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THE 
 
 READABLE DICTIONARY, 
 
 TOPICAL AND SYNONYMIC LEXICON 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 SEVERAL THOUSANDS OF THE MORE USEFUL TERMS OF 
 THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
 
 CLASSIFIED BY SUBJECTS, 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR AFFINITIES OF MEANING 
 
 WITH 
 
 ACCOMPANYING ETYMOLOGIES, DEFINITIONS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 TO WHICH AEE ADDED 
 
 I.— LISTS OF FOREIGN TEEMS AND PHEASES FREQUENTLY OCCURRING IN 
 ENGLISH BOOKS. II.— A TABLE OF THE COMMON ABBREVIA- 
 
 TIONS. III.— AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LATIN AND 
 GREEK ROOTS, WITH DERIVATIVES. 
 
 For the Use of Schools and Private Students. 
 
 By JOHN WILLIAMS, A. M. 
 
 COLUMBUS, O. : 
 M. C. L I L L E Y 
 
 I860. 
 

 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1859, 
 By JOHN WILLIAMS, 
 
 In the Clerk's office of the District Court for the Southern District of Ohio. 
 
 STEREOTYPED AT THE FRANKLIN TYPE FOUNDERY, CINCINNATI, 0. 
 
PEEFACE 
 
 There are but few of our schools in which any attention is paid to 
 definitions, and in none does this subject receive the degree of attention 
 which its importance demands: nor is there more than here and there a 
 oerson who, at any period of his life, has endeavored to improve his 
 acquaintance with the signification of words by the use of a dictionary. 
 It follows, therefore, as a consequence of this twofold neglect, that most 
 persons have no other knowledge of the meaning of words than such as 
 chey have acquired by observation. 
 
 Now, those who rely solely on observation are liable to frequent 
 mistakes. Persons who have often met with a word in reading are apt to 
 imagine that they understand it, because it is familiar to the eye, and 
 because they have, mentally, attached some kind of a meaning to it; yet, 
 on examination, it may be found that they have either mistaken the 
 meaning entirely, or that they have, at best, but a confused idea of the 
 sense of the term. Of the young men and women of our country, there 
 is hardly one in ten who can define the words fragrant, verdant, royal, 
 omniscient, omnipotent, celestial, terrestrial, gratitude, fortitude, and 
 hundreds of others equally common and useful. They would, if interro- 
 gated, give definitions like the following: Fragrant means beautiful; 
 Verdant signifies fresh ; Royal means delicious; etc., etc. The foregoing 
 definitions, and hundreds of others similar to them, have actually been 
 given before a Board of County Examiners, of which the author has been 
 a member. 
 
 It is important that young persons should form a habit of referring to a 
 dictionary in all cases of words which they do not understand. But to 
 be able to use a dictionary advantageously requires a certain amount of 
 preparatory discipline. Those who have had no practice in the study of 
 definitions, are apt to be confused rather than enlightened in consulting a 
 common dictionar} T . The definitions themselves often need to be defined, 
 and the student is frequently at a loss to make an appropriate selection 
 from several different definitions of the same word. 
 
 One object of the present work is to prepare the student for a discrim- 
 inating and profitable use of the dictionary. The author trusts that his 
 definitions will be found sufficiently simple and intelligible for the use of 
 all pupils who are old enough to engage in the study of a class-book of 
 definitions. 
 
 Another object has been to collect and define so large a proportion of 
 the most common and useful words of the language, as in. a good measure 
 to supersede the necessity of using a dictionary. 
 
 To attain these ends, the topical, instead of the alphabetical principle 
 of arrangement, has been adopted. 
 
 The following are some of the advantages of the classification of words 
 I y topics : 
 
 (iii) 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 1. When all the leading terms relating to the same general subject are 
 collected together, duly arranged, and appropriately defined, the definitions 
 taken collectively constitute a brief treatise on that particular subject, and 
 lend to each other a mutual interest which would be lost if the same 
 definitions were disjoined by the artificial arrangement of an alphabetical 
 vocabulary. 
 
 2. The association of words, according to their affinities of meaning, or 
 according to their common relation to the same central idea, assists" the 
 memory, so that a collection of kindred words, with their definitions, will 
 be more easily remembered than the same number of words and definitions 
 that have no bond of mutual connection. Let, for instance, the various 
 English terms that relate to the idea of Light be collected, arranged, and 
 defined, the student will thereby be enabled to treasure up, in the space 
 of an hour or two, a stock of information which would have required 
 years to accumulate by consulting a dictionary, as the terms might occur 
 from time to time in the course of his reading. Other subjects, as those 
 of Color, Sound, Form, Number, Time, etc., might be mastered with a like 
 facility ; and in the course of a few months the learner might, in this 
 manner, gain some knowledge of a large proportion of the more useful 
 terms of the language. 
 
 3. A topical classification of words necessarily brings synonyms, or 
 words of similar meaning, in juxtaposition. Now, it is much easier to 
 learn to discriminate between words separated only by slight shades of 
 difference in their meaning when they are defined and studied in connec- 
 tion with each other, than when they are considered separately. 
 
 4. The topical classification of words brings together the different terms 
 derived from the same root. Now, the definition of a Latin or Greek 
 root will frequently shed such a light upon a number of English terms 
 derived from this root, as to render it unnecessary to define the deriva- 
 tives separately, and thus an important saving of time and labor to the 
 student is effected. The association of the derivatives with their root also 
 aids the memory in retaining the entire family; for any one of the 
 derivatives will suggest the idea of the root, and the recollection of the 
 root will suggest all the derivatives with their significations. Another 
 advantage of studying words in connection with their roots is, that this 
 connection often gives a force and beauty to the meaning of the deriva- 
 tives, which would be entirely lost in any definition that disregarded this 
 connection. 
 
 Nearly all the Latin and Greek roots from which important English 
 words have been derived will be found in the present work, the most of 
 them occurring more than once. The study of this volume may therefore 
 serve, in some degree, as a substitute for the study of the Latin and Greek 
 languages. 
 
 The author would claim the following as points of special merit in his 
 work, as compared with most other works analogous in their nature to the 
 present: 
 
 1. The connection between the meaning of roots and that of their de- 
 rivatives, has, in most instances, been clearly exhibited. 
 
 2. The connection between the primary and the secondary meanings of 
 the same word has generally been traced, and the process by which one 
 meaning has grown out of another has been pointed out. 
 
 3. The faulty method of defining by synonyms has been avoided, each 
 definition being given in the form of a single short sentence, descriptive of 
 the meaning of the word defined. 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 4. A large proportion of the definitions are illustrated by sentences and 
 phrases, showing the proper manner of using the words defined. 
 
 5. The present is a readable book of definitions, a claim which can be 
 made in behalf of no other work extant, since no dictionary or definer, 
 in which the words are arranged alphabetically, can be used in any other 
 way than as a book of reference. The man who undertook to read the 
 dictionary through thought that the subject changed too frequently and 
 too abruptly, and soon abandoned the enterprise. The young lady who 
 undertook to read the same book, found the stories too short to be interest- 
 ing. The topical arrangement of the present work gives connection and 
 continuity to the subjects, and weaves the young lady's very short stories 
 into entertaining tales of a respectable length. 
 
 6. A common dictionary may be compared to a cabinet of minerals, in 
 which the specimens are arranged according to their shape, size, or color, 
 and not according to their chemical nature. The object of the present 
 undertaking is to sort the specimens, and to arrange them according to 
 their natural affinities, assigning to the earths, the metallic ores, and the 
 precious stones distinct compartments, and appropriating a separate shelf 
 to each species, with its several varieties. 
 
 In conclusion, the author would say, that if the present volume shall be 
 found adapted to give interest to what has hitherto been regarded by most 
 persons as a dry branch of learning, and to induce a more general atten- 
 tion to the all-important but much-neglected study of words, the object 
 which prompted the preparation of the volume will have been attained. 
 
 JOHN WILLIAMS. 
 
 Lancasteb, 0., Jan. 2, 1860. 
 
EXPLANATION, 
 
 The character }£ indicates that the word to which it is prefixed has a significa- 
 tion directly opposite to that of the word which has just been defined. 
 
 THE GREEK ALPHABET, 
 
 Form. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Power. 
 
 Form. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Power. 
 
 A a 
 
 Alpha 
 
 a 
 
 N v 
 
 Nu 
 
 n 
 
 B (3, 6 
 
 Beta 
 
 b 
 
 ■s ? 
 
 Xi 
 
 X 
 
 Ty 
 
 Gamma 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 Omicron 
 
 o short 
 
 A 6 
 
 Delta 
 
 d 
 
 n tc 
 
 Pi 
 
 P 
 
 E e 
 
 Epsilon 
 
 e short 
 
 p ftP 
 
 Bho 
 
 r 
 
 z c 
 
 Zeta 
 
 z 
 
 2 c, f 
 
 Sigma 
 
 s 
 
 H V 
 
 Eta 
 
 e long 
 
 T r, 7 
 
 Tau 
 
 t 
 
 e #, o 
 
 Theta 
 
 th 
 
 T v 
 
 Upsilon 
 
 u 
 
 i i 
 
 Iota 
 
 i 
 
 <£ 9 
 
 Phi 
 
 ph 
 
 K K 
 
 Kappa 
 
 k 
 
 X * 
 
 Chi 
 
 ch 
 
 A I 
 
 Lamda 
 
 1 
 
 •^ ib 
 
 Psi 
 
 ps 
 
 M fi 
 
 Mu 
 
 m 
 
 o) 
 
 Omega 
 
 o long 
 
 CONTRACTIONS. 
 Lit, literal, or literally. I Freq., frequentative. 
 
 Fig., figurative, or figuratively. I Dim., diminutive. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abandon, 109. 
 Abandoned, 220. 
 Abase, 47. 
 Abash, 271. 
 Abbacy, 237. 
 Abbess, 237. 
 Abbey, 237. 
 Abbot, 237. 
 Abbreviate, 54. 
 Abdicate, 169. 
 Abdomen, 120. 
 Abduction, 108. 
 Abecedarian, 279. 
 Abet, 221. 
 Abettor, 221. 
 Abhor, 268. 
 Abide, 111. 
 Ability, 291. 
 Abject, 104. 
 Ablactation, 135. 
 Able, 290. 
 Ablution, 37-310. 
 Abode, 111. 
 Abominate, 268. 
 Aboriginal, 95. 
 Aborigines, 95. 
 Abound, 37. 
 Abrade, 25. 
 Abrasion, 25. 
 Abridge, 54. 
 Abridgment, 286. 
 Abrogate, 165. 
 Abrupt, 25. 
 Abscess, 146. 
 Abscond, 307. 
 Absence, 79. 
 Absent, 79. 
 Absentee, 79. 
 Absolution, 230. 
 Absolve, 230. 
 Absorbents, 133. 
 Abstain, 132. 
 Abstemious, 132. 
 Absterge, 310. 
 Abstinence, 132. 
 Abstinent, 132. 
 Abstract, 305. 
 Abstruse, 105. 
 Absurd, 245. 
 Abundance, 72. 
 Abundant, 37. 
 Academic, 204. 
 Academics, 240. 
 Academician, 284. 
 Academy, 284. 
 Accede, 95. 
 Accelerate, 110. 
 Accent, 290. 
 Accept, 305. 
 Acceptation, 305. 
 Access, 96, 
 Accessible, 96. 
 Accession, 96. 
 Accessory, 221. 
 Accident, 93. 
 Acclamation, 278. 
 
 Acclimate, 193. 
 Acclivity, 51. 
 Acclivous, 51. 
 Accolade, 180. 
 Accommodate, 300. 
 Accompaniment, 82. 
 Accompany, 82. 
 Accomplice, 221. 
 Accomplish, 301. 
 Accord, 289. 
 Account, 190, 222, 276. 
 Accountable, 222. 
 Accountant, 190. 
 Accouter, 175. 
 Accouterments, 175. 
 Accretion, 22. 
 Acrue, 74. 
 Accubation, 51. 
 Accumbent, 51. 
 Accuracy, 262. 
 Accurate, 262. 
 Accurateness, 262. 
 Accuse, 220. 
 Acephalous, 115. 
 Acerb, 20. 
 Ache, 261. 
 Achieve, 301. 
 Achievement, 301. 
 Acetic, 19. 
 Acid, 19-203. 
 Acidify, 19. 
 Acidulate, 19. 
 Acidulous, 19. 
 Acknowledge, 229. 
 Acknowledgment, 265. 
 Acme, 143. 
 Acoustic, 127. 
 Acoustics, 127. 
 Acquaint, 248. 
 Acquaintance, 24S. 
 Acquiesce, 111. 
 Acquire, 249, 
 Acquirement, 249. 
 Acquisition, 249. 
 Acquisitiveness, 273. 
 Acquit, 220. 
 Across, 59. 
 Act, 165-288. 
 Action, 168-178. 
 Active, 110. 
 Aculeate, 28. 
 Acumen, 27-254. 
 Acuminate, 27. 
 Acute, 13-27. 
 Acuteness, 254. 
 Adapt, 299. 
 Adaptation, 299. 
 Addict, 27. 
 Address, 274. 
 Addresses, 154. 
 Adduce, 108. 
 Adept, 204. 
 Adhere, 22. 
 Adherent, 22. 
 Adhesion, 22. 
 Adipose, 137. 
 
 Adjective, 283. 
 Adjoin, 32. 
 Adjunct, 32. 
 Adjure, 169. 
 Adjust, 299. 
 Adjutant, 176. 
 Adjuvant, 302. 
 Administer, 170. 
 Administrator, 190. 
 Admit, 109. 
 Admonish, 222. 
 Adopt, 255. 
 Adoration, 232. 
 Adroit, 303. 
 Adulation, 225. 
 Adulterate, 310. 
 Adultery, 156. 
 Advance, 177. 
 Advent, 97. 
 Adventitious, 97. 
 Adventure, 293. 
 Adverb, 283. 
 Adversary, 268. 
 Adverse, 104. 
 Adversity, 104. 
 Advert, 103. 
 Advertence, 103. 
 Advertency, 103. 
 Advice, 25*6. 
 Advise, 256. 
 Advocate, 278. 
 Aerated, 44. 
 Mollis, 217. 
 Aeriform, 44. 
 Aerolite, 44. 
 Aeronaut, 44. 
 Aeronautics, 44, 
 Aerostat, 44. 
 Aerostatic, 44. 
 Aerostation, 44. 
 Afar, 82. 
 Affable, 275. 
 Affectation, 264. 
 Affections, 259. 
 Affiance, 155, 
 Affidavit, 170. 
 Affiliate, 158. 
 Affinity, 159. 
 Affirm, 276. 
 Affix, 111. 
 Afflict, 31-263. 
 Affluence, 35. 
 Affluent, 35. 
 Afflux, 35. 
 Affray, 259. 
 Affright, 270. 
 Affront, 267. 
 Affuse, 36. 
 Afraid, 270. 
 Again, 91. 
 Age, 87. 
 Aged, 87. 
 Agent, 303. 
 Aggrandize, 70. 
 Aggravate, 46. 
 Aggregate, 82. 
 
 Agile, 110. 
 Agility, 110. 
 Agitate, 93. 
 Ago, 85. 
 Agony, 261. 
 Agree, 300. 
 Agreeable, 260. 
 Ague, 144. 
 Aid, 302. 
 Aidecamp, 176. 
 Ail, 142. 
 Ailment, 142. 
 Air, 42-290. 
 Alarm, 270. 
 Albino, 7. 
 Album, 7. 
 Albumen, 7. 
 Alchemy, 203. 
 Alcoran, 231. 
 Alert, 296. 
 Alexandrine, 287. 
 Alien, 163. 
 Alienate. 264. 
 Alike, 299. 
 Aliment, 128. 
 Alimentary, 128. 
 Alimentation, 128. 
 All, 72. 
 Allay, 262. 
 Allegiance, 33. 
 Allegory, 283. 
 Alleviate, 46. 
 Alliance, 159. 
 Alliteration, 279. 
 Alloy, 202. 
 Allure, 257. 
 Ally, 33-159. 
 Almanac, 90. 
 Almoner, 265. 
 Alms, 184-265. 
 Aloft, 47. 
 Along, 59. 
 Alpha, 279. 
 Alphabet, 279. 
 Altar, 233. 
 Alter, 300. 
 Alterant, 300. 
 Alterative, 300. 
 Altercate, 266. 
 Alternative, 152. 
 Allimetry, 76. 
 Altitude, 55. 
 Aluminium, 202. 
 Amalgam, 202. 
 Amalgamate, 202. 
 Amativeness, 154. 
 Amatory, 154. 
 Amaurosis, 148. 
 Ambidextrous, 62. 
 Ambassador, 170. 
 Ambiguous, 62. 
 Amble, 98. 
 Ambrosia, 218. 
 Ambrosial, 19. 
 Ambuscade, 308. 
 Ambush, 30S. 
 
 (i) 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Amenable, 222. 
 Amerce, 224. 
 Amethyst, 206. 
 Amicable, 264 
 Amity, 264. 
 Ammunition, 175. 
 Amnesty, 251. 
 Amorous, 154. 
 Amount, 192. 
 Amphibious, 62. 
 Amphitheater, 289. 
 Amulet, 216. 
 Amuse, 260. 
 Anachoret, 237. 
 Anagram, 280. 
 Analysis, 3i. 
 Anarch, 160. 
 Anarchy, 160. 
 Anasarca, 149. 
 Anathema, 234. 
 Anatomy, 112. 
 Ancestor, 157. 
 Anchoret, 237. 
 Ancient, 86. 
 Ancients, 85. 
 Anecdote, 277. 
 Anelid, 210. 
 Anemography, 44. 
 Anemometer, 44-76. 
 Anemone, 45. 
 Anemoscope, 126. 
 Angel, 214. 
 Anger, 266. 
 Angle, 54. 
 Anguish, 262. 
 Animadvert, 103. 
 Animal, 209. 
 Animalcule, 138. 
 Animate, 138. 
 Animated, 139. 
 Animation, 139. 
 Animosity, 268. 
 Ankle, 112. 
 Annals, 89. 
 Annex, 33. 
 Annihilate, 297. 
 Anniversary, 89. 
 Announce, 274. 
 Annoy, 263. 
 Annual, 89. 
 Annuitant, 89. 
 Annuity, 186. 
 Annular, 58. 
 Annunciate, 273. 
 Anodyne, 152. 
 Anoint, 137. 
 Anonymous, 277. 
 Answer, 222, 248, 300. 
 Antacids, 152. 
 Antagonist, 258. 
 Antagonize, 258. 
 Antarctic, 193. 
 Antecedent, 84. 
 Antidote, 84. 
 Antemeridian, 84, 89. 
 Antemundane, 84. 
 Anterior, 84. 
 Anteriority , 84. 
 Anthem, 290. 
 Anthrax, 147. 
 Anthropology, 212. 
 Anthropophagi, 212, 
 
 129. 
 Anthropophagy, 129. 
 Antimony, 201. 
 Antipathy, 268. 
 
 Antipodes, 122. 
 Antiquarian, 85. 
 Antiquary, 85. 
 Antique, 85. 
 Antiquity, 85. 
 Anxiety, 263. 
 Aonian, 217. 
 Apathy, 260. 
 Aperient, 77. 
 Aperture, 77. 
 Aphelion, 194. 
 Apogee. 196. 
 Apollo, 217. 
 Apologue, 275. 
 Apoplexy, 147. 
 Apostate. 232. 
 Apostrophe, 282. 
 Apothecary, 151. 
 Appall, 27. 
 Apparent, 126. 
 Apparition, 215-126. 
 Appeal, 167. 
 Appear, 126. 
 Appease, 173. 
 Appellant, 167. 
 Apellate, 167. 
 Appellation, 277. 
 Appellee, 167. 
 Appellor, 167. 
 Append, 50. 
 Appendage, 50. 
 Appertain, 306. 
 Appetence, 272. 
 Appetency, 272. 
 Appetite, 272. 
 Applaud, 225. 
 Applause, 225. 
 Apply, 30. 
 Appoint, 52. 
 Appraise, 184. 
 Appreciate, 184. 
 Apprehend, 242. 
 Apprehension, 270, 306. 
 Apprehensive, 270. 
 Apprentice, 248. 
 Apprise, 305. 
 Apprize, 243. 
 Approbate, 250. 
 Appropriate, 183. 
 Approve, 250. 
 Approximate, 82. 
 Appurtenance, 306. 
 April, 90. 
 Aquarius, 42. 
 Aquatic, 42. 
 Aqueduct, 42. 
 Aqueous, 42, 
 Arachnoid, 123. 
 Arbiter, 168. 
 Arbitrate, 168. 
 Arbitrator, 168. 
 Arbor, 207. 
 Arboret, 207. 
 Arborescent, 207. 
 Arboriculture, 207. 
 Arborist, 207. 
 Arc, 57. 
 Arch, 53. 
 Archaeology. 276. 
 Archangel, 214. 
 Archbishop, 235. 
 Archetype, 299. 
 Architect, 304. 
 Architecture, 304. 
 Arctic, 193. 
 Arcuate, 53. 
 
 Ardent, 11. 
 Ardor, 11. 
 Argentiferous, 201 . 
 Argil, 204. 
 Argillaceous, 204. 
 Argue, 245. 
 Argus, 218. 
 Arid, 38. 
 Arise, 94. 
 Aristocracy, 160. 
 Aristocrat, 160. 
 Aristocratic, 160. 
 Aristocratical, 160. 
 Arithmetic, 67. 
 Arithmetical, 67. 
 Arithmetician, 67. 
 Arm, 175. 
 Armada, 175. 
 Armament, 175. 
 Armistice, 173. 
 Armor, 175. 
 Armorial, 182, 
 Armory, 175,182. 
 Arms, 174, 182, 122. 
 Army, 175. 
 Aromatics, 151. 
 Array, 308. 
 Arrive, 102. 
 Arrow, 174. 
 Arsenal, 175. 
 Arsenic, 202. ' 
 Arson, 11, 222. 
 Artery, 120. 
 Arthritis, 145. 
 Article, 283. 
 Articulata, 209. 
 Articulate, 273. 
 Articulation, 112. 
 Artifice, 252. 
 Artillery, 174. 
 Ascend, 45, 95. 
 Ascendant, 199. 
 Ascendency, 199. 
 Ascension, 95. 
 Ascent, 95. 
 Ascitis, 149. 
 Ascribe, 279. 
 Ascription, 279. 
 Ashes, 12. 
 Ask, 248, 272. 
 Aspect, 198, 125. 
 Asperity. 54. 
 Asperse, 226, 83. 
 Aspirate, 281. 
 Assassin, 140. 
 Assassinate, 140. 
 Assault, 180. 
 Assemblage, 82. 
 Assemble, 81. 
 Assembly, 82. 
 Assert, 169,276. 
 Asseverate, 276. 
 Assiduous, 49. 
 Assist, 49, 302. 
 Assizes, 167. 
 Assuage, 262. 
 Assurance, 251. 
 Assure, 251. 
 Asterisk, 194. 
 Asterism, 199. 
 Asteroid, 195. 
 Asthma, 149. 
 Asthmatic, 148. 
 Astral, 194. 
 Astringent, 151. 
 Astrography, 198. 
 
 Astrology, 198, 86, 275. 
 Astronomy, 194. 
 Asylum, 295. 
 Atheist, 213. 
 Atheneum, 231. 
 Athwart, 59. 
 Atlantean, 69. 
 Atmosphere, 42. 
 Atom, 70. 
 Atone, 230. 
 Atrabilarian, 7. 
 Atramental, 7. 
 Atrocious, 220. 
 Atrocity, 220. 
 Attach, 32. 
 Attachment, 264. 
 Attack, 142. 
 Attempt, 302. 
 Attend, 28. 
 Attenuant, 21. 
 Attenuate, 21, 58. 
 Attest, 251. 
 Attire, 308. 
 Attorney, 303. 
 Attract, 105. 
 Attribute, 245. 
 Auburn, 7. 
 Auction, 187. 
 Audacity, 271. 
 Audible; 127. 
 Audience, 127. 
 Audit, 127. 
 Auditor, 127. 
 Auditory, 127. 
 Augean, 218. 
 Augeas, 218. 
 Augur, 86. 
 Augury, 86. 
 August, 90. 
 Aunt, 158. 
 Aurelia, 213. 
 Auricle, 120. 
 Auricular, 117. 
 Auriferous, 201. 
 Aurist, 117. 
 Aurora, 4. 
 Auroral, 4. 
 Auspices, 85. 
 Auspicious, 85. 
 Austere, 19. 
 Austral, 193/ 
 Authority, 161. 
 Autocracy, 160. 
 Autocrat, 161. 
 Autograph, 280. 
 Avail, 291. 
 Avarice, 273. 
 Aver, 276. 
 Averse, 256. 
 Aversion, 268. 
 Aviary, 209. 
 Avoid, 294. 
 Award, 168. 
 Awe, 271. 
 Awkward, 304. 
 Axis, 192. 
 Aye, (a) 87. 
 Azure, 8. 
 
 Baa, 16. 
 
 Babble, 279. 
 Baccalaureate, 285. 
 Bacchanal, 217. 
 Bacchanalian, 217. 
 Bacchus, 216. 
 Bachelor, 156-285. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Bad, 210. 
 Bag, 119. 
 
 Bait, 257. 
 Bake, 12. 
 Balance, 46. 
 Ball, 58. 
 Ballad, 290. 
 Balloon, 58. 
 Ballot, 58. 
 Bamboozle, 253. 
 Band, 33, 290. 
 Bandage, 33. 
 Bandit, 222. 
 Bane, 143. 
 Baneful, 143. 
 Bank, 185. 
 Banner, 177. 
 Banquet, 130. 
 Banter, 270. 
 Bantling, 213. 
 Baptism, 233. 
 Bar, 168, 257. 
 Barb, 112,210. 
 Barbate, 114. 
 Barbarous, 265. 
 Barber, 112. 
 Bard, 288. 
 Bare, 307. 
 Barium, 202. 
 To Bark, 16. 
 Barometer, 43. 
 Baron, 172. 
 Baroness, 172. 
 Baronet, 172. 
 Barricade, 179. 
 Barrier, 179. 
 Barter, 189. 
 Base (n), 45,47, 55. 
 Base (a), 47,219. 
 Bashaw, 163. 
 Bashful, 271. 
 Bashfulness, 272. 
 Bastiuade, 224. 
 Bastinado, 224. 
 Bathe, 37. 
 Battalion, 176. 
 Batter, 31. 
 Battle, 31,177. 
 Bawl, 16. 
 Bay (a), 7. 
 To Bay, 16. 
 A Bay, 40. 
 Being, 297. 
 Beam, 3. 
 Bear, 106. 
 Beard, 112. 
 Bearings, 182. 
 Beast, 209. 
 Beastly, 209. 
 Beat, 31. 
 Beatify, 261. 
 Beatitude, 261. 
 Beau, 154. 
 Beautiful, 309. 
 Beauty, 309. 
 Become, 300. 
 Bedaggle, 310. 
 Bedlam, 254; 
 Beelzebub, 214. 
 Befall, 93, 293. 
 Beg, 272. 
 Begin, 86. 
 Behold, 125. 
 Beleaguer, 179. 
 Believe, 251. 
 Bellicose, 173. 
 
 Bellicous, 173. 
 Belloua, 173, 216. 
 Belligerent, 173. 
 Bell-metal, 202. 
 Bellow, 16. 
 Belly, 120. 
 Belong, 182. 
 Bemoan, 262. 
 Bend, 53. 
 Benedictine, 237. 
 Benediction, 230. 
 Benefaction, 265. 
 Benefactor, 205. 
 Beneficent, 265. 
 Benefit, 265. 
 Benevolent, 265. 
 Benign, 265. 
 Benignity, 265. 
 Benumb, 148. 
 Bequeath, 190. 
 Bequest, 190. 
 Beryl, 206. 
 Beseech, 272. 
 Beseem, 300. 
 Besiege, 179. 
 Bestial, 209. 
 Bestiality, 209. 
 Bestow, 191. 
 Betroth, 155. 
 Bewail, 262. 
 Bibber, 131. 
 Bible, 286. 
 Bibliography, 280. 
 Bibliomania, 2s0. 
 Bicker, 266. 
 Bicipital, 115. 
 Biennial, 62, 89. 
 Bier, 153. 
 Big, 68. 
 Bigamy, 156. 
 Bigotry, 227. 
 Bile, 132. 
 Biliary, 136. 
 Bilious, 136. 
 Bill, 165. 
 Billow, 38. 
 Bind, 32. 
 Binomial, 62. 
 Biography, 280. 
 Biped, 62. 
 Bird, 209. 
 Bisect, 62. 
 Bishop, 235. 
 Bishopric, 235. 
 Bismuth, 201. 
 Bit, 70, 130. 
 Bite, 130. 
 Bitter, 19. 
 Black, 7. 
 Blackguard, 226. 
 Blain, 147. 
 Blame, 226. 
 Blanch, 9. 
 Blandish, 226. 
 Blank, 7. 
 Blank verse, 2S8-. 
 Blarney, 226. 
 Blaspheme, 229. 
 Blast, 43. 
 To Blast, 208. 
 Blaze, 2, 11. 
 Blazon, 182. 
 Blazonry, 182. 
 Bleach, 9. 
 Bleak, 13. 
 Blear, 149. 
 
 Bleat, 16. 
 
 Blend, 33. 
 
 Bless, 61, 230. 
 
 Blight, 208. 
 
 Bloat, 71. 
 
 Block, 58. 
 
 Blockade, 179. 
 
 Blockhead, 254. 
 
 Blood, 133. 
 
 Bloodvessel, 120. 
 
 Blotter, 190. 
 
 Blow (n), 31. 
 
 To Blow, 43. 
 
 Blue, 8. 
 
 Blunt, 59. 
 
 Blush, 8, 271. 
 
 Boast, 266. 
 
 Bode, 85. 
 
 Boding. 85. 
 
 Bodv, 298. 
 
 Bog, 40. 
 
 Boil, 147. 
 
 To Boil, 12. 
 
 Bold, 271. 
 
 Bole, 205. 
 
 Bolides, 3. 
 
 Bolus, 151. 
 
 Bond, 33, 259. 
 
 Bondage, 259. 
 
 Bone, 112. ' 
 
 Bonfire, 10. 
 
 Book, 286. 
 
 Book-keeping, 190. 
 
 Boom, 15. 
 
 Boosy, 131. 
 
 Bore, 41. 
 
 Boreal, 193. 
 
 Baron, 200. 
 
 Bosom, 119. 
 
 Botany, 206. 
 
 Botch, 304. 
 
 Both, 62. 
 
 Bottom, 45, 47, 59, 192. 
 
 Bound, 33, 59. 
 
 To Bound, 100. 
 
 Boundary, 33, 59. 
 
 Bounden, 33. 
 
 Bouquet, 208. 
 
 Bourgeon, 208. 
 
 Bourn, 59. 
 
 Bow. 53. 
 
 To Bow, 53. 
 
 Bowels, 121. 
 
 Bower, 207. 
 
 To Box, 258. 
 
 Boy, 213. 
 
 Brace, 61. 
 
 Brackish, 20. 
 
 Brag, 266. 
 
 Braggadocio, 266. 
 
 Braggart, 266. 
 
 Brahma, 231. 
 
 Brahmin, 231. 
 
 Brain, 123. 
 
 Branch, 207. 
 
 Branchlet, 207. 
 
 Brass, 202. 
 
 Brassart, 175. 
 
 Brat, 213. 
 
 Bravery, 271. 
 
 Brawl, 266. 
 
 Brawn, 112. 
 
 Bray, 16. 
 
 Brazen-faced, 271. 
 
 Breach, 24. 
 
 Bread, 128. 
 
 Breadth, 54. 
 Break, 24. 
 Breakers, 38. 
 Breakfast, 129. 
 Breast, 119. 
 Breastplate, 175. 
 Breed, 157. 
 Breeze, 43. 
 Brevity, 53, 87. 
 Bribe, 191. 
 Bridal, 155. 
 Bride, 155. 
 Bridecake, 155. 
 Bridegroom, 155. 
 Bridemaid, 155. 
 Bride's maid, 155. 
 Brideman, 155. 
 Bride's man, 155. 
 Bridge, 103. 
 Brief, 53, 87. 
 Brier, 28. 
 Brigade, 176. 
 Brigadier, 176 
 Brigadier-General, 176. 
 Bright, 1. 
 Brilliant, 2. 
 Brindled, 7. 
 Brisk, 20, 110. 
 Brittle, 23. 
 Broad, 54. 
 Brohdignag, 69. 
 To Broil, 12. 
 A Broil, 207. 
 Bromine, 200. 
 Bronchial, 120. 
 Bronchitis, 145. 
 Bronchocele, 147. 
 Bronze, 202. 
 Brood, 213. 
 Brook, 40. 
 Brother, 158. 
 Brotherhood, 158. 
 Brown, 7. 
 Browse, 129. 
 Brutal, 209. 
 Brutality, 209. 
 Brute, 209. 
 Bubble, 37. 
 Buccaneer, 222. 
 Buckler, 175. 
 Buddhism, 231. 
 Buffoon, 270. 
 Build, 304. 
 Bulge, 58. 
 Bulk, 68. 
 Bullet, 58. 
 Bullion, 185. 
 Bulwark, 178. 
 Bunch, 67. 
 Bungle, 304. 
 Burden, 106, 289 
 Burial, 153. 
 Burlesque, 269. 
 Burn, 10. 
 Burnish, 54. 
 Burst, 25. 
 Burthen, 106. 
 Bush, 207. 
 Butcher, 139. 
 Butter, 135. 
 Buy, 187, 
 Buzz, 14. 
 By and-by, 84. 
 By-way, 102. 
 
 Cabin, 304. 
 
IV 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cabinet, 170. 
 Cable, 59. 
 Cackle, 17. 
 Cacophony, 13. 
 Cadence, 93. 
 Cadmium, 202. 
 Cajole, 226, 256. 
 Calamity, 263. 
 Calcine, 12. 
 Calcium, 202. 
 Calculate, 68. 
 Calendar, 90. 
 Calends, 90. 
 Calf, 212. 
 Caliph, 162. 
 Caliphate, 162. 
 Call, 277, 278. 
 Calligraphy, 280. 
 Calling, 278. 
 Calliope, 217 
 Calm, 11. 
 Caloric, 10. 
 Calorific, 16. 
 Calumny, 226. 
 Campaign, 180. 
 Canal, 41. 
 Cancel, 188. 
 Cancer, 147. 
 Candent, 6. 
 Candid, 6, 8. 
 Candidate, 6. 
 Candle, 4. 
 Candlestick, 4. 
 Candor, 0. 
 Candv, 6. 
 Canine, 211. 
 Canon, 174,234,236. 
 Canonical, 234. 
 Canonize, 234. 
 Cant, 290. 
 Canter, 98. 
 Canticle, 290. 
 Canto, 290. 
 Capable, 291, 304. 
 Capacious, 305. 
 Capacity, 291, 305. 
 Cap-a-pie, 175. 
 Cape, 191. 
 Caper, 100. 
 Capillary, 114. 
 Capital (n), 185. 
 Capital (a), 115. 
 Capitation, 115. 
 Capitulate, 180. 
 Captain, 115, 175. 
 Captious, 226. 
 Captive, 304. 
 Capture, 304. 
 Caravan, 103. 
 Caravansary, 103. 
 Caravansera, 103. 
 Carabine, 174. 
 Carbine, 174. 
 Carbon, 200. 
 Carbuncle, 147, 206. 
 Carcass, 153. 
 Cardinal (n), 236. 
 Carditis, 145. 
 Care, 262. 
 Caress. 264. 
 Cargo, 106. 
 Caries, 147. 
 Carious, 147. 
 Carmelites, 238. 
 Carmine, 8. 
 Carnal, 112. 
 
 Carnation, 8, 112. 
 Carnelian, 206. 
 Carneous, 112, 129. 
 Carnify, 112. 
 Carnivorous, 112, 129. 
 Carol, 290. 
 Carouse, 132. 
 Carp, 226. 
 Carpus, 123. 
 Carry, 106. 
 Cartilage, 112. 
 Carve, 27. 
 Cascade, 40. 
 Case, 93,168. 
 Casein, 135. 
 Cash, 185. 
 Casque, 175. 
 Cast, 6, 104. 
 Castigate, 223. 
 Castle, 178. 
 Casual, 93, 293. 
 Casualty, 93. 
 Catalogue, 275. 
 Cataplasm, 151. 
 Cataract, 40. 
 Catarrh, 145. 
 Catch, 306. 
 Catechetical, 237, 248. 
 Catechise, 237, 218. 
 Catechism, 237, 248. 
 Catechist, 237. 
 Catechumen, 237. 
 Caterpillar, 213. 
 Caterwaul, 16. 
 Cathartic, 152. 
 Cathedral, 235, 304. 
 Catholic, 234. 
 Catoptrics, 126. 
 Cattle, 183. 
 Causation, 293. 
 Cause, 168, 293. 
 Caution, 296. 
 Cavalcade, 211. 
 Cavalier, 211. 
 Cavalry, 173, 211. 
 Cave, 192. 
 Cavern, 192. 
 Cavil, 246. 
 Caw, 17. 
 Cede, 169. 
 Celerity, 110. 
 Celestial, 194. 
 Celibacy, 156. 
 Cell, 21. 
 Cellular, 21. 
 Cement, 22. 
 Cemeterv, 153. 
 CembiteJ 237. 
 Cenotaph, 153. 
 Censer, 233. 
 Censorious, 226. 
 Censure. 226. 
 Census, 67. 
 Cent, 64. 
 Centaur, 218. 
 Centenarian, 66. 
 Centennial, 64. 
 Center, 27, 57. 
 Centiped, 64. 
 Centurion, 64. 
 Century, 64, 89. 
 Cephalic, 115. 
 Cerate, 151. 
 Cereal, 216. 
 Cerebellum, 124. 
 Cerebrum, 124. 
 
 Ceres, 216. 
 Certain, 251. 
 Cerulean, 8 
 Cerumen, 136. 
 Cession, 169. 
 Chafe, 266. 
 Chaff, 208. 
 Chain, 192. 
 Chalcedony, 205. 
 Challenge, 278. 
 Chalybeate, 261. 
 Champ, 130. 
 Champion, 259. 
 Chamsin, 44. 
 Chance, 293. 
 Chandelier, 4. 
 Change, 300. 
 Channel, 40. 
 Chant, 290. 
 Chaos, 216. 
 Chapel, 304. 
 Chaplain, 235. 
 Chapter, 115, 235. 
 Character, 27, 224. 
 Charge, 106, 188. 
 Charger, 210. 
 Charity, 184, 264. 
 Charlatan, 253. 
 Charlatanry, 253. 
 Charm, 215, 260. 
 Chasm, 77. 
 Chaste, 309. 
 Chasten, 223. 
 Chastise, 223. 
 Chat, 274. 
 Chattels, 183. 
 Chatter, 17. 
 Cheap, 184. 
 Cheat, 253. 
 Check, 117, 257. 
 Checkered, 7. 
 Cheek, 117. 
 Cheep, 17. 
 Cheer, 261. 
 Cheese, 135. 
 Chemistry, 199. 
 Cherish, 264. 
 Cherub, 214. 
 Cherubim, 214. 
 Chest, 12. 
 
 Chevalier, 181, 211. 
 Chew, 130. 
 Chicken, 212. 
 Chicken-hearted, 271. 
 Chide, 226. 
 Chilblain, 147. 
 Child, 158, 213. 
 Childhood, 213. 
 Chime, 15. 
 Chimera, 218.242. 
 Chimerical, 242. 
 A Chink, 24. 
 To Chink, 15,21. 
 Chip, 26. 
 
 Chirography, 123. 
 Chiromancy, 86. 
 Chirp, 17. 
 Chirrup, 17. 
 Chivalric, 181. 
 Chivalrous, 181. 
 Chivalry, 181, 211. 
 Chlorine, 200. 
 Choice, 255. 
 Choir, 290. 
 Choke, 134. 
 Cholagogue, 136. 
 
 Choler, 266, 136. 
 Cholera, 147. 
 Chouse, 255. 
 To Chop, 26. 
 Chord, 289. 
 Chorea, 148. 
 Choroid, 11C. 
 Chorus, 289, 290. 
 Chrism, 233. 
 Chromium, 202. 
 Chronic, 83. 
 Chronical, 83. 
 Chronicle, 83. 
 Chronology, 83. 
 Chronometer, 83. 
 Chrysalis, 201, 213. 
 Chrysanthem, 201. 
 Chrysolite, 206. 
 Chrysoprasus, 201, 206. 
 Church, 233,304. 
 Chyle, 132. 
 Chyme, 132. 
 Cicatrix, 146. 
 Cicatrize, 146. 
 Ciliary, 116. 
 Cimeter, 174. 
 Cinders, 12. 
 Cineritious, 12. 
 Cinque, 63. 
 Cinquefoil, 63. 
 Cilia, 116. 
 Circle, 56. 
 Circulation, 134. 
 Circumambulate, 98. 
 Circumference, 57, 107 
 Circumlocution, 275. 
 Circumspect, 126, 296. 
 Circumvallation, 179. 
 Circumvent, 97. 
 Circumvolution, 31. 
 Cirriped, 210. 
 Cistern, 41. 
 Citadel, 178. 
 Citizen, 163. 
 Civic, 163. 
 Civil, 163. 
 Civilize, 163. 
 Civism, 163. 
 Clack, 15. 
 Claim, 169, 278. 
 Clamber, 94. 
 Clammy, 22. 
 Clamor, 278. 
 Clamorous, 278, 
 Clan, 159. 
 Clandestine, 308. 
 Clang, 14. 
 Clangor, 14. 
 Clank, 14. 
 Clap, 15. 
 Clash, 31. 
 Class, 278. 
 Clatter, 15. 
 Clause, 78. 
 Claws, 114. 
 Clay, 204. 
 Clean, 310. 
 Clear, 5, 17, 242. 
 Cleavage, 25. 
 Cleave, 22 25. 
 Cleft, 25. 
 Clemency, 265. 
 Clergy, 234. 
 Clergyman, 234. 
 Clerical, 234. 
 Clerk, 234. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Climate, 193. 
 Climb, 94. 
 Clime, 193. 
 Clink, 15. 
 Clio, 217. 
 Clip, 26. 
 Cloak, 309. 
 Cloister, 78, 237. 
 Clonic, 148. 
 Close, 78. 
 To Close, 78. 
 Closet, 78. 
 Clot, 133. 
 Clothe, 308. 
 Clothes, 308. 
 Clothing, 308. 
 Cloud, 7, 39. 
 Clown, 270. 
 Clov, 129. 
 Cluck, 17. 
 Clump, 207. 
 Cluster, 67. 
 Clutch, 306. 
 Coadjutor, 302. 
 Coagulate, 133. 
 Coagulum, 133. 
 Coalesce, 22. 
 Coalescence, 22. 
 Coalition, 22. 
 Coarse, 70. 
 Coax, 256. 
 Cobalt, 202. 
 Code, 164. 
 Coffin, 153. 
 Cogitate, 243. 
 Cognition, *247. 
 Cognizance, 247. 
 Cognizant, 247. 
 Cohere, 22. 
 Coherent, 22. 
 Cohesion, 22. 
 Cohesive, 22. 
 Coin, 185. 
 Colander, 36. 
 Cold, 12. 
 Colic, 148. 
 Colitis, 145. 
 Collar, 118. 
 Collect, 82. 
 Collection, 82. 
 College, 284. 
 Collision, 32. 
 Colloquy, 275. 
 Colonel, 176. 
 Colors, 177. 
 Colossal, 69. 
 Colossus, 69. 
 Colt, 210. 
 Column, 177. 
 Coma, 127. 
 Comatose, 127. 
 Combat, 177, 259. 
 Combustible, 10. 
 Combustion, 10. 
 Come, 96. 
 Comedy, 288. 
 Comely, 309. 
 Comet, 197. 
 Comfort, 261. 
 Comic, 269, 288. 
 Comical, 269, 288. 
 Command, 225. 
 Commence, 86. 
 Comment, 243. 
 Commentary, 243. 
 Commerce, 189. 
 
 Commissary, 177. 
 Commiserate, 205. 
 Commissioner, 303. 
 Commit, 109. 
 Commodious, 300. 
 Commodity, 189, 300. 
 Commons, 171. 
 Commonwealth, 1G3. 
 Communion, 233, 234. 
 Communism, 189. 
 Commute, 300. 
 Company, 67, 82, 175. 
 Compare, 244. 
 Comparison, 281. 
 Compassion, 265. 
 Compatible, 300. 
 Compel, 106, 258. 
 Compendium, 50, 286. 
 Compensate, 46, 223. 
 Compete, 269. 
 Competence, 73. 
 Competitor, 269. 
 Compilation, 286. 
 Complain, 262. 
 Complaint, 142. 
 Complete, 77. 
 Complex, 30. 
 Complexion, 7. 
 Complicate, 30. 
 Complicity, 30. 
 Compliment, 225. 
 Comply, 256. 
 Comport, 106. 
 Compose, 79. 
 Composite, 68. 
 Composition, 286. 
 Compound, 79. 
 Comprehend, 242, 306. 
 Compress, 32, 71. 
 Comprise, 305. 
 Compulsion, 106. 
 Compunction, 229. 
 Compurgation, 229. 
 Compute, 68. 
 Concave, 54. 
 Conceal, 307. 
 Concede, 169. 
 Conceited, 266. 
 Conceive, 244. 
 Concentrate, 57. 
 Concentric, 57. 
 Conception, 244. 
 Concern, 262. 
 Concert, 258, 290. 
 Conchology, 210. 
 Concise, 26. 
 Conclave, 236. 
 Conclude, 78. 
 Conclusion, 245. 
 Concord, 289. 
 Concrescence, 22. 
 Concrete, 22, 74. 
 Concretion, 22, 74. 
 Concur, 99. 
 Concurrent, 99. 
 Concussion, 93. 
 Condemn, 226. 
 Condense, 21, 71. 
 Condescend, 95. 
 Condiment, 20. 
 Conduce, 108. 
 Conducive, 108. 
 Conduct, 108. 
 Cone, 57. 
 Confection, 151. 
 Confer, 106. 
 
 Conference, 107. 
 
 Confess, 229. 
 
 Confirmation, 233. 
 
 Confiscate, 186. 
 
 Conflagration, 11. 
 
 Conflict, 31, 259. 
 
 Confluence, 35. 
 
 Confluent, 35. 
 
 Conflux, 35. 
 
 Conform, 60. 
 
 Conformable, GO. 
 
 Conformation, 60. 
 
 Conformity, 60. 
 
 Confound," 34, 36. 
 
 Confront, 116. 
 
 Confuse, 34, 36. 
 
 Confute, 216. 
 
 Congeal, 13. 
 
 Congelation, 13. 
 
 Conglobate, 58. 
 
 Conglomerate, 22. 
 
 Congratulate, 260. 
 
 Congregate, 82. 
 
 Congregation, 82, 236. 
 
 Congregationalism, 236. 
 
 Congress, 82, !»9, 165. 
 
 Congruous, 299. 
 
 Congruity, 300. 
 
 Conjecture, 104. 
 
 Conjoin, 32. 
 
 Conjugal, 155. 
 
 Conjunction, 32, 198, 
 284. 
 
 Conjuncture, 32. 
 
 Conjure', 169. 
 
 Conjure, 169, 215. 
 
 Conjurer, 215. 
 
 Conuect, 33. 
 
 Connubial, 1.55. 
 
 Conquer, 178, 219. 
 
 Conquest, 178. 
 
 Consanguinity, 133, 
 159. 
 
 Conscience, 246. 
 Conscientious, 246. 
 Conscious, 246. 
 
 Conscript, 280. 
 Conscription, 280. 
 Consecrate, 228. 
 Consecration, 233. 
 Consequence, 108, 293. 
 Consequent, 108. 
 Consider, 243. 
 Consist, 48. 
 Consistence, 48. 
 Consistency, 48. 
 Consistent, 48, 300. 
 Consistory, 236. 
 Consolation, 261. 
 Console, 261. 
 Consonance, 13. 
 Consonant, 13. 
 Consort, 155. 
 Conspicuous, 126. 
 Constable, 168. 
 Constant, 48. 
 Constellation, 194. 
 Consternation, 270. 
 Constituent, 165, 303. 
 Constrain, 29, 258. 
 Constraint, 258. 
 Constrict, 29. 
 Constringe, 29. 
 Construct, 304. 
 Construe, 304. 
 Contagion, 143. 
 
 Contagious. 143. 
 Contain, 77. 
 Contemn, 269. 
 Contemplate, 243. 
 Contemporary, 83. 
 Contempt, 26*9. 
 Con'tents, 77. 
 Conterminous, 59. 
 Con'test, 256. 
 Continent, 191. 
 Continual, 86. 
 Continue, 86, 306. 
 Continuity, 306. 
 Continuous, 306. 
 Contort, 29. 
 Con'tract, 71. 
 Contract', 71, 105. 
 Contradict, 276. 
 Contrary, 256. 
 Contrite, 25, 229. 
 Contrition, 25, 229. 
 Controversy, 246. 
 Controvert, 246. 
 Contumely, 226. 
 Convene, 81, 97, 300. 
 Convenient, 97. 
 Convent, 97, 237. 
 Convention, 81, 97. 
 Conventional, 97. 
 Converse, 274. 
 To Convert, 103./ 
 Convex, 54. 
 Convey, 106. 
 Conveyance, 106. 
 To Convict, 221. 
 Conviction, 216. 
 Convince, 246. 
 Convoke, 278. 
 Convolve, 31. 
 Convulsion, 148. 
 Coo, 17. 
 Cook, 12. 
 Cool, 12. 
 Copper, 201. 
 Copula, 245. 
 Copy, 299. 
 Coquet, 154. 
 Coquetry, 154. 
 Coquette, 154. 
 Cord, 59. 
 Cordate, 120. 
 Cordials, 152. 
 Cordiform, 120. 
 Cordon, 179. 
 Corn, 147. 
 Cornea, 116. 
 Corny, 114. 
 Cornu-copise,217. 
 Corona, 3. 
 Coroner, 168. 
 Corporal (a), 298. 
 Corporal (n), 175. 
 Corporate, 298. 
 Corporation, 298. 
 Corporeal, 298. 
 Corps, 298. 
 Corpse, 153, 298. 
 Corpulence, 140. 
 Corpulent, 140, 298. 
 Corpuscle, 298. 
 Correct, 52. 
 Correspond, 300. 
 Corroborant, 292. 
 Corroborate, 292. 
 Corroborative, 292. 
 Corrode, 130. 
 
VI 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Corrosion, 131. 
 Corrosive,, 131. 
 Corrupt, 219. 
 Corse, 153. 
 Coruscate, 2. 
 Cosmetic, 309. 
 Cost, 184. 
 Costal, 119. 
 Cot, 304. 
 Cotemporary, 83. 
 Cottage, 304. 
 Cough, 134. 
 Council, 170, 236. 
 Counsel, 256. 
 Count, 171. 
 To Count, 67. 
 Countenance, 116. . 
 Counteract, 258. 
 Counterbalance, 258. 
 Counterfeit, 253. 
 Countermarch, 177. 
 Counterpoise, 258. 
 Countervail, 258. 
 Country, 191. 
 County, 164. 
 Couple, 61. 
 Couplet, 61, 288. 
 Courage, 271. 
 Courier, 98. 
 Course, 98. 
 Courser, 210. 
 Court, 166. 
 To Court, 154. 
 Cousin, 158. 
 Cove, 40. 
 Covenant, 97. 
 Cover, 307. 
 Covet, 272. 
 Covetous, 272. 
 Covetousness, 273. 
 To Cow, 271. 
 Coward, 271. 
 Cowardice, 271. 
 Cower, 271. 
 Cowpox, 144. 
 Cozen, 253. 
 Crab, 19. 
 Crabbed, 19. 
 Crack, 14, 24. 
 Crackle, 14. 
 Crag, 205. 
 Cram, 131. 
 Cranial, 115. 
 Craniology, 115. 
 Cranium, 115. 
 Crash, 15. 
 Crave, 128, 272. 
 Craven, 271. 
 Crawl, 99. 
 Crazy, 253. 
 Creak, 14. 
 Cream, 135. 
 Create, 303. 
 Creation, 303. 
 Creator, 303. 
 Creature, 303. 
 Credence, 251. 
 Credentials, 251. 
 Credible, 251. 
 Credit, 188. 251. 
 Creditor, 188. 
 Cr.-ed, 232, 251. 
 Creek, 40. 
 Creep, 99. 
 Crepitate, 14. 
 Crescent, 196. 
 
 Crevasse, 24. 
 Crevice, 24. 
 Crime, 220. 
 Criminal. 220. 
 Criminate, 220. 
 Crisis, 143. 
 Critical, 143. 
 Crook, 17. 
 Crop, 121. 
 To Crop, 129. 
 To Crow, 17. 
 Crowd, 67. 
 Crown, 115. 
 Cruel, 265. 
 Crumb, 25. 
 Crumble, 25. 
 Crush, 24. 
 Crust, 114. 
 Crustacea, 114. 
 Crustaceans, 210. 
 Crustaceous, 114. 
 Cry, 16, 278. 
 Crystal, 5, 204. 
 Crystallography, 204. 
 Cub, 212. 
 Cube, 57. 
 Cubit, 51. 
 Cue, 114. 
 Cuirass, 175. 
 Cull, 255. 
 Culpable, 220. 
 Culprit, 220. 
 Culvert, 103. 
 Cupid, 154, 216. 
 Cupidity, 273. 
 Cupreous, 201. 
 Cur, 211. 
 Curacy, 235. 
 Curate, 235. 
 Curative, 150. 
 Curb, 257. 
 Curd, 135. 
 Curdle, 135. 
 Cure, 150, 262. 
 Curl, 114. 
 Currency, 98, 185. 
 Current, 85, 98, 185. 
 Curse, 230. 
 Curt, 53. 
 Curtail, 53. 
 Curvature, l 53. 
 Curve, 52. 
 Curvet, 100. 
 Curvilinear, 55. 
 Cut, 26. 
 Cutaneous, 112. 
 Cuticle, 112. 
 Cutlass, 174. 
 Cycle, 89. 
 Cycloid, 56. 
 Cyclopean 69. 
 Cyclopic, 69. 
 Cyclops, 69. 
 Cylinder, 57. 
 Cynic, 240. 
 Cynical, 240. 
 Cynics, 240. 
 Cystitis, 145. 
 Czar, 162. 
 
 Dab, 31. 
 Dactyl, 123. 
 Dagger, 174. 
 Daggle, 310. 
 Dainty, 19. 
 Dale, 192. 
 
 Dam, 41, 157. 
 Damage, 264. 
 Damp, 38. 
 Dance, 100. 
 Danger, 293. 
 Dangle, 50. 
 Dank, 38. 
 Dappled, 7. 
 Dare, 271. 
 Darkness, 5. 
 Darling, 264. 
 To Dart, 104, 174. 
 Dash, 31, 104. 
 Dastard, 271. 
 Date, 90. 
 Daughter, 158. 
 Daunt, 270. 
 Dav, 88. 
 Daybook, 190. 
 Dawn, 4. 
 Dazzle, 2. 
 Deacon, 236. 
 Dead, 139. 
 To Deal, 189. 
 Dean, 236. 
 Dear, 184, 264. , 
 Death, 139. 
 Debar, 257. 
 Debase, 47. 
 Debate, 246. 
 Debility, 292. 
 Debt, 188. 
 Debtor, 188. 
 Decagon, 55, 64. 
 Decalogue, 275. 
 Decamp, 180. 
 Decapitate, 115. 
 Decay, 94. 
 Decease, 139. 
 Deceit, 252. 
 Deceive, 252. 
 December, 64, 90. 
 Decemvir, 64. 
 Decemvirate, 64. 
 Decennial, 64. 
 Deception, 252. 
 Decide, 255. 
 Deciduous, 94. 
 Decimate, 66. 
 Decision, 255. 
 Deck, 309. 
 Declaim, 278. 
 Declare, 276. 
 Decline, 51. 
 Declivity, 51. 
 Declivous, 51. 
 Decollate, 118. 
 Decorate, 309. 
 Decorticate, 207. 
 Decrease, 74. 
 Decree, 164. 
 Decrement, 74. 
 Decumbent, 51. 
 Deduce, 108. 
 Deed, 301. 
 Defame, 227. 
 Defecate, 94. 
 Defect, 178. 
 Defence, 296. 
 Defend, 296. 
 Defendant, 168. 
 Defense, 296. 
 Defer, 91, 107. 
 Deference, 107. 
 Deficiency, 72, 74. 
 Deficient, 73. 
 
 Deficit, 74. 
 Defile, 177, 310. 
 Deflagrate, 11. 
 Deflect, 53. 
 Deform, 60. 
 Deformed, 309. 
 Deformity, 60. 
 Defraud, 253. 
 Degenerate, 219. 
 Deglutition, 131. 
 Degrade, 47, 99. 
 Degraded, 219. 
 Degree, 99, 193, 285. 
 Deify, 213. 
 Deism, 231. 
 Deist, 213. 
 Deity, 213. 
 Deiect, 104. 
 Delay, 91. 
 Delectable, 260. 
 Delegate, 303. 
 Deliberate, 244, 255. 
 Delicacy, 18. 
 Delicate, 18. 
 Delicious, 18. 
 Delight, 260. 
 Delineate, 52. 
 Delinquency, 222. 
 Delinquent, 222. 
 Delirium, 254. 
 Deliver, 169. 
 Delta, 279. 
 Delude, 252. 
 Deluge, 38. 
 Delusion, 252. 
 Demand, 24*. 
 Dement, 241. 
 Demise, 139. 
 Democracy, 160, 163. 
 Democrat, 160. 
 Demon, 214. 
 Demoniac, 214. 
 Demonology, 276. 
 Demulcent, 152. 
 Denigrate, 8. 
 Denominate, 277. 
 Denomination, 277. 
 Denounce, 274, 277. 
 Dense, 21. 
 Density, 21. 
 Dental, 118. 
 Dentate, 118. 
 Dentals, 281. 
 Denticulated, 118. 
 Dentist, 118. 
 Denude, 307. 
 Depart, 101, 139. 
 Department. 170. 
 Departure, 102, 139. 
 Depend, 50. 
 Dependant, 50. 
 Dependent, 50. 
 Deplete, 77. 
 Depletion, 77. 
 Deplore, 262. 
 Deponent, 79. 
 Deport, 100. 
 Deportment, 106. 
 Depose, 79. 
 Deposit, 79. 
 Depositary, 80. 
 Deposition, 170. 
 Depository, 80. 
 Depravation, 219. 
 Deprave, 219. 
 Depravity, 219. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Vll 
 
 Deprecate, 272. 
 Depreciate, 184. 
 Depress, 32. 
 Depression, 32. 
 Deputy, 303. 
 Derelict, 109. 
 Dereliction, 109. 
 Deride, 269. 
 Derision, 269 
 Dervise, 231. 
 Descant, 290. 
 Descend, 9, 45. 
 Descendant, 157. 
 Descent, 157. 
 Describe, 279. 
 Descry, 126. 
 Desecrate, 228. 
 Desert', 222. 
 Des'ert (n), 130, 192. 
 Deserve, 222. 
 Design, 256. 
 Desire, 272. 
 Desist, 49. 
 Despair, 273. 
 Despatch, 110. 
 Desperado, 273. 
 Desperate, 273. 
 Desperation, 273. 
 Despicable, 125. 
 Despise, 125, 269. 
 Despondency, 273. 
 Despot, 161. 
 Despotic, 161. 
 Despotical, 161. 
 Despotism, 161. 
 Desiccate, 38. 
 Destinv, 294. 
 Destitute, 49. 
 Destitution, 102, 184. 
 Destroy, 304. 
 Detach, 32. 
 Detachment, 176. 
 Detail, 276. 
 Detain, 306. 
 Detect, 307. 
 Deterge, 310. 
 Determine, 59, 255. 
 Detest, 268. 
 Detonate, 14. 
 Detract, 105, 227. 
 Detriment, 264. 
 Deuteronomy, 65. 
 Deutoxide, 65. 
 Develop, 307. 
 Deviate, 103. 
 Devil, 214. 
 Devious, 103. 
 Devise, 190. 
 Devisee, 190. 
 Devisor, 190. 
 Devote, 228. 
 Devotee, 228. 
 Devotion, 228. 
 Devour, 129. 
 Devout, 228. 
 Dew, 39. 
 Dexterity, 303. 
 Diabolical, 214. 
 Diagnosis, 247. 
 Diagnostic, 247. 
 Diagonal, 59. 
 Diagram.,280. 
 Dialect, mi. 
 Dialogue, 275. 
 Diameter, 56. 
 Diana, 217. 
 
 Diaphanous, 5. 
 Diaphoretics, 152. 
 Diarrhea, 147. 
 Diary, 88. 
 Diction, 276. 
 Die, 139. 
 Diet, 128. 
 Diffidence, 272. 
 Diffuse, 36. 
 Dig, 27. 
 Digestion, 132. 
 Digit, 123, 197. 
 Digitate, 123. 
 Digitigrade, 123. 
 Digress, 99. 
 Digression, 99. 
 Dilapidate, 207. 
 Dilate, 71. 
 Diluvial, 38. 
 Diluvian, 38. 
 Diluvium, 38. 
 Dim, 1. 
 Dime, 66. 
 Dimeter, 62, 2S7. 
 Diminutive, 70. 
 Din, 15. 
 Dine, 129. 
 Ding-dong, 15. 
 Dingy, 7. 
 Dinner, 129. 
 Diocese, 235. 
 Dioptrics, 125. 
 Dip, 36. 
 Diphthong, 62. 
 Diplomacy, 170. 
 Diplomatist, 170. 
 To Direct, 52, 59. 
 Directly, 84. 
 Dirk, 174. 
 Dirt, 310. 
 Disaster, 263. 
 Discharge, 188. 
 Disciple, 248. 
 Discipline, 248. 
 Disclose, 78. 
 Disclosure, 78. 
 Discord, 289. 
 Discount, 184, 189. 
 Discourse, 98, 274. 
 Discover, 307. 
 Discredit, 251. 
 Discrepant, 300. 
 Discriminate, 244. 
 Disdain, 269. 
 Disease, 141. 
 Disgrace, 227. 
 Disguise, 308. 
 Disgust, 129. 
 Dish, 128. 
 Disintegrate, 72. 
 Disjoin, 32. 
 Disjunctive, 32. 
 Dislocate, 79, 150. 
 Dismay, 270. 
 Dismiss, 10S. 
 Dismount, 192. 
 Disorder, 141. 
 Dispatch, 110. 
 Dispel, 83. 
 Dispensary, 46. 
 Dispensation, 46. 
 Dispensatory, 46. 
 Dispense, 46. 
 Disperse, 82, 83. 
 Display, 30. 
 Displease, 267. 
 
 Disposal, 80. 
 Dispose, 80. 
 Disposed, 256. 
 Disposition, 80, 259. 
 Disquisition, 249. 
 Disreputable, 224. 
 Disruption, 25. 
 Dissect, 26. 
 Dissemble, 299. 
 Disseminate, 208. 
 Dissimulate, 253. 
 Dissipate, 83, 187. 
 Dissipated, 83. 
 Dissolution, 34. 
 Dissolve, 34. 
 Dissonance, 13; 2S9. 
 Dissonant, 13. 
 Dissuade, 256. 
 Dissyllable, 274. 
 Distance, 82. 
 Distant, 48, 82. 
 Distemper, 141. 
 Distend, 28, 71. 
 Distich, 288. 
 Distill, 35. 
 Distinguish, 244. 
 Distort, 30. 
 Distrain, 29. 
 Distress, 29, 263. 
 District, 29. 
 Disturb, 263. 
 Ditch, 27. 
 Ditty, 289. 
 Diurnal, S8. 
 Dive, 36. 
 Diverse, 103. 
 Divert, 103, 260. 
 Divest, 309. 
 Divination, 86. 
 Divine, 213. 
 To Divine, 8. 
 Divinity, 213. 
 Division, 176. 
 Divorce, 156. 
 Do, 301. 
 Docile, 247. 
 Doctor, 150, 248, 285. 
 Doctorate, 285. 
 Doctrine, 232, 248. 
 Document, 248. 
 Dodecagon, 55, 64. 
 Dodecahedron, 57, 64. 
 Dog, 211. 
 Doggerel, 288. 
 Dogma, 232. 
 Dolt, 254. 
 Dome, 304. 
 Domestic, 304. 
 Domesticate, 304. 
 Domicile, 304. 
 Dominant, 161. 
 Domination, 161. 
 Domineer, 161. 
 Dominical, 91. 
 Dominicans, 238. 
 Dominion, 161. 
 Donation, 190. 
 Donative, 190. 
 Donee, 191. 
 Donor, 191. 
 Dormant, 128. 
 Dormitory, 128. 
 Dote, 264. 
 Double, 30, 62. 
 Doubt, 251. 
 Douse, 36. 
 
 Dower, 156. 
 Down, 112. 
 Downward, 45. 
 Dowry, 156. 
 Doze, 127. 
 Drab, 7. 
 Drag, 105. 
 Dragoon, 173. 
 Drama, 288. 
 Drapery, 309. 
 Draught, 189. 
 Draw, 105. 
 Drawee, 189. 
 Drawer, 189. 
 Dread, 270. 
 Dregs, 94, 310. 
 Drench, 38. 
 Dress, 308. 
 Drink, 131. 
 Drip, 35, 93. 
 Drive, 105. 
 Drivel, 136. 
 Drizzle, 39. 
 Droll, 269. 
 Drone, 14. 
 Droop, 50. 
 Drop. 35, 93. 
 Dross, 310. 
 Drossy, 42, 149. 
 Drove, 67. 
 Drowsy, 127. 
 Drub, 224. 
 Drudgery, 301. 
 Drug, 150. 
 Druggist, 151. 
 Drunk, 131. 
 Dry, 38. 
 Dryad, 217. 
 Duad, 62. 
 Dual, 62. 
 Duality, 62. 
 Dubious, 251. 
 Ducal, 162. 
 Duce, 62. 
 Duchess, 171. 
 Duchy, 163. 
 To Duck, 36. 
 Duckling, 212. 
 Duct, 107. 
 Ductile, 23, 107. 
 Ductility, 23. 
 Duds, 309. 
 Due, 188. 
 Duel, 17, 62, 177. 
 Duet, 62, 290. 
 Dug, 119. 
 Duke, 162, 171. 
 Dulcet, 19. 
 Dulcify, 19. 
 Dulcimer, 19. 
 Dull, 1, 28, 59, 254. 
 Dullard, 254. 
 Dumb, 18. 
 Dun, 7. 
 Dunce, 254. 
 Dunderpate, 254. 
 Duodecimals, 64. 
 Duodecimo, 286. 
 Dupe, 253. 
 Duplicate, 30, 62. 
 Duplicity, 30, 62, 252. 
 Durable," 86. 
 Dure, 22, 86. 
 Dusk, 5. 
 Dust, 70. 
 Duty, 222. 
 
Vlll 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Duumviri, 62. 
 Dwarf, 70. 
 Dwell, 111. 
 Dwindle, 71. 
 Dye, 9. 
 Dyke, 41. 
 Dynameter, 76. 
 Dynamic, 292. 
 Dynamics, 292. 
 Dynamometer, 76. 
 Dysentery, 145. 
 Dyspepsy, 147. 
 
 Ear, 117. 
 
 Earl, 171. 
 
 Earn, 186. 
 
 Earth, 191, 192, 204. 
 
 Earthen, 204. 
 
 Earthy, 204. 
 
 Earwax, 136. 
 
 Ease, 262. 
 
 East, 192. 
 
 Eat, 129. 
 
 Eatable, 129. 
 
 Eatables, 129. 
 
 Ebb, 41. 
 
 Ebbtide, 41. 
 
 Ebon, 7. 
 
 Ebriety, 132. 
 
 Ebriosity, 132. 
 
 Ebullition, 12. 
 
 Eccentric, 57. 
 
 Eccentricity, 195. 
 
 Ecclesiastic, 234. 
 
 Echo, 17. 
 
 Eclipse, 197. 
 
 Ecliptic, 195. 
 
 Economy, 187. 
 
 Ecstasy, 260. 
 
 Ecstatic, 260. 
 
 Eddy, 38. 
 
 Edge, 59. 
 
 Edible, 129. 
 
 Edict, 164. 
 
 Edifice, 304. 
 
 Edify, 304. 
 
 Educe, 107. 
 
 Effect, 293. 
 
 Effects, 183, 
 
 Effeminacy, 212. 
 
 Effeminate, 212. 
 
 Effervesce, 12. 
 
 Efflorescence, 146. 
 
 Effluence, 35. 
 
 Effluvium, 35. 
 
 Efflux, 35. 
 
 Effort, 302. 
 
 Effulgent, 3. 
 
 Effuse, 36. 
 
 Effusion, 146. 
 
 Egress, 99. 
 
 Eight, 64. 
 
 Either, 62. 
 
 Eject, 104. 
 
 Elain, 137. 
 
 Elastic, 23. 
 
 Elasticity, 23. 
 
 Elbow, 112. 
 
 Elder, 87. 
 
 Elderly, 87. 
 
 Elect, 255. 
 
 Electuary, 151. 
 
 Eleemosynary, 184, 265. 
 
 Elegant, 309. 
 
 Elegiac, 288. 
 
 Elegy, 288. 
 
 Elevate, 95. 
 Elevated, 47. 
 Elf, 214. 
 Elfin, 214. 
 Elision, 32. 
 Elixir, 204. 
 Ellipse, 56. 
 Elocution, 275. 
 Eloquent, 275. 
 Elsewhere, 78. 
 Elucidate, 2, 243. 
 Elude, 294. 
 Elusion, 294. 
 Elusive, 294. 
 Emaciate, 141. 
 Emanate, 35. 
 Emancipate, 259. 
 Embassador, 170. 
 Embassy, 170. 
 Embellish, 309. 
 Embers, 12. 
 Embezzle, 221. 
 Emblazon, 182. 
 Embonpoint, 140. 
 Embosom, 119. 
 Emerald, 205. 
 Emerge, 37. 
 Emetic, 152. 
 Emeute,171. 
 Emigrant, 97. 
 Emigrate, 97. 
 Emollient, 23. 
 Emolument, 186. 
 Emotion, 260. 
 Emperor, 161. 
 Empire, 162. 
 Empiric, 150. 
 Empress, 161. 
 Empty, 77. 
 Emulate, 269. 
 Enact, 165. 
 Enamel, 117. 
 Enamor, 154. 
 Enamorado, 154. 
 Encamp, 180. 
 Enchant, 215, 260, 290. 
 Enchanter, 215. 
 Enchantment, 215. 
 Enchantress, 215. 
 Encomium, 225. 
 Encore, 91. 
 End, 59, 87, 255. 
 Endear, 264. 
 Endearment, 264. 
 Endeavor, 302. 
 Endemic, 143. 
 Endogen, 80. 
 Endow, 191. 
 Endure, 22, 86. 
 Enemy, 267. 
 Energy, 291. 
 Enervate, 292. 
 Engagement, 177. 
 Engrave, 27. 
 Enjoin, 32. 
 Enjoy, 260. 
 Enlist, 176. 
 Enmity, 267. 
 Ennoble, 171. 
 Enormous, 69. 
 Enough, 72. 
 Enrage, 266. 
 Ensanguine, 133. 
 Ensign, 175, 177. 
 Enter, 190. 
 Enteritis, 145. 
 
 Enterprise, 305. 
 Entertain, 260, 303. 
 Enthusiast, 227. 
 Enthymeme, 245. 
 Entice, 257. 
 Entire, 72. 
 Entity, 297. 
 Entomology, 210, 275. 
 Entrails, 121. 
 Entranced, 260. 
 Entreat, 272. 
 Entry, 190. 
 Enumerate, 67. 
 Enumeration, 273. 
 Enunciate, 273. 
 Envelope, 307. 
 Envoy, 170. 
 Envy, 125, 269. 
 Eolian, 217. 
 Ephemeral, 88. 
 Ephemeron, 88. 
 Epic, 288. 
 Epicureaus, 241. 
 Epidemic, 143. 
 Epilepsy, 148. 
 Epilogue, 275. 
 Episcopacy, 235. 
 Episcopal, 235. 
 Episcopalian, 235. 
 Episcopate, 235. 
 Epispastic, 152. 
 Epitaph, 153. 
 Epithalamium, 156. 
 Epitome, 286. 
 Epoch, 90. 
 Equable, 73. 
 Equal, 71. 
 Equanimity, 73. 
 Equation, 73. 
 Equator, 193. 
 Equestrian, 210. 
 Equerry, 211. 
 Equilateral, 55, 73. 
 Equilibrium, 46, 73. 
 Equimultiple, 73. 
 Equine, 210. 
 Equinox, 73, 195. 
 Equip, 175. 
 Equipoise, 46, 73. 
 Equiponderance, 73. 
 Equitant, 210. 
 Equitation, 210. 
 Equity, 73, 219. 
 Equivalent, 73, 184. 
 Equivocal, 73. 
 Equivocate, 73. 
 Era, 90. 
 Eradicate, 207. 
 Erato, 217. 
 Erect, 48, 52. 
 Eremite, 237. 
 Errant, 102. 
 Errantry, 102. 
 Erratum, 102. 
 Erroneous, 102. 
 Error, 102. 
 Eruption, 146. 
 Eruptive, 144. 
 Erysipelas, 146. 
 Escape, 295. 
 Escharotic, 152. 
 Eschew, 294. 
 Esculent, 129. 
 Escutcheon, 182. 
 Esophagus, 121. 
 Esoteric, 238. 
 
 Esoterics, 238. 
 Espousal, 155. 
 Espouse, 155. 
 Espy, 126. 
 Esquire, 172, 181. 
 Essay, 286. 
 Essence, 297. 
 Essential, 297. 
 Establish, 48. 
 Estate, 166, 183. 
 Esteem, 184, 224. 
 Estimate, 184. 
 Estrange, 264. 
 Estuary, 40. 
 Eternal, 86. 
 Eternity, 86. 
 Etesian, 44. 
 Ether, 44. 
 Ethereal, 44. 
 Ethic, 218. 
 Ethical, 218. 
 Ethics, 218. 
 Etymology, 283. 
 Eucharist, 233. 
 Eulogy, 225. 
 Euphonious, 13. 
 Euphony, 13. 
 Evacuate, 77. 
 Evade, 96, 295. 
 Evanescent, 126. 
 Evangelical, 231. 
 Evangelist, 231. 
 Evangelize, 231. 
 Evaporate, 39. 
 Evasion, 96, 295. 
 Evasive, 96, 295. 
 Even (a), 54, 68. 
 Event, 97. 
 Eventual, 97. 
 Eventuate, 97. 
 Ever, 87. 
 Everywhere, 78. 
 Evidence, 251. 
 Evil, 221. 
 Eviscerate, 121. 
 Evitable, 295. 
 Evolution, 31,180. 
 Evolve, 31. 
 Exacerbate, 20. 
 Exacerbation, 142. 
 Exalt, 47, 95. 
 Examine, 249. 
 Exanthem, 146. 
 Exasperate, 54, 267. 
 Exceed, 96. 
 Excellency, 172. 
 Except, 305. 
 Excern, 138. 
 Excess, 72, 96. 
 Exchange, 181. 
 Exchequer, 167. 
 Exclaim, 278. 
 Exclude, 78. 
 Exclusive, 78. 
 Excogitate, 243. 
 Excommunicate, 234. 
 Excreate, 136. 
 Excrete, 138. 
 Excretion, 138. 
 Excruciate, 261. 
 Exculpate, 220. 
 Excursion, 98. 
 Excursive, 98. 
 Excuse, 220. 
 Execrate, 229, 230. 
 Execute, 108,301. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 IX 
 
 Executor, 190. 
 Exegesis, 243. 
 Exemption, 1G9. 
 Exequial, 153. 
 Exequies, 153. 
 Exertion, 302. 
 Exfoliate, 208. 
 Exhilarate, 261. 
 Exhort, 25G. 
 Exhume, 204. 
 Exist, 49, 297. 
 Existence, 297. 
 Exit, 96. 
 Exonerate, 46. 
 Exorcise, 214. 
 Exoteric, 238. 
 Exoterics, 238 
 Exotic, 238. 
 Expand, 70, 186. 
 Expanse, 71. 
 Expect, 126. 
 Expectorant, 152. 
 Expectorate, 119. 
 Expedite, 110. 
 Expedition, 110. 
 Expeditious, 110. 
 Expel, 106. 
 Expend, 46. 
 Expenditure, 46. 
 Expense, 46. 
 Experience, 250. 
 Experiment, 250. 
 Expert, 250. 
 Expertness, 303. 
 Expiate, 230. 
 Expiation, 230. 
 Expiatory, 230. 
 Expiration, 134. 
 Expire, 134. 
 Explain, 242. 
 Expletive, 77. 
 Explicate, 30. 
 Explicit, 30. 
 Explode, 14. 
 Exploit, 106, 301. 
 Explosion, 14. 
 Exponent, 80. 
 Expose, 80. 
 Exposition, 80, 243. 
 Expositor, 80, 243. 
 Exposure, 80. 
 Expound, 243. 
 Express, 32. 
 Expression, 116. 
 Expurgate, 310. 
 Exquisite, 249. 
 Exsanguine, 133. 
 Exsanguious, 133. 
 Exsanguineous, 133. 
 Exsanguinous, 133. 
 Extant, 48. 
 Extemporaneous, 83. 
 Extempore, 83, 
 Extemporize, 83. 
 Extend, 28, 53, 70. 
 Extensive, 68. 
 Exterior, 80. 
 External, 80. 
 Extinct, 11. 
 Extinguish, 11. 
 Extirpate, 207. 
 Extol, 95, 225. 
 Extort, 30. 
 To Extract, 205. 
 Extraneous, 80. 
 Extraordinary, 80. 
 
 24 
 
 Extravagant, 80, 187. 
 Extrinsic, 80. 
 Exuberant, 72. 
 Exult, 26. 
 Eye, 208. 
 Eyeball, 116. 
 Eyebrow, 116. 
 Eyelash, 116. 
 Eyelid, 116. 
 
 Fable, 277, 283. 
 Fabric, 304. 
 Fabricate, 303. 
 Fabulous, 277. 
 Face, 60, 115, 189. 
 Facial, 115. 
 Eactor, 189, 303. 
 Faculty, 285. 
 Fag, 263, 
 Faint, 271. 
 To Faint, 149. 
 Fainthearted, 271. 
 Fair (a), 7, 219, 309. 
 Fairy, 214. 
 Faith, 232. 
 Fakir, 231. 
 Falchion, 174. 
 Fall, 45, 93. 
 Fallacy, 246. 
 False, 252, 253. 
 Falsehood, 252. 
 Fame, 224. 
 Family, 159. 
 Famine, 130. 
 Famish, 130. 
 Famous, 224. 
 Fanatic, 228. 
 Fanciful, 242. 
 Fancy, 242. 
 Fandango, 100. 
 Fang, 118. 
 Fantasy, 242. 
 Far, 82. 
 Farce, 288. 
 Fare, 101, 128. 
 Farewell, 101. 
 Farrago, 44. 
 Farrow, 213. 
 Fascinate, 216. 
 Fascine, 179. 
 Fashion, 60. 
 Fast (adj), 110. 
 To Fast, 130. 
 Fast (a), 111. 
 Fasten, 111. 
 Fastness, 178. 
 Fat, 137. 
 Fat (adj), 140. 
 Fatal, 294. 
 Fatalism, 294. 
 Fatality, 294. 
 Fate, 294. 
 Fates, 217, 294. 
 Father, 156. 
 Fatherly, 156. 
 Fatigue, 263. 
 Fatuity, 254. 
 Fatuous, 254. 
 Fault, 220. 
 Favor, 265. 
 Fawn (n), 212. 
 To Fawn, 226. 
 Fay, 214. 
 Fear, 270. 
 Fearful, 270. 
 Feast, 130. 
 
 Feathers, 114. 
 Feature, 115. 
 February, 90. 
 Feculence, 94. 
 Feculent, 94. 
 Fee, 186. 
 Feeble, 292. 
 Feed, 128, 129 
 Feel, 127. 
 Feign, 253. 
 Feint, 180. 
 Felicitate, 261. 
 Felicitv, 260. 
 Felon, 147, 220. 
 Felony, 220. 
 Feminine, 212. 
 Femoral, 122. 
 Fen, 40. 
 Ferocious, 265. 
 Ferruginous, 201. 
 Fertile, 106. 
 Ferule, 224. 
 Fervent, 10. 
 Fervid, 10. 
 Fervor, 10. 
 Festal, ISO. 
 Festival, 130. 
 Festive, 130. 
 Festivity, 130. 
 Fetich, *231. 
 Fetichism, 231 . 
 Fetid, 21. 
 Fetor, 21. 
 Feud, 267. 
 Fever, 143. 
 Fib, 252. 
 Fiber, 59. 
 Fibula, 122. 
 Field, 180. 
 Fiend, 214. 
 Fight, 177, 259. 
 Figure, 60. 
 To Figure, 281. 
 Filament, 59. 
 Filch, 221. 
 File, 177. 
 Filial, 158. 
 Fill, 77. 
 Fillet, 33. 
 Fillibuster, 222. 
 Fillip, 31. 
 Filly, 210, 212. 
 Film, 58. 
 Filter, 36. 
 Filth, 310. 
 Finance, 186. 
 Finances, 186. 
 Financier, 186. 
 Fine (a), 58, 70. 
 Fine (n), 224. 
 Finger, 123. 
 Finite, 59. 
 Fire, 10. 
 Firearms, 174. 
 Fireballs, 3. 
 Firelock, 174. 
 Firmament, 199. 
 First, 65, 123. 
 Fiscal, 186. 
 Fish, 210. 
 Fissile, 25. 
 Fissility, 25. 
 Fissure, 25. 
 Fit (adj), 299. 
 To Fit, 299. 
 A Fit, 142. 
 
 Five, 63. 
 Fix, 111. 
 Fixation, 111. 
 Fixture, 111. 
 Flabby, 23. 
 Flaccid, 23. 
 A Flag, 177. 
 To Flag, 50. 
 Flagellate, 223. 
 Flagitious, 220. 
 Flagrant, 11. 
 Flambeau, 4. 
 Flame, 10, 154. 
 Flank, 177 
 Flare, 2. 
 Flash, 2. 
 Flashy, 309 
 Flatter, 44, 225. 
 Flatulent, 44. 
 Flavor, 18. 
 Fledgling, 213. 
 Flee, 295. 
 Fleet, 110. 
 Fleeting. 87. 
 Flesh, 112. 
 Fleshv, 140. 
 Flexibility, 23. 
 Flexible, 23, 53. 
 Flexile, 23, 53. 
 Flexion, 53. 
 Flexure, 53. 
 Flicker, 1. 
 Flight, 100. 
 Fling, 104. 
 Flirt, 154. 
 Flit, 100. 
 Float, 36, 101. 
 Flock, 67. 
 Flog, 224. 
 Flood, 38. 
 Floodgato, 41. 
 Floodtide, 41. 
 Flora, 208. 
 Floral, 208. 
 Florid, 208. 
 Florist, 208. 
 Flow, 35. 
 Flower, 208. 
 Fluctuate, 38, 93. 
 Fluency, 35. 
 Fluent, 35. 
 Fluid, 24. 
 Fluorine, 200. 
 Flush, 8. 
 Flux, 35. 
 Fly, 100. 
 Foal, 210, 212. 
 Foam, 37 
 Focus, 3. 
 Foe, 268. 
 Fog, 39. 
 Fold, 30. 
 Foliaceou3, 207. 
 Foliage, 208. 
 Foliate, 208. 
 Folio, 286. 
 Follow, 108. 
 Fond. 264. 
 Fondle, 264. 
 Food, 128. 
 Fool, 254. 
 Foot, 122, 287. 
 Footpad, 222. 
 Force, 258, 291 
 Forearm, 122. 
 Forehead, 116. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Forest, 207. 
 Forever, 87. 
 Forget, 251. 
 Forgive, 230. 
 Form, GO. 
 Formal, 60. 
 Formalist, 60. 
 Formality, 60. 
 Former, 84. 
 Formula, 60. 
 Formulary, 60. 
 Forsake, 109. 
 Fort, 178. 
 Forte, 292. 
 Forthwith, 84. 
 Fortification, 178. 
 Fortify, 178, 292. 
 Fortitude, 292. 
 Fortress, 178. 
 Fortuitous, 293. 
 Fortunate, 293. 
 Fortune, 183, 203, 293. 
 Fosse, 27. 
 Fossil, 27. 
 Foul, 310. 
 Foundation, 47. 
 Founder, 129. 
 Fount, 40. 
 Fountain, 40. 
 Four, 63. 
 Fraction, 24. 
 Fractious, 68. 
 Fracture, 24, 150. 
 Fragile, 24. 
 Fragment, 24. 
 Fragrant, 20. 
 Frail, 24. 
 Franciscans, 238. 
 Frangible, 24. 
 Fraternal, 158. 
 Fraternity, 158. 
 Fratricide, 140, 158. 
 Fraught, 106. 
 Fray, 267. 
 Free, 186, 191, 259. 
 Freedom, 259. 
 Freeze, 12, 38. 
 Freight, 106. 
 Frequency, 91. 
 Frequent, 91. 
 To Frequent, 91. 
 Freshmen, 285. 
 Friable, 23. 
 Friar, 158, 238. 
 Friday, 91. 
 Friendship, 264. 
 Fright, 270. 
 Frighten, 270. 
 Frigid, 13. 
 Frisk, 100. 
 Frontal, 116. 
 Frost, 39. 
 Frostbite, 147. 
 Froth, 37. 
 Fructification, 208. 
 Fructify, 208. 
 Frugality, 187. 
 Fruit, 208. 
 Fruition, 260. 
 Fry, 12. 
 Fuddle, 132. 
 Fuel, 11. 
 Fugacious, 295. 
 Fugacity, 295. 
 Fugitive, 295. 
 Fugleman, 176. 
 
 Fulfill, 301. 
 Full, 77. 
 Fume, 39, 267. 
 Fumigate, 39. 
 Fund, 185. 
 Funds, 185. 
 Funeral, 153. 
 Funereal, 153. 
 Fungus, 146. 
 Furious, 266. 
 Furniture, 183. 
 Furuncle, 147. 
 Fury, 217, 266. 
 Fuse, 36. 
 Fusible, 36. 
 Fusil, 174. 
 Fusion, 36. 
 Future, 85. 
 Futurity, 85. 
 
 Gabble, 274. 
 Gabion, 179. 
 Gain, 186. 
 Galaxy, 136, 198. 
 Gale, 43. 
 Gall, 132, 268. 
 Gallant (a), 154. 
 Gallant (11), 154. 
 Gallantry, 154, 271. 
 Gallop, 98. 
 Gangrene, 146. 
 Gape, 77. 
 Garb, 308. 
 Garment, 308. 
 Garnet, 206. 
 Garrison, 179. 
 Garrulity, 274. 
 Garrulous, 274. 
 Gas, 24. 
 Gasp, 134. 
 Gastric, 121. 
 Gastritis, 145. 
 Gastronomy, 121. 
 Gather, 82. 
 Gathering, 82. 
 Gaudy, 309. 
 Gaunt, 141. 
 Gay, 261, 309. 
 Gaze, 125. 
 Gelid, 13. 
 Gem, 205. 
 Genealogy, 159. 
 General (adj), 278. 
 A General, 176. 
 Generalissimo, 176. 
 Generation, 157. 
 Generic, 277. 
 Generical, 277. 
 Genius, 214, 254. 
 Genii, 214. 
 Gentle, 171. 
 Gentleman, 171. 
 Gentry, 171. 
 Genus, 277. 
 Geography, 191. 
 Geology, 275. 
 Geometer, 76. 
 Geometrician, 76. 
 Geometry, 76. 
 Germ, 208. 
 Germinate, 238. 
 Ghastly, 215. 
 Ghole, 214. 
 Ghost, 215. 
 Ghostly, 215. 
 Ghoul, 214. 
 
 Giant, 69. 
 Gibber, 274. 
 Gibberish, 274. 
 Gibe. 269. 
 Gift, 190. 
 Gigantie, 69. 
 Giggle, 269. 
 Girl, 213. 
 Give, 190. 
 Gizzard, 121. 
 Glare, 2. 
 Gleam, 1. 
 Glen, 192. 
 Glimmer, 1. 
 Glimpse, 2, 125. 
 Glisten, 2. 
 Glister, 1. 
 Glitter, 1. 
 Globe, 58. 
 Globose, 58. 
 Globular, 58. 
 Globule, 58. 
 Gloom, 5. 
 Glory, 3. 
 Gloss, 2. 
 Glossitis, 145. 
 Glow, 2, 8. 
 Glucinium, 202. 
 Glut, 131. 
 Glutinous, 21. 
 Glutton, 131. 
 Gnash, 131. 
 Gnaw, 130. 
 Gnome, 214. 
 Go, 95. 
 
 Goad, 28, 257. 
 Gobble, 17. 
 Goblin, 215. 
 God, 213. 
 Godchild, 233. 
 Godfather, 233. 
 Godhead, 213. 
 Godmother, 233. 
 Goitre, 147. 
 Gold, 201. 
 Goods, 183. 
 Gorge, 131. 
 Gorget, 175. 
 Gorgon, 217. 
 Gosling, 212. 
 Gospel, 231. 
 Gormand, 131. 
 Gormandize, 131. 
 Gout, 145. 
 Govern, 160. 
 Government, 160. 
 Governor, 160. 
 Gown, 309. 
 Grab, 306. 
 Grace, 172, 189, 265. 
 Graceful, 309. 
 Graces, 217. 
 Gracious, 265. 
 Grade, 99. 
 Gradual, 99. 
 Graduate, 99, 285. 
 Grain, 70, 208. 
 Grammar, 28. 
 Graminivorous, 129. 
 Grand, 69. 
 Grandchild, 158. 
 Grandee, 70. 
 Granivorous, 129. 
 Granulate, 116. 
 Graphic, 280. 
 Grapple, 306. 
 
 Grasp, 306. 
 Grateful, 260, 265. 
 Gratify, 260. 
 Gratis, 191. 
 Gratitude, 265. 
 Gratuitous, 191. 
 Gratuity, 191. 
 Gratulate, 260. 
 Grave (a), 13, 45. 
 Grave (n), 27, 153. 
 Grave (v), 27. 
 Gravel, 205. 
 Gravitation, 45. 
 Gravity, 46. 
 Gray, 7. 
 Graze, 129. 
 Grazier, 129. 
 Grease, 137. 
 Greaves, 175. 
 Greedy, 128. 
 Green, 8, 209. 
 Greet, 68. 
 Grenadier, 174. 
 Grief, 46, 262. 
 Grievance, 46. 
 Grieve, 262. 
 GrifiBn, 218. 
 Grime, 310. 
 Grin, 269. 
 Grind, 25. 
 Gristle, 112. 
 Grizzly, 7. 
 Groan, 16. 
 Groom, 211. 
 Gross, 154. 
 Grot, 192. 
 Grotto, 192. 
 Grounds, 310. 
 Grove, 207. 
 Grow, 74. 
 Growl, 16. 
 Growth, 74. 
 A Grub, 213. 
 To Grub, 27. 
 Grudge, 268. 
 Grum, 17. 
 Grunt, 16. 
 Gruntle, 16. 
 Guard, 296. 
 Guardian, 296. 
 Guerrilla, 173. 
 Guilt, 220. 
 Guise, 308. 
 Gulf, 40. 
 Gull, 253. 
 Gullet, 121. 
 Gully, 192. 
 Gulp, 131. 
 Gum, 174. 
 Gurgle, 15. 
 Gush, 35. 
 Gust, 43. 
 
 Gutta Serena, 148. 
 Gymnasium, 285. 
 Gyrate, 92. 
 
 Habiliments, 308. 
 Habit, 140, 308. 
 Habitable, 112. 
 Habitate, 112. 
 Habitation, 112. 
 Hack, 26. 
 Haggle, 26. 
 Hail, 39. 
 Hair, 112. 
 Halberd, 174. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XI 
 
 Hale (a), 141. 
 Halloo, 16. 
 Hallow, 228. 
 Halo, 3. 
 Hammer, 31. 
 Hand, 122, 279. 
 Handsome, 309. 
 Handy, 303. 
 Hang, 49. 
 Hanger, 174. 
 Hanker, 272. 
 Hap, 293. 
 Happen, 293. 
 Happiness, 2G0. 
 Happy, 293. 
 Harangue, 275. 
 Harass, 203. 
 Harbor, 40. 
 Hard, 19, 22. 
 Hardihood, 271. 
 Hark, 127. 
 Harm, 221, 264. 
 Harmattan, 44. 
 Harmony, 289. 
 Harness, 175. 
 Harpy, 217. 
 Harrier, 211. 
 Haste, 109. 
 Hasty, 267. 
 Hate, 26S. 
 Hatred, 268. 
 Haughty, 47, 266. 
 Haunch, 121. 
 Haven, 40. 
 Hawk, 136. 
 Hazard, 293. 
 Haze, 39. 
 Hazv, 39. 
 Head, 114. 
 Headtand, 191. 
 Headpiece, 175. 
 Heal, 150. 
 Health, 141, 150. 
 Healthful, 141. 
 Healthy, 141. 
 Hear, 126. 
 Hearken, 127. 
 Hearty, 141. 
 Heat, 9. 
 Heath, 192. 
 Heathenism, 231. 
 Heather, 192. 
 Heave, 95. 
 Heaven, 194, 195. 
 Heavy, 45. 
 Hecatomb, 64. 
 Hectic, 144. 
 Heel, 122. 
 Heifer, 212. 
 Heinous, 220. 
 Heir, 190. 
 Heliocentric, 194. 
 Helioscope, 194. 
 Helm, 175. 
 Helmet, 175. 
 Help, 302. 
 Hematite, 133. 
 Hemistich, 288. 
 Hemorrhage, 133. 
 Hemorrhoids, 133. 
 Hence, 78. 
 Henceforth, 85. 
 Hepatitis, 145. 
 Heptagon, 55, 63. 
 Heptarchy, 64, 160. 
 Heraldry, 182. 
 
 Herb, 206. 
 Herbaceous, 206. 
 Herbage, 206. 
 Herbal, 206. 
 Herbalist, 206. 
 Herbarium, 206. 
 Herbivorous, 129, 207. 
 Herculean, 69. 
 Herd, 67. 
 Here, 78. 
 
 Hereditament, 190. 
 Hereditary, 190. 
 Heresy, 232. 
 Heretic, 232. 
 Heritage, 190. 
 Heretofore, 85. 
 Hermit, 237. 
 Herpetology, 275. 
 Heterodox, 232. 
 Heterodoxy, 232. 
 Hew, 26. 
 Hexagon, 55, 63. 
 Hexahedron, 57, 63. 
 Hexameter, 63, 76, 287. 
 Hiatus, 77. 
 Hide, 112, 307. 
 Hierarch, 229. 
 Hierarchy, 229. 
 Hieroglyphic, 27. 
 Hieroglyphics, 229. 
 High, 45. 
 Highness, 172. 
 Highway, 102. 
 Highwayman, 222. 
 Hilarity, 261. 
 Hill, 192. 
 Hillock, 192. 
 Hinder, 257. 
 Hip, 121. 
 
 Hippocentaur, 211. 
 Hippodrome, 211. 
 Hippopotamus, 211. 
 Hire, 1S6. 
 Hiss, 17. 
 Hist, 18. 
 Hit, 31. 
 Hither, 78. • 
 Hitherto, 85. 
 Hoar, 6. 
 Hoard, 273. 
 Hoarse, 17. 
 Hoary, 6. 
 Hoax, 253. 
 Hobby, 210. 
 Hobgoblin, 215. 
 Hocus Pocus, 253. 
 Hold, 77, 305. 
 Holiness, 172. 
 Holy, 228. 
 Home, 112. 
 Homicide, 140, 212. 
 Homily, 309. 
 Honesty, 219. 
 Honor, 172, 225. 
 Honorable, 172. 
 Hoof, 114. 
 Hoot. 16, 17. 
 Hop, 100. 
 Hope, 272. 
 Horizon, 50, 192. 
 Horizontal, 45. 
 Horn, 114. 
 Horoscope, 199. 
 Horror, 271. 
 Hospitalers, 181. 
 Host, 233. 
 
 Hostile, 267. 
 Hostility, 173, 267. 
 Hostler, 211. 
 Hot, 10. 
 Hotel, 103. 
 Hound, 211. 
 Hour, 91. 
 Hovel, 304. 
 Howitzer, 174. 
 Howl, 10. 
 Huckster, 189. 
 Hue, 6. 
 Huge, 68. 
 Hull, 208. 
 Hum, 14. 
 Human, 212. 
 Humane, 212, 265. 
 Humanity, 212, 265. 
 Humble, 47, 204. 
 Humbug, 253. 
 Humeral, 122. 
 Humerus, 122. 
 Humid, 38. 
 Humiliate, 47. 
 Humiliation, 47. 
 Humility, 47. 
 Humor, 38. 
 Humus, 204. 
 Hundred, 64. 
 Hunger, 128, 272. 
 Hurl, 104. 
 Hurra, 16. 
 Hurrah, 16. 
 Hurricane, 43. 
 Hurry, 109. 
 Hurt, 264. 
 Husband, 155. 
 To Husband, 187. 
 Hush, 18. 
 Hushmoney, 18. 
 Husk, 208. 
 Husky, 17. 
 Hussar, 173. 
 Hut, 304. 
 Huzza, 16. 
 Hyacinth, 206. 
 Hydra, 218. 
 Hydrate, 42. 
 Hydraulics, 42. 
 Hydrocephalus, 149. 
 Hydrodynamics, 42. 
 Hydrogen, 42. 200. 
 Hydrography-, 42 
 Hydrometry, 42. 
 Hydropathy, 42. 
 Hydrophobia, 42. 
 Hydrostatics, 42. 
 Hydrothorax, 149. 
 Hygrometer, 38, 76. 
 Hygrometry, 38. 
 Hymen, 155. 
 Hymeneal, 155. 
 Hymenean, 155. 
 Hymn, 290. 
 Hyperbola, 56. 
 Hyperbole, 281. 
 Hypnotics, 152. 
 Hypocatastasis, 282. 
 Hypocrisy, 253. 
 Hypocrite, 253. 
 Hypothenuse, 55. 
 
 Iambus, 287. 
 Ice, 38. 
 Iceberg, 39. 
 Ichor, 146. 
 
 Ichorous, 146. 
 Ichthyology, 210, 275. 
 Icosahedron, 57, 64. 
 Idea, 241. 
 Ideal, 241. 
 Idealism, 241. 
 Identical, 299. 
 Identify, 299. 
 Identity, 299. 
 Ides, 90. 
 Idiom, 274. 
 Idiopathic, 143. 
 Idiot, 254. 
 Idolatry, 231. 
 Igneous, 10. 
 Ignis-fatuu3, 4. 
 Ignite, 10. 
 Ignominious, 227. 
 Ignominy, 227. 
 Ignoramus, 247. 
 Ignorance, 247. 
 Ignore, 247. 
 Ill, 141, 221. 
 Illness, 141. 
 Illude, 252. 
 Illume, 2. 
 Illumine, 2. 
 Illuminate, 2. 
 Illusion, 252. 
 Illusory, 253. 
 Illustrate, 3, 243. 
 Illustrious, 3. 
 Imaginary, 242. 
 Imagination, 242. 
 Imaginative, 242. 
 Imagine, 242. 
 Imbecility, 292. 
 Imbibe, 131, 
 Imitate, 299. 
 Immediate, 84. 
 Immemorial, 250. 
 Immense, 68. 
 Immerse, 36. 
 Immigrant, 97. 
 Immigrate, 97. 
 Immolate, 233. 
 Immortal, 139. 
 Immortality, 139. 
 Immortalize, 139. 
 Immunity, 169. 
 Immutable, 301. 
 Impannel, 167. 
 Impart, 72. 
 Impartial, 219. 
 Impede, 122, 257. 
 Impediment, 257. 
 Impel, 105. 
 Impend, 50. 
 Imperative, 284. 
 Imperial, 162. 
 Imperious, 103. 
 Impetuosity, 110. 
 Impetuous, 110. 
 Implement, 302. 
 Implicate, 30. 
 Implicit, 30. 
 Implore, 272. 
 Imply, 30. 
 Imponderable, 46. 
 Importune, 272. 
 Impose, 80, 252. 
 Imposition, 80, 252. 
 Impost, 106. 
 Impostor, 80, 252. 
 Imposture, 80, 252. 
 Impotence, 291. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Impotency, 291. 
 Impotent, 291. 
 Impoverish, 184. 
 Imprecate, 230,272. 
 Impudent, 271. 
 Impugn, 259. 
 Impulse, 105. 
 Impulsive, 105. 
 Impure, 309. 
 Inadvertence, 6, 103. 
 Inane, 77. 
 Inanimate, 139. 
 Inanition, 77. 
 Inanity, 77. 
 Inauspicious, 85. 
 Incandescent, 3. 
 Incantation, 215. 
 Incarnate, 112. 
 Incense, 11, 233. 
 To Incense, 267. 
 Incentive, 27. 
 Inception, 305. 
 Incident, 94. 
 Incidental, 94. 
 Incinerate, 12. 
 Incipient, 86. 
 Incision, 26. 
 Incite, 257. 
 Incline, 51. 
 Inclined, 45, 256. 
 Inclose, 78. 
 Inclosure, 78. 
 Include, 78. 
 Inclusive, 78. 
 Income, 185. 
 Inconvenience, 263. 
 Incommode, 263. 
 Incorporate, 298. 
 Increase, 74. 
 Increment, 74. 
 Incubation, 290. 
 Incubus, 51, 149. 
 Inculpable, 220. 
 Inculpate, 220. 
 Incumbent, 51. 
 Incur, 98. 
 Incursion, 98. 
 Incurvate, 53. 
 Indent, 118. 
 Independent, 50. 
 Index, 123. 
 Indicative, 284. 
 Indigence, 184. 
 Indignation, 260. 
 Indigo, 8. 
 Indisposed, 142. 
 Indisposition, 142. 
 Indissoluble, 34. 
 Indorser, 189. 
 Indubitable, 251. 
 Induce, 107, 256. 
 Inducement, 107. 
 Indue, 309. 
 Indurate, 22. 
 Inebriate, 132. 
 Inebriety, 132. 
 Ineffable, 275. 
 Inevitable, 295. 
 Infamous, 227. 
 Infamy, 227. 
 Infancy, 213. 
 Infant, 213, 275. 
 Infanticide, 140. 
 Infantry, 173. 
 Infatuate, 254. 
 Infect, 143. 
 
 Infection, 143. 
 Infer, 107. 
 Infidel, 232. 
 Infidelity, 232. 
 Infiltrate, 36. 
 Infinite, 59. 
 Infinitive, 284. 
 Infinitude, 59. 
 Infinity, 59. 
 Infirmity, 142, 292. 
 Inflame, 10. 
 Inflammation, 146. 
 Inflate, 71. . 
 Influence, 35. 
 Influx, 35. 
 Inform, 60, 247. 
 Informant, 247. 
 Information, 247. 
 Infrangible, 24. 
 Infringe, 24. 
 Infuriate, 266. 
 Infuse, 36. 
 Ingrate, 265. 
 Ingredient, 33. 
 Ingress, 99. 
 Inhabit, 111. 
 Inhabitable, 112. 
 Inhabitancy, 112. 
 Inhabitant, 112. 
 Inhabitativeness, 112. 
 Inhere, 22. 
 Inherent, 22. 
 Inherit, 190. 
 Inheritance, 190. 
 Inhume, 153, 204. 
 Inimical, 267. 
 Iniquitous, 219. 
 Iniquity, 73, 219. 
 Initial, 86. 
 Initiate, 86. 
 Inject, 104. 
 Injury, 264. 
 Inlet, 40. 
 Inn, 103. 
 Innocent, 221. 
 Inoculate, 144, 208. 
 Inquest, 167, 249. 
 Inquire, 248. 
 Inquiry, 248. 
 Inquisition, 249. 
 Inquisitive, 249. 
 Insane, 253. 
 Insatiable, 129. 
 Insect, 26, 210. 
 Insidious, 308. 
 Insist, 49. 
 Insolation, 194. 
 Inspect, 125. 
 Inspiration, 134. 
 Inspire, 134. 
 Install, 35. 
 Instance, 48. 
 Instant (a), 85. 
 Instant (n), 48, 88. 
 Instantaneous, 88. 
 Instantly, 84. 
 Instep, 122. 
 Instigate, 257. 
 Institute, 49. 
 Institution, 49. 
 Instruct, 248. 
 Instrument, 302. 
 Insular, 191. 
 Insulate, 191. 
 Insult, 100, 267. 
 Insurgent, 95, 171. 
 
 Insurrection, 95, 171. 
 Intact, 127. 
 Integer, 68. 
 Integrity, 72. 
 Integral, 72. 
 Integrant, 72. 
 Integrity, 219. 
 Integument, 307. 
 Intellect, 242. 
 Intellectual, 242. 
 Intelligence, 242. 
 Intelligent, 242. 
 Intend, 28, 256. 
 Intense, 28. 
 Inter, 153. 
 Intercede, 96. 
 Intercept, 305. 
 Intercession, 95. 
 Intercessor, 96. 
 Intercostal, 119. 
 Interest, 186. 
 Interfere, 107. 
 Interior, 80. 
 Interjection, 284. 
 Interlocutor, 275. 
 Interminable, 87. 
 Intermit, 109. 
 Intermittent, 144. 
 Intermix, 33. 
 Internal, 80. 
 Interpose, 80. 
 Interpret, 243. 
 Interrogate, 248. 
 Interrogation, 148. 
 Interrogatory, 148. 
 Intersect, 26. 
 Intersperse, 83. 
 Intervene, 97. 
 Intervention, 97. 
 Intestate, 190. 
 Intestine, 80. 
 Intimidate, 270. 
 Intoxicate, 131. 
 Intrench, 27, 179. 
 Intrepid, 271. 
 Intrepidity, 271. 
 Intricacy, 243. 
 Intricate, 243. 
 Intrinsic, 80. 
 Introduce, 108. 
 Intrude, 105. 
 Intrusion, 105. 
 Intumesce, 71. 
 Intumescence, 71. 
 Inundate, 37. 
 Inundation, 37. 
 Invade, 96. 
 Invalid (a), 292. 
 Invalid (n), 292. 
 Invalidate, 292. 
 Invasion, 96. 
 Invective, 106, 226. 
 Inveigh, 106, 226. 
 Inverse, 103. 
 Inversion, 103. 
 Invert, 103. 
 Invest, 179, 185, 309. 
 Investigate, 249. 
 Inveteracy, 87. 
 Inveterate, 87. 
 Invincible, 178. 
 Invocation, 278. 
 Invoke, 278. 
 Involution, 31. 
 Involve, 31. 
 Invulnerable, 150. 
 
 Iodine, 200. 
 Iota, 279. 
 Irascible, 267. 
 Ire, 266. 
 Iris, 116 
 Irk, 263. 
 Irksome, 263. 
 Iron, 201. 
 Irony, 226. 
 Irradiate, 3. 
 Irrefragable, 246. 
 Irremediable, 150. 
 Irrigate, 41. 
 Irritable, 267. 
 Irritate, 267. 
 Islamism, 231. 
 Island, 191. 
 Isle, 191. 
 Islet, 191. 
 Isochronal, 73. 
 Isosceles, 55, 73. 
 Isothermal, 10, 73. 
 Issue, 158. 
 Isthmus, 191. 
 Itch, 127. 
 Itching, 272. 
 Iterate, 91. 
 Ivory, 118. 
 
