m>iiM*i«w3 Of- 'K<. '..,,X^^ ■., 'c •x'^'' "-> <- ON'' \^^^. ^^. ' ^- "^^ v^' V , .\\ ■\> •s"^ . N C . -^ <- ^' 0^ ^r.o^ ^ "*A v^^ "If. * . . ^ v\^' U I ^ '^^ .c,^ .-x"^ <. ^ ' « . -N" V ^ . '»''>> > '^^^ ■^^ ,-0- >^. ' «^ -<:. ^^ * .^>v^^ ^. y •/. v\. * \ - r>\ 'O > ' * « '^o. '^/. * -) M ^ A-^ A- .V *. -^ ^ ^ 'C^ K^ > ■ 1 * ' vV ^/^. . O '>- ' « 1 \ -^^ v.* ^,# .^^>. '■^^ V^ .^^ O. HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. SIXTY-NINTH, SEVENTY-FIRST, SEVENTY-SECOND, AND ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH PENN- SYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. BY CHARLES H. BANES, LATE BREVET LIEUTENANT-COLONEL AND ASSISTANT ADJUTANT-GENERAL VOLUNTEERS. 'iii.t}}.:^ PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 1876. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by CHARLES H. BANES, In the OflBce of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. \ PREFACE. In the preparation of this History, the author has had access to official documents, as well as journals and reports in the possession of members of the Brigade. In order to more fully illustrate the operations of the command, brief accounts of army movements have been introduced. For much of this general information, the writer is indebted to "Swinton's Army of the Potomac,'^ the " Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War/' and unpublished reports on file in the War De- partment, w^hich he has been permitted to examine. He has attempted to give a connected history of the com- mand from its formation until its regiments were mus- tered out, and in doing so he has endeavored to confine his work to a simple narrative of its toils and conflicts, without any flattery of regiments or officers, and without any attempt at criticising the operations of the army. With the exception of two or three companies formed in the interior of Pennsylvania, the four regiments of the Brigade w^ere composed chiefly of volunteers from the city of Philadelphia, and for that reason might properly 4 PREFACE. be called the Philadelphia Brigade. It consisted of the Sixty-Ninth, Seventy-First, Seventy-Second, and One Hundred and Sixth Regiments of Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, and was designated the Second Brigade of the Second Division, Second Corps, Army of the Potomac. The command had, from the first enrollment until the muster out, three hundred and fifty field, staff, and line officers, and over six thousand non-commissioned officers and privates. The officers and men of the regiments were equal in courage, endurance, and discipline to the best commands of the army, and their soldierly bearing on the march and in battle helped to make the history of the Army of the Potomac. To his surviving comrades this volume is respectfully offered, in the belief that the old scenes revived in these pages will cause increased respect for the memories of those who have fallen, renewed sympathy and regard for the true men who survive, and, above all, an abiding appreciation of the birthright for which the battles were fought. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. The Formation .... PAGE 7 II. Chain Bridge 17 III. Ball's Bluff . 24 lY. Camp Observation . . 31 V. Across the Potomac . 37 VI. YORKTOWN 45 VII. Fair Oaks . 58 VIII. The Seven Days' Fight 73 IX. Pope's Campaign . 91 X. Antietam 103 XI. Harper's Ferry .... . 119 XII. Fredericksburg 128 XIII. Falmouth . 147 XIV. Chancellorsville 157 XV. The March after Lee . . 166 XVI. Gettysburg 175 XVII. The Rappahannock and Mine Bun . 198 XVIII. The Wilderness 216 XIX. Spottsylvania Court-House . . 237 XX. North Anna 254 XXI. Cold Harbor . 268 XXII. Petersburg 276 XXIII. Honorably Discharged . . 287 Roll oe ' Dead 295 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE, CHAPTER I. THE FORMATION. Edward D. Baker, a member of the United States Senate, and a soldier of high spirit, full of patriotism and military ardor, was the father of the Philadelphia Brigade. He was born in England about the year 1800, and came to this country when very young in life, find- ing a home in Philadelphia. He had been in the city but a few years when, by the death of his father, he was thrown entirely upon his own resources to support him- self and a younger brother. His force of character and self-reliance enabled him to cheerfully undertake the task, and he speedily found work for both in one of the mills in the lower part of the city. At the age of twenty-one, his restless spirit and his ambition for greater success led him to start with his younger brother, carrying their entire worldly possessions on their backs, 7 8 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. for the great West, the land of hope at that time, if not now, for young men having as their only capital for investment strong arms, stout hearts, and honest aspira- tions. They settled first in Springfield, Illinois, where Ed- ward commenced the study, and afterwards the practice, of law, and having fine natural gifts improved by close attention to his profession and extensive reading, he soon reached a high position at the bar. In the year 1846 he was elected from his district to Congress, where he bid fair to become one of the leaders of the House. When the Mexican War broke out he at once returned to Illinois and raised a regiment of volunteers, with which he joined General Scott's army on its march to the city of Mexico. After the battle of Cerro Gordo he was placed in command of a brigade, which he led during the rest of the war w^ith distinguished credit. When the Mexican War was ended he was again elected to Congress, and served another term. In 1851 he transferred his residence to San Francisco, where he speedily became one of its most prominent lawyers. Baker soon changed his residence again, locating this time in Oregon, from which he was elected in 1860 to the United States Senate. The spirit that aroused the men of the North on the taking of Fort Sumter, found an enthusiastic response in the breast of Edward D. Baker ; and in one of his last public addresses delivered in New York just before he commenced to raise the Philadelphia Brigade (then called the California Regiments), he uttered these elo- quent and prophetic words : " And if from the far Pacific a voice feebler than the feeblest murmur upon THE FORMATION. 9 its shore may be heard to give you courage and hope in the contest, that voice is yours to-day ; and if a man whose hair is gray, who is well-nigh worn out in the battle and toil of life, may pledge himself on such an occasion and in such an audience, let me say as my last word, that when, amid sheeted fire and flame, I saw and led the hosts of New York as they charged upon a for- eign soil for the honor of your flag, so again, if Provi- dence shall will it, this feeble hand shall draw a sword never yet dishonored — not to fight for distant honor in a foreign land, but to fight for country, for home, for law, for government, for constitution, for right, for free- dom, for humanity, and in the hope that the banner of my country may advance, and wheresoever that banner weaves there glory may follow and freedom be estab- lished.'^ Colonel Baker was especially commissioned by Presi- dent Lincoln to raise the Seventy-First Pennsylvania Regiment, or, as it was called at the muster, the First California Regiment, and recruiting was commenced in the early part of April, 1861, at Philadelphia. It was among the first of the three-year troops that were en- listed, and the work of enrolling was under the imme- diate charge of Colonel Isaac J. AYistar, of Philadelphia, who had commanded Indian Rangers in California and Oregon in 1850, and who had had considerable experi- ence in the warfare incidental to the early settlements of the Pacific coast. In a few weeks over one thousand men were enlisted, and were sent by detachments to report to the regimental headquarters established in New York city, where they were mustered into the service, and organized by the 2 10 HISTORY OF TEE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. choice of the following as field-officers: EdwardD. Baker, Colonel ; Isaac J. Wistar, Lieutenant-Colonel ; K. ^A. Parrish, Major. The regiment had not been recognized by either Pennsylvania or New York, and was treated as belonging to the regular army, its returns being made accordingly. Until the last of June it was engaged in drilling and completing its organization in the vicinity of New York, —part of the time at Fort Schuyler. On the 1st of July it was ordered to Fortress Monroeism Philadelphia ; and as it passed in column through the streets of the city, it reflected the greatest credit on its officers, and elicited the heartiest applause from the citizens who crowded the line of march, and who, in spite of the rebel gray uniform and the regimental name of a far-off sister State, recognized in the regiment marching towards the South— in every step giving evidence of its fine drill and discipline— hundreds of the young men of the Quaker City. Upon its arrival at Fortress Monroe it was assigned to duty, picketing and scouting on the Peninsula; its tour of duty extending to the vicinity of Big Bethel. The regiment remained at Fortress Monroe until after the first battle of Bull Eun, when it Avas transferred to the south bank of the Potomac, opposite Washington, and engaged, along with other commands, in building Fort Ethan Allen, near Chain Bridge, and in strength- ening the defenses of the capital. The Seventy-Second Pennsylvania, known in its earlier history as the Philadelphia Fire Zouaves, was the second regim'ent of Baker's Brigade to leave Philadelphia. Ke- cruiting was commenced on the 3d of August, 18G1, and rr'> THE FORMATION. ' H in one week its ranks were full. A regimental organi- zation was effected by the choice of the following officers: DeAYitt Clinton Baxter, of Philadelphia, Colonel; Theo- dore Hesser, of Philadelphia, Lieutenant-Colonel; James M. DeWitt, of the Chicago Zouaves, Major. Colonel Baxter had served as lieutenant-colonel of the Nineteenth Kegiment of three-months' men, and was noted for his knowledge of the drill and tactics of the school of the soldier. The regiment had two flank or skirmish companies, that had been thoroughly instructed in the peculiar bayonet exercise and evolutions of the Chicago Zouaves ; this drill proved subsequently of very little value in the woods of Virginia, or under the fire of the long-range rifles, and was speedily looked upon by the men, in the rapid development of their military ex- perience, as a pleasant sort of gymnastics. The " fancy drill'^ — as it was termed by the soldiers — enjoyed for a brief period considerable popularity; so much so, that the citizens of Philadelphia crowded the Academy of Music to witness the manoeuvres of one of Baxter's companies before its departure. The Fire Zouaves contained representatives from almost every fire company in the city of Philadelphia. Kival organizations, that had fought for the "first stream" or the ^'best plug" at the fire in the exciting days of the volunteer department, buried their animosities, and united against one common foe. The uniform of the men was of a description calculated at first sight to please the eye of one who looked more at the picturesque than at the serviceable, although it was far from being as showy and foreign as that of the New York Zouaves. It consisted of light-blue pants, cut wide, with red stripes 12 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. at the side ; a cut-away jacket, with rows of bright bell buttons, only one of which was for use, — that next the throat ; a shirt of some bright color, not uufrequently having the letter of the company embroidered on the bosom ; regulation cap ; and white leggings, confining the bottom of the pants. The jacket was well adapted to keep the throat warm in summer, and to expose the vital parts of the body to the blasts of winter, and by the utter absence of any convenient location for pockets it deprived the men of a safe hiding-place for many a little luxury, while it furnished nothing to carry extm ammunition. The white leggings, when worn at night or on the skirmish line, were dangerously conspicuous, and gave poor compensation for their only advantage, — the protection of the feet from the dust while on the march. Early in the war, and before the men were thoroughly disciplined, when the route lay through a muddy country, the soldiers, in their endeavors to pro- tect their handsome white leggings from being soiled, Avould spread over a wide space to keep the solid ground. On one such occasion, a general officer rode up to the , colonel commanding and suggested that he should ^Hake his armed mob out of the way, and let the troops pass by." As uniforms wore out and were replaced, the old portions were frequently given to the cam23 followers and officers' servants, and, as they were to be found in all parts of the column, it sometimes appeared as if Baxter's men were represented everywhere. It. was no small sat- isfaction to both officers and men that, after a few months' experience, the zouave uniform was discarded for the regulation dress. The regiment was formed at Camp Lyon, in West THE FORMATION. 13 Philadelphia, and spent the time until its departure in equipping the companies and drilling .the men. On the afternoon of Sunday, September loth, an order was re- ceived from Colonel Baker to break camp and start at once for Washington. The order was promptly obeyed, and those men who Avere absent visiting their friends in the city were notified through the ringing of fire-alarm bells. At an early hour of the same evening the com- mand left Camp Lyon, and marched through the city to the Volunteer Refreshment Saloon at Prime Street Wharf, and, after a collation, took passage on the Balti- more cars. The demonstrations along the route of the column, on the part of the fire department and citizens, were of the most enthusiastic character. Bonfires were lighted, fire-bells were rung, and as McGonigle and the men of the " Weccacoe,'^ Peto and the " Hope Hose Boys," Captain Cook with members of the " Hibernia," and many other officers and men were recognized from the sidewalks, cheers and hearty good-byes from friends and old comrades filled the air. After reaching Washington, the regiment was ordered to the Virginia side of the Potomac near Chain Bridge, where it was placed on fatigue duty with the California Kegiment, on the fortifications. On the date of the mustering of Colonel Baxter's com- mand, the Twenty-Fourth Regiment of three-months' men, commanded by Colonel Joshua T. Owen, was mustered out. The regiment had served under Gen- eral Patterson on the Upper Potomac, in the Shenandoah Valley. Colonel Owen — subsequently made a brigadier-gen- eral for distinguished service in the field — was well cal- 2* 14 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. dilated by his generous and genial spirit in camp and his bearing in action to gather speedily about him a rep-iment for the new call of the President for three years, and many of his old command at once signified their willingness to re-enlist. A camp of rendezvous was established at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, and the work of filling the companies commenced. AYith the exception of a few recruits from the mining districts of Pennsylvania, the men were residents of Philadelphia, and mostly of Irish extraction, possessing the soldierly qualities of their race, calculated to endure the hardships and privations of the march by their robust habits, and by their enthusiastic and courageous dispositions well fitted for effective service in the charge. This last char- acteristic was manifested in a number of actions, and the sobriquet ^' Paddy Owen's Riglars,'^ at first applied by their comrades in good-natured jests, was made honor- able by more than one steady advance with bayonets fixed. The companies were mustered into the service of the United States on the 19th of August by Colonel E. D. Baker, and the regiment was organized by the choice of the following field-officers : Joshua T. Owen, of Phila- delphia, Colonel ; Dennis O'Kane, of Philadelphia, Lieu- tenant-Colonel ; John Devereux, of Philadelphia, Major. The men were shortly after armed and equipped. On the 17th of September the regiment was sum- moned to AVashington by a telegram from the Secretary of War. It broke camp and moved at once. Upon its arrival at Washington it was ordered to cross the Po- tomac and join Colonel Baker's command at Fort Ethan Allen. At this place it was reinforced by two skirmish companies that had been acting as independent com- THE FORMATION. 15 mands under the name of the Baker Guards. These two oro-anizations wore a uniform somew^iat similar to that of the Fire Zouaves, except in the color of the trimmings, green having been substituted for the scarlet of Baxter's men. This force raised the regiment to tw^elve companies. The Sixty-Ninth, in addition to their State flags, carried, as emblematic of their nation- ality, a handsome green flag Avith the arms of Ireland, presented by the citizens of Philadelphia; and in many an action these standards went in together and honor- ably came out side by side. Colonel Turner G. Morehead, a prominent and ex- ceedingly capable oflicer of the Pennsylvania militia, and the commander of the Tw^enty-Second Regiment of three-months' men, -was mustered out of service w^ith his regiment on the 7th of August, 1861. He at once com- menced recruiting a regiment for Baker's Brigade. In this work he was assisted by Lieutenant-Colonel Curry and Captain J. J. Sperry, as well as by many of the offi- cers and men of the Twenty-Second, who were anxious again to risk their lives for the preservation of the Union. The regiment was organized, Avith the ex- ception of Company K, between the 14th of August and the 31st of September, 1861, in the city of Phila- delphia. Company K w^as formed from a number of men enlisted as sappers and miners under the charge of Lieutenants Fimple and W. L. Curry, and its organiza- tion was completed by the transfer of Captain Martin Frost and twenty men from the Sixty-Ninth. Its com- pletion took place on the 28th of February, 1862, when it was mustered into the One Hundred and Sixth llegi- ment as an infantry company. 10 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. This organization, known at first as the Fifth Cali- fornia Regiment, but subsequently as the One Hundred and Sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers, joined the Phila- delphia Brigade at Camp Observation, near Poolesville, Maryland. With the exception of one or tAVO fine companies from the interior of Pennsylvania, it was composed mostly of Philadelphians, and although it did not have the iclat in its formation belonging to either of the other regiments of the brigade, it was their equal in morale and discipline. Most of the regimental and company officers were familiar with the duties of the soldier, and seemed to take a proper interest in the development of a high standard of excellence in their commands. CHAPTER 11. CHAIN BRIDGE. From the time of their arrival until the end of Sep- tember, the regiments were kept actively at work on picket and fatigue duty near Chain Bridge, and the men began to realize some of the discomforts incidental to a change from the pleasant homes of the city to tent-life on the rough hill-sides of Virginia. Employed as they were, but little attention could be given to the instructions of officers, or to the drill and discipline of the men. There were occasional company drills, and in one instance Colonel Baker attempted to manoeuvre the brigade, but the rough character of the ground, from which in many places trees had just been cut, hindered any profitable exercise. Picketing and scouting were of daily occurrence, and to the California Regiment particularly hazardous, their uniforms being gray, like those of the Confederates. Among the killed while in this service was Captain James ^y. Lingenfelter, of Company B, Seventy-First Regiment, who was shot September 21st. He was one of the officers who had come from the Pacific coast to serve with Colonel Baker. The proximity of the rebel line to the camps of the brigade caused the men to feel that they were in a hos- 17 18 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. tile country, and assisted them materially in learning the duties and habits of the picket. The last arrivals looked upon the California men, with their soiled uni- forms, as comparative veterans, and were willing listeners to their relation of incidents in the campaign at Fortress Monroe and in the vicinity of Big Bethel. Until the troops learned to distinguish between the false and the true reports. Madam Rumor played some strange pranks in the camp, and it was amusing to see with what singular rapidity false reports would spread, and as quickly die away. At one time the enemy would be moving on Fort Baker, and the next day report had the brigade ordered to Missouri. The life of a soldier is one calculated to sharpen the percej^tive faculties, and it was but a short time before the men became very skeptical in their reception of camp news, and even learned to make a fine distinction as to the shades of difference between the reports. Rumors that had no foundation except in the imagina- tion, and which were often started while the company's cooks were serving out the rations, were styled ^^ cook- house news," whilst the flying camp reports that might contain a few grains of truth were called '^chin-chin;" and it was frequently asked, when a report had gained extensive circulation, to which class it belonged: if it was ^^ chin" it was deemed more trustworthy than ^^ cook- house." In the composition of the regiments all classes of society, as well as trades and professions, were repre- sented, and there were no duties that soldiers might be called upon to perform that did not find men ready to step forward fully prepared for the work, even though CHAIN BRIDGE. ]9 it should be the reading of a telegraphic " sounder/' or the artistic handling of intrenching tools in the ditch. The " eternal fitness of things'' could not always be pre- served, and occasionally a young man bred to the law found himself in a detail at work in the trenches under a non-commissioned officer who knew more about the spade than the pen. The majority of the men seemed to take to camp life with good nature, and gradually learned to place the proper estimate of value on their comrades, and the officers began to realize that duty to themselves and to those under their charge brought no inconsiderable re- sponsibility. With every day came some new developments of char- acter ; men w^ere learning to read those about them, and officers were acquiring a better knowledge of the material of their commands. On one occasion in a ludicrous experience, an officer realized that there might be in the rank and file of his com])any men who knew more about the tactics of the soldier than he had yet learned from " Gilmore" or " Hardee." A special detail had been made for headquarters guard, and after the inspec- tion and the men had been placed at their posts, the sergeant of the guard visited post number one, in front of the tent of the general commanding, to ascertain if the sentinel fully understood his duties. The man at once took the regulation position of ^'arms port," and listened carefully to the instructions for tlie guard, only replying in response to an inquiry " Whether he had ever served in that position before?" that he had, "But it was some years since, in front of General Scott's headquarters in the city (jf Mexico." 20 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. The same insurmountable difficulty — scarcity of sup- plies — that compelled the Government to issue gray uniforms, instead of blue, to the California Regiment interfered with the proper equipment of the brigade in arms and ammunition, and many of the guns dignified by the name of rifles were only flint-lock muskets, altered in such a careless manner that it was no unusual occurrence for a nipple to blow out with the discharge of the piece, to the great danger of the owner. Even with these weapons there was not enough to fully arm the entire brigade ; and on one reconnoissance Company H, of Baxter's Regiment, was supplied with axes, and was detailed as a pioneer corps. While at work in the trenches, on September 24th, the troops had an opportunity of witnessing one of the uses of balloons in modern warfare. Four miles dis- tant from Fort Ethan Allen, at a station called Falls Church, the Confederates had a considerable body of men. The United States forces at Arlington Heights sent up a captive balloon, and by means of signals di- rected the battery at Fort Allen how to range its rifled cannon on the camp of the enemy. After a few trials shells were thrown with precision, and the Confederates were discomfited by an unexpected foe. September 28th, at ten p.m., the brigade was ordered to march on a night expedition to Munson's Hill. In the columns were other commands that had been located near us, the whole of the force being in charge of Gen- eral Wm. F. Smith. The Seventy-First Regiment, with two sections of artillery, had the right; then came the Seventy-Second, followed by the Sixty-Ninth. The night was dark, and the narrow road along which they CHAIN BRIDGE. 21 marched led for the most part through a dense forest. After advancing about three miles, carefully feeling the way with skirmishers, a halt was made, and directions were given to load, with strict orders to make no noise, not even to speak aloud, and the march was resumed. While all were wrought up to a pitch of excitement by these preparatory orders, an alarm was raised in a por- tion of the column, and the men supposing that tlie enemy was about to attack, and unable to distinguish in the darkness friend from foe, commenced an indiscrim- inate firing. Many of the sokliers left the road and took to the woods or fiekls, and acted as if their first duty was to discharge their rifles at some imaginary object. After a few moments, it occurred to most of the officers that there might be no good cause for the alarm, and the troops were ordered to cease firing and lie down. Where captains of companies acted with promptness, order was soon restored ; several minutes elapsed, how- ever, before the irregular fire entirely (;eased. The actual cause of the false alarm, as it proved to be, was never ascertained. It was one of those stampedes that took place occasionally during the night-marches of the war, and Avhich were not confined to new recruits or to either army. After the men were rallied, it was ascertained that the section of artillery on the right had actually been ordered at the first alarm to fire on the troops, but was prevented by the doubts in the mind of its com- mander. A halt was now made, and skirmishers were thrown out, who, carefully advancing through woods in the front, halted when they saw what aj)pcared to be a row of camp fires belonging to the enemy. At daybreak 3 22 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the lights were found to be those of the Ninth Massa- chusetts, part of another column that had been moving on a parallel road. Thus ended this eventful night, full of errors and sorrows. The entire loss was seventeen men killed and thirty wounded. As this was the first time the brigade was under fire, it developed some new phases of character in both officers and men ; but alto- gether the impression was not unfavorable for new troops. On Sunday, 29th of September, the command w^as located in a field awaiting orders or the enemy, and at four P.M. was marched back to the old camp. Some of the columns engaged in this advance took Munson's Hill ; but the Philadelphia Brigade felt that its share of w^ork had more of disaster than glory. One of the first duties of a soldier is to subordinate his will to that of his military superiors ; to obey orders implicitly and ask no questions. Already this discipline w^as beginning to produce its proper effect; but there were some few who thought, aloud, that a midnight advance over unfamiliar ground by troops only a few days in the service, having line-officers with little, if any, experience, was no evidence of wisdom on the part of the general who gave the preliminary order. September 30th, the brigade recrossed the Potomac and marched to Great Falls, in Maryland, a distance of nine miles, where it halted. October 1st, started at noon and reached Rockville by night. October 2d, marched to Seneca Mills, — part of the time through a heavy rain. The men by this time appeared' to be well used to campaigning. October 3d, reached a point four miles CHAIN BRIDGE. 23 beyond Poolesville, Montgomery County, Maryland, where tents were pitched and Colonel Baker gave verbal orders that each company might use iQii fence-rails for fuel, and no more, as the command would soon move forward. CHAPTER III. ball's bluff. Day after day passed, and the first allowance of fence- rails had been turned into ashes along with many others that had not been so formally set aside ; still there was no sign of a movement. Kelieved from the fatigue and picket duty that formed the routine at Chain Bridge, there was abundant opportunity for drill and equipment. Quartermasters of regiments were busied in procuring the completion of outfits, and ofiicers were occupied in perfecting their comj^anies. The regulation system of guard duties was strictly followed, including the "grand rounds'' at night and the patrol outside the camp limits by day. Colonel Baker personally exercised the officers in the manual of arms as well as in the school of the battalion, in both of which he displayed considerable knowledge and proficiency. A trifling incident occurred during one of the drills which served to illustrate an important trait in his military character, — promptness in obeying an order without stopping to consider either its necessity or the means for its accomplishment. At the time referred to, the officers were formed in line, drilling in the manual, and at the position of "arms at order" ; when Colonel Baker gave the command, "support arms,'' omitting the 24 BALL'S BLUFF. 25 intermediate position of arms at a shoulder. Some obeyed the order by going regularly through the drill, from one position to another ; others kept their pieces resting on the ground, and looked at their commander, with a smile at his error. Baker stood erect, looking the picture of determination, and said, with an emphasis not to be mistaken, "I Avant the officers to understand that when an order is given it must be obeyed.'^ While at this camp the command was designated the Third Brigade of the Corps of Observation, the divi- sion being under the command of General Charles P. Stone. A considerable number of recruits joined the command, and one regiment (Colonel Baxter's) contained fifteen companies, with an aggregate of fourteen hundred and eighty-seven men. This regiment had passed through the campaign thus far without any casualties. On the 17th of October the first death occurred in its ranks. On a dismal, rainy day, one of those calculated to bring into the minds of the soldiers thoughts of home, and mental pictures of more cheerful scenes, one of the en- listed men, who had been sick with a fever, died in the camp hospital. He had all the attention the surgeon could give him, but in his case, as in that of many others after him, ^Hhere was dearth of woman's care." This event, being the first of the kind, created considerable thoughtfulness, strangely at variance with the hardened feelings produced by after-experience on the battle-field. October 21st, at one o'clock a.m.. Colonel Baker, in command of the brigade, received an order from Gen- eral Stone for the right battalion of the California Begi- ment, consisting of eight companies, — A, C, D, G, H, L, N, and F, — to march so as to reach Conrad's Ferry 3* 26 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. by daylight. This order was put into execution by Lieutenant-Colonel Wistar, commanding the regiment. On his arrival at the ferry, he reported to General Stone and awaited instructions. While thus halting, he ascer- tained that our forces with two guns occupied Harrison's Island, and also that an expedition of about five hundred men under Colonel Devens of the Fifteenth Massachu- setts, accompanied by Colonel Lee and one hundred men of the Twentieth Massachusetts, had crossed to the Vir- ginia shore at an early hour, intending to advance towards Leesburg. Thinking it probable that the Seventy-First Battalion might be ordered to reinforce Devens, Colonel Wistar moved them nearer the river and began an inspection of the facilities for crossing. From the Maryland side to the island were two large scows, capable of holding about forty-five men each ; from the island to the Virginia side there was a ferry- boat, larger than the scows, that would hold about sixty men; and, along with this, a small metallic life-boat. These means of transj)ortation Wistar increased by the addition of a boat lifted out of its place in the canal, and run down the bank into the river, by the men of his regiment. This made it possible to ferry over at one time — all the boats being in use — about two hun- dred men. At about nine o'clock orders were received for the battalion to cross the river and join forces with Colonel Devens. At this moment Colonel Baker arrived, and, ascertain- ing the orders received by Wistar, rode down to see Gen- eral Stone. In a short time he returned, and, after dis- patching an officer to order the remainder of the brigade under Colonel Baxter to move at once, personally superin- BALL'S BLUFF. 27 tended the crossing, which liad already commenced. By two P.M. six companies had been landed on the island, and one company had crossed to the Virginia shore. In the mean time, Colonel Baker had reached the island and taken the chief command, with full discretionary power to reinforce the party on the advance, or to with- draw all the forces to the Maryland side. The following order Avas found on the body of Colonel Baker after his death : "Headquarters, Corps of" [here the bullet struck, and a word is missing] Edward's Ferry, October 21st, 18G1. " Colonel E. D. Baker, Commander of Brigade : " Colonel, — In case of heavy firing in front of Har- rison's Island, you will advance the California Regiment of your brigade, or retire the regiments under Colonels Lee and Devens, now on the" [almost illegible by blood] "Virginia side of the river, at your discretion, assuming command on arrival. "Very respectfully. Colonel, your obedient servant, " Chas. p. Stone, " Brigadier-General Commanding." Heavy firing was heard, and Colonel Baker decided to reinforce Devens. Leaving instructions to forward the artillery as quickly as possible, he hastened over to the Virginia side, and, assuming command, began to make the dispositions. Companies A and D, under Cap- tain Markoe, were sent forward on the left as skirmish- ers to ascertain the position of the enemy's right flank. They had advanced but a short distance when they came suddenly on the right of his line of battle concealed in a dense wood, and were at once hotly engaged. The 28 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. action thus brought on soon became general. The ground on which Baker's forces were compelled to give battle was very unfavorable for them. It was an open field, —a sort of oblong square, the length running at right angles with the river,— bordered on three sides by a dense forest, and terminating on the fourth at the brow of the high bluff on the shore. For nearly two hours the action continued with vary- ing results, the enemy being generally met with the most determined spirit. But the odds were too great, and, gradually losing ground, our forces retired slowly to the edge of the bank. At five p.m. many of the men and officers had fallen ; among the latter the brave Colonel Wistar, shot in three places, was borne from the field. At the same time fell Bramhall and French, of the artillery, who were also carried away severely wounded. Just then a still greater disaster occurred, the gallant Baker, who had been seen first on the left and then on the right, wherever the battle raged most severely, with his sword unsheathed,— encouraging the men by his example and words,— fell, covered with wounds. His death must have been instantaneous, and no language could more fitly describe it than his own prophetic words uttered in his last address before he entered the service. The body of the dead commander was safely and tenderly carried to the river, and ferried over to the spot which he had left but a short time before to " draw a sword never yet dishonored.'' As the venerable form was borne along the line of young men standing on the river-bank, who for hours had been compelled to re- main as silent witnesses of the terrible work in which their comrades were engaged, hundreds with tears in BALL'S BLUFF. 29 their eyes looked ou his livid face and said, with sor- rowful hearts, ^'Father Baker is dead; his brigade loved him." Immediately after the death of Colonel Baker the enemy made a determined advance, and, our forces being thrown into great confusion, the scene at once became appalling. A portion of the force endeavored to cut their way through to Edward's Ferry, but were met and repulsed by a Mississippi regiment. It now became a wild and disorderly retreat, men rushing down the steep bank to reach the boat, closely pursued by the victors, relentlessly firing into their masses. The only boat be- tween the Virginia side and the island had been sunk while returning with wounded, and most of those on board were drowned. Communication being thus cut oif, one of the officers noAV in command gave orders for such as wished to try to save themselves to throw away their pieces and plunge into the river, wdiile all others should come and surrender with him. The color-sergeant of the Seventy-First, seeing that all w^as lost, stripped his colors from the staff, and, wind- ing them around his person, plunged into the river. He clung to them until nearly exhausted, and, to save his life, he cast the flag away, never to be recovered. Soon the poor fellows who escaped from this terrible affair, naked and shivering with cold, began to join the rest of the troops on the Maryland side, and the fight at BalFs Bluff was over. At midnight the brigade, with the survivors of the California Battalion, returned to camp sad and depressed at the death of their brave old leader, and the loss of many gallant comrades. Of five hundred and twenty of the Seventy-First 30 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. who entered this engagement, three hundred and twelve men were lost. Captain Harvey, A. A. G. of the bri- gade, and Lieutenant Williams were killed; Captain Otter was either killed or drowned while crossing the stream ; and Captains Markoe and Keffer were wounded and taken prisoners. CHAPTEK IV. CAMP OBSERVATION. Beigadier- General W. W. Burns, of the regular army, was ordered to the command of the brigade after the death of Colonel Baker. The same camping ground was occupied as before the BalFs Bluff aifair, and the troops were employed in drilling and manoeuvres when- ever the weather would permit. A detail of four com- panies did picket duty on the Potomac from Conrad's Ferry on the left to the Point of Bocks on the right, connecting at the latter place with Colonel Geary's Twenty-Eighth Pennsylvania Begiment. This work was continued during the winter, and had so "little excitement about it, especially during the day, that it became to those so engaged very monotonous. It was made the duty of the senior officer of this picket to send hourly reports by means of a cavalry- man to the headquarters of General Stone at Pooles- ville. There was no enemy to be seen on the other side, unless a stray citizen, occasionally gratifying his curi- osity, could be construed into a rebel. The river always seemed to flow along at the same rate of speed, and sel- dom at this time of the year changed its volume. Under these conditions, it required some ingenuity on the part of an officer with Ji limited vocabulary to prevent his 31 32 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. reports from exhibiting a dull uniformity. The excite- ment about the picket-guard to the young soldier began, however, at night, when all are on the alert, and every little stir in the darkness is magnified out of all propor- tion. An owl screaming in the distance, or a muskrat plunging into the water, causes suspicion of the pres- ence of an enemy ; and if joined to these noises there is the sound of a rifle accidentally discharged, the fears are almost confirmed ; but daylight comes, and all is quiet on the Potomac. Early one morning, after a night somewhat disturbed by false alarms, the senior officer of one of the details was informed by an old resident that, from appearances, the river would certainly rise one foot by night-fall. This hint was a good one, and would prove valuable to General Stone and break the monotony. The officer was a man of prudence, and resolved not to overwhelm his commander at once. Eight or ten reports were pre- jiared and numbered consecutively, bringing the river gradually to the proper height ; and with pleasing con- fidence the day was devoted to a tour of hunting. Be- fore the departure, the lieutenant in charge of the line was directed to forward the papers through the day in regular order. When evening brought the return to duty, the captain was mortified to learn that, instead of the anticipated rise, the river had fallen. It is not likely that General Stone ever discovered the value of these reports, or based any important movement on the in- formation contained therein, and it is equally improbable that the officer ever repeated a similar experiment. General Burns, the new commander, made at first an impression somewhat unfavorable, owing to his strict CAMP OBSERVATION. 33 enforcement of discipline; but the men soon learned its value in promoting efficiency, and as time wore away, and they witnessed the impartiality of his decisions, he became exceedingly popular, and was welcomed as the successor of the lamented Baker. Winter had now begun, and it became apparent that the active campaign for 1861 was over, so far as the Corps of Observation was concerned. By the power of ready invention and the use of various camp devices, the troops succeeded in making their tents tolerably comfortable, and with the addition of blankets and overcoats were well protected from the severity of the season. The full ration of food was regularly issued, supplemented occasionally with a box of " good things'' from home, and the daily mail brought letters and papers. In spite of these comforts, however, there was considerable restlessness and anxiety manifested by some, arising from the fact that for months the regi- ments had not received any i^ayments, and men were serving who knew that those at home, depending upon them for support, Avere suffering for want of funds. This delay in settlement arose from a misunderstanding between the State authorities and the AVar Department concerning the muster of the regiments, and was finally settled by the issue of an order " that the muster of the regiments of Baker's Brigade, although irregular, is hereby authorized and approved." During the uncertainty existing previous to this order, there was an increasing desire on the part of large num- bers to see their homes, if only for a brief period. Nos- talgia threatened to become epidemic, and it affected all classes. The only certain cure for this disease was a 4 34 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. furlough, and this was freely administered until, by the failure of some of the convalescents to return promptly, the patience of the general became exhausted, and he indorsed on an application for leave of absence, " Re- fused . On account of the frequent absence Avithout leave, no more furloughs will be granted until the troops learn that duty is a sentiment of honor." Believing that soldiers should be fertile in expedients and audacious in action, applications were renewed, with telegrams annexed from sick friends, or documents from lawyers imploring the presence of clients ; but the gen- eral stood firm, and only permitted absence in extreme cases, and home-sickness soon disappeared. The spirit infused by General Burns found a ready response in the regimental officers, and they disjjlayed a worthy spirit of emulation in their endeavors to im- prove the excellence of their commands. The Seventy-First, under the command of Majors Parrish and Smith, was reorganized. Lieutenant-Col- onel AYistar, absent with wounds, was appointed to the colonelcy, and vacancies among the company officers were filled by promotions. Additional recruits arrived from Philadelphia, and were placed under drill instruc- tion with competent non-commissioned officers, of whom this regiment had a full supply. Some of the depleted companies were consolidated, and the organization speed- ily recovered from its heavy losses at Munson's Hill and Ball's Bluff, and attained great efficiency. The Sixty-lS^inth, under Colonel Joshua T. Owen, became rivals of the others in acquiring a knowledge of the duties of a soldier. This I'egiment became noted for its faithfulness on guard and picket duty, and espec- CAMP OBSERVATION. 