HoUinger Corp. 
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LB 2809 
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 Copy 1 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
 
 BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 
 BULLETIN, 1920. No. 46 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF 
 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION 
 
 By 
 
 L. A. KALBACH 
 
 DIRECTOR OF STATISTICS. BUREAU OF EDUCATION 
 and 
 
 A. O. NEAL 
 
 SPECIALIST IN RURAL EDUCATION 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPnCE 
 
 1921 
 
 Monograph 
 
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 WASHINGTOIT, D. C. 
 
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 FEB171921 
 
 ] DOCUMENTS DIVISION 
 
«<1 
 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Like Topsy our State departmentB of education liave "just growed up." Few 
 of them can look back to any definite birth as State departments of education. Very 
 few, if any, except those that have been recreated by recent acts of legislatures or 
 constitutional amendments haxe been thoughtfully created and organized in full 
 consciousness of the functions they should perform. From small and inadequate 
 beginnings they have grown by accretion rather than by development from any 
 central idea of functions to be performed, as the small independent schools of separate 
 and individual communities have coalesced to form county and State systems. 
 Probably a majority of them had their origin in a State school" officer under the title 
 of superintendent of public instruction, superintendent of schools, or other similar 
 title, who took over work mostly of a clerical nature previously performed by tl-.e 
 State auditor or treasurer and in an ex officio board of education made up of political 
 officers elected or appointed for other and very different functions. The time and 
 energies of these officers were absorbed by the duties properly belonging to the offices 
 to which they were appointed or elected. They very naturally considered those 
 duties more important than the incidental or accidental "duties pertaining to the office 
 which they held only because they had been selected to fill other offices considered of 
 sufficient importance to have an existence of their own and to be filled by persons 
 supposed to be able to perform intelligently and acceptably the dxities belonging 
 to them. 
 
 State school officers, taking over the duties, chiefly clerical, which had been per- 
 formed by auditors or treasurers and other State officers in fragments of their time 
 and probably without additional pay, were paid little. In most of the States the 
 mistake was made of supposing that this office could be made a political office subject 
 directly or indirectly to the \icissitudes of partisan government, as if, forsooth, the 
 political parties as such ever advocated different educational policies andasif the peo- 
 ple would tolerate partisan influence in their schools. As a political office, elective 
 or appointive, it did not formerly, and in some States does not now, rank with other 
 political offices in pay, in prestige, or as a stepping-stone to political preferment 
 considered of a higher grade and more desirable. Nominating conventions have all 
 too often left this office to the last and then chosen a candidate for it to placate some 
 partisan or sectarian faction or to give recognition to some neglected section of the 
 State. Governors, in appointing chief school officers, have frequently been guided 
 by similar motives, or, worse still, have made this appointment through persona! 
 fa^■oritism or in recognition of partisan obligation. 
 
 In the meantime education has come to be the chief business of the States. For 
 its support the State and local units of county, township, district, and municipality 
 spend more money annuallythan for any other one thing of public concern. The 
 public-school system, including elementary schools, high schools, colleges, universi- 
 ties, normal schools, and other professional and technical schools, and agencies for 
 extension education, has come to be our greatest cooperative enterprise, requiring 
 for its management and control professional and administrative ability of the verj- 
 highest character. This all thoughtful persons informed on the subject are begin- 
 ning to realize, but, as is plainly shown by statistical tables in this study of the or- 
 ganization of State departments ox education, the practices of the day of small things 
 in education still exist in many States to an extent dangerous if not fatal to the best, 
 interests of education. Chief school officers in most of 1 he States are still paid salaries 
 pitifully small as compared with what are, or should be, recognized as the duties of 
 their office. They are elected on partisan political tickets, or without full regard to 
 their professional or administrative ability are appointed by governors so elected . 
 Most State boards of education are wholly or partly made up of persons elected or 
 appointed for the performance of other and quite different duties in offices supposed to 
 be Avorthy of being filled by persons elected or appointed directly to them. Other 
 boards are indefinitely constituted. The office of the State superintendent in almost 
 all of the States is so poorly staffed that it is wholly unable to perform effectivelj' most 
 of its proper functions and to gi\'e to the school system of the State the administra- 
 tive and professional sendee it should have. 
 
4 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 Within the last decade much improvement in these conditions has been made in 
 some States, and in a very few States conditions are approaching the ideal. There 
 is, I believe, no other task of statesmanship so important and so nearly common to 
 all the States as this of reconstructing or remaking the State department of education 
 60 that it may, wholly separate from and independent of partisan politics, be adequate 
 to the full performance of its legitimate functions and free to adjust and readjust itself 
 to the constantly changing requirements of education as may be necessary to meet 
 the ever developing and enlarging needs and demands of the expanding, rich, and 
 throbbing life of society. State, and Nation. The sooner this is done the better it 
 will be for education and for all that is dependent upon it. 
 
 As a basis for the reconstruction of the State departments of education, I submit 
 the following suggestions, the soundness of which, I feel sure, Avill be proven by a care- 
 ful reading of this bulletin and by any further comprehensive study of the subject. 
 
 1. Educational administration has in principle, and should have in practice, no 
 direct relation to partisan politics as we know partisan politics in this country. The 
 public school system of any State is its greatest cooperative enterprise, supported by- 
 all the people in proportion to their ability, regardless of the amount of their wealth, 
 and regardless of any political or religious affiliations, in order that all the children 
 of all the people may, regardless of their poverty and all other conditions, have as 
 nearly as possible equal and full opportunity for the education that will best develop 
 their individuality, and prepare them for life, for making a living, and for the duties 
 and responsibilities of democratic citizenship. From the standpoint of statesmanship 
 and the public welfare, all the people are interested alike in the schools. Our political 
 parties do not differ in regard to educational principles or practices any more than they 
 do in regard to the Ten Commandments or the moral code; and to attempt to make 
 education a matter of partisan politics is good neither for education nor for politics. 
 Education is the largest and most important part of what has well been called our 
 "piu-posive government," through which all the people are served and united, rather 
 than controlled under policies on which the people are divided into parties. Un- 
 usual ability and devotion are required for the wise and effective administration of 
 the system of education involving the expenditiu'e of many millions of dollars 
 annually (the average for the States is now not less than twenty-five million dollars); 
 the direction and professional assistance of many thousands of school officers and 
 teachers (an average of from fifteen to twenty thousand to the State) ; and the promo- 
 tion of fundamental policies affecting directly the lives and destinies of hundreds of 
 thousands of children and youth (an average of approximately five hundred thousand 
 to the State), and directly or indirectly determining the welfare of all the people and 
 the destinies of State and Nation. 
 
 2. The nature of its work and the relations of the State department of education 
 are such as to make necessary much wise counsel, as well as definite adniinistrative 
 action. Well-considered policies are frequently mpre important than quick action. 
 Constant and conservative development is much better than a succession of special 
 "drives" for particular purposes, however effective they may be temporarily, and 
 more fruitful in educational results than a disconnected succession of personal adminis- 
 rtations, however brilliant. 
 
 For the effective application of these principles, State departments of education 
 should be organized somewhat as follows: 
 
 1. A State board of education, nonpartisan, nonprofessional, made up of men and 
 women of affairs, selected from the State at large because of their fitness for tliis position 
 rather than for their fitness for some other. They should be men and women of recog- 
 nized ability, sterling character, breadth of mind, and nobility of purpose, catholic in 
 thought and feeling, devoted to the public welfare, convinced of the importance of 
 education, and willing and able to give time and energy to the duties of their office. 
 The members of the board should represent fairly all sections of the State, rural and 
 urban, and the main professions, occupations, and interests of the people. They 
 should be men and women in close touch with the great interests of society and State, 
 capable of representing the people worthily in planning for the results which they 
 should expect from their schools and other agencies of education, and in formulating 
 fundamental policies for the support, control, and development of the State system of 
 education and all its more important parts. 
 
 The State board of education should consist of seven or nine members, serving for 
 seven or nine years, the term of one member expiring each year, so as to give to the 
 board continuity and constant newness. No person having served more than half 
 of the full term should be eligible to reappointment or reelection. No person should 
 hold membership in the board except through definite appointment or election. 
 There should be no ex officio members. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 5 
 
 If necessary for convenience of appointment or election the term of office should be 
 made such as to make the term of two members to expire every second year. Members 
 of the board should be elected by the people from the State at large, or they shoidd 
 be appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate, as may seem best in any 
 State; but, however chosen, no person belonging to any political party should be 
 eligible for appointment or election when more than half of the members of the board 
 are of that party. Members of the board should not be removable from office except for 
 negligence of duty, malfeasance in office, or crime against the State, and then only by 
 impeachment, or, if elected by the people at large, by impeachment or recall by a 
 majority vote. This is necessary to prevent the removal of members or packing of the 
 board for sinister purposes and to give the feeling of responsibility and freedom neces- 
 sary for good ser\'ice. Members of the board should not be paid a salary, but should be 
 paid a very liberal per diem and all necessary expenses for a reasonable number of 
 days in the year for attending meetings of the board and for necessary service on com- 
 mittees. Small salaries would attract men and women of small ability. Large salaries 
 would tempt members to try to earn their salaries by meddling with executive details 
 properly belonging to the paid employees of the board. Not to pay reasonable per 
 diem and all necessary expenses would deter many men and women eminently quali- 
 fied for such service from accepting membership on the board. 
 
 Ordinarily the board should not need to have more than four or five regular meetings, 
 of five or six days each, in the year, and there should be need for very few special 
 meetings. 
 
 The State board of education should have general control of all the educational inter- 
 ests of the State as embodied in the public elementary and secondarj'^ schools for normal 
 children, in schools for special classes of children, as the deaf, the blind, the crippled, 
 subnormal and incorrigible children, and in schools for special kinds and phases of 
 education. There should not be separate boards for the control of vocational and 
 technical education, nor should there be any other di\dsion of control that tends to 
 break th e system of education into disconnected fragments. The State board of educa- 
 tion should also have general control of the schools for the professional preparation of 
 teachers, normal schools, and teachers' colleges. Whether this board should also have 
 a general control of the State schools of higher education, other than those whose chief 
 function is to prepare teachers, is a matter which must be left for each separate State to 
 decide. There is as yet no experience sufficient to enable one to judge intelligently in 
 regard to this. The same is true in regar.d to the policy of having separate boards for 
 each of the two, three, or four such schools in a State. It is quite clear, however, that 
 any separate board or boards for such schools should be required by law to make to the 
 State board of education such reports as it may request and should cooperate with the 
 State board of education in such way as to harmonize and unify the work of the schools 
 of higher education with the work of the other schools of the system. This is of the 
 greatest importance, since for the best results all the schools of the State of whatever 
 kind and gi'ade must function as one organism, the life blood flowing through it all. 
 