 Jabber, 274. 
 Jacinth, 206. 
 Jack-with-a-lantern, 4. 
 Jade, 263. 
 Jail, 224. 
 Jam, 32. 
 Jangle, 266. 
 January, 90. 
 Jargon, 274. 
 Jasper, 205. 
 Jaundice, 8,148. 
 Jaunt, 101. 
 Javelin, 174. 
 Jaws, 117. 
 Jealousy, 269. 
 Jehovah, 213. 
 Jeopardy, 293. 
 Jest, 270. 
 Jesuit, 238. 
 Jet, 8, 36. 
 Jewel, 8, 205. 
 Jig, 100. 
 Jilt, 154. 
 Jingle, 14. 
 Jocund, 261. 
 Join, 32. 
 Joint, 112. 
 Jointure, 156. 
 Joke, 270. 
 Jolly, 261. 
 Jot (n), 279. 
 Journal, 88. 
 Journey, 88, 101. 
 Journeyman, 88. 
 Joust, 182. 
 Jovial, 261. 
 Joy, 260. 
 Jubilant, 261. 
 Jubilee, 261. 
 Judaism, 232. 
 Judge, 167, 244. 
 Judgment, 244. 
 Judicatory, 167. 
 Judicature, 167. 
 Judicial, 167. 
 Judiciary, 166, 168. 
 Juggle, 253. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 X1U 
 
 July, 90. 
 Jumble, 34. 
 Jump, 100. 
 Junction, 32. 
 Juncture, 32. 
 June, 90. 
 Junior, 87. 
 Juniors, 285. 
 Juno, 216. 
 Jupiter, 216. 
 Jurat, 170. 
 Juridical, 167. 
 Juris-Constilt, 165. 
 Jurisdiction, 167. 
 Jurisprudence, 165. 
 Jurist, 165. 
 Juror, 167. 
 Jury, 167. 
 Just, 85, 182, 219. 
 Justice, 1G7, 219. 
 Juvenile, 87. 
 Juvenility, 87. 
 
 Keen, 59. 
 Kernel, 208. 
 Kill, 139. 
 Kin, 159. 
 Kind (a), 264. 
 Kind (n), 277. 
 Kindle, 11. 
 Kindred, 159. 
 King, 162. 
 Kingdom, 162, 278. 
 Kitten, 212. 
 Knave, 220. 
 Knee, 112. 
 Kneepan, 122. 
 Knighthood, 180. 
 Knock, 31. 
 Knout, 224. 
 Know. 246. 
 Knowledge, 246. 
 Knuckle, 212. 
 Koran, 231. 
 
 Labial, 117. 
 Labials, 281. 
 Labiate, 117, 301. 
 Labyrinth, 117. 
 Lacerate, 25. 
 Lachrymal, 136. 
 Lachrymation, 136. 
 Lactation, 135. 
 Lacteals, 133. 
 Lactescent, 135. 
 Lactic, 135. 
 Lactuca, 135. 
 Lade, 106. 
 Laden, 106. 
 .Lady, 172. 
 Laity, 234. 
 Lake, 40. 
 Lamb, 212. 
 Lambkin, 212. 
 Lamella, 58. 
 Lamellated, 58. 
 Lament, 262. 
 Lamina, 58. 
 Laminated, 58. 
 Lamp, 4. 
 Lampblack, 11. 
 Lampoon, 226. 
 Lance, 174. 
 Land, 191. 
 Landlord, 103. 
 Language, 274. 
 
 Lap, 30. 
 Lapidary, 205. 
 Lapidescent, 205. 
 Lapse, 101. 
 Larceny, 221. 
 Large, 68. 
 Largess, 191. 
 Larva, 213. 
 Lfrryngitis, 145. 
 Lash, 223. 
 Lassitude, 263. 
 Last (a), 66. 
 To Last, 86. 
 Late, 85. 
 Latent, 308. 
 Latitude, 193. 
 Laud, 225. 
 Laudable, 225. 
 Laudatory, 225. 
 Laugh, 269. 
 Lave, 37. 
 Laver, 37. 
 Lavish, 186.- 
 Law, 164. 
 Layman, 239. 
 Lax, 29. 
 To Lay, 79. 
 Lay (n), 290. 
 Lead, 107, 201. 
 Leaf, 207. 
 Leaflet, 207. 
 League, 33. 
 Lean (adj), 140. 
 To Lean, 45, 51. 
 Leap, 99. 
 Learn, 248. 
 Leave, 109. 
 Lecture, 275. 
 Ledger, 190. 
 Lees, 94. 
 Leg, 55, 121. 
 Legacy, 190. 
 Legal, 165. 
 Legality, 165. 
 Legalize, 165. 
 Legatee, 190. 
 Legation, 170. 
 Legend, 277. 
 Legerdemain, 253. 
 Legion, 67. 
 Legislate, 165. 
 Legislative, 165. 
 Legislator, 165. 
 Legislature, 165. 
 Legitimacy, 165. 
 Legitimate, 165. 
 Length, 53. 
 Lengthwise, 59. 
 Less, 71. 
 Lethargy, 127. 
 Lethe, 251. 
 Lethean, 251. 
 Letter, 279. 
 Lettered, 279. 
 Letters, 279. 
 Levant, 95. 
 Levee, 41. 
 Level, 45, 50, 54. 
 Lever, 95. 
 Levigate, 25. 
 Levity, 4G. 
 Lexicon, 276. 
 Libertine, 259. 
 Liberty, 259. 
 Library, 286. 
 Lie, 50, 252. 
 
 Liege, 33. 
 
 Lieutenant, 175, 176. 
 Life, 138. 
 Lift, 95. 
 
 Ligament, 33, 112, 
 Ligature, 33. 
 Light (n), 1. 
 Light (a), 46. 
 Lightning, 3. 
 Lights, 119. 
 To Like, 264, 299. 
 Likely, 252. 
 Lilliputian, 70. 
 Limb, 121, 197. 
 Limber, 23. 
 Limit, 59. 
 Line, 52, 59, 176. 
 Lineage, 157. 
 Lineal, 52, 157. 
 Lineament, 52, 115. 
 Linear, 52. 
 Lingual, 118. 
 Linguals, 281. 
 Liniment, 151. 
 Lip, 117. 
 Liquid, 24. 
 Liquids, 281. 
 Liquidate, 188. 
 Lisp, 273. 
 Lists, 182. 
 To List, 127, 176. 
 Listen, 127. 
 Litany, 232. 
 Literal, 279. 
 Literary, 279. 
 Literati, 279. 
 Literature, 279. 
 Lithe, 23. 
 Lithography, 205. 
 Litigant, 168. 
 Litigate, 168. 
 Litigation, 168. 
 Litigious, 168. 
 Litter, 213. 
 Little, 70, 71. 
 Liturgy, 232. 
 To Live, 111, 138. 
 Lively, 261. 
 Liver, 121. 
 Livid, 8. 
 Llanos, 191. 
 Lo! 125. 
 Load, 106. 
 Loam, 204. 
 Loathe, 194, 268. 
 Local, 79. 
 Locality, 79. 
 Locate, 79. 
 Location, 79. 
 Lock, 114. 
 Lockjaw, 148. 
 Lofty, 47. 
 Logic, 245. 
 Loins, 121. 
 Loll, 50. 
 Long (a), 53. 
 Longevity, 53. 
 Longimetry, 76. 
 Longing, 272. 
 Longitude, 53, 193. 
 Longitudinal, 59. 
 Look, 125. 
 Looks, 116. 
 Loose, 29. 
 Loquacious, 275. 
 Loquacity, 275. 
 
 Lord, 161, 172. 
 Lot, 293. 
 Lotion, 37. 
 Loud, 13. 
 Lounge, 50. 
 Love, 154, 264. 
 Lover, 154. 
 Low, 45. 
 To Low, 16. 
 Lowly, 46. 
 Loyal, 164. 
 Loyalty, 164. 
 Lozenge, 56. 
 Lucid, 2. 
 Lucifer, 2, 214. 
 Lucrative, 186. 
 Lucre, 186. 
 Ludicrous, 269. 
 Lug, 106. 
 Lukewarm, 12. 
 Lumbar, 121. 
 Luminary, 2. 
 Luminous, 2. 
 Lump, 58. 
 Lunacy, 196, 254. 
 Lunar, 196. 
 Lunatic, 254. 
 Lunation, 196. 
 Lunch, 130. 
 Luncheon, 130. 
 Lungs, 119. 
 Lure, 257. 
 Lurk, 308. 
 Luscious, 18. 
 Luster, 3. 
 Lustral, 311. 
 Lustrate, 311. 
 Lustration, 311. 
 Lustrous, 3. 
 Lusty, 292. 
 Lute, 205. 
 Luxate, 150. 
 Luxation, 150. 
 Luxuriant, 209. 
 Lymph, 133. 
 Lymphatics, 133. 
 Lyric, 288. 
 
 Macerate, 37. 
 Machine, 302. 
 Mad, 253. 
 Madam, 172. 
 Magic, 215. 
 Magician, 215. 
 Magisterial, 161. 
 Magistracy, 161. 
 Magistrate, 161. 
 Magnanimity, 69. 
 Magnate, 69. 
 Magnesia, 202. 
 Magnificent, 69. 
 Magnify, 69. 
 Magnitude, 68, 69. 
 Maid, 156. 
 Mail, 175. 
 Maintain, 169, 206. 
 Maintenance, 306. 
 Majesty, 172. 
 Major, 176. 
 Make, 60, 303. 
 Malacology, 210. 
 Malady, 142. 
 Malar, 117. 
 Malaria, 143. 
 Malediction, 230. 
 Malevolent, 268. 
 
XIV 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Malice, 2G8. 
 Malign, 268. 
 Malignant, 2G8. 
 Malignity, 208. 
 Malleability, 23. 
 Malleable, 23. 
 Mammal, 119, 209. 
 Mammalia, 119. 
 Mammifer, 119. 
 Mammiferous, 119. 
 Mammoth, 69. 
 Mane, 114. 
 Manege, 211. 
 Manes, 215. 
 Maneuver, 180. 
 Manganese, 202. 
 Mania, 254. 
 Maniac, 254. 
 Maniple, 123. 
 Manipulate, 123. 
 Manor, 112. 
 Manse, 112. 
 Mansion, 12,304. 
 Manslaughter, 140, 221. 
 Mantle, 309. 
 Manual, 122. 
 Manufacture-, 122, 303. 
 Manumission, 259. 
 Manumit, 123, 259. 
 Manuscript, 123. 
 Many, 66. 
 March, 90. 
 To March, 98, 177. 
 Marchioness, 171. 
 Mare, 210. 
 Market, 189. 
 Marl, 204. 
 Marquee, 180. 
 Marquis, 171. 
 Marriage, 155. 
 Marry, 155. 
 Mars, 216. 
 Marsh, 40. 
 Marshal, 168, 176. 
 To Marshal, 180. 
 Martial, 173, 216. 
 Martyrology, 276. 
 Mass, 58, 233. 
 Master, 161. 
 Mastery, 161. 
 Masticate, 130. 
 Mastiff, 211. 
 Match, 11. 
 Matchlock, 174. 
 Material, 298. 
 Materialist, 298. 
 Maternal, 157. 
 Maternity, 157. 
 Matin, 89. 
 Matins, 89, 232. 
 Matricide, 140, 157. 
 Matriculate, 157. 
 Matrimony, 155. 
 Matron, 157. 
 Matter, 146. 
 Maturate, 146. 
 Maturation, 146. 
 Mature, 208. 
 Maturity, 189, 208. 
 Maul, 31. 
 Mausoleum, 153. 
 Maw, 121. 
 Maxillary, 117. 
 May, 90. 
 Mayor, 167. 
 Meager, 140. 
 
 Meal, 129. 
 Mean, 219. 
 Meander, 53. 
 Means, 302. 
 Measles, 144. 
 Bleasure, 74, 287. 
 Meat, 128. 
 Medical, 150. 
 Medicament, 150. 
 Medicate, 150. 
 Medicinal, 150. 
 Medicine, 150. 
 Meditate, 243. 
 Medley, 34. 
 Medullary, 138. 
 Meet, 81. 
 
 Melancholy, 7, 136. 
 Melee, 259. 
 Mellifluous, 19. 
 Mellifluent, 19. 
 Melody, 289. 
 Melpomene, 217. 
 Melt, 12. 
 Membrane, 112. 
 Memento, 250. 
 Memoir, 250. 
 Memorable, 250. 
 Memorial, 250. 
 Memorialize, 250. 
 Memory, 250. 
 Mendacious, 252. 
 Mendacity, 252. 
 Mental, 241. 
 Mercenary, 186. 
 Merchandise, 189. 
 Merchant, 189. 
 Mercury, 201, 217. 
 Mercy, 265. 
 Merge, 36. 
 Meridian, 89. 
 Merit, 222. 
 Merriment, 261. 
 Merryandrew, 270. 
 Merry, 261. 
 Mesentery, 121. 
 Metacarpus, 123. 
 Metamorphose, 61. 
 Metamorphosis, 61. 
 Metaphor, 282. 
 Metatarsal, 122. 
 Metatarsus, 122. 
 Meteor, 3. 
 Meter, 287. 
 Metonomy, 282. 
 Metropolitan, 235. 
 Mew, 16. 
 Miasm, 143. 
 Miasma, 143. 
 Microscope, 126. 
 Midnight, 89. 
 Miff, 266. 
 Might, 291. 
 Mightiness, 172. 
 Migrate, 97. 
 Migratory, 97. 
 Mild, 265. 
 Mildew, 208. 
 Militant, 173. 
 Military, 173. 
 Militate, 173. 
 Militia, 173. 
 Milk, 135. 
 Mill, 66. 
 
 Millennium, 65, 89. 
 Mimic, 299. 
 Mimicry, 299. 
 
 Mince, 26. 
 Mine, 179, 204. 
 Miner, 176. 
 Mineral, 204. 
 Mineralogy, 204. 
 Minerva, 217. 
 Mirfgle, 33. 
 Minister, 170, 234. 
 Minstrel, 290. 
 Minstrelsy, 290. 
 Mint, 185. 
 Minuet, 100. 
 Min'ute, 91, 193. 
 Minute', 70. 
 Minutiae, 70. 
 Mire, 40. 
 Mirth, 261. 
 Misanthrope, 212. 
 Misanthropist, 212. 
 Misanthropy, 212, 268. 
 Miscellaneous, 33. 
 Miscellany, 33. 
 Mischance, 264. 
 Mischief, 221, 264. 
 Misdemeanor, 220. 
 Miser, 273. 
 Misery, 262. 
 Misfortune, 263. 
 Mishap, 264. 
 Misnomer, 277. 
 Misogamy, 268. 
 Miss, 172. 
 Missile, 108. 
 Mission, 108. 
 Mist, 39. 
 Mister, 172. 
 Mistress, 154, 172. 
 Mite, 73. 
 Mitigate, 262. 
 Mix, 33. 
 
 Mixture, 33, 200. 
 Mnemonic, 251. 
 Mnemonics, 251. 
 Mnemosyne, 251. 
 Moan, 16, 262. 
 Moat, 27, 179. 
 Mobility, 92. 
 Mobilizo, 175. 
 Mock, 253, 269, 299. 
 Model, 299. 
 Modern, 85. 
 Modesty, 271. 
 Modicum, 73. 
 Modify, 301. 
 Mohammedanism, 230. 
 Moist, 38. 
 Moisture, 38. 
 Mold, 60, 204. 
 Molest, 263. 
 Mollify, 23. 
 Mollusca, 209. 
 Mollusc, 209. 
 Molybdenum, 201. 
 Moment, 88. 
 Momentary, 88. 
 Monachism, 237. 
 Monarch, 61. 
 Monarchy, 160, 163. 
 Monastery, 237. 
 Monastic, 237. 
 Monday, 90. 
 Monetary, 185. 
 Money, 185. 
 Monition, 222. 
 Monitor, 222. 
 Monk, 237. 
 
 Monocrasy, 61. 
 Monochromatic, 61. 
 Monogamy, 156. 
 Monograph, 280. 
 Monolith, 205. 
 Monologue, 275. 
 Monomania, 61, 254. 
 Monopoly, 61. 
 Monosyllable, 61, 274. 
 Monot'heist, 213. 
 Monotony, 61. 
 Monsoon, 44. 
 Monstrous, 69, 309. 
 Month, 90, 196. 
 Monument, 250. 
 Moon, 196. 
 Moot, 246. 
 Moral, 218. 
 Morality, 218. 
 Morbid, 142. 
 Morbific, 142. 
 Mordant, 130. 
 More, 71. 
 Morn, 89. 
 Morning, 89. 
 Morpheus, 128. 
 Morphine, 128. 
 Morrow, 85. 
 Morsel, 130. 
 Mortal, 139. 
 Mortality, 139. 
 Mortar, 174. 
 Mortification, 146. 
 Mortify, 139. 
 Mosque, 304. 
 Mote, 70. 
 Mother, 157. 
 Motherhood, 157. 
 Motherly, 157. 
 Motion, 92. 
 Motive, 92, 255. 
 Mottled, 7. 
 Motley, 7. 
 Mound, 192. 
 Mount, 192. 
 To Mount, 94. 
 Mountain, 192. 
 Mountebank, 253. 
 Mourn, 262. 
 Mouth, 117. 
 Move, 92. 
 Movement, 92. 
 Much, 71. 
 Mucus, 137. 
 Mud, 40. 
 Mulct, 224. 
 Muliebriety, 212. 
 Mulish, 256. 
 Multiplicity, 66. 
 Multiply, 30, 66. 
 Multitude, 66. 
 Mum, 18. 
 Mumble, 273. 
 Mumps, 145. 
 Munch, 130. 
 Munition, 175. 
 Murder, 139, 221. 
 Murk, 5. 
 Murky, 5. 
 Murmur, 15, 262. 
 Muscles, 112. 
 Muse, 243. 
 Muses, 217. 
 Music, 289. 
 Musket, 174. 
 Mussulman, 231. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XV 
 
 Mustaches, 114. 
 Muster, 180. 
 Musty, 20. 
 Mutable, 300. 
 Mutation, 300. 
 Mute, 18. 
 Mutes, 281. 
 Mutineer, 171. 
 Mutiny, 171. 
 Mutter, 273. 
 Myriad, 67. 
 Mystery, 213. 
 Mythology, 216. 
 
 Nabob, 163. 
 Nadir, 48, 193. 
 Nag, 210. 
 Naiad, 217. 
 Nails, 114. 
 Naked, 307. 
 Name, 277. 
 Nap, 127. 
 Nape, 118. 
 Narcotic, 152. 
 Narrate, 276. 
 Narrow, 54. 
 Nasal, 117. 
 Nasty, 310. 
 Natant, 101. 
 Natation, 101. 
 Nation, 159. 
 Nativity, 199. 
 Naughty, 219. 
 Nausea, 149. 
 Nauseate, 149. 
 Nauseous, 149. 
 Near, 82. 
 Neat, 309. 
 Nebula, 198. 
 Necessary, 294. 
 Necessitarian, 294. 
 Necessity, 294. 
 Neck, 118. 
 
 Necromancy, 87, 216. 
 Necrosis, 147. 
 Nectar, 218. 
 Nectarine, 19. 
 Need, 184. 
 Nefarious, 220. 
 Negro, 8. 
 Neigh, 16. 
 Neighbor, 82. 
 Neighborhood, 82. 
 Neither, 02. 
 Nephew, 158. 
 Nephritis, 145. 
 Neptune, 216. 
 Neptunian, 216. 
 Nereid, 217. 
 Nerve, 124. 
 Nestlins, 212. 
 Nettle, 267. 
 Neuralgia, 149. 
 New, 88. 
 Nibble, 130. 
 Nice, 18. 
 Nickel, 202. 
 Niece, 158. 
 Niggard, 273. 
 Niggardly, 187. 
 Nigh, 82. 
 Night, 89. 
 Nigrescent, 8. 
 Nihility, 297. 
 Nimble, 170. 
 Nine, 64. 
 
 Ninny, 254. 
 
 Ninnyhammer, 254. 
 
 Nipple, 119. 
 
 Nitrogen, 200. 
 
 Nobility, 171. 
 
 Noble, 171. 
 
 Nocturnal, 89. 
 
 Noddle, 115. 
 
 Node, 196. 
 
 Noise, 13. 
 
 Nomenclature, 277. 
 
 Nominal, 277. 
 
 Nominate, 277. 
 
 Nominative, 277. 
 
 Nominee, 277. 
 
 Nonagon, 55, 64. 
 
 Nonagenarian, 66. 
 
 Nonconformist, 60. 
 
 Nondescript, 280. 
 
 None, 68. 
 
 Nones, 90. 
 
 Noon, 89. 
 
 North, 193. 
 
 Northern Light, 4. 
 
 Nose, 117. 
 
 Nosegay, 20S. 
 
 Nosle, 117. 
 
 Nosology, 142, 276. 
 
 Nostrils, 117. 
 
 Nostrum, 150. 
 
 Notable, 247. 
 
 Notation, 247. 
 
 Note, 243, 240, 289. 
 
 Nothing, 297. 
 
 Notice, 247. 
 
 Notify, 247. 
 
 Notify, 247. 
 
 Notion, 244. 
 
 Notoriety, 247. 
 
 Notorious, 247. 
 
 Nought, 297. 
 
 Noun. 283. 
 
 Nourish, 128. 
 
 Nourishment, 128. 
 
 Novel, 88. 
 
 Novelty, 88. 
 
 November, 64, 90. 
 
 Novice, 88. 
 
 Novitiate, 88. 
 
 Now, 84. 
 
 Nowhere, 78. 
 
 Nozzle, 117. 
 
 Nubile, 155. 
 
 Nude, 307. 
 
 Nudity, 307. 
 
 Null, 68. 
 
 Nullify, 68. 
 
 Nullity, 68. 
 
 Numb, 148. 
 
 Number, 67. 
 
 Numeral, 67. 
 
 Numerate, 67. 
 
 Numerous, 67. 
 
 Numskull, 254. 
 
 Nun, 237. 
 
 Nuncio, 277. 
 
 Nuptial, 155. 
 
 Nurse, 128. 
 
 Nurture, 128. 
 
 Nut, 208. 
 
 Nutriment, 128. 
 
 Nutrition, 128. 
 
 Nutritious, 128. 
 
 Nymph, 217. 
 I 
 I Oath, 169. 
 
 Obscure, 5. 
 Obdurate, 22. 
 Obit, 139. 
 Obituary, 139. 
 Ob'ject, 104, 255. 
 Object', 104. 
 Oblate, 58. 
 Oblation, 232. 
 Obligate, 33, 188. 
 Obligation, 188. 
 Oblige, 33, 258. 
 Oblique, 51, 59. 
 Obliterate, 279. 
 Oblivion, 251. 
 Oblivious, 251. 
 Obloquy, 226. 
 Obscure, 242. 
 Obsequies, 153. 
 Obsequious, 108. 
 Obstacle, 48, 257. 
 Obstinate, 256. 
 Obstruct, 257. 
 Obtain, 306. 
 Obtrude, 105. 
 Obtrusion, 105. 
 Obverse, 104. 
 Obviate, 103. 
 Obviate, 103. 
 Obvious, 103. 
 Occasion, 94. 
 Occasionally, 91. 
 Occident, 192,194. 
 Occidental, 192. 
 Occipital, 115. 
 Occiput, 115. 
 Occult, 308. 
 Occupy, 77. 
 Occur, 99, 293. 
 Occurrence, 99. 
 Ocean, 40. 
 Octagon, 55, 64. 
 Octavo, 2S6. 
 October, 64, 90. 
 Octogenarian, 66. 
 Octohedron, 57, 64. 
 Ocular, 117. 
 Odd, 68. 
 Odious, 268. 
 Odium, 268. 
 Odor, 20. 
 (Esophagus, 121. 
 (Ezena, 147. 
 Ogle, 125. 
 Otfend, 220, 267. 
 Offense, 220, 267. 
 Offering, 157, 232. 
 Often, 91. 
 Ogre, 214. 
 Ogress, 214. 
 Oil, 137. 
 
 Ointment, 137,151. 
 Old, 87. 
 
 Oleaginous, 138. 
 Oleic, 138. 
 Oleiferous, 13S 
 Olympiad, 89. 
 Omega, 279. 
 Omen, 85. 
 Ominous, 85. 
 Omission, 109. 
 Omit, 109. 
 Omnipresence, 79. 
 Omnipresent, 72, 79. 
 Omniscience, 246. 
 Omniscient, 72, 246. 
 Omnivorous, 72, 129. 
 
 One, 61, 91. 
 Onerous, 46. 
 Ooze, 35. 
 Opacity, 5. 
 Opakej 5. 
 Open, 77. 
 Opera, 290. 
 Operate, 301. 
 Operative, 301. 
 Ophthalmia, 117, 145. 
 Opiates, 152. 
 Opinion, 244. 
 Opponent, 79, 258. 
 Oppose, 79, 258. 
 Opposite, 79. 
 Opposition, 79, 198. 
 Oppress, 32. 
 Opprobrious, 227. 
 Opprobrium, 227. 
 Oppugn, 246. 
 Optic, 126. 
 Optician, 126. 
 Optics, 126. 
 Option, 255. 
 Optional, 255. 
 Opulence, 183. 
 Oral, 117. 
 Orange, 8. 
 Oration, 275. 
 Orator, 275. 
 Oratory, 275. 
 Orbit, 195. 
 Orchestra, 289, 290. 
 Ordain, 164. 
 Ordeal, 249. 
 Order, 278. 
 Orders, 234. 
 Ordinance, 164. 
 Ordinary, 236. 
 Ordinance, 174. 
 Ore, 204. 
 Oread, 217. 
 Organ, 302. 
 Organize, 302. 
 Orient, 95, 192. 
 Oriental, 192. 
 Orifice, 117. 
 Origin, 95. 
 Orison, 272. 
 Ornament, 309. 
 Ornate, 309. 
 Ornithology, 209, 275. 
 Orthodox, 232. 
 Orthodoxy, 52, 232. 
 Orthoepy, 52. 
 Orthography, 52, 283. 
 Osseous, 112. 
 Ossification, 112. 
 Ossify, 112. 
 Ostensible, 28. 
 Osteology, 112, 276. 
 Ought, 222. 
 Outcrv, 16. 
 Outrage, 220. 
 Outvie, 269. 
 Oval, 56, 
 Ovation, 178. 
 Overt, 77. 
 Owe, 188. 
 Own. 182, 229. 
 Oxygen, 200. 
 
 Pabulum, 128. 
 Pace, 98. 
 Pacer, 98. 
 Pacha, 163. 
 
XVI 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pachalic, 163. 
 Pacific, 173.' 
 Pacify, 173. 
 Paganism, 231. 
 Pagod, 304. 
 Pagoda, 304. 
 Pain, 261. 
 Paint, 9. 
 Pair, 61. 
 Palace, 304. 
 Palatable, 18. 
 Palatals, 281. 
 Palate, 117. 
 Palatinate, 163. 
 Palatine, 163. 
 Palaver, 225. 
 Pale, 8. 
 Palfrey, 210. 
 Paleontology, 275. 
 To Pall, 20, 129. 
 A Pall, 153. 
 Pallid, 9. 
 Palm, 123. 
 Palmate, 123. 
 Palmistry, 86, 123. 
 Palpable, 127. 
 Palsy, 148. 
 Pampa, 191. 
 Pamphlet, 286. 
 Pamper, 130. 
 Pan, 217. 
 Panacea, 72, 150. 
 Pancreas, 121. 
 Panegyrize, 225. 
 Panel, 167. 
 Pang, 2G1. 
 Panic, 270. 
 Panoply, 175. 
 Panorama, 72. 
 Pant, 134. 
 Pantheism, 72,231. 
 Pantheist, 214. 
 Pantheon, 214. 
 Pantomime, 72. 
 Pap, 119. 
 Papacy, 236. 
 Papal, 236. 
 Par, 184. 
 Parable, 283. 
 Parabola, 56. 
 Parallelogram, 56. 
 Paralysis, 148. 
 Parasite, 225. 
 Parasol, 194. 
 Pardon, 230. 
 Pare, 26. 
 Paregoric, 152. 
 Parent, 156. 
 Parhelion, 3, 194. 
 Parish, 234. 
 Parliament, 66. 
 Parnassus, 217. 
 Parochial, 234. 
 Paronychia, 147. 
 Paroxysm, 142. 
 Parricide, 140, 157. 
 Parsimony, 187. 
 Parson, 234. 
 Part, 71. 
 Partial, 72, 219. 
 Particle, 70. 
 Particular, 72. 
 Party, 67, 168. 
 Pasquinade, 227. 
 Pass, 95. 
 Passion, 154, 259, 266. 
 
 Passionate, 267. 
 Past, 85. 
 Pastor, 234. 
 Pasturage, 129. 
 Pasture, 129. 
 Patella, 122. 
 Paternal, 156. 
 Paternity, 156. 
 Path, 102. 
 Pathognomic, 142. 
 Pathology, 142. 
 Patriarch, 156. 
 Patriarchate, 160. 
 Patriarchy, 160. 
 Patrician, 156, 171. 
 Patrimony, 157, 190. 
 Patriot, 156. 
 Patrol, 176. 
 Patron, 157. 
 Patronymic, 277. 
 Patter, 15. 
 Pattern, 299. 
 Pauper, 184. 
 Pay, 1S8. 
 Payee, 189. 
 Peace, 173. 
 Peak, 192. 
 Peal, 15. 
 Pean, 290. 
 Peasant, 171. 
 Peasantry, 171. 
 Pebble, 205. 
 Peccadillo, 220. 
 Pectoral, 119. 
 Peculate, 221. 
 Pecuniary, 185. 
 Peddle, 122. 
 Pedestal, 47, 122. 
 Pedestrian, 122. 
 Pedicel, 122. 
 Pedigree, 159. 
 Peduncle, 122. 
 Peep, 17, 125 
 Peer, 172. 
 Peeress, 172. 
 Pellicle, 58. 
 Pellucid, 5. 
 Pelt, 112. 
 Peltry, 112. 
 Pelvis, 121. 
 Penal, 223. 
 Penalty, 223. 
 Penance, 233. 
 Pencil, 3. 
 Pendant, 50. 
 Pendency, 50. 
 Pendent, 50. 
 Pending, 50. 
 Pendulous, 50. 
 Pendulum, 50. 
 Penetration, 254. 
 Peninsula, 191. 
 Penitence, 229. 
 Penitency, 229. 
 Penitent, 229. 
 Penitential, 229. 
 Penitentiary, 224. 
 Pennon, 177. 
 Pension, 46,146. 
 Pensive, 46. 
 Pentagon, 55, 63. 
 Pentameter, 63, 76, 287 
 Pentateuch, 63. 
 Pentecost, 66. 
 Penumbra, 6. 
 Penury, 184. 
 
 Penurious, 187. 
 Perambulate, 98. 
 Perceive, 242. 
 Perception, 242, 305. 
 Percolate, 36. 
 Percussion, 31. 
 Peregrinate, 101. 
 Perform, 60, 301. 
 Perfume, 20, 39. 
 Pericardium, 120. 
 Pericranium, 115. 
 Perigee, 196. 
 Perihelion, 194. 
 Peril, 293. 
 Period, 8S. 
 Periosteum, 112. 
 Periphery, 57. 
 Periphrase, 276. 
 Periphrastic, 276. 
 Peritoneum, 121. 
 Peritonitis, 145. 
 Perjure, 169. 
 Perjury, 169. 
 Permeable, 97. 
 Permeate, 97. 
 Permit, 109. 
 Permute, 301. 
 Permutation, 301. 
 Perpendicular, 45. 
 Perpetual, 86. 
 Perpetuate, 86. 
 Perpetuity, 87. 
 Perplex, 243. 
 Perquisite, 186. 
 Persecute, 108. 
 Persist, 49. 
 Personification, 282. 
 Perspective, 126. 
 Perspicuous, 126. 
 Perspicuity, 126. 
 Perspire, 136. 
 Perspiration, 136. 
 Persuade, 256. 
 Pertain, 306. 
 Pertinacious, 256, 306. 
 Pertinent, 306. 
 Pertussis, 145. 
 Pervade- , 96. 
 Perverse, 256. 
 Pervert, 103. 
 Pestilence, 149. 
 Pet, 266. 
 Petit, 167. 
 Petrifaction, 205. 
 Petrify, 205. 
 Petronel, 174. 
 Petty, 70, 167. 
 Pewter, 202. 
 Phalanx, 177. 
 Phalanges, 123. 
 Phantasy, 242. 
 Phantom, 215. 
 Pharmaceutic 151. 
 Pharmacy, 151. 
 Phase, 196. 
 Philanthropic, 212. 
 Philanthropical, 212. 
 Philanthropist, 212. 
 Philanthropy, 212. 
 Philippic, 226. 
 Philter, 154. 
 Phiz, 116. 
 Phoebe, 217. 
 Phoebus, 217. 
 Phonetic, 13. 
 Phonography, 13. 
 
 Phonology, 13. 
 Phosphorescent, 3. 
 Phosphorus, 3, 200. 
 Photography, 3. 
 Photometer, 3, 76. 
 Phrase, 276. 
 Phraseology, 276. 
 Phrenology, 241. 
 Phrenitis, 241. 
 Phrensy, 241. 
 Physician, 150. 
 Physiognomy, 115. 
 Physiology, 124. 
 Physiography, 206. 
 Phylology, 206. 
 Phytophagus, 206. 
 Pick, 255. 
 Picket, 179. 
 Pierce, 27. 
 Pierian, 217. 
 Pig, 212. 
 Pigment, 9. 
 Pike, 174. 
 Pile, 114. 
 Pilfer, 221. 
 Pilgrim, 101. 
 Pilgrimage, 101. 
 Pill, 151. 
 Pillage, 221. 
 Pillory, 224. 
 Pilose, 114. 
 Pilous, 114. 
 Pinchbeck, 202. 
 Pious, 228. 
 Piety, 228. 
 Pioneer, 176. 
 Pip, 17. 
 To Pipe, 17. 
 Pique, 268. 
 Piracy, 222. 
 Pirate, 222. 
 Pistol, 174. 
 Piston, 43. 
 Pith, 207. 
 Pity, 265. 
 Place, 78, 79. 
 Plagiary, 221. 
 Plague, 149, 263. 
 Plain, 191, 242. 
 Plainness, 309. 
 Plait, 30. 
 Plane, 54. 
 Planet, 194. 
 Planetoid, 195. 
 Planimetry, 76. 
 Plant, 206. 
 Plash, 40. 
 Plaster, 151. 
 Plastic, 61. 
 Plasticity, 61. 
 Plate, 58, 201. 
 Plateau, 192. 
 Platinum, 201. 
 Platoon, 177. 
 Plaudit, 225. 
 Plausible, 225. 
 Play, 288. 
 Plea, 168. 
 Plead, 168. 
 Pleasant, 260. 
 Pleasantry, 270. 
 Please, 260. 
 Pleasure, 260. 
 Plebeian, 171. 
 Plenary, 77. 
 Plenipotentiary,77,170. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XV11 
 
 Plenish, 77. 
 Plenitude, 77. 
 Plenty, 72, 77. 
 Plenum, 77. 
 Plethora, 141. 
 Plethoric, 141. 
 Pleurisy, 145. 
 Pliable, 23, 256. 
 Pliant, 23. 
 Plicate, 30. 
 Plumage, 114. 
 Plumb, 201. 
 Plumber, 201. 
 Plumbline, 47. 
 Plume, 114. 
 Plummet, 47, 201. 
 Plump, 140. 
 Plunder, 221. 
 Plunge, 36. 
 Plural, 66. 
 Plurality, 66. 
 Pluto, 216. 
 Plutonian, 216. 
 Ply, 30. 
 
 Pneumatic, 45. 
 Pneumatics, 45. 
 Pneumonia, 145. 
 Poach, 221. 
 Podagra, 145. 
 Poem, 287. 
 Poesy, 287. 
 Poetry, 287. 
 Point, 27, 52. 
 Poise, 46. 
 Poison, 143. 
 Pole, 192. 
 Polemic, 246. 
 Polemics, 246. 
 Police, 160. 
 Polish, 54. 
 Politic, 160. 
 Politician, 160. 
 Polity, 160. 
 Polka, 100. 
 Poll, 114. 
 Pollute, 310. 
 Poltroon, 271. 
 Polygamist, 156. 
 Polygamy, 156. 
 Polyglot, 66. 
 Polygon, 55, 66. 
 Polyhymnia, 217. 
 Polynomial, 66. 
 Polysyllable, 274. 
 Polytheist, 213. 
 Pomology, 276. 
 Pond, 40. 
 Ponder, 46, 243. 
 Ponderous, 46. 
 Poniard, 174. 
 Pontiff, 235. 
 Pontifical, 235. 
 Pontificate, 235. 
 Pony, 210. 
 Poodle, 211. 
 Pool, 40. 
 Poor, 183. 
 Pop, 14. 
 Pope, 236. 
 Popedom, 236. 
 Pore, 21. 
 Porosity, 21. 
 Porous, 21. 
 Portcullis, 179. 
 Port-monnaie, 106. 
 Portend. 28, 85. 
 
 Portent, 85. 
 Portentous, 85. 
 Portion, 72. 
 Portmanteau, 106. 
 Position, 79. 
 Positive, 252. 
 Possess, 182. 
 To Post, 190. 
 Postdate, 84. 
 Postdiluvian, 84. 
 Posterior, 84. 
 Posterity, 84. 
 Posthumous, 153, 204. 
 Postmaster, 170. 
 Postmeridian, 89. 
 Postpone, 80, 91. 
 Posture, 79. 
 Posy, 208. 
 Potable, 131. . 
 Potash, 202. 
 Potassa, 202. 
 Potation, 131. 
 Potency, 291. 
 Potent, 291. 
 Potentate, 291. 
 Potential, 291. 
 Potion, 121. 
 Poultice, 151. 
 Poultry, 183. 
 To Pound, 31. 
 Pour, 36. 
 Pout, 26. 
 Poverty, 184. 
 Powder, 70. 151. 
 Power, 291. 
 Practicable, 301. 
 Practical, 301. 
 Practice, 301. 
 Prairie, 191. 
 Praise, 225. 
 Prance, 100. 
 Prate, 274. 
 Prattle, 274. 
 Pray, 272. 
 Preamble, 98. 
 Prebend, 236. 
 Prebendary, 236. 
 Precarious, 272. 
 Precede, 84, 96. 
 Precentor, 290. 
 Precession, 96. 
 Precious, 184. 
 Precipice, 52. 
 Precipitate, 94, 109, 115, 
 
 164. 
 Precipitance, 110. 
 Precipitancy, 110. 
 Precipitation, 110. 
 Precipitous, 52. 
 Precise, 26. 
 Preciseness, 26. 
 Preclude, 78. 
 Precocious, 209. 
 Precociousness, 209. 
 Precocity, 209. 
 Precursor, 98. 
 Precursory, 98. 
 Predaceous, 221. 
 Predatory, 221. 
 Predecessor, 96. 
 Predestination, 294. 
 Predicate, 245. 
 Predict, 80, 276. 
 Predominate, 161. 
 Preemption, 188. 
 Prefer, 255. 
 
 Proference, 255. 
 Prefix, 111. 
 Prehensile, 306. 
 Prejudice, 264. 
 Prelate, 235. 
 Prem'ises, 245. 
 Premiss, 245. 
 Premium, 184. 
 Prepense, 46. 
 Preposition, 283. 
 Prerogative, 169. 
 Presage, 86. 
 Presbyter, 236. 
 Presbytery, 236. 
 Prescience, 246. 
 Prescient, 246. 
 Prescribe, 279. 
 Prescription, 279. 
 Presence, 79. 
 Pres'ent, 79, 84, 190. 
 Present', 190. 
 Presently, 84. 
 Preside, 49, 162. 
 Presidency, 162. 
 President, 162. 
 Press, 32. 
 Pretend, 28, 253. 
 Preterit. 96. 
 Pretty, 309. 
 Prevail, 257,291. 
 Prevalence, 292. 
 Prevalency, 292. 
 Prevalent, 291. 
 Prevent, 97, 257. 
 Previous, 84. 
 Price, 184. 
 Prick, 27. 
 Prickle, 28. 
 Pride, 265. 
 Priest, 235. 
 Primacy, 235. 
 Primary, 65. 
 Primate, 235. 
 Prime, 65, 68. 
 Primeval, 65. 
 Primitive, 65. 
 Primogeniture, 65. 
 Primrose, 65. 
 Principal, 221, 303. 
 Prior, 84. 
 Prioress, 237. 
 Priority, 84. 
 Priory, 237. 
 Prism, 57. 
 Prismatic Colors, 6. 
 Prison, 224, 305. 
 Prisoner, 221, 305. 
 Privilege, 169. 
 Prize, 184. 
 Probable, 250, 252. 
 Probate, 167. 
 Probation, 249. 
 Probe, 249. 
 Probity, 219. 
 Proboscis, 117. 
 Procedure, 95. 
 Proceed, 95. 
 Process, 95, 168. 
 Procession, 95. 
 Proclaim, 278. 
 Proclamation, 164. 
 Proclivity, 51. 
 Proclivous, 51. 
 Procrastinate, 91. 
 Procumbent, 51. 
 Prodigal, 187. 
 
 Prodigious, 69. 
 Prodigy, 85. 
 Produce, 53, 107. 
 Product, 107. 
 Production, 107. 
 Profane, 229. 
 Professor, 285. 
 Proffer, 107. 
 Profit, 186. 
 Profuse, 36, 187. 
 Progenitor, 188. 
 Progeny, 158. 
 Prognosis, 247. 
 Prognostic, 86, 247. 
 Prognosticate, 86, 247. 
 Programme, 280. 
 Progress, 99. 
 Progression, 99. 
 Progressive, 99. 
 Project, 104. 
 Projectile, 104. 
 Prolate, 58. 
 Prologue, 275. 
 Promenade, 98. 
 Promontory, 191. 
 Promote, 92. 
 Promulgate, 248". 
 Promulge, 248. 
 Prone, 52. 
 Pronoun, 283. 
 Pronounce, 273. 
 Proof, 245, 250. 
 Propel, 105. 
 Propense, 51. 
 Propensity, 52. 
 Proper, 300. 
 Property, 182. 
 Prophecy, 85. 
 Prophesy, 85. 
 Prophet, 85. 
 Propitiate, 230. 
 Propitious, 230. 
 Propose, 79. 
 Proposition, 245. 
 Propound, 79. 
 Proprietor, 1S2. 
 Propriety, 300. 
 Proscenium, 289. 
 Proscribe, 279. 
 Proscription, 280. 
 Prosecute, 108. 
 Proselyte, 232. 
 Prosody, 283. 
 Prosopopoeia, 282. 
 Prospect, 125. 
 Prospective, 125. 
 Prosper, 272. 
 Prostrate, 51. 
 Protect, 295, 307. 
 Protection, 295. 
 Protest, 189, 276. 
 Prototype, 65, 299. 
 Protract, 105. 
 Protrude, 105. 
 Protrusion, 105. 
 Proud, 266. 
 Prove, 245, 250. 
 Provide, 125. 
 Providence, 125. 
 Provident, 125. 
 Province, 164. 
 Provisions, 128. 
 Provocation, 267. 
 Provoke, 267, 278. 
 Proximate, 82. 
 Proximity, 82. 
 
XV111 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Proxv, 303. 
 Pry, 125. 
 Psalm, 290. 
 Pubescence, 112. 
 Pubescent, 112. 
 Publication, 218. 
 Publicity, 248. 
 Publish, 248. 
 Puddle, 40. 
 Puerile, 213. 
 Puerility, 213. 
 Puff, 43, 225. 
 Puff up, 71. 
 Pug, 117. 
 Pugilism, 258. 
 Pugilist, 250. 
 Pugnacious, 259. 
 Pugnacity, 259. 
 Puissance, 292. 
 Puissant, 292. 
 Pull, 105. 
 Pulmonary, 120. 
 Pulmonic, 120. 
 Pulverize, 25, 70. 
 Pulverulent, 70. 
 Pump, 43. 
 Punctilio, 52. 
 Punctilious, 52. 
 Punctual, 52. 
 Puncture, 27 
 Punish, 223. 
 Punk, 11. 
 Puny, 70. 
 Pup, 212. 
 Pupil, 116, 285. 
 Puppy, 212. 
 Purchase, 187. 
 Pure, 310. 
 Purge, 310. 
 Purity, 310. 
 Purloin, 221. 
 Purpose, 255. 
 Purr, 16. 
 Pursue, 108. 
 Purulent, 146. 
 Push, 105. 
 Pussillanimous, 271. 
 Pustule, 146. 
 Put, 79. 
 Puzzle, 243. 
 Pygmean, 70. 
 Pygmy, 70. 
 Pyramid, 57. 
 Pyroligneous, 10. 
 Pyrometer, 10, 76. 
 Pyrotechnics, 10. 
 
 A Quack, 150, 253. 
 To Quack, 17. 
 Quadrant, 57. 
 Quadrature, 196. 
 Quadrilateral, 55, 63. 
 Quadrille, 198. 
 Quadrumanous, 63. 
 Quadruped, 62, 209. 
 Quaff, 131. 
 Quagmire, 40. 
 Quail, 271. 
 Quako, 93, 271. 
 Qualm, 149. 
 Quantity, 71. 
 Quarantine, 66, 141. 
 Quarrel, 266. 
 Quart, 66. 
 Quartan, 66,144. 
 Quarter, 66. 
 
 Quartet's, 180. 
 Quartermaster, 177. 
 Quartette, 66, 290. 
 Quarto, 286. 
 Quartz, 205. 
 Quaternion, 63. 
 Quatrain, 288. 
 Queen, 162. 
 Querimonious, 262. 
 Querulous, 262. 
 Query, 248. 
 Quest, 248. 
 Question, 248. 
 Quibble, 246. 
 Quick, 110, 139. 
 Quickly, 84. 
 Quiescent, 111. 
 Quiet, 111. 
 Quietude, 111. 
 Quill, 114. 
 Quinquangular, 63. 
 Quinquelateral, 63. 
 Quinquennial, 63. 
 Quinsy, 145. 
 Quintan, 144. 
 Quiver, 93. 
 Quotidian, 144. 
 
 Rabble, 171. 
 Race, 41, 157, 159. 
 Rack, 39, 261. 
 Racket, 15. 
 Racy, 20. 
 Radiance, 3. 
 Radiancy, 3. 
 Radiant, 3. 
 Radiata, 209. 
 Radiate, 3. 
 Radiation, 3. 
 Radical, 207. 
 Radicate, 207. 
 Radicle, 207. 
 Radius, 56, 122. 
 Raa;e, 266. 
 Rail, 226. 
 Raillery, 270. 
 Rain, 39. 
 Rainbow, 3. 
 Raise, 95. 
 Rally, 270. 
 Ramble, 102. 
 Ramification, 207. 
 Ramify, 207. 
 Ramose, 207. 
 Ramous, 207. 
 Rancescent, 20. 
 Rancid, 20. 
 Rancor, 268. 
 Random, 293. 
 Range, 102. 
 Rank, 20, 209. 
 A Rank, 177. 
 Ransack, 249. 
 Ransom, 188. 
 Rap, 31, 307. 
 Rapid, 110. 
 Rapier, 174. 
 Rapine, 307. 
 Rapt, 260, 307. 
 Rapture, 260, 307. 
 Rare, 21, 73. 
 Rarely, 91. 
 Rarefaction, 21. 
 Rarefy, 21. 
 Rascal, 220. 
 Rash, 296. 
 
 Rate, 184. 
 Rational, 245. 
 Rationalism, 245. 
 Rationality, 245. 
 Rave, 253. 
 Raven, 8. 
 Ravenous, 128. 
 Ravine, 192. 
 Ravish, 260, 307. 
 Real, 297. 
 Reality, 297. 
 Realize, 298. 
 Realm, 162. 
 Rear, 177. 
 Reason, 244, 255. 
 To Reason, 245 
 Rebel, 170. 
 Rebellion, 170. 
 Rebound, 100. 
 Rebuke, 226. 
 Rebut, 246. 
 Rebutter, 169. 
 Recede, 95. * 
 
 Receive, 305. 
 Recent, 85, 290. 
 Receptacle,'305. 
 Recess, 95. 
 Recession, 95. 
 Recipient, 305. 
 Recite, 276. 
 Reckon, 68. 
 Reckoning, 222. 
 Reclaim, 278. 
 Recline, 51. 
 Recluse, 237. 
 Recognize, 247. 
 Recognition, 247. 
 RecoU, 100. 
 Recollect, 250. 
 Recommend, 225. 
 Recompense, 223. 
 Reconcile, 264. 
 Recondite, 307. 
 Reconnoissance, 247. 
 Reconnoiter, 247. 
 Record, 250. 
 Recount, 276. 
 Recourse, 99. 
 Recriminate, 220. 
 Recruit, 176. 
 Rectangle, 56. 
 Rectify, 52. 
 Rectilinear, 52, 55. 
 Rectitude, 52. 
 Rector, 234. 
 Recumbent, 51. 
 Recur, 99. 
 Recurrence, 99. 
 Recurvate, 53. 
 Red, 8. 
 Redeem, 187. 
 Redeemer, 188. 
 Redemption, 187. 
 Redintegrate, 72. 
 Redolent, 20. 
 Redoubtable, 270. 
 Redound, 37. 
 Reduce, 108. 
 Redundant, 37, 73. 
 Reek, 39. 
 A Reel, 100. 
 To Reel, 93. 
 Refer, 107. 
 Refine, 311. 
 Reflect, 53, 244. 
 Reflux, 35. 
 
 Reform, 60. 
 Refractory, 256. 
 Refragable, 246. 
 Refrain, 290. 
 Refrigerant, 152. 
 Refuge, 295. 
 Refugee, 295. 
 Refulgent, 2. 
 Refund, 36. 
 Refuse, 36. 
 Refute, 246. 
 Regal, 162. 
 Regale, 260. 
 Regalia, 162. 
 Regard, 224. 
 Regency, 161. 
 Regent, 161, 
 Regicide, 140, 162. 
 Regime, 161. 
 Regimen, 161. 
 Regiment, 161, 176. 
 Region, 191. 
 Regret, 262. 
 Regulars, 176. 
 Rehearse, 276. 
 Reiterate, 91. 
 Reject, 104. 
 Rejoice, 260. 
 Rejoin, 32. 
 Rejoinder, 32, 169. 
 Relapse, 101. 
 Relate, 159, 276. 
 Relation, 159. 
 Relative, 159. 
 Relax, 29. 
 Relic, 109. 
 Relict, 109, 156. 
 Relieve, 262. 
 Religion, 227. 
 Relinquish, 109. 
 Relish, 128. 
 Reluctant, 256. 
 Relume, 2. 
 Relumine, 2. 
 Remain, 111. 
 Remedial, 150. 
 Remedy, 150. 
 Remember, 250. 
 Remembrance, 250. 
 Remind, 250. 
 Reminiscence, 250. 
 Remiss, 109. 
 Remission, 142, 230. 
 Remit, 108, 230. 
 Remittent, 144. 
 Remorse, 130, 229. 
 Remote, 82. 
 Remunerate, 223. 
 Rencounter, 178» 
 Rend, 25. 
 Renegade, 232. 
 Renegado, 232. 
 Renounce, 169. 
 Renovate, 88. 
 Renown, 224. 
 Rent, 186. 
 Repast, 130. 
 Repeal, 165, 278. 
 Repeat, 91. 
 Repel, 105. 
 Repent, 229. 
 Repetition, 91. 
 Repine, 262. 
 Replenish, 77. 
 Replete, 77. 
 Replication , 30, 169, 248. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XIX 
 
 Reply, 30, 248. 
 Report, 15, 106. 
 Eepose, 79, 110. 
 Reprehend, 226. 
 Reprehension, 226. 
 Representative, 303. 
 Repress, 32. 
 Reprimand, 226. 
 Reprisal, 305. 
 Reproach, 226. 
 Reprobate, 226, 250. 
 Reprove, 226, 250. 
 Reptile, 99, 209. 
 Republic, 163. 
 Repudiate, 156. 
 Repugnance, 256, 259. 
 Repuguant, 259. 
 Repulsive, 106. 
 Reputable, 224. 
 Reputation, 224. 
 Repute, 224. 
 Request, 248, 272. 
 Requiem, 111. 
 Require, 249. 
 Requisite, 249. 
 Requisition, 249. 
 Requite, 223. 
 Rescind, 26. 
 Rescission, 26. 
 Resentment, 266. 
 Reservoir, 41. 
 Reside, 49, 111. 
 Residence, 111. 
 Resident, 111. 
 Residual, 94. 
 Residuary, 94. 
 Residue, 94. 
 Residuum, 94. 
 Resign, 169. 
 Resilience, 100. 
 Resist, 49, 25S. 
 Resolute, 34. 
 Resolution, 34, 146, 255. 
 Resolve, 34, 255. 
 Resound, 13. 
 Respect, 125, 224. 
 Respiration, 134. 
 Respire, 134. 
 Resplendence, 2. 
 Resplendency, 2. 
 Resplendent, 2. 
 Respond, 248. 
 Response, 248. 
 Responsible, 222. 
 Rest, 110. 
 Restitution, 49. 
 Restrain, 29, 257. 
 Restraint, 257. 
 Restrict, 29, 257. 
 Restriction, 257. 
 Result, 100, 293. 
 Resurrection, 95. 
 Retail, 189. 
 Retain, 306. 
 Retaliate, 223, 268. 
 Retard, 110. 
 Retention, 306. 
 Retina, 116. 
 Retract, 105. 
 Retreat, 177. 
 Retribution, 222 
 Retributive, 222. 
 Retrograde, 99. 
 Retrospect, 125. 
 Reveal, 307. 
 Revel. 130. 
 
 Revelation, 307. 
 Revelry, 144. 
 Revenge, 268. 
 Revenue, 185. 
 Reverberate, 18. 
 Revere, 224. 
 Reverence, 172, 224. 
 Reverend, 172, 224. 
 Reverent, 224. 
 Reverential, 224. 
 Reverie, 244. 
 Reverse, 104. 
 Revert, 104. 
 Revery, 244. 
 Review, 125. 
 Revile, 220, 226, 227. 
 Revision, 125. 
 Revoke, 278. 
 Revolt, 171. 
 Revolution, 92. 
 Revolve, 92. 
 Reward, 223. 
 Rhetoric, 275. 
 Rheumatism, 145. 
 Rhombus, 56. 
 Rhomboid, 56. 
 Rhyme, 288. 
 Rib, 119, 155. 
 Rich, 1S3. 
 Riches, 183. 
 Riddle, 243. 
 Ridge, 192. 
 Ridicule, 269. 
 Rifle, 174. 
 Right, 52, 169, 219. 
 Righteous, 219.1 
 Rigid, 24. 
 Rigor, 24. 
 Rind, 207. 
 Ring, 5S. 
 To Ring, 14. 
 Ringlet, 58, 114. 
 Rinse, 311. 
 Riot, 130. 
 Ripe, 208. 
 Ripple, 38. 
 Rise, 45, 94, 192. 
 Risk. 293. 
 Rite, 232. 
 Ritual, 232. 
 Rival, 269. 
 Rivo, 25. 
 River, 40. 
 Rivulet, 40. 
 Roadster, 210. 
 Roam, 102. 
 Roan, 7. 
 Roar, 15. 
 Roast, 12. 
 Rob, 221. 
 Robe, 309. 
 Robust, 292. 
 Rock, 205. 
 To Rock, 93. 
 Rod, 223. 
 Rodomont, 266. 
 Rodomontade, 266. 
 Rogue, 220. 
 Roll, 31, 92. 
 Root, 207. 
 Rope, 59. 
 Ropy, 22. 
 Rotary, 92. 
 Rotate, 92. 
 Rough, 19, 54. 
 Roundelay, 288. 
 
 Rout, 178. 
 Rove, 102. 
 Royal, 162. 
 Rubefacient, 8, 152. 
 Rubeola, 8. 
 Rubescent, 8. 
 Rubicund, 8. 
 Rubv, 8. 
 Ruddv, 8. 
 Rule, 161. 
 Rumble, 15. 
 Ruminate, 130. 
 Rummage, 249. 
 Run, 35, 98. 
 To Run, 146. 
 Runt, 70. 
 Ruse, 252. 
 Rush, 110. 
 Rushlight, 4. 
 Russet, 7. 
 Rustle, 15. 
 Ruth, 265. 
 Ruthless, 265. 
 
 Sabbath, 91. 
 Saber, 174. 
 Sable, 7. 
 Saccharine, 19. 
 Sacerdotal, 235. 
 Sacrament, 228, 233. 
 Sacred, 228. 
 Sacrifice, 228, 232. 
 Sacrilege, 228. 
 Sacristan, 228. 
 Safe, 295. 
 Safety, 295. 
 Sagacious, 254. 
 Sagacity, 254. 
 Sage, 254. 
 Sagittal, 174: 
 Sagittate, 174 
 Salamander, 214. 
 Salary, 186. 
 Sale, 187. 
 Salient, 100. 
 Salifiable, 203. 
 Saline, 20. 
 Saliva, 136. 
 Sallow, 8. 
 Sally, 179. 
 Salt, 203. 
 Salubrious, 141. 
 Salubrity, 141. 
 Salve, 151. 
 Salvable, 295. 
 Salvage, 295. 
 Salvation, 295. 
 Samiel, 44. 
 Sanctify, 228. 
 Sanctimonious, 228. 
 Sanctimony, 228. 
 Sanctity, 22S. 
 Sanctuary, 228. 
 Sanctum, 228. 
 Sanctum Sanctorum, 
 
 228. 
 Sandy, 7. 
 Sane, 141. 
 Sanguine, 133. 
 Sanies, 146. 
 Sanious, 146. 
 Sanitary, 141. 
 Sanity, 141. 
 Sapid, 18. 
 Sapient, 254. 
 Sapling, 207. 
 
 Sapor, 18. 
 
 Sapper, 176. 
 
 Sapphire, 205. 
 
 Sarcasm, 226. 
 
 Sarcoma, 147. 
 
 Sarcophagus, 129. 
 
 Sardine, 206. 
 
 Sardius, 206. 
 
 Sardonyx, 206. 
 
 Satan, 214. 
 
 Sate, 73, 128. 
 
 Satiate, 73, 129. 
 
 Satiety, 73, 129. 
 
 Satire, 226. 
 
 Satisfaction, 260. 
 
 Satisfy, 73, 260. 
 
 Saturday, 91. 
 
 Saturn, 216. 
 
 Savage, 265. 
 
 Savant, 247. 
 
 Save, 187, 295. 
 
 Savior, 295. 
 
 Savor, 18. 
 
 Savory, 18. 
 
 Say, 276. 
 
 Scab, 46, 114. 
 
 Scald, 12. 
 
 Scale, 58. 
 
 To Scale, 95. 
 
 Scalene, 55. 
 
 Scalp, 115. 
 
 Scamp, 220. 
 
 Scan, 95. 
 
 Scandal, 227. 
 
 Scant, 73. 
 
 Scanty, 73. 
 
 Scapegallows, 220. 
 
 Scapula, 119. 
 
 Scar, 146. 
 
 Scarce, 73, 270. 
 
 Scatter, 82. 
 
 Scene, 289. 
 
 Scent, 20. 
 
 Scholar, 284. 
 
 Scholastic, 284. 
 
 School, 67, 238, 284. 
 
 Schoolmen, 284. 
 
 Science, 246. 
 
 Scientific, 246 
 
 Sciolism, 246. 
 
 Sciolist, 246. 
 
 Scirrhus, 147. 
 
 Sclerotic, 116. 
 
 Scoff, 269. 
 
 Scold, 226, 267. 
 
 Scorch, 12. 
 
 Score, 68. 
 
 Scorn, 269. 
 
 Scoundrel, 220. 
 
 Scour, 310. 
 
 Scourge, 223. 
 
 Scout, 176. 
 
 Scranch, 130. 
 
 Scrawl, 271. 
 
 Scrawny, 140. 
 
 Scream, 16. 
 
 Screech, 16. 
 
 Screen, 296. 
 
 Scribble, 279. 
 
 Scripture, 279. 
 
 Scrub, 310. 
 
 Scrutinize, 249. 
 
 Scrutiny, 249. 
 I Scuffle, 258. 
 i Sculptor, 27. 
 
 Sculpture, 27. 
 
XX 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Scum, 37, 310. 
 Scurrility, 226. 
 Scurry, 110. 
 Sea, 40. 
 Search, 249. 
 To Season, 20. 
 Sebaceous, 137. 
 Secede, 96. 
 Secern, 135. 
 Secession, 96. 
 Seclude, 78. 
 Second, 65, 193. 
 Secondary, 65. 
 Secret, 308. 
 Secretary, 170. 
 Secrete, 135, 308. 
 Secretion, 135. 
 Section, 26. 
 Sector, 57. 
 Secular, 234. 
 Secure, 295. 
 Security, 295. 
 Sedative, 152. 
 Sedentary, 49. 
 Sediment, 94, 310. 
 Seduce, 10S, 257. 
 Seduction, 171. 
 Sedulous, 49. 
 See, 235. 
 To See, 125. 
 Seed, 158, 208. 
 Seek, 248. 
 Seemly, 300. 
 Seer, 86. 
 Seethe, 12. 
 Segment, 57. 
 Seignior, 162. 
 Seize, 306. 
 Seldom, 91. 
 Select, 255. 
 Selenium, 201. 
 Self-conceit, 266. 
 Sell, 187. 
 Semblance, 299. 
 Semi-transparent, 5. 
 Seminary, 208, 285. 
 Seminiferous, 208. 
 Semivowels, 281. 
 Senate, 87. 
 Send, 108. 
 Senior. 87. 
 Seniority, 87. 
 Seniors, 285. 
 Sense, 244. 
 Sensible, 124. 
 Sensual, 124. 
 Sensualist, 124. 
 Sentence, 244. 
 Sentiment, 244. 
 Sentinel, 176. 
 Sentry, 176. 
 Separate, 34. 
 September, 63, 90. 
 Septennial, 63. 
 Septentrional, 193. 
 Septuagint, 66. 
 Sepulcher, 153. 
 Sepulture, 153. 
 Sequel, 108. 
 Seraph, 214. 
 Serene, 172. 
 Serf, '259. 
 Sergeant, 175. 
 Sermon, 275. 
 Serpent, 99. 
 Serpentine, 53. 
 
 Serve, 130. 
 Service, 130, 232. 
 Servile, 259. 
 Servility, 259. 
 Servitude, 259. 
 Set, 79, 192. 
 Setaceous, 113. 
 Setose, 113. 
 Setous, 113. 
 Settle, 94, 111,188. 
 Seven, 63. 
 Sever, 34. 
 Sexangular, 63. 
 Sexennial, 63. 
 Shade, 5, 6, 216. 
 Shadow, 5. 
 Shaft, 114, 174. 
 Shag, 114. 
 Shagged, 114 
 Shaggy, 114. 
 Shake, 93. 
 Sham, 253. 
 Shame, 271. 
 Shank, 122. 
 Shanty, 304. 
 Shape, 60. 
 Sharp, 59. 
 Shaster, 231. 
 Shatter, 24. 
 Shave, 26. 
 Shear, 26. 
 Shed, 36. 
 Sheen, 1. 
 
 Sheepishness, 272. 
 Shell, 114, 208. 
 Shelter, 296. 
 Sheriff, 168. 
 Shield, 175, 296 
 Shift, 92. 
 Shin, 122. 
 Shine, 1. 
 Shire, 164. 
 Shiver, 93. 
 Shoal, 67. 
 Shock, 93. 
 Shoot, 104, 207. 
 Shooting Stars, 3. 
 Shop, 189. 
 Short, 53. 
 Shortly, 84. 
 Shoulder, 122. 
 Shout, 16. 
 Shove, 105. 
 Shower, 39. 
 Shrew, 267. 
 Shrewd, 254. 
 Shriek, 16. 
 Shrill, 14. 
 Shrink, 71. 
 Shroud, 153. . 
 Shrub, 207. 
 Shrubbery, 207. 
 Shudder, 92, 271. 
 Shuffle, 105. 
 Shun, 294. 
 Shut, 78. 
 Shy, 271. 
 Sialogogues, 152. 
 Sibilants, 281. 
 Sick, 142. 
 Sickly, 142. 
 Sickness, 142. 
 Sidereal, 88. 
 Siege, 179. 
 Sigh, 16, 134. 
 Sight, 125. 
 
 Silence, 18. 
 Silicon, 201. 
 Silly, 254. 
 Silver, 201. 
 Similar, 299. 
 Simile, 281, 299. 
 Similitude, 299. 
 Simmer, 12. 
 Simoon, 44. 
 Simper, 269. 
 Simple, 30, 254. 
 Simpleton, 254. 
 Simplicity, 309. 
 Simulate, 253, 299. 
 Sin, 219, 229. 
 Sincipital, 115. 
 Sinciput, 115. 
 Sinew, 112. 
 Sing, 289. 
 Singe, 12. 
 Single, 61, 156. 
 Singular, 61. 
 Sink, 36, 94. 
 Sinuous, 53. 
 Sip, 131. 
 Sir, 172, 182. 
 Sire, 157, 172. 
 Siren, 217. 
 Sirocco, 44. 
 Sister, 158. 
 Sit, 49. 
 Site, 79. 
 Situation, 79. 
 Siva, 231. 
 Six, 63. 
 Size, 68. 
 Skeleton, 112. 
 Skill, 303. 
 Skin, 112. 
 Skip, 100. 
 Skirmish, 178. 
 Skittish, 271. 
 Skulk, 308. 
 Skull, 115. 
 Sky, 194. 
 Slabber, 136. 
 Slack, 29. 
 Slag, 12. 
 Slam, 31. 
 Slander, 226. 
 Slant, 51, 59. 
 Slap, 31. 
 Slaughter, 140. 
 Slave, 259. 
 Slaver, 136. 
 Slavery, 259.. 
 Slay, 140. 
 Sleep, 127. 
 Sleet, 39. 
 
 Sleight-of-hand, 253. 
 Slender, 58. 
 Slope, 51. 
 Sloth, 110. 
 Slough, 40. 
 Slow, 110. 
 Sluggish, 110. 
 Sluice, 41. 
 Slumber, 127. 
 Smack, 18. 
 Small, 70. 
 Small -pox, 144. 
 Smart, 261. 
 Smatter, 247. 
 Smatterer, 247. 
 Smell, 20. 
 Smile, 269. 
 
 Smirch, 310. 
 Smirk, 269. 
 Smite, 31. 
 Smoke, 11. 
 Smoulder, 11. 
 Smooch, 310. 
 Smooth, 54. 
 Smother, 134. 
 Smuggle, 222. 
 Smut, 310. 
 Smutch. 310. 
 Snag, 118. 
 Snap, 14, 24, 130. 
 Snappish, 130, 267. 
 Snarl, 16. 
 Snatch, 306. 
 Sneer, 269. 
 Sneeze, 134. 
 Snicker, 269. 
 Sniff, 134. 
 Snigger, 269. . 
 Snore, 134. 
 Snout, 117. 
 Snubnose, 117. 
 Snuff, 134. 
 Snuffle, 134. 
 Soak, 37. 
 Sob, 16. 
 Sober, 132. 
 Soda, 202. 
 Sodden, 12. 
 Sodium, 202. 
 Soft, 22. 
 Soil, 204. 
 To Soil, 310. 
 Sojourn, 111. 
 Solace, 261. 
 Solar, 88, 194. 
 Soldier, 173. 
 Solicit, 272. 
 Solicitude, 262. 
 Solid, 57. 
 Solo, 290. 
 Solstice, 195. 
 Soluble, 34. 
 Solution, 34. 
 Solve, 34. 
 Solvent, 34. 
 Somber, 5. 
 Somewhere, 78. 
 Somnambulism, 127. 
 Somniferous, 127. 
 Somnolent, 127. 
 Son, 158. 
 Song, 289. 
 Songster, 289. 
 Sonnet, 288. 
 Sonorous, 13. 
 Soon, 84. 
 Soot, 11. 
 Soothe, 262. 
 Soothsayer, 86. 
 Sop, 131. 
 
 Sophism, 240, 246. 
 Sophisticate, 240. 
 Sophists, 239. 
 Sophistry, 240. 
 Sophomore, 285. 
 Soporific, 128. 
 Sorcerer, 215. 
 Sorceress, 215. 
 Sorcery, 215. 
 Sordes, 146. 
 Sordid, 272, 310. 
 Sororicide, 140, 158. 
 Sorrel, 7. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XXI 
 
 Sorrow, 262. 
 Sorry, 262. 
 Sort, 277. 
 Sot, 132. 
 Sound, 13, 40. 
 Sound (adj), 141. 
 Soup, 131. 
 Sour, 19. 
 South, 192. 
 Sovereign, 162. 
 Space, 70. 
 Span, 61. 
 Spangle, 1. 
 Spauiel, 211. 
 Spank, 31. 
 Spare, 140. 
 Spark, 12, 154. 
 Sparkle, 1. 
 Sparse, 83. 
 Spat, 31. 
 Spatter, 83. 
 Speak, 274. 
 Speaker, 165. 
 Spear, 174. 
 Specie, 185. 
 Species, 277. 
 Specific, 277. 
 Speck, 7, 70. 
 Speckled, 7. 
 Spectacle, 125. 
 Spectator, 125. 
 Specter. 215. 
 Spectral. 215. 
 Speculate, 125, 244. 
 Speech, 274. 
 Speed, 109. 
 Speedily, 84. 
 Spell, 216. 
 Spellbound, 216. 
 Spend, 46, 186. 
 Spendthrift, 187. 
 Spermaceti, 137. 
 Sphacelus, 146. 
 Sphere, 57. 
 Spheric, 58. 
 Spheroid, 58. 
 Spherule, 58. 
 Spice, 20. 
 Spicy, 20. 
 Spill, 36. 
 Spin, 92. 
 Spine, 28, 118. 
 Spiral, 53. 
 Spite, 268. 
 Spittle, 136. 
 Spleen, 121, 268. 
 Splendid, 2. 
 Splendor, 2. 
 Splenetic. 121. 
 Split, 25. 
 Spondee, 287. 
 Spongy, 121. 
 Sponsor, 233. 
 Spontaneous, 255. 
 Spook, 215. 
 Sporadic, 143. 
 Spot, 7. 
 Spousal, 155. 
 Spouse, 155. 
 Spout, 35. 
 Sprain, 150. 
 Spread, 70. 
 Sprig, 207. 
 Sprightly, 261. 
 Spring-tide, 41. 
 Springy, 23. 
 
 Sprinkle, 37, 83. 
 Sprout, 208. 
 Spume, 37. 
 Spumescence, 37. 
 Spumous, 37. 
 Spumy, 37. 
 Spur, 28. 
 Sputter, 273. 
 Spy, 176. 
 Squabble, 267. 
 Squad, 176. 
 Squadron, 176. 
 Squalid, 310. 
 To Squall, 16. 
 A Squall, 43. 
 Squamose, 114. 
 Squamous, 114. 
 Squander, 187. 
 Square, 56. 
 Squawk, 17. 
 Squeak, 17. 
 Squeal, 17. 
 Squeamish, 149. 
 Squeeze, 32. 
 Squint, 148. 
 Squire, 181. 
 Squirm, 29. 
 Squirt, 35. 
 Stability, 48. 
 Stable, 48. 
 Stablish, 48. 
 Staff, 176. 
 Stage, 289. 
 Stagger, 93. 
 Stain, 9. 
 Stale, 20. 
 Stalk, 207. 
 Stall, 129. 
 Stand, 48. 
 Standard, 177. 
 Stanza, 288. 
 Star, 194. 
 Stare, 125. 
 Starve, 130. 
 State, 48, 160, 164. 
 To State, 276. 
 Station, 48. 
 Stationary, 48. 
 Statue, 49. 
 Statute, 49, 164. 
 Stay, 111. 
 Steal, 221. 
 Steam, 39. 
 Stear, 137. 
 Stearine, 137. 
 Steed, 210. 
 Steel, 201. 
 Steep, 37, 52. 
 Stellar, 194. 
 Stellate, 194. 
 Stem, 207. 
 Stenography, 280. 
 Stentorian, 17. 
 Step, 97. 
 Steppes, 192. 
 Stereometry, 76. 
 Sternum, 119. 
 Stethoscope, 119. 
 Stick, 21, 27. 
 Sticky, 21. 
 Stiff, 24. 
 Stifle, 134. 
 Stigma, 227. 
 Stigmatize, 227. 
 Stile, 102. 
 Stiletto, 174. 
 
 Still, 35, 85, 111. 
 Stimulants, 152. 
 Stimulate, 257. 
 Stimulus, 28. 
 Sting, 28. 
 Stingy, 187. 
 Stipend, 186. 
 Stipendiary, 186. 
 Stir, 92. 
 Stitch, 261. 
 Stoccade, 179. 
 Stock, 157, 183, 185. 
 Stocks, 224. 
 Stoic, 241. 
 Stoical, 241. 
 Stoics, 240. 
 Stolid, 254. 
 Stomach, 121. 
 Stone, 204. 
 Stop, 257. 
 Store, 273. 
 Storm, 43. 
 To Storm, 180, 267. 
 Story, 276. 
 Stout, 292. 
 Strabismus, 188. 
 Straight, 52. 
 Straightway, 84. 
 Strain, 28, 36, 290. 
 Strait, 40, 54. 
 Strangle, 134. 
 Stratagem, ISO, 252. 
 Strategy, 180. 
 Stray, 102. 
 Streak, 7. 
 Stream, 40. 
 Streamer, 177. 
 Strength, 291. 
 Stretch, 28, 71. 
 Strict, 29. 
 Stricture, 29. 
 Strife, 258. 
 Strike, 31. 
 String, 59. 
 Stringent, 29. 
 Strip, 307. 
 Stripe, 7. 
 Strive, 258, 302. 
 Stroke, 31. 
 Stroll, 102. 
 Strong, 20, 291. 
 Stronghold, 178. 
 Strontium, 202. 
 Structure, 304. 
 Stubborn, 256. 
 Stud, 211. 
 Student, 285. 
 Stuff, 131. 
 Stumble, 93. 
 Stunted, 70. 
 Sty, 147. 
 Suavity, 19. 
 Subdue, 178. 
 Sub'ject, 104, 163. 
 Subject', 104, 245. 
 Subjoin, 32. 
 Subjunctive, 284. 
 Sublunary, 197. 
 Submerge, 36. 
 Submission, 168. 
 Submit, 109. 
 Suborn, 171. 
 Subscribe, 280. 
 Subsequent, 84, 108. 
 Subside, 94. 
 Subsist, 49. 
 
 Subsistence, 128. 
 Subsoil, 204. 
 Substance, 48, 298. 
 Substitute, 49, 303. 
 Subtract, 105. 
 Subvert, 103. 
 Subvocals, 281. 
 Succeed, 84, 96. 
 Succession, 96. 
 Successor, 96. 
 Succor, 9S, 302. 
 Suck, 131. 
 Suction, 43, 131. 
 Sudorific, 136. 
 Sue, 168. 
 Suet, 137. 
 Suffer, 107. 
 Sufficient, 73. 
 Suffocate, 134. 
 Suffragan, 235. 
 Suffuse, 36. 
 Suicide, 140. 
 Suit, 154, 168. 
 To Suit, 299. 
 Suite, 108. 
 Suitor, 154. 
 Sulky, 266. 
 Sullen, 266. 
 Sully, 310. 
 Sulphur, 200. 
 Sultan, 162. 
 Sultry, 10. 
 Sum, 185. 
 Summary, 286. 
 Summit, 45. 
 Sumptuary, 187. 
 Sumptuous, 1S7. 
 Sun, 184. 
 Sunday, 90. 
 Sunder, 34. 
 Sup, 129, 137. 
 Superabundant, 73. 
 Superciliary, 116. 
 Supercilious, 117. 
 Superfluous, 73. 
 Supernumerary, 67. 
 Supervise, 125. 
 Supervision, 125. 
 Supine, 51. 
 Supper, 129, 131. 
 Supplant, 93. 
 Supple, 23, 256. 
 Supplicate, 272. 
 Suppose, 79. 
 Suppress, 32. 
 Suppurate, 146. 
 Sure, 251. 
 Surf, 38. 
 Surface, 54. 
 Surfeit, 129. 
 Surge, 38, 95. 
 Surmount, 192. 
 Surprise, 305. 
 Surrebutter, 169. 
 Surrejoinder, 169. 
 Surrender, 169, 180. 
 Survey, 125. 
 Suspect, 125. 
 Suspend, 50. 
 Sustain, 306. 
 Sustenance, 128. 
 Suttee, 231. 
 Swaddle, 33. 
 Swagger, 266. 
 Swallow, 131. 
 Swarm, 07. 
 
XX11 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Swarthy, 7. 
 Swath, 33. 
 Swathe, 33. 
 Sway, 161. 
 Swear, 169. 
 Sweat, 136. 
 Sweep, 310. 
 Sweet, 19. 
 Sweetheart, 154. 
 Swell, 71. 
 Swelter, 10. 
 Swerve, 102. 
 Swift, 110. 
 Swig, 131. 
 Swill, 131. 
 Swim, 36, 101. 
 Swindle, 253. 
 Swing, 50. 
 Swoon, 149. 
 Sword, 174. 
 Sycophant, 225. 
 Syllable, 274. 
 Syllogism, 245. 
 Sylph, 214. 
 Sylphid, 214. 
 Sympathy, 265. 
 Symptom, 142. 
 Synchronism, 83. 
 Synchronize, 83. 
 Syncope, 149. 
 Synod, 230. 
 Synonym, 277. 
 Synopsis, 126. 
 Syntax, 283. 
 System, 238. 
 
 Tact, 125. 
 Tactics, 180. 
 Tactual, 127. 
 Taint, 20. 
 Take, 304. 
 Tale, 67, 276. 
 Talent, 254. 
 Talisman, 216. 
 Talk, 274. 
 Tallow, 137. 
 Tally, 68. 
 Talons, 114. 
 Tan, 7. 
 
 Tangible, 127. 
 Tank, 41. 
 Tantivy, 110. 
 Tap, 31. 
 Taper, 4. 
 To Taper, 58. 
 Tardy, 110. 
 Tarnish, 3. 
 Tarsal, 122. 
 Tarsus, 122. 
 Tart, 19. 
 Task, 301. 
 Tatter, 25. 
 Tavern, 103. 
 Tawdry, 309. 
 Tawny, 7. 
 Teach, 247. 
 Tear, 25, 136. 
 Tease, 263. 
 Teat, 119. 
 Techy, 267. 
 Tedious, 263. 
 Tedium, 263. 
 Telegram, 280. 
 Telegraph, 280. 
 Telescope, 126. 
 Tell, 67 276. 
 
 Tellurium, 201. 
 Temerity, 271. 
 Temperance, 132. 
 Temperate, 10, 132. 
 Temperature, 10. 
 Tempest, 43. 
 Templars, 181. 
 Temple, 304. 
 Temples, 115. 
 Temporal, 83, 115. 
 Temporary, 83. 
 Temporize, 83. 
 Tempt, 257. 
 Tenable, 305. 
 Tenacious, 23, 305. 
 Tenacity, 23. 
 Tenant, 305. 
 Tender, 24, 264. 
 Tendon, 112. 
 Tenement, 183, 305. 
 Tenet, 180, 232, 305. 
 Tenor, 305. 
 Tense, 28. 
 Tension, 28. 
 Ten, 64. 
 Tenuity, 21. 
 Tepid, 10. 
 Termagant, 267. 
 Terminate, 59, 87. 
 Terminus, 59, 87. 
 Terpsichore, 217. 
 Terrace, 205. 
 Terreen, 205. 
 Terrier, 211. 
 Terrify, 270. 
 Terror, 270. 
 Terse, 310. 
 Tertian, 66, 144. 
 Tertiary, 66. 
 Test, 249. 
 Testacea, 114. 
 Testaceous, 114. 
 Testament, 190, 251. 
 Testify, 251. 
 Testimonial, 251. 
 Testimony, 251. 
 Testy, 267. 
 Tetanus, 148. 
 Tetrahedron, 57, 63. 
 Tetrameter, 63, 287. 
 Tetrarch, 63, 160. 
 Tetrarchate, 63, 160. 
 Tetrarchy, 63, 160. 
 Thalia, 217. 
 Thank, 265. 
 Thaw, 12. 
 Theater, 289. 
 Theft, 221. 
 Theism, 231. 
 Theist, 213. 
 Thence, 78. 
 Theocracy, 161. 
 Theology, 276. 
 Theorem, 126. 
 Theory, 126. 
 There, 78. 
 Thermal, 10. 
 Thermometer, 10, 76. 
 Thick, 58. 
 Thief, 221. 
 Thieve, 221. 
 Thigh, 122. 
 Thin, 21, 58, 140. 
 Thing, 297. 
 Think, 243. 
 Third, 65. 
 
 Thirst, 128, 272. 
 Thither, 78. 
 Thorax, 119. 
 Thorium, 202. 
 Thorn, 28. 
 Thought, 243. 
 Thousand, 65. 
 Thread, 59. 
 Three, 62. 
 Thrift, 186. 
 Thrifty, 209. 
 Thrill, 127. 
 Throttle, 118. 
 Throw, 104. 
 Thrust, 105. 
 Thumb, 123. 
 Thump, 31. 
 Thunder, 15. 
 Thursday, 91. 
 Tibia, 122. 
 Tickle, 127. 
 Tidal, 41. 
 Tide, 40. 
 Tie, 33. 
 Tight, 28. 
 Tilt, 182. 
 Time, 83. 
 Timid, 270. 
 Timorous, 270. 
 Tin, 201. 
 Tincture, 6, 18. 
 Tinder, 11. 
 Tinge, 6. 
 Tingle, 127. 
 Tink, 14. 
 Tinker, 14. 
 Tinkle, 14. 
 Tint, 6. 
 Tiny, 70. 
 Tipple, 132. 
 Tipsy, 132. 
 Tit, 73. 
 
 Tit-for-tat, 223. 
 Titanium, 201. 
 Tithe, 66. 
 Titillate, 127. 
 Titillation, 127. 
 Titmouse, 73. 
 Titter, 269. 
 Tittle, 73. 
 Toast, 12. 
 Toe, 122. 
 Toil, 301. 
 Tomb, 153. 
 Tome, 286, 289. 
 To-morrow, 85. 
 Tongue, 118, 274. 
 Tonic, 148, 151. 
 Tonics, 151. 
 Tool, 302. 
 Toot, 15. 
 Tooth, 117. 
 Top, 45, 59, 92. 
 Topic, Topical, 79. 
 Torch, 4. 
 Torment, 29, 261. 
 Tornado, 43. 
 Torpid, 148. 
 Torpor, 148. 
 Torrent, 40. 
 Torrid, 10. 
 Torsion, 29. 
 Tortile, 29. 
 Tortuous, 29. 
 Torture, 29, 261. 
 Toss, 104. 
 
 Total, 72. 
 Totter, 93. 
 Touchwood, 11. 
 Touchy, 267. 
 Tough, 24. 
 Tour, 101. 
 Tourist, 101. 
 Tournament, 182. 
 Tourney, 182. 
 To Tower, 47. 
 Township, 164. 
 Trachea, 120. 
 Trachitis, 145. 
 Tract, 191, 286. 
 Tractable, 256. 
 Trade, 189. 
 Tradesman, 189. 
 Tradewind, 44. 
 Traduce, 227. 
 Traffic, 189. 
 Tragedy, 288. 
 Tragic, 288. 
 Tragical, 288. 
 Train -Oil, 137. 
 Traitor, 164. 
 Tramp, 98. 
 Trance, 260. 
 Tranquil, 111. 
 Tranquilize, 111. 
 Transcribe, 280. 
 Transcript, 280. 
 Transgress, 229. 
 Transient, 87, 96. 
 Transit, 95. 
 Transition, 95. 
 Transitory, 87, 06. 
 Translucent, 2, 5. 
 Transmigrate, 97. 
 Transmute, 301. 
 Transparent, 15. 
 Transport, 260. 
 To Transport, 106. 
 Transpose, 80. 
 Transverse, 59. 
 Trapezium, 55. 
 Trapezoid, 55. 
 Travel, 101. 
 Travesty, 270. 
 Tread, 98. 
 Treason, 164, 222. 
 Treasure, 185. 
 Treasurer, 185. 
 Treasury, 185. 
 Treatise, 286. 
 Treble, 30, 62. 
 Tree, 207. 
 Trefoil, 63. 
 Tremble, 93. 
 Tremendous, 270. 
 Tremor, 93. 
 Tremulous, 93. 
 Trench, 27. 
 Trepidation, 271. 
 Trespass, 229. 
 Tresses, 114. 
 Trey, 63. 
 Trial, 249. 
 Triangle, 55, 62. 
 Tribe, 159. 
 Tribunal, 168. 
 Trickle, 35. 
 Trident, 62. 
 Triennial, 89. 
 Trifle, 184. 
 Trigonometry, 55, 
 Trimeter, 63, 287. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XX111 
 
 Trine, 148. 
 Trinity, 62. 
 Trinomial, G2. 
 Trio, 62, 290. 
 A Trip, 101. 
 To Trip, 93. 
 Triphthong, 62. 
 Triple, 30, 62. 
 Triplet, 62, 288. 
 Triplicate, 30, 62. 
 Tripod, 62, 122. 
 Trisyllable, 274. 
 Triturate, 25. 
 Triumph, ITS, 261. 
 Triumphant, 178, 261. 
 Troches, 151, 287. 
 Troop, 173, 176. 
 Trope, 281. 
 Tropical, 281. 
 Tropic, 193. 
 Trot, 98. 
 
 Troubadours, 288. 
 Trouble, 263. 
 Trounce, 224. 
 Truce, 173. 
 Trundle, 92. 
 Trunk, 118, 207. 
 Trust, 188. 
 Try, 249, 302. 
 Tube, 147. 
 Tuesday, 91. 
 Tumble, 93. 
 Tumid, 71. 
 Tumor, 71, 147. 
 Tune, 290. 
 Tungsten, 201. 
 Turbid, 310. 
 Turgid, 71. 
 Turgidity, 7. 
 Turn, 103. 
 Turnpike, 102. 
 Turnstile, 102. 
 Turpitude, 220. 
 Tusk, 118. 
 Tussle, 258. 
 Tutelage, 296. 
 Tutelar, 296. 
 Tutelary, 296. 
 Tutor, 285, 296. 
 Twain, 61. 
 Twang, 15, 18. 
 Twelve, 64. 
 Twenty, 64. 
 Twig, 207. 
 Twilight, 4. 
 Twin, 61. 
 Twine, 29. 
 Twinge, 261. 
 Twinkle, 1. 
 Twist, 29. 
 Twit, 226. 
 Twitter, 17. 
 Two, 61. 
 
 Tympanum, 117. 
 Typhoid, 144. 
 Typhoon, 43. 
 Typhus, 144. 
 Tyrannic, 161. 
 Tyrannical, 161. 
 Tyrannize, 161. 
 Tyranny, 161. 
 Tyrant, 161. 
 
 Ubiquity, 79. 
 Ugly, 309. 
 Ulcer, 146. 
 
 Ulcerate, 146. 
 Ulnar, 122. 
 Ultimate, 66. 
 Ultimatum, 66. 
 Ultimo, 66, 85. 
 Ultramarine, 8. 
 Umbrage, 5. 
 Umbrageous, 5. 
 Umbrella, 5. 
 Umpire, 168. 
 Uncle, 158. 
 Unction, 138, 233. 
 Unctuous, 137. 
 Unctuosity, 138. 
 Understand, 242. 
 Undulate, 37. 
 Undulatory, 37. 
 Unguent, 137, 151. 
 Uniform, 60. 
 Union, 61. 
 Unit, 61. 
 Unite, 61. 
 University, 285. 
 Unwell, 142. 
 Unwillingness, 256. 
 Upbraid, 226. 
 Upright, 45, 47, 219. 
 Uproar, 15. 
 Upward, 45. 
 Uranography, 194. 
 Urania, 194, 217. 
 Uranus, 194. 
 Urge, 105. 
 Urn, 153. 
 Usher, 285. 
 Utensil, 302. 
 Utter, 273. 
 Uvula, 118. 
 
 Vacancy, 77. 
 Vacant, 77. 
 Vacate, 77. 
 Vacation, 77. 
 Vaccinate, 144. 
 Vaccine, 144. 
 Vacillate, 93. 
 Vacuity, 77. 
 Vacuum, 42. 
 Vagabond, 102. 
 Vagrancy, 102. 
 Vagrant, 102. 
 Vain, 266. 
 
 Valetudinarian, 142. 
 Valetudinary, 142 
 Valiant, 291. 
 Valid, 291. 
 Valley, 192. 
 Valor, 271, 291. 
 Value, 184, 291. 
 Valve, 43. 
 Van, 177. 
 Vanadium, 202. 
 Vane, 114. 
 Vanish, 126. 
 Vanity, 266. 
 Vanquish, 178. 
 Vapid, 20. 
 Vapor, 39. 
 Vaporize, 39. 
 Variety, 277. 
 Varicella, 145. 
 Variola, 144. 
 Varioloid, 145. 
 Vast, 68. 
 Vaticinate, 86. 
 Vaticination, 86. 
 
 Vaunt, 266. 
 Vegetate, 206. 
 Vegetation, 206. 
 Vehement, 106. 
 Vehicle, 106. 
 Veil, 307. 
 Vein, 7, 120. 
 Velocity, 109. 
 Venal, 187. 
 Vend, 187. 
 Vendue, 187. 
 Venerable, 224. 
 Venerate, 224. 
 Vengeance, 268. 
 Venom, 143, 268. 
 Venous, 120. 
 Vent,*44. 
 Ventiduct, 44. 
 Ventilate, 44. 
 Ventral, 120. 
 Ventricle, 120. 
 Venture, 293. 
 Venus, 154, 216. 
 Veracious, 252. 
 Veracity, 252. 
 Verb, 283. 
 Verbal, 274. 
 Verbiage, 274. 
 Verbose, 274. 
 Verboseness, 274. 
 Verbosity, 274. 
 Verdant, 8. 
 Verdict, 167. 
 Verdure, 8. 
 Verify, 252. 
 Verisimilitude, 252. 
 Veritable, 252. 
 Verity, 252. 
 Vermilion, S. 
 Verse, 103, 287. 
 Versify, 287. 
 Version, 103. 
 Vertebra, 119. 
 Vertebrate, 119, 209. 
 Vertex, 55, 115. 
 Vertical, 47, 115. 
 Vertigo, 149. 
 Vesper, 89. 
 Vespers, 89, 232. 
 Vestment, 309. 
 Vesture, 309. 
 Veteran, 176. 
 Veto, 166. 
 Vex, 263. 
 Viaduct, 103, 107. 
 Viands, 128. 
 Vibrate, 92. 
 Vibration, 92. 
 Vicar, 235. 
 Viceroy, 162. 
 Vicinage, 82. 
 Vicinity, 82. 
 Victor, 178. 
 Victory, 178. 
 Victuals, 128. 
 Vidette, 176. 
 Vie, 269. 
 View, 125. 
 Vigil, 296. 
 Vigilance, 296. 
 Vigilant, 296. 
 Vigor, 291. 
 Vile, 219. 
 Vilify, 220, 227. 
 Villain, 220. 
 Villous, 112. 
 
 Vindicate, 169. 
 Vindictive, 268. 
 Vine, 207. 
 Vinegar, 19. 
 Violet, 8. 
 Virago, 212. 
 Virile, 212. 
 Virility, 212. 
 Virtue, 219. 
 Virus, 143. 
 Visage, 116. 
 Viscera, 121. 
 Viscerate, 121. 
 Viscid, 21. 
 Viscidity, 21. 
 Viscosity, 22. 
 Viscous, 21. 
 Viscount, 171. 
 Viscountess, 172. 
 Vishnu, 231. 
 Visible, 125. 
 Vision, 125. 
 Visit, 125. 
 Visor, 175. 
 Vital, 138. 
 Vitals, 138. 
 Vitalize, 138. 
 Vituperate, 227. 
 Vivacious, 138, 261. 
 Vivacitv, 138, 261. 
 Vivid, 138. 
 Vivify, 138. 
 Viviparous, 138. 
 Vixen, 267. 
 Vocal, 15. 
 Vocals, 281. 
 Vocative, 278. 
 Vociferate, 16. 
 Voice, 15. 
 Void, 77. 
 Volatile, 100. 
 Volition, 255. 
 Volley, 101. 
 Voltigeur, 173. 
 Volume, 286. 
 Voluntary, 255. 
 Volunteer, 176. 
 Voracious, 129. 
 Voracity, 129. 
 Vortex, 38. 
 Vowel, 281. 
 Voyage, 101. 
 Vulcan, 216. 
 Vulgar, 171. 
 Vulnerable, 150. 
 
 Wag, 93. 
 Wages, 186. 
 Wail, 262. 
 Walk, 98. 
 Waltz, 100. 
 Wan, 9. 
 Wander, 102. 
 Wane, 3, 74. 
 Want, 184. 
 War, 173. 
 Warble, 290. 
 Ward, 296. 
 Wares, 189. 
 Warfare, 101, 173. 
 Warm, 10. 
 Warmth, 10. 
 Wart, 147. 
 Wary, 296. 
 Wash, 37, 311. 
 Waspish, 267. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Waste, 187. 
 Wastebook, 190. 
 Watch, 296. 
 Waterspout, 43. 
 Waul, 16. 
 Wave, 37. 
 Wavelet, 37. 
 Waver, 93. 
 Waving, 53. 
 Wax, 74. 
 Way, 102. 
 Wayfarer, 101. 
 Weak, 292. 
 Wealth, 183. 
 Weapon, 174. 
 Wear, 25. 
 Weary, 263. 
 Weasand, 120. 
 Wed, 155. 
 Wedding, 155. 
 Wedlock, 155. 
 Wednesday, 91. 
 Wee, 70. 
 Week, 90. 
 Weep, 136, 262. 
 Weigh, 46. 
 Weight, 45. 
 Weld, 22. 
 Welfare, 101. 
 Welkin, 194. 
 Well, 41. 
 Wen, 147. 
 West. 192. 
 Wet, 38. 
 
 Wheedle, 256 
 Wheeze, 134. 
 Whelp, 212. 
 Whence, 78. 
 Where, 78. 
 Whine, 16. 
 Whinny, 16. 
 Whip, 223. 
 Whir, 14. 
 Whirl, 92. 
 Whirlpool, 38, 92. 
 Whirlwind, 43. 
 Whisker, 114. 
 Whistle, 17. 
 Whit, 73. 
 White, 6. 
 Whither, 78. • 
 Whitlow, 147. 
 Whittle, 26. 
 Whiz, 14. 
 Whole, 71, 141. 
 Wholesale, 189. 
 Wholesome, 141. 
 Whoop, 16. 
 
 Whooping-cough, 145. 
 Wicked, 219, 229. 
 Wide, 54. 
 Widow, 156. 
 Widower, 156. 
 Wife, 155. 
 Will, 190, 255. 
 Will-a-wisp, 4. 
 Will-o'-the-wisp, 4. 
 Will -with -a- wisp, 4. 
 
 Wilt, 20S. 
 To Wind, 30, 53. 
 Winding-sheet, 153. 
 Windpipe, 120. 
 Wing, 177. 
 Wipe, 210. 
 Wire, 59. 
 Wisdom, 246. 
 Wise, 246. 
 Wish, 272. 
 Witch, 215. 
 Witchcraft, 215. 
 Witenagemote, 166. 
 Wither, 208. 
 Withstand, 258. 
 Witness, 251. 
 Wizzard, 215. 
 Woman, 212. 
 Woo, 154. 
 Wood, 207. 
 Wool, 112. 
 Word, 274. 
 To Work, 286, 301. 
 A Work, 286. 
 Worship, 225, 232. 
 Worth, 184. 
 Worthy, 184. 
 Wound, 150. 
 Wraith, 215. 
 Wrangle, 266. 
 Wrangler, 266. 
 Wrap, 30. 
 Wrath, 266. 
 Wreathe, 29. 
 
 Wrench, 2v. 
 Wrest, 29. 
 Wrestle, 288. 
 Wretch, 262. 
 Wretchedness, 262. 
 Wring, 29. 
 Wrist, 212. 
 Write, 279. 
 Writhe, 29. 
 Wrong, 29, 219. 
 
 Yawn, 77. 
 Yell, 16. 
 Yellow, 8. 
 Yelp, 16. 
 Yeoman, 171. 
 Yet, 85. 
 Yield, 169. 
 Yoke, 62. 
 Yore, 85. 
 Young, 87. 
 Youth, 87, 213. 
 
 Zenith, 48, 193. 
 Zest, 128. 
 Zinc, 201. 
 Zirconium, 202. 
 Zodiac, 197. 
 Zodiacal Light, 4. 
 Zone, 193. 
 Zoology, 139, 275. 
 Zoophyte, 139, 206, 
 Zouaves, 174 
 
THE TOPICAL LEXICON. 
 
 OF LIGHT. 
 
 1. Terms significant of the various 
 modifications of Light. 
 
 LIGHT is the agent which renders 
 objects visible. 
 
 Light, in a figurative sense, is the 
 information which enables us to ap- 
 prehend the true nature and rela- 
 tions of things. 
 
 Note 1. — There are two theories in regard to 
 the nature of light. The one theory supposes 
 light to be a material fluid, emanating in minute 
 particles from luminous bodies. According to 
 the other theory, the sensation of light is pro- 
 duced by the undulations of a subtle ether act- 
 ing on the organs of sight, in a manner analo- 
 gous to that in which the undulations of the air, 
 acting on the organs of hearing, produce the 
 sensation of sound. The latter of these theories 
 is generally received by scientific men of the 
 present day. 
 
 Note 2. — Light is propagated through space 
 in right lines, at the rate of 192,000 miles pep 
 6econd. 
 
 To Shine is either to emit inherent 
 light, as the sun; or to reflect bor- 
 rowed light, as the moon. 
 
 A Sheen is a reflected shining. 
 
 And the sheen of their spears was like stars on 
 the sea, 
 
 When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Gali- 
 lee. — Byron. 
 
 Beight, either emitting or reflect- 
 ing light freely. The sun is bright, 
 as is likewise the piece of polished 
 steel that reflects his brightness. 
 
 Dm, either emitting or reflecting a 
 faint light. 
 
 The stars shall die, the sun grow dim with 
 age. — Addison. 
 
 How is the gold become dim! — Lam. iv. 
 
 Dell, deficient either in native or 
 borrowed brightness. A lamp that 
 needs trimming gives a dull light, A 
 key that is not used becomes dull. 
 
 To Flickee is to shine with a fee- 
 
 ble and unsteady light, like the flame 
 of an expiring lamp. 
 
 To Twinkle is to shine with a 
 small intermitting light 
 
 Note. — Twinkle is a modification of winkle, 
 which is a diminutive and frequentative of wink. 
 When, therefore, we say that the stars twinkle, 
 we compare them to little eyes that open and 
 shut with great rapidity. 
 
 To Sparkle is to shine with a re- 
 semblance of sparks. A collection 
 of small diamonds sparkles. Span- 
 gles of frost sparkle in the sunlight. 
 
 A Spangle is, 1. A small plate or 
 boss of shining metal. 2. Any little 
 thing that is very bright and spark- 
 ling. 
 
 To Spangle, or to Bespangle, is to 
 adorn with spangles. 
 
 The spacious firmament on high, 
 With all the blue, ethereal sky, 
 And spangled heavens, a shining frame, 
 Their great Original proclaim. — Addison. 
 
 To Gldbiee is to shine with a faint 
 and tremulous light. Dying embers 
 glimmer on the hearth. The early 
 dawn glimmers in the east. 
 
 To Gleam is to shoot forth small 
 streams of light 
 
 The meek-eyed morn appears, mother of dews, 
 At first faint gleaming in the dappled east. — 
 
 Thomson. 
 
 Figuratively, we speak of a gUam 
 of hope. 
 
 To Glitter is to shine with an un- 
 steady and irregular emission or re- 
 flection of light. The stars glitter, 
 The diamond on a lady's ring glitters. 
 
 To Glister is to shine with a keen 
 and sparkling light 
 
 Pleasant the sun, 
 When first on this delightful land he spreads 
 His orient beams on herb, tree, fruit, and flower, 
 Glistering with dew. — Milton. 
 
LIGHT. 
 
 Gloss is the reflection of light 
 from a smooth surface; as, the gloss 
 of silk. 
 
 To Glisten is to shine with a re- 
 flection of light from a glossy surface. 
 A well-polished boot glistens. A 
 tear-drop glistens in the eye. 
 
 To Glow is to shine with heat. A 
 bar of iron glows when it is first 
 withdrawn from the furnace of a 
 smith's forge. 
 
 To Glow also signifies to shine 
 without heat. Certain insects glow 
 in the dark. 
 
 To Flare is to shine with a wa- 
 vering light, as the flame of a lamp 
 when it is agitated by the wind. 
 
 To Flash is to send forth a sudden 
 and momentary light. 
 
 To Coruscate is to send forth 
 flashes of light. Lightning corus- 
 cates. 
 
 To Blaze is to shine with a broad 
 and flame-like light. 
 
 To Dazzle is to overpower the eye 
 with light. We are dazzled by the 
 brightness of the sun. 
 
 To Glare is to shine with a strong 
 and offensive light. 
 
 Here in a grotto, sheltered close from air, 
 And screened in shades from day's detested glare, 
 She sighs forever. — Pope. 
 
 To Glare is also to look with fierce, 
 piercing eyes. 
 
 Note. — The glaring of the eyes depends upon 
 a vivid reflection of light. 
 
 To Beam is to send forth a strong 
 and steady light; as, the beaming 
 sun. 
 
 A Glimpse is, 1. A weak, faint light; 
 as, scarce a glimpse of light. — Milton. 
 
 2. A flash of light. 
 
 Swift as the lightning's 
 
 they ran. — 
 
 Milton. 
 
 3. A transient luster. 
 
 One glimpse of glory to thy issue give. — Bryden. 
 
 4. A short, transitory view. 
 Briller, to sparkle (Fr.) Hence, 
 Brilliant, sparkling ; as a brilliant 
 
 gem. 
 
 Lux, light; and Luceo, to shine 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lucid, bright; as, the lucid orbs 
 of heaven. Fig, 1. Clear and easily 
 
 understood ; as a lucid arrangement. 
 2. Illuminated by the light of reason. 
 Lunatics sometimes enjoy lucid in- 
 tervals. 
 
 Elucidate, lit, to place in a clear 
 light. Hence, to render intelligible ; 
 as, to elucidate an obscure passage. 
 
 Translucent, transmitting light, but 
 not transparent. A cup of China- 
 ware, or a vase of alabaster is trans- 
 lucent, (trans, through.) 
 
 Lucifer, light-bearing ; as, lucifer 
 matches. (L. fero, to bear. ) 
 
 Lucifer, the Morning Star; so 
 called because this star precedes 
 the sun, and bears, or brings in, the 
 light of day. 
 
 Lucifer, Satan. 
 
 Note. — In Isaiah xiv, 11, the king of Babylon 
 is thus addressed : " How art thou fallen from 
 Heaven, Lucifer, Son of the morning !" Ter- 
 tullian and Gregory the Great understood this 
 of the fall of Satan, and from this circumstance 
 the name Lucifer has since been applied to Sa- 
 tan. — Robiiisori's Calmet. 
 
 Lumen, light (L.) Hence, 
 
 Luminous, emitting light; as a 
 luminous body. 
 
 Luminary, a body that emits light. 
 
 Illuminate, to enlighten, (or to 
 cast light upon.) (il for in, upon.) 
 
 Illume and Illumine, poetic forms 
 of illuminate. 
 
 Relume, or Relumine, to light or 
 kindle again ; as to relume a dying 
 lamp, (re, again.) 
 
 Note. — Belume and Belumine are also poetical 
 terms. 
 
 Splendeo, to shine with a strong 
 and vivid light. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Splendid, very bright, either liter- 
 ally or figuratively; as a splendid 
 luminary; a splendid equipage; a 
 splendid achievement. 
 
 Splendor, great brightness, both 
 lit. and fig.; as, the splendor of the 
 sun; the splendor of noble deeds. 
 
 Resplendent, shining with a bril- 
 liant reflection of light, (re, back.) 
 
 Resplendence or Resplendency, a 
 brilliant reflection of light. 
 
 Fulgeo, to shine with great bright- 
 ness. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Refulgent, reflecting light v*ith 
 great brilliancy, (re, back.) 
 
LIGHT. 
 
 Effulgent, sending forth a flood of 
 light; as the effulgent orb of day. 
 (ef for ex, forth.) 
 
 Incandesco, to become white. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Incandescent, glowing with a white 
 heat. When a bar of iron is heated 
 it first becomes red, and, as the heat 
 increases, it becomes incandescent 
 
 Luster, brightness; as, the luster 
 of the sun ; the luster of silk ; the 
 luster of a great name. 
 
 Lustrous, 1. Bright, Good sparks 
 and lustrous. — Shakspeare. 2. Glos- 
 sy; as, lustrous locks. 
 
 Illustrate, lit, to add luster or 
 brightness. Hence, to make clear or 
 intelligible by means of comments, 
 examples, or pictures. (II for in, 
 upon.) 
 
 Illustrious, brightened with the 
 splendor of high rank, or of great 
 and noble achievements ; as, an illus- 
 trious prince. 
 
 Radius, the spoke of a wheel. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Bag, (contraction of radius,) a 
 single line of light ; because rays 
 diverge from a luminous point like 
 spokes from the hub of a wheel. 
 
 Radiate, to send forth rays. 
 
 Radiation, the act of sending forth 
 rays. 
 
 Radiant, sending forth copious 
 rays ; as, the radiant sun. 
 
 Radiance, or Radiancg, vivid 
 brightness, caused by radiation from 
 a copious source of light. 
 
 Irradiate, to overspread an object 
 or scene with rays of light, [ir for 
 in, upon.) 
 
 <Bft2 [phos], light. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Phosphor, the Morning Star. (Gr. 
 <P'c$to \j)hero~\, to bear.) 
 
 Phosphorus, a chemical element, 
 so called from the readiness with 
 which it is rendered luminous by 
 friction. 
 
 Phosphorescent, shining with in- 
 herent light, without sensible heat. 
 Decayed wood is sometimes phospho- 
 rescent. 
 
 Photographg, the art of forming 
 pictures by means of light. (Gr., 
 
 yg&qu [grapho'], to draw, or de- 
 lineate.) 
 
 Photometer, an instrument for 
 measuring the intensity of light. (Gr., 
 /urr^iee \metreo~], to measure.) 
 
 To Wane, is to decrease in bright- 
 ness. The moon wanes nightly after 
 the full. 
 
 To Tarnish, is to diminish the lus- 
 ter, as that of a piece of burnished 
 silver. 
 
 Note. — Metals tarnisli by oxydation. See Art. 
 Cliemistry. 
 
 A Beam is a body of parallel rays. 
 
 A Pencil is a body of rays that 
 either converge or diverge. 
 
 A Focus is the common point to 
 which rays converge, or from which 
 they diverge. 
 
 A Ratnbow is an arch of variously 
 colored light, formed by the action 
 of falling drops of rain upon the 
 sun's rays. 
 