35 iallv for the tenacity of the men while servinii; on these duties in literally construing an order. Shortly after pitching tents at Camp Observation, Colonel Owen passed the number one post of his camp at night without giving the countersign, and the sentry, for his neglect in failing to halt him, was punished by confinement in the guard-house. A few nights after this event, the colonel again attempted to enter, and on this occasion did not have the mystic word. He was promptly halted, and to the " Who comes here ?" of the sentinel, replied, " Your colonel.'' " Advance, kernal, and give the countersign." " I haven't it, but you know me." -"Faith, I know your horse, but I don't know you," was the reply, and calling the corporal of the guard, the colonel was admitted. The other regiments were each furnished with a band^ which added materially to the attractiveness of their evening parades ; but the Sixty-Ninth derived its inspi- ration from the martial music of the fife and drum corps, led by a skillful musician named P. Moran. This leader was full of Irish wit and humor, and was so well known as master of his instrument that hundreds of soldiers from other camps gathered in front of the parade-ground when "the troop beat off" to hear " Paddy Moran, iha fifer of the Sixty-Ninth." The One Hundred and Sixth, under Colonel j\Iore- head, had joined the brigade just before BalFs Bluff' and was present at that affair. The organization of its field and staff was completed in December by the ap- pointment of Major John H. Stover, who was specially commissioned by Governor Curtin. This officer joined with Lieutenant-Colonel W. L. Curry in giving cordial 36 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. support to the measures of the commander. Copies of " Hardee's Tactics" were issued to the line officers, and the men were carefully drilled according to the regu- lation. The Fire Zouaves, now changed in name to the Seventy- Second Pennsylvania, had their drill-ground immediately in front of brigade headquarters, and as they were manoeuvred as a regiment by Colonel Baxter, or formed for dress-parade, they presented a very attrac- tive sight. This was especially the case in brigade drills, when the bright colors of their uniform pre- sented a handsome contrast to the appearance of the other troops. Colonel Baxter had many competent officers Avho realized the character of the work before them and endeavored to properly prepare their men. In addition to the manual of arms and evolutions in line, some of the companies were drilled as skirmishers and made familiar with the call of the bugle. The time occupied in this camp was the longest period the brigade remained at any one place, but it passed rapidly, and much of it Avas not wasted. It might have been called Camp " Preparation,'' for such it really was. The troops before coming here had seen enough of active warfare to know its reality, and to teach them that the life of a soldier is one of hardship and danger. Officers began to know the character of their commands, while comrades formed attachments for each other only to be broken by death. The brigade was in splendid con- dition, and when the order came to move it Avas ready to bid farewell to Camp Observation. CHAPTER V. ACROSS THE POTOMAC. Brigadier-General John Sedowick, a graduate of West Point and an officer of the regular army who had served with distinction in the Mexican w^ar, was now appointed to command the division in place of General Stone. Under the new organization of the Army of the Potomac, the Second Corps was commanded by Major-General Edwin V. Sumner, and contained the three divisions of Richardson, Sedgwick, and Blenker. On February 27th, 1861, the Second Division was temporarily detached to assist in the movement of Gen- eral Banks against Winchester. This day Avas cold and wintry ; the bleak winds appeared to penetrate every place of shelter, and the ground was covered with snow and ice to such an extent that the duty of pickets and guards was rendered very arduous. It was one of the last days on which an order to prepare for moving might be anticipated, but such an order did come, and prepara- tions were begun at once. Word wius quickly passed from one regiment to another that this was to be the last night in Camp Observation, and that the brigade would move at daylight. Rations were issued to be prepared by the company cooks for the haversacks, and each man received his 4* 37 38 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. allowance of ammunition. Soldiers were busy packing their knapsacks so as to hold as much extra clothing as possible, and at the same time some useful relics of the okl tent or " ranche." Officers spent the evening in arranging their luggage so as to carry in addition to their military wardrobe as many of the luxuries of camp as trunks could be made to hold, and some, no doubt influenced by the temperature of the night, deter- mined to make room in the wagons for " Sibley" stoves or " Morning-Stars." Others found places for mess- chests with cooking utensils, Dutch ovens, and many other cherished institutions that might help to make " grim-visaged war smooth his wrinkled front." Each company was allowed two wagons for transportation, but these failed to supply the modest demands made upon the quartermaster. The Philadelphia Brigade possessed, as Colonel Baker used to say, " the courage," and there was no question about its soldierly bearing and discipline; but it had not yet acquired the first great lesson in active warfare that so often brings success, — rapid movements in light marching order. This ignorance among the regimental officers and their men Avas not to be Avondered at. Many of the prominent officers of the army Avho could quote from " Jomini on the Art of War," had failed to read the saying of Marshal Saxe, " Success is in the legs of the soldier." From necessity the enemy had imbibed this maxim, and more than once proved its worth against the Union armies. The experience of a short campaign in the field wrought a Avonderful change, and the troops soon learned to distinguish betAveen the AA'ants of neces- sity and those of imagination. ACROSS THE POTOMAC. 39 A fe\v montlis later the brigade passed over the same camp, the meu carrying no knapsacks, and only a woolen blanket with one change of underclothing wrapped within it, and the officers had thrown away their extra luggage ; the roads were no longer blocked w^ith over- loaded wagons, and the march, though more rapid, was not near so fatiguing. On the morning of the 28th, the column moved slow^ly away, and as it passed over the hills surrounding the camp many paused to look for the last time on the familiar grounds, not without regret at the severance of agreeable associations, and at recollections of pleasant hours passed around the camp-fires ; nor without hope- ful anticipations, mingled with serious thoughts, that the struggle to come might bring success to the right. Late in the day the troops reached Adamstown, a small village on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and bivouacked until the morning of March 2d, when they were transported by cars to Sandy Hook, opposite Har- per's Ferry. The advance of Banks's column had oc- cupied this place without much opposition a short time before our arrival, and already held possession of the heights of Bolivar, with skirmishers advanced toward Charlestown. The brigade crossed on a ponton bridge that had been laid by the engineers under Captain Duane, and for the first time in its history the entire organization stood on the ^'sacred soil." Har})er's Ferry, at the junction of the Shenandoah and Potomac, — a place of great natural beauty, — was the scene of some of the gloomiest events of the rebellion. In itself it was of no military importance, and was in turn occupied for a brief time by either army. At this 40 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. early period of the war it gave evidence of desolation. The armory in which ten thousand muskets had been made annually, and the arsenal where thousands of stands of arms had been stored, were a mass of ruins ; not even the vestige of a window-sill or cornice of a roof was left unburned. The old engine-house that John Brown occupied during his raid was still standing, and, with its great iron doors ^\"ide open toward the South, — fixed in their immovable position with rusted hinges, — seemed to say, '^ His soul goes marching on." The majority of the citizens had left their homes to the mercy of the armies shortly after the destruction of the arsenal. In most cases they had fled without taking their household goods, and as the soldiers were ordered to be quartered in these deserted places, it is probable that the value of their contents w^as not enhanced. March 2d, Sedgwick moved to Bolivar Heights, where a camp was formed, and the men again found shelter under their old Sibley tents. As the transfer from the three-days' residence under roofs w^as made in a drifting snow-storm, there were some who failed to appreciate the change. The commissaries had not yet learned how to supply the troops regularly, and while there was an unneces- sary profusion of some of the rations, there was a scarcity of others. To remedy this evil a few of the private soldiers made unauthorized drafts on the farm- yards of the valley. Many of the residents of this sec- tion of Virginia were the w^orst and meanest of guerrillas ; men who had no love for honorable warfare, but who would fire into an ambulance filled with the wounded, or act as spies when there was no risk of danger ; and ACROSS THE POTOMAC. 41 it is likely these facts prevented regimental commanders from inquiring where the men found their extra rations. On the 7th an advance was made to a position on the Winchester Pike, beyond CharlestoAvn. From this place pickets were sent out to Shenandoah Springs, and a re- connoissance was made on the left of the main column. From indications it appeared probable that the enemy under Stonewall Jackson would make a stand at Win- chester, and Sedgwick^s entire division, with the excep- tion of a detail of the Second Brigade, was hurried for- ward as reinforcements. This detail was left to hold Charlestown and act as a provost guard. Many of the inhabitants of the place were of the same treacherous and insolent character as the farmers in the country about, and it required the exercise of patience and good humor to prevent frequent collisions. The court-house and public buildings were occupied by the men as barracks. In the jail, made memorable by its associations with old John Brown, were a number of prisoners, serving out various terms, and as the soldiers had no rations to spare for civilians, these Avorthies were allowed to go free. This jail delivery was not effected until after a strong protest had been entered by a couple of tenacious individuals, one of whom Avas the jailer, Avlio had carried the keys of " old Ossawattomie^s" cell, and the other a middle-aged prisoner; the former did not want to lose his occupation, and the latter clung to his home. The duty assigned to the portion of the brigade occupy- ing Charlestown, although not attended with any special dangers, imposed continual watching day and niglit. There were but few among the white population of the 42 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. place who did not hate the flag they saw, and longed to take revenge the moment an opportunity offered. As the sentries walked the pavement, ladies in passing would gather their garments about them and step into the street. Occasionally one of the little band of Unionists living in the town would stealthily slip into quarters and give information of a spy or concealed Confederate soldier ; and on one occasion they Avere sure the detail would be attacked that night. This news seemed hardly probable, but, to be prepared, extra dispositions were made, and all were on the alert. This night seemed more quiet than others until early morning, when the reserve were aroused by pickets bringing in a train of wagons, composed of a variety of vehicles, drawn by all sorts of animals, and containing contrabands of both sexes and of all ages, varying from the little "pickaninny^' to the gray-haired "boy.'' They were burdened with an endless variety of household goods, belonging to the persons from whom they had fled, and it was evident they had left their old homes forever. These slaves were overjoyed at meeting the guard, and some of them, with tears, cried out, " We hab come to work for Massa Linkum." Hundreds of these contrabands came into the town while the brigade was there, and were lodged and fed until an opportunity offered to send them to Washing- ton. Their numbers soon filled every part of the jail, and in the sound of their voices the cell of old John Brown seemed responding to the language of the engine- house at the ferry, by repeating the words of Milton, — "This jail 1 count the house of libert}'-, to thine." ACROSS THE POTOMAC. 43 Stonewall Jackson having retired from Winchester, the services of Sedgwick's Division were no longer re- quired by General Banks, and it was ordered to join the corps. Colonel Maulsby's Maryland regiment occupied Charlestown, and relieved the detachment of Burns's Brigade. Our troops had entered this place as victors, and had remained as guards over an excited people, but their conduct and discipline had so impressed the citi- zens that an application was made for their continuance, which, of course, was refused. March 15th, the entire division again encamped on Bolivar Heights, awaiting orders. March 23d, after spending a tedious week in the same camp, tents were struck, and the division recrossed to Sandy Hook, where it took passage in freight cars for Washington, and joined the other portion of the corps. March 27th, moved to Alexandria, preparatory to embarking for Fortress Monroe. At this place the ^^Sibleys" were exchanged for small "shelter" tents, and orders were also issued limitino: the amount of bair^ao^e to be carried, and reducing the allowance of wagons. This began to look like work. In front of Alexandria were lying scores of vessels, prepared to transport the Army of the Potomac, about to commence the first great movement of the war. Over one hundred thousand men, fifteen thousand horses, fifty batteries, with wagons and ambulances, ponton trains, and all manner of stores necessary for an army of this size were to be carried by water. It was one of the greatest undertakings of the war, and no operation of the Government more fully illustrated the power of its resources or the executive ability of its leaders. In the 44 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. early history of the Republic our brigade with its six thousand men would have formed an army of itself, but in the mass of soldiers continually passing to the front it seemed the merest fraction of the whole. March 28th, the four regiments were embarked on ocean steamers and started down the river. During the three days required for the trip there w^as but little com- fort for those on board, as the men were literally stowed in every part of the vessels. All seemed to bear the in- convenience with good nature, except on the first day at meal-time, when there was a little grumbling at the lack of facilities to cook their food. Large caldrons had been provided to boil the coifee, and a novel invention soon helped to overcome the other difficulties. The raw bacon carried in the haversacks was cut into slices, bayonets fixed on the guns were used as spits, and the immense stacks of the steamer furnished the broiler. It was an amusing sight to see the men stand in turns around this greasy pipe and press their pork against its sides until it was done to a crisp ; but the food was relished just as well as if it had been prepared in the regular way, and the operation, along with many other funny doings, helped to while away the tedious hours spent on the passage down the Potomac. CHAPTER yi. YOEKTOWN. The past winter had been a season of vast prepara- tion by the United States Government. The illusions existing in the minds of the Union leaders during the early part of the rebellion as to the character and prob- able duration of the war were fast being dissolved. The uprising of the South was no longer looked upon by the thoughtful men of the North as a mere rebellion of discontented citizens against their Government, to be easily put down by a proper display of force, or as an aifair that would end in ninety days ; but had assumed proportions of far greater magnitude. The disaster at' Bull Run, with a number of minor affairs of the same character, had drawn serious attention to the importance and extent of the measures necessary for its suppression. The formation of armies and the collection of war ma- terials were begun upon a scale commensurate with the greatness of a conflict between two powerful rival na- tions. Campaigns were planned for the spring of 1862 as against large armies led by skillful generals, familiar with all the rules of strategy and operating near their base of supplies; and commanders had begun to realize that the seat of Avar where battles were to be fought was one familiar to the enemy, and to be reached by means 5 45 4(j HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. of roads and water-courses passing through a hostile population. The first great movement of the Army of the Po- tomac gave evidence, in its planning and preparations, of a careful determination to merit success. The base of operations — Fortress Monroe — was well-nigh impreg- nable, and easy of access to our fleet and supply-ves- sels ; and should our army meet with disaster, which no one seemed to anticipate, it could, if necessary, take shelter under the protection of the immense guns of the fortress. The objective point Avas Richmond. Early in February, an expedition of four brigades, under General Burnside, had left Fortress Monroe and attacked Koanoke Island, which it captured, with three thousand prisoners, together with a large number of guns and war material. In addition to this event, the new Monitor, a few days before our arrival, had its memorable fight with the Confederate ram Merrimac, and so disabled her as to render it probable she would not again annoy our vessels lying in that vicinity. These successes, joined with news of others from the western armies, had created enthusiasm among our troops, and led them to hope for still greater victories. Upon landing, INIarch 31st, at Fortress Monroe, we found that the first division of the grand army had ar- rived at that place on the 17th of March, and had been rapidly followed by others, until fifty thousand men and one hundred guns had already arrived. To those who had not yet seen so large an assemblage of troops, it seemed as if this portion of the Peninsula was filled with soldiers. On the 4th of April, the movement of our division be^j-an bv an advance toward Yorktown. YORK TOWN. 47 The section of country known as the Peninsuki is an isthmus formed by the York and James Ilivers, varvins: in width from seven to fifteen miles, and about fifty miles in length. It is low and flat ; in most places water can be obtained by digging three or four feet. It has an abundance of marshes and streams, and is heavily timbered with pines ; under the most favorable cir- cumstances it would not appear in itself to be a land worth fighting for, and this impression was made more prominent as the column advanced. Everywhere on the route were to be seen indications of the waste of war. The little village of Hampton, a short distance from the fort, which had the appearance of having once been a place of delightful resort, and around which clustered many historical reminiscences of great interest, was a scene of ruin and desolation. Its public buildings and hotel were destroyed, and in place of its homes were blackened walls and heaps of cinders. The venerable church, built in colonial times and stand- ing out of danger from the conflagration of the village, was not spared, and even the grave-yard, with its over- turned monuments and broken tablets, gave evidence of the marked determination of the enemy to make the land a barren waste for the invaders. Similar sights were presented along the entire march to Big Bethel. Houses, barns, and bridges were all gone, and fences had been torn away to be placed in piles and burned to ashes. Passing scenes like these one could well inter- pret the line of the poet, '^ Cry havoc ! and let slip the dogs of war." At the time of the- advance on the Peninsula by the van-guard of McClellan, the force of the enemy directly 48 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. opposed was estimated to number about eleven thousand men, and was under the command of General J. B. Ma- gruder, who had defeated a Union force ten months be- fore this at Big Bethel, and who was the reputed author of the desolation of Hampton and its vicinity. Against this force General McClellan was advancing in two col- umns, — one along the Yorktown road, and the other by way of Warwick. These were commanded respectively by Generals Heintzelman and Keyes. In the right column were the divisions of Fitz John Porter and Hamilton of the Third Corps, and of Sedgwick of the Second Corps. The latter was the only division of its corps that had yet landed. Richardson's Division joined us shortly after; but the division of Blenker had been permanently detached and ordered to General Fremont by President Lincoln. The Second, under Sedgwick, destined to earn during its connection with the army an enviable reputation for its gallantry in action, was composed of some of the best of the three-years' regiments. The First Minne- sota, Seventh Michigan, Forty-Second (Tammany) and Eighty-Second New York, Fifteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Massachusetts, and other regiments of like character made for themselves and the command a na- tional reputation. Between these regiments and the Philadelphians there soon sprung up an intimacy and a generous spirit of emulation. In all their struggles with the foe they stood shoulder to shoulder. By the necessities of war and the loss of officers, each of the brigades were in turn commanded by regimental officers from the others, — Colonels Baxter, Morehead, and Owen frequently commanding the First and Third Brigades ; YORKTO WN. 49 while the Second, in the absence of senior officers of regiments, was occasionally led by a colonel from New York or Massachnsetts: The advance pushed forward, hoping to strike Ma- gruder before he was reinforced by Johnston from Richmond, or had succeeded in perfecting a line of de- fense. The first night of the movement (April 4th) a halt was made by the right column at Big Bethel, where General McClellan, who was accompanying it, made his headquarters ; at the same time, the left was at the little village of ^yarwick Conrt-House. On the 5th, the col- umn again moved forward, meeting but little opposition, except from an occasional cavalry-picket, until late in the day, when each column found itself confronted by Magruder's position before Yorktown. This place previous to the war was a village of a few hundred inhabitants, and was a port of entry, having a respectable amount of shipping. It is situated about seventy miles southeast of Richmond, upon rising ground on the south bank of the York Biver, eleven miles from its mouth. From Yorktown, Magruder had extended a fortified line reaching along the AYarwick to the James Biver. The former stream rises near Yorktown and, flowing across the Peninsula, empties into the James. This line had been selected with excellent judgment. The passage of the York Biver on the enemy's left was obstructed by the heavy guns at Yorktown and the water-bat- teries at Gloucester Point directly opposite, while the right was equally guarded by the works on James Biver. The distance from the ri":ht to the left of Ma]y the enlisted men with rations. On the other liand, a commissioned officer must look for diis supplies to his own enterprise. If the regimental commissary has an abundance of stores, he can dispose of his extras by sale to officers ; should this not occur, and sutlers fail to reach the camp, it sometimes requires considerable strategy to procure necessary food. During this cam- paign frequently the men were well supplied, while those Ayho commanded them fared very badly, and occasion- ally captains of companies who were unwilling to reduce the allowance of the men by accepting their proffiired rations, were known to eke out their scanty supplies by gathering on the march food that had been thrown away. Upon the arrival of the sutler this difficulty was tem- porarily overcome by the purchase of such articles of food as he had brought to the camp. These consisted at times of all sorts of provisions, wholesome or other- wise. Fruit and vegetables in cans, cheese, gingerbread, and some very questionable sausages, with a variety of other things, were eagerly purchased without regard to price, and the officer was ready for the next forward movement. To transport these supplies and have a stock ready for use during the day, they were intrusted to the care of a colored servant, — frequently a contraband, — with whom the officer shared his rations. Some of these freedmen no doubt surprised their })alates with novel sensations. A man hired by Captain McBride, of the Seventy-Second, used to strike his hand on his face when he tasted a sutler's device for the first time, and ex- claim, '^I've lost a nerve!" and when another contra- band treated him to a sardine, he asked, "What de 60 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Yanks call clem?" On being answered, "A lizard/' nothing daunted, he replied, " Emerson, hab you anud- der of dem ^zards to spare ?" These "contraband" servants, in spite of their ignor- ance and mirth-provoking mistakes, were generally faithful to their employers, and frequently, when the haversacks Avere nearly empty, their knowledge of the country, and especially of the colored people along the route, enabled them to replenish their scanty stock. Fresh sup2:)lies of food were guarded as new-found treasures, yet sometimes they disappeared before night by some adroit trick, and the thief was seldom discovered. There were exceptions, however, and one of these Avas very ludicrous. An officer's servant had captured a chicken, and, suspending it to his haversack, joined the column, where he was congratulated by his master for his success. A few moments later, while passing the drummers, the fowl disappeared. Fortunately for the officer he was near at hand, and, seizing one of the stout- est of the boys, demanded his property. The youngster denied all knowledge, and when the chicken was found under his buttoned coat, he immediately replied, "How did I know it was there?" One of the most responsible and trying positions in a regiment on active service is that of company com- mander. He is really the father of a family, and to discharge his duties properly he should always have a clear head in danger, a cheerful countenance in the midst of reverses, and that endurance which never complains. He is expected to keep accurate accounts and make out regular returns of all the clothing and camp equipage he has received, as well as to prepare the descriptive and FAIR OAKS. Ql muster rolls for the j^ay of the men, and he is supposed to be ready at any time to report the full strength — present and absent — of his company. To carry the papers and books necessary for his work, with his extra clothing and a full suit for reviews, he is allowed trans- portation for a satchel or small valise. Most of the officers of Burns's Brigade, in spite of these difficulties and others of a more trivial character, discharged their duties well ; yet they would have been materially assisted in their performance had the regu- lation in time of war permitted an issue of rations in kind to officers as well as to the rank and file ; and it would have been still better if, instead of a small amount of clothing carried in wagons, a pack-mule had been allowed to carry, for a definite number of officers, a limited amount of rations as well as baggage. By this change the size of the trains would not have been increased, as the pack animal could have been fed by foraging on the march, and in winter quarters might have been used by the quartermaster. Convenient as these changes might be to an officer, one still more useful could be made in his weapons and uniform. The arms of an officer of infantry are sup- posed to be a sword and revolver. The former is of no more practical value in the field than a stout club, ex- cept as a notice to an enemy's sharp-shooter that the wearer has a rank. The scabbard interferes with quick operations through brush and dense woods, and at night on a picket line its rattling frequently indicates the movements of its owner. Often while the pickets are in close proximity to each other, they do not exchange shots, but the moment an officer is seen on either side he (52 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. is sure to be made a target. This sometimes prevents a safe opportunity for close observation of the enemy's field works. If the arms of line officers were breech-loading rifles instead of swords, and if their uniform was of the same color as that of their men, with no distinguishing mark except such as their own troops could easily recognize, the practical good of the service would be materially increased. On the 15th of May our division was moved a dis- tance of eight miles, to a point near Xew Kent Court- House, and camped there. The next day the advance division of the army with headquarters took possession of White House Landing, at the head of navigation on the Pamunkey. From this point to Richmond is a dis- tance of eighteen miles by the York River Railroad. Depots were established here, and preparations were made to bring supplies by water, and to rejmir the rail- road as the army advanced toward Richmond. This road, when restored, was used during the time McClel- lan was before the Confederate capital, as a line of com- munication from the front of the army to the base, at White House. May 21st. Weather hot and oppressive. Division marched about thirteen miles to accomplish a distance of eight or nine, and encamped at night near Bottom's Bridge on the Chickahominy. This stream, destined to bear such a j^rominent part in the history of the great conflict, and with whose name so many sad memories are brought to thousands of households in the land, is of no considerable size, but very fickle in its character. FAIR OAKS. (33 It is formed by tlie junction of a number of small streams that unite in the rough and hilly country north- west of Richmond, and flows an east-southeast course, emptying into the James Kiver many miles below the city. The stream, in itself, does not oppose any con- siderable obstacle to the advance of an army, but with its intervals of marshy shores and heavily- timbered swamps, whose tree-toi)s often rise to a level with the table lands bordering these bottoms and concealing them from view, it is an obstacle of the most formidable char- acter. On the retreat of the enemy the different bridges crossing the stream on McClellan's line of advance were destroyed. Directly north of Richmond, on the line of the Vir- ginia Central Railroad, is Meadow Bridge, at a distance of five miles from the city. Two miles below Meadow Bridge there is another, on the Mechanicsville road. Here the stream grows gradually wider by the addition of creeks, but flows sluggishly through low, swampy lands. Next to Mechanicsville, and four miles below it, is New Bridge, at a distance of seven miles from Richmond. Seven miles below this is Bottom's Bridge, one mile below the point where the Richmond and York River Railroad crosses the stream. About the time of Sedgwick's arrival at the river, the advance of the army began to cross at both Bottom's Bridge and the railroad. After reconnoitering within a short distance of Richmond and nearly to the James River, the troops that had crossed fell back to })oints nearer the Chickahominy, and commenced fortifying their position. Casey's Division of Keyes's Corps was 64 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. placed on both sides of the AYilliamsburg road^ six miles from Richmond and half a mile beyond Seven Pines. Couch's Division of the same corps extended from Seven Pines to Fair Oaks Station, on the York River Railroad. Kearney's Division of Heintzelman's Corps was on the same road to the rear of Peach Orchard, and the division of Hooker of the same corps was pro- tecting the approaches from White Oak Swamp, that lay to the left of these divisions. Meantime the corps of Sumner, Porter, and Franklin remained on the left bank of the river. In this divided condition the army remained during its stay before Rich- mond, although the relative positions of some of the corps were changed occasionally. By the 27th, Sumner's Corps had constructed two bridges over the river for the passage of troops ; one of them was called the Grapevine, and the other Sum- ner's Lower Bridge. At this work and picketing our time was fully occupied. On the morning of the 28th the entire division was ordered under arms, and in ten minutes' time from the sounding of the assembly the brigade was hurried off, without breakfast or coffee. The object apparently — for no soldier appears to know anything, or should not, except from personal experience — was to sustain General Porter's Division in a heavy skirmish that was going on not far from Hanover Court-House. After marching a few miles the command was halted in a large field, where it remained until the afternoon of the 29th, when it re- turned to camp. As this sudden march was made in light order it was not fatiguing, and was attended with no inconvenience except the loss of the morning lunch. FAIR OAKS. 65 May 31st, from about ten a.:n[. avc heard heavy firincr on our left across the Chickahominy. ^'Old Sumner/' Avho was the ideal of a soldier for dash and swiftness, Avas very restless. He mounted his horse, and vseemed momentarily expecting an order, and fretting because it did not come. The corps Avas under arms, and at noon Sumner, impatient at the delay, would wait no longer, and moved without orders to the Grapevine Bridge and halted, with Sedgwick's Division in advance. When we reached the brido;e the rouo-h losrs formino; the cord- uroy road leading over the swamp to it were mostly afloat, and were only kept in their places by the stumps of the trees to which they were fastened. The bridge itself was suspended from the trunks of trees by ropes, and on their strength depended the safety of the struc- ture. AVhen the order came to " move forward at once," and the first part of our division marched on the bridge, it seemed impossible that it could stand; but the very weight of the troops while crossing made it temporarily secure by settling it against the solid stumps. With our advance Avas Kirby's Battery, First United States Artillery. To get the guns out of the swamp to solid ground after crossing required extraordinary exertions. The horses were unhitched, and the infantry vied with the men of the battery in their endeavors to drag them forward. By fairly lifting guns and limbers they were carried out of the mire, and Sedgwick was soon on his way Avith his favorite battery to the relief of our com- rades of Keyes's and Heintzel man's Corps. Realizing that every moment was precious, and guided by the deafening roll of musketry and the booming of 66 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. cannon, the troops, filled with enthusiasm, pushed on, passing Trent's large mansion, then across a wheat-field to a swift-flowino; stream, fordino; which thev entered a thin strip of woods. Here thev met numbers of wounded men coming from the fight, which was raging just in front of this timber; stray balls were flying about us, and before we realized it, — and while some were dis- cussing whether the bullets that were whizzing past were spent or not, — we were in our first battle as an entire brigade. General Sumner now assumed command of the whole field, and the moment was a critical one. The enemy had turned the left of our troops at Fair Oaks station, cutting it off from the rest of the army, and it looked as if the entire left wing that had crossed the Chickahominy was doomed to destruction. Sadgwick quickly formed the First Brigade, under General Gorman, in line of battle on the edge of the woods we had entered, and Kirby swung his brass guns into position and loaded them with canister. At the same time the Second Brigade was formed in mass near the crest of a hill, alongside the battery and to the right of the First Brigade. The battle was raging as furiously as ever, wounded men and stragglers were falling back for shelter, and on the field in front our troops were fighting and gradually retiring before overwhelming numbers. Gorman now led his brigade over the crest and swept down in line of battle towards Fair Oaks, where the Twenty-Third Pennsylvania, under Colonel IS^iell, and Cochran's United States Chasseurs were desperately fighting. As the movement began, and the responsive volley of FAIR OAKS. (57 the enemy reached the flank of the Seventy-Second, Colonel Baxter sung out, '^ That's the music, boys ; now for three cheers!'' At the same instant General Burns turned towards the brigade, and, swinging his hat in the air, exclaimed, "Let them be hearty!" In a moment a deafening shout arose from the entire conmiand, and joined to it were the cheers of the advancing First Bri- gade and the roar of Kirby's guns ; and the earth fairly trembled. These cheers filled our struggling fellows with fresh confidence ; they knew that help was at hand, while to the enemy, as some of the prisoners told us afterward, they came like a death-knell ; and as the presence of the troops that gave them was so unexpected, it seemed as though they arose from the ground. The moment Gorman began to advance, heavy volleys of musketry enfiladed our right ; to meet this Burns de- ployed the Sixty-Ninth and Seventy-Second, while Sedgwick led in ])erson the Seventy-First and One Hundred and Sixth to the support of Kirby and the cliarge of the First Brigade. The enemy were determined to capture Kirby's guns, and the strife about them was intense; but in spite of persistent efforts to take them they held their position with great gallantry and steadiness. Just as night came on the enemy made one more vigorous effort on the right of the division, when Sumner ordered a bayonet charge by two regiments of Dana's Brigade and three of Gor- man's. This force performed their work bravely. They leaped two fences between them and the enemy, and, rushing forward, drove the Confederates in confusion. It was now dark, and the battle ceased for the night. (38 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. The loss of the brigade in the action of this day was five killed and thirty wounded. Among the former was Lieutenant Frank A. Donaldson, Seyenty-First ; and among the latter Captain Francis H. Acuff, One Hun- dred and Sixth, and Captain John A. Markoe, Seventy- First. As this was the first battle of the command as a brigade, the troops Avere highly pleased with the compli- ments of their general, who said in his official report, ^^ I am entirely satisfied with the conduct of my brigade. It has been christened under fire, and will do what is required of it." Immediately after the last charge of Sumner's troops, a portion of the brigade was deployed as skirmishers in front of the woods into which the enemy had retreated. On this advanced portion of the field over which the two forces had been contending, were to be seen some of the realities of war. The wounded and dead of both armies were lying as they had fallen, and in large num- bers. Strewn over the ground were rifles, haversacks, canteens, and accoutrements; but instead of the roar of the battle and the shouts of victory or of defiance, were the groans and cries of suffering men. About eleven o'clock p.m. the Seventy-First Regi- ment was ordered by General Sumner to move into a position between the battle-field and Grapevine Bridge to cover the communications while the artillery was being brought to the front. During the night Rich- ardson's Division came up, while Kearney's Brigades, which had separated from his corps, again formed con- nection. On the morning of June 1st the conflict was renewed. This time the brunt was borne by Richardson's, while FAIR OAKS. 69 the Second Division was hurried about from one place to anotlier to act as support to the artillery wherever it was thought to be most needed. Once bayonets were fixed while advancing with orders to charge, but it was countermanded. By twelve o'clock, with the exception of an occasional volley, the battle of Fair Oaks had ended. After remaining in position on the field for two days, our brigade was ordered, on the evening of the 3d, to double-quick to the extreme left of the line and re- inforce Hooker's Division, which expected an attack. During the night there was a heavy rain, and the men Avere thoroughly drenched. On the following morning, in this condition, the command was moved through the marshy ground, where some of the hardest fighting had taken place, and where the dead in large numbers were lying terribly disfigured. In some cases bodies were partly buried, as if some friend had commenced the last rite and had been driven away. In other places, where the swamps were deep, dead Confederates were standing erect, shot as they were retreating, and the mire had prevented their fall. The whole atmosphere, heavy after the rain, was filled with a horrible odor that penetrated our Avet clothing, and even tainted the food in the haver- sacks. Strong; uien irrew sick and turned aside with horror. All about this terrible battle-field there were most mournful sights. With but few houses or jilaccs of shelter to accommodate the wounded, many were com- pelled to lie on the ground and to protect themselves as best they could from the burning sun. It is worthy of especial mention that the large majority of the wounded endured their sufferings with scarce a niurmui-. 7 70 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Until the 6th of June we were in this immediate vicin- ity, and its unwholesome atmosphere, uniting with the malaria of the Chickahominy swamps, began to affect the men. A number from the brigade were stricken down with fever, and these suiferers were even more unfortu- nate tlmn the wounded. There was some measure of attention given to the latter ; but it was said in some cases by actions, if not by Avords, that ^' a soldier has no business to become sick ;'^ and the surgeons had but little time to bestow upon them. For a w^eek or two after the battle of Fair Oaks, there was some difficulty in procuring sanitary supplies for the sick. This was probably owing to the sudden and unexpected demand, and to the limited means of transportation, but, like many other difficulties in pro- viding for a great army, it was soon overcome. By moving to the right of the battle-field and facing towards Richmond, its scenes were hid from sight, and to that extent the morale of the men was increased ; but no army from the North could ever entirely overcome the feeling of lassitude incidental to a location on the banks of this treacherous stream in the hot days of June. Our new position joined Richardson on the left, and on the right extended towards the Chickahominy. That 2:>ortion of the line occupied by Burns's Brigade was parallel to the enemy's works on Garnett's farm, about one mile distant. In front of us were thick woods of irregular depth, — in some places only half a mile, in others extending almost to the Confederate line; its nar- rowest portion bordered on Garnett's large wheat-field. Our pickets were placed about half a mile to the front of the brigade ; tliis brought some of them to the edge FAIR OAKS. 71 of the open field, while others, coinieetiiig on the same line, were located entirely in the woods. As the enemy's videttes were immediately in front of ours, it required some care even by daylight on the part of those in the Avoods to avoid a surprise ; but at night, when the pickets on both sides were advanced stealthily as close as possi- ble to each other, extraordinary caution was necessary. Not unfrequently both men and officers, unfamiliar with the ground, lost their way, and were wounded or cap- tured. In this way the brigade met several losses, — among these were Captain Martin Frost, One Hundred and Sixth, killed June 9th ; Lieutenant Maurine C. Moore, Seventy-First, killed June 8th ; and Lieutenant Moran, Sixty-Ninth, wounded. At about the same time Lieutenant-Colonel W. L. Curry was captured by the enemy and sent to Richmond, and afterwards became a fellow-prisoner with General Michael Corcoran at Salis- bury, where he w^as severely treated. At the end of three months the colonel was released, and rejoined his regiment. The tour of duty before Richmond was very similar to that at Yorktown, with the exception that the troops were not employed to any great extent on fjxtigue details. The only earthworks of any consequence near us were on Richardson's front, and occasionally a detachment from the brigade assisted in their erection. Each of Burns's regiments constructed on their lines rifle-pits topped off with logs and dead trees, and to increase these defenses, slashings were made in the woods immediately in front. Often at night the camps were under arms, in conse- quence of picket-firing and expected attacks which 72 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. never took place. These alarms arose more frequently with some of the picket details than others, and the men became so Avell aware of this that the answer to the ques- tion, "Who is on picket to-night?" often indicated in their opinion the character of the rest they were to enjoy. While in this vicinity the experiment of issuing rations of Avhisky to the troops was tried by the commissaries. Regularly every day the men fell in line for their "com- missary," as it was called. Most of the soldiers at first drew this ration and drank all or part of it. Young men who never used it as a beverage at home stood be- side those who were familiar with its taste and took their allowance. In a short time the novelty wore off, and it occurred to some of the officers to issue to the men, instead of whisky, hot coffee, served just before going on picket and at intervals while on that duty in stormy weather, and their experience was decidedly against the whisky. During daylight there was generally a sort of tacit truce between the opposing j^ickets. Once this was broken by us, and rather to our disadvantage. General Burns ordered a few sharp-shooters to go to the front and annoy the enemy. The day was Sunday, and the pickets Avere anticipating a quiet tour. When the sharp-shooters began their work, those on the posts were passing their time watching the effects of the shots. In a few^ minutes after the first discharge the enemy opened on our line with shrapnel, and did not cease firing until a number of our men were killed and wounded ; among them Corporal Sellers and Emlen Hitter, of the Seventy- Second, killed, and a number of others of the same regi- ment badly wounded. This ended that sort of experi- ment while on this line. CIIAPTEE VIII. THE SEVEN DAYS' FIGUT. It became evident in the latter part of June that our army could not remain in its present inactive position much longer. Our troops must either make an attack or receive one from the enemy. There were constant rumors of movements and sounds of distant battle that deepened this impression. On the 27th of June, from early in the morning until two o'clock, heavy cannonading was heard on the right.. Later in the day the roll of volleys of musketry, added to the boom of the artillery, sounding like the coming of a distant storm, gave evidence that Fitz John Porter was heavily engaged at Gainesville. Everything seemed as quiet as usual on our own front, not even a picket shot was fired, but all were on the alert, and more anx- ious than usual to know the character of the movements in the distance. During the afternoon General McClel- lan with his staif rode along the line, and he was greeted with loud cheers. This unusual excitement appeared to the enemy as if a movement of some character was 'in- tended by our division, and led to a severe artillery duel, followed by a heavy attack of infantry upon our pickets. The reserve force soon became engaged, and the enemy was repulsed. A Georgia officer, who was captured by 7* 78 74 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. men of the brigade, stated that their loss was very severe. Among the casualties on our side was Sergeant Harry Donaldson, of the Seventy-Second, mortally wounded. This young man was a soldier of fine promise, and be- haved well in the action. A rumor now reached us, and was rapidly circulated, that Fitz John Porter had gained a victory. This in- telligence the men seemed disposed to believe, notwith- standing the unusual operations going on about the camp, and they again broke out in cheers. On the 28th, quartermasters began exerting their ut- most to send all extra clothing and spare supplies to the railroad, for White House, while the wagons belong- ing to the trains were loaded with rations and ammuni- tion. Hospitals were broken up, and the wounded and sick were transferred to Savage Station. Surgeons and their stewards busied themselves in preparing medical stores for the ambulances, and in their department as well as the others all seemed preparing for severe work. During these preparations, a battery of rifled guns, commanded by Captain Franks, was ordered to report to General Burns, who placed it in position to strengthen our defenses. When the shotted salute of the enemy began, it had an opportunity to reply, and it was so well handled that it became quite a favorite subsequently with the men. A shot made by Captain Franks with one of these guns while stationed with the brigade was equal to the best sharp-shooting practice. A scout of the enemy, anxious to ascertain why our men were cheering and what the Yankees were doing, ascended a tree about one mile distant to take observations. A cannon was THE SEVEN DAYS' FIGHT. 