 The board shoidd understand its functions to be wholly legislative — the defining of 
 results to be obtained and the formation of policies in harmony with the constitution 
 and laws of the State; and, when desirable, to propose new laws or modifications of 
 laws already in existence. It should never concern itself mth executive details, 
 and its members should remember that, like other legislatiAe bodies, when not in 
 formal session, the board has no power to function as such, and its members no powers 
 or responsibilities unless definitely authorized by the board as a whole to carry out 
 some particular function committed to them. Legislators are only private citizens, 
 possessed of no official functions when the legislative bodies to which they belong 
 are not in formal session. In this sense the State board of education (and all other 
 boards of education) are legislative bodies. For the executive duties of the depart- 
 ment, the board of education should elect a chief executive, a commissioner of edu- 
 cation, and iipon his recommendation and under proper regulations all his associates 
 and assistants. Only fitness for the work to be done should be considered in the 
 selection of any of these. The board should elect its own chairman from year to year. 
 The commissioner of education shoidd be its secretary. 
 
 2. A State commissioner of education elected by the State board of education 
 from the country at large and only because of ])rofessional preparation and adminis- 
 trative ability. Many able and efficient chief s<hool officers have come into office 
 by popular election or by gubernatorial appointment. Both methods have some 
 advantages, but neither can be considered as sure and reliable as appointment by a 
 nonpartisan board. No other method of selection is rational if this officer is to be 
 responsible to the board. The term of office should have no reference to the change 
 of officers connected with the partisan government of the State. It should be indefi- 
 nite or for a period of years long enough to make possible the consistent development 
 of administrative policies. 
 
6 INTEODUGTIOlSr. 
 
 The commissioner of education should be the executive officer of the State board 
 of education, and, under its general control, should have charge of the entire public- 
 school system of the State and shoidd be given such freedom of action as is necessary 
 for executive efficiency. Under any right conception of the duties and responsi- 
 bilities of the office of State commissioner of education, it must be regarded as tlie 
 most important educational office in the State, requiring knowledge and ability^ of 
 the highest order. Its requirements and compensations should be in keeping -with 
 this conception. It is only reasonable that the salary of the <:oinmissioner_of educa- 
 tion should be as large as or larger than that of any other officer of education in the 
 State, city or county superintendent of school, or the president of any normal school, 
 college or university. 
 
 3. A competent staff of expert deputies, as3ista,nts, and clerks, appointed by the 
 State board of education upon the recommendation of the conim.issioner of education. 
 The size and organization of this staff -vvill, of coiu'se, vary from State to State. There 
 should, however, in all States be separate and well organized divisions for all the 
 more important phases of the educational work of the State, and for such adminis- 
 trative tasks as the collection and preparation of statistics and the promotion of gen- 
 eral educational interests. The organization of the department of education of the 
 State of Alabama, which follows closely recommendations made by the United States 
 Biueau oi. Education, illustrates fairly well what is needed for States of average size. 
 In Pennsylvania, New York, and Massachusetts the departments of education ap- 
 proach the ideal for the larger States. 
 
 More important than the size of the staff is the character of its personnel. The 
 heads. of the several di'vdsions of this staff and their principal assistants should be 
 men and women of the highest and hest ability. To a very large extent the efficiency 
 of the department and the character of all the educational work of the State will 
 depend upon the character of these men and women. As the commissioner of educa- 
 tion, they should be chosen from the country at lai^e and only for their fitness for 
 the work to be done. Salaries and conditions of service should be such as to enable 
 the board of education to obtain ahd hold in these positions the ser\ices of the most 
 competent men and women. False economy here can not fail to have its evil effect 
 throughout the entire school system, and the effect may be disastrous. Even for the 
 sake of economy in the deiiartment itself, it is important that responsible heads of 
 di\isions should be chosen to direct effectively the activities of the clerical assistants. 
 The principles generally recognized in business, which demand efficiency in respon- 
 sible positions at any reasonable cost, rather than the 2^ractice too often found in 
 government offices which sacrifices efficiency to cheapness, should he observed. 
 The value of the return from the expenditure of millions of dollars of public funds 
 for education, of the other millions which parents and guardians expend privately 
 that the children may attend school, and of all the time and energy of children, 
 teachers, and local school officers, depends to a large degree upon the character and 
 efficiency of the department of education. Cheap policies and bad business principles 
 should not be tolerated here. 
 
 Responsible officers in the State department of education are, or should be, the 
 guides and leaders of the people in all matters pertaining to education, upon which, 
 in a democracy like ours, all else waits. It is neither good nor safe that the leaders 
 be weak or blind. Where there is no vision, the people perish. Where- there is 
 weakness in place of strength, there can only be stagnation and death where there 
 should be progress and life. 
 
 P. P. Claxton, 
 
 Commissioner. 
 
ORGANIZATION OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 Contents. — State boards of education — ^composition , appointment , size, powers, and duties, law.s relating 
 to. State superintendent of public instruction— title, term of office, manner of sclcetion, powers and 
 duties, laws relating lo. Staffs of State departToents of education— number of officers, compensation, 
 laws relating lo. 
 
 STATE BOARDS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 The movement toward the establishment of the State board of 
 education as the administrative head of the educational system 
 continues to gain ground. At the present time there are 42 States 
 having such boards with functions relating to the common schools. 
 Of the other 6 States, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, and South Dakota 
 have boards knowni as State boards of education with functions 
 restricted, in Iowa to the charge of State institutions of higher 
 education, including the State normal college; in Nebraska to the 
 administration of State normal schools; and in Ohio and South 
 Dakota to the administration of the vocational education laws. 
 Only Illinois and Maine have no board known as the State board of 
 education, but both have State boards for vocational education, the 
 establishment or designation of such boards being necessary to en- 
 able the States to participate in the funds appropriated by Congress 
 for the promotion of vocational education. 
 
 Composition of State hoards of education. — The composition of the 
 boards having functions relative to the general school system in the 
 several States is shown in the accompanying table (see p. lO"*. Tlie 
 table shows the number of ex officio members in each board, the 
 officers designated as ex officio members, number of appointive or 
 elective members, by whom appointed or elected, length of term, etf. 
 
 Of the 42 State boards of education, 8 are composed entirely of 
 ex officio members who are officers of the State with offices at the 
 State capitol. These are Colorado, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, 
 Missouri, North Carolina, Oregon, and Texas. In one other State, 
 Nevada, the board is composed entirely of ex officio members, the 
 president of the State university being a member, in addition to 
 the governor and State superintendent of pubUc instruction. Boards 
 created in recent years consist entirely or almost entirely of members 
 appointed by the governor. Seven boards have no ex officio mem- 
 bers whatsoever. The governor is an ex officio member of the board 
 in 18 States; other State political officers, aside from the State super- 
 
 7 
 
8 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 intendent of public instruction or other chief State school officer, in 
 13 States; the State superintendent in 30. States; the president of the 
 State university in 6 States; the president of the State agricultural 
 and mechanical college in 4 States; presidents of State normal schools 
 in 4 States; and other educational officers in 1 State. 
 
 Appointment of the State hoard of education. — Of the 33 States 
 having appointed or elected members on the State board, 27 leave 
 the appointment to the governor, subject in some cases to approval 
 by the State senate; in 2 States, New York and Rhode Island, the 
 members are selected by the State legislature; 1 State (Michigan) 
 elects by popular vote; in 1 State (Wyoming) the State superin- 
 tendent appoints members, subject to approval by the governor; 
 in 1 State (Virginia) 3 members are elected by the State senate arid 
 2 by the State board; and in 1 State (Wisconsin) th^ governor ap- 
 points 5 members, and the university board of regents, normal school 
 regents, and vocational education board each selects 1 member. 
 
 With respect to qualifications of members, 4 States, Arizona, 
 Kansas, Virginia, and Washington, require that all the appointive 
 members shall be persons engaged in educational work, and 7 others, 
 Georgia, Indiana, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Penn- 
 sylvania, and West Virginia, require that a certain specified number 
 of the appointed members shall be engaged in educational work. 
 California, Idaho, and New York require that none of the appointed 
 members shall be engaged in educational work, while Indiana requires 
 that 2 of the members shall not be engaged in such work. 
 
 The tendency in the selection of board members seems to be to- 
 ward appointment by the governor. This method, under proper 
 restrictions, has a threefold merit: 
 
 (a) It recognizes the executive head of the State as responsible to the people for 
 the efficiency of every department of the public service. It tends to make the board 
 responsible to the public. 
 
 (h) It centers responsibility where it can be definitely located. When the general 
 assembly elects, it is difficult to locate responsibility. 
 
 (c) Requiring that appointments be made from an eligible list, or in some other 
 way throwing proper definite limitations around the appointing power, provides 
 against abuse and protects the board from undue political interference. It is doubt- 
 ful if it is ever advisable to make the governor a member of the board. ^ 
 
 Size of hoard and term of ofice. — ^^The size of boards varies from. 3 
 to 13 members. Of the 9 boards composed entirely of e"x officio 
 members, 6 have 3 members each, 1 has 4 members, 1 has 5 mem- 
 bers, and 1 has 7 members. Of the 7 boards having no ex officio 
 members, 3 have 5 members each, 2 have 7 members each, 1 has 8 
 members, and 1 has 12 members. Of the 26 boards having both 
 ex officio and appointive or elective members, 7 have 7 members, 5 
 
 1 Education Bulletin, 1915, No. 5. 
 
STATE BOARDS OF EDL'CATION. 9 
 
 have 8 members, 4 liave 6 members, 3 have 9 members, 2 have 10 
 members, 2 have 11 members, and one has 4, one 5, and one 13 
 members. Taken all together, 10 of the boards are composed of 7 
 members each, and in 28 of the 42 boards the number of members 
 ranges from 5 to 9, both inclusive. The tendency, therefore, is in 
 favor of a comparatively small board. 
 
 The terms of office of ex officio members who are State officers 
 terminate, of course, at the expiration of the term for which they 
 were elected to the State office. Such terms are usually 2 or 4 years. 
 In 24 of the 33 States having appointive members, the terms are from 
 4 to 6 years, inclusive; in 2 States, 2 years; 1 State, 3 years; 2 
 States, 7 years; 1 State, 8 years; 2 States, 12 years; and in 1 State 
 the term is indefinite. Appointments are so arranged that usually 
 the members retire in small groups, assuring continuity of policy. 
 
 Duties and powers of State hoards of education. — The duties and 
 powers of State boards are given in considerable detail in the tabular 
 statement on pages 11 to 22. These vary from practically nothing 
 to complete control of the entire educational system of the State. 
 The general tendency, however, is toward making the State board 
 the responsible authority and giving it greater powers. A notable 
 exception is the State of Massachusetts, where formerly the State 
 board had large responsibilities and much power. Tliis was changed 
 by an act of the legislature, passed in 1919, which makes the State 
 board of education merely advisory to the State commissioner of 
 education. Tliis was offset, however, in the same year by Alabama, 
 Minnesota, and New Hampshire, which created State boards of edu- 
 cation with very large powers over the general educational systems. 
 