 A Halo is a luminous circle which 
 sometimes surrounds the sun or the 
 moon. 
 
 Note. — The halo is supposed to be caused by 
 the action of small crystals of frozen vapor upon 
 the rays of the sun or moon. 
 
 A Corona is a small luminous cir- 
 cle surrounding the sun or the moon. 
 
 Note. — The corona is caused by the action of 
 small particles of watery vapor upon the light 
 of the sun or moon. (L., corona, a crown.) 
 
 A Glory is a halo surrounding the 
 head of the Savior in pictures. 
 
 A Parhelion, or Mock-sun, is a lu- 
 minous appearance resembling the 
 sun, which is sometimes seen on the 
 circumference of a solar halo. 
 
 Note. — Two parlielia are usually visible at 
 the same time, horizontally opposite to each 
 other. (Gr. ;r»p* [para], near ; and k^^g [helios], 
 the sun. 
 
 Lightning consists in the evolu- 
 tion of light by the rapid passage 
 of a body of the electric fluid through 
 the air. 
 
 A Meteor is a luminous body 
 either floating in, or flying rapidly 
 through the air, or above it. (Gr 
 /ulvtuo^o? \_meteoros~], elevated. 
 
 Shooting Stars, Bolides, or Fire^ 
 balls, are luminous bodies which 
 
LIGHT. 
 
 suddenly appear in the sky, usually 
 at a great night above the earth, and 
 shoot through the heavens with im- 
 mense velocity. (BoV-i-des, pi. of 
 jSoh't [bolts'], a dart.) 
 
 Note.— Shooting Stars sometimes consist of 
 small bodies of solid matter moving through 
 space, and approaching so near the earth as to 
 become visible. That some shooting stars are 
 solid, is known from the fact, that they some- 
 times burst in the atmosphere with a loud ex- 
 plosion, when either a portion or the whole of 
 the meteor falls to the earth in the form of a 
 shower of stones, called meteoric stones. 
 
 At other times, a shootiny star or fireball con- 
 sists of a body of light, vapory matter precipi- 
 tated from the regions of space into the atmo- 
 sphere, where it is ignited by friction, and is 
 consumed or dissipated before it can reach the 
 ground. The grandest display of meteors of this 
 kind on record, was witnessed in North America, 
 on the morning of the 13th of November, 1833. 
 The appearance presented was that of an unin- 
 terrupted shower of fire, which continued for 
 several hours. These meteors are supposed to 
 have had their origin in a small comet or planet- 
 oid, which happened at that time to come within 
 a few thousand miles of the earth. 
 
 A third class of fireballs have their origin in 
 the atmosphere, and are either electrical, or 
 consist of collections of phosphorescent matter. 
 
 The WlLL-0'-THE-WlSP, WlLL-WITH- 
 
 a-Wisp, or Will-a-Wisp, is a lumin- 
 ous vapor seen at night in marshes 
 and graveyards. 
 
 Note.— This meteor consists of phosphores- 
 cent matter evolved from decaying animal and 
 vegetable substances. (Wisp, a small bundle of 
 lighted straw, and Will, the name of the fellow 
 that carries it. 
 
 Jack-with-a-Lantern, is the brother 
 of Will-d -the- Wisp. 
 
 Note. — Jack and Will are both naughty boys 
 who delight in frightening the ignorant, and in 
 leading bewildered nightfarers a long chase over 
 bogs and ditches. 
 
 Will-a-Wisp misleads nightfaring clowns 
 O'er hills and sinking bogs. — Gay. 
 
 Ignis Fatuus (plural, ignes fatui,) 
 is a Latin designation of the meteor 
 called the Will-d -the-Wisp. [Ignis, 
 fire ; and fatuus, unreal. ) 
 
 Twilight is the faint light which 
 is reflected upon the earth before sun- 
 rise and after sunset. (Twi., doubt- 
 ful.) 
 
 Dawn is the morning twilight. Fig. , 
 the beginning; as, the dawn of reason 
 in the mind of a child. 
 
 An Aurora or Polar Light, is a 
 luminous appearance of the sky at 
 night, commonly seen in the direction 
 of the pole that is nearest to the ob- 
 
 server, and resembling the illumina- 
 tion of the east which precedes the 
 rising of the sun. (L., aurora, the 
 dawn ) 
 
 Auroral, pertaining to the polar 
 lights. 
 
 Aurora Borealis, the north polar 
 lights. (L., borealis, northern.) 
 
 Aurora Australis, the south polar 
 lights. (L., australis, southern.) 
 
 Northern Lights, the common Eng- 
 lish name of the northern aurora. 
 
 Note. — Auroral light is supposed to be caused 
 by the action of electricity. 
 
 The Zodiacal Light is a faint, neb- 
 ulous (cloudy) aurora which accom- 
 panies the sun. It has a flat lenti- 
 cular (bean-shaped) form, with the 
 sun in the middle, and is visible 
 shortly before sunrise and soon after 
 sunset, extending obliquely upward. 
 
 Note. — Sir John Herschell conjectures that 
 this light consists of the same kind of matter 
 that constitutes the tail of comets. (Called zodia- 
 cal, because situated in the zodiac. See Art. 
 Astronomy.) 
 
 2. Artificial Luminaries. 
 
 A Candle is a cylinder of tallow or 
 wax, with a portion of cotton thread, 
 called the wick, running lengthwise 
 through the middle. 
 
 A Lamp is a small vessel in which 
 oil or some other liquid is burned 
 for the production of light. 
 
 A Taper is a small wax candle. 
 
 A Rushlight is a very small and 
 feeble light, produced by burning a 
 rush which has been dipped in tal- 
 low. 
 
 Note. — The rushlight is chiefly used in sick 
 chambers. 
 
 A Flambeau is a luminary having 
 usually several branches, which con- 
 sist of very large wicks covered with 
 wax or tallow. 
 
 Note. — Flambeaus are used in the streets at 
 night, at illuminations, and in processions. 
 (Fr., flamme, a flame ; and beau, beautiful.) 
 
 A Torch is a large blazing light 
 borne in the hand. 
 
 A Candlestick is a utensil for hold- 
 ing a candle. 
 
 A Chandelier is a frame with 
 branches for lights. 
 
DARKNESS. 
 
 3. Relations of Bodies to Light. 
 
 Transparent bodies permit light 
 to pass so freely, that objects beyond 
 may be plainly seen. (L., trans, 
 through; and pareo, to appear.) 
 
 Opake bodies are such as do not 
 permit light to pass. A pane of win- 
 dow glass is transparent, but a board 
 is opake. 
 
 Opacity (from opake) signifies a 
 want of transparency. Blindness is 
 sometimes caused by an opacity of 
 the lens of the eye. 
 
 Opake also signifies not self-lumin- 
 ous. The sun is self-luminous, but 
 the moon is an opake body. (L., 
 opacus, shady.) 
 
 Clear. When bodies which are 
 expected to be transparent are free 
 from foreign matters, discolorations, 
 and whatever else may tend to im- 
 pair their transparency, they are said 
 to be clear, as the air when free from 
 mist, smoke, or dust; and water, when 
 free from impurities. 
 
 Pellucid, perfectly transparent. 
 (Pel for per, through ; and luceo, to 
 shine.) 
 
 Limpid, transparent. (Spoken only 
 of liquids; as, a limpid stream.) 
 
 Semi-transparent, imperfectly 
 transparent. (Semi, half.) 
 
 Translucent, permitting light to 
 pass, but not so freely that objects 
 beyond can be seen. (L., trans, 
 through ; and luceo, to shine. ) 
 
 Diaphanous, transparent. (Gr., Jm 
 \dia~\, through ; and <$>*im \_phaino~], 
 to shine.) 
 
 Crystal, resembling in transpar- 
 ency the mineral bodies called crys- 
 tals ; as a crystal fountain. 
 
 4. Of Darkness. 
 
 DARKNESS is the absence of 
 light. In & figurative sense darkness 
 is the absence of intellectual or 
 spiritual light. 
 
 Dusk is a partial darkness. The 
 dusk of the evening is the evening 
 twilight. 
 
 Gloom is darkness, either partial 
 or total ; as, the gloom of a dense 
 forest ; the gloom of midnight. 
 
 Gloom, in a fig. sense, as denoting 
 a state of the mind, is an absence of 
 cheerfulness. 
 
 Murk is darkness. 
 
 Ere twice in murk and occidental damp, 
 Moist Hesperus hath quenched his sleepy lamp.— 
 
 Sliaks. 
 
 Murky, dark. 
 
 A murky storm, deep, low'ring o'er our heads, 
 Hung imminent, that, with imperious gloom, 
 Opposed itself to Cynthia's silver ray. — Addison. 
 
 Obscure, wanting light to such a 
 degree, that objects can not be plainly 
 discerned. Hence, fig. 1. Not easily 
 understood ; as, an obscure subject. 
 2. Not noted ; as, an obscure person. 
 
 Sombre, gloomy; as, a sombre day. 
 (Sp. sombra, a shade, from L. umbra.) 
 
 Shade consists in an absence of 
 light caused by the interposition of 
 an opake body between a surface, 
 or empty space, and the source of 
 light. 
 
 A Shadow is a shade with a defi- 
 nite outline delineated on a surface, 
 the outline corresponding in form to 
 the figure of the body which projects 
 the shadow. 
 
 Umbra, a shade or shadow. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Umbrageous, shady ; as, an um- 
 brageous forest. 
 
 Umbrella, lit, a little shade. Hence 
 a screen held in the hand as a pro- 
 tection against the sun or rain. 
 
 Umbrage. 1. Shade : 
 
 Men, sweltering, run 
 To grots and caves, and the cool umb-rage seek 
 Of woven arborets. — Philips. 
 
 2. Shadow or appearance. The 
 opinion carries no show of truth nor 
 umbrage of reason on its side. — 
 
 Woodward. 
 
 3. Offense taken at a procedure 
 which we suspect as being designed 
 to operate to our disadvantage. 
 
 Note 1. — Until the suspicion becomes a cer- 
 tainty, it is a mere umbra or shade. 
 
 Note 2. — Another explanation of the figure 
 implied in the use of the word umbrage, iu the 
 sense of offense, is, that the cause of the offense 
 casts a shadow over the mind of the offended 
 party. 
 
 The Umbra is the dark spot on 
 the earth's surface in the case of a 
 total eclipse of the sun. 
 
 Note. — The diameter of the umbra cau not 
 
COLOR. 
 
 exceed 200 miles, and may vary from that dia- 
 meter down to nothing. 
 
 The Penumbra is the portion of 
 the earth's surface that is partially 
 shaded in the case of a total 
 eclipse of the sun. (L. pene, almost.) 
 
 Note. — The diameter of the penumbra may 
 vary slightly, but is usually about 4000 miles. 
 
 The Attributes of Darkness. 
 
 Darkness seems to be of a black color. The 
 reason of this is, that, according to the theory 
 of colors, blackness is owing to the non-reflection 
 of light from the surfaces of bodies ; and conse- 
 quent^, where no light exists to be reflected, 
 nothing but seeming blackness can meet the eye. 
 
 When we speak of a deep gloom, we refer to the 
 apparent, color of the gloom, as closely approxi- 
 mating to perfect blackness, deep being an epi- 
 thet which, when applied to color, denotes in- 
 tensity. 
 
 When we speak of darkness as being profound, 
 we present the idea of local depth, as that of a 
 fathomless pit. 
 
 When we speak of darkness as being thick, or 
 
 gross, we represent it as a dark-colored fluid of 
 great density. 
 
 When we speak of the sun's dispelling, dispers- 
 ing, or scattering darkness, we represent it as 
 something analagous to a fog or mist which is 
 brushed away by the rising breeze. 
 
 When we speak of darknes as hovering or brood- 
 ing over a scene, we represent it under the figure 
 of a huge dark-colored fowl overshadowing the 
 scene with its expanded wings. 
 
 Egyptian darkness is a figurative 
 expression, denoting the utter ab- 
 sence of moral illumination among 
 a people. The allusion is to the 
 darkness which, in the time of Moses, 
 covered the land of Egypt for the 
 space of three days. 
 
 Cimmerian darkness is such as 
 was represented by the ancients as 
 perpetually involving the region of 
 Cimmeria, (now Crimea.) 
 
 Sink and disperse, ye specter doubts that roll 
 Cimmerian darkness on the parting soul. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 OF COLOE. 
 
 1. The Theory of Colors. 
 
 The light of the sun is naturally white ; but 
 by means of a piece of glass in the form of a 
 triangular prism, the white light of the sun can 
 be decomposed into seven different kinds of 
 colored rays ; namely, red, orange, yellow, green, 
 blue, indigo, and violet. These, according to 
 Newton, are the primary colors, and all other 
 colors and shades of color may be produced by 
 combining these primary colors in due propor- 
 tions. 
 
 Some recent philosophers, however, hold that 
 there are but three primary colors ; namely, red, 
 yellow, and blue; for orange can be produced by 
 combining red and yellow; green, by combining 
 yellow and blue; violet, by combining red and 
 blue ; and indigo is regarded as being but a modi- 
 fication of blue. 
 
 Bodies have in themselves, no color whatever ; 
 but their apparent color depends upon the color 
 of the rays which they reflect. If a body reflect 
 all the rays of solar light, its color will seem to 
 be lohite. If the body absorb all the rays and re- 
 flect none, its seeming color will be black. 
 White is, therefore, the union, in due proportion, 
 of all the primary colors, and black is the ab- 
 sence of all. If a body absorb all the rays of 
 sunlight except the red, and reflect the latter, 
 the seeming color of the body will be red. If 
 the yellow rays alone be reflected, the body will 
 seem to be yelloio. If the red and the yellow 
 rays be both reflected, while the rest are ab- 
 sorbed, the resulting color will be orange, which 
 is. as stated above, a combination of red and 
 yellow. 
 
 The Prismatic Colors are those 
 into which white light is decomposed 
 by means of the prism. 
 
 A Hue is some specific color. 
 
 A Shade is a degree of any color. 
 
 A Cast, Tinge, or Tincture is a 
 slight degree of some color. 
 
 A Tint is a slight superadded col- 
 oring distinct from the ground, or 
 principal color. 
 
 2. The various designations of Color. 
 
 White is the combination of all 
 the prismatic colors. 
 
 Hoar, white ; as, hoar frost. 
 
 Hoary, white; as, hoary hairs. 
 
 Candeo, to be white. (L.) Hence 
 
 Candent, white with heat. 
 
 Candy, primarily and properly, re- 
 fined sugar, from its whiteness. 
 
 Candor, a disposition to treat sub- 
 jects with fairness, this disposition 
 from its peculiar excellence, having 
 been called by a name which signi- 
 fies pure whiteness. 
 
 Candidate, an applicant for office, 
 so called, because in Ancient Rome 
 aspirants for public offices were ar- 
 rayed in white garments. 
 
 Incandescence, a glowing whiteness 
 caused by intense heat. 
 
 Blanc, white. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
COLOR. 
 
 Blank, not written upon, because 
 the common color of paper previous 
 to its being written upon, is white. 
 
 A Blank. — 1. A void (or white) 
 space on paper. 2. A paper with 
 vacant (or wliite) spaces left to be 
 filled. 
 
 Albus, white. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Album, a book originally blank, in 
 which friends insert pieces as me- 
 morials. 
 
 Albumen — 1. The white of an 
 egg. 2. A substance resembling the 
 white of an egg, and forming a con- 
 stituent part both of the animal 
 fluids and solids. 
 
 Albino, a white person belonging 
 to a race of blacks. 
 
 Black, is the absence of all color. 
 
 Ater, black. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Atrabilarian, affected with melan- 
 choly, which the ancients attributed 
 to a black bile. (L. bilis, bile.) 
 
 Atramental, black like ink. (atra- 
 mentum, ink.) 
 
 meaan [Melan], black. Gr.) Hence 
 
 Melancholy, mental gloom; thus 
 called, because the Ancients supposed 
 that mental gloom was owing to the 
 existence of black bile in the system 
 (X>m [chole~\, bile. 
 
 Gray is a mixture of white and 
 black, as when white and black hairs 
 are mingled on the human head. 
 
 Grizzly, somewhat gray, as the 
 grizzly bear. 
 
 A Spot is a portion of a surface 
 of a different color from the sur- 
 rounding portions. 
 
 A Speck is a small spot. 
 
 A Streak is a long, narrow space 
 of a different color from the ground. 
 
 A Stripe is a straight streak of 
 uniform width. 
 
 A Vein is a streak running through 
 the substance of a solid body. 
 
 A Cloud is an irregular space 
 marked by a blending of the ground 
 with other colors. 
 
 Spotted, marked with spots. 
 
 Speckled, marked with specks. 
 
 Streaked, marked with streaks. 
 
 Striped, marked with 
 
 Yeixed. marked with veins, 
 
 Clouded, marked with clouds. 
 
 Brindled, marked with spots of 
 different colors. 
 
 Mottled, marked with spots of 
 different colors, or shades of color, 
 as if stained. 
 
 Motley, consisting of different 
 colors, as a motley coat. Hence, 
 mixed, as a motley crowd. 
 
 Dappled, marked with spots of 
 different colors, or shades of color; 
 as, a dappled horse. 
 
 Checkered, marked with stripes of 
 different colors crossing each other. 
 
 Brown is a dusky color inclining 
 to red. 
 
 Kusset, of a reddish brown color ; 
 as, a russet mantle. 
 
 Auburn, of a reddish brown; as., 
 auburn locks. 
 
 Dun, partaking of brown and 
 black; as, a dun horse. 
 
 Drab, of a dull brown color. {Ap- 
 plied to cloth.) 
 
 Sorrel, of a light-red color. {Spoken 
 of horses.) 
 
 Bay, inclining to chestnut-brown. 
 [Spoken of horses.) 
 
 Roan, of a bay, sorrel, or dark 
 color, with spots of gray or white 
 thickly interspersed. {Spoken of 
 horses. ) 
 
 Sandy, of a yellowish red. {Spoken 
 of the human hair.) 
 
 Complexion is the color of the hu- 
 man skin. 
 
 Fair, having a light complexion. 
 
 To Tan is to darken the complex- 
 ion by exposure to the sun. 
 
 Tawny, of a yellowish-dark color, 
 like things tanned. 
 
 Swarthy, of a dark complexion. 
 The inhabitants of warm climates 
 are either swarthy or black. 
 
 Dingy, of a dirty dark color. The 
 walls of a room are rendered dingy 
 by smoke and dust. 
 
 Sable, black. The negroes are 
 called the sable sons of Africa. 
 Sable habiliments are emblematic of 
 mourning. (From the sable, an ani- 
 mal with a beautifully black, and 
 highly -prized fur.) 
 
 Ebon, of a deep-black color. (From 
 
COLOR. 
 
 ebony, the name of a black-colored 
 wood.) 
 
 Night, sable goddess, from her ebon throne, 
 In rayless majesty now stretches forth 
 Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world. 
 
 Young. 
 
 Jet is a variety of lignite, that is, 
 of fossil wood, which having been 
 buried for thousands of years in the 
 earth, has been converted into coal. 
 Jet is exceedingly black, and breaks 
 with a glossy fracture. Hence, 
 
 Jet-black, denoting the highest 
 possible degree of blackness. 
 
 Raven, characterized by the black- 
 ness of the bird thus named; as, 
 raven locks. 
 
 Niger, black. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Negro, a black person of the Afri- 
 can race. 
 
 Nigrescent, approaching to black- 
 ness. 
 
 Denigrate, to blacken. 
 
 Red is a bright color like that of 
 blood. 
 
 Scarlet is a bright red. 
 
 Crimson is a dark red. 
 
 Pink is a light red, like that of the 
 flower thus named. 
 
 Roseate, rose-colored, that is, mod- 
 erately red. 
 
 Marked you her eye of heavenly blue? 
 Marked you her cheek of roseate hue ? 
 Her eye in liquid circles moving; 
 Her cheek abashed at man's approving ; 
 The one love's arrows darting round, 
 The other blushing at the wound. 
 
 Ruddy, of a reddish color, like that 
 of the cheeks of a healthy child. 
 
 Rubeo, to be red. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Rubescent, tending to a red color. 
 
 Rubicund, inclining to redness. 
 
 Rubefacient, in medicine, an exter- 
 nal application which produces red- 
 ness of the skin. (L.facio, to make.) 
 
 Ruby, a precious stone of a red color. 
 
 Rubeola, the measles; thus called 
 from the redness of the skin. 
 
 Erubescence, a redness of the skin 
 or surface of any thing, resembling 
 the redness caused by blushing. 
 
 Carnation is a flesh color. A cer- 
 tain species of pink is, from its color, 
 called the carnation. (L. caro \car- 
 nis], flesh.) 
 
 Vermilion is a bright red paint. 
 Hence the term vermilion is employed 
 to signify any beautiful red color. 
 We speak of the vermilion of a 
 maiden's lips. 
 
 Carmine is a paint of a beautiful 
 red color bordering on purple. 
 
 A Blush is a temporary redness 
 of the face caused by a sense of 
 shame or abashment. 
 
 Note.— Blushing is produced by a sudden flow 
 of the blood to the vessels of the skin. 
 
 A Flush is a sudden reddening of 
 the face from mental excitement, or 
 from bodily disease. 
 
 To Glow is to be red. 
 
 Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays. — 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 See Arts. Light and Heat. 
 
 Yellow is a bright color resem- 
 bling that of gold. 
 
 Jaundice is a disease thus named 
 from the yellowness of the ekin by 
 which it is characterized. (Fr., 
 jaune, yellow.) 
 
 Sallow, yellow, as from illness. 
 
 Orange is a combination of red 
 and yellow, like the color of the fruit 
 thus named. 
 
 Blue is the characteristic color of 
 the clear sky. 
 
 Azure is a sky-blue. 
 
 Cerulean signifies sky-colored. 
 
 Ultramarine is a beautiful sky- 
 blue paint, formed of a mineral called 
 lapis lazuli. 
 
 Indigo is a deep-blue color like that 
 of the drug. 
 
 Livid means black-and-blue. The 
 skin may become livid in conse- 
 quence of a severe contusion. 
 
 Violet is a dark-blue, inclining to 
 red, like the color of the flower thus 
 named. 
 
 Green is the color of fresh foliage, 
 and is a compound of yellow and blue. 
 
 Verdant signifies green, and is 
 properly applied only to the green- 
 ness of vegetation; as, verdant meads. 
 
 Verdure is the greenness of the 
 fields and forests during the summer 
 season. 
 
 Pale, when applied as an epithet 
 to any particular color, denotes a de- 
 
HEAT. 
 
 ficiency in the degree or intensity of 
 the color; as, a pale red, a pale blue. 
 Pale, when applied to the counten- 
 ance, denotes _ an absence of the 
 freshness which is indicative of ordi- 
 nary health. 
 
 Note. — Paleness depends upon a deficiency in 
 the amount of blood circulating in the small 
 vessels of the skin. Protracted paleness is caused 
 by ill health. A temporary paleness may be in- 
 duced by a sudden emotion of fear. 
 
 Pallidness is an excess of pale- 
 ness caused by protracted sickness, 
 hunger, or fatigue. 
 
 Wanness is a ghastly paleness in- 
 dicative of extreme prostration of the 
 vital powers by protracted sickness 
 or want of food. 
 
 3. Terms relating to the imparting or 
 changing of Colors. 
 To Paint is to apply coloring mat- 
 ter mixed with oil or water to the 
 surface of any thing. 
 
 Paints or Pigments are colored 
 substances used in painting. 
 
 To Dye is to color substances by 
 immersing them in a watery solution 
 of some coloring matter. 
 
 To Stain is to change the color by 
 the application of a coloring matter 
 that enters the pores of the substance 
 to which it is applied. 
 
 To Bleach is to whiten either by 
 sunlight, or by exposure to the influ- 
 ence of certain vapors. 
 
 Note. — Wax may be bleached by exposure to 
 the sun's rays. Linen is bleached by alternately 
 wetting and drying it, and by keeping it, in the 
 meantime, spread out in the sunshine. Cotton 
 goods are bleached by the action of chlorine gas. 
 Straw bonnets are bleached by exposing them to 
 the fumes of sulphur. 
 
 To Blanch is a term applied to cer- 
 tain processes of whitening. (Fi\, 
 olanc, white.) 
 
 Note. — Plants may be blanched by excluding 
 the light from them while growing. The cheeks 
 may be blanched by a sudden emotion of terror. 
 
 OF HEAT. 
 
 1. Terms relating to the general idea 
 of Heat. 
 HEAT is the cause of the sensa- 
 tion which we call warmth. 
 
 Note 1. — Two theories have been held by phi- 
 losophers in regard to the nature of heat, some 
 looking on it as a material fluid, and others 
 maintaining that it depends on vibrations in the 
 universal ether that fills all space, and pervades 
 the pores even of the most dense bodies. 
 
 Those who hold the former theory, call the ele- 
 ment of heat caloric. They say that caloric exists 
 in two states ; first, that of latent (hidden) caloric, 
 in which the caloric is intimately combined with 
 the substance of bodies, and does not affect the 
 thermometer or the sensibility ; and second, 
 that of free caloric, in which state the caloric 
 affects the thermometer and produces sensation. 
 
 Radiant caloric is a modification of free caloric, 
 and is subject to the same laws that regulate the 
 radiation and reflection of light. 
 
 Those who hold the second theory suppose 
 that heat is closely allied to light, and that the 
 rays of heat differ 1 from the luminous rays of any 
 particular color, in the same way that the differ- 
 ently colored rays differ among themselves. 
 Heat and light, they say, depend on undulations 
 in the same elastic ether. The undulations 
 which produce the phenomenon of blue light 
 are supposed to be smaller and more rapid than 
 those which give rise to the phenomenon of yel- 
 low light. The undulations from which yellow 
 light results, are again quicker and more limited 
 in their range of motion than those from which 
 red light results ; while those which give rise to 
 
 heat are less frequent, and traverse a wider space 
 than do any of the undulations on which the 
 colored rays depend. 
 
 Note 2. — Caloric, or the principle of heat, is 
 the cause of fluidity. Were it not for this prin- 
 ciple, all substances — even air — could exist only 
 as solids. It is supposed that a due degree of 
 heat would convert the most refractory solids 
 into liquids, and that under some higher temper- 
 ature these liquids would be changed into gases. 
 
 Note 3. — The sources of heat are the sun, chem- 
 ical action, and mechanical force. 
 
 1. When light proceeds directly from the sun, 
 the rays of light are combined with those of 
 heat ; but when solar light is reflected from the 
 moon, it contains no appreciable heat. 
 
 2. Whenever substances combine with each 
 other under the influence of chemical affinity, 
 heat is evolved, but not always in such a degree 
 as to affect the thermometer to any appreciable 
 extent ; but if substances combine rapidly and 
 with great energy, the heat generated is some- 
 times very intense, as when water combines 
 with fresh-burned lime. 
 
 3. The modifications of mechanical action by 
 which heat may be produced, are friction, (or 
 rubbing,) percussion, (or striking,) and condensa- 
 tion, (or pressing together.) 
 
 1st. Friction. — Two sticks of dry wood may be 
 ignited (or set on fire) by rubbing them forcibly 
 together. 
 
 2d. Percussion. — If a small piece of iron be 
 placed on an anvil, and be subjected for a few 
 moments to quickly-repeated strokes of a ham- 
 mer, it will become hot. 
 
 3d. Condensation.— If a piece of tinder bo 
 placed at the bottom of a tube to which a piston 
 
10 
 
 HEAT. 
 
 has been adapted, and if the air in the tube be 
 suddenly condensed by a heavy stroke of a ham- 
 mer on the end of the piston, the heat disen- 
 gaged from the air will ignite the tinder. 
 
 Temperature is the condition of a 
 substance in relation to sensible heat. 
 
 Note. — "When the temperature of a substance 
 is higher than that of my body, it feels warm, 
 because, on touching it, more heat passes from 
 the substance to my body, than what passes 
 from my body to the substance. On the con- 
 trary, when the temperature of a substance is 
 lower than that of my body, it feels cold, because, 
 on touching the substance, my body parts with 
 more heat than it receives. 
 
 Warm, moderately heated. 
 Warmth, the sensation caused by 
 heat. 
 
 Hot, highly heated. 
 
 Tepid, moderately warm ; as, a 
 tepid bath. 
 
 Temperate, free from the extremes 
 of heat and cold ; as a temperate cli- 
 mate. 
 
 Feryeo, to boil with heat (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Fervor, heat; as, the fervor of a 
 summer's day. Fig., great warmth 
 of the kindly affections ; as, the fervor 
 of love. 
 
 Fervent, hot. {Applied both liter- 
 ally and figuratively.) The elements 
 shall melt with fervent heat. He was 
 animated by a fervent zeal. 
 
 Fervid, very warm; as, a fervid 
 radiance ; a fervid imagination. 
 
 Fervid on the glittering flood, 
 
 Now the noontide radiance glows. — Cunningham. 
 
 Sultry, excessively hot and close. 
 (Spoken of the state of the atmos- 
 phere.) 
 
 To Swelter is to be overcome and 
 faint with heat. 
 
 Torreo, to roast. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Torrid, parched with excessive 
 heat; as, a torrid clime. 
 
 Caleo, to be hot. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Caloric, the element of heat. 
 
 Calorific, causing heat. 
 
 Note. — Those particular rays of solar light 
 which produce heat are called calorific rays. 
 (L.,/aci'o, to cause.) 
 
 GEFMOS [thermos], warm. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Thermal, 1. Pertaining to, or pro- 
 ducing heat ; as, thermal rays. 2. 
 Warm or hot ; as, a thermal spring. 
 
 Thermometer, an instrument for 
 measuring heat. (Gr., pit em [_metreo~], 
 to measure.) 
 
 Isothermal, having equal degrees of 
 heat. (Gi\, ta-oc \j,sos~\, equal.) 
 
 Note. — Isothermal lines on the earth's surface 
 pass through places of equal mean temperature. 
 
 Fire is the element of heat. 
 
 A Bonfire is a fire made as an ex- 
 pression of public joy. (Fr., ton, 
 good. ) 
 
 A Balefire is a signal fire. 
 
 Sweet Teviot, on thy silver tide 
 
 The gloomy balefires blaze no more. — Scott. 
 
 Ignis, fire. (L.) Hence, 
 Igneous, 1. Fiery. Sparks emitted 
 from burning substances are igneous 
 particles. 2. Originating in the ac- 
 tion of fire. 
 
 Note. — Lavas are called igneous rocks from the 
 circumstance of their having been once liquid 
 from heat. 
 
 Ignite, to set on fire. A lucifer 
 match may be ignited by friction. 
 
 nrp [Pyr], fire. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Pyrometer, an instrument for mea- 
 suring the intensity of the heat of 
 furnaces. (Gr., [xiTstm \_metreo~\, to 
 measure. 
 
 Pyrotechnics, the art of preparing 
 fire-works for public amusement. (Gr., 
 ™x vi1 [techne], art.) 
 
 Pyroligneous, produced by the ac- 
 tion of fire on wood. (L., lignum, 
 wood. ) 
 
 Note. — Pyroligneous acid is produced by the 
 distillation of wood. 
 
 To Burn is to change essentially 
 the nature of a substance by subject- 
 ing it to the action of fire. 
 
 Comburo [combustuni], to burn. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Combustion, the particular kind of 
 burning which such substances as 
 wood, coal, and oil undergo when 
 subjected to action of fire. 
 
 Combustible, any substance that 
 may be burned after the manner of 
 wood, etc. 
 
 A Flame consists of burning va- 
 por. 
 
 To Inflame is, 1. To cause to burn 
 with a flame. 2. To cause heat and 
 redness in any part of an animal 
 body. 3. And fig., to excite the pas- 
 
HEAT. 
 
 11 
 
 sions; as, to inflame anger, desire, 
 etc. 
 
 To Blaze is to send forth a volume 
 of flame. 
 
 To Smoulder is to burn with a 
 smothered combustion, as when the 
 air has not free access to the burn- 
 ing matter. 
 
 Flagro \_flagratum~], to burn with 
 an accompaniment of flame. (L. ) 
 
 Flagrant, blazing with violence. 
 Used only in a Jig. sense ; as, a fla- 
 grant crime. 
 
 Note. — When we thus characterize a crime 
 we imply that it is one which, by its Mazing 
 enormity, is calculated to attract general notice 
 
 Conflagration, the burning of a 
 large mass or extended collection of 
 combustibles ; as the burning of a 
 forest or of a number of houses in a 
 city. {Con, together.) 
 
 Deflagrate, to burn with a sudden 
 and sparkling combustion. Nitre, 
 when thrown on burning coals, will 
 deflagrate. 
 
 Incendo [incenswn], to set on fire. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 In'cense, odorous spices and gums 
 burnt in religious worship. 
 
 To Incense / , to inflame with anger. 
 
 Ardeo [arsum~], to burn with great 
 heat. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ardent, burning ; as, an ardent 
 fever; an ardent zeal ; an ar den t de- 
 sire. 
 
 Ardor, a high degree of heat ; as, 
 the ardor of the sun's rays. Fig., 
 Great warmth of the commendable 
 affections and passions; as, the ardor 
 of love; to pursue one's studies with 
 ardor. 
 
 Arson, the crime of house-burning. 
 
 To Set on Fire is to apply fire to 
 any combustible mass or substance, 
 and cause combustion to begin. 
 
 To Kindle is to cause combustion 
 to begin and get under way by 
 nursing the incipient flame. 
 
 Fuel is any substance that serves 
 as an aliment (or food) for fire. (Fr., 
 feu, fire.) 
 
 Tinder is scorched lint used to 
 catch a spark in kindling. 
 
 Touchwood is decayed wood that 
 will take fire from a spark produced 
 
 by striking a piece of steel against a 
 flint. (So called because the touch 
 of a spark will ignite it.) [tinder. 
 
 Punk is a kind of fungus used for 
 
 A Match is, 1. A small bit of pine 
 wood with one end dipped in some 
 chemical preparation that is easily 
 ignited by friction. These are called 
 friction matches. They have like- 
 wise been called lucifer matches. 2. A 
 bit of tow, cotton, etc., dipped in sul- 
 phur and used in kindling. 3. A 
 piece of hempen cord lighted at one 
 end, and used in firing a cannon. 
 
 To Put Out is to cause combustion 
 entirely to cease. 
 
 Extinguo [exiinctum~], to put out. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Extinguish, to put out ; as, to ex- 
 tinguish a candle. Figuratively, we 
 may speak of extinguishing life or 
 hope. 
 
 Note. — When we speak of extinguishing life, 
 we represent it under the figure of a lamp, a live 
 coal, or a spark. Thus we say the lamp of life ; 
 or the vital spark. 
 
 Extinct, lit, extinguished. (Used 
 chiefly in a fig. sense, as when we 
 speak of life being extinct, or when 
 we say that the mammoth belonged 
 to a species of animals that is now 
 extinct.) 
 
 Note. — When we say that a species of animals 
 is extinct, we imply that the vital fire which had 
 been transmitted from generation to generation 
 is gone out, and that the species has ceased to 
 exist. 
 
 2. The Products of Combustion. 
 
 Note. — Combustibles of a vegetable or animal 
 origin consist chiefly of carbon (the matter of 
 charcoal) and hydrogen, (one of the elements of 
 water.) In combustion the carbon unites with 
 the oxygen of the atmosphere, and forms a gas 
 called carbonic acid, while the hydrogen unites 
 with oxygen and forms water. 
 
 Smoke consists of imperfectly burned 
 particles Avhich pass off from burning- 
 matter in a visible form. 
 
 Note. — When the combustion of wood, on, 
 etc., is perfect, the mingled vapor and gas pass 
 off in a transparent form, and are, consequently, 
 invisible. 
 
 Soot consists of imperfectly burned 
 particles of carbonaceous matter. 
 
 Lampblack is soot employed as a 
 paint. 
 
12 
 
 COLD. 
 
 Ashes consist of the earthy, pow- 
 der-like matter which remains after 
 the combustion of wood or coal. 
 
 Slag is a glassy matter sometimes 
 mingled with the ashes of mineral coal. 
 
 Embers are small coals of fire 
 mixed with ashes. 
 
 A Cinder is a portion of some ani- 
 mal or vegetable substance reduced, 
 by burning, to the form of a coal. 
 A piece of meat may be burned to a 
 cinder. 
 
 Cinis \cineris~], ashes. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Oineritious, resembling ashes in 
 color ; as, the cineritious substance 
 of the brain. 
 
 Incinerate, to burn to ashes. 
 
 Sparks are small particles of ig- 
 nited matter emitted from bodies in 
 combustion. 
 
 Scintilla, a spark. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Scintillate, to emit sparks. 
 
 3. Of the action of Heat on Solids 
 where the effect differs from, or falls 
 short of Combustion. 
 
 To Bake is to subject a moist sub- 
 stance to a dry heat. 
 
 Note. — Soft substances are hardened in bak- 
 ing. 
 
 To Roast is to subject a substance, 
 whether moist or dry, to the action of 
 a dry heat. 
 
 Note. — We may roast potatoes, coffee, or meat. 
 In metallurgy ores are sometimes roasted for the 
 purpose of driving off the sulphur and other 
 volatile matters with which the ore may happen 
 to be combined. 
 
 To Cook is to prepare food by means 
 of heat. 
 
 To Fry is to cook a moist substance 
 in a pan without the addition of 
 water. 
 
 To Boil is to cook by immersing a 
 substance in boiling water. 
 
 To Seethe is to cook by boiling. 
 
 Sodden, (past participle of seethe,) 
 cooked by boiling. 
 
 To Broil is to cook by placing 
 over burning coals. 
 
 To Scorch is to burn so slightly 
 as not essentially to change the tex- 
 ture or chemical composition of a 
 substance. 
 
 To Singe is to burn slightly and 
 
 superficially, as in burning the nap 
 of cloth or the hair of the skin. 
 
 To Toast is slightly to scorch by 
 the heat of a fire ; as to toast bread 
 or cheese. 
 
 To Parch is to render very dry 
 by the action of heat. We may 
 parch corn. The ground may be 
 parched by the heat of the sun. We 
 may be parched with thirst. 
 
 To Scald is to affect by the appli- 
 cation of hot water. 
 
 To Calcine is to reduce by burn- 
 ing to a form resembling that of 
 chalk or burnt lime. Shells and 
 bones may be calcined. (L., calx, 
 lime.) 
 
 To Melt is to render liquid by 
 means of heat. 
 
 To Thaw is to melt ice, or to 
 soften by heat that which has been 
 frozen. 
 
 4. Of the action of Heat on Liquids. 
 
 Boiling consists in the formation, 
 by heat, of bubbles filled with vapor. 
 
 Ebullition is the action of boiling. 
 (L., ebullio, to boil, from bulla, a 
 bubble.) 
 
 To Seethe is to be in a state of 
 ebullition ; as, a seething cauldron. 
 
 To Simmer is to boil gently. 
 
 To Effervesce is to boil without 
 heat, in consequence of a rapid for- 
 mation and escape of bubbles of gas. 
 (L., ef for ex, forth; and ferveo, to 
 boil.) 
 
 5. Of Cold. 
 
 COLD is the privation of heat. 
 
 Cold is also the sensation caused 
 by the escape of heat from the body. 
 
 Cold, (adj.,) having a temperature 
 much below that of our bodies. 
 
 Cool, having a temperature slightly 
 below that of our bodies. 
 
 Lukewarm, having a temperature 
 equal to that of our bodies. (Spoken 
 of liquids. ) 
 
 To Freeze, when spoken of water, 
 signifies to pass from a liquid to a 
 solid state, in consequence of the 
 escape of caloric 
 
 To Freeze, when spoken of animals 
 
SOUND. 
 
 lo 
 
 or plants, signifies to perish through 
 
 intense cold. 
 Frigeo, to freeze. (L.) Hence, 
 Frigid, very cold; as, the frigid 
 
 zone. 
 
 Gelu, frost. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Gelid, as cold as ice. (Applied to 
 
 water. ) 
 
 Congeal, to change into ice. 
 Congelation, the act of changing 
 
 into ice. 
 
 Bleak, exposed by situation to 
 cold -winds. 
 
 6. The Attributes of Cold. 
 
 When we say that the cold air, or cold wind is 
 sharp, cutting, keen, or piercing, these are figura- 
 tive forms of expression, in which there is an 
 allnsion to cutting and piercing instruments. Tha 
 figure is founded on the similarity of the sensa- 
 tion caused by cold wind to the sensation caused 
 by the application of the keen edge of a razor, or 
 the sharp) point of a needle to the skin. 
 
 When we speak of cold as being intense, the 
 literal allusion is to the idea of a strained bow- 
 string. (L., intendo [internum], to strain.) 
 
 OF SOUXD. 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 Sound is the sensation produced 
 by the vibrations of the air, or of 
 any other medium with which the 
 organ of hearing happens to be in 
 contact. 
 
 Note. — When a bell or other elastic body is 
 struck with a hammer, a quivering motion 
 called vibration, can be felt with the fingers. 
 The quivering motion of the bell communicates 
 a similar motion to the layer of air which is in 
 contact with it ; and the first layer communi- 
 cates the motion to a second; the second, to a 
 third, etc. ; and thus the aerial vibrations spread 
 in successive waves, which travel at the rate of 
 11-12 feet per second. Xow, if a living creature 
 possessing organs of hearing, should happen to 
 be within the range of these atmospheric waves, 
 the auditory (hearing) apparatus of the creature 
 would be mechanically affected, and thus would 
 the sensation of sound be produced. 
 
 Noise is, 1. Any kind of sound 
 which we are at a loss to designate 
 by a name descriptive of its precise 
 character. 2. Any kind of sound 
 that is either excessive, out of place, 
 or offensive to the listener. 
 
 Soxo, to emit sound. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sonorous, emitting a free, full, and 
 clear sound. 
 
 Resound, to send back sound, (re, 
 back. ) 
 
 Consonant, lit, sounding together. 
 Hence, fg., harmonizing with; as, 
 consonant to reason, (con, together.) 
 
 Consonant, a letter that can be 
 distinctly sounded only in combina- 
 tion with a vowel. 
 
 Consonance, in Music, the agree- 
 ment of two sounds simultaneously 
 produced, the one grave and the 
 other acute. — Brande. 
 
 Dissonant, lit., sounding apart. 
 Hence, discordant (dis, asunder.) 
 
 Dissonance, a discord in music. 
 
 $fiNH [Phone] sound. (Gr. ) Hence, 
 
 Phonetic, representing sounds: as, 
 phonetic characters. 
 
 Phonetics, the science of sounds, 
 especially those of the human voice. — 
 Brande. 
 
 Phonology. — 1. A treatise on sounds. 
 2. The doctrine or science of sounds 
 as uttered by the human voice in 
 speech. (Gr. hcya [logos], a dis- 
 course.) 
 
 Phonography, a description of the 
 laws of the human voice, or of 
 sounds uttered by the organs of 
 speech. (Gr. y%*$a> \_grupho], to de- 
 scribe.) 
 
 Euphony, agreeableness of sound 
 in the pronunciation of letters and 
 syllables. («/ \_eu], agreeable.) 
 
 Euphonious, agreeable in sound. 
 
 Cacophony, disagreeableness of 
 sound in the pronunciation of syl- 
 lables and words. (Gr. xMioc [cacos], 
 ill.) 
 
 2. Of the Qualities of Sounds. 
 
 A Lori) sound is one that strikes 
 the ear with great force. 
 
 Acute or Sharp sounds are such 
 as are produced by quick vibrations 
 of the sonorous body. The tones of 
 the treble string of a violin are 
 acute. (L. acutus pointed, because 
 such sounds have a piercing effect on 
 the ear. 1 ) 
 
 Grave sounds are produced by a 
 
14 
 
 SOUND. 
 
 slow succession of vibrations. The 
 tones of the base string of a violin 
 are grave. (L. gravis, heavy, because 
 such sounds fall on the ear like 
 heavy masses.) 
 
 Shrill, very acute. 
 
 Note 1. — The terms soft, smooth, rough, harsh, 
 and grating, are used to denote qualities of sound; 
 but primarily and literally they designate quali- 
 ties affecting the sense of touch. 
 
 Note 2. — The terms sweet and dulcet are applied 
 to sounds, but, literally, they refer to a quality 
 affecting the taste. 
 
 3. Specific Sounds. 
 a. Sounds of Inanimate Objects. 
 
 To Creak is to make a shrill 
 noise like that of a door turning on 
 its hinges. 
 
 To Crack is to make .a sudden, 
 sharp sound, like that accompanying 
 the sudden separation of the parts 
 of a brittle solid. 
 
 To Crackle is to make a succes- 
 sion of slight cracking sounds, as 
 when a bundle of thorns is thrown 
 into the fire. (Dim. and freq. of 
 crack.) 
 
 To Crepitate is to make a small, 
 crackling noise, as when a handful 
 of salt is thrown into the fire. (L. 
 crepito, crackle.) 
 
 To Snap is to emit a small, sharp 
 sound like that caused by the sud- 
 den breaking of a brittle stick. 
 
 To Explode is to burst with a 
 loud sound. (L. explodo [explosuni], 
 to utter a burst of loud sound. ) 
 
 Explosion is, 1. The act of burst- 
 ing with a loud sound. 2. A sudden 
 burst of sound. 
 
 To Detonate is to burn with a 
 sudden report. (L. detono, to thun- 
 der.) 
 
 To Pop is to emit a small, quick, 
 hollowish sound, like that produced 
 by the sudden shooting of the cork 
 from a beer bottle. 
 
 Note. — Popping is caused by the sudden ex- 
 pansion of compressed air, or of confined vapor 
 or gas. 
 
 To Whiz is to make a hissing 
 sound, like that produced by passing 
 the slender end of a switch rapidly 
 through the air. A bullet, in passing 
 
 over a person's head, is heard to 
 whiz. 
 
 To Buzz is to emit a sound like 
 that produced by the wings of a com- 
 mon fly. 
 
 A Humming- is heavier, deeper- 
 toned, and more musical than a buz- 
 zing. A swarm of bees hum in the 
 hive, or on the wing. A top in 
 rapid motion hums. A mingling of 
 obscure sounds heard from a distance 
 is also called a hum; as, "the hum, 
 of the distant city." 
 
 A Droning is a heavy humming 
 sound. 
 
 Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight. 
 
 Gray. 
 
 To Whir is to emit a roughish 
 sound intermediate between a whiz- 
 zing and a humming. 
 
 Note. — The whirling parts of machinery, if 
 somewhat loose, produce this sound, as do like- 
 wise the wings of certain birds in flight. 
 See from the brake the whirring pheasant springs, 
 And mounts exulting on triumphant wings. 
 
 To Ring is to give forth a clear, 
 sharp sound like that produced by 
 striking with a hammer on metallic 
 plates or bars. 
 
 To Clang is to give forth a pro- 
 longed ringing sound, as when a 
 large plate of brass is struck. 
 
 To Clank is to emit short and 
 quick metallic sounds, as when the 
 links of a heavy chain strike against 
 each other. 
 
 Note. — A clang cut short becomes a clanl; 
 and a clanlc prolonged becomes a clang. 
 
 A Clangor is a loud, shrill, and 
 harsh metallic sound, like that of a 
 trumpet. 
 
 A Jingling is a rattling metallic 
 sound, like that produced by the 
 shaking of light chains or small bells. 
 
 To Tink is to emit a single small, 
 sharp, and momentary metallic sound, 
 as when a small bell is slightly tapped. 
 
 A Tinker is a mender of brass 
 kettles, pans, and the like, (thus 
 called from the Unking sound which 
 accompanies his operations.) 
 
 A Tinkling consists in a succession 
 of tinks or small ringing sounds. 
 (Freq. of tink.) 
 
 And drowsy tinJclings lull the distant fold. — Gray. 
 
SOUND. 
 
 15 
 
 To Clink is to make a single small, 
 sharp ringing sound, as when a me- 
 tallic bar is struck with a hard sub- 
 stance. 
 
 To Chink is to make a small, short 
 ringing sound, as when small pieces 
 of coin are struck together. 
 
 To Twang is to emit a sharp, trem- 
 ulous sound, as that of a bowstring. 
 
 The string let fly 
 Twanged short and sharp. 
 
 To Click is to make a small, sharp 
 sound, like that of a clock pendulum. 
 
 The solemn death-watch clicked the hour she 
 died. — Gay. 
 
 To Tick is to give forth a succes- 
 sion of small momentary sounds like 
 those of the beating of a watch. 
 
 To Clack is to make a sudden and 
 sharp noise, as by the striking to- 
 gether of two hard bodies. 
 
 A Clack is a rattling noise like that 
 of machinery. 
 
 And all the landscape round is still, 
 Save the clack of yonder mill. — 
 
 Grongar Hill. 
 
 A Murmur is a confused sound, as 
 that of human voices in a crowd, or 
 of the waters of a shallow brook pass- 
 ing with some velocity over a stony 
 bed. Fig., a complaint. 
 
 A Report is a sudden and moment- 
 ary sound of any degree of loudness, 
 from the bursting of a cracker to the 
 firing of a cannon. 
 
 Thunder is a loud and heavy sound 
 produced by the passage of a body of 
 the electric fluid through the air. 
 
 A Peal is a single momentary out- 
 burst of loud sound, as of thunder, 
 cannon, or bells. 
 
 Pealing, uttering a succession of 
 peals or loud sounds. 
 
 A Roar is a very loud, prolonged 
 sound, as that of a cataract. 
 
 A Boom is a hollow roar, as that of 
 waves, or of the reverberations of ar- 
 tillery. 
 
 A Crash is a loud and mingled 
 sound of many things falling and 
 breaking at once. 
 
 A Clap is a sudden and startling 
 explosion of loud sound; as a clap of 
 thunder. 
 
 To Rumble is to make a heavy, 
 continued sound, as that of distant 
 thunder. A heavy carriage rumbles 
 on the pavement. 
 
 A Rattling consists in a succession 
 of small, sharp sounds, caused by 
 rapidly repeated collisions of bodies 
 that are not very sonorous, as when 
 hailstones fall on a roof. 
 
 A Clatter is a loose, confused, and 
 irregular rattling. The feet of a gal- 
 loping horse clatter over the stones. 
 
 A Racket is a loud and continued 
 clatter. 
 
 An Uproar is a confusion of loud 
 sounds. 
 
 A Din is a loud and continued 
 noise, or mingling of noises, by which 
 the ear is wearied; as, the din of a 
 large workshop. 
 
 To Patter is to give forth, a succes- 
 sion of small, soft sounds, as when 
 rain-drops fall on a roof. The feet 
 of little children patter on a pave- 
 ment. 
 
 To Gurgle is to emit a sound like 
 that produced by water flowing from 
 a narrow-necked bottle. 
 
 Pure gurgling rills the lonely desert trace, 
 And waste their music on a savage race — 
 Young. 
 
 A Rustling consists in a succes- 
 sion of small obscure sounds caused 
 by the rubbing of light elastic sub- 
 stances, as silk, dry leaves, etc. 
 
 To Toot is to give forth short blasts 
 from a horn. 
 
 A Ding-dong is the sound of a 
 heavy bell. 
 
 Let us all ring Fancy's knell ! 
 Ding dong bell. — Sliaks. 
 
 Fig., a tiresome repetition by child- 
 ren of demands and complaints. 
 
 A Chime is a combination of ring- 
 ing sounds that harmonize. 
 
 b. Sounds of the Human Voice. 
 Voice in man or animals is sound 
 generated by vibrations of the larynx, 
 an apparatus consisting of cartilage 
 and membrane, and situated at the up- 
 per extremity of the windpipe. From — 
 Vox, the voice. (L.) Hence, 
 Vocal, pertaining to the voice ; as, 
 the vocal organs. 
 
16 
 
 SOUND. 
 
 Vociferate, to give a vehement ut- 
 terance to vocal sounds. (L., fero, 
 to utter.) 
 
 A Cry is a loud vocal sound uttered 
 by man or animals. 
 
 An Outcry is a loud cry, as of 
 alarm, distress, etc. 
 
 A Shout is a vehement and sudden 
 burst of voice expressing joy, tri- 
 umph, exultation, or animated cour- 
 age. Shouts are sometimes expres- 
 sive of derision. We also shout to 
 attract the attention of some one at a 
 great distance. 
 
 To Bawl is to cry with a loud and 
 full sound, as in calling, in pain, etc. 
 
 A Halloo is a shout designed to 
 attract the attention of some one at a 
 distance. 
 
 A Whoop is a loud and shrill shout. 
 Boys sometimes whoop when engaged 
 in their sports. The American Indi- 
 ans utter a war-whoop. 
 
 To Hoot is to utter shouts of con- 
 tempt. 
 
 A Huzza is a shout of praise ut- 
 tered as a compliment to some dis- 
 tinguished individual. 
 
 Many who have heen saluted with the huzzas 
 of a crowd one day, have received their execra- 
 tions the next. — Mansfield. 
 
 One self-approving hour whole years outweighs, 
 Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas. — Pope. 
 
 Hurra! or Hurrah! is a shout 
 of exultation or encouragement. 
 
 A Yell is a loud and hideous out- 
 cry. 
 
 To Scream is to utter a shrill and 
 violent outcry, as in a fright, or in 
 extreme pain. 
 
 To Shriek is to utter a shrill and 
 piercing outcry from the influence of 
 sudden terror, or of extreme anguish. 
 
 To Screech is to utter a loud and 
 extremely shrill cry, as in very acute 
 pain, or in sudden terror. 
 
 To Squall is to scream or cry vio- 
 lently, as a child in anger or distress. 
 
 A Sigh is a long-drawn and audi- 
 ble breathing, indicative of sadness. 
 
 A Groan is a deep, heavy, and pro- 
 longed vocal sound, indicative of 
 bodily pain or mental anguish. 
 
 A Grunt is a short groan. 
 
 A Sob is a convulsive sigh. 
 
 To Moan is to utter a murmur ex- 
 pressive of grief or bodily pain. 
 
 c. Animal Sounds. 
 
 To Growl is to utter the low, 
 grumbling sound of an angry dog or 
 lion. 
 
 A Snarling is a growling, accom- 
 panied by a curling of the nose, and 
 a showing of the teeth as indicative 
 of a disposition to bite. 
 
 To Bark is to utter a short, harsh 
 cry, like that of dogs when they 
 threaten or pursue. 
 
 To Yelp is to utter the cry of a 
 dog when hurt, or of a hound in the 
 pursuit of game. 
 
 To Bay is to bark. Also, to bark 
 at. 
 
 I 'd rather be a dog and bap the moon, 
 Than such a Roman. — ShaTcs. 
 
 A Howling is a loud, protracted, 
 and mournful cry, uttered by dogs 
 and wolves. 
 
 To Whine is to utter a small, plain- 
 tive cry. The whining of a dog is 
 indicative of uneasiness. 
 
 To Mew is to utter a weak and 
 somewhat acute cry, as that of a cat, 
 when trying to attract attention. 
 
 To Purr is to utter a low and con- 
 tinued murmur, as a cat does in ex- 
 pressing a sense of gratification. 
 
 To Waul is to utter a loud and 
 disagreeable cry like that frequently 
 heard from cats at night. 
 
 To Caterwaul is to waul as cats. 
 
 To Bleat is to utter the cry of the 
 sheep, the deer, or the goat. 
 
 To Baa is to utter the peculiar 
 bleating of the sheep. 
 
 To Low is to utter the ordinary cry 
 of the ox. 
 
 To Bellow is to utter the deep, 
 heavy tones of the bull, when an- 
 nouncing his own lordly dignity, or 
 when bidding defiance to a rival. 
 
 To Neigh is to utter the cry of the 
 horse. 
 
 Whinnying is a kind of neighing 
 by which the horse calls other ani- 
 mals of his kind. 
 
 To Bray is to utter the loud and 
 harsh roar of the ass. 
 
 To Gruntle is to utter the deep, 
 
SOUND. 
 
 17 
 
 guttural sound which is natural to 
 the hog. (Freq. of grunt) * 
 
 To Squeal is to utter the loud and 
 shrill cry that is natural to the hog 
 when seized by an enemy. 
 
 To Squeak is to utter a small, sharp 
 cry like that of the mouse. 
 
 To Cackle is to utter the notes 
 used by the hen when recovering 
 from some temporary alarm, or in re- 
 joicing over a newly-laid egg. 
 
 To Cluck is to utter the notes used 
 by the hen in conducting her young. 
 
 To Ckow is to utter a cry like that 
 of the barn-yard cock in announcing 
 the dawn, or in proclaiming his vic- 
 tory over a rival. 
 
 To Chatter is to utter a rapid suc- 
 cession of small, short, and rattling 
 sounds. Magpies and monkeys chat- 
 ter. The rapid striking of the teeth 
 together from cold is also called a 
 chattering. Fig. To talk idly. 
 
 To Twitter is to make a succession 
 of small, short, acute sounds, follow- 
 ing each other with great rapidity. 
 Swallows twitter. 
 
 To Caw is to cry caw ! caw ! after 
 the manner of the crow or the rook. 
 • To Croak is to utter the hoarse 
 note of the frog or raven. Fig. To 
 complain of the gloominess of fu- 
 ture prospects, or to prophesy evil. 
 
 Note. —This figure had its origin in the cir- 
 cumstance that the croaking of a raven used to 
 be regarded by the superstitious as an omen of 
 evil. 
 
 To Coo is to utter the soft and 
 plaintive or tender cry of the dove 
 or pigeon. 
 
 To Hoot is to cry too hoo ! too hoo I 
 after the manner of the owl. 
 
 To Gobble is to utter the cry of 
 the turkey-cock. 
 
 To Quack is to cry quack I quack ! 
 after the manner of the duck. 
 
 To Squawk is to utter a loud, shrill, 
 and harsh cry, as that of certain 
 large fowls. The term squawk is 
 also applied, by the way of contempt, 
 to the noisy shoutings of children. 
 
 To Pipe is to utter a small, shrill 
 sound like that of a slender pipe. 
 Certain birds pipe. 
 
 To Pip is to utter the cry of a 
 young chicken. 
 
 To Peep is a different form of the 
 word to pip. 
 
 A Cheeping is a cry of uneasiness 
 or pain uttered by a young chicken. 
 
 To Chirp is to utter the shrill cry 
 of certain small birds. 
 
 To Chirrup is to utter lively, chirp- 
 ing notes. A young child, when 
 pleased, sometimes chirrups in its 
 nurse's arms. 
 
 To Whistle is to produce shrill 
 musical notes by means of a pipe, 
 or by a forcible emission of the 
 breath through a small aperture be- 
 tween the lips. Certain birds whistle. 
 
 To Hiss is to produce a small, 
 sharp breathing sound by impelling 
 the breath between the tip of the 
 tongue and the upper teeth. Geese 
 and serpents hiss. Drops of water 
 falling on a hot iron cause it to hiss. 
 
 Note. — Hissing is sometimes significant of 
 contempt. 
 
 General Note. — With perhaps two or three 
 exceptions, the words of the foregoing lists of 
 specific sounds are imitations of the particular 
 sounds which they designate. 
 
 Qualities of Voice. 
 
 Clear, open and free from harsh- 
 ness. 
 
 Hoarse, rough, as when the organs 
 of voice are affected by a cold. 
 
 Huskixess is a dry hoarseness, in 
 which the sonorousness of the voice 
 is impaired. 
 
 GRinr, rumbling. 
 
 Stentorian, very powerful. (From 
 Stentor, a Grecian warrior in the 
 army against Troy. His voice was 
 louder than the combined voices of 
 fifty men.) 
 
 4. Of the Echo. 
 
 An echo is a reflected sound. (A 
 sound turned back.) 
 
 Note.— Sound, light, heat, 
 and elastic bodies are subject 
 to the same law of reflection, 
 which is, that the angle of 
 reflection is equal to the an- 
 gle of incidence. Let AB 
 be a wall. Now if an elastic 
 ball thrown from D strike the 
 wall perpendicularly at C, it 
 will be reflected perpendicularly back to P. If 
 a ball thrown from E strike the wall obliquely 
 
18 
 
 SAPORS. 
 
 at C, forming with A B the angle of incidence 
 E C A, it will he reflected obliquely from C to F, 
 forming with A B the angle of reflection F C B, 
 equal to E C A. Now if sound were substituted 
 for the ball it would observe the same law of re- 
 flection. Or if a mirror were substituted for the 
 wall, and light or heat took the place of the ball, 
 these elements would be found in like manner 
 to conform to this law. 
 
 To Reverberate is, 1. To beat back. 
 An arch may reverberate the voice 
 of a speaker. 2. To ring with re- 
 flected sounds. The forest reverber- 
 ates with the blows of the ax-man. 
 (L., re, back; and verbero, to beat.) 
 
 5. Of Silence. 
 
 SILENCE is the absence *of sound. 
 Still, 1. Emitting no sound. 2. Un- 
 disturbed by sound. 
 To Hush is, 1. To cease speaking 
 
 or sounding. 2. To cause to be 
 silent. 
 
 Hush, (adj.,) silent; as, they are 
 as liusli as death. 
 
 Hush-money, a bribe to secure 
 silence. 
 
 Hist ! a word commanding silence, 
 and equivalent to hush ! 
 
 Mute, 1. Incapable of uttering vo- 
 cal sounds. Fishes are mute. 2. Not 
 uttering vocal sounds, though capa- 
 ble of doing so. A man is mute when 
 he does not use his voice. 
 
 Dumb, 1. Incapable of uttering ar- 
 ticulate sounds. The beasts are dumb. 
 2. Incapable of employing articulate 
 sounds for the expression of ideas. 
 The deaf are commonly also dumb. 
 
 Mum, refraining from speech. 
 
 OF SAPOES. 
 
 A SAPOR is any quality that 
 affects the sense of taste. (L., sapio, 
 to have qualities that affect the taste.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Sapid, affecting the taste. Salt 
 and sugar are sapid substances. 
 
 Insipid, tasteless. Saw-dust and 
 weak tea are insipid. Fig., Not sea- 
 soned with sense, so as to please the 
 intellectual taste ; as, insipid conver- 
 sation ; an insipid book. {In, not, 
 and sapid.) 
 
 Savor is the word sapor modified 
 by the substitution of v for p. But 
 savor is employed to signify a quality 
 that affects the smell as well as one 
 that affects the taste. 
 
 If the salt has lost its savor, wherewith shall 
 it be salted ?— Matt, x : 13. 
 
 And the Lord smelled a sweet savor. — Gen. 
 viii: 21. 
 
 Savory signifies, 1. Agreeable to 
 the taste ; as, a savory dish. 2. Agree- 
 able to the smell ; as, savory odors. 
 
 Note. — The term savory is properly applied 
 to odors only, when, from some peculiarity of the 
 odor, we are led to infer that the substance from 
 which the odor proceeds, would also be agreeable 
 to the taste. 
 
 Flavor, from the French fairer, 
 to smell, properly signifies an odor; 
 but common usage seems to have ap- 
 propriated this term chiefly to the 
 
 sense of taste. We speak of the flavor 
 
 Note. — The word flavor is employed in refer- 
 ence to nice discriminations in the taste of 
 articles of food and drink. 
 
 A Tincture is a slight taste super- 
 added to the natural taste of any 
 substance ; as, a tincture of orange 
 peel. (L., tingo, to stain.) 
 
 A Twang is a slight degree of some 
 flavor perceptibly mingled with some 
 predominant taste. A sweet fruit 
 may have a twang of bitterness. 
 
 To Smack of is to be tinctured with 
 any particular taste. Food smacks 
 of the spice with which it is seasoned. 
 (Ger., schmecken, to taste.) 
 
 Palatable, agreeable to the taste, 
 (or palate, the sense of taste having 
 been formerly supposed to be seated 
 in the palate.) 
 
 Nice, more than ordinarily pleasant 
 to the taste. 
 
 Delicate, agreeable to a refined 
 palate. (L., delicice, delights.) 
 
 Delicacy, an article of food that 
 pleases a refined palate. 
 
 Delicious, highly pleasing to the 
 taste or other senses. 
 
 Luscious, excessively rich; as, a 
 luscious fruit. 
 
SAPORS. 
 
 19 
 
 Note. — Luscious food is such as is calculated 
 by its richness to cloy and sicken, unless moder- 
 ately and cautiously used. 
 
 Dainty, 1. Nice or particular in 
 the selection of food. 2. Suiting a 
 taste that is difficult to please ; as, a 
 dainty bit.. 
 
 Dainties, articles of food that are 
 suited to a dainty appetite. 
 
 Specific Sapors. 
 
 Sweet, having the characteristic 
 taste of those substances called sac- 
 charine, as sugar or honey. 
 
 Note 1. — The epithet sweet is applied to various 
 substances not saccharine, to denote some quality 
 that affects the taste pleasantly. Thus we say 
 that water is sweet which is free from any im- 
 pregnation with saline (salt-like) matters ; and 
 that meat is sweet which is free from any tend- 
 ency to putrefaction. 
 
 Note 2. — The term sweet is metaphorically 
 applied to qualities of scent and sound which 
 pleasantly affect the senses of smell and hearing. 
 Thus we say that the odor of arose, or the air of 
 a piece of music is sweet. 
 
 Note 3. — In a moral sense we speak of a sweet 
 temper. 
 
 Saccharine, having the qualities 
 of sugar. (L., saccharum, sugar.) 
 
 Nectarine, having the exquisite 
 s weetness of nectar, the drink of the 
 'gods. See Art. Mythology. 
 
 Ambrosial, having the exquisitely 
 delicious taste or scent of ambrosia, 
 the food of the gods. See Art. Myth- 
 ology. 
 
 Dtjlcts, sweet. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Dulcet, 1. Literally sweet. 
 
 She tempers dulcet creams. — Milton. 
 
 2. Metaphorically sweet ; as, dulcet 
 sounds. 
 
 Dulcify, to sweeten. (Fy, from L. 
 facio, to make.) 
 
 Dulcimer, a musical instrument 
 having about 50 strings, which are 
 played upon with little sticks. The 
 name refers to the sweetness of the 
 tones. 
 
 Suavis, sweet. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Suavity, sweetness. Used only in 
 a figurative sense ; as, suavity of lan- 
 guage, conversation, or address. 
 
 Mel, honey. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Mellifluent or Mellifluous, sweetly 
 flowing ; as, a mellifluent voice ; mel- 
 lifluous strains of music. 
 
 Bitter is the opposite of sweet. 
 
 Note. — Bitter is the characteristic taste of 
 wormwood, aloes, and gall. In a figurative 
 sense bitterness is predicated of the painful 
 emotions. Thus we speak of the bitterness of 
 grief. Bitterness is also predicated of the malig- 
 nant feelings ; as, a bitter hate. 
 
 Sourness is the quality which char- 
 acterizes the taste of vinegar. In a 
 figurative sense we speak of sourness 
 of the temper. 
 
 Acid, sour to the taste. (L., acidus, 
 sour.) 
 
 To Acidify is to make sour. 
 
 Acidulous, slightly sour. 
 
 To Acidulate is to tinge with a sour 
 taste, as when we put a few drops of 
 vinegar in a glass of water. 
 
 Acetic, pertaining to or having 
 the nature of vinegar. Acetic acid 
 is the acid of pure vinegar. (L., 
 acetum, vinegar.) 
 
 Crab, harshly sour. Hence, 
 
 Crab-apple, a wild fruit, thus 
 called on account of its taste. 
 
 Crabbed, harshly sour, like the 
 crab-apple. Figuratively we speak 
 of crabbedness of temper. 
 
 Eough, and Harsh, as applied to 
 taste, denote ideas derived from the 
 sense of touch. These terms are 
 used to denote ungrateful modifica- 
 tions of the sour taste. Rough is 
 applied to liquors, as a rough wine; 
 and harsh is applied to fruits. 
 
 Austertjs, harshly sour. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Austere, sour with astringency. 
 Certain fruits and wines are austere. 
 Fig. 1. Harsh in one's bearing to- 
 ward others ; as an austere master ; 
 an austere look. 2. Severe in one's 
 manners and habits. 
 
 Note. — A person who is austere from principle 
 abstains from innoceut and lawful gratifications 
 and pleasures. 
 
 Hardness is spoken of the taste 
 of fermented liquors when they be- 
 gin to lose their spirituous flavor, 
 and to become sour ; as, hard cider. 
 
 Vinegar is cider or wine that has 
 become sour. (Fr. tin, wine, and 
 aigre, sour.) 
 
 Tart, 1. Having a sharp, but not 
 unpleasant taste, as the currant and 
 
20 
 
 ODORS. 
 
 the cranberry. 2. Sharp in a figu- 
 rative sense, as a tart reply. 
 
 A Tart is a pie made of sour fruit. 
 
 Brisk or Lively, having the sharp 
 and pleasant taste of an effervescing 
 liquor. 
 
 Vapid or Flat, haying lost its 
 liveliness. In a figurative sense, we 
 may speak of a vapid sentiment. 
 (From an imaginary Latin root vapeo, 
 to fly off in vapor.) 
 
 Note.. — The term flat refers, perhaps, to the 
 flattening down of the froth on the surface of an 
 effervescing liquor after the effervescence has 
 ceased. 
 
 To Pall is, 1. To become vapid ; as, 
 the liquor palls. 2. To cease to have 
 the power of gratifying the sense. 
 
 Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover, 
 Fades in the eye and palls upon the sense. 
 Addison. 
 
 Racy, having a strong, rich and 
 agreeable flavor, as a racy apple; 
 racy wine. Fig. Characterized by a 
 rich, lively, and agreeable strain of 
 sentiment ; as a racy article ; a racy 
 style. 
 
 Acbrbtjs, harshly sour (L.) Hence, 
 Acerb, having a harsh taste like 
 that of unripe fruit. 
 
 Note. — In the acerb taste sourness is mingled 
 with astringency. 
 
 Exacerbate, lit. To render more 
 
 harsh to the taste. Hence, Fig. To 
 render more severe. Physicians 
 speak of the exacerbation of the 
 symptoms of a disease. 
 
 Saline, having the qualities of salt. 
 (L. sal, salt.) 
 
 Brackish, slightly impregnated 
 with salt ; as, brackish water. 
 
 Stale, having lost its life, spirit, 
 or flavor from being long kept; as 
 stale beer; stale bread. In a Jig. 
 sense, we speak of stale news ; a stale 
 remark. 
 
 To Taint is to affect meat with the 
 taste which indicates incipient putre- 
 faction. Fig. To corrupt with vicious 
 principles. 
 
 Spices are vegetable productions 
 of an agreeable, pungent taste, which 
 are used to improve the flavor of 
 food. Hence, 
 
 Spicy, having the taste of the 
 spices. Fig. Abounding in pungent 
 wit, as a spicy discourse. 
 
 To Season is to render food pala- 
 table by means of salt or the spices. 
 
 Condiments are substances used 
 either in seasoning, or in preserving 
 articles of food. Salt, the spices, 
 vinegar, mustard, etc., are condi- 
 ments. (L. condio, to season, or pre- 
 serve. ) 
 
 OF ODOES. 
 
 An Odor, Smell, or Scent is a 
 quality in matter that affects the 
 sensibility of the olfactory nerves. 
 
 Note.— Though these terms are commonly 
 regarded as synonymous, yet they exhibit the 
 idea which they represent under different as- 
 pects. Odor is from the Greek ozo, to exhale, or 
 send forth particles of matter capable of affect- 
 ing the sense of smelling. The term smell has 
 a reference to the action of the nostrils in inhal- 
 ing or snuffing up those particles, to inhale or 
 snuff up, being the primary meaning of to smell. 
 The term scent, is from the Latin sentio, to per- 
 ceive, and therefore refers to the perception of 
 the odorous properties of the matter that has 
 been inhaled. The same quality then, is an 
 odor, in reference to its being inherent in some- 
 thing that has been exhaled ; a smell, in refer- 
 ence to its being inherent in something that 
 has been inhaled ; and a scent, in reference to 
 the fact that the quality has affected the appro- 
 priate organ of sense. 
 
 Fragrant, having a sweet scent. 
 
 Redolent, diffusing a sweet scent. 
 (L. re, again, and oleo, to emit a 
 scent.) 
 
 A Perfume is a sweet scent. 
 
 Strong, affecting the sense of 
 smell unpleasantly. 
 
 Musty, having the smell caused 
 by moldiness. 
 
 Ranceo, to be strong scented. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Rancid, having the smell or taste 
 of old butter or oiL 
 
 Bancescent, beginning to become 
 rancid. 
 
 Rank, having a strong and offen- 
 sive odor. Spoken of the smell of 
 certain plants and animals. Garlic 
 and goats emit a rank odor. 
 
POROSITY — RARITY — DENSITY 
 
 21 
 
 A Fetoe, ■ Stench, or Stink is a 
 strong and disgusting smell. 
 
 Note — Stench is a stronger term than 'fetor. 
 We can speak of a fetor of tho breath. Certain 
 accumulations of filth produce a horrid stench. 
 
 The term stink includes erery degree of the dis- 
 gusting smell. 
 
 Fetid, having a disgusting 
 (L. fceteo, to stink.) 
 
 scent. 
 
 OF THE MECHANICAL PEOPEETIES OF MATTER. 
 
 1. Porosity. 
 
 PORES are very small vacant 
 spaces between the particles of a 
 body. 
 
 Porous, abounding in pores. 
 
 Porosity or Porousness is the qual- 
 ity of abounding in pores. 
 
 Note 1. — All bodies are supposed to be more 
 or less porous. 
 
 Note 2. — In light bodies the pores are sup- 
 posed to bo large and numerous, while in heavy 
 bodies they are supposed to be few and small. 
 
 Note 3. — Sir Isaac Newton conjectured that 
 if the matter of the whole earth were so com- 
 pressed as to be absolutely without pores, it 
 might possibly be contained within the space of 
 a cubic inch. 
 
 2. Of the Cellular Structure. 
 
 CELLS are small cavities larger 
 than pores. 
 
 Cellular, abounding in cells. 
 
 Spongy substances are such as 
 abound in cells, and are at the same 
 time soft, pliable, and elastic, like the 
 substance called sponge. 
 
 3. Of Rarity. 
 
 RARE bodies are such as have 
 numerous and large interstices be- 
 tween their atoms. Water is nine- 
 teen times lighter than gold, and is, 
 consequently, nineteen times rarer. 
 XDense. 
 
 Raeity is the condition of being 
 rare. XDensity. 
 
 To Rarefy is to render lighter by 
 driving the atoms of bodies farther 
 apart. Heat rarefies air. XCondense. 
 
 Rarefaction is the act of render- 
 ing a substance lighter by driving 
 the atoms further apart. (L. facio 
 [factum], to make) ^Condensation. 
 
 Thin, 1. Being at the same time 
 rare and fluid; as thin air; a thin 
 vapor. 2. Being more than usually 
 fluid from containing an excess of 
 water or other liquid ; as thin molas- 
 ses; thin milk; thin blood. 
 
 Tenuity is thinness; as the tenuity 
 of the air in the upper regions of 
 the atmosphere; the tenuity of the 
 blood. (L. tenuis, thin.) 
 
 To Attenuate is to make thin. 
 
 An Attenuant is a medicine that 
 thins the fluids. 
 
 4. Of Density. 
 
 DENSE bodies are those in which 
 the pores are few and small, or in 
 which the atoms are not separated 
 by large intervals. Water is 11,000 
 times denser than hydrogen gas. 
 Platinum, the heaviest of the metals, is 
 21 \ times denser than water. >£P are - 
 
 Density is the condition of a body 
 in relation to the closeness or re- 
 moteness of its particles or atoms. 
 Hydrogen is a substance of little 
 density. Platinum is a substance of 
 great density. XRarity. 
 
 To Condense is to bring the parti- 
 cles or atoms of a body more closely 
 together. XRarefy. 
 
 5. To Stick 
 
 To STICK. When portions of 
 matter in contact require some force 
 to separate them they are said to 
 stick. 
 
 Sticky, having the quality of 
 sticking, as tar or glue. 
 
 Glutinous, having the sticky qual- 
 ity of glue. (L. gluten, glue.) 
 
 Viscid, being at the same time both 
 semi-fluid and sticky, like the white 
 of an egg. (L. viscus, birdlime, a 
 sticky preparation spread over the 
 branches of trees for the purpose of 
 catching birds.) 
 
 Viscidity is the quality of being at 
 the same time both semi-fluid and 
 sticky. 
 
 Viscous, soft and sticky like cer- 
 tain sums. 
 
22 
 
 COHESION — SOFTNESS. 
 
 Viscosity is the quality of being 
 soft and sticky. 
 
 Ropy, moderately viscid. Cider or 
 wine becomes ropy when changing 
 into vinegar. (From rope, a cord. ) 
 
 Note. — A ropy liquid, when suffered to fall 
 from the end of a stick, ropes, that is, draws 
 itself into a slender thread. 
 
 Clammy, sticky ; as, clammy dough ; 
 clammy clay ; a clammy sweat. (From 
 clam, to clog with any viscid sub- 
 stance.) 
 
 EL^ereo [hoesuiri], to stick. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Cohere, to stick together, (co, to- 
 gether. ) 
 
 Cohesion, the act of sticking to- 
 gether. 
 
 Coherent, sticking together; as, co- 
 herent parts. Fig., duly connected; 
 as, a coherent discourse. 
 
 Cohesive, tending to unite matter 
 in masses; as cohesive attraction. 
 
 Adhere, to stick to. {ad, to.) 
 
 Adhesion, the act of sticking to. 
 
 Adherent one who sticks to another 
 as a follower of the fortunes or opin- 
 ions of the person to whom he ad- 
 heres. 
 
 Inhere, to exist (or stick) in some- 
 thing else. Colors inhere in cloth. 
 A dart inheres in the flesh. 
 
 Inherent, existing in any thing as a 
 natural property. The power of at- 
 tracting iron is inherent in the mag- 
 net. 
 
 To Cleave is to stick, as dust, 
 mud, etc. Shake off the dust that 
 cleaveth unto your feet. 
 
 To Coalesce is to become united by 
 spontaneous cohesion. Large hail- 
 stones sometimes consist of smaller 
 ones that have coalesced. Two drops 
 of water brought in contact coalesce 
 and form a single drop. 
 
 Coalescence is the act of sponta- 
 neous cohesion. 
 
 Coalition is, 1. The union of sep- 
 arate bodies in one mass by sponta- 
 neous cohesion. 2. A union of po- 
 litical or other parties. - 
 
 Cresco [cretuni], to grow. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Concrescence, the process of be- 
 
 coming united in one mass by spon- 
 taneous cohesion, (con, together.) 
 
 Concrete, united in one mass by 
 the spontaneous cohesion of separate 
 particles. 
 
 Concretion, 1. The process of be- 
 coming united in a solid mass by the 
 spontaneous cohesion of small par- 
 ticles. 2. A solid mass formed by 
 the spontaneous cohesion of separate 
 particles. 
 
 Accretion, the process by which 
 particles unite themselves externally 
 to a solid mass, (ad, to.) 
 
 Glomus, a ball of yarn. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Glomero [glomeratuni], to wind 
 into a ball. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Conglomerate, gathered into a 
 mass. 
 
 Conglomerate Rocks are composed 
 of pebbles cemented by mineral 
 matter. 
 
 To Cement is to unite solid bodies 
 by interposing a soft substance, 
 which, on hardening, holds the 
 bodies together by the force of 
 cohesion. Mortar is a kind of ce- 
 ment. 
 
 To Weld is to unite pieces of iron 
 by first softening them by heat, and 
 then beating them together with a 
 hammer. 
 
 6. Of Hardness. 
 
 HARD bodies are those whose 
 particles cohere so firmly as not to 
 be easily displaced by pressure. 
 
 Durtts, hard. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Indurate, to harden. 
 
 Obdurate, hardened in wicked- 
 ness, as an obdurate sinner ; an ob- 
 durate heart. 
 
 Dure, or Endure, to last ; because 
 hardness is a quality that renders 
 things lasting. 
 
 7. Of Softness. 
 
 SOFT bodies are, 1. Those whose 
 form may be readily changed by 
 pressure, as putty or dough. 2. 
 Such as admit of being easily cut, 
 as soapstone. 
 
 Note.— Softness is the result of a feeble co- 
 hesion of the particles of a body. 
 
MALLEABILITY — DUCTILITY — FLEXIBILITY. 
 
 Mollis, soft. (L.) Hence, 
 Mollify,}. To soften. 2. To soften 
 with poultices, etc., for the purpose 
 of allaying pain or irritation ; as, to 
 mollify a wound with oil. 3. To 
 appease; as to mollify a person who 
 is in a sullen or angry mood. 
 
 Emollient, possessing the property 
 of softening. A poultice is an emol- 
 lient application. 
 
 7. Of Tenacity. 
 TENACITY is the force with which 
 the parts of a solid body cohere. 
 (L. teneo, to hold.) 
 
 Note. — The measure of tenacity is the force 
 required to pull a bar of a given breadth and 
 thickness asunder. Steel possesses a greater de- 
 gree of tenacity than any other substance. 
 
 Tenacious, 1. Cohering with great 
 force. 2. Sticky. Tar is a tena- 
 cious substance. 
 
 8. Of Brittleness. 
 BRITTLE bodies are such as are 
 easily broken, as glass, queensware, 
 etc. 
 
 Note. — Brittleness is a quality of hard bodies 
 that are lacking in tenacity. 
 
 Friable bodies are such as are 
 easily reduced to grains or powder, 
 as sandstone, loaf sugar, etc. 
 
 Note. — Friable substances are usually of a 
 loose texture, the parts being held together by 
 but a slight force of cohesion. 
 
 9. Of Elasticity. 
 
 ELASTIC bodies are such as have 
 an inherent power of recovering 
 their former figure after any external 
 pressure which has changed that 
 figure has been removed. Whale- 
 bone, Indian rubber, and air, are re- 
 markable for their elastic properties. 
 
 Elasticity is the property which 
 causes a body to resume its natural 
 shape after having been pressed, 
 stretched, or twisted. 
 
 Springy, elastic. (From spring, to 
 rebound, or fly back. 
 
 Springiness is elasticity. 
 
 10. Of Malleability. 
 
 MALLEABLE substances are such 
 as are susceptible of extension under 
 the hammer. (L. malleus, a ham- 
 mer.) 
 
 Note.— Gold is the most malleable of all tli3 
 metals. A single grain of gold may be ham- 
 mered so thin as to cover fifty square inches. 
 
 Malleability is the quality which 
 renders bodies susceptible of exten- 
 sion under the hammer. 
 
 11. Of Ductility. 
 DUCTILE substances are such as 
 are susceptible of being drawn into 
 wire or threads. L. duco [ductuni], 
 to draw.) 
 
 Note. — Platinum is the most ductile of all the 
 metals. 
 
 Ductility is the quality which ren- 
 ders bodies susceptible of being drawn 
 into wire or thread. 
 
 12. Of Flexibility. 
 
 FLEXIBLE substances are such as 
 are capable of being bent without 
 breaking. L. flecto \_flexum'], to 
 bend.) 
 
 Note 1. Some substances are both flexible and 
 elastic, as whalebone. Others are flexible and 
 non-elastic, as lead. 
 
 Note 2. The term flexible may be used figura- 
 tively, as when we speak of flexible judge, a flex- 
 ible will. 
 
 Flexibility is capability of being- 
 bent. 
 
 Flexile, very easily bent. A slen- 
 der twig is flexile. 
 
 Pliant or Pliable. — 1. Easily bent, 
 as a slender twig. 2. Easily folded, 
 as soft leather or cloth. 3. Easily 
 molded, as wax. Fig. Keadily yield- 
 ing to the will of others. 
 
 Pliancy or Pliability is easiness to 
 be bent. Fig. Readiness to yield 
 to the will of others. 
 
 Limber, 1. Easily bent; as, a limber 
 rod. 2. Perfectly pliant ; as, a lim- 
 ber rag. 3. Moving freely ; as, a 
 limber joint. 4. Relaxed. In faint- 
 ing, the muscles become limber. 
 
 Lithe, that maybe easily bent; as 
 a lithe twig; the lithe proboscis of 
 an elephant. 
 
 Supple, easily bent; as, a supple 
 rod; a supple joint. Fig. Bending 
 to the humor of others. 
 
 Flabby, being soft and of a loose 
 texture; as, flabby flesh. 
 
 Flaccid, yielding to pressure for 
 
24 
 
 STIFFNESS — TOUGHNESS — FLUIDITY — TO BREAK. 
 
 want of firmness and stiffness; as, a 
 flaccid muscle. 
 
 13. Of Stiffness. 
 
 STIFF bodies are such as are not 
 easily bent. Fig. Wanting in those 
 graces which depend upon a perfect 
 flexibility of the various joints of the 
 body; as, stiff manners. 
 
 Rigeo, to be stiff. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Rigid, stiff. Fig. Not bending 
 (or yielding) in the way of kindness 
 or indulgence; as, a rigid master; 
 a rigid rule ; rigid justice. 
 
 Rigor, stiffness. (Not used by 
 recent writers in the literal sense.) 
 Fig. The unbending strictness of 
 fixed rules. Courts of Equity relax 
 the rigor of the common law. 
 
 14. Of Toughness. 
 TOUGH bodies are such as are not 
 
 easily torn asunder. Hickory is a 
 tough wood. The gristly portions of 
 meat are tough. 
 
 Tender, free from toughness ; as, 
 tender meat. 
 
 15. Of Fluidity. 
 A FLUID is a substance whose 
 particles move freely among them- 
 selves. (L. fluo, to flow.) 
 
 Note. — Fluids are of two classes, namely : 
 liquids, such as water, oil, etc. ; and gases, 
 which resemble air in their form. 
 
 Liquids are fluids which possess 
 but little elasticity, and are but 
 slightly compressible. 
 
 Note. — In liquids a slight degree of cohesion 
 exists between the particles. 
 
 Gases are fluids, air-like in form, 
 compressible, and permanently elas- 
 tic. 
 
 Note. — The gases are entirely destitute of 
 cohesive attraction. 
 
 OF THE YAEIOUS MODES OF OYEECOMING THE 
 FOECE OF COHESION". 
 
 1. To Break. 
 
 To BREAK is to separate the 
 parts of a solid body by pressure, or 
 by a sudden blow. 
 
 A Breach is, 1. A broken place ; 
 as, a breach in a wall. 2. An act 
 of breaking ; as, a breach of the peace ; 
 a breach of good manners. (From 
 break. ) 
 
 Frango [fr actum], to break. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Fracture, a breaking ; as, the frac- 
 ture of a bone. 
 
 F?^action, a broken number ; as, |. 
 
 Fragment, a piece broken from a 
 mass. 
 
 Fragile, easily broken. Thin glass 
 is fragile. '■ 
 
 Frail, not adapted to withstand 
 violence ; as, a frail bark ; a frail 
 human body. (Contraction of fra- 
 gile.) 
 
 Infringe, to break ; as, to infringe 
 a contract or law. We should not 
 infringe upon the rights of others. 
 
 Frangible, that may be broken. 
 
 Infrangible, that can not be broken. 
 
 To Snap is to break with a short 
 and sudden fracture, as a dry, and 
 brittle stick. 
 
 To Crack is slightly and partially 
 to separate the parts of a solid body. 
 
 A Crack is a slight and partial 
 separation of the parts of a solid 
 body. 
 
 A Crevice is an opening formed 
 by the separation of the parts of a 
 solid body; as, a crevice in a wall. 
 
 A Crevasse is a breach formed by 
 the breaking of the water through 
 the levees on the banks of the Mis- 
 sissippi. (Fr., crever, to split.) 
 
 A Chink is a long, narrow opening 
 in a wall, either existing in the ori- 
 ginal construction, or formed by the 
 shrinking of the parts. 
 
 To Shatter is, by sudden violence, 
 partially to separate the parts of a 
 brittle solid by crevices running in 
 various directions. 
 
 To Shiver is to separate into small 
 fragments or splinters. Lightning 
 sometimes shivers a large tree. 
 
 To Crush is to break into small 
 
TO SPLIT — TO TEAR — TO WEAR. 
 
 25 
 
 fragments, either by pressure or by 
 beating. 
 
 A Cbtoib is a small portion of a 
 friable solid. 
 
 To Crumble is, 1. To break into 
 crumbs." 2. To separate spontaneous- 
 ly into crumbs or small pieces. 
 
 Contero [contrituni], to crush. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Contrite, broken or crushed in a 
 moral sense ; as, a contrite heart ; 
 that is, a heart broken by sorrow for 
 sin. 
 
 Contrition, a state of broken- 
 heartedness on account of sins com- 
 mitted. 
 
 To Pulyerize is to reduce to pow- 
 der. (L., pulvis, dust.) 
 
 To Grind is to reduce to small 
 particles by friction. 
 
 To Triturate is to reduce to a fine 
 powder by continued friction. 
 
 Note. — The apothecary triturates suhstancea in 
 a mortar. 
 
 To Levigate is to reduce by grind- 
 ing or trituration to an impalpable 
 or smooth powder. (L., Icevis, 
 smooth.) 
 
 To Burst is to break by a force 
 acting from within ' in an outward 
 direction, as by the force of gun- 
 powder or steam. 
 
 Kumpo [ruptwii], to break or burst. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Rupture, a breaking or bursting; 
 as, the rupture of a string; the rup- 
 ture of a bloodvessel; a rupture of 
 the skin. Fig. A breach of peace 
 or concord between individuals or 
 nations. 
 
 Disruption, 1. The act of breaking 
 asunder. 2. A breach, (dis, asun- 
 der.) 
 
 Abrupt, lit, broken short off. 
 Hence, 1. Steep; as, an abrupt pre- 
 cipice. 2. Broken by sudden transi- 
 tions ; as, an abrupt style. 3. Sud- 
 den, or without notice to prepare 
 the mind for the event ; as, an 
 abrupt entrance; an abrupt depart- 
 ure, (ab, off.) 
 
 Note. — The expression, an abrupt precipice, 
 conveys the idea that the rocks had once ex- 
 tended further, but had been broken off by some 
 convulsion of nature. In the case of an abrupt 
 
 departure, the continuance of the person's stay 
 is suddenly and unexpectedly broken oj}\ 
 
 2. To Split. 
 
 To SPLIT is, 1. To separate a 
 solid body lengthwise ; as, to split a 
 bar of iron. 2. To separate a fibrous 
 body in the direction of the fibres ; 
 as, to split a log of wood. 3. To 
 separate, as a crystal, in the direc- 
 tion of the natural cleavage. 4. To 
 separate a mass, as a rock, in any 
 direction. 
 
 To Cleave is to split. 
 
 A Cleft is a vacant space formed 
 by the splitting apart of a solid mass ; 
 as, a cleft in a rock. 
 
 Cleavage is the capability observed 
 in crystals to undergo mechanical 
 division in certain fixed directions. 
 
 To Rive is to split ; as, to rive 
 shingles. The oak was riven by the 
 lightning. 
 
 Findo \_fissum~], to split. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Fissile, that may be split. 
 
 Fissility, capability of being split. 
 
 Fissure, a cleft; as, a fissure in a 
 rock. 
 
 3. To Tear. 
 
 To TEAR, is to separate the parts 
 of a tenacious body by pulling or 
 other violence. 
 
 Tatters are parts of a garment 
 partially separated by tearing. 
 
 To Lacerate is to tear, as the skin 
 or flesh. In a fig. sense we speak of 
 the laceration of the heart. 
 
 To Rend is to separate the parts 
 of a body either by tearing or burst- 
 ing. A garment may be rent. A 
 blast of gunpowder rends a rock. 
 
 4. To Wear. 
 
 To WEAR is to diminish the bulk 
 of a body by removing small par- 
 ticles by friction. 
 
 To Abrade is to remove particles 
 from the surface of a body by fric- 
 tion. (L., ab, from; and rado, [ra- 
 suni], to scrape.) 
 
 Abrasion, the act of removing par- 
 ticles from the surface of a body by 
 friction. 
 
26 
 
 TO CUT. 
 
 5. To Cut 
 
 To CUT is to sever the parts of a 
 solid body by means of an edged 
 instrument. 
 
 To Hack is to cut slightly with 
 frequent blows. 
 
 To Haggle is to cut irregularly 
 and unskillfully. A boy haggles a 
 stick with a dull knife. A human 
 body may be haggled by repeated 
 strokes of a sword. (Freq. of hack.) 
 
 To Hew is, 1. To separate external 
 portions by cutting ; as to hew tim- 
 ber with an ax, for the purpose of 
 forming a smooth surface. 2. To 
 shape with a chisel ; as, to hew stone. 
 
 To Hew off is to separate by cut- 
 ting; as, to hew Oj^* the branches of a 
 tree. 
 
 To Hew down is to fell by cutting ; 
 as, to hew down a tree. 
 
 To Chop is, 1. To cut into pieces 
 with an ax ; as, to chop wood. 2. 
 To cut into small pieces, as to chop 
 meat or straw. 
 
 To Chop off is to sever with an 
 ax or other heavy cutting instrument. 
 
 A Chip is a small portion severed 
 from a hard body by cutting. (From 
 chop. ) 
 
 To Chip is to cut a hard substance 
 into small pieces. 
 
 To Mince is to cut into fine pieces ; 
 as, to mince meat. (Fr., mince, fine.) 
 
 To Shave is to cut off any external 
 growth close to the surface ; as, to 
 shave the beard; to shave the bark 
 from a stick of wood. 2. To remove 
 thin and ribbon-like slices from the 
 surface, as a joiner does in planing 
 a board. 
 
 To Pake is to remove the outside 
 or the extremities by cutting ; as, to 
 pare an apple ; to pare the nails. 
 
 To Shear is to separate wool or 
 hair from the skin of an animal, or 
 to shorten the nap of cloth by means 
 of a two-bladed instrument called a 
 pair of shears. 
 
 To Clip is to cut with shears or 
 scissors ; as, to clip the hair ; to clip 
 the wings. 
 
 To Whittle is to cut off small 
 pieces from a hard body with a knife. 
 
 (From the obsolete noun whittle, a 
 knife. ) 
 
 Seco \_sectum~], to cut. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Section, 1. A pari? separated from 
 the rest by a cutting either real or 
 imaginary. The trunk of a tree may 
 be divided into several sections by 
 cutting it with a saw. Geographical 
 lines may cut up the surface of a 
 country into sections. 2. A division 
 of a chapter, of a law, or of any in- 
 strument of writing. 
 
 Dissect, to cut apart. (Applied to 
 the use of the knife in anatomical 
 investigations.) (L. dis, apart.) 
 
 Intersect, to cut each other mu- 
 tually, as two lines which cross 
 each other, (inter, mutually.) 
 
 Insect, any living creature resem- 
 bling the bee or the ant in form. 
 
 Note. — The term insect refers to the circum- 
 stance of the body of the creature being appar- 
 ently cut into, and almost divided into two parts. 
 
 Scindo [scissum], to cut. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Rescind, to cut off. (Not used in 
 the literal sense.) Fig. To annul or 
 reverse ; as, to rescind a law, a re- 
 solution, a vote, a decree, etc. 
 
 Note. — In rescinding a resolution, etc., the 
 body which passed it cuts it off, as it were, from 
 the record of their proceedings. 
 
 Rescission, the act of annulling 
 or reversing, (re, off.) 
 
 CiEDo [caesum], to cut. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Incision, 1. The act of cutting in. 
 2. A cut. A surgeon makes an in- 
 cision in the flesh. 
 
 Precise, lit, cut off at the end. 
 (Not used in the lit. sense.) Fig. 
 Exact ; as, precise rules ; precise di- 
 rections, (pros, at the end.) 
 
 Note. — Precise rules or directions are cut, as 
 it were, to correspond to some definite measure 
 of length. 
 
 Precision, exactness. Eclipses are 
 calculated with great precision. ' 
 
 Preciseness, a disposition to be 
 exact, or the practice of being ex- 
 act ; as, preciseness in the distribu- 
 tion of time. 
 
 Concise, lit, closely trimmed by 
 cutting. (Not used in the lit. sense.) 
 Fig. Pruned of all superfluous words ; 
 as, a concise style. 
 
TO DIG TO PIERCE. 
 
 Tranches, to cut. (Fr.) Hence 
 
 Trench, a ditch, (from its being 
 formed by cutting the earth.) 
 
 Intrench, to secure by cutting a 
 trench around. 
 
 To Intrench on, lit, to cut into. 
 Hence, jig. To encroach upon; as, 
 to intrench upon the rights of others. 
 (in. upon.) 
 
 Retrench, to cut away that which 
 is excessive or superfluous ; as, to 
 retrench the luxuriance of a vine by 
 pruning; to retrench a composition 
 of exuberant words or sentences; to 
 retrench one's expenses, (re, away.) 
 
 To Carve is, 1. To cut into small 
 pieces, as meat at table. 2. To cut 
 wood, stone, or other material into 
 some particular form. 3. To cut 
 figures or devices on hard materials. 
 
 Sculpo \_sculptum~\, to carve. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Sculpture, the art of cutting or 
 hewing wood or stone into the images 
 of men, beasts, and other things. 
 
 Sculptor, one whose occupation is 
 to carve wood or stone into images. 
 
 TAT$n [Gltpho], to sculpture or 
 carve. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Hieroglyphic, pertaining to the 
 carving of sacred characters. (Gr. 
 Upos [hieros~\, sacred.) 
 
 Note. — Hieroglyphics are the sacred characters 
 which were used by the ancient Egyptian priests 
 in their emblematic or picture writing. These 
 characters still exist on Egyptian monuments, 
 where they were sculptured three thousand years 
 ago. 
 
 XAPA2XQ [Charasso], to scrape, 
 cut, or engrave. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Character. — 1. A mark made by 
 cutting or engraving. Hence, a mark 
 made with a pen. 
 
 6. To Dig. 
 
 To Dig is to open the earth with 
 a spade or other sharp instrument. 
 
 A Ditch is a trench in the earth 
 made by digging. 
 
 A Moat is a ditch in fortification. 
 
 Fodio \_fossum~\, to dig. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Fossil, dug out of the earth; as, 
 fossil coal; fossil salt. 
 
 A Fossil, any organic substance 
 that, bavins; been long buried in the 
 
 earth, has become penetrated with 
 earthy or metallic particles. 
 
 Fosse, a ditch in fortification. (Fr.) 
 
 Grabex, to dig. (Ger.) Hence 
 Grub, to dig up by the roots. 
 
 Grave, a pit dug for the reception 
 of a dead body. 
 
 To Grave, or to Engrave, to carve 
 letters, etc., on stone, or other hard 
 substance. 
 
 7. To Pierce. 
 
 To Pierce is, 1. To enter, as a 
 pointed instrument, by separating 
 and pushing aside the substance of 
 the body pierced. 2. To force a 
 way through any thing. A bullet 
 may pierce a board. 
 
 To Stick is to cause to enter, as 
 a pointed instrument. 
 
 To Prick is to pierce slightly. 
 
 Prx go \_punctum~], to prick. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Puncture, 1. The act of pricking. 
 2, A small hole made by pricking. 
 
 Pointy a mark made by pricking. 
 See Term Point, Art. Form. 
 
 kenteo [Cexteo], to prick. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Center, the middle point. See the 
 Term Center, Art, Form. 
 
 Incentive, that whichprieJcs the slug- 
 gish faculties and excites to action. 
 5 2Tizn [Stizo], to prick. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Instigate, to prick or incite to the 
 doing of something that is wrong. 
 
 8. Sundry Piercing Instruments and 
 Bodies. 
 Acts, a needle. (L.) Hence, 
 Acute, having a sharp point. 
 
 Note. — Acute is applied figuratively to the 
 bodily senses, and to the intellect ; as, an acute 
 vision ; an acute reasoner. The idea is, that the 
 sense or the intellect, like an instrument with a 
 fine point, penetrates between, and distinguishes 
 slight differences. 5^ Dull. 
 
 Acumen, lit, the sharpness of a 
 pointed body. Fig. Penetration of 
 mind. 
 
 Acuminate, having a long, project- 
 ing, and highly-tapering point. 
 
 Acuminated, sharpened to a point. 
 
 Aculeus, (dim. of acus), a sting or 
 prickle. (L.) Hence, 
 
28 
 
 TO STRETCH — TO BIND TIGHT. 
 
 Aculeate, in Botany, having sharp 
 points. 
 
 Dullness is opposed to the sharp- 
 ness either of a point or of an edge. 
 
 Note. — The term dull is metaphorically ap- 
 plied to light, sound, the senses, and the intel- 
 lect. A dull light, a dull vision, and a dull intel- 
 lect are not fitted to penetrate between and to 
 separate things that are very close in local posi- 
 tion, or in their mutual resemblance. 
 
 A Sting is a sharp-pointed weapon 
 with which certain insects are 
 armed. 
 
 A Thorn is a sharp process from 
 the woody part of a plant. 
 
 Spina, a thorn. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Spine, 1. A thorn. 2. A thin 
 pointed spike, as in fishes. 
 
 A Prickle is a small pointed pro- 
 cess growing from the bark only. 
 
 A Brier is a plant covered with 
 prickles. 
 
 A Goad is a pointed instrument 
 used in driving oxen. 
 
 To Goad is, 1. To drive with a 
 goad. Hence 2, and Jig. To excite 
 to action by something pungent. 
 
 A Spur is, 1. A spinous projection 
 on a cock's leg. 2. An instrument 
 having a little wheel with sharp 
 points, worn on horsemen's heels, to 
 prick the horses for hastening their 
 pace. 
 
 Stimulus, a goad or spur. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Stimulus, 1. Something that ex- 
 cites or rouses to action. 2. In 
 Medicine, any thing that produces a 
 quickly diffused or transient increase 
 of the vital energy. — Webster. 
 
 MECHANICAL ACTION AFFECTING SOLID BODIES 
 OTHEEWISE THAN BY SEPABATING THEIB PABTS. 
 
 1. To Stretch. 
 
 To STRETCH is, 1. To increase 
 the length or breadth of an elastic 
 or yielding body by drawing. 2. To 
 render straight by drawing; as, to 
 stretch a cord. 
 
 To Strain is to subject a body to 
 a force tending to draw the parts 
 asunder. 
 
 Tight, strained ; as, a tight rope. 
 
 Tendo [tensum and' tentuni], to 
 stretch or strain. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Tense, tightly stretched or strained. 
 
 Tension, 1. The act of straining. 
 2. The condition of being stretched 
 or strained. 
 
 Intend, lit, to stretch or strain to- 
 ward, as an archer does in bending 
 his bow and taking aim. Hence, To 
 stretch the mind, and direct its aim 
 toward some object. {In, toward.) 
 
 Intense, lit, tightly strained. Hence, 
 Extreme in degree ; as, intense heat ; 
 intense cold; intense suffering. 
 
 Extend, to stretch out in length. 
 {Ex, out.) 
 
 Contend, lit, to strain together. 
 Hence, 1. To strain one's muscles in 
 
 a struggle with another, as in wrest- 
 ling. 2. To try one's strength with 
 another in any way whatever, whether 
 with the hands, with weapons, or 
 with words. ( Con, together. ) 
 
 Attend, lit, to stretch or bend to. 
 Hence, To direct the thoughts to some 
 particular object or business. {Ad, 
 to or toward.) 
 
 Pretend, lit, to stretch or hold be- 
 fore for the purpose of concealing the 
 object behind. Hence, To hold out 
 a false appearance. (Prce, before.) 
 
 Ostensible, held up to the view or 
 apprehension of others instead of 
 something that is kept out of sight. 
 The ostensible reason or motive for a 
 measure may be very different from 
 the real one. ( Ob, before. ) — Webster. 
 
 Distend, to stretch asunder, as the 
 sides of a sack-like body, by filling 
 the cavity. {Bis, asunder.) 
 
 Portend, to hold forth an approach- 
 ing event by foregoing signs and 
 tokens. {Por for pro, beforehand.) 
 
 2. To Bind Tight 
 Stringo [strictuni], to compress 
 
TO LOOSEN — TO TWIST. 
 
 29 
 
 closely by drawing a cord around. 
 Also, to strain. Hence, 
 
 Stringent, lit., binding closely. 
 Hence, Very rigorous or exact; as, 
 stringent rules. 
 
 Strict, lit, tightly drawn. Hence, 
 Severe or rigorous; as, strict disci- 
 pline. 
 
 Stricture, 1. A morbid contraction 
 of any of the passages of the body, 
 presenting the appearance of being 
 drawn together by passing a string- 
 around. 2. A criticism. 
 
 Constringe or Constrict, to strain 
 into a narrow compass, as if by a 
 cord drawn around. {Con, together.) 
 
 Constriction, the act of straining 
 into, a narrow compass. 
 
 Constrain, to constrict or cramp 
 the freedom of the will. 
 
 Restrain, lit, to bind back. Hence, 
 To check. 
 
 Restrict, lit, to bind back. Hence, 
 To confine within bounds. 
 
 Astringe, to cause parts to draw to- 
 geth er. ( Ad, together. ) 
 
 Astringent, a medicine that has the 
 property of causing the soft parts of 
 the living system to draw together, 
 as alum, oak bark, etc. 
 
 Distrain, lit, to separate by a 
 forcible straining. Hence, To seize 
 for debt ; as, to distrain goods. (Di, 
 asunder.) 
 
 District, a tract of country strained 
 apart, or separated from the region 
 to which it belongs. 
 
 Distress, a figurative straining or 
 pulling asunder that is painful either 
 to the body or to the mind. 
 
 3. To Loosen. 
 LOOSE, not stretched or strained. 
 Lax, loose. XTense. 
 
 Relax, to loosen. 
 
 Relaxation, 1. The act of rendering 
 loose or limber; as, a relaxation of 
 the muscles. 2. An unbending of the 
 mind from business. 
 
 Slack, loose ; as, a slack rope. 
 
 4. To Twist. 
 
 To TWIST is either to turn an 
 oblong and tenacious body at one 
 end while the other remains fixed; 
 
 or to turn both ends at the same 
 time in contrary directions. 
 
 To Twine is, 1. To twist two threads 
 or cords together. 2. To wind, as the 
 tendril of a plant, around some object. 
 
 Twine is a strong kind of thread 
 composed of two or more smaller 
 threads twisted together. 
 
 To Wring is to twist and strain 
 with violence ; as, to taring clothes. 
 
 Wrong, lit, wrung, or twisted from 
 its proper shape. Hence, Not as it 
 should be, whether physically or 
 morally. (From wring.) 
 
 To Writhe is to twist; as, to 
 writhe the mouth ; to writhe the body. 
 
 To Wreathe is to twist or weave to- 
 gether; as to wreathe a garland of 
 flowers. 
 
 A Wreath is something twisted or 
 curled; as, a wreath of flowers; a 
 wreath of smoke. 
 
 Wry, twisted to one side ; as, a wry 
 mouth. 
 
 To Wrest is, 1, To force from by 
 violent wringing. 2. To twist from 
 the natural meaning ; as, to wrest the 
 Scriptures. 
 
 To Wrench is to turn or twist with 
 great violence a body that is free at 
 one end and fixed at the other, by 
 applying a force to the free end. 
 
 Note. — I may speak either of wresting or 
 wrenching a. sword from the hand of another, but 
 to wrench implies greater violence than to wrest. 
 
 To Squirm is to twist the body like 
 a worm. 
 
 Torqueo [tor turn], to twist. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Torture, lit, the act of twisting. 
 Hence, Extreme pain, like that caused 
 by twisting the limbs by an engine 
 designed for that purpose. 
 
 Torment, (L., tormentum,) lit., an 
 engine of torture. Hence, pain caused 
 by such an engine. Hence, 1. Severe 
 and lasting pain, however caused. 
 2. Any excessive or unendurable 
 annoyance. 
 
 Tortile, twisted ; as, a tortile awn. 
 
 Torsion, the act of twisting. 
 
