp. 
 
 —Rule— 3 Ex.— V. 27, 12. 
 
 68 DIVISION (Decimals.) — Op. — Exp. — Rule — 
 
 3 Ex.— V. 28, 18. 
 
 69 UNITED STATES CURRENCY— v. 29. i 
 
 Currency. 2. Decimal Currency. 3. Nota- 
 tion — V. 65 to 68 inc. 
 
 70 ALIQUOT PARTS— 1. Table. 2. Rule— 3 Ex. 
 
 —V. 30. 
 
 71 MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS-l. To 
 
 find cost of any number, knowing price 
 per bundred— Rule— 2 Ex. 2. To find cost 
 of any number of lbs. knowing cost per 
 ton, 2,000 lbs.— Rule— 2 Ex. 3. To find 
 cost of one of any number, knowing cost of 
 all— Rule— 2 Ex. 4. To find amount of a 
 Bill of Items- Rule— 5 Ex. 
 4 
 
50 TOPICAL COUESE OF STUDY. 
 
 72 COMPOUND NUMBERS— V. 31. l. Denomi- 
 
 nate Number. 2. Compound Number. 3. 
 Scales — Ascending — Descending — Varying 
 — Uniform. 
 
 73 TABLES (Comp. Nos.)— v. 32. 1. Currency— 
 
 United States — Canadian — English — 
 Frericli. 
 
 2. Weight — Troy — Apotbecaries' — Avoir- 
 
 dupois. 
 
 3. Measures of Time— Q\Yi\ time. 
 
 4. Geometrical Magnitudes (Definitions) — 
 
 Kinds — Lines— Straight Lines — Curved 
 Lines — Parallel Lines — Surface — Plane 
 — Volume — Angle— a Square — a Circle 
 — Diameter — Radius — a Cube, its faces 
 and edges. 
 
 5. Measures of Length — Long — Surveyors' 
 
 —Cloth. 
 
 6. Measures of Surface — Unit of — Area of — 
 
 Square — Land. 
 
 7. Measures of Volume and Capacity — Unit 
 
 of Volume — Contents of Volume — Unit 
 of Capacity — Cubic — Dry — Liquid. 
 
 8. Angular Measure. 
 
 9. Miscellaneous Tables — Counting — Paper 
 
 — Books — Miscellaneous Values. 
 10. Metric System — Tables — Meter — Scales — 
 Measures of Length, of Surface, of 
 Volume and Capacity, of Weight. 
 
 74 REDUCTION (Comp Nos.)— v. 33. l. Descend- 
 
 ing — Op. — Exp. — Rule— 8 Ex. 2. Denomi- 
 nate Fraction to Integral Units of lower 
 denomination — Rule — 2 Ex. 3. Reduction 
 Ascending — Op. — Exp. — Rule — 3 Ex. — 
 
COMPLETE ARITHMETIC. 51 
 
 Proof. 4. Compound Number to Fractional 
 part of some Unit of higher denomination, 
 — Rule — 2 Ex. 5. Compound Number to 
 Decimal of higher denomination — Rule — 
 Op.— Exp.— 3 Ex. 
 
 75 ADDITION (Com. Nos.)— V. 34. Op.— Exp.— 
 
 Rule— Proof, l. Pract. Prob.— 2 Ex. 
 
 76 SUBTRACTION (Com. Nos.)— v. 35. Op.— 
 
 Exp. — Rule — Proof, l. Pract. Prob. — 2 
 Ex. 
 
 77 MULTIPLICATION (Com. Nos.)— v. 36. Op. 
 
 —Exp.— Rule— Proof. l. Pract. Prob.— 2 
 Ex. 
 
 78 DIVISION (Com. Nos.)— v. 37. Op.— Exp.— 
 
 Rule — Proof, l. Pract. Prob. — 2 Ex. 2. 
 To Divide Compound Number by similar 
 Compound Number — Rule. 3. Pract. Prob. 
 —2 Ex. 
 
 79 RATIO— V. 38. 1. Terms. 2. How Expressed. 
 
 3. Principles— 2 Ex. 
 
 80 PROPORTION— V. 39. i. How Expressed— 2. 
 
 Terms. 3. Solution. 4. Principles — 3 Ex. 
 
 81 RULE OF THREE— Op.— Exp.— Rule— 5 Ex. 
 
 82 ANALYSIS— Ex.— Op.— Analysis — 3 Ex.— v. 
 
 40. 
 
 83 PERCENTAGE— V. 41. l. Terms. 2. Table 
 
 of Equivalents — 3. Principles — Rule based 
 on each with Ex. 
 
 84 COMMISSION— V. 42. 1. Terms. 2. Rules— 
 
 V. 83.-3 Ex. 3. Statements of Sales. 
 
52 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 85 INSURANCE— 1. Terms— V. «3.— 2 Ex. 
 
 86 PROFIT AND LOSS— V. 43. i. Rules— v. 
 
 83.-3 Ex. 
 
 87 ASSORTMENT OF TAXES— 1. Terms. 2. 
 
 Rule— 2 Ex. 
 
 88 SIMPLE INTEREST— V. 44. 1. Terms. 2. 
 
 Rules — V. 83. 3. 3. Principal, Rate and 
 Time in years given to find Interest — Rule 
 Op. — Exp. — 2 Ex. 4. Principal, Rate and 
 Time in months given to find interest — Rule 
 — Op. — Exp. — 2 Ex. 5. Interest for days at 
 6^ — Rule. 6. Principal, Interest and Time 
 given to find Rate — Rule — Op. — Exp. — 2 Ex. 
 7. Principal, Rate and Interest given to 
 find Time— Rule— Op.— Exp.— 2 Ex. 8. In- 
 terest, Rate and Time given to find Princi- 
 pal— Rule— Op.— Exp.— 2 Ex. 
 
 89 PROMISSORY NOTES— 1. Negotiable. 2. 
 
 Form of. 3. Face— 3 Ex.— v. 45. 
 
 90 PARTIAL PAYMENTS— 1. Supreme Court 
 
 Rule — When in force — Op. —Exp. 2. Mer- 
 cantile Rule — 1 Ex. 
 
 91 COMPOUND INTEREST— Rule— Op.— Exp. 
 
 —3 Ex. 
 
 92 DISCOUNT— 1. Commercial Rule — 2 Ex. 2. 
 
 Present value. 3. Time Discount. 4. Rate 
 of Discount — Rule — 2 Ex. 
 
 93 BANKING— 1. Discounting. 2. Days of Grace. 
 
 3. Kinds of Notes and Ex. of each. 
 
 94 STOCKS AND BONDS— 1. Business Corpora- 
 
 tions. 2. Capital Stocks. 3. Shares. 4, Stock- 
 
COMPLETE AKITHMETIC. 53 
 
 liolders. 5. Par value. 6. Dividends, r. 
 Bonds — Ex's— Rules— V. 83, 88. 8. Pract. 
 Prob.— 5 Ex. 
 
 95 EXCHANGE— 1. Draft or BHl of. 2. Terms. 
 
 3. Domestic or Inland — 5 Ex. 
 
 96 EQUATION OF PAYMENTS— i. Terms. 2. 
 
 Principle. 3. When Debts are on one side and 
 have some initial date — Op. — Exp. — Rule — 
 2 Ex, 4. When Debts are on one side and 
 have different initial dates — Op. — Exp. — 
 Rule — 3 Ex. 5. When each party owes the 
 other, times of payment difEerent — Op. — 
 Exp.— Rule— 2 Ex. 
 
 97 EQUATION OF ACCOUNTS— l. Account 
 
 Balance — Rule — 2 Ex. 
 
 98 CASH BALANCE— 1. Interest Balance— Rule 
 
 —2 Ex. 
 
 99 CUSTOM-HOUSE BUSINESS— l. Duties- 
 
 Specific — Ad valorem. 2. Terms. 3. In- 
 voices — 3 Ex. 
 
 100 POWERS— 1. Terms— Op.— Rule— 2 Ex. 
 
 101 ROOTS— 1. Terms. 2. Perfect Squares and 
 
 Square Roots — Table. 3. Perfect Cubes and 
 Cube Roots— Table. 
 
 102 SQUARE ROOT— Rule— Op.— Exp.— 3 Ex. 
 
 103 CUBE ROOT— Rule— Op.— Exp.— 2 Ex. 
 
 104 PROGRESSIONS— 1. Terms of. 2. Arithmet- 
 
 ical — Increasing — Decreasing — Rule to find 
 any Term— Ex.— Rule to find Sum of Terms 
 — Ex. 3. Geometrical — Increasing — De- 
 
54 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 creasing — Rule to find any Term — 2 Ex. — 
 Rule to find Sum of Terms— 2 Ex. 
 
 105 ANNUITIES— 1. Terms of. 2. Certain— Rules 
 
 — 4 Ex. each. 3. Contingent. 4. Life — 2 Ex. 
 
 106 MENSURATION— V. 46. 1^== Pupils Draw 
 
 and Define — l . Polygon. 2. Triangle. 3. 
 Riglit-Angled Triangle. 4. Parallelogram. 
 5. Trapezoid. 6. Rectangular Parallelopipe- 
 don. 7. Prism. 8. Pyramid. 9. Cylinder. 
 10. Cone. 11. Spliere. 
 
 107 RULES (Mensuration.)—!. To find Circumfer- 
 
 ence of Circle — 2 Ex. 2. To find Hypotlienuse 
 of Right-Angled Triangle— 2 Ex. 3. To find 
 Area of a Triangle — 2 Ex. 4. To find Area 
 of a Parallelogram — 2 Ex. 5. To find Area 
 of a Trapezoid— 2 Ex. 6. To find Area of 
 the Surface of a Sphere — 2 Ex. 7. To find 
 the Volume or Content of a Parallelopipe- 
 don, Prism or Cylinder — 2 Ex. 8. To find 
 Content of a Pyramid or Cone— 2 Ex. 9. To 
 find the Volume of a Sphere — 2 Ex. 
 
 108 BROAD MEASURE (Mensuration.) — i. 
 
 Board foot. 2. Rule to find the board feet in a 
 piece of timber of uniform thickness — 2 Ex. 
 
 109 TIMBER MEASURE (Mensuration.) — !. 
 
 Round and Hewn Timber. 2. Cross Section. 
 3. Girt. 4. Rule to find Cross Section in 
 square inches at point where girt is known 
 — 2 Ex. 5. Rule to find Cross Section of 
 Hewn Timber at any point — 2 Ex. 6. Given 
 end and Mean Sections in square inches to 
 find the cubic feet — Rule — 2 Ex. 
 
COMPLETE AKITHMETIC. 55 
 
 110 WOOD MEASURE (Mensiiration).— l. Cord 
 
 Foot, 2. Rule to find number of Cords — 3 
 Ex. 
 
 111 METHOD OF DUODECIMALS — Opera- 
 
 tion of Multiplication — Exp. — Rule — 1. 
 Pract. Prob.— Ex. 
 
Geogeapht. 
 
 1 To Teacher.— Dnnng tlie 3d and 4tli quarters 
 of the first year, teach orally Location or 
 Place, and how represented by a Map. Be- 
 gin with your school-room ; locate teacher's 
 desk, the stove and other prominent objects, 
 and make a map of same on the blackboard. 
 Next, take the school-yard, and in the same 
 manner get pupils to make a map of their 
 yards or rooms at home. Next, a field or 
 park with hills and streams. Gradually in- 
 troduce points of the compass and relative 
 distance and size. 
 
 Model. A school-yard 800 feet long by 
 400 feet wide ; school-house in center 80 
 feet by 40 feet ; gates in middle of each 
 side. Draw a rectangle twice as long as 
 broad ; place in center a similar rectangle 
 one-tenth as large to denote school -house, 
 and make a mark in middle to denote gates ; 
 so mark relatively each object to be located 
 on the map. This work should extend 
 through the 3d and 4th quarters of the first 
 year, the teacher being guided by the indi- 
 vidual capacity of the pupil in assigning 
 portions and time. 
 
 56 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 57 
 
 2 To Teacher, — Give pupils idea of the 
 
 of the world by globe, spherical bodies and 
 pictures, and immediately in this connection 
 give idea of the size of the world by telling 
 how long it would take to travel around it 
 by railroad, by carriage, and by walking. 
 Explain the relative size of mountains and 
 valleys by slightly wrinkled paper wrapped 
 around the globe, and illustrate the law of 
 gravitation by the particles of dust that 
 adhere to the globe while turning it around. 
 Day and night and the seasons may be 
 shown by turning the globe in its regular 
 orbit about a lighted lamp or candle. 
 