75 sighted at tlic lookout, and the tliird shot carried away the poor fellow and his shelter. Tlie evening of June 28th brought true reports of the fighting that had been going on at the right. Gen- eral Lee had matured his plans for striking a blow at McClellan, and had commenced their execution. His preparations were completed on the 25th of June, and on the next day A. P. Hill's Corps crossed the Chicka- hominy at Mechanicsville and drove a small force sta- tioned there back to the main line on Beaver Dam Creek, near Ellison's Mills. At this place were posted General McCall's Pennsylvania Reserves, supported by Meade's Brigade and the division of Morell. The bridges over the creek had been destroyed, and a rifle-pit constructed on the eminence, protected by an abattis of felled timber. In this our men w'ere concealed, and reserved their fire until the enemy had nearly approached, when they opened with a destructive volley, which quickly drove them back. Then an attempt was made to turn the left flank of our troops, which was equally unsuccessful. After this the fight continued at various points until late at night, when the battle of Mechanicsville was over. The Reserves rested on their arms until early dawn, when they retired to a strong position near Gaines's Mill, between Cold Harbor and the Chickahominy. At this point they joined the Fifth Corps, under Fitz Jolm Porter, and awaited the attack. This commenced by a movement of the Confederates under A. P. Hill in the afternoon, and raged with fury until night. At one time late in the day it seemed as if Porter's forces would be driven into the river, but relief came from the bri- gades of French and Meagher from the Second Corps. 76 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. These brigades had been hurriedly pushed for\yard, and upon their arrival at the field advanced with loud cheers, and, with the assistance of Porter's decimated regiments, retook the positions which the enemy had occupied, and held them until night. It was the sound of this conflict that was heard during the 27th, and the result of which caused General Mc- Clellan to resolve to fall back from Richmond. That night Porter's exhausted troops were withdrawn to the other side of the river, and before daybreak on the 28tli McClellan was on his way to Savage Station to superin- tend the preparations for the change of base to the James River. The line of retreat adopted was by way of White Oak Swamp, the passage of which by means of its single road was an undertaking of great difficulty. By noon of the 28th Keyes's Corps, which led the advance, oc- cupied strong positions on the opposite side to cover the crossing of troojDS and the immense trains of wagons and ambulances, and thousands of beef cattle. During the same night Porter's Corps crossed and advanced towards the James, while the corps of Heintzelman and Sumner, and Smith's Division of Franklin's Corps, re- ceived orders to cover the roads leading from Richmond, and also protect the depot at Savage Station. On Sunday at four a.m., June 29th, Burns's Brigade was ordered to retire from the breastworks ill front of Garnett's farm to join the division and march to Orchard Station, a point on the railroad about three miles to the rear. The })ickets were instructed to remain on their posts as usual, and to use every exertion to prevent the enemy from ascertaining our movements. The officer THE SEVEN DAYS' EIGHT. 77 in charge of this line was directed to withdraw his men as soon as he received an order from tlie division com- mander, which Avould probably not be given before early dawn. This was an exceedingly delicate duty to per- form, especially as daylight arrived before the pickets could be safely retired. Captain Roussel, of the Seventy- Second, in charge of the brigade detail, performed the operation with great credit, and, favored by a fog, suc- ceeded in joining the brigade with his men without loss. During the withdrawal of these pickets, there occurred a singular illustration of a fact that many soldiers have observed, — the irregular courage displayed by some few of their comrades. Just before dawn Captain Iloussel ordered one of his officers to go to the videttes and bring them cjuietly back to the reserve. The man hesitated for a moment, and then turning to the captain said, " I am a coward and can't do this work.'^ He was of course placed under arrest, and subsequently dismissed from the army. Until this period of his service this officer had behaved well, and possibly would have done so afterwards, but for the moment he became a coward physically, although, strange to say, he had the moral courage to acknowledge it publicly. There were some few in every command who occasionally acted like this man, but without his candor; and when the soldiers W'ere taught by experience to know the amount of forti* tude and courage required on so many occasions, they were disposed to be merciful towards those unfortunates who occasionally fiiilcd to manifest these virtues. On reaching Orchard Station the brigade joined the corps, which was formed in line of battle facing the rear. Soon after our arrival, and at about daylight, 78 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. General Sumner ordered a regiment back to reoccupy our former lines as an advanced picket. This duty was intrusted to the Seventy-First, under Lieutenant-Colonel W. G. Jones. When Colonel Jones's pickets reached the Avoods where the battle ended on May 31st, he cap- tured two prisoners, the advance of the Confederate skirmishers, and soon discovered the enemy in force in our deserted rifle-pits ; and they at the same moment began to advance on him. In conjunction with these, another body of Confederates came down the railroad in front of the regiment, advanced on the left of the Seventy-First, and forced this regiment back. Colonel Jones then retired to a favorable position on the left of the woods, behind Allen's house, where he re-formed and received them in splendid order, and the fight was continued for some time, when reinforcements for the enemy arriving in large numbers compelled the Seventy- First to fall back again ; this time fighting through the woods until they came to the edge of a field in front of the line of battle formed by the corps. The batteries of Pettit and Hazzard now went into action, and as the Confederates advanced they were met by a severe fire of artillery. This contest lasted for an hour, and at times with a great amount of determination on both sides, but our forces at length compelled the enemy to retire. During the battle the other regiments of the brigade acted as supports, and were exposed to a heavy fire without being engaged. Of this affair at Peach Orchard General Burns re- ports : '' The Seventy-First, under its gallant young lieutenant-colonel, won high encomiums from the corps commander, who knows what fighting means." THE SEVEN DAYS' FIGHT. 79 The reported loss of the Seventy-First in this action was ninety-six killed and wounded. At noon the Second Corps was ordered to fall back about two miles farther to Savage Station. Part of this movement was made on a double-quick, and, as the Aveather was very warm, some of the men were overcome by the heat, and, dropping by the roadside, were taken prisoners. On arriving at the Station the Second Corps passed through the lines of General Heintzelman, who was lying there expecting an attack from the direction of Bottom's Bridge. By some misunderstanding this gen- eral moved his corps upon our arrival across the AVhite Oak Swamp, leaving a gap of three-fourths of a mile between the Second Corps and Franklin. The enemy, under General Magruder, who were following us, were not slow to perceive this weakness in the line, and at half-past four p.m. made their appearance in the corner of the field to the left of the place where the corps was massed. General Sumner ordered the Seventy-Second and One Hundred and Sixth Regiments to move back across the field about half a mile, and hold the woods between the Williamsburg road and the railroad. Tliis move- ment was under the personal direction of General Burns, and, although executed with great promptness, Avas per- formed as deliberately as if on parade. Two companies from each regiment were deployed as skirmishers, and moved forward to tlie woods, wdiile the regiments were forming in line under fire from the Confederate batteries. As tlie skirmishers entered the timber they found it filled witii dense uiidcrhrusli, and at the same time heard 80 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the commands given by the officers of the opposing line advancing to attack. Our men were halted, and directed to open fire as soon as they caught a glimpse of the enemy or saw a movement in the bushes. In a few moments the firing began, and in order to uncover our line of battle the skirmishers retired to the open field, carrying with them a number of their dead and wounded comrades. Before the two reo-iments had reached the edo^e of the woods, a scout informed General Burns that the enemy was approaching with a large force on the Williamsburg road. As both flanks were exposed, Burns applied to General Sumner for another regiment. Fortunately, the enemy did not attack until the First Minnesota had been thrown across the Williamsburg road with the left re- tired. The line was still not Ions: enouo-h to cover the ground, and the Seventy-Second was moved to the right and its right flank thrown back to cover the railroad, leaving a gap between it and the One Hundred and Sixth. Before these dispositions were completed, the enemy attacked with great fury. In the meanwhile their artillery fire had increased, and was answered by the batteries of Pettit, Osborii, and Bramhall. The battle now racred alono; the entire line from the railroad to the Williamsburg road, but Avas gradually concentrated toward the weak point between the Seventy- Second and One Hundred and Sixth. Here the fire Avas terrific, the enemy forcing their way through the woods, flaunting their flags across the fence almost in the faces of our men. For a moment the line broke, but the frallant reiriments re-formed and drove them back. A charge was now made by the First Brigade, which had THE SEVEN DAYS' FIGHT. gl been sent to reinforce the line, and the enemy were driven in confusion from the woods. While the battle was at its height, the Confederates made an attack, with a heavy ship gun mounted on a railway truck, upon the cars loaded with stores and ammunition. To prevent these falling into their hands they were set on fire, and as the flames reached the car- tridges and shells the whole mass exploded with a deafen- ins: sound, and the dense smoke rose in the air like a huge column to an immense height. The battle of Savage Station was over at seven o'clock, and was fairly a victory for our troops. The enemy had commenced the attack, and met with a bloody re- pulse. This was not accomplished without severe losses on our side. Owing to their position, Baxter's Regiment and that of Colonel Morehead suffered more heavily than the others. The Seventy-Second lost fifteen killed and a considerable number wounded ; among the former, Captain Charles McGonigle, Company B, and among the latter, Lieutenant DeB. Shewell, who was mortally wounded. General Burns, the gallant brigade com- mander, received a bullet in his face while the contest was at its height, but, staunching the blood with a liand- kerchief, he continued on duty. The Seventy-First was held in reserve along with the Seventh Michigan, looking to the flanks during the fight, while the Sixty-Ninth under Colonel Owen was similarly employed with the First Minnesota. In this eno-ao-ement, as well as in a number of subse- qucnt actions, it was impossible to procure an accurate list of'tlie casualties. Owing to the frequent change of regi- mental and company commanders by losses in action, rolls 82 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. could not be regularly kept, and only at occasional periods or at the end of a severe campaign, Avhen the regimental and brigade returns were made out and compared with former reports, could the aggregate losses be ascertained. In the list of casualties among officers this difficulty was not so great, and when the losses are reported the names are generally given. The difficulty of tracing the his- tory of the men was by no means confined to our com- mand, it occurred throughout the army; whenever battles were fought, thousands perished by the bullet or dropped by the roadside, and in the report are described as "miss- ing in action," or perhaps on some tablet in a cemetery are marked '^ unknown." At nine p.m. ^'Old Sumner," who had held Magruder at bay like a mastiff defending his charge, again started his corps on the retreat to White Oak Swamp, leaving the hospital, with twenty-five hundred sick and wounded, to the tender mercies of the enemy. This was done by the order of General McClellan, and was one of the saddest incidents of the retreat. When it became known that the troops nuist leave these helpless fellows, some of whom had fallen only a few hours before, there were many hearts filled Avith sorrow, and as the brigade passed the hospital tents comrades rushed in to take a farewell leave of some familiar face, and to receive a message for loved ones at home. This night-march was a dreary one; the roads were filled with infantry and artillery, and for the most part led through dense forests of swamp timber. We had gone but a short distance when the sky was overcast, and a thunder-storm set in, compelling us to struggle along in darkness only broken occasionally by a burning THE SEVEN DAYS' FIGHT. 33 wa2:on or caisson. At midniglit the rain ceased, and the clouds breaking away we had the light of the. stars to guide our lagging and weary footsteps. With scarce a halt the column pressed on toward the swamp, and save the tramp, tramp of the men and the rumble of artillery- wheels, there was an unusual al)sence of the noise inci- dental to a march. Occasionally some one would mur- mur, •' My knapsack cuts my shoulder," and receive the reply, " You will forget all about it when you have your grandchildren on your knee ;" but, with the exception of some few exchanges like this, the men were quiet, and, grasping their pieces, seemed to think of the work of the coming day. At daylight on June 30th we reached the military bridge spanning the sluggish waters of White Oak Swamp. General Richardson was standing by the road Avitli his coat unbuttoned and sleeves rolled up, super- intending the crossing and urging the troo{:>s forward. The moment our brigade had crossed, with the rear- guard, the frail structure was cut away, but not a minute too soon to gain time for defense, as the cavalry of the enemy were on our heels. Leaving- Richardson's and Smith's Divisions with the batteries of Ayres and Hazzard to dispute the passage of the swamp, our corps mov^ed on about two miles far- ther, to Glendale, or Nelson's farm. There, at the junc- tion of the Long Bridge and the Quaker City road, along which our troops were retreating, were stationed the Pennsylvania Reserves. Sedgwick's Division was massed in an open field to the right of Hooker's Division, and to th-e left and rear of the artillery. In this position the soldiers stretched themselves on the ground to rest, 84 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIC.iDE. and, while listening to the heavy cannonading at White Oak Swamp, began to speculate as to the next move in the change of base. They had not long to wait. Shortly after one o^clock firing began on the picket-line in front of McCalFs posi- tion, and at half-past three he was furiously attacked by the enemy in heavy force, and the battle of Glendale oj)ened. The first charge of the Confederates was repulsed by a counter-charge of the Reserves, and they in turn were driven back by fresh troops of the enemy. Backward and forward these lines were swaying for nearly two houi's. Guns were taken and retaken by both forces amid terrible slaughter, till finally Randall's Battery was captured by a charge of two Confederate regiments advancing with trailed arms. They rushed up to the muzzles of the guns, a hand-to-hand fight ensued, and the regiment supporting it was driven back, when they seized the battery. Meanwhile a renewed attack on the left flank of Seymour's Brigade was also successful, and the enemy, pushing on, drove the retreating troops between Hooker and Sedgwick. Here they were caught in turn by Hooker's fire on the flank, and, driven across Sedg- wick's front, they were struck by McCall's centre, which with his right had held their position. The battle Avas now fought desperately on both sides. While the enemy Avas pushing on his masses, Hooker's Division had joined in the fight Avith McCall and was becoming hotly engaged. At this point General Burns states in his report, "At the request of General Hooker, General Sumner for- THE SEVEN DAYS' FIGHT, 35 warded Colonel Owen to the right of Hooker's first line, and sent Colonel Morehead in reserve of General Hooker's right. I was directed to lead Baxter to the woods on the right of the field, throngh which McCall's left retreated, as the enemy seemed to be moving that way to rid themselves of the terrible fire of Kirby's Battery, which swept the field." The Sixty-Ninth had scarcely been placed in position by Hooker, when another heavy attack broke through McCall's centre and sent the fugitives flying to the rear. The enemy pressed on in large numbers, and when within fifty yards of the Sixty-Ninth they were brought to a halt by a volley from their muskets. At this critical moment an order was quickly given by Colonel Owen to fix bayonets and charge the enemy, which Avas done most gallantly. General Burns says officially, "Colonel Owen's Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers, unsup- ported, pursued the victorious rebels back over the ground . through which they were passing, and crowned the crest of the hill where McCall had lost his artillery. Gallant Sixty-Ninth ! The line followed this noble example, and McCall's position was held and the enemy discomfited." While the Sixty-Ninth Avas moving forward to this position, the One Hundred and Sixth, which had been ordered to its support, was led to the extreme left by General Hooker in person, and joined with the Excel- sior Brigade in holding that portion of the line. By direction of General Sumner the Seventy-First Pennsylvania and the Nineteenth Massachusetts were placed in support of the first line, in connection with the Seventy-Second, already in position in the woods on 8* 86 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the right. While perfecting these dispositions an attack was made on the left centre, and the New York regi- ment holding that portion of the front line broke away, allowing the enemy to advance through the gap. The Seventy-First Pennsylvania and the Nineteenth Massa- chusetts were thrown into the breach. Burns says, " Nobly did they redeem the faults of their comrades. These two noble regiments met the enemy face to face, and for nearly an hour poured into them such tremen- dous volleys that no further attack was had at that vital point." It was now dark, and this desperately-fought battle was over. During its continuance there were periods when it seemed as if the result was very doubtful, but our forces were generally enabled to hold their ground or quickly recover any portion that had been lost. It was the good fortune of the brigade to be placed in posts of honor, and to merit from , the brigade commander the report, " Colonels Baxter, Owen, Morehead, and Lieutenant-Colonel Jones fulfilled my utmost expecta- tions. I repeat my assertion at Fair Oaks : I am satis- fied with the conduct of my brigade, — none will gainsay it." During the battle General Burns won the highest praise and the enthusiastic admiration of his men. Wherever the fight seemed to be the hottest, there was Burns with his face stained with blood, cheering and rallying the men. At the time some of the Reserves were temporarily repulsed, and were falling back through our lines, he rode into their midst, and by his appeals to their pride succeeded in stopping their retreat and turn- ing their faces again toAvard the enemy. THE SEVEN DAYS' FIGHT. , 87 The loss of the brigade in the action of Glendale is unknown, but could not have been heavy. The Sixty- Ninth, which was more exposed than the others, reported seven killed, twenty-two wounded, and five taken pris- oners. From the succession of desperate charges made by the enemy rushing on our batteries, which poured volleys of case-shot and shrapnel into their ranks, they must have lost very heavily. Long after dark their torches could • be seen in the woods before our line searching for the wounded. At midnight the rear-guard of the army again started towards the James. As the enemy were directly in front, the movement had to be executed with care. -Each regi- ment in turn, quietly leaving its position, moved into the road over which the army had passed. The pickets remained on their posts for an hour longer, and while waiting for the order to join the column listened with sad hearts to the groans of the wounded, mingled with the soft hum of insects and the cries of the whippoor- will. The morning of July 1st found the Army of the Po- tomac concentrated on Malvern Hill, a strong position near the James River. Here the whole of the trains, ambulances, and siege-guns were sheltered. As the worn-out troops reached this elevation and saw the river with the Monitors ready for action, they threw their knapsacks on the ground and laid down to rest, believ- ing that this day would pass without a fight. Each division upon its arrival was placed in line of battle. Porter's Corps, with the artillery reserve, held the left, with Couch's Division on his right. Next to 88 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Couch were Kearney and Hooker ; next Sedgwick and Richardson ; next Smith and Slocum ; then the remain- der of Keyes's Corps, forming a curved line extending to the river. Most of the ground in front of our lines to the right was wooded, and it was protected by slashings, while the left flanks were protected by gunboats. In this position at seven a.m. our troops were resting, some having fallen asleep the moment arms were stacked, when the enemy suddenly opened on us with an enfilading fire of artillery, and the preliminary movements of the battle of Malvern Hill began. Until after two o'clock the fighting was principally between the batteries of the two armies, enlivened occa- sionally with a noisy aifair on the skirmish line. During this first conflict of artillery the brigade supported a battery, and in doing so was subjected to a heavy cross- fire, but, with the exception of two men killed, it sus- tained no loss. When the Confederates commenced the infantry attack at three o'clock against Porter on the left, and made repeated charges on the three tiers of bat- teries of the reserve artillery, we were ordered to protect the right flank of the army. From our elevated position we could overlook most of the operations going on at the left, and as we heard the loud cheers of our troops engaged, and saw each repulse of the enemy, the un- pleasant remembrance of the struggles and marches of the last few days was almost lost in the thoughts of victory. At nine P.M. our division fell into line and marched a short distance on the Malverton road towards Rich- mond. The men were in the best of spirits, and as one said to another " We've done retreating, — McClellan is THE SEVEN DAYS' FIGHT. 89 going to Kichmoiicl !'' the desire to advance became con- tagious. After halting a half-hour an officer rode up to our general with an order^ and we were moved again ; this time with our backs to the enemy. The disappoint- ment was a sad one, and some of the men could scarcely restrain their tears. After the three-months' campaign on the Peninsula, with all its privations, the perils of battle, and the wearisome fatigue of the march, to make a retreat when victory seemed within the grasp required all the fortitude of men to exhibit the obedience of sol- diers. Dispositions had been made through the day for the reception of the various corps at Harrison's Landing, on the James River, seven miles from Malvern. There was but one road leading to this place, and it was totally unequal to the passage of a large army in one night, and to facilitate the march every by-path and wood track had been explored by cavalry during the day, and was now made use of by the troops. Soon after the movement began we had one of the thunder-storms that appear to be coincident with a great battle, and this added very seriously to the embarrass- ments of the march. All the night the " grand army'' was struggling along through the rain and mud ; the artillery and w^agons occupying the roads, and the in- fantry moving on either side in the fields or through the Avoods. Occasionally squads of men, tired of stumbling through the bushes, would try the road, only to be jostled back again by passing teams or cavalry. There were so many obstacles and delays on this night- march that, although the distance was but short, it was long after daylight when the last of the columns reached 90 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the landino^. Sedo^wlck's Division was located in a large wheat-field, and the moment the regiments broke ranks the men gathered the straw for resting-places, and, with perfect indifference to the rain, or even to the sound of the cannon firing on the rear-guard, laid down to sleep, perhaps to dream of the future. CHAPTER IX. pope's campaign. The 4tli of July, 1862, found the different corps of the Army, of the Potomac established in camps within the radius of five miles from Harrison^s Landing, on the James. So far as the result of the recent operations of this campaign could be interpreted by the soldiers, the advance on Richmond, for the present at least, had come to an inglorious termination. In spite, however, of the depression existing among the troops incidental to this failure, there was a feeling of congratulation among them upon the bearing of the army during the move- ments, which was well expressed in the address of Gen- eral McClellan issued this day : " Soldiers of the Army of the Potomac, — Your achievements of the last ten days have illustrated the valor and endurance of the American soldier. Attacked by superior forces, and without the hope of reinforce- ments, you have succeeded in changing your base of operations by a flank movement, always regarded as the most hazardous of military expedients. You have saved all your material, all your trains, and all your guns ex- cept a few lost in battle ; and you have taken in return guns and colors from the enemy. Upon your march 91 92 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. you have been assailed day after day with desperate fury, by men of tlie same race and nation, skillfully massed and led. Under every disadvantage of numbers, and necessarily of position also, you have in every con- flict beaten back your foes with enormous slaughter. Your conduct ranks you among the celebrated armies of history. No one will now question that each of you may always with pride say, ^ I belonged to the Army of the Potomac !' On this, our nation's birthday, we de- clare to our foes, who are rebels against the best interests of mankind, that this army shall enter the capital of this so-called Confederacy ; that our national constitution shall prevail ; and that the Union, which alone can in- sure internal peace and external security to each State, ^ must and shall be preserved,' cost what it may in time, treasure, and blood." For a general description of the entire campaign, we were dependent upon the accounts published by the press of the country. As to that portion of the opera- tions in which the Second Corps was directly engaged, there was no need to supplement experience with con- gratulatory orders or details from journals, however care- fully written. It is to be hoped that the most ignorant among the soldiers of that gallant corps did not possess the egotism that would lead him to suppose that his corps w^as com- posed of better material, or had exhibited more endur- ance or heroism than the other commands of the army, and in the announcement that the Second Corps was always victorious in the Seven Days' Fight, we mean to institute no envious comparison. Armies, as well as POPE'S CAMPAIGN. 93 individuals, are subject to the Providence which watches over and directs the movements of men, and it fell to our lot to meet success. At the close of the battle of Gaines^s Mills, on the 27th, the brigades of Meagher and French, of the Second Corps, arriving at the moment when all seemed lost, drove the enemy and restored the lines. On the 29th,. when it came the turn of the corps to join in the flank movement, the enemy were twice handsomely repulsed : in the morning at Peach Orchard, by the Seventy-First and Fifty-Third ; and in the afternoon at Savage Sta- tion, by the Philadelphia Brigade, aided by the First. In this fight the enemy had four brigades, Cobb and Kershaw coming down the Nine-mile road, while Toombs and another advanced by the Williamsburg road. One of the Confederate commands — Cobb's Brigade — had twenty-f even hundred men engaged, of whom only fif- teen hundred were able to enter the fight at Malvern Hill. At Glcndale, the services of the corps, through the charge of the Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers and the firmness of the Seventy-First Pennsylvania and Nineteenth Massachusetts, were of the highest import- ance; while at the decided victory of Malvern Hill, Meagher's Irish Brigade of the old Second Corps fought most gallantly. This historical monument upon which we are inscrib- ing the achievements of the Second Corps would lack completeness without the name of the grand old leader. General Edwin V. vSumner, who, by his prompt decisions, swift movements in action, and indomitable perseverance, gave spirit and character to the corps, which it retained with his name long after he had left the commaixl. h\ 9 94 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. action he always seemed to know the post of danger, and when necessary to expose himself never faltered. Jeal- ous of his own reputation, he was equally thoughtful in awarding just credit to others ; and while frank in ac- knowledging merit, he was careful that praise should not be wrongfully bestowed. At Glendale, when he turned Owen's regiment over to General Hooker, he said, " Hooker, this is your fight ; place this regiment where you want it.'' And it is also stated, that after the arrival at Harrison's Landing, and after written reports were received at corps headquarters from subordinate coin- manders, there was one that finished the description of the movements with a complimentary allusion to the staff officers, adding the further remark that " Colonel , who was absent on duty in Xew York, would no doubt have distinguished himself had he been present." General Sumner indorsed the report, " Respect^illy re- turned. Fulsome adulation of absent officers cannot be permitted." The journals that afforded us information about those portions of the campaign that we had not witnessed, were also filled with discussions about the ability, and even the patriotism of the army commander. General McClellan. A few of these papers went still further, and expressed doubts of his physical courage, as well as of his ability to command a large army. Upon the sub- ject of General McClellan's strategic ability, critics will always differ, and as to the wisdom manifested in the Peninsular campaign, intelligent men can form a clearer opinion Avhen the future historian shall have the oppor- tunity to compare evidence and documents not yet given to the public with facts that are known, and submit the POPE'S CAMPAIGN. 95 whole trutli to tlie world. A soldier who has been properly instructed and disciplined should shrink from attempting to criticise the orders or movements of his commanding officer ; at the same time it is his duty to correct false reports regarding his personal bearing. The statement that General McClellan visited the Galena during portions of June 30th and July 1st is probably correct ; but it is equally certain that he was seen with the Philadelphia Brigade during the heavy cannonading on the morning of July 1st at Malvern, and also in the afternoon, during the severe infantry and artillery fight, with Fitz John Porter. The continuous strain and excitement of the last few days were succeeded by a sense of fatigue and loss of energy, and the state of the army was not improved by the climate, or by the location in which it was placed. Summer sickness was almost universal, though not of a type likely to prove dangerous. By means of steamers, supplies and medical stores were more easily obtained than at the former base, and the surgeons were generally faithful in their attention to both sick and Avounded. In this branch of the service our brigade Avas fortu- nate. Surgeons Martin Rizer, of the Seventy-Second, John Eakin, Bernard McNeill, Justin Dwindle, and others were attentive to their duties and popular with the men. The Sanitary Commission, at this period of the war, had become so well organized that it was a power for accomplishing a great amount of good. The steamer John Brooks was kept continually plying back and forth to AVashington, bringing stores and supplies that helped in many cases to facilitate the recovery of the sick, by 96 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. furnishins: articles of food and nourishment not readily obtained from the medical stores of the army. The attention of commanding officers was now given to the work of reorganizing the regiments, and filling positions made vacant by casualties. In our brigade, the Seventy-First, heretofore composed of fifteen com- panies, was reduced to ten, and the supernumerary offi- cers were mustered out. General Barns, who was absent on leave, was temporarily succeeded by Colonel Baxter, who was the senior officer present. The actual casualties of the brigade during the cam- paign on the Peninsula are not accurately reported, either in detail or aggregate ; but while the loss in action was considerable, it is probable the number placed on the list of absent by reason of sickness was equally as large. The loss reported by the army in killed, wounded, and missing from June 26th to July 1st, inclusive, was fifteen thousand two hundred and forty-nine ; of this list there were two thousand one hundred and eleven belonging to the Second Corps. While reorganization was in progress on the James, changes of an important character were made among the troops intrusted with the defense of Washington, both in their line of operations and in their commanding offi- cers. The corps of IMcDowell — Avhich the men so fre- quently expected to join them before Richmond — and the commands of Banks and Fremont Avere formed into one army, under Major-General John Pope. This Army of Virginia, as it was called, numbered about fifty thou- sand men, of whom about five thousand were cavalry. General Pope assumed command of this force on the 28th of June, but did not take the field until near the POPE'S CAMPAIGN. 97 close of July, issuing his orders from Washington City. This delay was occasioned by the absence of Major- General Halleck, the new commander-in-chief, who arrived from the West on the 23d of July and assumed the direction of both armies. On taking command, Pope issued an order containing some sentences that seemed at the time as if meant to reflect upon the commander of the Army of the Potomac. Speaking of his plans, he says, ^^ I hear constantly of taking strong positions and holding them, — of lines of retreat and bases of supplies. Let us discard such ideas ; success and glory are in the advance, — disaster and shame lurk in the rear.'' These and sentiments of a like character were published to the troops in the form of an address. Without criticising the motive or the taste that prompted the issue of this or similar documents during the war to soldiers in the field, it is not presumptuous to say that the effect produced by their publication was of no practical value. If a general can inform his men that the enemy have met with a disaster in some of their fields of operation, or that reinforcements are on their way for his own army, or if he can convey any information of interest, it may inspirit his troops ; other- wise he had better omit his bulletins. The main divisions of the Army of Virginia were located at Culpej^er Court-House and Fredericksburg about the latter part of July. Immediately after Au- gust 1st the Confederate army began to move towards the Rapidan on its way to the North. Its advance, driving back the cavalry picket at Paccoon Ford, crossed on the 8tli of August. Pushing on the next day to 9* 98 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Cedar Mountain,, the advance of Pope's army, under General Banks, was met, and a battle ensued, with severe losses on both sides. From this date commenced a series of eno!;aocements, some of them of considerable magnitude, which led to the gradual retreat of General Pope before Lee's army. In the mean time President Lincoln had issued a call for three hundred thousand men for nine months' service, and at the same time General Halleck had issued an order for the withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac from the Peninsula. The entire month of July was one of inactivity at Harrison's Landing^. On Auo^ust 4th a reconnoissance in force was made to Malvern Hill, in which our brigade participated and acted as rear-guard on the return to camp. Preliminary steps were now taken towards removal from this locality. The sick, numbering twelve thou- sand five hundred, were placed on transports and sent away ; and the troops, with two days' rations in haver- sacks and six in the wagons, commenced moving on the retreat shortly after. Our corps left its old camp and its unwholesome surroundings, with its innumerable flies and worse insects, on August 16th. No matter what uncertainty might hang over the future, there was none among the command who looked upon the place on leaving it with tearful eyes. After passing through the venerable old village of Charles City Court-House, and possibly carrying away some of its musty records, the Chickahominy was reached on the evening of the 18th. The river was crossed on a ponton bridge, one of the longest yet constructed, and POPE'S CAMPAIGN. 99 the march continued via Williamsburg to Yorktown, which we reached on the 20th at noon. The brigade encamped at this familiar place^ and, in addition to the opportunity afforded of visiting the old ground, the men had the luxury of a bath in the York River. The line of march was taken up the next day and continued via Big Bethel to a distance of five miles from Hampton, making a march of tAventy miles. On the 22d Ave marched eight miles to Newport News, ar- riving at noon ; the latter part of the journey was made through the drenching of a Peninsular thunder and rain storm. The weather during the march from Harrison's Land- ing to Big Bethel was exceedingly hot, and the roads very dusty. During its continuance, the officers had a renewed experience of the difficulty of providing rations while on a march. Had it not been for the corn-fields, with the sweet roasting-ears along portions of the route, both men and officers would have suffered. All through the cultivated sections of this country the citizens appeared to have adopted the advice of Jefferson Davis, " to an- ticipate a long war, and plant, instead of tobacco, corn and wheat." For this unintentional hospitality they had the thanks of the Philadelphia Brigade, and after its visitation they no doubt realized the truth of the saying, ^' One soweth and another reapeth.'^ At one halting-place there was an amusing illustra- tion of tactics as applied to foraging. The division halted for bivouac in front of an immense corn-field, which was surrounded by a post-and-rider fence. The men stacked arms, and the moment the order '^ Break ranks" was given, the entire body rushed for the roasting- 100 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. corn. At the full run details were made of comrades to secure rails for the fires, while others were selected to seize the corn ; and it seemed but a few minutes before there was not a stalk left standing, or a vestige of fence to be seen. After being '^ ready to move'' all the preceding night, the brigade was marched to the wharf on the 25th, and the Seventy-First embarked on one steamer while the other three regiments were placed on another, — both bound up the Potomac. The steamship Baltic, con- taining the three regiments, ran aground on the 27th, and the troops, after some delay, were transferred to another vessel, and arrived oiF Aquia Creek, where the vessel lay until a.m. of the 28th. Without being transhipped, the troops were ordered to Alexandria, where they landed at nine A.M., and joined the division in camp four miles outside of the town towards Fairfax Court-House. Whatever opinion may be held about the addresses issued by General Pope to his troops, he expressed a truthful experience when he wrote, " disaster and shame lurk in the rear.'' If he had also said that the most depressing rumors and false reports are frequently circu- lated in the rear, — disheartening tales, which add to the "shame and disaster," — he would have portrayed the state of things which we met upon our arrival at Alex- andria. The town was filled with stories of Pope's defeat and " terrible losses," and of the advance of an " immense Rebel force" towards the Potomac, and with other rumors of similar character. These reports are common, no doubt, to all armies, and frequently have their origin POPE'S CAMPAIGN. 101 with stragglers, wlio, scenting the danger from afar, sneak into the woods to refresh themselves while their fellows are fighting. The contempt in which these beings are held by the true soldier was w^ell illustrated by an inscription placed upon a tree along the road over which our brigade was marching, — '^ Coffee-boilers take notice: the enemy have left the front/' Every skulker we met had the same story about his regiment being cut to pieces, until we began to regret that the enemy had not com- pleted the work and whittled the stragglers. At six P.M. on the 29th Ave w^ere ordered to march towards Chain Bridge, a distance of twenty miles. At midnight, after accomplishing two-thirds of the distance, the brigade was halted, and slept by the roadside. The next morning we arrived at Chain Bridge, W'here the corps Avas massed Avith the promise of a day's rest. Taking advantage of this, a number of the soldiers in- dulged in the luxury of AA^ashing their shirts; Avhile thus engaged heavy firing Avas heard toAvards Bull Run, and the command Avas ordered to ^' fall in" for a march. At noon the Second Corps started for Fairfax and Centre- ville, Avith many of the men in a semi-nude condition, and others almost barefooted, the ground cutting their feet at every step. At noon of August 31st, after a march of forty miles, Avith only tAA'O hours' sleep and part of the distance through a rain-storm, the corps reached Centreville. During this severe march the men kept up Avonderfully, and most of those Avho did fall from exhaustion rejoined their regiments before "Old Sumner" went into position. The next day a reconnoissance Avas made by the divi- sion, the brigade being temporarily under the command 102 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. of General O. O. Howard. After moving three miles and encountering but little opposition, the expedition returned, having accomplished its purpose. This night the army of Pope commenced retreating to the works about Washington, and the duty of rear-guard was assigned to Sedgwick's Division. We took a posi- tion on September 1st, near Chantilly, wdiere the gallant Kearney had lost his life, and awaited the passage of the last of the column. At four o'clock our time came, and, as the division moved back slowly so as to give those ahead time to get out of the way, we had several lively skirmishes with the enemy, who were following. Towards dusk General Sullv, commandino; the First Brigade, became tired of this, and made use of his ex- perience among the Indians. Using the Philadelphia Brigade as a decoy, he formed an ambush with the First Minnesota. Upon the advance of the unsuspecting enemy they met a severe volley, that stopped any further annoyance. At midnight the division arrived at Langley's, near Chain Bridge, well-nigh exhausted ; some of the men were almost asleep while walking along the road, and others were giddy from loss of rest and lack of food. On the 2d of September our corps crossed the Poto- mac to Tenallytown, and Pope's campaign ended. CHAPTER X. ANTIETAM. The Nineteenth Massachusetts Regiment, of Sedg- wick's Division, was so well drilled by its officers, that when in position of line of battle the color-sergeant and right and left general guides were ordered to indicate a new alignment some distance from the old one, facing either flank or rear, and the command was given, " Break ranks and form on the color," the men would instantly rush in an apparently disordered mass and assume their places in the new formation. This was done so perfectly that on more than one occasion it was necessary to give the order " By the right flank," after the line was re-formed, to convince a general officer that the men actually had their proper positions. In spite of the disorganized appearance of the troops and the disheartening circumstances attending tlieir gath- ering about the defenses at Washington, there existed among them sentiments of duty and lofty patriotism, joined to a firm determination to sustain the honor of the flag wherever it might lead, or in whatever position it might call them to be placed. To move forward at the call of duty, only the voice of a leader was needed. President Lincoln, who had the wonderful gift of doing what the present good of the service demanded, 103 104 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. regardless of the prejudices of those around hira, and sometimes without considering his own personal feelings, directed the issuing of the following order : " Washington, September 2d, 1862. '< General Order No. 122. *^ Major-General McClellan will have command of the fortifications of Washington, and of all the troops for the defense of the Capital. " By command of Major-General Halleck. " E. D. TowNSEND, A. A. G.' V No matter what may be the opinion of military critics concerning General McClellan, no one can successfully deny the fact that his name was a talisman at this time with the soldiers, and that upon the issuing of this order there was unusual satisfaction. The work of reorganizing a compact force out of the remnants of the two armies was begun at once, and con- tinued while on the march. Burnside's Ninth Corps w^as added, and placed under the command of General Keno ; and the First Corps, McDowell's old command, was placed under General Hooker. General Sumner, while retaining the Second Corps, had control of the Twelfth, Banks's old command, which was under the veteran General Mansfield. General H. J. Hunt took command of the reserve artillery, in which position he was retained until the end of the war. The cavalry were placed under General Pleasonton. This new arrangement formed an effective force, ready to take the field in the Maryland campaign, of eighty-seven thousand men of all arms. ANTIETAM. 