 Tortuous, 1. Twisted ; as a tortu- 
 ous leaf. 2. Pursuing an extremely 
 winding course; as, a tortuous stream. 
 
 Contort, 1. To twist together ; as, 
 
30 
 
 TO FOLD — TO WRAP. 
 
 a contorted coral. 2. To writhe; as, 
 to contort the muscles of the face. 
 
 Distoi% to twist out of its natural 
 shape, (dis, out of.) 
 
 Extort, 1. To draw from by violence 
 or threats. A confession of guilt 
 may be extorted by the rack. 2. To 
 wrench money, etc., from the hands 
 of a person by taking advantage of 
 his necessities, (ex, from.) 
 
 5. To Fold. 
 
 To FOLD is to bend any flexible 
 substance over upon itself. 
 
 To Plait is to double into small 
 folds. 
 
 Plica, a fold; and 
 
 Plico \_plicatum\, to fold. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Ply, a fold; as, a ply in a gar- 
 ment. 
 
 To Ply, 1. To fold. Hence, 2. To 
 fold partially; that is, to bend; as, 
 to 'ply an oar. But to bend an oar 
 requires exertion. Hence, 3. To ply 
 is used in the sense of to practice 
 diligently; as, to ply one's labors. 
 
 Plicate, folded ; as, a plicate leaf. 
 
 Simple, lit, without folds. Hence, 
 1. Consisting of one thing; as, a 
 simple substance. 2. Consisting of 
 but few parts ; as, a simple machine. 
 
 Double, twofold. (L. duplex, from 
 duo, two ; and plex, folded.) 
 
 Duplicate, double. 
 
 Duplicity, lit., the state of being 
 twofold. Hence, double dealing, or 
 deceit. 
 
 Triple or Treble, threefold. (L. 
 triplex.) 
 
 Triplicate, threefold; as, a tripli- 
 cate ratio. 
 
 Multiply, lit., to fold many times. 
 Hence, to increase. (L. multi, many.) 
 
 Implicate, lit, to fold in. Hence, 
 to prove a person to have been con- 
 nected with another in the commis- 
 sion of a crime, (im for in, in.) 
 
 Imply, lit, to infold. Hence, to 
 infold or involve a meaning which 
 is not expressed in words. 
 
 Implicit, 1. Implied ; as, an impli- 
 cit contract. 2. Trusting without 
 reserve or examination; as implicit 
 
 obedience, that is an obedience which 
 accomodates itself with unresisting 
 pliability to the commands of a su- 
 perior. 
 
 Implication, 1. The act of infold- 
 ing. 2. The infolding or entangle- 
 ment of one person, in the guilt of an- 
 other. 3. The infolding of a mean- 
 ing which is not directly expressed. 
 
 Explicate, lit, to unfold. Hence, to 
 unfold the meaning or sense, (ex, un. ) 
 
 Explicit, lit, unfolded. Hence, 
 not implied, but plainly expressed in 
 words; as, an explicit agreement. 
 
 Complex, lit, folded together. 
 Hence, consisting of many parts. 
 X Simple. 
 
 Complicate, lit, to fold one thing 
 with another. Hence, to entangle 
 one with another; as, complicated 
 circumstances; a disease complicated 
 with other diseases. 
 
 Complice or Accomplice, one who 
 is united or folded together with an- 
 other in an ill design. 
 
 Complicity, the condition of being 
 connected with another in the com- 
 mission of a crime, (con, together.) 
 
 Apply, 1. To fold or press to; as, 
 to apply a plaster to the skin. 2. To 
 fold or press to in a Jig. sense; as 
 to apply money to some particular 
 object; to apply one's self to busi- 
 ness. 3. To have recourse to by re- 
 quest; as, to apply (one's self) to 
 another for aid. 
 
 Note. — The term apply conveys the idea that 
 the applicant is influenced by a sense of his ne- 
 cessities to bring himself into a close contact 
 with the person to whom the application is made, 
 (ad, to.) 
 
 Display, lit, to unfold. Hence, 
 to spread out for the purpose of ex- 
 hibition, (dis, asunder.) 
 
 Reply, lit, to fold back. Hence, 
 to answer. 
 
 Replication, a reply. 
 
 6. To Wrap. 
 
 To "WRAP is to cover by surround- 
 ing with a cloth, etc. 
 
 To Lap is to wrap, as with the folds 
 of a garment. 
 
 To Wind is to wrap with succes- 
 
TO STRIKE. 
 
 31 
 
 sive turns of the wrapper; as, to 
 wind in a sheet. 
 
 To Roll is to wrap round on it- 
 self; as, to roll a piece of cloth. 
 
 Volyo [volutum], to wrap or roll. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Involve, lit, to roll up in a wrap- 
 per. (Not used in the lit. sense.) In 
 a Jig. sense, we speak of a person's 
 being involved in dust, in darkness, in 
 a difficulty, etc. (in, in.) X Evolve. 
 
 Involution, the act of wrapping 
 up. X Evolution. 
 
 Evolve, to unfold or unwrap, (e, 
 un, or out.) X Involve. 
 
 Evolution, the act of unrolling, or 
 unfolding. X Involution. 
 
 Convolve, to roll together, {con, 
 together. ) 
 
 Circumvolution, the act of rolling 
 round, (circum, around.) 
 
 7. To Strike. 
 
 To STRIKE is to come into sudden 
 contact with another body, as when a 
 ship strikes against a rock. 2. To 
 cause one body to come into sudden 
 contact with another; as, to strike 
 with a club. 
 
 A Stroke is an act of striking. 
 
 To Smite is to strike ; as, to smite 
 with the hand, with a rod, with a 
 stone. 
 
 A Spat is a light and quick stroke 
 
 A Blow is a heavy stroke. 
 
 To Hit is, 1. To strike; as, to hit 
 with a stone; to hit against. 2. To 
 strike or reach the intended point 
 as, to hit a mark. Hence, Jig. To 
 succeed. 
 
 And millions miss for one that hits. — Swift. 
 
 To Dab is to strike gently with 
 the hand. 
 
 To Tap is to strike slightly with 
 something small. 
 
 To Rap is to strike with a quick, 
 sharp blow. 
 
 To Knock is to strike with some- 
 thing thick or heavy; as to knock 
 with a club; to knock against; to 
 knock down. 
 
 To Beat is to strike with repeated 
 blows. . 
 
 To Batter is to disfigure and 
 bruise by beating. 
 
 Batter, in cookery, is a mixture of 
 several ingredients, as flour, eggs, salt, 
 etc., beaten together in some liquid. 
 
 A Battle is a mutual beating be- 
 tween parties arranged against each 
 other. (Fr. battre, to beat.) 
 
 To Thump is to beat with dull, 
 heavy blows. 
 
 To Pound is to strike with heavy 
 and repeated blows. 
 
 To Hammer is, 1. To beat with a 
 hammer. 2. To work in the mind ; 
 as to hammer out a scheme. 
 
 To Maul is, 1. To beat with a 
 maul. Hence, 2. To wound in a 
 coarse manner by beating. 
 
 To Clash is, 1. To strike against 
 each other; as, clashing arms. 
 Hence, 2. To interfere; as, clashing 
 interests. 
 
 To Dash is to strike violently 
 against. 
 
 To Fillip is to strike with the 
 nail of the finger, first placed against 
 the ball of the thumb, and then 
 forced from that position with a sud- 
 den spring. 
 
 To Slap is to strike with the open 
 hand or something broad. 
 
 To Spank is to strike on the 
 breech with the open hand. 
 
 To Slam is to strike with force and 
 violence ; as, to slam a door. 
 
 Percutio [percussum], to strike. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Percussion, the act of striking one 
 body against another with some 
 violence. 
 
 Fligo \_Jlictum\, to dash against 
 the ground. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Afflict, lit, to dash against the 
 ground. Hence, to cause pain either 
 of body or mind, (ad, against.) 
 
 To Conflict', lit., to strike together. 
 Hence, to come in collision in a Jig. 
 sense; as conflicting interests; con- 
 flicting claims, (con, together.) 
 
 A Con'Jlict, a collision between op- 
 posing parties of men; that is, a 
 battle. 
 
 ~Lmvo or Lido [lozsum or lisum], 
 to strike. (L.) Hence, 
 
32 
 
 TO PRESS — TO JOIN — TO BIND. 
 
 Collision, a striking together. 
 {con, together.) 
 
 Elision, a striking out; as, the 
 elision of a letter from a word. 
 
 8. To Press. 
 
 To PRESS is to act with a steady 
 force against a surface that offers 
 resistance. 
 
 To Depress is to press downward, 
 either in a lit. or fig. sense; as, to 
 depress the end of a lever; to depress 
 the spirits, (de, downward.) 
 
 Depression, 1. The act of pressing 
 down. 2. The condition of being 
 depressed; as, a depression of the 
 spirits. 3. A low place; as, a de- 
 pression in the surface of a plain. 
 
 To Oppress is- to press down as if 
 with a heavy weight or burden. 
 Used only in a fig. sense; as, tyran- 
 nical rulers oppress their subjects. 
 (ob, down.) 
 
 To Repress is to press back ; as, to 
 repress the risings of discontent. 
 (re, back.) 
 
 To Suppress is, 1. To press under, 
 or prevent from manifesting itself; 
 as, to suppress a sigh or a smile. 
 2. To press down and crush ; as, to 
 suppress a rebellion, (sub, under.) 
 
 To Express is to press out ; as, to 
 express the juice of grapes; to ex- 
 press one's thoughts in the form of 
 words, (ex, out.) 
 
 To Compress is to press together, 
 and thus reduce in bulk, (con, to- 
 gether. ) 
 
 To Squeeze is to press closely be- 
 tween two bodies, or between two 
 different parts of the same body. 
 An orange may be squeezed between 
 the fingers. 
 
 To Jam is to press a number of 
 bodies, or the different parts of the 
 same body closely together. 
 
 9. To Join. 
 
 To JOIN is to cause bodies to take 
 a permanent hold on each other, 
 either directly, or through the medi- 
 um of a third body. X Separate. 
 
 To Conjoin is to join together. 
 (con, together.) X Disjoin. 
 
 To Disjoin is to separate, (dis, 
 asunder.) X Conjoin. 
 
 To I&join is, 1. To join again. 
 2. To meet others again ; as, to rejoin 
 one's friends. 3. To reply, (re, 
 again.) 
 
 A Rejoinder is a reply. 
 
 To Subjoin is to join or add at the 
 end. (sub, at the end.) 
 
 To Enjoin is lit, to join upon. 
 Hence, to direct with urgency ; as, to 
 enjoin upon any one the performance 
 of some act, service or duty, (en, 
 upon.) 
 
 To Adjoin is lit, to join to. 
 Hence, to lie contiguous to. (ad, to.) 
 
 Jungo \_junctum~], to join. (L. ) 
 Hence, 
 
 Junction, a joining. 
 
 Juncture, 1. The line at which two 
 things are joined together. 2. A 
 critical point of time. See Conjunc- 
 ture. 
 
 Conjunction, 1. The state of being- 
 joined together. ' 2. A part of speech 
 used to connect words and sentences. 
 (con, together.) 
 
 _ Conjuncture, 1. A combination of 
 circumstances or events ; as, an un- 
 happy conjuncture of affairs. Hence, 
 2. A critical time. 
 
 Adjunct, something joined or added 
 to another, but not essentially a part 
 of it. (ad, to.) 
 
 Disjunctive, serving to disjoin or 
 separate; as, a disjunctive conjunc- 
 tion, (dis, asunder.) X Conjunctive. 
 
 To Attach is, 1. To cause one 
 thing to adhere to another. 2. To 
 cause the affections to cleave to an 
 object. 3. To connect with ; as, to at- 
 tach an idea to a word, (ad, to, and 
 the root of tack, to fasten. ) X Detach. 
 
 To Detach is, 1. To separate; as, 
 to detach a fragment from a rock. 
 2. To separate a body of soldiers from 
 the main army and send them on an 
 expedition, (de, from.) X Attach. 
 
 10. To Bind. 
 
 To BIND is, 1. To confine with a 
 
 cord or any thing that is flexible. 
 
 2. To hold, as it were by a cord, to 
 
 the performance of some act ox duty. 
 
TO TIE — TO MIX. 
 
 33 
 
 A Band is 1. That which binds ] 
 2. A company of persons hound to- 1 
 gether by the ties of some common 
 interest or feeling; as, a band of rob- 
 bers; a band of brothers. 3. A com- 
 pany of soldiers bound by the ties of 
 obedience to the same officer. (From 
 bind.) 
 
 A Bandage is a flat, oblong, flexible 
 body used in binding. 
 
 Bound, 1. Confined by a cord. 
 2. Held by legal or moral ties to the 
 performance of some act or duty. 
 
 Bounden, fastened upon us by the 
 bands of moral obligation; as, a 
 bounden duty. 
 
 A Bound is that which binds or 
 limits an area or space; as, the 
 bounds of a county. 
 
 A Boundary is a geographical 
 bound; as, the boundaries of a king- 
 dom. 
 
 Bond, bound by the cords of servi- 
 tude. X Free. 
 
 A Bond is something that unites by 
 binding; as, the bonds of friendship. 
 
 A Fillet is a narrow bandage 
 placed around the head for confining 
 the hair. 
 
 A Swath is a long bandage with 
 which the limbs and bodies of new- 
 born infants were formerly wrapped, 
 or with which a surgeon wraps a 
 broken limb. 
 
 To Swathe is to wrap with a swath. 
 
 To Swaddle is to wrap with swath- 
 ing bands. 
 
 A Swaddling-band, or Swaddling- 
 cloth, was a band wrapped around a 
 new-born infant. 
 
 11. To Tie. 
 
 To TIE is to fasten with a cord. 
 
 Ligo [ligation], to tie. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Ligature, a cord, string, or thread 
 used in tying. 
 
 Ligament, a cord that unites one 
 thing or part of a thing to another. 
 The bones are united by ligaments. 
 
 League, a compact by which prin- 
 ces, nations or other parties, bind or 
 tie themselves for the promotion of 
 their mutual interests. 
 3 
 
 Liege, bound to be faithful to a su- 
 perior; as, the liege men of a lord. 
 The liege subjects of a prince. 
 
 Allegiance, the ties of duty by 
 which a subject is bound to be faith- 
 ful to his sovereign, {ad, to.) 
 
 Ally', to bind by marriage, by 
 treaty, or by similarity of nature. 
 {ad, to.) 
 
 Allied, bound together by mar- 
 riage, by treaty, or by similarity of 
 nature. 
 
 Oblige, 1. To bind either by legal 
 or by moral ties to the performance 
 of some act or duty. Hence, 2. To 
 force or compel. Hence, also, 3. To 
 bind by the tie of gratitude for favors 
 conferred, (ob, d9wn.) 
 
 Obligate, to bind one's self to the 
 performance of some act. 
 
 Xecto [nexum], to tie. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Connect, to tie together, {con, to- 
 gether.) 
 
 Annex, lit., to tie to. Hence, 
 1. To add at the end ; as, to annex 
 ciphers to a number. To unite a 
 smaller thing to a greater ; as, to an- 
 nex a province to a kingdom. 3. To 
 unite to some thing preceding as the 
 main thing; as, to annex a penalty to 
 a prohibition, [ad, to.) 
 
 12. To Mix. 
 
 To MIX is to form a mass by 
 bringing the particles of different 
 substances in contact with each other. 
 
 Misceo [mixtum], to mix. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Mixture, 1. The act of mixing. 2. 
 A mass consisting of two or more 
 different substances mixed together. 
 
 Intermix, to mix together. 
 
 Miscellany, a book containing a 
 collection of compositions on various 
 subjects. 
 
 Miscellaneous, consisting of several 
 kinds ; as, a miscellaneous publica- 
 tion. 
 
 An Ingredient is a substance 
 which enters into a mixture. (L., 
 ingredior, to enter.) 
 
 To Mingle is to mix. 
 
 To Blend is to mix so intimately 
 
34 
 
 TO SEPARATE — MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OP LIQUIDS. 
 
 that the ingredients are no longer 
 distinguishable. 
 
 A Medley is a mixture consisting 
 of a great variety of ingredients. 
 
 A Farrago is a mass composed of 
 various materials confusedly mixed. 
 
 To Confound is, 1. To mix differ- 
 ent things so that they can not be 
 distinguished. 2. To mistake one 
 thing for another ; that is, to mix in 
 the mind. 3. To silence an adver- 
 sary in argumentation,; that is, to 
 cause such a mixing up of the ideas 
 in his mind that he is deprived of the 
 faculty of replying. (L., con, to- 
 gether, and fundo \Jusum~], to pour.) 
 
 To Confuse is, 1. To mix things 
 so that they can not be distin- 
 guished. 2. To throw the mind into 
 disorder, or to cause a mixing up of 
 the ideas so that a person is at a loss 
 how to speak or act. 
 
 To Jumble is to mix together in a 
 confused mass. 
 
 13. To Separate. 
 
 To SEPARATE is to disunite. [ 
 
 To Sever is to separate two bodies 
 that are connected, or to separate 
 two portions of the same body. 
 
 To Sunder is to sever. 
 
 Solvo [solutum~\, to untie. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Solvent, any thing that converts a 
 solid into a liquid by loosening the 
 ties of cohesive attraction among the 
 particles. Water is a solvent of com- 
 mon salt. Alcohol is a solvent of 
 camphor. Heat is a solvent of the 
 metals. 
 
 Solve, to untie a knotty question; 
 as, to solve a riddle; to solve a problem. 
 
 Solution, 1. The process of over- 
 coming cohesion by means of a liquid 
 solvent 2. A quantity of any sub- 
 stance whose particles have been 
 separated by a liquid solvent; as, a 
 solution of salt. 3. The act of unty- 
 ing the knots of a problem or mys- 
 tery. 
 
 Soluble, susceptible of being acted 
 on by a liquid solvent; as, salt is 
 soluble in water. 
 
 Resolve, 1. To separate by loosen- 
 ing the connecting ties. 2. To untie 
 the knots of a problem. 3. To untie 
 the knots of a doubt. Hence, 4. To 
 determine to act, in consequence of 
 having succeeded in untying the 
 knotty questions with which our 
 minds had been perplexed in regard 
 to the proper course to be pursued. 
 Hence, 
 
 Eesolute, determined. 
 
 Resolution, 1. The act of resolving; 
 as, the resolution of a compound into 
 its component parts ; the resolution 
 of a problem; the resolution of a 
 doubt. 2. Determination. 
 
 Dissolve, 1. To melt. 2. To separ- 
 ate the ties that hold persons to- 
 gether ; as, to dissolve a partnership. 
 
 Dissolution, 1. The act<of dissolv- 
 ing ; as, the dissolution of a partner- 
 ship. 2. Death ; because death dis- 
 solves the ties which connect the soul 
 with the body. 
 
 Indissoluble, that can not be dis- 
 solved; as, an indissoluble union. 
 
 Analysis is the act of separating 
 a compound or complex thing into 
 its constituent elements or parts. 
 (Gr., etvawee [analyo~\, to untie.) 
 
 OF THE MECHANICAL PROPEKTIES OF LIQUIDS. 
 
 1. Remarks. 
 
 Remark 1. — All liquids possess the same me- 
 chanical properties. In regard, therefore, to 
 these properties, water may bo taken as the 
 representative of liquids in general. 
 
 Remark 2. — A single drop of any liquid tends 
 to assume a globular form, as in the case of a 
 drop of quicksilver lying on a smooth surface, 
 or of a drop of dew at the point of a blade of 
 
 grass. The cause of this tendency is the mutual 
 attraction of the particles. 
 
 Remark 3. — The surface of a body of any liquid 
 contained in a basin, either natural or artificial, 
 assumes a roundness of form corresponding to 
 the general roundness of the earth. This is 
 caused by the attraction of gravitation, which 
 causes all the superficial particles of a body of 
 water or other liquid to arrange themselves at 
 equal distances from the center of the earth. 
 
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS. 
 
 35 
 
 2. Terms significant of the Mechanical 
 Properties of Liquids. 
 
 A Drop is a small globule of a 
 liquid, formed by the mutual attrac- 
 tion of the particles. 
 
 To Drip is to fall slowly in the 
 form of drops. 
 
 To Flow is to move down an in- 
 clined plane in obedience to the force 
 of gravity, by a sliding of the par- 
 ticles over each other. 
 
 To Run is to flow. 
 
 Fltjo [fluxum], to flow. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Fluent, lit. j flowing. Fig. Having 
 a ready flow of language; as, a fluent 
 speaker. 
 
 Fluency, a ready flow of words in 
 speaking. 
 
 Flux, 1. The act of flowing. 2. The 
 dysentery ; thus named from iheflotv 
 or discharge of blood with which the 
 disease is attended. 3. Any substance 
 which, being mixed with a metal or 
 ore, promotes its fusion (melting) in 
 a crucible or furnace. 
 
 Conflux, lit, a flowing together; 
 as, a conflux of two or more currents. 
 Fig. A coming together from differ- 
 ent quarters ;. as, a conflux of people. 
 (con, together.) 
 
 Confluent, meeting in their course 
 and flowing together; as, confluent 
 streams. 
 
 Confluence, a coming together of 
 two or more currents ; as, the con- 
 fluence of the Ohio and the Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 Influx, the act of flowing into ; as, 
 an influx of light ; an influx of 
 strangers. X Efflux. 
 
 Influence, a flowing in from a for- 
 eign source of some subtle and in- 
 visible emanation which changes the 
 nature, or controls the actions of the 
 object upon which it operates. There 
 are physical influences, as those of 
 light and gravitation. There are also 
 moral influences, as that of example. 
 
 Afflux, a flowing to ; as, an afflux 
 of blood to the head, (ad, to.) 
 
 Affluent, having the good things 
 of this life flowing in upon one's self 
 
 in copious streams ; as, to be in afflu- 
 ent circumstances. 
 
 Affluence, the condition of abund- 
 ant and increasing wealth. 
 
 Efflux, the act of flowing out; as, 
 an efflux of matter from an ulcer. 
 (ex, forth.) }£ Influx. 
 
 Effluence, that which flows forth. 
 
 Bright effluence of bright esssence increate.— 
 Milton. 
 
 Effluvium (plural effluvia), the min- 
 ute particles of matter that flow forth 
 or exhale from bodies. 
 
 Note. — Odorous substances, diseased bodies 
 of persons and animals, and putrefying matters 
 exhale various kinds of effluvia. 
 
 Reflux, a flowing back ; as, the re- 
 flux of the tide, (re, back.) 
 
 Maxo [manatum], to flow. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Emanate, to flow forth. Light 
 emanates from the sun. (e, forth.) 
 
 To Gush is to flow freely and 
 copionsly from a large orifice. 
 
 To Trickle is to flow gently and 
 in a very small stream. Water some- 
 times trickles from a crevice in a 
 rock. Tears may trickle down the 
 cheeks. 
 
 Stillo [stillatum], to drop or 
 trickle. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Distill, 1. To drop gradually and 
 quietly. The evening dews distill. 
 2. To draw off spirit or any other 
 volatile principle by first converting 
 it into vapor through the agency of 
 heat, and then reducing this vapor 
 to a fluid by condensation. 
 
 A Still is a large alembic used in 
 the distillation of spirits. 
 
 To Instill is, 1. To infuse by drops. 
 2. To infuse slowly in a metaphori- 
 cal sense ; as, to instill good prin- 
 ciples into the mind. 
 
 To Ooze is to issue slowly, as a 
 liquid, from pores and other small 
 openings in the surface of a body. 
 Blood may ooze from a slight wound. 
 
 To Spout is to issue with a rapid 
 motion from an orifice, as water 
 when subjected to pressure. 
 
 To Squirt is to eject a liquid in a 
 small stream, as from a syringe. 
 
 To Spirt is to issue with a lively 
 
;f> 
 
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS 
 
 motion from a small orifice. Water 
 spirts from a gimlet hole in a cask. 
 
 A Jet is a stream of spouting 
 liquid. (Fr., jetter, to throw.) 
 
 To Pour is to cause a liquid to 
 escape by inclining the vessel which 
 contains it. 
 
 To Spill is to suffer a liquid to 
 escape through accident or careless- 
 ness. 
 
 To Shed is to let fall in drops or 
 showers. We shed tears. Clouds 
 shed their moisture. 
 
 To Shed is also to cause to flow, as 
 when a man sheds the blood of an- 
 other. 
 
 Fundo [fusurn], to pour. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Fuse, to reduce a solid to condition 
 in which it is susceptible of being 
 poured; that is, to melt it. 
 
 Fusion, 1. The action melting or 
 rendering fluid by heat. 2. The 
 state of being melted or dissolved by 
 heat. 
 
 Fusible, capable of being melted. 
 
 A fuse, to pour upon ; as, to affuse 
 water, [ad, upon.) 
 
 Effuse, to pour forth, {ex, forth.) 
 
 Infuse, 1. To pour in, as a liquid. 
 2. To instill, as principles or quali- 
 ties. X Effuse. 
 
 Diffuse, to pour or spread abroad. 
 (dis, apart.) 
 
 Refuse, lit, to pour back. Hence, 
 to reject, {re, back.) 
 
 Suffuse, lit, to pour over. Hence, 
 to overspread ; as, to suffuse the face 
 with blushes, {sub, over.) 
 
 Confuse, lit, to pour together. 
 Hence, to mix. {con, together.) 
 
 Refund, lit, to pour back. Hence, 
 to pay back what has been received. 
 (re, back.) 
 
 Confound, lit, to pour together. 
 Hence, to mix together in the mind, 
 so as to be unable to separate ideas 
 that are in themselves distinct. 
 
 Profuse, lit, poured forth. Hence, 
 too free in spending or giving; 
 as, a profuse government; profuse of 
 praise, (pro, forth.) 
 
 To Strain is to cause a liquid to 
 pass through some porous substance 
 
 in order to separate it from extraneous 
 (foreign) matter. 
 
 To Filter is to purify by straining, 
 or passing through & filter. 
 
 Note. — A filter originally consisted of a skain 
 of moistened thread, one end of which was 
 placed in the liquid which was to be defecated 
 (cleansed from impurities), while the other end 
 hung over the edge of the vessel. The liquor 
 passed along the threads, and fell in drops from 
 their extremities. But the term filter is now- 
 used to signify any porous body through which 
 a liquor is caused to pass for the purpose of puri- 
 fying it. {L.,filum, a thread.) 
 
 To Infiltrate is to enter the pores 
 or interstices of a solid. 
 
 Colo [colatum], to strain. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Colander (pron., cuF-len-der), a 
 vessel with a bottom perforated with 
 little holes for straining liquors. 
 
 Percolate, to pass slowly through 
 small interstices. Water percolates 
 through sand and gravel. 
 
 To Float is to remain on the sur- 
 face, in consequence of the specific 
 gravity of the floating body being less 
 than that of the liquid. 
 
 To Swim is, 1. To float; as, oil 
 swims on the surface of water. 2. To 
 move through the water by an effort, 
 as when a fish swims. 
 
 To Sink is to move toward the bot- 
 tom, in consequence of the specific 
 gravity of the sinking body being 
 greater than that of the liquid. 
 
 To Dive is spoken of the action of 
 a living creature when it thrusts it- 
 self beneath the surface by a volun- 
 tary effort. 
 
 To Dip an object is to thrust it 
 quickly into a liquid, and then forth- 
 with to withdraw it. 
 
 To Duck a person is to dip him 
 against his will. (from duck, a 
 water-fowl. ) 
 
 To Plunge is to thrust suddenly 
 beneath the surface. 
 
 To Douse is to plunge violently. 
 
 Mergo [mersum], to put under 
 water. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Merge, to be swallowed up. 
 
 Immerse, to dip. {im, into.) 
 
 Submerge, to put under water. 
 {sub, under.) 
 
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS. 
 
 37 
 
 Emerge, to come forth from beneath 
 the surface, (e, forth.) 
 
 To Sprinkle is to scatter drops of 
 any liquid over an object. 
 
 To Wash is 1. To free from filth 
 by the application of some liquid, 
 as -water. 2. To overflow or dash 
 against, as when we say that the 
 waves ivash the strand or the rocks 
 that rise along the shore. 
 
 Lavo [lotuiri], to wash. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Lave, 1. To apply water, etc., free- 
 ly. 2. To immerse in water from 
 some other purpose than mere cleans- 
 ing. We lave our bodies in a stream 
 for the sake of the refreshment af- 
 forded by the process. 
 
 A Lover is a washing basin. 
 
 A Lotion is a wash applied to any 
 part of the body as a remedial agent in 
 the treatment of cutaneous diseases, 
 or of any local affection. Lotions 
 are also sometimes applied for the 
 purpose of improving the complexion. 
 
 To Bathe is to apply water or 
 other liquid to a part or to the whole 
 of the body, either as a cleansing pro- 
 cess, as a means of refreshment, or for 
 the removal of disease. 
 
 Ablution, the act of cleansing by 
 washing. (L., ab, away; an luo, to 
 wash.) 
 
 To Soak is to keep a hard sub- 
 tance immersed in water, or other 
 liquid, for the purpose of softening it. 
 
 To Steep is to keep a substance im- 
 mersed in a liquid, in order that its 
 pores may be penetrated by the 
 liquid. Fruit may be steeped in 
 brandy. 
 
 To Macerate a substance is to soak 
 it till it becomes soft. 
 
 A Bubble is a spherical film of 
 water, etc., filled with air or vapor. 
 Fig. A visionary project. 
 
 Froth consists of an accumulation 
 of small bubbles. 
 
 Foam is a frothing caused either by 
 fermentation, or by a violent agita- 
 tion of water or other liquid. 
 
 Spuma, froth. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Spume, matter rising to the surface 
 of a liquid by boiling or effervescence. 
 
 Spumous or Spumy, consisting of 
 froth. 
 
 Spumescence, frothiness. 
 
 Scum consists in the impurities 
 which rise to the surface of liquors 
 in boiling or fermentation. Fig. 
 That which is vile and worthless; as, 
 the scum of society. 
 
 Waves are moving swells of water. 
 They are produced by the wind, or by 
 other disturbing causes. 
 
 A Wavelet is a small wave. 
 
 Unda, a wave. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Abound, lit,, to flow in waves. 
 Hence, 1. To exist in great plenty. 
 2. To possess or to have in great 
 plenty, as if the things possessed 
 were flowing in upon the possessor 
 in waves, (ab, from.) 
 
 Abundant, existing in great quan- 
 tity, as if from an overflowing of 
 copious waves; as, abundant sup- 
 plies. 
 
 Redound, lit., to flow back, as a 
 wave that meets an obstacle. Hence, 
 to result as a consequence or effect. 
 An improper course of conduct will 
 redound to our discredit, {re, back.) 
 
 Redundant, lit., flowing back, as a 
 wave that has spread itself over the 
 beach. Hence, Jig. Exceeding what 
 is natural or necessary. A fifth 
 wheel in a wagon is redundant ; that 
 is, the wave of its utility flows back, 
 without remaining to communicate 
 any permanent advantage to the 
 wagon. 
 
 Inundate, to overflow, (in, over.) 
 
 Inundation, 1. The act of over- 
 flowing. 2. A body of overflowing 
 water. 
 
 Undulate, to move in waves. 
 
 Undulation, the act of moving in 
 waves. 
 
 Undulations, 1. A succession of 
 oblong and parallel swellings of the 
 surface whether of the land or of the 
 sea. 2. Progressive waves in the 
 substance of an elastic medium, as 
 the undulations of the air which pro- 
 duce sound. 
 
 Undulatory, 1. Moving in the man- 
 ner of waves ; as, an undulatory mo- 
 tion. 2. That refers a, phenomenon 
 
38 
 
 OF WATER IN THE SOLID STATE. 
 
 to undulation as its cause ; as the 
 undulatory theory of light. 
 
 Fluctus, a wave (L. from jluo, to 
 flow.) Hence, 
 
 Fluctuate, to move backward and 
 forward like agitated water. Hence, 
 Fig. To be unsteady in one's pur- 
 poses or opinions. 
 
 Fluctuation, lit, An alternate mo- 
 tion of water. Hence, fig. A toss- 
 ing of the thoughts hither and thither, 
 as when we are at a loss in regard to 
 the course which we should pursue 
 in any important matter. 
 
 A Billow is a large wave. 
 
 A Surge is a large and rushing 
 wave. (L. surgo, to rise.) 
 
 The Surf is the brealung of the 
 sea upon the shore, or against rocks 
 and sandbanks. 
 
 Breakers are waves that break 
 themselves on rocks that are but 
 
 slightly concealed beneath the sur- 
 face. 
 
 Ripples consist in a very slight 
 ruffling of the surface. 
 
 A Flood is a large body of over- 
 flowing water, (from^ow.) 
 
 A Deluge is an overwhelming 
 flood. 
 
 Diluvium a flood. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Diluvium, a superficial deposit of 
 loam, gravel, sand, etc., caused by 
 ancient currents of water. 
 
 Diluvial or Diluvian, caused by 
 floods or ancient currents of water ; 
 as, diluvial deposits. 
 
 A Whirlpool is a place where the 
 water whirls around in circles. 
 
 A Vortex is a whirlpool. (L. verto, 
 to turn.) 
 
 An Eddy is a whirling motion of 
 the water of a current as it passes the 
 point of some projecting obstacle. 
 
 OF WATEK 
 
 1. Of the Hygrometrical Relations 
 of Water. 
 
 Moisture is water in a diffused 
 state, either adhering to the surface, 
 or blended with the substance of 
 bodies. 
 
 Moist, abounding to a considerable 
 extent in diffused moisture. 
 
 Damp, slightly, or moderately af- 
 fected with moisture. A sheet that 
 lacks but little of being dry is damp. 
 
 Wet, very moist. A garment just 
 taken from the washtub is wet. 
 
 Humidus, moist. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Humid, affected with moisture in 
 a considerable degree ; as a humid 
 atmosphere. 
 
 Humor, 1. Moisture. 2. A pecul- 
 iarity of disposition, often temporary ; 
 so called because the temper of the 
 mind has been supposed to depend 
 on the humors or fluids of the body. 
 Webster. 
 
 Dank, moist. 
 
 He her the maiden sleeping found 
 On the dank and dirty ground. — Shdks. 
 
 To Drench is to wet thoroughly. 
 
 'TITOS [Htgros], moist. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Hygrometer, an instrument for 
 measuring the degree of moisture 
 of the atmosphere. (Gr. ^st^s& 
 \_metreo~], to measure.) 
 
 Hygrometry, the art of measuring 
 the moisture of the air. 
 
 Dry, free from moisture. 
 
 Siccus, dry. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Desiccate, to make dry. 
 
 Areo, to be dry or parched. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Arid, parcheH with heat. 
 
 2. Of the Thermal Relations of Water, 
 {or Relations of Water to Heat.) 
 
 Remark. — Below 32 degrees of Fahrenheit 
 water exists in a solid state. Between 32 and 
 212 degrees it exists in a liquid state. At any- 
 higher temperature than 212, when not con- 
 fined, it exists in the state of vapor. 
 
 3. Of Water in the Solid State. 
 
 Ice is crystallized or solidified 
 water. 
 
 To Freeze or to Congeal is to be- 
 come solid from cold. 
 
 An Icicle is a long, round, and 
 
OF THE METEOROLOGICAL RELATIONS OF AYATER. 
 
 39 
 
 tapering body of ice formed in a pen- 
 dant (or hanging) position, by the 
 freezing of water as it trickles from 
 the edge of an inclined plane. (Dim. 
 of ice, that is, a little body of ice.) 
 
 An Iceberg is a mass of ice of 
 mountain-like form and size floating 
 in the sea. (Ger. berg, a mountain.) 
 
 Frost is, 1. The act of freezing. 
 2. Particles of frozen dew. 
 
 A Hoar Frost, or White Frost 
 consists of white particles formed by 
 the congelation of dew. (Soar, 
 white.) 
 
 A Black Frost is a freezing unac- 
 companied by a deposit of dew. 
 
 4. Of Water in the State of Vapor. 
 
 VAPOR, in a general sense, is a 
 light, elastic, and air-like fluid, con- 
 sisting of some substance which, at 
 a low temperature, is either liquid or 
 solid, and has been made to assume 
 the air-like form by the agency of 
 heat When, therefore, the temper- 
 ature of a substance in the state of 
 vapor is sufficiently reduced, it must 
 necessarily return to its original 
 form of a liquid or solid. 
 
 Evaporation is the act of passing 
 off in the form of vapor. 
 
 Note. — Water slowly evaporates at all temper- 
 atures between the boiling and the freezing 
 points. 
 
 To Vaporize is to convert into 
 vapor. 
 
 Steam is watery vapor formed at 
 the boiling point, or at a temperature 
 of 212 degrees. 
 
 Forus, smoke or vapor. (L.) Hence, 
 
 A Fume is 1. Any vapor or exhala- 
 tion. 
 
 Loye is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs. — 
 
 Shals. 
 Plunged in sloth we lie, and snore supine, 
 As filled with fumes of undigested wine. — Dryden. 
 
 2. And jig. Rage, or heat of mind. 
 
 The fumes of his passion do really intoxicate 
 and confound his judging and discerning fac- 
 ulty. — South. 
 
 To Fume is 1. To yield exhalations, 
 as by heat. 
 
 Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain, 
 nd always boil in each extended vein. — 
 
 Roscommon. 
 
 2. To pass away in vapors. 
 
 The first fresh dawn then waked the gladdened 
 
 race 
 Of uncorrupted man, nor blushed to see 
 The sluggard sleep beneath its sacred beam ; 
 For their light slumbers gently fumed away. — 
 Tliomson. 
 
 2. And jig. To be in a rage. 
 
 He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps tlio 
 
 ground ; 
 The hollow tower with clamors rings around. 
 
 Dryden. 
 
 To Fumigate is to expose to smoke 
 or vapor. 
 
 A Perfume is an odorous vapor 
 which affects agreeably the organs 
 of smelling. 
 
 To Perfume is to impregnate with 
 a grateful odor, {per, thoroughly; 
 and fumo, to smoke.) 
 
 To Reek is to emit vapor. 
 
 I found me laid 
 In balmy sweat which with his beams the sun 
 Soon dried, and on the reeking moisture fed. — 
 
 Milton. 
 Whose blood yet reeks on my avenging sword. — 
 
 Smith. 
 
 5. Of the Meteorological Relations 
 of Water. 
 Vapor is water diffused through the 
 air. 
 
 Note. — When water is perfectly dissolved in 
 the air it is invisible, and does not affect the 
 transparency of the air. 
 
 Mist consists of visible particles 
 of water floating in the air. 
 
 Fog consists of a dense accumula- 
 tion of mist near the surface of the 
 earth. 
 
 Clouds are accumulations of mist 
 formed in the upper regions of the 
 air. 
 
 Rack consists of thin, flying clouds. 
 
 A Haze is a light, thin, and uni- 
 formly diffused mist, impairing the 
 transparency of the atmosphere. 
 
 Hazy, overspread with a light, thin 
 mist; as, a hazy sky. 
 
 Rain consists of drops of water 
 falling from the clouds. 
 
 A Shower is a fall of rain of short 
 continuance. 
 
 To Drizzle is to rain in very fine 
 drops. 
 
 Hail consists of small, rounded 
 bodies of ice falling from the clouds. 
 
 Sleet is a mixture of rain and fine 
 hail. 
 
 Dew is moisture deposited during 
 
40 
 
 OF THE TIDES. 
 
 a clear and calm night on herbage 
 and other substances. 
 
 Snow consists of frozen vapor fall- 
 ins: from the clouds in the form of 
 
 6. Of the Geographical Relations of 
 Water. 
 
 AN Ocean is one of the largest 
 bodies of water on the surface of 
 the earth. 
 
 THE Ocean is an assemblage of 
 the several individual oceans. 
 
 A Sea is a body of water next in 
 size to an ocean^ and is either par- 
 tially or entirely surrounded by a 
 continent. 
 
 THE Sea, in a general sense, is 
 the world-ocean. 
 
 A Gulp or Bay is a portion of the 
 sea extending into the land. 
 
 A Haven or Harbor is a small bay 
 where ships may be safe from storms. 
 
 A Creek, Cove, or Inlet, is a 
 small recess or bay in the shore of a 
 sea, lake, or river. 
 
 A Sound is a sea, bay, or channel, 
 so shallow that it may be easily 
 sounded. 
 
 A Strait is a narrow passage con- 
 necting two bodies of water. {Strait, 
 narrow. ) 
 
 A Channel is a passage of water 
 wider than a strait. 
 
 An Estuary or Frith is a widen- 
 ing of a river at its mouth. 
 
 A Lake is a large body of fresh 
 water surrounded by land. 
 
 Note. — The smaller bodies of salt water en- 
 tirely surrounded by land are also called lakes. 
 
 A Pond is a small lake. 
 
 A Pool is a small collection of 
 water fed by a spring. 
 
 A Puddle is a very small collection 
 of dirty water. 
 
 A Plash is a very small collection 
 of standing water. 
 
 A Fountain or Spring- is a place 
 where water issues from the earth. 
 
 Fount is a poetic form of the word 
 fountain. 
 
 A Stream is a body of flowing 
 water. 
 
 A River is a stream of the largest 
 size. 
 
 A Creek is a small river. 
 
 A Brook or Run is a small creek. 
 
 A Brooklet or Rivulet is a small 
 brook. 
 
 A Rill is a small rivulet. 
 
 A Streamlet is a small stream. 
 
 A Torrent is a violent, rushing 
 stream. 
 
 A Cataract is the fall of a large 
 body of water over a precipice. 
 
 A Cascade is a waterfall in a small 
 stream. 
 
 A Channel is the bed of a stream. 
 
 7. Designations applied to wet por- 
 tions of Land. 
 
 Mud is very soft wet earth. 
 
 Mire is deep mud. 
 
 A Swamp is a piece of wet, spungy 
 land. (Ger. schwamm, a sponge.) 
 
 A Marsh is a tract of land partially 
 covered with water, and overgrown 
 with coarse grass or sedge. 
 
 A Fen is a piece of lowland cov- 
 ered partially or wholly with water, 
 but producing coarse grasses, sedge, 
 and other acquatic plants. 
 
 A Boo is a piece of wet ground, 
 the surface of which is too soft to 
 bear the weight of a man. 
 
 A Quagmire is a piece of soft, wet 
 land, which has a surface sufficiently 
 firm to bear the weight of a man, 
 but which shakes under the feet. 
 ( Quag for quake. ) 
 
 A Slough is a piece of ground so 
 miry, that animals sinking therein 
 can not readily extricate themselves. 
 
 8. Of the Tides. 
 
 The TIDE is an alternate rising 
 and falling of the waters of the ocean, 
 occurring twice in the space of about 
 25 hours, and caused by the attrac- 
 tion of the moon, together with that 
 of the sun. 
 
WATER. 
 
 41 
 
 Note. — Let M bo the moon ; E, the earth sur- 
 rounded by water; and S, the sun. Now the 
 attraction of the moon diminishes the weight of 
 the water at A, on the side of the earth, next to 
 the moon, while it tends slightly to increase the 
 weight of the water at C and D. Consequently, 
 in order to restore the equilibrium between the 
 heavier water at C and D, and the lighter water 
 at A, the water at C and D must sink below its 
 natural level ; while the water at A is forced, by 
 hydrostatic pressure, above its natural level. 
 
 Again, the attraction of the moon draws the 
 center of terrestrial gravitation a little from the 
 earth's center iu the direction of A. The dis- 
 tance between the water at B and the center of 
 gravitation being thus increased, the water at 
 B loses a portion of its weight, and is, conse- 
 quently, forced above its natural level by the 
 heavier water at C and D. The water at B is 
 also further elevated by the centrifugal force 
 generated by the revolution of the earth around 
 the center of gravity common to the earth and 
 the moon, which revolution is accomplished in 
 about twenty-eight days. 
 
 Note 2. — The attraction of the sun exerts a 
 force upon the waters of the ocean equal to about 
 one-third of that exerted by the moon. Hence, 
 when the sun and the moon combine their in- 
 fluence, as they do both at the time of the new 
 and of the full moon, the hight of the tides will 
 be increased ; aud when the sun and moon coun- 
 teract each other, as they do when the moon is 
 half way between the change and the full, the 
 hight of the tides will be diminished. 
 
 Spuing Tides are the high tides 
 which occur at the time of the 
 change and the full of the moon, 
 when the attractions of the sun and 
 moon exert a combined influence on 
 the waters of the ocean. 
 
 Xeap Tides are the low tides which 
 occur when the moon is in her quad- 
 ratures, at which time the attractions 
 of the sun and moon act in opposi- 
 tion to each other. 
 
 The Flood Tide is the flowing of 
 the waters of the rising tide up the 
 channels of rivers and along the 
 course of inlets of the sea. 
 
 To Ebb is to flow back. 
 
 The Ebb Tide is the reflux (or 
 flowing back) of the waters of the 
 falling tide from the channels of 
 rivers and inlets of the sea. 
 
 Tidal, pertaining to tides ; as, tidal 
 currents. 
 
 A Bore is a swelling of the water 
 caused by the ascending current of 
 a flood tide coming in conflict with 
 the descending current of a river. 
 
 Note 1. — The bore in the river Tsien Tang, 
 in China, sometimes rises to the hight of forty 
 feet, stretching like a wall across a stream four 
 
 miles in breadth, and advancing with the noise 
 of a cataract at the rate of more than twenty 
 miles an hour. In the Bay of Fundy the bore 
 attains the hight of seventy feet, and rises so 
 suddenly as to overwhelm animals feeding on 
 the beach. — See Lieutenant Maury's Physical Geo- 
 graphy of the Sea. 
 
 In the Amazon the bore is said to rise occa- 
 sionally to the hight of one hundred feet. 
 
 Note 2. — The phenomenon of the bore is most 
 interesting about the season of the equinoxes, 
 and two or three days after the change of the 
 moon. 
 
 9. Of the Economical and Industrial 
 Relations of Water. 
 
 A Well is an artificial pit from 
 which water is drawn. 
 
 A Cistern or Tank is a large arti- 
 ficial receptacle for water. 
 
 A Reservoir is a place where any- 
 thing is kept for use ; and hence, a 
 collection of water for the supply of 
 a canal or mill is called a reservoir. 
 
 A Canal is a large ditch filled with 
 water for the transit of boats. 
 
 A Race is a short canal for con- 
 ducting water to or from a mill. 
 
 A Floodgate is a gate to be opened 
 to let water through, or to be shut 
 to prevent its passage. 
 
 A Sluice is, 1. A frame of timber, 
 stone, etc., with a gate for the pur- 
 pose of excluding, retaining, or re- 
 gulating the flow of water in a river. 
 — Brande. 2. The stream issuing 
 through a floodgate. 
 
 A Dam is a wall built across the 
 channel of a stream to obstruct the 
 flow of the water. 
 
 A Dyke is a mound of earth, etc., 
 intended to prevent low lands from 
 being inundated by the sea or by a 
 river. 
 
 Note. — The low countries of Holland are pro- 
 tected by dykes against the overflowing of the 
 sea. 
 
 A Levee is an artificial embank- 
 ment designed to prevent a river from 
 overflowing the adjacent country. 
 
 Note. — The lands bordering on the lower Mis- 
 sippi are protected by levees against the inunda- 
 tions of the river. 
 
 To Irrigate is to water land by 
 causing a stream to flow upon it and 
 spread over it. (L., in and rigo, to 
 water. 
 
42 
 
 AIR. 
 
 10. Terms embracing, etymologically, 
 the idea of Water. 
 
 Aqua, water. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Aqueous, watery; as, aqueous va- 
 por. 
 
 Aquatic, 1. Growing in the water ; 
 as, aquatic plants. 2. Living in the 
 water; as, aquatic animals. 
 
 Aqueduct, 1. A structure consist- 
 ing of elevated arches surmounted by 
 a channel for the conveyance of 
 water. 2. The entire succession of 
 arched structures, tunnels and canals, 
 by which water is conveyed into a 
 city, as the Croton Aqueduct at New 
 York. (L., -duco [ductum], to lead.) 
 
 Terraqueous, consisting of land 
 and water. The earth is called the 
 terraqueous globe. (L., terra, land.) 
 
 Aquarius, the water-bearer, one of 
 the signs of the zodiac. 
 
 'tap.p [Hydor], water. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Hydrography, a description of seas, 
 lakes, rivers, etc. (Gr., ygayu [grapho], 
 to describe.) 
 
 Hydrometry, the art of discovering 
 the specific gravity of liquids. (Gr., 
 fAir^at [metreo], to measure.) 
 
 Note. — The specific gravity of a liquid or solid 
 is its weight as compared with that of water. 
 
 Hydrostatics is the science which 
 treats of the pressure and equilibrium 
 of water and other liquids at rest. 
 (Gr., a-Tciroc [states'], balanced.) 
 
 Hydraulics is the science which 
 treats of liquids in motion, and in- 
 cludes the conducting of liquids 
 through pipes and other confined 
 passages. (Gr., avko; [aulos], a pipe.) 
 
 Hydrodynamics treats of the me- 
 chanical force exerted by liquids, 
 whether at rest or in motion. (Gr., 
 fwcLfxts \_dynamis~], power.) 
 
 Hydrophobia, a disease caused by 
 the bite of a mad dog, and charac- 
 terized by a dread of water. (Gr., 
 qofio; [photos'], dread.) 
 
 Note. — A person laboring under hydrophobia 
 is incapable of swallowing liquids, and the sight 
 of water throws the patient into convulsions. 
 
 Hydropathy, the art of treating, 
 diseases by the external application 
 of water to the body. It is otherwise 
 called the water cure. (Gr., 7r*8<K 
 [pathos], a morbid (diseased) condi- 
 tion.) 
 
 Hydrogen, one of the two elements 
 of which water is composed. (Gr., 
 ytvvdLa [gennao], to produce, because 
 by combining with oxygen, it pro- 
 duces water.) 
 
 Hydromel, a liquor consisting of 
 honey diluted in water. (Gr., pehi 
 [meli], honey.) 
 
 Dropsy (contracted from hydropsy), 
 a disease characterized by an accu- 
 mulation of water in the cellular 
 tissue, and in various cavities of the 
 body. 
 
 Hydrates, compounds in which 
 water is chemically united with met- 
 alic oxides. 
 
 Note. — If twenty -eight pounds of fr.esh burned 
 lime be slaked with water, and then thoroughly 
 dried, the lime will be found to weigh thirty- 
 seven pounds. It is thence inferred that nine 
 pounds of water have entered into an intimate 
 union with the original twenty-eight pounds of 
 lime. The compound that has been thus formed 
 is called the hydrate of lime. 
 
 OF THE AIE. 
 
 AIR is, 1. The fluid which we 
 breathe. 2. Any airlike fluid. 
 
 The Atmosphere is the great body 
 of air which surrounds the earth. 
 (Gr., ar/Lio; [atmos], vapor; and o-<pa^u. 
 [sphaira], a sphere, the atmosphere 
 being the receptacle of the different 
 kinds of vapor which rise from the 
 earth, and having the form of a hol- 
 low sphere surrounding the sphere 
 of the earth.) 
 
 Note 1. — The atmosphere presses with a forco 
 of fifteen pounds on every square inch of tho 
 earth's surface. 
 
 Note 2. — The atmosphere is supposed to reach 
 to the bight of about forty-five miles. 
 
 Note 3. — Air possesses, in a high degree, tine 
 properties of oompressibility and elasticity ; and 
 the mutual adjustment of these properties is such 
 that the volume of a given weight of air is always 
 inversely as the jpresstire to which it is subjected. 
 
 A Vacuum is a space containing 
 neither air nor any other material 
 substance. (L., vacuus, empty.) 
 
AIR. 
 
 43 
 
 A Piston is a cylinder fitted to 
 work air-tight in a tube. 
 
 Note 1. — If a tube of an indefinite length be 
 placed in an upright position, the lower end 
 being immersed in water ; and if a piston fitting 
 the tube be first placed in contact with the 
 water, and then drawn upward, the water will 
 follow the piston to the hight of thirty-four feet, 
 at which hight it will cease to follow the piston, 
 and will remain stationary, leaving a vacuum be- 
 tween its surface and the end of the piston. The 
 cause of the ascent of the water in the tube is 
 the pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of 
 the water in which the lower end of the tube is 
 immersed ; and the reason why the water will 
 not follow the piston beyond the hight of thirty- 
 fouV feet is, that a column of water thirty-four 
 feet high balances, by its weight, a column of 
 air of the same diameter, extending to the upper 
 limits of the atmosphere. 
 
 Note 2. — Mercury will follow a piston but 
 thirty inches — a column of mercury thirty inches 
 high being as heavy as a column of wat-er thirty- 
 four feet high. 
 
 Suction is the formation of a vacu- 
 um by a piston or other mechanical 
 means, into which some liquid is 
 forced by atmospheric pressure. 
 
 A Valye is a small lid turning on 
 a hinge, and permitting, when open, 
 the passage of a fluid; and, when 
 shut, preventing its return. 
 
 A Pump is an apparatus for rais- 
 ing water by the agency of atmos- 
 pheric pressure, and consists of a 
 tube, a piston, and two valves, the 
 lower valve being stationary, and the 
 other being inserted in the piston. 
 
 A Barometer is an instrument for 
 measuring the weight of the atmos- 
 phere. It consists of a glass tube 
 about thirty-three inches in length, 
 which, being closed at one end and 
 open at the other, is filled with mer- 
 cury, and is then inverted in u cup 
 of mercury. 
 
 Note 1. — The mercury in the barometer, at 
 the level of the sea, will stand at different hights, 
 Varying from twenty-eight to thirty-one inches, 
 according to the varying weight of the atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 Note 2. — The barometer may be used for de- 
 termining the hight of mountains, since the 
 mercury sinks in the tube, according to a fixed 
 law, as we ascend above the level of the sea. 
 
 Wind is air in motion. 
 
 Note 1. — If on every part of the earth's sur- 
 face the air were of the same density, there could 
 be no such thing as wind, for the different parts 
 of the atmosphere would balance each other, 
 and, consequently, there could be no flowing of 
 the air frcfrn one place to another. But suppose 
 that over a limited portion of the earth's surface 
 the air should, from any cause, have its weight 
 
 diminished, the different portions of the atmo- 
 sphere would no longer be in equilibrium, and, 
 consequently, the lighter portion would yield to 
 the pressure of the heavier air surrounding it, 
 and thus both the heavier and the lighter por- 
 tions of the air would begin to move, or, in other 
 words, wind would be produced. 
 
 Note 2. — Heat expands air, and thus renders 
 it lighter. The winds, therefore, depend on the 
 circumstance that different portions of the at- 
 mosphere are unequally heated by the sun's 
 rays. 
 
 To Blow is to move as air. 
 
 A Blast is a forcible blowing. (Ger. 
 blasen, to blow.) 
 
 A Puff is a sudden wind of mod- 
 erate force and momentary duration. 
 
 To Puff is 1. To drive air from the 
 mouth in a single and quick blast. 
 2. To praise with exaggeration. 
 
 To Puff up is to swell with wind. 
 
 A Gust is a sudden wind of con- 
 siderable force, but of brief duration. 
 
 A Squall is a violent wind of short 
 continuance. 
 
 A Breeze is a moderate and steady 
 wind. 
 
 A Gale is a strong wind. 
 
 A Storm is 1. And properly, a vio- 
 lent wind. 2. "Wind accompanied bv 
 rain, hail, or snow. 3. A heavy fall 
 of rain, hail, or snow, though attended 
 with but little wind. 
 
 A Tempest is a violent storm of 
 wind, usually accompanied with rain, 
 hail, or snow. 
 
 A Hurricane is an extremely vio- 
 lent storm of wind. 
 
 A "Whirlwind is a wind character- 
 ized by a rapid, whirling motion. 
 
 A Tornado is a whirlwind of ex- 
 treme violence. (From the root of 
 turn.) 
 
 A Waterspout is a whirlwind ac- 
 companied by a black, conical, or 
 funnel-shaped cloud with the vertex 
 pointing downward. 
 
 Note 1. — Waterspouts frequently suck up 
 water from the sea. 
 
 Note 2. — Waterspouts sometimes discharge 
 torrents of water. 
 
 Note 3. — Waterspouts are frequently small 
 and harmless ; but the wind with which they 
 are accompanied exerts, at other times, the de- 
 structive force of the most violent tornadoes. 
 
 Note i. — The Moving Saxd Pillars of the 
 Arabian deserts are analogous in their nature to 
 waterspouts. 
 
 A Typhoon is a violent hurricane 
 in the Chinese seas. 
 
44 
 
 AIR. 
 
 Note 1. — Hurricanes and typhoons are whirl- 
 ing storms having a diameter of from 50 to 500 
 miles. 
 
 Note 2. — The diameter of a tornado is small, 
 sometimes not exceeding a few hundred yards. 
 
 Note 3. — The whirling movements of the air 
 are supposed to be caused by electricity. 
 
 The Trade winds are winds which 
 prevail within the tropics, and blow 
 in nearly the same direction through- 
 out the year. In the northern hemi- 
 sphere they blow from the north- 
 east, and in the southern hemisphere, 
 from the southeast. 
 
 The Simoon or Samibl is a hot, dry 
 wind that blows occasionally in Ara- 
 bia and the adjoining countries, and 
 is caused by the extreme heat of the 
 sandy deserts. (Arabic, samma, poi- 
 sonous.) 
 
 Note. — This wind often proves fatal to travel- 
 ers who are overtaken by it. 
 
 The Chamsin is a hot wind that 
 blows in Egypt from April till 
 June. 
 
 The Harmattan is a wind similar 
 to the simoon, blowing from the north- 
 east over Senegambia and Guinea. It 
 occurs at intervals during the months 
 of December, January, and Feb- 
 ruary. 
 
 The Sirocco is a hot wind known 
 in Italy and Sicily. It blows in the 
 latter part of June, and during the 
 month of July. It is supposed to 
 originate in the sandy deserts of 
 Africa. 
 
 The Monsoons are periodical winds 
 which prevail in the Indian ocean 
 and in Hindoostan. From April to 
 October they blow from the south- 
 west, and during the remainder of 
 the year, from the northeast. 
 
 The Etesian Winds are known in 
 the eastern Mediterranean. Com- 
 mencing toward the middle of July, 
 they continue to blow about six 
 weeks from the northeast. They 
 consist of cooler and heavier air 
 pressing forward to displace the hot 
 and rarefied air of the Sahara. (Gr. 
 ir»<ricc [etesios], yearly; from «toc 
 \_etos~\, a year.) 
 
 Flo \_flatum], to blow. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Flatter, to puff with empty praise. 
 
 Flatulent, having the stomach dis- 
 tended with air. 
 
 Inflate, to puff up with air. Fig. 
 To puff up with pride. 
 
 Aer (L.) and aep [Aer], (Gr.), air. 
 Hence, 
 
 Aeriform, having the form of air. 
 The various gasses are aeriform sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Aerate, to impregnate with car- 
 bonic acid which was formerly called 
 fixed air: 
 
 Aeronaut, one who sails through 
 the air. (G. vxuruc [nautes], a sailor.) 
 
 Aeronautics, the art of sailing 
 through the air. 
 
 Aerostat, a balloon. (Gr. a-ruroc 
 [states'], balanced [in the air.] ) 
 
 Aerostatics, 1. The science which 
 treats of the equilibrium of elastic 
 fluids. 2. Aerial navigation. 
 
 Aerostation, aerial navigation. 
 
 Aerolite, a stone which has fallen 
 from the air. (Gr. a/9o? [lithos], a stone.) 
 
 aiohp [Aithee], the air. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Ether, a thin, subtle matter, much 
 finer and rarer than air, which, some 
 philosophers suppose, begins from the 
 limits of the atmosphere, and occu- 
 pies the heavenly space. 
 
 Ethereal, 1. Filled with ether; as, 
 the ethereal, regions. 2. Consisting 
 of ether or spirit. 
 
 Vast chain of being which from God began, 
 Natures ethereal, human, angel, man. — Pope. 
 
 Ventus, wind. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ventilate, to expose to the free 
 passage of air or wind. 
 
 Vent, 1. A small opening in a cask 
 to admit air as the liquor runs out. 
 2. Access of air to burning fuel. 3. 
 An outlet. Confined gas finds vent 
 through a small orifice. Suppressed 
 emotion may find vent in words. 
 
 Ventiduct, a pipe for the passage 
 of wind or air in ventilating apart- 
 ments. (L. duco [ductum], to lead. 
 
 anemoi [Anemos], the wind. 
 (Gr.) Hence. 
 
 Anemometer, an instrument for 
 measuring the force of the Avind. 
 (Gr. /uerpice [onetreo], to measure.) 
 
 Anemography, a description of the 
 
GRAVITATION. 
 
 45 
 
 wind-. (Gr. >§*?» \_graphe~], a de- 
 scription.) 
 
 Anemoscope, an instrument which 
 shows the course of the wind. (Gr. 
 o-KOTna [scopeo], to view.) 
 
 Anemone, (a-nem'-o-ne), the wind 
 flower. 
 
 nNETxMA [Pneuma], breath or 
 wind. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Pneumatic or Pneumaiiccd, per- 
 taining to air; as, pneumatic experi- 
 ments; a pneumatic cistern. 
 
 Pneumatics, the science of elastic 
 or air-like fluids. 
 
 GKAYITATIOK 
 
 1. General Ideas. 
 GRAVITATION is the force 
 which causes masses and particles 
 of all kinds of matter, when situ- 
 ated apart, to have a tendency to 
 move toward each, other. 
 
 Note. — Gravitation is the cause of -weight. 
 Consequently, if this force did not exist, no mass 
 of matter, however large and dense, could have 
 any weight whatever. (L. gravis, heavy.) 
 
 Laics of Gravitation. 
 
 1. Different masses exert the gravitating force 
 ■with an intensity which is proportional to the 
 quantity of matter which they contain. 
 
 2. The gi-avitating force exerted by a particu- 
 lar mass diminishes as the square of the distance 
 from the center of the mass increases. 
 
 Consequences of these Laws. 
 
 1. Tf the earth, with its present density, had a 
 diameter equal to that of Jupiter, the weight of 
 all bodies at the surface would be increased 
 elevenfold. A man who now weighs 150 pounds, 
 would, in that case, weigh more than 1600 pounds, 
 and would consequently be unable to move his 
 own body. If, on the other hand, the diameter 
 of the earth did not exceed that of the planet 
 Vesta, water, in turning a wheel, would exert 
 only 1-25 of its preseut mechanical force. A 
 world much larger or much smaller than the 
 earth would, therefore, bean inconvenient habi- 
 tation for man. 
 
 2. At the distance of two semidiameters from 
 the earth's center, the weight of bodies would 
 be reduced to one-fourth of their weight at the 
 surface ; and at the distance of the moon, or 60 
 semidiameters, the weight of a body w>uld be 
 3600 times less than at the surface. 
 
 3. If the surface of the earth were an infinite 
 plain, the depth and density being uniform, the 
 gravitating force would be the same at all dis- 
 tances above the surface. 
 
 4. If the surface of the earth were an infinite 
 plain, and if the depth were at the same time 
 infinite, the weight of the smallest particle of 
 matter would be infinite, and falling bodies 
 would move with an infinite velocity. 
 
 The Center of Gravitation in any- 
 larger mass of matter is the point 
 toward which small masses situated 
 in the vicinity of the larger mass 
 tend. 
 
 Note. — The center of terrestrial gravitation 
 
 is the center of the earth, this being the point 
 toward which bodies on all sides of the earth 
 tend in falling. 
 
 Downward, in a direction toward 
 the center of gravitation. 
 
 Upward, in a direction from the 
 center. 
 
 Low, situated near the center. 
 
 High, remote from the center. 
 
 To Fall or Descend is to move 
 toward the center. 
 
 To Rise or Ascend is to move 
 from the center. 
 
 The Bottom or Base is that part 
 of a body which is nearest to the 
 center. 
 
 The Top or Summit is that part 
 of a body which is farthest from the 
 center. 
 
 Perpendicular or Upright, situ- 
 ated in the direction of a line drawn 
 through a given point directly toward 
 or directly from the center. 
 
 Horizontal or Level, situated in 
 the direction of any line drawn 
 through a given point at right angles 
 to a line drawn through the same 
 point toward the center. 
 
 Inclined or Lean- 
 ing, situated in any 
 
 direction between the 
 horizontal and the 
 perpendicular. 
 
 Horizontal. 
 
 2. Of Weight. 
 
 WEIGHT is the force with which 
 any body tends to move toward the 
 center of gravitation. 
 
 Heavy, possessing weight. 
 
 Gravis, heavy. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Grave, 1. Weighty in a figurative 
 
46 
 
 GRAVITATION. 
 
 sense; as, a grave matter. 2. Char- 
 acterized by soberness of looks or 
 deportment, as if the mind were oc- 
 cupied with weighty matters. 
 
 Gravity, 1. Weight. 2. Soberness 
 of countenance or deportment. 
 
 Grief, (from gravis), sorrow, be- 
 cause sorrow is something that bears 
 heavily upon our feelings. 
 
 Grievance, an injury or wrong 
 done by one person to another. 
 
 Note.— The idea implied in this term is that 
 of imposing an irksome burden. 
 
 Aggravate, lit., to increase the 
 weight. Hence, to make worse or 
 more severe; as, to aggravate a fault 
 or a disease, (ad, to.) 
 
 Pondus [ponderis], a weight. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Ponderous, heavy. 
 
 Ponder, to weigh in the mind. 
 
 Imponderable, destitute of appreci- 
 able weight. Light, heat, and electric- 
 ity are imponderable agents, (in, not.) 
 
 Onus [oneris~], a burden. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Onerous, burdensome; as, onerous 
 duties. 
 
 Exonerate, to free from a burden, 
 (used only in a Jigurative r ,sense; as 
 to exonerate a person from blame.) 
 
 Light, possessing but little weight. 
 
 Levis, light. (L.) Hence, 
 . Levity, lightness, either in a literal 
 or figurative sense. Hydrogen gas, 
 on account of its great specific levity 
 is used for inflating balloons. Levity 
 of mind is a want of seriousness. 
 
 Alleviate, to lighten ; as, to allevi- 
 ate pain, (ad, to.) 
 
 To Weigh is to determine the 
 weight of a quantity of matter. 
 
 A Balance is an instrument for 
 weighing, consisting of two dishes 
 called scales, the one for receiving 
 the article to be weighed, and the 
 other for receiving the weights. (L. 
 hi, two, and lanx, a dish.) 
 
 A Pair of Scales is a balance. 
 
 Libra, a pair of scales. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Equilibrium, a mutual balancing 
 of two weights. (L. aequus, equal.) 
 
 To Poise is to cause two opposite 
 
 parts of a body to balance each other. 
 (Fr. poids, weight.) 
 
 Equipoise, equilibrium. 
 
 Pendo \_pensum\, to weigh. (L. 
 from pendeo, to hapg, since in weigh- 
 ing, the article is always suspended 
 in some way.) From Pendo comes. 
 
 Penso [pensatum], to try the 
 weight frequently and carefully. (L.) 
 From Pendo and Penso come the 
 following English derivatives : 
 
 Pensive, lit, weighing in the mind. 
 Hence, thoughtful with melancholy 
 or sadness. 
 
 Pension, lit, a paying out of money 
 by weight. Hence, a yearly allow- 
 ance for past services. 
 
 Compensate, lit, to weigh out to 
 a man the money due for trouble or 
 services. Hence, to pay. 
 
 Recompense, lit, to weigh back. 
 Hence, to reward, (re, back.) 
 
 Dispense, lit, to weigh out in small 
 and separate parcels. Hence, to 
 distribute ; as, to dispense favors ; to 
 dispense justice, (dis, asunder. ) 
 
 Dispensation, 1. The act of distri- 
 buting. 2. A weighing out, by Di- 
 vine Wisdom and Goodness, of laws, 
 rites, and benefits, adapted to the 
 existing condition of man; as, the 
 Mosaic dispensation; the Christian 
 
 Dispensary, a place in which me- 
 dicines are dispensed to the poor, and 
 medical advice is given gratis. 
 
 Dispensatory, a book giving direc- 
 tions in regard to the proportions in 
 which the simple drugs are to be 
 weighed out in compounding medi- 
 cines. 
 
 Expend, lit, to weigh out. Hence, 
 to lay out money, (ex, out.) 
 
 Expense, money laid out. 
 
 Expenditure, the act of laying 
 out money. 
 
 Spend, an abbreviation of Expend. 
 
 Prepense, lit, weighed beforehand. 
 Hence, Premeditated; as, malice 
 prepense, (pre, beforehand.) 
 
 3. Low. 
 
 Lowly, 1. Low in regard to rank 
 and distinction; as, the lowly poor. 
 
PERPENDICULAR. 
 
 47 
 
 2. Having a low estimation of one's 
 own worth. 
 
 Humus, the ground. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Humilis, situated near the ground. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Humble, 1. Low in regard to the 
 estimation in which a thing is held ; as 
 an humble vocation. 2. Low in self- 
 estimation, and in one's claims upon 
 the regard of others ; as, an humble 
 spirit; a man of humble pretensions. 
 
 Humility, lowliness of spirit. 
 
 Humiliate, to bring down a proud 
 spirit. 
 
 Humiliation, 1. The act of hum- 
 bling; as, the humiliation of an en- 
 emy. 2. Voluntary descent from an 
 elevated position ; as, the humiliation 
 of the Savior. 
 
 Base, low. 
 
 Note. — This term is used only in a figurative 
 sense. It signifies low in a moral point of view ; 
 as, a base action. It also signifies low in the 
 scale of value ; as, the base metals, such as copper, 
 tin, lead, etc., in contradistinction to the precious 
 metals, gold and silver. 
 
 To Debase is, 1. To lower in moral 
 worth or excellence. 2. To lower 
 the value ; as, to debase coin by alloy- 
 ing it with the baser metals. 
 
 To Abase is 1. To bring down from 
 a higher and more honorable position 
 to a lower and less honorable one. 
 2. To humble in spirit. 
 
 To Degrade is to lower in rank or 
 position. (L., de, down from; and 
 gradus, a round of a ladder. To de- 
 grade is, therefore, to remove from a 
 higher to a lower round on the ladder 
 of honorable preferment. ) 
 
 4. High. 
 
 Lofty, very high or elevated ; as, a 
 lofty mountain ; a lofty spirit. 
 
 Aloft, in a high local position. 
 
 Towering, rising to a great hight, 
 like a lofty tower. 
 
 Exalted, high in a figurative 
 sense; as, exalted rank. (L., ex, up; 
 and altus, high.) 
 
 Elevated, lofty, either in a literal 
 or figurative sense; as, an elevated 
 peak; elevated sentiments. (L., e, 
 up ; and levo, to lift. ) 
 
 Haughty, entertaining a high opin- 
 
 ion of one's self, along with a con- 
 temptous opinion of others. (Fr., 
 haut, high. 
 
 5. The Bottom. 
 
 The BOTTOM is the lowest part; 
 as, the bottom of a tub ; the bottom 
 of a hill. 
 
 The Base is that part of a column 
 or other upright body which is in 
 contact with the ground or surface on 
 which the body stands. 
 
 A Pedestal is the base of a col- 
 umn. (L., pes, a foot.) 
 
 A Foundation is the base of a 
 building. 
 
 To Found is to establish upon a 
 foundation; as, to found institutions. 
 (Used only in a figurative sense.) 
 
 Fundamental, lying at the founda- 
 tion of a philosophical or religious 
 system ; as, a fundamental truth. 
 (L., fundamentum, a foundation. ) 
 
 6. The Top. 
 
 The TOP is the highest part of an 
 object. 
 
 The Summit is the top. 
 
 A Peak is a pointed top; as, the 
 of Chimborazo. 
 
 A Ridge is a long narrow summit, 
 as the ridge of a roof or hill. 
 
 APEX, the highest point; as, the 
 apex of a cone. 
 
 7. Perpendicular. 
 
 A PERPENDICULAR direction is 
 indicated by the position which a 
 string assumes when stretched by a 
 weight attached to one end, while 
 the other end is fastened to a fixed 
 point. (L., per, through; and pen- 
 deo, to hang.) 
 
 A Plummet or Plumbline is a line 
 with a piece of lead attached to one 
 end, and used by mechanics to enable 
 them to fix bodies in a perpendicular 
 position. (L., plumbum, lead.) 
 
 Upright, occupying a perpendicu- 
 lar position ; as, an upright post. 
 
 Upright, in a fig. sense, signifies, 
 having one's principles and actions 
 adjusted according to the plumbline 
 of the moral law ; as, an upright man. 
 
 Vertical, 1. Situated directly over- 
 
48 
 
 TO STAND. 
 
 head. A star elevated at an angle of 
 90 degrees above the horizon, is said 
 to be vertical. 2. Perpendicular; as, 
 a vertical line. (L., vertex, the crown 
 or top of the head.) 
 
 The Zenith, in Astronomy, is the 
 vertical point of the celestial sphere ; 
 or, in other words, the zenith is that 
 point of the heavens which is directly 
 over the head of the spectator. By a 
 Jig. use of the term, we may say that 
 Rome, in the days of Augustus, was 
 in the zenith of her power and mag- 
 nificence. 
 
 The Nadir is the point of the 
 heavens which is directly opposite to 
 the zenith. Consequently, our nadir 
 is the zenith of the antipodes, or of 
 those who live on the opposite side of 
 the earth from us ; and our zenith is 
 their nadir. 
 
 8. To Stand. 
 
 To STAND. An oblong body is 
 said to stand when it maintains itself 
 in a vertical or upright position by 
 having its base planted on the ground, 
 or by having its base fixed in any 
 solid substance. 
 
 Ekect, having a standing posture. 
 (L., erigo [erectum~\, to make upright. ) 
 
 Sto [statum], to stand. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 State, lit, a standing. Hence, 1. 
 The condition in which a thing 
 stands or exists. 2. The standing or 
 condition of the affairs of a civil com- 
 munity. Hence, 3. The civil commu- 
 nity itself. 
 
 To State is lit, to fix firmly in a 
 standing position. Hence, to make 
 a formal and positive declaration of 
 facts. 
 
 A Station is lit, a standing. 
 Hence, 1. The place where any ob- 
 ject stands habitually. Hence. 2. 
 An office or post of duty. 
 
 Stationary, standing still. 
 
 Stable, standing firmly. 
 
 Stability, firmness of standing. 
 
 Stablish, or Establish, to cause a 
 thing to stand firmly. 
 
 Obstacle, something that stands in 
 the way. (ob, in the way.) 
 
 Stans, standing, (participle of sto.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Instant, 1. The point of time now 
 standing over us, and separating the 
 past from the future. 2. Any point 
 of time that has been or will be a 
 present or dividing point between the 
 past and the future. Hence, 3. A 
 point of time, (in, over.) 
 
 Instance, properly, the point of time 
 at which a specified event has oc- 
 curred. Hence, 1. A particular oc- 
 currence. Hence, 2. An occurrence 
 or fact adduced by way of example, 
 or for the purpose of illustration. 
 
 Instans, lit, standing closely 
 against. Hence, pursuing closely. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Instant, urgent in a request; as, 
 instant in prayer. 
 
 Instance, urgency of solicitation ; 
 as, he did that thing at my instance. 
 
 Constant, lit., standing firmly to- 
 gether, like a solid body. Hence, 
 permanent or unchanging. 
 
 Distant, lit, standing asunder. 
 Hence, remote, (di, asunder.) 
 
 Extant, lit, standing forth. Hence, 
 in existence. The works of many 
 ancient authors are no longer extant, 
 (ex, forth.) 
 
 Substance, that which stands un- 
 der properties and supports them. 
 Gold is a substance, because it stands 
 under and supports the properties of 
 solidity, extension, color, etc., which 
 are inherent in it. (sub, under.) 
 
 Sisto, to stand. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Consist, lit, to stand together. 
 Hence, 1. To be made up of. Gun- 
 powder consists of charcoal, sulphur 
 and nitre. 2. To agree, or to stand 
 in a harmonious relation to some- 
 thing else. 
 
 Health consists with temperance alone. — Pope. 
 
 Consistent, 1. Standing firmly to- 
 gether. Coagulated blood forms a 
 consistent mass. 2. Standing together 
 in mutual harmony or agreement. 
 Laws should be consistent with jus- 
 tice. 
 
 Consistence, or Consistency, 1. The 
 condition of standing together with a 
 certain degree of firmness. The con- 
 
TO SIT. 
 
 49 
 
 sistency of tallow is firmer than that 
 of lard. 2. A harmonious relation 
 of one thing to another, [con, to- 
 gether.) 
 
 Resist, lit, to stand against. 
 Hence, to act in opposition to. {re, 
 against.) 
 
 Persist, lit., to stand through, or 
 continuously. Hence, to remain fixed 
 in any purpose, or to hold on in any 
 undertaking, {per, through.) 
 
 Insist, lit, to stand on. Hence, 1. 
 To stand firmly on what we conceive 
 to he our right. 2. To stand firmly 
 in a position to which we endeavor, 
 by the weight of our authority and in- 
 fluence, to bring others ; as, to insist 
 that a certain thing shall be done. 
 
 Desist, lit, to stand off from. 
 Hence, to cease from doing any thing. 
 {de, from.) 
 
 Assist, lit, to stand by. Hence, to 
 aid. {ad, by.) 
 
 Exist, lit, to stand forth. Hence, 
 to have an actual being, {ex, forth.) 
 
 Subsist, lit, to stand under. 
 Hence, 1. To have a dependent exist- 
 ence. 2. To live by means of that 
 which sustains life, as food, etc. 
 {sub, under.) 
 
 Statuo \_statutum~], to place in a 
 firm standing position. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Statue, a solid figure of a man, de- 
 signed to be fixed in a standing pos- 
 ture. 
 
 Statute, something set up and firmly 
 established by authority for general 
 observance ; that is, a law enacted by 
 a legislature. 
 
 Institute, to devise something new, 
 and give it a fixed and permanent 
 standing. 
 
 An Institute, something that has 
 been instituted; as, 1. A literary and 
 philosophical society. 2. {In the 
 plural,) philosophical principles. 
 
 To make the Stoic institutes thy own. —Drijden. 
 
 3. A book of elements or principles. 
 
 Institution, 1. The act of setting up 
 or establishing. 2. Something estab- 
 lished, as a society. 3. {In the plu- 
 ral,) laws, rights and ceremonies en- 
 joined by authority ; as, the institu- 
 
 tions of the Jews ; the institutions of 
 civil government. 
 
 Substitute, to put one thing in the 
 place of another, {sub, in the place 
 of.) 
 
 Restitution, lit, the act of setting a 
 thing back in its former position. 
 Hence, the act of returning or restor- 
 ing to a person something of which 
 he has been unjustly deprived, {re, 
 back.) 
 
 Destitute, unprovided with neces- 
 saries. (L., destituo, to stand away 
 from any person and leave him to 
 shift for himself.) 
 
 9. To Sit 
 
 To SIT, when spoken of a person, 
 signifies to rest on a seat with the 
 trunk of the body in an upright pos- 
 ture. 
 
 To Sit, when spoken of inanimate 
 objects, is used to signify an upright 
 position of bodies, whose length does 
 not greatly exceed their thickness. 
 
 Sedeo [sessum], to sit. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sedentary, 1. Accustomed to sit 
 much ; as, a sedentary man. 2. Ke- 
 quiring much sitting ; as, a sedentary 
 occupation. 
 
 Sedulous, lit, sitting constantly at 
 an employment. Hence, attending 
 closely to business from natural incli- 
 nation, or from habit. 
 
 Assiduoiis, lit, sitting by one's busi- 
 ness. Hence, prosecuting any labor 
 without intermission, {ad, by.) 
 
 Reside, lit, to sit down. Hence, 
 to dwell, {re, down.) 
 
 Preside, lit, to sit before or over. 
 Hence, to be set over for the exercise 
 of authority, {pro?, before. ) 
 
 0. To Hang. 
 To HANG is spoken of the position 
 which a body assumes when connec- 
 ted by a flexible attachment to a 
 fixed point, and then left to adjust it- 
 self in obedience to the influence of 
 the gravitating force. In this case 
 the center of gravity of the body as- 
 sumes a settled position between the 
 point of suspension and the center of 
 the earth. 
 
50 
 
 TO HANG — HORIZONTAL. 
 
 To Swing is to mo va backward and 
 forward in a hanging position. 
 
 To Dangle is to hang loosely, and 
 at the same time to have a swinging 
 motion. 
 
 Pendeo [pensum], to hang. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Pendent, hanging; as, a pendent 
 lamp. 
 
 Pensile, designed to be used in a 
 hanging position; as, a pensile lamp. 
 
 Pendant, a jewel hanging at the 
 ear. 
 
 Pending, hanging ; as, a suit pend- 
 ing in court; that is, hanging or re- 
 maining undecided. 
 
 Pendency, the state of hanging un- 
 decided. 
 
 Pendulum, a body suspended from 
 a fixed point, and moving backward 
 and forward. 
 
 Pendulous, hanging down in con- 
 sequence of being limber or flabby. 
 The elephant has pendulous ears. 
 The dewlap of a cow is pendulous. 
 
 Depend, to hang upon, or from 
 something else, (de, from.) 
 
 Dependant, a person who depends 
 upon, and is at the disposal of 
 another. 
 
 Dependent, not self-sustaining, but 
 hanging upon something else. 
 
 Independent, not dependent, but 
 self-sustaining, {in, not) 
 
 Impend, lit, to hang over. In a 
 jig. sense a danger is said to impend 
 which, as it were, hangs over us like 
 some mass that threatens to over- 
 whelm us by its fall, {in, over.) 
 
 Append 1. and lit. To hang to, as 
 in attaching a small thing to a larger 
 by means of a string. 2. and jig. 
 To add as an accessory to the prin- 
 cipal thing; as, to append notes to a 
 book, {ad, to.) 
 
 Appendix, something appended or 
 added. 
 
 Note. — This terra is commonly used to signify 
 a short treatise added to a book. 
 
 Appendage, something added (or 
 hung) to a principal thing, but not 
 essential to it. A portico is an ap- 
 pendage to a house. 
 
 A Compendium is a short treatise 
 
 in which the general principles of a 
 science are, as it were, hung together 
 in a small compass, {con, together.) 
 
 Suspend, 1. To hang under. 2. 
 To cause to cease for a time, (sub, 
 under.) 
 
 To Droop is to hang down from 
 the lack of a sufficient degree of 
 stiffness to support itself in an up- 
 right position. Plants droop for 
 want of moisture. The human body 
 droops in old age and infirmity. In 
 a figurative sense we say that the 
 courage or the spirits droop. 
 
 To Flag is lit., to hang loose with- 
 out stiffness; as, the jlagging sails. 
 Fig. 1. To grow spiritless or de- 
 jected; as, the spirits jlag. 2. To 
 lose vigor; as, the strength jlags. ' 
 
 11. Horizontal. 
 
 The HORIZON, in the popular 
 sense of the term, is the circle in 
 which the earth and sky seem to 
 meet. 
 
 Note. — Since the form of the earth is sphe- 
 rical, every point of the earth's surface must 
 necessarily have its own horizon. 
 
 The Plane of the Horizon is the 
 space included within and extending 
 indefinitely beyond the circumference 
 of the circle called the horizon. 
 
 Note. — The plane of the horizon of any point 
 of the earth's surface touches the earth at that 
 point, and extends to the region of the fixed 
 stars. 
 
 Horizontal Lines are lines drawn 
 in, or parallel to the plane of the 
 horizon. 
 
 Note. — An oblong body is said to be horizontal 
 in its position, when its length is parallel to some 
 line drawn in the plane of the horizon. 
 
 Level is synonymous with hori- 
 zontal. 
 
 12. To Lie. 
 
 To LIE is spoken of the position 
 of a body which rests on a surface 
 with its length parallel to the plane 
 of the horizon. 
 
 To Loll is to lie at ease. 
 
 To Lounge is to lie or recline in 
 a lazy manner. 
 
 Cumbo [cubitum], to lie. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
TO LIE — TO LEAN. 
 
 51 
 
 Cubitus, the fore-arm, from the cir- 
 cumstance that the ancients rested 
 on the fore-arm when reclining at 
 their meals. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Cubit, a measure equal in length 
 to the fore-arm. 
 
 Incumbent, lying upon. A prostrate 
 tree is incumbent on the ground. 
 
 Note. — In a fig. sense we speak of incumbent 
 duties, bv which language we imply that the 
 duties lie or rest upon us as burdens. See Art. 
 Debt. 
 
 An Incumbent is one who is in the 
 present possession of an office, (in, 
 upon. ) 
 
 Decumbent, lying down, (de, down.) 
 
 Procumbent, lying forward, or on 
 the face, {pro, forward.) 
 
 Recumbent, lying backward, or on 
 the back, (re, backward.) 
 
 Accumbent, lying or reclining at; 
 that is, lying on one side, or resting 
 on the elbow, as the ancients did at 
 their meals, (ad, at [the table.] ) 
 
 Cubo [cubatum], to lie. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Accubation, the position of reclin- 
 ing at meals after the manner of 
 the ancients, (ad, at.) 
 
 Incubus, the affection called the 
 nightmare, (in, upon.) 
 
 Note. — The nightmare is a sensation some- 
 times experienced in sleep resembling the pres- 
 sure of a heavy body lying on the breast, (in, 
 upon.) 
 
 Incubation, the sitting of a bird 
 upon her eggs. 
 
 Prone, lying on the face. 
 
 Siqjine, lying on the back. Fig. 
 Indifferent to things that affect our 
 interests, and should engage our at- 
 tention. 
 
 Note. — The figure depends upon the circum- 
 stance that in assuming the recumbent posture 
 we feel a disposition not only to rest the body, 
 but also to relax the mind by ceasing to exercise 
 our .thoughts about the concerns of our daily 
 business. 
 
 Prostrate, lying in a horizontal 
 position in consequence of having 
 been thrown down from an upright 
 position. 
 
 13. To Lean. 
 
 To LEAN is 1. To deviate from a 
 perpendicular position without being 
 horizontal. A column may lean. 2. 
 To be supported in a leaning posture 
 
 by something tnat receives the weight 
 of the leaning body. A child leans 
 on the breast of its mother. A lad- 
 der leans against a wall. 
 
 Clino \_clinatum~\, to lean. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Incline, to lean toward; as, that 
 column has an inclination toward 
 the east, (in, toward.) 
 
 Decline, 1. To lean or tend from. 
 The path began to decline from its 
 first tendency. — Johnson. Fig. To 
 refuse; as to decline an offer. 
 
 Note. — The figure conveys the idea of causing 
 an object to lean from you by pushing it with 
 your hand, (de, from.) 
 
 2. To tend obliquely downward. 
 A hill-side declines toward the sur- 
 face of the plain below. After mid- 
 day the sun declines in the west. Fig. 
 To tend gradually from a higher to 
 a lower condition; as to decline in 
 power, in wisdom, in virtue, in health, 
 etc. (de, downward.) 
 
 Recline, to lean backward, (re, 
 backward.) 
 
 Oblique, deviating from a perpen- 
 dicular position in reference to a 
 line or surface. 
 
 To Slant is to be oblique. 
 
 To Slope is to tend either downward 
 or upward in an oblique direction. 
 
 Clivus, sloping. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Acclivous, sloping upward, (ad, 
 upward. ) 
 
 Acclivity, an ascending slope. 
 
 Declivity, a descending slope. 
 
 Declivous, sloping downward, (de, 
 downward. ) 
 
 Proclivious, sloping forward and 
 downward. Fig. Habitually, or consti- 
 tutionally inclined toward some prac- 
 tice or indulgence, [pro, forward.) 
 
 Proclivity, a forward and down- 
 ward sloping. Fig. An habitual in- 
 clination toward some practice or 
 indulgence. 
 
 Propexdeo \_propensum~], to incline 
 forward and downward in a hanging 
 posture. (L. pro, forward, andpe?ideo, 
 to hang.) Hence, 
 
 Propense, inclined, in a moral 
 sense; as, propense to good; propense 
 to evil. 
 
52 
 
 OF THE POINT — OF LINES— OF STRAIGHTNESS. 
 
 Propensity, a strong inclination 
 toward any practice or indulgence. 
 
 Pronus, inclined forward and 
 downward. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Prone, naturally inclined to do 
 what is wrong. 
 
 Steep, having a surface that is in- 
 
 clined at a large angle to the hori- 
 zon ; as, a steep hill-side. 
 
 A Precipice is a descent on the 
 surface of land, nearly or altogether 
 perpendicular. (L.prceceps, headlong.) 
 
 Precipitous, very steep. 
 
 OF FOKM. 
 
 1. Of the Point. 
 A POINT is an indivisible portion 
 of space. 
 
 Note.— A point has neither length, breadth, 
 nor thickness. 
 
 To Appoint is lit, to fix at a 
 definite point. (ap for ad, at.) 
 Hence, 1. To fix a definite point of 
 time for the doing of something. 2. 
 To destine to some particular point 
 in the general sphere of duty ; as, to 
 appoint a person to an office. 
 
 Punctus, a point. L. from pungo 
 [punctum~\, to prick.) Hence, 
 
 Punctuate, to make grammatical 
 points in writing. 
 
 Punctual, observing the exact point 
 of time in meeting an engagement. 
 
 Punctilio, a nice point of exact- 
 ness in ceremony. 
 
 Punctilious, observing nice points 
 of ceremony in our intercourse with 
 others. 
 
 2. Of Lines. 
 
 A LINE is length without breadth 
 or thickness. 
 
 Linea, a line. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lineal, 1. Composed of lines; as 
 lineal designs (or draughts.) 2. In 
 a direct line from an ancestor; as, 
 lineal succession. 
 
 Linear, relating to or consisting 
 of lines, as linear measure, linear 
 striae (marks.) 
 
 Lineaments, the lines which give 
 form to the human face. 
 
 Delineate, to draw lines which 
 represent the form of a thing. 
 
 Rectilineal or Rectilinear, consist- 
 ing of right lines; as, a rectilinear 
 figure. 
 
 3. Of Straightness. 
 
 STRAIGHT, not changing its 
 direction; as, a straight line. 
 
 Note. — A straight line may be defined to be the 
 shortest distance between two points. 
 
 Eight, 1. Geometrically straight; 
 as, a right line. 2. Morally straight, 
 as right conduct. 
 
 Rego [rectum], lit, to straighten. 
 (Hence, fig.-, to rule.) (L.) Hence, 
 
 Rectify, lit, to straighten. Hence, 
 to make that right which was amiss. 
 
 Rectitude, lit, straightness. Hence, 
 Rightness of principle or practice. 
 
 Correct, lit, to straighten. Hence, 
 to make that right which was wrong. 
 
 Direct, lit, to guide in a straight 
 course. Hence, 1. To point or aim 
 in a straight line toward an object; 
 as, to direct an arrow; to direct the 
 eye. 2. To show the right course or 
 road. Hence, 3. To point out a 
 course of proceeding. 
 
 Direct, straight ; as, a direct line ; 
 a direct course. 
 
 Erect, to place in an upright, or 
 straight-up-and-down position. 
 
 OP0O2 [Orthos], lit, straight. 
 Hence, right. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Orthography, the writing of words 
 with the proper letters. (Gr. }ga9&> 
 [grapho~], to write.) 
 
 Orthoepy, a correct pronunciation 
 of words. (Gr. w&> [epo], to speak.) 
 
 Orthodoxy, a right belief in rela- 
 tion to religious doctrines. (Gr. Je|a 
 [doxa~], an opinion.) 
 
 4. Of the Curvature of Lines and 
 Oblong Bodies. 
 
 A CURVE is a line which changes 
 its direction at every point. 
 
OF CURVATURE — OF LENGTH. 
 
 53 
 
 A Curvature is a portion of a line 
 or oblong body which is curved. 
 
 To Incurvate is to turn from a 
 right line or from a straight form by 
 curving. 
 
 Incurvate, (adj.) curved inward or 
 upward. 
 
 Recurvate, curved downward. ' 
 
 To Bend is to change the direc- 
 tion of a line or the form of an ob- 
 long body by curving it. 
 
 To Wind is to bend irregularly, 
 as a road that adapts itself to the 
 diversities of the surface. 
 
 To Meander is to wind after the 
 manner of a crooked stream. 
 
 Note. — Meander was the ancient name of a 
 very crooked river in Asia Minor, and hence the 
 English verb to meander. 
 
 A Spiral is a curve that either 
 makes a succession of 
 widening circuits on a /////-\ 
 plane around a fixed point, \\\s2), 
 or which rises as it winds, 
 as when we commence winding a 
 thread at the bottom of a cylinder 
 or cone, and pass it round in suc- 
 cessive turns till it reaches the top. 
 
 A Waving line consists of a suc- 
 cession of alternating ■— — -— ^— ^ 
 waves. 
 
 A Serpentine line or path, winds 
 like a serpent. 
 
 Sinuous, winding in and out after 
 the manner of a coast indented with 
 small bays. (L. sinus, a bay.) 
 
 Flecto \_flexum~], to bend. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Flexion, the act of bending. 
 
 Flexure, a bending turn. 
 
 Flexible, that may be bent, as a 
 flexible rod. 
 
 Flexile, easily bent. An osier 
 twig is flexile. 
 
 To Inflect is to turn from a direct 
 line or course. 
 
 To Deflect a moving body is to 
 turn it aside from its proper or 
 regular course, {cle, from.) 
 
 To Reflect a ray of light is turn 
 it back from the surface on which 
 13 falls, {re, back.) 
 ■ To Reflect, as a mental act, is to 
 turn the thoughts back upon the 
 
 past operations of the mind, or upon 
 past events. 
 
 To Bow is to bend downward. 
 
 A Bow (bou) is an inclination or 
 downward bending of the head in 
 token of respect. 
 
 A Bow (bo) is, l.^Vn instrument of 
 war made of wood or other elastic 
 substances, and having been forcibly 
 bent, is kept in that position by a 
 string attached to each end. 2. 
 Any thing in the form of a curve. 
 
 Arcus, a bow. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Arcuate, bent in the form of a 
 bow. 
 
 Arch, 1. A curved structure of 
 stone or brick supporting its own 
 weight. 2. A curvature in the form 
 of an arch. 
 
 5. Of Length. 
 
 LENGTH is the essential property 
 of a line. 
 
 Long, having great length as com' 
 pared with something else. 
 
 Longus, long. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Elongate, to lengthen. 
 
 Longitude, distance east or west 
 from an established meridian. See 
 Art. Astronomical Geography. 
 
 Longevity, long life. (L. cetas, 
 age.) 
 
 To Produce a straight line is to 
 lengthen it out at one end. (L. pro, 
 forward; and duco, to draw.) 
 
 To Extend is to lengthen at one 
 or both ends. (L. ex, out ; and tendo, 
 to stretch.) 
 
 Short, having but little length. 
 
 Curt, short. (L. curtus.) 
 
 To Curtail is to shorten by cut- 
 ting off. A name may be curtailed 
 by cutting off some of the final let- 
 ters. Persons may be curtailed of 
 their privileges by the exercise of 
 superior authority. (L. curtus, short, 
 and Fr. tailler, to cut.) 
 
 Brevis, short. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Brevity, 1. Shortness, applied to 
 time; as the brevity of human life. 
 2. Shortness in discourses or writ- 
 ings ; or the expression of thoughts 
 in few words. 
 
 Brief, 1. Short in duration; as a 
 
5-i 
 
 OF SURFACES — OF BREADTH — OF ANGLES. 
 
 brief period. 2. Short in discourse 
 or writing. 
 
 Abbreviate, to shorten by omitting 
 or retrenching a part; as, to abbre- 
 viate a word. 
 
 Abeegee, to shorten. (Fr.) Hence, 
 Abridge, to make shorter; as, to 
 abridge a literary work. 
 
 6. Of Surfaces. 
 
 A SURFACE is that which has 
 length and breadth without thick- 
 ness. (L. superficies, from super, 
 over; and fades, the face.) 
 
 A Plane surface is such, that if 
 two points assumed at pleasure be 
 connected by a straight line, that 
 line will be wholly in the surface. 
 
 A Plane is a plane surface. (L. 
 planus, level.) 
 
 A Convex surface is such that if 
 any two points of the surface be 
 joined by a straight line, that line 
 will lie wholly beneath the surface. 
 The surface of a globe is convex. 
 
 Round, having a convex surface. 
 
 A Concave surface is such that if 
 any two points be joined by a straight 
 line, that line will lie wholly above 
 the surface. The inner surface of 
 a hollow sphere is concave. The sky 
 has the appearance of being concave. 
 (L. concavus, hollow.) 
 
 7. Of Breadth. 
 BREADTH is the less of the two 
 
 dimensions of a surface. 
 
 Broad, having great breadth. 
 
 Wide, affording abundant room; 
 as a wide passage; a wide garment. 
 
 Narrow, having but little breadth. 
 
 Strait, narrow in the sense of not 
 being sufficiently wide to afford a 
 free passage, or to be comfortably 
 roomy ; as, a strait gate, a strait- 
 jacket. 
 
 Note.— A strait-jaclcet is an apparatus for con- 
 fining the arms of a madman. 
 
 A Strait is, 1. A narrow passage 
 either on land or in the ocean; as 
 the Straits of Thermopylae; the 
 Straits of Gibraltar. 2. A difficult 
 situation in which a person is at a 
 loss as to the course proper to be 
 pursued. 3. A distressing situation 
 
 from which a person is unable to 
 extricate himself; or, in other words, 
 a strait is a tight place. 
 8. Accidental Properties of Surfaces. 
 ROUGH, abounding in inequalities 
 of surface. 
 
 Note. — The idea of roughness is figuratively 
 applied to the temper, to the manners, to cer- 
 tain flavors, sounds, etc. 
 
 Aspee, rough. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Asperity, roughness; as, asperity 
 of temper. 
 
 Exasperate, 1. To roughen the 
 temper ; that is, to make angry. 2. 
 To increase in severity ; as, to exas- 
 perate a disease. 
 
 Smooth, free from inequalities of 
 surface. 
 
 Note. — Smoothness is predicated, figuratively, of 
 sounds and tastes, of the manners, of language, 
 
 To Polish is to impart a gl 
 smoothness by friction. 
 
 Polite, polished in manners. (L. 
 polio [politurn], to polish.) 
 
 To Buenish is to polish metals. 
 
 An Even surface is one that is 
 free from eminences and depressions, 
 (or hights and hollows.) 
 
 A Level surface is one that co- 
 incides with, or is parallel to, the 
 plane of the horizon. 
 
 9. Of Angles. 
 
 An Angle is a corner. (L. angu- 
 lum, a corner.) 
 
 A Plane Angle is the 
 opening formed by two 
 straight lines which meet. 
 
 The Yeetex is the a 
 point at which the lines 
 forming the angle meet. 
 
 The Sides are the lines which 
 form the angle. 
 
 A Right Angle is a square or 
 straight angle. 
 
 Note 1. — If one straight line 
 meet another, so as to make the 
 adjacent angles equal, the two 
 angles thus formed are right 
 angles. a. 
 
 Note 2. — If a horizontal line 
 be crossed by a perpendicular, the . — - 
 two lines will form, by their in- L ^ 
 tersection, four right angles. 
 
 C 
 
OF ANGLES. 
 
 55 
 
 An Acute Angle is 
 less than a right angle. 
 (L. acutus, sharp.) 
 
 An Obtuse Angle is 
 greater than a right angle. 
 (L., obtusus, blunt.) 
 
 An Oblique Angle is one that is 
 either acute or obtuse. (L., obliquus, 
 nclined.) 
 
 10. Of Plane Figures. 
 Plane Figures are of two classes : 
 1st. Rectilinear Figures, which 
 
 are bounded by straight lines. 
 2d. Curvilinear Figures, which 
 
 are bounded by curve lines. 
 
 11. Of Rectilinear Figures. 
 
 A Triangle is a figure which has 
 three angles, and, consequently, has 
 also three sides. (L., tri, three; and 
 angulum, an angle.) 
 
 A Quadrilateral has four sides. 
 (L., quadri, four; and latus [lateris], 
 a side.) 
 
 A Pentagon has five angles, and 
 is, consequently, a five-sided figure. 
 Gr., 7ri]/Ti [pente], five ; and ywi*. 
 [gonia], an angle.) 
 
 A Hexagon has six angles and 
 sides. (Gr., «£ [hex], six.) 
 
 A Heptagon has seven angles and 
 sides. (Gr., ivr*. [hepta], seven.) 
 
 An Octagon has eight angles and 
 sides. (Gr., cx.ro [octo], eight.) 
 
 A Xonagon has nine angles and 
 sides. (L., non for novem, nine.) 
 
 A Decagon is a figure which has 
 ten angles and sides. Gr., JWt* [deca], 
 ten.) 
 
 A Dodecagon is a figure which has 
 twelve angles and sides. (Gr., JaJW 
 [dodeca], twelve.) 
 
 A Polvgon is a figure which has 
 many angles and sides. (Gr., tckvs 
 [polys'], many.) 
 
 12. Of Plane Triangles. 
 
 The Base of a triangle is the side 
 • in which it stands. 
 
 The Legs of a triangle are the two 
 sides besides the base. 
 
 The Vertex of a tri- 
 angle is the vertex of the 
 angle which is opposite to 
 the base. a' — 
 
 The Altitude (Higlit) of a triangle 
 is the perpendicular drawn from the 
 vertex to the base. 
 
 An Equilateral Tri- 
 angle has all its sides 
 equal. 
 
 An Isosceles Triangle has two 
 of its sides equal. Gr., 
 Hoe [isos], equal; and cKtkog 
 [scelos], a leg.) 
 
 A Scalene Triangle has all its 
 sides unequal. (Gr. , a-aaxuvoc [scalenos] , 
 oblique. 
 
 /ic 
 
 A Right-angled Tri- 
 angle has one right angle. 
 
 The Hypotenuse is the side oppo- 
 site to the right angle of a right-angled 
 triangle. (Gr., inro [hypo], under ; 
 and Timva-a. [teinousa], stretching, be- 
 cause it is stretched under or opposite 
 to the right angle.) 
 
 An Obtuse-angled Tri- 
 angle has one obtuse 
 angle. 
 
 An Acute-angled Tri- 
 angle has all its angles 
 acute. 
 
 Trigonometry is the science of 
 the measurement of triangles. (Gr., 
 ryyuvos [trigonos], a triangle ; and 
 fAiT^ce [metreo], to measure.) 
 
 13. Of Quadrilaterals. 
 
 A Trapezium is a four-sided figure 
 which has neither pa-ir of _______ 
 
 its opposite sides parallel. 
 (Gr., T_a^s^y [trapezion], 
 a little table.) 
 
 A Trapezoid has one pair of its 
 opposite sides parallel and 
 the other not, (Gr. , rpxTr^ov 
 [trapezion], a trapezium; 
 and uSoc [eidos], a resem- 
 blance.) 
 
56 
 
 OP QUADRILATERALS — OP THE CIRCLE. 
 
 A Parallelogram is a 
 figure which has Iboth 
 pairs of its opposite sides 
 parallel. (Gr., ypctpfAz 
 [gramma], a figure. 
 
 A Rectangle is a right- 
 angled parallelogram. 
 
 A Square is an equila- 
 teral rectangle. 
 
 four-sided 
 
 A Rhombus is an equilateral par- 
 allelogram with oblique 
 angles. (Gr., pip-fia [rhem- 
 6o], to deviate ; because, 
 by the obliquity of its 
 angles, it deviates from the L_ 
 form of a perfect square 
 
 A Lozenge is any 
 body in the form of 
 a rhombus. Cakes 
 are sometimes cut 
 in the form of lozen- 
 ges. 
 
 A Rhomboid is an oblique-angled 
 parallelogram, whose 
 length is greater than f 7 
 
 the breadth. 
 
 14. Of Curvilinear Figures. 
 
 A Circle is a plain figure bounded 
 by a curve line called the circum- 
 ference, every point of which is equally 
 distant from a point within called the 
 center. 
 
 An Ellipse has the 
 form of a flattened cir- 
 cle, and may be formed 
 by passing a plane 
 obliquely across a cone 
 or cylinder. 
 
 An Oval is an egg-shaped figure 
 resembling the ellipse. (L., ovum. 
 an egg. • 
 
 A Parabola is a section of a cone 
 formed by passing a 
 plane through the cone _..■ 
 parallel to any line { 
 drawn in the surface of \ 
 the cone from the ver- 
 tex to the base. 
 
 A Hyperbola is a curved figure 
 
 with two opposite 
 
 branches, and may 
 be formed by cut- 
 ting, with a plane, 
 two equal cones 
 which are placed 
 opposite to each other, vertex to ver- 
 tex. 
 
 Note 1. — The ellipse, the parabola, and the 
 hyperbola are called the three Conic Sections, be- 
 cause they are formed by the section or cutting 
 of a cone by a plane. 
 
 Note 2. — The planets all revolve in elliptical 
 orbits. 
 
 Note 3. — A stone projected obliquely upward 
 describes a parabola. 
 
 Note 4. — If a planet should receive such a 
 projectile impulse as would be barely sufficient 
 to prevent its return toward the sun, its track 
 would be a parabola.. 
 
 Note 5. — If a planet should receive a greater 
 impulse than in the foregoing case, it would de- 
 scribe a hyperbola. 
 
 A Cycloid is a curve described by 
 a point P in 
 the circumfer- 
 ence of a cir- 
 cle which rolls/ A 
 along an ex- 
 tended straight line A B until it has 
 completed a revolution. (Gr., jwawicc 
 [cyclos~], a circle; and uSos \_eidos], 
 a resemblance.) 
 
 Note. — The number of regular geometrical 
 curves is unlimited; but the foregoing are the 
 most simple, and are, at the same time, the most 
 useful. 
 
 15. Of the Circle. 
 
 A Diameter 
 is a straight 
 line passing 
 through the 
 center of a cir- 
 cle, and termi- \ 
 nated on each 
 
 side by the '"••••• •"'' 
 
 circumference. (Gr., ft*, \_dia~], 
 through ; and y-npici [metreo], to mea- 
 sure. ) 
 
 A Radius or Semidiameter is a 
 straight line drawn from the center 
 to the circumference. (L., radius, 
 the spoke of a wheel. Plural radii.) 
 
 A Chord is a straight line less 
 than a diameter, having its extremi- 
 ties in the circumference, as D E 
 (Gr. %opS» [chorde], a string.) 
 
OF THE CENTER — OP THE CIRCUMFERENCE — OF SOLIDS. 
 
 57 
 
 An Arc is a portion of the circum- 
 ference, as D F E. (L., arcus, a 
 bow.) 
 
 A Segment is a portion of a circle 
 intercepted between an arc and a 
 chord, as DBF. (L., segmentum, 
 a piece cut off.) 
 
 A Sector is a portion of a circle 
 included between two radii, as C D F 
 E. (L., seco [sectuni], to cut; be- 
 cause the sector is a portion cut 
 out.) 
 
 A Quadrant is the fourth part of 
 a circle. (L., quadrans, a fourth.) 
 
 16. Of the Center. 
 
 Center, the middle point of any 
 thing. (Gr., xivrico [centeo], to prick.) 
 
 Concentrate, to bring to a common 
 center, {con, together.) 
 
 Concentric, having a common 
 center ; as, concentric circles. 
 
 Eccentric, deviating or departing 
 from the center. Fig. Departing 
 from the usual course ; as, eccentric 
 conduct; an eccentric genius. 
 
 Note. — The orbits of the planets are, more or 
 less eccentric, because they have not the sun in 
 the center ; and the orbits of the comets are 
 exceedingly so, since in one part of their orbits 
 they approach very near to the sun, and in 
 another part recede to an immense distance. 
 An eccentric person is one who, in his conduct, 
 does not move, planet-like, in a nearly circular 
 orbit around the center of strict propriety, but, 
 comet-like, at one time he approaches too near 
 to that center, and, at another time, flies off to 
 too great a distance from it. 
 