 3 To Teacher, — Using a chart showing the di- 
 
 visions of the earth's surface, objects on it, 
 clouds, etc., treat of subjects as indicated, 
 4 to 13 inclusive. Pupils make maps 
 throughout this year as in 1. 
 
 4 THE OCEAN— 1. Ships— Row they sail on it, 
 
 and what for. 2. Vapor — mist — fog — cloud 
 — rising from bodies of water, blown about 
 and condensed by cool winds and currents 
 into rain like drops of water from steam of 
 boiling water cooled on the hand. 
 
 5 MOUNTAINS— Hills— highest peaks— 1. Volca- 
 
 noes. 2. Mountain Streams — Falling — Turn- 
 ing Mill-wheels — Cascades — Falls — Naviga- 
 ble Rivers — Boats to the Ocean. 
 
 6 LAKES — 1. Inlets and Outlets. 2. Springs. 
 
 7 Gulf — Bay — Strait — Channel — Harlor and 
 
 Seaport Town. 
 
58 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 8 TOWNS— 1. Manufacturing. 2. Mining. 3. Vil- 
 
 lage. 
 
 9 RAILROADS— 1. Tunnel. 2. Bridge. 3. Con- 
 
 necting Towns — General Uses. 4. Canals. 
 
 10 WATERSHED — Streams on both sides to 
 
 ocean. 
 
 11 Bainbow— Clouds — Waterspout. 
 
 12 LAND — 1 . Farms — Orcliards — Vineyards, -z. 
 
 Mines — Quarries. 3. Cities — Villages. 4. 
 Manufacturing — Traveling. 
 
 13 THE HORIZON. 
 
 14 REVIEW— i7se« of all the foregoing to man. 
 
Elementaey Geog- 
 
 EAPHY. 
 
 15 To Teacher,— Begin with picture of part of 
 
 the world's surface — What pupils may see 
 of the world's surface aud of the sun, 
 moon, and stars. 
 
 16 THE SUN— 1. Eises, when, where. 2. Sets, 
 
 when, where. 
 
 17 POINTS OF THE COMPASS. 
 
 18 Drill on picture of landscape — Make Map, v. 1. 
 
 19 THE EARTH— 1. Shape. 2. How fitted to our 
 
 use. 
 
 20 Balloon trip around the Earth. ^^ Use Relief 
 
 Map — 1. What visible. 2. Proportion of 
 Water and Land. 3. Continents. 4. The five 
 Oceans. 5. Sand-hills — Mountains — Valleys 
 — Plains — Fields — Forests — Towns — Mines. 
 
 21 Trip up a river from the Ocean to its source. 
 
 ^" Use Relief Map— l. What is visible 
 — 2. Uses of the River. 3. Rain — Vapor — 
 Clouds — Uses of. 
 
 22 Trip across the land or country. ^^ Use Relief 
 
 Map — 1. Farming. 2. Manufacturing. 
 
 59 
 
60 TOPICAL COUKSE OF STUDY. 
 
 23 HABITATION— How do tlie sun, ocean, 
 
 winds and mountains make the earth fit 
 for our habitation ? 
 
 24 CONTINENTS— 1. How divided. 2. Countries. 
 
 3. Climate. 
 
 25 1- The Zones. 2. Earth's Axis. 3. The Poles. 
 
 4. Day and Night. 5. A Circle. 6. The 
 Equator. 7. Latitude. 8. Longitude. 9. Me- 
 ridian. 10. A Globe. 
 
 26 Productions of Countries, l. Commerce. 
 
 27 RACES. 
 
 28 HEMISPHERES— Maps— Ques. on, v. 92. 
 
 29 1- Coldest and hottest Countries. 2. Highest Moun- 
 
 tains. 3. Longest Coast. 4. Largest Sea. 5. 
 Largest Rivers. 
 
 30 Map of the World. 1. Ques. on. 2. Sea Voyage 
 
 to principal Points. 3. Animals. 4. Birds. 
 
 31 Map of the Zones. 1. Ques. on. 
 
 32 Topical Review of the World, giving — 1. Grand 
 
 Divisions. 2. Size. 3. Mostly in what Zone. 
 4. Principal Products. 5. Principal Animals. 
 
 33 NORTH AMERICA— 1. Location. 2. Bounded. 
 
 3. Map of — Ques. on. 4. Mountains — Rocky 
 — Sierra Nevada — Appalachian. 5. Zones. 
 6. Atlantic and Gulf Currents. 7. Climate. 
 8. Animals. 9. Lnhahitants. 
 
 34 UNITED STATES— 1. Names of States and 
 
 Territories. 2. Largest and Smallest. 3. 
 Highest Mountains. 4. Longest Rivers. 5. 
 
ELEMEKTAKY GEOGEAPHY. 61 
 
 Largest Cities. 6. Location of the Country. 
 7. Boundaries. 8. The first 13 States. a. 
 Ques. on Map. 10. Climate. 11. Products. 
 12. Occupations of People. 13. Commercial 
 Cities. 14. Exports. 15. Imports. 
 
 35 Balloon View of United States. ^^ Use Relief 
 
 Map. 
 
 36 NEW ENGLAND STATES— l. Location. 2. 
 
 Comparative Area. 3. Coast. 4. Islands. 5. 
 Ques. on Map. 6. Neio Hampsliire— noted 
 for — Ques. on Map. 7. Mountains. 8. Con- 
 necticut Valley. lO. Maine — climate of— 
 Manufactures. 11. Vermont. 12. Massachu- 
 setts—cities. 13. Rhode Island. 14. Trips 
 over New England. 15. Draw Map, v. 100. 
 
 37 Topical Review, giving— i. State. 2. Mountains. 
 
 3. Rivers. 4. Capitals. 5. Largest Cities. 
 
 6. Products. 
 
 38 MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES— l. Facilities 
 
 for Commerce. 2. Mountains. 3. Drainage. 
 
 4. Rivers. 5. New York — Largest Cities- 
 Noted for. 6. What is each State noted for. 
 
 7. Principal Products. 8. Trips over. 9. 
 Draw Map. 10. Ques. on Map. 
 
 39 Topical Review, v. 37. 
 
 40 SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES— i. Location. 
 
 2. Rivers. 3. Climate. 4. Products. 5. 
 Cities. 6. Ques. on Map. 7. Trips over. 8. 
 Draw Map. 
 
 41 Topical Review, v. 37. 
 
 42 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES~i. Location. 
 
62 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 2. Surface. 3. Climate. 4. Mississippi 
 River. 5. New Orleans. 6. Tennessee. 7. 
 Arkansas. 8. Rivers. 9. Trips over. 10. 
 Trips over. ii. Draw map. 
 
 43 Topical Review, v. 37. 
 
 44 LAKE STATES AND KENTUCKY— i. The 
 
 five great Lakes. 2. Surface of these States, 
 
 3. Noted for. 4. Products. 5. Ques. on 
 Map. 6. Ohio — Cities of. 7. Indiana — In- 
 dianapolis. 8. Illinois — Chicago. 9. Wis- 
 consin and Michigan — Milwaukee — Detroit. 
 10. Trips over. 11. Draw Map. 
 
 45 Topical Review, v. 37. 
 
 46 NORTH-WESTERN STATES— 1. Location. 
 
 2. Surface. 3. Missouri — St. Louis. 4. 
 Minnesota — St. Paul and Minneapolis. 5. 
 Climate. 6. Kansas and Nebraska. 7. Ques. 
 on Map. 8. Routes of Travel. 9. Draw 
 Map. 
 
 47 Topical Review, v. 37. 
 
 48 PACIFIC STATES AND TERRITORIES— 
 
 Western half of the Union, l. Noted for. 
 2. Mountains. 3. Valleys. 4. Drainage. 5. 
 Rainless Region. 6. Salt lakes. 7. Colorado 
 River. 8. Ques. on Map. 
 
 49 HISTORICAL— 1. Inhabitants found in this 
 
 Country. 2. First Settlements. 3. Govern- 
 ments. 4. The Revolution. 5. Establish- 
 ment of the Republic. 6. Wars. 
 
 50 Draw Map of State you live in. i. Locate Rivers 
 
 and Cities. 
 
ELEMENTAEY GEOGRAPHY. 63 
 
 61 SOUTH AMERICA— 1. Location. 2. Highest 
 
 Mountains. 2. Longest Rivers. 3. Largest 
 Cities. 4. Noted for. 5. Comparative Area. 
 6. Genera] Surface. 7. Balloon View — Use 
 Relief Map. 8. Products. 9. Animals and 
 Birds. 10. Bicers — Amazon — Orinoco — La 
 Plata. 11. Brazil. 12. Climate. 13. Inhabit- 
 ants. 14. Rio Janiero. 15. Ques. on Map. 
 
 62 Topical Review, giving — i. Country. 2. Climate. 
 
 3. Products. 4. Inhabitants. 5. Language. 
 6. Godernments. 7. Capitals. 
 
 63 EUROPE — 1. Highest Mountains. 2. Longest 
 
 Rivers. 3. Largest Cities. 4. Ques. on Map. 
 5. Inhabitants. 6. Climate. 7. Nations. 8. 
 Languages. 
 
 54 GREAT BRITAIN— 1. Foreign Possessions. 2. 
 Climate. 3. Manufactures. 4. Commerce. 
 5. Cities. London— Liverpool — Manchester 
 — Birmingham — Glasgow — Belfast. 
 
 66 FRANCE— 1. Noted for. 2. Climate. 3. Cities 
 
 — Paris — Havre— Lyons. 4. River Seine, 
 
 56 GERMAN EMPIRE— 1. Comprises What. 2. 
 Language. 3. Traits of People. 4. Exports. 
 5. River Rhine. 6. Cities — Hamburg — Bre- 
 men — Berlin. 
 
 67 AUSTRIA— 1. Occupation of People. 2. Vienna. 
 
 58 TURKEY— 1. Religion and habits of People. 2. 
 
 Constantinople. 
 
 59 THE GREEKS— 1. /i^r^^y — Naples — Rome — 
 
 Venice. 2. Spain and Portugal — Charac- 
 teristics. 3. Switzerland. 4. Denmark. 5. 
 Holland. 6. Russia. 
 
64 TOPICAL COUKSE OF STUDY. 
 
 60 Topical Review, giving— i. Countries. 2. Moun- 
 tains. 3. Sivers. 4. Climate. 5. Products. 
 
 61 ASIA— 1. Size or Area. 2. Highest Mountains. 
 
 2. Longest River. 3. Largest Cities. 4. 
 Habitation. 5. Climate. 
 
 62 INDIA — ]. Climate. 2. Animals. 3. Products. 
 
 4. Farther Lidia — People — Food — Idolatry 
 — Calcutta — Bombay. 
 
 63 CHINA— 1. Climate. ' 2. Tea. 3. Traits of Peo- 
 
 ple. 4. Pekin. 
 
 64 JAPAN— 1. Traits of People. 2. Government. 
 
 65 1- Desert Countries. 2. Arabia — Products — 
 
 Mecca. 3. Perda — Characteristics. 4. Aus- 
 tralia — Government — Cliaracteristics — Ani- 
 mals. 
 
 66 Topical Review, v. 60. 
 
 67 AFRICA— 1. Location. 2. Shape. 3. Size. 4. 
 
 Noted for. 5. Coasts. 6. People — Habits 
 and traits. 7, Egypt — Noted for — The 
 Nile — Climate. 8. Central Africa— IS oted 
 for — Animals — The Palm. 9. The Khedive. 
 10. Cairo, li. The Exports of Egypt. I2. 
 . Language of Egyptians. 13. Language and 
 Religion of Africans, 14. British Posses- 
 sions in Africa. 15. Ques. on Map. 
 
 68 Topical Review, v. 60. 
 
 69 General Map-drawing, v. 100. 
 
Complete Geogeaphy. 
 
 70 GEOGRAPHY— 1. Physical. 2. Political. 3. 
 
 Astronomical 
 
 71 THE EARTH— J. Made for. 2. Shape. 3. How 
 
 Represented. 4. Surface. 
 
 72 LAND— 1. Natural Divisions. 2. Continents. 
 
 3. Isthmus. 4. Peninsula. 5. Gape. 6. Moun- 
 tains. 7. Valley — Vale — Soil. 8. Plains, 
 9. Plateau, lo. Desert— Osi^i^. 
 