105 The Philadelphia Brigade remained under the com- mand of General O. O. Howard during the continued absence of General Burns. All of the regiments had received additions to their effective strength by the return of officers and men who were convalescent from wounds or sickness. Among the former, Colonel Isaac J. AVistar, now partially recovered from his wounds at Ball's Bluff, resumed command of the Seventy-First, having for his lieutenant-colonel John Markoe, who had been pro- moted June 1st. In the Seventy-Second, Captain Samuel Roberts, a faithful and reliable officer, was promoted major, his company (A) being under conmiand of a young officer of fine promise. Lieutenant Adolphus AV. Peabody, who had just returifed for duty. There were also promotions among some of the non-commissioned officers of compa- nies, to fill vacancies in each regiment. The brigade was in good condition, and, although nu- merically weaker, compared with the roster at the time of landing on the Peninsula, it had increased its effective- ness by the rough experiences of war. " It would still perform," as Burns used to say, " what was expected of it." AVhile cheerful anticipations of the future of the army and increased enthusiasm were being manifested, the troops could not refrain from contrasting their position this day, September 2d, with that of the month preced- ing. At that time the two great armies of the Union were threatening Lee from different points, and he was the defender of the Confederate capital. To-day the same armies are crouching under the guns of the defenses at Washington ; one of them foiled in its advance and the other disastrously defeated. 10 106 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Although this transformation had not taken place without the infliction of great losses upon the enemy, our armies had suffered in casualties to as great an ex- tent, and in the material of war the destruction far ex- ceeded theirs. Every regiment had been depleted by sickness, wounds, and death, and in our brigade as in others, hundreds of comrades, who started from Wash- ington for the Peninsula with as bright hopes of success as those who to-day survive, had left the armies of earth forever. These blasted hopes, sundered ties, and homes made desolate are only a portion of the desolation in- flicted by the demon of disunion. On the day that McClellan assumed command of the army. General Lee was joined by a fresh division from Richmond. This command, under D. H. Hill, was pushed forward to Leesburg, and soon the whole Con- federate army, after making a slight feint in the direc- tion of Chain Bridge, moved towards the Upper Potomac, where crossings were made by the fords between Nolen's Ferry and Point of Pocks. On September 8th, General Lee issued an appeal to the citizens of Maryland to throw off the ^' foreign yoke" and enjoy '^ the rights of freemen.'' In this paper, while invoking the people ^' to restore the inde- pendence and sovereignty of the State," he gave every assurance that he had the power to assist them ^' in re- gaining their rights." This address was met with cold- ness by the majority of the people of Western Maryland, and in spite of Confederate entreaties, be it said to the honor of the citizens of this section, they stood aloof from the enemy. The advance of General McClellan was made on five ANTIETAM. 107 diifereiit roads, the columns being so disposed as to cover at the same time the cities of Baltimore and AYashington. The left flank rested on the Potomac, and the right on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The right wing, con- sisting of the First and Ninth Corps, was under General Burnslde; the centre, of the Second and Twelfth, under General Sumner ; and the left wing under General Franklin. The Second Corps left Tenallytown at noon on the 4th, and marched ten miles, halting at night near Rock- ville. The next day a position was assumed a short distance beyond the town, where the command remained for a few days. iVfter resuming the forward movement by way of Clarksburg, the corps was halted at noon of the 11th, on an eminence overlooking Hyattstown. This place was found in possession of a small force of the enemy, and Sedgwick, who led the column, detailed the Seventy-First Regiment to advance as skirmishers and occupy the village. This was quickly done, the enemy retiring to the hill beyond and taking another position, from which they were also speedily driven. The regi- ment was now reinforced by the First Minnesota, along with a section of artillery, and directed to maintain itself, which it did during the night with constant skirmishing. At daylight the enemy retired, and the entire corps came up and moved forward in pursuit. On the 14th, Sumner^s column passed through Fred- erick, and was greeted by the loyal citizens of the place with a reception as handsome as it was unex[)ected. Fla«:s that had been concealed while the enemv held possession, now decorated the dwellings and were wav- ing along with the emblem that made Barbara Freitchie 108 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. historical ; and on the streets by Avhich the army entered the people pressed forward to greet the soldiers with expressions of warmest sympathy. These patriotic manifestations were not confined to the town of Frederick, but frequently along tlie line of march through this portion of Maryland the inhabitants gave the strongest evidence of attachment to the Union cause. Ladies of all ages and stations in life stood by the roadside, in front of their dwellings, with pails of milk, or, if the supply had been exhausted, a cup of cold w^ater and a word of cheer ; while the men who had been spared by the Confederate army that had preceded us were always ready to give information of value. After passing through Frederick and halting for a short time, Sumner again pushed on towards South Mountain. The sound of the battles in progress at Turner's Gap and Crampton^s Pass had the usual influ- ence on the "old soldier'^ of increasing his speed towards the front. Generals Sumner and Sedgwick were so noted for rapid movements, when advancing towards a conflict, that the men used to say that their commanders, who were both cavalry officers, had forgotten their troops were not mounted. It was late in the evening when the column reached Turner's Gap, and by that time the fight was over. During the march through the day we could continually see the smoke of the musketry and the exploding shells of the forces engaged in conflict on the side of the moun- tain. At one A.M. on the 15th, we pushed forward to a point near Boonsboro' Gap, and, although the distance was but six miles, the march was exhausting on account ANTIETAM. 109 of the roLiii'lmess of the road and the fatiii-ued condition of the men from continuous marching and loss of sleep. At noon our division was aocain sent forward, throuirh Boonsboro' and Keedysville, halting one mile beyond the latter point, having reached the main force of the Con- federate army at about dark. At daylight of the 16th, a few shells whizzed over our heads from the Confederate line of battle, on An- tietam Creek. This stream, made famous by one of the bloodiest battles of the war, is of no great size ; it flows through a very beautiful valley, and empties into the Potomac six miles above Harper's Ferry. It is spanned by four turnpike or stone bridges, three of which the enemy had strongly guarded, and it has but few fords that can be crossed by artillery or wagons. In this well- selected position General Lee had determined to collect his scattered forces and give battle to the Union army. At dawn of the 16th, the Confederate artillery opened a very heavy fire upon our batteries and on some portions of our line. • There was no infantry engagement except the usual sharp-shooting practice, until the afternoon. At two o'clock, McCIellan seemed to be ready, after considerable delay, and Hooker commenced the movement by crossing the Antietam near the upper bridge. With the divisions of Ricketts, Meade, and Doubleday, he attacked the Con- federate left, evidently intending to turn their ])()sition. General Sumner was directed to second this operation by throwing over the stream during the niglit the Twelfth Corps, under General Mansfield, and to hold the Second Corps ready to move at daylight on the next morning. In this operation Hooker was successful, having struck 10=^ 110 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the enemy, and after a severe fight, which was begun by the Pennsylvania Reserves and lasted until night, he drove them back. Hooker's advance rested on their arms through the night, in the position they had taken. During- the evening; General Mansfield executed his order, and crossed the Antietam with his command, bivouacking about one mile to the rear of Hooker. Just before dark the men of Sedgwick's Division were furnished with eighty rounds of ammunition, and or- dered to be prepared to move early the next morning. Both armies lay down to rest with the expectation of^ a severe engagement on the coming day ; and no doubt to many on both sides, pictures of homes at the North or in the sunny South, and pleasant scenes, with the greeting of familiar faces, were recalled by memory before sleep closed the eyelids on the night before the battle. The morning of September 17th dawned with a clear sky upon the scene of conflict, and by the time the sun had risen the Second Corps had made every preparation to advance. The men had piled their knapsacks in heaps on the ground which they had occupied, and, with every thing likely to encumber them laid aside, and in light marching order, they were ready for the fight. The battle was opened at daylight by Hooker, who made a vigorous attack on Stonewall Jackson, holding the Confederate left. His first object was to push the enemy back from his front and seize the Hagerstown road and the woods about the Danker church, in which the Confederate line was placed. After an obstinate fight, lasting an hour, and during which our batteries assisted materially by an enfilading fire, the three bri- gades of the enemy were driven out of the woods imme- ANTIETAM. \\\ diately in front of Hooker, across a corn-fiekl, towards the Hagerstown road, losing half of their number. Gen- eral Hooker then advanced his centre, to seize the road and the woods beyond. In this movement oar troops were met by the reserve of Jackson's Division with a murderous fire. This body of the enemy in large num- bers issued from the woods and fell heavily on Meade's Brigades in the corn-field, which brigades were much broken. To support Meade, General HartsuflP's Brigade w^as sent in by Hooker, and in passing over the field it was met by a severe fire. In the mean time the second line, under Mansfield, was moved up from the position in w'hich it had bivou- acked to the support of Hooker's Brigade. AVhile it Avas deploying, the veteran commander — General INIans- field — was mortally wounded. The command of the corps now devolved on General Williams, and the divi- sion of the latter on General Crawford, who, with his brigade and that of General Gordon, advanced across this hotly-contested corn-field and soized part of the coveted woods on the Hagerstown road. At the same time the second division of Mansfield's Corps, under General Greene, cleared its front, and advanced to the left of the Dunker church. All these movements of Hooker and his supports were attended with heavy loss, and just as the troops were beginning to falter, and General Hooker was being carried severely wounded. from the field, the Second Corps, under General Sumner, arrived an the ground. After being prepared for action since daylight, the Second Corps at eight o'clock was ordered to move to the front ; starting from Keedysville towards the right, 112 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. through some woods, then down a hill to the Antietam Creek, which the men waded, taking care to keep their ammunition above the rushing water. The point of crossing was at the first ford above bridge number one. On the other side of the stream we ascended a hill, then through the open country to the right, until Miller's house Avas reached, where line of battle was formed by the left flank while marching. The division of Sedgwick had the right of the corps ; then came French, then Smith. The First Brigade had the right of oiir division, and was supported by the Second, under command of General O. O. Howard, in the following order : One Hundred and Sixth on the right, then the Sixty-Ninth and Seventy-Second, with the Seventy-First on the left. From the place the brigade had formed its line of battle to the point of attack was nearly one mile. All of this distance was moved over in battalion front, the movement bringing us through pieces of woods, across fences, through barn-yards and other obstacles, which continually threw the line in confusion. In addition to this we were subjected to a heavy artillery fire from the enemy ; but, in spite of all opposition, the advance never stopped until the fatal corn-field was reached. Advanc- ing over this field, where the dead and dying of both sides lay scattered, and passing in one place almost an entire 'Confederate line of battle lying still in death, the Hagerstown road was finally reached. Here Gen- eral Sedgwick gave the command, ^' Push into the woods.^^ At this moment the left of the brigade was on the road near the Dunker church. Our own troops, already ANTIETAM. 113 engaged and gallantly fighting, on this line were the two brigades of Crawford and Gordon. The men of the Second Brigade sprang over the fence, and, crossing the road, leaped over the fence on the other side and entered the woods, at once coming under a terrific fire. The place in which we had entered was filled with an out- cropping of large boulders, and was heavily wooded, but without undergrowth. On the side of the woods towards the enemy the ground was depressed, and beyond this was a ridge, from which batteries were directing a severe fire upon our brigade over the heads of their troops. The fight now raged with extreme violence, but the men seemed in the best of spirits and were confident of victory. At the time our division was thus engaged, French, on our left, had been ordered to attack, and the battle was being desperately fought on the ground about the Dunker church. The line on which the Second Brigade was fighting was oblique to the Hagerstown road, and from its loca- tion, and especially that of the regiments engaged in the woods, nothing could be seen of the connections on either flank. The men stood their ground well, and, feeling sure of their duty, looked to the front, firing as rapidly as they could load. Shortly after French became heavily engaged. General Sumner rode into the woods, where tlie contest was most severe, and gave a command. The noise of the battle was so deafening that only those about him could hear his Avords ; but, presuming he meant to " charge,'^ the men began to fix theit* bayonets. The general now rode among them and repeated, " Fall back ; you are in a bad 114 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. position/^ This order was obeyed, but with great reluc- tance, some of the men, for fear they might receive a wound in the back, retiring with their faces towards the enemy. On emerging from the woods we found that Sumner was right : there was a gap between our left and the right of French's Division, through which the enemy had pushed a body of fresh troops, and these were turn- ins: our flank. This accounted also for the number of balls that were beginning to reach us from a new direc- tion. For the first time in its history Sedgwick's Divi- sion was compelled to retire before the enemy ; but, under the circumstances, we felt it to be no disgrace to yield to the judgment and obey the command of the brave old Sumner. The reg-iments of the brio^ade fell back at about ten o'clock, and on diiferent lines. Some of them took posi- tions at a fence on the other side of the corn-field, where they did effective service, along with a battery of Napo- leon guns, in stopping the Confederate advance. After the repulse of Sedgwick's Division, the heavy fio^htino^ on the rio^ht was virtually over : but it was con- tinned on the left Avith heavy losses and varying success until night-fall. Darkness closed the struggle along the entire line, and the murderous battle of Antietam was over. The engagement, although a victory in its results for the Union army, was attended Avith such terrible losses to both sides that it had the effect of a drawn battle. It has truly been said, " it was fought by driblets." The contest seldom involved the Avhole line at one time, but Avas confined, at different periods of the day, to localities. This sort of tactics enabled either party to concentrate ANTIETAM. 115 fresh forces against tlie exhausted troops of the other and inflict heavy losses. Of the troops engaged on the right, the Second Divi- sion suffered probably the most. It had hardly come under fire before General Sedgwick was carried from the field severely wounded, and the command devolved on General Howard. The losses in the brigade were very heavy, but they are not officially given. The gen- eral estimate of casualties made by the compiler of " Bates's Military History" is one-third the number engaged. From reports of company officers and other testimony this is probably not far from correct. Among the killed were Captain Francis V. Bierwith and Lieutenants Joseph McHugh and James Dunn, of the Sixty-Ninth ; Lieutenants John Con very and Wil- liam Wilson, Seventy-First ; Captain Peter H. Willetts and Lieutenants Adolphus AV. Peabody and .Robert I. Parks, Seventy-Second ; Captain Timothy Clark and Lieutenant William Bryan, One Hundred and Sixth. Among the field-officers who were severely Avounded was the gallant Colonel Wistar, commanding Seventy- First, who had only rejoined his regiment a few days before; Major Devereaux, Sixty-Ninth, was also wounded under similar circumstances, and a number of line offi- cers were struck, and others made very narrow escapes. Colonel Morehead, of the One Hundred and Sixtli, had his horse shot under him, and was severely injured by his fall. Adjutant Pleis, of the same regiment,, while advancing in line had his horse killed by a round shot. The few names that are given of i\\Q commissioned officers who suffered, tell only a fragment of the story. There were brave hearts in the ranks, as well as among 116 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the officers, who went to their death fearlessly, and over whose memories loving friends have not ceased to mourn. Especially sorrowful w^as the death of Edmund Y. Col- lier, a private In the Seventy-Second. Mr. Collier was a young Englishman of very respectable connections; who w^as visiting in this country when the Rebellion broke out. With warm sympathy for the Union, he enlisted as a private, and in this battle fell mortally wounded ; so near the enemy that his body was not re- covered for hours afterwards. On the 18th, neither party seemed anxious to renew the fight, and the day was spent by our army in collect- ing the troops, attending to the wants of the wounded within our lines, and preparing for the morrow. That night Lee gathered his scattered forces, and in the dark- ness crossed the Potomac, yielding all hope of further aiding Maryland in " throwing off its foreign yoke." It is difficult to ascertain the casualties of the forces engaged in the battle of Antietam ; but from the appear- ance of the field on the 19th of September, the losses of the enemy were much heavier than ours. For three days after the retreat of Lee, our corps remained in this vicinity, and was engaged in burying the dead. Along the line, where Meagher's Irish Brigade had charged, there was a large number of dead, those of the enemy preponderating. This was the case also where Richard- son had been engaged. In the corn-field, the scene of repeated encounters, dead of both armies were scattered over the ground ; the large majority being Confederates. Intermingled with the slain were cattle that had been killed while pasturing. In the w^oods near the Hagerstown road, where the ANTIETAM. 117 Philadelphia Brigade suifered so severely, our losses exceeded those of the enemy. These poor fellows had died in all sorts of positions ; some lying on their faces, others leaning against the rocks, and one man, a Confed- erate, was resting on his knees, Avith his eyes wide open and his hands grasping his rifle. On the slope, where the fire of our brigade had been directed, were one hun- dred and twenty dead Confederates who had been pre- pared for burial before their army had retreated. Similar scenes were witnessed all over the field of action on the right, and it seemed as though the firing had been unusually eifective. Where the artillery of our Aving had full sweep, the slaughter was very severe. On one piece of ground near the Hagerstowu road, almost an entire regiment of the enemy, in line of battle, were lying dead in two ranks, killed evidently while advanc- ing to charge. \yith the exception of that portion of the ground at Malvern, in front of Porter's batteries, this battle-field presented more carnage than we had yet Avitnessed ; and Avith hearts made heav^' by these sights, Ave moA^ed aAvay from the scene. The only consolidated returns of the strength of the brigade at this ])eriod, that are on file in the War De- partment, give the following aggregate of men and offi- cers ; and the difference between the numbers present at the two periods includes the losses on the Peninsula and in the battle of Antietam : 11 118 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Maech, 18G2. September 30th, 1862. 1 Present and Absent. Total Pres- ent. Present and Absent. Total Pres- ent. 69th P. V. 71st P. y. 72d P. y. 106th P. y. 1 879 1002 1289 811 726 904 1215 779 737 820 1197 728 486 510 681 492 3981 3624 3482 2169 CHAPTER XL harper's ferry. With the exception of a questionable movement by a detachment of Porter's Corps, whicli crossed the Poto- mac and attacked the Confederate rear-guard only to be repulsed and driven into the river, there was no imme- diate pursuit of the enemy by our forces. For some days after the battle, both armies acted as though they had enough fighting for the present and wanted rest. General Lee pursued his course leisurely down the Shen- andoah Valley, while McClellan lingered about the scenes of his recent exploits. Lieutenant Shewall, of the Seventy-Second, Avho was mortally wounded at Savage Station, and whose loss was sincerely regretted by a host of friends in the brigade, was an excellent actor and mimic. During the winter in camp, he frequently amused the officers with his illus- trations of prominent characters, and one of these was particularly suggestive of some experiences of army movements and grand tactics, as seen from our limited sphere of observation. As represented by Shewall, the chief of the army stationed in AYasliington had in his office an immense topographical map of the scat of war suspended against the wall. Upon the surface of this chart the positions 119 120 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. of the diiFerent corps and detachments were indicated by means of small wafers, fixed with pins easily inserted and removed from one locality to another. On each of these was inscribed the name of a command and the offi- cer in charge. To accomplish movements in a campaign while the chief remained in his chair, it was only neces- sary to give directions to a page by means of an indicator, and the transposition took place. For example : If General McClellan's army was at Alexandria, it could by this means be removed to Centreville at once, or even carried farther down the map, without waiting for trans- portation. This mythical plan worked as well as could be expected, except that occasionally a corps would be lost by the wafer becoming detached, or, what was worse, by being stuck, through the carelessness of the medium, into the wrong place. Whether either of these misfortunes had occurred to Sumner's Corps, it was not the province of subalterns to inquire, but for some good reason no movement took place until the 2 2d of September. At five a.m. on this day we moved away from the battle-field of Antietam, and, passing through Sharpsburg, reached the Potomac. General Williams, on the advance, seized Maryland Heights, and the Second Corps forded the river at Har- per's Ferry, and, pushing out to Bolivar, re-occupied the place. Here we were destined to spend all the beautiful month of October, the entire Army of the Potomac be- ing located in this vicinity, and occupied in refitting and preparing for an active campaign, until the chief was ready to move on the enemy. Within five days after the battle General INIcClellan began to call for reinforce- HARPER'S FERRY. 121 meiits and made extensive requisitions for clothing and shoes for his men. In this latter demand he was met with as prompt a response as the circumstances would admit. As to the condition of the men, there is no doubt that an active movement commenced at once would have been attended with great privation, and in some cases with actual suffering. There had been no opportunity since leaving Harrison's Landing to obtain any clothing or shoes, and most of the men, in these respects, were in a deplorable condition. Mr. Bartram Ash mead, a private soldier, who served a full term of honorable service in the Seventy-Second Pennsylvania, gives an amusing account in his journal of the state of his clothing upon arrival at Harper's Ferry : " ]My wardrobe, averaging about the same as the rest of the troops, consisted of the following articles : " One pair of worn-out shoes. " One cap ; faded from blue to dingy gray. " One blouse ; color unknown. ^' One pair of pantaloons ; ragged and soiled. " One pair of suspenders ; black from wear. " After waiting several days, we received a new outfit, and again presented a soldierly appearance. My old blouse being in material perfectly good, and wanting an extra coat, I thought I would try an experiment and give it the benefit of a good wash. Taking it down to the Shenandoah, I tied it fast to a limb, flung it in the roaring current between two rocks where it was entirely covered Avith water, and left it to the mercy of the tide. After being thus exposed for ten days I drew it out for inspection; but still presenting some signs of life I 11* 122 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. allowed it to remain in its old position, thinking 'time was the best remedy for all evils/ Owing to other dnties, I neglected to visit the place until after the lapse of two weeks, and I thought as I again drew it forth that surely all was right now ; but, alas ! life had nour- ished itself along the seams, and I despaired of ever having it in use again. With disappointed hopes I gave it to the waters, and as it sailed down the stream it seemed for all the world like a steamboat crowded with passengers.'' The inconveniences, of w^iich this sketch is a fair il- lustration, were borne by the men with good humor, and a disposition to draw some consolation from the fact that the condition of the enemy, as shown by the prisoners that were taken, was as bad and perhaps worse. Many of the Confederates Avere not only poorly clad, but pre- sented the appearance of having been in this situation for a considerable period of time. In this connection it is only fair to say that the people through the parts of Maryland where the enemy had been gave them credit for abstaining from the seizure of private property with- out compensation. This self-denial might be accounted for from the fact that after the address of General Lee to the people, his army would, for the sake of consistency, be on its good beliavior. General Sumner placed his corps in commanding po- sitions on Bolivar Heights, and ordered Captain Pell and his men of the First Brigade of Sedgwick's Di- vision to occupy the Ferry, as a provost guard ; while a large detail, under the command of a captain, was made from the Philadelphia Brigade for the same duty on Camp Hill and Bolivar. HARPER'S FERRY. 123 During the month the corps was lying here, the pro- vost guard had some very amusing experiences, involving a knowledge not only of military laws but of civil juris- prudence. The large mansion and surrounding buildings occupied formerly by the superintendent of the Government works, were used as headquarters and as a guard-house. It w^as the labor of days to put these structures and the grounds about them in a safe condition for occupancy. After the surrender of our unfortunate men composing this garrison at the time of Jackson's advance, there was a vast amount of war material destroyed. This work was purposely done in such a manner as to risk the lives of our troops when they returned. All about the grounds and in the buildings, shells and loose cartridges were placed, and even the wells were not spared. After the work of removing these destructive elements was supposed to have been thoroughly performed, one of the buildings that had been set aside for the purpose was used as a place of confinement for the prisoners. These were mostly stragglers from camp, or men who had obtained a supply from some illicit trader in bad whisky, and were suffering from its effects. The first evening that the guard-house was made use of, an unfor- tunate event occurred, that resulted in the serious injury of a number of the guard as well as the prisoners. In preparing the building the loose powder had been care- fully swept out after the ammunition had been removed, and the stone floor was thoroughly cleansed with water. At about ten p.m., as Sergeant Mervine, Seventy-Second Regiment, was putting a drunken soldier in the door, he attempted to take a lighted cigar from the man ; in the 124 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. scuffle it fell on the ground, and immediately an explo- sion took place, caused by the ignition of particles of powder that had lodged in the crevices and cracks of the building. By this accident about ten persons were in- jured ; the sergeant and others suffering very painful wounds. After this affair it was determined to strike at the root of the evil, and, instead of being compelled to arrest gallant comrades who had been led into temptation, to secure the parties who were carrying on the unlawful business of supplying liquor to the troops. When our corps took possession of the town, all the stores and business places were vacant ; but soon after, traders and sutlers applied for permission to enter the lines and open their stores of articles for sale to the sol- diers. Licenses were freely granted, subject to certain rules ; one of these being a prohibition from selling in- toxicating liquors. The stores were rented by the pro- vost-marshal at such prices as he thought the occupants could afford to pay, and the money received was turned over to the suro;eons for the benefit of the sick and wounded. After the failure of several efforts to find the illicit traders, the men were set at work as detectives. The result of two or three nights of experimenting in the role of carousers divulged not only the names of the dealers, but the place of concealment for the "contra- band.'^ The discovery exhibited many ingenious devices to avoid capture and punishment. Some of the dealers had barrels constructed to draw either cider or whisky ; others used, as disguises, boxes of tobacco and other sub- stances not at all su^-o-estive of their real contents. In HARPER'S FERRY. 125 some places the boards of the floor were removed, and "tlie stuif'^ hidden between the joists; and in others, concealed in jxirts of furniture. After reprisals and for- feiture had taken place, the offenders were cautioned and put under surveillance. In spite of all, however, some persons persisted in the business and met the conse- quences, — a seizure of all their wares, to be sold at auc- tion, and the owners put to work at the fortifications on Loudon Heights. These sales were conducted by the soldiers, and, as none of them were experienced in the business, the auc- tions were very amusing to all except the hapless owners. There were two or three old widow ladies living in the place, who were really loyal to the Union, and favorites with the men for various kind acts performed towards the sick. When the sales took place, they were notified, and the auctioneer took care to refuse no bid from them for the purchase of articles to supply their little shop, even though it might be a barrel of apples for fifty cents, or a box of cigars for a quarter. During the time the army was in this vicinity, Presi- dent Lincoln visited the troops. As he rode through Bolivar he looked careworn and anxious, and in his whole manner seemed to say, Why does INIcClellan allow the best month of the fall to pass, without availing himself of the weather and the good roads to look after the army of General Lee? The order for a movement was finally received, and its execution commenced on October 26th. The army had been increased to one hundred thousand etfectives, and its advance began to cross the Potomac at Berlin, Mary- land, and to move southward on the east side of the 126 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Blue Ridge. As soon as this movement commenced, the enemy in our front perceived it, and began to retire up the Shenandoah Valley, pursued for a short distance by Sedgwick's and Hancock's Divisions. On October 29th, the Second Corps joined in the ad- vance with the army, and, crossing the Shenandoah to the Loudon Valley, started on the fall campaign. As the brigade was moving from the Ferry, it was joined by a civilian, who, from this period until the final muster-out, became as fully identified with the command as any of its members. This gentleman, Mr. Joseph Warner Johnson, of Philadelphia, was a member of the Society of Friends; a man of light and ^veak frame but indomitable Avill. Being consistent in all things, his principles would not allow him to become a combatant; but seeing a wide field open, his humanity and patriotism induced him to seek for active service with the army as a humanitarian in the widest sense. Abandoning all the comforts of a luxurious and happy home, he joined the army, and "did what he could" to cheer and relieve the wounded and distressed, without thought of risk to himself or of com- pensation, save the inward satisfaction of benefiting the cause, and those who were imperiling, with himself, their lives to sustain the right. He was continually in correspondence, answering the inquiries of relations or friends concerning the wounded or dead soldiers, and would spare no trouble or inconve- nience to give the information required. After pay-day he was in the habit of sending home to his business part- ners large sums, to be paid to the families of the men of the Philadelphia troops, and especially of the brigade; HARPER'S FERRY. 127 and at one period, while the army was in a sorry and di- laj^idated condition, he procured from Philadelphia large quantities of shirts, shoes, and stockings, which were dis- tributed gratuitously among the troops. Among these shoes were smaller sizes, that were best adapted to the wants of the men, and which the Government had been unable, for months, to furnish in quantities to meet the demand. These supplies were so unostentatiously issued that it is probable scarcely any of the recipients ever knew that they were the free gift of patriotic and chari- table Friends. By a multitude of actions, of which these are indica- tions, the memory of J. Warner Johnson is embalmed in the hearts of the survivors of the Philadelphia Bri- gade. Even those among the men who did not know his name, so quietly was his work performed, will recognize in this sketch the pleasant and genial man seen so often on the march, riding with the brigade commander, or, during tlie conflict, assisting in the hospitals near the field of action. CHAPTER XII. FREDERICKSBURG. On November 3d the brigade had reached a point four miles below Snicker's Gap, and at this place Gen- eral W. W. Burns formally relinquished the command to General Joshua T. Owen, who had been promoted from the colonelcy of the Sixty-Ninth. General Burns left the brigade to assume command of a division in Burnside's Corps, and the separation was one of mutual regret. The commander understood the men, and they appreciated his value as an officer. On the afternoon of the 4th the division arrived in the vicinity of Ashby's Gap, and a large detail of the brigade was ordered to occupy the place as a flank and picket -guard. The officer in charge was directed to throw out skirmishers and advance with care, as the enemy were in the vicinity. While moving towards the hills, a soldier was seen approaching from the direction where the enemy were sup2)osed to be located. This man proved to belong to a New England regiment, and had been " skirmishing'' on his ow^n account far outside our lines, and was carrying on his shoulders a large turkey. Our field officer questioned him as to where he had been, and how he came in possession of the prize. Pointing to a farm-house in the distance, he replied, '^ I bought 128 FR EDERICKSB URG. 129 it of those people." After taking his. name and the number of his regiment, he was aUowed to go on his way to camp. AVhen the picket-line Avas properly estab- lished, the officer stopped at the house for something to eat, and, while sitting on the porch, the owner produced the note with which the enterprising Yankee purchased the turkey. It was a new ten-dollar Confederate bill, bearing, like the genuine article, the words, " Ten years after a treaty of peace ;" but, unfortunately for the seller, it had been printed and issued by a publisher in Phila- delphia as an advertising dodge. The fanner in his ignorance had parted with his fowl and given seven dol- lars of real Confederate money in change for this piece of paper. It is needless to say that Yankee soldiers were unpopular in this vicinity ever after. On the 6th we marched through Rectortown, and, reaching Salem, encamped for the night. At this place the first snow-storm of the season made its appearance. The ground was covered to the depth of three inches, but the sun of the following day soon carried it off, leaving in its place slush and muddy fields. On November 7th, while encamped near Warrenton, General McClellan was relieved of his command, and General Burnside was appointed his successor. This event took the whole army by surprise, and seemed for the moment to cast a gloom over the troops. Officers and men had a passionate affiiction for their leader, and when the formal sej)aration occurred the scene rivaled some of those made historically famous in the time of Napoleon. The commands were formed on either side of the Warrenton road on November lOtli, and when ^^ Little Mac," as the soldiers called him, rode in review, 130 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. some of the regiments broke ranks, and the men impul- sively rushed forward and, seizing his horse, begged their old commander to stay. He said in reply to these im- passioned demonstrations, " I wish you to stand by General Burnside as you have stood by me, and all will be well. Good-by," and, as the favorite leader rode oif, the men gave him an enthusiastic farewell. After the appointment of General Burnside the army was consolidated into three grand divisions, under Gen-_ erals Sumner, Franklin, and Hooker. The Second and Ninth Corps formed the right grand division, and re- mained in the vicinity of Warrenton until the 15th. At this date the advance of the army was across the Bappa- hannock, and about fifteen miles south of Warrenton. The entire available force of General Burnside consisted of one hundred and twenty thousand men ; and that of General Lee of about sixty thousand, at Culpeper and Gordonsville, and thirty thousand under Jackson, occu- pying the roads north of Winchester, towards Hancock. Jackson's position was probably intended as a feint towards crossing the Potomac ; but if so, it failed to effect its design. On the 15th the Army of the Potomac began to move towards Fredericksburg. The advance, led by General Sumner's Corps, was in three columns : Howard's, French's, and Hancock's Divisions. After marching a distance of thirty-five miles, the Second Division, now under General Howard, arrived near Falmouth on the 17th of November. This village is on the north bank of the Bappahan- nock, and opposite the city of Fredericksburg. The distance from the latter place to Bichmond is sixty-five FREDERICKSBURG. 131 miles, and the connection is by a double-track road almost to Hanover Junction. The communication be- tween Washington and this point is by the Potomac Kiver to Aquia Creek, then by a short line of railroad to the Rappahannock. This river is admirably fitted for a line of defense agjainst a movement towards Rich- mond. Above Falmouth it runs mostly between high hills or table-lands, difficult of ascent; while its fords are few and narrow. Below the village the ground along the river has more favorable crossing-places and positions for the formation of troops. At Fredericksburg, the north bank commands the town and the greater part of the space between the river-banks, as well as a series of heights that lie parallel with the stream from one to two miles back. Upon Sumner's arrival opposite Fredericksburg, he w^as met with the fire of a field-battery located in the rear of the town, giving evidence that General Lee already anticipated the plan of Burnside's campaign. The guns of the enemy were silenced in about fifteen minutes by Pettit's Battery, located on one of the hills near Falmouth. General Sumner was anxious to cross at once and, after occu[)ying the town, seize these for- midable heights ; but General Burnside would not assent to the proposal, preferring to wait until the railroad to Aquia Creek was established, and communications were perfected with Washington. On the 21st, our grand division and portions of the others having arrived at Falmouth, General Sumner demanded of the Mayor and Common Council of Fi-ed- ericksburg the surrender of the pla(;e. They re])lied that they had no control over the city, and that they 132 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BhIJADE. were assured by the military authorities of the Confed- erate army that they would not occupy the town them- selves, or permit the National troops to do so. Evi- dently anticipating an immediate attack in response to this refusal, the town was filled with Mississippi sharp- shooters. The army of Burnside now began to concentrate about Falmouth, while it was apparent that General Lee at the same time was massing his forces on the heights back of Fredericksburg. Preparations were pushed by our troops to force the passage of the river, and the crossing-place selected was at Falmouth. As the hills of the north were favorable to the artillery covering the landing, while on the south the ground immediately about the place of debouching was screened from the batteries of the enemy, there was no obstacle anticipated to the building of bridges, except the sharp- shooters already occupying the town. On the 10th of December everything seemed prepared for the movement. The long-delayed pontons had arrived, and were ready to be run from their place of concealment down to the river. There Avere to be three bridges opposite the town, and two a short distance below, where Franklin was to cross. Sumner's and Hooker's grand divisions, composed of sixty thousand men, were lying near Falmouth and about one mile from the river, while Franklin's Division of forty thou- sand was stationed two miles below. At daylight of the 11th our division was moved nearer to the river, and formed just back of the Stafford Hills. At the same time the engineers were trying to lay the bridges. The work had been prosecuted very FREDERICKSB URG. 1 33 quietly from an early hour in the morning, and after daylight it had the advantage of concealment through a heavy fog. The bridges had advanced far towards com- pletion before they were discovered by the enemy, when the sharp-shooters, from their places of shelter, opened a severe fire. After several attempts to finish the work, it was temporarily abandoned, the fire being too deadly. Nothing could be done until the riflemen were driven away, and only artillery could effectually destroy their covers and accomplish their expulsion. During the night twenty field batteries had been placed in position on the heights, and now, by command of General Burn- side, these guns opened, concentrating their fire on the houses occupied by the Confederate marksmen. This terrific cannonade was continued for some hours, then slackened, but the enemy were still in their hiding- places ready to defeat all attempts to complete the bridges. During this bombardment the division was massed immediately to the rear of the batteries, being entirely hidden from view and protected from the fire of the enemy. The morning had passed, and yet no orders had been received for the infantry to move ; the whole opera- tions, so far as we could see, being confined to the artil- lery on the river-banks. Towards four o'clock, this state of things still continuing, the men seemed disposed to gratify their curiosity in spite of the strict order to re- main perfectly concealed, and a few straggled towards the front. Colonel Baxter of the Seventy-Second rode u]) to the crest to send those belonging to his command back to their regiment. While engaged on this duty he met (jcneral Howard in conversation with a small group 12* 134 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. of officers. The general said, in effect, — ^' Baxter, the bridge is finished with the exception of two boats, and these it seems impossible to lay, operations being stopped by the fire of the enemy's sharp-shooters." He further remarked, '' There is a proposition to send a detachment of troops across the river in boats and force a landing, and I have no doubt the plan will succeed." Baxter replied, " If you say so, I will furnish the men for the work from my regiment ;" and after comparing his time with General Howard's, added, " I will wait in this place ten minutes for the order." General Howard started at once to see Burnside. In the mean time Baxter rode rapidly to the river and a short distance along its bank to ascertain the best point for embarking, and returned to the place of meeting to await the arrival of General Howard. Here he remained for a considerable period over the allotted time without receiving any message, Avhen the Seventh Michigan Regiment, under Colonel Henry Baxter, made its appearance. The colonel rode up to the regiment, and addressing its commander, a gallant officer with whom he was well acquainted, said, " Harry, where are you going with your command ?" " Across the river in the boats," was the reply ; " I have just received word through an aid for ^ Colonel Baxter to take his regiment over.' " '^ It is a mistake," said the commander of the Seventy-Second ; " that was to have been the work of my regiment." By this time the right of the Seventh Michigan had neared the river, and as Colonel Harry Baxter turned to lead the crossing, he called out, " I can't help it, colonel ; I have the order." In the official report of General Couch, commanding the Second Corps, as well as in the published records of FREDERICKSB URO. 1 3 5 the operations of this day, it is stated that the "Seventh Michigan Regiment volnnteered to eilect a crossing." Far be it from the writer of this journal to pluck one leaf from the laurel crown of their standard. During; a service with them of several campaigns, he had abun- dant evidence of their extraordinary gallantry ; and he will never forget that men of this command, after the charge at Cold Harbor, under a heavy fire, risked their lives to carry him to the rear of the line when severely wounded. The authority for Colonel D. W. C. Bax- ter's statement, however, is indisputable, and while the Michiganders made the crossing, and did it bravely, there is good reason to believe that they did not volun- teer to cross the Kappahannock. After a landing had been effected, the Seventh Michi- gan rushed u]) the banks, drove the sharp-shooters from their shelter, captured a number of them, and took pos- session of that portion of the river front in the immediate vicinity of the intended landing for the bridge. The pontons were now speedily completed and the troops ordered to cross. The Philadel})hia troops were among the first to pass over, and General Owen, who was at the head of the column, ordered a detachment from the Fire Zouaves to deploy as skirmishers, and drive the Confederates from that portion of the town which they still occupied. It was now about dusk, and the enemy had the ad- vantage of being familiar with the localities ; but nothing daunted, the " Fire boys'' went at it in earnest, rather liking the change from fighting in the woods to an encounter in the streets of a city. After considerable skirmishing, in which some of our men were wounded 136 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. and the enemy had been driven two or three squares from the wharf, his forces made a determined stand. Seeing this, our skirmishers were increased by detach- ments from other regiments of the brigade, and while a portion of them were engaged in exchanging shots, another body by passing through buildings and side streets made a charge, capturing a number of prisoners and driving the rest of the Confederates towards their main force in the rear of the town. The skirmishers were now rapidly advanced, and by ten o'clock they held possession of the built-up portion of Fredericks- burg. During all this time the corps of Sumner was crossing the river and massing in the city. The landing of our troops Avas effected so suddenly after the charge of the Michigan men that the citizens who remained in the town were not aware that we had entered. The officer in charge of the skirmishers saAV a light in a dwelling after the firing had ceased, just beyond his advance. After directing the picket to keep watch on the house, he knocked at the door and was answered by a middle-aged lady who, seeing that he was an officer, invited him to walk in, saying, " I am glad to see you.'' On entering a nicely-furnished sitting-room he found another lady somewhat younger than the first, evidently occupied in preparing supper, who said, " We are pleased to see you, and we were afraid from the noise we heard to-day, that you were going to let the Yankees come over." The officer w^ore an overcoat that had been blue, but from the smoke of camp-fires and the adhering soil of Virginia, its present shade was so doubtful that these ladies, totally unconscious of our advance, took their visitor to be a Confederate. To the remark, " You FREDERICKSBURG. 