 17. Of the Circumference. 
 
 A CIRCUMFERENCE is a curve 
 described by a movable point carried 
 in a plane around a fixed point in the 
 same plane, in such a manner that 
 the movable point is always at the 
 same distance from the fixed point. 
 (L., circum, around; and fero, to 
 carry. ) 
 
 A Periphery is any curve de- 
 scribed in a plane by a movable point 
 carried around a fixed point, whether 
 the distance between the points con- 
 tinues the same, or varies ; as, the 
 periphery of a circle, ellipse, etc. 
 (Gr., 7npi [peri], around; and <pipw 
 \_phero~], to carry.) 
 
 18. Of Solids. 
 
 A SOLID is a figure which has 
 length, breadth, and thickness. 
 
 A Cube is a solid bounded by six 
 equal square sides. 
 
 A Prism is a solid whose ends or 
 opposite bases are parallel, similar, 
 and equal figures, and whose sides 
 are parallellograms. 
 
 A Cylinder is a long, round body 
 of uniform diameter, whose bases are 
 equal and parallel circles. (Gr., 
 K-jxivfyoc [cylindros], a roller.) 
 
 A Pyramid is a solid whose base 
 may be any rectilineal figure, the 
 other sides being triangles whose 
 vertices meet at a common point 
 called the apex. 
 
 A Cone is a solid having a circular 
 base, and tapering gradually to the 
 top like a sugar loaf. 
 
 A Sphere is a solid, every point of 
 whose surface is equally distant from 
 a point within called the center. 
 
 19. Of the Platonic Bodies. 
 
 The PLATONIC BODIES are five 
 regular geometrical solids, first de- 
 scribed by Plato. They are the tetra- 
 hedron, hexahedron, octohedron, do- 
 decahedron, and icosahedron. 
 
 A Regular Tetrahedron is a solid 
 bounded by four equilateral and 
 equal triangles. (Gr., t«t/>* [tetra], 
 four; and ifyn [hedra], a base or side.) 
 
 A Regular Hexahedron is a solid 
 bounded by six equal squares. (Gr., 
 ?| [hex], six.) 
 
 Note. — The regular hexahedron is* the same 
 with the cube. 
 
 A Regular Octohedron is a solid 
 bounded by eight equilateral and 
 equal triangles. (Gr., euro [octo], 
 eight.) 
 
 A Regular Dodecahedron is a solid 
 bounded by twelve regular and equal 
 pentagons. (Gr., SvSma [dodeca], 
 twelve. ) 
 
 A Regular Icosahedron is a solid 
 bounded by twenty equilateral and 
 equal triangles. (Gr., /«?« [icosoi], 
 twenty. ) 
 
 Note. — No other regular solids bounded by 
 plane surfaces, than the foregoing, avo possible 
 
58 
 
 OP THE SPHERE — OP THE RING — OP THICKNESS. 
 
 20. Of the Sphere. 
 SPHERIC, or SPHERICAL, 
 
 sphere-shaped. 
 
 Sphericity is the quality of being 
 sphere-shaped. 
 
 A Spherule is a little sphere. 
 
 A Spheroid is a solid resembling a 
 sphere, but differing from it in being 
 either oblong like an oval body, or 
 flattened like an orange. (Gr., ttSos 
 [eidos], a resemblance.) 
 
 Prolate Spheroid is a solid gene- 
 rated by the revolution of an ellipse 
 about its longer axis. (L., prolatus, 
 lengthened.) 
 
 An Oblate Spheroid is" a solid 
 generated by the revolution of an 
 ellipse about its shorter axis. (L., 
 oblatus, flattened.) 
 
 Note.— The figure of the earth is that of an 
 oblate spheroid. 
 
 A Ball is a mass of matter having 
 the form of a sphere. 
 
 A Ballot was formerly a little ball 
 ased in voting. 
 
 Note. — Modern custom has substituted a piece 
 of paper for the ball, the name ballot being now 
 applied to a bit of paper on which is written the 
 name of the person or object voted for. 
 
 A Bullet is a small metallic ball 
 tor charging a gun. 
 
 A Balloon is a large ball-shaped 
 sack designed to be inflated with gas. 
 
 A Globe is a spherical body of con- 
 siderable size. 
 
 Globular, round like a ball. 
 
 Globose, globe-shaped. 
 
 A Globule is a very small body of 
 a globular form. Dew-drops are 
 globules of water. 
 
 To Conglobate is to collect together 
 in the form of a ball, (con, together.) 
 
 21. Of the Ring. 
 
 A RING is 1. A cylinder bent into 
 the form of the circumference of a 
 circle. 2. Any long and slender 
 solid, though not cylindric, bent into 
 the form of the circumference of a 
 circle, as a fi.nger-ring. 
 
 A Ringlet is a little ring, usually 
 of hair. 
 
 Annulus, a ring. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Annular, ring-shaped as an an- 
 nular eclipse of the sun. 
 
 22. Of Thickness. 
 
 THICKNESS is the smallest of the 
 three dimensions of a solid. 
 
 Thick, having great thickness. 
 
 Thin, having but little thickness. 
 
 Slender, having but little thick- 
 ness in proportion to the length. 
 
 Fine, very slender ; as, a fine 
 thread. 
 
 Attenuated, very fine; as, an at- 
 tenuated fibre. (L., tenuis, slender, 
 or thin.) 
 
 The spider's most attenuated thread 
 Is cord, is cable, to man's slender tie 
 On earthly bliss. — Young. 
 
 To Taper, when spoken of a sur- 
 face, signifies to diminish in breadth. 
 
 To Taper, when spoken of a solid, 
 means to diminish both in breadth 
 and thickness. 
 
 To Bulge is to swell out and in- 
 crease in thickness in the middle. A 
 barrel bulges. 
 
 23. Designation of Bodies from their 
 
 Dimensions. 
 
 A MASS is a quantity of matter 
 collected together, and having consid- 
 erable thickness in proportion to its 
 length and breadth. 
 
 A Lump is a small mass. 
 
 A Block is a mass having one or 
 more flat surfaces. 
 
 24. Designation of Bodies from their 
 small Thickness compared with 
 their Breadth. 
 
 A PLATE is a thin body of solid 
 matter. 
 
 A Lamina is a plate. (Plural, 
 laminae.) 
 
 A Laminated structure consists in 
 a succession of plates overlying each 
 other, as in certain minerals. 
 
 A Lamella is a thin lamina. (Plu- 
 ral, lamellce.) 
 
 A Lamellated structure consists in 
 a succession of very thin plates. 
 
 A Scale is a small and thin por- 
 tion of solid matter. 
 
 A Pellicle is a thin, skin-like 
 body. (L., pellicula, a 'little skin.) 
 
 A Film is an extremely thin coat- 
 
OF LIMITS—OF THE EDGE. 
 
 50 
 
 ing formed on the surface of any 
 thing. 
 
 25. Of Bodies that receive their des- 
 ignation from their very small 
 Thickness compared with their 
 Length. 
 
 A THREAD is a lengthened and 
 slender body of any kind of matter. 
 A Wire is a metallic thread. 
 A Filament is a thread-like body. 
 (L. filum, a thread.) 
 
 A Fibre is a very slender thread, 
 or thread-like body. Cotton, flax, 
 wool, silk, wood, and flesh are com- 
 posed of fibres. 
 
 A String is a thick thread. 
 A Cord is a thick string. 
 . A Rope is a stout cord. 
 A Cable is a thick rope. 
 A Line varies in size from the 
 thickness of a slender string to that 
 of a cord; as, a fishing line; a clothes 
 line. 
 
 26. Of Limits. 
 
 A LIMIT is a position in space 
 beyond which a line, surface, or 
 solid does not extend. 
 
 Points limit a line. 
 
 Lines limit surfaces. 
 
 Surfaces limit solids. 
 
 An End is the limit of length in 
 either direction. 
 
 The Top is the limit of hight. 
 
 The Bottom is the limit of depth. 
 
 The Top, the Bottom, the Ends, 
 and the Sides are the limits of a 
 solid. 
 
 Terminus, a limit or end; as, the 
 terminus of a railroad. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Terminate, to come to an end. 
 
 Conterminous, touching each other 
 along a common limiting line; as, 
 two conterminous estates. 
 
 Determine, 1. To put an end to; 
 as, to determine a will. — Blackstone. 
 2. To put an end to deliberation, and 
 hence, To decide; as to determine a 
 question or case; to determine on a 
 course of conduct. 
 
 A Bound or Boundary is that 
 which limits by binding; as the 
 bounds of a corporation. The boun- 
 daries of a state. (From bind.) 
 
 Finis, 1. A limit. 2. An end. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Finite, limited; as finite powers; 
 a finite line ; man is a finite being. 
 
 Infinite, without limits. The power 
 and wisdom of God are infinite. 
 {in y not.) 
 
 Infinity, an unlimited extent of 
 space, time, quantity, or degree. 
 
 Infinitude, boundlessness; as, the 
 infinitude of space ; the infinitude of 
 the Divine perfections. 
 
 Bourn, (pron. borne,) a bound or 
 limit. (Fr. borner, to limit.) 
 
 27. Direction in reference to the di- 
 mensions of geometrical figures. 
 
 Longitudinally or Lengthwise, in 
 the direction of the length. 
 
 Along, by the side of, and in the 
 direction of the length. 
 
 Athwart or Across, from side to 
 side. 
 
 Transverse, directed across; as, a 
 transverse section. 
 
 Direct, traversing by the shortest 
 distance the space separating two 
 opposite sides or surfaces. 
 
 An Oblique or Slanting line is 
 one that deviates from the shortest 
 line connecting the two opposite 
 sides. 
 
 A Diagonal is a straight 
 line connecting any two 
 angles of a surface or 
 solid which are not adja- 
 cent. (Gr. eTist [did], 
 through, and ymta [gonial], an angle.) 
 
 28. Of the Edge. 
 
 An Edge is the line in which two 
 plane surfaces meet. 
 
 Sharp, having a thin edge formed 
 by two surfaces meeting with a small 
 inclination; as, a sharp knife. 
 
 Blunt, having a thick edge formed 
 by two surfaces meeting with a wide 
 inclination or angle; as, a blunt knife. 
 
 Keen, having a fine edge that cuts 
 freely and smoothly. 
 
 Dull not adapted for cutting free- 
 ly, whether from bluntness, jagged- 
 ness, softness, or other defect of the 
 edge. 
 
60 
 
 OF FORM. 
 
 To Whet is to sharpen a cutting 
 instrument by rubbing it on a gritty 
 stone. 
 
 29. Terms relating to the general 
 idea of Form. 
 
 The FORM of a line consists in 
 its straightness or curvature. 
 
 The Form of a plane surface con- 
 sists in the straightness or curvature, 
 and in the relative lengths and mu- 
 tual inclinations of the lines which 
 bound it. 
 
 The Form of a solid consists in 
 the flatness or curvature, and in the 
 relative magnitudes and mutual in- 
 clinations of the surfaces by which 
 it is bounded. 
 
 A Form in a figurative sense, is 
 an established mode of procedure. 
 
 Formal, 1. In accordance with a 
 prescribed form ; as, a formal pro- 
 cedure. 2. In accordance with the 
 forms of ceremony; as, formal de- 
 portment. 3. Having the form with- 
 out the substance or essence; as, 
 formal worship. 
 
 Formality consists in an obser- 
 vance of forms. 
 
 A Formality is an established mode- 
 or form of procedure; as, a legal 
 formality. 
 
 A Formula is a prescribed form or 
 rule according to which something is 
 to be done. 
 
 A Formulary is a book containing 
 stated and prescribed forms, as of 
 oaths, declarations, prayers, and the 
 like. 
 
 To Conform is to adapt the form 
 of one thing to that of another. 
 
 Note. — Conform is used chiefly in a figurative 
 sense : as, to conform one's self to the manners 
 and customs of society. 
 
 Conformable, 1. Having a similar 
 form. A piece of workmanship may 
 be conformable to a model. 2. Agree- 
 able or consistent. Nature is con- 
 formable to herself. 
 
 Conformity is correspondence with 
 a model in form or manner. 
 
 Conformation is the disposition of 
 the parts which form or compose a 
 body or organic structure; as, the 
 
 conformation of the organs of speech. 
 
 A Nonconformist is one who does 
 not conform to an established church. 
 (non, not.) 
 
 Uniform, having continually the 
 same form, manner, degree, or state ; 
 as, a uniform course ; a uniform 
 temperature; uniform motion. 2. 
 Of the same form with others. Sol- 
 diers wear a uniform dress. Uni- 
 form ceremonies. (L. unus, one.) 
 
 To Reform is to form anew. 
 
 Note.— Reform is used only in a figurative 
 sense ; as, to reform corrupt manners ; to reform 
 a vicious man ; literally, to form him over, and 
 make a new man of him. (re, anew.) 
 
 To Inform is literally, to give form 
 or shape. Fig. To form or mold the 
 mind by communicating knowledge. 
 
 Note. — Inform is never used in the literal 
 sense. 
 
 To Deform is to mar or injure the 
 form so as to render it offensive to 
 the eye. (de, amiss.) 
 
 Deformity is, 1. An unnatural 
 state of the form. 2. Any thing 
 that destroys beauty. 
 
 To Perform is lit, to form thor- 
 oughly; hence, to carry through by 
 action or labor, as to perform a 
 piece of work, (per, through.) 
 
 Shape is the external form. 
 
 Figure is form or shape; as a 
 lady of elegant figure. 
 
 A Figure is, 1. A form, etc., pre- 
 sented by lines. A triangle is a 
 figure of three sides. 2. A form re- 
 presented in painting. 3. An image ; 
 as the figure of a man in plaster. 
 (L. Jingo, to form an idea or concep- 
 tion of a thing. ) 
 
 To Fashion is to put into a par- 
 ticular or distinct form. 
 
 The Make is, 1, and properly, the 
 form of a thing that has been made. 
 2. The form of a person or beast ; as 
 a man of slender make. 
 
 The Face of a thing is the external 
 make or form as it presents itself to 
 the eye. (L. facio, to make.) 
 
 To Mold is to put into a set form. 
 
 Note. — The process of molding consists of in- 
 troducing a soft or liquid substance into a cavity 
 of the proper form, the substance used being 
 susceptible of becoming hard. 
 
of number: 
 
 61 
 
 Plastic, 1. Having the power to 
 give form; as the plastic hand of 
 the Creator. 2. Capable of being 
 molded. Potter's clay is plastic. 
 (Gr. 7r\a<r<ru> [plasso], to form. 
 
 Plasticity is the capability of being 
 molded. 
 
 mop$H [Moephe], form. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Metamorphose, to change into a 
 different form, (meta, otherwise.) 
 
 Metamorphosis, a change of form. 
 (Plural metamorphoses.) 
 
 Note. — The term metamorphosis is applied to 
 the changes which insects pass through before 
 they attain their final and perfect form. An 
 entire change in the form of any thing may he 
 called a metamorphosis. 
 
 OF NUMB BE 
 
 1. Of the Number One. 
 
 ONE is a term which does not ad- 
 mit of being defined. 
 
 Unus, one. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Unit, the smallest whole number. 
 
 Unity, The number one. 2. The 
 state of being one. 3. Oneness of 
 sentiment and feeling. How good 
 and how pleasant it is for brethren 
 to dwell together in unity. — Ps. 
 cxxxiii. 
 
 Unite, to join two or more things 
 together, so that they may form one 
 compound body or substance. 
 
 Union, 1. The act of joining to- 
 gether in one. 2. The state of being 
 joined together in one. 
 
 Single, taken separately from 
 other objects of the same kind. 
 
 Singular, 1. Pertaining to the 
 number one; as, the singular num- 
 ber of nouns. 2. Strange or pecul- 
 iar; as, a singular phenomenon; a 
 singular man. 
 
 Note. — A singular man is one who stands 
 single or alone in certain respects. 
 
 Ace, the number one on cards. 
 
 MON02 [Monos], one, or sole. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Monochord, a musical instrument 
 with one string. (Gr. yog^n [chorde~], 
 a string.) 
 
 Monochromatic, consisting of a 
 single color; as, monochromatic paint- 
 ing. (Gr. x^y-a. [chroma], color. 
 
 3fonocrasy, a government by a 
 single person. (Gr. x/>«ts&> [crateo], 
 to govern. 
 
 Mono-mania, the derangement of a 
 single faculty of the mind, or de- 
 
 rangement with regard to a particu- 
 lar subject, the mind being sane in 
 relation to other subjects. (Gr. ^ctvta. 
 [mania'], madness.) 
 
 Monopoly, the sole power of vend- 
 ing any specific article. (Gr. TrceKioe 
 [poleo], to sell.) 
 
 Monostich, a composition consist- 
 ing of a single verse. (Gr. o-vtx°c 
 \_stichos~], a verse.) 
 
 Monosyllable, a word of one syl- 
 lable. (Gr. <nj\xct(Z» [syllabe], from 
 <rvv [syn], together; and xafivv [la- 
 bein], to take.) 
 
 Monotony, 1. Sameness of sound. 
 2, and fig. A wearisome uniformity. 
 (rovoc [tonos], a tone.) 
 
 Monarch, a sole ruler. (Gr. ap^i 
 [arche], government. ) 
 
 Monotheism, a belief in the exist- 
 ence of one God only. (Gr. ©so: 
 [Theos], God.) 
 
 2. Of the Number Two. 
 
 TWO, one and one. 
 
 Twain, two ; as, to cut in twain. 
 
 Twin, noting one of two born at a 
 birth. 
 
 A Pair consists of two similar 
 things taken or used together. (L. 
 par, equal.) 
 
 A Couple consists of two similar 
 things taken or considered together ; 
 as, a covple of apples. (L. copula, 
 that which connects.) 
 
 A Couplet consists of two lines of 
 poetry rhyming together. 
 
 A Peace is a pair ; as, a brace of 
 partridges ; a brace of pistols. 
 
 A Span is a pair of horses. 
 
62 
 
 OF NUMBER. 
 
 A Yoke is a pair of oxen. 
 
 Either, one of two. 
 
 Neither, not either. 
 
 Both, the two. 
 
 Ambo, both. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ambidextrous, using both hands as 
 right hands. (L. dextra, the right 
 hand. ) 
 
 Ambiguous, of double or doubtful 
 meaning. 
 
 AM$n [Ampho], both. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Amphibious, living in two ele- 
 ments, as, the frog, the seal, the 
 beaver. (Gr. @ios [bios'] life.) 
 
 Duo, two. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Dual, pertaining to the number two. 
 
 Duality, the state or quality of 
 being two. 
 
 Double, twofold. (L. duplex from 
 duo, two; and plex, folded.) 
 
 Duplicate, double. (L. duo, two; 
 and plico [plicatum], to fold.) 
 
 Duplicate, a copy. 
 
 Note. — A copy is called a duplicate, because it 
 doubles the original document. 
 
 Duplicity, 1. The condition of 
 being double. 2. Double dealing. 
 
 Duumvir, plural duumviri. The 
 duumviri were two magistrates in 
 ancient Rome who held their offices 
 jointly. (L. vir, a man.) 
 
 Duet, a piece of music composed 
 for two voices. 
 
 Duel, a prearranged fight between 
 two persons. 
 
 Bi is a Latin prefix signifying 
 two. 
 
 Biennial, occurring once in two 
 years, or lasting two years. (L. 
 annus, a year.) 
 
 Bisect, to cut into two equal parts. 
 (L. seco [sectum], to cut.) 
 
 Biped, an animal with two feet. 
 (L. pes \jpedis~], a foot.) 
 
 Binomial, a quantity in Algebra 
 consisting of two terms. (L. nomen, 
 a name, or term.) 
 
 Di is a Greek prefix signifying two. 
 
 Diphthong, a union of two 
 vowels in one syllable. (Gr. qboyyos 
 \_phthongos], a vocal sound. 
 
 Dimeter, in poetry, a verse of two 
 measures. (Gr. ptrpov [metron], a 
 measure. 
 
 Duce, the number two at cards. 
 (Fr. deux, two.) 
 
 3. Of the Number Three. 
 
 THREE is equal to the sum of 
 one and two. 
 
 Tri is a Latin or Greek prefix 
 signifying three. 
 
 A Triangle is a figure having three 
 angles or corners. (L. angulum, a 
 corner.) 
 
 Trilateral, having three sides. (L. 
 latus \lateris~], a side.) 
 
 Trigonometry is the science of the 
 measurement of triangles. (Gr. ptTpue 
 \metreo~], to measure; and rpiyuv 
 [trigon~], a triangle, from t/s«? \treis~], 
 three, and ywict [gonia~], an angle.) 
 
 A Trident is a three pronged 
 spear. (L. dens \dentis~], a tooth.) 
 
 Treble or Triple, threefold. (L. 
 plex, folded.) 
 
 Triplicity, the state of being three- 
 fold. 
 
 Triplicate, threefold; as a tripli- 
 cate ratio. (L. plico [plicatum], to 
 fold.) 
 
 A Triplet is, 1. Three of a kind. 
 2. Three lines of poetry rhyming to- 
 gether. 
 
 A Trio is, 1. Three united. 2. 
 in Music, a composition of three 
 parts. 
 
 Trinity, 1. Three united in one. 
 2. The union of three persons in one 
 God. 
 
 A Trinomial, in Algebra, is a quan- 
 tity consisting of three terms con- 
 nected by the signs + or — . (L., 
 nomen, a name.) 
 
 Triumvir, plural triumviri. The 
 triumviri were three men who jointly 
 held the sovereign power in Rome. 
 (L., vir, a man.) 
 
 A Triumvirate is a joint govern- 
 ment of three men. 
 
 Note. — The first triumvirate in Rome was ex- 
 ercised by Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. 
 
 A Triphthong is a union of three 
 vowels in one syllable. (Gr., pQoyycs 
 \_phthongos~], a vocal sound.) 
 
 A Tripod is a seat or kettle with 
 three feet, (now \_pous, (podos)~], a 
 foot.) 
 
OF NUMBER. 
 
 63 
 
 A Trimeter is a verse of three 
 measures. (Gr., /utrpov [metron], a 
 measure.) 
 
 Trefoil is a plant which has its 
 leaves in triplets or threes. (L., tres, 
 three; and folium, a leaf.) 
 
 Trey is the number three at cards. 
 (Fr., trois, three.) 
 
 4. Of the Number Four. 
 FOUR is equal to the number three 
 
 increased by one. 
 
 Quadr, from the Latin quatuor, is a 
 prefix signifying four. 
 
 Quadrilateral, having four sides. 
 (L., latus [lateris], a side.) 
 
 Quadrangle, a figure vrith four 
 angles. (L., angulum, an angle.) 
 
 Quadru'manous, having four hands. 
 
 Note. — Monkeys are quadrumanous animals. 
 
 Quadruped, an animal with four 
 feet. (L.,pes [pedis], a foot. 
 
 Quadrant, the fourth part of a 
 circle. 
 
 Quaternion, 1. The number four. 
 
 Air and the elements, the eldest birth 
 Of nature's womb, that in quaternion run 
 Perpetual circle, multiform. — ^Milton. 
 
 2. A file of four soldiers. — Acts xii. 
 (L., quatuor, four.) 
 
 Tetr, from the Greek verpa [tetr a], 
 is a prefix signifying four. 
 
 Tetr arch, the governor of the fourth 
 part of a province. (Gr., o/>^» 
 [arche], government.) 
 
 Tetrarchy, or Tetrarchate, the gov- 
 ernment of the fourth part of a prov- 
 ince. 
 
 Tetrahedron, a solid bounded by 
 four faces. (Gr., iSpct [hedra, a base.) 
 
 Note. — A Begular Tetrahedron is bounded by 
 four equilateral and equal triangles. 
 
 Tetrameter, a verse of four meas- 
 ures. (Gr., juirpcv [metroii], a meas- 
 ure. 
 
 5. Of the Number Five. 
 QUINQUE, five. (L.) Hence, 
 Quinqu, a prefix, signifying five. 
 Quinquennial, occurring every five 
 
 years, or lasting five years. (L., an- 
 nus, a year.) 
 
 Quinquelateral, having five sides. 
 (L., latus [lateris], a side.) 
 
 Quinquangular, having five angles. 
 
 Cinq, five. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Cinque, five. (A word used in 
 games.) 
 
 Cinquefoil, a plant thus called be- 
 cause its leaves are in fives. (L., fo- 
 lium, a leaf. ) 
 
 riENTE[PEXTE],five. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Pent, or Penta, a prefix signifying 
 five. 
 
 Pentagon, a plane figure with five 
 angles. (Gr., ymix [gonia], an angle. 
 
 Pentameter, a verse of five meas- 
 ures or feet. (Gr.. /uerpcv [meiron], a 
 measure.) 
 
 Pentateuch, the five books of 
 Moses. (Gr., tk^s? [teuchos], a book.) 
 
 Pentachord, an instrument of 
 music with five strings. (Gr., x c $* 
 [chorde], a string. 
 
 6. Of the Number Six. 
 
 SEX, six. (L.) Hence,_ 
 
 Sex, a prefix signifying six. 
 
 Sexangular, having six angles. 
 
 Sexennial, lasting six years, or hap- 
 pening once in six years. (L., annus, 
 a year. ) 
 
 'EH [Hex], six. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Hex, or Hexa, a prefix signifying 
 six. 
 
 Hexagon, a plane figure with six 
 angles. (Gr., ymta [gonia], an angle. 
 
 Hexahedron, a solid, with six faces. 
 (Gr., lSp& [hedra], a base. 
 
 Note. — A Begular Hexahedron is bounded by 
 six equal squares, and is the same with the cube. 
 
 Hexameter*, a verse consisting of 
 six measures or feet, (Gr., ptTpov 
 [metron], a measure. 
 
 7. Of the Number Seven. 
 
 SEPTEM, seven. (L.) Hence, 
 
 September, the seventh month of 
 the old Roman year. 
 
 Sept, a prefix signifying seven. 
 
 Septennial, lasting seven years, or 
 occurring once in seven years. (L.. 
 annus, a year. ) 
 
 'EIITA [Hepta], seven. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Hept, or Hepta, a prefix signifying 
 seven. 
 
 Heptagon, a plane figure having 
 
64 
 
 OF NUMBER. 
 
 seven angles. (Gr., yuvta [gonial an 
 angle.) 
 
 Heptarchy, a sevenfold government. 
 (Gr., ap%tt [arche], a government.) 
 
 Note. — The seven Saxon kingdoms in Eng- 
 land are thus collectively designated by histo- 
 rians. 
 
 8. Of the Number Eight 
 
 OCTO, eight. (L. and Gr.) Hence, 
 
 October, the eighth month of the 
 old Roman year. 
 
 Oct, or Octa, a prefix signifying 
 eight. 
 
 Octagon, a plane figure having 
 eight angles. (Gr., ywta [gonia~], an 
 angle. ) 
 
 An Octohedron is a solid bounded 
 by eight faces. (Gr.. &/>« [hedrci], a 
 base. 
 
 Note. — A Regular Octohedron is bounded by 
 eight equilateral and equal triangles. 
 
 9. Of the Number Nine. 
 
 NOVEM, nine. (L.) Hence, 
 
 November, the ninth month of the 
 old Roman year. 
 
 Nov and Non, prefixes signifying 
 nine. 
 
 Nonagon, a plane figure with nine 
 angles. (Gr., ymta \_gonia~\, an angle.) 
 
 10. Of the Number Ten. 
 
 DECEM, ten. (L.) Hence, 
 
 December, the tenth month of the 
 old Roman year. 
 
 Decern, or Dec, a prefix signifying 
 ten. 
 
 • Decemvir, plural Decemviri. The 
 decemviri were ten men who, for a 
 short time, had absolute authority in 
 ancient Rome. (L., vir, a man.) 
 
 Decemvirate, the government of the 
 Roman decemviri. 
 
 Decennial, continuing for ten years, 
 or happening once in ten years ; as, 
 a decennial period ; decennial games. 
 (L., annus, a year.) 
 
 AEKA [Dboa], ten. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Deca, or Dec, a prefix signifying 
 ten. 
 
 Decagon, a plane figure with ten 
 angles. (Gr., ymm. [gonia~], an angle.) 
 
 11. Of the Number Twelve. 
 
 DUODECIM, twelve. (L.) Hence, 
 Duodecimals, a species of numbers 
 
 in which twelve units of any lower 
 
 denomination make one of the next 
 
 higher. 
 
 aqaeka, [Dodeca], twelve. Hence, 
 Dodeca, a prefix signifying twelve. 
 Dodecagon, a plane figure having 
 
 twelve sides. 
 
 Dodecahedron, a solid bounded by 
 
 twelve faces. (Gr., aty* [hedra~\, a 
 
 Note. — A Regular Dodecahedron is bounded by 
 twelve equilateral and equal pentagons. 
 
 12. Of the Number Ticenty. 
 
 TWENTY consists of two tens. 
 ( Twen, two ; and ty, from the Gothic 
 tig, ten.) 
 
 A Score consists of twenty things 
 of the same kind. 
 
 IK020I [Icosoi], twenty. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Icos, or Icosa, a prefix signifying 
 twenty. 
 
 Icosahedron, a solid bounded by 
 twenty faces. (Gr., ty* [hedra], a 
 base.) 
 
 Note. — A Regular Icosahedron is bounded by 
 twenty equilateral and equal triangles. 
 
 13. Of the Number One Hundred. 
 
 A HUNDRED is ten times ten. 
 
 Centum, a hundred. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Century, a hundred years. 
 
 Centurion, among the Romans, the 
 captain of a hundred soldiers. 
 
 Per Centum, by contraction, per 
 cent., by the hundred; as money at 
 six per cent, interest, which means 
 six dollars on the hundred. 
 
 Cent, or Centi, a prefix signifying 
 one hundred. 
 
 Centennial, pertaining to the period 
 of one hundred years. (L. annus, a 
 year.) 
 
 Centiped, an insect having a great 
 number of feet. (L. pes \_pedis~], a 
 foot.) 
 
 'EKATON [Hecaton], a hundred. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Hecatomb, a sacrifice of an hun- 
 dred oxen. (Gr. favs [bous], an ox. 
 
OF NUMBER. 
 
 65 
 
 14. Of the Number One Thousand 
 
 A THOUSAND is ten times a 
 hundred. 
 
 Mille, a thousand. (L ) Hence, 
 
 Mill or Milli } a prefix signify in 
 one thousand. 
 
 Millennium, a period of a thousand 
 years. (L. annus, a year.) 
 
 15. The Numeration Table. 
 One thousand units make 
 
 a Thousand. 
 One thousand thousands make 
 
 a Million. 
 One thousand millions make 
 
 a Billion. 
 One thousand billions make 
 
 a Trillion. 
 One thousand trillions make 
 
 a Quadrillion. 
 
 One thousand quadrillions make 
 
 a Quintillion. 
 
 One thousand quintillions make 
 
 a Sextillion. 
 
 One thousand sextillions make 
 
 a Septillion. 
 One thousand septillions make 
 
 an Octillion. 
 One thousand octillions make 
 
 a Nonillion. 
 One thousand nonillions make 
 a Decillion. 
 
 Note 1. — One, two, three, four, &c, are called 
 cardinal numbers, because they are the principal 
 or leading numbers. (L. cardo, a hinge.) 
 
 Note 2. — First, second, third, fourth, &c, are 
 called ordinal numbers, because they denote the 
 order in which things succeed each other. 
 
 16. Of the Ordinal Numbers. 
 
 Fiest is the ordinal corresponding 
 to the cardinal one. 
 
 Primus, first. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Prime, first in the order of time 
 and causative efficiency; as, a prime 
 mover. 2. First in point of quality ; 
 as, a prime article of flour. 
 
 The Prime is the most excellent 
 condition of any thing that passes 
 through the various stages of growth, 
 maturity, and decay; as, the prime 
 of life. 
 
 Primary, 1. First in the order of 
 time; as, a primary cause. 2. First, 
 as being that on which something 
 5 
 
 else has been engrafted; as, the pri- 
 mary meaning of a word. 3. First 
 and lowest in an ascending scale; 
 as, primary schools. 4. Chief; as, a 
 matter of primary importance. 
 
 Primitive, 1. Pertaining to early 
 (or the first) times ; as, the primitive 
 ages. Hence, 2. Simple; as, primitive 
 manners ; that is, such manners as 
 prevailed in the early ages. 
 
 Primeval, pertaining to the first 
 or earliest period of time; as, the 
 primeval earth. (L. cevum, an age.) 
 
 Primogeniture, the right of the 
 first-born. (L. genitura, birth.) 
 
 Primrose, a flower, thus called be- 
 cause it is the first flower that makes 
 its appearance in the spring. 
 
 Prim or Primo, a prefix signifying 
 first. 
 
 np.QTOS [Protos], first. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Prot or Proto, a prefix signifying 
 first. 
 
 Prototype, a first, or original model 
 after which any thing is formed. 
 (Gr. rums [typos'], a model.) 
 
 Protoxide, an oxide of the first 
 degree. 
 
 Second, the next in order after the 
 first; the ordinal corresponding to 
 cardinal tivo. 
 
 Secondary, 1. Second in the order 
 of production; as, the secondary 
 rocks. 2. Second in importance; as, 
 a secondary consideration. 3. De- 
 rived; as, a secondary meaning of a 
 word. 
 
 To Seco?id is I. To be second in 
 promoting a measure which was first 
 >roposed by another. Hence, 2. To 
 avor or abet. 
 
 aettepo2 [Detjteros], second. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Deut or D enter o, a prefix signify- 
 ing second. 
 
 Deuf-oxide, an oxide of the second 
 degree. 
 
 Deuteronomy, the second book of 
 the law. (Gr. vopos [nomos], a law.) 
 
 Third, the next in order after the 
 second; the ordinal corresponding to 
 the cardinal three. 
 
 Tertius third. (L.) Hence, 
 
GO 
 
 OF NUMBER. 
 
 Tertiary, being the third in the 
 order of their formation; as 7 the 
 tertiary rocks. 
 
 Tertian, an ague that repeats its 
 paroxyrns every third day. 
 
 TPiTOS [Teitos], third (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Trit, a prefix signifying third. 
 
 Trit-oxide, an oxide of the third 
 degree. 
 
 Quaetus, fourth. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Quarter, the fourth part of the 
 whole. 
 
 Quart, the fourth part of a gallon. 
 
 Quartan, an ague whose parox- 
 ysms recur every fourth day. 
 
 Quartette', a piece of music ar- 
 ranged for four voices. 
 
 A Tithe is the tenth part. 
 
 Decimus, tenth. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Decimate, to take the tenth part. 
 
 Dime, the tenth part of a dollar. 
 (Fr. disme, the tenth, from the Lat 
 decimus.) 
 
 Centesimtjs, hundredth. (L.) 
 
 Hence, 
 
 Cent, the hundredth part of a 
 dollar. 
 
 Millesimus, thousandth. (L. ) 
 Hence, 
 
 Mill, the thousandth part of a 
 dollar. 
 
 Last, that comes after all the 
 others. (Contraction of latest.) 
 
 Ultimus, last. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ultimate, that is not to be followed 
 by any thing further. The ultimate 
 end of man is the enjoyment of God, 
 beyond which he can not form a 
 wish. — Grove. 
 
 Ultimatum, the final conditions 
 offered by one government to another 
 for the settlement of a dispute. 
 
 Ultimo, in the last month. (Com- 
 monly contracted into ult.) 
 
 Note. — Mense (month) is under- 
 stood, the full expression being ultimo 
 mense. 
 
 16. Miscellaneous Numbers. 
 
 Quaeantine was originally the 
 
 space of forty days, during which a 
 
 vessel coming from a place where an 
 
 infectious disease prevailed, was pre- 
 
 vented from entering port. (Fr. quar- 
 ante, forty.) 
 
 Pentecost, among the Jews was a 
 festival celebrated on the fiftieth day 
 after the passover. (Gr. mrr&toirrGg 
 \_pentecostos~], fiftieth.) 
 
 Septuagint, the Greek version of 
 the Old Testament, thus called from 
 the circumstance of seventy interpre- 
 ters having been engaged in the 
 translation. (L. septuaginta, seventy.) 
 
 Octogenaeian, a person eighty 
 years old. (L. octoginta, eighty.) 
 
 Nonagenaeian, a person ninety 
 years old. (L. nonaginta, ninety.) 
 
 Centenarian, a person who is one 
 hundred years old. (L. centum, one 
 hundred.) 
 
 17. Indefinite Numbers. 
 
 Plueal, pertaining to any number 
 greater than one. (L., plus [pluris], 
 more.) 
 
 Plurality, 1. The quality of being 
 more than one; as, a plurality of 
 worlds. 2. The quality of being 
 more than some other number ; as, 
 a plurality of votes. 
 
 Many, constituting a large num- 
 ber. 
 
 Multi, many. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Mult or Multi, a prefix signifying 
 many. 
 
 Multiply, to increase in number. 
 (L., plico, to fold.) 
 
 Note. — In multiplying a number arithmeti- 
 cally, vfefold it over on itself many times. 
 
 Multiplicity, the state of being 
 many. 
 
 Multitude, a great number. 
 
 ITOAT2 [polys - ], much or many. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Poly, a prefix signifying ma»y. 
 
 Polygon, a plane figure having 
 many angles. (Gr., yotna. [c/onia], an 
 angle. ) 
 
 Polyhedron, a solid figure bounded 
 by many plane faces. (Gr., «<fy* 
 [hedra], a base.) 
 
 Polyglot, containing many lan- 
 guages ; as, a polyglot Bible. (Gr., 
 yhu>vr*\_glotta], a tongue or language.) 
 
 Polynomial, in algebra a quantity 
 
OP NUMBER. 
 
 67 
 
 consisting of many terms. (L., no- 
 men, a name or term.) 
 
 A Legion was a body of Eoman 
 soldiers consisting of about six thou- 
 sand men. Hence, a large but in- 
 definite number.) 
 
 Myriad, originally ten thousand. 
 Now used indefinitely to signify a 
 large number. (Gr., /uupixc [my Has'], 
 ten thousand.) 
 
 18. Terms denoting Collections of 
 Objects of the same Kind. 
 1st. Collections of Persons. 
 A Company consists of a number 
 of persons collected together. 
 
 A Crowd consists of a large num- 
 ber of persons closely pressed to- 
 gether. 
 
 A Party is a company of persons 
 made up for a special occasion. 
 
 2d. Collections of Animals. 
 
 A Herd is a collection of the larger 
 animals feeding or marching to- 
 getner. 
 
 A Flock is a collection of birds, 
 or of the smaller quadrupeds, as 
 sheep, goats, etc. 
 
 A Drove is a number of cattle, 
 etc., driven in a body. 
 
 A Swarm is a large body of in- 
 sects. 
 
 A School or Shoal is a large 
 number of fishes swimming together. 
 
 3d. Collections of Inanimate Objects. 
 
 A Bunch is, 1. A number of things 
 of the same kind growing together; 
 as, a bunch of berries. 2. A num- 
 ber of things of the same kind tied 
 together ; as, a bunch of keys. 
 
 A Cluster is, 1. A number of 
 things of the same kind growing to- 
 gether ; as, a cluster of grapes. 2. A 
 number of things of the same kind 
 collected closely together ; as, a clus- 
 ter of bees ; a cluster of stars. 
 
 19. Terms embracing, etymologically , 
 the idea of Number. 
 A Number consists either of a 
 single unit, or of an assemblage of 
 two or more units. 
 
 Numerus, a number. (L.) Hence, 
 Numeral, representing numbers ; 
 as numeral characters. 
 
 x\. Numeral is a character repre- 
 senting a number ; as, 1 , 2, 3 ; or, 
 
 1, V, X. 
 
 Numerical, 1. Relating to num- 
 bers ; as, numerical calculations. 
 
 2. Denoting numbers ; as, numerical 
 characters. 
 
 Numerate, to determine the value 
 of a number. 
 
 Numeration, the art of determin- 
 ing and reading Numbers. 
 
 Numerous, consisting of a great 
 number of individuals ; as, a numer- 
 ous crowd. 
 
 Supernumerary, beyond the re- 
 quired number ; as, a supernumerary 
 officer. 
 
 API0MO2 [Arithmos], a number. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Arithmetic, the science of numbers 
 and the art of using them. 
 
 Arithmetical, pertaining to the 
 science of numbers. 
 
 Arithmetician, one versed in the 
 science of numbers. 
 
 20. To Count. 
 
 To COUNT is, 1. To ascertain the 
 number of a collection of objects. 
 2. To determine the total amount ; 
 as, to count the cost. 
 
 To Tell is to count a number of 
 objects; as, "He telleth the number 
 of the stars." (Ger., zahlen, to 
 count.) 
 
 A Tale is, 1. A number that has 
 been told or counted ; as, " The tale 
 of the bricks."— Ex. v: 8. 2. The 
 act of counting ; as, some articles 
 are sold by tale, and others by weight 
 or measure. 
 
 To Number is, 1. To count. 2. To 
 mark with numeral characters. 
 
 To Enumerate is, 1. To count in 
 a formal manner; as, to enumerate 
 the population of a country. 2. To 
 count, either orally or mentally, ob- 
 jects that are not present ; as, to 
 enumerate acts of kindness. 
 
 A Census is a general enumera- 
 tion of the inhabitants of a country. 
 
68 
 
 OF NUMBER. 
 
 To Tally is to keep an account 
 of numbers by means of marks. 
 
 A Score is an account kept by 
 notches or marks. 
 
 21. To Calculate. 
 
 To Calculate is, by the aid of cer- 
 tain given numbers and given condi- 
 tions, to find other numbers. (L., 
 calculus, a pebble, calculation hav- 
 ing been originally performed by 
 means of pebbles.) 
 
 To Compute is to combine numbers 
 in one's mind in order to arrive at a 
 desired result ; as, to compute the in- 
 terest on a note. (L., con, together, 
 and puto, to think.) 
 
 To Reckon is to make the calcula- 
 tions pertaining to ordinary business ; 
 as, to reckon interest. 
 
 22. Sundry Arithmetical Terms. 
 
 An Even Number is one that can 
 be divided by 2. 
 
 An Odd Number is one that can 
 not be divided by 2. 
 
 A Prime Number is one that can 
 
 be divided only by itself and unity, 
 as, 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13. (L., primus, 
 first, because all other numbers may 
 be derived from these by multiplica- 
 tion.) 
 
 A Composite Number is one that 
 is composed of other numbers called 
 factors ; as, 6=2X3. 
 
 An Integer is a whole number. 
 (L., integer, whole.) 
 
 A Fraction consists of one or mora 
 portions of a unit broken into equal 
 parts. (L.. frango \_fractum\ to 
 break.) 
 
 23. None, 
 
 NONE is the negation of number, 
 (for no one,) 
 
 Nullus, no one. (L., from non, 
 not; and ullus, any one.) Hence, 
 
 Null, of no legal or binding force. 
 
 Nullity, a want of legal force. 
 
 Nullify, to deprive of legal force 
 or efficacy. (L.. facio, to make.) 
 
 Annul, to make void ; as, to annul 
 a law, decree, decision, contract, etc. 
 (ad, to.) 
 
 OF MAGNITUDE 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 MAGNITUDE is 1. Extent of di- 
 mensions ; as the magnitude of the 
 sun, or of a grain of sand. 2. In 
 Geometry, that which is extended, 
 or has one or more of the three di- 
 mensions, length, breadth, and thick- 
 ness. 3. Greatness ; as, the magni- 
 tude of an undertaking. 
 
 Size is spoken of the magnitude 
 either of surfaces or solids. 
 
 Bulk is spoken only of the mag- 
 nitude of solids. 
 
 2. Great. 
 
 GREAT, 1. Of more than ordinary 
 size; as, a great rock. 2. Existing 
 in a high degree; as, a great heat. 
 3. Distinguished by possessing cer- 
 tain qualities in a more than ordin- 
 ary degree ; as, a great man. 
 
 Large, 1. Great, either in extent 
 
 of surface, or in solid contents ; as, a 
 large field ; a large tree. 2. Abund- 
 ant, as a large supply. 
 
 Big, 1. Of great bulk; as, a big 
 animal. 2. Having an extended sur- 
 face ; as, a big meadow. 
 
 Huge, very large. The whale is a 
 huge animal. 
 
 Vast, so large as to be with diffi- 
 culty taken in by the eye, or com- 
 prehended by the mind. St. Peter's 
 church at Rome is a building of vast 
 proportions. We speak of a vast 
 ocean, a vast empire, the vast dis- 
 tances of the heavenly bodies. 
 
 Extensive, great in amount of 
 surface; as, an extensive prairie. 
 Fig. Having a wide range; as, ex- 
 tensive knowledge. (L. extendo \_ex- 
 tensum], to stretch out.) 
 
 Immense, too large to be measured, 
 numbered, or estimated; as an im- 
 
OF MAGNITUDE. 
 
 69 
 
 mense field of ice; an immense flock 
 of pigeons; an immense sum of 
 money. (L. in, not, and mensus, 
 measured.) 
 
 Enormous, exceeding in any par- 
 ticular case the established limits of 
 magnitude. (L. e, out of, and nor- 
 ma, rule or order.) 
 
 Prodigious, so great in size, quan- 
 tity or degree as to excite astonish- 
 ment. 
 
 Monstrous, exceeding the natural 
 in size; as, a monstrous tree. {Mon- 
 ster, something unnatural in confor- 
 mation.) 
 
 A Giant is a very large man. 
 
 Gigantic, resembling a giant in 
 size. 
 
 The Colossus was a huge brazen 
 statue of Apollo bestriding the en- 
 trance of the harbor at Rhodes, and 
 so tall that ships could sail between 
 the legs. Hence, 
 
 Colossal, of huge proportions. 
 (Applied to the productions of the 
 statuary. ) 
 
 The Cyclops were a race of giants, 
 the sons of Neptune and Amphi- 
 trite. They dwelt in the island of 
 Sicily, and aided Vulcan in his 
 workshop under Mount Etna, in 
 forging thunderbolts for Jupiter. (Gr. 
 xuxtos \_cyclos'], a circle; and &4 \_°V s ~\i 
 the eye, from the circumstance of 
 their having a single circular eye in 
 the midst of the forehead.) Hence, 
 
 Cyclopefan, or Cyclopic, gigantic. 
 
 The Brobdignags, in Swift's Trav- 
 els of Gulliver, were a race of giants 
 sixty feet in night. Hence, a man 
 of gigantic proportions is sometimes 
 called a brobdignag. 
 
 Atlas was a king of Mauritania, 
 in Africa, who was devoted to the 
 study of the stars, and hence he was 
 represented by the poets as having 
 had the duty assigned to him by the 
 gods of supporting the heaven on his 
 head and shoulders. Hence, 
 
 Atlante'an, as applied to the human 
 form, signifies having broad and 
 massive proportions. Thus, in de- 
 scribing Beelzebub at the council of 
 Pandemonium, Milton says, 
 
 Sage he stood, 
 With Atlanlean shoulders tit to bear 
 The weight of mightiest monarchies. 
 
 ParadUe Lost. 
 
 Hercules was a hero of gigantic 
 stature and of great bodily strength. 
 Hence, 
 
 Herculean, 1. Of great bodily size 
 and strength; as, a Herculean frame. 
 2. Requiring great bodily strength 
 in the performance ; as, a Herculean 
 task ; Herculean labors. 
 
 The Mammoth is an extinct species 
 of the elephant, the remains of which 
 are found in Siberia. The remains 
 of the mastodon, another extinct spe- 
 cies of the elephant kind, have been 
 found in great abundance within 
 the limits of the United States. The 
 mastodon equalled or exceeded in 
 size the largest of living elephants, 
 and has been popularly, though erro- 
 neously called by the Americans, the 
 mammoth. Hence, the word mam- 
 moth is employed by us as an adjec- 
 tive, in the sense of very large ; as, a 
 mammoth ox; the Mammoth Cave. 
 
 Magnus, great. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Magnitude, 1. Size. 2. In Geome- 
 try, that which has one or more of 
 the three dimensions, length, breadth, 
 and thickness. 3. Greatness in re- 
 ference to the interests involved ; as, 
 managing affairs of the first magni- 
 tude. — King Charles. 
 
 Magnify, 1. To increase the ap- 
 parent size of body by means of a 
 lens. 2. To make great in represen- 
 tation by words ; as to magnify a tri- 
 fling circumstance. (L./ac/o,to make.) 
 
 Magnificent, lit, doing things on a 
 large scale. Hence, Grand in appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Magnanimity, greatness of mind. 
 (L. animus, the mind.) 
 
 Magnate, a person of rank. 
 
 Grandis, great. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Grand, 1. Great in age; as, a 
 grandfather. 2. Great or high in 
 rank; as, a grand lord. 3. Great 
 in splendor or display; as, a grand 
 parade. 4. Great as expanding or 
 elevating our ideas; as, a grand. 
 conception. The ocean and the sky 
 are grand objects. 
 
70 
 
 OF MAGNITUDE. 
 
 Grandee', a person who is great or 
 high in rank. 
 
 Note. — In Spain, a grandee is a nobleman of 
 the first rank, who has the king's leave to be 
 covered in his presence. 
 
 Aggrandize, to make great in 
 power, rank, or honor ; as, to aggran- 
 dize a nation or family. 
 
 3. Little. 
 
 LITTLE, not great in size. 
 
 Small, under the proper or natural 
 size. 
 
 Diminutive, small; as, a diminu- 
 tive stature ; diminutive animals. (L. 
 minuo, to make small.) 
 
 Minute, very small. (L. minuo.) 
 
 Minutiae, minute particulars; as, 
 the minutice of a story. 
 
 Petty, little. Used only in a Jig. 
 sense; as a petty offense; that is, a 
 slight offense. (Fr. petit, little.) 
 
 Tiny, very small; as a tiny insect. 
 
 When that I was a tiny boy. — Shakspeare. 
 
 Puny, small and feeble; as, a 
 puny child. 
 
 Wee, very small; as, a wee bit; a 
 wee man. ( Used ludicrously.') 
 
 A Dwarf is a human being, ani- 
 mal, or plant, under the natural 
 size. 
 
 A Eunt is a divarf animal. 
 
 Stunted, dwarfed in growth ; as, a 
 stunted pig. 
 
 The Pygmies were a fabulous race 
 oi men not exceeding a cubit in 
 hight, of whom Homer gives an ac- 
 count. They are said to have waged 
 a war with the cranes, and to have 
 been defeated and destroyed by those 
 birds. Hence, 
 
 Pygmy, and Pygmdan, very di- 
 minutive in stature or size. 
 
 The Lilliputians of Gulliver were 
 a race of men not exceeding six 
 inches in hight, inhabiting the island 
 of Lilliput. Hence, 
 
 Lilliputian, very small. 
 
 A Bit is a small piece of any 
 solid substance. Properly, as much 
 food as can be taken at a single 
 bite. (From bite.} 
 
 A Grain is a very small, hard, 
 
 and roundish body, as a grain of 
 sand. (From grain, a seed. ) 
 
 A Particle is a very minute por 
 tion of matter. (L. particula, a little 
 part. ) 
 
 A Speck is, 1. A very small spot. 
 2. A particle. 
 
 A Mote is a particle of solid mat- 
 ter. 
 
 An Atom is, properly, a portion 
 of matter so small that it can not 
 be divided. (Gr. a. [a], not; and 
 <Tipva> \_temno~], to cut. 
 
 Fine, 1. Consisting of very small 
 particles ; as, fine sand. 2. Consist- 
 ing of very slender fibres ; as fine 
 wool. 
 
 Coarse, 1. Consisting of large par- 
 ticles ; as, coarse sand. 2. Consist- 
 ing of thick fibres or thread; as, 
 coarse wool ; coarse cloth. 
 
 Dust consists of very fine particles 
 of matter in a dry state. 
 
 Pulvis [pulveris~], dust. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Pulverize, to reduce to the form of 
 dust. 
 
 Pulverulent, resembling or con- 
 sisting of dust ; as, pulverulent mat- 
 ter. 
 
 Powder is, 1. Dust that has been 
 produced artificially by rubbing a 
 dry and friable substance in a mor- 
 tar. 2. Dust that has been produced 
 by the growth of vegetables, as the 
 pollen of flowers. 
 
 Note. — All powders are dust, but a dust is not 
 always a powder. 
 
 4. Terms denoting the Augmentation 
 of Magnitude. 
 
 To Extend is 1. To increase in 
 length; as, to extend a line. 2. To 
 increase in superficial size; as, the 
 American people have extended the 
 area of their territory. 
 
 To Spread is to increase in super- 
 ficial dimensions. A piece of lead 
 spreads under the hammer. 
 
 Expando \_expansum\, to spread 
 out. (L.) Hence, 
 
 To Expand, 1. To increase in su- 
 perficial dimensions. A small cloud 
 may expand till it covers the heavens. 
 
 
OF QUANTITY. 
 
 2. To increase in all the dimensions 
 of magnitude. The metals expand 
 under the influence of heat. 
 
 Expanse, a wide, out-spread sur- 
 face; as, an expanse of water. 
 
 To Stretch is to increase any par- 
 ticular dimension of a body by draw- 
 ing, as when we stretch a piece of 
 India rubber. 
 
 To Distend is to increase the ex- 
 ternal size of a hollow body by filling 
 the cavity. A sack of varnished 
 silk may be distended with air. 
 (L. dis, asunder; and tendo, to 
 stretch.) 
 
 To Dilate is 1. To increase in 
 superficial dimensions. The pupil 
 of a cat's eye dilates in the dark. 
 2. To extend in all directions. All 
 fluid substances are dilated by heat. 
 (L. di, asunder; and lalus, wide.) 
 
 To Swell is to increase in bulk 
 from the action of an internal force. 
 
 Tumeo, to swell. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Tumid, swollen; as, the tumid bil- 
 lows. The sails of a vessel are tu- 
 mid when inflated by the wind. 
 
 Tumor, a morbid and local swel- 
 ling on the surface of the body. 
 
 Intumesce, to swell, as with heat. 
 
 Intumescence, 1. The action of 
 swelling. 2. A tumid state. 
 
 Turgeo, to swell. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Turgid, distended beyond the na- 
 tural size. The superficial veins be- 
 come turgid when overcharged with 
 blood. 
 
 Inturgescence, 1. The action of 
 swelling. 2. The state of being 
 swollen. 
 
 Turgidity, the condition of being 
 swollen. 
 
 To Inflate or Puff up is to swell 
 with air. (L. Infio [injlatum], to blow 
 into.) 
 
 Bloated, having the appearance of 
 being puffed up with air. The face 
 of the habitual drunkard is not un- 
 frequently bloated. 
 
 5. Terms denoting the Diminution of 
 Magnitude. 
 
 To Contract is to become less by 
 a drawing together of the parts of a 
 solid body. Nearly all bodies con- 
 tract in cooling. (L. con, together; 
 and traho [tractum], to draw. 
 
 To Shrink is to diminish in one 
 or more dimensions. Cloth usually 
 shrinks in length and breadth in being 
 washed. A stick of wood shrinks in 
 thickness in drying. A piece of iron 
 shrinks in all the dimensions in 
 cooling. 
 
 To Compress is to diminish a sub- 
 stance in bulk by pressure. 
 
 To Condense is to diminish the bulk 
 by bringing the atoms closer together. 
 
 To Dwindle is gradually to dimin- 
 ish in size till the object becomes 
 very small. The flame of a lamp 
 may dwindle for the want of oil till 
 it becomes extinct. A receding ob- 
 ject, as an eagle in the sky, may 
 dwindle in apparent size till it be 
 comes invisible. 
 
 To Dwindle also signifies to have 
 a small and feeble growth, eithei 
 from disease, or from the want of 
 proper nourishment. 
 
 OF QUANTITY. 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 QUANTITY is spoken of things 
 that can be estimated either by 
 weight or by measure. 
 
 A Whole is an undivided quan- 
 tity. 
 
 A Part is one of two or more 
 smaller quantities that make up a 
 whole. 
 
 Much implies that a quantity is 
 large. 
 
 Little implies that a quantity is 
 small. 
 
 More implies a greater quantity. 
 
 Less implies a smaller quantity. 
 
 Equal implies the comparison of 
 two quantities, and that the one is 
 found to be neither greater nor less 
 than the other. 
 
OF QUANTITY. 
 
 Enough is the exact quantity that 
 is needed. 
 
 An Excess is what is beyond the 
 necessary quantity. X Deficiency. 
 
 A Deficiency is the amount by 
 which the quantity on hand falls 
 short of an adequate supply. 
 
 2. The Whole. 
 
 All, the whole quantity or num- 
 ber. 
 
 Omnis, all. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Omnipotent, all-powerful. (L. po- 
 tens, powerful.) 
 
 Omniscient, all-knowing. (L. scio, 
 to know.) 
 
 Omnipresent, present in all places 
 at the same time. 
 
 Omnivorous, devouring all kinds of 
 food. (L. voro, to devour or eat.) 
 
 itan [Pan], all. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Pantheism, the doctrine which 
 teaches that all things are part of 
 God, or that the universe is God. 
 (Gr. 0«c [Theos], God.) 
 
 Pandemonium, the chamber in 
 which all the devils meet in council. 
 (Gr. S'Aty.uv \daimon~], a devil.) 
 
 Pantomime, the art of represent- 
 ing all kinds of ideas by gestures. 
 (Gr. /ut/uog [_mimos~], a mimic.) 
 
 Panorama, 1. A picture in which 
 all the objects that are visible from 
 the same point are represented on 
 the interior surface of a round or 
 cylindrical wall, the point of view 
 being the axis of the cylinder. 2. 
 A succession of views of contiguous 
 portions of a street, city, &c. (Gr. 
 og&fAa \orama~], a view.) 
 
 Panacea, a medicine that cures all 
 diseases. (Gr. ax.iop.ctt [aceomai], to 
 cure.) 
 
 Totus, whole. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Total, aifecting or including the 
 whole; as, a total eclipse; a total 
 loss. X Partial. 
 
 Integer, whole. (L. from in, not; 
 and tango, to touch.) Hence, 
 
 Entire, whole or undivided. 
 
 Integral, serving to make up a 
 whole. The different states are in- 
 tegral parts of the American republic. 
 
 Integrant, necessary to constitute 
 
 an entire thing. The integrant parts 
 or particles of bodies, are those into 
 which bodies are reduced by mechan- 
 ical division, as distinct from ele- 
 mentary or constituent particles. — 
 Brande. 
 
 Integrity, 1. An unbroken state; 
 as, the integrity of the empire was 
 preserved. 2. U nbrokenness of moral 
 principle; as, he is a man of integrity. 
 
 Disintegrate, to separate into in- 
 tegrant parts. A stone disintegrates 
 when it crumbles into sand, (dis, 
 asunder. ) 
 
 Redintegrate, to make whole again. 
 {re, again.) 
 
 3. A Part. 
 
 A Portion is, 1. A part. 2. The 
 part of an estate belonging, by legal 
 right, to an heir. 3. An allotment. 
 
 A Particle is a very small part. 
 
 Partial, 1. Affecting only a part; 
 as, a partial eclipse of the sun. 
 2. Treating or regarding one part or 
 portion of a number of persons or 
 objects more favorably than the re- 
 maining portion. 
 
 To Impart is to give to another a 
 part of something that we possess ; 
 as, to impart provisions. 
 
 Impart is also used in the sense 
 of to communicate ; as, to impart 
 knowledge. 
 
 Particulars are little parts or cir- 
 cumstances connected with some 
 general subject or whole. (L., parli- 
 cula, a little part.) 
 
 4. Much. 
 
 A Plenty is a full supply of an 
 article. (L., plenus, full.) 
 
 Plenty, in a general sense, is a 
 full supply of the necessaries and 
 comforts of life. 
 
 An Abundance is a great and 
 overflowing plenty. (L., unda, a 
 wave.) X Scarcity. 
 
 Exuberant, yielding a rich and 
 plentiful supply of good things; as, 
 an exuberant soil. (L., ex, from; and 
 uber, a pap.) 
 
 Note. — The idea suggested by the etymology 
 of the term exuberant is that of sucking fatness 
 from a well-filled source of supply. 
 
OF QUANTITY. 
 
 73 
 
 5. Little. 
 
 Scarce, 1. Existing in small quan- 
 tity in proportion to the demand. 
 2. Being few in number. 
 
 Rare, not often met with on account 
 of its scarcity. The American eagle 
 is a rare bird. X Common. 
 
 Scant, or Scanty, small in size or 
 quantity ; as, a scant pattern : a scanty 
 meal. X 1. Ample. 2. Plentiful. 
 
 Modicum, a small quantity, as of 
 food, etc. 
 
 If anybody come, 
 He shall be welcome to my modicum. — Swift. 
 
 A Mite is, 1. A small insect. 
 Hence, 2. A small quantity; as, a 
 mite of flour. 3. A small coin which 
 was worth about three cents. 
 
 Tit, small. Hence, 
 
 Tittle, a minute part. 
 
 Titmouse, a small bird. 
 
 A Whit is the smallest quantity 
 imaginable. 
 
 6. Equality. 
 
 EQUALITY is the state of being 
 alike in quantity or degree. 
 
 JEquus, equal. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Equilibrium, an exact balancing 
 of weights. (L., libra, balance.) 
 
 Equip onderance, equality of weights. 
 (L., pondus, a weight.) 
 
 Equipoise, equilibrium. (Fr., poids, 
 weight. ) 
 
 Equilateral, having equal sides. 
 (L., latus, a side.) 
 
 Equiangular, having equal angles. 
 
 Equimultiples, the products arising 
 from the multiplication of different 
 numbers or quantities by the same 
 number. Thus, 12 and 15 are equi- 
 multiples of 4 and 5. 
 
 An Equation is the expression of 
 two equal quantities with the sign of 
 equality between them ; as, 4+2=6. 
 
 Equable, equal to or like itself; 
 that is, steady ; as, an equable mo- 
 tion. X Variable. 
 
 Equanimity, an equable state of the 
 mind or temper. (L., animus, the 
 mind.) 
 
 Equinox. The Equinoxes are two 
 opposite points in the sun's apparent 
 annual path, at which the days and 
 nights are equal. (L., nox, night.) 
 
 Equivalent, of equal value to some- 
 thing else ; as, an English shilling is 
 equivalent to 22 cents. 
 
 Equity, the distribution of equal 
 justice to all parties. X Iniquity. 
 
 Iniquity (for inequity), the want of 
 equality in the distribution of jus- 
 tice. 
 
 Equivocal, equally susceptible of 
 either of two meanings ; as, an equiv- 
 ocal expression. (L., vox, a signi- 
 ficant sound of the voice.) 
 
 Equivocate, to use words of equiv- 
 ocal or double meaning with a view 
 to mislead. 
 
 1202 [Isos], equal. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Isochronal, relating to or performed 
 in equal times; as, isochronal vibra- 
 tions of a pendulum. (Gr., x$ ovoc 
 \chronos~\, time.) 
 
 Isothermal, indicating equal de- 
 grees of heat. See Art. Heat. 
 
 Isosceles, a triangle having two 
 equal sides. See Art. Form. 
 
 7. Enough. 
 
 Satis, enough. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Satisfy, to give a person enough, 
 according to the standard of his own 
 desires. (L., facio, to make.) 
 
 Sate, or Satiate, to satisfy the cra- 
 vings of appetite. 
 
 Satiety, the state of having the 
 cravings of appetite satisfied. 
 
 Sufficient, as much as is necessary. 
 
 A Competence, or Competency, is 
 an adequate supply of the necessaries 
 and comforts of life. 
 
 A competence is all we can enjoy ; 
 
 be content when heaveu can give no more ! 
 
 8. Excess. 
 
 Excess is a passing beyond due 
 limits. (L., ex, be3^ond; and cedo 
 [cessuni], to go.) X Deficiency. 
 
 Superfluous, more than necessary. 
 (L., super, over; audfiuo, to flow.) 
 
 Superabundant, abundant beyond 
 what is necessary. 
 
 Redundant, exceeding what is na- 
 tural or necessary. See the term 
 Unda. 
 
 9. Deficiency. 
 
 DEFICIENT, falling short of the 
 due quantity. X Excessive. 
 
74 
 
 OF MEASURE. 
 
 A Deficiency is the amount by 
 which a quantity is less than it 
 should be. X Excess. 
 
 A Deficit is the amount by which 
 a revenue, or account of money, is less 
 than it should be. 
 
 10. To Grow. 
 
 To GROW is, 1. To increase in 
 bulk or stature by imperceptible 
 additions of matter. 2. To become ; 
 as, to grow pale. 
 
 Growth is, 1. The gradual increase 
 of animal and vegetable bodies. 2. 
 That which has grown ; as, a growth 
 of weeds. 
 
 Cresco [cretum] to grow. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Increase, to become greater in 
 quantity or degree. X Decrease. 
 
 Increment, the amount by which 
 a quantity is increased. 
 
 Decrease, to become less in quan- 
 tity or degree. X Increase. 
 
 Decrement, the amount by which a 
 quantity has decreased. X Increment. 
 
 Concrete, 1. Having grown together, 
 as two or more pebbles that have 
 
 spontaneously cohered and become 
 united in a solid mass. 2. Existing in 
 a subject ; as, the white snow. Here 
 whiteness is considered as existing 
 in the snow, and not as a separate 
 thing. — Webster, {con, together.) 
 
 Concretion, 1. The act of growing- 
 together, or of becoming spontaneously 
 united in a mass. 2. A mass formed 
 by the spontaneous union of smaller 
 bodies. 
 
 Accretion, an increase, by portions, 
 of matter added externally, (ad, to. ) 
 
 To Accrue is lit, to grow to. (Fr., 
 accroitre \accru~], to grow to. ) Hence, 
 To be added as increase, profit, or 
 damage. Interest accrues on a note. 
 
 To Wax is, 1. To increase in size. 
 The moon alternately waxes and wanes. 
 2. To become, or to pass from one 
 state to another; as, to wax strong; 
 to wax feeble ; to wax old ; to wax 
 worse and worse. X Wane. 
 
 To Wane is, 1. To be diminished 
 in brightness or splendor ; as, the 
 waning moon. 2. To fail or sink; 
 as, waning age. X Wax. 
 
 OF MEASURE. 
 
 To MEASURE is to determine the 
 dimensions of a magnitude, or the 
 amount of a quantity, by a reference 
 to some standard. 
 
 A Measure is the standard by which 
 the dimensions of a magnitude, or the 
 amount of a quantity is determined. 
 
 Long Measure is used in measur- 
 ing lines. 
 
 Square Measure is used in measur- 
 ing surfaces. 
 
 Cubic Measure is used in measur- 
 ing solids. 
 
 Cloth Measure is a modification 
 of long measure, used in the measure- 
 ment of cloth. 
 
 Land Measure is a modification of 
 square measure, used in the measure- 
 ment of land. 
 
 Liquid Measure is a modification 
 of cubic measure, used in the mea- 
 surement of liquids. 
 
 Dry Measure is a modification of 
 
 cubic measure, used for measuring 
 dry substances in the form of grains 
 and other small masses, as corn, coal, 
 etc. 
 
 Time Measure determines the value 
 of time. 
 
 Circular Measure determines the 
 ratio which an arc of a circle of a 
 given radius bears to the whole cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 Note. — By cubic measure only the bulk of a 
 solid magnitude can be determined. The ab- 
 solute quantity of matter contained in a given 
 bulk is ascertained by the weight. 
 
 Avoirdupois Weight is used for 
 determining the quantity of the bulkier 
 and coarser commodities. 
 
 Apothecaries' Weight is used in 
 weighing small portions of medicine. 
 
 Troy Weight is used in weighing 
 gold and silver. 
 
 Monetary Measure is the measure 
 of value. 
 
OF MEASURE. 
 
 75 
 
 Table of Long Measure. 
 
 3 barleycorns (b.c.) make 1 inch, (in.) 
 12 inches " 1 foot, (ft.) 
 
 3 feet 
 
 " 1 yard, (yd.) 
 
 6 feet 
 
 " 1 fathom, (fa.) 
 
 ir>y z feet 
 
 " 1 rod, (rd.) 
 
 40 rods 
 
 " 1 furlong, (far 
 
 8 furIor>gs 
 
 " 1 mile, (mi.) 
 
 3 miles 
 
 ' 1 league, (1.) 
 
 Table of Square Measure. 
 
 144 square inches make 1 sq. (ft.) 
 
 9 square feet " 1 sq. (yd.) 
 
 30% square yards " 1 sq. (rd.) 
 
 40 square rods " 1 i-ood, (Ed.) 
 
 4 roods " 1 acre, (A.) 
 
 G10 acres " 1 sq. mile. 
 
 Table of Cubic Measure. 
 
 172S cubic inches make 1 cubic foot, (c. ft.) 
 
 27 cubic feet " 1 cubic yard, (c. yd.) 
 
 128 cubic feet " 1 cord, (C.) 
 
 Table of Cloth Measure 
 
 2% inches 
 
 4 nails 
 3 quarters 
 
 5 quarters 
 G quarters 
 
 make 1 nail, (na.) 
 " 1 quarter, (qr.) 
 " 1 ell Flemish, (e. PI.) 
 " 1 ell English, (e. E.) 
 (i 1 ell French, (e. Fr.) 
 
 Table of Land Measure. 
 
 7 92-100 inches make 1 link. 
 
 25 links " 1 chain. 
 
 4 rods " 1 chain. 
 
 80 chains " 1 mile. 
 
 16 square rods " 1 square chain. 
 
 2% square chains " 1 rood. 
 
 10 square chains " 1 acre. 
 
 Table of Liquid Measure. 
 
 4 gills (gi.) make 1 pint, (pt.) 
 
 2 pints 
 
 4 quarts 
 Ziy 2 gallons 
 63 gallons 
 
 2 hogsheads 
 
 2 pipes 
 
 1 quart, (qt.) 
 1 gallon, (gal.) 
 1 barrel, (bl.) 
 1 hogshead, (hhd.) 
 1 pipe, (pi.) 
 1 tun, (T.) 
 
 Table of Dry Measure. 
 
 2 pints make 1 quart, (qt.) 
 
 8 quarts 
 
 32 bushels 
 
 1 peck, (pk.) 
 1 bushel, (bu.) 
 1 chaldron, (ch.) 
 
 Table of Circular Measure. 
 
 CO seconds (") make 1 minute, (') 
 60 minutes " 1 degree, (°) 
 
 30 degrees " 1 sign, (S.) 
 
 12 signs ' : 1 circle, (C.) 
 
 Table of Avoirdupois Weight. 
 
 16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce, (oz.) 
 16 ounces " 1 pound, (lb.) 
 
 25 pounds " 1 quarter, (qr.) 
 
 4 quarters " 1 hundred weight, (cwt.) 
 
 20 hund. weight " 1 ton. (T.) 
 
 Table of Troy Weight. 
 
 24 grains (gr.) make 1 pennyweight, (pwt.) 
 20 pwts. " 1 ounce, (oz.) 
 
 12 ounces " 1 pound, (lb.) 
 
 Table of Apothecaries' Weight 
 
 20 grains makel scruple, (sc. or 9) 
 
 3 scruples " 1 dram, (dr. or 3) 
 8 drams " 1 ounce (oz. or J\ 
 
 12 ounces " 1 pound, (it>.) 
 
 United States Money. 
 
 10 mills (m.) make 1 cent, (ct.) 
 
 10 cents " 1 dime, (d.) 
 
 10 dimes " 1 dollar, (S or dol.) 
 
 10 dollars " 1 eagle, (E.) 
 
 English Money. 
 
 4 farthings, (qr.) make 1 penny, (d.) 
 12 pence, " 1 shilling, (s.) 
 20 shillings " 1 pound, (£.) 
 
 French Money. 
 
 10 centimes 
 10 decimes 
 
 make 1 decime. 
 " 1 franc. 
 
 Table of Time Measure. 
 
 60 seconds 
 60 minutes 
 24 hours 
 7 days 
 565% days 
 
 make 1 minute, (m.) 
 " 1 hour, (h.) 
 « 1 day, (d.) 
 " 1 week, (w.) 
 " 1 year, (yr.) 
 
 Number of Days in the several Months 
 of the Year. 
 
 Thirty days hath September, 
 
 April, June, and November; 
 
 And every other thirty-one, 
 
 Except the second month alone, 
 
 Which hath but twenty-eight three years in four, 
 
 Until the leap year gives it one day more. 
 
 Relations of Weights and Measw .& 
 
 The weight of the pound Troy is equal to i, .M 
 of 22.79442 cubic inches of distilled water a' it'i 
 greatest density, the barometer standing a>, jO 
 inches. 
 
 The Apothecaries' ounce is the same as the 
 Troy ounce. 
 
 The pound Avoirdupois is equal to the weight 
 of 27.7015 inches of distilled water. 
 
 The gallon of the United States contains 231 
 cubic inches. 
 
 A cubic inch of distilled water weighs 252.693 
 grains. 
 
 A Winchester bushel, which is the standard oi 
 Dry Measure for the United States, is a cylin- 
 drical vessel 8 inches deep, and 18^ inch»s in 
 diameter, internal measure. 
 
 The Eagle weighs 10 pwts., 18 grains, of stand- 
 ard gold. 
 
 The standard for gold coin is 22-24 of pure gold, 
 and 2-24 of an alloy composed of equal pottious 
 of silver and copper. 
 
 The weight of a silver dollar is 17 pwts., 6 grs., 
 of standard silver. 
 
 The standard for silver coin is 1485 parts of 
 pure silver, and 171 parts of pure copper. 
 
 An English Pound is worth S4.S4. 
 
 A French Franc is worth 18 cents and G tnills. 
 
 French Linear Measure. 
 
 The standard unit of this measure is tht Metre, 
 
76 
 
 OF MEASURE. 
 
 which is equal to the twenty-millionth part of a 
 meridian passing from pole to pole, and is equal 
 to 39.381 inches. 
 
 TABLE : 
 10 metres make 1 decametre 
 10 decametres make 1 hectometre. 
 10 hectometres make 1 killometre. 
 10 killometres make 1 myriametre. 
 
 French Square Measure. 
 
 The Are, of which the sides are a decametre 
 in length, is the unit of French Superficial 
 Measure. 
 
 TABLE : 
 
 10 ares make 1 decare. 
 10 decares make 1 hectare. 
 10 hectares make 1 kilare. 
 10 kilares make 1 myriare. 
 
 French- Cubic Measure. 
 
 The Stere is the unit of French Cubic Measure, 
 and is equivalent to 61074.1564445 cubic inches. 
 
 TABLE : 
 
 10 decisteres make 1 stere. 
 10 steres make 1 decastere. 
 
 French Liquid and Dry Measure. 
 
 The Litre, which is a cubic decimetre, is the 
 unit both of the liquid and of the Dry Measure 
 of the French. 
 
 10 litres make 1 decalitre. 
 
 10 decalitres make 1 hectolitre. 
 
 10 hectolitres make 1 kilolitre. 
 
 Terms including etymologically the 
 idea of Measure. 
 
 METPEn [Metreo], to measure. 
 ((lr.) Hence, 
 
 Thermometer, an instrument for 
 measuring degrees of temperature be- 
 neath the heat of a furnace. (Gr., 
 bi^os [thermos'], warm.) 
 
 Pyrometer, an instrument for meas- 
 uring the heat of furnaces. (Gr., 
 nug [pyr], fire.) 
 
 Photometer, an instrument for 
 
 measuring the intensity of light, 
 (Gr., <pu>; \_phos], light. 
 
 Barometer, an instrument for meas- 
 uring the weight of the atmosphere. 
 (Gr., Capoc [baros], weight. 
 
 Hygrometer, an instrument for 
 measuring the moisture of the air. 
 (Gr., 'vypoc [hygros], moist.) 
 
 Anemometer, an instrument for 
 measuring the force of the wind. 
 (Gr., ctvi/uo; \_anemos~], the wind.) 
 
 Geometry. — The primary significa- 
 tion of the word geometry was land- 
 measuring, or surveying; but, in or- 
 der to be able to measure land, it is 
 necessary that a person should under- 
 stand the properties of regular plane 
 figures. Hence, the word came to be 
 employed to signify the science which 
 treats of the properties of all kinds of 
 regular figures, whether plane or solid. 
 (Gr., yn \_ge~], land.) 
 
 Geometer, or Geometrician, one 
 skilled in geometry. 
 
 Longimetry, the art of measuring 
 lengths or distances. (L., longus, 
 long.) 
 
 Planimetry, the art of measuring 
 plane surfaces. (L., planus, plane.) 
 
 Stereometry, the art of measuring 
 solids. (Gr., cmpioc [stereos'], solid.) 
 
 Altimetry, the art of measuring 
 hights. (L., alius, high.) 
 
 Dynameter, or Dynamometer, an 
 instrument for measuring the strength 
 of men and animals. (Gr., Suvzpis 
 [dynamis], strength.) 
 
 Pentameter, a line of poetry contain- 
 ing five measures, or feet. (Gr., 7rivrs 
 [pente], five.) 
 
 Hexameter, a line of poetry con- 
 taining six measures, or feet. (Gr., 
 'e| [Aex], six.) 
 
 OF SPACE. 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 SPACE, in the absolute sense of 
 the term, is unlimited cubical exten- 
 sion considered apart from the bodies 
 or matter which it contains. 
 
 A Space is a limited portion of 
 universal or infinite space. 
 
 Note. — Common language recognizes three 
 modifications of space: linear, superficial, and 
 solid or cubical. 
 
 A Linear Space is the portion of 
 an indefinite straight line which is 
 included between two fixed points. 
 
 A Superficial Space is the portion 
 
OF SPACE. 
 
 of an indefinite plane which is lim- 
 ited by one or more lines. 
 
 A Solid or Cubical Space is a por- 
 tion of universal space which is lim- 
 ited by one or more surfaces. 
 
 To Contain is to have within. 
 
 The Contents are that which is 
 contained. 
 
 To Hold is to be capable of con- 
 taining; as, this cask holds thirty 
 gallons. 
 
 2. Of Fullness. 
 
 To Occupy is to take up a portion 
 of space. 
 
 To Fill is to occupy completely. 
 
 Full, completely filled. >£ Empty. 
 
 Plenus, full. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Plenum, a space that is completely 
 filled. 
 
 Plenary, full; as, a plenary con- 
 sent; plenary powers. 
 
 Plenitude, fullness; as, the pleni- 
 tude of power. 
 
 Plenipotentiary, invested with full 
 power. (L., potentia, power.) 
 
 Plenty, a full supply of good 
 things. X Scarcity. 
 
 Plenish, to fill. 
 
 Replenish, to fill again. 
 
 Pleo \_pletum~\, to fill. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Eeplete, filled; as, a book replete 
 with instruction. 
 
 Complete, full in all its parts. 
 
 To Complete, to fill out in all its 
 parts ; that is, to finish. 
 
 Expletive, serving merely to fill up. 
 
 An Expletive is a word that serves 
 merely to fill up a sentence without 
 adding any thing to the sense. 
 
 To Deplete is to empty. 
 
 Depletion is the act of emptying. 
 
 Note. — Deplete and depletion are medical terms, 
 and are used in reference to tbe emptying of the 
 vessels by bloodletting. 
 
 3. Of Emptiness. 
 
 EMPTY, not containing any thing. 
 
 To Empty, to deprive a vessel, etc., 
 of its contents. 
 
 Vacuus, empty. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vacuum, an empty space. 
 
 Vacuity, 1. Emptiness. 2. An 
 empty space. 
 
 Vacant, unoccupied. 
 
 Vacancy, 1. Empty space. 2. The 
 
 state of being destitute of an incum- 
 bent. 3. An office or post which is 
 destitute of an incumbent. 
 
 Vacate, 1. To make vacant by 
 quitting; as, to vacate a throne. 2. 
 To annul; as, to vacate a commis- 
 sion; to vacate a charter. 
 
 Vacation, 1. The act of making 
 vacant. 2. The act of annulling. 3. 
 The intermission of the regular 
 studies of a seminary. 4. Intermis- 
 sion of a stated employment. 
 
 Evacuate, 1. To empty, as to evacuate 
 the bowels. 2. To make empty by 
 leaving; as, to evacuate a house. 
 
 Inanis, empty. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Inane, empty; as, an inane space; 
 an inane mind. 
 
 Inanity, emptiness of space or of 
 mind. 
 
 Inanition, emptiness of the body 
 from the privation of food. 
 
 Void, empty. X Filled. 
 
 A Void is an empty space. 
 
 4. To Open. 
 
 OPEX, 1. Free from obstruction, 
 as a way of entrance, exit, or pas- 
 sage. 2. Having the interior ex- 
 posed to view; as, an open book; an 
 open chest. >£ Closed. 
 
 Aperio [apertum], to open. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Aperient, opening; as, an aperient 
 medicine. 
 
 Aperture, as opening; as, an aper- 
 ture in a wall. 
 
 Overt, open; as, an overt act of 
 treason. (Fr. ouvrir from L. aperio.) 
 
 5. To Gape. 
 
 To GAPE is, 1. To open the mouth 
 wide. 2. To open by fissures or 
 crevices. 
 
 To Yawn is, 1. To gape from drow- 
 siness or dullness. 2. To open wide ; 
 as, a yawning gulf; the yawning 
 mouth of a cavern ; a yawning grave. 
 
 Note. — The nse of yaicn in the second sense 
 is figurative. The figure is that of a monstrous 
 beast with the mouth open to receive and de- 
 vour its prey. 
 
 Hio [hiatum], to gape. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Hiatus, a gape. 
 
 A Chasm is a deep and wide gape 
 
78 
 
 or SPACE. 
 
 caused by disrupture; as, a chasm 
 in a rock. (Gr. x Mm \chaino~], to 
 yawn. ) 
 
 6. To Shut. 
 
 To SHUT is, 1. To occupy away 
 of entrance, exit, or passage with a 
 solid body. 2. To bring the oppo- 
 site sides or edges of an open or ex- 
 panded body together ; as, to shut a 
 book; to shut a flower. >£ To open. 
 
 Claudo \_clausum~], to shut. (L.) 
 Hence 
 
 To Close, 1. To shut. 2. To end 
 or finish. 
 
 Close, presenting no intervening 
 passages or openings. X Open. 
 
 Closet, a small closed room for re- 
 tirement. 
 
 Cloister, a house in which monks 
 or nuns shut themselves up in order 
 to be secure from worldly influences. 
 
 Clause, a combination of words 
 forming complete sense, and capable 
 of being closed with a period or full 
 stop. 
 
 Inclose, to shut in; as, to inclose 
 a piece of ground with a fence; to 
 inclose goods in a box; to inclose a 
 letter in an envelope. 
 
 Inclosure, 1. That which incloses ; 
 as, a fence. 2. That which is in- 
 closed ; as, money, etc., inclosed in a 
 letter. 
 
 Disclose, 1. To remove the cover 
 which closes, or shuts any thing 
 from the view. Hence, 2. To make 
 known; as, to disclose a secret. 
 (dis, asunder.) 
 
 Disclosure, 1. The act of remov- 
 ing the cover which shuts a thing 
 from the view. Hence, 2. The act 
 of making known. 3. That which 
 is disclosed, or made known. 
 
 Include, lit. To shut up within. 
 Hence, to comprise or contain. The 
 history of England necessarily in- 
 cludes a portion of the history of 
 France. Your name is not included 
 in the list. X Exclude. 
 
 Inclusive, that includes; as, from 
 Monday to Saturday inclusive ; that 
 is, taking in both Monday and Satur- 
 day. X Exclusive. 
 
 Exclude, to shut out. (ex, out.) 
 
 Exclusive, 1. Debarring from par- 
 ticipation ; as, an exclusive privilege. 
 2. Not including or comprehending ; 
 as, the general had six thousand 
 troops exclusive of artillery. 
 
 An Exclusive, one of a coterie who 
 exclude others. 
 
 Preclude, lit. To prevent from 
 entering by previously shutting the 
 passage. Hence, 1. To shut out; as, 
 to preclude an objection. 2. To shut 
 from; as, to preclude one's self from 
 the enjoyment of a right, or the ex- 
 ercise of a privilege, (prce, before- 
 hand.) 
 
 Conclude, 1. To shut up together. 
 God hath concluded all in unbelief. 
 2. To bring to a close. 3. To close 
 an argument by drawing the infer- 
 ence. 
 
 Seclude, to shut up apart from 
 others; as, to seclude one's self from 
 society, (se, apart.) 
 
 OF PLACE 
 
 1. Terms relating to the general idea 
 of Place. 
 
 PLACE is any particular point or 
 position in space. 
 
 Here, in this place. 
 
 There, in that place. 
 
 Where, in what place. 
 
 Hither, to this place. 
 
 Thither, to that place. 
 
 Whither, to what place. 
 Hence, from this place. 
 Thence, from that place. 
 Whence, from what place. 
 Somewhere, in some place. 
 Elsewhere, in another place. 
 Everywhere, in every place. 
 Nowhere, in no place. 
 (L.) 
 
OF PLACE. 
 
 79 
 
 . Note. — When a person proves that he was 
 elsewhere at the time of the commission of an 
 offense charged against him, he is said to prove 
 an alibi. 
 
 Present, at or in a specified place. 
 X Absent. 
 
 Presence, the existence of a person 
 or thing in a specified place. X Ab- 
 sence. 
 
 Presence of Mind is the condition 
 of having one' s wits about one in a case 
 of sudden danger or difficulty, so 
 that one is enabled promptly to adopt 
 such measures as the circumstances 
 demand. 
 
 Omnipresent, present in all places 
 at the same time. (L. omnis, all.) 
 
 Omnipresence, presence in all 
 places at the same time. 
 
 Ubiquity, omnipresence. (L. ubiqiie, 
 everywhere. ) 
 
 Absent, not present. 
 
 Absence, the condition of not being 
 present. 
 
 Absence of Mind is the condition 
 of being so lost in thought as to be 
 incapable of noticing present objects, 
 or of adapting one's actions to the 
 exigences of present circumstances. 
 
 To Absent one's self is purposely 
 to stay away from a place. 
 
 An Absentee is one who is absent 
 from a place at which he ought to 
 be present, 
 
 A Position is a place considered 
 in reference to surrounding objects. 
 
 A Situation is a place considered 
 in reference to its being occupied by 
 something. 
 
 A Site is the situation occupied by 
 a building, &c. . 
 
 Locus, a place. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Local, limited to a particular place; 
 as, a local custom. X General. 
 
 Locality. The place where any na- 
 tural production, as a plant or min- 
 eral, is found is its locality. 
 
 Locate, to fix in a particular place. 
 
 Tonos [Topos], 1. A place. 2. A 
 place or source whence arguments 
 are drawn. 
 
 Topic, a subject of discourse. 
 
 Topical, 1. Local. 2. Arranged by 
 topics; as a topical lexicon. 
 
 2. To Put. 
 
 To PUT is to move an object to a 
 place where it is to remain. 
 
 To Place is to put in some particu- 
 lar part of space. 
 
 To Set is to place in a standing 
 position. 
 
 To Lay is to cause to lie. 
 
 Pono \_positum~], to put. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Position, 1. The place of a thing 
 in reference to other objects. 2. The 
 manner of being placed; as, a hori- 
 zontal position. 
 
 Posture, a position of the body ; as, 
 a kneeling posture. 
 
 Repose, lit., to lay one's self back- 
 ward. Hence, To rest, {re, backward. ) 
 
 Propose, lit, to lay before. Hence, 
 To offer for consideration, or accep- 
 tance, {pro, before.) 
 
 Propound, to propose; as, to pro- 
 pound a question. 
 
 Oppose, lit, to place against. 
 Hence, 1. To set two things front to 
 front. 2. To act against. (ob, 
 against. ) 
 
 Opposite, placed over against. 
 
 Opposition, 1. The state of being 
 placed over against. 2. The act of 
 opposing. 
 
 Opponent, one who opposes. 
 
 Compose, lit, to put or place to- 
 gether. Hence, 1. To constitute or 
 form by being placed together; as, 
 letters compose words, and words 
 compose sentences. 2. To put words 
 and sentences together in writing. 3. 
 To calm. 
 
 Compound, lit, to put together. 
 Hence, 1. To blend two or more in- 
 gredients in one mass. 2. To settle 
 amicably. 
 
 Suppose, lit, to place under. 
 Hence, To lay down or state a case 
 that shall serve as the basis of an 
 argument, {sub, under.) 
 
 Depose, lit, to lay or put down. 
 Hence, 1. To lay down or state un- 
 der oath. 2. To put down from a 
 throne or other high station, {de, 
 down.) 
 
 Deponent, one who makes a state- 
 ment under oath. 
 
 Deposit, 1. To lay. A bird deposits 
 
80 
 
 OF PLACE. 
 
 eggs. 2. To throw down. An in- 
 undation deposits particles of earth. 
 3. To lay in a place for preservation. 
 
 Depositary, a person with whom 
 any thing is deposited for safe keep- 
 ing. 
 
 Depository, a place where any thing 
 is lodged for safe keeping. 
 
 Interpose, 1. To place between. 
 2. To place one's self between parties 
 at variance, {inter, between.) 
 
 Dispose, lit, to place asunder. 
 Hence, 1. To arrange. 2. To set the 
 mind in a particular frame, (dis, as- 
 under. ) 
 
 Disposal, I. The act of arranging. 
 2. The power of arranging or manag- 
 ing. 3. The power or right of bestow- 
 ing. 
 
 Disposition, 1. The act of dispos- 
 ing. 2. The manner in which things 
 are disposed or arranged. 3. Temper 
 or frame of mind. 
 
 Expose, lit, to set forth. Hence, 1. 
 To lay open to public view ; as, to ex- 
 pose secret villainy. 2. To remove 
 from a situation of security and put 
 in the way of danger, (ex, forth.) 
 
 Exposure, 1. The act of exposing 
 or laying open. 2. The situation of 
 a place in regard to the points of the 
 compass ; as, a northern exposure. 
 
 Exposition, 1. A setting forth to 
 public view. 2. An explanation or 
 setting forth of the meaning of an 
 author. 
 
 Expositor, one who explains or sets 
 forth the meaning of an author. 
 
 Expound, to lay open the meaning; 
 as, to expound a text of Scripture. 
 
 Exponent, something that sets 
 forth. An exponent, in algebra, sets 
 forth, or denotes the power of a 
 number or letter. 
 
 Transpose, to change the order of 
 things by putting each in the place of 
 the other ; as, to transpose the letters 
 of a word, (trans, beyond.) 
 
 Impose, to lay on ; as, to impose a 
 burden, tax, duty, etc. {in, upon.) 
 
 To Impose on is to put upon ; that 
 is, to deceive. 
 
 Impostor, one who imposes on 
 others by false pretenses. 
 
 Imposture, fraud practiced by .a 
 false pretender. 
 
 Imposition, 1. The act of laying 
 on; as, the imposition of a tax. 
 2. Imposture. 
 
 Postpone, lit, to place after. 
 Hence, to put off. {post, after.) 
 
 2. Within. 
 
 INTERNAL, inward; as, the in- 
 ternal parts of a body. X External. 
 
 Interior, inner; as, the interior 
 parts of a country. }£ Exterior. 
 
 The Interior of a body is the inner 
 portion. 
 
 Intestine, occurring within ; as, in- 
 testine broils or disorders in a state. 
 
 Intrinsic, existing in a thing and 
 inherent in its nature ; as, the intrin- 
 sic value of gold. ^ Extrinsic. 
 
 EN AON [Endon], within. (Grr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Endo, a prefix signifying within, 
 as in 
 
 En'dogen, a plant that increases by 
 an internal growth. (Gr. , ym^a \_gen- 
 nao~\, to grow.) 
 
 Note. — The grasses are endogenous plants. 
 ^ Exogen. 
 
 3. Without. 
 
 EXTERNAL, outward ; as, the ex- 
 ternal parts of a body. }£ Internal. 
 
 Exterior, 1. Outer; as, an exterior 
 surface. 2. Existing without; as, 
 when we speak of objects exterior to 
 ourselves in opposition to the ideas 
 which exist in our minds. 3. Foreign; 
 as, the exterior relations of a govern- 
 ment. >£ Interior. 
 
 Extra, beyond the limits of a 
 body, or of some definite portion of 
 space. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Extra, a prefix signifying beyond 
 the proper or natural limits of a 
 thing. 
 
 Extraneous, foreign to or outside 
 of the nature of a thing ; as, to sepa- 
 rate gold from extraneous matter. 
 
 Extraordinary, beyond the limits 
 of the ordinary or common. 
 
 Extravagant, ranging beyond the 
 proper limits. (L., vagor, to wander 
 or roam at large.) 
 
OF PLACE. 
 
 81 
 
 Extrinsic, existing without. Mere 
 matter can not move unless it be 
 acted upon by some extrinsic force. 
 ; ~ Intrinsic. 
 
 Ezn [Exo], a prefix signifying 
 without, as in 
 
 Ex'ogen, a plant which increases by 
 successive layers added to the outside. 
 ((Jr., yurxco [gennao], to grow.) 
 
 Note. — Our common forest trees are exogenous 
 plants. X Endogen. 
 
 4. On the other side of. 
 TRANS, beyond (L.) Hence 
 
 Trans, a prefix signifying beyond, 
 or on the other side of, as in. 
 
 Trans-Alpine, situated beyond the 
 Alps. 
 
 Trans- Atlantic, situated on the 
 other side of the Atlantic, etc. 
 
 5. On this side of. 
 CIS, on this side of. (L.) Hence, 
 Ois-Alpine, situated on this side of 
 
 the Alps. 
 
 Ois-Atlantic, situated on this side 
 
 of the Atlantic. 
 
 - 6. Around. 
 CIRCUM, around. (L.) Hence, 
 Circum, a prefix signifying around, 
 
 as in 
 
 Circumnavigate, to sail around. 
 nEPi [Peri], around. (Gr.) Hence, 
 Peri, a prefix signifying around, as 
 
 in 
 
 Periosteum, the membrane that 
 
 surrounds a bone, etc. (Gr., cttsov 
 
 [osteon], a bone. 
 
 7. Through. 
 PER, through. (L.) _ Hence, 
 Per, a prefix signifying through, 
 in 
 
 Permeate, to pass through, etc. 
 ai A [Dia], through. (Gr.) Hence, 
 Dia, a prefix signifying through, 
 as in 
 
 Diameter, a line drawn through 
 the center of a circle from side to 
 Bide. 
 
 8. Between. 
 INTER, between. (L.) Hence, 
 6 
 
 Inter, a prefix signifying between, 
 as in 
 
 Intervene, to come between, etc. 
 
 9. Against. 
 CONTRA, against. (L.) Hence, 
 Contra, a prefix signifying against, 
 
 as in 
 
 Contradict, to speak against, or in 
 
 opposition to, etc. 
 
 10. Over or Above. 
 SUPER, over. (L.) Hence, 
 Super, a prefix, signifying over or 
 above, as in 
 
 Superintend, to oversee, etc. 
 
 11. Under. 
 SUB, under. (L.) Hence, 
 Sub; (siic, suf, sug, sup, sur, sus,) 
 
 a prefix signifying under, as in 
 Subjugate, to place under the yoke 
 
 of servitude, etc. 
 
 12. Together. 
 
 TOGETHER, at the same place. 
 
 Con (cog, col, com, cor,), is a Latin 
 prefix signifying with or together, as 
 in 
 
 Convene, to come together, etc. 
 
 2TN [Syn] (syl, sym,), is a Greek 
 prefix signifying with or together, as 
 in 
 
 Synthesis, a putting together, &c. 
 
 13. To Come, or To Bring together. 
 
 To Meet is to come together. 
 
 A Meeting is 1. A coming together. 
 2. A number of persons who have 
 come together for some common pur- 
 pose. 
 
 To Convene is 1. To meet for the 
 transaction of business; as, Congress 
 convenes at the time prescribed in 
 the Constitution. 2. To cause to 
 meet for the transaction of business. 
 The president may at any time con- 
 vene Congress by a proclamation. 
 (L. con, together, and venio [ventum], 
 to come.) Hence, 
 
 Convention, a body of persons who 
 have met for the transaction of bu- 
 siness. 
 
 To Assemble is 1. To come to- 
 gether. 2. To cause to come together. 
 
™ 
 
 82 
 
 OF PLACE. 
 
 An Assembly is a number of per- 
 sons who have met together. 
 
 An Assemblage is 1. A number of 
 persons assembled. 2. A collection 
 of things. 
 
 To Congregate is to come together. 
 (L., con, together; and gr ex, a flock.) 
 
 A Congregation is a number of 
 persons who have assembled for re- 
 ligious worship. 
 
 A Congress is an assembly of per- 
 sons representing sundry local inter- 
 ests, who have met for the purpose of 
 deliberating on matters pertaining to 
 the common good. (L. , congressus, a 
 coming together.) 
 
 To Gather is 1. To come together; 
 as, the people gather; the clouds 
 gather. 2. To bring together a num- 
 ber of scattered objects. 3. To bring 
 together scattered portions of matter. 
 
 A Gathering is an assemblage of 
 persons. 
 
 To Collect is to gather. 
 
 ^Collection is 1. An act of gather- 
 ing. 2. A number of separate objects 
 brought together. 3. A quantity of 
 scattered matter brought together. 
 
 To Aggregate is to collect smaller 
 quantities of matter into a mass ; or, 
 to collect particulars into a sum, or 
 total amount (L., ad, to; and grex, 
 the flock.) 
 
 An Aggregate is a sum, or total 
 amount of many particulars collected 
 together. 
 
 A Company is an assembly of per- 
 sons. (L., eon, together ; and pannus, 
 a cloth or flag, the primary significa- 
 tion of the word company being a 
 body of soldiers marching or fight- 
 ing under the same flag.) 
 
 To Accompany is to go with, {ad, 
 with.) 
 
 An Accompaniment is that which 
 accompanies. 
 
 14. Of Distance. 
 DISTANCE is the space by which 
 objects are separated. (L , di, asun- 
 der; and stans, standing.) 
 
 15. Near. 
 NEAR, being at a small distance. 
 Nigh, near. 
 
 A Neighbor is one who lives near 
 to us. (from nigh.) 
 
 Neighboring, living, or situated 
 near; as, neighboring inhabitants; 
 neighboring countries. 
 
 Neighborhood, 1. The region that 
 surrounds a particular spot. 2. The 
 condition of being neighbors. 
 _ Vicinity, neighborhood; as, he 
 lives in the vicinity of New York. 
 (L., vicinus, belonging to the same vil- 
 lage ; from vicus, a village.) 
 
 Vicinage, neighborhood ; as, jurors 
 must be of the vicinage. 
 
 Proximity, the state of being very 
 near; as, proximity of situation; 
 proximity of blood.. (L., proximus, 
 nearest.) }£ Remoteness. 
 
 Proximate, nearest. X Remote. 
 
 & proximate cause is that which immediately 
 precedes, and produces the effect, as distin- 
 guished from the remote, mediate, or predisposing 
 cause. — Watts. 
 
 Proximate principles are the distinct com- 
 pounds which exist ready formed in animals and 
 plants, such as albumen, fat, sugar, etc. — Brande. 
 
 Approximate, to come near, {ad, to.) 
 Close, very near ; as, close by the 
 
 wall. 
 
 Hard, close ; as, he dwells hard 
 
 by; the house stands hard by the 
 
 roadside. 
 
 16. Distant. 
 
 DISTANT, being at a great dis- 
 tance, {di, apart; and stans, stand- 
 ing.) 
 
 Far, distant ; as, a far country. 
 
 Far, to a great distance ; as, he has 
 gone far away. 
 
 Afar, 1. At a great distance ; as, he 
 stood afar off. 2. To a great distance. 
 
 'T was on Transylvania's bannat 
 While the crescent shone afar, 
 Like a pale, disastrous planet, 
 O'er the purple tide of war. — Campbell. 
 
 Remote, situated at a great dis- 
 tance. X Near. 
 
 17. To Scatter. 
 
 To SCATTER is to spread objects 
 or portions of matter irregularly over 
 an area. 
 
 To Disperse is to scatter. (L., dis. 
 asunder, and spar go {spar sum], to 
 sprinkle.) 
 
OF TIME. 
 
 83 
 
 To Dissipate is, 1. To scatter things 
 of such a nature, that when scattered 
 they disappear and can not be col- 
 lected again; as, to dissipate a fog; 
 to dissipate a fortune. 2. To scatter 
 the attention. 
 
 Dissipated, having one's sober re- 
 flections scattered by giddy amuse- 
 ments. Hence, devoted to pleasure 
 and vicious indulgences. 
 
 To Dispel is to scatter by driving 
 asunder ; as, to dispel vapors ; to dis- 
 pel darkness; to dispel doubts and 
 fears. (L., dis, asunder, and pello, 
 to drive. ) 
 
 Sparse, thinly scattered ; as, a 
 sparse population. 
 
 18. To Sprinkle. 
 
 To SPKIXKLE is to scatter par- 
 ticles of any substance, either liquid 
 or solid ; as, to sprinkle water, sand, 
 meal, etc. 
 
 Spargo [sparsuni], to sprinkle. (L. ) 
 Hence, 
 
 Sparse, thinly scattered. 
 
 Disperse, to scatter abroad, (dis, 
 asunder.) 
 
 Intersperse, to scatter here and 
 there among other things, (inter, 
 among. ) 
 
 Asperse, to bespatter with calumny. 
 (ad, upon.) 
 
 Spatter, to sprinkle with dirt or 
 any thing offensive. 
 
 To Bespatter, to soil by spattering. 
 
 OF TIME. 
 
 1. Terms including etymologically 
 
 the idea of Time. 
 TIME is a term which is not sus- 
 ceptible of a proper definition. 
 
 Note.— We gain an idea of time either from 
 successive impressions upon our bodily senses, 
 or from the succession of thoughts in our minds. 
 
 Tempus \temporis~], time. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Temporary, 1. Continuing but a 
 short time; as, a temporary relief. 
 
 2. Designed to last but a short time; 
 as, a temporary structure. X Per- 
 manent. 
 
 Temporal, 1. Pertaining to this 
 life; as, temporal interests. X Spir- 
 itual. 2. Limited in duration. The 
 things which are seen are temporal, 
 but the things which are not seen 
 are eternal. — 2 Cor. iv. X Eternal 
 
 Temporize, to adapt one's con- 
 duct to the time or occasion. 
 
 Extempore, without premeditation. 
 (L. ex, from, and tempore, the spur 
 of the occasion.) 
 
 Extemporaneous, spoken without 
 previous meditation; as, an extem- 
 poraneous speech. 
 
 Extemporize, to speak extempo- 
 raneously. 
 
 Contemporary, or Contemporaneous, 
 
 living or existing at the same time ; 
 as, cotemporary authors ; contempo- 
 raneous events. 
 
 Cotemporaries, those who live at 
 the same time. 
 
 xponos [Chroxos], time. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Chronometer, a time measurer. 
 (Gr. /u*.T£tce \^metreo~], to measure.) 
 
 Note — A chronometer is properly a -watch or 
 clock so adjusted as to measure time with great 
 exactness. 
 
 Chronology, the arrangement of 
 historical events according to their 
 dates. (Gr. *oyoe [logos'], a treatise.) 
 
 Chronic or Chronical, of a long 
 continuance ; as, a chronic disease. 
 
 Chronicle, a history in which 
 events are recorded in the order of 
 time. 
 
 Anachronism, a chronological error ; 
 that is, the assigning of an erroneous 
 date to a transaction or event. (Gr. 
 av* \_ana~\, denoting transposition.) 
 
 Synchronize, 1* agree in time. (Gr. 
 c-w [syii], together.) 
 
 Synchronism, a concurrence of 
 two or more events in time. 
 
 2. Before. 
 ANTE, before. (A Latin prefix.) 
 
84 
 
 OF TIME. 
 
 Antecedent, going before. (L.) 
 cedo, to go.) 
 
 Antedate, to date before the true 
 time. X Postdate. 
 
 Antediluvian, existing before the 
 time of the flood. (L. diluvium, a 
 flood.) X Postdiluvian. 
 
 Antemundane, being before the 
 creation of the world. (L. mundus, 
 the world.) 
 
 Antemeridian, being before noon. 
 X Postmeridian. 
 
 Anterior, being before in time. 
 X Posterior. 
 
 Anteriority, the state of being be- 
 fore in time. X Posteriority. 
 
 Prae, before. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Pre, before. (Used as a prefx.) 
 
 Precede, to go before, either in 
 place or time. (L. cedo, to go.) 
 
 Previous, going before in time. 
 (L. via, a way.) X Subsequent. 
 
 Prior, preceding in the order of 
 time ; as, a prior discovery. 
 
 Priority, the state of being ante- 
 cedent in time. 
 
 Former, 1. Being before in time; 
 as, a former occasion. 2. The first 
 mentioned of two persons or things. 
 X Latter. 
 
 3. After. 
 
 POST, after. (A Latin prefix.) 
 
 Posterior, being after in the order 
 of time ; as, a posterior event. X 
 Anterior. 
 
 Posteriority, the state of being 
 after in the order of time ; as, pos- 
 teriority of birth. X Anteriority. 
 
 Postdate, to date after the proper 
 time. X Antedate. 
 
 Postdiluvian, being after the flood. 
 X Antediluvian. 
 
 Postmeridian, pertaining to the 
 afternoon. X Antemeridian. 
 
 Posi-Mortem, done or happening 
 after death; as, a post-mortem ex- 
 amination of the b&dy. (L. mors, 
 death.) 
 
 Posthumous, 1. Born after the 
 death of the father; as, a posthu- 
 mous son or daughter. 2. Published 
 after the author's death; as, & post- 
 humous work 3. Being after one's 
 
 decease; as, a posthumous reputa- 
 tion, (humus, the ground.) 
 
 Posterity, those who come after us. 
 
 Succeed, to come after in the order 
 of time, (sub, after, and cedo, to 
 come.) X Precede. 
 
 Subsequent, following after in the 
 order of time ; as, a subsequent 
 period, (sub, after; and sequor, to 
 follow.) X Previous. 
 
 4. Terms significant of the interval 
 between a specified point of time 
 and the occurrence of a subsequent 
 event, or the performance of a sub- 
 sequent act. 
 
 Immediately, without any interven- 
 ing space of time. (L. in, not; and 
 mediately, with an intervening space, 
 from medius, existing between.) 
 
 Note. — Immediately is not always used accord- 
 ing to its strict lfteral meaning, but frequently 
 signifies in a very short time, or, with as little de- 
 lay 
 
 Forthwith, without any delay. 
 
 Note. — Forthwith implies greater haste and 
 urgency than is implied by immediately. 
 
 Straightway lit., without turning 
 to the right or to the left ; hence, 
 Without loss of time. 
 
 Directly, lit, straightforward. 
 Hence, 1. Without loss of time : as, 
 he began the work directly. 2. In a 
 very short time; as, he will be with 
 us directly. 
 
 Instantly, at the very instant. 
 
 Presently, 1, and properly. At 
 the present instant; but the term is 
 not used in this sense. 2. In a very 
 short time ; as, I will do it presently. 
 
 Soon, after the lapse of a short 
 time. 
 
 Speedily, with haste. 
 
 Quickly, 1. With haste. 2. With- 
 out delay. 
 
 Shortly, after the lapse of a short 
 time. 
 
 By-and-by, after some time. 
 
 5. Of Time Present. 
 
 The PRESENT is the passing mo- 
 ment. 
 Now, at the present time. 
 To-day, on the present day. 
 
or TIME. 
 
 85 
 
 Instant, present; as, the tenth of 
 August instant. 
 
 Inst, abbreviation of instant; as, 
 the 10th inst, that is, the 10th of 
 the present month. 
 