 In only a few States are the boards or State superintendents given 
 definite authority to reciuire reports from or to exercise any super- 
 vision over schools under private or corporate control. Strictly speak- 
 ing there are no private schools in the United States, as all of them 
 depend upon the public or some part of the public for their students 
 and for their support, and their property is exempt from taxation. 
 State authorities should be authorized to ascertain whether students 
 attending such schools are receiving instruction to the extent at least 
 of that prescribed by the compulsory education laws. Every edu- 
 cational agency in the State is a part of the State's educational sys- 
 tem and should be under the general administrative supervision of 
 the State board of education to such extent as may be necessary to 
 insure instruction in essentials equal to that given in the public 
 school, but no further. 
 
 Summary of tendencies. — In the development of a more effective 
 agency for administering the State's educational affairs the trend is 
 toward a State board of education as the administrative head of the 
 23644°— 21 2 
 
10 
 
 STATE DEPAETMEXTS OF EDUCATIOIT. 
 
 educational system; a board composed of men wlio have some knowl- 
 edge of tlie business which they are to administer; a board a,ppointed 
 by the governor of the State with restrictions to guarantee fitness for 
 the service and to guard against arbitrarj^ use or abuse of the ap- 
 pointing power; a board composed of from five to nine members, 
 appointed for a term of from four to six years, and retiring in small, 
 groups — this to guarantee that degree of continuity in service and 
 freedom from political interference that are necessary for effective 
 service; a board made responsible for all the educational interests of 
 tlie State and clothed with full power to administer the business. 
 
 Com2yositic7i of State boards of education . 
 
 states. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana. : 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri.' 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire. . - 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Nev/ Mexico 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington . . , 
 West Virginia . 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Ex officio members. 
 
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STATE BOARDS OF EDFCATIOIST. 
 
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20 
 
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STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. S3 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Data regarding the title, term, manner of selection, salary, and 
 powers and duties of the State superintendent of public instruction 
 or other chief State school ofhcei* are given in the tabular statement 
 on pages 26 to 33. 
 
 Title. — Eight different titles are used by the several States in 
 designating the chief State school officer. Tlie most common title 
 is that of "superintendent of public instruction," -which is now used 
 in 30 States; next in point of numbers is '' commissioner of education," 
 which is novv' used in 9 States, a gain of 5 States since 1915; the States 
 using that term are Connecticut, Delaware, Massa<?husetts, Minnesota, 
 New Hampshire, Nevv' Jersey. New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. 
 In Alabama and South Carolina the chief State school officer is desig- 
 nated superintendent of education; in Georgia and Maryland, super- 
 intendent of schools; in Maine and Missouri, superintendent of public 
 schools; in Louisiana and Mississippi, superintendent of public educa- 
 tion; in "W^est Yii'ginia, superintendent of fre^ schools. In a con- 
 siderable number of States the title is designated in the State consti- 
 tution and can not easily be changed. The trend, however, seems to 
 be m favor of "' commissioner of education, " which title came into use 
 in connection with State officers in very recent years and has already 
 been adopted in 9 States. 
 
 Term o/ office. — The terms of office of chief State school officers 
 vary widely in the different States, ranging from 1 year to an indefi- 
 nite term. In Delaware and Rhode Island, the term is on!}- 1 year; 
 m 14 States, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho. Indiana, 
 Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Carolina, South 
 Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas, the term is 2 years; in Maine, 3 years; 
 in 24 States, Alabama, California, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, 
 Louisiana, Mai'yland, Mississippi, IVIissouri, Montana, Nevada, New 
 Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, 
 Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, 
 4 years; in Massachusetts and New Jersey, 5 years; in Mimiesota, 6 
 years; and in Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, and Vej'mont, 
 the term is indefinite, the officer serving at the pleasure of the State 
 board. 
 
 Manner oj selection. — Tiiree methods of selecting the chief State 
 school officer are followed: Election by the people, in 34 States; 
 appointment by the governor, in 6 States ; appointment by State board 
 of education, in 8 State»s. The changes in methods by the various 
 States since 1915 are as follows: Iowa, from appointment by gov- 
 ernor to election by the people; Delaware, Maryland, Minnesota, and 
 New Hampshire, from appointment by governor to appointment by 
 State board; and Massachusetts, where the State board lias been 
 
24 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 made an advisory body, from appointment by State board to appoint- 
 ment by governor. The following shows the present method of 
 selection in the various States: 
 
 He is elected by the people in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Cali- 
 fornia, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, loWa, 
 Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, 
 Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, North 
 Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, 
 Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, 
 
 He is appointed by the governor in Maine, Massachusetts, New 
 Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee. 
 
 He is appointed by the State board of education in Connecticut, 
 Delawa,re, Maryland, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode 
 Island, and Vermont. 
 
 The following statement regardmg the selection of the chief State 
 school ofTicer is reprinted from the buUetm of this bm^eau, 1915, No. 5: 
 
 In nearly all of the States the office of State superintendent of public instruction 
 was created as a political office; in the majority it has remained a political office; it 
 is difficult to change it. There is a diversity of opinion among educational leaders 
 as to how. in the interest of greater efficiency, he ought to be appointed, but the major- 
 ity seem to favor his selection by a nonpartisan State board of education. Some of 
 the serious disadvantages of his election by popular vote are reasonably clear: 
 
 (a) This method of appointment limits the field from which it selects the man for 
 the position; he must be a citizen of the given State. In States where the superin- 
 tendent is appointed by the State board of education, and in some States where he 
 is appointed by the governor, he may be selected from the country at large. The city 
 board of education selects its superintendent of schools from the country at large. 
 Trustees of colleges and universities, even of State universities, select executive heads 
 of these institutions from the country at large. Boards of dii'ectors in control of large 
 business interests select their executive officers from the country at large. Such 
 freedom of selection is clearly in the interest of better ser\'ice. 
 
 (6) Where the State superintendent is elected by popular vote the salary is fixed 
 beforehand by law; the salary can not be adjusted to fit the man desired, but a man 
 must be found to fit the salary. It is clearly in the interest of better service that city 
 school boards, trustees of colleges and universities, and boards of business directors 
 have authority to adjust the salary of executive officers to the needs and effectiveness 
 of the service. 
 
 (c) "UTiere the State superintendent is selected by popular vote the term of office is 
 short, two to four years, and reappointment is uncertain. The superintendent can 
 not count on winning reappointment by rendering good service. Lack of continuity 
 in the service, lack of basis for making and Avorking out far-reaching plans, is a serious 
 handicap to the superintendent, however capable. 
 
 (d) This method of appointment makes the office a political one and subjects it to 
 all the fluctuations of party and factional politics. Under these conditions the posi- 
 tion is not attractive; no one can look to it as a career. 
 
 These serious objections to the selection of the State superintendent by popular vote 
 hold true in part at least when the appointment is left to the governor. In a few States 
 the governor is authorized to select the State superintendent from within or without 
 the State. In eight States, as previously mentioned, the State superintendent is 
 appointed by the State board and is the executiA'e officer of the board, performing such 
 
STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 25 
 
 duties as directed by it. If the State board is to be made responsible for the State's 
 educational business, it would seem that it should have the selection of its own execu- 
 tive officer; it should be free to select him from the country at large; it should have 
 power to determine his compensation, and should keep him at his post as long as he 
 is effective. 
 
 Attejition is called to the situation in two States, Idaho and Wyo- 
 ming, each of which has a commissioner of education appointed by 
 the State board in addition to a superintendent of pul)lic instruction 
 elected by the people. In each of these States certain functions in 
 regard to educational policies and management are assigned to the 
 commissioner of education. In Idaho the commissioner receives a 
 salary of S6,000 per annum, and hi Wyoming he receives $3,000, the 
 same amount that is paid the State superintendent. 
 
 Powers and duties. — In practically all the States having boards of 
 education, the chief vState school officer is executive officer of the 
 board, whether appomted by the board or selected otherwise. As 
 such executive officer he submits to the board recommendations 
 regarding the administration of the school system and carries out the 
 policies of the board. In States not having boards he is the sole 
 executive officer of the State school system. The powers and duties 
 of the supermtendent m each State are summarized in the following 
 pages. 
 
26 
 
 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
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STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTKUCTION. 
 
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28 
 
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84 STATE DEPAEXaiE^S-TS OF EI>UOATI£>K. 
 
 STAFFS OF STATE DEPAETMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Up to a comparatively recent date State departiHeiits of e-ducation 
 were small organizations deyoting tkemselTes almost entirely to 
 routine, clerical, and statistical work, the staff consisting usiialiv of 
 the State superintendent and a -very few clerks. Considerable 
 enlargement of these departments has been made in most of the States 
 in recent years. This is due to cliaiiging conditions in education 
 whereby the duties of the State departments have been enlarged 
 greatly, the need of field workers to assist local communities and 
 school officers in solving educational problems; the enactmient of the 
 Federal vocational education law, compulsory education, provision 
 for physical education, Americanization, teacher-placement, pen- 
 sions, etc. The growth of State departments in the South may be 
 attributed almost entirely to two factors: The addition of field 
 v\^orkers in rm^al and secondary education thi^ough help furnished by 
 the General Education Board and the addition of directors and 
 supervisors of vocational education due to the enactment of the 
 Smith^Hughes law. 
 
 The number of persons necessary to perform efficiently the v/ork of 
 a State department depends largely upon the size of the State, the 
 nature and size of the population, and the divei^sity of its educational 
 interests. For instance, the New York State Department of Educa- 
 tion, which has under its jmisdiction the State museuni, the State 
 library, the State library school, liigher educational institutions, and 
 the care and upkeep of the large educational building, naturaly 
 requires a much larger staff than do the State departments of other 
 States. 
 
 This question of the size of a State department was- discussed hj 
 State Supt. C. P. Gary, of Wisconsin, in February., 1920, at the meeting 
 of the Department of Superintendence of^ the National Education 
 Association. He stated - that in a State the size of Wisconsin or 
 Indiana a State department can reach a high degree of efficiency 
 with a force of about 40 persons, including stenographers and clerks, 
 but not including museum directors, attendance officers, examiners 
 for teachers' licenses and the like, and that of the 40 persons about a 
 dozen should be stenographers and clerks. Of the remainder there 
 should be "at least one man to look after the general correspondence, 
 one to look after appeal cases and questions of law, a statistician 
 with enough training and experience to interpret educational sta- 
 tistics, and a first assistant. This would leave approximately 25 
 persons who would spend a large share of their time (at least three- 
 fourths during the period schools are in session) in field work." The 
 
 2 School and Society, M»r. 29, 1920, p. 341. 
 
STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 35 
 
 number of persons assigned to various duties would be about as 
 follows : 
 
 Supervisors of educational tests and measurements 2 
 
 Supervisors oi rural schools 4 
 
 Supervisor of rural teacher training 1 
 
 Supervisors of gi-ade v'ork in cities 4 
 
 Supervisors of high schools " 
 
 Supervisor of manual training 1 
 
 Supervisor of domestic science 1 
 
 Psychologists and supervisors of exceptional classes L' 
 
 Diiector of physical ed ucation ' 
 
 Supervisor of education of deaf and blind 1 
 
 Supervisors of village and gi-aded rural schools 
 
 Supervisor of music 1 
 
 Supervisor of drawing J 
 
 School architect - J 
 
 The above list comprises 26 positions, and docs not provide for ail 
 the functions exercised by some of the State departments. For in- 
 stance, the cocnparatively small department of South Carolina of 23 
 persons, including 7 persons who are merely lent to or cooperate with 
 the department, has a supervisor of mill schools, a supervisor of 
 colored schools, a supervisor of adult schools and night schools, a 
 school community organizer, and two members of the board of exam- 
 iners, none of which is included in the 41 positions specified by Supt. 
 Caiy. Neither does Supt. Caiy's list provide for the supervision of 
 vocational education, which, in most of the States, has been assigned 
 to the State department of education. 
 