137 needn't be afraid of the Yankees," one of tliem replied, ^' We thought it strange if you all, with the eighty tliou- sand men you say you have, would let 'em over.'' The conversation then turned to the people of the city and other gossip, and it required some management to prevent the suspicions of the hostess from being excited. In the mean time the supper was fast being prepared. Just before its completion the officer said, " Where have you been during the day ?" ^^ In the cellar of this house to escape the shelling," was the reply. Pulling out his pocket-book and unrolling some greenbacks, he said, " Suppose I tell you I am a Yankee." The ladies looked at the notes for a moment, then at the officer, when the youngest exclaimed, " Law me! hit me again, Mr. Gor- don;" adding, "We are glad to see you anyhow, and you must take supper." The officer acce])ted the invitation to the hurried repast, and requested that they might express their great joy to the next Yankee, and not to him. There was quite a number of the inhabitants who re- mained in the town, the greater part of whom sheltered themselves in the cellars and vaults of buildings. Al- though some few made narrow escapes, it is not probable that there was any loss of life ; the fire of our batteries being principally concentrated about the river front for the purpose of dislodging the sharp-shooters. At midnight, when our brigade was relieved from the picket-line by another command, the town was filled with troops and exhibited all the destruction to private property customary to a place taken by storm. On some streets, houses had been carelessly set on fire and the men were trying to extinguish the flames. By the light of 138 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the conflagration groups of soldiers were examining books, pictures, wearing apparel and hundreds of other things that had been taken from the deserted dwellings. In some instances men would enter a building, pick up an article that pleased their fancy, and after carrying it a few squares make an exchange for another piece of property. One old lady, a resident of the place, seemed disposed to profit by these transactions, and accordingly opened a little store, offering ^^batter-cakes" and ^^ slap-jacks'^ in trade for any article of personal property. There was at all times a lively throng of soldiers about her doors waiting turns to make an exchange, and the assortment of articles they carried comprised every variety of house- hold goods, ^yhat the old w^oman did with her illicit gains, or how the people of the city straightened their accounts with her after we left, it would puzzle an in- vestigating committee to ascertain. These ^^ irregularities" were confined almost exclu- sively to houses that had been abandoned, but neverthe- less they were a portion of the calamities usually classified as " horrors of war," that we trust may never again be experienced by any American city. So far as our observa- tions went in this place, the citizens were not maltreated or insulted ; and while the exigencies of the service do not always permit the detailing of guards over property abandoned by the enemy, the fact that private dwellings may be despoiled under any circumstances without form of laAV is demoralizing. The next day was employed in crossing the remainder of the army. One corps of Hooker's grand division passed over with Sumner at the town, while the other FREDERICKSBURG. joq joined Franklin at liis landing on the plain below Fred- ericksburi>:. The enemy made but little effort to interfere with the advance, contenting themselves with dropping an occa- sional shell in the ranks of the reo-iments descendin: Howe was attacked bv the enemy, the charge being made l)y brigades in echelon. This fight was very severe, but resulted in a victory for 164 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Howe's troops after a very spirited counter-charge, in which they captured three battle-flags and a number of prisoners. This ended Sedgwick's fighting for the day. Some of the prisoners captured by our brigade stated that they had been marched to botii fronts, Hooker's, at Chancellorsville, and Sedgwick's, near Salem Heights, twice or three times within twenty-four hours. The operations of our forces appeared to have been conducted without any attempt at simultaneous effort, and in this way gave the enemy the full use of his entire force, while one of our columns was kept in idleness. General Howe's Division was ordered to the river as soon as darkness concealed the movement, while the other portion of Sedgwick's command occupied the heights near the ford. On Tuesday the 5th, at one a.m., General Sedgwick received orders from Hooker to " withdraw from his position, cross the river, take up the bridge, and cover the ford." The entire picket-line was now formed by the Phila- delphia Brigade, with orders to hold the heights until the last of Sedgwick's command had crossed the river then to withdraw as quietly as possible. A short time before daylight the Sixth Corps had completed the movement with their artillery and ammunition wagons, and were out of their trouble. Immediately in our front the Confederates were await- ing dawn to renew the attack, and it required care in relieving the line to conceal our movements and prevent any loss of men. The task was successfully accom- plished, and by daylight our brigade was on its way to its old quarters near Falmouth, where it arrived at nine A.M. The night of the 5th General Hooker recrossed at CHANCELLORSVILLE. 1G5 United States Ford. Fighting Joe had his " slant" at Lee, and the moment success seemed to dawn, failure of result commenced. After our return to camp the brigade was formed for inspection. During our isolation from the rest of the corps there had been an accumulation of orders, which were now received and published for the information of the troops. Among these papers was a manifesto from Hooker, which, under the circumstances that surrounded us at the time it was officially read, made it a little inap- propriate : ^^ Soldiers, — The events of the last three days prove that the enemy must either ingloriously flee, or come out from behind his defenses and give us battle on his own ground, where certain destruction awaits him.'^ 15 CHAPTER XV. THE MARCH AFTER LEE. The period immediately succeeding the Chaiicellors- ville campaign was one of temporary quiet. Both armies appeared to be counting the losses and considering the result of the conflicts. The army of Hooker lost seven- teen thousand one hundred and ninety-seven killed, wounded, and missing. In addition to this loss of men, the waste of material of war was enormous. The army of Lee suffered to the extent of ten thousand two hun- dred and eighty-one in casualties, and among its losses was one officer who wuld not be replaced : " Stonewall" Jackson, who fell by the fire of his own men. There w^as not the same demoralization in the army after Chancellorsville as that which followed Burnside's repulse. It is true, the rank and file felt they had failed ; but were puzzled to know how they had been defeated without fighting a decisive battle. It is safe to say that the reputation of the general commanding was severely affected by the result, and without the redeeming feature of Burnside in assuming personal responsibility for his failure. The total strength of the brigade after Chancellors- ville was two thousand and twenty-one ; and of this number there were present for duty sixteen hundred and 106 THE MARCH AFTER LEE. ]67 ninety-six. There were no changes of importance in the cominanding officers of regiments, except in the Seventy- First. Ivieutenant-Colonel John IMarkoe having resigned on account of his wounds, ]\Iajor R. Penn Smith was promoted to colonel, Captain C. KocTiersperger to lieu- tenant-colonel, and Cai)tain Enoch E. Lewis to major. To fill the vacancy made by the promotion of Adjutant Charles S. Newlin to a captaincy, the Governor of Penn- svlvania had commissioned Lieutenant S. P. Hutchinson. In the Sixty-Ninth, under the command of Colonel Dennis O'Kane since the promotion of General Owen, Adjutant Martin Tschudy was made lieutenant-colonel, and James Duify was promoted from captain of Company A to major. Quartermaster James Gleason, of this regi- ment, a faithful and popular officer, was made captain and assistant quartermaster, and assigned to the brigade. In the regimental line officers there were a number of changes, and among these the following persons were honorably discharged upon surgeons' certificates of dis- ability from disease, or wounds received in action : Major John Devereux, Jr., 69th, March 26th, 1863. Captain James O'Reilly, 69th, April 27th. Captain Patrick :Moran, 69th, February 21st. Lieutenant Hugh Flood, 69th, March 27th. Lieutenant Andrew Lovett, 69th, April 9th. Lieutenant John King, 69th, March 14th. Lieutenant Samuel McKeown, 69th, INIarch 20th. Lieutenant Joseph j\I. Kelly, 69th, INIarch 4th. Lieutenant John F. Smith, 71st, March 6th. Captain Francis McBride, 72d, March 27th. Lieutenant Ik'njamin F. Sloanaker, 106th, June 4th. Captain Francis H. Acuff, 106th, April 16th. 168 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. The Seventy-First lost a valuable officer in Captain E. Carlyle Norris, who died May 1st, 1863, of wounds received in action. In the Sixty-Ninth Regiment, Cap- tain Andrew McManus, a brave and spirited man, came to an untimely end on May 27th, in an altercation with a comrade. In tlie One Hundi^ed and Sixth, Captain Ralph W. P. Allen was discharged to accept promo- tion. The vacancies produced by these and other changes were filled by promotions, generally based upon merito- rious service. The annexed list gives the grade on entering the service, with the promotion about this date, of non-commissioned officers and privates : The Sixty-Ninth Regiment promoted — Sergeant-Major Thomas P. Norman, first lieutenant, July 1st. Private Michael Fay, second lieutenant. May 1st. Sergeant Charles McAnally, first lieutenant, May 1st. Private John J. Taggart, second lieutenant, June 5th. Sergeant-Major John Ryan, first lieutenant, May 1st. Sergeant Michael Duffy, captain. May 1st. Sergeant William Whildey, first lieutenant. May 1st. Sergeant John H. Johnson, second lieutenant. May 1st. The Seventy-First Regiment — Sergeant Joseph S. AVatt, second lieutenant, June 5th. Sergeant J. T. Smallwood, second lieutenant, June 5th. Sergeant-Major Jacob S. Devine, first lieutenant, March 1st. Sergeant Frederick Everts, second lieutenant, June 6th. Sergeant John D. Rogers, first lieutenant, June 5th. Sergeant James Clark, second lieutenant, June 5th. THE MARCH AFTER LEE. igQ Sergeant Thomas J. Rusli, captain, June 5th. Sergeant R. W. Hemphill, second lieutenant, June 5th. The Seventy-Second Regiment — Sergeant James V. Schreiner, first lieutenant, Feb- ruary 27th. Quartermaster-Sergeant Henry Russell, second lieu- tenant, January 25th. Sergeant Robert Stewart, second lieutenant, INIay 1st. Private Frederick Roland, second lieutenant, ^lav 1st. Sergeant Alexander McCuen, second lieutenant, Jan- uary 1st. Sergeant Thomas J. Rorer, first lieutenant. May 1st. Sergeant Sutton Jones, second lieutenant, January 1st. Sergeant Abram Heulings, first lieutenant, August 25th. Sergeant E. B. Whittaker, second lieutenant. May 1st. Sergeant John D. Lavis, second lieutenant, January 1st. Sergeant Jacob Glenn, second lieutenant. May 1st, Sergeant-Major J. W. Sunderland, first lieutenant, January 1st. The One Hundred and Sixth Regiment — Sergeant Harry Neville, second lieutenant, IMay 1st. Sergeant Jacob M. ^Miller, first lieutenant, April 17th. Sergeant-Major William A. Hagy, second lieutenant, May 1st. Sergeant John F. Hassett, first lieutenant, February 24th. Sergeant William B. Rose, second lieutenant, ^lay 1st. Quartermaster-Sergeant Samuel L. Hibbs, first lieu- tenant, ^larch 1st. Corporal H. B. Rutiicrford, second lieutenant. May 1st. 15* 170 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. The month of May was passed in the vicinity of the old camp, and the time was employed in drills and reviews. The brigade at the same time received some new recruits, who were placed under the instruction of non-commissioned officers of the regiment. Towards the latter part of the month it became evident that the Confederate army was preparing for some im- portant movement. Troops could be seen changing their locations, and new camps appeared on the south side of Fredericksburg. The pickets of the enemy became more bold and insolent, evidently exhibiting the feeling of confidence imparted to their entire army by the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsvilk. General Hooker apparently understood that the enemy were preparing to move, but in which direction or for what purpose he failed to ascertain until Lee had his corps well under way. On June 6th, Sedgwick was ordered to recross the Rappahannock at Franklin's old crossing and make a reconnoissance. The information obtained by this movement was of no great value. The Sixth Corps reported the enemy in force on the heights ; but brought back no information about Lee. On June 9th, General Pleasonton was ordered to try a movement towards Culpeper, with two divisions of cavalry and two brigades of infantry. This force formed in two columns, crossed the river at Kelly's and Beverley Fords, and moved on converging roads towards Cul- peper. The enemy were met near Brandy Station, and a severe engagement occurred in which the entire cavalry of both armies took part. Our troops finally drew off and recrossed the Rappahannock, not without inflicting as heavy blo\ys as they had received ; but what was of THE MARCH AFTER LEE. 171 much more importance, bringing intelligence through captured papers of the projected Confederate invasion of the North. This information, Avith other news from scouts, gave the startling intelligence that while the Army of the Potomac was lying at Falmouth, General Lee in an extended column was heading towards \Yin- chester. These confirmations of suspicions already en- tertained in Washington caused great excitement in that city, and General Hooker no doubt received from it more calls for information than he could answ^er, and orders than could be readily obeyed. Some of these directions from the President and General Halleck, when read in the light of history, are very interesting. On the 10th, Hooker telegraphed his theory of the Con- federate movements, and received a dispatch containing these expressions: "I think Lee's army, and not Rich- mond, is your true objective point." " Fight him, too, when opportunity offers. If he stays where he is, fret him and fret him." AMien on the 14th Hooker telegraphed the definite information of Lee's movement, the President again replied : " If the head of Lee's army is at Martinsburg and the tail of it on the plank road between Fredericks- burg and Chanccllorsville, the animal must be very slim somewhere ; could you not break him ? "A. Lincoln." The uncertainty dispelled. Hooker set about ener- getically moving towards Washington, and at the same time covering the line of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. A portion of the army whose position could not be seen by Hill's Corps, which was still occui)ying 172 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Fredericksburg, moved on the 13tli to Bealton, and from it to Warrenton. On Sunday the 14th, our division was ordered to move at very short notice. Tents were not struck till after dark, although everything else to be carried in wagons was ready and packed. At about midnight the Second Division, the last of the army, moved from rahuouth, obstructing the roads behind the column. At noon, June 15th, the command reached Stafford Court-House, where it halted two hours ; then resuming the march, bivouacked at night five miles from Dum- fries. The day was very hot, the roads were filled with dust, and the march of twenty-eight miles was so op- pressive that a number of the men fell from sunstroke and exhaustion. At two A.M. on the 16th, the brigade started from Dumfries, where we halted a few hours. After taking up the march through Wolf Run Shoals, Occoquan Creek, we camped for the night on a fine farm belonging to an old bachelor named Steele, who was very anxious that we should raise money to pay for the damage to his crops. He did not succeed, his uninvited guests being ragged and penniless. On the 17th we reached Sangster's Station, Orange and Alexandria Railroad. Here the corps formed in line of battle, facing towards Bull Run. After manoeuvering and countermarching, the com- mand started on the 20th through Bull Run and Gaines- ville to Thoroughfare Gap, where we arrived at mid- night. The last part of this march was very severe, and in the darkness men frequently stumbled over rocks and into ditches. One man marching near the writer, who had no doubt heard the inquiry so frequently. THE MARCH AFTER LEE. 173 "How far off is the Gap?" suddenly fell into a deep hole ; on being asked by his comrade " what he was doing," he naively replied, "I am stopping that gap." The Second Corps remained at this place guarding the pass until the morning of June 25th. Two miles below this point there Avas a less frequented road, but one easy of access, which was effectually blocked up for some time to come by a detachment from the brigade, who were furnished with axes with which trees were felled in large numbers and thrown across the road. After leaving Thoroughfare Gap, the division was assailed by a battery while marching through Hay Market. Before this was silenced a few of the command were killed and wounded. Passing through Cub Run, the colunui crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry at eleven o'clock on the night of June 2Gth. The next day the march was continued beyond Barnestown, Maryland ; and on the 28th, our corps arrived two miles from Frederick, where the brigade was ordered to establish a picket covering the right of the corps near the Monocacy. On the day of our arrival at this point General Hooker, at his own request, was relieved from connuand, and Major-General George G. Meade, commanding the Fifth Corps, was designated as commander-in-chief in his stead. There were other changes made of subordi- nate commanders at the same time. Among these was the assiirnment of Brij^adier-General Alexander S. Webb to command the Second Brigade as successor to Briga- dier-General Owen. General AV^ebb, although an ofllccr of note in the regular scryice, was unknown to the majority of the 174 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. command ; but his force of character and personal gallantry soon won the regard of the regiments to as great an extent as that obtained by any of his prede- cessors. At the time General Webb reported for duty, the brigade was composed of — 1 Total Present , and Absent. Present. Oeacers. Men. General Stafl'. 69th P. V. 71st P. V. 72d P. V. 106th P. V. Brigade Band. 4 459 538 745 477 16 4 32 27 26 30 312 366 447 313 16 2239 119 1454 CHAPTER XVl. GETTYSBURG. The appointment of General Meade was so entirely unexpected that it took the whole army by surprise ; it was, nevertheless, received with universal satisfaction, and all who knew him expressed their determination to give him cordial co-operation. The following address, issued on his taking command, is a truthful illustration of the patriotic and modest character of a brave and skillful officer, whose deeds are known throughout the land, and whose memory will always be cherished in the hearts of his countrymen : "Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, "June 28th, 18G3. " By direction of the President of the United States, I hereby assume command of the Army of the Potomac. As a soldier, in obeying this order, — an order totally un- expected and unsolicited, — I have no promises or pledges to make. The country looks to this army to relieve it from the devastation and disgrace of a hostile invasion. Whatever fatigues and sacrifices we may be called u|)()n to undergo, let us have in view constantly the magnitude of the interests involved, and let each man deterininc to do his duty, leaving to an all-controlling Providtnce 175 176 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the decision of the contest. It is with just diffidence that I relieve of the command of this army an eminent and accomplished soldier, whose name must ever appear conspicuous in the history of its achievements ; but I rely upon the hearty support of my companions in arms to assist me in the discharge of the duties of the im- portant trust which has been confided to me. ^^ George G. Meade, " Major-General Commanding.^' At the time General Hooker was relieved of his com- mand there had been no indication of his plan of the campaign, and his successor was left entirely free to shape his own course. Richmond was no longer thought of, but, in the language of the President, " The army of Lee was the objective point." On June 28th, Longstreet's and Hill's Corps of the Confederate army were at Chambersburg, and Ewell was at York and Carlisle. General Lee was just ready to advance on Harrisburg, when he ascertained the location of the Union army, and at once changed his plan and began concentrating on the east side of the mountains. These movements were commenced on INIonday, June 29th. On the same day General Meade put his columns in motion towards Unionville, Taneytown, and Gettys- burg. Thus, the hostile armies were approaching each other, fully realizing that a great battle was imminent, at the same time completely in the dark as to where the conflict would occur. In the operations of Meade the cavalry under Buford Avere in the advance, and they were thrown out well to the left flank. Moving in the same general direction GETTYSBURG. 177 towards Emmettsburg were the First Corps, under Rey- nolds, and the Eleventh, under Howard. At tiie same time the Third and Twelfth were headed for Taney town, the Second and Fifth towards Frizzleburg, and the Sixth to Westminster. Gettysburg, the county town of Adams, towards which the armies were movhig, lies at the base of one of the ranges of South Mountain ; its location is central, a num- ber of converging roads making it easy of access from every direction. The Emmettsburg road, by which Reynolds was advancing, comes in on the southwest, the Taney town road enters on the south, while the road from Westminster, by which the Sixth Corps was ad- vancing, comes in on the southeast ; the roads by which the Confederates were moving from Chambersburg enter on the northwest, while EwelFs Corps, in its retreat from York and the vicinity of Harrisburg, approached by the York road on the northeast. The advance of the Second Corps was begun early on the morning of June 29th, and, with but few halts, it was continued throughout the day. After tramping through the stifling dust under a burning sun, in heavy marching order, Uniontown was reached, a distance of more than thirty-one miles, where the troops remained during the 30th. On July 1st the advance was again resumed until a point was reached four miles from Gettys- burg, where a lialt was made. While on the inarch we heard iha sounds of the battle which took place between our advance under Major- General John F. Reynolds and that of the ( 'oniedcrates, and an aid arrived with the sad news ol" the death of that gallant ollicer, after which General Hancock, the 16 178 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. corps commander, rode rapidly to the front to assume command, by direction of General Meade. Upon his arrival he found the First and Eleventh Corps consider- ably shattered and in confusion, falling back through the town towards Cemetery Hill. On the south of Gettysburg and immediately adjoin- ing the town there is a series of heights and hills, com- mencing with the Cemetery and extending toAvards the south, terminating in a knob of considerable elevation called Round Top. To the right of Cemetery Hill, as the spectator faces the north, is Gulp's Hill, and from it, bending around Cemetery Hill and following the ridge south to Round Top, is a distance of four miles, the locality forming a natural position for a line of battle in the shape of a fish-hook, the barb being Gulp's Hill and the shank ending in the rocky eminence of Round Top. Hancock quickly decided to keep possession of the key of this line, and, aided by Generals Howard, War- ren, and Buford, he made the preliminary dispositions. Cemetery Hill was held by Howard's troops, and these were joined on the right by Wadsworth's Division of the First Corps, who occupied Gulp's Hill. On the left of Howard, along Cemetery Ridge, were placed the re- maining two divisions of the First Corps, while the Twelfth, under Slocum, which arrived about evening, assisted in prolonging the line. General Slocum now assumed command, and Hancock rejoined the Second Corps, after reporting to Meade the strength of the position for a defensive battle. On July 2d, at early dawn, the corps was moved to the front, and placed in position along Cemetery Ridge, GETTYSBURG. I79 connecting on its right with the left of Howard's Corps ; while the Third Corps, under Sickles, was ordered to connect on the left and extend to Round Top. The Philadelphia Brigade, before taking its place in line, Avas massed on the edge of a wood, near the Taney- town road, and a field return was made by the adjutant of each regiment. Out of the entire number present for duty when General Webb assumed command at Frederick, there were but thirteen men absent without leave; and some of these, who had given out on the march, rejoined their comrades before the action. The enthusiasm of the men was raised to the highest pitch by the address of Meade, containing the stirring senti- ments, "The enemy is now on our soil. The whole country looks anxiously to this army to deliver it from the presence of the foe. Our failure to do so will leave us no such w^elcome as the smiling of millions of hearts with pride and joy at our success would give to every soldier of the array." The battle of Gettysburg has been more minutely and accurately described than any other great struggle of the Avar. Fought upon the soil of Pennsylvania, with re- sults directly affecting the fate of its principal towns, there are but few intelligent citizens who are not ac- quainted with the movements of the contending armies; while many are familiar with the topography of the field from personal observation, or the excellent " isomet- rical map" of Colonel Batcheldor. The entire Army of the Potomac, with the exception of one brigade of the Sixth Corps, was engaged in this contest, and from its magnitude and its results that army has secured imperishable glory for all its warriors. 130 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. Notwithstanding this, there have been accounts carelessly published in some of the histories of the war, especially by an unknown party in "Moore's Eebellion Record/' grossly misrepresenting the heroic efforts of the brigade. The writer has omitted from his description of this battle, as well as from his reports of many others in which the command took an active part, any statement of operations except such as were necessary to illustrate more fully the brigade line and work. Accounts of the battle of Gettysburg in quotation marks are from the official report of the brigade commander, Brigadier- General Alexander S. AVebb, whose statements none will gainsay, wdiile many of the interesting incidents or the operations given in detail are from personal observa- tion. " By order of Brigadier-General Gibbon, commanding the division, this brigade Avas put in position at six and a half o'clock a.m. on the 2d, on Granite Bidge, on the right of the division ; its right resting on Cushing's Battery, A, Fourth United States Artillery, and its left on Battery B, First Rhode Island Artillery, Lieutenant Brown commanding. The Sixty-Ninth Regiment w^as placed behind a fence a little in advance of the ridge, the remaining three regiments of the brigade under cover of the hill in the rear. Brown's Battery was, in the course of the day, removed to the front of the Sixty- Ninth Regiment. It remained at this point until the assault at six and a half p.m." Immediately after assuming this position, a detail, ordered from each regiment, was advanced as skirmishers beyond the Emmettsburg road and parallel with the Confederate line of battle on Seminarv Rids^e. This GETTYSBURG. 181 disposition was scarcely coinj)lcted before tlie enemy opened with sluxrp-shooters and artillery. " Daring the day, both of the batteries on the flanks of the brigade engaged those of the enemy, i\\Q shelling wounding but few." From the ridge occupied by AYebb's Brigade a fine view was obtained of the attack made by the Confeder- ates on Sickles's Corps in the afternoon, and it soon became apparent that the Third Corps must abandon its faulty line and prolong that already occupied by the Second Corps. General Hancock, quick to anticipate a movement, had scarcely prepared to receive an assault as the result of Sickles's discomfiture, before the enemy were seen advancing. A few hundred yards in front of our line of battle and towards the left, a farm-house and buildings were located. To prevent these affording cover to the enemy, they were occupied by the brigade pioneers under Sergeant Dietrieck, of the One Hundred and Sixth, with orders to destroy them upon a signal from General Webb. During the fight of Sickles, the brigade skirmishers were engaged for an hour with those of the enemy, both parties suffering losses but neither giving ground. This contest was also in full view of the entire corps, and the manly bearing of their comrades was a matter of pride to the men of the Philadelphia Brigade. That portion of the field lying between Granite and Seminary Ridge being an open plain without trees or shelter, the contests of our skirmishers were literally a series of duels fought with rifles at an easy range. "The enemy made the assault of the 2d at about six and a half p.m. Their line of battle advanced beyond 10* 182 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. one gun of Brown's Battery, receiving at that point the fire of the Sixty-Ninth, of the Seventy-First, advanced to the support of the Sixty-Ninth, of the Seventy-Second, and of the One Hundred and Sixth, which had pre- viously been moved to the left by command of Major- General Hancock. Colonel Baxter, Seventy- Second, at this time was wounded. The enemy lialted, manoeuvred and fell back, pursued by the One Hundred and Sixth, Seventy-Second, and part of the Seventy-First. The Seventy-Second and One Hundred and Sixth followed them to the Emmettsburg road, capturing and sending to the rear about tw^o hundred and fifty prisoners, among whom were one colonel, five captains, and fifteen lieuten- ants." This assault, thus officially reported by Webb, was executed with much celerity; and when the column of the enemy burst forth from the woods on Seminary Kidffe, it seemed but a few moments before the Emmetts- burg road was crossed, and our skirmishers driven like leaves before the fierce wind. As the Confederates advanced. Brown's Battery, with the exception of one gun, was withdrawn to the rear of the Sixty-Ninth. Over this piece there was a brief struggle, but the fire of the brigade was terribly severe, causing the enemy to hesitate and then fall back. Those of the Confederates in the lead threw down their guns and cried out with an oath, ^' Get us out of this ; it is too hot." And now a counter-charge was handsomely made by the regiments named in the report, along with those of other brigades ; the assaulting column was rolled back almost as quickly as it had advanced. The skirmish line was reformed on its old connection, and shortly GETTYSBURG. I33 after, night coming on, the figlit on onr portion of the line Avas over for the 2d of July. The pioneers in their exposed position were made prisoners by the enemy, and the guard left by the cap- tors remained at the farm-house with their char ore intending to move to the rear as soon as the heavy firing w^as over. This decision was fortunate for our detail, but unfortunate for the enemy, as the advance of Webb's regiments soon swept by the improvised guard-house and changed the relations of its occupants. The colonel who was captured was an officer of a Georgia regiment, and as our men passed him in the charge he was lying on the ground wounded, with a captain bending over him trying to render assistance. After the victory was complete and the line re-established, the captain said, "This officer is the colonel of my regiment, and from the same place in Georgia ; I was afraid he would bleed to death from his wound, and I have remained to see that he is cared for. AYon't you get him a surgeon? I love him dearly.^' This request was complied with, and the same treatment promised as that received by the rest of the wounded. As soon as he was assured of the care of his friend, the captain requested that he might be allowed to rejoin his com- mand. On being told that this chivalrous request, worthy of the time of Richard Coeur de Lion, could not be granted, he was sadly disappointed, saying to one of our officers, " You saw that I could have escajied. I was not taken prisoner, but simply remained to save the life of my friend.^' This Southern knight was turned over to the provost guard, and no doubt spent a few months of involuntary exile among the "barbarians." 184 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. The Sixty-Ninth Regiment lost, on this day, Captain Michael Duffy, Company I, and Lieutenant Charles Kelly, killed ; and Lieutenants John J. Taggart, E. O. Harmon, John H. Johnson, and Michael Mullen, wounded. In the Seventy-Second, Colonel D. W. C. Baxter, while leading his men, was severely wounded, and at the same time Captain Henry A. Cook was disabled by a minie-ball. The One Hundred and Sixth lost Lieutenant W. H. Smith, killed, and the following officers wounded:. Captains John Breidenbach and John J. Sperry ; Lieu- tenants Charles S. Schwartz, John Irwin, William May, "W. M. Casey, Joshua A. Gage, and Adjutant Ferd. M. Pleiss, mortally. The last-named officer behaved handsomely in this and other engagements, and his loss was deplored by the men of his regiment, with whom he was very popular. The plan of battle that had been prepared by General Lee included a demonstration in force by Ewell upon Cemetery Hill and Gulp's Hill, while Longstreet was fiohtinof Sickles on our left. For some reason the attack of Ewell on our extreme right did not commence until after the counter-charge of Hancock's Corps. It Avas sunset before the enemy opened with artillery on Ceme- tery Hill, followed by a powerful attack by two of EwelFs Divisions : one on Cemetery Hill and the other on Gulp's Hill. The attack on the former position was exceedingly spirited. The troops moved out from the town, formed into line, and charged directly in face of a heavy fire of shrapnel and canister, but failed to reach our guns, being GETTYSBURG. 185 repulsed with heavy loss. The right wing of the column of assault on the Cemetery was more successful ; stealing up under cover of the houses and depressions of the ground, they pushed into Rickett's Battery. The artil- lerymen stood to their guns, using rammers and stones. The firmness of these men, aided by Carroll's Brigade of the Second Corps, repulsed the attack, and the position was saved. The division assigned by Ewell for the attack of Culp's Hill was more successful. It struck that portion of the extreme right occupied by the Twelfth Corps, and from which heavy detachments had been drawn to re- inforce other portions of the field, during the operations of the afternoon. There remained at this point but a single brigade of the Twelfth Corps under General Greene, supported by the division of Wadsworth, con- necting on the left. The heaviest attack fell upon Greene, wdio, assisted by Wadsworth, maintained his ground. The left of EwelPs Division, which overlapped this little brigade, took possession of the vacated rifle- pits on their right. It was long after dark when the fighting ceased, and both parties lay on their arms within a short distance of each other. General Meade was not slow to perceive the advan- tage this foothold had given the enemy, and promptly made preparations to drive him out at early dawn. Bat- teries were put in position and regiments detached from other points to reinforce Howard's Corps on Cemetery Hill and the position held by the brigade of General Greene. The One Hundred and Sixth Regiment was ordered to report to General Howard, who placed it on the right 186 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. of the Baltimore pike, near Ricl^^tt^s Battery, where it remained until the close of the battle. This reo^iment was highly complimented by Howard, who is reported as commending it to his somewhat shattered corps, as " one of the regiments of his old brigade." The Seventy-First, under Colonel R, Penn Smith, was ordered to move at the same time w^ith the One Hundred and Sixth and reinforce General Greene. By some misunderstanding. Colonel Smith, in attempting to go into position, found himself in the presence of a strong force of the enemy, and owing to the darkness and want of familiarity with the ground, Lieutenants Davis and Boughton, with Adjutant Hutchinson and sixteen of the men acting as skirmishers, were taken prisoners. After this. Colonel Smith assumed the responsibility of re- joining his brigade, which he did before daylight. The division of Ewell's Corps that had gained a lodg- ment near Gulp's Hill was considerably strengthened during the night, but before they were ready to advance, at early dawn, Meade opened on them with a heavy fire of artillery, followed by an attack with the troops of the Twelfth Corps, which returned during the night, and by Shaler's Brigade of the Sixth Corps. A severe struggle now commenced, lasting for four hours, and during a part of this time the roll of musketry, the roar of artillery, and the bursting of shells were deafening. The scene of conflict was for the most part covered with woods, and the large number of trees cut to pieces with minie-balls or tw^isted and torn by flying missiles gave evidence of a terrific struggle. At about nine A.M. there w^as a determined charge made by our troops, resulting in victory. The line on Culp's Hill GETTYSBURG. 187 was now re-established and the right flank of the army secured. On the morning of July 3d the Sixty-Ninth Regi- ment occupied the same line at the fence in front of the clump of trees on the ridge that it held the day before, while the Seventy-First was deployed and con- nected with its right. One wing of this last regiment was stationed at the fence, while the other Avas behind a stone wall one hundred paces to the right and rear. These echelon positions were connected by a stone wall running at right angles with the rail fence, and joining the wall occupied by the right battalion. The Seventy- Second Regiment was held in reserve, forming a second line to the left of Brown's Battery and in rear of Colonel HalFs Third Brigjide. • After the contest at Gulp's Hill there was a momentary pause in the operations of both armies. This unusual calm was only broken by an occasional gun or the dis- charge of a sharp-shooter's rifle. About one o'clock, while the men were wondering what the next movement would be in this great battle, a single Whitworth gun Avas fired from the extreme left of Seminary Ridge, a distance of three miles. The bolt just reached the right of our brigade. Then at intervals along the entire line solitary shots were fired, as if intended for signal-guns of preparation. These were quickly followed by others, and in a few moments there burst forth from the whole Confederate line a most terrific fire of artillery. One hundred and twenty guns concentrated their fire on that portion of Meade's position held by the Second Division, Second Corps. Shell, round shot, AVliitworth bolts, and spherical case were flying over and ex[)loding ab(>ut us 188 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. at the same time. Almost every second, ten of tliese missiles were in the air ; each, as it went speeding on its message of death, indicating its form by a peculiar sound. The shrieking of shells or the heavy thud of round shot were easily distinguished from the rotary whizzing of the Whitworth bolt. When these agents of destruction commenced their horrid work, no portion of the line, from the front to a point far in the rear of the Taneytown road, afforded any protection against their fury. Men who had been struck while serving the guns and were limping towards the hospital, were frequently wounded again before they had gone a hundred yards. In spite of the ghastly forms of mangled men and horses, and in spite of dismounted guns, exploding lim- bers, and other scenes of terror, produced by Lee's attack, the guns of Meade roared back their defiance ; while the infantry, powerless for the moment, rested on their arms awaiting the bayonet-charge which they knew was sure to follow. Webb reports, "By a quarter to three o'clock the enemy had silenced the Rhode Island Battery, all the guns but one of Cushing's Battery, and had plainly shown, by his concentration of fire on this and the Third Brigade, that an important assault was to be expected. I had sent, at two p.m., the adjutant-general of the brigade for two batteries to replace Cushing's and Brown's. Just before the assault. Captain Wheeler's First New York Artillery had got into position on the left in the place occupied by tlie Rhode Island Battery, which had retired with the loss of all its officers but one." GETTYSBURG. 189 By a singular coincidence, the battery of Wheeler, now brought to the assistance of the brigade in its deadly struggle, had formed a part of the command at Camp Observation, and since it had been detached the two organizations had not met. Webb's officer had a blank order from General Hunt for a battery to be taken from any point where it was not actually engaged. AYheeler was with the reserve in the rear of Howard, and the moment the order was received, he started his battery on a trot down the Taneytown road towards the field. His progress was impeded every few yards by the missiles of the enemy; horses were struck down, but the traces were quickly cut and the guns started again. Wheeler was perfectly cool in this storm of iron, and simply said, ^^ I hope no one will get there before me." When the New York Battery arrived and went into action. Lieutenant Gushing had but one of his guns left, and it was served by men of the Seventy-First Kegi- ment. The lieutenant had been struck by a fragment of shell, but stood by his piece as calmly as if on parade, and as the Gonfederate infantry commenced to emerge from the woods opposite. Gushing quietly said, " Webb, I will give them one shot more; good-by !" The gun was loaded by the Galifornia men and run down to the fence near the Sixty-Ninth, and at the moment of the last discharge, just as the enemy reached the line, the brave Gushing fell mortally wounded. " At three o'clock the enemy's line of battle left the woods in our front, moved in perfect order across the Emmettsburg road, formed in the hollow in our imme- diate front several lines of battle under a fire of spherical 17 190 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. case-shot from Wheeler's Battery and Cushing's gun, and advanced for the assault/' The Union batteries increased their fire as rapidly as possible, but this did not for a moment delay the deter- mined advance. The rude gaps torn by the shells and case-shot were closed as quickly as they were made. As new batteries opened, the additional fire created no con- fusion in the ranks of the enemy; its only apparent effect was to mark the pathway over the mile of advance with the dead and dying. None who saw this magnificent charge of Pickett's column, composed of thousands of brave men, could refrain from admiring its grandeur. As they approached the rail fence their formation was irrecrular, and near the front and centre Avere crowded together the regimental colors of the entire division ; the scene strangely illustrated the divine words, "Terrible as an army with banners." Now our men close up their ranks and await the struggle. The Seventy-Second, by direction of Webb, is double-quicked from its position on the left and fills the gap on the ridge where Cushing's Battery had been in action. Just at this moment Pickett's men reach the line occupied by the Sixty-Ninth and the left companies of the Seventy-First. General Armistead, commanding the leading brigade, composed principally of Virginians, in advance of his men, swinging his hat on his sword, cries out, "Boys, give them the cold steel!" Just then the white trefoil on the caps of our men is recognized, and Armistead's men exclaim, " The Army of the Potomac ! Do they call these militia ?" The final effort for success now commences. The advance companies of the Seventy-First are literally GETTYSBURG. ]91 crowded out of their places by the eneniv, and, witli one company of the Sixty-Ninth, they form with the re- mainder of Colonel Smithes command at the stone fence. At the same instant, Colonel Hall's Third Brigade and the regiments of the First nnder Devereux and other officers, as if by instinct, rush to Webb's assistance, while Colonel Stannard moves two regiments of the Vermont Brigade to strike the attacking column in the flank. And now is the moment when the battle rag-es most furiously. Armistead, with a hundred and fifty of his Virginians, is inside our lines; only a few paces from our brigade commander, they look each other in the face. The artillery of the enemy ceases to fire, and the gunners of their batteries are plainly seen standing on their caissons to view the result, hoping for success ; while Pettigrew's Division, following to support Pickett, halts as if terrified at the scene. This is the soldier's part of the fight ; tactics and alignments are thrown to one side. No effort is made to preserve a formation. Union men are intermingled with the enemy, and in some cases surrounded by them, but refusing to surren- der. Rifles, bayonets, and clubbed muskets are freely used, and men on both sides rapidly fiill. This struggle lasts but a few moments, when the enemy in the front throw down their arms, and, rushing through the line of the Seventy-Second, hasten to the rear as prisoners without a guard ; while others of the column who might have escaped, unwilling to risk a re- treat over the path by which they came, surrender. The battle is over, the last attack of Lee at Gettysburg is repulsed, and the highest wave of the llebellion has reached its farthest limit, ever after to recede. 