 Current, now passing; as, the 
 current month. 
 
 6. Of Time Past 
 
 The PAST is the time that has 
 passed or gone by. 
 
 Hitherto, up to the present time. 
 
 Heretofore, before the present 
 time. 
 
 Still, now, as in time past; as, 
 he is still there. 
 
 Yet. up to and at the present time ; 
 as, "Doth my father yet live?" 
 
 Of Old, in times long since gone 
 by; as, in days of old. 
 
 Ancient, pertaining to time that 
 has long since gone by; as, ancient 
 history. X Modern. 
 
 The Ancients are those who lived 
 in times that have long since gone by. 
 X Moderns. 
 
 Antique (an-teeh/), made in some 
 distant period of past time ; as, an 
 antiqiiexo.se. (L., antiquus, ancient.) 
 
 Antiquity, ancient times. 
 
 Antiquities, the remains of ancient 
 times. 
 
 Note. — Under the term antiquities, are com- 
 prehended the history, literature, manners, arts, 
 and remains of art, of any of the ancient nations. 
 
 Antiquarian, pertaining to anti- 
 quity ; as, antiquarian researches. 
 
 An Antiquary is one who devotes 
 himself to the study of ancient things, 
 such as coins, statues, manuscripts, 
 etc. 
 
 Yore, ancient times; as, in the 
 'days of yore. 
 
 Ultimo, the last month ; as, the 10th 
 of July ultimo. (L., ultimo mense, 
 in the last month.) 
 
 Jilt, contraction of ultimo ; as, the 
 10th ult, (the 10th of last month.) 
 
 Modern, pertaining to past times 
 not far removed from the present ; 
 as, modern history ; modern improve- 
 ments. >£ Ancient. 
 
 Moderns, the persons who have 
 lived in modern times. >t Ancients. 
 
 Late, pertaining to, or occurring 
 
 at, a past time very near the present; 
 as, the late news; the late disaster. 
 
 Recent, having lately taken place ; 
 as, a recent occurrence. 
 
 Just, at the latest point of past 
 time ; as, he has just arrived. 
 
 Ago, in past time; as, a month 
 ago. (For agone, from go.) 
 
 7. Of Time Future. 
 
 FUTURE, yet to come, or yet to 
 happen; as, futu re time, or a future 
 event. 
 
 Futurity, 1. Future time. 2. The 
 condition of being future. 
 
 Hereafter, at some future time. 
 
 Henceforth, from this time for- 
 ward. 
 
 The Morrow, the next day after 
 the one specified ; as, " The Lord did 
 that thing on the morrow. 
 
 To-morrow, the next day after the 
 present 
 
 8. The Foretokening of Future Events. 
 
 An OMEN is a sign of something 
 that is to happen. 
 
 Ominous, foretokening evil. 
 
 To Bode is to foretoken. 
 
 Boding, foretokening evil ; as, the 
 boding owl. 
 
 Auspices are omens drawn from 
 birds. (L., avis, a bird, and specio, 
 to observe.) 
 
 Auspicious, foretokening success ; 
 as, an auspicious circumstance. 
 
 Inauspicious, ill-omened ; as, an 
 inauspicious circumstance. 
 
 To Portend is to foretoken. 
 
 A Portent is an omen of ill. 
 
 Portentous, foreshowing ill. 
 
 A Prodigy is, 1. Something out of 
 the usual course of nature. Hence, 
 2. Something extraordinary from 
 which omens are drawn. 
 
 9. The foretelling of Future Events. 
 To PROPHESY is to foretell. (Gr., 
 
 t$o \_pro~], beforehand, and <$»y.t 
 [phemi], to say.) 
 
 A Prophecy is, 1. An act of fore- 
 telling. 2. The thing foretold. 
 
 A Prophet is one who foretells, 
 
86 
 
 OF TIME. 
 
 To Predict is to foretell. (L., pros, 
 before, and dico [dictuni], to say.) 
 
 To Divine is, 1. To foretell by con- 
 sulting the gods. 2. To conjecture 
 or guess. 
 
 Note. — This second definition is a comment on 
 the first, and implies that the pretended predic- 
 tions of the diviners were only guesses. (L., divus, 
 a god.) 
 
 Divination is the art of foretelling 
 events by consulting the gods. 
 
 To Presage' is, 1. To forebode. 
 2. To foretell. (L., prce, beforehand, 
 and sagio, to be instinctively wise.) 
 
 A Pres'age is something which 
 foreshows a future event. 
 
 A Prognostic is a sign by which 
 something about to happen may be 
 known beforehand. (Gr., ^o [j?ro], 
 beforehand, and yryvaxriue \_gignosco], 
 to know.) 
 
 To Prognosticate is to foretell from 
 signs. 
 
 An Augur was one who pretended 
 to foretell events by observing the 
 actions of birds. 
 
 Augur?/ is the art of foretelling by 
 observing the actions of birds. 
 
 Vates, a prophet. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vaticinate, to prophesy. 
 
 Vaticination, prophecy. 
 
 MANTEJA [Manteia], prophecy. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Necromancy, the foretelling of 
 events by a .pretended communication 
 with the spirits of the dead. (Gr., 
 vsk/50? \_newos], dead.) See Art. Witch- 
 craft. 
 
 Chiromancy, the pretended art of 
 telling fortunes by an inspection of 
 the hand. (Gr., %up [cheir], the 
 hand. ) 
 
 Palmistry is the art of telling for- 
 tunes by an inspection of the lines 
 of the palm of the hand. 
 
 Astrology is the art of telling for- 
 tunes from the relative positions of 
 the planets at the birth of individ- 
 uals. 
 
 A Seer was a prophet who saw in 
 vision the events which were to take 
 place. 
 
 A Soothsayer is one who predicts 
 without the aid of divine inspiration. 
 (Sooth, truth.) 
 
 9. To Begin. 
 
 To BEGIN is, 1. To perform the 
 first act of a process. 2. To elapse 
 as the first moment of a period of 
 time. 
 
 To Commence is to begin. 
 
 Incipio, to begin. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Incipient, beginning ; as, the in- 
 cipient light of day; the incipient 
 stage of a fever. 
 
 Inception, a beginning. 
 
 Initium, a beginning. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Initial, 1. Pertaining to the begin- 
 ning ; as, the initial velocity of a 
 cannon ball. 2. Placed at the begin- 
 ning ; as, the initial letter of a name. 
 
 To Initiate is, 1. To cause to make 
 a beginning in any art or mystery. 
 2. To introduce as a member of a 
 society. 
 
 10. To Continue. 
 
 To CONTINUE is to hold on in 
 being or action. (L., continuo, to 
 have an uninterrupted connection of 
 parts.) 
 
 Continual, uninterrupted. 
 
 To Last is, 1. To continue in exist- 
 ence. The Byzantine empire lasted 
 a thousand years. 2. To continue un- 
 consumed ; as, we had provisions 
 sufficient to last three months. 
 
 To Endure, or To Dure, is to con- 
 tinue in existence. The Lord shall 
 endure forever. (L., durus, hard, 
 because things made of hard sub- 
 stances are the most lasting.) 
 
 Duration is existence indefinitely 
 continued ; as, the duration of human 
 life. 
 
 Durable, having the quality of 
 lasting long without perishing or 
 wearing out. 
 
 Eternal, existing through unlimit- 
 ed duration. 
 
 Eternity, duration or continuance 
 without beginning or end. 
 
 Perpetual, 1. Uninterrupted ; as, 
 a perpetual summer. 2. Everlasting ; 
 as, the perpetual hills. 
 
 To Perpetuate, 1. To make per- 
 petual; as, to perpetuate an evil. 
 2. To preserve from oblivion; as, to 
 
OF TIME. 
 
 87 
 
 perpetuate the remembrance of an 
 event. 
 
 Perpetuity, endless duration. 
 
 Always, 1. Throughout all dura- 
 tion, whether past or future ; as, God 
 has always existed, and alioays will 
 continue to exist. 2. As a regular 
 or usual thing ; as, he always stops 
 at the Franklin Hotel. 
 
 Ever, always. He will ever be 
 mindful of his covenant. 
 
 Forever, throughout all future du- 
 ration. 
 
 Aye, always, (pron. a.) . 
 
 For Aye, forever. 
 
 Note. — Aye and for aye are used only in 
 poetry. 
 
 Transient, of short duration. (L., 
 trans, away, and tens, passing.) 
 
 Transitory, of short continuance. 
 The present life is a transitory state. 
 
 Fleeting, passing quickly away. 
 
 Brief, 1. Of short duration ; as, a 
 brief existence. 2. Occupying but a 
 short time in its delivery ; as, a brief 
 discourse. 
 
 Brevity, 1. Shortness of duration. 
 2. Conciseness; as, brevity is the soul 
 of wit. 
 
 11. To End. 
 
 To END is, 1. To come to a point 
 beyond which a process is not con- 
 tinued. 2. To come to a point be- 
 yond which a particular period does 
 not extend. 
 
 Terminus, a limit. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Terminate, to come to an end. 
 
 Termination, an end. 
 
 Interminable, having no end. 
 
 12. Of Age. 
 
 The AGE of an object is the length 
 of time that it has existed. 
 
 13. Old. 
 
 OLD, 1. That has lived or existed 
 a long time ; as. an old man. X Young. 
 2. That has been worn or used a long 
 time ; as, an old garment. X New. 
 
 Older and Elder, comparatives of 
 old. 
 
 Oldest and Eldest, superlatives of 
 old. 
 
 Note. — Sometimes the preference is to bo 
 given to the forms older and oldest, and, at other 
 times, to elder and eldest. I am older than be. 
 She is my elder daughter. 
 
 The Elders of a people, in ancient 
 history, were men who, on account 
 of their age and wisdom, were chosen 
 as magistrates and counselors. 
 
 Elderly, somewhat advanced in 
 years ; as, an elderly man. 
 
 Aged, that has lived long; as, an 
 aged man ; an aged oak. 
 
 Note. — In speaking of persons advanced in 
 life, the term aged is softer and more respectful 
 than old. 
 
 Senex, aged. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Senate, a body of aged men selected 
 to consult for the public good. See 
 Art. Civil Government. 
 
 Senior, 1. Elder. 2. Older in office. 
 X Junior. 
 
 Seniority, 1. Superior age. 2 Pri- 
 ority in office. 
 
 Vetus [veteris], old. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Veteran, a soldier who has been 
 long in service. 
 
 Inveterate, hard to be cured, era- 
 dicated or overcome on account of 
 its being of long standing ; as, an 
 inveterate disease ; an inveterate ha- 
 bit ; an inveterate dislike. 
 
 Inveteracy or Inveterateness, diffi- 
 culty of cure, correction, or eradica- 
 tion, arising from long continuance ; 
 as, the inveteracy of a disease, habit, 
 etc. 
 
 14. Young. 
 
 YOUNG, being in the first part of 
 life. 
 
 Youth is the part of life which 
 succeeds to childhood. 
 
 A Youth is a young man. 
 
 Youths are young men. 
 
 The Youth of a place are the young 
 persons, both males and females. 
 
 Juvenis, young. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Juvenile, pertaining to the period 
 which intervenes between childhood 
 and manhood; as, juvenile sports. 
 
 Juvenility, youthfulness. 
 
 Junior, younger. 
 
 Note. — James Brown the father, and James 
 Brown the son, may be distinguished by calling 
 the former, James Brown, senior ; and tile latter, 
 James Brown, junior. 
 
88 
 
 OF TIME. 
 
 15. New. 
 
 NEW, 1. That has lately begun to 
 exist; as, a new order of things. 2. 
 That has but lately become known ; 
 as, a new species of plants. 3. That 
 has taken the place of a former ob- 
 ject of the same kind; as, a new 
 master. 4. That has not been long 
 used ; as, a new hat. 
 
 Novus, new, (L.) Hence, 
 
 Innovate, to introduce new usages. 
 
 Novice, one who is new in any art; 
 that is, a learner, or apprentice. 
 XAdept. 
 
 Novitiate, the condition of being a 
 novice or learner. 
 
 Renovate, to impart to any thing 
 that is old, worn, or decayed, the 
 qualities which it possessed when 
 new. {re, again.) 
 
 Nouvel, new. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Novel, exciting interest by its being 
 something new or unwonted; as, a 
 novel procedure ; a novel sight. 
 
 Novelty, 1. Newness. 2. Something 
 that interests by its being new and 
 unusual. 
 
 16. Of the Divisions of Time. 
 An INSTANT is a point of time 
 separating two adjacent portions of 
 duration. 
 
 Note 1. — The term instant primarily signified 
 the present point of time. (L. instans, present.) 
 Note 2. — An instant has no length whatever. 
 
 Instantaneous, accomplished in an 
 instant. 
 
 Note. — All motions and operations take up 
 time, and, consequently, no motion or operation, 
 can, strictly speaking, be instantaneous ; yet, 
 when the time occupied by a process is shorter 
 than can be appreciated by the senses, we are 
 accustomed to say that the process is instanta- 
 neous. 
 
 A Moment is an infinitely small 
 portion of time. 
 
 Note 1. — The etymological sense of the term 
 moment refers to the onward movement of time. 
 (L. momentum, ar movement.) 
 
 Note 2. — An infinite number of moments may 
 make a minute, or any other finite portion of 
 time, but an infinite number of instants amount 
 to nothing at all. 
 
 Momentary, enduring only a mo- 
 ment; as, a momentary pain. 
 
 Note. — The terms moment, and momentary 
 are not always used according to their strict 
 
 meaning, but are sometimes 'applied to portions 
 of time that have an appreciable length. 
 
 A Period is a limited portion of 
 time. 
 
 Note. — The term period signifies primarily and 
 literallj r , a circuit, as that of the sun, moon, or 
 other heavenly body. Hence, secondarily, The 
 time occupied by a planet in its revolution 
 around the sun. Hence, thirdly, A portion of 
 time limited in any way whatever. (Gr. jrspioJos 
 \j)eriodos], a circuit. 
 
 Periodical, recurring at regular in- 
 tervals ; as, a periodical fever. 
 
 A Solar Hay is a period equiva- 
 lent to the interval between two suc- 
 cessive noons. (L. sol, the sun.) 
 
 A Siderial Day is a period equiv- 
 alent to the interval between two 
 successive southings of the same fixed 
 star. 
 
 Note. — Owing to the motion of the earth in 
 its orbit the solar day is about 4 minutes longer 
 than the siderial day. (L. sidus [sideris], a star.) 
 
 Dies, a day. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Diary, a book in which is written 
 an account of daily events, transac- 
 tions, and observations. 
 
 Diurnal, performed in a period 
 of one day; as, the diurnal revolution 
 of the earth. 
 
 'hmepa [Hemera], a day. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Ephemeral, properly, lasting, but 
 for a single day. Hence, having but 
 a brief duration ; as, an ephemeral 
 existence. (Gr. uri [epi], during.) 
 
 Ephemeron, an insect that lives 
 but a single day. (plu. ephemera.) 
 
 Jour, a day. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Journal, an account of daily "trans- 
 actions or events. 
 
 Journey, originally, The distance 
 traveled in a single day; but at 
 present the term journey signifies the 
 entire distance traveled by land on 
 one occasion, whatever may be the- 
 time which the traveling has occu- 
 pied. 
 
 Journeyman, a mechanic who 
 works by the day, month, or year 
 under a master-workman. 
 
 Day, as opposed to Night, is that 
 portion of an astronomical day dur- 
 ing which the sun is above the ho- 
 
OF TIME. 
 
 89 
 
 Morning is the first part of the 
 day. 
 
 Note. — Morning begina at midnight and ends 
 at midday. 
 
 Mom is a poetic form of the word 
 morning. 
 
 Matin, the morning. (Fr.) Hence, 
 Mafirij used in the morning. 
 
 To arms 
 The matin trumpet sung. — Milton. 
 J waste the matin lamp in sighs for thee. — Pope. 
 
 Matfins, morning worship in the 
 Catholic church. 
 
 Vesper, the evening. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vesper, pertaining to evening wor- 
 ship ; as, a vesper bell; a vesper hymn. 
 
 Vespers, evening worship in the 
 Catholic church. 
 
 Noon, or Midday, is the moment 
 of the day at which the sun has at- 
 tained its greatest altitude. 
 
 Meridies, noon. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Meridian, pertaining to midday; 
 as, the brightness of the meridian 
 sun. 
 
 Meridian, a noon line; that is, a 
 line extending north and south from 
 pole to pole. 
 
 Antemeridian, pertaining to the 
 forenoon. 
 
 Postmeridian, pertaining to the 
 afternoon. 
 
 Xight is the portion of the astro- 
 nomical day during which the sun is 
 below the horizon. 
 
 Midnight is the point of time 
 which is half way between sunset and 
 sunrise. 
 
 Xox, the night. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Nocturnal, pertaining to the night; 
 as, nocturnal hours; nocturnal shades. 
 
 A YEAR is a period of time meas- 
 ured by one revolution of the earth 
 around the sun. 
 
 Annus, a year. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Annual, 1. Occurring every year; 
 as, an annual festival 2. Lasting 
 only one year or season; as, an an- 
 nual plant. 3. Performed in a year ; 
 as, the annual revolution of the earth. 
 
 Annuity, a sum of money payable 
 yearly, to continue for a limited num- 
 ber of years, for life, or forever. 
 
 An Annuitant is a person who re- 
 ceives an annuity. 
 
 An Anniversary is a stated day re- 
 turning once in the revolution of each 
 year. 
 
 Note. — An anniversary is a day on which some 
 interesting event is commemorated. The 4th of 
 July is the anniversary of American Indepen- 
 dence. 
 
 Annals, a species of history in 
 which events are detailed in the exact 
 order of time, each event being re- 
 corded under the year in which it 
 happened. 
 
 Biennial, 1. Happening once in two 
 years ; as, a biennial election. 2. Con- 
 tinuing two years; as, a biennial 
 plant. 3. Comprising two years'; as, 
 a biennial period. (L., bi, two.) 
 
 Triennial, 1. Happening once in 
 three years ; as, a triennial election. 
 2. Continuing three years ; as, a tri- 
 ennial parliament. 3. Comprising 
 three years ; as, a triennial period. 
 
 Note. — After the same manner in which bien- 
 nial and triennial have been defined above, we 
 may define the terms quadrennial, quinquennial, 
 sexennial, septennial, octennial, novennial, decen- 
 nial, centennial, and millennial, observing that the 
 prefix quadr signifies four ; quinqu, five ; sex, six ; 
 sept, seven ; oct, eight ; nov, nine ; dec, teu ; cent, 
 one hundred ; and mill, one thousand. 
 
 Millenium, a period of a thousand 
 years. 
 
 A Century is one hundred years. 
 (L., centum, one hundred.) 
 
 An Olympiad, among the ancient 
 Greeks, was a period of four years, 
 having its designation from the Olym- 
 pic games which were celebrated every 
 fourth year, at the city of Olympia, 
 
 Note. — The computation of time by Olympi- 
 ads began 776 years before the commencement of 
 the Christian era, and 23 years before the found- 
 ing of Rome. 
 
 A Cycle is a circle of years, at the 
 end of which another similar circle 
 commences, and so on, in endless suc- 
 cession. (Gr., MX.X0C \_cyclos~], a circle.) 
 
 The Cycle of the Moon is a period 
 of 19 years, at the end of which the 
 new and full moons return the same 
 days of the month. 
 
 The Cycle of the Sun is a period of 
 28 years, at the end of which the let- 
 ters by which Sunday is marked in the 
 almanacs, return to their former order 
 
00 
 
 OF TIME. 
 
 Note. — The first seven days of January are 
 marked by the first seven letters of the alphabet, 
 A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Now, for instance, if 
 the first day of January should be Sunday, A, 
 the first letter of the alphabet, will be the Sun- 
 day letter for that year ; or, if the second day of 
 January should be Sunday, then, B, the second 
 letter of the alphabet, will be the Sunday letter, 
 etc. 
 
 An Epoch is the time from which 
 dates are numbered. 
 
 Note. — The birth of the Savior is the epoch 
 from which we reckon time. 
 
 An Era is an account of time from 
 some particular epoch. America was 
 discovered in the year 1492 of the 
 Christian era. 
 
 A Date is, 1st and properly. The 
 year, the month, and the day of the 
 month, when a bond or other instru- 
 ment is given (in Latin, datum,) under 
 the hand and seal of the person sign- 
 ing it. 2. The year, month, and day 
 of the occurrence of any historical 
 event. 
 
 A Calendar is a register of the 
 months, weeks, and days of the year, 
 for civil and ecclesiastical purposes. 
 
 An Almanac is a calendar, to which 
 are added tables of the rising and set- 
 ting of the sun and moon, the times 
 of the changes of the moon, predic- 
 tions of eclipses, and the monthly po- 
 sitions of the principal planets. 
 
 A Month is properly the period 
 from one new moon to another, which 
 is 29 days 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 
 3 seconds. (From moon.) 
 
 Note. — The foregoing period is called a lunar 
 month. (L., lima, the moon.) 
 
 A Calendar Month is one of the 
 twelve portions into which the year is 
 divided in the calendar. 
 
 January, the first month of the 
 year, has its name from the god 
 Janus, to whom the Romans conse- 
 crated it. 
 
 February, the second month of the 
 year, thus called from the Latin feb- 
 ruo, to purify by sacrifices, because 
 in this month the people were purified 
 by sacrifices. 
 
 March, the third month of the 
 year, has its name from Mars, the 
 god of war. 
 
 April, the fourth month of the 
 
 year, derives its name from the Latin 
 aperio, to open, in allusion to the 
 opening of the buds. 
 
 May, the fifth month of the year, 
 was thus named in honor of the god- 
 dess Maia. 
 
 June, the sixth month of the year, 
 was thus named in honor of goddess 
 Juno. 
 
 July, the seventh month of the 
 year, was thus named in honor of Ju- 
 lius Cesar. 
 
 August, the eighth month of the 
 year, was thus named in honor of 
 Augustus Cesar. 
 
 September, the ninth month of the 
 year, has its name from the Latin 
 septem, seven, because this was the 
 seventh month of the old Roman 
 year. 
 
 October, the tenth month of the 
 year, has its name from the Latin 
 octo, eight, because this was the 
 eighth month of the old Roman year. 
 
 November, the eleventh month of 
 the year has its name from the Latin 
 novem, nine, because it was the ninth 
 month of the old Roman year. 
 
 December, the twelfth month of 
 the year, has its name from the Latin 
 decern, ten, because it was the tenth 
 month of the old Roman year. 
 
 The Calends, among the Romans, 
 were the first day of each month. 
 
 The Nones, in the Roman calendar, 
 were the fifth day of the months 
 January, February, April, June, 
 August, September, November and 
 December; and the seventh day of 
 March, May, July and October. The 
 nones preceded the Ides by nine 
 days, and hence the name. (L., 
 nonus, ninth.) 
 
 The Ides, in the Roman calendar, 
 were the 15th day of March, May, 
 July and October, and the 13th day 
 of the other months. 
 
 A Week is a period of seven days. 
 
 Sunday, the first day of the week, 
 is thus called from its having been 
 anciently dedicated to the worship 
 of the sun. 
 
 Monday (Moonday), the second day 
 of the week, is thus called from its 
 
OF TIME. 
 
 91 
 
 having been dedicated to the worship 
 of the moon. 
 
 Tuesday, the third day of the week, 
 derives its name from the god Tuisco, 
 the Mars of the ancient Germans. 
 
 Wednesday, the fourth day of the 
 week, derives its name from Woden. 
 or Odin, a deity worshiped by the 
 ancient nations of northern Europe. 
 
 Thursday, the fifth day of the 
 week, is thus named from its having 
 been dedicated, by the ancient Ger- 
 mans, to the worship of Tlior, the 
 god of thunder. 
 
 Friday, the sixth day of the week, 
 has its name from the goddess Frig- 
 ga, the Venus of the ancient Ger- 
 mans. 
 
 Saturday, the seventh day of the 
 week, is thus named in honor of the 
 god Saturn. 
 
 The Sabbath is one of the seven 
 days of the week set apart as a day 
 of rest from worldly employments, 
 and of devotion to religious duties. 
 
 Note. — The seventh day of the week was 
 originally observed as the Sabbath ; but, by most 
 denominations of Christians, the first day of the 
 week is kept as the Sabbath. 
 
 -The Lord's Day is the Christian 
 Sabbath. 
 
 Note. — The Lord's Day derives both its name 
 and observance from its being the day of the 
 week on which the Savior arose from the dead. 
 
 Dominical, pertaining to the Lord's 
 day ; as, the dominical letter, (the 
 Sunday letter.) (L., dominus, the 
 Lord.) 
 
 An Hour is the twenty-fourth part 
 of a day. 
 
 A Minute is the sixtieth part of 
 an hour. 
 
 Note. — The minute is thus called because it is 
 a minute, or small portion of time. (L., minutus, 
 small.) 
 
 A Second is the sixtieth part of a 
 minute. 
 
 Note. — Seconds are thus called, because they 
 
 result from a second division of an hour, the hour 
 having first been divided into minutes. 
 
 17. Of Time in relation to the execu- 
 tion of our purposes. 
 
 To DELAY is to refrain from com- 
 mencing, at the present time, to do 
 something which it is our purpose to 
 do at some future time. 
 
 To Put Off is to place the execu- 
 tion of a purpose further in the 
 future than was at first intended. 
 
 To Defer is to put off. 
 
 To Postpone is to put off till some 
 more convenient time. 
 
 To Procrastinate is to put off till 
 to-morrow (or to any future period) 
 that which ought to be done to-day, 
 (or at the present time.) (L., pro, 
 till; and eras, to-morrow.) 
 
 18. Of Frequency. 
 
 ONCE, one time. 
 
 Again, a second time. 
 
 To Repeat is to perform an act a 
 second time. 
 
 Repetition is the act of perform- 
 ing a second time. 
 
 To Iterate is to repeat. (L., iterum, 
 again.) 
 
 To Reiterate is to repeat again and 
 again, {re, again. 
 
 Encore, again. 
 
 Note. — This is a French word used by the 
 spectators of a play, when they call for a repeti- 
 tion of some part of the performance. 
 
 Often, many times. 
 
 Frequent, done or occurring many 
 times. 
 
 Frequency, the condition of occur- 
 ring often. 
 
 Frequently, often. 
 
 To Frequent', to visit often, as a 
 place. 
 
 Seldom, not often. 
 
 Rarely, seldom. 
 
 Now-and-then, from time to time. 
 
 Occasionally, as occasion requires 
 or as opportunity offers. 
 
92 
 
 or MOTION. 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 To MOVE is. 1. To change place. 
 2. To cause to change place. 3. To 
 affect the feelings ; as, to move to pity. 
 
 Motion is a change of place. 
 
 Locomotion is the act of moving 
 from one place to another. The feet 
 of animals are organs of locomotion. 
 (L., locus, a place.) 
 
 A Locomotive is a steam engine 
 placed on wheels and used in draw- 
 ing cars on a railway. 
 
 A Commotion is an irregular mov- 
 ing of the different portions of a col- 
 lection of matter in different direc- 
 tions at the same time; as, the com- 
 motion of the waters of the sea in a 
 storm. 
 
 Note. — In a figurative sense we speak of civil 
 commotions, by which we mean the tumults, se- 
 ditions, and insurrections, which sometimes dis- 
 turb the tranquillity of a state. 
 
 An Emotion is an agitation of the 
 mind, as when the mind is affected 
 by some sudden and strong feeling ; 
 as, an emotion of piety, of thankful- 
 ness, fear, etc. 
 
 Motive, causing motion. Steam is 
 employed as a motive power. 
 
 A Motive is that which moves' to 
 action by influencing the will. 
 
 A Movement is an act of moving. 
 
 Moveable, capable of being moved. 
 X Fixed. 
 
 Mobility is capacity of being 
 moved. 
 
 To Promote is to move any thing 
 forward. Used only in a Jig. sense ; 
 as, to promote a cause, that is, to help 
 it forward; to promote in rank, that 
 is, to advance from a lower to a 
 higher position, (pro, forward.) 
 
 To Stir is, 1. To be in motion ; as, 
 the leaves are stirring. 2. To put in 
 motion ; as, the wind stirs the leaves. 
 
 To Shift is 1. To move from one 
 place or position to another for the 
 sake of greater convenience or com- 
 fort; as, to shift a weight from one 
 shoulder to the other ; to shift the po- 
 sition of one's feet. 2. To remove 
 
 something and substitute an equiva- 
 lent; as, to shift one's dress; to shift 
 a scene. 3. To resort to expedients 
 for a livelihood. 4. To change its 
 direction ; as, the wind shifts. 
 
 2. Of Rotary Motion. 
 
 To REVOLVE is to turn around 
 a fixed line called the axis. 
 
 Revolution is the act of turning on 
 an axis. 
 
 A Revolution is a single turn of a 
 body on its axis. Fig. An entire 
 change ; as, a revolution in the govern- 
 ment; a revolution in prevailing 
 opinions and customs. 
 
 To Rotate is to turn around a cen- 
 ter or axis like a wheel. (L., rota, a 
 wheel.) 
 
 Rotary, turning like a wheel around 
 an axis. 
 
 To Whirl is to turn rapidly around 
 an axis. 
 
 To Twirl is to communicate a 
 quick whirling motion to a small 
 body. 
 
 To Gyrate is to turn swiftly rouhd 
 a central point or upright axis. > 
 
 A Tornado is a gyrating storm. 
 
 A Whirlpool, or Vortex, is a 
 place where the water first gyrates in 
 successively narrowing circles, and is 
 then swallowed up at the center. 
 
 A Top is a gyrating toy. 
 
 To Spin is to turn very rapidly on 
 an axis, as a top or a spindle. 
 
 To Roll is to turn and advance at 
 the same time, as a ball or a cylinder 
 when propelled forward on a level 
 surface. 
 
 Trundle, to roll along on little 
 wheels ; as, to trundle a wheelbarrow. 
 
 3. Of Alternating Motion. 
 
 To VIBRATE is to move backward 
 and forward, like the pendulum of a 
 clock. 
 
 Vibration is the act of moving 
 backward and forward. 
 
 A Vibration is a single passage of 
 the vibrating body between the ex- 
 
OF MOTION. 
 
 93 
 
 trcme limits of the motion, as a single 
 swing of a pendulum. 
 
 Note. — All elastic solids vibrate when struck, 
 find communicate their vibrations to any elastic 
 fluids with which they may he in contact. 
 
 To Shake is, 1. To move with a 
 rapid alternating motion. 2. To 
 cause to move with a rapid alternat- 
 ing motion. 
 
 To Quake is to shake violently. 
 
 To Tremble is to be affected with a 
 small and very quick alternating mo- 
 tion. 
 
 A Tremor is a trembling. 
 
 Tremulous, affected with trem- 
 bling; as, a tremulous voice. 
 
 To Quiver is, 1. To tremble as an 
 elastic solid when violently struck. 
 2. To tremble from fear or cold. 
 
 To Shiver is to shake from cold or 
 dread. 
 
 To Shudder is to shake from dread 
 or horror. 
 
 To Agitate is to shake violently. 
 Fig. 1. To excite or disturb; as, to 
 agitate the mind. 2. To discuss. 
 
 A Shock is a violent shaking. 
 
 A Concussion is a shock produced 
 by a heavy blow ; as, a concussion of 
 the brain. 
 
 To Reel is to incline first to one 
 side and then to the other, after the 
 manner of a drunken man. 
 
 To Stagger is to reel in walking. 
 
 To Totter is tc shake so as to 
 threaten a fall. 
 
 To Waver is to move to and fro. 
 A leaf leavers in the wind. Fig. To 
 be unsettled in opinion. (From wave.) 
 
 To Fluctuate is 1 and lit. To wa- 
 ver. 2. and Jig. To be unsettled; as, 
 the markets are fluctuating; he is 
 fluctuating in his notions. (L.fluctus, 
 a wave. ) 
 
 To Vacillate is to waver in one's 
 purposes. 
 
 To Rock is to move backward and 
 forward in the case where a body 
 rests on a foundation ; as, to rock a 
 cradle. 
 
 To Wag is to move the loose ex- 
 tremity of a body backward and for- 
 ward. A dog wags his tail. 
 
 4. Downward Motion. 
 
 To FALL is to move toward the 
 center of gravitation in consequence 
 of being left without support. 
 
 To Fall out is to happen. There 
 fell out a bloody quarrel betwixt the 
 frogs and the mice. — L Estrange. 
 
 To Befall is to happen to. 
 
 Note. — The falling of objects generally seems 
 to he accidental. Hence, in various languages, 
 terms which primarily signify to fall, are often 
 used in the secondary sense of to happen. 
 
 To Drop is to fall suddenly. 
 
 To Drip is to fall in drops, as wa- 
 ter in falling from the edge of a 
 roof. (From drop.) 
 
 To Tumble is to fall suddenly and 
 violently. 
 
 To Stumble is to strike the foot so 
 as to fall, or to endanger a fall. 
 
 To Trip is to cause to fall by 
 striking the feet suddenly from under 
 a person. 
 
 To Supplant is literally to trip up 
 the heels. 
 
 Supplanted down he fell. — Milton. 
 
 Hence, in a fig. sense, To deprive 
 another of his place by stratagem, 
 and take possession of it yourself. 
 A rival supplants a lover in the af- 
 fections of his mistress. (L. supplanto, 
 to trip ; from sub, under ; and planla 7 
 the sole of the foot.) 
 
 Cado. \casum~], or Cido, to fall. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Cadence, the falling of the voice at 
 the close of a sentence. 
 
 Case, lit, a falling. Hence, 1. A 
 falling off at the end. 
 
 Note. — It is in this sense that Latin nouns 
 are said to have six cases, which is equivalent to 
 saying that a Latin noun has in each number 
 six terminations. 2. Something that has fallen 
 or happened, as a case of fever. 3. Something 
 that has befallen, or happened to a person ; as, 
 his is a sad case. See To Fall above. 
 
 Casual, lit, falling. Hence, hap- 
 pening by chance; as, a casual meet- 
 ing. 
 
 Casualty, 1. A chance occurrence. 
 2. An injury from accident. 
 
 Accident, 1. Any thing that befalls 
 or happens to a person or thing. 
 Hence, 2. A property or quality of a 
 being which is not essential to it, as 
 whiteness in paper. 
 
94 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 Incident, 1, and lit. Falling on; as, 
 an incident ray. 2. Befalling or hap- 
 pening to ; as, many ills are incident 
 to human life, (in, upon.) 
 
 An Incident, an event of minor im- 
 portance which has fallen in by the 
 way during the course of a history, 
 or in the personal experience of an 
 individual ; as, an incident in the life 
 of Washington. 
 
 Incidental, falling in, or happening 
 by the way; as, an incidental remark; 
 incidental expenses. 
 
 Occasion, lit, the falling of some- 
 thing in one's way. Hence, 1. An 
 opportunity, because opportunities 
 fall accidentally in our way. 2. An 
 accidental cause. 
 
 To Decay, lit, to fall down. Hence, 
 by a process of spontaneous and 
 gradual change to lose the quality of 
 cohesiveness, so that the body which 
 is the subject of this process neces- 
 sarily falls apart, (de, down, and 
 cado.) 
 
 Deciduous, not permanent, but fall- 
 ing out, or falling off. The first teeth 
 of children, the horns of the stag, 
 and the leaves of the oak, are decid- 
 uous. 
 
 Occident, the west, thus called in 
 reference to the falling or setting of 
 the sun. (ob, down, and cado.) 
 
 To Sink is to descend gradually 
 in a fluid medium which, by its den- 
 sity, sensibly checks the rapidity of 
 the descent. 
 
 To Settle is to tend downward by 
 insensible degrees. The lees of wine 
 settle. The walls of a house some- 
 times settle. 
 
 Sido, to settle. (L.) Hence, 
 
 To Subside is to tend downward 
 by a slow movement. Earthy parti- 
 cles diffused through standing water 
 slowly subside to the bottom. Geol- 
 ogists say that the surface of Holland 
 is gradually subsiding beneath the 
 level of the sea. The swelling waves 
 subside when the surface of the wa- 
 ter ceases to be acted on by the 
 wind, (sub, downward.) 
 
 Note. — From the idea of the subsidence of the 
 uneven surface of a storm -agitated sea, has been 
 derived the figurative use of the word, as when 
 
 ■ 
 we speak of the subsiding of passion, or of an 
 emotion of the mind. 
 
 Sediment, impurities that settle at 
 the bottom of vessels or reservoirs 
 containing liquids. 
 
 Residuum, lit, the matter that set- 
 tles to the bottom. Hence, the fixed 
 matters that remain after a process 
 of separation or purification. Hence, 
 
 Residual, remaining or left. Ashes 
 contain the residual matters of wood 
 after combustion, (re, back.) 
 
 Residue, the part remaining. 
 
 Residuary, pertaining to the part 
 which remains; as, the residuary 
 interest of an estate. 
 
 Lees are the sediments usually 
 found at the bottom of wine casks. 
 
 Dregs are 1. The sediment of li- 
 quors. 2, and fig. The vilest portion 
 of mankind ; as, the dregs of society. 
 
 Faex, dregs. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Feculent, abounding in dregs or 
 impurities. 
 
 Feculence, or Feculency, the quality 
 of abounding in impurities. 
 
 Defecate, to free from impurities. 
 
 A Precipitate is a substance which 
 having been dissolved in a liquid is 
 rendered insoluble by pouring in 
 another liquid, and falls to the bot- 
 tom in the form of a sediment. (Pre- 
 cipitate, to throw down.) 
 
 5. Upward Motion. 
 
 To KISE is to move upward with a 
 continued motion. A balloon rises 
 in the air. 
 
 To Arise is, 1. To get up; as, to 
 arise from a bed. 2. To tend upward 
 from a place of origin. Unwholesome 
 exhalations arise in hot weather from 
 accumulations of animal and vegeta- 
 ble matter. 
 
 To Mount is, 1. To- pass to the 
 summit of an elevation ; as, to mount 
 a hill. 2. To rise aloft in the air. 
 
 Swift as an eagle cuts the air, 
 We '11 mount aloft to thine abode. 
 
 (L., mons, a mountain.) 
 
 To Climb is to rise, step by step, 
 by clinging to objects in our way. 
 
 To Clamber is to climb with diffi- 
 culty, as in ascending the side of a 
 very steep hill. 
 
OF MOTION. 
 
 95 
 
 To Scale is a military term signi- 
 fying to mount a wall by means of 
 a ladder. (L., scala, a ladder.) 
 
 Scaxdo [scanswn], or Scendo [scen- 
 suin], to climb. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ascend, lit., to climb up. Hence, 
 to move upward, (ad, upward.) 
 
 Ascent, 1. The act of rising. 2. A 
 hill. 
 
 Ascension, the act of rising. 
 
 Descend, lit, to climb down. Hence, 
 to move downward, (de, downward.) 
 
 Condescend, to descend from the 
 privileges of superior rank or dignity 
 to do some act to an inferior, which 
 strict justice or the ordinary rules 
 of civility do not require. — Webster. 
 
 Scan, 1. To analyze a verse of 
 poetry by passing with the voice in 
 successive steps from one foot to an- 
 other, as if climbing a ladder. Hence, 
 2. To examine critically. 
 
 Surgo \surrectum~\, to rise. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Surge, a wave that rises to a great 
 hight. 
 
 Resurrection, a rising again. Chiefly 
 used to denote the rising of the dead 
 from their graves, (re, again.) 
 
 Insurrection, a rising up against 
 civil or political authority. {in, 
 against.) 
 
 Insurgent, a person who rises in 
 opposition to civil or political autho- 
 rity. 
 
 Orior [orturn], to arise. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Orient, rising, as the sun. 
 
 Moon that now meet'st the orient sun. — Milton. 
 
 Orient, the east. 
 
 Origin, the source from which any 
 thing rises. 
 
 Aboriginal, having occupied a 
 country from the beginning; as, the 
 aboriginal inhabitants, (ab, from.) 
 
 Aborigines, the original or first 
 inhabitants of a country. The Indians 
 are the aborigines of America. 
 
 6. To cause to move upward. 
 
 To RAISE is to cause, by the appli- 
 cation of force, a body to pass from 
 a lower to a higher position. 
 
 To Lift is to raise a body from 
 the ground. 
 
 Levo \levatum~], to lift. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lever, a bar used in lifting. 
 
 Elevate to raise, (e, up.) 
 
 To Exalt is to raise to power, 
 wealth, rank, or dignity. (L., ex, up; 
 and altus, high.) 
 
 To Extol is to exalt with praises. 
 (L., ex, up; and tollo, to lift.) 
 
 To Heave is to raise a heavy mass 
 by lifting it, or by rolling it up au 
 inclined plane. 
 
 With many a weary step and many a groan, 
 Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 Heaven, the sky, thus called from 
 its being heaved up or arched. 
 Lever, to lift. (Fr.) Hence, 
 Levant', the east, from the lifting 
 up or rising of the sun. The Levant, 
 in geography, includes the countries 
 which are washed by the eastern 
 part of the Mediterranean. 
 
 7. To Pass. 
 
 To PASS is to move from one 
 place to another. 
 
 To Go is, 1. To pass; as, to go 
 forward. 2. To be in operation ; as, 
 the mill goes. 
 
 Cedo \_cessum~], to go. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Proceed, to go forward, (pro, for- 
 ward. ) 
 
 Procession, I. The act of going 
 forward. 2. A company of persons 
 marching in regular order. 
 
 Process, the manner in which any 
 thing is done (or goes forward) in 
 order to the achieving of some re- 
 sult ; as, the process of soap making. 
 
 Procedure, 1. Mode of proceeding. 
 2. Some particular step taken in the 
 transaction of business ; as, that was 
 a strange procedure. 
 
 Recede, to move back ; as, the waves 
 alternately strike against and recede 
 from the shore. 2. To move off to a 
 greater distance ; bodies moved cir- 
 cularly endeavor to recede from the 
 center. (L., re, back.) 
 
 Recession, the act of moving back. 
 
 Recess, 1. A moving back; as, the 
 recess of the tide. 2. A temporary 
 suspension of business, affording to 
 
96 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 the persons engaged an opportunity 
 of withdrawing for a short time ; as, 
 the legislature had a recess during 
 the holidays. 
 
 Precede, to go before in the order 
 either of place or time. (L., prce, 
 before.) X Succeed. 
 
 Predecessor, one who has preceded 
 another in an office. X Successor. 
 
 Precession, the act of going before. 
 
 Succeed, to come after. (L., sub, 
 after.) X Precede. 
 
 Succession, 1. The act of following 
 or coming into the place of another ; 
 as, the succession of a prince to the 
 throne. 2. A series of things follow- 
 ing each other in due order; as, a 
 succession of kings ; a succession of 
 events. 
 
 Successor, one who follows another 
 in an office. X Predecessor. 
 
 Intercede, 1. To go between. 2. To 
 go between parties for the purpose of 
 reconciling differences. 3. To go be- 
 tween two parties for the purpose of 
 soliciting a favor of the one in be- 
 half of the other, (inter, between.) 
 
 Intercession, the act of going be- 
 tween, etc. See Intercede. 
 
 Intercessor, one who goes between, 
 etc. See Intercede. 
 
 Exceed, to go beyond in quantity 
 or degree, (ex, beyond.) 
 
 Excess, the quantity by which any 
 thing goes beyond some particular 
 measure or limit. X Deficiency. 
 
 Secede, to withdraw from commun- 
 ion and fellowship with a society. 
 (se, aside.) 
 
 Secession, the act of withdrawing 
 from communion and fellowship with 
 a society. 
 
 Accede, lit, to come to. Hence, 
 To pass over to terms proposed by 
 others ; as, to accede to a treaty ; that 
 is, to become a party to it. (ad, to.) 
 
 Access, 1. A coming to. 2. The 
 way by which a thing may be ap- 
 proached ; as, the access to the place 
 is difficult. 3. Liberty of approach ; 
 as, to have access to a library. 
 
 Accessible, that may be approached ; 
 as, the place is accessible. 
 
 Accession, 1. The act of coming to 
 
 a dignity or office ; as, the accession 
 of a prince to the throne. 2. An ac- 
 ceding to, or joining; as, the king's 
 accession to the confederacy - . 3. In- 
 crease by something added; as, an 
 accession of territory. 
 
 Eo [ituni], to pass. (L.) Hence. 
 
 Preterite, past; as, a preterite 
 tense, [prceter, by.) 
 
 Transient, passing. Hence, of 
 short continuence. (trans, by or 
 over. ) 
 
 Transitory, passing quickly away. 
 
 Transit, a passing; as, the transit 
 of goods through a country; the 
 transit of a planet across the sun's 
 disk. 
 
 Transition, the act of passing from 
 one condition to another; as, a tran- 
 sition from heat to cold. 
 
 Exit, a going out. (ex, out. ) 
 
 Vado [yasum], to go. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Invade, 1. To enter in a hostile 
 manner ; as, the French invaded Rus- 
 sia. 2. To encroach upon; as, the 
 king invaded the rights and privi- 
 leges of the people. 
 
 Invasion, 1. The act of entering in 
 a hostile manner. 2. The act of en- 
 croaching upon. 
 
 Pervade, to pass through and occu- 
 py every part. Moisture may per- 
 vade a sponge. The presence of the 
 Deity pervades all places. (per, 
 through.) 
 
 Evade, 1. To shun ; that is ; to pass 
 out of the way of; as, to evade 
 danger. 2. To elude; as, to evade 
 one's pursuers; to evade the force of 
 an argument, (e, out of the way of.) 
 
 Evasion, the act of avoiding or 
 eluding. 
 
 Evasive, that avoids coming to the 
 point ; as, an evasive argument; an 
 evasive answer. 
 
 To Come is. 1. To pass to the place 
 of the speaker ; as, James came to my 
 house. 2. To pass to any place 
 when the idea of the termination of 
 the passing is more prominent in the 
 mind than that of its beginning. I 
 may say either that he came to town, 
 or that he went to town. In the for- 
 mer case the town is the more promi- 
 
or MOTION. 
 
 97 
 
 nent idea; in the latter, the residence 
 of the individual. 
 
 Vexio [yentwn], to come. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Convene, to come together. 
 
 Convention, a body of persons who 
 have met to deliberate on matters of 
 common interest. 
 
 Convent, an assembly of persons 
 devoted to religion. 
 
 Conventional, agreed upon by ex- 
 press stipulations ; as, conventional 
 services. 2. Tacitly agreed upon ; 
 as, the conventional use of language. 
 
 Covenant, a mutual agreement. 
 
 Note. — In the terms covenant and conventional, 
 we have the idea of two or more persons coming 
 together in the terms upon which their agree- 
 ment is based, (con, together.) 
 
 Prevent, 1. To go before. Let thy 
 grace, O, Lord, always prevent and 
 follow us. — Common Prayer. 2. To 
 anticipate. Mine eyes prevent the 
 night watches that I might be occu- 
 pied in thy word. — Psalm cxix : 4. 
 3. To hinder. 
 
 Note. — In order to hinder a person, we must 
 get before him in his designs ; and hence the use of 
 preventin the sense of to hinder, (prce, before.) 
 
 Circumvent, lit., to pass around. 
 Hence, Jig, To get around a person by 
 artifice; that is, to cheat or deceive. 
 
 Should man 
 Fall circumvented thus by fraud ? — 
 
 Milton. 
 
 (circum. around.) 
 
 Advent, a coming; as, the advent 
 of the Savior, {ad, to.) 
 
 Adventitious, not essentially in- 
 herent, but coming from a foreign 
 source. Diseases of continuance get 
 an adventitious strength from custom. 
 — Bacon. 
 
 Event, 1. The outcome, or final re- 
 sult. 
 
 Two spear's from Meleager's hands were sent, 
 With equal force, but various in the event : 
 The first was fixed in earth ; the second stood 
 On the boar's bristled back, and deeply drank 
 his blood. — Dryden. 
 
 Hence, 2. Any effect that results 
 from the operation either of physical 
 or moral causes, (e, out.) 
 
 Eventual, pertaining to the outcome 
 or final result. Eventual provision for 
 the payment of the public securities. 
 — Hamilton. 
 
 Eventually, in the final result. 
 
 Eventuate, to result; as, to eventu- 
 ate in good. 
 
 Intervene, to pass between. (L., 
 inter, between.) 
 
 Intervention, 1. The act of passing 
 between. 2. A coming in betwe< n 
 parties who are at variance. Lot us 
 settle our quarrels at home without 
 the intervention of a foreign power. — 
 Temple. 
 
 Convenient, lit, coming together. 
 Hence, Jig., 1. That meets our 
 wants or purposes; as, a convenient 
 house. 2. That meets or suits our 
 business arrangements ; as, a conve- 
 nient time. 
 
 Migeo [migratum], to pass from 
 one place to another. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Migrate, to pass from one country 
 or region to another for the purpose 
 of either permanent or temporary 
 residence. 
 
 Migratory, not permanently settled, 
 but accustomed to pass from one tem- 
 porary residence to another. The 
 Tartars are migratory in their habits. 
 
 Emigrate, to remove from a country 
 for the purpose of settling in another. 
 (L., e, out.) 
 
 Emigrant, one who removes from a 
 country for the purpose of seeking a 
 residence elsewhere. 
 
 Immigrate, to pass into a country 
 for the purpose of permanent resi- 
 dence. (L., im for in, into.) 
 
 Transmigrate, 1. To pass from one 
 country to another for the purpose of 
 residence. 2. To pass from one bod} r 
 to another. (L., trans, over.) 
 
 Note. — It was held by Pythagoras, that, at 
 death, the souls of men trayismigrated, or passed 
 over into the bodies of brutes. 
 
 Meo \jneatum\, to pass. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Permeate, to pass through the pores 
 of a body. Water permeates sand. 
 
 Permeable, having pores through 
 which fluids may pass. Glass is per- 
 meable to light. 
 
 8. Locomotion of Animals. 
 To STEP is to move a foot from one 
 position to another. 
 
 A Step is 1. The act of moving a 
 
98 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 foot from one position to another. 
 2. The space passed by a single 
 movement of the foot in walking or 
 running. 
 
 To Tread is I. To set the foot. 
 2. To walk or go. Every place 
 whereon the soles of your feet shall 
 iread shall be yours. — Pent, xi. 3. 
 To walk with form or state. 
 
 Ye that stately tread or lowly creep.— Milton. 
 
 To Tramp is 1. To tread. 2. To 
 travel or wander. 
 
 To Walk is to move slowly on the 
 feet. 
 
 Ambulo [ambulatum], to walk. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Perambulate, to walk through, (per, 
 through. ) 
 
 Circumambulate, to walk around. 
 (circum, around. ) 
 
 Preamble, lit, something that walks 
 or goes before. Hence, an introduc- 
 tion to a discourse or writing, (prce, 
 before. ) 
 
 Marcher, to walk. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 March, to walk with a measured 
 tread after the manner of soldiers. 
 
 Promener, to walk for pleasure. 
 (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 To Promenade, to walk for plea- 
 sure. 
 
 A Promenade, 1. A walk taken for 
 pleasure. 2. A place for walking. 
 
 A Pace is, 1. A single step. 2. The 
 space between the two feet in walk- 
 ing. 3. The rate at which a person 
 or animal moves in walking or run- 
 ning. 
 
 To Pace is to move by lifting both 
 legs on the same side together. 
 
 A Pacer is a horse that paces. 
 
 To Amble is to pace. 
 
 To Trot is to move faster than in 
 walking, by lifting one forefoot and 
 the hind foot of the opposite side at 
 the same time. 
 
 To Run is 1. To pass rapidly on 
 the feet. 2. To pass rapidly on the 
 ground in any manner whatever. 3. 
 To be in motion, as machinery. 
 
 To Gallop is to run with leaps or 
 bounds, after the manner of a horse. 
 
 Note. — In galloping the horse lifts his fore feet 
 at nearly the same time, and reaches them for- 
 
 ward ; and as soon as these touch the ground the 
 hind feet are raised and advanced together. 
 
 To Canter is to move with a mod- 
 erate gallop. 
 
 Curro [cur sum], to run. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Current, passing; as, current 
 money; the current month. 
 
 A Current, a body of any moving 
 fluid. 
 
 Currency, 1. A passing from per- 
 son to person ; as, the report has had 
 a long or general currency. 2. Cur- 
 rent money; as, the currency of a 
 country. 
 
 Courier, (pron. coo'-re-er,) a run- 
 ner who carries public despatches. 
 
 Course, 1. Progressive movement; 
 as, the sun never stops in his course. 
 2. Direction of motion; as, to move 
 in a straight course. 3. Ground on 
 which a race is run. 4. A regular 
 series or order ; as, a course of study. 
 5. A train of methodical procedure; 
 as, he was subjected to a course of 
 medical treatment; he obtained re- 
 dress by due course of law. 6. The 
 collective transactions and events of 
 a person's life. I have finished my 
 course. — St. Paul. 
 
 Incur, to run into ; as, to incur ex- 
 pense; to incur a risk; to incur a 
 penalty. 
 
 Incursion, a running or passing 
 into a country with hostile intent. 
 The northern barbarians made fre- 
 quent incursions into the territory 
 of the Roman empire. 
 
 Excursion, lit, a running forth; 
 hence, a short, rambling journey. 
 (ex, forth.) 
 
 Excursive, rambling ; as, an excur- 
 sive fancy. 
 
 Precursor, a forerunner, (pros, 
 before. ) 
 
 Precursory, preceding, as a har- 
 binger or forerunner ; as, the pre- 
 cursory symptoms of a disease. 
 
 Succor, lit., To run hastily up to; 
 hence, to help in distress, (sub, up 
 to.) 
 
 Discourse, the act of running over 
 a field of thought in speech, (dis, 
 abroad. ) 
 
OP MOTION. 
 
 99 
 
 Recur, 1. To return. A former 
 thought may recur to the mind. 2 
 To return at regular intervals. A 
 tertian is an ague whose paroxysms 
 recur every third day. (re, back.) 
 
 Recurrence, a return; as, a recur- 
 rence of error. — Brown. 
 
 Recourse, 1. A going to, with an 
 application for aid; as, in the em- 
 barrassed condition of his affairs, he 
 had recourse to a friend for assist- 
 ance. 2. A resorting to as a means 
 of accomplishing some end; as, to 
 have recourse to stratagem. 
 
 To Occur, lit, To come before us, 
 or to meet us. Hence, 1, To present 
 itself to the mind; as, the idea oc- 
 curred to me. 2. To meet us in our 
 daily experience; that is, to happen. 
 {oh, before.) 
 
 Occurrence, any thing that meets 
 us in our daily experience; that is, 
 an event. 
 
 Concur, lit, To run together. 
 Hence, 1. To agree in opinion; as, I 
 concur with you in the sentiment 
 which you have expressed. 2. To 
 contribute to one common event with 
 joint power; as, various influences 
 may concur in deranging a person's 
 health. (L., con, together.) 
 
 Concurrent, lit, running together. 
 Hence, 1. Contributing jointly to the 
 same effect. 2. Existing together and 
 acting on the same objects. The 
 United States courts and the courts 
 of the States, have, in some cases, 
 concurrent jurisdiction. 
 
 To Creep is 1. To move with the 
 belly on the ground. Hence, 2. To 
 move slowly; because animals that 
 creep are usually slow in moving. 
 
 To Crawl is 1. To move slow by 
 thrusting or drawing the body along 
 on the ground after the manner of 
 a worm. 2. To move slowly on the 
 hands and knees. 
 
 Serpo, to creep. (L.) Hence. 
 
 Serpent, a snake. 
 
 Repo \reptum~], to creep. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Reptile, an animal that moves on 
 its belly, or by means of small, short 
 legs, as snakes, lizards, tortoises, etc. 
 
 Gradior \_gressum~], to advance by 
 steps. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Progress', to go forward. 
 
 Progress, a going forward, {pro, 
 forward. ) 
 
 Progressive, going forward; as, a 
 progressive motion. 
 
 Progression, the act of going forward. 
 
 Ingress, a going in. (in, into.) 
 
 Egress, agoing out. (e, out.) 
 
 Digress, lit, to step aside from the 
 way, or road. Hence, To depart or 
 wander from the main subject, (di, 
 aside.) 
 
 Digression, lit., a stepping aside. 
 Hence, a departure from the main 
 subject. 
 
 Congress, lit, a coming together. 
 Hence, a body of persons who have 
 come together to deliberate on matters 
 of common interest, (con, together.) 
 
 Retrograde, moving backward, (re- 
 tro, backward.) 
 
 To Retrograde, to move backward. 
 
 Gradtts, a step. (L. ) Hence, 
 
 To Grade, to range in a regular 
 ascending series, like the steps of a 
 stairway. 
 
 Degrees, 1, and lit The steps of a 
 ladder or stairs. Hence, 2. The di- 
 visions of a scale, because, by their 
 regular intervals, they resemble the 
 steps of a ladder. Hence, 3. Higher 
 or lower states of the same quality ; 
 as, degrees of heat ; degrees of excel- 
 lence. 
 
 Gradual, proceeding by degrees. 
 
 Graduate, 1. To mark with equal 
 divisions ; as, to graduate a scale. 2. 
 To mark degrees or differences of any 
 kind ; as, to graduate punishments. 
 
 Gradation, a series of regularly as- 
 cending steps or degrees. 
 
 Degrade, 1. To move from a higher 
 to a lower degree in rank ; as, to de- 
 grade an officer. 2. To lower in the 
 degree of estimation ; as, vice de- 
 grades a man in the eyes of the virtu- 
 ous, (de, down from.) 
 
 9. To Leap, etc. 
 To LEAP, when spoken of men, is 
 to raise both feet from the ground at 
 the same time. 
 
100 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 To Leap, when spoken of quadru- 
 peds, is either to raise all the feet at 
 the same instant, or first to raise the 
 fore feet, and then to project the body 
 forward by the action of the muscles 
 of the hind legs. 
 
 To Leap, when spoken of inani- 
 mate objects, is to rise by an inhe- 
 rent elastic force. Grains of corn, in 
 parching, leap from the elastic force 
 of vapor in the act of escaping. 
 
 To Jump is to leap with the feet. 
 
 To Hop is to leap with one leg. 
 
 To Spring is 1. To begin suddenly 
 to move from the action of an elastic 
 force. 2. To leap with a quick elas- 
 tic motion. 
 
 To Bound is, 1. To leap with a free 
 and nimble motion ; as, the bounding 
 roe. 
 
 The bounding steed we pompcrasly bestride, 
 Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride. 
 
 — Pope. 
 
 2. To rebound. 
 
 To Rebound is to be thrown back 
 by the force of elasticity, {re, back.) 
 
 To Skip is to leap with a light mo- 
 tion. (Usually spoken of the smaller 
 quadrupeds and of children.) The 
 mountains skipped like rams, and the 
 little hills like lambs. — Psalm cxiv. 
 
 To Prance is to spring and bound 
 like a horse of high mettle. 
 
 A Curvet is a particular leap of a 
 horse, when he raises both his fore- 
 legs at once, equally advanced, and, 
 as the fore legs are falling, he raises 
 his hind legs, so that all his legs are 
 raised at once. 
 
 To Frisk is to spring suddenly one 
 way, and then the other, as a playful 
 dog. 
 
 To Caper is to skip about from a 
 disposition to be playful. 
 
 To Recoil is, 1. To be moved back 
 by the force of reaction, as a gun 
 when fired. 2. To rebound, as when 
 a moving body strikes against an ob- 
 stacle. 3. To start back, as at the 
 sight of sudden danger. 4. To feel 
 an inward and sudden shrinking, as 
 at the sight or recital of some horrid 
 deed. 
 
 Salio, or Silio [saltum], to leap. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Salient, lit, leaping or springing 
 forward. Hence. Jig. Projecting; as, 
 a salient angle. 
 
 Insult, lit., to leap on. Hence, 
 Jig. To treat with great indignity, as 
 if by leaping on and trampling upon. 
 
 Result, lit, to rebound. Hence, 
 Jig. To follow, as an effect, {re, back.) 
 
 Exult, properly, to leap for joy. 
 Hence, to rejoice exceedingly, as on 
 account of victory or any other suc- 
 cess, {ex, up.) 
 
 Desultory, skipping irregularly 
 from one topic to another ; as, a de- 
 sultory discourse, {de, from.) 
 
 Resilience, the act of leaping or 
 springing back; as, the resilience of 
 a ball, {re, back.) 
 
 10. To Dance. 
 
 To DANCE is, 1. To move with 
 steps regulated by music. 2. To 
 move nimbly up and down. 
 
 A Country Dance is a dance in 
 which the partners are arranged op- 
 posite to each other in a line. (A 
 corruption of contra dance.) 
 
 A Minuet is a slow and stately 
 kind of dance. 
 
 The Waltz is a national dance 
 among the Germans. 
 
 The Polka is a fashionable Hun- 
 garian dance. 
 
 The Reel is a lively dance peculiar 
 to Scotland. 
 
 The Jig is a light kind of dance. 
 
 The Fandango is a lively dance 
 practiced among the Spaniards. 
 
 11. To Fly. 
 
 To FLY is, 1. To move through 
 the air by the aid of wings. 2. To 
 move with great velocity as if by the 
 aid of wings. 
 
 Flight is the act of flying. 
 
 To Flit is, 1. To fly with a light 
 and nimble motion, as the swallow. 
 2. To move hither and thither on the 
 wing. 
 
 Here the owl, still brooding, sits, 
 And the bat incessant flits. — Grainger 
 
 Volo [volatwrn], to fly. (L.) Hence, 
 Volatile, 1. Flying off freely, either 
 in the form of vapor or of minute 
 particles. Ether is a volatile liquid 
 
OF MOTION'. 
 
 101 
 
 Camphor is a volatile solid. 2. In- 
 capable of confining the attention to 
 any serious subject. The volatile 
 mind flits giddily from one trifling 
 object to another, like a restless bird 
 or a roving butterfly. 
 
 A Volley is, 1. A flight of shot, 2. 
 A flight of noisy words. 
 
 Distrustful sense, with modest caution speaks ; 
 £he still looks home, nor long excursions makes ; 
 But rattling nonsense in full volleys breaks. -Pope. 
 
 12. To Swim. 
 
 To SWIM is, 1. To be supported 
 on the surface of a fluid, in conse- 
 quence of being specifically lighter 
 than the fluid. 2. To pass through 
 water by voluntary effort. 
 
 To Float is, 1. To be supported 
 by a liquid. 2. To be borne along 
 by a current. 
 
 Xato \jiatatum~], to swim or float. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Katant, floating; as, a natant leaf. 
 {Botanical.) 
 
 Natation, the act of swimming or 
 floating. 
 
 13. To Glide. 
 
 To GLIDE is to pass smoothly and 
 silently. A gentle river glides. Cer- 
 tain birds glide through the air. A 
 ship glides through the water. 
 
 To Slide is to glide on a smooth 
 surface. 
 
 To Slip is, 1. To move along a 
 surface without bounding, rolling or 
 stepping. 2. To slide accidentally, 
 as the feet in walking. Hence, 3, 
 and Jig. To fall into an error. 
 
 Labor [lapsurri], to glide. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Lapse, 1. A gliding; as, the lapse 
 of a river ; the lapse of time. 2. A 
 slip in moral deportment. 
 
 Relapse, to slip back into a former 
 bad condition either of health or 
 morals [re, back.) 
 
 14. To Travel. 
 
 To TRAVEL is to pass to a dis- 
 tant place. 
 
 To Peregrinate is to travel in 
 foreign lands. (L., per, through ; 
 and agros, the fields.) 
 
 A Journey is a passage by land 
 from one place to another. 
 
 A Voyage is a passage by sea. 
 
 A Trip is a short journey. 
 
 A Jaunt is a short ride/ 
 
 A Tour is a journey in a circuit : 
 as, thetour of Europe. (Fi\, tour. 
 a circuit.) 
 
 A Tourist is one who performs a 
 journey in a circuit. 
 
 To Fare is to move forward, as a 
 person on a journey. 
 
 So on he fares, and to the border comes 
 Of Eden.— Milton. 
 
 (Ger., fahren, to pass.) 
 
 Fare is, 1. The money paid for 
 conveying a person either by land 
 or by water. 2. The treatment that 
 a person meets with as he fares or 
 passes forward on a journey. Hence, 
 
 To Fare, in a Jig. sense, is to 
 meet with various treatment, good 
 and ill, as we pass onward in the 
 journey of life. 
 
 A Wayfarer is one who fares, that 
 is, travels along the public way. 
 
 A Thoroughfare is a passage 
 through. 
 
 Warfare is a faring, or going to 
 war. 
 
 Farewell I Go well ! that is, I wish 
 you a prosperous journey, whether 
 in distant lands, or in the passage 
 through life. 
 
 Welfare, lit, a good going. Hence, 
 A prosperous journey through this 
 world. 
 
 A Pilgrim is, 1, and properly. A 
 wanderer in a foreign land. 2. One 
 who goes to a foreign country for the 
 purpose of visiting a holy place. 3. 
 One who, while traveling through 
 the present world, looks upon another 
 as his permanent home. The patri- 
 archs " confessed that they were 
 strangers and pilgrims on earth." — 
 Heb. xi. {\j.,peregrinus, wandering 
 in foreign lands, from peragro, to 
 wander through, from per, through, 
 and agros, the fields.) 
 
 A Pilgrimage is a religious jour- 
 ney. 
 
 To Depart is to go or move from. 
 (Fr., partir, to go away.) 
 
102 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 Departure is, 1. The act of leaving 
 a place. 2. A forsaking ; as, a de- 
 parture from evil. 
 
 To Set Out is to begin a journey 
 or course. 
 
 A Destination is the point toward 
 which a journey is directed. (L. 
 destine-, to set or appoint.) 
 
 To Arrive is lit, To come to the 
 shore or bank, (ad, to ; and Fr. rive, 
 a shore, from L. ripa, a bank.) Hence, 
 To reach the place of one's destina- 
 tion. 
 
 Note. — Arrive was primarily applied to the 
 coming of vessels into port. 
 
 15. To pass irregularly from place to 
 ^ place. 
 
 To WANDER is to pass from place 
 to place without any certain course. 
 The Arabs wander in the desert. A 
 person wanders who has lost his way 
 in the woods. 
 
 To Ramble is to pass from place 
 to place as chance directs. A person 
 rambles when he takes a walk with- 
 out knowing or thinking where he 
 shall go. Children ramble in the 
 woods in quest of flowers and birds' 
 nests. 
 
 To Roam is to move about from 
 place to place without any certain 
 purpose or direction. A wild beast 
 or a savage roams through the forest. 
 
 To Rove is to pass hither and 
 thither from a love of adventure or 
 novelty. 
 
 To Range is, 1. To roam at large. 
 
 Other animals unactive range, 
 And of their doings God takes no account. 
 — Milton. 
 
 2. To pass freely through in various 
 directions; as, the huntsman ranges 
 the forest in quest of game. 
 
 To Stroll is to pass idly from 
 place to place. The gypsies are a 
 race of strollers. 
 
 Vagor, to wander. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vagabond, one who wanders from 
 place to place without the means of 
 honest livelihood. 
 
 Vagrant, one who wanders from 
 place to place without any settled 
 habitation. 
 
 Vagrancy, the state of wandering 
 about without a settled home. 
 
 To Stray is 1. To wander from the 
 right way, either in a literal or moral 
 sense. 2. To wander from company, 
 or from the proper limits. A sheep 
 strays from the flock. 
 
 Erro [erratum~\, to wander. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Errant, wandering; as, a kniglit- 
 errant. 
 
 Errantry, lit., a roving or rambling 
 about. Hence, the employment of a 
 knight-errant. 
 
 Error, 1. A wandering of the judg- 
 ment. 2. A mistake in conduct. 3. 
 A mistake in writing, etc. 
 
 Erroneous, wandering from truth 
 or justice; as, an erroneous opinion 
 or judgment. 
 
 Erratum, an error in printing. 
 
 To Swerve is to deviate from a 
 prescribed line, or from a rule of 
 duty. . I sioerve not from thy com- 
 mandments. — Com. Prayer. They 
 sioerve from the strict letter of the 
 law. — Clarendon. 
 
 16. Of Ways. 
 
 A WAY is a place of passing. 
 
 A Road is a wide way along which 
 persons pass from one city, town, or 
 place to another. 
 
 A Path is a narrow way for foot 
 passengers. 
 
 A Highway is a public road. 
 
 A By-way is a private way. (by, 
 private. ) 
 
 A Turnpike is 1, and properly. A 
 cross of two bars armed with pikes 
 at the end, and turning on a pin, 
 fixed to hinder horses from entering. 
 2. A gate set across a road to stop 
 travelers till toll is paid for keeping 
 the road in repair, (from turn and 
 pike. ) 
 
 A Turnpike-road, or Turnpike, is a 
 road on which tollgates are estab- 
 lished. 
 
 A Turnstile is a revolving frame 
 at the entrance of an inclosure, to 
 hinder cattle from passing, (from 
 turn and stile.) 
 
 A Stile is a set of steps from one 
 inclosure to another. 
 
OF MOTION. 
 
 103 
 
 A Bridge is a structure raised over 
 water for the passage of raen and 
 other animals. 
 
 A Viaduct is a structure made for 
 conveying a carriage-way from one 
 road to another, either by perforation 
 through hills, by levelling uneven 
 ground, or by raising mounds or 
 arched supports across rivers or 
 marshes. — Sanckey on Railroads. (L. 
 via, a way, and ductum, to conduct.) 
 
 A Culvert is an arch, under a 
 road or canal, for the passage of 
 water. 
 
 Via, a way. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Pervious, admitting a passage ; as, 
 glass is pervious to light. (L., per, 
 through. ) 
 
 Impervious, that does not admit a 
 passage; as, India rubber is imper- 
 vious to water. (L., in, not.) 
 
 Deviate, lit, To turn aside from 
 the way. Hence. Jig., 1. To decline 
 from a plan or purpose. 2. To stray 
 from the path of duty, (de, from.) 
 
 Devious, 1. Out of the common 
 wav or track; as, a devious course. 
 2. Gambling. 
 
 To bless the -wildly devious morning walk. — 
 Thomson. 
 
 Obvious, lit, lying in our path. 
 Hence, Jig., Plain to be perceived 
 either by the eye or by the intellect. 
 
 Obviate, 1, and properly. To meet 
 in the way. Hence, 2. To meet and 
 remove out of the way, as a difficulty 
 or objection. (06, in.) 
 
 17. Of Inns. 
 
 An INN is a house for the enter- 
 tainment of travelers. 
 
 A Tavern, in England, is a house 
 where wine is sold and drinkers are 
 entertained. — Johnson. In the Uni- 
 ted States, an inn. (L., taberna, a 
 shop. ) 
 
 A Hotel is a house for the enter- 
 tainment of genteel strangers. (L., 
 hostis, a stranger.) 
 
 A Caravan, in eastern countries, 
 is a company of traveling merchants. 
 Hence, 
 
 Caravansera, a kind of inn where 
 caravans rest at nisht. 
 
 A Landlord is the master of an 
 inn. 
 
 13. To Turn. 
 
 To TURN is 1. To change the 
 'position of a body. 2. To change 
 the direction of motion. 
 
 Verto [versuni], to turn. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Verse, a line of poetry. 
 
 Version, the turning of a literary 
 production from one language to 
 another; that is, a translation. 
 
 Invert, 1. To turn upside down; 
 as, to invert a cup. 2. To place in 
 a contrary order; as, to invert the 
 order of words in a sentence. 
 
 Inverse, taken in a contrary order. 
 
 Inversion, 1. The act of turning 
 upside down. 2. The act of placing 
 in a contrary order. 
 
 Subvert, to overturn, (sub, over.) 
 
 Convert, 1. To change or turn from 
 one form to another; as, to convert 
 water into ice. 2. To change or turn 
 from one state to another; as, to 
 convert a barren desert into fruitful 
 fields. 3. To turn from one religion 
 to another. 4. To turn from bad to 
 good. 5. To turn from one use or 
 destination to another; as, to convert 
 blessings into curses. 6. To turn to 
 one's own use the property of others. 
 
 Divert, 1. To turn any thing aside 
 from its proper or natural course; 
 as, to divert a stream. 2. To turn 
 the mind from business or study. 
 Hence, to please, (di, aside.) 
 
 Diverse, lit., turned away from 
 each other. Hence, different. 
 
 Pervert, 1. To turn any thing from 
 its proper end and use; as, to per- 
 vert justice; to pervert the meaning 
 of an author. 2. To corrupt, [per, 
 thoroughly. ) 
 
 Advert, to turn the mind or atten- 
 tion to; as, to advert to a fact, [ad, 
 to.) 
 
 Advertence or Advertency, a turn- 
 ing of the attention to. 
 
 Inadvertence or Inadvertency, a not 
 turning of the mind or attention to ; 
 that is, heedlessness, [in] not.) 
 
 Animadvert 1. To turn the mind 
 
104 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 to. 2. To turn the mind to in the 
 way of criticism or censure. (L. 
 animus, the mind.) 
 
 Adverse, lit, turned against. Hence, 
 1. Opposing; as, adverse parties. 2. 
 Counteracting ; as, adverse winds. 3. 
 Contrary to our wishes or interests; 
 as, adverse circumstances ; adverse 
 fortune, {ad, against.) 
 
 Adversity, adverse fortune. 
 
 Adversary, one whose inclinations 
 or exertions are turned against us ; 
 that is, an enemy or antagonist. 
 
 Obverse, the face of a coin or 
 medal, {ob, toward [the person in- 
 specting it.] ) 
 
 Revert, to turn back, {re, back.) 
 
 To Reverse, 1. To turn upside 
 down. 2. To change the order by 
 placing the first last, and the last 
 first. 
 
 A Reverse, a change for the worse. 
 
 The Reverse, 1. The opposite or 
 contrary of any thing. 2. The back 
 side of a coin or medal. 
 
 9. To Throw. 
 
 To THROW is to cause a body to 
 move through the air by a sudden 
 and momentary application of force 
 on the side opposite to the direction 
 of the motion. 
 
 To Cast is to throw. 
 
 To Htjrl is to throw with violence. 
 
 To Fling is to cast with a quick 
 motion from the hand. 
 
 To Dart is, 1. To throw a pointed 
 instrument with a sudden thrust. 2. 
 To run with the velocity of a dart. 
 (From dart, a pointed missile wea- 
 pon.) 
 
 To Shoot is, 1. To cause to fly 
 with speed from any kind of an en- 
 gine for missiles ; as, to shoot an ar- 
 row from a bow, or a ball from a 
 gun. 2. To move with great velocity 
 as if shot from a bow, etc. 
 
 To Toss is to throw with a mode- 
 rate force ; as, to toss a ball. 
 
 To Dash is, 1. To throw with the 
 utmost violence ; as to dash from the 
 hand. 2. To strike violently against ; 
 as, to dash one stone against another. 
 
 To Precipitate is to throw head- 
 long. (L., pro?,, foremost; and ceps, 
 the head.) 
 
 Jacio \_jactum, or jectum~], to throw 
 (L.) Hence. 
 
 Project/ 1. To cast forward. A 
 gun projects a balL 2. To cast for- 
 ward in the mind; as, to project a 
 plan. 3. To throw itself forward in 
 front of the body of which it is a 
 part. The eaves of a house project 
 A cape projects into the sea. (pro, 
 forward.) 
 
 A Proj / ect is a scheme, or plan, pro- 
 jected or formed in the mind. 
 
 A Projectile is a body designed to 
 be projected or thrown; as an arrow, 
 a bullet, etc. 
 
 Reject, to cast back as not being 
 acceptable, or as not being adapted 
 to the purpose, {re, back.) 
 
 Inject to throw or force in. 
 
 Eject, to cast forth, {e, forth.) 
 
 Deject, to cast down, (de, down.) 
 
 Abject, properly, thrown away as 
 being of no account. Hence, 1. 
 Mean or despicable ; as an abject flat- 
 terer. 2. Very low in condition, as 
 if cast off by fortune, hope, and the 
 regard of men; as, abject poverty. 
 {ab, away.) 
 
 To Subject* is to cast, or put under 
 the power or authority of any one. 
 {sub. under.) 
 
 A Sub'ject is, 1. One who is under 
 the authority of a civil ruler. 2. Any 
 thing thrown, or placed under the 
 action of any process or operation ; 
 as a subject of thought ; a subject of 
 discussion ; an anatomical subject 
 
 To Object' is lit., to throw some- 
 thing in the way of a moving body in 
 order to arrest its progress. Hence 
 Jig. To cast impediments in the form 
 of reasons and arguments, in the 
 way of any measure, or course of 
 action proposed by others, {ob, in 
 the way of.) 
 
 An Ob'ject is lit., something thrown 
 immediately before us so that we can 
 not help noticing it. Hence, Jig. 
 Any thing that engages our attention. 
 {ob, before.) 
 
 To Conjecture is to cast probabili 
 
OF MOTION. 
 
 105 
 
 ties together, that is, to guess, (con, 
 together. ) 
 
 20. To Push. 
 
 To PUSH is, 1. To cause to move 
 by applying a force behind. 2. To 
 press against an object for the pur- 
 pose of moving it. 
 
 To Shove, is to cause to move by 
 applying a force on the side opposite 
 to the direction of motion. 
 
 To Shuffle is, 1. To shove one 
 way and then the other; as, to shuf- 
 fle the feet. 2. To mix by pushing 
 or shoving ; as, to shuffle cards, (dim 
 andfreq. of shove.) 
 
 To Thrust is to push with a sudden 
 force. 
 
 Trudo \trusum\, to push. (L.) 
 Hence. 
 
 Protrude, to thrust itself forward 
 beyond the natural limit. The eye- 
 ball may protrude from its socket. 
 (pro, forward.) 
 
 Protrusion, the act of protruding. 
 
 Intrude, to thrust one's self into a 
 place where one has no business, or 
 where one's presence is not desired 
 by the company, (in, into.) 
 
 Intrusion, the act of intruding. 
 Obtrude, lit, to thrust upon. Hence 
 to obtrude one's self, is to thrust one's 
 self upon others against their wishes. 
 (ob, upon.) 
 
 Abstruse, lit, thrust aside into some 
 
 Slace of concealment. Hence, fig 
 ifficult to be understood ; as, an ab 
 struse subject, (abs, aside.) 
 
 21. To Draw. 
 
 To DRAW is to cause to move by 
 applying the moving force on the 
 side of the direction of the motion. 
 
 To Pull, is to exert muscular pow- 
 er in order to draw a body toward 
 the person or animal exerting the 
 power. 
 
 To Haul is to cause to move along 
 the surface of the ground, or through 
 the water, by drawing; as, to haul a 
 sled or a boat. 
 
 To Drag is to haul any thing that 
 moves heavily ; as, to drag a log, or a 
 net. 
 
 Traho \tr actum], to draw. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Protract, lit, to draw out. Hence, 
 to lengthen, or draw out in duration ; 
 as, to protract a discussion, (pro, 
 out.) 
 
 Retract, to draw back; as, to re- 
 tract a hasty expression, (re, back.) 
 
 Distract, to draw at the same time 
 in different directions. The mind 
 may be distracted by cares, (dis, 
 asunder. ) 
 
 Detract, to (draw, or) take away 
 from reputation or merit, through 
 envy, (de, from.) 
 
 Subtract, to (draw, or) take away 
 from a given number or sum. (sub, 
 away. ) 
 
 Attract, to draw to. (ad, to.) 
 
 Extract, to draw out. (ex, out.) 
 
 Contract', to draw together, (con, 
 together.) 
 
 22. To Drive. 
 
 To DRIVE is, 1. To cause to move 
 forward by applying a powerful force 
 behind. The wind drives a ship. 
 A hammer drives a nail. 2. To cause 
 to move forward by controlling the 
 will; as, to drive cattle. 3. To force 
 to any step or course of action. 
 
 To Urge is to cause to move by 
 strong pressure. Pig. To attempt to 
 influence to action by forcible repre- 
 sentations and arguments. 
 
 Pello \_pulsum~], to drive. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Impel, 1. To drive forward by me- 
 chanical force. 2. To influence ir- 
 resistibly by motives, or by internal 
 feelings ; as, to be impelled by a 
 sense of duty; to be impelled by 
 hunger, (in, forward.) 
 
 Impulse, 1. A driving or moving 
 force communicated instantaneously. 
 2. A sudden influence acting on the 
 mind and impelling us to action. 
 
 Impulsive, inclined to act from im- 
 pulse. 
 
 Propel, to drive forward. A ship 
 may be propelled by steam, (pro, 
 forward.) 
 
 Repel, to drive back or away, (re, 
 back.) 
 
106 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 Repulsive, calculated to drive 
 nway by being offensive or disagree- 
 able. 
 
 Expel, to drive out. (ex, out.) 
 
 Dispel, to drive asunder, or to scat- 
 ter, (dis, asunder.) 
 
 Compel, to drive by irresistible 
 force. 
 
 Compulsion, the act of driving or 
 urging by force, either physical or 
 moral. 
 
 23. To Carry. 
 
 To CARRY is to sustain the weight 
 of a body, and, at the same time, to 
 pass with it to another place. 
 
 To Bear is 1. To sustain the 
 Weight of a body. 2. To carry. 
 
 A Burden, or Burthen, is a weight 
 which is borne. (From bear.) 
 
 To Lug is to carry a burden which 
 is very heavy in proportion to the 
 strength of the bearer. 
 
 To Lade, or To Load, is to charge 
 with a burden. 
 
 Laden, or Loaded, charged with a 
 burden. 
 
 A Load is, 1. A burden. 2. A 
 heavy burden. 
 
 A Cargo is the lading of a ship. 
 
 To Charge is, 1. To put a load into; 
 as, to charge a gun. 2. Impose a 
 load upon; as, to charge with a debt; 
 to charge with the performance of a 
 duty. See Art. Debt 
 
 Freight is the lading of any 
 vehicle for the transportation of mer- 
 chandise, whether by water or by 
 land. 
 
 Fraught, laden. Used only in a 
 jig. sense, as when we speak of a 
 scheme fraught with mischief. In 
 a lit. sense, freighted should be used; 
 as, a ship freighted with cotton. 
 (Participle of freight) 
 
 Porto \_portatunt\, to carry. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Porter, a bearer of burdens. 
 
 Portfolio, a case for carrying loose 
 leaves of paper. (L., folium, a leaf. 
 
 Port-crayon, a small metallic 
 handle with a clasp for holding a 
 crayon when used in drawing. 
 
 Portmanteau, a case for carrying 
 
 apparel, etc., in traveling. (Fr., 
 manteau, a cloak.) 
 
 Port-monnaie' ', a purse. (Fr., mon- 
 naie, coin.) 
 
 Import, to bring in goods, etc., 
 from a foreign country. [i?i, into.) 
 
 Export, to carry the productions of 
 a country to foreign markets, (ex, 
 out.) 
 
 Transport, to carry goods, etc., to a 
 distant place, (trans, over.) 
 
 Report, to bring back, as intelli- 
 gence, (re, back.) 
 
 Support, to bear up. (sub, under, 
 the bearer being under the burden.) 
 
 Deport, to carry one's self in any 
 particular manner in one's behavior; 
 as, to deport one's self well. 
 
 Deportment, carriage, or manner of 
 acting in relation to the duties of 
 life. 
 
 Comport, lit, to carry together. 
 Hence, to be suitable to; as, his con- 
 duct does not comport with his sta- 
 tion, (con, together.) 
 
 Veho [yectuni], to carry. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Vehicle, that on which any thing is 
 carried, as a coach, wagon, etc. 
 
 Vehement, violent, (from veho, in 
 the sense of to rush, or to carry itself 
 with great velocity and force.) 
 
 Convey, 1. To carry, as letters, 
 goods, etc. 2. To carry over to an- 
 other by means of certain legal for- 
 malities ; as, to convey a right to prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Conveyance, 1. The act of convey- 
 ing. 2. A vehicle. 
 
 Inveigh, lit, to bring against. 
 Hence, to utter censure or reproach ; 
 as, to inveigh against the vices and 
 the follies of the age. Hence, 
 
 Invective, a harsh or reproachful 
 accusation. 
 
 Fero \latum~\, to bear. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Fertile, bearing, or yielding in 
 abundance; as, & fertile soil. 
 
 Confer, lit, to bring together. 
 Hence, 1. To bring together different 
 views and plans for the purpose of 
 comparing them and adopting the 
 best. Persons confer together in re- 
 lation to matters of common interest. 
 
OF MOTION. 
 
 107 
 
 I confer zcith a friend in relation to 
 a matter that chiefly interests myself. 
 2. To bring together for the purpose 
 of bestowing. Hence, simply, to be- 
 stow ; as, to confer a favor. 
 
 Conference, the act of comparing 
 one's views and plans with those of 
 another person. 
 
 Refer, to carry or send back. We 
 refer, or carry back, a reader to a par- 
 ticular author for further information. 
 A matter in dispute may be referred, 
 or carried back, to some particular 
 person for decision, (re, back.) 
 
 Prefer, lit, to carry before. Hence, 
 
 1. To carry any thing to the foremost 
 place in one's liking; that is, to 
 choose one thing rather than another. 
 
 2. To carry a matter before a tribu- 
 nal; as, to prefer a charge against 
 any one. (prce, before.) 
 
 Infer, to bring in a conclusion 
 from premises. 
 
 Defer, 1. To put off. (dis, off; and 
 fero, to put.) 2. To acquiesce in the 
 sentiments of another rather than 
 one's own; as, he defers to the opin- 
 ion of his father, (dis, aside; and 
 fero, to lay, implying that the person 
 who defers lays aside his own opinion 
 out of respect for the authority of the 
 person to whom he defers. ) 
 
 Deference, respect for the authority 
 of another in matters of opinion. 
 
 Offer, lit, to carry before. Hence, 
 to present for acceptance or rejection. 
 (ob, before.) 
 
 Differ, lit, to bear or carry them- 
 selves asunder. Hence, to be dis- 
 similar, (dis, asunder.) 
 
 Proffer, lit, to bear forward. 
 Hence, to present for acceptance. 
 (pro, forward.) 
 
 Suffer, lit, to underbear. Hence, 
 
 1. To bear a load of pain, grief, etc. 
 
 2. To bear the doing of something 
 by others which it is in our power to 
 prevent; that is, to allow, or permit. 
 (sub, under.) 
 
 Interfere, lit, to carry between, or 
 into the midst of. Hence, to carry 
 one's authority or power of control 
 between parties, or into the midst of 
 the affairs of others ; that is, to inter- 
 
 pose, or to intermeddle, (inter, be- 
 tween, or among. ) 
 
 Circumference, a curve line de- 
 scribed in a plane by carrying ^ a 
 movable point around a fixed point 
 in such a manner that the movable 
 point shall be continually at the 
 same distance from the fixed point. 
 (circum, around.) 
 
 Note. — The space contained within a circum- 
 ference is called a circle. 
 
 24. To Lead. 
 
 To LEAD is, 1. To go before, in 
 order to show the way. 2. To guide 
 with the hand ; as, to lead a child. 
 3. To cause to move forward by 
 drawing with a gentle force; as, to 
 lead a horse with a bridle. 4. To be 
 foremost. 
 
 Duco \_ductum~], to lead. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Duct, a tube by which a fluid or 
 other substance is led, or conveyed. 
 The vessels that convey the fluids of 
 animal bodies are ducts. 
 
 Aqueduct, a structure for leading 
 or conveying water. (L., aqua, water.) 
 See Art. Water. 
 
 Viaduct, a structure for leading a 
 way across water or uneven ground. 
 (L., via, a way.) See Art. Ways. 
 
 Ductile, 1. Easy to be led or drawn ; 
 as, the ductile mind of a child. 2. That 
 may be drawn into wire. Platinum 
 is the most ductile of all the metals. 
 
 Induce, to lead or influence to any 
 thing. We induce a person to do 
 something by persuasion. A person 
 may also be induced by considera- 
 tions presenting themselves sponta- 
 neously to his mind. 
 
 Inducement, a consideration which 
 leads to the doing of any thing. 
 
 Educe, to draw out from, (e, out.) 
 
 From seeming evil still educing good. — Thomson. 
 
 Produce, 1. To draw forth. The 
 zaxth. produces herbage; that is, draws 
 it forth from her bosom. 2. To bring 
 forward ; as, to produce evidence in 
 a court. 3. To extend or draw out 
 in length ; as, to produce a line. 
 (pro, forth or forward.) 
 
 Production, 1. The act of produc 
 ing. 2. A thing produced. 
 
108 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 Product, any thing produced either 
 by nature or by human labor and 
 skill; as, the products of the soil; 
 the products of the workshops. 
 
 Reduce, 1. To bring back to a for- 
 mer position or state; as, to reduce 
 a dislocated joint. 2. To bring from 
 one state or condition to another ; as, 
 to reduce to order ; to reduce to po- 
 verty ; to reduce to powder, {re, back.) 
 
 Conduce, to lead or tend with other 
 things to some end. {con, together.) 
 
 Conducive, having a tendency to 
 promote ; as, exercise is conducive to 
 health. 
 
 Conduct', 1. To lead as a guide. 
 2. To lead in a certain train the 
 business with which one is charged ; 
 that is, To manage; as, to conduct 
 one's affairs well or ill. 3. To lead 
 one's self; that is, To behave. 
 
 Con' duct, 1. Guidance. 2. Man- 
 agement. 3. Behavior. 
 
 Introduce, 1. To lead into ; as, to 
 introduce into society. 2. To lead 
 into the presence of another for the 
 purpose of making the party to whom 
 the introduction is made acquainted 
 with the party introduced, [intro, 
 within.) 
 
 Adduce, to bring forward, as an 
 argument or example, {ad, forward.) 
 
 Deduce, to draw from ; as, to de- 
 duce inferences from premises in rea- 
 soning, {de, from.) 
 
 Abduction, in law, the act of lead- 
 ing or carrying away the child, ward, 
 or wife, etc., of another person, [ab, 
 away. ) 
 
 Seduce, to lead aside from the path 
 of virtue, (se, aside.) 
 
 25. To Follow. 
 
 To FOLLOW is to come after. 
 
 Sequor [secutiun], to follow. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Sequel, the part of a story which 
 follows the main narrative. 
 
 Subsequent, following after in the 
 order of time, {sub, after.) 
 
 Consequent, following as an effect. 
 
 Consequence, 1. That which follows 
 as a result or effect. 2. Importance. 
 
 Note.— When we say, " He is a person of but 
 little consequence" we mean that the world will 
 
 neither be much benefited nor much harmed by 
 the effects which follow his doings. 
 
 Persecute, to follow with repeated 
 acts of annoyance or injury, {per, 
 through.) 
 
 Prosecute, 1. To follow with a view 
 to accomplish; as, to prosecute a 
 course of study. 2. To follow with 
 a criminal process before a legal 
 tribunal; as, to prosecute for theft. 
 {pro, forward.) 
 
 Execute, primarily, To follow out 
 the details of any matter of business 
 with which we have been charged. 
 Hence, simply, To perform. Hence, 
 also, To put to death by legal autho- 
 rity, {ex, out.) 
 
 Obsequious, following a superior 
 with a ready submission to his will 
 and wishes, {ob, after.) 
 
 Suivee, to follow. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Pursue, to follow, {pur, after.) 
 
 Pursuit, 1. The act of following. 
 2. The branch of business that a 
 person follows. 
 
 Suite, (pron. sweet), a company of 
 persons following a prince or other 
 distinguished personage on a jour- 
 ney or in an excursion. 
 
 26. To Send. 
 
 To SEND, in a general sense, sig- 
 nifies to cause to move or go from. 
 Hence, 1. To throw; as, to send a 
 ball. 2. To cause to be conveyed; 
 as, to send letters. 3. To cause a 
 person, whom we have the right or 
 the power of controlling, to go any- 
 where. 
 
 Mitto [mAssuni], to send. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Mission, a being sent with certain 
 powers for the transaction of busi- 
 ness. An ambassador goes on a mis- 
 sion to a foreign court. 
 
 Missionary, one sent to propagate 
 religion. 
 
 Missile, a weapon thrown, or in- 
 tended to be thrown ; as, a lance, an 
 arrow, or a bullet. 
 
 Dismiss, to send away, {dis, away.) 
 
 Remit, 1. To send money or bills 
 to a person at a distance. 2. To send 
 away a punishment; that is, to resign 
 
OF MOTION. 
 
 109 
 
 the right of inflicting it; as, to remit 
 the punishment of a crime. 3. To 
 slacken ; as, to remit one's zeal or ef- 
 forts. The violence of a fever remits. 
 The literal idea is that of slackening 
 a bow-string, so that the extremities 
 of the bow are sent bach to their nat- 
 ural position, (re, back.) Hence, 
 
 Remiss, slack in one's exertions. 
 
 Admit, 1. To let (or send) in. 
 Hence, 2. To let or receive into the 
 understanding; that is, to receive as 
 true; as, to admit the truth of a 
 proposition, (ad, to.) 
 
 Submit, 1. To send or put one's 
 self, without resistance, under the 
 power or authority of another. 2. To 
 leave to the judgment of another; 
 as, to submit a question to the court. 
 (sub, under.) 
 
 Commit, 1. To send or intrust to 
 for care or safe keeping. 2. To do or 
 perpetrate. 
 
 Note. — In Latin commiltere prcelium is to join 
 battle, committere signifying literally to send or 
 put (the two armies) together. Committere, in 
 this manner, first acquired the sense of to begin; 
 afterward, the sense of to do; and, finally, the 
 sense of to do that which is wrong, or to perpe- 
 trate. 
 
 Permit, lit, to let or send through. 
 Hence, to allow or suffer, (per, 
 through.) 
 
 Intermit, lit., to send or put be- 
 tween. Hence, to cease for a time, 
 and thus to put an interval between 
 two portions of a process, (inter, be- 
 tween.) 
 
 Omit, to give any thing the go-by. 
 (ob, aside; and mitto, to lay.) 
 
 Omission is 1. A neglect or failure 
 to do something. 2. A leaving out ; 
 as, the omission of a word or clause. 
 27. To Leave. 
 
 TO LEAVE is to depart from. 
 
 To Quit is to leave with the inten- 
 tion of not returning. 
 
 To Desekt is to separate ourselves 
 from that to which we ought to be at- 
 tached. (L., de, privative; and sero, 
 to sow. To desert, therefore, literally 
 signifies to leave unsown.) 
 
 To Forsake is lit, to cease to seek. 
 (Sax., for, privative; and secan, to 
 seek.) Hence to forsake is to with- 
 
 draw our regard for, and interest in 
 an object, and to keep at a distance 
 from it. 
 
 To Abandon is totally to withdraw 
 ourselves from an object, and to lay 
 aside all care and concern for it. 
 (Fr., donner a ban, to give up to a 
 public ban or outlawry.) 
 
 Lin quo [lictuni], to leave. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Relinquish, to leave behind what 
 we would fain take with us, or to 
 leave with reluctance, (re, behind.) 
 
 Relict, a woman -who has been left 
 behind by a deceased husband. 
 
 Relics, things that are left after the 
 loss or decay of the rest. 
 
 Derelict, left or abandoned. 
 
 A Derelict, in law, is any com- 
 modity left by the owner without the 
 intention of reclaiming it. 
 
 Dereliction is 1. The act of leaving 
 with an intention not to reclaim. 
 2. An utter forsaking. 3. The state 
 of being utterly forsaken. 
 
 28. Of Motion in its relation to Time. 
 
 VELOCITY is the rate of motion. 
 
 Speed is, 1. Kate of motion ; as, the 
 speed of a horse ; the speed of a snail. 
 2. Kate of performance ; as, the speed 
 of an operation. 
 
 Note. — Velocity is usually spoken of mechan- 
 ical motion ; as, the velocity of light ; the ve- 
 locity of a current ; — and speed, of voluntary mo- 
 tion ; as, the speed of a courier. 
 
 Haste is speed prompted by a de- 
 sire to accomplish a purpose in a 
 short time. 
 
 To Haste, or to Hasten, is to exert 
 one's self to accomplish a purpose in 
 a short time. 
 
 Hasty, 1. Executed with great 
 speed ; as, a hasty march. 2. Per- 
 formed, etc., without taking time for 
 deliberation; as, a hasty action; a 
 hasty word. 3. Excitable; as, a 
 hasty temper. 
 
 A Hurry is an undue haste. 
 
 To Hurry is, 1. To move or act 
 with undue haste. 2. To urge for- 
 ward with undue haste. 
 
 Precipitate, 1. Characterized by 
 a headlong speed; as, a precipitaU 
 
110 
 
 OF MOTION. 
 
 flight. 2. Sudden; as, a precipitate 
 departure. 3. Over-hasty; as, the 
 king was too precipitate in declaring 
 war. (L., prceceps, headlong.) 
 
 Precipitation is a tumultuous 
 haste; as, the army retreated with 
 great precipitation. 
 
 Precipitance, or Precipitancy, is 
 haste in resolving or acting without 
 due deliberation. 
 
 To Expedite is to cause a process 
 to go forward with greater speed. 
 (L., expedio, to remove obstacles.) 
 
 Expedition is speed in performing ; 
 as, to transact business with expedi- 
 tion. 
 
 Expeditious, occupying but a short 
 time; as, an expeditious process. 
 2. Speedy in performing; as, an ex- 
 peditious workman. 
 
 Despatch is speed in performance ; 
 as, the business was done with des- 
 patcli. 
 
 A Despatch is a letter or message 
 sent in haste. 
 
 To Despatch is, 1. To finish in a 
 short time ; as, to despatch a piece of 
 business. 2. To send in haste; as, 
 to despatch a messenger. 3. To send 
 hastily out of the world; that is, to 
 put to death. 
 
 Quick, executing a motion or per- 
 forming an act in a short time. 
 
 Swift, moving over a great space in 
 a short time. 
 
 Rapid, 1. Moving with great swift- 
 ness ; as, a rapid stream, 2. Advanc- 
 ing with great speed; as, a rapid 
 growth; a rapid progress. 3. Of 
 quick utterance of words ; as, a rapid 
 speaker. 
 
 Fast, moving rapidly ; as, a fast 
 horse. 
 
 Fleet, moving very swiftly; as, a 
 fleet horse; \h% fleet winds. 
 
 Celerity is quickness in the exe- 
 cution of successive motions, or in the 
 performance of successive acts; as, 
 the celerity of military evolutions; 
 the celerity of thought; celerity in 
 the despatch of business. 
 
 To Accelerate is to increase the 
 rate of motion. 
 
 Active, quick in motion. 
 
 Agile, very quick in the motions 
 of the limbs. 
 
 Agility is great quickness in the 
 motions of the limbs, and especially 
 in the motions of the lower extrem- 
 ities. 
 
 Nimble, very quick and light in the 
 motions of the limbs; as, a nimble 
 boy; nimble feet; nimble fingers; 
 nimble speed. 
 
 Brisk, that moves with a lively 
 motion; as, a brisk horse; a brisk 
 wind. 
 
 To Rush is to move with great ra- 
 pidity; as, water rushes down a pre- 
 cipice; the horse rushes to battle. 
 
 Impetuous, moving with great ra- 
 pidity and violence ; as, an impetu- 
 ous torrent; impetuous speed; an 
 impetuous onset. 
 
 Impetuosity is great rapidity and 
 violence of motion. 
 
 To Scurry is to make great haste 
 in running. A horseman came scur- 
 rying along the road. The dog is 
 scurrying across the fields. 
 
 Tantivy, with great speed; as to 
 ride tantivy. 
 
 Slow, requiring a long time to 
 move over a small space, or to per- 
 form a small amount of labor. 
 
 Sluggish, slow in motion or action; 
 as, a sluggish stream; a sluggish 
 man. 
 
 Sloth is 1. Slowness in action. 2. 
 Disinclination to action or labor. 
 
 Tardy, 1. Slow in motion or action ; 
 as, a tardy pace; a tardy process. 
 2. Late in attendance; as, a tardy 
 scholar. 
 
 To Retard is to cause to move or 
 to advance more slowly. 
 
 29. Rest. 
 
 REST is 1. The absence of mo- 
 tion. 2. A state free from disturb- 
 ance. 
 
 To Rest is 1. To cease from mo- 
 tion. 2. To cease from labor. 3. 
 To be free from disturbance. 4. To 
 be supported by lying upon, or press- 
 ing against. 
 
 Repose is 1. A lying at rest. 2. 
 Freedom from disturbance. 
 
OF MOTION, 
 
 111 
 
 Fast, that can not be moved in 
 consequence of being attached to or 
 held by something else. 
 
 To Fasten is to make fast. 
 
 To Fix is 1. To make fast. 2. To 
 establish immovably. 3. In America, 
 to adjust, or put in order; as, to fix 
 the clothes. (Xot good English.) 
 
 Fixation is 1. The act of fixing. 
 2. The firm state of a body which 
 resists evaporation or volatilization 
 by heat. 
 
 A Fixture is that which is fixed or 
 attached to something as a perma- 
 nent appendage. 
 
 Note.— The fixtures of a farm or dwelling are 
 articles which the tenant can not legally take 
 away when he removes to another house. 
 
 Affix, to fasten or attach at the 
 end. (ad, to.) 
 
 Prefix, to fasten or join at the be- 
 ginning, (prce, before.) 
 
 Qcies \_quietis~\, rest. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Quiet is 1. The state of a thing 
 not in motion. 2. Freedom from 
 disturbance. 
 
 Quiet, 1. Xot moving. 2. Undis- 
 turbed. 
 
 Quiescent, 1. Xot moving; as, a 
 quiescent body. 2. Xot agitated by 
 passion, as the mind. 
 
 Quietude, freedom from disturb- 
 ance. 
 
 Acquiesce, 1. To rest satisfied with 
 something done by another. 2. To 
 rest satisfied of the truth of an opin- 
 ion expressed by another, (ad, in.) 
 
 Requiem, 1. In the Catholic Church, 
 a hymn or mass sung for the dead, 
 for the rest of his soul. — P. Cyc. 2. 
 A grand musical composition per- 
 formed in honor of some deceased 
 person. — Branch. 
 
 Still. 1. Motionless; as, to stand 
 still. 2. Xot agitated; as, & still at- 
 mosphere. 
 
 To Still is to stop motion or agi- 
 tation. 
 
 Calm, 1. Being at rest, as the air. 
 Hence, not stormy; as, a calm day. 
 2. Xot agitated; as, a calm sea. 3. 
 Undisturbed by passion; as, a calm 
 mind. 
 
 Tranquil, free from agitation or dis- 
 
 turbance; as, a tranquil sea; a tran- 
 quil mind. 
 
 To Tranquil ize is to allay agita- 
 tion. 
 
 30. To Remain. 
 
 To REMAIX is to continue to be 
 in the same place or condition. A 
 sentinel remains at his post. A body 
 incapable of self-motion will, if un- 
 disturbed, remain wherever it is 
 placed. We may say of a sick per- 
 son that he remains in a low condi- 
 tion. 
 
 To Stay is to continue in the same 
 place either voluntarily or from re- 
 straint. Some persons are of so rest- 
 less a temper that they can not stay 
 long in a place without giving symp- 
 toms of uneasiness. 
 
 Note. — To stay always implies the existence 
 of a will either free or under restraint. 
 
 To Abide is to stay in a place for 
 any period of time, either long or 
 short. 
 
 Abode is a continuance in a place 
 for a longer or shorter time. 
 
 An Abode is a place of continu- 
 ance. 
 
 To Settle is to cease to move from 
 place to place, and to become fixed. 
 (From sit) 
 
 To Eeside is to have a settled abode 
 for a time. (L., re, down; and sedeo, 
 to sit.) 
 
 A Resident h one who resides. 
 
 Residence, or Residency, is the act 
 of abiding in a place for some con- 
 tinuance of time. 
 
 A Residence is a place of abode. 
 
 A yon-Resident is a person who 
 does not reside on his own lands, or 
 where official duties require, (non, 
 not.) 
 
 To Dwell is to have a settled resi- 
 dence in a place. 
 
 A Dwelling is a place of residence. 
 
 To Live is to have a settled resi- 
 dence in any place. 
 
 To Sojourn is to live in a place 
 as a temporary resident. (Fr., se- 
 journer, from L. sub, during; and 
 diurnus, of a day's continuance.) 
 
 To Inhabit is to occupy perma- 
 
112 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
 nently as a residence. (L., in and 
 liabito, freq. of habeo, to have.) 
 
 An Inhabitant is one who resides 
 permanently in a place. 
 
 Inhabitancy is permanent or legal 
 residence in a town, city, or parish. 
 
 Inhabitativeness, in phrenology, is 
 the organ which produces the desire 
 of permanence in place or abode. — 
 Brande. 
 
 Inhabitable, that may be inhabited. 
 Some regions of the earth are not in- 
 habitable by reason of cold or ster- 
 ility. 
 
 Habitable, that may be inhabited; 
 as, the habitable world. Some cli- 
 mates are scarcely habitable. 
 
 A Habitat is the natural abode or 
 locality of an animal or plant. 
 
 Habitation is the act of inhabit- 
 ing. 
 
 A Habitation is a house or other 
 place in which a man or any animal 
 dwells. 
 
 A Home is the house or place in 
 which one resides. 
 
 A Mansion is a dwelling house. 
 (L., maneo [niansum], to stay.) 
 
 A Manse is a habitation; particu- 
 larly a parsonage house. 
 
 A Manor is, 1. A country house, 
 or gentleman's seat. 2. The land 
 belonging to a lord or nobleman, or 
 so much land as a lord or other great 
 personage formerly kept, in his own 
 hands, for the use and subsistence 
 of his family. (L., maneo, to 
 abide.) 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
 1. Definition of the Term. 
 
 ANATOMY is the science of the 
 structure of the human body. (Gr., 
 ctvct [ana], apart; and <n[xvoo \_temno], 
 to cut; because the structure of the 
 body is ascertained by separating the 
 parts with the knife.) 
 
 Comparative Anatomy treats of 
 the structure of animals in general, 
 and compares the structure of ani- 
 mals of one species with that of ani- 
 mals of other species. 
 
 2. Of the Animal Tissues. 
 
 BONE is the hard substance which 
 forms the framework of the higher 
 orders of animals. 
 
 Os [osszs], a bone. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Osseous, composed of bone. 
 
 Ossify, to change into bone. (L., 
 Jico \_ficatum], to make.) 
 
 Ossification, the process of becom- 
 ing changed into bone. 
 
 osteon [Osteon], a bone. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Osteology, that part of anatomy 
 which treats of the bones. (Gr., xoyog 
 [logos'], a discourse.) 
 
 Periosteum, the membrane that in- 
 vests the bones, (mp [peri], around.) 
 
 A Skeleton consists of the bones 
 of an animal separated from the 
 flesh, and retained in their proper 
 positions. (Gr., axshiroc \_skeletos], 
 dried. ) 
 
 An Articulation is a natural con- 
 nection of one bone with another. 
 (L., articulus, a joint.) 
 
 A Joint is a moveable articulation. 
 
 The Knee is the articulation of 
 the thigh with the leg. 
 
 The Ankle is the joint connecting 
 the leg with the foot. 
 
 The Elbow is the joint connecting 
 the humerus, or shoulder bone, with 
 the fore-arm. 
 
 The Wrist is the joint connecting 
 the fore-arm and hand. 
 
 The Knuckles are the joints of 
 the fingers. 
 
 The Ligaments are white, solid, in- 
 elastic cords which tie the bones to- 
 gether. (L., ligo, to tie.) 
 
 Cartilage is a smooth, solid, elas- 
 tic substance, softer than bone. 
 
 Note. — The bones are lined with cartilage at 
 the joints, where the ends of the bones rub 
 against each other. 
 
 Flesh consists of the soft sub- 
 stance that covers the bones. 
 