 73 WATER— 1. Oceans. 2. Straits. 3. Sound. 4. 
 
 Rivers. 5. Glaciers. 6. Lakes. 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 74 THE EARTH — l. Shape. 2. Diameter. 3. Mo- 
 
 tion. 4. Day and Night. 5. Axis. G. Poles. 
 7. Meridians. 8. Equator. 9. Circles— Great 
 — Small — Tropics— Arctics. 10. Degree, li. 
 Latitude and Longitude. 12. Zones. 13. 
 Seasons. 14. Orbit. 
 
 75 THE SUN— 1. Vertical to Equator— to Tropic 
 
 of Cancer — to Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 76 HORIZON— 1. Sensible. 2. Cardinal Points. 
 
 5 65 
 
6G TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 77 ECLIPTIC. 
 
 Note to Teacher.— Explain Day and Night and 
 Change of Seasons by turning globe, apple, or other 
 sphere on slighrly inclined axis, at same time mov- 
 ing it in an elliptic circle around a lighted candle 
 or lamp. Darken room for full effect, V. 2. 
 
 CLIMATES AND THEIR EFFECTS. 
 
 78 CLIMATE — 1 . Depends upon what. 
 
 79 MOISTURE. 
 
 80 RAINFALL— 1. J . On Coasts. 2. Interior. 3. 
 
 Zone having most. 4. Of Western Conti- 
 nent. 5. In Temperate Zones. 
 
 81 RAINLESS REGIONS. 
 
 82 WHERE HEAT DIMINISHES. 
 
 83 WARM OCEAN CURRENTS— I. Effect on 
 
 Coasts. 2. Western Coast of Europe. 3. 
 Western Coast of United States. 
 
 84 GENERAL EFFECTS OF CLIMATE— i. 
 
 On Vegetation. 2. Condition of Inhabitants. 
 
 MANKIND. 
 
 85 RACES— 1. Number and Names of. 2. How 
 
 distinguished. 3. Caucasian — Characteris- 
 tics—Include — Social position. 4. Mongo- 
 lian — Characteristics — Include. 5. Malays 
 — Characteristics — Inhabit. 0. American 
 Indians. 7. Ethiopean — Characteristics — 
 Include. 
 
 86 OCCUPATION— 1. of Savage. 2. of Civilized 
 
 — ^Agriculture — Mining — Commerce. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGKAPHT. 67 
 
 87 POLITICAL DIVISIONS — 1. Republic. 2. 
 
 Empire. 3. Kingdom. 4. Monarcliy — Limit- 
 ed — Absolute. 
 
 88 FEDERAL REPUBLIC— 1. State. 2. County. 
 
 3. Town— Village— City. 4. Capital. 
 
 89 METROPOLIS. 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 90 HISTORICAL— 1. Adam— Eve— Eden. 2. The 
 
 Flood. 3. Noah's Descendants. 4. First In- 
 habitants of America. 5. Ancient Egyptians 
 and Phoenicians. 6. The great Monarchies 
 of ancient Times. 7. The Christian Era. 
 8. The Dark Ages. n. Fifteenth Century Dis- 
 coveries. 10. Sixteenth Century Explorers. 
 11. First Voyage around the World. 
 
 HEMISPHERES. 
 
 91 HEMISPHERES— 1. Eastern, contains. 2. 
 
 W^estern, contains. 3. Northern, contains. 
 
 4. Southern, contains. 5. Land, contains. 6. 
 Water, contains. 
 
 7. Longest straight line on land Surface. 
 
 8. Highest Mountain and Table - lands — 
 
 Where ? 
 
 9. Questions on Maps, v. 92 to 99. 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 92 Note to Teacher,— ^'\t\i each map given in 
 
 Text-book is a series of questions, which 
 pupil should follow. In case of variety of 
 
68 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 Text-books and marked difference in char- 
 acter of questions in resjjective books, tbe 
 following order is suggested for common 
 use : i.e. Teacher to ask questions that 
 will develop all the information the map 
 gives on topics in order indicated. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 93 LAND — 1. Continent, Island or Isthmus. 
 
 2. Latitude — Longitude — Zone — Circle, 
 
 3. Surface — Mountain — Plain — Hill— Valley. 
 
 4. Coasts — Cape — Promontory. 
 
 94 WATER— 1. Salt— Sea— Ocean — Gulf — Bay- 
 
 Strait — Lake. 
 
 2. Fresh — River — Lake. 
 
 95 BORDERS. 
 
 96 CITIES. 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 97 RELIEF MAPS— Use for ohservation—V\rpv\ 
 
 supposed to overlook the Country or Sur- 
 face — Noting and Naming Mountains — 
 Plains— Rivers — Lakes — May also be used 
 for locating Cities and Countries from 
 memory. 
 
 98 PHYSICAL CHARTS— Locate Ocean Currents 
 
 — Natural Products — Races — Animals. 
 
 99 COMPARISON — 1. Compare Latitude and 
 
 Longitude of places in United States with 
 those similar in this respect in foreign 
 countries and mce versa. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 69 
 
 2. Compare sizes of countries, using some 
 familiar State, witli simple form, like 
 Kansas, as unit of measure. 
 
 100 MAP-DRAWING— Special directions how to 
 
 draw each map should accompany it in 
 Text-book or be furnished by teacher. 
 Strive only for correct location. Do not 
 confound the art of map-drawing with 
 study of geography. 
 
 Ask questions on maps drawn. 
 
 101 VOYAGES — TOURS — TRIPS — No oppor- 
 
 tunity should be neglected to connect the 
 country and places spoken of with pupil's 
 residence. Imaginary Voyages, Tours, or 
 Trips, embracing all points treated of and 
 connecting with pupil's residence, should 
 be a prominent feature of every exercise on 
 Descriptive Geography Maps, 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 102 NORTH AMERICA— 1. Situation. 2. In 
 
 what Zones. 3. \Miere widest. 4. Direc- 
 tion — Shape— Size. 
 
 A. — Questions on Map — Draw Map, v. 92 
 to 101. 
 
 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 103 MOUNTAINS— 1. Mountainous Section. 2. 
 
 Direction of System. 3. Eanges. 4. Rocky 
 — Highest Peaks — Celebrated for. 5. Ap- 
 palachian — Celebrated Peaks. 
 
70 TOPICAL 00 IT IIS K OF STUDY. 
 
 CHEAT PLAINS AND LOWLANDS. 
 
 104 SLOPES I. rjuilir How dnuiirtl. 'J. Atlun- 
 
 tir. 
 i.ocATK riMN(ir\r imjodiu is on mmv 
 
 105 CLIMATE— I. or North Ain.ri.ii. • Of Pa- 
 
 ri lie Coast. 
 
 106 RAIN— I. Pnciiic Const. )i. Atlantic Slo]>«\ 
 
 107 VEGETATION t In tlir rnUU>r K(«.oi(,„s. ■: 
 
 In 'I'ropical IJ<\nioMs. 
 
 108 PRINCIPAL ANIMALS. 
 
 109 INHABITANTS— I Aivtic. 2. Tropical. .}. 
 
 'l\MU|)«'rnt<\ 
 
 110 GREENLAND. 
 
 111 BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 n isroHiCAL. 
 
 112 AMERICA I. l>iscov(My. i.'. Columbus. .{. 
 
 Cnbot. 1. Njunc, America. r.. I'mrly Navi- 
 gators— Ponct* do licoji -IbMiry Hudson — 
 Arctic Voyag»<rs. c. V'arly Possessors. T. 
 Pn^sont Possessors. 8. Possi^ssors ol" (ifroon- 
 land Icohiml -M(^xico— C(>ntral Anvorica. 
 
 DOMINK^N OF CANADA. 
 
 113 Map of British Provinc(>s. Quos. v. 23 ci 
 
 S(>(^ 
 
 114 DOMINION OF CANADA— 1. l^ovinccs. ,> 
 
 Central Latitude. n. Winters — Tempera- 
 ture— Crnnat(\ 1. I'low of Hivers. f). For 
 csts. ('.. Occuiiation of People. 7. The 
 
COMPLETE GEOORAPnY. 71 
 
 grout Lakes niid ihv St. Lawrcncn. 8. Cities. 
 9. Mnko Table o\' Provinces ; Capitals and 
 chiof ("ities. 
 
 115 HISTORICAL— 1. (\)l()ni/,e(l by. 2. Indians. 
 
 }). i'ossessors of Upper and Lower (/anada — 
 New found land — Nova Scotia. 4. Descent 
 of l'copl(>. r.. Oovernnient. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 116 Map of IT. a— Qiies. v. 92 to 101. 
 
 I'HYHK AL AND DESCRimVE. 
 
 117 SITUATION— 1. Diagram showing.* 2. Posi- 
 
 tion of Minnesota. i\. Moat northern ])art.. 
 4. Most soutliern part. 
 
 Parallel 40*. 
 
 TSouMirrn Europe | 
 * model: United States Mrdiicinmcnn Sea|Central.\Bla, Japan. 
 
 I Norllicni Africa | 
 
 T':ir:illel 25°. 
 
 118 SURFACE — 1. Pacific. Slope. 2. Atlantic 
 
 Slope, a. Mississippi l^asin. 4. Western 
 half of U. S. 5. Eastern 1ml f of U. S. c. 
 Twoliighest Ranges. 
 
 119 CLIMATE 1. Variety of, and how varied, 2. 
 
 North. ;i. South. 1. On highest Peaks, .'i. 
 Compared with Western I^'urope. ('.. Dis- 
 tribution of Rain — of Snow. 
 
 120 PRODUCTS — 1. Agricultural States. 2. 
 
 Prairies. ;J. Wlieat, Corn, and Wool States. 
 4. Cotton States. f). ('ane Sugar. (5. Rice. 
 7. Precious Metals. H. (\ml, Iron and Lead. 
 
72 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 121 MANUFACTURES- 1. Leading States in. 
 
 2. Leading Manufactures. 3. Cotton and 
 Woolen. 4. Flour and Lumber. 
 
 122 COMMERCE— 1. Leading States in. 2. Prin- 
 
 cipal Ports — Foreign — Domestic. 
 
 HISTORICAL. 
 
 123 FIRST SETTLEMENTS — l. Spanish. 2. 
 
 English. 3. Dutch. 4. Swedish. 
 
 124 THE THIRTEEN COLONIES— 1. Govern- 
 
 ment. 2. Revolution. 
 
 125 PRESENT GOVERNMENT— 1. General. 
 
 2. State. 3. Territorial. 4. Power — Legisla- 
 tive—Executive—Judicial. 5. Congress — 
 Senate — House of Representatives. 
 
 126 CONSTITUTION — l. Making a Law. 2. 
 
 Form of Government guaranteed to States. 
 
 3. Religion. 
 
 127 Special Note to Teachers and Pupils. 
 
 — Pupils add any additional facts they 
 obtain, relative to their respective States, 
 under the proper headings, when lesson 
 is upon the State. 
 
 128 NEW ENGLAND STATES— 1. Situation. 
 
 2. Area. 3. Borders. 
 
 129 Ques. on Map — Map Drawing, v. 92 to 101. 
 
 130 MAINE— 1. Draw Map, v. 31. 2. Situation. 
 
 3. Comparative size. 4. Coast Line. 5. Lead- 
 ing Industry. 6. Principal Cities. 7. Slope. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 73 
 
 131 NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT— 
 
 1. Draw Map, v. 100. 2. Mountains. 3. 
 Rivers. 4. Lakes. 5. Cities — Towns. 6. 
 Comparative sizes and latitudes. 
 
 132 MASSACHUSETTS, CONNECTICUT, 
 
 RHODE ISLAND— 1. Draw Map, v. 100. 
 
 2. Mountains. 3. Rivers. 4. Bays. 5. Cities 
 —Towns. 6. Comparative sizes and lati- 
 tudes. 
 
 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
 NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 133 NEW HAMPSHIRE— 1. Scenery— Use Re- 
 
 lief Map. 2. White Mountains. 3. Leading 
 Manufactures. 4. Largest Cities. 
 
 134 VERMONT— 1. Scenery. 2. Products. 3. 
 
 Largest City. 
 
 135 MASSACHUSETTS— 1 Excels in what. 2. 
 
 Celebrated for. 3. Boston. 4. Cities on the 
 Merrimac. 
 
 136 CONNECTICUT- 1. Manufactures. 2. Slope. 
 
 3. Valleys. 4. New Haven, and other Cities. 
 
 137 RHODE ISLAND— 1. Size. 2. Manufactures. 
 
 3. Capitals. 
 
 138 HISTORICAL— New England, l. First Set- 
 
 tlements — Their Privations. 2. English 
 Rule. 3. Revolution — First Skirmish — First 
 Battle. 4. Among the first thirteen States. 
 5. Descent of People. 
 