192 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. General Armistead, who was in the Confederate front, fell mortally wounded, close to the colors of the Seventy- Second. One of the men of that regiment who was near him, asked permission of the writer to carry him out of the battle, saying, "He has called for help, as the son of a ividoio.^' An order was given to take him to an ambulance, and when liis revolver was removed from his belt, it was seen that he had obeyed his own command, "to give the cold steel,^' as no shot had been fired from it. Among the many curious episodes of this fight, there was one which gives a novel view of the imposing claims of a chivalrous Southerner. While the struggle was going on. Corporal Esher, of the Seventy-Second, cap- tured an officer, who w^as considerably his superior in size as well as in rank ; and as he was trying to get him to the rear of the line, they met one of Webb's officers, to whom the Southerner said, "Are you an officer?'' ^^I am, sir; what is the trouble?" With fierce anger on his countenance, he answered, "I came here to be treated as a gentleman, and here is a private soldier who has taken my sword." In answer to the inquiry, " Why did you give it to him?" he sullenly muttered, "How could I help it, when he had a loaded musket at my breast?" This Virginian had evidently seen a picture of the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown. With a little friendly advice, the gentleman was sent to the rear to keep company with the Georgia knight of the day before. The moment the attack was repulsed and the excite- ment of the battle was over, the mournful inquiry passed from one to another. Who of our comrades have fallen? GETTYSBURG. I93 During tlie figlit, those of us who were with the rest of the brigade knew nothing of the Sixty-Ninth, except as we heard their cheers and the crack of their rifles. Partly concealed from view by the clump of trees, and for a brief time cut off by the enemy in tlicir rear, we only knew that they always stayed where they were placed. They did not fail on this occasion to hold their ground, though at a fearful sacrifice. The regiment entered the battle of Gettysburg with two hundred and fifty-eight officers and men. Of these, six officers and thirty-six men were killed, seven officers and seventy-six men were wounded, and two officers and sixteen men taken prisoners ; an aggregate loss of one hundred and forty-three. Colonel Dennis O'Kane and Lieutenant- Colonel Martin Tschudy, two of as brave men as ever drew a sword, who had served in every engagement with the regiment, were among the slain. Captains Michael Duffy and George C. Thompson, and Lieutenant Charles F. Kelly, men of equal courage, were also killed. Lieu- tenant-Colonel Tschudy, though suffering with a wound received on the 2d of July, resolutely refused to leave his regiment. Major Duffy, who succeeded to the com- mand after the loss of the colonel and lieutenant-col- onel, was severely wounded during the fight, but kept his post until the battle was over. In addition to the officers previously mentioned as wounded, are Lieuten- ants John Mcllvane and Thomas Woods. The casualties in the Seventy-First were also large. There were two officers and nineteen men killed, and three officers and fifty-five enlisted men wounded. Cap- tains John M. Steffan and William H. Dull were killed, and Lieutenants John D. Rogers and George C. Whitecar 194 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. were wounded. From its position behind the stone wall this regiment did good service, its fire being made unusu- ally effective by a new precaution of Colonel R. Penn Smith commanding. After the fight of the 2d, he caused a large number of rifles that were left on the ground to be gathered up by his men and carried to the regiment. These pieces were loaded and distributed along the line, rendering it possible, when the enemy came within range, for the Seventy- First to fire a number of shots rapidly without reloading. The Seventy-Second having the largest number of men, and a very dangerous position, suffered in these actions an aggregate loss heavier than the others. This was the case especially on the 3d of July. The moment it moved by the flank on the ridge and faced to the front, it met a deadly fire. Its severity may be judged from the fact that two color-sergeants fell in quick suc- cession, while the third had only grasped the standard when the staff was struck and broken in the centre by a minie-ball. The colors were quickly picked up, and, with the shattered staff, held aloft until the victory was won. The casualties of the Seventy-Second were, three ofli- cers and forty-three men killed, and seven officers and one hundred and thirty-nine men wounded. In addi- tion to the officers already menticfned, Captains Andrew McBride and James J. Griffiths, and Lieutenant Sutton Jones, were killed. Lieutenant Jones had been pro- moted from a sergeant only a few weeks before, on ac- count of his honorable record. Captain Griffiths- was serving on the staff of General Howard, and received his death- wound just as Lee began to fall back from the town. Professor Stoever, of GETTYSBURG. 195 Gettysburg College, gives the following as an illustration of the religious character of General O. O. Howard. When orders were issued for the army to pursue the enemy, the general hastened to the bedside of his beloved staff-officer, and, after a few remarks, read to him the fourteenth chapter of John, and then, kneeling, com- mitted to God his dying brother-in-arms. With a final farewell, these friends parted, never to meet again on earth. Captain Andrew McBride was shot in the throat while cheering his men. He fell at the first volley received by the Seventy-Second as they formed on the colors. The wounded officers of the Seventy- Second were Captains R. L. R. Sh reeve and John Lockhart, and Lieutenants B. M. Heulings, Frederick Boland, and Robert Stewart. The One Hundred and Sixth, having been retained by General Howard, w^as not in the infantry engagement, but did not escape the severe artillery fire. The mem- bers of the regiment that formed part of the brigade skirmishers, fought along with the Seventy-Second. The regimental officers in charge. Captains John J. Sperry, Robert H. Ford, and James C. Lynch, behaved very handsomely both on the skirmish line and in the battle. The two former officers were severely wounded. General Webb won the esteem of his men for his skillful management, and for the extraordinary coolness displayed in the midst of danger. The distance between the position occupied by our brigade commander and the place where Armistead stood was thirty-three paces, and at thci^^time the Confederate leader fell, Webb re- ceived a wound, but, concealing it from thoae about him, continued on duty. 196 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. At the close df General Webb's official report, he states, ^^ The brigade captured nearly one thousand prisoners and six battle-flags, and picked up fourteen hundred stand of arms and nine hundred setts of accou- trements. The loss was forty-three officers and four hundred and fifty-two men, and only forty-seven were missiu":. The conduct of this brio;ade was most satis- factory/' Among the flags referred to, there was one captured from the color-guard of a Virginia regiment, after a severe struggle, by Captain Alexander McCuen. This flag, along with the others, was sent to the AYar Depart- ment, with the names of the captors affixed. On the evening of July 3d, rations for three days were issued, and about midnight a heavy storm occurred, completely drenching the men and reducing the contents of their haversacks to a mass of pulp. The next morn- ing, July 4th, found many of the troops without food and no immediate prospect of obtaining any. Matters were rendered still worse from the fact that the condi- tion of the dead about us required immediate attention. Burial parties were organized by the brigade, and several hundred bodies of the Confederate dead were placed in trenches on our front. Many of those engaged on this sad duty were well-nigh exhausted from hunger and fatigue. On the morning of July 5th, it was found that the Confederate army had left our front and was retreating towards the Potomac. The Sixth Corps, under Sedg- wick, was at once started in pursuit towards ^uth Moun- tain, while the rest of Meade's forces were ordered to move in the same general direction. The Second Corps GETTYSBURG. 197 marched to Taneytown and Frederick. On tlie 9th it readied Crampton's Gap, Sonth INIountain, and tlie next day it moved to a point near Wilh'amsburg, "wliere the enemy were at bay, protecting the passage of their trains over the river. July 14th, after the corps had spent two days in this vicinity, manoeuvring and digging rifle-pits, an order was received from General Meade to charge the position of the enemy at seven a.m. Our advance found the Confederate intrenchments deserted, and, with the ex- ception of a few stragglers picked up by our men and a portion of the rear-guard captured by Kilpatrick, the Army of Northern Virginia had crossed the Potomac, and the invasion of the JN^orth had been providentially brought to an end through the valor of the Army of the Potomac. General Lee, in his official report of Gettysburg, says, "It is not in my power to give a correct statement of our casualties, which were severe.'' It has been estimated that he lost nearly thirty thousand men ; of which thir- teen thousand six liundred and twenty were prisoners. According to the War Department, the Union loss was two thousand eight hundred and thirty-four killed, thir- teen thousand seven hundred and thirty-three wounded, and six thousand six hundred and forty-three missing ; making a total of twenty-three thousand one hundred and ninety. CHAPTER XVIL THE iiappahan:n^ock and mine run. The army crossed tlie Potomac at Harper^s Ferry July 18th, 1863, and moved in pursuit of Lee, following closely the same route as that pursued after Antietam. In this advance along the mountains the cavalry were very active and had several encounters with the enemy, some of these being of considerable magnitude. After passing Bloom field, Upperville, and the vicinity of Ashby's Gap, our brigade reached Manassas Gap on the 23d. Here we were put in position to support Spinola's Brigade, of the Third Corps, which was engaged with the enemy. From this point the column was headed south, passing Pectortown, Xew Baltimore, and Georgetown, to a point southeast of Warrenton. The movement was continued by the Second Corps marching parallel to the others until July 31st, at which date camp was formed near Morrisville Post-Office, in the vicinity of our last winter-quarters. The total dis- tance marched since leaving Falmouth, on the Gettys- burg campaign, was four hundred and thirty-six miles. The month of August was spent in comparative quiet near Morrisville, the principal duty consisting of a large picket detail, relieved every twenty-four hours. The brigade Avas commanded in the latter part of the 198 THE RAPPAHANNOCK AND MINE RUN. 199 moiitli by the senior officer present, Lieutenant-Colonel \\\ L. Curry, One Hundred and Sixth Regiment. The Sixty-Ninth Regiment was commanded by Captain Thomas Kelly, the Seventy-First by Lieutenant-Col- onel Kochersperger, the Seventy-Second by Major Samuel Roberts, and the One Hundred and Sixth by Captain John R. Breidenbach. At this time there was an unusually large number of officers absent from their commands on account of sick- ness or wounds, and in some regiments there were com- panies without any commissioned officer, which rendered necessary the following order to commanders of regi- ments : "It is hereby directed that regimental commanders assign a commissioned officer to take charge of their companies where officers are absent. This will be done even should it be necessary to give or assign an officer to the charge of two or more companies.'^ The details for picket and brigade guards were ar- ranged each day according to the number "'present for duty" reported by the regimental adjutants. Among these officers there was a very commendable rivalry, not only in the pre])aration of reports and in the promptness Avitli which their details were furnished, but especially in the soldierly bearing of the men. Each guard, when formed, was inspected before going on duty, and seldom could troops in garrison excel the appearance and mili- tary carriage of these veterans. On one occasion Gen- eral Webb was so favorably impressed with an inspection he witnessed that he directed the following note to be sent to the commanding officer of the Seventy-First: "Colonel, — The general commanding desires to say 200 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. that the military appearance of the guard that reports from your regiment this morning deserves special men- tion. Their soldierly bearing is worthy of the imitation of the men of this command.'^ The adjutants of these regiments are entitled to hon- orable mention for faithfulness in the discharge of duty. The Sixty-Ninth was served by Adjutant William Whildey ; the Seventy-First by S. P. Hutchinson ; Seventy-Second by Adjutant Charles W. West, who was never absent from his post during the entire active ser- vice of the regiment. The adjutant of the One Hun^ dred and Sixth Regiment Avas Lieutenant John A. Steel, who succeeded to the place made vacant by the death of Lieutenant Pleis. September 12th, the Second Corps moved to Rappa- hannock Station, for the purpose of supporting a cavalry movement. A crossing was effected at early dawn by the divisions of Gregg, Buford, and Kilpatrick, under General Pleasonton. Soon after, the cavalry of the enemy were met, and, after heavy skirmishing, were driven back towards the Rapidan. The corps moved forward in aid of Pleasonton, and at four p.m. the col- umn reached a point near Culpeper and halted. The brigade under General Webb was sent forward to occupy the town, there being no infantry betw^een this place and the Rapidan. During the three days our com- mand performed provost and guard duty at Culpeper, we had some striking exhibitions of the bitter feeling of the ladies of the South to Northern soldiers. At one residence near headquarters the lady occupants, whose male relations were no doubt in the Southern army, notified an officer who volunteered a safeguard, " that they THE RAPPAHANNOCK AND MINK RUN. 201 wanted no favors from Yankees." Another woman, tliongli equally severe in her hatred, was compelled in- voluntarily to pay our troops a fine compliment. This ivatron had the deputation of being a letter-carrier for the Confederacy, and had failed to pass our lines, giving up the effort in disgust, and at the same time confessing that she had always succeeded before. Her plans were simple and easily detected. Among other arrangements for her purpose, she adopted the disguise of a farmer's wife. Dressed in the plainest costume, without shawl or bonnet, and driving before her a cow that had apparently strayed from its pasture, she would carelessly saunter past the Union pickets on her way to the lines of the enemy. September 17th we left Culpeper and marched to Somerville Ford on the Kapidan, where the brigade relieved Kilpatrick's division of cavalry, which had been guarding the river. A short time before our ar- rival at the ford some of these cavalrymen had been fur- nished with new carbines, and, anxious to try their range, had used the enemy's pickets as targets, greatly irritating their videttes. As our men went forward to relieve posts near the river, the Confederates called out, '^ Lay down, Yanks ; we are going to fire on the cavalry as they are relieved." They kept their word, and as Kilpatrick's men were withdrawn they had to run the gauntlet. The brigade remained on this duty until the end of September, and the work became quite monotonous, not being relieved by excitement except in one instance, and that of an unusual character. The signal-officers of the Army of the Potomac had possession of the code used by the Confederates, and by 18*^ 202 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. this means often read the messages of the enemy when their signal-flags could be seen. One of these intercepted dispatches, from General Lee to General Early, read, "Send over two men" (naming them), "and see what the Yankees are doing." With the announcement of the premeditated visit of these spies, orders were given for extra care on the part of those on post. In spite of all precautions the visitors came, and, having successfully accomplished their purpose, safely returned with their information. To signalize this audacity, they captured two teamsters, who were afterwards released at the ford by which the scouts returned to the Confederate side of the river. Our troops could only account for this escape on the same principle that so many errors and false movements were made occasionally by detachments of the army: want of accurate information of the by-roads and passes of the country. October 6th the command was relieved from picket duty, and it returned to Culpeper, where it remained until the 10th. While the army of Meade was oc- cupying the line of the Rapidan a considerable num- ber of substitutes and drafted men were received, and were distributed among the regiments. The arrivals did not materially increase our strength, as large numbers of them deserted at the first opportunity, while many who w^ere disposed to remain were physically unfit for service, and should never have been passed by the surgeons. On the date of our arrival at Culpeper the right of the army was near James City, which was held by Kil- patrick's cavalry supported by a part of the Third Corps. These troops were unexpectedly attacked by Stuart's THE RAPPAHANNOCK AND MINK RUN. 203 cavalry on the 10th and driven into Cnlpcper. This assault indicated the advance of Lee in another offensive movement, and at once gave evidence to INIeade that his right was already turned. During the night our trains were sent over the Rapj^ahannock, and at midnight the army began a retrograde movement. By daylight of the 11th the whole force was north of the river, and the bridge at the station was blown up. The same day the Confederate army occupied Culpeper, while their advance was pressing the rear of our column. General Meade, still uncertain as to the plan of Lee, but aware of his position at Culpeper, determined to re- cross the Rappahannock with his entire army except the Third Corps, and offer battle. Accordingly the move- ment was executed on the 12th, and after passing to the south of the river with the Second, Fifth, and Sixth Corps, with Buford's cavalry, deployments were made ready for action. In the mean time Lee had resumed his northward march, and was again endeavoring to turn the right flank of the Union army. During the transfer of the main body the Third Corps had been left on the north side to guard the fords, while the cavalry of Gregg picketed the up})er crossings. On the afternoon of the 12th Gregg was driven back on his supports by the van of the Confederates, and the information thus received, disclosing the advance, was transmitted at once to Gen- eral Meade. The relative manoeuvring of the two armies had brought about an unusual situation. While Lee with his force was north of the Rappahannock, heading towards Washington, the main force of the Union army was south of the river, facing in the direction of Rich- 204 HISTOJiY OF THE PIflLADKLPNIA BRIGADE. mond. To extricate himself from this false position, Meade acted promptly, and directed another retrograde movement. This order found the corps near Brandy Station, in bivouac, awaiting battle, as they supposed, from the Confederates at daylight. At two a.m. on the 13th the movement began, and the two armies entered on one of the usual races towards Bull Run and Centre- ville. At daylight the Second Corps reached Fayette- ville, and rested until two p.m., then marched to AYar- renton Junction and halted for the night. At this point a singular affair occurred, giving an amusing illustration of the audacity of Stuart, the Con- federate cavalryman. His division of cavalry, in pres- sing one of our corps, had penetrated between it and another column running parallel, and at night was fairly encompassed with our infantry. Carefully concealing his force Avithin dense woods, he sent men dressed as Union soldiers through our lines to notify Lee of his position. At daylight, while an attack by way of di- version was made on Caldwell's Division of the Second Corps, Stuart opened with his artillery, and succeeded, during the confusion, in cutting his Avay through the rear- guard. Early on the 14th the Philadelphia Brigade, under Colonel D. W. C. Baxter, was detailed to convoy the ammunition train of the corps, and started on this duty, keeping on the right of the column. While on this march the rest of the corps, under General Warren, had a spirited engagement at Bristoe Station, Orange and Alexandria Railroad. This fight was with HilFs Corps, Avhich Avas pressing the rear of the Fifth, unconscious that the Second Corps \Yiis on its flank. The brunt of the THE RAPPAHANXOCK AND MINE RUN. 205 battle was borne by the First and Third Brigades, Second Division, under General Webb, and the Third Brigade, Third Division, under General Owen. It resulted in a victory for our corps, which captured four hundred and fifty prisoners, five guns, and three battle-flags. Our forces lost in this action about two hundred in killed and wounded. Among the casualties in the battle of Bristoe were three officers of the brigade who were on detached ser- vice. Lieutenant Michael Coste, Company C, Seventy- Second, was killed ; he was a young officer of great courage, and of such a frank and generous nature that he won the attachment of his comrades. Coste was serving with General Owen, when he was struck with a minie- ball while receiving an order from his commander. Captain Francis Wessels, One Hundred and Sixth, aid to General Webb, and Captain James C. Lynch, of the same regiment, aid on the Third Division staff, were wounded. The morning of the 15th found Meade in possession of Bull Run and Centreville, and the winner of the last race towards Washington. After a few movements by way of feints. General Lee commenced slowly falling back; taking time to destroy the railroad thoroughly as he went. On the 19th Meade leisurely started in pursuit. The Second Corps reached a point within three miles of Warrenton on the 22d, and halted there ; the command remained until November 7th, awaiting repairs that were beino; made to the Orano-e and Alexandria Railroad. This work, so necessary in the forwarding of sup[)lies for a permanent advance, having been completed, the 18* 206 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. entire army contiDiied its march towards tlie Rappahan- nock in two columns ; the left composed of the First, Second, and Third Corps, and the right of the Fifth and Sixth. The advance of the left column crossed at Kelly^s Ford by wading, and carried the enemy's rifle- pits with but little loss, taking five hundred prisoners. The right encountered considerable opposition at their place of crossing, Rappahannock Station, but a storm- ing party of RusselFs and Upton's Brigades carried the works by a handsome charge, capturing fifteen hundred prisoners, four guns, and eight battle-flags. Soon after these columns had crossed. General Lee abandoned his line at Culpeper, and withdrew across the Rapidan, leaving the Army of the Potomac to occupy the same positions near Culpeper which it held before the late movements began. From the 8th of November until the 26th the Second Corps was encamped near Brandy Station. Towards the latter date orders were issued for ten days' rations to be carried in haversacks, and every preparation seemed to indicate another movement by General Meade. The final order was received on the night of the 25th, and at daylight of the 26th the different cor])s Avere in motion towards the Rapidan. The Second Corps crossed without opposition, at Germania Ford, and, advancing four miles bevond the river, halted for the nicrht. On this expedition the senior colonels of the brigade, as was frequently the case, were in command of other brigades, and during the absence of General Webb, commanding the Second Division, the Philadelphia Brigade was placed under Colonel A. F. Devereux, Nineteenth Massachusetts. The passages marked as THE RAPPAHANNOCK AND MINK RUN. 207 quotations in the account of this movement are from Colonel Devereux's official report. ^^ At eight A.M., 27th, the corps moved in the direc- tion of Robertson's Tavern, encountering the enemy's advanced posts just this side. This brigade, leading the division, was ordered to occupy a ridge on the right of the road, sending out a regiment as skirmishers to meet the enemy beyond. The Seventy-Second Pennsylvania Volunteers was deployed, and with Lieutenant-Colonel Hesser at its head started gallantly over the crest, and at once became engaged. The remainder of the brigade, consisting of the Seventy-First, One Hundred and Sixth, and Sixty-Xinth, advanced in line of battle to the crest, and there lay down. The Seventy-Second were press- ing the enemy warmly in front, and continued to press them until the death of their leader, Lieutenant-Colonel Hesser, when for an instant some confusion occurred and they gave ground; but they were very soon re-formed, and they regained their position and held it during the day. Lieutenant-Colonel Hesser was shot urging his men on to the charge, being himself in advance of his line and displaying great gallantry. He was shot through the head, and must have died instantly. Very nearly at this time the general commanding the division sent orders to move a regiment to the right of the picket- line, to a cluster of houses that formed an important position at that point. The One Hundred and Sixth was dispatched under Lieutenant-Colonel Curry, and gained the point immediately. Demand was then made for another regiment to strengthen our advanced line on the left. The Seventy-First was sent to this point under liieutenant-Colonel Kocherspergcr, Colonel Sniitli of this 208 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. regiment being in command of the entire picket-line of the division.'^ At the same time with the movement of the Seventy- First, the Sixty-Ninth, under Major Duffy, was ordered as a support for our line on the right. This regiment had scarcely taken position before it received a heavy fire, and three regiments from the First Brigade were sent to assist it in repulsing the enemy. After this affair there was only desultory firing during the remainder of the afternoon, and at night-fall the troops held their position. The official report of Colonel Devereux is so unusually full of details that it will be read with great interest. This well-known and respected officer of a New Eng- land regiment, temporarily in command of our brigade, is free from the charge of partiality to Pennsylvania troops. ^^At daybreak on the 28th, the division Avas formed in line of battle to sweep the woods in our front. The line advanced for some two miles through dense woods and over fences, gaining ground to the left as it pro- ceeded, and under all the circumstances the line was wonderfully kept. The enemy's skirmishers were en- countered finally, covering a strong position on Mine Run. The line was halted on the edge of the woods towards the enemy at about three-quarters of a mile from their works. The brigade was here taken out of the division line and placed in reserve. Everything remained quiet during that day and night. At day- light on the 29th of November, the division marched, forming the rear of the corps column, and after a detour reached the enemy's right flank about two hours before dark, and was placed in reserve." THE happahannock and mine run. 209 "At two o'clock the next morning the Second Division was moved to the front, near the picket-lines, and formed in two lines, prepared for an assault on the enemy's works at that point. The first line consisted of the Philadelphia Brigade and two regiments of the First Brigade under my command." " The morning was bitterly cold and most disagree- able. No fires could be allowed, and patient endurance had to supply all Avants. Notwithstanding the known fact that the column was there to lead an assault that was in its nature a forlorn hope, where death Avas almost certain, I never saw more resolution or good spirits man- ifested. Officers and men were able to look with cheer- fulness on the prospect and calmly await orders to move." The scene presented by the men as they prepared to assault was one of the most heroic of the war. Many had written their names on pieces of paper and fastened them to their garments ; others had torn strips of under- clothing to be used for bandages, and some, with a semi- ludicrous thoughtfulness, had filled their pockets with '^ hard-tack," so that for a time at least they would not suffer with hunger if wounded or captured. While the dangerous character of the work was fully realized, yet every one seemed ready to move forward at the word of command. "If men could have carried that position, I believe this division would have done it. They felt that they had been assigned for desperate service, and would never disgrace themselves or their commander." "After daybreak the enemy's position disclosed six- teen guns. Ten of these were in an embrasured work, with ditch and abattis in front, and rifle-])its in front of 210 HISTORV OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. all, with curtains for infantry on the right, giving a flank fire on any attacking force." The instructions to General Warren, commanding Second Corps, from General Meade were to assault the right of the enemy at an early hour in the morning, the signal to be heavy cannonading by Sedgwick on our right. As soon as an observation of the enemy's w^orks could be made, Warren determined to take the responsi- bility of suspending the attack. Word w^as dispatched to Meade, who rode rapidly over the four miles sepa- rating him from our position, and, after surveying the ground, he countermanded the assault. "All that day the command remained in position, and at night-fall it was withdrawn some three hundred yards to the rear in line of battle. That night and the next day remained undisturbed, not a shot breaking the com- plete stillness on either side. At eight p.m., December 1st, orders were received to move in retreat. The en- tire corps fell back that night, recrossing the river at Culpeper ford, — the Second Division bringing up the rear.'' The night of the 2d found the whole command in its old camps near Stevensburg. Colonel Devereux says, in concluding his report, — " I desire to mention Lieutenant-Colonel Hesser for distinguished personal bravery. No man could have behaved better as he led his lines." This was the universal testimony of the officers and men of the brigade. Devereux further adds, " On leaving the line in front of the enemy, the necessity for secrecy required that two men from each regiment should remain to keep up the THE RAPPAHANNOCK AND MINE RUN. 211 camp-fires until three o'clock the next morning, — this concealed the appearance of a retreat. I take pleasure in mentioning the names of those who in each regiment volunteered for this duty, most unpleasant to contemplate, since it left them, as it were, deserted by their comrades, with the prospect of a Richmond prison or starvation to cheer them through a long night of lonely watching : "Sergeant Edward Teague, Company F, Seventy- First Pennsylvania Volunteers. "Corporal Isaiah B. Tapp, Company F, Seventy- First Pennsylvania Volunteers. " Corporal Frederick Murphy, Company H, Sixty- Ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers. " Private Francis McKee, Company D, Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers. " Corporal William H. Hill, Company E, Seventy- Second Pennsylvania Volunteers. " Corporal Nathaniel Rhoads, Company I, Seventy- Second Pennsylvania^Volunteers. " Corporal William H. Myers, Company A, One Hundred and Sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers. " Private Peter Scheik, Company D, One Hundred and Sixth Pennsylvania A^olunteers. " Respectfully submitted, "(Signed) A. F. Devereux, "Colonel Commanding Second Brigade." The "Richmond Despatch,'' about this date, contained a letter dated November 28th, from a correspondent in Lee's army, which singularly corroborates the statement of our brigade commander concerning the fight at Rob- ertson's Tavern. The writer says, " The forces of Lee 212 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. lost fully five hundred in killed and wounded. Of the loss of the enemy I am not advised ; but I am now disposed to doubt if it was as heavy as ours. They fought, I am told, quite well, and fired more accurately than usual.'' The loss of the brigiade in this movement was remark- ably small. There were ten killed or missing in action, and twenty-five wounded. Active operations of an extensive character were now over for the season, and the two great armies, while resting in winter-quarters on either side of the Rapidan, were engaged in preparations for the deadly struggle that was sure to come with the opening of spring. This inactivity was broken once during the winter by a small diversion in favor of one of Butler's opera- tions on the Peninsula. On February 7th, the division crossed the Rapidan at Morton's Ford, threatening an advance. The brigade had the lead, and while the skir- mishers were Avading the river, Lieutenant Seabury, Seventy- First, aid to General Owen, rode through it and captured three of the enemy's pickets. The brigade lost no men in this movement, not being engaged in action. The five months spent in winter-quarters near Ste- vensburg were marked by more than usual social privi- leges to officers and men. Profiting by field experience, laro^e numbers of the men made the best use of the ma- terials at their disposal, and rendered their quarters quite comfortable, while many of the officers, having obtained logs and boards from a saw- mill near the camp, erected cabins, not only convenient for use, but in some cases quite ornamental in appearance. A large number of THE RAPPAHANNOCK AND MINE RUN. 213 ladies who had relations in the service, or acquaint- ances, availed themselves of permission to visit the army. After quarters for troops had been provided, the saw- mill was kept in operation to furnish boards for a large frame structure near Second Corps headquarters. This building, when completed, was used for a ball, giv^en by the officers of the Second Corps to the ladies who were in camp. The regimental and headquarter flags deco- rated the interior of the buildino;, while the "sta«:e scene" was ornamented with a battery of highly-j)olished Napoleon guns, camp-scenes, shelter-tents, and stacked arms. A large number of guests were present from Washington, including cabinet officers and members of foreign legations. The ball-room, when the festivities were at their height, was certainly very brilliant. The trials and sufferings of the past were temporarily for- gotten, and it is not likely that any of those who were present cared to anticipate the transformations of the future. During the remainder of the time in winter-quarters, the ball-room was used by the private soldiers for min- strel performances and concerts. Some of t\\Q amateurs engaged in these amusements were very entertaining, and thoroughly understood the business. During this period, the men were furnished inadver- tently Avith another intellectual amusement, by an order received through General Hancock. This was to the effect that the Government desired to secure the services of soldiers who were experienced seamen, for the West- ern gunboat flotilla. The desire for change of scene, and esj^ecially an inclination to get rid of long marches, 19 214 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. led many of the men to apply for examination prepara- tory to transfer. To properly test the qualifications of the candidates as seamen, a board of officers was appointed, and fur- nished with a model of a full-rigged man-of-war. The aspirant for naval honors was expected to describe the model, and also explain the points of the compass. In a brief period there were large numbers who applied for permission to be examined, and throughout the camp men were using nautical terms and essaying to box the compass. This pastime was brought to an end by an explanatory order from Hancock, setting forth the fact that ^^ service on canal-boats or Western propellers did not qualify men for seamanship.^' Soon after this the board was dissolved, and the few "old salts" discovered by its inquiries were duly transferred to the naval service. March, 1864, General Alexander S. Webb was trans- ferred from the Philadelphia Brigade, and assigned to the command of the First Brigade in the Second Division. General Joshua T. Owen was at the same time trans- ferred from the Third Brigade, Third Division, to this brigade, and at once resumed his old command. The One Hundred and Fifty-Second New York Volunteers was added to the brigade on March 26th, and formed a part of the command during the remainder of its service. This regiment had an aggregate, present and absent, of five hundred and eighteen men, and a total present for duty of fifteen officers and three hundred and seventy men. The Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania Regiment having largely re-enlisted, a furlough for thirty days was THE RAPPAHANNOCK AND MINE RUN. 215 granted the veterans on the 14th of March, and they retnrned to Philadelpliia. Wliile in that city the green flag that had been carried with tlie national colors in all the campaigns of the regiment was deposited in Inde- pendence Hall, and a new one was presented by its friends. Major Duffy having resigned on account of wounds, Captain William Davis was promoted to the vacant position and assumed command of the regiment. On th^ 4th of April, Colonel T. J. Morehead, One Hundred and Sixth, who had served faithfully in the various positions assigned him, tendered his resignation, and was honorably discharged. Major Stover, of the same regiment, having been promoted colonel of the One Hundred and Eighty-Fourth P. V., Captain John J. Sperry, Company A, was commissioned major. Each of the regiments had a small increase of num- bers by the addition of substitutes and conscripts, and every effort was made by General Owen to promote efficiency, by constant drills and inspections. On April 30th, 1864, the brigade report was as follows: Total Present and Absent. Present. Officers. Blen. GOth P. V. 71st P. V. 72d P. V. lOGth P. V. 152(1 N. Y. 342 580 G31 429 518 20 13 12 9 15 304 303 284 229 370 2509 69 1490 CHAPTER XVIII. THE WILDERNESS. President Lincoln, on March 10th, 1864, assigned Lieutenant-General Grant to the command of all the armies of the United States. The promulgation of this order gave the assurance, for the first time in the his- tory of the Rebellion, that unilty of purpose and simulta- neous movements on the part of all our forces might be expected in the campaign shortly to open. The theory of action to which General Grant was committed by his recent campaign in the West was best described in his own terms as a "continuous haiihmer- ing.'^ Having in view the destruction of Lee's army, the lieutenant-general lost no time in preparing plans for the operations about to be commenced. Towards the end of March the headquarters of the lieutenant-general were established with the Army of the Potomac, "until further orders." Considerable re- inforcements were brouo^ht forward and distributed among the different corps, while the entire command of Buruside was added to the Army of the Potomac, and formed an indej^endent corps, separate from the control of General Meade. The additions that were made to the effective strength of the army consisted principally of entire organizations. 216 THE WILDERNESS. 217 New regiments that had been recently formed, and others which had been guarding depots of supply, or perform- ing garrison duty in the forts about Washington, were ordered to the front, and distributed to the different corps. Among the latter arrivals were the heavy artil- lerists of General Tyler's command. These troops had been drilled as infantry regiments, and they presented a fine appearance, and proved of great service in the cam- paign. When they joined the Army of the Potomac their full ranks contained as many men as some of the depleted brigades of the veterans. The practice of increasing the force of the army by adding entire organizations of new troops, frequently led by officers w^ho had seen but little if any active ser- vice, was adopted as the policy of several of the States, and notably by Pennsylvania. Massachusetts and a few of the Western States pursued the wiser plan of strength- ening regiments already in the field. The new organi- zation system was probably adopted as the easier method to raise men through the personal efforts of officers, that commissions might be secured. Experience showed that this practice was an unwise one, and that the object aimed at might have been more effectual ly accomplished by offering special bounties for recruits to old regiments. The additional amount of money required by the adop- tion of this plan would have been well expended, and the benefit to the service far greater. The beneficial effects of the plan adopted by the State of Massachusetts were fully demonstrated in our divi- sion. One of tlfeir regiments received two hundred and fifty Germans who had been sent forward as a ])or- tion of the State quota. These men were mercenaries, 19* 218 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. and lacked the incentives to fight which are supposed to animate the volunteer; but in spite of this disadvan- tage and the inconvenience resulting from inability to speak our language, they made rapid progress towards efficiency. The credit of fitting these foreigners for their duties belonged almost as much to the non-commis- sioned officers and privates of the regiment as to the company commanders. From the time they reported for duty, the influence and example of their associates gave them lessons of experience and supplemented the instructions of officers. If these recruits had been Amer- ican citizens, the task of instructing them would, of course, have been far easier. The benefit attending this experiment w^as more fully seen in other regiments, and resulted in the mutual advantage of the recruits and the organizations to which they w^ere assigned. The latter part of April found the army composed of over one hundred and fifty thousand men, ready for an immediate movement. The corps had been reorganized, consolidated, and fully equipped. The three corps into which the army had been con- solidated were the Second, under Major-General AY. S. Hancock, the Fifth, under Major-General G. K. War- ren, and the Sixth, under Major-General John Sedg- wick. The command of the army remained under Major-General George G. Meade, through whom the lieutenant-general issued the orders for the principal operations. These generals were well known and respected by their commands, and, although possessing qualifications or characteristics differing widely from each other, they were eminently fitted for their positions. The old THE WILDERNESS. 219 Second Corps had been commanded in turn by all these corps commanders, and had won distinction under each of them. The youngest of these officers, General A\ ar- ren, was of acknowledged ability as an engineer officer; and his knowledge of the country obtained in this branch of the service, as well as his skill and personal gallantry, made him an efficient leader in the victory at Bristoe Station. General Sedgwick, the former commander of the di- vision, familiarly spoken of by the soldiers as "Uncle John,'' was always a favorite with his command. He was affiible and pleasant in manner, yet strict in obedi- ence to his orders and exacting in his demands for similar compliance by those under him. The Second Corps, in remaining under the command of General Hancock, had their confidence strengthened by the experience of more than a year that they would be ably led and have every opportunity to maintain their high renown as one of the fighting corps of the Army of the Potomac. There are some officers whose appearance on the battle-field, or at the head of a column, imparts hope and secures the admiration of those serving under them. Hancock not only possessed this influence, but had the prestige that came from past success and that inspired anticipations of brilliant achievements in the future. During the period the corps had been under his immediate command, it had never met a surprise from the enemy or lost a gun in action. For a considerable share of his success Gen- eral Hancock was indebted to careful attention to de- tails and his habit of demanding prompt obedience to minor orders, as well as those of a more important char- acter. Until these traits were understood and known 220 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. to be the principles of his military action, the general bore the character among volunteer officers of a mar- tinet. Many of the officers of the Second Corps had the opportunity to profit by the example of their leader, and no doubt can furnish illustrations of his influence in moulding their habits. On the evening of the second day at Gettysburg, after the fight in front of the brigade was over and the enemy were repulsed, a brigade officer re-established the picket-line in its old position near the Emmettsburg road. The duty was completed at dark', and as soon as he had assured himself of the proper connections on each flank of the line he rode back to the brigade. Here he was met by Hancock, who asked him to indicate the line, adding the question, "What- troops did you connect with ?'' On receiving the reply, " I am sure the connection is perfect, but did not ascer- tain to what regiments they belong," the officer was di- rected to personally make this inquiry. While on the march towards the Rapidan, the Second Brigade com- mander was ordered to place guards well out on the flank of the column, at the roads leading from the main route. While an officer was giving instructions to a sergeant in charge of one of these details. General Han- cock happened to be passing ; reining in his horse, he said, " What orders are you giving your guard ?'' " I am instructing the sergeant to direct General Birney, who commands the corps that is following ours, to re- lieve this guard with one from his command." " What do you say, sir ?" was the reply ; " a sergeant direct a major-general ?" This strict attention to the spirit and the letter of THE WlLDEIiNESS. 