 Caro [carnis], flesh. (L.) Hence, 
 
ANATOMY. 
 
 113 
 
 Carneous. having the qualities of 
 flesh. 
 
 Carnify, to form flesh. (L., fico, 
 to make.) 
 
 Carnivorous, eating flesh (L., voro, 
 to eat.) 
 
 Carnal, pertaining to the flesh ; as 
 carnal pleasures. X Spiritual. 
 
 Carnation, a flesh color. 
 
 Cornelian, a precious stone of a 
 deep flesh color. 
 
 Incarnate, clothed in flesh ; as, a 
 fiend incarnate. 
 
 The Muscles are the organs of 
 animal motion. 
 
 Note 1. — The muscles correspond to the red 
 parts of butcher's meat. Each muscle is usually 
 an oblong body and consists of three portions— 
 the head, the belly, and the tail. The head is 
 attached to some immovable part, and the tail 
 is inserted into the part to be moved. The 
 muscles are susceptible of contraction and re- 
 laxation. In contracting, a muscle is dimin- 
 ished in length, and thus the part into which 
 the tail is inserted, is drawn toward the fixed 
 point to which the head is attached. By the 
 relaxation of the muscle, the part is allowed to 
 return to its original position. 
 
 Note 2. — The muscles which move the differ- 
 ent portions of the frame of the body, are sub- 
 ject to the will, and are, therefore, called the 
 voluntary muscles. The muscles which move the 
 internal organs are not subject to will, and are, 
 therefore, called the involuntary muscles, as the 
 muscles of the heart and stomach. 
 
 Brawn is the protuberant and 
 muscular portions of the body. 
 
 A Tendon is the contracted, cord- 
 like portion of a muscle by which it 
 is attached to the part to be moved. 
 (L., tendo, to stretch.) 
 
 A Sinew is a tendon. 
 
 Gristle is a term used in speaking 
 of butchers' meat, and includes both 
 the cartilaginous and the tendinous 
 portions. 
 
 A Membrane is any thin, expanded 
 and flexible portion of an animal or 
 vegetable body. 
 
 Skin is a membrani form cover- 
 ing of animal bodies. 
 
 The Cuticle or Scarf-skin is the 
 outer layer of the skin. (L., cuticula, 
 a little skin.) 
 
 Note. — The cuticle is thin, transparent, and 
 destitute of sensibility. 
 
 The Re'te Muco'sum is the second 
 layer of the skin, and is the seat of 
 
 the coloring matter of the skin. (L., 
 re'te, a net, and mncosum, slimy.) 
 
 The Cu'tis Ve'ra, or True Skin, is 
 the inmost and thickest layer of the 
 skin. (L., cutis, the skin; and vera, 
 true.) 
 
 Note. — The cutis is supplied with bloodvessels 
 and nerves, and is very sensitive. 
 
 Cutaneous, affecting or belonging 
 to the skin; as, a cutaneous disease. 
 
 The Hide, 1. The skin of a beast. 
 2. The human skin in contempt. 
 
 A Pelt is the skin of a beast with 
 the hair on. 
 
 Peltry, in mercantile language, is 
 a collective designation of skins with 
 the fur on them. 
 
 A Hair is a small filament or 
 thread-like body, issuing from the 
 skin of an animal. 
 
 Hair, in a collective sense, consists 
 of a large number or mass of fila- 
 ments growing from the skin of an 
 animal. 
 
 Fur is a very fine and soft kind 
 of hair, as that of the beaver, otter, 
 etc. 
 
 Down is exceedingly minute and 
 soft hair, as that on the chin of a 
 young boy. 
 
 Pubescent, covered with down. (L., 
 pubcs, down.) 
 
 Pubescence is a downy substance 
 on plants. 
 
 Villous, abounding with fine hairs 
 orwooly substance. (L., villus, hair.) 
 
 Wool is curled hair, like that of 
 the sheep. 
 
 Bristles are coarse, stiff hairs like 
 those of swine. 
 
 Seta, a bristle. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Setaceous, resembling bristles; as, 
 setaceous hairs. 
 
 Setiferous, producing bristles. 
 
 Setose or Setous, bristly. 
 
 Beard is the hair growing on the 
 lower part of the human face. 
 
 Barba, the beard. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Barber, one who treats the beard 
 professionally, either by dressing it, 
 or removing it with a razor. 
 
 Note. — Barbers also dress the hair of the head. 
 
 Barb, a reversed, beard-like point 
 
Ill 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
 or prickle; as, the barb of a fish- 
 hook. 
 
 Barbate, armed with barbs, as the 
 stems of certain plants. 
 
 Whiskers consist of long beard on 
 the sides of the face. 
 
 Mustaches (pron. mus-tasW-es) con- 
 sist of long beard on the upper lip. 
 
 A Mane is a collection of long 
 hair growing on the neck of an ani- 
 mal. 
 
 A Lock is a tuft of hair. 
 
 A Curl is a small portion of curl- 
 ing hair. 
 
 A Ringlet is a small, ring-like curl. 
 [dim. of ring.) 
 
 Tresses are locks of human hair. 
 
 A Cue is a long, tail-like body of 
 braided hair worn at the back of the 
 head. (Fr. queue, a tail.) 
 
 Pilum, a short hair. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Pile, the nap of cloth. 
 
 Pilose, or Pilous, hairy; as, a pi- 
 lose leaf. 
 
 Shag is coarse hair or nap. 
 
 Shagged, or Shaggy, rough with 
 long hair or wool. 
 
 Capillus, a long hair. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Capillary, resembling hair in being 
 long and slender; as, capillary tubes. 
 
 A Horn is a hard body growing 
 from the head of an animal. 
 
 Cornu, a horn. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Cornigerous, bearing horns. Oxen 
 and goats are cornigerous animals. 
 (L. gero, to bear.) 
 
 Corn, an indurated and horny ex- 
 crescence on the skin of the toes, 
 caused by pressure. 
 
 Corny, having the nature of horn. 
 
 Cornu- Copice, the horn of plenty. 
 See Art. Mythology. 
 
 The Nails are horny substances 
 growing at the ends of the human 
 fingers and toes. 
 
 The Claws are the nails of a fowl 
 or quadruped. 
 
 Talons are the claws of fowls. 
 
 Hoofs are the horny bodies that 
 cover the feet of certain quadrupeds. 
 
 Feathers are the covering of birds 
 and correspond to the hair of quad- 
 rupeds. 
 
 The Shaft is the long and stiff body 
 of a feather. 
 
 The Barrel is the round, hollow, 
 and horny portion of the shaft. 
 
 The Vane consists of the upper 
 portion of the shaft with its membra- 
 neous edges. 
 
 A Quill is a very large and stiff 
 feather, such as those which are used 
 for pens. 
 
 Down consists of very fine, soft 
 feathers. 
 
 Pluma, a feather. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Plumage, feathers as they exist on 
 the birds to which they belong. 
 
 Plume, a feather worn in the way 
 of ornament. 
 
 To Plume one's self on any thing 
 is to be proud of it; as, he plumes 
 himself on his skill. 
 
 A Scale is a small, thin, horny 
 plate, forming a part of the covering 
 of a fish. 
 
 Squama, a scale. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Squa'miform, having the form of 
 scales. 
 
 Squa f mose or Squa'mous, scaly. 
 
 Squamig' erous, bearing scales. 
 (L., gero, to bear.) 
 
 A Crust is the hard covering of the 
 crab and other animals of the same 
 class. 
 
 Crustaceous, covered with a crust. 
 
 Crustacea, a class of animals dis- 
 tinguished by being covered with a 
 crust-like armor after the manner of 
 the crab. 
 
 A Shell is the hard, stony covering 
 of moluscus animals, such as the 
 oyster or muscle. 
 
 Testa, a shell. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Testaceous^ covered with a shell; 
 as, a testaceous animal. 
 
 Testacea, a class of animals distin- 
 guished by having hard, stony shells. 
 
 3. Divisions and Organs of the Hu- 
 man Body. 
 
 The HEAD is the uppermost part 
 of the human body, or the foremost 
 part of prone or creeping animals. 
 
 The Poll is the head. 
 
 A Poll is a head or person in an 
 enumeration for civil purposes. 
 
ANATOMY. 
 
 115 
 
 The Xoddle is the head in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Caput [capitis], the head. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Chapter, a head or principal divi- 
 sion of a book. 
 
 Capital, 1. The head of a column. 
 2. The head or chief city of a coun- 
 try. 3. The head or principal sum 
 in contradistinction from the interest. 
 
 Capital, (adj.) 1. Being the head 
 or chief in point of importance; as, 
 a capital city; the capital articles 
 of religion. 2. Punishable by the 
 loss of the head, or of life ; as a cap- 
 ital offense. 3. Used in headings of 
 chapters, etc., as capital letters. 
 
 Capitation, a numbering of per- 
 sons by the head. 
 
 Capitation-tax, a tax of a certain 
 fixed amount levied on each head or 
 person without reference to property. 
 
 Captain, 1. A head or chief mili- 
 tary leader. The Duke of "Welling- 
 ton was a distinguished captain. 1. 
 The head officer of a company. 
 
 Decapitate, to behead. 
 
 Sinciput, the forepart of the head. 
 (sin. fore; and ciput for caput.) 
 
 Sincipital^ pertaining to the fore- 
 part of the head; as, the sincipital 
 region.) 
 
 Occiput, the hinder part of the 
 head, (ob, hinder.) 
 
 Occipital, pertaining to the hinder 
 part of the head; as, the occipital 
 region. 
 
 Ceps \_cipitis~], the head. (L., for 
 caput.) Hence, 
 
 To Precipitate, to throw headlong; 
 that is, headforemost. {prce, fore- 
 most.) 
 
 Precipitate, 1. Moving with head- 
 long speed; as, a precipitate flight. 
 2. Acting with headlong haste ; that 
 is. without due deliberation. 
 
 Bicipital, having two heads, (hi, 
 two.) 
 
 kesaah [Ceph'-a-le], the head. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 CephaVic, pertaining to the head. 
 
 Acephalous, without a head, (a, 
 without.) 
 
 The Temples are the sides of the 
 head. 
 
 Tem'pora, the temples. (L.) Hence. 
 
 Temporal, pertaining to the tem- 
 ples; as, the temporal bones. 
 
 The Crown is the top of the head. 
 
 The Vertex is the middle part of 
 the crown where the hair turns in 
 different directions. (L. verto, to turn.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Vertical, situated directly over- 
 head. 
 
 The Scalp is the hairy part of the 
 skin of the head. 
 
 The Skull consists of several con- 
 cavo-convex bones, so united as to 
 form the large cavity which contains 
 the brain. 
 
 Cranium, the skull. (L.) Hence. 
 
 Cranial, pertaining to the skull : 
 as, the cranial bones. 
 
 Craniology, the science which in- 
 vestigates the structure of the skulls 
 of animals, particularly in relation to 
 their specific character and intel- 
 lectual powers. (Gr., xs>o? [logos'], a 
 discourse.) 
 
 Pericranium, the periosteum of the 
 skull. (Gr., -m^i \_peri]. around.) 
 
 The Face is the forepart of the 
 human head, from the hair of the 
 scalp to the lower part of the chin. 
 
 Facial, pertaining to the face. 
 
 The Facial Angle is the angle con- 
 tained between a line drawn from 
 the middle of the entrance of the ear 
 to the edge of the nostrils, and another 
 drawn from this latter point to the 
 most prominent part of the ridge of 
 the eyebrow. 
 
 Note. — The size of this angle is regarded as 
 the measure of intelligence or intellectual capa- 
 city in comparing the different races of men with 
 each other, or in comparing different species of 
 animals. 
 
 The Features consist in the con- 
 formation of the different portions of 
 the face. 
 
 The Lineaments are the outlines 
 of the human face. (L., linea, a line.) 
 
 Note. — The lineaments are the lines which the 
 artist copies in sketching the human features. 
 
 The Physiognomy is the fixed form 
 of the features as indicative of intel- 
 lectual character. ((jr., yuei; [phi/sis], 
 
116 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
 the character, and >v«/w» \_gno'me~], a 
 sign by which to judge.) 
 
 The Countenance is the face in 
 reference to its varying expression as 
 indicative of the thoughts and feel- 
 ings ; as, a sad countenance ; a cheer- 
 ful countenance. (L., contineo, to 
 contain, because the countenance 
 contains all the features of the face.) 
 
 The Visage is the human face in 
 reference to its general aspect. 
 
 Note.— The term visage is used, 1. In reference 
 to the form of the face ; as, an elongated visage; 
 a broad visage. 2. In reference to the appearance 
 of the face as modified by the state of the health ; 
 as, ajjafe visage; a ghastly visage. 3. In reference 
 to the expression of the face ; as, a stem visage ; 
 a rueful visage. 
 
 The Looks are the general appear- 
 ance. 
 
 Note.— The looks include the features, the 
 complexion, and the expression of the face. 
 
 Expression is the visible manifes- 
 tation, in the face, of the feelings 
 and emotions, and of mental or moral 
 character. 
 
 The Phiz is the human visage. 
 (Contracted from physiognomy.) 
 
 Note. — The term phiz is used either ludicrously, 
 or by way of contempt. 
 
 The Forehead is the portion of the 
 face included between the eyes and 
 the hair of the scalp. 
 
 Frons \_frontis~], the forehead. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Frontal, pertaining to the forehead. 
 
 Confront, to bring together front 
 to front, or face to face ; as, to con- 
 front one person with another, {con, 
 together.) 
 
 Affront, lit, to meet face to face. 
 Hence, 1. To offer abuse to the face. 
 2. To give cause of offense to, with- 
 out being present with the person. 
 {ad, to.) 
 
 The Eye is the organ of sight. 
 
 The Eyeball is the globe of the eye. 
 
 The Cornea the circular, convex, 
 and transparent membrane which 
 forms the forepart of the ball of the 
 eye. (L., comu, horn, from its horny 
 texture. ) 
 
 The Sclerotica is a strong, Avhite- 
 colored membrane which forms the 
 outer coat of that portion of the eye- 
 
 ball which is situated behind the cor- 
 nea. (Cr., ca^goc [scleros'], hard.) 
 
 The Iris is a flat, colored mem- 
 brane seen through the transparent 
 cornea. (L., iris, the rainbow.) 
 
 Note. — The iris of the eye is thus called in 
 reference to its lively color, as well as in refer- 
 ence to its form. 
 
 The Pupil, or Apple of the Eye 
 is a small road opening in the 
 middle of the iris, presenting the 
 appearance of a dark spot. 
 
 The Choroid is a membrane lining 
 the interior of the sclerotica. 
 
 The Ket / ina is a membraneous ex- 
 pansion of the optic nerve lining the 
 inside of the choroid coat. (L., ref-te, 
 a net. ) 
 
 The Crystalline Lens is a trans- 
 parent, double convex body situated 
 directly behind the pupil. Its office 
 is to converge the rays to a focus on 
 the retina. 
 
 The Aqueous Humor is a watery 
 liquid filling the anterior chamber of 
 the eye. (L., humor, moisture.) 
 
 The Vitreous Humor fills the pos- 
 terior chamber of the eye, and con- 
 sists of water contained in a collec- 
 tion of very small membraneous cells. 
 (L., vitrum, glass.) 
 
 The Sockets or Orbits are the ca- 
 vities which contain the eyeballs. 
 
 The Eyelids consist of portions of 
 moveable skin with which animals 
 cover and uncover the eyes at plea- 
 sure. 
 
 The Eyelashes consist of stiff 
 hairs inserted in the edges of the 
 eyelids. 
 
 The Eyebrows are the hairy arches 
 above the eyes. {Brow, the border 
 of a steep place.) 
 
 Cilia, the eyelids. Also the hairs 
 of the eyelid. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Cilia, long hairs on the margin of 
 a vegetable body. 
 
 Ciliary, pertaining to the eyelids, 
 or to hairs resembling the hairs of 
 the eyelids. 
 
 Super cilium, the eyebrow. (L., 
 super, over ; and cilium, the eyelid. ) 
 Hence, 
 
 Superciliary, pertaining to the eye 
 brows. 
 
ANATOMY. 
 
 117 
 
 Supercilious, haughty, because 
 haughtiness is manifested by draw- 
 ing up the eyebrows. 
 
 Oculus, the eye. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ocular, received by the eye; as, 
 ocular evidence. 
 
 Oculist, one who professes to cure 
 diseases of the eye. 
 
 o$0AAMO2 [Ophthalmos], the eye. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Ophthalmia, an inflammation of 
 the eye. 
 
 The Ears are the organs of hear- 
 ing. 
 
 Note 1. — The ear is composed of three parts ; 
 
 1. The external ear. 2. The middle ear or tympan- 
 um. 3. The internal ear or labyrinth. 
 
 The Tympanum is thus called on 
 account of its resemblance to a drum. 
 A membrane separating the meatus 
 or passage of the external ear from 
 the cavity of the middle ear, serves 
 as the head of the drum. It is filled 
 with air. (L., tympanum, a drum.) 
 
 The Labyrinth is thus called from 
 the winding passages with which it 
 abounds. It is filled with water. 
 
 Note. — The auditory (hearing) nerve lines the 
 passages of the labyrinth. 
 
 Auris, the ear. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Auricular, whispered or spoken 
 privately in the ear; as, auricular 
 confession. 
 
 Aurist, one who professes to cure 
 diseases of the ear. 
 
 The Nose is that prominent portion 
 of the face in which the organs of 
 smell are situated. 
 
 The Nostrils are the two corre- 
 sponding cavities of the nose. 
 
 The Bridge is the upper and bony 
 portion of the nose. 
 
 The Septum is the partition which 
 separates the nostrils. 
 
 The Al.e or Wings are the soft ex- 
 ternal sides of the nose. 
 
 Nasus, the nose. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Nasal, 1. Pertaining to the nose. 
 
 2. Formed or affected by the nose ; 
 as, a nasal sound. 
 
 A Snout is the projecting nose of 
 a beast, as that of the swine. 
 
 A Proboscis is, 1. The long flexible 
 snout of the elephant. 2. The instru- 
 ment with which an insect sucks the 
 
 blood of animals. 3. The human 
 nose, either ludicrousl} 7 , or by way of 
 contempt. 
 
 A Nozzle is a nose or snout. 
 
 Nosle (pron. nozzle), a little nose. 
 (Dim. of nose.) 
 
 A Snub Nose is a short and flat 
 nose. 
 
 A Pug Nose is a short and thick 
 nose. 
 
 The Mouth is the orifice through 
 which an animal utters his voice and 
 receives his food. 
 
 A Beak, Bill, or Neb, is the horny 
 mouth of a bird. 
 
 The Nib is the end of the beak. 
 
 Os [oris'], the mouth. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Oral, uttered by the mouth, in op- 
 position to written ; as, oral testimo- 
 ny, oral traditions. 
 
 Oration, a speech, in reference to 
 its being uttered by the mouth. 
 
 Orifice, a mouth-like opening. 
 
 The Lips are the borders of the 
 opening of the mouth. 
 
 Note.— The rips consist of two fleshy parts 
 covering the front teeth, and are capable of be- 
 ing open and shut at pleasure. 
 
 Labium, a lip. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Labial, modified by the lips; as, 
 labial sounds. 
 
 Labiate, lip-formed. (Spoken of 
 certain flowers.) 
 
 The Cheeks are the sides of the 
 face below the eyes. 
 
 Mala, a cheek. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Malar, belonging to the cheeks; as, 
 the malar bones. 
 
 The Palate, or Koof of the Mouth 
 is the upper boundary of the cavity 
 of the mouth. 
 
 The Jaws are the bones in which 
 the teeth are fixed. 
 
 Maxilla, a jaw. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Maxillary, pertaining to the jaws, 
 as the maxillary bones. 
 
 A Tooth (plural teeth,) is a bony 
 substance growing out of the jaw of 
 an animal, and serving as an organ 
 for seizing, tearing, or masticating its 
 food. 
 
 The Enamel is a substance harder 
 than ordinary bone which covers the 
 crown or visible part of a tooth. 
 
118 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
 Ivory is the substance of the teeth 
 of elephants. 
 
 The Incisors, or Cutting Teeth, 
 have a sharp, thin edge, adapted to 
 the division of hard substances by 
 cutting, and are situated at the front 
 of the mouth, four above and four 
 below. (L., incido [incisum], to cut 
 into.) 
 
 The Canine Teeth, or Cuspids, are 
 four in number — two in each jaw — 
 and are situated on each side of the 
 incisors. They are pointed at the 
 extremity, and are adapted to hold- 
 ing or tearing. 
 
 Note. — These are called canine teeth, because 
 they resemble the teeth of a dog ; ( L., canis, a 
 dog ; ) and they are called cuspids on account of 
 their pointed form. (L. cuspis, a point.) 
 
 The Eye Teeth are the upper cus- 
 pids. 
 
 The Bicuspids are eight in number, 
 four in each jaw, and are situated in 
 pairs behind the cuspids. Each bi- 
 cuspid has two cusps, or points, and 
 hence the name, {bi, two.) 
 
 The Molars, or Grinding Teeth, 
 are twelve in number, six in each 
 jaw, and are situated in threes be- 
 hind the bicuspids. They are crowned 
 with broad, flat, uneven surfaces, and 
 are thus adapted to process of grind- 
 ing. (L., mola, a millstone.) 
 
 The Wisdom Teeth are the hind- 
 most molars. They are thus called, 
 because they do not make their ap- 
 pearance till the person is verging on 
 the age of manhood, or womanhood. 
 
 The Temporary, Deciduous, or 
 Milk Teeth, are those which make 
 their appearance in infancy, are shed 
 in childhood, and are succeeded by 
 the permanent teeth. {Deciduous, 
 from decido, to fall, or to be shed.) 
 
 Tusks, in animals, are the canine 
 teeth much elongated. 
 
 A Fang is the sharp pointed tooth 
 of a serpent. 
 
 A Snag is the remnant of a broken 
 tooth. 
 
 Dens \_dentis~], a tooth, (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Dental, pertaining to the teeth, as 
 dental surgery. 
 
 Dentist, a surgeon who practices 
 on the teeth. 
 
 Dentistry, the art of operating on 
 the teeth. 
 
 Dentate, in botany, spoken of a 
 leaf whose edges are notched so as 
 to represent teeth. 
 
 Denticulated, notched so as to rep- 
 resent little teeth. (L., denticuius, a 
 little tooth.) 
 
 Indent, to form a small depression 
 in the surface of a solid body like a 
 toothmark. 
 
 The Tongue is an elongated, soft, 
 and flexible organ, situated at the 
 bottom of the cavity of the mouth, in- 
 serted backward, and extending for- 
 ward. 
 
 Note. — The tongue is the principal organ of 
 taste, and also aids in deglutition and articula- 
 tion. The fibers of the gustatory nerves (or nerves 
 of taste) are distributed over the surface of the 
 tongue and the adjacent parts of the mouth. 
 
 Lingua, the tongue. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lingual, articulated by the aid of 
 the tongue; as, lingual letters. 
 
 The Uvula is a small and some- 
 what elongated body situated at the 
 back and upper part of the mouth. 
 {Dim. of L. uva, a grape.) 
 
 The Neck is the narroAV portion of 
 the body which connects the head 
 with the trunk. 
 
 The Throat is the forepart of the 
 neck. 
 
 The Throttle is, 1. The throat. 
 2. The windpipe. 
 
 To Throttle is to seize by the throat. 
 
 The Nape of the Neck is the prom- 
 inent part of the neck behind. 
 
 Collum, the neck. (L. ) Hence, 
 
 Collar, something to be worn 
 around the neck. 
 
 Decollate, to behead, {de, off.) 
 
 A Trunk is a thick portion of a 
 body, as a tree exclusive of its 
 branches and roots. 
 
 The Trunk of the human body con- 
 sists of all the parts below the neck, 
 exclusive of the legs and arms. 
 
 The Backbone, Spine, or Spinal 
 Column, consist of 26 irregularly 
 shaped pieces of bone, fitted one piece 
 to another, and forming a continuous 
 column which extends from the up- 
 
ANATOMY. 
 
 119 
 
 per part of the neck to the lower part 
 of the trunk. 
 
 A Vertebra (plural vertebrae) is a 
 single bone of the spinal column. 
 (L., verto, to turn, because these 
 bones turn freely on each other.) 
 
 Vertebrate animals are such as 
 have a spinal column, as man, quad- 
 rupeds, birds and fishes. 
 
 The Collar Bones or Clavicles 
 are two bones immediately below the 
 neck, joined at one end to the shoul- 
 der blade, and at the other, to the 
 breast bone. 
 
 The Scapula, or Shoulder Blades, 
 are two broad triangular bones lying 
 at the back of the ribs, and articu- 
 lated with the upper bones of the 
 arms. 
 
 The Sternum, or Breast-Bone, ex- 
 tends on the front of the body from 
 the neck to the stomach. 
 
 The Ribs are long, narrow, curving 
 bones reaching from the spine to the 
 sternum. 
 
 Costa, a rib. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Costal, pertaining to the ribs; as, 
 costal nerves. 
 
 Intercostal, situated between the 
 ribs; as, the intercostal muscles. 
 {inter, between.) 
 
 The Thorax is the strong, bony 
 case which is composed of the 
 sternum, the ribs, and that portion 
 of the spine with which the posterior 
 ends of the ribs are connected. 
 
 The Chest includes the upper part 
 of the trunk, and contains within its 
 cavity the lungs and the heart. 
 
 The Breast is the front part of the 
 chest. 
 
 Note. — In popular language the breast is spo- 
 ken of as the seat of the feelings and passions ; 
 but we must not understand such language as 
 being literally true. By the term breast is 
 meant the soul. 
 
 Pectus [pectoris], the breast. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Pectoral, pertaining to the breast ; 
 as, the pectoral muscles ; pectoral dis- 
 eases ; pectoral remedies. 
 
 Expectorate, to throw up matter 
 from the breast by coughing, (ex, 
 from.) 
 
 Expectorants, medicines which pro- 
 mote epectoration. 
 
 2TH0O2 [Stethos], the breast. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Stetl/oscope, an instrument for de- 
 termining the condition of the lungs 
 in regard to disease. (Gr., vwmu 
 [scopeo], to observe.) 
 
 Note. — The stethoscope consists of a funnol- 
 shaped wooden tube, the broad end of which the 
 physician applies to the breast of his patient. 
 while to the other end he applies his ear. Tho 
 character of the murmur arising from the pas- 
 sage of the air to and from the cells of the lungs 
 affords to the physician the desired information. 
 
 The Bosom is, 1. The breast, 
 2. The folds of the garments about 
 the breast. 
 
 To Embosom is to surround and 
 inclose, as in the bosom of a loose 
 robe, (en, in.) 
 
 The Breasts are two soft protuber- 
 ances situated on the anterior part of 
 the thorax, and designed for the se- 
 cretion of milk. 
 
 The Paps or Nipples are small 
 spongy protuberances surmounting 
 the breasts. 
 
 Mamma (plural mammas), a breast. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Mammiferous, bearing mammce, or 
 organs for the secretion of milk. 
 (L.,/ero, to bear.) 
 
 Mammalia, a class comprehending 
 all such animals as suckle their young. 
 
 Mammal, a mammiferous animal. 
 
 Mammology, that branch of natural 
 science which treats of mammiferous 
 animals. (Gr., uyzs [logos], a dis- 
 course.) 
 
 An Udder is an organ for the se- 
 cretion of milk. (Spoken in relation 
 to female beasts.) 
 
 A Bag is a large round udder, like 
 that of the cow. 
 
 A Teat is a pap. 
 
 A Dug is the teat of a beast. 
 
 The Pleura is a membrane lining 
 the cavity of the chest. (Gr., Khiv^* 
 [pleura], the side.) 
 
 Pleurisy, or Pleuritis, is an inflam- 
 mation of the pleura. 
 
 The Lungs, or Lights, are the 
 organs of respiration (or breathing.) 
 They are very soft and spongy, and 
 
120 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
 consist of a vast number of minute 
 membraneous cells. 
 
 Pulmo [pulmonis'], the lungs. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Pulmonic, affecting the lungs ; as, 
 pulmonic disease. 
 
 Pulmonary, 1. Pertaining to the 
 lungs; as, a pulmonary artery. 2. Af- 
 fecting the lungs ; as, pulmonary dis- 
 ease. 
 
 nNETMfiN [Pneumon], the lungs. 
 (Gr., from mv* [pneo], to breathe.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Pneumonic, affecting the lungs ; as, 
 pneumonic disease. 
 
 Pneumonia, or Pneumonitis, in- 
 flammation of the lungs. 
 
 Peripneumonia, an inflammation 
 of the investing membrane of the 
 lungs. (Gr., 'rigi [pert], around.) 
 
 The Windpipe, Weasand, or Tra- 
 chea, is a large cartilaginous tube ex- 
 tending from the upper part of the 
 throat to the upper part of the lungs. 
 
 The Bronchia are the ramifications 
 of the windpipe in the lungs. 
 - Bronchial, pertaining to the bron- 
 chiae ; as, the bronchial tubes. 
 
 Bronchitis is an inflammation of 
 the bronchice. 
 
 The Heart is the organ which 
 gives the first impulse to the blood in 
 the circulation. 
 
 Note. — The heart consists of muscular fibers. 
 It is somewhat conical in form, and is situated in 
 the left cavity of the chest, with the base directed 
 backward and upward, and the apex forward and 
 downward. 
 
 The Ventricles are two large cavi- 
 ties contained within the body of the 
 heart. (L., ventriculus, a little belly.) 
 
 Note. — The ventricles are distinguished as 
 the right and the left. 
 
 The Auricles are two earlike ap- 
 pendages situated at the base of the 
 heart. (L., auricula, a little ear.) 
 
 Note. — The auricles are likewise distinguished 
 by the designations right and left; and the cavity 
 of each auricle communicates with the cavity of 
 its corresponding ventricle. 
 
 The Pericardium is a membraneous 
 sheath which incloses the heart. 
 (Gr., vm [peri'], around; and xa/xfca 
 [cardia], the heart.) 
 
 Cor [cordis], the heart. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Cordate, heartshaped. (Spolcen of 
 leaves. ) 
 
 Cordiform, having the form of the 
 human heart. 
 
 Cordial, 1. Reviving to the heart 
 in a medicinal sense. 
 
 Note. — A cordial is a drink calculated to re- 
 vive a person who is weary or faint. 
 
 2. Coming from the heart; as, a cor- 
 dial Avelcome. 
 
 Cceur, the heart. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Courage, bravery. 
 
 Note. — The heart is figuratively spoken of as 
 the seat of the affections, such as love, pity, ha- 
 tred, etc. 
 
 The Bloodvessels are appendages 
 of the heart which serve to convey 
 the blood to and from the different 
 parts of the system. 
 
 Note. — The bloodvessels are divided into two 
 , to wit : the arteries and the veins. 
 
 The Arteries are elastic tubes 
 which serve to convey the blood 
 from the heart to the different parts 
 of the body. (Gr., «o»g [aer], air; and 
 Tnpta> [tereo], to hold.) 
 
 Note. — The arteries had their designation from 
 the circumstance that in the lifeless body these 
 vessels are always empty of blood, and filled 
 with air ; and, hence, the ancients supposed that 
 their office was to convey air, or animal spirits 
 through the system. Their true office was dis- 
 covered by Hervey, an English physician of the 
 17th century, who first established the doctrine 
 of the circulation of the blood. 
 
 The Veins are soft, flabby vessels, 
 which convey the blood from the dif- 
 ferent parts of the body to the heart. 
 
 Vena, a vein. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Venous, be 
 venous blood. 
 
 The Abdomen or Belly embraces 
 the front and lateral portions of the 
 trunk below the chest. 
 
 Venter, the belly. (L.) Hence, 
 Ventral, pertaining to the belly ; 
 as, the ventral fins of a fish. 
 
 Ventricose, swelling out like a 
 belly. 
 
 Ventriloquist, one who seems to 
 speak from the belly. See the Term 
 Loquor. 
 
 The Diaphragm or Midriff is the 
 membrane that separates the cavity 
 of the abdomen from that of the 
 chest. 
 
ANATOMY. 
 
 121 
 
 Note. — The cavity of the abdomen contains 
 the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the pancreas, 
 the spleen, and other organs. 
 
 The Stomach is a musculo-mem- 
 braneous sack, into which the food 
 is first received, and where it is par- 
 tially digested. 
 
 TA2THP [Gaster], the stomach. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Gastric, pertaining to the stomach ; 
 as, the gastric juice; gastric disor- 
 ders. 
 
 Gastritis, an inflammation of the 
 stomach. 
 
 Gastronomy, the science of good 
 eating. (Gr. vo/uos [nomos~], a' law.) 
 
 A Maw is the stomach of a brute. 
 
 The Paunch, in ruminating quad- 
 rupeds, is the first and largest stom- 
 ach into which the food is received 
 previous to rumination. 
 
 Note. — The term paunch is also applied to 
 the human stomach or abdomen by way of con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Tut paunches have lean pates, and dainty bits 
 Make rich the ribs, but bankrupt quite the 
 wits. — Shakspeare. 
 
 The Crop is the first stomach of 
 a fowl. 
 
 Note. — The crop is membraneous in its struc- 
 ture. 
 
 The Gizzard is the second stom- 
 ach of a fowl. 
 
 Note. — The gizzard is a strong, hollow muscle, 
 and is adapted to the trituration of grains and 
 other solid food. 
 
 The Gullet or (Esophagus is a 
 muscular tube which conveys the 
 food from the mouth to the stomach. 
 
 The Intestines are the long mus- 
 culo-membranous tube which receives 
 the food from the stomach, and in 
 which the process of digestion is 
 completed. (L., intus, within.) 
 
 ENTEPON [Enteron], an intestine. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Enteritis, an inflammation of the 
 intestinal tube. 
 
 Entrails, 1. The intestines. 2. The 
 internal parts; as, the entrails of the 
 earth. 
 
 The Bowels are 1. The intestines. 
 2. The internal parts; as, the bowels 
 of the earth. 3, and jig. The seat 
 of pity or kindness. Hence, the 
 
 term bowels is used in the sense of 
 tenderness or compassion. 
 
 The Viscera [plural of viscus~\, are 
 the contents of the abdomen, thorax, 
 and cranium. (L.) Hence, 
 
 To Viscerate, or Eviscerate is to 
 deprive of the viscera, (e, privative.) 
 
 The Liver is a large glandular 
 organ situated at the right side and 
 in the upper part of the abdomen. 
 Its office is to secrete the bile. 
 
 The Pancreas (called by butchers 
 the Sweet-Bread), is an organ of a 
 fleshy appearance, secreting a fluid 
 called the pancreatic juice. (Gr., ttwi 
 \_pan~], all; and *§**£ \creas~\, flesh.) 
 
 The Spleen or Milt is an oblong, 
 flesh-colored organ whose office is 
 not known. 
 
 Note. — The ancients supposed this organ to be 
 the seat of melancholy, anger, and vexation. 
 Hence, in a fig. sense the word spleen signifies 
 anger, ill-humor, or secret spite ; as, when we 
 say, he vents his spleen. Hence, 
 
 Splen'etic, peevish. 
 
 The Mesentery is a membrane 
 which incloses the different portions 
 of the intestines, and is itself at- 
 tached posteriorly to the lumbar ver- 
 tebrae. (Gr. juicrs; \jnesos~], middle, and 
 iVTt^ov [enteroii], an intestine.) 
 
 The Peritoneum is the membrane 
 which lines the cavity of the abdo- 
 men. (Gr. sreg/ [perQ, around; and 
 Toviu [toneo~\, to stretch.) 
 
 The Loins are the space on each 
 side of the backbone between the 
 lowest of the ribs and the haunch- 
 bone. 
 
 Lumbus, the loin. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lumbar, pertaining to the loins; 
 as, the lumbar vertebrae. 
 
 The Haunches or Hips are the 
 lower and lateral portions of the 
 trunk which are situated between the 
 lower ribs and the thighs. 
 
 The Pelvis is the lowest part of 
 the cavity of the abdomen. (L., pelvis, 
 a basin.) 
 
 The Extremities are the extreme 
 parts or ends of the body. 
 
 The Limbs are the legs and the 
 arms. 
 
 The Legs are the lower extremi- 
 
122 
 
 ANATOMY. 
 
 ties, and serve as organs of locomo- 
 tion. 
 
 The Thigh is the portion of the 
 leg which is between the hip and the 
 knee. 
 
 Femur \_femoris~\, the thigh. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Femoral, pertaining to the thigh; 
 as, the femoral artery. 
 
 The Patella or Kneepan is a fiat, 
 moveable bone, situated on the front 
 of the knee. 
 
 The Lower Leg contains two long 
 bones extending from the knee to the 
 ankle. They are called by anatomists 
 the tibia, and the fibula. 
 
 The Tibia is the shinbone. 
 
 The Fibula is similar to the tibia, 
 but smaller. 
 
 The Shank is the bone of the leg 
 from the knee to the ankle. 
 
 The Shin is the fore-part of the 
 leg directly above the foot. 
 
 The Foot is the lowest portion of 
 the lower extremity. 
 
 Pes [pedis], a foot. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Pedestrian, one who travels on foot. 
 
 Pedestal, the foot of a column. 
 
 Pedal, a contrivance attached to a 
 piano, and designed to be pressed by 
 the foot for the purpose of modifying 
 the sound of the instrument. 
 
 Peduncle, the footstalk which sup- 
 ports the flower of a plant. (Pedun- 
 culus, a little foot.) 
 
 Pedicel, the ultimate division of a 
 common peduncle. (Pedicellus, a 
 little foot.) 
 
 Impede, lit., to lay things in the 
 way of the feet. Hence, To hinder. 
 (in, in the way of.) 
 
 Peddle, to travel on foot and carry 
 small wares for sale. 
 
 Pediluvium, 1. A bathing of the feet. 
 2. A bath for the feet. (L. lavo, to 
 wash.) 
 
 HOT2 [Pous, podis], a foot. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Tripod, a stool with three feet. 
 (tri, three.) 
 
 Antipodes, those who live on the 
 opposite side of the earth, and have 
 their feet opposite to ours, (*vt/ 
 [anti], opposite.) 
 
 The Instep is the fore and upper 
 part of the foot near its junction with 
 the leg. 
 
 The Heel is the hinder part of the 
 foot. 
 
 The Sole is the bottom of the foot. 
 
 The Toes are the extremities of the 
 foot. 
 
 The Tarsus is the part of the foot 
 to which the leg is articulated, and 
 includes the instep and heel. 
 
 The Tarsal Bones are the bones of 
 the instep and heel. Their number 
 in each foot is seven. 
 
 The Metatarsus is the portion of 
 the foot between the instep and the 
 toes. (Gr., [Air* [meta~], beyond.) 
 
 The Metatarsal Bones are situated 
 between the instep and the toes. 
 
 Note. — There are five metatarsal bones in each 
 foot. 
 
 The Arms are the upper extremi- 
 ties. 
 
 The Shoulder is the joint which 
 connects the arm with the body. 
 
 Humerus, the shoulder. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Humeral, pertaining to the should- 
 er ; as, the humeral artery. 
 
 Humerus, the bone of the upper 
 arm. 
 
 The Forearm is that part of the 
 arm which is included between the 
 elbow and the wrist. 
 
 Note. — The forearm consists of two bones, the 
 ulna and the radius. 
 
 The Ulna is articulated with the 
 humerus at the elbow, forming a 
 hinge joint. 
 
 The Radius is articulated with the 
 bones of the wrist. 
 
 Note. — The ulna and the radius are, at each 
 extremity, articulated with each other. 
 
 The Hand is the extremity of the 
 arm, and includes the palm and 
 fingers. 
 
 Manus, the hand. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Manual, performed by the hand ; 
 as, manual labor. 
 
 A Manual is a book for frequent 
 use, and made so small that it may 
 be conveniently handled. 
 
 To Manufacture is to make by 
 means of the hands. (L.,facio [fac- 
 tum], to make.) 
 
ANATOMY. 
 
 123 
 
 A Manuscript is written with the 
 hand, (in opposition to printed.) (L., 
 scribo [scrvpturri], to write.) 
 
 To Manumit is to send away a 
 slave from one's hand with his free- 
 dom. (L., mitto \_missum~], to send.) 
 
 A Maniple is a handful. 
 
 To Manipulate is to operate upon 
 any thing with the hands. 
 
 xeip [Cheir], the hand. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Chirography, the art of writing; 
 or, of employing the hand in the 
 formation of letters. (Gr., ypzqa 
 [grapho], to write.) 
 
 Chiromancy, a pretended art of 
 telling fortunes and determining char- 
 racter by an inspection of the lines 
 of the hand. (Gr., pom^ua [manteia~], 
 prophecy. ) 
 
 The Palm is the inner part of the 
 hand. 
 
 Palmistry is the art of telling 
 fortunes by an inspection of the 
 lines on the palm of the hand. 
 
 Palmate, resembling the hand 
 with the fingers spread. (Spoken of 
 leaves, and of the horns of certain 
 animals of the deer kind.) 
 
 The Fingers are the extremities 
 of the hand. Their office is to seize. 
 (Ger. fdngen, to seize.) 
 
 The Thumb is the short, thick finger 
 of the human hand. 
 
 The Index or Forefinger is the 
 finger next to the thumb. (L., index, 
 a pointer.) 
 
 The Middle Finger is next to the 
 forefinger. ) 
 
 The King Finger is next to the 
 middle finger. 
 
 The Little Finger is on the oppo- 
 site part of the hand from the thumb. 
 
 Digitus, a finger or a toe. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Digit, in arithmetic, a character 
 representing any whole number under 
 ten. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 
 are called digits. These figures are 
 thus called from the practice of 
 counting small numbers on the fin- 
 fe >rs. 
 
 Digitate, finger-shaped. 
 
 Note. — A digitate leaf, in botany, is one which 
 
 branches into several distinct leaflets, like 
 fingers. 
 
 Digitigrade, walking on the toes, 
 as the dog or wolf. (L., gradior, to 
 walk. ) 
 
 AAKTTA02 [Dactylos], a finger. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Dactyl, a poetical foot consisting 
 of one long and two short syllables, 
 and resembling, in this respect, a 
 finger, which consists of one long 
 and two short bones. 
 
 The Fist is the hand closed. 
 
 The Carpus or Wrist is a short 
 portion of the upper extremity inter- 
 mediate between the forearm and the 
 hand. 
 
 Note. — The Carpus is composed of eight bones, 
 arranged in two rows. 
 
 The Metacarpus consists of the 
 bones which lie between the corpus 
 and the fingers. 
 
 Note. — The metacarpal bones of each hand 
 are five in number. 
 
 The Phalanges are the ranges of 
 bones which form the fingers and the 
 toes. (Gr., <pa\*y{; [phalanx], a body 
 of armed men. ) 
 
 Note 1. — The regular ranges of the bones of 
 the fingers and toes resemble files of soldiers, 
 and hence the designation phalanx. 
 
 Note 2. — Each finger and toe consists of three 
 bones. 
 
 4. Of the Nervous System. 
 
 The NERVOUS SYSTEM in- 
 cludes the brain, the spinal marrow, 
 and the nerves. 
 
 The Brain is the portion of the 
 nervous system which is contained 
 within the skull. 
 
 Note. — The brain is inclosed within three 
 membranes ; to wit : the dura mater, the arach- 
 noid, and the pia mater. 
 
 The Dura Mater is a firm, fibrous 
 membrane which lines the interior 
 of the skull and spinal column. It 
 also sends forth processes or branches 
 which serve as sheaths for the 
 nerves. (L., dura, hard; and mater, 
 mother.) 
 
 Note. — This membrane was called mater by 
 the ancient anatomists, because they supposed 
 it to be the mother or origin of all the other 
 membranes of the body. 
 
 The Arachnoid lines the inside of 
 
124 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 the dura mater. It is so called from 
 its extreme tenuity, as it resembles 
 in this respect a spider's web. (Gr., 
 a f>*X Vi > [aracJme], a spider; and uSoc 
 [eidos], a resemblance.) 
 
 The Pia Mater, lying next to the 
 brain, and insinuating itself between 
 the convolutions of that organ, con- 
 sists of innumerable vessels held to- 
 gether by cellular membrane. (L., 
 pia, tender; and mater, mother.) 
 
 Note. — This membrane is termed pia on ac- 
 count of its texture being less firm than the 
 dura mater. 
 
 The Cerebrum is the anterior por- 
 tion of the brain. (L., cerebrum, the 
 brain. ) 
 
 Note. — The cerebrum i§ divided into two 
 hemispheres, right and left, by a cleft or fissure. 
 
 The Cerebellum is the posterior 
 
 and smaller portion of the brain. (L., 
 cerebellum, a little brain.) 
 
 Note. — The brain is regarded by physiologists 
 as the organ of the mind. The cerebrum is sup- 
 posed to be the seat of the thinking faculties, 
 and the cerebellum, the seat of the" animal pro- 
 pensities. 
 
 The Spinal Cord or Spinal Mar- 
 row is a prolongation of the sub- 
 stance of the brain along the cavity 
 of the spinal column. 
 
 The Medulla Oblongata is the 
 portion of the spinal cord which lies 
 within the cavity of the skull. 
 
 The Nerves are small, threaddike 
 cords issuing in pairs from the skull 
 and spinal column, and consisting of 
 the substance of the brain inclosed 
 in membranous sheaths. 
 
 Note. — The nerves may be divided into three 
 classes : 1. The nerves of sensation. 2. The motor 
 nerves on which muscular motion depends. 3. The 
 nerves which preside over the vital functions. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 1. Definition of the Term. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY, according to its 
 etymology, and according to the an- 
 cient use of the term, is the science 
 of nature. (Gr., <$u<ric \j)hysis~\, nature; 
 and xoyoc [logos'], a discourse.) 
 
 Physiology, according to the mod- 
 ern use of the term, is that depart- 
 ment of natural science which treats 
 of the laws and phenomena of life. 
 
 Note. — This science is divided into two great 
 departments, to wit: animal physiology and vege- 
 table physiology. 
 
 2. Sensation. 
 
 SENSE is the faculty by which 
 the mind becomes aware of the ex- 
 istence and properties of external 
 objects by impressions made on cer- 
 tain organs of the body. (L., sentio 
 [sensuni], to feel or perceive.) 
 
 Sensible, capable of feeling the im- 
 pressions made by external objects. 
 The hand is sensible to heat, and the 
 eye to light. 
 
 Sensitive, having a quick and acute 
 sensibility. 
 
 Sensual, affecting the senses, or de- 
 pending on them ; &s,sensual pleasures. 
 
 A Sensualist is a person given to 
 excessive or gross indulgence of the 
 appetites or senses. 
 
 The Five Senses are sight, hear- 
 ing, smell, taste, and touch or feeling. 
 
 Note 1. — The general sense of feeling is dis- 
 tributed among 36 pairs of nerves, of which 30 
 pairs have their origin in the spinal marrow, one 
 pair passing off at each vertebral joint. To each 
 of the other senses but a single pair of nerves is 
 appropriated, and these arise from the brain 
 within the cranium. 
 
 Note 2. — The nerves of sight are termed the 
 optic nerves; those of hearing, the auditory; those 
 of smell, the olfactory ; those of taste, the gusta- 
 tory ; and those of touch, the tactual nerves. 
 
 Note 3. — A membranous expansion of one 
 of the optic nerves is spread over the interior 
 of the posterior chamber of each eye. One 
 of the auditory nerves is distributed among 
 the winding passages of the internal portion of 
 each ear. One of the olfactory nerves spreads 
 its ramifications over the lining membrane of 
 each nostril ; the fibers of the gustatory nerve3 
 terminate in the surface of the tongue and pal- 
 ate ; and the nerves of feeling are found in every 
 part of the body, both external and internal. 
 
 Note 4. — Each class of the nerves of sensa- 
 tion have a kind of sensibility which is peculiar 
 to themselves. The optic nerves are sensible 
 only to light ; the auditory, to sound ; the olfac- 
 tory, to scents ; the gustatory, to the chemical 
 qualities of substances ; and the nerves of feel- 
 ing take cognizance of the properties of hard- 
 ness, roughness, weight, and beat. 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 125 
 
 3. To See. 
 
 To SEE is to perceive by the eye. 
 
 Sight is, 1. The act of seeing; as, a 
 sight of land. 2. The faculty of see- 
 ing. Certain animals are destitute of 
 sight. 3. That which is seen ; as, an 
 interesting sight. 
 
 To Look is, 1. To direct the sight; 
 as, to look at; to look toward; to 
 look away from. 2. To have a par- 
 ticular appearance ; as, to look well. 
 
 A Look is, 1. An act of looking. 
 2. A cast of the countenance. 
 
 Lo ! is an exclamation used to di- 
 rect the attention to some object of 
 sight. 
 
 To Behold is to. have the sight di- 
 rected to some object. 
 
 To View is to examine with the 
 eye. 
 
 A View is, 1. An act of seeing. 
 2. The whole extent taken in by the 
 eye. 
 
 To Review is to view again, (re, 
 again.) 
 
 To Survey is to direct the sight 
 successively to every part of an object 
 or scene. (Fr., sur, over; and voir, 
 to see ) 
 
 A Glimpse is a momentary view. 
 
 To Peep is to look slyly, or to look 
 through a crevice. 
 
 To Stare is to look with the eyes 
 wide open and fixed. 
 
 To Gaze is to look steadily and 
 earnestly. 
 
 To Ogle is to view with side 
 glances, as in fondness. 
 
 To Pry is to inspect closely ; as, to 
 pry into. 
 
 Video [visum], to see. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Visible, that maybe seen. 
 
 Visual, pertaining to the sight; as, 
 the visual organs. 
 
 Vision, 1. The faculty of sight. 
 2. Actual seeing. 3. A supernatural 
 appearance. 4. A dream. 
 
 Visit, to go to see. 
 
 Revise, to look over again for the 
 purpose of correction ; as, to revise a 
 composition, {re, again.) 
 
 Revision, the act of looking over 
 again. 
 
 Supervise, to oversee, (super, over. ) 
 
 Superv is ion , overs igh t. 
 
 Envy, to look at with a feeling of 
 uneasiness caused by the view of the 
 superior prosperity or superior ex- 
 cellencies of the party envied, (en 
 for in, at.) 
 
 Provide, lit., to see beforehand. 
 Hence, To prepare or procure before- 
 hand the things which we foresee 
 will be needed, (pro, beforehand.) 
 
 Provision, the act of providing. 
 
 Provident, foreseeing wants and 
 making the necessary arrangements 
 for supplying them. 
 
 Providence, 1. Foresight, accom- 
 panied with the procurement of what 
 is necessary for future use. 2. The 
 superintending care of God. 
 
 fePECio [spectum], to look. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Spectacle, a sight. 
 
 Spectator, a looker-on. 
 
 To Speculate is to employ the men- 
 tal vision in viewing a subject in its 
 various aspects. 
 
 Inspect, to examine by looking at. 
 (in, at.) 
 
 Respect, lit, to look back at, or to 
 look again. Hence, Jig. To entertain 
 a regard for. (re, back, or again.) 
 
 Suspect, lit., to look at from under 
 a cover, or from a place of conceal- 
 ment. Hence. Jig. To apprehend the 
 existence of guilt, mischief, or danger. 
 
 Note. — The figure implied in the term 
 is that of secretly watching the motions of an 
 ill-disposed person, (sub, under.) 
 
 Prospect, 1. A view of things within 
 reach of the eye. 2. An intellectual 
 view of things to come, (pro, for- 
 ward.) X Retrospect. 
 
 Prospective, looking forward in 
 time. >£ Eetrospective. « 
 
 Retrospect, a looking back on 
 things past, (retro, backward.) 
 
 Despise, to look down upon with 
 contempt, (de, down.) 
 
 Despicable, deserving to be looked 
 down upon with contempt. 
 
 Aspect, 1. The general appearance 
 of things, whether seen by the bodily 
 or by the mental eye ; as, the region 
 presents a dreary aspect; public affairs 
 have a favorable aspect 2. Position 
 
126 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 in relation to the points of the com- 
 pass; as, the house has a southern 
 aspect; that is, it looks toward the 
 south, (ad, toward.) 
 
 Circumspect, lit., looking around on 
 all sides. Hence, jig. Cautious, (cir- 
 cum, around.) 
 
 Perspective, the application of geo- 
 metrical principles to drawing on a 
 plane surface true resemblances or 
 pictures of objects as they appear to 
 the eye from a given point, (per, 
 through.) 
 
 Perspicuous, easy to be looked 
 through by the eye of the mind ; that 
 is, clear and easily understood ; as, a 
 perspicuous style, (per, through.) 
 
 Perspicuity, the quality in style 
 which renders the sense clear or 
 transparent to the mental vision. 
 
 Expect, to look out for; as, to ex- 
 pect the arrival of a friend, or the oc- 
 currence of an anticipated event. 
 
 Note. — The term expect suggests the idea of 
 looking out at a window in order to watch for 
 the approach of some one whose coming is 
 awaited with interest, (ex, out.) 
 
 Conspicuous, adapted by its size 
 and position to strike the view. 
 
 Espy, to catch suddenly the sight 
 of something secluded or partially 
 hidden. 
 
 To Descry is, 1. To have a sight of 
 from a distance; as, the seamen de- 
 scried land. 2. To distinguish one 
 among a number of objects; as, to 
 descry a person in a crowd. 
 
 Pareo [paritum], to be visible. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Appear, to be in view, (ad, to.) 
 
 Apparent, 1. Seen either by the 
 bodily or by the mental eye. 2. Seem- 
 ing, in opposition to real. 
 
 Apparition, a visible spirit. 
 
 oiitomai [OpTOMAi],to see. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Optic, pertaining to vision ; as, the 
 optic nerve ; an optic glass. 
 
 Optics, the science of the laws of 
 light and vision. 
 
 Optician, one who makes or sells 
 optic instruments. 
 
 Dioptrics, that part of optics 
 which treats of vision through tran- 
 
 sparent media, as air, water and glass. 
 (dia, through.) 
 
 Catoptrics, that part of the science 
 of optics which treats of vision by 
 light reflected from mirrors, (cata, 
 against.) }£ Dioptrics. 
 
 Synopsis, an abridgement which 
 presents the entire subject in a single 
 view, (syn, together.) 
 
 2KOnEf2 [Scopeo], to view. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Telescope, an optical instrument 
 for viewing distant objects. (Gr, 
 mht \tele~], afar.) 
 
 Microscope, an instrument for view- 
 ing minute objects. (Gr., /umpos [mi- 
 cros'], small.) 
 
 Anemfoscope, an instrument for 
 showing visibly the course of the 
 wind. (Gr., ctvejuos \a7iemos~\, the 
 wind.) 
 
 GEfiPEn [Theoreo], to see. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Theory is, 1. Speculation, or the 
 viewing of principles. 2. The sci- 
 ence of any thing as distinguished 
 from the art; as, the theory and the 
 practice of medicine. X Practice. 
 
 A Theory is a system of principles 
 conceived in the mind in relation to 
 a particular subject; as, the theory of 
 musical sounds. 
 
 A Theorem is a proposition which 
 the understanding sees to be true, 
 and which may be proved by a chain 
 of reasoning. 
 
 To Vanish is, 1. To pass from a 
 visible to an invisible state. Mist 
 vanishes by being dissipated. 2. To 
 pass beyond the limits of the vision. 
 The lark may rise so high in the air 
 as to vanish from the sight. 
 
 Evanescent, 1. Quickly vanishing 
 or passing away. The pleasures of 
 this world are evanescent 2. Lessen- 
 ing beyond the perception of the 
 senses, (e, away.) 
 
 The downy orchard, and the melting pulp 
 Of mellow' fruit, the nameless nations feed 
 Of evanescent insects. — Thomson. 
 
 4. To Hear. 
 
 To HEAR is to perceive by the 
 ear. 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 127 
 
 To Listen is to exert the attention 
 in order to catch sounds or words. 
 
 List is a contraction of Listen. 
 (Used by the poets.) 
 
 To Hearken is to listen to words 
 addressed to ourselves. 
 
 Hark ! listen ! (Used as the im- 
 perative of to Hearken. ) 
 
 Audio [auditum~], to hear. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 To Audit is to hear, officially, a 
 statement of accounts in cases when a 
 compensation is claimed for services, 
 or where public funds have been re- 
 ceived or disbursed by the person 
 making the statement. 
 
 An Audit is an official hearing of 
 accounts. 
 
 Am Auditor is, 1. One who listens 
 to a public discourse. 2. An officer 
 whose duty is to audit accounts. 
 
 Auditory, that has the power of 
 hearing ; as, the auditory nerve. 
 
 An Auditory is an assembly of 
 hearers. 
 
 Audience, 1. Admittance to a hear- 
 ing. The ambassador had an audi- 
 ence with the king. 2. An assembly 
 of hearers. 
 
 Audible, that may be heard. 
 
 AKOrn [acouo], to hear. (Or.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Acoustic, pertaining to hearing, or 
 to the doctrine of sounds. 
 
 Acoustics, the science of sounds. 
 
 5. The Touch. 
 
 To FEEL is, 1. To experience sen- 
 sation in the general system of nerves. 
 2. To be either pleas urably or pain- 
 fully affected; as, to feel happy; to 
 feel sad. 
 
 Tango [tactum], to touch. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Tangible, that may be touched. 
 
 Tactile, susceptible of being per- 
 ceived by the touch ; as, tactile quali- 
 ties. 
 
 Tactual, pertaining to, consisting 
 in, or derived from touch. 
 
 Tact, skill in the management of a 
 delicate affair, as if by judiciously ap- 
 plied touches. 
 
 Intact, untouched. 
 
 Palpo, to feel with the fingers. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Palpable, 1. Perceptible to the 
 touch; as, & palpable substance.; pal- 
 pable darkness. 2. That is suscep- 
 tible of being felt or handled in a figu- 
 rative sense; as, a palpable absurdi- 
 ty ; that is, a gross absurdity. 
 
 A Thrill is a vibratory sensation 
 running suddenly through the frame ; 
 as, a thrill of pleasure; a thrill of 
 horror. 
 
 To Tingle is, 1. To feel a thrilling 
 sound. The ears of them that hear it 
 shall tingle. — Bible. 2. To feel a 
 thrilling pain. 3. To experience a 
 sensation as of slight pricking. 
 
 In palsy sometimes the sensation or feeling is 
 either totally abolished or dull, with a senso of 
 tingling. — Arbuthnot. 
 
 To Tickle is to cause a peculiar 
 thrilling sensation by slightly touch- 
 ing the skin. 
 
 To Titillate is to tickle. 
 
 Titillation is, 1. The act of tickling. 
 2. A tickling sensation. 
 
 An Itching is an unneasy sensation 
 in the skin, which may be relieved 
 by rubbing. 
 
 6. Of Sleep. 
 
 SLEEP i3 that state of the body in 
 which the functions of sensation and 
 volition are suspended, while the vi- 
 tal functions retain their usual activ- 
 ity. 
 
 To Doze is to sleep lightly. 
 
 To Slumber is, 1. To doze; 2. To 
 sleep. 
 
 A Nap is a short sleep. 
 
 Drowsy, inclined to sleep. 
 
 Lethargy is, 1. A preternatural 
 drowsiness. 2. A continued and pro- 
 found sleep from which a person is 
 with difficulty awakened. 
 
 Coma is a heavy stupor attending 
 certain states of disease. 
 
 Comatose, affected with coma. 
 
 Somnus. sleep. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Somnolent, inclined to sleep. 
 
 Somniferous, causing sleep ; as, 
 a somniferous potion. (L. fero, to 
 bring.) 
 
 Somnambulism, the act or practice 
 
128 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 of walking in sleep. (L., amtulo, to 
 walk.) 
 
 Dormio \_dormituni\, to sleep. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Dormitory, a building or room to 
 sleep in. 
 
 Dormant, lit., sleeping. Hence, 
 Not in action; us dormant energies. 
 
 Morpheus, the god of sleep. Hence, 
 
 Morphine, a principle extracted 
 from opium, and thus designated, he- 
 cause it promotes sleep. 
 
 Sopor, sleep. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Soporific, causing sleep. (L.,facio, 
 to cause.) 
 
 7. Of Food. 
 
 FOOD is whatever supplies mate- 
 rials for the growth, for the secre- 
 tions, and for the repairing of the 
 waste of the body. 
 
 To Feed is to supply with food. 
 
 A Pabulum is anything that serves 
 as food, either actually or analogi- 
 cally. Honey is the pabulum of the 
 bee. Fuel is the pabulum of fire. 
 
 To Nourish is to supply with such 
 food as increases the growth or the 
 strength. (L., nutrio.) 
 
 Nourishment is, 1. Food that pro- 
 motes the growth or strength. 2. 
 The act of nourishing. 
 
 A Nurse is one who nourishes and 
 takes care of a child. (L., nutrio.) 
 
 Nurture is the act of providing 
 with moral or spiritual nourishment. 
 — Eph. pi: 4. (L., nutrio.) 
 
 Nutrio \_nutritum~\, to nourish. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Nutrition, the act of nourishing. 
 
 Nutriment, any substance that 
 serves for nourishing the body. 
 
 Nutritious, adapted for nourishing 
 
 Alo, to nourish. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Aliment, any substance that serves 
 as food. 
 
 Alimentary, 1. Serving as food. 2. 
 Pertaining to, or connected with, ali- 
 mentation, as the alimentary canal. 
 
 Alimentation, the process by which 
 food nourishes the body. 
 
 Sustenance is food in the relation 
 of sustaining or supporting animal 
 life. 
 
 Subsistence is food in relation to 
 its being that whereon we subsist or 
 live. 
 
 Provisions are food that has been 
 provided beforehand in anticipation 
 of future need. 
 
 Victuals are food prepared for the 
 table. (L., vivo [victum], to live.) 
 
 Viands are food on the table. 
 
 Diet is, 1. One's habitual food. 2. 
 Food regulated by a physician. 
 
 Meat, in the older English, and in 
 the more elevated style of the recent 
 English, is a collective term, embrac- 
 ing all kinds of solid food. In the 
 familiar style, the application of the 
 term meat is restricted to the flesh 
 of animals used as food. 
 
 Fare is one's ordinary daily food. 
 
 A Dish is some particular article 
 of food served up in a dish. 
 
 Bread is, 1. A species of food pre- 
 pared from flour or meal, by first 
 wetting it with water ; by next knead- 
 ing it, and by finally baking it. 2. 
 Food in general. " Give us this day 
 our daily breads — Lord's Prayer. 
 
 8. Of those Internal Sensations that 
 
 have a relation to Food and Drink. 
 
 HUNGER is an uneasy sensation 
 of the stomach, occasioned by a want 
 of food. 
 
 Thirst is the sensation caused by a 
 deficiency of the watery element in 
 the system. 
 
 Appetite is a desire for food. 
 
 A Longing is a desire for some 
 particular article of food. 
 
 A Craving is a very strong desire 
 for food. 
 
 Greedy, inclined to partake too 
 freely of food. 
 
 Ravenous, raging with hunger. 
 (L., rapio, to seize,) as a feeling of 
 hunger thus hightened, disposes an 
 animal under its influence, to seize 
 and devour anything that may ap- 
 pease this feeling. 
 
 A Relish is a liking for any ar- 
 ticle Of food or drink. 
 
 A Zest is a keen relish. 
 
 To Sate is to satisfy the appetite. 
 (L., satis, enough.) 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 120 
 
 Satiety is the feeling of having ta- 
 ken as much food as the appetite 
 demands. 
 
 Sated, filled to satiety. 
 
 Then sated Hunger bids his brother Thirst, 
 Produce the mighty bowl. — Thomson. 
 
 To Satiate is to satisfy fully with 
 food. 
 
 An Insatiable appetite is one that 
 can not be satisfied. The miser has 
 an insatiable thirst for gold. 
 
 Disgust is a strong feeling of dis- 
 like toward any particular article of 
 food. 
 
 To Loathe is to have a strong 
 feeling of disgust. 
 
 To Cloy the appetite is to create a 
 disrelish for food by over-eating. 
 
 To Surfeit is to sicken by over- 
 feeding. (Fr., sur, over; and /aire, 
 to do.) 
 
 To Founder is to surfeit a beast. 
 
 To Stall is, I. To become tired of 
 food from over-eating. (Spoken of 
 cattle.) 2. To over-feed. 
 
 To Pall is, 1. To cloy ; as the 
 palled appetite. 2. To become in- 
 sipid; as, the liquor palls. 
 
 9. To Eat. 
 
 To EAT is to take solid food. 
 
 Eatable, that may be eaten. 
 
 Eatables are things that may be 
 used as food. 
 
 Edo [esum], to eat. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Edible, suitable to be eaten; as, 
 edible birds' nests. 
 
 Esculent, fit to be eaten. The 
 buckeye is not an esculent fruit. 
 
 Voeo [yoratum], to eat after the 
 manner of a beast. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Voracious, eating greedily. 
 
 Voraciousness, or Voracity, greed- 
 iness of appetite. 
 
 Devour, to eat greedily. 
 
 Carnivorous, eating, or subsisting 
 on flesh. (L., caro [carnis'], flesh.) 
 
 Granivorous, eating corn. (L., gra- 
 num, a grain.) 
 
 Insectivorous, eating insects. 
 
 Herbivorous, eating herbage. 
 
 Graminivorous, eating grass. (L., 
 gramen, grass.) 
 9 
 
 Omnivorous, eating ail kinds of 
 food. (L., omnis, all.) 
 
 $Aro [PHAGo],toeat. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Anthropoph'agi, man-eaters. (Gr., 
 srvS/iawoc [anthropos], a man.) 
 
 Anthropophagous, feeding on hu- 
 man flesh. 
 
 Anthropoph'agy, the practice of 
 eating human flesh. 
 
 Sarcop¥agus, 1. A stone that con- 
 sumes the flesh of the dead. 2. A 
 coffin made of such a stone. (Gr., 
 «p| [sarx\, flesh. 
 
 To Crop is to bite off the ends of 
 plants. 
 
 To Graze is to crop grass as cattle 
 do in feeding, (horn grass.) 
 
 A Grazier is one who feeds cattle 
 on grass. 
 
 To Browse is to eat the ends of 
 branches and shrubs. 
 
 To Feed is, 1. To take food. 2. To 
 give food to. 
 
 Pasco \_pasium~], to feed. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Pasture, 1. Green food, as grass 
 and herbage, cropped by cattle. 2. 
 A field covered with grass, etc., and 
 kept for grazing. 
 
 Pasturage, 1. Growing grass on 
 which cattle feed. 2. The business 
 of grazing cattle. 
 
 Pastor, primarily, a feeder of sheep. 
 Hence, A minister of the gospel who 
 has the charge of a congregation. 
 
 Note. — The people are the sheep and the min- 
 ister is the shepherd whose duty is to supply his 
 flock -with spiritual food. 
 
 A Meal is the quantity of food 
 taken at one time. 
 
 Breakfast is the morning meal, 
 (from break and fast, because it 
 breaks the fast of the foresroinir 
 night. ) 
 
 To Dine is to take the second meal 
 of the day. 
 
 Dinner is the second meal of the 
 day, and is usually taken about 
 noon. 
 
 To Sup is to take the last meal of 
 the day. 
 
 Supper is the last meal of the day, 
 and is thus called because liquid 
 food that may be taken by supping 
 
130 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 is used more freely at this than at 
 the other meals. 
 
 A Lunch or Luncheon is a piece 
 taken between meals. 
 
 A Repast may be either a regular 
 meal, or it may consist in eating 
 some special dainty apart from ordi- 
 nary food. (L, re, again; and pasco 
 \_pastum~], to feed.) 
 
 A Feast is 1. A rich repast. 2. 
 A sumptuous repast of which a num- 
 ber of guests partake. 
 
 A Festival is 1. A casual feast. 
 2. An anniversary feast. 
 
 Festal, pertaining to the material 
 accompaniments of a feast; as, the 
 festal board; festal decorations. 
 
 Festive, pertaining to the enjoy- 
 ments of the guests at a feast; as, 
 festive mirth ; festive amusements. 
 
 Festivities are the joyous accom- 
 paniments of a feast. 
 
 To Serve is to wait on a table. 
 
 A Service or Course consists of 
 any one of a regular succession of 
 dishes served at a table. 
 
 The Des'sert is the last course, and 
 consists of fruits and sweetmeats. 
 (Fr., desservir, to clear the table; 
 from de, priv. ; and servir, to serve. ) 
 
 A Banquet is a rich entertainment 
 of food and drink. 
 
 To Revel is to feast with noisy 
 merriment. 
 
 To Riot is to run to excess in eat- 
 ing and drinking. 
 
 To Pamper is to feed to the full 
 with rich food ; as, to pamper a horse. 
 
 To Fast is to refrain from eating. 
 
 To Starve is to destroy life by pri- 
 vation of food. 
 
 Fames, hunger. (^.) Hence, 
 
 Famine, a scarcity of food. 
 
 Famish, 1. To die of hunger. 
 2. To kill with hunger. 
 
 10. The Action of the Teeth. 
 
 To BITE is, 1. To separate a por- 
 tion of an edible or other substance 
 by means of the teeth. 2. To insert 
 the ends of the teeth in anything. 
 
 A Bit is a portion bitten off. 
 
 To Snap is to bite suddenly. 
 
 Snappish, inclined to bite sudden- 
 ly ; as, a snappish dog. 
 
 Mordeo \_morsum~\, to bite. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Mordant, any substance used by 
 dyers to fix a color. (From the idea of 
 causing the color to bite, or hold fast. ) 
 
 Morsel, a small piece of food. (L., 
 morsellus, a little bite; dim. of mor- 
 sus, a bite. ) 
 
 Remorse, the biting or gnawing of 
 conscience. 
 
 To Chew is to bite and grind any 
 substance with the teeth. 
 
 To Masticate is to divide food mi- 
 nutely by chewing in order to pre- 
 pare it for deglutition and digestion. 
 
 To Scranch is to grind between 
 the teeth. 
 
 To Champ is to bite repeatedly on 
 any hard substance within the mouth. 
 The horse champs the bit of his 
 bridle. 
 
 To Munch is to chew by great 
 mouthfuls. A boy sometimes munches 
 an apple. 
 
 To Nibble is, 1. To bite slightly 
 and repeatedly at anything. A fish 
 nibbles at a bait. 2. To eat by small 
 bits. A mouse nibbles a piece of 
 cheese. 
 
 To Ruminate, or Chew the Cud, 
 is to chew the food a second time. 
 
 Note 1. — When a cow eats she does not take 
 time thoroughly to masticate her food, but stores 
 it away in her first, or great stomach. When 
 she has eaten sufficiently she retires to the shade, 
 lies down, and soon, by the action of the stom- 
 ach, a pellet or wad of grass is forced up into 
 the mouth. This she masticates for a minute or 
 two, and then, having swallowed it, it passes 
 into the second or true stomach, where it begins 
 to undergo the process of digestion. After a few 
 moments another pellet is thrown up which is 
 operated upon and disposed of in the same man- 
 ner; and thus the animal continues till she ha3 
 emptied her first stomach, when she is ready to 
 begin to eat again. 
 
 Note 2. — To Ruminate is, in a figurative sense, 
 to chew the cud of thought, that is, calmly to med- 
 itate on ideas and images that have been stored 
 away in the mind, but have not been properly 
 digested. 
 
 To Gnaw is to bite continuedly at 
 some hard substance. 
 
 Rodo \rosnm~], to gnaw. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Corrode, to gnaw or waste away by 
 rust, or by other chemical action. 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 131 
 
 Vinegar corrodes copper. In a figura- 
 tive sense cares are said to corrode 
 the mind. 
 
 Corrosion, the act of eating or 
 wearing away by small degrees. 
 
 Corrosive, having the power of eat- 
 ing or wearing away by small de- 
 grees; as, corrosive sublimate; cor- 
 rosive cares. 
 
 To Gnash is to strike the teeth 
 together in violent anger or pain. 
 
 11. To Drink. 
 
 To DRINK is to swallow a liquid. 
 
 A Draught is the quantity drank 
 at one time. 
 
 Poto \_potatum~\, to drink. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Potion, the quantity of a liquid 
 medicine that is to be taken at a 
 single time by drinking. 
 
 Potations, draughts from the in- 
 toxicating bowl. 
 
 Potable, fit to be drank; as potable 
 water. 
 
 Bibo, to drink. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Bibber, a drinker; that is, one 
 who drinks habitually, and to excess ; 
 as, a wine-bibber. 
 
 Imbibe, 1. To take in by drinking; 
 as to imbibe wine. 2. To take in by 
 absorption. A sponge imbibes water. 
 3. To drink, in a figurative sense; as 
 to imbibe wrong principles. 
 
 To Sup is to drink by a little at a 
 time. 
 
 To Sip is to perform very slightly 
 the act of supping. 
 
 Note.— Sip is a diminutive of sup. The dim- 
 inutive force resides in the slender sound of 
 the .vowel i in sip, which is substituted for the 
 fuller souud of u in sup. 
 
 Soup is food that is to be supped. 
 
 A Sop is a piece of bread dipped 
 in soup or other liquid. 
 
 Supper is the meal at which a 
 larger proportion of our food than 
 at other meals is taken by supping. 
 
 To Quaff, is to drink largely, and 
 with a good relish. 
 
 To Swig is to drink in excessive 
 quantities. 
 
 A Swig is a copious draught. 
 
 To Swill is to drink in excessive 
 
 quantities, after the manner of a 
 beast. (From swill, liquid food given 
 to swine.) 
 
 To Suck is to cause a liquid to 
 flow into the mouth by atmospheric 
 pressure. 
 
 Suction is the act or principle of 
 sucking. 
 
 12. Of Swallowing 
 
 To SWALLOW is to pass food 
 from the mouth to the stomach. 
 
 Note. — In swallowing, the food is forced 
 downward bj r the contraction of successive por- 
 tions of the gullet, immediately above the food. 
 
 Deglutio, to swallow. (L.) Hence, 
 Deglutition, the act of swallowing. 
 To Gulp is to swallow a liquid ea- 
 gerly and in large draughts. We say, 
 To gulp it down. A gulp is as much 
 as is swallowed at once. We say, 
 to take a thing at a single gulp. 
 
 13. Excess in Eating. 
 
 To GLUT is to fill beyond the de- 
 mands of the appetite. Fig. To glut 
 a market is to overstock it with any 
 particular commodity. 
 
 To Goege is, literally, to fill, not 
 only the stomach, but the very throat. 
 Gorge is, therefore, a stronger term 
 than glut. (Fr., gorge, the throat.) 
 
 To Stuff is to eat immoderately. 
 
 To Ceam is to fill the stomach to 
 its utmost capacity, by, as it were, 
 forcing the food down. 
 
 A Glutton is one who gluts him- 
 self with food. 
 
 A Goemand is a voracious and im- 
 moderate eater. 
 
 To Gormandize is to eat vora- 
 ciously and immoderately. 
 
 14. Excess in the use of Intoxicating 
 Drinks. 
 
 To INTOXICATE is to produce a 
 temporary derangement in the men- 
 tal and nervous functions, by the use 
 of spiritous liquors. In a figura- 
 tive sense we may say that a man is 
 intoxicated with zeal, with delight, 
 etc. 
 
 Deunk signifies overpowered by 
 the influence of intoxicating drinks. 
 
 Boosy is slightly intoxicated. 
 
132 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 
 
 Tipsy is moderately under the in- 
 fluence of liquor. 
 
 Fuddled is tolerably drunk 
 
 Ebrius, drunk. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ebriety, intoxication by spiritous 
 liquors. 
 
 Ebriosity, habitual drunkenness. 
 
 To Inebriate, to make drunk. 
 
 An Inebriate, an habitual drunk- 
 ard. 
 
 Inebriety, intoxication by the use 
 of spiritous liquors. 
 
 A Sot is one who has stupefied 
 himself by habitual drunkenness. 
 (Fr. sot, stupid.) 
 
 To Tipple is to drink frequently, 
 but with some degree of moderation. 
 
 To Tope is to drink habitually and 
 immoderately. 
 
 A Tippler is one who tipples. 
 
 A Toper is one who topes. 
 
 Orgies (pron. orjiz,) are drunken 
 revels. 
 
 To Carouse is to indulge in drunk- 
 en revelry. 
 
 15. To Abstain. 
 
 To ABSTAIN is to hold ourselves 
 back from any indulgence toward 
 which we are naturally inclined ; as, 
 to abstain from food or drink. (L., 
 abs, from, and teneo, to hold.) Hence, 
 
 Abstinent, refraining from indul- 
 gence, especially in the use of food 
 and drink. 
 
 Abstinence, the refraining from an 
 indulgence of appetite. 
 
 Abstemious, refraining from a free 
 use of food and strong drink. (L., 
 abs, from, and temetum, wine.) 
 
 Sober, abstaining from the exces- 
 sive use of intoxicating beverages. 
 (L., sine, not, and ebrius, drunk. 
 
 Temperate, moderate in the in- 
 dulgence of the appetites. (L., tem- 
 per o, [temperatum\, to moderate or 
 regulate.) 
 
 Temperance is habitual moderation 
 in regard to the indulgence of the 
 appetites. 
 
 16. Of Digestion, etc. 
 
 DIGESTION is a process carried 
 on in the stomach and the upper por- 
 
 tion of the intestinal canal, by which 
 the food is dissolved and chemically 
 changed. (L., di, asunder, and gero, 
 to carry, in allusion to the separation 
 and distribution of the elements of 
 the food.) 
 
 The Gastric Juice is a liquid, 
 transparent, and slightly acid, secre- 
 ted by the stomach, and endowed 
 with the property of dissolving and 
 chemically changing the food. 
 
 Note. — A given quantity of gastric juice can 
 dissolve only a certain amount of food, and the 
 stomach can not secrete at one time more of 
 this juice than is just sufficient to dissolve and 
 change the quantity of food required for sup- 
 plying the existing wants of the system. 
 Therefore, if more than the necessary quantity 
 of food should he taken into the stomach, the 
 surplus would not be acted on by the gastric 
 juice, but would either remain unchanged, or 
 it would ferment aud become sour, and in 
 either case would cause sickness of the stom- 
 ach, colic, or diarrhea. 
 
 Chyme is a grayish, semi-fluid, and 
 homogeneous substance, into which 
 the food is converted in the stomach 
 by the action of the gastric juice. 
 (Gr., ^y^tto? \_chymos~], juice.) 
 
 Note. — The chyme, when fully prepared, is 
 forced by the contraction of the stomach into the 
 duodenum, which is the upper portion of the in- 
 testinal canal, where it is mingled with the bil- 
 iary and pancreatic secretions. 
 
 The Bile or Gall is a bitter liquid 
 secreted by the liver, from the differ- 
 ent parts of which it is collected by 
 minute ducts (conducting pipes), that 
 unite in one single large duct, by 
 which the bile is conveyed to the gall 
 bladder. 
 
 The Gall Bladder is a small sack 
 in which the bile is kept in reserve 
 for future use. 
 
 The Pancreatic Juice is a liquid 
 secreted by the pancreas. 
 
 Note. — The stimulus of the chyme, in the duo- 
 denum, causes the gall bladder to contract, and to 
 discharge its contents through a duct opening 
 into that intestine; and the same stimulus ex- 
 cites a flow of the pancreatic juice into the same 
 intestine. The mingling of the bile and pan- 
 creatic fluid with the chyme causes a separation 
 of the chyme into three distinct parts, to wit: a 
 reddish brown sediment at the bottom, a whey- 
 colored fluid in the middle, and a creamy 
 pellicle at the top. The middle portion is called 
 chyle; the top is of an oily nature ; and the sedi- 
 ment, mingled with bile, consists of those ele- 
 ments of the food which are unfit for nutrition, 
 and are therefore destined to be rejected from 
 the body. 
 
 The Chyle is a liquid, whey-col- 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 ored substance, generated in the 
 stomach by the action of the gastric 
 juice, separated in the duodenum 
 from the refuse matter of the chyme 
 by the action of the bile and the pan- 
 creatic juice, and containing those 
 elements of the food which are 
 adapted to the purposes of nutrition. 
 (Gr., x uX ^ [chylos], juice.) 
 
 Absorbents are tine vessels whose 
 oriiices or mouths open on the various 
 surfaces both internal and external, 
 as well as within the various tissues 
 of the body. Their office is to absorb 
 the various liquids and matters in 
 solution that are presented to their 
 mouths. 
 
 The Lacteals are a set of absorb- 
 ents whose orifices open on the inter- 
 nal surface of the upper portion of 
 the intestinal canal. Their office is to 
 absorb the chyle. (L., lac, milk, 
 from the milky color of the clryle.) 
 
 Note. — The chyle is conveyed by the lacteals 
 into the thoracic duct, a large membraneous tube 
 through which the chyle is discharged into one 
 of the large veins, where it is intermingled with 
 the blood. 
 
 Lymph is a colorless fluid diffused 
 throughout the body. It consists of 
 water, albumen (the substance of the 
 white of eggs), and fibrin (the sub- 
 stance of muscular fiber), with some 
 other matters. (L. lympha, pure 
 water. ) 
 
 Note. — The lymph has its name from its 
 being, in appearance, like pure water. 
 
 The Lymphatics are a system of 
 thin membraneous vessels destined 
 for the conveyance of the lymph. 
 
 Note. — The lymph approximates to chyle, in 
 its composition and nature, and is conveyed to 
 the thoracic duct, where it is mingled with the 
 chyle in order to aid in the nutrition of the 
 body. 
 
 17. Of the Blood. 
 The BLOOD is the fluid _ which 
 serves as a vehicle for conveying the 
 nutrient elements of the food to all 
 the organs and tissues of the body, 
 through the medium of the circula- 
 tory system. 
 
 Note. — The blood of man, quadrupeds, and 
 6ome other animals, is red. That of insects and 
 several other classes of animals is transparent 
 and colorless. 
 
 A Coagulcm is a soft, jelly-like 
 mass, separated from the liquor in 
 which it was suspended or dissolved, 
 as in the case of blood and milk. 
 
 To Coagulate is to form a coagu- 
 lum. Milk and blood coagulate. 
 
 A Clot is a small portion of coagu- 
 lated blood. 
 
 Note. — The coagulum of blood consists of 
 fibrin mixed with that portion of the blood in 
 which the coloring principle resides. 
 
 The Coloring Principle of the 
 blood resides in very minute bodies 
 in the form of oval disks. 
 
 Note. — Iron is regarded as one element of 
 the coloring principle of the blood. 
 
 The Serum is the fluid portion of 
 the blood that remains after the sep- 
 aration of the coagulum. 
 
 Note. — The serum maybe coagulated by heat. 
 The coagulum of serum consists of albumen (the 
 substance of the white of an egg). The liquor 
 that remains after this second coagulation is wa- 
 ter holding in solution certain salts. The blood 
 also contains a small proportion of fatty matter. 
 
 Sanguis, blood. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sanguine, 1. Having the color of 
 blood; as, a sanguine countenance. 
 2. Abounding in blood; as, a san- 
 guine habit of body. 3. Ardent; as, 
 a sanguine temper. 4. Confident; 
 as, to entertain sanguine expectations. 
 
 Ensanguine, to stain or cover with 
 blood, {en, in.) 
 
 Ensanguined, stained with blood; 
 as, an ensanguined field. 
 
 Consanguinity, relationship by 
 blood; that is, by descent from a 
 common ancestor, {con, together) 
 
 Exsanguine, not reddened by blood ; 
 that is, pale; as an exsanguine coun- 
 tenance, {ex, without.) 
 
 Exsanguious, Exsanguinous, or Ex- 
 sanguineous, destitute of red blood, 
 as insects. 
 
 'aima [Haima], blood. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Hematite, an iron ore of a deep- 
 red color. 
 
 Hemorrhage, a violent flow of 
 blood. (Gr., \*ywfju [rhegnymi], to 
 break forth. 
 
 Hemorrhoids, the piles. (Gr., fix 
 \rheo~], to flow, in reference to the 
 flow of blood with which this disease 
 is accompanied.) 
 
134 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 18. Of the Circulation. 
 
 The CIRCULATION consists in 
 the transmission of the blood from 
 the heart to the different parts of 
 the body through the arteries, and 
 in its return to the heart through the 
 veins. 
 
 Note. — The blood undergoes a twofold circu- 
 lation. The impure and dark-colored blood 
 which is returned from the system to the right 
 ventricle of the heart is thence sent to the lungs, 
 where it comes in contact with the air which is 
 inlialed in breathing, by which it is purified and 
 caused to assume a bright scarlet color. From 
 the lungs it is returned to the left ventricle of 
 the heart from whence it is distributed through 
 the system. 
 
 19. Of Respiration or Breathing. 
 
 To RESPIRE, or To BREATHE 
 is alternately to draw air into the 
 lungs and to expel it from them. 
 (L., re, again; and spiro, to blow.) 
 
 To Inspire is to draw in air in 
 breathing. 
 
 Inspiration is the act of drawing 
 air into the lungs. 
 
 An Inspiration is a single act of 
 drawing in air. 
 
 To Inspire, in a fig. sense, is, 1. To 
 breathe into any one a divine influ- 
 ence. The authors of the books of 
 the Bible were inspired; that is, an 
 influence from above was breathed 
 into them by which they were guided 
 in what they wrote. 2. To animate, 
 as if by the inbreathing of some 
 supernatural influence. Certain 
 pieces of music, when well executed, 
 have an inspiring effect, [in, into.) 
 
 To Expire is to emit the breath. 
 Fig. To emit the breath for the last 
 time ; that is, to die. 
 
 Expiration is the act of emitting 
 the breath. Fig. The act of dying. 
 
 To Pant is to breathe quick, and 
 with a heaving of the breast, as from 
 the effects of heat, or violent exercise. 
 
 To Gasp is to breathe with the 
 mouth wide open, as in laborious 
 respiration, or in dying. 
 
 To Sigh is to draw a long and au- 
 dible breath from the influence of 
 
 To Wheeze is to breathe with a 
 murmur, indicating an obstruction to 
 
 the free passage of the air, as in 
 asthma or bronchitis. 
 
 A Cough is a sudden and convul- 
 sive emission of breath designed for 
 the expulsion of some offending mat- 
 ter from the trachea or bronchial 
 tubes. 
 
 A Sneezing is a sudden and forci- 
 ble propulsion of the air through the 
 nostrils, for the purpose of removing 
 some cause of irritation from those 
 passages. 
 
 To Inhale is to draw in odor, or 
 vapor with the breath. 
 
 To Snuff is, 1. To make an audible 
 inspiration through the nose; and 
 hence, 2. To inhale an odor. 3. To 
 breathe through the nostrils. 
 
 " Health snuffs the morning air." 
 
 To Snuffle is to speak through the 
 nose. (freq. and dim. of snuff. To 
 snuffle, then, is to perform many 
 slight acts of snuffing while speak- 
 ing.) 
 
 To Sniff is to draw air audibly up 
 the nose. 
 
 To Snort is to force the air vio- 
 lently, and with a loud sound, 
 through the nostrils. 
 
 To Snore is to breathe through 
 the nostrils in sleep with a hoarse, 
 rough sound. 
 
 To Choke is to stop the breathing, 
 either by obstructing the air pas- 
 sages internally, or by applying pres- 
 sure externally. 
 
 To Strangle is to stop the breath- 
 ing by the admission of a liquid, as 
 water, internally, or by external pres- 
 sure, as that of a cord drawn tight 
 around the neck. 
 
 To Suffocate is to stop the breath- 
 ing by means of irrespirable vapors 
 or gases. (L., sub, over, and focus, 
 the fire-place.) 
 
 To Smother is to hinder breathing 
 by preventing the access of fresh air 
 to the mouth and nostrils. 
 
 To Stifle is to prevent breathing 
 by stopping or filling up the bron- 
 chial tubes, as with mucus, dust, etc. 
 (For stuffle, freq. of stuff.) 
 
 Note 1. — The Chemistry of Breathing. Air 
 that has been once used in breathing, is unfit to 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 135 
 
 b« used a second time, for two reasons. 1. 
 When the air that has been drawn in at an in- 
 spiration is again exhaled, it is found to have 
 lost a portion of its oxygen, which is the life- 
 sustaining principle. 2. In the place of the 
 oxygen which has been lost, an equal volume of 
 carbonic acid gas, a most suffocating and deadly 
 poison, is found to have been substituted. (See 
 Arts., Circulation and Chemistry.) A bed-cham- 
 ber should, therefore, always be ventilated, in 
 the winter as well as in the summer, by raising 
 or lowering the sash of a window. The fear that 
 6ome persons entertain of taking cold by 
 sleeping in a well-ventilated room, is utterly 
 groundless. 
 
 Note. 2. — The Mechanism of Breathing. — The 
 ribs being raised by the contraction of the pec- 
 toral and intercostal muscles, and the cavity of 
 the chest being thus enlarged, the external air 
 is forced in by hydrostatic pressure, to fill the 
 vacuum, and this constitutes inspiration. 
 
 In expiration, the muscles of the chest relax- 
 ing, the ribs drop, and the cavity of the chest 
 is thus diminished. The cavity of the chest is 
 also further diminished by the contraction of 
 the abdominal muscles, which force the viscera 
 upward against the diaphragm ; and thus the 
 air is forced out of the lungs. It is hence evi- 
 dent that any pressure, either on the chest or 
 abdomen by tight dress, must interfere with the 
 freedom of breathing, and thus be prejudicial 
 to the health. 
 
 20. Of the Secretions. 
 1st. To Secrete. 
 
 To SECRETE is to separate. (L., 
 se, apart; and cerno [cretuni], to sift.) 
 
 Secretion consists in the separation 
 of some useful substance from the 
 blood, by the action of an organism 
 adapted specifically for the purpose. 
 Milk and bile are secretions. 
 
 Secretory, pertaining to secretion; 
 as, a secretory organ. 
 
 To Secern is to secrete. 
 
 2d. Of Milk. 
 MILK is a fluid secreted by mam- 
 miferous females for the nourish- 
 ment of their young. 
 
 Note. — Milk consists of water holding in so- 
 lution sugar, sundry saline ingredients, and a 
 substance called casein ; and having oleaginous 
 (oily,) globules suspended in it. 
 
 To, Curdle is to coagulate, as milk. 
 (See the Term Blood.) 
 
 Curd is the coagulum of milk. 
 
 Note. — Curd may consist of pure casein, but 
 it is usually mixed with the oily principle of 
 the milk. 
 
 Casein is the chemical designation 
 of the pure curd of milk. 
 
 Note. — Casein is the cheese principle. (L., 
 caseus, cheese.) 
 
 Whey is the liquid tha: remains 
 after the curd has been separated. 
 
 Note. — The whey contains the sugar and the 
 salts of the milk. 
 
 Cream consists of the oily portion 
 of the milk, which being specifically 
 lighter than the rest of the milk, 
 rises to the surface in the form of a 
 film of a light-yellowish color. 
 
 Note. — Cream exists in the form of minute 
 globules, each globule being invested with a 
 thin pellicle, or skin. 
 
 Butter is the oily principle of 
 milk in the form of a mass. 
 
 To Churn is to beat and agitate 
 the cream in order to rupture the 
 pellicles that invest the globules of 
 oil. 
 
 Note. — When the pellicles are ruptured the 
 contents of the different pellicles naturally co- 
 here, and thus the whole is readily collected into 
 a mass. 
 
 Cheese is the curd of milk, sea- 
 soned with salt, shaped into a loaf 
 and pressed. 
 
 Rennet is the stomach of a young 
 calf, with its contents of curdled 
 milk, the whole being dried and kept 
 for use. 
 
 Note. — Rennet is used for coagulating milk in 
 the mauufactur e of cheese. 
 
 Lac, milk. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lacteal, 1. Pertaining to milk; as 
 the lacteal fluid. 2. Conveying chyle, 
 as a lacteal vessel. 
 
 Lactean, or Lacteous, resembling 
 milk. 
 
 Lactescent, 1. Having the appear- 
 ance of milk; as, a lactescent fluid. 
 2. Producing a milky juice; as, a 
 lactescent plant. 
 
 Lactescence, 1. A milky color. 2. 
 The milky liquor which flows from 
 certain plants. 
 
 Lactic, pertaining to or produced 
 from milk; as, lactic acid. 
 
 Lactuca, the plant lettuce, thus 
 named from its milky juice. 
 
 Lactation, 1. The act of giving 
 suck. 2. The time of suckling. 
 
 Ablactation the act of weaning., 
 
 Gala [r«\*, galactos,~] milk, (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
136 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 Galaxy, the milky way of the 
 heavens. 
 
 M. Of the Gall. 
 
 GALL or BILE is the liquid se- 
 creted by the liver. (See Art. Di- 
 gestion.) 
 
 Biliary, pertaining to bile; as, the 
 biliary secretion. 
 
 Bilious, characterized by a de- 
 rangement of the biliary secretion ; 
 as, a bilious fever. 
 
 xoah [CHOLE],bile. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Cholagogue, a medicine that pro- 
 motes an evacuation of the bile. 
 (Gr., xya \ago~], to put in motion.) 
 
 Choler, anger. (From the notion 
 entertained by the ancients, that an 
 excess of bile had a tendency to 
 render a person irascible.) 
 
 Melancholy, mental gloom. (Gr., 
 Mi\av \_melan~\, black. 
 
 Note. — Mental gloom was called melancholy 
 from the idea entertained by the ancients, that 
 this state of mind was occasioned by the existence 
 of black bile in the system. 
 
 4th. Of the Salivary Secretion. 
 
 The SALIVA or SPITTLE is a 
 fluid secreted by three pairs of glands 
 situated in the mouth, and called the 
 salivary glands. 
 
 Note. — In reference to their respective situa- 
 tions they are distinguished as the parotid, (Gr., 
 tragx [para], near; and *g [os, otos], the ear); the 
 sublingual, (L., sub, under; and lingua, the 
 tongue) ; and the submaxillary glands, (L., sub, 
 and maxilla, the jaw.) 
 
 To Slabber or Slaver is to suffer 
 the spittle to fall from the mouth. 
 
 To Drivel is to let the saliva run 
 from the corners of the mouth after 
 the manner of an idiot. Hence, Jig. 
 To be idiotic. (For dripple, dim. and 
 freq. of drip.) 
 
 To Hawk is to make an effort, ac- 
 companied by a noise, to loosen the 
 tenacious phlegm of the mouth. 
 
 Screo [screatuni], to hawk. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Excreate, to eject from the mouth 
 by hawking and spitting, (ex, out.) 
 
 5th. Of the Tears. 
 
 TEAKS are watery drops standing 
 in, or flowing from the eyes. 
 
 Note. — The fluid of which the tears consist is 
 continually being secreted, and its design is to 
 moisten and lubricate (make slippery) the sur- 
 face of the eyelids and eyeballs, so that they may 
 slide smoothly over each other. It is only 
 when this fluid is in excess that it assumes the 
 form and designation of tears. 
 
 To Weep, or to Shed Tears, is to 
 discharge water from the eyes under 
 the influence of some emotion of the 
 mind. 
 
 Lachryma, a tear. (L. ) Hence, 
 
 Lachrymal, 1. Pertaining to tears ; 
 as, the lachrymal fluid. 2. Convey- 
 ing tears; as, the lachrymal duct. 
 3. Secreting tears ; as, the lachrymal 
 glands. 
 
 Lachrymaiion, the act of shedding 
 tears. 
 
 6th. Of the Cerumen or Earwax. 
 
 CERUMEN or EARWAX is a 
 resinous substance which is secreted 
 by glands situated in the skin which 
 lines the meatus of the ear. 
 
 Note. — The cerumen serves by its bitterness 
 to protect the ear from the intrusion of insects. 
 (L., cera, wax.) 
 
 erous, secreting ceru- 
 men; as, the ceruminiferous glands. 
 (h.,fero, to bear.) 
 
 7th. Of Perspiration. 
 
 To PERSPIRE is to discharge 
 moisture from the system through the 
 pores of the skin. (L., per, through ; 
 and spiro, to breathe; because perspi- 
 ration is a kind of breathing through 
 the pores of the skin.) 
 
 Perspiration is the process by 
 which moisture passes from the sys- 
 tem through the pores of the skin. 
 
 Insensible Perspiration consists in 
 the conversion of the moisture into 
 vapor as fast as it escapes from the 
 pores. 
 
 Sensible Perspiration consists'in an 
 accumulation on the skin, of the 
 moisture discharged by the pores. 
 
 Sweat is the moisture of sensible 
 perspiration. 
 
 Sudor, sweat. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sudorific, causing sweat ; as, a su- 
 dorific powder, (fie, from L. facto, 
 to cause.) 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 137 
 
 Sudorifics, medicines used for the 
 promotion of SAveating. 
 
 Note 1. — The perspiration consists of Mater 
 mingled with animal matter and sundry salts. 
 
 Note 2. — The perspiration is secreted by vast 
 numbers of small glands situated immediately 
 under the true skin, and is conducted to the ex- 
 ternal surface by slender ducts {conveying tubes). 
 These ducts are the pores of the skin. 
 
 Note 3. — The design of the perspiration is 
 twofold : 1st. To convey from the body matters 
 that are not needed by the system. 2d. To keep 
 the surface cool by the evaporation of the mois- 
 ture. 
 
 Note 4. — Obstruction of the perspiration pro- 
 duces fever and other derangements of the sys- 
 tem. 
 
 8th. Mucus. 
 
 MUCUS is a viscid fluid secreted 
 by all the internal surfaces of the 
 body. 
 
 The Mucous Membrane is a con- 
 tinuation of the external skin over the 
 internal surfaces of the body, and is 
 furnished with cells for the secretion 
 of mucus. 
 
 Note. — The mucous membrane lines the mouth, 
 nostrils, esophagus, stomach, intestines, wind- 
 pipe, and bronchial tubes. 
 
 Phlegm is the mucus secreted by 
 the mouth and the air passages of the 
 lungs. 
 
 Note 1. — In spitting, saliva and mucus are 
 frequently ejected together. 
 
 Note 2. — The office of mucus is, 1st. To mois- 
 ten and lubricate ; and, 2d. To sheathe and pro- 
 tect the surfaces over which it is diffused. 
 
 9th. Of the Oily Principle. 
 
 The OILY PRINCIPLE is a high- 
 ly inflammable compound of carbon, 
 oxygen, and hydrogen, found in ani- 
 mals and plants. 
 
 Oil is the oily principle in a liquid 
 form. 
 
 Fixed Oils are such as do not 
 waste away by an evaporation of their 
 substance. 
 
 Volatile Oils are such as are dis- 
 persed by evaporation, as the odor- 
 ous oils of plants. 
 
 The Essential Oils of plants are 
 obtained by distillation, as the oil of 
 cinnamon or that of peppermint. 
 
 Note. — These oils are called essential, because 
 the essence or medicinal virtue of the plant is sup- 
 posed to be concentrated in the oil. 
 
 Expressed Oils are such as are ob- 
 tained from the seeds of plants by 
 pressure. 
 
 Linseed Oil is the oil of flaxseed. 
 (L., linum, flax.) 
 
 Drying Oils are those oils which 
 are used by painters on account of 
 their becoming solid by drying, as 
 linseed oil. 
 
 Fat is the oily principle as it exists 
 in animals. 
 Note. — Fat is deposited in the cellular tissue. 
 
 Tallow is solid fat, as that of the 
 ox. 
 
 Laed is the soft fat of the swine. 
 
 Stjet, in cookery, is the hard fat 
 surrounding the kidneys. 
 
 Elain, in chemistry, is the liquid 
 portion of the fats. (Gr., sx*«v [elaion~], 
 oil.) 
 
 Steak, or Steaeine, is the solid 
 portion of fats. Stear (not star) can- 
 dles are made from the solid portion 
 of hog's lard. (Gr., <rrfap \_stear~], tal- 
 low.) 
 
 Adeps, fat. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Adipose, containing fat in its cells, 
 as the adipose membrane. 
 
 Sebl-m, tallow, or fat. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sebaceous, pertaining to fat. 
 
 Note. — The Sebaceotts glands, which are situ- 
 ated in the skin, secrete an oily liquid called the 
 sebaceous humor, which serves to defend the 
 skin and to keep it soft. 
 
 Tealn Oil is that which is ob- 
 tained from the blubber of the whale 
 by boiling. 
 
 Speem Oil is obtained from the 
 sperm whale. 
 
 Spermaceti is a species of tallow 
 obtained from the head of the sperm 
 whale. 
 
 Geease is oil applied to the sur- 
 face of bodies, or insinuated into their 
 pores. 
 
 To Grease is to apply oil to a sur 
 face or substance. 
 
 Ointment is any soft, oily prepa- 
 ration applied externally to the body 
 for the healing of a sore or some 
 affection of the skin. 
 
 To Anoint is to smear the body or 
 any portion of it with oil. 
 
 Ungtto, to anoint. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Unguent, an ointment. 
 
 Unctuous, 1. Consisting of or con- 
 taining oily matter. Fat is an unc- 
 
138 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 tuous substance. 2. Resembling oil. 
 Certain stones and earths have an 
 unctuous feel. 
 
 Unctuosity, the quality of being 
 greasy. 
 
 Unction, 1. The act of anointing. 
 2. That fervor and tenderness of ad- 
 dress which excites piety and de- 
 votion. — Webster, 
 
 Note. — To qualify a person to speak with unc- 
 tion a kind of spiritual anointing is necessary. 
 
 Oleum, oil. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Oleaginous, 1. Consisting of oil; as, 
 oleaginous matter. 2. Containing oil; 
 as, the olive is an oleaginous fruit. 
 
 Oleic, pertaining to oil; as, the oleic 
 acid. 
 
 Oleiferous, producing oil; as, ole- 
 iferous seeds. (L., fero, to bear.) 
 
 Marrow is a soft, oily substance 
 contained in the cavities of the bones. 
 Fig. The best part of a thing. 
 
 Medulla, marrow. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Medullary, 1. Pertaining to mar- 
 row. 2. Consisting of marrow. 3. 
 Kesembling marrow. 
 
 21. Of the Excretions. 
 
 To EXCRETE, or To EXCERN, 
 
 is to separate for the purpose of re- 
 jection (L., ex, out; and cerno [cre- 
 ium~\, to sift or strain.) 
 
 Excretion is the process of separa- 
 tion for the purpose of rejection. 
 
 An Excretion is a substance sepa- 
 rated for the purpose of rejection. 
 
 Note. — Excretions consist of substances that 
 are no longer useful in the system. 
 
 22. Of Life. 
 
 VEGETABLE LIFE is that mys- 
 terious principle which enables a seed 
 or germ to develop itself into a perfect 
 plant; which enables the plant to ab- 
 sorb its appropriate nourishment from 
 the soil, or to inhale it from the atmos- 
 phere ; and which farther enables the 
 plant, by means of organs adapted to 
 this purpose, to secrete or otherwise 
 generate certain chemical compounds, 
 Such as starch, sugar, oil, etc., differ- 
 ing in their nature from any that 
 can be formed by the operation of 
 laws of inorganic chemistry. 
 
 Animal Life possesses essentially 
 all the characteristics of vegetable 
 life, and has, superadded to these 
 characteristics, the faculty of sensa- 
 tion. 
 
 To Live is to possess life. 
 
 Vita, life. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vital, 1. Pertaining to life; as, the 
 vital powers. 2. Essential to life; 
 as, a vital organ. 
 
 The Vital Spark is, 1. The princi- 
 ple of life. 2. The soul. 
 
 Vital SparJc of heavenly flame, 
 
 Quit, quit this mortal frame ! — Pope. 
 
 Vitality, life. The hairs, with the 
 exception of their bulbs, are desti- 
 tute of vitality. 
 
 Vitalize, to impart life. 
 
 Vitals, parts of the body that are 
 essential to life; as, the heart, the 
 lungs, and the brain. 
 
 Vivo \yictum~], to live. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vivify, to endow with life. (L., 
 facio, to make.) 
 
 Vivific, endowing with life. 
 
 Viviparous, producing their young 
 alive, as quadrupeds, in contradis- 
 tinction from oviparous, or egg-pro- 
 ducing, as birds. (L., pario, to bring 
 forth.) 
 
 Vivid, lively; as vivid colors; a 
 vivid light; a vivid mental impression. 
 
 Vivacious, 1. Having vigorous pow- 
 ers of life; as, vivacious plants. 2. 
 Sprightly in temper or deportment. 
 
 Vivacity, sprightliness of temper, 
 behavior, conversation, etc. 
 
 Note. — Vivacity is' an outward manifestation 
 of an exuberance of the indwelling principle 
 of life. 
 
 Anima, the principle of animal life. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Animal, a living body provided 
 with organs of sensation. 
 
 Animalcule or Animalcula (plural 
 animalcules), an animal so small as 
 not to be perceptible without the aid 
 of a magnifying glass. 
 
 Note. — There are animalculce so small that 40 
 billions of them would be required to fill the 
 space of a cubic inch. (L., animalcula, dim. of 
 animal.) 
 
 Animate, endowed with life. 
 Inanimate, destitute of life. 
 To Animate, to impart or infuse life. 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 139 
 
 Animated, 1. Endowed with life. 
 Beasts, birds, and fishes are animated 
 beings. 2. Lively; as, an animated 
 discourse. 
 
 Animation, life, both literal and 
 figurative. Lit. There are cases of 
 apparent death when animation is 
 only suspended, as when a person 
 has been for a short time immersed 
 in water. Fig. An orator may speak 
 with animation. 
 
 Quick, 1. Possessing sensibility; 
 as, quick flesh; to probe to the quick. 
 2. Living. God will judge the quick 
 and the dead. 
 
 znON [Zo'-on], a living creature. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Zo-oV-o-gy, a systematic account of 
 the various kinds of animals. (Gr., 
 ac^c? [logos'], a discourse.) 
 
 Zo-on'-o-my, the science which treats 
 of the laws of animal life. (Gr., 
 vi^oc [nomos], a law.) 
 
 Zo'-o-phyte, an animal which repro- 
 duces its kind by offshoots, after the 
 manner of certain plants. Animals 
 of the coral kind are zoophytes. (Gr., 
 qwtcv [phyton], a plant.) 
 
 23. Of Death. 
 
 DEATH is the cessation of life. 
 
 To Die is to cease to live. 
 
 Dead, destitute of life. 
 
 Inanimate, lifeless. (L., in, not; 
 and anima, life.) 
 
 Moes, [morns'], death. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Mortal, 1. Subject to death. All 
 men are mortal. 2. Causing death, 
 or resulting in death; as, a mortal 
 wound ; a mortal disease. 
 
 A Mortal, a creature who is subject 
 to death. (Spoken only of man.) 
 
 Mortality, 1. The state of being 
 subject to death. 2. Frequency of 
 death ; as, the present has been a 
 season of great mortality, both among 
 men and beasts. 
 
 Immortal, never dying, (in, not.) 
 
 Immortality, the state of being ex- 
 empt from death. 
 
 To Immortalize is to impart undy- 
 i ig fame. 
 
 To Mortify is to lose vitality. A 
 limb of the body sometimes mortifies 
 
 in consequence of severe inflamma- 
 tion. 
 
 To Mortify, in a fig. sense, is, 1. 
 To subdue or kill the sinful passions. 
 Mortify, therefore, your members 
 which are upon the earth, etc. — Col. 
 iii : 5. 2. To affect with a sense of 
 humiliation; that is, to kill one's 
 pride or self-esteem. We are some- 
 times mortified by a failure in some- 
 thing which we undertake to perform 
 in the presence of others. 
 
 Post-Mortem, done after death; as, 
 a post-mortem examination of the 
 body. 
 
 To Decease is to depart from this 
 life; that is, to die. (L., de, away; 
 and cedo [cessum], to go.) 
 
 A Decease is a departure from this 
 life; that is, death. 
 