 It is evident, therefore, that no hard and fast rule as to the persomiel 
 of vState departments can be laid down, but it is a fact that very few 
 of the departments, even in the hirger States, have as many as 40 
 persons on their staffs. Most of the departments are seriousl}^ under- 
 manned, and it is difficult to see how the duties devolved upon them 
 can be performed jDromptly and efficiently. As a rule, the clerical 
 staff is not sufficiently large to perform the routine and clerical work, 
 much of v.-hich, therefore, devolves upon the small supervisory staff. 
 It is v.-asteful and extravagant to require a $3,000 or $5,000 specialist 
 to do the work that can be done easily, and frequently better, by a 
 $1,000 or $1,200 clerk. 
 
 On pages 39 to 48 will be found a list of the positions in each of 
 the State departments of education, together with the salary attached 
 to each position in so far as the data were reported by the departments. 
 The information is practically complete for all the States. Condi- 
 tions have improved considerably in most of the States during the 
 past five years, ])oth in the number of employees and in the salaries 
 paid. The State department which has had the most thorough reor- 
 ganization in that time is undoubtedl}* that of Pennsylvania, which 
 
36 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATIOlsr. 
 
 has been completely reorganized and greatly enlarged with more ade- 
 quate salaries under the superintendency of Dr. Finegan. An exami- 
 nation of the organization lists shows, however, that in most of the 
 State departments the salaries are still lamentably low and very 
 inadequate. 
 
 On pages 37 and 38 is a tabular statement showing the salaries 
 attaching to certain positions in the departments having such positions. 
 Wherever there are several positions having the same title but dif- 
 ferent salaries the highest salary is given in that table. 
 
 With respect to the salary of the chief State school officer, it is 
 found that the salaries range from $2^000 in Nebraska to $12,000 in 
 Pennsylvania. Two States, New Jersey and New York, pay $10,000; 
 Connecticut pays $9,000, Maryland $8,000, and two States, Illinois 
 and Massachusetts, pay $7,500; in six States the salary of the State 
 superintendent is less than $3,000. In all the States paying less than 
 $4,000 the State superintendent is elected by vote of the people. In 
 nine different State departments there are members of the staff who 
 receive salaries higher than those paid the State superintendents. 
 
 With respect to the salaries of members of the department, State 
 Supt. Gary, in the address previously referred to, gave it as his 
 opinion — 
 
 that 12,500 ought at the present time to he a minimum for women and $3,000 a mini- 
 mum for men. I would not undertake to place a maximum, hut it should be suffi- 
 ciently high to secure men of great enthusiasm and energy, with the best modern 
 training and with splendid social qualities. They should certainly be equal in every 
 essential respect to the men who serve as professors of education in our best uni- 
 versities,-^ 
 
 In Pennsylvania and New York most of the principal members of 
 the staffs receive between $4,000 and $5,500 per annum. 
 
 3 School and Society, Mar. 20, 1920, p. 342. 
 
STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 37 
 
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STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 39 
 
 Members of Staffs of State t>EPARTMEXTS of Educatio.v and Salakies PAin 
 
 Each. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 State superintendent of education S5, 000 
 
 Assistant superintendent, and director of 
 
 teacher training 4, 000 
 
 Chief clerk ." 2, 400 
 
 2 bookkeepers each . . 1, 80O 
 
 Filing clerk 1, 500 
 
 Certification and placement secretary 3, 500 
 
 Assistant certification and placement 
 
 secretary 2, 100 
 
 Reading circle secretary 2, 100 
 
 Teacher-training supervisor for Negro 
 
 schools 1, 800 
 
 Statistician 3,000 
 
 2 supervisors of rural schooh; each.. 3,500 
 
 Supervisor of construction 3, 300 
 
 Architectural draftsman 2, 500 
 
 Specialist in primary education 2,250 
 
 Specialist in elementary edncalioii 2, 100 
 
 Superv isor of secondary cdiicat ion 4, 0(X) 
 
 Assistant supervisor of secondary educa- 
 tion 3,000 
 
 Director "of physical and health education. . 3,000 
 
 Director of v ocational education 4, 000 
 
 Supervisor of agriculture 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor of trades and industry 3,000 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2, 400 
 
 Secretary for exceptional education 2, 400 
 
 10 stenographers total. . 12, 060 
 
 Total 83,010 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction . . 3, 300 
 Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion. 2,700 
 
 3 stenographers each. . 1, .500 
 
 3 members board of examiners do 300 
 
 Director of vocational education 3,600 
 
 State supervisor of home economics 2, 20O 
 
 State supervisor of agriculture 2, 500 
 
 State supervisor of trades and industry 2, 700 
 
 2 stenographers each . . 1, 20") 
 
 Total 24,800 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction . . 2, 500 
 Deputy superintendent of public instaic- 
 
 tion 1,800 
 
 Assistant deputy superintendent of public 
 
 instruction 1, 200 
 
 High-school inspector ' 3, 500 
 
 3 rural school agents ' each. . 3, 500 
 
 2 clerks ' total . . 1, 980 
 
 State supervisor ot agriculture ^ 4, 000 
 
 State supervisor trades and industries 2 4,000 
 
 State supervisor home economics - 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor teacher-training vocationai agri- 
 culture 2, 500 
 
 Clerk 1 , 200 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction.. S5,000 
 Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 3,000 
 
 Assistant superintendent in charge of Amer- 
 icanization 3, 000 
 
 Commissioner of elementary schools 4, 000 
 
 Commissioner of secondary schools 4,000 
 
 Commissioner of industrial and vocational 
 
 education 4,000 
 
 Supervisor of trade and industrialinstnic- 
 
 tion 3,600 
 
 Supervisor of agricultural instruction 3, 600 
 
 Supervisor of teacher-training courses in 
 
 home economics 3, 60*) 
 
 Supervisor of phj-sical education 3,600 
 
 3 assistant supenisors of physical educa- 
 tion each. . 2,400 
 
 Secretary, commission on credentials 3,000 
 
 .Assistant secretary, commission on creden- 
 tials 1,620 
 
 Assistant secretary. State board of educa- 
 tion 2, lOT 
 
 Assistant secretary, retirement board l, 920 
 
 Statist ician 2, 400 
 
 T?ookkeeper 2, 100 
 
 Do 1,920 
 
 Secretary to State superintendent 1, 800 
 
 Assistant statistician 1,260 
 
 Assistant bookkeeper 1, 440 
 
 Attendance agent 1, 680 
 
 2 stenographers each.. 1,500 
 
 Do do 1 , 3S') 
 
 Stenographer 1, 260 
 
 Do 1,200 
 
 Do 1,080 
 
 9 stenographers each . . 1, 02 J 
 
 Stenographer ; 900 
 
 3 clerks each. . 1, 320 
 
 Clerk 1,200 
 
 Messenger 780 
 
 Total S9, 7S<t 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 3,000 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction . 
 Deputy State saperintendcnt of public in- 
 struction 2, 100 
 
 Rural-school supervisor 1, 800 
 
 Statistician 1,-500 
 
 Assista'.it lil)rariau 1, 500 
 
 State teacher of adult lilind 1, 500 
 
 Secretary to State teacher of adult blind. . . 1,00*) 
 
 2 stenographers each . . 1, 200 
 
 C lerk 1 , 200 
 
 Total 30, ISO 
 
 1 Receive salaries from Goncral Education Board. 
 
 Total 10,000 
 
 ( ONNF-CTICCT. 
 
 Commi.ssioner of education 9,000 
 
 Cliief clerk 3, 500 
 
 Super\ isor of secondary education 5,000 
 
 Supervisor of elementary education 5,000 
 
 36 supervising agents 2, 200-4, 500 
 
 Director of trade and vocational education. 5,000 
 
 Pirector of accounts and purchases .... 3, 00<J 
 
 ' Loaned to department by State uni\ ersity. 
 
40 
 
 STATE DEPARliMElsrTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 CONNECTICUT— Continued. 
 
 Director ol Americanization $3, 000 
 
 Supervisor of evening scliools 3, 000 
 
 Director of investigations and surveys 3, 250 
 
 Supervisor of attendance and employment . 3, 000 
 
 8 attendance agents each.. 1,800 
 
 6 school nurses do 1, 500 
 
 Supervisor of examinations and certificates . 2, 500 
 
 35 clerks SOO-1, 750 
 
 Total 3 233,875 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Commissioner of education 5, 000 
 
 Assistaait commissioner of education 3, 600 
 
 Director of vocational education and 
 
 teacher trainer 4, 600 
 
 Supervisor of vocational agriculture 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor of vocational home economics . . 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor o f trades and industries 4, 500 
 
 Stenographer^ 1, 500 
 
 Do 1,200 
 
 Tota 1 - 26 , 400 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 State superintendent o f public instruction . 3, 600 
 
 2 rural school inspectors each. . 2, 000 
 
 State agent for Negro riu'al schools 3, 000 
 
 High-school inspector 3, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 2, 200 
 
 Statistician 1, 800 
 
 Certificate and Smith- Hughes clerk 1, 800 
 
 2 stenographers each. . 1, 200 
 
 Smembers State board of examiners. do 2,000 
 
 State director for vocational education 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor o f agricultural education 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor o f trades and industries 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2, 000 
 
 Total 38,800 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 State superintendent ofschools 4,500 
 
 3 State supervisors for rural schools, .each. . 3, 000 
 
 Rural school agent ■* 3, 500 
 
 Special supervisor for Negro work < 3, 500 
 
 State school auditor .^. 3, 000 
 
 State high school inspector ^ 3, 500 
 
 Clerk 2,000 
 
 Secretary 1, 800 
 
 Vocational Education. 
 
 Supervisor of agriculture 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor o f trades and industries 3, 600 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2, 400 
 
 Grand total 40,300 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 State commissioner of education 6, 000 
 
 State superintendent o f public instruction . 2, 400 
 
 Business agent and auditor 2, 700 
 
 Assistant to State superintendent 2, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 1,500 
 
 Certification clerk 1, 560 
 
 Bookkeeper 1, 380 
 
 2 stenographers 1, 320 
 
 a An average used for supervising agents and 
 * Paid by General Education Board. 
 
 IDAHO— Continued. 
 Vocational Education. 
 