221 duties and instructions, had it obtained more extensive practice among those in command, would liave frequently brought success and prevented disaster. The Second Division remained under Brigadier-Gen- eral John Gibbon, and the brigades were commanded as follows: First Brigade, Brigadier-General A. S. Webb; Second Brigade, Brigadier-General Joshua T. Owen ; Third Brigade, Colonel S. S. Carroll. The plans of Generals Grant and Meade were formed, and the force awaited the command to move forward on its campaign of " continuous hammering." This w^as not long delayed, and on the 3d of May an order was issued that the army would move that night toward its objective, the Confederate army under Lee. The order for the Second Division was received in the evening, and is inserted as a reminiscence of the initiative in the most terrific and bloody campaign of the war : " Headquarters, Second Division. "May 3cl, 1864. " Circular, " The division will be ready to march to-night at eleven and a half o'clock, in the following order : First, Second, and Third Brigades right in front. Right of column next to corps headquarters. Spring Avagons belonging to headquarters in the order of commanders, to be fol- lowed by ambulances, ammunition, and baggage wagons. The Stony Mountain detachments to break up camp after dark and join the column, getting to the east of the Stevensburg road as soon as possible, the train in front. At every halt trooi)s will be massed. 222 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. " Brigade commanders will report at these headquarters at ten o'clock. " The division pioneers in front of division. " By command of Brigadier-General Gibbox. "John M. Norvell, A. A. G.'' The " spring wagons" referred to in this order were ambulances with dark covers, prepared for the use of division and brigade headquarters in transporting official papers, and also the mess supplies. After the opening of the campaign the number of wounded was so large that it became necessary to use these wagons for the ambu- lance corps, and pack animals were substituted in their stead. At midnight, May 3d, the army moved in two columns towards the Rapidan. The right column, composed of the corps of Warren and Sedgw^ick, reached Germania Ford at daylight on the 4th. After a bridge was laid, Warren commenced crossing, and was followed by Sedg- wick's Corps in the afternoon. The operation was com- pleted by evening, both corps resting at night on the south of the Rapidan. The Second Corps, under Hancock, moved towards Ely's Ford, preceded by a division of cavalry under General Gregg. Upon our arrivalat the river we found that the cavalry had already crossed, and that a ponton bridge was nearly laid. Soon after the bridge was com- pleted, Hancock advanced and continued the march to a point beyond the plank road, near the Chancellorsville House. This place was reached at three o'clock on the afternoon of May 4th, where a halt was made to await the advance of the column on the right. This night we THE WILDERNESS. 223 bivouacked on the old battle-ground of Hooker^ but drew no special inspiration from its historical associa- tions. The gloomy region of country called the Wilderness, into which over one hundred thousand Union soldiers had entered, is a labyrinth of forests, in many places filled with tangled underbrush, penetrated by few roads, and these for the most part narrow and easily obstructed. The advantage possessed by an advancing force of con- cealing its movements Avas more than neutralized by the ease with which the enemy, familiar with the ground, could form ambuscades or direct sudden attacks on col- umns while marching. It was evident that General Grant did not desire nor anticipate a battle in this wilderness region, and ordered the movements for Thursday, May 5th, which, if unin- terrupted in their execution, would have brought the army quite beyond its bounds by night-fall. At five A.M., May 5th, the Second Corps continued its march towards Shady Grove church, taking the road by the Furnaces and Todd's Tavern. At nine o'clock the advance of our corps was two miles beyond Todd's Tav- ern, when a dispatch was received from General Meade directing Hancock "to halt the column, as the enemy had been discovered in some force on the A\ ilderness pike." When the Second Corps moved forward, the right column, which had bivouacked near the Wilderness Tavern, also resumed its march. The Fifth Corps, under Warren, had the advance, and its point of direction was Parker's Store, on the Orange and Fredericksburg plank road. As Warren passed the turnpike on his way to- 224 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. wards the plank road, he threw out the division of Griffin as a protection to the flank of Sedgwick's Corps, Avhich was following the Fifth. While the Union forces were thus pushing towards the south of the Wilderness, the army of General Lee was marched by its commander towards our column, with the determination of compelling a fight in this, to us, un- known country. Griffin had hardly gone into position when his skir- mishers met those of the enemy belonging to EwelFs Corps, who were approaching by the turnpike. At tlie same time, Crawford's Division of the Fifth Corps mov- ing towards Parker's Store on the plank road encountered Hill's Corps moving to the attack. These developments unmasked the plans of Lee, and at once indicated to Generals Meade and Grant that the Confederates, instead of deciding to act on the defensive, as had been expected, had really adopted the offensive, and were boldly putting their plans into execution. The two roads by which the enemy was approaching the positions of the Fifth and Sixth Corps were nearly parallel to each other, and extended in a general east and west direction. The turnpike crosses the. road to Ger- mania Ford, near the old Wilderness Tavern, and the plank road crosses the Brock road, which is a connection of the Ger mania road two miles south of the tavern. The heaviest opposition having been encountered by the division of Griffin on the upjSer or turnpike road, an attack was ordered at that point by General Grant, who had arrived in the vicinity. Wadsworth's Division was joined with Griffin, and also a brigade from Craw- ford, that had been recalled from its movement on the THE WILDERNESS. 225 plank road. The operations on this road were suspended shortly after these dispositions, and the remainder of Crawford's command was withdrawn, sharply followed by the enemy, who fired on the rear-gTiard. At noon the division of Griffin moved out on the turnpike to attack the enemy. The brigade of Ayres advanced on the right and Bartlett's on the left of the Orange turnpike, and pressed forward with great spirit, driving the enemy for a considerable distance in confu- sion. The Confederates soon recovered from their panic, and having been strongly reinforced Avere quickly in position, not only to withstand the attack of this small portion of Warren's Corps, but to take the offensive. The fighting now became desperate and bloody, and for a time the advantages appeared to be on the side of the Confederates ; the Fifth Corps, having lost three thou- sand men, was forced back to a new line in the rear of the position first held, but somewhat in front of the Germania Ford road. Before the repulse of the Fifth Corps, General Meade, perceiving the disadvantage of a withdrawal from the lower or plank road by which HilFs Corps was ad- vancing and from which Crawford had been recalled, speedily re-occupied the position with Getty's Division of the Sixth Corps. This general had orders to hold at all hazards the ground covering the junction of the Brock and plank roads until the arrival of Hancock. At the time the Second Corps had received orders to halt, the leading division, as already stated, was beyond Todd's Tavern, a distance of ten miles from the position held by General Getty. At eleven o'clock Hancock was ordered to countermarch at once, and move rapidly up 20 22Q HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the Brock road to^ts intersection with the Orange plank road. Our corps had scarcely started on its return before the enemy began to bear heavily on the skirmishers of Getty, and every moment the pressure increased, render- ing it more difficult to hold the grdfind. In the mean time Hancock, aware of the importance of securing the position defended by Getty's Division, was urging his troops forward as rapidly as possible. This spirit of the leader was infused into the men, and the latter part of the distance Avas made by the Second Division on the double-quick. At three o'clock Getty still held his position, when the cheers of the Second Corps announced their arrival. Hancock formed two lines of battle, one on the Brock road and the other a short distance in front. The troops on the road commenced^strengthening their position with logs, dead trees, and other debris of that character, of which there was an endless supply. In this forsaken place nature did her own pruning, and the trees felled by old time, or branches struck down by the rude tempest, were scattered through the forest in every direction. At this period of the day the relative positions of the opposing forces presented an anomaly in the experience of the war. Before Hancock, drawn up in line across the Orange plank road, was Hill's Corps, prepared to dispute any advance towards Parker's Store. Confront- ing the Fifth and Sixth Corps on the turnpike was the opposing force of Ewell. Between the flanks of the contending troops there was no connection, the inter- vening space of dense forest preventing any attempt at manoeuvring or movements. in line. The operations of the afternoon were, for this reason, of the character of THE WILDERNESS. 227 separate actions witlioiit any important bearing on each other. Our division formed on the Brock road, its riglit flank resting near the plank road. The men had scarcely arranged a line of temporary breastworks, when the order to push the attack on Hill's Corps was given to General Getty. At a quarter-past four this division moved forward on the right and left of the Orange plank road, liaving received orders direct from General Meade. Finding that General Getty had met with a heavy opposing force, Hancock ordered the divisions of Birney and Mott of the Second Corps to reinforce the attack. This at once led to desperate fighting at close range, the volleys of musketry being continuous and deadly. At a little after half-past four the Philadelphia Brigade, along with the command of Carroll and the Irish Brigade, was sent forward to support the line, and soon became hotlv eng-atred. In a short time the larger part of the Second Corps was involved in this furious struggle. Repeated and desperate assaults were made by our forces, which were met by the sharp firing of the enemy from his concealed positions in the forest. At one time Mott's Division became disordered, and Brhgadier-General Alexander Hays, while restoring the line with his command, fell mortally wounded in the thickest of the fight. The Second Cor})s continued its fruitless attempts to dislodge the enemy until darkness closed upon the scene. The troops lay on their arms upon the Lattle-ground, both sides exhausted by the severity of the struggle. That night in the Wilderness will never fade from i\\Q memory of the survivors. When the noise of battle had 228 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. entirely ceased, the contending forces, only separated by a few paces, were awaiting, like tigers in their lairs, the coming of day to spring upon each other; while all about the line were the dead and dying of both armies. This region of the shadow of death had been literally " drenched with fraternal blood/' At daylight General Hancock opened the battle by an advance of the divisions under Birney and Mott with the command of Getty, supported by the brigades of Owen and Carroll of Gibbon's Division. The remain- ing brigade of the Second Division, under Webb, was at this time placed in position, looking to the protection of the left flank from an expected attack by Longstreet's Corps, known to be on its way to reinforce Lee. The advance of Hancock's men was so impetuous that the enemy soon began to give ground. This movement of the Second Corps was aided by an attack upon the Confederate left, made by Wadsworth's Division of the Fifth Corps. This division, by command of General Warren, had taken up a position the evening before near the battle-ground on the turnpike that threatened the flank of Hill's Corps. When the attack was begun by Hancock a similar movement Avas made by Wadsworth, and, although separated bj^a considerable piece of woods from the operations of the Second Corps at this hour, the diversion no doubt prevented the enemy from con- centrating his forces on either flank of his j^osition. In one hour after the attack by our forces had com- menced the enemy Avere driven, in much confusion and with heavy loss, from the immediate front of the Second Corps. The brigade in this advance emerged from the woods at a small clearing, through which was flowing a THE WILDERNESS. 229 little stream of water, and just beyond this was an ele- vation covered with trees. On reaching this creek a halt wa.s made by the line of battle for the purpose of re- forming and closing up the disordered ranks. Up to this hour the loss, especially among the officers, had been very severe; and partially on that account, but more especially from the nature of the ground and the ob- struction of the forest, the line was without formation. This cessation in our advance was unfortunate in its results, as it gave time to the enemy to receive reinforce- ments and to strengthen his lines. When the advance was again ordered, a severe fire was encountered from the Confederates, who had occupied with a heavy force the elevation in our front. For a moment our men were confused by this sudden resistance from fresh troops, and showed signs of giving ground, but they were soon rallied. In the effort to re-unite the brigade with the rest of the line, General Owen acted with great vigor. In this emergency the brigade commander received important assistance from regimental, field, and staff officers, and especially from his adjutant-general, Captain Robert S. Seabury. This young officer, who was a soldier of extraordinary gallantry, fell mortally wounded while engaged on this duty. At the same moment, and while similarly occupied, fell two of the regimental com- manders, Lieutenant-Colonel Kochersperger, Seventy- First Regiment, severely wounded, and Colonel Baxter, shot through the lungs. Dispositions were now made to meet the severe attac-k of the Confederates, and General Hancock's forces were strengthened by Stevenson's Division, of the Sixth Corps, 20* 230 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. while Webb's First Brigade, of the Second Division, was moved from its position on the Brock road, and quickly advanced on either side of the plank road. By eight o'clock the fighting had become continuous along the entire front of the Second Corps, and was raging at some points with great fury. Although both armies were suffering heavy losses, neither was able to gain any decided advantage. Towards nine o'clock there was an almost entire cessation, followed soon after by furious assaults that expended their force before anything defi- nite was accomplished, and these w^ere followed in turn by desultory firing. This character of the contest lasted until near the hour of noon, and was certainly the most unsatisfactory and objectless fighting of any campaign through which we had passed. At no one time during the morning, after the first charge, could there be seen a body of the enemy numbering fifty men, and yet heavy volleys of musketry sent the balls flying into and about our ranks. The line of fire in response to these attacks was indicated only by the direction from which the shots were received. Some- times but a few balls would reach us from the front, then a sudden discharge w^ould be poured into the flank, and a change of front had to be made, only to be repeated in some other direction. A few moments before twelve o'clock. General Wads- worth, whose division had pushed its way during the morning until it connected with the First Brigade, which formed the right of the Second Corps, rode through the woods to the plank road, and began to ascertain the lo- cation of the corps Avith a view to concerted action. While General Wadsworth was on the edge of the THE WILDERNESS. 231 road, near the line of battle, and engaged in making these observations, and before his command was really assured of its position, there occurred one of the strangest scenes of army experience. Without any apparent cause that could be seen from the position of the brigade, the troops on our left began to give way, and commenced falling back towards the Brock road. Those pressing past the left flank of the Second Division did not seem to be demoralized in manner, nor did they present the appearance of soldiers moving under orders, but rather of a throng of armed men who were returning dissatis- fied from a muster. Occasionally some fellow, terror- stricken, would rush past as if his life depended on speed, but by far the larger number acted with the utmost de- liberation in their movements. In vain were efforts put forth to stop this retrograde movement; the men were alike indifferent to commands or entreaties. One of the most frightened of the few who were really demoralized was seized by an officer, but begged that he might not be stopped, saying, " I am surely wounded.'' Hoping to recall his pride, the officer struck the man across the back with the flat of his sword. The frightened fellow, thinking the shock was caused by one of the bullets that were flying about, sprang forward with terror, crying out, " Now I know I am wounded !" The effect was so ludicrous that he was permitted to con- tinue his retreat. A portion of the Second Division now changed front, with its line parallel to the plank road, to meet tliis new attack; but the men soon caught tlic infection and joined in the retreat, and they were comjielled by their temporary delay to move a little faster in order 232 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. to overtake the rest of the corps and make up for lost time. The division of Wadsworth, being on the right of the plank road, was the last to feel this influence ; but, in spite of the most gallant efforts of its commander, it soon joined with the other troops in moving to the rear, leaving the brave Wadsworth mortally wounded. This officer, who died in the hands of the enemy, was a gentleman of large means and enthusiastic patriotism, and, although somewhat advanced in years, he left his luxurious home for the battle-field. His appearance and characteristics strongly suggested the memory of Colonel E. D. Baker. ' . The pressure that had started this withdrawal of Han- cock's Corps was soon ascertained to be due to the arrival of Longstreet's men, who had commenced to turn our left flank. The brigade of Colonel Frank, occupying this position, had been overrun by the heavy force of the enemy, and the rest of the corps, before they had been assaulted, under the influence of the movement, com- menced to retire without waiting to ascertain its necessity. General Hancock, with his division and brigade com- manders, used their utmost to stem the current, but without success. No explanation can be given of this extraordinary affair, unless it might be that the rank and file were desirous of trying to take a new position on the Brock road on their own responsibility, instead of "hammering continually'^ in the dense woods. The line of battle was now formed along the breast- works from which our advance had been made the even- ing before. The color-sergeants, as they arrived, placed their flags on the defenses, while the men, with faces THE WILDERNESS. 233 begrimed with powder, but sliowing no anxiety for the result of the coming attack, calmly fell into their places and awaited the enemy. Soon after, the Confederate line of battle made its appearance, and firing commenced ; but the attack was without any spirit, and, after a few volleys, the enemy drew back a short distance into the woods and halted. This sudden suspension of attack, as we afterwards ascer- tained, w^as caused by the severe wounding of the leader, General Longstreet. After this there was a cessation of fighting on Han- cock's front for several hours, during which regiments were re-formed and the log defenses were increased in strength. The lull was broken at four o'clock by a de- termined advance of the enemy. A large force pushed forward to assault the Second Corps line, but halted Avhen within a hundred yards of the defenses, and began a continuous fire of musketry. Our men were but little exposed, and their position gave them an opportunity to repay the severe handling they had received in the early morning. Just as the Confederates were beginning to fall back from the effect of the volleys they were re- ceiving, a circumstance occurred that for the moment threw a portion of the Second Corps into confusion. The woods on the left of our front caught fire, and the flames spread so rapidly that the breastworks were soon enveloped, the heat becoming so intense that the men were driven from the line. The enemy took advantage of this and ])ressed forward to the defenses, a few of the leaders advancing beyond them, firing on the trooj)s that had fled. This success was of short duration, and was soon overcome by a charge of the Second Division, 234 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. in which the Confederates were rapidly sent back into the forest. This closed the fighting for the day upon the front of the Second Corps, and, with the exception of an attack a little later on the right flank of the Sixth Corps, near the turnpike, ended the battle of the Wilderness. During these terrible battles, fought in the midst of dense woods, there was but little opportunity for any manoeuvres, except the one indicated by the order, ^^ For- ward; attack in line!" The batteries were generally parked in the rear of the corps to which they belonged, only an occasional section of artillery having an oppor- tunity of engaging to advantage in the contest. The Confederates made use of one or two guns on the plank road, and dropped a few shells among the mass of troops during the retreat, but the line of fire was easily avoided, and did no great damage. Cavalry were of course en- tirely out of the question, and were stationed on the flank and rear of the army. The Union loss in these actions was estimated to ex- ceed fifteen thousand men, while the Confederate casual- ties were as heavy in proportion to the number of troops engaged. The Philadelphia Brigade suffered severely, but the actual loss in this, as in other battles of Grant's cam- paign, can never be ascertained. Among the officers the following casualties were reported, in addition to those already mentioned: Captains E.. L. R. Shreeve, Seventy-Second, and W. W. Hulser, One Hundred and Fifty-Second ISTew York, killed. The following officers were wounded : Captains Thomas J. E-orer, John Lock- hart, and Robert Stewart, Seventy-Second, and William THE WILDERNESS. 235 M. Smith, Seventy-First; and Lieutenants Frederick Coppes, Philip Grey, T. J. Longacre, Seventy-Second ; John C. Freeman and Stephen Holden, One Hundred and Fifty-Second New York, and William McDaid, Seventy-First. * Saturday, May 7th, was passed by both armies in their intrenched or partly fortified positions, neither of them willing to advance, and both anxious to be attacked. Early in the day strong skirmish lines were moved for- ward for the purpose of discovering the Confederate position, but there was no attempt on the part of Grant to resume the contest. On the left flank, near Todd's Tavern, there was a severe cavalry fight, but without any decided success for either force. It soon became apparent to the most ordinary observer that the position occupied by the Union army must be speedily abandoned, but much uncertainty existed among the troops as to whether the next move would be for- ward or in retreat. While the great mass of veterans were lying along their breastworks awaiting orders, many of them were occupied in discussing amusing theories of action. Some of these men, probably influ- enced by memories of the past, suggested that " after the results of the past three days,'' some of the previous commanders of the Army of the Potomac would have decided to recross the Rapidan to their old position, grant furloughs to a large number of the men, and, after forwarding to Washington extensive requisitions for clothing and supplies, await reinforcements before the next move. A few of these unauthorized critics also thought it equally probable that some of the old com- manders would have tried to manoeuvre to avoid a fight 236 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. under circumstances so unfavorable. The present com- mander, although disappointed in his first effort, adhered to his original plan of campaign and resolved to continue on the same line. During the day the army was ordered to be ready at dark to continue the advance and move towards Spottsylvania Court-House. CHAPTEE XIX. SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. While the army remained in position on the battle- field of the AVilderness, the dead lying within the lines were buried as well as the nature of the ground and the circumstances would permit. At the best, the work was very imperfectly done, and hundreds of comrades with blankets or shelter-tents for winding-sheets were placed in shallow trenches scarcely deep enough to cover their remains. There was a large number of bodies lying on our front, or between the skirmish lines, that could not be reached, and some of these, it is more than probable, were thus exposed long after the army had moved away. The multitudes of Avounded required the utmost ex- ertions of the surgeons and the ambulance corps to properly care for them, and to furnish necessary trans- portation to the rear. In this work they were materially assisted by the Sanitary Commission, under the direction of J. Warner Johnson. The first train of ambulances was started to the rear, with orders to recross the Rapi- dan and move towards the railroad station, near the old camping-ground. The recrossing had scarcely commenced when the ambulances were fired into by the partisan rangers belonging to White's cavalry, and compelled to return to the field hospitals near the Wilderness Tavern. 21 237 238 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. By this time there was a train of wounded awaiting transportation miles in length. After much delay a cavalry scout ascertained that the road to Fredericksburg was clear, when the Avagons again started with their freight of human suffering. On approaching the city it was found that the armed citizens, under direction of the mayor, were disposed to offer resistance. This was soon overcome, and after a short delay a portion of the wounded of the Second Division were sent forward to Aquia Creek, but without an escort. This risk proved unfortunate in its results. The ambulances were again attacked, and Lieutenant Bond, adjutant of the Twentieth Massachusetts, was killed, and Captain Cooper, of Gen- eral Webb's staff, received an additional wound. Soldiers act intuitively, and the fate of the wounded, and especially the dead, of this campaign, created appre- hensions in the minds of many that were not without their influence. The ideal soldier of the age of chivalry has no successor in the American volunteer. The former might have been indifferent to suffering, or might have failed to anticipate Christian burial, but the latter is strengthened for the conflict by the knowledge that sympathizing friends will care for him if wounded, or bestow the last rites if he falls in the conflict. On the afternoon of May 7th the corps commanders received orders preliminary to a movement on Spottsyl- vania Court-House. The direct route Avas by the Brock road, passing Todd's Tavern. Warren Avas ordered to take the advance at half-past eight p.m., and the Second Corps to follow closely. The Sixth Corps, under Sedg- Avick, Avas to proceed to Chancellorsville at the same time as Warren, and there it AA^as to be joined by the SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. 239 trains of the two corps, and to move by way of Piney Branch cliurch to Spottsylvania. The trains of tlie Second Corps were ordered to Chancellorsville to be held ready to move at the same hour with other trains, by way of the Furnaces, to Todd's Tavern, keeping clear of the Brock road, which was to be used by the troops. The Fifth Corps began its movement at nine o'clock, and, after some delay at Todd's Tavern, it reached a point two miles beyond, at three a.m. on the 8th. At this point it Avas again detained, this time by the enemy, who had placed numerous obstructions on the road. It was not until daylight that the opposing force was driven away, and the march resumed and continued until the corps reached a clearing two miles from Spottsylvania Court-House, where a halt was made. This place was reached at about eight p.m., and with- out encountering any opposition except from dismounted cavalry. After forming in line, the leading division of Kobinson was ordered to advance tow^ards the woods intervening between this cleared place and the court- house. When half-w^ay across the field, a heavy fire was unexpectedly met, and the line was momentarily thrown into confusion, and fell back to the })osition from which the advance had been made. Another division of War- ren's Corps that moved forward on the riglit of Robin- son, simultaneously with him, encountered a similar obstacle, and was also compelled to retire. Immediately after these movements, attacks were made on both flanks of the enemy by Wadsworth's Division, under General Cutler, and the Pennsylvania Reserves, Avliich were more successful. The positions gained by these flank <)])era- tions were held, and the remainder of the cor])s formed 240 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. in line connecting with them. These positions were rapidly strengthened by intrenching. The force that AYarren had encountered proved to be Longstreet's Corps, which had left its position in the Wilderness simultaneously with the Fifth Corps, and, having no obstructions to delay its movements, had arrived at the point before our troops. This advance movement of the Confederates was speedily followed by the rest of their army. It was near daylight on the 8th when the rear of the Fifth Corps had passed our line on the Brock road, and the way was clear for a movement. After the arrival of the Second Corps at Todd's Tavern it was halted by command of General Meade, and a force advanced as a defense on the Catharpen road connecting the routes on which the two armies were moving. In the afternoon the Second Division was detached from the corps and sent forward towards Spottsylvania, where it joined the Fifth Corps, already reinforced by the arrival of the Sixth. On the next day. May 9th, the rest of the corps moved forward to this point, thus bringing the entire army once more in line of battle confronting the enemy. The left of this new line was held by Burnside, con- necting oh the right with Sedgwick ; then came Warren, the extreme right being held by Hancock. In front of the Second Corps was the river Po, a small stream flow- ing through a deep valley running nearly eastward from our position. The morning was taken up in making dispositions, and, Avith the exception of the frequent discharge of sharji-shooters' rifles, it was comparatively quiet. This practice was made use of very extensively in this and SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. 241 subsequent campaigns by both armies, often inflicting severe losses. Among those who fell tliis clay was ^lajor-General Sedgwick, whose death was universally lamented. This experienced officer, known to the men of our division as their first commander in active service, and respected for his brave conduct on the battle-field, was instantly killed while standing near the breastworks of the Sixth Corps. During the afternoon of Monday, May 9th, Confed- erate wagons could be seen from our position moving along the road to Spottsylvania, and the Second Corps was directed to cross and endeavor to intercept the train. At four o'clock the small picket force of the enemy was driven away, and the command commenced crossing the river. Before this was completed, night came on and the troops bivouacked on its banks. Next morning, the 10th, a force pushed out towards the point where the w^agons had been seen, only to find that the train had safely passed to the Confederate rear. At ten A.M., May 10th, the divisions of Gibbon and Birney recrossed the Po and took up a position on a wooded ridge joining the line of the Fifth Corps. The last division of the Second Corps, under Barlow, re- mained over the Po until two o'clock, when it was also ordered to withdraw. Just as the movement began it was heavily attacked by the enemy, but met the cliarge with so much spirit that the Confederates were kept at bay. While this severe contest was at its height, the woods in the rear of Barlow^'s men, between them and the river, caught fire; and in the midst of the burning timbers, and under the volleys of the enemy, who were repeatedly driven back, the division recrossed the Po. 21* 242 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. In this aifair the loss was severe, and some of the wounded who fell in the burning woods perished in the flames. In retiring the artillery, one of the guns met with an accident while being run down the difficult approach to the river, and had to be abandoned. This was the first gun ever lost by the Second Corps. The position of the enemy confronting our corps, after we had recrossed the Po and joined Warren, was the strongest point of the Confederate lines. Upon the crest of the thickly-wooded elevation of Laurel Hill they had formed earthworks, rendered almost inaccessible by an abattis of timber and sharpened branches, while the approaches were covered with artillery. This place ha^ been attacked by portions of the Fifth and Sixth Corps about noon, but with no success. At three o'clock a movement was ordered for the purpose of advancing the line preparatory to a general assault ; this also failed. And now at four p.m. a staff-officer rode out to our position to say that the whole line would charge at five p.m., the signal to be "cheering on the left.'' At the appointed hour the men moved forward from their partially-concealed places in the woods, and the moment the line entered the cleared space in front of the enemy's position, it met a fierce fire. Some portions of the corps advanced to the abattis, others halted part way and discharged a few volleys, but speedily the whole line fell back with terrible loss. About the time of this assault, an attack was made by the Sixth Corps on the left, which was more successful, Upton's Brigade having carried the first line of the Con- federate works and captured nine hundred prisoners and SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. 243 several guns. This portion of the line was held until dark, when the troops, for want of support, abandoned the guns and retired to their original line. The failure of the Second and Fifth Corps did not deter the general commanding from a renewed attempt on the same position. Accordingly, regiments had scarcely re-formed before an officer made his appear- ance with directions to "repeat the assault at precisely six o'clock." In spite of the horrible losses required by obedience to this command, there was an approach to the ridiculous in the manner of its communication. No officer of higher rank than a brigade commander liad examined the approaches to the enemy's works on our front, and the whole expression of the person who brought the message seemed to say, " The general com- manding is doubtful of your success." The moment the order was given, the messenger put spurs to his horse and rode off, lest by some misunderstanding the assault should begin before he was safe out of the range of the enemy's responsive fire. Promptly at the appointed hour the division moved out of the woods towards the coveted works. Tlie men had weighed the probabilities of success and decided that the attempt was hopeless. The advance along the line was made without enthusiasm, and it continued only a short distance, when a halt was made and firing com- menced and continued for a brief period, when the whole force fell back as suddenly as before. The result of tbis second attempt, although not at- tended with as heavy loss, as the first, was more demor- alizing. Some of the best troops of the Second Corps, the equals of any soldiers that ever carried ariu.s, uut 244 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. only retired without any real attempt to carry the enemy's works, but actually retreated in confusion to a point far to the rear of the original line, and remained there until nearly night. Brigade staff-officers who were sent to recall the scattered troops, found them gathered about their regimental flags, quietly preparing coffee and com- paring experiences about the movement on Laurel Hill. In the two attacks of this day the Second and Fifth Corps lost over five thousand men, while it is probable that the enemy did not lose one thousand. Wednesday, May 11th, the army remained in posi- tion without any fighting, except a few small affairs of the picket and the usual fusillade of the sharp-shooters. At dark, the Second Corps was ordered to prepare for moving at a moment's notice. The men were directed to arrange their canteens and accoutrements to prevent any noise or rattling from indicating to the enemy that a movement was in progress. At midnight the column started towards the left of the army, and at dawn of day reached a position in the rear of that occupied by the Sixth Corps, and near the Brown House. The distance marched was not over five miles, but the progress of the column was rendered difficult and slow by the darkness of the night and by obstructions in the road. A little before five o'clock on Thursday morning, May 12th, a line of battle was formed by the entire Second Corps: Barlow's Division in two lines, each regiment doubled on the centre; Birney's Division deployed in front of Barlow ; and the divisions of Mott and Gib- bon on the right. The distance from the point of for- mation to the Confederate w^orks was supposed to be SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. 245 three-fourths of a mile, although but little Avas known of the exact location. In front of Barlow the ground was cleared up to the works, while that to be traversed by the Second Division was wooded, with the exception of about one hundred yards. Immediately after the order to advance was given, the troops started at a quick pace and moved forward with- out cheering or firing a shot. The point of direction at the start could only be known by the compass. An ad- vance of half a mile brought Barlow's Division within view of the earthworks at a point where they formed a salient angle. The line, as deployed, proved to be oblique to that of the enemy, bringing Barlow first to strike, then Birney, then Mott and Gibbon. When Barlow's men came within sight of the Confed- erates, they took up the double-quick, and with their flags unfurled rushed up to the works, tore away the obstructions in front, and, quickly clambering over the defenses, sprang among the guns. Birney's Division and that of Mott on the right entered the w^orks almost at the same time with Barlow. The men of Gibbon's Division pressed forward with their comrades, and as they emerged from the woods and saw in the gray light of the morning what appeared to be a line of intrenchments, they raised a loud cheer. This unfortunately gave the enemy warning of our ad- vance. When the division pushed forward past the mistaken line and came in front of the real point of attack, it received a severe fire of musketry and artillery. Although losing heavily while crossing the space imme- diately adjacent to the works, the command never faltered, but with renewed cheering carried the intrenchments ou 246 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the right of Birney, and met the enemy almost simul- taneously with the rest of the corps. There was now a hand-to-hand struggle, in which the brigade bore its full part, many of its members acting with great gallantry. One of the regimental officers, Lieutenant Charles Mcl^ally, Sixty-Ninth, after a per- sonal encounter, in which he was injured, captured a battle-flag. This conflict at close quarters was of short duration ; most of the enemy surrendered, while those who could escape fled through the woods to the next line of defense. The result of the Second Corps^ charge was the cap- ture of nearly four thousand prisoners, composing almost an entire division of EwelFs Corps, with their com- mander. General Johnson. Among the trophies were eighteen guns and thirty standards. The assault was made so quickly after the preliminary dispositions that many on both sides were unaware of its real character until it was nearly completed. Imme- diately in the rear of the division, and following its movements, no doubt supposing its advance was only a change of position, were some of the officers' servants. One of these men was leading an animal laden with pan- niers containing the mess supplies for brigade head- quarters. When the artillery opened after the first cheering, a shell entered the breast of the pack animal, and, passing through, lodged in one of the baskets. The servant unfastened the halter, and, without stopping to grieve over his loss, joined the brigade and entered the works. In a short time the enterprising fellow had seized a horse belonging to the Confederate batteries, and was on his way back to transfer his load. SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. 247 Some of the Confederates near the brigade at the time the works were entered, cried ont, " Yanks, you have got us this time." One man who was rushing towards us fell wounded within a few feet of an officer, saying, " I am sorry you shot me ; I was coming to take the oath of allegiance." Upon being told that we had no copy of that document, but could accommodate him with a little whisky instead, he replied, ^'That will do as well." An attempt was made by some of the men to bring the captured guns to bear on the retreating enemy, but without much success. One patriotic Irishman, who was endeavoring to discharge a cannon with its muzzle at an elevation of forty-five degrees, was advised to depress the gun, but confidently replied, ^^Niver fare: it's bound to come down on somebody's head." These episodes, with many others, occurred while the prisoners were being sent to the rear. In a brief time the mass of the corps, elated by their success, began a pursuit of the retreating Confederates towards Spottsyl- vania. This movement was without order or forma- tion, and, after advancing half a mile through the woods, the second line of defense was approached, where a heavy force was encountered that speedily drove our men back towards the works they had captured. It now became evident that the point Hancock had seized was of the greatest importance to the Confed- erates, as its occupation threatened to divide their army, and preparations Avere made to resist an attempt at re- capture. Arnold's Rhode Island Battery was brought to tlie front and placed on the riglit of the line, and at the same time other batteries of the corps were put in 248 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. position near the Landrum House at our rear. At six A.M. the Sixth Corps began to arrive, and advanced to the earthworks, forming line with the Second Corps. These movements were in progress when the enemy- approached and opened the contest. The men of the Second Corps were in considerable disorder, — officers w^ere seeking for their commands, and many of the men were gathering about color-sergeants carrying the flags of other regiments. In a moment the men rushed up to the nearest defense, closed up their ranks, and began to return the fire. The most sanguinary and deadly fight of this cam- paign began at this moment. During the entire day and far into the night there was one continuous roll of musketry. Repeated charges were made by the enemy, only to be as frequently repulsed. Occasionally both Union and Confederate flags w^re on the breastworks at the same moment, and for the time the concentration of fire told with fearful efiect. The most desperate con- test was about the salient, and in front of it the sight was one of horror. Those killed in the charge at day- light lay before the works, while every repulse of the Confederates left an increased number, until bodies were lying across each other in heaps. The fire was so incessant that the dead were repeatedly struck with balls from both sides, and the w^ounded in many cases perished before the sun went down on the scene of blood. At dark the assaults of Lee were over, but the firing continued from his skirmishers until near midnight. The actual loss of the brigade in this fight is unknown. In the list of casualties reported were the following SPOTTSVLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. 249 officers : Sixty-Xinth llcgiineiit, Captain Thomas Kelly and Lieutenant Josiali Jack, killed ; Captain John McHugh, Lieutenants Charles McNally and Frederick Campbell, wounded. Seventy-First, Captain Mitchell Smith, killed. One Hundred and Sixth, Lieuten- ant-Colonel William L. Curry, in command, mortally wounded, and Lieutenants Charles S. Schwartz and Joshua A. Gage, killed. One Hundred and Fifty- Second ISTew York, Lieutenant G, W. Thompson, Avounded. Colonel Curry died at Washington July 7th. He had won a good reputation as a faithful and intelligent officer, and at diffiirent periods of the service had been intrusted Avith the command of a brigade. At the time the Second Division encountered the eifemy's fire, the loss among officers was very heavy. Brevet Major-General Alexander S. Webb, who had been transferred from the command of the Second Bri- gade to the First, fell in front of the Confederate works with a severe wound in the head just before the division had gained its success. Besides the One Hundred and Sixth there were several regiments of the corps that lost their commanding officers, and these casualties for a brief time impaired their efficiency. The effect of the victory, however, more than compensated for the losses sustained, and the entire army received a new impulse from the success of the Second Corps. Immediately after this affair the following circular was ordered to be read to the troops, and, emanating from an officer who had won their respect for his soldierly qualifications, it had great influence as an incentive for future achievements : 22 250 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. " Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, " May 13th, 1864. "Soldiers, — The moment has arrived when your commanding general feels authorized to address you in terms of congratulation. " For eight days and nights, almost without intermis- sion, in rain and sunshine, you have been gallantly fight- ing a desperate foe in positions naturally strong, and rendered doubly so by i n trench men ts. You have com- pelled him to abandon his fortifications on the Rapidan, to retire, and attempt to stop your onward progress, and now he has abandoned the last intrenched position so tenaciously held, suffering in all a loss of eighteen guns, twenty-two colors, and eight thousand prisoners, including two general officers. " Your heroic deeds and the noble endurance of fa- tigue and privation will ever be memorable. " Let us return thanks to God for the mercy thus shown us, and ask earnestly for its continuance. " Soldiers, your work is not over ; the enemy must be pursued, and, if possible, overcome. " The courage and fortitude which you have displayed render your commanding general confident that your future efforts will result in success. While we mourn the loss of many gallant comrades, let us remember that the enemy must have suffered equal, if not greater, losses. We shall soon receive reinforcements which he cannot expect. Let us determine, then, to continue vigorously the work so well begun, and, under God's blessing, in a short time the object of our labors will be accomplished. " Geo. G. Meade, " Major-General Commanding." SPOTTSFLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. 