74 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES. 
 
 139 MIDDLE STATES— 1. Comprise. 2. Situa- 
 
 tion. 3. Principal Watershed. 
 Ques. on Map, v. 92 to 99. 
 
 140 NEW YORK— 1. Draw Map, v. 100. 2. Lati- 
 
 tude. 3. Surface — Use Relief Map. 4. Adi- 
 rondack Mountains. 5. Scenery. 6. Why- 
 called Empire State. 7. New York City — 
 Brooklyn — Other Cities. 8. Comparative 
 size. 
 
 141 HISTORICAL — 1. Champlain. 2. Henry 
 
 Hudson. 3. First Settlements. 4. New 
 Netherlands. 
 
 142 PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY— 
 
 1. Draw Map, v. 100. 2. Ques. on Map. 
 3. Comparative sizes. 
 
 143 PENlSrSYLVANIA— 1. For what remarkable. 
 
 2. Mountains. 3. Manufactures. 4. Soil. 
 5. Cities— Philadelphia — Pittsburg. 
 
 144 NEW JERSEY— 1. Surface. 2. Soil. 3. New- 
 
 ark. 
 
 145 HISTORICAL, PA.— 1. First Settlements. 2. 
 
 Indians. 3. Memorable Events. 4. Declara- 
 tion of Independence. 
 
 146 HISTORICAL, N. J.— 1. First Settlements. 
 
 2. Important Revolutionary Victories. 
 
 VIRGINIA, WEST VIRGINIA, MA- 
 RYLAND AND DELAWARE. 
 
 147 Draw Map, v. 100. Ques. on Map. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 75 
 
 148 DELAWARE— 1. Surface and Soil. 2. Wil- 
 
 mington's Industries. 
 
 149 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 1.50 VIRGINIA— 1. Surface. 2. Soil. 
 
 151 V^TE ST VIRGINIA— 1. Surface. 2. Soil. 3. 
 
 Products. 
 
 152 HISTORICAL — 1. First Settlements. 2. 
 
 French and Indian War, 3. In the Revolu- 
 tion. 4. Presidents from Virginia. 5. West 
 Virginia formed. G. Settlement of Mary- 
 land. 
 
 153 Exercises on Relief Map of country east of the 
 
 Mississippi River. 
 
 154 SOUTHERN AND SOUTH-WESTERN 
 
 STATES— 1. Comprise. 2. Zone. 3. Prod- 
 ucts. 
 
 155 Ques. on Map. 
 
 156 Draw Map of North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 
 and Georgia. 
 
 157 N. C, S. C, AND GA.— 1. Mountains. 2. Sur- 
 
 face. 3. Products. 4. Pine Forests. 5. 
 Cities. 6. Comparative sizes. 
 
 158 HISTORICAL— Settlements of N. C, S. C, 
 
 and Ga. 
 
 159 Draw Map of Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, 
 
 Alabama and Louisiana. Ques. 
 
 160 COTTON. 
 
 161 TENNESSEE— 1. Surface. 2. Products. 3. 
 
 Nashville. 
 
76 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 162 ARKANSAS— 1. Products. 2. Hot Springs. 
 
 163 ALABAMA— 1. Products. 2. Mobile. 
 
 164 MISSISSIPPI— 1. Products. 
 
 165 LOUISIANA— 1. Products. 2. New Orleans. 
 
 166 Draw Map of Florida — Ques. 
 
 167 FLORIDA— 1. Surface. 2. Forests. 3.. Pro- 
 
 ductions. 4. Jacksonville. 5. Settled by. 
 
 THE LAKE AND CENTRAL 
 STATES. 
 
 168 REMARKS— 1. Lie in. 2. Border on. 3. 
 
 Mountains. 4. Remarkable for. 5. Occu- 
 pations of People. 
 
 169 Draw Map of Indiana, Ohio and Kentucky. 
 
 170 OHIO AND INDIANA— 1. Products. 
 
 171 KENTUCKY— 1. Products. 2. Surface. 
 
 172 HISTORICAL, KY.— 1. Daniel Boone. 
 
 173 OHIO AND IND. — 1. Explorations. 2. Indians. 
 
 174 Draw Map of Illinois, Missouri and Iowa. 
 
 175 ILLINOIS— 1. Remarkable for. 2. Products. 
 
 3. Commerce. 4. Chicago. 
 
 176 MISSOURI— 1. Surface. 2. Products. 3. St. 
 
 Louis. 
 
 177 IOWA— 1. Surface. 2. Products. 3. Cities.— 
 
 Comparative sizes. 
 
 178 HISTORICAL— 1. 111., Mo., Iowa— How ob- 
 
 tained. 2. Growth of Chicago. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 77 
 
 179 Draw Map of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne- 
 
 sota. 
 
 180 Qnes. on Map. 
 
 181 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— 1. For- 
 
 ests. 2. Prairie. 3. Products. 4. Com- 
 merce. 5. Climate. 6. Cities — Detroit— 
 Milwaiikee — St. Paul. 7. Historical. 8. 
 Comparative sizes. 
 
 182 WESTERN HALF OF THE UNION— l. 
 
 Celebrated for. 2. Rocky Mountains. 3. 
 Climate. 4. Highest Peaks.' 
 
 183 General Questions on Map. 
 
 184 Draw Map of Texas. Questions, v. 100. 
 
 185 TEXAS— 1. Surface. 2. Products. 
 
 186 HISTORICAL— 1. Revolution of 183G. 2. 
 
 Mexican War. 3. Mexican Cession to U. S. 
 
 187 Draw Map of Nebraska, Kansas and Indian 
 
 Territory, v. 100. 
 
 188 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— i Sur- 
 
 face. 2. Soil. 3. Timber. 4. Position of 
 Kansas — Area. 5. Union Pacific Railroad. 
 6. Omaha. 
 
 189 HISTORICAL— 1. Part of Louisiana Pur- 
 
 chase. 
 
 190 Draw Map of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and 
 
 Arizona, v. 100. 
 
 191 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— 1. High 
 
 Section. 2. Gold and Silver. 3. Lack of 
 
78 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 Rain. 4. Lakes of Utah — Mormons. 5. 
 Banks of the Colorado River. G. Principal 
 Canons. 7. Cities — Salt Lake City — Denver. 
 
 192 Draw Map of California and Nevada, v. 100. 
 
 193 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— 1. Cha- 
 
 racteristics of Cal. 2. Products. 3. Com- 
 merce. 4. San Francisco. 5. Nevada, re- 
 markable for. 6. Nevada's access to the 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 194 HISTORICAL— 1. Discovery of California. 3. 
 
 Oregon — its original extent. 
 
 195 Draw Map of Oregon, Washington and Idaho, 
 
 V. 100. 
 
 196 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— i. Rich- 
 
 est portions. 2. Climate. n. Products. 4. 
 Commerce. :•>. Idaho's Minerals. 
 
 197 Draw Map of Wyoming, Dakotah and Montana, 
 
 V. 100. 
 
 198 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE—]. 
 
 Mountains. 2. Characteristics. 8. Natural 
 Wonders. 4. Helena. 
 
 199 ALASKA— 1. Purchase of. 2. Chief value. 
 
 200 Questions on Relief Map of U. S., v. 97. 
 
 MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 201 MEXICO— 1. Lies in what Zones. 2. Widest 
 
 part. 3. Direction. 4. Latitude. 
 
 202 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 293 Draw Map of Mexico and Central America, 
 V. 100. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 79 
 
 204 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE MEX- 
 
 ICO— l. Characteristics. 2. Climate. 3. 
 Coasts. 4. Products. 5. People— Education 
 — Habits. 6. Government. T. Wild Ani- 
 mals. 8. City of Mexico. 
 
 205 CENTRAL AMERICA— 1. Cbaracteristics. 
 
 2. Comprises. 
 
 206 HISTORICAL, MEXICO— 1. Cordova- Cor- 
 
 tez. 2. Mines. 3. Natives. 4. Former 
 Extent. 5. Texas. G. French in 1863. 
 
 WEST INDIES. 
 
 207 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 208 Draw Map, v. 100. 
 
 209 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE WEST 
 
 INDIES— 1. Include. 2. Celebrated for. 3. 
 Climate. 4. Productions. 5. Inhabitants. G. 
 Havana. 7. To what Country each belongs. 
 
 210 HISTORICAL— 1. When Discovered. 2. 
 
 Habits of Natives. 3. Slavery. 4. Cuba. 
 5. Hayti. 
 
 211 SOUTH AMERICA—l. Lies in Zones. 2. Area. 
 
 3. Eastern Point. 4. Western Point. .5. Shape. 
 
 212 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 213 Draw Map, v. 100. 
 
 214 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE- 1. Use 
 
 Relief Map, v. 97. 2. Celebrated for. 
 Mountain Systems. 3. The Andes — Highest 
 Peaks— Base— In Center —North. 4. Other 
 Mountains. 5. Plain of the Amazon. 6. 
 Forests. 
 
80 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 7. Llanos and Pampas. 8. Chief Exports. 
 9. Coffee. 10. Animals, 11. Minerals anc 
 Precious Stones. 12. Brazil — Grovernment — 
 Size. 13. Torrid Zone. 14. Rainfall. 
 
 215 HISTORICAL— 1. Discovery. 2. Settlements. 
 
 3. Balboa. 4. Peru and Spain. 5. Govern- 
 ments. G. Republics, 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 216 GENERAL REMARKS— l. Situation. 2. 
 
 Extent. 3. Latitudes compared. 
 
 217 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 218 Draw Map, v. 100. 
 
 219 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— 1. Use 
 
 Relief Map. Art. 97. 2. Remarkable for. 
 3. Surface. 4. Principal Mountains— Highest. 
 5. The Great Plains. G. Rivers— Sources. 
 7. Lakes. 8. Climate. 9. Products. 10. 
 Countries of. 
 
 ENGLAND AND WALES. 
 
 220 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 221 Draw Map, v. 100. 
 
 222 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— ENG- 
 
 LAND — 1. Surface. 2. Mountains. 3. 
 Lakes. 4. Climate. 5. Iron— Coal— Manu- 
 factures. 6. Cities and Manufactures — 
 London — Liverpool. 
 
 223 WALES— 1. Characteristics. 2. Comparative 
 
 sizes of England and Wales. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGEAPHY. 81 
 
 224 HISTORICAL — ENGLAND— 1. Called Al- 
 
 bion. 2. Roman Invasion. 3. Nintli Cen- 
 tury. 4. Invasions of. 5. Norman Rule. 
 6. French and Scottish Wars. 7. American 
 Revolution. 8. Government. 9. Parliament. 
 10. United Kingdom comprises. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 225 Questions on Map, v. 23 et seq. 
 
 226 GENERAL REMARKS— Edinburgh— Glas- 
 
 gow. 
 
 227 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— l. Char- 
 
 acteristics. 2. The Highlands. 3. The Low- 
 lands. 4. Manufactures. 5. People. 
 
 228 HISTORICAL— 1. Original Inhabitants. 2. 
 
 Romans — Picts — Scots. 3. In Thirteenth 
 and Fourteenth Centuries. 4. Union with 
 England. 5. Christianity Introduced. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 229 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 '230 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— 1. Sur- 
 face. 2. Climate. 3. Products. 4. Rivers 
 and Lakes. 5. Cities. 6. Bog — Peat. 
 
 231 HISTORIC AL—1. Name Ireland. 2. Governed 
 first. 3. Invasions and Insurrections. 4. 
 Characteristics of People. 
 6 
 
82 . TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 232 Questions on Map.. Art. 92 et seq. 
 
 233 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— l. Sur- 
 
 face. 2. Climate. 3. Products. 4. Exports. 
 5. Paris. 6. Frencli people. 7. Population. 
 8. Its Foreign Possessions. 
 
 234 HISTORICAL— 1. Gaul. 2. Annexed to Ro- 
 
 man Empire. 3. Franks. 4. Charlemagne 
 — Napoleon Bonaparte — Louis Napoleon. 
 
 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 235 Questions on Map. Art. 92 et seq. 
 
 236 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— l. Sur- 
 
 face. 2. Climate. 3. Cliief Exports. 4. 
 Useful Metals. 5. People — Ancestry of — 
 Language — Education. 6. Andorra. 
 
 237 HISTORICAL — 1. Original Inhabitants. 2. 
 
 Possessors. 3. The Portuguese in the Fif- 
 teenth and Sixteenth Centuries. 4. Portu- 
 guese Colonies. 
 
 HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. 
 