 State director of vocational education $3,200 
 
 State supervisor of home economics and 
 
 teacher training 2, 400 
 
 State supervisor of agriculture and teacher 
 
 training 2, 600 
 
 Assistant State supervisor of trades and 
 
 industries and teacher training 2, 550 
 
 Assistant State supervisor of trades and 
 
 industries (mining) 2, 600 
 
 Stenographer 1, 320 
 
 Grand total 34,850 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction.. 7,500 
 
 Supervisor of liigh schools 4, 800 
 
 Do 3, 360 
 
 3 assistant superintendents for duty as — 
 
 Supervisor rural and elementary 
 
 schools 3, 420 
 
 Do 3, 420 
 
 Head of legal department 3, 420 
 
 Chief clerk 2, 616 
 
 Textbook clerk 2, 400 
 
 Statistical clerk 2, 400 
 
 Do 2, 304 
 
 Clerk 2, 000 
 
 2 stenographers each. . 1, 260 
 
 3 stenographers do: ... 1, 200 
 
 Messenger 1, 080 
 
 State Examining Board for County Certificates. 
 
 Secretary 3, 420 
 
 Stenographer 1, 200 
 
 Board of Trustees for Illinois State Teachers' Pension 
 and Retirement Fund. 
 
 Secretary 3, 600 
 
 2 clerks each.. 1,200 
 
 2 stenographers do 1, 200 
 
 Board for Vocational Education. 
 
 Supervisor of industrial edvi cation 4 , 000 
 
 Supervisor of agricultura 1 education 3, 800 
 
 Supervisor of home-econom ics education ... 3, 000 
 Assistantsupervisor of industrial education. 2,400 
 Assistant supervisor of agricultural educa- 
 tion 2, 400 
 
 Clerk 1, 800 
 
 2 stenographers each. . 1, 200 
 
 Official adviser on the recognition of 
 
 scliools of music Expenses. 
 
 Oflicial adviser on the recognition of 
 Ivindergartens Expenses. 
 
 3 official advisers on the recognition of 
 colleges and universities ; Expenses. 
 
 3 deputy examiners for entrance into 
 dental and medical colleges Fees. 
 
 Grand total & 77,660 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 State supermtendent of public instruction. $5, 000 
 Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 3, 000 
 
 Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 1 , 800 
 
 High school inspector 2, 500 
 
 Director of vocational education 6, 000 
 
 clerks. '■> Exclusive of expenses and fees. 
 
STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 41 
 
 INDIANA— Continued. 
 
 Supervisor of teacher training $3, 000 
 
 Clerk of inamiscript department.... 2,300 
 
 State director of a'rici'.lture 3,700 
 
 State director of Iionie economics 2,000 
 
 Clerk 1, 400 
 
 2 stenographers each. . 1, tOO 
 
 7 stenographers do 1,200 
 
 Total 41,900 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 Statesuperinteiident of public instruction. . 4,000 
 Deput.v State superintendent of public 
 
 instruction 2, 700 
 
 Chief clerk 1,800 
 
 Secretary to State superintendent 1,500 
 
 Inspector of normal training high schools.. 2,400 
 
 Inspector of consolidated schools 2,400 
 
 Inspector of graded and high schools 2, 400 
 
 Inspector ol rural schools 2,400 
 
 State director of vocational education 3,000 
 
 Supervisor of trades and industries 3, 000 
 
 Assistant supervisor of agriculture 2, 700 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2, 200 
 
 Clerk 1, 020 
 
 Secretary, educational board of examiners. 1,800 
 
 3 stenographers each . . 1 , 200 
 
 Director of the teachers' placement bureau 
 
 (hall time) 1,200 
 
 4 clerks each. . 1, 200 
 
 Clerk 060 
 
 Total '. 44,420 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 Stato superintendent of public instruction. 3,000 
 Assistant State superintendent of public 
 
 instruction 2, 200 
 
 Chief clerk 1,650 
 
 Statistical clerk 1, 200 
 
 2 stenograpliers each . . 1 , 000 
 
 Secretary, State board of education 2, 400 
 
 Stenographer to secretary. State board of 
 
 education 1, 200 
 
 2 high-school supervisors each.. 2,000 
 
 2 rural-school supe^^^sors do 2,000 
 
 Vocational Education. 
 
 State director of vocational education (one- 
 half time) 2, 000 
 
 State supervisor of vocational agiiculture. . 2, 500 
 
 Stenographer ] , 200 
 
 Grand total '. 27,350 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction. 1,000 
 
 State supervisor of high schools ' 3, 500 
 
 3 State rural-school supervisors ■ each 3, 500 
 
 State supervisor and director of vocational 
 
 education 3, 000 
 
 State supervisor of home economics educa- 
 tion 2, 700 
 
 Director of physical education 4, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 2, 500. 
 
 1 clerk 1, 500 
 
 Do 1 , 200 
 
 Do 1 , 000 
 
 2 stenographers each . . 1 , 500 
 
 3 stenographers do 1,200 
 
 Bureau of Inspection. 
 
 2 inspectors each . . 1 , 000 
 
 Grand total '. 42,500 
 
 ' Receive salaries from General Education Board. 
 ' State department reports that it is looking also 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 State superintendent of education ?5, 000 
 
 State high-school inspector 4,000 
 
 Assistant Stato high-school inspector 3, 600 
 
 Chairman State teachers' examining com- 
 mittee and State institute conductor 4,000 
 
 State rural-school supervisor 4,000 
 
 Assistant State rural-school supervisor 3,000 
 
 Do 3,000 
 
 State director of phy.sical training 3, 600 
 
 Stats agent of rural schools for Negroes 4,500 
 
 Assistant State agent of rural schools for 
 
 Negroes 3, 600 
 
 State supervisor of Jeanes teachers (Negro) . 1, 200 
 
 State Rosenwald building agent (Negro)... 1,500 
 
 State supervisor of agricultural schools 3,600 
 
 State director of agricultural teacher-train- 
 ing 3,600 
 
 State supervisor of home economics 3,000 
 
 Assistant State supervisor of home eco- 
 nomics 2, 400 
 
 Chief clerk 3,000 
 
 Clerk 2, 400 
 
 Do 1,800 
 
 5 clerks each.. 1,200 
 
 Porter 900 
 
 Total 07, 700 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Slate superintendent of public schools 4,600 
 
 Deputj' State superintendent of public 
 
 schools 3,250 
 
 Agent for secondary education 2,700 
 
 Agent for unorganized territory 2, 700 
 
 Agent for rural education 3,200 
 
 Do 2,700 
 
 State director of vocational education 2,700 
 
 State supervisor of agricultural education.. 2,100 
 
 State supervisor of trades and industries.. 2,400 
 
 State supervisor of home economics 1, 700 
 
 Secretary 1, 200 
 
 2 clerks each.. 1,000 
 
 Clerk 936 
 
 2 clerks each.. 900 
 
 Clerk 800 
 
 2 clerks 780 
 
 Total 36,046 
 
 MARVLAND.6 
 
 State sirperiutendent of schools 8,000 
 
 Assistant superintendei.t ofschools 6.000 
 
 Supervisor of high schools 4,250 
 
 Supervisor of high schools 4, 000 
 
 Supervisor of rural schools 4, 250 
 
 Supervisor of vocational education 5,000 
 
 Supervisor of j^hysical education 5.000 
 
 Supervisor of colored schools 4,000 
 
 Supervisor of jnililic school music 3,000 
 
 Executive secretary 3, 000 
 
 Chief clerk 2,000 
 
 Credential clerk 1,800 
 
 Bookkeeper ] , 200 
 
 2 stenographers each. . 1, 20O 
 
 Stenographer 1 , OOO 
 
 I Total 55,900 
 
 for a specialist in measurements at $5,000 or $(i,000. 
 
42 
 
 STATE DEPAETMEKTS OF EDUCATIOi?^. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Commissioner of education $7, 500 
 
 2deput\- commissioners of education.eacli. . 5, 000 
 
 Business agent 3, 120 
 
 Director of Americanization 4,200 
 
 Assistant in Americanization 2,200 
 
 Agent in charge of teacher-training division. 3, 500 
 Agent in charge of teacher-training courses 
 
 for agricultural schools 3, 150 
 
 Agent in charge of training courses for 
 
 industrial teachers „ 3, 300 
 
 Administrative agent 2, 340 
 
 Agent in charge of teacher training for day 
 
 and evening household arts schools 2, 340 
 
 Assistant in teacher trainmg for da:' and 
 
 evening household arts schools 1, 580 
 
 Associate in teacher-training division 1, 980 
 
 Agent in charge of agricultural schools 3, 750 
 
 Supervisor of day and evening schools for 
 
 boys and men 3,750 
 
 Agent for high schools 3, 750 
 
 Agen t for elementary schools 3, 450 
 
 Agent for research and statistics 3, 300 
 
 Agent in charge of registration of teachers. . 2, 820 
 Agent in charge of day and evening schools 
 
 lor girls and women 2, 160 
 
 Assistant in evening practical arts schools . 1, 560 
 
 Associate in education 1, 200 
 
 Director of university extension 5, 000 
 
 Agent in charge of extension classes in 
 
 industrial subjects 3, 060 
 
 Agent in charge of correspondence instruc- 
 tion - 2,580 
 
 Editor and supervisor of extension instruc- 
 tion 3,060 
 
 Normal instructor, extension division 1,680 
 
 Do 1,560 
 
 Do -.- 1,440 
 
 4 normal instructors, extension division, 
 
 each 1,320 
 
 Normal instructor, extension division 1, 300 
 
 2 normal instructors, extension division, 
 
 each 1,280 
 
 Normal mstructor, extension division 1,200 
 
 Do 1,140 
 
 Do 1,080 
 
 Bookkeeper 1,680 
 
 Stenographer 1, 680 
 
 Do - 1,560 
 
 Do 1, 380 
 
 Do .- 1,260 
 
 Do 1,200 
 
 2 stenographers each. . 1, 140 
 
 5 stenographers do 1, 080 
 
 C stenographers do 1, 020 
 
 4 stenographers do 960 
 
 5 stenographers do 900 
 
 2 stenographers do S40 
 
 Stenographer 780 
 
 2stenogi'aphers each.. 750 
 
 Chief clerk 2, 160 
 
 Clerk 1,800 
 
 Do 1, 560 
 
 Do ,. . . . 1, 260 
 
 2 clerks each . . 1, 080 
 
 Do do.... 1,020 
 
 Do do.... 960 
 
 M.\.SSACHUSETTS— Continued. 
 
 Clerk S900 
 
 9 clerks each.. 840 
 
 7 clerks do 780 
 
 5 clerks do.... 660 
 
 11 clerks do. . . . 600 
 
 Total 173, 410 
 
 MICHICxAN. 
 State superintendent of public instruction. 
 Deputy superintendent of public instnic- 
 
 tion 
 
 2 assistant superintendents of public 
 
 instruction each . . 
 
 High-school inspector 
 
 Director of physical education 
 
 Chief clerk 
 
 Count y normal supervisor 
 
 2 editors each . . 
 