251 The remainder of tlie montli of May was occupied in frequent movements, attacks, and skirmishes, involving fatio;ue and suifering: that severelv tried the endurance and fortitude of the soldiers. The following extracts from a field diary, written up each day with a lead-pencil, and carried during the campaign, will recall an outline of the Second Brigade's operations immediately after the battle of Spottsylvania Court-House : "May 13th, 14th, and 15th. The brigade changed position frequently, without any apparent object except to obey orders. There Avas little fighting, but con- tinued picketing or marching from one point of the line to another. At nights we bivouacked on the field surrounded by tlie dead, and often drenched with rain. "Monday, 16th. At four p.m. our division moved out to the position abandoned by the Fifth Corps, to bring in six hundred wounded men who were left in hospital. The empty wagon-train accompanying us was filled, and the expedition returned unmolested at nine r.M. "May 17th. The corps lay back of the Landrum House all day. The men were tired and weary. At night we were ordered to prepare to retake the works captured on the 12th, which had been abandoned to the enemy. The night was spent in moving and changing positions preparatory to the assault. "May 18th. At a quarter of five A.M. the division advanced on the Confederates, who held a line in front of the old defenses. This assault was unsuccessful ; the works were too strong, and the corps, after getting 252 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. within a few paces of the enemy, fell back, losing con- siderably in killed and wounded. Left this front at nine p.m. for the Ny River. ^^ May 19th. At two o'clock a.m., arrived at the JSTy. Halted during the day near Anderson's Mills. Part of the brigade on picket duty. Ordered to march at 'eleven p.m. After falling into line the order was coun- termanded." This movement was delayed in consequence of an attack by the enemy during the day on the right of our army. EwelPs Corps crossed the Ny above the right flank, and, pushing forward to the Fredericksburg road, seized an ammunition-train; but was handsomely re- pulsed, losing a number killed and wounded, besides several hundred prisoners. " May 20th. At half-past eleven, started on the road to Massaponox church. " May 21st. After marching all the preceding night, crossed the Mattapony, near Milford, at eleven a.m., and formed line of battle. ^^ May 23d. After remaining in position near the river until seven a.m. to-day, started via Chesterfield to the North Anna Eiver. Arrived at three p.m., and met the skirmishers of the enemy on its north side." At the time General Grant commenced the flank movement to the east and south of Spottsylvania, Gen- eral Lee anticipated his course, and at once put his forces on the march, by parallel roads, to intercept the Union advance. Having the best and most direct route from his position at Spottsylvania to the next line of defense, the Confederate general was able to anticipate SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE. 253 Grant's moveiiients, and again intervene between his colnmns and Richmond. Upon our arrival near tlie point at which the telegraph-road from Fredericksburg to Richmond crosses the stream, we found the enemy, in large force, prepared to resist the passage. 22* CHAPTER XX. NORTH ANNA. After leaving Spottsylvania the route of the Second Corps lay, for the most part, through a fertile country that had not been disturbed by the tread of hostile armies. The farm-buildings were generally well con- structed, and the mansions, in many instances, Avere supplied with the luxuries as well as the comforts of life. One of these homesteads, near a position occupied by the brigade, gave evidence in its collection of articles of vertUy and in its well-supplied wine-cellar, that there were in this part of Virginia citizens whose means per- mitted the gratification of a cultivated and luxurious taste. The change of scene from the wilds of Chancellors- ville and Spottsylvania to the green fields, and farms stocked with sheep and fine cattle, that gave beauty to this locality, was gratifying to the soldiers, Avho, it is probable, to as great a degree were distasteful to the inhabitants. Although the latter were not disturbed in their persons, they nevertheless suffered great inconven- ience and loss of property from the military operations of the Union advance. One of the chief annoyances was the destruction caused by the preparation of tempo- rary defenses. 254 NORTH ANNA. 255 Experience had impressed on the veterans of both armies the great importance of adding to the strength of positions by constructing rifle-pits, earthworks, and other defenses. The men had so frequently found the advantage of these constructions that their erection sel- dom needed the order of the commanding general. When the enemy Avere in front and an attack was probable, rifle-pits were dug as soon as a halt was made, often- times before the soldiers had partaken of their hard- tack and coflee. To assist in this work the ammunition- wagons of each division carried intrenching tools and axes ; but in an emergency the men did not await the arrival of these implements, using instead their bayonets or tools carried by the pioneers, and in advanced posi- tions, in the absence of these, even pieces of wood and tin-cups were employed to scoop out covers for the skirmishers. There are numerous monuments of military enter- prise still existing in tlie theatre of army o2:>erations, and their erection entailed considerable loss, especially near the Xorth Anna, where the cultivated land was of more value than the Wilderness forests or the Chicka- hominy swamps. On one occasion the division formed in line of battle on a farm that was under high cultiva- tion, and the men worked industriously for hours, until a continuous ditch of several feet in depth extended through the centre, dividing it into equal sections. To strengthen this rifle-pit the log slave-huts and outbuild- ings were torn down and laid along the top of the em- bankment. The work was scarcely completed when it was ascertained that the enemy had clianged liis front, rendering it necessary to form a line of defense crossing 256 HISTORY OF THE PHILADELPHIA BRIGADE. the first at right angles. As soon as the brigades took new positions, work was begun on another rifle-pit of the same character. After working for several hours, the scouts reported that the enemy had left, and the division marched off, leaving the astonished planter in possession of a farm literally crossed with ditches. Operations of this character were frequently repeated, and these field-works, aside from the destruction of buildings and valuable fruit-trees cut down for obstructions, often cost heavy expense and labor to repair their damages. Notwithstanding the peculiar hardships of this cam- paign, its continuous fighting, marching, and intrenching, the morale of the men was so far wonderfully preserved. There was some straggling and skulking, but it was principally among the substitutes and drafted men. To remedy these evils severe orders were issued, and in several cases those found guilty, after trial by drumhead courts-martial, were punished with death. As will be seen by the following circular, the proceedings in the trials by courts-martial were exceedingly brief, and the sentences were quickly executed : "Headquarters, Second Diyision, " May 19th, 1864. *' Circular to Courts-Martial. "In the trial of stragglers as directed by circular orders from headquarters. Second Corps, May 17th, 1864, the proceedings w'ill be of the most summary character, the main point being to establish the guilt of the accused. Testimony will be taken as usual, but no record need be kept of it. The charge, pleas, finding, and sentence, will be duly recorded and signed. " The fact that a man is sent back . under guard to NORTH ANNA. 257 Ills regiment after a battle, and is unable to show any authority for his absence, ought to be sufficient for his conviction ; and it is recommended to courts-martial to inflict in every clear case the })enalty of death, in order to save life and maintain the efficiency of the army. ^^JOHN GiBBOX, " Brigadier-General Volunteers, " Commanding Division.'^ One of the cases tried under the instructions of Gen- eral Gibbon was that of a young man belonging to the First Brigade. He had been convicted and sentenced for an infraction of military law previously, but upon the urgent solicitation of his mother he had received a pardon from President Lincoln. The court-martial met on the edge of the woods near the headquarters of the division, at three o'clock in the afternoon of May 19th. After a brief session, the prisoner w^as found guilty, and the report of the trial was forAvarded through the usual channels to the head- quarters of the army. The following abstract of these proceedings will show the prompt action taken by the military authorities in this and in a number of similar cases : "Headquarters, Army or the Potomac, "May 19th, 18G4. "General Court-Martial Order No. " Before a general court-martial, convened in Second Division, Second Corps, in pursuance of special orders from these headquarters of INIay 19th, 1864, was ar- raigned and tried private , on the following charge and specifications : 258 HISTORY OF the Philadelphia brigade. "Charge. Deserting the colors of the regiment in the face of the enemy. "Specification 1st. In this, tliat private did desert his post and the colors of his regiment while engaged with the enemy in the Wilderness, at or near Chancel- lorsville, Virginia, on or about May 7th, 1864. " Specification 2d. In this, that the said private did desert his colors while the regiment was going into action at or near Spottsylvania Court-House, on or about the 10th day of May, 1864. To which charge and specifications the accused pleaded not guilty. " Finding. 1st Specification : not guilty. 2d Specifica- tion : guilty. Charge: guilty. Sentence: to be shot to death with musketry at such time and place as the com- manding general may direct, two-thirds of the members concurring therein. " The proceedings of the general court-martial in the foregoing case having been approved by the proper authorities and transmitted to the general commanding, the following are the orders thereon. The proceedings in the case of private are approved ; the sentence will be carried into effect in presence of so much of the division to which the prisoner belongs as can be properly assembled at seven a.m.. May 20th, 1864, or as soon after as practicable. "The major-general commanding is determined to exercise the utmost rigor of the law in punishing those cowards who disgrace their colors by basely deserting them in the presence of the enemy. " By command of Major-General Meade. "S.Williams, A. A. G.'' NORTH ANNA. 259 The behavior of this prisoner at his deatli-scene seemed to give a denial to the specifications against him. lie walked unsupported in front of the firing party to the place aj^pointed for the execution, and stood with his back to the grave and his face to the provost guard. When the order to fire was given, he exclaimed, — " Oh, my poor mother !" and fell, an example of military severity. AVhether the effect of an execution for an alle (t D Serg't F Corp'l G Private G " G " G Serg't I Private I Serg't Private Serg't Private Serg't Corji'l Private 1st Lt. Private Serg't Corp'l Private Serg't Private Serg't Capt. 2d Lt. Private K Remakes. Killed at Charles City Cross-Roads, Va., June 30, 18(i2. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa.. July 2, 18(;:j. Died at Falmouth, Ya., IMarch 9, 18(;:!. Killed at Gettysl)urg, Pa., .July :'., llS(i3. Killed at Yorktown, Ya., May 5, 1862. Killed at Chantilly, Va., Sept. 1, 1S02. Died — date unknown — of wounds recrived at Spottsylvania, Ya., May 12, 18G4. Died at Richmond, Ya. Date unknown. Died at Andersonville, Ga.. Nov. 4, 18G4. ■ Killed at Wilderness, Ya., May G, 18G4. Killed at Wilderness, Ya., May 6, 1804. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 18G2. Died S' pt. 9, 18G2, of wounds received at New Market Cross-Roads, Ya., June 30, 18G2. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 2, 18G3, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Falmouth, Ya., Apr. 24, 1863. Died at Alexandria, Ya., Oct. 15, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Camp Observation, Md., Oct. 14, 1861. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died Sept. 5, 1864. Died at Fortress Monroe, Ya., July 15, 1S62. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Fredericksburg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 18G3. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Antietiim, Md.', Sept. 17, 18G2. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Ream's Station, Ya., Aug. 25, 1864. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Ya., May 12. 1864. Died at. Washington, D. C, Jan. 4, 1865, of wounds received in action. Died Dec. 29, 18G2, of woiinds received at Fred- ericksburg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Fortress Monroe, Ya., July, 1862. Died of wounds received at Petersburg, Va., June 16, 1864. Died at Camp Observation, Md., Feb. 19. 1862. Kilh'd at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died May 18, 186 1, of wounds received at Spott- sylvania C. 11., Ya., May 12, ISGl. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., — date unknown, — of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Petersburg, Va., June 22, 1864. Killed at Fredericksburg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Died June 27, 1862, of wounds received in ac- tion. 26 298 ROLL OF DEAD, Roll of Dead, Sixty-Ninth Regiment. — Continued. Name. Ledger, Chas. Lightsinger, David Lynch, Timothy Liudell, John Logue, Edward Lanaghan, Jere'h Lafferty, Edward Loviden, John F. Logan, Michael Little, George M'Govern, Farrell J. Morrison, Robert M'Geehan, Wm. M'Shea, James F. M'Cutcheon, David M'Fadden, Arthur Mullins, James Moyer, Andrew M'Naniara, John M'Sorley, Matthew M'Gucken, And'w M'Call, Hugh » Monagle, Peer Moss, Jas. M'Devitt, Hugh M'Nulty, James M'Ginley, James M'Hugh, Joseph M'Cabe, Jas. M'Cann, James M'Williams, John M'Vay, James M'Claine, William M'Nasby, Dennis M'Leaman, Hugh M'Manus, Thomas M'Manus, Andrew M'Elroy, John Mooney, Thomas M'Elraiu, John M'Carson, Edward Mulholland, George Mulholland, Arthur M'Cafferty, Neal M'C'urniick, Stewart M'Kenny, John Mullen, JMichael M'Caun, Edw. M'Lauuhlin, James Rank. Co. B Private (( C " c (( F (1 F Cl G (( I (( I (C I (C K Corp'l Private A A u A Serg't B B Corp'l B Private B " B u B (( B » B (( B Corp'l Private c c " c (( c 2dLt. D 1st Lt. D Serg't Corp'l Private D D D (( D 1 D t( D , 18r4, of woumls received in action Oct. 27, 1804. 300 ROLL OF DEAD. Boll of Dead, Sixty-Ninth Regiment. — Continued. Name. SoTiders, Heniy Shields, Francis Sailor, S. II. Titus, Wm. Thackary, Sam'l Toner, Wm. Toy, Bernard Thompson, George Taggart, Hugh Thompson, George C. Taylor, C. Howard Thomas, Henry Todd, William Tliompson, F. A. B. Todd, Jas. H. Udell, George Vanghan, Bev'y K. Vondersmith, Jos. L. Welsh, John AV. Waters, Bernard Wilson, Hector Welsh, Michael Waters, Michael Williams, Chas. White, Michael Williams, Jas. Williams, Wm. I. AVollen, Joseph Waters, John Wallace, Wm. M. Webb, Joseph S. Rank. Co. Private I (< K u K C( A 1( B Corp'l C Private C If c « E Capt. F 2d Lt. F Corp'l F Private H " I (1 K " A " E Serg't K Private B 1st Sgt. c Private C a., July 3, 1803. Died at Washington, D. C, Dec. 30, 1863. Killed. in action, .June 3, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at IJall'^ BlnfT, Va., Oct. 21, 1801. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1801. Died of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., June 1,1802. Killed at Ball's Hlnff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Killed at Ball's Bluff, A'a., Oct. 21. 1861. Died at Philadelphia, I'a., Nov., 1802. Died at Richmond, Va., Jan. 23, 1864. Killed in action. May 23, 1801. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Va., May 11, 1864. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1S02. Kille.l at Gettysburg, I'a., July 3, 1863. Killed aci-ideiitaliv, Fel)., l'^02. Dii'd at Washington, D. (!., Dec. 9, 1862. Killed at Peach Orchard, Va., June 29, 1862 Killed at Antietam, Md., S.-pt. 17, 1H02. Killed at Hall's Hluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1801. Died Nov. 2, 1862. 26* 301 302 ROLL OF DEAD. Roll of Dead, Seventy- First Regiment. — Continued. Name. R.\NK. Co. Dare, Sylvester 0. Private F DeYoung, Benj. « F Diake, Joseph " I Davidson, Wm. H. (( I Devlin, Blichael " I Duross, John Corp'l K Dngan, John " K Denner, Richard Private K Dellinger, Thomas " K Dellinger, Jolin a K Davy, Chas. a K Dull, Wm. H. Capt. B Ernest, Geo. W. Private A Evans, Lewis Corp'l D Edwards, Evan Private I Evans, Wm. '• I Epich, Jacob " K Frinkle, Jacob (( B Fulton, John (( D Farrady, Wm. (( F Fallows, Wm. (( H Force, Thomas J. u H Galbraith, Jas. t( A Garritty, Jas. (1 A Gravenstein, Jas. L. « C Gibson, John (( D Gallagher, Andrew Corp'l G Groom, George Private G Gallagher, Jas. " H Holmes, Wm. Serg't A Hooper, Andrew J. Private A Hand, Thomas (( A Hari'is, Wm. <( A Handy, David " C Hil.bs, Benj.F. 2dLt. D Hunt, Elijah R. Corp'l D Hafer, Adam Private D Hartley, Richard " D Huling, Jas. a D Hafer, Samuel '< E Harwood, Wm. (( F Hanlon, Thomas i( G Hawvy, John R. (f H Happerly, Stephen (( H Hope, John " H Hirprick, George i( H Hervington, A. J. (i H Haggerty, James Corp'l K Hoover, George Private K Hill, Jesse Corp'l C Irvin, Casper Private B Ingraham, Theo. R. Corp'l F Remarks. Died of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died July 14, 1862, ot wounds received in action. Died at Newark, N. J., Sept. 12, 1862. Died at Harrison's Landing, Va., Aug. 23, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died January, 1S62. Died at Point Lookout, Md., July 29, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died April 20, 1864. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at York, Pa., Oct., 1862. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 27, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa , July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., Julv 3, 1863. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Va., May 11, 1864. Died Oct. 1, 1862. Died Oct. 29, 18b2. Killed at Antietam, 3Id., Sept. 17, 1S62. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Va., May 12,1864. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Nov., 1862. Died July 18, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., July 4, 1861. Dipd at Richmond, Va., April 3, 1S64. Killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Washington, D. C, Jan. 3, 1863. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Died Dec. 27, of wounds received at Fredericks- burg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Cold Harbor, Va., June 9, 1864. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Died Feb. 26, 1863, of wounds received at An- tietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1863. Killed at Fair Oaks, Va., May" 31, 1862. Died near Brandy Station, Va., March 4, 1864. Died at Harrison's Landing, Va., July 7, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed on picket, June 8, 1862. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Died at Richmond, Va., Dec. 7, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Harrison's Landing, Va., Aug., 1862, Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died Dec, 1861. Died at Richmond, Va., Sept., 1863. Killed at White Oak Swan)p, Va., June 30, 1862. Died at Poolesville, Md., Dec. 1, 1861. SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT. 303 Roll of Dead., Seventy-First Regiment. — Continued. Name. Johnson, John Jiigganl, Charles Kiles, Chas. Keller, C'has. A. Knight, Harry W. Kennedy, Robert Kyle, Robert J. Kelly, Chas. II. Kelly, Franeis Kevane, Daniel Lane, Wm. II. Lingertelter, J. W. LeBold, Jacob Lloyd, Andrew J. Lever, George Layton, Chas. Lesher, Peter Logan, Charles Lawman, Giistavus Lutsey, Harrison Lacille, Lucien Lowrie, Geo. Livingstone, Robert Loveland, Albert E. Liisk, William Lawrence, Wm. H. Lynch, Thomas Livzey, Edwin B. M'Kinim, Win. R. M'Geague, Thomas Migent, John Miller, Chas. M'Cuen, William Matlack, Henry R. Mullineanx, Sam'l Maxwell, Jas. M'Erlane, Anthony M'Langhlin, (,'. S. M'Keever, Edw'd L. ]Mills, James Murphy, Samuel M'Carol, James Moore, Maurine C. M'3Ienamiii, R. ISIurray, .Me.x. Moore, Mansfield I. M'Closky, Edw. Miller, Reuben Mullen, Joseph M'Caffery, James M'Derniott, Andrew Nichuals, Joshua L. R.\NK. Co. Private H H B B C E E H K Remarks. Serg't Capt. Serg't Corp'l Private 1st Sgt. Serg't Private Sers't UV 1 f^ l. I Corp'l A Private A (t B It B 1 " ^ " C ' (( c 1 " c " D I Corp'l E Serg't D' Private !<• " G (1 G Ist Lt. H Private H Serg't I Private I 1 Serg't K i Private K ; t( K ' (( K " K " c Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 18G1. Killed at Balls Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 18G1. Died at Frederick City, Md., Dec. 1, 1SC2. Died Dec. 2:5, I8G1. Killed at Antietam. Md., Sept. 17, 18C2. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July :5, 185:5. Died at Newport News, Ya., S<'pt. IG, 18G2. Died at Anderson vi lie, Ga., March 1, 18G4. Died Aug., 1SG2. Killed at Cold Harbor, Va., June 4, 18G4. Killed at Ball's Bhift", Va., Oct. 21, 18G1. Killed on picket near Chain Bridge, Va., Sept. 21, 18G1. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Peach Orchard, Va., June 29, 1862. Died at Philadelphia. Pa., Aus. 8, 1862. Died at New York, Oct. 18, 1862. Died July 8, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July :5, 18G:5. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 9, 1862. Died April 1, 1SG4. Died June 7, 1864, of wounds received at Cold Harbor, Ya. Died June 5, 18G4, of wounds received at Spott- sylvania C. H.. Va., May 12, 18G4. Died at Richmond, Va. Date unknown. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Fort Hamilton, N. Y., Nov. 28, 1862. Died at Harrison's Landing, Va., July 21, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Spottsvlvania C.H., Va., May 12, 1864. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Killed at Cold Harbor, Ya., June :5, 18G4. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 19, 1862. Died Aug., 1862, of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Killed on picket, June 8, 1862. Died at Newi)ort News, Va., Sept. ;5, 1862. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 14, 18G2. Died at Amlersonville, Ga., April 25, 18C4. Died Dec. 14, lcS(;i. Died Sept. 8, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., .Sept. 17, 1862. Killed on picket, June 8, 1.HG2. Died at Richmond, Ya., Feb., 1862. Killed at Antirtani, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Amlersonville, Ga., .\ng. :5, 1S64. Killed at Fredeiicksburg, Va., Dec. \\ 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July :5, 186:5. Killed at Antietam, Md., .Sept. 17, 1862. Died Atig., 18G2. Died Aug., 1862. Died at Richmond, Va., Dec, 1861. 304 ROLL OF DEAD. Boll of Dead, Seventy-First Regiment. — Continued. Namb. Norris, E. Carlyle Nelson, Jaines Noble, Samuel F. Otter, Win. E. O'Domiell, Michael Oswald, Jacob I'eterson, Thos. J. Pilliugs, Thomas Painter, Lemuel Paist, Alban T. Pratt, John M. Potter, Kobert II. Perkins, John J. Price, Rudolph Parker, Thomas Peoples, John Phelps, Isaac Pascoe, Josepli Payran, Joseph G. Peirce, George Peters, Geo. W. Quinn, Thomas Randelh Sewell Rcardon, \Vm. H. Ryan, Cornelius Reynolds, John Reilly, James Ryan, Thomas Robertson, William Rudolph, Joseph R. Rice, Henry A. Rave, Michael Radford, Valentine Steffan, John M. Steinmetz, Wm. H. Smith, William Suydam, Henry Slater, Samuel Scott, John Smith, Robert Standing, Richard Seabury, Robert S. Schaefi'ei', Christ'n A. Smucli, Jacob Smith, Philip Smitli, Matthew Shubb, Godfrey Smith, Mitchell Sargster, Joseph Stradling, M. L. Sargster, Wm. Survey, John B. Rank. Co. G Capt. Private G " I Capt. C Private C " G (1 A " A " B Serg't C (( c Private c " c (1 D a D 11 F It G 11 H (( H It H 11 I " H Corp'l D Private E Serg't G Private G i< G 11 H 11 n Serg't I Private I " I " K Capt. A Private A " B " B " C 11 D 11 D " D Capt. F 2dLt. F Private F i< G 11 G 11 G Capt. H Corp'l H Private H " H " H Remarks. Died May 1, 1863, of wounds received in action. Died at Richmond, Va., Nov. 16, 1863. Died Oct. 8, 1862, of wounds received at Autie- tam, Md.. Sept. 17,1862. Killed at Ball's Bluff", Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Died Oct., 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at York, Pa., Oct. 1, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Newport News, Va., Aug. 16, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Died Nov. 19, 1863. Killed at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864. Died at Brandy Station, Va., Feb. 25, 1864. Died of wounds received in action, June 15, 1864. Died Oct. 27, 1862. Killed at Falls Church, Va., Sept. 29, 1861. Killed at Falls Clmrch, Va., Sept. 29, 1861. Died June 11, 1864, of wounds received at Cold Harbor, Va. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Va., May 18, 1864. Died at Harrison's Landing, Va. Date un- known. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Died at Newport News, Va., Aug. 21, 1862. Died at Trenton, N. J., Sept., 1863. Killed at Ball's Blutf, Va., Oct 21, 1861. Killed in action, June 9, 1862. Killed at White Oak Swamp, Va., June 30, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Point Lookout, Md., Oct. 10, 1862. Died at Falmouth, Va., Jan. 17, 1863. Died at Harr. son's Landing, Va., Aug., 1862. Died May 17, 1864, of wounds received at Spott- sylvania C. H., Va., May 12, 1864. Killed at Gettvsburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died Aug. 3, 1863. Killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Died at Washington, D. C, Oct. 19, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Died at Newport News, Va., Sept. 7, 1862. Killed May 7, 1864. Died at Poolesville, Md., March 3, 1862. Killed at Peach Orchard, Va., June 28, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at White Oak Swamp, Va., June 30, 1862. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Va., May 12, 1864. Killed accidentally, July 4, 1861. Killed at Ball's Bluff", Va., Oct. 21, 1861. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 1861. SEVENTY-FIRST REGIMENT. 305 Roll of Dead, Seventy- First Regiment. — Continued. Name. Shultz, Wui. Stockton, John Stanton, Merritt Stephens, Alex. Stephens, Richard Tack, Oliver P. Thompson, Robert Taney, Washington Teese, John Taylor, James Vance, John Vonderpehr, Frank Whitehead. Robert Wilson, William Watrous, Wilbar F. Wallin, Robert F. Williams, Joseph D. Williams, William Williams, Barney Weaver, Geo. Walker, Robert White, Joseph Williainson, John Williams, Robert Wilson, George Young, Wm. T. Ziegler, John C. Rank. Co. Corp'l I Private T " K u K » K " C " c " c Serg't D Corp'l G Private « Serg't H Private A 2d Lt. B 1 Serg't B Private (I 2d Lt. D Private D D F F H H I K C C Remarks. Md., Died Sept. 29, 18G3, of wounds received at Get- tysburg, Pa., July 2, 18C:}. Dieil. Date unknown. Killed at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 18f)4. Died of wounds received at Antietam, Sept. 17, 18G2. Died Aug.. 1862. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21, 18GI. Died Aug. 8, 18G2. Died Oct. .31, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Wilderness, Va., May 9, 1864. Killed in action, Dec. 14, 1863. Died Jan. 19, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Washington, D. C, Dec, 18G2. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 18G2. Killed at White Oak Swamj), A'a., June 30, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Ball's Bluff, Va., Oct. 21. 1861. Killed at Fair Oaks, Va.. May 31, 1862. Died at Richmond, Va., March 4, 18G4. Killed at Poolesville, Md., Dec. G, 1861. Died Aug. 10, 18()2, of wounds received in ac- tion, June 29, 18G2. Killed at Falls Church, Va., Sept. 29, 1861. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Washington, D. C, Oct. 13, 18G2. Died of wounds received at Spottsylvania C. II., Va., IMay 12, 1864. Died April 10,1863. Died Oct. 5, 1862. EOLL OF DEAD. SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT. Name. Auner, Joseph G. Allen, Wm. H. Anderson, Geo. L. Asb, Edwin R. Appel, John Aitkens, Joseph Abrams, Geo. W. Brady, John Brown, Robert Borland, Joseph Ball, Samuel L. Bartman, Wm. H. Bander, John F. Berg, Wm. H. Briggs, Geo. Baker, Harry Beale, Wm. A. Buddy, Jacob John Brown, Wm. H. Barger, Wm. Gurnan, John Clark, Wm. W. Cresse, Wm. H. Coste, Michael Chambers, Geo. Class, Geo. W. Conner, Edmund Caldwell, Alfred Collier, Edmund Y. Rank. 1 Co. A Pri vate Corp'l C Private D (( F (C G Serg't I Private C " D " D (( D Serg't E (( F Private F (( F Corp'l G Private H (I H « H Corp'l I Private I " A (( A Corp'l B 1st Lt. C Serg't C Private c " D (1 E (( E Remarks. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Fair Oaks, Ya., June 8, 1862. Died, Oct. 10, of wonnds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., June 25, 1864. Killed at Fredericksburg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Wilderness, Ya., May 6, 1864. Killed at Cold Harbor, Ya., June 1, 1864. Died at Bolivar Heights, Ya., March 21, 1862. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., July 24, 1864. Died Sept. 25, 1862, of wounds received at An- tietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died of wonnds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died — date unknown — of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July, 1863. Killed at Falmouth. Ya., Dec. 8, 1862. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Ya., May 12, 1864. Died Dec. 26, of wounds received at Fredericks- burg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Antietam. Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Sharpsburg, Md., July 22, 1863. Killed at Briscoe Station, Ya., Oct. 14, 1863. Killed at Petersburg, June 17, 1864. Killed at Wilderness, Ya., May 6, 1864. Died Oct. 10, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died Aug. 7, 1862, of wounds I'eceived at Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 1862. Died Sept. 21, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. 306 SE VENT} ^-SECOND R EGIMENT. 307 Roll of Dead, Seventy- Second Regiment. — Continued. Name. Cranston, Albert L. Campbell, Harry B. Clew, Samuel Clark, James E. Campbell, Daniel Cottrell, Ell win Cavanaugh, John L. Cook, Wm. H. Dumont, Augustus Dailey, Edw. Dungan, Albert Devlin, Joseph Dorff, Richard Devlin, Harry Dunlap, Clias. Dawson, Wm. Dunkiiifield, Geo. Davison, Chas. Dotter, Albert H. Debman, Albanus Donaldson, Harry Edwards, William Esler, Joseph Evans, Tyson Edgar, Gustavus FarreQ, John Fetters, Samuel II. Fox, Albert B. Finccy, Wm. Gartlaml, John Green, IMurgan II. Gilmour, Alfred Gallagher, Michael Gos.sman, Wm. Granger, Clias. P. Garvin, Samuel II. Groves, Joseph Grimm, John L. Gibson, Jesse A. Gallagher, Daniel E. Guinand, Virgil Giranl, Henry Grifhtli, James J. Glenn, .lacob Gray, Thomas Hoffman, Geo. Harris, Joseph K. Rank. Co. E Private '' E c. G (( G « I " I " K " K " B D D " G ^J (( H Corp'l I Private I " I u I " I (( K Serg't N Private A " A a A a I (( C 11 F Serg't G " H " A Private B " B K C 11 E It E " E " E 11 E F 11 G It G 1st Lt. I 2d Lt. I Private K Serg't A Private B Remarks. Died July 6, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July, 18G:i. Died Aug. 8, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July, 18G:'.. Died at Falmouth, Va., Dec. 31, 1862. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., April 21, 18(;:'., of wounds received at Antietam, Mel., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sei)t. 17, 1862. Died Jul}' 1, of wounds received at Savage Sta- tion, Va., June 29, 1862. Died Aug. 11, 1862. Kille 1 at Getty-sburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., 3Iarch 8, 1863. Died at Poolosville, Md., Oct. 18, 1861. Died Nov. 17, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Andersonville, Ga., Sept. 21, 1864. Died at Bolivar, Va., Nov. 18, 1862. Died at Camp Observation, Md., June 10, 18t2. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. Died at Morrisville, Va., Nov. 7, 1863. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., June 27, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Mil., Sept. 17, 1S62. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Antietam, Md., Se].t. 17, 1862. Died at Camp Ob.servation, Md., Feb. 9, 1862. Died of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Mine Run, Va., Nov. 27, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Antietam, Mil., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Harper's Ferry, Va., Oct. 31, 1862. Died Mav 27, 1864. Killed at Gettysburg. Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at New York City, July 16, 1862. Died at Foi-tress Monroe, Va., Nov. 7, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died of wounds received at Gettysburg, I'a., July 4, 1863. Killed at Odd Hurbor, Va., June 5, 1864. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., March Ki, lst;4. Died of wounds received at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. i;i, 1862. Died Oct. 7, 1862. Died at Fortres.s Monroe, Va., Sept. 27, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Petersburg, Va., .lune 22, 1861. Dicil at Pliilidrlpliia, Pa., Nov. 26, IS6-.>. Killed at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864. Died May 27, 1864. 308 ROLL OF DEAD. Roll of Dead, Seventy- Second Regiment. — Continued. Name. Hawkins, Henry Hess, Geo. L. Hutterlock, John Harrison. Wm. Houshali; Wm. W. Harrigan, James Hesson, Bernard Houts, Leander Houts, Chas. Huntley, Louis D. Hemphill, David Hazzard, Wm. S. Heimer, John Holden, Geo. W. Huber, Edw. Hollingsworth, J. Hubell, Edw. Jones, Evan Johnson, John J. ' Jones, Sutton Jordan, Hiram Jacobs, Wm. Johnson, David Keen, Moses H. Kelter, Chas. Kennedy, Jas. Krider, Edw. Keelig, Fred'k Kiker, Wm. Krein, Henry Loudenstein, Wm. Leeson, John G. Liggetts, Chas. G. Lodge, Chas. G. Lambert, Thomas Longyear, Ernest Logan, Andrew Laird, Howard Lesher, Lewis Lawton, Stephen Mintzer, Abraham M'Gonigle, Clias. M'Dowell, Alex. Massey, Augustus Murphy, Chas. Morrison, Sam'l A. Murrow, Wm. M' Bride, John F. M'Farland, John P. Rank. Co. B Private 1st Sgt. C Corp'l c Private c Serg't D Private D " D " E (( E " E (1 E Serg't H Corp'l H Private H Corp'l 1 Private 1 " I <( A t< C 2dLt. E Corp'l G Private i " K Serg't B Private B Corp'l F Private i (1 K « K n E " A Corp'l B Private B " B " C « D (( G C( I " I " K i( A Capt. B Corp'l B Private B " B u B " B t( B (( B Remarks. Died at Convent Hospital, Md., July 20, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 18G2. Died Oct. 29, 1862. Killed at Petersburg, Va., June 22, 1864. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Milton, Pa., Dec. 28, 1S61. Killed at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died Aug. 20, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Cold Harbor, Va., June 7, 1864. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Va., May 12, 1864. Killed at Savage Station, June 29, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died Oct. 22, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died Jan. 4, 1863, of wounds received at Fred- ericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Poolesville, Md., Sept. 8, 1861. Died of wounds received at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Falmouth, Va., Dec. 7, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Harrison's Landing, Va., June 20, 1862. Killed at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., April 22, 1862. Died at Falmouth, Va., Feb. 5, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Fair Oaks. Va., July 15, 1862. Killed at Poolesville, Md., Feb. 7, 1862. Killed at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Petersburg, Va., June 17, 1864. Died of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died Oct. 3, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. Died at Camp Observation, Md., Feb. 6, 1862. Killed at Wilderness, May 6, 1864. Died at Camp Observation, Md., Dec. 14, 1861. Died a prisoner. Date unknown. Killed at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 27, 1863. Killed at Gettyslmrg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Antietam, Md.. Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Frederick, Md., Dec. 31, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., Julv 3, 1863. SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT. 309 Roll of Dead, Seventy- Second Regiment. — Continued. Name. Rank. Co. C Remarks. Mel lor, Fred'k Private Killed at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 18G2. Mickle, Geo. (1 c Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., .July 3, 18G:{. M'Aleer, Philip (( c Died of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 18C2. M'Callister, John S. " c Died of wounds received at Wilderness, Va., May G, 18G4. M'Bride, Andrew Capt. D Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 180:5. Martin, Francis Private D Died Sept. 27, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Miller, Henry " D Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 30, 18G3. Marsh, Edw. " D Killed at Petersburg, Va., June 22, 1864. M'CuUough, Peter " D Died June 30, 1862. M'Laughlin, James " D Died July 12, of wounds received at Gett- sburg. Pa., July 3, 1863. M'Causland, John (( D Died July 27, of wounds received at Gettys- burg, Pa.. July 3, 1863. M'Dermott, Dennis "• D Killed at Wilderness, Va., May 6, 1864. Manly, Wm. H. " E Died of wounds received at Fair Oaks, A'a., June 27, 1862. Mills, Alex. K E Died Julv 9, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. M'Donald, Wm. (( E Died Aug. 4, 1863, of wounds received at Gettys- burg, Pa., July 3, 1863. M'Intosh, Alex. U E Killed on Mechanicsville Road, Va., May 31, 1864. Martin, Wm. R. Serg't F Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Mitclieson, Thomas F Died at Harrison's Landing, Va., July 8, 1862. Mackin, Peter Corp'l F Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. M'Afce, Wm. Private F Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 18G2. Myers, Frederick Corp'l G Died of wounds received at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. ]\Ioore, Chas. Private G Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 19, 1861. M'Cullougli, Hugh (t G Killed at Savage Station, Va., June 29, 1862. Mealey, Edw. C( H Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug., 1864. Miller, Jacob u I Killed at Cold Harbor, Va., June 3, 1864. Matz, James (( K Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. M'Carty, Chas. u K Killed at Gettysburg, I'a., July 3, 1863. M'Hugh, John (I K Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Nicholson, Thomas Corp'l D Died July 2U, of wounds received at Gettys- burg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Nock, Wm. H. H. Private D Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Neal, Joseph " D Died Sept. 27, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Noble, Walter (( K Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Neill. Albert IJ. (I K Killed at Gettysburg. Pa., July 3, 1863. O'Neill, Michael D Died at Harrisburg, Pa., Sept. 5, of wounds re- ceived at Gettysburg, I'a., July 3, 1^63. Peabody, A. W. 2dLt. A Killed at Antietam, Md., Sei)t. 17, 1862. Pritchett, Joseph Corp'l C Died at Andersonville, Ga., Jan. 3, 1865. Peacock, Benj. E. Private C Died at Philadelphia. Pa., Jan. 24, 1864. Place, Wni. Serg't E Killed at Antiot;im, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Parker, Geo. F. Private V. KiUo.l at Cold Harbor, Va., June 2, 1864. Painter, Jacob M. K F Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Va., May IS, 1864. Peifer, Geo. W. (( G Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Pollock, Joseph (t H Died June 28, 1862, of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 18G2. 27 310 ROLL OF DEAD. Roll of Dead, Seventy-Second Regiment. — Continued. Name. Rank. Co. Quirk, Edw. M. Private D Korer, Elwood ii A Roberts, Joseph S. t( B Riddell, Josepli T. tc C Riche, John t; C Robb, Jcdin A. " c Reifi", Jacob B. 1st Sgt. E Kitter, EmeliQ Private E Roach, Thomas K E Rialle, Josiah (( F Roussel, Edw. G. Capt. G Rangle, Joseph Private G Reid, John " I Rever, Jacob " I Rainier, Samuel (1 K Ritchie, Frank M. (1 K Supplee, Andrew C. Capt. A Summers, Aaron Private A Shaw, Albert J. " A Skelton, James R. (( A Shaw, Augustus Cl A Shreve, Rich'd L. R. Capt. B Saylor, Theodore Corp'l C Strayline, Theodore " C Smith, Peter Private c Smith, Thomas " c Senneff, Isaac " c Stroch, Andrew F. Serg't D Smith, Thomas Private D Sellers, Gilbert L. Corp'l E Steptoe, John 11 E Stainrook, David Private E Shoner, Fred'k " E Slaven, Thomas Corp'l F Sheridan, Albert S. Serg't G Stuart, Geo. Corp'l G Shutler, Bernard Private I Shrack, Wm. K. (1 I Seipher, Lewis » I Sparks, Richard Serg't C Spoerhase, Henry Private G Taylor, Ayres " B Travers, James (t B Taylor, Chas. A. Corp'l C Tees, Peter Private c Teamer, James " D Weiser, Reuben (1 A Wills, Adon G. Corp'l B Wise, John W. Private B Walto, Geo. M. " B RemaekS. Died at Camp Obsei-vation, Md., Jan. 9, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 1862. Killed at Fair Oaks, Ya., June 8, 1862. Died at New York, June 17, 1862. Killed at Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 1862. Died at Aiidersonville, Ga., Oct. 17, 1864. Killed on picket at Fair Oaks, Va., June 8, 18G2. Killed at Fredericksburg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Fair Qaks, Ya., May 31, 1862. Died Oct. 11, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Seiit. 17, 1862. Died at Newport News, Va., Sept. 20, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettvsburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1864. Killed at Fredericks! mrg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, Ya., Dec. 13, 1862. Killed at Wilderness, Ya., May 6, 1864. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3. 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Andersonville, Ga., July 31, 1864. Killed at Fair Oaks, Ya., June 8, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Accidentally killed at Camden, N. J., Dec. 12, 1862. Died of wounds received on picket at Fair Oaks, Ya., June 25, 1862. Died July 16, 1863, of wounds received at Get- tysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg. Pa., Julv 3, 1863. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died July 5, of wounds received at Gettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Ya., May 1864. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Killed at Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 1862 Killed at Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 1862 Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 8, 1862. Killed at Petersburg, Ya., June 22, 1864. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died June 14, 1.^62. Killed at Savage Station, Ya., June 29. 1862 Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July 3, 1863. Died at Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 3, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. 12, SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT. 311 Roll of Dead, Seventy- Second Regiment. — Continued. Name. Willetts, Peter H. Woods, John AViiglit, John P. Wray, Tlionias C. Wood, Janu's Wolf, Frederick Walbert, Frank AVirili, rred'k Wells, Chas. B. Rank. Co. Capt. C Private " D Corp'l E Private F " E (( F " G H Kemarks. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 18fi2. Died at Harrison's Landing, Ya., July, 18G2. Died June :'>(), 1SG2. Died at Lynchbiirjr, Ya., Julv 2G, lFf)4. Died at J'iiiladelpliia, Pa., Bl'arch t'l, 186:i. Died Julv 2'2, 18trJ, of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Ya., May 31, 18G2. Killed at Gettysburg, I'a., Julv 2, 18fi:?. Died at Phiiadeliiliia, Pa., Aug. :5, 18G2. Killed at Antietam, IMd., Sept. 17, 18G2. 27* EOLL OF DEAD. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH REGIMENT. Name. AUfn, Ricliard S. Armstrong;, S. K. Allen, Will. Anderson, John Ancli'i'son, A. Anderson, Robert Anderson, John R. Biiwmun, Isaac Beckley, Joseph Biiiker, James "^othwell, Alex. Burn ess, James Brjan, Wm. Brvan, Dawson Bobli, John Bitler, Thomas Bl me, John Blackburn, Wm. Bbiir, Henry P. Bonstead. Thos. D. Barber, Geo. Chambers, Jos. A. Caul field, John Canning, James Carr. Levi Comfort, Wm. H. Campbell, Michael Clark, Timothy Carley, John Carnthcrs, Wm. Chacon, Alfred AV. Carpenter, Josiah Dibble, Wm. A. Davis. Henry Dawd, Thomas Rank. Co. B Private 11 D ft G t( H ! " H 11 H " H " A ! 11 A i B It C 11 E 2dLt. F Private F (C G " G It H 11 I Serg't C H Private I " B It B " B " C It C It E Capt. F Private F G B H C D D Remarks. Died Dec. 26, 18f)l. Killed at Petersburg, Va., June 22, 1S64. Died at Washington, D. C, Oct. 25, 1862. Died at Camp Observation, Md., Feb. 12, 1862. Died at Millen, Ga. Died. Killed at Petersburg, Va., June 22, 1864. Died at Yorktown, Ya., 3Iay 25. 1862. Killed at Antictam. Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., Julv 2, 1863. Died at Yorktown, Ya., Apr. 17, 1862. Died at Wilmington, N. C, date unknown. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. Died at Andnrsonville. Ga., Aug. 26. 1864. Killed at Fair Oaks, Ya., June 28. 1862. Died of wounds received at Wilderness, \a,, 3Iay 6. 1864. Died at And^rsonville, Ga., Oct. 28, 1864. Killed at Savage Station, Ya., June 29, 1862. Killed at Spotfsylvania C. H., Ya.,May 12, 1864. Died at Andersonvdle, Ga., Sept. 11, 1864. Died at Andersonville, Ga. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, l.<^62. Killed at Wilderness, Ya., May 6, 1864. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., Ya.,IMay 12,1864. Died at Newport News, Ya., Aug. 17. 1862. Killed at Savage Station, Ya., June 20, 1S62. Killed at Malvern Hill, Va., July 1, 1862. Died Sept. 19, of wounds received at Antietam, Md., Se|)t. 17, 1862. Died at Annapolis, Md , March 23, 1865. Died at Harper's Ferry. Ya.. Nov. 18. 1!=63. Died at Ander.sonville. Ga., Sept. 4. 1S64. Died at Newport News, Va., Sept. 6, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., S<'pt 17, 1862. Died at Point Lookout, Md., July 26, 1862. Killed at Antietam, Md., Sept. 17, 1862. 312 ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH REGIMENT. Roll of Dead, One Hundred and Sixth Regiment. — Continued. Name. Dann, Jasper N. Dudley, Matthias Dransfield, Reuben Darnigh, Henry Diemer, Heiiiy Fesmire, John Fitziiio;er, Samuel J'airchild, Wallace Fo-'tei", Daniel L. Fuller, Andrew J. Fagan, Thomas Friok, John Foliet, Eutjene F. Frost, Martin 0. Finfrotk, Alfred Flaiinery, John Faiicliild, W. W. Griffitii, Jesse L. Grover, Geo. Gage, Jo.-iluia A. Gerrity, Tims. GaniMc, Wm. Gee, Ilicliard Green, John Hickman, Chas. E. Hartiiiaii, Weusil Hudson, James C. Hayburn, Samuel Hickok, Clias. H. Haws, Wm. H. Hall, James H. Holcoinl), Ellery J. Hardin . 18(;2. Killed at Spottsylvania C. H., A'a.. May 12, 1.VC.4. Killed at Gettysburg, Pa., July :5, 18G 5. Died at An' \ '^ Y^' .^ -^t '^^' .^^ -S <>^ /" >>; / '%i 'OQ' "^A v^ S -r^ ^ , ^^^- 8 1 ^ .V 0^ rf>:;' m^\. '^:;;(^: ' ' ■ *• r',} •<;