 238 Questions on Map. Art. 92 et seq. i 
 
 239 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— HOL- 
 
 LAND — 1. Words Holland and Netherlands 
 signify. 2. Surface. 3. Drainage. 4. Lead- 
 ing Occupations. 5. Climate. 
 
 240 BELGIUM— 1. Noted for. 2. Language. 
 
 241 HISTORICAL— l' Rulers— Holland in Seven- 
 
 teenth Century. 2. With France. 3. United 
 Netherlands. 4. As separate Kingdoms. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 83 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 242 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 243 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— l. Ger- 
 
 man Empire comprises. 2. Prussia — Sur- 
 face — Climate — Mineral Products — Educa- 
 tional System. 3. Grain — Grapes — Sheep — 
 Forests. 4. National Cliaracteristics of Peo- 
 ple. 5. The Rhine — Trade — Scenery. 6. 
 Population. 7. Berlin. 
 
 244 HISTORICAL— 1. Part of the Empire of the 
 
 West. 2. Early Inhabitants. 3. Germanic 
 Confederation. 4. Prussia's War with Aus- 
 tria — with France. 5. Poland. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 245 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 246 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— i. Sur 
 
 face. 2. Products. 3. Hungarian Provinces. 
 4. German Provinces. 5. Exports. 6. Salt 
 Mines. 7. Races — Language. 8. Population. 
 
 247 HISTORICAL -1. The name Austria. 2. Aus- 
 
 tria's Gains and Losses of Territory. 3. 
 War of 1866 and Results. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 248 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 249 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— l. Sur- 
 
 face. 2. Scenery. 3. Mountains. 4. Cli- 
 mate. 5. People — Occupations. 6. Manu- 
 factures. 7. Language. 8. Education. 9. 
 Government. 10. Population. 
 
84 TOPICAL COUESE OF STUDY. 
 
 250 HISTORICAL — 1. Roman rule. 2. Frank 
 
 rule. 3. Name signifies. 4. The Confedera- 
 tion. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 251 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 252 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE — i 
 
 Noted for. 2. Alps. 3. Apennines. 4. 
 The Po. 5. Lakes. 6. Western Coast, r. 
 Climate — Central — Southern. 8. Products. 
 9. People. 
 
 253 SAN MARINO. 
 
 254 HISTORICAL— ITALY— 1. Settled by. 2. 
 
 Rome — Founded — Extent of Dominion. 8. 
 Constantine. 4. States of Italy. 5. Pom- 
 peii. 
 
 SWEDEN, NORWAY, AND 
 DENMARK. 
 
 255 Draw Map, v. 100. 
 
 256 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— SWE- 
 
 DEN AND NORWAY— 1. Government. 
 
 2. Characteristics. 3. Exports. 
 
 257 DENMARK — 1. Comprises. 2. People of. 
 
 3. Copenhagen. 4. Hammerfest. 5. Reli- 
 gion. 6. Laplanders. 
 
 258 HISTORICAL — 1. Early History. 2. Con- 
 
 verted to Christianity. 3. Gustavus Adol- 
 phus. 4. Norway to Sweden. 5. Denmark 
 — The Danes. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 85 
 
 RUSSIA, TURKEY, AND GREECE. 
 
 259 Draw Map, v. 100. 
 
 260 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— RUS- 
 
 SIA — 1. Characteristics. 2. Animals. 8. 
 Exports. 4. People. 
 
 261 TURKEY — 1. Possessions. 2. Surface in 
 
 Europe. 3. Leading Exports. 4. People. 
 5. Religion. 6. Habits of People — Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 262 GREECE — 1. Situation. 2. Cliaracteri sties. 
 
 3. Exports. 4. People — Religion — Occupa- 
 tions. 5. Government. 
 
 263 HISTORICAL — 1. Greece. 2. Peter the 
 
 Great. 3. Moscow and Napoleon. 4. War 
 between Russia and Turkey, 1854. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 264 GENERAL REMARKS — 1. Comparative 
 
 size. 2. Greatest Extent. 3. Area — 'i 
 where ? 4. Highest Peaks, 
 
 265 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 266 Exercise on Relief Map, v. 97. 
 
 267 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE — SI- 
 
 BERIA— i. Surface — North — South. 2. 
 Climate. 3. Yakoutsk. 4. Rich in what. 5. 
 Inhabitants — White — Native. 
 
 268 INDIA— (1. Refer to Map, as to Rivers, Cities, 
 
 Gulfs.) 2. Remarkable for. 3. Surface. 4. 
 . Himalayas. 5. British India. 6. The Low- 
 lands. 7. The Rainfall. 8. Valley of the 
 
86 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 Ganges. 9. Trees of. 10. Cliief Exports. 
 11. Wild Animals. 12. Hindoos— Their Re- 
 ligion. 13. Population. 14. Calcutta. 15. 
 Farther India. 
 
 269 SOUTHWESTERN ASIA— Questions on 
 
 Map (Arabia, Turkey, Persia, Turke- 
 stan, Afghanistan, and Beloochistan). i. 
 Noted for. 2. Desert Region. 3. Tribes — 
 Language — Religion — Nomadic — Sheiks. 
 
 4. Inland Trade. 5. Chief Exports. 6. Af- 
 ghans. 7. Bedouins. 8. People of Western 
 Asia. 9. Largest Cities. 10. Turkestan. 
 11. Damascus — Mecca — Mocha. 12. Arabia 
 — Surface — People. 13. Wahaba. 
 
 270 PALESTINE — Questions on Map. 1. Gov- 
 
 ernment. 2. Size. 3. Surface. 4. Pro- 
 ducts. 
 
 CHINA AND JAPAN. 
 
 271 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 272 CHINESE EMPIRE — 1. Population. 2. 
 
 Surface. 3. Products. 4. Manufactures. 
 
 5. Climate. 6. Races — Characteristics. 7. 
 Religions. 8. Change of Customs. 9. Use 
 of Opium. 10. Great Wall. 11. Cities — 
 Pekin— Canton. 12. Thibet. 
 
 273 EMPIRE OF JAPAN — 1. Comprises. 2. 
 
 Area. 3. Population. 4. Climate. 5. 
 Mountains. 6. Agriculture. 7. Principal 
 Food. 8. Mineral Products. 9. Islands — 
 Remarkable for. lO. Race. 11. Manufac- 
 tures. 12. Perry's Treaty. 13. Earliest 
 Accounts. 14. Education. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 87 
 
 274 CHINESE LANGUAGE. 
 
 275 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 
 
 276 MANILLA. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 277 GENERAL REMARKS— 1. Remarkable for. 
 
 2. Coasts. 3. Mountains. 
 
 278 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 279 Use Relief Map, v. 97. 
 
 280 PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE— 1. Sur- 
 
 face. 2. Lakes. 3. Products. 4. Wild 
 Animals. 
 
 281 BARBARY STATES — 1. Comprise. 2. 
 
 People. 3. Rains. 4. Products. 5. Gov- 
 ernments. 
 
 282 EGYPT -1. Latitude. 2. Valley of the Nile. 
 
 3. European and Indian Trade. 4. Inhabit- 
 ants— Language. 5. Cairo. 6. Celebrated for. 
 
 283 NUBIA— 1. Surface. 2. People. 
 
 284 ABYSSINIA— 1. Noted for. 2. Forests and 
 
 Pastures. 3. States. 4. Government. 5. 
 Religion. 
 
 285 SAHARA— 1. Surface. 2. Oases. 
 
 286 SOUDAN— 1. Comprises. 2. Trade. 3. Cli- 
 
 mate. 4. Negroes. 
 
 287 LIBERIA. 
 
 288 BRITISH COLONIES- 1. Sierra Leone. 2. 
 
 Others in Africa. 
 
88 TOPICAL COUKSE OF STUDY. 
 
 289 SETTLEMENTS on WESTERN- COAST— 
 
 1. To whom belonging. 
 
 290 WHITE INHABITANTS. 
 
 291 KAFFIRS. 
 
 292 Diamonds, Ivory, Gold. 
 
 293 GOVERNMENTS of SAFALA, MOZAM- 
 
 BIQUE and ZANGUEBAR. 
 
 294 People of Eastern Africa. 
 
 295 Celebrated Explorers of Africa. 
 
 296 MADAGASCAR— 1. Occupations of People. 
 
 297 ANCIENT EGYPTIANS and CARTHA- 
 
 GINIANS. 
 
 OCEANICA. 
 
 298 Questions on Map, v. 92 et seq. 
 
 299 Draw Map of Australia, v. 97. 
 
 300 Oceanica — l. Comprises. 
 
 301 AUSTRALIA— 1. Size. 2. Mountains. 3. 
 
 Southeastern Part. 4. Wealth. 5. Climate. 
 6. Possessions of Great Britain. 7. Inhab- 
 itants — British — Native. 8. Cannibals of 
 New Zealand. 9. Characteristics of New 
 Zealand. 
 
 302 PAPUA— 1. Surface. 2. Products. 3. Inhab- 
 
 itants. 
 
 303 ISLANDS OF MAYLAYSIA— 1. Noted for. 
 
 2. Most important Islands. 3. Products. 
 
COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. 89 
 
 4. The Bamboo. 5. Animals. 6. Birds. 
 7. Inhabitants. 8. Java — Noted for. 
 
 304 SANDWICH ISLANDS— 1. Remarkable for. 
 
 2. Inhabitants. 3. Government. 
 
 305 GENERAL EXERCISES in PHYSICAL 
 
 GEOGRAPHY— See v. 99. 
 
 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 306 EXERCISES on MAP of ROME, A.D. 107. 
 
 307 HISTORICAL— Use Maps— l. First settled 
 
 parts of the Earth. 2, Garden of Eden — 
 Location. 3. The Deluge. 4. Babylon — 
 Nebuchadnezzar — Fall of Babylon. 5. Per- 
 sian Empire. 6. Great Empires of Antiquity. 
 
 308 ROME — 1. Founded. 2. Its Territory. 3. 
 
 Growth— Fall. 4. Julius Caesar. 5. Em- 
 perors of the First Century. 6. Augustus 
 and his reign. 7. First Christian Emperor. 
 
 309 MAP OF ANCIENT ITALY, QUESTIONS 
 
 ON. 
 
 310 EXERCISES on MAP of ANCIENT 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 311 ANCIENT GREECE— 1. Most powerful 
 
 States. 2. Marathon. 3. Athens. 4. Xerxes. 
 
 5. Corinth. 6. Learning of the Greeks. 
 7. Climate then. 8. Philip of Macedon. 
 9. Alexander the Great. 10. Cleopatra. 
 
 312 EXERCISES ON ROUTES OF TRAVEL 
 
 IN U. S., with Maps showing the Railroads. 
 
 313 TOUR in EUROPE. 
 
Geammae. 
 
 PRIMARY. 
 
 I^W Ex. — Sentence in pupil's own words, illus- 
 trating. 
 
 1 To Teacher. — Familiarize the pupil by ques- 
 tioning, with the distinctive uses of words, 
 V. 43. 
 
 MODEL — The word America makes us 
 think of what ? — is the name of what ? 
 
 America was discovered. Something is 
 said of America — what ? 
 
 The word Columbus is the name of? — 
 Makes us think of ? 
 
 Columbus discovered America. 
 
 Who discovered America ? 
 Columbus did what ? 
 What did Columbus discover ? 
 What word tells who discovered America ? 
 What word tells what Columbus did f 
 What word tells what Columbus dis- 
 covered ? 
 
 What is the use of the word Columbus ? 
 What is the use of the word discovered f 
 What is the use of the word America ? 
 Who do we talk about ? 
 What is said of him ? 
 90 
 
GRAMMAR. 91 
 
 2 To Teacher, — i. Drill on Objects. 2. How 
 
 learned of — Through the senses — Through 
 seeing pictures — By words. 3. Use pictures 
 — Pupil make simple sentences from objects 
 and actions represented in the picture. 4. 
 Drill on these sentences as in 1. 
 
 What is a picture ? 
 
 How does a picture represent f 
 
 How do words represent ? 
 
 What is a name ? 
 
 3 LANGUAGE — 1. Natural. 2. Artificial. 3. 
 
 Our Language. 
 
 4 WORDS— 1. Naming or Nouns— 5 Ex. 2. De- 
 
 claring, Verbs — 5 Ex. 3. Nouns — 5 Ex. 
 
 4. Names of things that can be seen — 5 Ex. 
 
 5. Names of things that cannot be seen, but 
 can be thought of — 5 Ex. 
 
 5. Combining Words — l. Declaration. 2. Noun 
 and Verb. 3. Proposition. 4. Sentence. 5. 
 Expression of thought in a picture — in 
 words. 
 