 Director of vocational education for adult 
 
 blind 
 
 Assistant director of vocational education 
 
 for adult blind 
 
 Clerk for vocational education fcr adult 
 
 bimd 
 
 Textbook clerk 
 
 Shipping clerk 
 
 Chief statistician 
 
 Statistician 
 
 3 statisticians each . . 
 
 Statistician 
 
 3 stenographers each . . 
 
 Stenographer 
 
 Do 
 
 2 Stenographers each . . 
 
 Janitor 
 
 Vocational EducaUoii. 
 Acting State director of vocational educa- 
 tion' '. 1,500 
 
 Supervisor of agricultural education 5,000 
 
 Supervisor of industrial education 5, 000 
 
 Supervisor of home economics education ." 600 
 
 Clerk : 1,300 
 
 4,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,000 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,500 
 
 900 
 
 450 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,203 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,300 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,000 
 
 800 
 
 . Grand total 58,550 
 
 MINNESOTA. - 
 
 Commissioner of education „ 5, 000 
 
 Deputy commissioner of education 3, 500 
 
 Inspector of rural schools 3, 200 
 
 Assistant inspector of rural schools 3, 000 
 
 Do 2,250 
 
 Inspector of high schools and director of 
 
 vocational education 4,000 
 
 Inspector cf elementary schools 3, 500 
 
 Inspector of teacher-training schools 3, 500 
 
 Assistant inspector of high and graded 
 
 schools 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor of agricultural education 3, 000 
 
 Supervisoroftradeandindustrialeducation 3,000 
 
 Supervisor of home-economics education. . 2, 800 
 Inspector of buildings and director of special 
 
 classes.. 3,500 
 
 Director of libraries 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor of school libraries and field 
 
 organizer 2, 250 
 
 Librarian 1, 590 
 
 Reference librarian 1, 350 
 
 ' Part time only. 
 
STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 43 
 
 MINNESOTA— Continued. 
 
 Director of employment bureau and secre- 
 tary of the teacliers' retirement fund 
 
 ftssociation STi, 600 
 
 Director of reeducation of injured persons. . 3, 500 
 
 Inspector of reeducation 3, 000 
 
 Placement officer 1, 000 
 
 Accountant and statistician 2, 700 
 
 Certificate clerk 1 , 500 
 
 Secretary to commissioner 1, 500 
 
 Secretary employment bureau 1, 500 
 
 2 stenographers and clerks each.. l,3S0 
 
 Stcno.crapher and clerk 1, 2G0 
 
 4 stenographers and clerks each . . 1 , 200 
 
 Do do ... . 1, 080 
 
 2 St enographers and clerks do 1 , 020 
 
 Stenographer and clerk 960 
 
 Clerk 1, 020 
 
 Do 900 
 
 2 clerks each . . 900 
 
 Clerk 780 
 
 Total 87,210 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 State superintendent of education 4, 500 
 
 Assistant State superintendent of education 3,000 
 
 State liigh-schoo! inspect or ^ 3, 500 
 
 State rural-sciiool supervisor * 3,500 
 
 State super\'isor of Negro schools * 3, 000 
 
 2 assistant superx-isors of Negro schools 
 
 (colored) * each. . 2, 500 
 
 State director vocational agricultural edu- 
 cation 3, 750 
 
 Assistant director vocational agricultural 
 
 education 2, .500 
 
 State supervisor of home economics 2, 500 
 
 State supervisor trade and industrial edu- 
 cation 2,750 
 
 Director of health educai ion 4, 000 
 
 President State board of examiners s i^oOO 
 
 2 members State board of examiners. cacli. s soo 
 
 Secretary State board of examiners 1,200 
 
 Clerk to rural-school agents ^ 1, 500 
 
 Clerk to vocational directors 1 , SOO 
 
 Clerk to high-school superxisor 1, 800 
 
 2 clerks each.. 1,800 
 
 2 clerks each . . 1, 200 
 
 Total 52 , 900 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 Stale superintendent of public schools 3,000 
 
 Chief assistant 2, SOO 
 
 Teaclier-training inspector 2, 500 
 
 2 high-school inspectors each . . 2, 400 
 
 3 riu-al-school inspectors each . . 2, 400 
 
 Statistician 2, 400 
 
 Stenographer 1, 500 
 
 2 stenographers each . . 1, 320 
 
 2 clerks each. . 1, 320 
 
 Vocational Education. 
 
 Executive officer (State superintendent).. . 1,1,00 
 
 Director of vocational education 4,000 
 
 Supervisor of trades and industry 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor of agriculture 3,000 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2, 500 
 
 Stenographer 1, 320 
 
 Grand total 44,500 
 
 < Paid by General Education Board. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction. ?vi,OiKl 
 Deputy State superintendent of pulilic in- 
 struction 2,500 
 
 High-school supervisor 2, 500 
 
 2 nu-al-school supervisors each . . 2, 500 
 
 Vocational director 2, 500 
 
 Certification clerk 1, 500 
 
 2 stenographers each . . 1, 200 
 
 Total : 19,400 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction. 2,000 
 Deputy State superintendent of public in- 
 struction 1,800 
 
 First assistant supeiintendent (rural-scIiool 
 
 inspector) 1, 800 
 
 Second assistant superintendent (county 
 
 certificates) 1, 800 
 
 Third assistant superintendent (city cer- 
 tificates) 1,800 
 
 Inspector of normal training 2,00o 
 
 .\ssistant inspector of normal t raining 1, 8;X) 
 
 Secretary of normal training, bookkeejier 
 
 and statist ician 1, 200 
 
 Secretary 1, 200 
 
 Stenograplior 1, 000 
 
 Do 1, 080 
 
 Do 960 
 
 2 clerks of examinations eac!i.. 1,200 
 
 Clerk of examinations (half lime) COO 
 
 Vocational Educati'in. 
 
 Director of vocational education 8, 001 
 
 Supervisor of agricultural education 3,000 
 
 Supervisor of home-economics education.. . 3,000 
 
 Supenisor of trade and industrial education 3,000 
 
 Grand total 33, 500 
 
 NEVADA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction. . 3,Cu0 
 Office deputy and secretary of the teachers' 
 
 retirement salary fund 2, 400 
 
 Secretary to the superintendent 1, 500 
 
 Vocational Department. 
 
 State director and supervisor of agriculture. 3,000 
 
 Supervisor of trades and mditU rie.^ 2, 750 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2, 500 
 
 Grand total 15,750 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Commissioner of education 5, 000 
 
 2 deputy commissioners of education.. each. 4,000 
 
 Deput y commissioner of education S, 250 
 
 Do 3,000 
 
 Supervisor of agriculture 2,600 
 
 Supervisor of health 1, 750 
 
 Aecomitant 2, 400 
 
 Inspector of child welfare 1,900 
 
 Inspector of child labor 1, 700 
 
 Do 1,600 
 
 Registrar 1, 100 
 
 Clerk, State board of cduca t ion 1, 200 
 
 Secretary to the commissioner 1,200 
 
 Stenographer 1,000 
 
 Do 900 
 
 2steno,';raphcrs each. . 720 
 
 Stenographer 600 
 
 Office of information clerk 720 
 
 Total 39,360 
 
 8 Aijproximately: fees. 
 
44 
 
 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Commissioner of education $10,000 
 
 4 assistant commissioners of education, 
 
 each 5,000 
 
 Director of physical training 5, 000 
 
 Business manager 4, 500 
 
 Secretary, State board of examiners 4,000 
 
 Inspector of buildings 3, 300 
 
 Supervisor of industrial education 3, 200 
 
 Auditor of accounts 2, 540 
 
 Inspector of accounts 2, 460 
 
 12 clerks total . . 19, 950 
 
 Professor of chemistry for the training of 
 
 home-economics teachers 1, 550 
 
 Inspector of training of home economics 
 
 teachers 2, 400 
 
 Assistant supervisor of agriculture and in- 
 structor for training teachers of agricul- 
 ture ■ 4,000 
 
 Instructor for training teachers of agricul- 
 ture 1,400 
 
 Assistant for training teachers in trades and 
 
 industries '. - . . 4, 000 
 
 Assistant for trades and industries. 3, 000 
 
 Assistant professor for training teachers of 
 
 home economics 2, 300 
 
 Associate professor of physics 1, 033 
 
 A.ssociate professor of farm mechanics 1, 350 
 
 Instructor in clothing 2, 100 
 
 Stenographer 840 
 
 Do 1, 180 
 
 Total 100, 103 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction.. 3,000 
 Assistant superintendent of puljlic instruc- 
 tion 2, 250 
 
 Chief clerk 2,000 
 
 State director of industrial education 2, 800 
 
 Assistant clerk 1, 500 
 
 2 stenographers each . . 1, 200 
 
 Stenogi'apher 900 
 
 State supervisor of trades and industries. . . 2, 500 
 
 State supervisor of agriculture 2, 700 
 
 4 members board of examiners each.. 700 
 
 Total 22, 860 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Commissioner of education •. 10, 000 
 
 Secretary to the commissioner 2, 350 
 
 Deputy commissioner of education and 
 
 counsel 7, 000 
 
 Assistant commissioner and director of pro- 
 fessional education 6, 000 
 
 Assistant commissioner for secondary edu- 
 cation or director .5, 500 
 
 Assistant commissioner f:r elementary edu- 
 cation or du'ector 5, 500 
 
 3 duectors each. . 6, 500 
 
 2 directors do 4, 250 
 
 Chief of division 4, 500 
 
 Do 4,000 
 
 2 chiefs of di\'ision each . . 3, 750 
 
 3 cliief s of division do 3, 500 
 
 Chief of division 3, 250 
 
 ' Auditor '. 4, 000 
 
 4 assistants each . . 3, 500 
 
 NEW YORK— Continued. 
 
 .Assistant $3, 250 
 
 Do 2, 850 
 
 Do 2, 550 
 
 Do 2, 250 
 
 Do 2, 100 
 
 Do 2,000 
 
 Do 1 , 600 
 
 Do 1, 500 
 
 E ditor , 3, 250 
 
 Cashier 2, 750 
 
 Secretary 4, 500 
 
 Do 4,000 
 
 Do 3,000 
 
 Do 2,250 
 
 Specialist 5, 500 
 
 Do 4, 000 
 
 Do 3 , 500 
 
 9 specialists each. . 3, 250 
 
 Do do. . . . 3, 000 
 
 6 specialists do 2, 750 
 
 Specialist 2, 400 
 
 2 specialists each. . 2, 200 
 
 Do do 2, 000 
 
 2 inspectors do 3, 000 
 
 5 inspectors do 2, 7oO 
 
 2 inspectors do 2, 500 
 
 Do do.... 2,250 
 
 3 inspectors do 2, 000 
 
 2 inspectors do 1, 900 
 
 3 inspectors do 1,800 
 
 Inspector 1, 50O 
 
 2 examiners each.. 1,900 
 
 Examiner 1, 700 
 
 5 examiners each. . 1, 600 
 
 8 examiners do 1, 320 
 
 2 examiners do 1, 200 
 
 Do do.... 1,140 
 
 5 teachers of physical education do 1, 700 
 
 8 teachers of physical education do 1, 600 
 
 5 teachers of physical education .do 1,500 
 
 Con".dential stenographer 1, 800 
 
 Hearing stenographer 1, 700 
 
 2 stenographers each.. 1,600 
 
 5 stenographers do 1, 500 
 
 3 stenographers do 1, 400 
 
 Do do 1,320 
 
 2 stenographers do 1, 260 
 
 Do do 1,200 
 
 4 stenographers do ■ 1, 140 
 
 5 stenographers do 1, 020 
 
 S stenogTaphers do 900 
 
 11 stenographers do 840 
 
 2 clerks or stenographers do 1, 020 
 
 5 clerks or stenographers do 900 
 
 3 clerks or stenographers do 840 
 
 2 clerks or stenographers do 720 
 
 Clerk or engrosser 1, 320 
 
 Clerk or bookkeeper 1, 020 
 
 Clerk and secretary of museum 2, 500 
 
 Clerk ' 2,100 
 
 Do 2,000 
 
 2 clerks each. . 1, 800 
 
 aclerks do.... 1,600 
 
 3 clerks do ... . 1, 500 
 
 6 clerks do 1,400 
 
 2 clerks do 1, 260 
 
 S clerks do.... 1,200 
 
STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 45 
 
 NEAV YORK— Continupd. 
 