 To Teacher, — Children play — Drill on 
 naming word — Declaring word — the Sen- 
 tence — Pupils make 5 sentences, as, Rabbits 
 eat clover, v. 1, which nouns — which 
 verbs. 
 
 6 SUBJECT — 1. In five sentences underline the 
 subject as. Birds fly. 
 
 To Teacher, — Drill on what fly — 
 What is said of the bi7'ds, etc., v. 1. 
 
 2. Subject is what part of speech — 3 Ex. 
 — underline nouns and pronouns. 
 
92 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 3. Pronouns — List of, with Ex. of each 
 underlined. 
 
 7 PREDICATE — Underline Predicate in 5 Exs. 
 
 1. What a predicate must have — Ex. 2. 
 What a predicate may have — Ex. — May 
 consist of — Ex . 3. Place in sentence. 
 
 8 General Drill o)i Subject cuid Predi- 
 
 cate,— 10 Ex. 
 
 9 OBJECT— Underline object in 3 Ex. l. What 
 
 part of speech. 2. Place of. 
 
 10 ELEMENTS— 1. Principal — Ex. 2. Adjunct 
 
 — 2 Ex. 3. Adjuncts limiting Subject — lim- 
 iting Predicate — limiting Object — limiting- 
 Subject and Object — limiting Subject, Pred- 
 icate and Object — Ex. of each. 4. Adjec- 
 tives — Ex. 5. Adverbs — Ex. c. Adjective, 
 Adverbs — Ex. 7. Adverbial, Adjective — Ex. 
 
 11 General Drill. — l. On Offices of words used 
 
 in Examples. 
 
 ^° To T€ac7ie?\—The office of a given 
 word is best found by asking the pupil a 
 question which will require the right use of 
 the word as the proper answer, e. g., The 
 diligent pupil recites well. The office of the 
 word diligent * is to show what pupils recite 
 well, so ask what pupils recite well? An- 
 swer. The diligent. 
 
 2. On Parts of Speech of the words used 
 in Examples. 
 
 12 DIAGRAMS AND PARSING. 
 
 To Teacher. — In teaching Grammar, 
 the usefulness of Diagrams which instantly 
 
GRAMMAR. 93 
 
 and prominently distinguish to the eye the 
 ofl&ce and relation of words, is obvious, as 
 is also the necessity of constantly using the 
 Drill of Parsing. The extent, character, 
 and frequency of the use of these most 
 material aids must necessarily depend on 
 the Text, and the Teacher. 
 
 13 SENTENCES— 1. Transitive— Ex. 2. Intran- 
 
 sitive — Ex. 3. Simple— Ex. 4. Compound 
 — Ex. 5. Auxiliary — Ex. 6. As Subject — 
 Ex. r. As Object — Ex. 8. Substantive — 
 Ex. 9. Auxiliary as Adjunct of Subject- 
 Ex. — As Adjunct of Object — As Adjunct of 
 Predicate. 10. Adverbial — Ex. 11. Princi- 
 pal — Ex. 
 
 14 PHRASE — Underline Phrase in 5 Ex. 1. 
 
 Principal Elements — Ex. 2. Leader — Ex. 
 3. Subsequent — Ex. 4. Adjunct Elements 
 — Ex. — Analyze and Parse — Exs., v. 13. 
 5. Substantive Phrase as Subject — Ex. — 
 As Object — Ex. 6. Adjective — Ex. 7. Ad- 
 verbial — Ex. 8. Independent — Ex. 
 
 15 ANALYSIS— 1. Of Sentences— Principal Ele- 
 
 ments — Adjunct Elements. 2. Of Phrases 
 — Principal Elements — Adjunct Ele- 
 ments, V. 13. 
 
 16 PHRASE FORMS-1. Prepositional— Ex.— A 
 
 Preposition. 2. Infinitive — Ex. 3. Partici- 
 ple — Ex. 4. Independent — Ex., v. 14 8. 
 5. A Participle. 
 
 17 SIGNS OF IDEAS— 1. Pictures. 2. Words- 
 
 Spoken — Written. 
 
94 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 18 WORDS — 1. Lexicograpliy. 2. Orthography. 
 
 3. Etymology — Parts of Speech. 
 
 19 NOUN— 1. Common— Ex. 2. Proper— Ex. 3. 
 
 Abstract — Ex. 4. Collective — Ex. 5. Ver- 
 bal—Ex. 6. Modifications of. 
 
 20 GENDER — 1. Masculine — Ex. 2. Feminine 
 
 — Ex. 3. Neuter — Ex. 4. How distin- 
 guished — By different words — Ex. — By addi- 
 tional letters — Ex. — By prefixing or adding 
 other words — Ex. 
 
 21 PERSON— 1. First— Ex. 2. Second— Ex. 3. 
 
 Third— Ex. 
 
 22 NUMBER— 1. Singular— Ex. 2. Plural— Ex. 
 
 23 CASE— 1. Subjectwe—E^.—Biow known— TT^o 
 
 or WJiat before Predicate? 2. Objective — 
 Ex. — Whom or what. 3. Predicative — Ex. 
 
 4. Independent — Ex. — Naming — Ex. — Abso- 
 lute — Ex. — Appellative — Ex. — Appositive — 
 Ex. 5. Possessive — Ex. — Adjective — Ex. 
 6. Recapitulation. 
 
 24 PRONOUNS— 1. Antecedent of— First Person 
 
 — Second Person — Third Person. 2. Per- 
 sonal —Table of. 3. Relative or Conjunctive 
 — List of. 4. Interrogative — Ex. 5. Adjec- 
 tive — List of — Ex. 6. Recapitulation. 
 
 25 VERBS — 1. How used— Ex. 2. Finite— Ex. 
 
 3. Infinite — Ex. 4. Transitive — Ex. 5. In- 
 transitive — Ex. 
 
 26 VOICE—]. Active— Ex. 2. Passive— Ex. 
 
 27 MODES— 1. Indicative— Ex. 2. Potential— Ex: 
 
 3. Subjunctive — Ex. 4. Imperative— Ex. 
 
 5. Infinitive— Ex. 
 
GRAMMAE. 95 
 
 28 TENSE— 1. Prior Past— Ex. 2. Past— Ex. 3. 
 
 Prior Present — Ex. 4. Present — Ex. 5. 
 Prior Future— Ex. 6. Future— Ex. 
 
 29 PARTICIPLES— i. Simple— Ex. 2. Compound 
 
 —Ex. 3. Present— Ex. 4. Past— Ex. 
 
 30 CONJUGATION— 1. Regular. 2. Irregular. 
 
 31 VERBS— 1. Defective— Ex. 2. Auxiliary— Ex. 
 
 3. Principal — Ex. 
 
 32 TABLES and PARADIGMS of CONJU- 
 
 GATION—!. Regular. 2. Form for Active 
 voice. 3. Form for Passive voice. 4. 
 Paradigm of To Lorn. 5. Irregular. 6. 
 List of Irregular Verbs with Principal Parts. 
 
 7. Paradigm of To Be. 8. Participles. 9. 
 Synopsis of Irregular Verb Come — Do— Go 
 —Eat. 
 
 33 ADJECTIVES— 1. Qualifying— Ex.— Compari- 
 
 son — 3 Ex. 2. Specifying — Ex. 3. Rare — 
 Ex. 4. Numeral — Ex. 5. Possessive — 
 Ex. G. Verbal— Y.^. 7. Derivation of — Ex. 
 
 8. Adjectives in Predicate. 
 
 34 ADVERBS— 1. Of Manner— Ex. 2. Of Time- 
 
 Ex. 3. Of Place— Ex. 4. Of Degree— Ex. 
 5. Of Cause— Ex. 6. Of Negation— Ex.— 
 Comparison of. 7. Adverbial Phrase — Ex. 
 8. Adverbial Sentence — Ex. 9. Derivation 
 of Adverbs. 
 
 35 PREPOSITIONS— 1. List of, with Ex. of each. 
 
 2. Double Prepositions. 3. Antecedent 
 may be what ? 4. Object may be what ? 
 
 36 CONJUNCTIONS— 1. List of, with Ex. of 
 
 each. 2. Adverbial. 
 
96 TOPICAL COUESE OF STUDY. 
 
 37 EXCLAMATIONS— Ex. 
 
 38 WORDS of EUPHONY— 1. List of, with Ex. 
 
 SYNTAX— V. 43. 
 
 39 SYNTAX— 1. Of Subject— Rnle. 2. Of Pro- 
 
 nouns — Rule. 3. Of Predicate — Rule. 4. 
 Of Predicate Nouns and Pronouns — Rule. 
 5. Of the Object — Rule. 6. Of Adjectives — 
 Rule. 7. Of Adverbs— Rule. 8. Of the 
 Infinitive Verb — Rule. 9. Of Prepositions- 
 Rule. 
 
 40 COMPOSITION — 1. Prose. 2. Poetry. 3. 
 
 Punctuation v. Reading, v. 27. 
 
 41 MISCELLANEOUS COMPOSITION — 1. 
 
 Such paragraphs as should be used in mak- 
 ing notes of observations, or hearing con- 
 versation, speech, lecture, or sermon. 2. 
 Paragraphs suitable for printing in news- 
 papers. 3. Writing from heads or subjects. 
 4. Essay. 5. Correspondence — Letter of 
 friendship — Letter of business. G. Busi- 
 ness composition — Notes — Bills — Invoices. 
 
 42 DRILL on ANALYSIS and PARSING— For 
 
 Review of work thus far, using Ex. from 
 the miscellaneous compositions of the pupil. 
 
 43 To Teacher'. — The pupil is building sen- 
 
 tences when thinking or speaking. Every 
 pupil has a multitude of sentences at com- 
 mand. If these, the pupil's own sentences, 
 
GEAMMAR. 97 
 
 are correctly constructed and the pupil is 
 familiar with the reasons why they are 
 correctly constructed, he has the best possi- 
 ble foundation for intelligent, correct, and 
 efl&cient use of his language and appreciation 
 of the force and beauty of every expression 
 in it. 
 
HiSTOET 
 
 OF United States. 
 
 1 General Directions to Teacher,— \. Have 
 
 each pupil draw outline map of North Amer- 
 ica, 12 by 18 inches, merely tracing coast, 
 West Indies, mountains and rivers. As dis- 
 coveries and explorations are studied in the 
 text, have the pupil note them on his map, 
 indicating also the region occupied by the 
 respective Indian tribes, and the boundaiies 
 of the colonies, and possessions of foreign 
 governments. 
 
 2. When the Epoch of the Revolution is 
 reached, pupil make another map of same 
 size, giving the National, State, and Terri- 
 torial boundaries in tracing, filling in with 
 heavier lines, as States or Territories are 
 formed, giving dates. 
 
 3. Have pupil make a chronology of each 
 lesson, and at end of week arranged in 
 order of calendar. 
 
 2 Who First Settled America ? — Possibilities. 
 
 3 AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES— 1. Mounds. 2. 
 
 Mound -Builders. 
 
HISTORY OF Ui^ITED STATES. 99 
 
 4 THE INDIANS— 1 Numbers of. 2. Character- 
 
 istics. 3. Present condition of. 
 
 5 THE NORTHMEN. 
 
 6 EPOCHS of our Country's History.— \. Early 
 
 Discoveries and Settlements. 2. Develop- 
 ment of the Colonies. 3. Revolutionary 
 War. 4. Development of the States, 5. 
 The Civil War. 6. Reconstruction and Pass- 
 ing Events. 
 
 7 Geography and Navigation in the Fifteenth Cen- 
 
 • tury — 1. Travelers' Stories of the East. 2. 
 Problem of the Kge. 
 
 8 COLUMBUS— 1. His Plan for reaching the East 
 
 Indies. 2. At the Court of Portugal. 3. At 
 the Court of Spain. 4. His Equipment. 5. 
 Incidents of the Voyage. 6. The Landing. 
 7. Further Discoveries by. 8. His Return to 
 Spain. 9. Subsequent Voyages by him. 
 
 9 now America icas named. 
 
 10 JOHN CABOT— 1. His Plan for reaching the 
 
 East Indies, and Voyage. 
 
 11 SEBASTIAN CABOT— 1. His Voyage and Re- 
 
 sults. 
 
 12 SPANISH EXPLORATIONS— 1. Feeling in 
 
 Spain. 2. Ponce de Leon. 3. Balboa. 4. De 
 Narvaez. 5. Ferdinand de Soto— His March 
 to the Mississippi River. 6. Melendez. 7. 
 Explorations on the Pacific. 8. Cabrillo. 9. 
 New Mexico. 10. Extent of Spanish Posses- 
 sions. 
 
100 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 13 FRENCH EXPLORATIONS— 1. Verazalini. 
 
 2. Cartier. 3. John Ribaut. 4. Laudonniere. 
 5. Champlain. 6. De Monts. 7. Champlain's 
 Second Voyage. 8. The Jesuit Missionaries. 
 9. Father Marquette. 10. La Salle. 11. Re- 
 sults. 
 
 14 ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS— 1. Frobisher. 
 
 2. Sir Francis Drake. 3. Sir Humphrey Gil- 
 bert. 4. Sir Walter Raleigh — First and Sec- 
 ond Attempt. 5. Trading Voyages. 6. The 
 London Company, r. The Plymouth Com- 
 pany. 8. The Charter granted to these Com- 
 panies. 
 
 15 DUTCH EXPLORATIONS— I.Henry Hudson. 
 
 16 MAP out Extent of Explorations by the respec- 
 
 tive countries. 
 
 17 m^cd Claims of Ea'ploring Countries. 
 
 18 Two Centuries of Explorations and One of Settle- 
 
 ment. 
 
 19 Chronology of the First Epoch. 
 
 20 Development of the English Colonies. 
 
 21 VIRGINIA— 1. Character of Colonists. 2. John 
 
 Smith — His Adventures. 3. The Second 
 Charter. 4. Starving Time. 5. Third Char- 
 ter. 6. Pocohontas. 7. First Colonial As 
 sembly. 8. Prosperity of the Colony, n. 
 Slavery. 10. Indian Troubles. 11. A Royal 
 Province. 12. Period of Oppression. 13. 
 Bacon's Rebellion. 
 
 22 MASSACHUSETTS— 1. The Plymouth Com- 
 
 pany. 
 
HISTORY OF UN^ITED STATES. 101 
 
 23 THE PLYMOUTH COLONY— l. Settlement. 
 
 2. The Pilgrims— Their Sufferings. 3. The 
 Indians. 4. Progress. 
 
 24 MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY— 1. Re- 
 
 ligious Disturbances. 2. Roger Williams. 
 
 3. Mrs. Anne Hutchinson. 4. The Quakers. 
 
 25 Union of the Colonies. 
 
 26 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 27 NEW ENGLAND— 1. A Royal Province. 
 
 28 Salem Witchcraft. 
 
 29 MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 30 CONNECTICUT— 1. Settlement. 2. Pequod 
 
 War. 3. The Three Colonies. 4. A Royal 
 Charter. 
 
 31 RHODE ISLAND— 1. Settlement. 2. A Char- 
 
 ter. 
 
 32 NEW YORK— 1. Settlement. 2. The Four 
 
 Dutch Governors. 3. The English Gover- 
 nors. 
 
 33 NEW JERSEY— 1. Settlement. 2. East and 
 
 W^est Jersey. 3. New Jersey united. 
 
 34 PENNSYLVANIA— 1. William Penn. 2. Phil- 
 
 adelphia Founded. 3. The Great Law. 
 
 4. Penn's Treaty. 5. Penn's Return. 
 
 35 DELAWARE. 
 
 36 MARYLAND— 1. Settlement. 2. Charter. 3. 
 
 Civil Wars. 4. Clayborne's Rebellion. 5. 
 Protestants and Catholics. 
 
102 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 37 THE CAROLINAS— 1. Settlement. 2. Grand 
 
 Model. 3. North and Soutli Carolina sep- 
 arated. 
 
 38 GEORGIA— 1. Settlement. 
 
 39 INTERCOLONIAL WARS— 1. Cause. 2. 
 
 Attacks on the Colonists. 3. Attacks by the 
 Colonists. 4. Peace. 
 
 40 QUEENANNE'S WAR— 1. Cause. 2. Attacks 
 
 on the Colonists. 3. Attacks by the Colo- 
 nists. 4. Peace. 
 
 41 KING GEORGE'S WAR— 1. Capture of Louis- 
 
 burg. 
 
 42 FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS— l. Cause. 
 
 2. Washington's Journey, 3. War Opens. 
 
 4. The five objective Points of the War. 
 
 5. Fort du Quesne. 0. Acadia and Louis- 
 burg. 7. Crown Point and Ticonderoga. 
 8. Niagara. 9. Quebec. 10. Peace. 11. Pon- 
 tiac's War. 12. Effects of French and Indian 
 Wars. 
 
 43 The Colonies in 1763. — l. Condition. 2. Manners 
 
 and Customs. 3. Middle Colonies. 4. South- 
 ern Colonies. .5. Education in Eastern 
 Colonies — in Middle Colonies— in Southern 
 Colonies. 
 
 44 Chronology of Second Epoch. 
 
 45 THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR— 1. Remote 
 
 Causes. 2. Writs of Assistance. 3. The 
 Stamp Act. 4. Mutiny Act. 5. Boston Mas- 
 sacre. 6. Boston Tea-Party. 7. Climax 
 Eeached. 8. First Continental Congress. 
 
HISTORY OF UJ^ITED STATES. 103 
 
 46 1775—1. Battle of Lexington. 2. Battle of 
 
 Bunker Hill. 3. Capture of Ticonderoga. 
 4. Second Continental Congress. 5. Condi- 
 tion of the Army. 6. Expedition against 
 Canada, r. Attack on Quebec. 
 
 47 1776 — 1. Evacuation of Boston. 2. Attack on 
 
 Fort Moultrie. 3. Declaration of Indepen- 
 dence. 4. Campaign near New York. 5. 
 Battle of Long Island. 6. Washington's 
 Retreat. 7. Condition of the Country. 8. 
 Battle of Trenton. 
 
 48 1777—1. Battle of Princeton. 2. Battle of 
 
 Brandywine. 3. Battle of Germantown. 4. 
 End of Campaign in Pennsylvania. o. 
 Campaign in the North. G. Burgoyne's In- 
 vasion, r. Burgoyne's Difficulties. 8. The 
 two Battles of Saratoga — Effects. 
 
 49 1778—1. Winter in Valley Forge. 2. Aid from 
 
 France. 3. Battle of Monmouth. 4. Cam- 
 paign in Rhode Island. .5. Wyoming mas- 
 sacre. 
 
 50 1779 — 1. Campaign at the South. 2. Campaign 
 
 at the North. 3. Capture of Stony Point. 
 4. General Sullivan's Expedition. 5. Naval 
 Exploits. 
 
 51 1780—1. Campaign at the South. 2. Battle of 
 
 Camden. 3. Partisan Corps. 4. Continen- 
 tal Money. 5. Arnold's Treason. 
 
 52 1781—1. The War at the South. 2. Green's 
 
 Retreat. 3. Campaign Closed. 4. The War 
 at the North. 5. Siege of Yo7'ktown — The 
 
104 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 Surrender— Effect. 6. Difficulties of Coun- 
 trj and Army. 7. Peace Declared. 8. 
 "Weakness of the Government. 9. Consti- 
 tution Adopted. 
 
 53 Chronology of the Third Epoch. 
 
 54 DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES— 1. 
 
 Washington's Inauguration. 2. Difficulties 
 of the new Government. 3. Domestic Affairs. 
 4. Whisky Rebellion. 5. Indian Wars. 6. 
 Foreign Affairs — England — Spain and Al- 
 giers — France. 7. Political Parties, 
 
 55 ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION— 1. Alien and 
 
 Sedition Laws. 2. Foreign Affairs— France. 
 3. Political Parties. 
 
 56 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION— i. Do- 
 
 mestic Affairs. 2. Purchase of Louisiana. 
 
 3. Aaron Burr. 4. Fulton's Steamboat. 5. 
 Foreign Affairs. 6. Political Parties. 
 
 57 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION— 1 . Domes- 
 
 tic Affairs 2. Battle of Tippecanoe. 3. For- 
 eign Affairs — England. 
 
 58 SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN— 
 
 1. Surrender of Detroit. 2. Battle of Queens- 
 town Heights. 3. Naval Victories — Consti- 
 tution and Guerriere — Frolic and Wasp — 
 Effect of these Victories. 
 
 59 1813 — 1. Plan of Campaign. 2. Armies of the 
 
 Center and North. 3. Army of the West. 
 
 4. Perry's Victory. 5. Battle of the Thames 
 — Effect. 6. Naval Battles — Chesapeake 
 and Shannon. 7. War with the Creeks. 8. 
 Ravages on the Atlantic Coast. 
 
HISTOEY OF UNITED STATES. 105 
 
 60 1814—1. Battle of Lundy's Lane. 2. Battle of 
 
 Lake Champlain. 3. Ravages on the At- 
 lantic Coast. 4. Peace. 5. Battle of New 
 Orleans. 6. Results of the War. 7. Polit- 
 ical Parties. 
 
 61 MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION—]. Domes- 
 
 tic Affairs. 2. Missouri Compromise. 3. 
 Lafayette's Visit. 4. Foreign Affairs. 5. 
 Florida. 6. Monroe Doctrine. 7. Political 
 Parties. 
 
 62 J- Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 63 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION — l. Do- 
 
 mestic Affairs. 2. Nullification. 3. Specu- 
 lation. 4. Indian Troubles. 5. Foreign 
 Affairs— France. G. Political Parties. 
 
 64 VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION — l. 
 
 Domestic Affairs. 2. Foreign Affairs. 3. 
 Patriot War. 4. Northern Boundary. 5. 
 Political Parties. 
 
 65 HARRISON'S AND TYLER'S ADMINIS- 
 
 TRATION—!. Domestic Affairs. 2. The 
 Dorr Rebellion. 3. Anti-Rent Difficulties. 
 4. The Mormons. 5. Foreign Affairs. G. An- 
 nexation of Texas. 7. Northern Boundary. 
 8. Political Parties. 
 
 66 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION— 1. War with 
 
 Mexico. 2. Campaign on the Rio Grande. 
 3. Invasion of Mexico. 
 
 67 Conquest of New Mexico and California. 
 
 68 General Scotfs Army — i. Capture of Vera Cruz. 
 
 2. March to Mexico. 3. Battle of Cerro 
 Gordo. 4. Battles before Mexico. 5. Peace. 
 
106 TOPICAL COUKSE OF STUDY. 
 
 69 1. Domestic Affairs. 2. Wilmot Proviso. -3. Dis- 
 
 covery of Gold in California. 4. Political 
 Parties. 
 
 70 TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINIS- 
 
 TRATION—!. Domestic Affairs. 2. Com- 
 promise of 1850. 3. Invasion of Cuba. 4. 
 Political Parties. 
 
 71 PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION— 1. Domestic 
 
 Affairs. 2. Kansas- Nebraska Bill. 3. Bor- 
 der Warfare. 4. Foreign Affairs — Mexico 
 — Japan. 5. Political Parties. 
 
 72 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION — l. 
 
 Domestic Affairs. 2. Dred Scott Decision. 
 3. Fugitive Slave Law. 4. John Brown. 
 5. Political Parties. G. The South secedes. 
 7. Fort Sumter. 
 
 73 States admitted during the Fourth Epoch. 
 
 74 Chronology of the Fourth Epoch. 
 
 75 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION— 1. Inau- 
 
 guration. 2. Condition of the Country. 3. 
 Capture of Fort Sumter — Effect. 
 
 76 THE WAR IN VIRGINIA — l. Arlington 
 
 Heights and Alexandria. 2. Western Vir- 
 ginia. 3. Battle of Bull Run— Effect. 4. 
 Ball's Bluff. 
 
 77 The War in MISSOURL 
 
 78 THE WAR on the Sea Coast— 2. The Trent 
 
 Affair. 
 
 79 General Review of the First Year of the War. 
 
HISTORY OF UNITED STATES. 107 
 
 80 1862—1; The Situation. 2. The War in the 
 
 West. 3. Capture of Forts Henry and Don- 
 elson— Effect. 4. Battle of Shiloh. 5. Isl- 
 and No. 10. 6. Bragg's Expedition. r. 
 Battles of luka and Corinth. 8. Battle of 
 Murfreesboro' — Effect. 9. First Vicksburg 
 Expedition, lo. The War in Missouri, ii. 
 Capture of New Orleans. 12. Burnside's 
 Expedition against Roanoke Island. 13. 
 Florida and Georgia Expeditions. 14. The 
 Merrimac and the Monitor. 15. The Penin- 
 sular Campaign. 16. Siege of Yorktown, 
 17. Richmond Threatened. 18. Jackson in 
 the Shenandoah. 19. Battle of Fair Oaks. 
 20. The Union Army checked. 21. The Seven 
 Days' Battle— Effects. 22. Campaign against 
 Pope— Effects. 23. Invasion of Maryland. 
 24. Battle of Antietam— Effects. 25. Battle 
 of Fredericksburg. 26. Review of the Sec- 
 ond Year of the War. 27. The Sioux War. 
 