 5 clerks each. . $1 , 140 
 
 Do do.... 1,080 
 
 7 clerks do.... 1,020 
 
 Clerk 960 
 
 6 clerks each . . 900 
 
 . I Do do.... 840 
 
 24 clerks.. do.... 780 
 
 13 clerks do ... . 720 
 
 Do do 660 
 
 4 junior clerks or page do — 660 
 
 3 junior clerks or page do — 600 
 
 Messenger 1 , 380 
 
 Messenger or mailcleik 1,320 
 
 Do 1 , 200 
 
 Messenger or laborer 1 , 080 
 
 2 senior librarians each. . 3, 000 
 
 Senior librarian 2, 750 
 
 Do 2, 500 
 
 4 senior librarians pach.. 2,100 
 
 Senio r librarian 2, 000 
 
 Librarian 1 , 900 
 
 5 11 brarians each . . 1 , 800 
 
 4 librarians do 1, 680 
 
 6 librarians do 1, 500 
 
 3 librarians do. . . . 1, 320 
 
 Do do 1,200 
 
 Librarian 1, 020 
 
 Library assistant 1 , 140 
 
 Do 1,020 
 
 2 library assistants each . . 900 
 
 Do <^o 840 
 
 3 library assistants do 720 
 
 2 library assistants or clerks do 1, 140 
 
 Do do.... 1,080 
 
 3 library assistants or clerks do 900 
 
 2 library assistants or clerks do 840 
 
 Librarj' assistant or clerk 780 
 
 3 library assistants or clerks each. . 720 
 
 3 scientific e-xperts do 3, 000 
 
 2 scientific experts do 2,500 
 
 Do. do. ... 1, 900 
 
 Scientific experts 1 , 800 
 
 2 scientific experts each . . 1, 440 
 
 Scientific assistant 1, 080 
 
 scientific technician 1 , 600 
 
 Technical assistant 1 , 2C0 
 
 Do 1,200 
 
 Scientific draftsman 2,000 
 
 Custodian of museum collections 1,200 
 
 Chief engineer or supervising engineer 3, 200 
 
 Storekeeper 1 , 840 
 
 Electrical engineer 2, 000 
 
 Custodian of building or messenger 1, 600 
 
 .\ssistant steam engineer 1,500 
 
 4 assistant steam engineers each.. 1,320 
 
 5 elevator men do 1,320 
 
 2 carpenters do 1, 320 
 
 Roofer 1,320 
 
 Painter 1,320 
 
 General mechanical assistant 1 , 200 
 
 Electrician 1 , 320 
 
 Elevator repair man 1 , 320 
 
 8 orderlies or watchmen each. . 1,080 
 
 2 shippers do 1, 200 
 
 Compositor 1 , 800 
 
 Compositor's apprentice 1,080 
 
 2 telephone operators each.. 1,080 
 
 8 laborers do 1, 020 
 
 l21aborers do ... 960 
 
 ' Receive salaries irom 
 
 NEW YORK— Continued. 
 
 11 porters each. . $900 
 
 4 cleaners do 660 
 
 30 cleaners do 540 
 
 A nurkanhalinil Bureau. 
 
 Specialist 4, 250 
 
 2 assistants each.. 3,500 
 
 4 assistants do 3,000 
 
 5 assistants do 2, 700 
 
 Assistant 2,500 
 
 6 assistants each . . 2, 40O 
 
 Do do 2,003 
 
 Sassistajils do.... 1,800 
 
 5 teachers in Americanization work, .do 1,500 
 
 Stenographer 1, 200 
 
 Do 1,080 
 
 Do 840 
 
 Clerk 780 
 
 Library assistant 900 
 
 Grand total 822, 900 
 
 4 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction . 
 
 State agent for rural schools i 
 
 State agent for Negro rural schools ' 
 
 Inspector of high schools ' 
 
 Chief clerk 
 
 Clerk of loan fund 
 
 Supervisor of teacher training and secretary 
 State board of examiners and institute 
 conductors 
 
 Assistant secretary State board of examin- 
 
 4,000 
 3,500 
 3,500 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 2,500 
 
 3,500 
 
 1,800 
 3,500 
 
 1,800 
 2,000 
 
 2,750 
 3,500 
 2,700 
 2,000 
 2,700 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 6,340 
 1,300 
 
 ers 
 
 Director of commimity-service bureau 
 
 Assistant director of community-service 
 buretiu 
 
 Director of schools for adult illiterates 
 
 6 members of board of examiners and insti- 
 tute conductors (each).. 
 
 Director of vocational education 
 
 State super\isor of agriculture 
 
 State supervisor of home economics 
 
 State supervisor of trades and industries. . . 
 
 Supervisor Jeanes teachers ' 
 
 Assistant in schoolhouse-building campaign 
 
 6 clerks totah . 
 
 2 porters do 
 
 Total 69, 140 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction.. 3,000 
 Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 2,500 
 
 Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 2,000 
 
 3 rmal-school inspectors each . . 2, 200 
 
 High-school inspector 2, 200 
 
 Chief clerk 1, 500 
 
 2 stenograph ers each.. 1,200 
 
 Total 20, 200 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 4,000 
 
 .\ssistant superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 2,500 
 
 Chief clerk 2,240 
 
 Statistician 2, 400 
 
 General Education Board. 
 
46 
 
 STATE DEPAETMEISTTS OF EDI'CATIOX. 
 
 OHIO— Continiisd. 
 
 Examination clerk S2, 04<j 
 
 21iigh-sclioolinspectors (fulltime) - .each. . 2,240 
 
 61iigh-sciiooIinspeetors(halftime)..do 1,000 
 
 Inspector of teacher training 2, 500 
 
 Secretary 1, C3r, 
 
 Stenograpiier 1 , 320 
 
 3 stenographers each . . 1, 080 
 
 Clerk 1,080 
 
 State Board of Biucation ( Vocationil Elucafion). 
 
 Vocational supervisor 3,000 
 
 Assistant vocational super-i-isor 2,000 
 
 Super^T-Sor of agriculture - - 2,800 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2,700 
 
 Supervisor teacher training (half timc.^ 1,800 
 
 Soper^dsor teacher training (half time > - . . - 2, 500 
 
 S'jper-'.-isor teacher training 3, 800 
 
 Grand total 52,030 
 
 OKL.VIIOMA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction. 
 Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
 
 Secretary to the State superintendent 
 
 Chief clerk 
 
 Agricultural assistant 
 
 High-school inspect or 
 
 2 assistant high-school inspectors each. . 
 
 Rural-school supervisor < 
 
 Riu-al-school supervisor 
 
 2 stenographers each. . 
 
 Secretary to State board of education 
 
 Stenographer. 
 
 2,500 
 
 2,100 
 1,500 
 2,000 
 1^500 
 2,400 
 1,800 
 3,500 
 1,800 
 1,200 
 2,100 
 1,200 
 
 Total, 26,600 
 
 OREGOX. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction . 3, 000 
 -Assistant State superintendent of public 
 
 instruction 2,640 
 
 Field vt'orker in industrial fairs 2, 000 
 
 ■Secretary to the State board of education . . 1, 800 
 
 4 stenographers each . . 1 . 260 
 
 Vocaftonal Educatiom. 
 
 State director of vocational education and 
 
 supervisor of trades and industries 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor of agriculture (half time) 1, 500 
 
 Supervisor of home economics — traveling 
 
 expenses 200 
 
 Stenographer 1, 260 
 
 Grand total 20,440 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 12, 000 
 
 First deputy superintendent of public in- 
 struction 7, 500 
 
 Second deputy superintendent of public 
 
 instruction G, 000 
 
 Assistant to superintendent of public in- 
 struction 4, 000 
 
 Director, administration bureau 5, 000 
 
 Assistant director, administration ])ureau- 4,000 
 
 Director, Americanization bui"eau 5, 000 
 
 Supervisor, -"^jnerieanization bureau 3, 200 
 
 Do 3,C0O 
 
 « Paid by General Education Board. 
 3 Exclusive of salaries of stenographers, clerks, 
 county supervisors. 
 
 P E NNSYLVANIA— Continued . 
 
 Director, health education 84,000 
 
 Supervisor of physical education 3, 600 
 
 Do 2,500 
 
 Super%-isor of nutrition 3, 000 
 
 Lecturer on health education 3, 000 
 
 Director, attendance bureau 4, 600 
 
 Assistant director, attendance bureau 3, 250 
 
 5 inspectors, attendance bureau each. . S, 000 
 
 Director, rural-schools bur-eau 5, 000 
 
 Assistant director, rural-schools bureau 4, 000 
 
 Director, biireau of medical education and 
 
 licensure 3,t00 
 
 Director, teacher bureau 5,000 
 
 Assistant director, teacher bureau (voca- 
 tional teacher training i 5,, O'XI 
 
 Assistant director, teacher bureau 4, 000 
 
 -Assistant director, teacher Vjureau (teacher 
 
 placement) 3. 680 
 
 Director; school inspection bureau 4, 000 
 
 Inspector, high schools 4, OOO 
 
 Director, school-buildings bureau 4, ooO 
 
 2 draftsmen eich . . 3,000 
 
 Specialist in foreign languages 5,®00 
 
 Specialist in social science 5,fl00 
 
 Specialist in English 5, 000 
 
 Specialist in commercial education 4, 500 
 
 Director, vocational education 5, 000 
 
 .\ssistant director, industrial education 1, 000 
 
 2 supervisors, industrial education. . .each . . 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor of junior projects 4, 000 
 
 .IssLstant director, agricultural education . . 4, 000 
 2 supervisors of agricultural education 
 
 each 3,500 
 
 Assistant director, home economics 3, 500 
 
 2 supervisors of home economics e.ac:i . . 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor of continuation schools 5, 000 
 
 12 county supervisors, male (agricul- 
 ture) ' 2,«)O-3,,0OO 
 
 3 county supervisors, female (home eco- 
 nomies) 1, 800-2, 00i3 
 
 Supervisor of art instruction 6,00*) 
 
 Supervisor of music 3,000 
 
 Secretary of pension bureau (teachers' re- 
 tirement fund) 4, 200 
 
 Secretary to superintendent 3, OM 
 
 Bookkeeper 1 . 400 
 
 Lil>rarian 1, -Wl 
 
 Stenographers 900-1.800 
 
 Clerks. 900-3, 000 
 
 Messengers 909-1, 430 
 
 9 254,350 
 RHODE ISL.\ND. 
 