 81 1863—1. The Situation. 2. Second Expedition 
 
 against Vicksburg — Effects. 3. The War in 
 Tennessee and Georgia. 4. Battle of Chick- 
 amauga. 5. Battle of Chattanooga, c. Ef- 
 fects of Campaign. 7. The War in East 
 Tennessee. 8. The Battle of Chancellors- 
 ville. 9. Lee's Second Invasion of the North. 
 10. Battle of Gettysburg— First Day— Sec- 
 ond Day— Third Day— Effect. 11. Attack on 
 Charleston. 12. Review of the Third Year 
 of the War. 
 
 82 1864—1. The Situation. 2. Advance on Atlanta 
 
 — Capture of Atlanta — Effect. 3. Hood's 
 Invasion of Tennessee. 4. Battle of Nash- 
 
108 TOPICAL COURSE OF STUDY. 
 
 ville — Effect. 5. Sherman's March to the 
 Sea— Effect. 6. Battle of the Wilderness. 
 7. Battle of Spottsylvania. 8. Battle of Cold 
 Harbor. 9. Attack on Petersburg— Effect. 
 
 10. Siege of Richmond — Mine Explosion. 
 
 11. Attack on Weldon Railroad. 12. Early's 
 Raid. 13. Sheridan's Campaign — Effect. 
 14. The Red River Expedition — Effect. 15. 
 Expedition against Mobile. 16. Expedition 
 against Fort Fisher. 17. The Blockade. 
 18. General Review of the Fourth Year of 
 the War. 
 
 83 1865—1. The Situation. 2. Sherman's March 
 
 through the Carol inas. 3. Siege of Rich- 
 mond. 4. Attack on Fort Stedman. 5. 
 Battle of Five Forks. 0. Capture of Peters- 
 burg and Richmond. 7. Lee's Surrender — 
 Effect. 8. Cost of the War. 9. Assassina- 
 tion of Lincoln. 
 
 84 States added during this Epoch. 
 
 85 Chronology of the Fifth Epoch. 
 
 86 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION— 1. Dis 
 
 banding the Army. 2. Domestic Affairs. 
 
 3. The President's Reconstruction Policy. 
 
 4. The Thirteenth Amendment. 5. The 
 Public Debt. g. Reconstruction Policy of 
 Congress. 7. The Seceded States admitted. 
 8. Impeachment of the President. 9. The 
 Fourteenth Amendment. 10. The Indian 
 War. 11. The French in Mexico. 12. Laying 
 the Atlantic Cable. 13. Foreign Affairs. 14. 
 Purchase of Alaska. 15. Fenian Excitement. 
 16. Treaty with China. 17. Political Parties. 
 
HISTORY OF UKITED STATES. 109 
 
 87 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION— 1. Domestic 
 
 Affairs. 2. The Pacific Railroad. 3. The 
 Fifteenth Amendment. 4. Prosperity of 
 the Country. .5. Foreign Affairs. 6. Diffi- 
 culty with England. 7. Proposed Annex- 
 ation of Santo Domingo. 8. Great Fires. 
 9. Political Parties. 10. Domestic Affairs. 
 11. Credit ' Mobilier. 12. Railroad Panic. 
 13. Foreign Affairs — The Virginius. 14. 
 The Centennial Anniversaries. 15. Current 
 Affairs to Date. 
 
 88 States admitted during this Epoch. 
 
 89 Chronology of the Sixth Epoch. 
 
 90 Subsequent Events or History of Pupil's State. 
 
NATUEAL SCIES"0E. 
 
 1 To Teacher,— The objects for this study are 
 
 usually at hand in abundance and familiar 
 to the pupils who may be easily led into in- 
 telligent and systematic observation of them. 
 The teacher should prepare in advance for 
 each lesson, so as to make the recitations 
 mainly oral. 
 
 (2^=' Make largest use of familiar objects, 
 keeping first in mind the inculcating of 
 HABITS of close and systematic observation. 
 
 2 BOTANY— Leaves— i. Folded in the seed. 2. 
 
 As they first appear out of the ground or 
 bud. 3. Pupils make collection of Leaves, 
 noting name and shape, then drawing the 
 simpler forms, v. Drawing. 
 
 3 FLOWERS — Pupils collect, noting name, 
 
 structure, shape, color, odor. 
 
 4 SEEDS and FRUITS— List of those observed, 
 
 with name, shape, size and uses. 
 
 5 ROOTS— 1. Uses to the Plant or Tree. 2. Uses 
 
 to Man. 
 
 6 STUMS—Stalks— Trunks— BrancTies, with Bark; 
 
 Fiber ; Structure ; Sap ; Growth ; Decay ; 
 
 Uses. 
 
 110 
 
NATUEAL SCIENCE. Ill 
 
 7 ZOOIjOGY— Blood— 1. How Made. 2. What it 
 
 Makes. 3. Circulation of. 
 
 8 BREATHING — 1. Uses of what Animals 
 
 breathe. 2. The Lungs. 3. Respiration. 4. 
 Effect of breathing Pure Air. 5. Effect of 
 breathing Foul Air. 
 
 9 THE SIJNSES— 1. Seeing. 2. Hearing. 3. Tast- 
 
 ing. 4. Smelling. 5. Feeling. 6. Think- 
 ing. 
 
 10 LIMBS— 1. of Animals ; 2. of Man ; 3. of Birds ; 
 
 4. of Fish. 5. Uses of — Legs, Arms, Claws, 
 Hands, Fins, Wings. 6. Used for Walking ; 
 Climbing ; Flying ; Swimming. 7. Used for 
 getting Food ; for Attack ; for Defense ; for 
 other things. 
 
 11 PHYSICAL NATURE— 1. Air- Wind— Pres- 
 
 sure of. 2. Gases. 3. Liquids. 
 
 12 HEATED AIR— 1. Draft and Ventilation- 
 
 Chimneys ; Bubbles ; Balloons. 
 
 13 WATER— 1. Water Level. 2. Pressure of Wa- 
 
 ter. 3. Swimming. 4. Drowning. 5. Wa- 
 ter in the Air — Clouds ; Mist ; Fog ; Snow, 
 6. Ice. 7. Uses of Water. 8. Vapor. 9. 
 I — uses of. 
 
 14 GRAVITATION— 1. Influence of the Earth. 2. 
 
 Why things fall toward the Earth's Cen- 
 ter. 3. Motion of the Earth. 
 
 15 BOTANY— 1. How Studied Systematically. 2. 
 
 Leaf. 3. Stem. 4. Root. 5. Flower. 6. 
 Seed. 7. Fruit. 
 
112 TOPICAL COUKSE OF STUDY. 
 
 16 TREES — 1. Different Species of. 2. Their 
 
 places of growth. 3. Make list of Trees ; 
 name and describe each. 4. Uses of Trees. 
 
 17 FOOD PLANTS— 1. Make list of, and describe 
 
 each. 
 
 18 PLANTS USED IN THE ARTS— List of, 
 
 with uses. 
 
 19 CLOTHING PLANTS— List of, with uses. 
 
 20 MEDICINAL PLANTS— List of, with uses. 
 
 21 ZOOLOGY— 1. Classification of Animals— how 
 
 made. 
 
 22 VERTEBRATES— 1. Mammals. 2. Birds. 3. 
 
 Reptiles. 4. Fishes. 
 
 23 MOLLUSKS. 
 
 24 ARTICULATES. 
 
 25 RADIATES. 
 
 26 PHYSIOLOGY and HYGIENE— l. Bones. 2. 
 
 Skin; 3. Flesh. 4. Blood. 5. Digestion. 6. 
 Nerve. 7. Sleep. 8. Disease. 9. Death. 10. 
 Hygienic Habits and Exercises. 
 
 27 PHYSICS— 1. Gravitation. 2. Cohesion. 3. Capil- 
 
 lary Attraction. 4. Mechanical Powers. 5. 
 Heat. 6. Light. 7. Electricity. 8. Magnetism. 
 
 28 ASTRONOMY — i. Stars. 2. Solar System- 
 
 Planets — Satellites — Comets — Orbits — 
 Eclipses — Seasons— Phases of the Moon. 
 
 29 GEOLOGY — 1. How is Land formed. 2 Forms 
 
 of Za;^tZ— Islands — Continents — Mountains 
 — Valleys — Plains. 
 
IS'ATURAL SCIENCE. 113 
 
 30 WATER— 1. Springs. 2. Rivers. 3. Lakes. 4. 
 
 Oceans. 5. Tides. 6. Waves. 7. Currents. 8. 
 Relation of Ocean Currents to Commerce and 
 Climate. 
 
 31 METEOROLGY— 1. Atmosphere. 2. Tempera- 
 
 ture. 3. Winds. 4. Moisture. 5. Dews. G. 
 Fogs. 7. Rain. 8. Snow and Hail. 9. Cli- 
 mate. 10. Phenomena of the Atmosphere. 
 
 32 ORGANIC LIFE— l. Botany. 2. Zoology. 3. 
 
 Ethnography. 4. Relation of Plants, Ani- 
 mals, and Men to their place of abode. 
 
 33 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY— l. Matter and its 
 
 Properties. 2. Force — Molecular — Gravita- 
 tion and Weight — Specific Gravity — Center 
 of Gravity — Motion — Action and Reaction — 
 Compound Motion. 
 
 34 MACHINERY— 1. Friction. 2. Strength of Ma- 
 
 terials. 3. Use of Materials in Construction. 
 
 4. Hydrostatics. 5. Hydraulics. 6. Pneumat- 
 ics. 7. Acoustics. 
 
 35 HEAT — 1. Its Sources. 2. Communication of, 
 
 and effects. 3. Steam Engine. 4. Warming 
 and Ventilation. 5. Meteorological Instru- 
 ments. 6. Classes of Clouds. 7. Classes of 
 Winds. 8. Meteors and Aerolites. 9. Aurora 
 Borealis. 10. Halos. 11. Evaporation. 
 
 36 LIGHT— 1. Its Sources. 2. Reflection. 3. Pris- 
 
 • matic Spectrum. 4. Structure of the Eye. 
 
 5. Optical Instruments. 
 
 8 
 
Deawing. 
 
 1 Drawing, as Music, is usually conducted in our 
 
 larger schools by a special teacher. 
 
 It should be kept in mind that the gra- 
 phic expression is a language understood 
 by every human eye, and more readily and 
 clearly than any possible expression in words. 
 
 The usefulness of Drawing is constantly 
 recognized in every walk of life. 
 
 The study of Drawing inculcates cor- 
 rect ideas of dimensions and the forms of 
 beauty. 
 
 In the absence of a special teacher and 
 books, it is recommended that the teacher 
 start first-year pupils to drawing outlines of 
 the leaves they collect — natural science. 
 
 2 Then the teacher, being supplied with a set of 
 
 Bartholomew's School Drawing, or some 
 equally simple and useful system, copies 
 the lessons given there in their order upon 
 the blackboard, and conducts recitations from 
 the same. In this manner pupils in any 
 school may be kept fully up to the grade, 
 and teachers will find the extra effort and ex- 
 pense in reality a recreation, alike valuable 
 to them and their pupils. 
 
 114 
 
Music. 
 
 1 To Teacher, — This studyshould be used as a rec- 
 reation as well as for culture. In.our larger 
 schools a special teacher is employed, who 
 requires books for the pupils and regulates 
 the exercise. Almost any teacher, however, 
 with one music-book and his blackboard can 
 teach his pupils how to read Music. The 
 same fidelity to the rules and order of this 
 study should be observed as in Arithmetic or 
 other studies, and if this is done both recrea- 
 tion and satisfactory culture will follow. 
 
 115 
 
Gtmistastics. 
 
 To Teacher, — As indicated in the programme. 
 Gymnastic exercise is to be regarded as a rec- 
 reation, to occupy the whole room at frequent 
 intervals. 
 
 By introducing such system as laid down 
 in the Manuals, one of which every teacher 
 should have, this exercise may be made a 
 cure for over-nervousness of pupils and a 
 physical culture that will develop symme- 
 try and strength of lungs and limbs — in 
 fact, of the entire body. 
 
 116