 Commissioner of education 6. 00<3 
 
 Assistant commissioner 3,000 
 
 Secretary and deputy 3, 000 
 
 Supervisor of trade and industrial educa- 
 tion 3,00i:» 
 
 Supervisor of agricultviral education 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor of home-economics education. . . 2, 50<1 
 
 Supervisor of Americanization 1, SOil 
 
 Library visitor 1, 300 
 
 Chief cierk 1,340 
 
 4 clerks each.. 1,000 
 
 Total 23,4-10 
 
 and messengers; and with an average for the 
 
STAFFS OF STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 47 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 State superiuLendent of education $2,M) 
 
 High-school inspectors * 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor of rural schools * 3,500 
 
 Supervisor of rural schools 2, 400 
 
 Supervisor of mill schools 2, 400 
 
 Supervisor of colored schools •• :i, 500 
 
 Supervisor of adult schoob and night 
 
 schools 2,100 
 
 School community organizer 1,900 
 
 Chief clerk 2,400 
 
 Bookkeeper 1, 200 
 
 4 stenographers each . . 1 , 200 
 
 2 members State board of examiners for 
 
 teachers each. . :5..0i.l0 
 
 College Professors Lent to ^V St-Jle Superintendent's 
 Office. 
 
 Supervisor of agricultural instruction :^, 500 
 
 Supervisor of trades and industries 3, 500 
 
 Itinerant teacher trainer in trades and in- 
 dustries 2, SOO 
 
 School architect 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2, 400 
 
 Independent Unit in Cooperation Kith the State 
 
 Superintendent's Office. 
 
 Registrar of teachers' employment bureau . 1, 800 
 
 Stenographer 900 
 
 Grand totaL 54,000 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction. . '^ 2, 400 
 Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 2, 520 
 
 Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 2, 400 
 
 Chairman of board of examiners 2,100 
 
 High-school supervisor, director of voca- 
 tional education 3, 300 
 
 Rural-school sTipervisor 2, 400 
 
 Director of Americanization 2, 400 
 
 Assistant director of Americanization 1, SOO 
 
 Supervisor of home economics 2, 300 
 
 Supervisor of agricultural education (part 
 
 time) 666 
 
 Assistant in truancy 1, 800 
 
 Chief clerk 1,620 
 
 Clerk 1,500 
 
 4 ."Stenographers, from 1, 080-1, 500 
 
 Total H 32, 426 
 
 TENNESSEK. 
 
 TENNESSEE— Continued. 
 
 Clerk of board a,800 
 
 2 members of State grading commission. 
 
 each 2, 000 
 
 Member of State grading commission 1, SOO 
 
 4 stenographers each. . 1, 200 
 
 Total 30, 100 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction . 4, 000 
 
 First assistant State superintendent 2, 703 
 
 2 assistant State suiKjrintendents each . . 2, 250 
 
 Chief supervisor of high schools 2, 603 
 
 3 supervisors of high schools each. . 2,203 
 
 4 supervisors of high schools do 2,003 
 
 Auditor 1, 833 
 
 Assistant auditor 1,353 
 
 Statistician 1, 500 
 
 Certificat ion clerk 1, 650 
 
 Correpsondeuce and mailing clerk 1, 503 
 
 Assistant correspondence and mailing clerk. 1, 330 
 
 Porter 633 
 
 Do 243 
 
 Supervisor of vocational agri-ulture 3, 703 
 
 Assistant in vocational agriculture 3, 153 
 
 Do 2,759 
 
 5 uperviscr of teacher training 3, 533 
 
 Assistant in teacher training 3, 159 
 
 Supervisor of homo eronomics 3, 533 
 
 Assistant in home economi?s 3, 153 
 
 Chief su perv isor of rura 1 s^-hools 3, 303 
 
 9 supervisors of rural schools carh . . 2, 233 
 
 Secretary, rural-school division 2, 403 
 
 ilanager of textbook division 2, 633 
 
 Auditor, textbook division 2, 403 
 
 Bookkeeper, textbook di\i.;ion 1,803 
 
 2 adding-machine operators each. . 1,503 
 
 2 requisition clerks do 1,-503 
 
 3 stenographers do 1, 603 
 
 2 stenographers ■. do 1,503 
 
 Stenographer 1,350 
 
 Do 1,250 
 
 3 stenographer.- '^a -h.. 1,203 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction . 3, 600 
 
 Chief clerk 2, 000 
 
 High-school inspector 3, 600 
 
 Elementarj'-school agent 3, 000 
 
 Rural-school supervisor 3, 000 
 
 Bookkeeper, State schools 2, 500 
 
 Trade and industrial supervisor 3, 000 
 
 Agricultural supervisor 3, 000 
 
 < Salaries paid by General Education Board. 
 
 1" Of this amoimt 8600 is appropriated annually '-for living expenses. 
 
 II Four stenographers estimated at 81,290 each. 
 
 Total 113,590 
 
 UTAH. 
 
 State .'juperintcnlent of public inslructicn . 4, 003 
 Assistant State superintendent of public 
 
 instruction 3^ 300 
 
 State high-.school inspector (five-,sixths 
 
 time) 2,500 
 
 State library secretary and orgnaizer (7 
 
 months) 1,800 
 
 State director of health education (three- 
 fourths time) 3, 003 
 
 State director of Americanization 2, 500 
 
 State director of vocational education 3, 300 
 
 State .supervisor in agriculture 2, 750 
 
 State supervisor in home economics 2, 750 
 
 State supervisor of trades ani industries. . . 2, 5WJ 
 
48 
 
 020 975 572 5 
 
 STATE DEPARTMENTS OF EDUCATION. 
 
 UTAH— Continuerl. 
 
 Advisory architect to State school-buildings 
 
 commission per day. . S8 
 
 Clerk - 1,3S0 
 
 Sclerks each . . 1, 200 
 
 Total 12 33, 380 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 Commissioner of education 6, 000 
 
 Executive clerk 2, 100 
 
 Supervisor of junior high schools 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor of elementary schools 2, 600 
 
 State high-school supply teacher 1, 600 
 
 State helping teacher 1, 600 
 
 Secretary teachers' registration bureau 1, 400 
 
 Certification clerk 1, 200 
 
 Stenographer 900 
 
 Clerk 720 
 
 Total 21,260 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction. . 4, 500 
 
 Secretary of the State board of education ... 3, 850 
 
 Auditor. 3, 750 
 
 Assistant auditor 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor for teacher training 3, 250 
 
 Director for teachers' bureau 1, 800 
 
 Supervisor for high schools 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor for high schools * 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor for agricultural schools 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor for trade and industrial schools 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor for physical education 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor for home-economics schools 2, 100 
 
 Supervisor for rural schools, white ^ 3, 500 
 
 Supervisor for rural schools, Negro ^ 3, 500 
 
 8 stenographers and clerks total . . 50, 540 
 
 Total 56, 790 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Superintendent of public instruction 
 
 Assistant superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 
 
 Deputy superintendent of public instruc- 
 tion 
 
 High-school inspector 
 
 Certification chief 
 
 Assistant in rural education 
 
 Executive secretary 
 
 Secretary of rural-life commission 
 
 Field assistant 
 
 Legal secretary 
 
 Secretary of State board of examiners 
 
 i stenographers each . . 
 
 Mailclerk 
 
 5 stenographers each . . 
 
 Director of vocational education 
 
 Supervisor of agricultural education 
 
 Supervisor of home-economics education. . . 
 
 Supervisor of trade and industrial educa- 
 tion 
 
 3,000 
 
 2,700 
 
 3,000 
 2,640 
 2,100 
 2,100 
 2,100 
 1,800 
 1,800 
 1,800 
 1,350 
 1,350 
 1,320 
 1,200 
 4,500 
 2,600 
 2,700 
 
 3,600 
 
 Total. 
 
 V/EST VIRGINIA. 
 
 State superintendent of free schools 
 
 Chief clerk 
 
 Supervisor of high schools ^ 
 
 Assistant supervisor of high schools (part 
 
 time) 
 
 Supervisor of rural schools ■* 
 
 Supervisor of examinations 
 
 Secretary of State board of education 
 
 Statistica 1 clerk 
 
 2 stenographers total. . 
 
 3 clerks do 
 
 Supervisor of colored Schools 
 
 $5,000 
 2,400 
 3,600 
 
 1,800 
 3,600 
 2,040 
 2,700 
 1,320 
 2,700 
 3,700 
 2,400 
 
 Total 31, 260 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction.. 5,000 
 Assistant State superintendent of public 
 
 instruction 4, 500 
 
 Second assistant State superintendent of 
 
 public instruction 3, 200 
 
 Supervisor of high schools 4, 250 
 
 Do 4,000 
 
 Supervisor of high schools and special 
 
 suprvisor of agi'iculture 4, 000 
 
 Supervisor of manual training 4, 000 
 
 Supervisor of educational measurements. . . 3, 500 
 
 Do 2, 500 
 
 Supervisor of day schools for the deaf and 
 
 blind 3, 500 
 
 3 supervisors of State graded schools, .each. 3, 250 
 
 2 supervisors of rural schools do 3,250 
 
 2 supervisors of city grades do 2,700 
 
 Supervisor of city grades and supervising 
 
 teachers 2, 700 
 
 Clinical psychologist and supervisor of 
 
 exceptional classes 2, 700 
 
 Supervisor of school libraries 2, 600 
 
 Supervisor of domestic science 3, 000 
 
 Diploma and certificate clerk 1,440 
 
 Assistant librarian 1, 500 
 
 Statistician 1, 400 
 
 2 stenographers each. . 1, 200 
 
 Do... do 1,080 
 
 Do do 1, 020 
 
 Clerk 840 
 
 44,210 Total 
 
 < Paid by General Education Board. 
 
 '^ Exclusive of fees of advisory architect at 
 
 Total 82, 880 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 State superintendent of public instruction. 3, 000 
 Deputy State superintendent of public 
 
 instruction 2,100 
 
 Commissioner of education 3, 000 
 
 Director of vocational eduction 3, 000 
 
 Director of agricultural education. 2, 600 
 
 Director of home economics 1, 980 
 
 Supervisor of special classes 2, 400 
 
 Stenographer 1, 620 
 
 Do 1,500 
 
 Do 1,200 
 
 • 22, 400 
 
 ; per d.\y. 
 
 o 
 
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