 Deceased, departed from this life; 
 that is, dead. 
 
 To Depart is to leave this world ; 
 that is, to die. 
 
 The Departed are those who have 
 left this life. 
 
 The departed! the departed! they visit us in 
 
 dreams, 
 And they glide above our memories like shadows 
 
 over streams. 
 
 A Departure is, literally, a setting 
 out upon a journey. Fig. Death. 
 
 Note. — The terms decease and departure imply 
 a belief in the immortality of the soul. When 
 we speak of the decease or departure of a friend, 
 we represent him as having set out upon a jour- 
 ney to some foreign country. 
 
 An Obit is a death. (L., obire, to 
 pass through; as, obire mortem, to 
 pass through death.) 
 
 Obituary, relating to a decease ; as, 
 an obituary notice. 
 
 A Demise is the death of a king or 
 other distinguished personage. (L., 
 de, down ; and mitto, to lay. 
 
 Note. — The term demise was first applied to a 
 temporary laying down of the crown and royal au- 
 thority by the kings of England, as in the case 
 where Edward IV was, for a short time, driven 
 from the throne by the house of Lancaster. By 
 a natural transition, the term came to signify 
 the laying aside of the crown at the close of the 
 king's life ; and, hence, by another transition, 
 the term was employed to signify simply the 
 death of the king. 
 
 To Kill is to destroy life. 
 Murder is the unlawful taking of 
 human life. 
 
140 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 To Slay is to kill by violence. 
 
 To Slaughter is properly spoken 
 only of the slaying of animals, but 
 may also be spoken of the slaying of 
 men, when, either in regard to the 
 manner, or the numbers, they are 
 killed like brutes. 
 
 To Butcher is, 1, and properly. To 
 kill with a knife. 2. To murder 
 with circumstances of unusual bar- 
 barity. 
 
 To Assassinate is to murder se- 
 cretly. (From Assassin, one of the 
 tribe of the Assassins, who inhabited 
 a mountainous district on the eastern 
 coast of the Mediterranean. In the 
 twelfth century, under one of their 
 kings styled the Old Man of the 
 Mountain, young men were brought 
 up to lie in wait for passengers.) 
 Hence, the English term, 
 
 Assassin, one who murders by 
 private violence. 
 
 Note. — Some etymologists derive the name 
 Assassin from haschisch, an intoxicating drug 
 prepared from Indian hemp, of which the fol- 
 lowers of the Old Man of the Mountain are said 
 to have made a free use. 
 
 CiEDo, to beat; and hence, to kill. 
 (L. ) Hence, 
 
 Parricide, 1. The murder of a pa- 
 rent. 2. The murderer of a parent. 
 (L., pater, a father.) 
 
 Matricide, 1. The murder of a 
 mother. 2. The murderer of a 
 mother. (L., mater, a mother.) 
 
 Fratricide, 1. The murder of a 
 brother. 2. The murderer of a 
 brother. (L., frater, a brother.) 
 
 Sororicide, 1. The murder of a sis- 
 ter. 2. The murderer of a sister. 
 (L., soror, a sister.) 
 
 Infanticide, 1. The murder of an 
 infant. 2. The murderer of an in- 
 fant. 
 
 Regicide, 1. The murder of a king. 
 2. The murderer of a king. (L., rex, 
 a king.) 
 
 Homicide, 1 . The killing of a man. 
 (L., homo, a man.) 
 
 Note. — Homicide is of three kinds: 1st. Justi- 
 fiable when it proceeds from unavoidable neces- 
 sity, without an intention to kill, and without 
 negligence. 2d. Excusable when it happens from 
 misadventure or in self-defense. 3d. Felonious 
 when it proceeds from malice, or is done in the 
 prosecution of some unlawful act, or in a sudden 
 
 passion. Homicide connected with premedita- 
 ted malice is murder. Suicide, or self-mnrder, 
 is also felonious homicide. Homicide compre- 
 hends murder and manslaughter. — Blackstone. 
 
 Suicide, 1. Self-murder. 2. A self- 
 murderer. (L., sui, of one's self.) 
 
 Manslaughter is the unlawful kill- 
 ing of a man without malice express 
 or implied. 
 
 Note. — Manslaughter maj r be voluntary, upon 
 a sudden heat or excitement of anger ; or invol- 
 untary, but in the commission of some unlawful 
 act. Manslaughter differs from murder in not 
 proceeding from malice prepense or deliberate, 
 which is essential to constitute murder. It dif- 
 fers from homicide excusable, being done in con- 
 sequence of some unlawful act, whereas excus- 
 able homicide happens in consequence of misad- 
 venture. — Blackstone. 
 
 24. Of Habits of Body. 
 
 A HABIT is a more or less perma- 
 nent condition of the body in refer- 
 ence to the blood, flesh, secretions, 
 digestion, etc. 
 
 Fleshy, having the bones thickly 
 covered with muscle and fat. )£ spare. 
 
 Fat, having the system copiously 
 supplied with the oily principle. 
 
 Corpulent, having an excessive 
 quantity of fat or flesh, in proportion 
 to the frame of the body. 
 
 Corpulence, or Corpulency is the 
 state of being overloaded with fat or 
 flesh. (L., corpus, the body.) 
 
 Gross, over-bulky in consequence 
 of an excess of fat and flesh. 
 
 Plump, having a full and rounded 
 contour of the limbs and other exter- 
 nal parts. 
 
 Embonpoint, plumpness of person. 
 
 Pursy, fat, short, and thick. 
 
 Lean, not having the intermuscular 
 spaces filled with fat. 
 
 Note. — Leanness may be either a natural 
 habit, or it may be occasioned by insufficient 
 food, or by disease. 
 
 Spare, lean from natural habit. 
 
 Thin, lean from insufficient food, 
 or from disease. 
 
 Scrawny, being naturally very bo- 
 ny. (A colloquial Americanism.) 
 
 Maigre, lean. (Fr.) Hence. 
 
 Meager, 1. Lean. Meager were his 
 looks. — Shakspeare. 2. Lean in a 
 figurative sense ; as, a meager soil ; a 
 meager account; a meager style. 
 
 Macies, great leanness. (L.) Hence, 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 141 
 
 Emaciate, to reduce greatly in flesh. 
 
 Note. — Emaciation is caused either by disease, 
 or by privation of food. 
 
 Gaunt, hollow from fasting. (Spo- 
 ken of animals.) 2. Having sunken 
 features, either from fasting or dis- 
 ease. 
 
 Pleth'ora, a fullness of the blood- 
 vessels. 
 (Gr., nxxfisf [p7ei7ios~], fullness.) 
 
 Pletlioric, having the vessels over- 
 charged with blood. 
 
 25. Of Health. 
 
 HEALTH is the condition of a 
 living body in which all the organs 
 and parts are qualified properly to 
 perform their appropriate offices. 
 
 Healthy signifies, 1. Possessed of 
 health ; as, a healthy person. 2. 
 Conducive to health; as, a healtliy 
 employment; a Jiealthy climate. 
 
 Healtliful signifies promotive of 
 health; as, a healtliful climate, a 
 healthful occupation. 
 
 Salus [salutis], health. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Salutary, conducive to health. 
 Early rising and daily exercise are 
 salutary. Fig., Conducive to civil or 
 moral health; as, salutary police reg- 
 ulations ; a salutary lesson. 
 
 Salubrious, healthful ; as a salu- 
 brious climate, a salubrious breeze. 
 
 Note. — The term salubrious is used only in 
 reference tu the influence of external agencies, 
 as those of temperature, air, water, etc. Health- 
 ful is used both in reference to external influ- 
 ences, and in reference to our employments and 
 habits. Healthy is used in reference to external 
 influences, to employments and habits, and to 
 the state of the system. 
 
 Salubrity or Salubriousness, a 
 
 condition of climate, etc., that is fa- 
 vorable to health, 
 
 Heil, health. (Ger.) Hence, 
 Wliole, free irom disease. They 
 that are whole need not a physician. 
 Matt. ix. 
 
 Wholesome signifies tending to pro- 
 mote health, as ivlio7esome food, iclwle- 
 some air. 
 
 Note. — The term wholesome is used in refer- 
 ence to tbose influences which operate through 
 the medium of the digestive or respiratory 
 organs. 
 
 Fig., Promotive of spiritual health; 
 as, iv7wlesome doctrine. 
 
 Hale, enjoying robust health; as, 
 to be hale and hearty. 
 
 Hearty, being full of health; as, a 
 hearty child. 
 
 Sound signifies free from disease; 
 as, a sound system. Fig., Free from 
 any kind of deviation from the nat- 
 ural and proper condition ; as, sound 
 fruit ; a sound tooth ; sound cur- 
 rency ; sound doctrine ; a sound mind. 
 
 Sanus, sound. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sane, sound in mind. 
 
 Sanity, soundness of mind. 
 
 Insane, unsound in mind. 
 
 Insanity, unsoundness of mind. 
 
 Sanitary, pertaining to the public 
 health ; as, sanitary regulations. 
 
 Quarantine is a sanitary regula- 
 tion by which a ship, having on board 
 an infectious disease, or coming from 
 a place where an infectious disease 
 prevails, is compelled to forbear all 
 intercourse, for a prescribed period, 
 with the people of the port. (L., quad- 
 raginta, forty, the period of quaran- 
 tine having been originally forty 
 days.) 
 
 OF DISEASE. 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 DISEASE consists in any devia- 
 tion from a condition of perfect 
 health, either in function or structure. 
 (From dis, denoting privation, and 
 ease, comfort.) 
 
 A Disorder (from dis, and order, / 
 
 I is a derangement of the orderly play 
 of any of the functions of the animal 
 economy. 
 
 Note. — The term disorder is usually applied 
 to affections that are slight, partial, and transit- 
 ory ; and disease to those which are deep-rooted 
 jand permanent. A common cold is a disorder. 
 
 but pulmonary consumption is a disease. 
 
 A Distemper is a disease charac- 
 
142 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 terized by some degree of severity, 
 and affecting the general health. The 
 small-pox is a distemper. (From dis, 
 amiss, and temper, to mix; the term 
 distemper conveying the idea that the 
 fluids of the body are not mixed in 
 due proportion.) 
 
 Note. — The diseases of cattle are called dis- 
 tempers. \ 
 
 A Malady (from L. mains, ill) is 
 any bodily affection from which we 
 experience either pain or inconve- 
 nience. 
 
 To Ail is to affect with uneasiness, 
 either of body or mind; as, What 
 ails you; that is, What troubles or 
 pains you? Hence, 
 
 An Ailment is a disorder that af- 
 fects us with pain or uneasiness. 
 
 Note. — The term ailment is usually applied to 
 the milder forms of chronic disease. 
 
 A Complaint is a disease attended 
 with such a degree of pain or un- 
 easiness as disposes us to complain. 
 
 Note. — The term complaint is usually applied 
 to the less violent forms of disease. 
 
 Ill signifies suffering under a se- 
 vere attack of disease; as, to be ill 
 of a fever. 
 
 Illness is the state of laboring un- 
 der a severe attack of disease. 
 
 Note. — The primary sense of HI is bad or evil. 
 In the term illness there is, therefore, an allusion 
 to the evil condition of the sufferer. 
 
 Sick signifies, 1. Affected with nau- 
 seau. 2. Having the general health 
 considerably affected by disease. 
 Hence, 
 
 Sickness signifies, 1. Nausea. 2. 
 The condition of suffering under a 
 disease that affects the general health. 
 
 Note. — In the term sicTcness there is an allusion 
 to the nausea, sense of prostration, and other 
 morbid feelings with which the sick person is 
 affected. 
 
 Sickly signifies affected moderately 
 but habitually with ill health. 
 
 Unwell signifies not in good 
 health. 
 
 Note. 
 sick. 
 
 -The term unwell expresses less than 
 
 Indisposed signifies slightly unwell. 
 (From in, not; and disposed, in a 
 condition for attending to business.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Indisposition is the condition of 
 being slightly unwell. 
 
 An Infirmity is a chronic disease. 
 (From infirm, weak, in allusion to 
 the attendant weakness.) _ 
 
 A Valetudinary, or Valetudina- 
 rian, is a person of infirm health. 
 (L., valetudo, health.) 
 
 Morbus, a disease. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Morbid, diseased ; as, a morbid ap- 
 petite; a morbid condition of the 
 lungs. 
 
 Morbific, causing disease ; as, mor 
 bific matter. (L.,facio, to cause.) 
 
 N0202 [Nosos], a disease. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 ^ Nosology, a systematic classifica- 
 tion of diseases. (Gr., xoyos [logos'], a 
 discourse. 
 
 IIA0O2 [Pathos], a morbid affec- 
 tion. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Pathology, the doctrine of disease. 
 Gr., xoyos [logos'], a discourse.) 
 
 Pathognomic, characterizing a dis- 
 ease in such a manner as to render 
 it distinguishable from all others. 
 (Gr., yvapti [gnome], a mark by which 
 a thing may be known.) 
 
 A Symptom is,- 1. Any appearance, 
 sensation, or other circumstance that 
 accompanies. a disease. (Gr., a-vv [syn], 
 together; and stta^* [ptoma], a fall- 
 ing.) 
 
 Note. — Those symptoms that serve for the 
 discrimination of diseases are called pathognomic 
 symptoms. 
 
 An Attack is a sudden invasion 
 by a disease of some degree of vio- 
 lence. 
 
 Note. — The use of the term attach, as applied 
 to disease, is borrowed from warfare. 
 
 A Fit is some temporary affection ; 
 as, a fit of shivering. 
 
 A Paroxysm is, 1. An obvious in- 
 crease in the symptoms of a disease 
 which lasts a certain time and then 
 declines. 2. A periodical attack or 
 fit of a disease. — Hooper. (Gr., 7ru^- 
 wa> [paroxyno], to aggravate.) 
 
 An Exacerbation is an increase 
 of severity in the symptoms of a dis- 
 ease. (See Art. Sapors.) 
 
 A Eemission is an abatement in 
 
DISEASE. 
 
 143 
 
 the severity of the symptoms of a 
 disease. (From remit, to abate.) 
 
 The Acme is the hight of a disease. 
 (Gr., uh/uh [aeme] t the highest point. 
 
 The Crisis is the turning point of 
 a disease, from which the patient 
 lends either toward convalescence 
 or death. 
 
 A Crisis, in a Jig. sense, is that 
 point in the progress of any affair from 
 which matters tend either toward a 
 favorable, or an unfavorable conclu- 
 sion. 
 
 Critical, pertaining to a crisis. 
 
 Contagion is a poisonous matter 
 generated in the bodies of persons 
 laboring under certain diseases, and 
 when communicated by the touch or 
 through the medium of the air, ca- 
 pable of exciting the same disease in 
 others. (L., con, together; and tago, 
 to touch.) 
 
 A Contagious disease is one that 
 may be communicated by one person 
 to another. 
 
 To Infect is to communicate to 
 any one the poison of a contagious 
 disease. Fig. To taint with vicious 
 principles. 
 
 Injection signifies, 1. The act of in- 
 fusing contagious matter. 2. The 
 contagious matter itself. 
 
 A Virus is, 1. The matter in which 
 the contagious principle resides. 2. 
 Any animal poison capable of caus- 
 ing disease, as the saliva of a mad 
 dog, or the liquid discharged from 
 the hollow fangs of a serpent in the 
 act of biting. 
 
 Venom is any animal juice capa- 
 ble of causing disease when infused 
 into the body of another animal 
 either by biting or stinging. 
 
 Poison is any substance, which 
 when applied externally, or taken 
 into the human body, uniformly ef- 
 fects such a derangement of animal 
 economy as to cause disease. — 
 
 Hooper. 
 
 Note. — Poisons are distinguished as animal, 
 vegetable, and mineral. 
 
 Bane is a deadly poison. Fig. A 
 moral poison ; as, vice is the bane of 
 society. 
 
 Banejul, 1. Poisonous in the lit, 
 sense; as, baneful herbs. 2. Poison- 
 ous in a moral sense ; as, his example 
 exerted a baneful influence. 
 
 Miasm, or Miasma [plural mias- 
 mata^], consists in unwholesome ex- 
 halations arising from marshy lands 
 and stagnant waters. (Gr., jutxivu 
 [miaino], to infect.) 
 
 Malaria is the Italian name for 
 marsh miasm. [Mai, bad; and aria, 
 air.) 
 
 An Endemic Disease is one that is 
 peculiar to some particular country 
 or place, and which is therefore sup- 
 posed to depend upon some local 
 cause. (Gr.,«y [en], among; and sT^.sc 
 [demos'], a people. 
 
 An Epidemic is a disease of gene- 
 ral prevalence, and not dependent 
 upon local causes. (Gr., i-rt \_epi], 
 upon ; and $»pos [demos], the people. 
 
 Sporadic, or Sporadical cases of 
 disease, are such as occur here and 
 , there, and are neither endemic nor 
 j epidemic. (Gr. (nr^*$im [sporadicos], 
 scattered.) 
 
 An Acute Disease is one that is 
 severe in its symptoms, and that 
 generally runs its course in a short 
 time. {Acute, sharp.) 
 
 A Chronic Disease is one that has 
 long affected the system. ( Chronic. 
 of long continuance.) 
 
 2. Of Fevers. 
 FEVER is a derangement of the 
 system characterized by an acceler- 
 ated pulse and an increased temper- 
 ature. 
 
 Note. — Fevers are sometimes divided into 
 idiopathic and symptomatic. Another division of 
 fevers is, into primary and secondary. 
 
 An Idiopathic Fever is one that 
 does not depend upon any local affec- 
 tion. (Gr. iSto; [idios], peculiar; and 
 7raBos [pathos], a disease.) 
 
 A Symptomatic Fever is one that 
 is dependent upon some local affec- 
 tion of which it is a symptom. 
 
 A Primary Fever is one where 
 the local disease is consequent upon 
 the fever. 
 
 A Secondary Fever is one where 
 
144 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 fever is consequent upon local dis- 
 ease. 
 
 Note. — Primary fevers are divided into inter- 
 mittent, remittent, eruptive, and arthritic. 
 
 An Intermittent Fever or Ague 
 consists in a succession of periodical 
 paroxysms, or fits, followed by inter- 
 vals of perfect exemption from fever. 
 
 Note 1 . — Each paroxysm commences with a 
 chill which is succeeded by a fever, and the fever 
 is followed by a free perspiration, which termi- 
 nates the paroxysm. 
 
 Note 2. — Intermittents are divided into quo- 
 tidians, tertians, quartans, and quintans. i 
 
 A Quotidian is an ague whose 
 paroxysms recur every day. (L., quo- 
 tidie, daily.) 
 
 A Tertian is an ague whose par- 
 oxysms recur every third day. (L., 
 tertius, third.) 
 
 A Quartan is an ague whose par- 
 oxysms recur every fourth day. (L., 
 quartus, fourth.) 
 
 A Quintan is an ague whose par- 
 oxysms recur every fifth day. (L., 
 quintus, fifth.) 
 
 A Remittent is a form of fever in 
 which there are regular exacerba- 
 tions and remissions. 
 
 The Yellow Fever is a form of 
 continued fever characterized by a 
 yellow tinge of the skin. 
 
 Note.— The yellow fever prevails in the West 
 Indies, Spanish America, and certain other warm 
 regions. 
 
 Hectic Fever depends either upon 
 suppuration, or important derange- 
 ments of structure. — Ludlow. 
 
 Note.— The later stages of pulmonary con- 
 sumption are characterized by hectic fever. 
 
 Continued Fever is one in which 
 the remissions are not well marked. 
 
 Note. — This kind of fever is divided into 
 simple, continued, typhus, and typhoid. — Ludlow. 
 
 Typhus is characterized by a com- 
 pressible and rather frequent pulse, 
 by extreme languor and debility, and 
 by much disturbance of the mental 
 functions. — Ludlow. (Gr. <rv<poa> [ty- 
 phoo], to burn with a smothered 
 heat.) 
 
 Typhoid Fever bears a general re- 
 semblance to typhus. — Ludlow. (Gr. 
 «JW [eidos~\. a resemblance.) 
 
 Eruptive Fevers are diseases of 
 the skin accompanied by lesion (in- 
 
 jury or disorder,) of the circulation. 
 Ludlow. 
 
 The Measles are a contagious dis- 
 ease commencing with the symptoms 
 of a common cold, and distinguished 
 by a breaking out, on the third or 
 fourth day, of small red spots, dis- 
 tinct from each other, circular, and 
 slightly raised from the surface, and 
 looking like flea-bites. — Ludloic. 
 
 Scarlet Fever or Scarlatina, is a 
 disease of a contagious nature, having 
 a scarlet efflorescence of the skin, 
 and of the mucous membrane of the 
 fauces. — Ludlow. 
 
 Vario'la, or Small-pox, is an erup- 
 tive disease, propagated by contagion. 
 The eruption makes its appearance 
 at the end of the third or the begin- 
 ning of the fourth day from the com- 
 mencement of the disease. The 
 characteristics of the eruption are : 
 first, red points ; then, on the second 
 day, small elevations with inflamed 
 bases, the outside being distended by 
 a semi-transparent, plastic lymph; 
 on the third day the pustules have a 
 central depression, as if the skin 
 were drawn tightly over a button- 
 mold ; on the fourth day they assume 
 a whitish color, and become sur- 
 rounded with a pale red areola ; and 
 between the fifth and seventh days 
 the lymph in the elevations assumes 
 the character of pus. (L., varius. 
 varying, because it varies or changes 
 the color of the skin.) — Ludlow. 
 
 To Inoculate is to infect with a 
 contagious disease, as the small-pox, 
 by inserting infectious matter in the 
 skin. (L., in, and oculus, an eye or 
 bud of a plant.) 
 
 Note. The medical use of the term is derived 
 from the practice of inoculation in horticulture. 
 
 The Cow-pox is a pustulous disease 
 affecting the udder of the cow. 
 
 Vario / la Vaccina is the cow-pox 
 communicated to a human being by 
 inoculation. (L., vacca, a cow.) 
 
 To Vaccinate is to inoculate with 
 the virus of the cow-pox. 
 
 Vaccine, pertaining to the cow- 
 pox; as, the vaccine virus ; the vaccine 
 disease. 
 
DISEASE. 
 
 145 
 
 Note 1. — Vaccination serves as a protection 
 against the small-pox. 
 
 Note 2. — Vaccination was first introduced by 
 Dr. Jenner of England, on the 14th of May, 
 1796. 
 
 Vakioloid, or Modified Small-pox, 
 is an exanthem closely resembling 
 small-pox, and generally acting upon 
 a system previously protected by vac- 
 cination. (Gr., «cTos leidos], a resem- 
 blance. — Ludlow. 
 
 Varicella or Chickex-pox is an in- 
 fectious disease characterized by an 
 eruption of vesicles filled with a 
 watery fluid. (L., varicella, dim. of 
 raria, fern, of varius, changeable.) 
 
 Rheumatism is an inflammation af- 
 fecting the fibrous tissue, joints, ten- 
 dons, and sheaths of muscles, accom- 
 panied by an effusion of a serous or 
 gelatinous fluid. 
 
 Note. — There are two forms of this disease, 
 to wit : the acute and the chronic.-- Ludlow. 
 
 Acute Rheumatism is characterized 
 by great pain, with much swelling 
 of the parts, their color becoming of 
 a bright rose blush. — Ludlow. 
 
 Chronic Rheumatism is the same in 
 its nature with acute, but it is char- 
 acterized by milder symptoms. 
 
 Arthri'tis, Podagra, or Gout, is a 
 disease commonly caused by high 
 living, and especially by the excessive 
 use of wine. It is characterized by 
 disorder of the digestive functions, 
 with flying pains, drowsiness, rest- 
 lessness, etc. ; and by local inflam- 
 mation, especially of the joints. — 
 Ludlow. 
 
 Note.— This disease is called arthritis, on ac- 
 count of its affecting the joints. (Gr. »?7fov 
 [arthron], a joint.) It is is called podagra, from 
 the circumstance that the local inflammation 
 with which it is usually accompanied is apt to 
 seize upon the foot, and especially upon the first 
 joint of the great toe. (Gr. ttov; [pons, podos], 
 the foot ; and xye * [agra\, a seizure.) And it is 
 called gout, from the circumstance of its having 
 been supposed to be dependent upon a defiuxion 
 of some humor of the body. (Fr. goutie, a drop.) 
 
 Laryngitis is an inflammation of 
 the larynx. 
 
 Trachi'tis or Croup is an inflam- 
 mation of the trachea. 
 
 Broxchi / tis is an inflammation of 
 the bronchial tubes. 
 10 
 
 A Catarrh or Common Cold is a 
 mild form of bronchitis. (Gr., wrx 
 \cata~], down ; and psa \_rheo~\, to 
 flow, in allusion to the flow of mois- 
 ture from the nostrils.) 
 
 Pertussis or Whooping Cough is 
 a contagious bronchitis, accompanied 
 by a peculiar state of the nervous 
 system. 
 
 Pleuri'tis or Pleurisy is an in- 
 flammation of the membrane cover- 
 ing the lungs and lining of the cav- 
 ity of the chest. 
 
 Pneumonia, is an inflammation of 
 the substance of the lungs. 
 
 Pulmoxary Coxsumptiox is a dis- 
 ease seated in the lungs, and charac- 
 terized by hectic fever, cough, and 
 the expectoration of purulent mat- 
 ter. 
 
 Carditis is an inflammation of the 
 heart. 
 
 Pericardi'tis is an inflammation of 
 the pericardium. 
 
 Glossi'tis is an inflammation of the 
 tongue. (Gr., yxa>o-<?a [_glossa~\, the 
 tongue.) 
 
 Parotitis, or the Mumps, is a con- 
 tagious disease, attended with a slight 
 fever, and characterized by a swell- 
 ing and pain in one or both of the 
 parotid glands. 
 
 Cynaxche Toxsillaris, or Quixsy, 
 is an inflammation of the tonsils. 
 
 Gastritis is an inflammation of the 
 stomach. 
 
 Extert'tis is an inflammation of 
 the intestines. 
 
 Coli / tis, or Dysextery, is an in- 
 flammation of the colon (or large in- 
 testine). 
 
 Peeitoxi'tis is an inflammation of 
 the peritoneum. 
 
 Hepatitis is an inflammation of 
 the liver. (Gr., 'wap \liepar~], the 
 liver.) 
 
 Xephri'tis is an inflammation of 
 the kidneys. (Gr., v&?>§ac [_nephros~], 
 the kidneys.) 
 
 Cysti'tis is an inflammation of the 
 bladder. Gr., kvo-ti; [cystis], the blad- 
 der.) 
 
 Ophthalmia is an inflammation of 
 the eves. 
 
146 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 3. Of Inflammation. 
 
 INFLAMMATION is an altered 
 action of the vessels of a part deno- 
 ted by pain, swelling, redness, and in- 
 crease of heat. — Ludlow. 
 
 Resolution is the subsidence of in- 
 flammation before it has produced 
 any marked change of structure. — 
 Ludlow [Resolution is from resolve, 
 to scatter; fromL., resolvo, to unbind 
 or loosen.) 
 
 Effusion is the pouring out of a 
 liquid (generally serum or lymph) in 
 the cellular structure, or into the cavi- 
 ties of the body. — Ludlow. 
 
 Pus [puris] is a straw-colored fluid 
 secreted in ulcers and wounds in the 
 process of healing. 
 
 To Suppurate is to secrete pus. 
 
 Purulent signifies consisting of, or 
 partaking of, the nature of pus ; as, a 
 purulent discharge. 
 
 A Pustule is a small pimple-like 
 elevation of the cuticle, with an in- 
 flamed base, containing pus. 
 
 Ichor is a thin, acrid fluid dis- 
 charged from unhealthy sores. Hence, 
 
 Ichorous, consisting of, or resem- 
 bling ichor; as, an ichorous dis- 
 charge. 
 
 Sanies is a bloody and offensive 
 ichor. — Ludlow. 
 
 Sanious, consisting of, or like 
 sanies. 
 
 Sordes consists of a thick, leaden- 
 colored, and very offensive fluid, ap- 
 parently partially coagulated. — Lud- 
 low. (L., sordes, filth.) 
 
 An Abscess is a collection of pus 
 contained in a circumscribed cavity 
 or cyst formed by inflammation. (L., 
 abs, apart; and cedo [cessum], to go ; 
 because parts which were contiguous 
 become separated from each other. ) 
 
 An Ulcer is an open, running sore. 
 
 To Ulcerate is to form an ulcer. 
 
 Ulceration is the process by which 
 any portion of the body is removed 
 in consequence of inflammation. — 
 Ludlow. 
 
 To Run is to discharge pus and 
 other matter. 
 
 Matter is a general term including 
 pus, sanies, ichor, and sordes. 
 
 To Maturate is to suppurate per- 
 fectly. (L., maturus, ripe.) 
 
 Maturation is the process of sup- 
 purating perfectly. 
 
 To Granulate is to form little 
 grains. (L., granulum, dim. of gra- 
 num, a grain.) 
 
 Granulations are small grain-like 
 protuberances which form on the sur- 
 face of ulcers and in suppurating 
 sores, and which serve to fill up the 
 cavity and to unite the sides. The 
 process of doing this is called granu- 
 lation. — Tully. 
 
 A Cicatrix or Scar is the new skin 
 which marks the place of a wound or 
 ulcer that has been healed. 
 
 To Cicatrize is to heal by the form- 
 ation of a cicatrix. 
 
 Cicatrization is the process by 
 which a wound or ulcer is covered 
 with a new skin. — Ludlow. 
 
 Fungus, or Proud Flesh, consists 
 of a spongy and unhealthy growth in 
 an ulcer or wound. (L., fungus, a 
 mushroom.) 
 
 A Fungus is a spongelike excres- 
 cence, commonly discharging matter 
 or blood. 
 
 Mortification is the loss of vitality 
 in a part in consequence of inflam- 
 mation. — Ludlow. 
 
 Gangrene is incipient mortifica- 
 tion. — Ludlow. 
 
 Sphacelus is the complete death of 
 a part through mortification. — Lud- 
 low. 
 
 An Eruption consists in a dis- 
 coloration or spots on the skin; as, 
 the eruption of the small-pox, measles, 
 nettle-rash, etc. — Hooper. 
 
 An Efflorescence k a morbid red- 
 ness of the skin. (L., effloresco, to 
 put forth flowers ; from ex, forth, and 
 flos [floris], a flower.) 
 
 An Exanthem is an efflorescence. 
 (Gr., s| [ex'], forth; and avQsco [an- 
 theo], to bloom.) 
 
 Exanthematous signifies character- 
 ized by an efflorescence of the skin. 
 Measles and scarlet fever are exan- 
 thematous diseases. 
 
 Erysipelas is an inflammation of 
 the skin and the subjacent cellular 
 
DISEASE. 
 
 147 
 
 tissue, characterized by an exanthe- 
 ma or eruption, elevated, of a bright 
 red color, and disappearing under 
 pressure; with, sometimes, vesicles 
 containing an amber-colored serum. 
 — Ludlow. 
 
 A Blain is a swelling or eruptive 
 discoloration of the skin. — Johnson. 
 
 Chilblains consist in an inflamma- 
 tion of the feet, accompanied by red- 
 ness and intense itching, and some- 
 times becoming ulcerated and dim- 
 cult to heal. — Ludlow. 
 
 Frost-bite is a mortification of a 
 part from intense cold. — Ludlow. 
 
 A Furuncle or Boil is a variety of 
 abscess, indolent in its progress, and 
 characterized by having a hard cen- 
 tral core, terminating in the secretion 
 of pus. — Ludlow. 
 
 A Sty is an inflamed tumor on the 
 eyelid. 
 
 An Anthrax is a deep, circum- 
 scribed abscess of a malignant char- 
 acter, terminating in * gangrene. — 
 Ludlow. (Gr. , *?6/>*| [anthrax], a coal. ) 
 
 Note.— The affection has its name from its 
 black color. 
 
 Carbuncle is another designation 
 of the affection called anthrax. (L., 
 carbunculus, dim. of carbo, a coal.) 
 
 (Ezena is a fetid discharge from 
 the nostrils. 
 
 Paronychia or Whitlow is an ab- 
 scess generally commencing in the 
 vicinity of the nail, and traveling 
 under the sheath of the tendons. — 
 Ludlow. (Gr., n-ap* [para], near; and 
 ovy| [onyx], the nail.) 
 
 A Felon is a painful swelling 
 formed in the periosteum at the end 
 of the finger. — Wiseman. 
 
 Caries is an ulceration of the 
 bone from violence or inflammation, 
 or from constitutional disease. — Lud- 
 low. (L., caries, rottenness.) 
 
 Carious signifies affected with ca- 
 ries or decay; as, a carious tooth. 
 
 Necrosis is the complete death of 
 a bone from injuries and inflamma- 
 tion. (Gr., vupo; [necros], dead.) 
 
 Morbus Coxarius, or Coxalgia, is 
 an inflammation of the hip-joint. (L., 
 
 coxa, the hip; and Gr., *\y^ [algos], 
 pain.) 
 
 White Swelling is a generic term, 
 used to denote any disease of the 
 knee-joint, accompanied with swell- 
 ing and white color from the tension 
 of the integuments. — Ludlow. 
 
 4. Sundry Diseases. 
 
 A TUMOR is a morbid swelling. 
 (L., tumeo, to swell.) 
 
 A Tubercle is a diseased structure 
 which consists of a solid, roundish, 
 substance, as tubercles of the lungs, 
 liver, etc. — Hooper. 
 
 A Scirrhus is a hard tumor of a 
 glandular part, indolent, and not 
 readily suppurating, (pron., skirrus.) 
 
 A Cancer is, 1. An ulcerating 
 scirrhus. 2. A malignant ulcer that 
 is characterized by an eating away 
 of the surrounding flesh. 
 
 A Wen is an encysted tumor, 
 which is movable, pulpy, and often 
 elastic to the touch. — Webster. 
 
 A Sarcoma is any fleshy tumor not 
 inflammatory, attended with dull sen- 
 sations, and of a sluggish growth. 
 — Webster, (Gr., *«tg| [sarx] flesh.) 
 
 A Bronchocele, or Goitre, is a tu- 
 mor on the fore part of the neck, be- 
 ing a morbid enlargement of the thy- 
 roid gland. (Gr., fyyxo; [bronchos], 
 the throat, and mm [ce'le], a tumor.) 
 
 A Wart is a firm, arid, harsh, in- 
 sensible extuberance of the common 
 integuments; chiefly found on the 
 hands. — Good. 
 
 A Corn is an excrescence, consist- 
 ing of thickened and hardened skin, 
 occurring chiefly on the toes, and 
 caused by the pressure of tight shoes. 
 
 Dysplpsy is a derangement of the 
 digestive function. (Gr., JW [dys], 
 with difficulty, and 7rt7rveo \_pepto~\, to 
 digest. ) 
 
 Diarrhea is a morbid increase in 
 the frequency of the alvine dischar- 
 ges. (Gr., Sia \_dia~], through, and eta, 
 [rheo], to flow.) 
 
 Cholera is characterized by fre- 
 quent vomiting and purging. 
 
 Note. — Cholera is divided into the common or 
 sporadic, and the epidemic, malignant, or Asia- 
 tic cholera. — Ludlow. 
 
148 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 Colic is a pain in the bowels. 
 
 Note. — The causes of colic are various. One 
 of the most common is the presence of substan- 
 ces which the stomach has not been able to di- 
 gest, either on account of the quality or the 
 quantity. 
 
 Jaundice is a yellowness of the 
 skin caused by the presence of bile 
 in the circulation. 
 
 Apoplexy is a sudden abolition of 
 the powers of sense and motion. — 
 Hooper. (a7ro7rx»crs-m, to strike down.) 
 
 Note. — Among the exciting causes of apo- 
 plexy are, 1. Anything which produces an in- 
 ordinate determination of blood to the head, or 
 impedes its free return from the brain to the 
 heart. 2. Over-distension of the stomach when 
 the digestive powers are weak. 3. The intem- 
 perate use of spiritous liquors. 4. Violent ex- 
 ertions. 5. A stroke of the sun. — Ludlow. 
 
 Paral'ysis, or Palsy, is an impaired 
 or abolished power of voluntary mo- 
 tion or sensation, or both, in certain 
 parts of the body, without loss of 
 consciousness. — Ludlow. 
 
 Numbness is a destitution of the 
 power of sensation. The fingers or 
 limbs may be numb with cold. 
 
 To Benumb is to deprive of sensi- 
 bility. 
 
 Torpor is either a partial or a to- 
 tal loss of the power of feeling and 
 motion. (L., torpeo, to be numb.) 
 
 Torpid, 1. Having lost the power 
 of exertion and feeling; as, a torpid 
 limb. 2. Sluggish or inactive. With- 
 out heat all things would be torpid 
 and without motion. — Ray. The sun 
 awakes the torpid sap. — Thomson. 
 
 A Spasm is an involuntary contrac- 
 tion of the muscular fibers. 
 
 Note. — Spasms are distinguished as clonic 
 and tonic. (Gr., o-jrxw, to draw.) 
 
 In the Clonic variety of spasms, 
 the muscles contract and relax with 
 sudden and rapid alternations, as in 
 convulsions. (Gr., Khovtm [cloneo"], to 
 agitate.) 
 
 In the Tonic spasm the members 
 remain rigid, as in locked-jaw. (Gr., 
 Tuvce [tei?io~\, to stretch.) 
 
 Convulsion is a diseased action 
 of the muscular fibers, known by al- 
 ternate relaxations, with violent and 
 involuntary contractions of the mus- 
 cular parts, without sleep. — Hooper. 
 
 (L., con, together, and vello [vulswn], 
 to pull.) 
 
 Epilepsy consists of convulsions 
 with sleep, and usually froth issuing 
 from the mouth. — Hooper. (Gr., vri 
 [_epi~], upon, and \»^u [lepsis], a seiz- 
 ing. The disease has its name from 
 the suddenness of the attack.) 
 
 Falling Sickness is another de- 
 signation of the disease called Epi- 
 lepsy. It is thus designated, be- 
 cause the patient, when first at- 
 tacked, falls suddenly to the ground. 
 
 Tetanus is a spasmodic affection 
 of the tonic kind. It is character- 
 ized by a spasmodic rigidity of al- 
 most the whole body. — Hooper. 
 
 Lock-Jaw, or Locked-Jaw, is an- 
 other name for tetanus. The disease 
 is thus called from the circumstance 
 that the jaws are firmly locked to- 
 gether. 
 
 To Palpitate is to beat with pre- 
 ternatural force and frequency. (Spo- 
 ken of the heart.) 
 
 Chorea, or St. Vitus' s Dance, is 
 characterized by convulsive motions 
 of the limbs, as if the person were 
 dancing. (Gr., x°P ilA \choreia\ a 
 dancing.) 
 
 Note. — This disease is called St. Virus's dance, 
 because some of the devotees of St. Vitus exer- 
 cised themselves so long in dancing, that their 
 intellects were disordered, and they could only 
 be restored by dancing again on the anniversary 
 of St. Vitus. — Hooper. 
 
 Strabismus, or Squinting is an af- 
 fection of the eye by which a per- 
 son sees objects in an oblique man- 
 ner, from the axis of vision being 
 distorted. — Hooper. (Gr., o-rp*/2t£a 
 [strabizo], to squint.) 
 
 Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena, is a 
 disease of the eye, attended with a 
 diminution or total loss of sight, 
 without any visible injury to the or- 
 gan, and arising from a paralytic 
 affection of the retina and optic 
 nerve. (Gr., a/u.*vpoa \amauroo~\ } to 
 darken or obscure.) — Hooper. 
 
 Note. — When blindness is caused by a loss of 
 transparency in the cornea, or visible portion 
 of the humors, the eye looks as if it had been 
 beclouded by a drop of some colored liquid. But 
 in the case of amaurosis, the cornea and humors 
 are perfectly transparent, and yet the sight is 
 
DISEASE. 
 
 149 
 
 extinct. It must, therefore, according to the 
 uotion of those who invented the term, have 
 been extinguished by a clear drop, gutta signify- 
 ing a drop, and serenia, clear. Thus Milton, in 
 speaking of his blindness, fiays, respecting his 
 eyes : 
 So thick a drop serene hath quenched their orbs. 
 Paradise Lost. 
 
 Blear signifies sore with a watery 
 rheum. (Applied only to the eyes.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Blear-eyed, having the eyes sore 
 and dimmed with rheum. 
 
 Syncope, Swooning, or Fainting, 
 is an affection in which respiration 
 and the action of the heart either 
 cease, or become much weaker than 
 usual, with paleness and coldness, 
 arising from diminished energy of 
 the brain, or from organic affections 
 of the heart. — Hooper. 
 
 Yer'tigo, (or Vertigo,) Dizziness, 
 Giddiness, or Swimming of the Head, 
 is an affection of the head, in which 
 objects, though stationary, appear to 
 move in various directions, and the 
 person affected finds it difficult to 
 maintain an erect position. — Web- 
 ster. (Vertigo, from L., verto, to 
 turn.) 
 
 Xausea is a sensation of sick- 
 ness at the stomach, with an inclina- 
 tion to vomit. (Gr., v*ve [naus~], a 
 ship, the term nausea having been 
 originally applied to sea-sickness.) 
 
 To Nauseate is to cause sickness 
 of the stomach. 
 
 Nauseous, adapted by its appear- 
 ance or taste to sicken the stomach, 
 as a nauseous medicine. 
 
 To Turn the Stomach is to affect 
 with nausea. 
 
 A Qualm is a sudden attack of 
 sickness at the stomach. Fig. A 
 temporary fit of uneasiness of con- 
 science. 
 
 Qualmish, affected with nausea. 
 
 Squeamish, 1. Having a stomach 
 that is easily turned. 2. Hard to be 
 suited in food; as, a squeamish appe- 
 tite. 3, and^. Hard to please. 
 
 Dropsy is a collection of serous 
 fluid in the cellular membrane, and 
 i.i the viscera and circumscribed 
 cavities of the body. (Gr., Ma,p [Jiy- 
 dor~], water. 
 
 Ascites is a dropsy of the belly. 
 i(Gr., a-a-Koc [ascos'], a bottle, the name 
 of the disease having reference to 
 the bottle-like protuberance of the 
 part affected. 
 
 Hydrocephalus is a dropsy of the 
 brain. (Gr., vSag \_liydor~\, water; and 
 HtqxxH [cejjhale], the head.) 
 
 Hydrothorax is a dropsy of the 
 chest. (Gr., wfag \_hydor~], water; and 
 thorax, the chest.) 
 
 Anasarca is a form of dropsy in 
 which the water is diffused through 
 the cellular membrane of the body. 
 (Gr., am [ana~], through; and <rxgg 
 [sarx], the flesh.) 
 
 Neuralgia is an idiopathic pain of 
 a nerve, not preceded or occasioned 
 by aTiy other disease. — Tidly. (Gr., 
 vtupov [neuron~\, a nerve; and *ky*s 
 [algos~], pain.) 
 
 Asthma is characterized by a dif- 
 ficult respiration returning at inter- 
 vals, with a sense of stricture (tight- 
 ness) across the breast and in the 
 lungs ; a wheezing, hard cough at 
 first, but more free toward the close 
 of each paroxysm, with a discharge 
 of mucus, followed by a remission. — . 
 Hooper. (Gr., ao-S^st^ [asthmazo~\, to 
 breathe with difficulty.) Hence, 
 
 Asthmatic, affected with a difficulty 
 of breathing caused by asthma; as, 
 an asthmatic patient. 
 
 The IVcubus or Xight-Mare is an 
 affection experienced during the 
 night. The individual is oppressed 
 with the sense of a heavy weight on 
 the chest, by which respiration is 
 impeded, or the circulation of the 
 blood interrupted to such a degree 
 as to threaten suffocation. The pa- 
 tient is horrified by frightful dreams, 
 and often makes ineffectual efforts to 
 cry out or move himself. — Hooper. 
 (L., in, upon; and cubo, to lie.) 
 
 A Pestilence is any infectious dis- 
 ease that is epidemic and mortal. 
 
 The Plague is an acute, malig- 
 nant, febrile disease that often pre- 
 vails in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. — 
 Webster. 
 
150 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 5. Of Injuries. 
 
 A "WOUND is a solution (separa- 
 tion) of continuity (continuous con- 
 nection) in a soft part, produced by 
 some mechanical agent. — Ludlow. 
 
 Vulnus, a wound. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vulnerable, that may be wounded. 
 
 Invulnerable, that can not be 
 wounded. 
 
 A Fracture is a solution of conti- 
 nuity in a bone. — Ludlow. (L., 
 frango, to break.) 
 
 A Dislocation is the displacement 
 of the articulating extremity of a bone 
 from its natural position. — Ludlow. 
 (L., dis, from; and locus, a place.) 
 
 To Luxate is to dislocate the bones 
 of a joint. (L., Luxo, to put out of 
 joint.) 
 
 Luxation is, 1. The act of putting 
 out of joint 2. The state of being 
 out of joint. 
 
 A Sprain is an incomplete luxa- 
 tion, accompanied with stretching 
 and more or less laceration of the 
 ligaments of the joint, and some- 
 times with the rupture of a tendon. — 
 Ludlow. 
 
 6. Of the Restoration of Health. 
 
 To HEAL is to remove disease. 
 
 Health is the condition of being 
 free from disease. 
 
 To Cure is to heal by care and 
 attention. (L., cura, care.) 
 
 Curative, pertaining to the healing 
 of diseases ; as, curative measures. 
 
 A Physician is one who practices 
 the art of healing. (Gr., qv<?ic \_phy- 
 sis~], nature.) 
 
 Note. — The term plujsician, according to its 
 etymology and original use, signifies one familiar 
 with natural science. But the application of the 
 term is now restricted to signify a person who 
 devotes himself to those branches of natural 
 &oience which have a relation to the healing art. 
 
 A Doctor is a physician. (L., 
 doceo, to teach.) 
 
 Note. — A doctor, according to the etymology 
 of the term, is a teacher. The use of the word 
 doctor in the sense of physician, had its origin in 
 the circumstance, that when a medical student 
 graduates, he is honored in his diploma with the 
 title of Doctor of Medicine, and is thus author- 
 ized to teach the healiug art to others. 
 
 A Quack is an ignorant pretender 
 
 to the healing art. (From quack, to 
 boast, from quack, to cry as a duck.) 
 
 An Empiric is, literally, one who 
 makes experiments. (Gr., m [en], in; 
 and .KiipcM [peirao], to make a trial.) 
 Hence, the term empiric is used to 
 signify a physician who enters on the 
 practice without a regular profes- 
 sional education, and expects to suc- 
 ceed by experimenting. 
 
 A Medicine is any substance that 
 possesses the virtue, either of heal- 
 ing, or of mitigating disease. (L., 
 medeor, to heal.) 
 
 Medical, pertaining to the healing 
 art; as, the medical profession. 
 
 Medic'irial, possessing healing 
 qualities ; as, a medicinal herb. 
 
 To Medicate is to impregnate with 
 medicinal qualities. 
 
 Medicated, impregnated with med- 
 icinal qualities ; as, a medicated bath. 
 
 A Medic' 'ament is anything used 
 for treating diseases or wounds. 
 
 A Remedy is any means whatever 
 that is adapted to effect the cure of a 
 disease. 
 
 A Remedy, in a fig. sense, is that 
 which is adapted to correct any evil, 
 either physical or moral. 
 
 Remedial, 1. Serving for the cure 
 of disease; as, remedial agents. 
 2. Serving for the correction of moral 
 disorders ; as, remedial measures. 
 
 Remediless, or Irreme' 'diable, that 
 can not be cured or corrected ; as, a 
 remediless disease; an irremediable 
 evil. 
 
 A Panace'a is a medicine that is 
 adapted to the cure of all diseases. 
 (Gr., Trav [pari], all; and xmo/ulcu [ac- 
 eomai], to cure.) 
 
 A Nostrum is a medicine whose 
 composition is kept as a secret by the 
 inventor or proprietor. (L., noster, 
 ours. ) 
 
 Note. — The designation nostrum is an allusion 
 to the vaunting language of a quack, who, in 
 speaking of a compound that he has invented, 
 calls it our medicine. 
 
 A Drug is any article used as a 
 medicine. 
 
 Note. — Drugs 'axe medicinal substances in 
 their simple form. When compounded and pre- 
 scribed, they receive the designation of medicines. 
 
DISEASE. 
 
 151 
 
 A Druggist is one who deals in 
 drugs. 
 
 An Apothecary is one who com- 
 pounds drugs, and prepares them as 
 medicines, according to prescribed 
 formulas. (Gr., ctn-o \apo~\, aside ; and 
 TtQufAt [titkemt], to place.) 
 
 Note. — A druggist is not necessarily an apothe- 
 cary; but, in the United States, the same person 
 is, usually, both druggist and apothecary. 
 
 1. Materia Medica is the science 
 which treats of medicines. — Ludlow. 
 
 2. Materia Medica. — By this term 
 is understood a general class of sub- 
 stances, both natural and artificial, 
 which are used in the cure of dis- 
 eases. — Hooper. (L., materia, mat- 
 ter; and medica, medicinal.) 
 
 Pharmacy is the art of preparing 
 medicines for the treatment of dis- 
 eases. (Gr., qapfAaKov \_pharmacon\, a 
 medicine.) 
 
 A Dispensatory (from dispendo, to 
 distribute,) is a book which treats 
 of the composition of medicines. — 
 Hooper. 
 
 A Dispensary is a shop or place in 
 which medicines are prepared. 
 
 A Pharmacopoeia is a dispensatory, 
 or book of directions, for the compo- 
 sition of medicines, approved of by 
 medical practitioners, and published 
 by authority. — Hooper. 
 
 Pharmaceutic means belonging to 
 pharmacy ; as, pharmaceutic prepara- 
 tions. 
 
 A Powder is a portion of medicine 
 used in the form which the name in- 
 dicates. 
 
 Troches (tro-'kees) and Lozenges 
 are composed of powders made up, 
 with glutinous substances, into little 
 cakes, and afterward dried. — Hooper. 
 
 Note. — Troches (from Gr., reox°s [trochos], a 
 wheel,) are round. Lozenges (from Gr., \o£»oj 
 [loxios], obliqiie ; and ywvi* [gonid], an angle,) 
 are diamond-shaped. 
 
 A Pill is a medicine in the form of 
 a little bailor round mass, to be swal- 
 lowed whole. — Bacon. 
 
 A Bolus is a soft mass of anything 
 medicinal made into a large pill to be 
 swallowed at once. It may be of any 
 ingredients, made a little thicker than 
 honey. — Ency. 
 
 An Electuary is a form of medi- 
 cine composed of powders or other in- 
 gredients, incorporated with some 
 conserve, honey, or syrup, and made 
 into due consistence, to be taken in 
 doses like boluses. — Ency. 
 
 A Confection is a soft electuary. — 
 Ency. 
 
 An Unguent or Ointment is an 
 unctuous compound used for smear- 
 ing a diseased part. 
 
 A Liniment is an unctuous prepa- 
 ration, thinner than an unguent, but 
 thicker than an oil. (L., linio, to 
 smear. ) 
 
 A Cerate is a thick kind of oint- 
 ment composed of wax and oil, with, 
 or without, other ingredients, applied, 
 externally, in various diseases. — 
 Hooper. (L., cera, wax.) 
 
 A Salve (sav) is an adhesive com- 
 position or substance to be applied to 
 wounds or sores. 
 
 A Plaster consists of salve, or 
 some salve-like substance, spread on 
 leather or cloth, and applied to the 
 skin. 
 
 A Cataplasm, or Poultice, is a soft 
 composition of meal, or any like sub- 
 stance, to be applied to sores, in- 
 flamed parts of the body, etc. (Gr., 
 nnrci [cata~], upon; and 7r\uo-<ra) \_plas- 
 so], to spread.) 
 
 An Astringent is a medicine 
 which produces contraction of the 
 living fiber. — Ludlow. (L., ad, to- 
 gether; and stringo, to draw.) 
 
 Note. — Alum, oak-bark, and the fruit of the 
 persimmon, possess the astringent quality, as is 
 manifested by their contracting or puckering 
 the lining membrane of the mouth. 
 
 Tonics are medicines which moder- 
 ately and permanently exalt the ener- 
 gies of all parts of the system. — Lud- 
 low. 
 
 Note. — Many vegetables, having a bitter 
 taste, are possessed of tonic properties. Peru- 
 vian bark is a noted tonic. 
 
 Aromatics are substances having a 
 fragrant odor, spicy taste, and con- 
 taining a volatile oil. — Ludlow. (Gr., 
 etga>/uct [aroma'], a spice or herb for 
 seasoning.) 
 
 Note. — Cinnamon, cloves, sage, orange-peel, 
 etc., are aromatics. 
 
152 
 
 DISEASE. 
 
 Stimulants are medicines which 
 excite the circulation. — Ludlow. (L., 
 stimulus, a goad or spur.) 
 
 Note. — Cayenne pepper and alcohol are stimu- 
 lants. 
 
 Sedatives are medicines which 
 abate the vital action of the heart 
 and arteries. — Ludlow. (L., sedo, to 
 abate. ) 
 
 Emetics are medicines adminis- 
 tered with a view to excite vomiting. 
 (Gr., ifjuce \_emeo~], to vomit.) 
 
 Cathartics are medicines which 
 produce evacuations from the bow- 
 els. — Ludlow. (Gr., x&Bxipa) [caihai- 
 ro~\, to purge or cleanse.) 
 
 Diaphoretics are medicines which 
 produce perspiration. — Ludlow. (Gr., 
 Sia [did], through; and <popea> \_phoreo~], 
 to carry; because they carry moist- 
 ure, etc., through the skin.) 
 
 Refrigerants are medicines which 
 abate the heat of the body. (L., re- 
 frig 'ero, to cool.) 
 
 Alteratives are medicines which 
 induce an altered or changed action 
 in the system. 
 
 Expectorants are substances which 
 increase and facilitate the discharge 
 of mucous and other secretions from 
 the membrane lining the air cells, 
 bronchial tubes, etc. — Ludlow. (L., 
 ex, from; and pectus, the breast.) 
 
 Sial'ogogues are medicines which 
 promote the secretion of saliva, as 
 tobacco. (Gr., aiaxov [sialon], spittle; 
 and ctya, \_ago~], to lead. — Ludlow.) 
 
 Epispastics are medicines which, 
 when applied to the skin, produce a 
 blister. — Ludlow. (Gr., tm [epi~], to- 
 gether; and a-Truce [spao], to draw.) 
 
 Note. — Spanish flies are noted for their ejpis- 
 pastic properties. 
 
 Rubefacients are medicines which, 
 when externally applied, inflame the 
 skin. — Ludlow. (L., rubefacio, to 
 redden. 
 
 Note. — Mustard seed is often used as a rube- 
 facient. 
 
 Escharot'ics are substances which, 
 when applied to any part of the body, 
 destroy its life, and produce a slough. 
 Ludlow. (Gr., e<rx*pa [eschard], a 
 scab formed by a burn.) 
 
 Demulcents are unirritating sub- 
 stances which form with water a vis- 
 cid solution. — Ludlow. (L., demul- 
 ceo, to soften.) 
 
 Note. — Flaxseed, gnm Arabic, marsh-mallows, 
 and the bark of the slippery elm are demulcents. 
 
 Antacids are substances capable 
 of neutralizing-acids. — Ludlow. (Gr., 
 avn [anti], against.) 
 
 Note. — Magnesia, lime, potash, and soda are 
 antacids. 
 
 Anthelmintics are medicines cap- 
 able of destroying worms in the ali- 
 mentary canal. — Ludlow. (Gr., avn 
 \_anti], against; and hjutv? [lielmins], 
 an intestinal worm.) 
 
 Opiates are medicines that procure 
 etc. (From opium, a drug 
 which is noted for producing this 
 effect.) 
 
 Note.— Opium is the inspissated (thickened) 
 juice of the poppy. 
 
 Anodynes are medicines that ease 
 pain and procure sleep. They are 
 divided into three classes : paregor- 
 ics, hypnotics, and narcotics. — 
 Hooper. (Gr., a, priv. ; and ceJW, pain.) 
 
 Paregorics are medicines which 
 assauge pain. (Gr., ?rapeycp&ju [pare- 
 goreud], to assauge.) 
 
 Hypnot'ios are medicines which re- 
 lieve by procuring sleep. — Hooper. 
 (Gr., v7rvos \_hypnos], sleep.) 
 
 Narcotics are medicines which 
 ease the patient by stupefying him. 
 (Gr., vapx.006 [iiarcoo], to stupefy.) 
 
 Cordials are medicines that pos- 
 sess warm and stimulating properties, 
 and that are given to raise the spirits. 
 Hooper. (L., cor, the heart.) 
 
 Note. — The wines 
 properties. 
 
 generally possess cordial 
 
FUNERALS. 
 
 153 
 
 OF FTJNEKALS 
 
 A CORPSE is a dead human body. 
 (L., corpus, a body.) 
 
 Corse is a poetic form of the word 
 corpse. 
 
 A Carcass is, 1., and properly, The 
 dead body of a beast. 2. The dead 
 bodies of men are called carcasses, 
 when they are uncared for by the 
 living. 
 
 The carcasses of half your senate 
 
 Manure the plains of Thessaly. — Shaispeare. 
 
 3. The living human body by way 
 of contempt. 
 
 A Shroud is a dress for the dead. 
 
 A "Wixdixg-sheet is a sheet in 
 which a corpse is wrapped. (From 
 windy to wrap.) 
 
 A Pall is a cloth thrown over a 
 dead body at funerals. 
 
 Pallbearers are those who attend 
 the coffin at a funeral. 
 
 A Coffin is a chest in which a 
 corpse is placed. (Fr., coffre, a 
 chest. ) 
 
 A Bier is a frame on which a cof- 
 fin is carried. (From bear, to carry.) 
 
 A Hearse is a carriage fitted up 
 for the purpose of carrying the dead 
 to the place of burial. 
 
 A Grave is a pit in which a dead 
 human body is deposited, (Ger., 
 graben, to dig.) 
 
 To Inter 7 is to bury the dead. 
 (L., in, in; and terra, the ground.) 
 
 Interment or Burial is the act of 
 covering a dead human body in the 
 ground. 
 
 To Ixhume is to bury in the ground; 
 as, to inhume a dead hody. (L., in, 
 in; and humus, the ground.) 
 
 Post humous, born after the father 
 has been put in the ground; as, a 
 posthumous child. (humus, the 
 ground; and post, after.) 
 
 A Fuxeeal is a burial with all its 
 attendant observances. (L., funale, 
 a torch, from funis, a rope, as 
 torches made of ropes were used by 
 the Romans at funerals.) 
 
 A Funeral Pile was a heap of 
 
 combustibles on which the Ancients 
 sometimes burned their dead. 
 
 Funereal, suiting a funeral; as, 
 funereal gloom. 
 
 Ob'sequies are funeral rites and 
 solemnities. (L., obsequium, respect.) 
 
 Exequies are funeral rites. (L., 
 ex, after; and sequor, to follow, in 
 allusion to the procession.) 
 
 Exe'quial, relating to funerals; as, 
 exequial rites. 
 
 A Tomb is, 1. A common grave. 2. 
 A vault for the reception of a dead 
 body. 3. A monument erected to 
 preserve the memory of a deceased 
 person. (L.. tumulus, a mound, in re- 
 ference to the swelling of the earth, 
 by which a grave is marked.) 
 
 A Cex'otaph is an empty tomb 
 erected in honor of a person who is 
 buried elsewhere. (Gr. xsvcc [cenos-], 
 empty; and rct<pn \taphe~\, a tomb.) 
 
 An Epitaph is an inscription on a 
 tomb. (Gr., km \_epi\, upon; and 
 ta<p» \taphe~], a tomb.) 
 
 An Urx t was a vessel in which the 
 ashes of the dead were formerly 
 kept. (L., wma, a pitcher.) 
 
 A Sep'ulcher is a place in which 
 the dead body of a human being is 
 buried or deposited. (L., sepelio, 
 \_sepultum~], to bury.) 
 
 SepuVchral. pertaining to the in- 
 terment of the dead; as, a sepulchral 
 stone. 
 
 Sep'ulture is the act of interment. 
 
 A Maesole'oi is a magnificent se- 
 pulchral monument. (From Mausolus, 
 a king of Caria. whose wife, Arte- 
 misia, erected to his memory a monu- 
 ment which was reckoned among the 
 seven wonders of the world.) 
 
 A Cemetery is, ]. An edifice or area 
 where the dead are interred. — Branch. 
 2. A common burying-ground. (Gr., 
 Kiijuuco [coimao~], to sleep.) 
 
 Xote. — Burying-grounds -were called xotpif. 
 T>-p<a [ccemeleria], (sleeping places) by the early 
 Christians, as implying that the rest of the bodj 
 in the grave was but a temporary sleep, from 
 which it -would he aroused on the morning of 
 the resurrection. 
 
154 
 
 LOVE AND COURTSHIP. 
 
 OF LOVE AND COURTSHIP. 
 
 LOVE is an attachment between 
 persons of opposite sexes. (From 
 love, to be pleased with.) 
 
 Lovers are persons of opposite 
 sexes who are mutually attached to 
 each other. 
 
 A Lover is a man who has an at- 
 tachment for a female. 
 
 Note. — Lovei; in the singular, is always mas- 
 culine. 
 
 A Mistress is a woman beloved 
 and courted. 
 
 A Passion is a strong affection of 
 love. 
 
 A Flame is, 1. The passion of love. 
 2. The object beloved; as, she was 
 my first flame. 
 
 A Sweetheart is either a lover or 
 a mistress. (From sweet and heart.) 
 
 A Suit is a solicitation in mar- 
 riage. (From suit, solicitation, from 
 sue, to solicit, from Fr., suivre, to pur- 
 sue.) 
 
 A Suitor is one who solicits a wo- 
 man in marriage. 
 
 To Woo is to endeavor, by gentle 
 and delicate attentions, to gain a 
 woman's consent to marry. 
 
 To Court is to endeavor, by polite 
 and agreeable attentions, to gain the 
 hand of a woman in marriage. 
 (From court, to pay flattering atten- 
 tions, from court, the residence of a 
 king.) 
 
 Gai/lant, polite and attentive to 
 ladies. Hence, 
 
 A Gallant' is, 1. A man who is po- 
 lite and attentive to ladies. 2. A 
 lover. 
 
 GaVlantry, civilities paid to fe- 
 males. 
 
 A Spark is a lover. 
 
 A Beau is a man who attends a 
 lady. (Fr., beau, gay.) 
 
 A Coquette, (co-kef, ) is a gay and 
 airy girl, who endeavors to attract 
 the attention of gentlemen, and who 
 
 feigns a regard which she does not 
 feel. (Fr.) 
 
 Coquefry is an affectation of am- 
 orous advances. 
 
 To Coquet' is to treat with an as- 
 sumed appearance of amorous ten- 
 derness. 
 
 A Flirt is, 1. A pert girl. 2. A 
 coquette. 
 
 A Jilt is a woman who gives her 
 lover hopes, and then capriciously 
 disappoints him. 
 
 To Jilt is to give hopes to a lover, 
 and then reject him. 
 
 Addresses are attentions paid by a 
 gentleman to a lady, with a desire of 
 gaining her hand in marriage. 
 
 Amo, to love. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Amorous, 1. Inclined to love ; as, 
 an amorous temperament. 2. Per- 
 taining to, or indicating, love ; as, am- 
 orous airs. 
 
 Amatory and Amatorial, pertain- 
 ing to love; as an amatorial song. 
 2. Causing love ; as, an amatory po- 
 tion. 
 
 Amativeness, a propensity to love. 
 (A phrenological term.) 
 
 Enamor, to inflame with love. 
 
 Enamorado, one deeply in love. 
 
 4>iae.q [Phileo], to love. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Philter, a love potion. 
 
 A Love-potion is a drink adminis- 
 tered for the purpose of exciting love. 
 
 Note. — Potions possessing the quality of ex- 
 citing love, exist only in the imaginations of 
 the ignorant. 
 
 Venus is the goddess of beauty and 
 love. (See Art., Mythology.) 
 
 Cupid, the son of Venus, is the 
 god of love. (See Art., Mythology.) 
 
 To be Smitten is to be wounded in 
 the heart by one of Cupid's arrows; 
 as, he was smitten with the charms 
 of the young lady. 
 
MARRIAGE. 
 
 155 
 
 OF MAEEIAGE. 
 
 MARRIAGE is the legal union of 
 a man and woman for life. 
 
 To Marry is, 1. To unite, legally, 
 a man and woman for life. 2. To 
 dispose of in marriage. 3. To take 
 for husband or wife. 4. To enter 
 upon the married state. 
 
 To Wed is to inarry. 
 
 A Wedding is a marriage. 
 
 Wedlock is the married state. 
 
 Note. — Wedlock is sometimes used as a legal 
 term, as when we speak of children born in 
 wedlock. 
 
 Matrimony is the married state. 
 (L.j mater, a mother, because married 
 women are generally mothers.) 
 
 Note. — This term is used in an ecclesiastical 
 sense, as when we speak of the holy state of 
 matrimony. 
 
 Matrimonial, pertaining to the mar- 
 ried state; as, a matrimonial alliance. 
 
 The Bans of Matrimony are a pub- 
 lic notice of a proposed marriage, 
 proclaimed in a church, or other 
 place prescribed by law, in order 
 that any person may object, if he 
 knows of any cause why the mar- 
 riage should not take place. 
 
 Nubo [nuptum~\, to marry. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Nuptial, pertaining to a marriage; 
 as. a nuptial feast. 
 
 Nuptials, a wedding. 
 
 Connubial, pertaining to the mar- 
 ried state; as, connubial felicity. 
 [con, together.) 
 
 Nubile, of an age suitable for mar- 
 riage. 
 
 Conjugal, pertaining to the rela- 
 tion that subsists between man and 
 wife; as conjugal affection. (L., con- 
 jugium, marriage, from con, together; 
 and jugo, to yoke.) 
 
 To Betroth is, 1. To pledge to be 
 the future spouse of another. In 
 some countries parents betroth their 
 children at an early age. 2. To 
 contract with any one in order to a 
 future marriage. (Troth for truth. 
 The term betroth, therefore, implies 
 pledge one's truth for the fulfillment 
 J an engagement to marry.) 
 
 To Affiance is to pledge one's 
 faith for the fulfillment of a mar- 
 riage contract. (L., ad, to, and fides, 
 faith.) 
 
 Affianced, pledged in marriage. 
 
 A Spouse was primarily a person 
 engaged to be married. (L., sponsus, 
 sponsa, engaged or promised.) But 
 according to present usage the term 
 spouse signifies one who is actually 
 married. 
 
 To Espouse is, 1. To betroth. 2. 
 To wed. 3. To wed in a fig. sense ; 
 as, when we speak of espousing a 
 cause. 
 
 Espousal is the act of espousing or 
 betrothing. 
 
 Espousals are a contract or mutual 
 promise of marriage. 
 
 Spousal, pertaining to marriage; 
 as spousal rites. 
 
 A Husband is a married man. 
 
 A Wife is a married woman. 
 
 A Consort is a conjugal partner, 
 either husband or wife. (L., con, to- 
 gether ; and sois, a lot. ) 
 
 Note. — According to the etymology of the 
 term, my consort is one who shares the same lot 
 with myself. 
 
 A Rib is a wife, — thus designated 
 in allusion to Eve who was made of 
 a rib taken from Adam's side. 
 
 A Bride is a newly-married woman. 
 
 A Bridegroom is a newly-married 
 man. 
 
 A Bridemaid or Bride' smaid is a 
 woman who waits on a bride at her 
 wedding. 
 
 A Brideman or Bride' sman is a 
 man who waits on a bridegroom and 
 bride at their wedding. 
 
 Bride-cake or Wedding-cake is the 
 cake made for the guests at a wedding. 
 
 Bridal, pertaining to a wedding; 
 as, bridal ornaments. 
 
 A Bridal is a marriage festival. 
 
 Hymen, in the Grecian Mythology, 
 was the god of marriage. Hence, 
 
 Hymeneal, or Hymene / an, pertain- 
 ing to marriage ; as, hymeneal rites. 
 
 A Hymene'al or Hymenefan is a 
 marriage song. 
 
156 
 
 RELATIONSHIP. 
 
 For her the spouse prepares the bridal ring, 
 For her white virgins hymeneals sing. — Pope. 
 
 An Epithala'mium, or Epithalamy 
 is a song or poem composed as a com- 
 pliment to a newly-married pair. 
 
 TAMC 
 
 Hence, 
 
 ly-m 
 
 3], a 
 
 rAM02 [Gamos], a marriage. (Gr.) 
 
 Monogamy, the state of being re- 
 strained to one wife. (Gr., p-ovos [mo- 
 nos], one.) 
 
 Monogamist, one who disallows a 
 second marriage. 
 
 Bigamy, the crime of having two 
 wives at the same time, (bi, two.) 
 
 Bigamist, one who is guilty of the 
 crime of having two wives at the 
 same time. 
 
 Polygamy, the practice of having 
 more wives than one at the same 
 time. (Gr., woxu? [polys - ], many.) 
 
 Polygamist, one who advocates or 
 practices polygamy. 
 
 Single, unmarried 
 
 Cgelebs, single. (L.) Hence, 
 
 CeliVacy or CeVibacy, the unmar- 
 ried state. 
 
 A Bachelor is a man who has never 
 been married. 
 
 A Maid is a woman who has never 
 been married. 
 
 A Widow is a woman who has lost 
 her husband by death, and has not 
 married again. (L., viduus, vidua, 
 bereaved.) 
 
 A Widower is a man who has lost 
 his wife by death, and has not mar- 
 ried again. 
 
 A Relict is a wife left desolate by 
 the death of her husband. (L., re- 
 licta, left.) 
 
 A Dowry is the money or other 
 property which a woman brings to 
 her husband in marriage. 
 
 A Dower is that portion of the 
 lands and tenements of a man which 
 a woman enjoys during her life after 
 the death of her husband. — Black- 
 stone. 
 
 A Jointure is an estate in lands 
 or tenements settled on a woman in 
 consideration of marriage, and which 
 she is to enjoy after her husband's 
 decease. — Blackstone. 
 
 Adultery is infidelity to the mar- 
 riage vow. 
 
 A Divorce is a legal separation of 
 a married pair. 
 
 To Repudiate is to put away; as 
 a wife. 
 
 OF KELATIONSHIP. 
 
 PARENT animals are the sources 
 of being to other animals of their 
 kind. (L.,pario, to bring forth.) 
 
 Parental, pertaining to a parent; 
 as, parental kindness. 
 
 A Father is a male parent of the 
 human species. 
 
 Fatherhood or Father ship is the 
 state of being a father. 
 
 Fatherly, 1. Pertaining to a father; 
 as, fatherly duties. 2. Like a father 
 in protection and care; as, he is a 
 fatherly man. 
 
 Fatherland, the land of one's fa- 
 thers. 
 
 Pater, a father. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Paternal, pertaining to a father; 
 as, paternal care. 
 
 Paternity, fatherhood. 
 
 Pater Noster, the Lord's prayer? 
 thus called because in Latin it begins 
 with the words Pater noster (our 
 father. ) 
 
 Patriot, lit, one who loves his fa- 
 therland. Hence, One who loves his 
 country, whether it is his by birth or 
 adoption. (L., patria, one's father- 
 land, from pater.) 
 
 Patriarch, the father of a race. 
 Jacob was the patriarch of the Jewish 
 race. The sons of Jacob were the 
 patriarchs of the Israelitish tribes. 
 (Gr., 7ra.Tf>ta [patria'], a family or 
 succession of families descended 
 from a common 5t*t«/> [pater], or 
 father; and *w> [arche], the begin- 
 ning. ) 
 
 Patricians, the Roman nobles, who 
 
RELATIONSHIP. 
 
 157 
 
 assumed the title of patres or fathers 
 of the people. 
 
 Patron, one who exercises the care 
 of a father over some person or in- 
 terest. Those who support a man in 
 his profession or business are called 
 his patrons. Maecenas was a patron 
 of literary men. 
 
 Patrimony, an estate inherited 
 from one's {paternal] ancestors. 
 
 Parricide for Patricide. 1. The 
 murderer of a parent. 2. The mur- 
 der of a parent. 
 
 A Sire is a male parent among the 
 inferior animals. 
 
 Note. — By the poets the term sire is used to 
 signify a male parent of the human species. We 
 may also say grandsire instead of grandfather. 
 
 A Mother is a female parent of 
 the human species. 
 
 Motherhood, the state of being a 
 mother. 
 
 Motherly, 1. Pertaining to a mother; 
 as, motherly duties. 2. Like a mother 
 in affection and kindness; as, & moth- 
 erly woman. 
 
 Mater, a mother. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Maternity, motherhood. 
 
 Maternal, pertaining to or exercised 
 by a mother; as, maternal duties; 
 maternal lore. 
 
 Matron, 1. An elderly married wo- 
 man. 2. A lady who has the charge 
 of a charitable institution. 
 
 Alma Mater, a fostering mother. 
 The college or university where one 
 has been educated is thus styled. 
 (L., alma, fostering.) 
 
 Matriculate, to enter or admit to 
 membership in a body or society. 
 particularly in a college or university, 
 by entering the name in a register. 
 
 Note. — In heing matriculated a person adopts 
 the society or institution as his mother. (L., 
 matricula, a little mother.) 
 
 Matrimony, wedlock (Lit, mother- 
 hood). (See Art. Marriage.) 
 
 Matricide, 1. The murder of a 
 mother. 2. The murderer of a 
 mother. (L., ccedo, to kill.) 
 
 A Dam is the female parent among 
 beasts. 
 
 Note. — The term dam is applied to the female 
 parent of the human species only by way of 
 contempt. 
 
 Grandparents are the parents of 
 parents. 
 
 Note.— Grand is a French word signifying 
 great. The term was originally applied in the 
 way of respect and reverence. 
 
 Great-grand-parents are the pa- 
 rents of grand-parents. 
 
 Great-great-grand-yarents are the 
 parents of great-grand-parents. 
 
 Note. — The term great may be repeated any 
 number of times according to the degree of re- 
 moteness that is to be indicated in the ascending 
 ancestral line. 
 
 Ancestors or Forefathers are 
 one's parents', grand-parents, great- 
 grand-parents, etc. (L., ante, before; 
 and cedo [cessum], to go.) 
 
 To be Descended from is to derive 
 one's origin from a certain ancestor. 
 We are all descended from Adam and 
 Eve. 
 
 Descent is origin from a certain an- 
 cestor. 
 
 Descendants are those who derive 
 their origin from a certain ancestor. 
 The Jews are the descendants of 
 Jacob. 
 
 Lineage is a line of descent. 
 
 Lineal signifies pertaining to de- 
 scent in a right line ; as, a lineal 
 heir to the throne. 
 
 Note. — In countries where the law of primo- 
 geniture prevails, the right line of descent passes 
 through the eldest son of each successive gen- 
 eration. 
 
 Offspring are the young either of 
 the human race or of inferior ani- 
 mals. ( Off and swing.) 
 
 A Generation is a single set of 
 descendants related in the same de- 
 gree to a common ancestor. Chil- 
 dren constitute the first generation ; 
 grandchildren, the second, etc. 
 
 A Race is a succession of genera- 
 tions springing from a common pa- 
 lent. 
 
 A Stock is, 1, and properly. The 
 common parent of a race. (From 
 stock, the stem of a tree. According 
 to this figure, the descendants are the 
 branches.) 2. A race. The Jews 
 were of the stock of Abraham. 
 3. A breed; as, a good stock of 
 cattle. 
 
 A Breed is a stock of animals dis- 
 tinguished by certain qualities and 
 
158 
 
 RELATIONSHIP. 
 
 peculiarities from other animals of 
 the same species. (From breed, to 
 produce.) 
 
 A Progeny consists of one or more 
 generations deriving their origin from 
 a common parent. (L., progignor 
 [progenituni], to beget.) 
 
 A Progenitor is a forefather. 
 
 A Child is an offspring of human 
 parents. 
 
 A Grandchild is the offspring of a 
 child. 
 
 A Great-grandchild is the offsprin 
 of a grandchild. 
 
 Note. — The French call a grandson petit fils, 
 which means a little son. Petit, when thus ap- 
 plied, was designed to be expressive of endear- 
 ment, as grand (great) in their grandpire (grand- 
 father) was expressive of reverence. It is prob- 
 able that grand was applied by the English to 
 descendants in the second degree, from an ignor- 
 ance of the true force and meaning of the term. 
 
 A Son is a male child. 
 
 A Daughter is a female child. 
 
 Filius, a son; Filia, a daughter. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Filial, pertaining to a son or 
 daughter ; as, filial duty. 
 
 Note. — Filial duty is the duty which children 
 owe to their parents. 
 
 Issue is a term applied to the chil- 
 dren of a man that is deceased; as, 
 he died without issue; his property 
 descends to his male issue in a direct 
 line. (From issue, to come forth.) 
 
 To Affiliate is, 1. To adopt as a 
 son. 2. To receive into a society as 
 a member or son of that society. 
 
 Seed is a term including in its ap- 
 plication both the immediate offspring 
 and the remote descendants of an in- 
 dividual. The Jews are of the seed 
 of Abraham. (From the seed of a 
 plant.) 
 
 A Brother is a male born of the 
 same parents with one's self. 
 
 Brotherhood is the relationship of 
 brothers. 
 
 A Brotherhood consists of a num- 
 ber of persons associated together for 
 the mutual interchange of kind 
 offices, such as should mark the inter- 
 course of brothers by blood. 
 
 Frater, a brother. (L. ) Hence, 
 
 Fraternal, brotherly ; as, fraternal 
 affection. 
 
 Fraternity, a brotherhood. 
 
 Friar, a member of a religious fra- 
 ternity. 
 
 Fratricide, 1. The murder of a 
 brother. 2. The murderer of a 
 brother. (L., cosdo, to kill.) 
 
 A Sister is a female born of one's 
 own father and mother. 
 
 Soror, a sister. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sororicide, 1. The murder of a sis- 
 ter. 2. The murderer of a sister. 
 (L., coedo, to kill.) 
 
 An Uncle is the brother of a pa- 
 rent. 
 
 An Aunt is the sister of a parent. 
 
 Note. — The husband of an aunt is, by courtesy, 
 called an uncle, and the wife of an uncle is, by 
 courtesy, called an aunt. 
 
 A Great Uncle, or Grand Uncle, is 
 the uncle of a parent. 
 
 A Great Aunt, or Grand Aunt, is 
 the aunt of a parent. 
 
 A Father-in-law and Mother-in- 
 law are the parents of a wife or hus- 
 band. 
 
 A Son-in-law is the husband of a 
 daughter. 
 
 A Daughter-in-law is the wife of 
 a son. 
 
 A Nephew is the son of a brother 
 or sister. 
 
 A Niece is the daughter of a 
 brother or sister. 
 
 A Grand Nephew is the grandson 
 of a brother or sister. 
 
 A Grand Niece is the grand-daugh- 
 ter of a brother or sister. 
 
 A Cousin is the child of an uncle 
 or aunt. (L., consanguineous, of the 
 same blood. ) 
 
 A Second Cousin is the child either 
 of a cousin or of a grand-uncle. 
 
 A Third Cousin is the child either 
 of a second cousin, or of a great- 
 grand-uncle. 
 
 A Fourth Cousin is the child either 
 of a third cousin, or of a great-great- 
 grand-uncle. 
 
 Note. — A first cousin of my parent is a second 
 cousin* to me, and a second cousin of my parent 
 is to me a third cousin ; also, a first cousin of my 
 grandparent is to me a third cousin, and a first 
 cousin of my great-grandparent is to me a fourth 
 cousin. By considering the foregoing,- it may 
 be readily seen that I may have two kinds of 
 second cousins, three kinds of third cousins, etc. 
 
RELATIONSHIP. 
 
 159 
 
 Cousins- German are first cousins. 
 (L., germanus, a brother Cousins- 
 German are thus called because they 
 are the children of brothers and sis- 
 ters.) 
 
 A Half-brother is a brother by 
 one parent, but not by both. 
 
 A Half-sister is a sister by one pa- 
 rent, but not by both. 
 
 A Step-father is a husband mar- 
 ried by a mother after the death of 
 the father. 
 
 A Step-mother is a wife married 
 by a father after the death of the 
 mother. 
 
 Step-Children are the children of 
 a wife or husband by a previous mar- 
 riage. 
 
 To be Related is to be connected 
 either by birth or marriage. 
 
 A Relation, or Relative, is one con- 
 nected with us either by birth or 
 marriage. 
 
 Relationsliip is connection either 
 by birth or marriage. 
 
 Kin means of the same nature or 
 kind. (Sax., cind, kind or race.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Kin, related by blood ; as, we are 
 kin to each other. 
 
 Akin, related by blood ; as, those 
 two persons are near akin to each 
 other. 
 
 Kin, 1. Relationship by blood; as, 
 he is of kin to me. 2. Relatives ; as, 
 all my kin reside in England. 
 
 Kindred, (adj.), 1. Related by de- 
 scent from a common ancestor. 
 2. Congenial ; as, they are kindred 
 souls. 
 
 Kindred, (noun), 1. Relationship by 
 birth. 2. Relatives by birth. 
 
 Kinsman, a man of the same race 
 or family. 
 
 Kinswoman, a woman of the same 
 race or family. 
 
 Kinsfolk, persons of the same race 
 or family. 
 
 Consanguinity is relationship by 
 birth. (L., con, together; and san- 
 guis, blood.) 
 
 Affinity is relationship by mar- 
 riage. (L., affinis, connected.) 
 
 To Ally / is to form a close connec- 
 tion by marriage or otherwise ; as, he 
 has allied himself to a worthy family. 
 (L., ad, to; and ligo, to tie.) 
 
 An Alliance is a close connection 
 by marriage or otherwise ; as, the two 
 families have formed a matrimonial 
 alliance. 
 
 Genealogy is an account of one's 
 ancestors. (Gr., ywos \_genos], a race ; 
 and Koyo; [logos'], an account. 
 
 Note. — Every person has two parents, or an- 
 cestors, in the first degree ; four grandparents, 
 or ancestors, in the second degree ; eight grand- 
 parents, or ancestors, in the third degree ; 16, in 
 the fourth degree ; 32, in the fifth ; 64, in the 
 sixth, etc. Now, allowing three generations to 
 a century, how many ancestors has every person 
 now in existence had within the last thousand 
 years ? 
 
 A Pedigree is a line of ancestors. 
 
 A Family is, 1. A pair of parents, 
 with their own immediate children. 
 2. A pair of parents, with all their 
 descendants. 
 
 A Clan, in Scotland, consists of a 
 number of families bearing the same 
 name, united under a common chief- 
 tain, and supposed to be descended 
 from a common ancestor. 
 
 A Tribe consists of a series of gen- 
 erations descended from the same 
 progenitor, as in the case of the 1s- 
 raelitish tribes. 
 
 A Nation is a numerous body of 
 people speaking the same language, 
 and descended from the same original 
 stock. The twelve tribes of Israel 
 constituted the Jewish nation. (L., 
 nascor, \_natus~\, to be born, — the 
 etymology of the word referring to 
 common origin of the families which 
 constitute a nation.) 
 
 Note. — In a political sense, a nation is an in- 
 dependent hody of people united under the same 
 government. 
 
 A Race is a division of the human 
 family distinguished from other di- 
 visions by marked differences of fea- 
 tures and complexion. 
 
 Note. — Each race embraces many kindred na- 
 tions or tribes. 
 
160 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 
 
 1. Sundry Terms. 
 
 GUBERNO [gubernatum~\, to steer 
 a ship. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Govern, to control or direct. Po- 
 litically, to steer the ship of state. 
 
 Governor, one who controls or di- 
 rects. Politically, one who pilots 
 the ship of state. 
 
 Gubernatorial, pertaining to the 
 office of a governor. 
 
 Government is the exercise of di- 
 rection and restraint. 
 
 Civil Government includes all the 
 apparatus of constitutions, laws, and 
 officers required for the regulation 
 and management of the affairs of a 
 nation. 
 
 A State consists of a body of 
 people who have a regularly consti- 
 tuted government. (L., status, a 
 standing; that is, a fixed and set- 
 tled condition of things.) 
 
 nOM2 [Polis], a city or state. 
 (Gr. ) Hence, 
 
 Political, pertaining to civil gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Politics, the science of civil gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Politician, one versed in the sci- 
 ence of civil government. 
 
 Polity, a form or system of gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Policy, the measures adopted by 
 the leading officers of a govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Politic, in accordance with the 
 principles of sound policy. 
 
 Police, 1. The local government 
 of a city. 2. A body of civil offi- 
 cers employed in preserving order in 
 a city. 
 
 THE Body Politic is the state. 
 
 A Body Politic is a corporation 
 or body of men associated for some 
 special purpose, and acting under 
 legal authority. 
 
 apxh [Arc he], government. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Monarchy, a form of government 
 in which the supreme authority is 
 
 lodged in the hands of a single per- 
 son. (Gr., ^ovo? [inonos'j, sole.) 
 
 Oligarchy, a government in which 
 the supreme power is lodged in the 
 hands of a few persons. (Gr., cxiyu 
 [oligoi], few.) 
 
 Patriarchy, the government of a 
 patriarch, or head of a family. 
 
 Patriarchate, the office of the head 
 of the Greek Church, who is styled 
 the patriarch. 
 
 Exarch, a title borne by the rep- 
 sentatives of the Byzantine empe- 
 rors in the provinces of Italy and 
 Africa. 
 
 Exarchate, the office of an exarch. 
 
 Tetrarch, a Roman governor of the 
 fourth part of a province. (Gr., <re- 
 rapToc [teiartos], fourth.) 
 
 Tetrarchy, or Tetrarchate, the gov- 
 ernment of the fourth part of a prov- 
 ince. 
 
 Heptarchy, a sevenfold govern- 
 ment. {Wrct [hepta~\, seven.) (See 
 Art., Number.) 
 
 Anarchy, an absence of govern- 
 ment. (Gr., a. [a], privative.) 
 
 Anarch, an author of anarchy or 
 civil confusion. 
 
 kpateh \crateo~\, to exercise politi- 
 cal power. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Democracy, a form of government 
 in which the supreme power is lodged 
 in the hands of the people collect- 
 ively, and in which the people exer- 
 cise, in person, the powers of legisla- 
 tion. (Gr., fafAoe [demos'], the people.) 
 
 Democrat, one who is in favor of 
 a government by the people. 
 
 Aristocracy, a form of government 
 in which the supreme power is in the 
 hands of the nobles. (Gr., upts-roi 
 [aristoi], the nobles.) 
 
 Aristocrat, one who is in favor of 
 an aristocracy. 
 
 Aristocratic, or Aristocratical, 1. 
 Pertaining to aristocracy. 2. Par- 
 taking of aristocracy ; as, aristocratic 
 pride or manners. 
 
 Autocracy, absolute power. (Gr., 
 olvtos [autos~\, self.) 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 161 
 
 Autocrat, an absolute ruler. The 
 emperor of Russia is an autocrat 
 
 Theocracy, a government institu 
 ted by the Deity. The government 
 of the Jews was a theocracy. (Gr, 
 ee:c [Theos], God. 
 
 Authority is rightful power to 
 govern, 
 
 Sway is power exerted in govern- 
 ing. 
 
 To Rule is to exercise supreme au- 
 thority. 
 
 Rego [rectum], to rule. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Regent, 1. A ruler. 2. One who 
 governs in the minority, absence, or 
 disability of the king. 
 
 Regency, 1. Rule. 2. Government 
 exercised in behalf of a king who is 
 a minor, or is otherwise incapacitated 
 to rule. 
 
 Regime, (pron. razheem',) govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Reg / imen, 1. Orderly government. 
 
 2. In grammar, government, or the 
 influence which one word exerts up- 
 on another in determining its form. 
 
 3. In medicine, the government or 
 regulation of the diet, with a view to 
 the preservation or restoration of 
 health. 
 
 Regiment, a certain body of sol- 
 diers, thus called in reference to the 
 official government to which they are 
 subject. 
 
 A Lord is a supreme ruler. 
 
 Domixus, a lord. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Dominion, supreme sway. 
 
 Dominant, ruling. 
 
 Domination, the exercise of power 
 in ruling. 
 
 Domineer, to rule with insolence. 
 
 Dominator, an absolute ruler. 
 
 Predominate, to exert a greater 
 power, influence, or authority, than 
 something else. In some persons the 
 love of money predominates over all 
 other passions. — Webster. {pros, 
 over. ) 
 
 A Master is a man who rules, gov- 
 erns, or directs, either men or busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Mastery is, 1. Dominion. 2. Su- 
 periority in competition ; as, to gain 
 the mastery. 
 11 
 
 Magister, a master. (L.) Hence, 
 Magisterial, 1. Such as suits a 
 master. 
 
 Such a government is paternal, not magiste- 
 rial. — King Charles. 
 
 2. Arrogant; as, to be magisterial 
 in one's opinions. 
 
 Magistrate, a public, civil officer 
 invested with the executive govern- 
 ment, or some branch of it. The 
 King of England, or the President 
 of the United States, is a chief ma- 
 gistrate. Judges, mayors, and justices 
 of the peace, are inferior magistrates. 
 
 Magistracy, the office or dignity of 
 a magistrate. 
 
 AE2FIOTH2 [Despotes], a master. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Despot, 1. An emperor, king, or 
 prince invested with absolute power. 
 Hence, 2. A ruler who exercises ab- 
 solute power capriciously or oppres- 
 sively. 
 
 Despotic, or Despotical, 1. Abso- 
 lute in power. 2. Exercising abso- 
 lute power oppressively. 
 
 Despotism, 1. Absolute power. 2. 
 An oppressive exercise of absolute 
 power. 
 
 TTPANN02 [Tyraxxos], a petty 
 king. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Tyrant, an oppressive ruler, be- 
 cause the petty kings among the 
 ancients often ruled oppressively. 
 
 Tyranny, oppressive rule. 
 
 Tyrannize, to rule oppressively. 
 
 Tyrannic, or Tyrannical, ruling 
 oppressively. 
 
 Impero, \imperatum\ to command. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Imperator, the commander of a 
 Roman army. (L.) 
 
 Note. — Octavianus Csesar, who first succeeded 
 in making himself absolute master of the Ro- 
 man world, was an imperator, or general officer 
 in the army. After him the Roman state con- 
 tinued for several centuries to be governed by a 
 succession of rulers, who, tinder the military 
 title of imperator, exercised supreme civil author- 
 ity. Hence, the term imperator, of whirh the 
 English word emperor, is a modification, came to 
 be the title of the highest grade of civil rulers. 
 
 Emperor, one who exercises su- 
 preme control over extensive domin- 
 ions. 
 
 Empress, 1. The consort of an em- 
 
162 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 peror. 2. A woman who rules over 
 an empire. 
 
 Empire is supreme power in gov- 
 erning. 
 
 An Empire is, 1. The countries 
 subject to the dominion of an em- 
 peror. 2. An aggregate of many- 
 countries ruled over by a king. 
 
 Imperial, pertaining to an empire, 
 or to an emperor ; as, imperial gov- 
 ernment ; an imperial palace. 
 
 Sovereign, (pron. suv / rin), supreme 
 in power; as, a sovereign prince. 
 (L., svpernus, situated above.) 
 
 A Sovereign is a supreme ruler. 
 
 Sovereignty is supreme dominion. 
 
 To Preside is to be set over for 
 the exercise of authority. (L., pros, 
 over, or before; and sedeo, to sit.) 
 
 A President is, 1. An officer who 
 presides over a deliberative assembly. 
 2. The chief officer of any associa- 
 tion. 3. The chief magistrate of a 
 republic. 
 
 Presidency is the office of a presi- 
 dent. 
 
 A King is a chief ruler, usually in- 
 heriting his title and authority, and 
 transmitting them to his posterity. 
 
 Kingly, 1. Belonging to a king; as, 
 a kingly crown. 2. Administered,by 
 a king ; as, a kingly government, 3. 
 Becoming a king; as, kingly magni- 
 ficence. 
 
 A Kingdom is, 1. The territory sub- 
 ject to a king. 2. The population 
 subject to a king. 
 
 Kingship is the office or dignity of 
 a king. 
 
 A Queen is, 1. The consort of a 
 king. 2. A woman who rules over a 
 kingdom. 
 
 A Queen Consort is the wife of a 
 king. 
 
 A Queen Regnant, or Queen Regent 
 is a queen who is invested with rul- 
 ing authority. 
 
 A Queen Dowager is the widow 
 of a king. 
 
 Rex [regis'], a king. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Regal, pertaining personally to a 
 king; as, regal authority ; regal splen- 
 dor. 
 
 Regalia, the ensigns of kingly 
 
 power or splendor, as the crown, 
 scepter, etc. 
 
 Regicide, 1. The murder of a 
 king. 2. The murderer of a king. 
 
 Roi, a king. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Royal, kingly ; as, royal power. 
 
 Royalty, kingly dignity and power. 
 
 Royalist, one who is attached to 
 kingly government. 
 
 Royalism, an attachment to the 
 principles and cause of kingly gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Viceroy, one who rules a remote 
 province for, and in the name of a 
 king. Spanish America while under 
 the dominion of the mother country 
 was ruled by viceroys. (L., vice, in 
 the place of. ) 
 
 Viceroyalty, the office of a viceroy. 
 
 Realm, a territory ruled by a king. 
 (Old Fr. royaulme.) 
 
 A Prince is a chief man. (L., 
 princeps, chief.) 
 
 Note. — In an aristocratical state there may- 
 be many princes, as this title is applicable to ail 
 nobles of the first rank. In a monarchical 
 state, there can be, strictly speaking, but one 
 prince, and he is the king, emperor, or other 
 chief ruler ; nevertheless kings' sons are, by 
 courtesy, called princes. 
 
 Czar is the title of the emperors 
 of Russia. 
 
 Note. — The term czar is a corruption of the 
 name Caesar, the title czar being derived from 
 the practice which prevailed in the Byzantine 
 empire of calling the heir apparent to the throne 
 the Caesar, in reference to the actual names of 
 several of the earliest Roman emperors. 
 
 The Sultan is the emperor of Tur- 
 key. 
 
 The Caliphs were the Saracen em- 
 perors. 
 
 The Caliphate was the office or 
 dignity of the caliphs. 
 
 The Grand Seignior is the em- 
 peror of Turkey. ( Seignior, a lord. ) 
 
 A Duke is a sovereign prince rank- 
 ing below a king. (L., dux, a mili- 
 tary leader. ) 
 
 Note. — The title of Duke, is said to have ori- 
 ginated in the usages of the Lower Empire (the 
 Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire), where it 
 was given to the military governors of provinces. 
 In course of time, according to the usual pro- 
 gress of feudal dignities, the title became her- 
 ed i tary . — Br ancle. 
 
 Ducal, pertaining to a duke. 
 Duchess, the wife of a duke. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 163 
 
 Duchy, the territory or dominions 
 of a duke. 
 
 A Grand Duke is a duke of a 
 higher rank, 
 
 A Palatine is one who is invested 
 with royal privileges and rights. 
 (L., palatium, a palace.) 
 
 A Palatinate is the province of a 
 palatine; a name given to two states 
 of the old German empire, called the 
 Upper and the Lower Palatinate. 
 
 A Pacha, Pashaw, or Bashaw, is a 
 Turkish viceroy. 
 
 A Pachalic (pron. pashaiv'lic,) is 
 the office or province of a pasha. 
 
 A Nabob was, 1. Formerly a deputy, 
 or viceroy in India, 2. A man of 
 great wealth. (From the circum- 
 stance of the nabobs of India hav- 
 ing been noted for their wealth. 
 
 2. Forms of Government. 
 
 A MONARCHY is the government 
 of a single person. 
 
 An Absolute Monarchy is a gov- 
 ernment in which the will of the 
 sovereign is not restricted by a con- 
 stitution. (Absolute, unrestricted.) 
 
 A Limited Monarchy is a govern- 
 ment in which the will of the sov- 
 ereign is restricted by a constitution. 
 
 An Aristocracy is a government 
 vested in the hands of the nobles. 
 
 A Democracy is a government 
 where all the citizens meet in person 
 to deliberate on matters of public in- 
 terest. 
 
 A Republic is a state in which the 
 exercise of the sovereign power is lodg- 
 ed in representatives elected by the 
 people. (L., res, interest; and publica, 
 public.) 
 
 A Commonwealth is a republic. 
 (Common, general; and icealth, wel- 
 fare.) 
 
 A Federal Government is a gov- 
 ernment instituted by confederated 
 states for the regulation of matters 
 of common interest. 
 
 Note. — The states that combine to form a fed- 
 eral government are necessarily republics ; and 
 by their combination they form one grand re- 
 public. The general government of the United 
 States is an example of a federal government. 
 {Federal, leagued together.) 
 
 3. Of Citizenship. 
 
 A CITIZEN is a member of a 
 community of men who have asso- 
 ciated themselves together for the 
 mutual protection of their personal 
 rights. 
 
 Civis, a citizen. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Civil, 1. Pertaining to citizens ; as, 
 civil rights; civil government. 2. 
 Polite; that is, acting as citizens of 
 the same community should act to 
 ward each other. 
 
 Civilize, to introduce among a peo- 
 ple the arts and institutions that 
 exist in civil communities. 
 
 Civic, relating to citizens; as, civic 
 
 honors. 
 
 Note. — A civic crown, among the Romans, was 
 a crown of oak leaves bestowed on a soldier who 
 had saved the life of a citizen. 
 
 Civism, 1. The state of being a 
 citizen. 2. Patriotism, because pa- 
 triotism is the chief virtue of citizens. 
 
 Incivism, the want of love to one's 
 country. 
 
 A Civil Community is a body of 
 persons who have associated them- 
 selves for the mutual defense of their 
 rights. 
 
 An Alien is one who, on account 
 of his foreign birth, is not entitled to 
 the rights and privileges of citizen- 
 ship. (L., alienus, foreign.) 
 
 Natural-born Citizens are persons 
 who are citizens by birth. 
 
 To Naturalize is to confer on an 
 alien the rights of a citizen. 
 
 Note. — In becoming naturalized an alien re- 
 nounces his allegiance to the government of 
 which he has been a subject, and swears that he 
 will support the constitution of his adopted 
 country. 
 
 Citizens are members of a repub- 
 lic or free-state. 
 
 Subjects are persons who are in 
 subjection to the rule of a monarch. 
 
 4. Of the duty of the Governed to 
 the Government. 
 
 ALLEGIANCE is the obedience 
 which subjects or citizens owe to the 
 government under which they live, 
 or to the person of their sovereign. 
 (L., ad, to; and ligo, to bind.) 
 
164 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Loyal, true to one's king. 
 
 Loyalty, faithful attachment to 
 one's king. 
 
 Treason is the crime of being 
 false to the allegiance which one 
 owes to his sovereign or govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Note. —Treason consists in attempting to over- 
 throw the government, or in betraying the state 
 into the hands of a foreign government. 
 
 A Traitor is one who is guilty of 
 treason. 
 
 5. Of the Political Subdivisions of 
 Countries. 
 
 A PKOVLNCE is a division of a 
 kingdom. 
 
 A State is a division of a repub- 
 lic, exercising a subordinate and local 
 government. 
 
 A County, or Shire, in England, 
 is a division of the kingdom, and in 
 America it is a division of a state in 
 which courts of justice hold period- 
 ical sessions. 
 
 A Township, in the United States, 
 is a division of a county in which 
 the people are invested with the power 
 of regulating certain local matters, 
 such as the repairing of roads, pro- 
 viding for the poor, etc. 
 
 A Canton is a state of the Swiss 
 confederacy. 
 
 6. Of Law. 
 
 LAW is a principle or rule of ac- 
 tion. 
 
 Natural or Physical Laws are the 
 principles, in accordance with which, 
 the operations of nature are carried 
 on. 
 
 Moral Laws are the rules which 
 have a reference to right and wrong 
 in human actions. 
 
 Municipal Law embraces the rules 
 prescribing the duties of persons as 
 citizens. (L. 7 municeps, a free citi- 
 zen.) 
 
 Written or Statute Laws are the 
 laws enacted by legislative authority. 
 
 Unwritten or Common Law con- 
 sists of a body of rules deriving 
 their authority from ancient custom. 
 
 Civil Law was the municipal law 
 of the Roman empire. 
 
 Ecclesiastical Laws are rules pre- 
 scribed for the government of the 
 church. 
 
 A Canon is a rule or law. 
 
 The Canon Law is the body of 
 ecclesiastical Roman laws. 
 
 Martial Law includes the rules 
 ordained for the government of a 
 military force. 
 
 Commercial Law, or Law Mer- 
 chant, consists of a system of rules 
 by which the intercourse of mer- 
 chants is regulated. 
 
 International Law, called also 
 the Laws op Nations, comprises the 
 rules regulating the intercourse of 
 nations. 
 
 The Mosaic Law comprises the 
 rules and ordinances prescribed, 
 through Moses, to the Jews. 
 
 The Ceremonial Law includes the 
 ceremonies which were prescribed 
 to the Jews for their observance. 
 
 A By-Law is a law of a city, town, 
 or private corporation, (by, private.) 
 
 A Statute is a law that has been 
 enacted by a legislative power. (L., 
 statuo \_s\atutum~\, to establish.) 
 
 Statutory, enacted by statute; as, 
 a statutory provision. 
 
 A Code is a body of laws duly di- 
 gested. 
 
 To Ordain is to establish as a 
 law. 
 
 An Ordinance is a rule that has 
 been established by authority. 
 
 A Decree is an order issued by a 
 competent authority, that something 
 shall be observed or done. 
 
 There went out a decree from Csesar Augustus 
 that all the world should he taxed. — Luke ii. 
 
 An Edict is a command issued by 
 an absolute sovereign to his subjects. 
 (L., e, out, and dico [dictum], to 
 speak. ) 
 
 A Proclamation is a general ad- 
 dress to the citizens or subjects of 
 a state, specifying something which 
 they are required to do or observe 
 (L., pro, out, and clamo, to cry, be- 
 cause that, previous to the invention 
 of the art of printing, proclamations 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 165 
 
 were made, by public outcry, in ev- 
 ery part of a kingdom.) 
 
 Lex [legis], a law. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Legal, according to law. 
 
 Legality, the condition of being 
 according to law. 
 
 Legalize, to render lawful. 
 
 Legislate, to make laws for the 
 government of a civil community. 
 (L.,fero [latum], to enact.) 
 
 Legislator, a lawgiver. 
 
 Legislature, a body of men in- 
 vested with the power of making 
 laws. 
 
 Legislative, pertaining to the en- 
 actment of laws; as, a legislative 
 body. 
 
 Illegal, contrary to law. (in, not.) 
 
 Legitimate, 1. In accordance with 
 established law; as, a legitimate gov- 
 ernment. 2. Deduced as a natural 
 and lawful inference from the prem- 
 ises; as, a legitimate conclusion. 3. 
 Lawfully born. 
 
 Legitimacy, the state of being le- 
 gitimate. 
 
 An Act is, 1. Any particular ex- 
 ercise of legislative power. 2. A 
 law resulting from an exercise of 
 legislative power. 
 
 An Enactment is a law that has 
 been passed by a legislative body. 
 
 To Repeal is to recall; as, to re- 
 peal a law. (L., re, back, and ap- 
 pello, to call.) 
 
 Note. — None can repeal but those who have 
 the power to make laws. 
 
 To Abeogate is, lit, to ask away, 
 or to ask that a thing may be done 
 away, in allusion to the custom of 
 the Romans, among whom no law 
 was valid, unless the consent of the 
 people was obtained, and in like 
 manner no law was unmade without 
 asking their consent. — Crabbe. 
 
 Note. — Laws are repealed or abrogated; but 
 the former of these terms is mostly in modern 
 use ; the latter is applied to the proceedings of 
 the ancients. — Crabbe. 
 
 Jus [Juris], law or right. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Jurist, one who professes the sci- 
 ence of law. 
 
 Juris-consult, a man learned in 
 
 the law. (L., consulo [consultum], to 
 consult.) 
 
 Jurisprudence, the science of law. 
 (L., prudentia, knowledge.) 
 
 Jure Divino, by divine right. 
 
 7. Of the Departments of Civil Gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 Remark. — Civil Government embraces three 
 departments, to wit : the legislative, the judiciary, 
 and the executive departments. 
 
 The LEGISLATIVE DEPART- 
 MENT of a government enacts laws. 
 
 The Judiciary Department inter- 
 prets the laws, and applies them to 
 particular cases. 
 
 The Executive Departmext exe- 
 cutes the laws. 
 
 Note; — In absolute monarchies these three 
 departments are united in the person of the 
 sovereign. 
 
 S. Of Legislative Bodies. 
 
 LEGISLATURES, in the United 
 
 States, consist of two branches, a 
 senate, and a house of representatives. 
 The Senate is the higher branch 
 of the legislature. (L., senatus, a 
 council of elders, from senex, aged. 
 
 Note. — According to the idea conve3"edby the 
 etymology of the word senate, the branch thus 
 designated is supposed to consist of men more 
 advanced in age, and more mature in wisdom 
 than the members of the other branch. 
 
 The House of Represextatives is 
 thus styled, because this, being the 
 more numerous branch, is supposed 
 to represent more fully than the other 
 branch the views and wishes of the 
 people. 
 
 Constituents are the persons who 
 constitute a person their representa- 
 tive. 
 
 Note. — In most of the states the members of 
 the legislature are elected yearly. 
 
 The Speaker is the presiding officer 
 of either house of a legislature. 
 
 A Bill is a draught of a proposed 
 law. 
 
 Note. — A bill may originate in either house, 
 but before it can become a law it must receive 
 the concurrence of the other bouse. 
 
 Congress is the legislature of the 
 United States. (L., congressus, a 
 meeting.) 
 
166 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Note. -The congressional representatives are 
 sleeted for two years, and the senators for six. 
 
 A Veto is an act of forbidding. 
 
 Note. — When a hill has passed both houses of 
 Congress, it must receive the approval of the 
 president before it can become a law. If the 
 president disapproves of the bill he must return 
 it to the house in which it originated, with a 
 statement of his objections. This statement of 
 objections is called the president's veto. The 
 bill may then be reconsidered, and if it passes 
 both houses by a majority of two-thirds,, it be- 
 comes a law, notwithstanding the president's 
 veto. (L., veto, I forbid.) 
 
 An Estate, in a limited monarchy, 
 is a class of persons enjoying certain 
 political privileges. In most cases, 
 three estates are reckoned, to wit: 
 the nobility, the clergy, and the com- 
 monalty, as in Great Britain. In 
 Sweden the estates are, 1. The nobil- 
 ity and gentry; 2. The clergy; 3. 
 The burghers; and 4. The peasantry. 
 
 A Parliament is a legislative body 
 composed of representatives of the 
 estates of a kingdom. (Fr. parler, to 
 talk, in allusion to the circumstance 
 that a parliament is a deliberative 
 assembly, and that its deliberations 
 are carried on by talking.) 
 
 Note. — The British parliament consists of the 
 king and two houses, to wit : the house of Lords, 
 and the house of Commons. The house of lords 
 consists of two classes of members, to wit : the 
 lords temporal, who represent the nobility ; and 
 the lords spiritual, who are the bishops of the 
 established church, and represent the clergy. 
 The parliament was introduced into England 
 under the Norman kings. 
 
 The States-General, in France, 
 before the revolution, was an assem- 
 bly of the three estates of the king- 
 dom, to wit : the nobility, the clergy, 
 and the commonalty. 
 
 Note. — Tho States-General of France pos- 
 sessed no proper jurisdiction. — Brande. 
 
 The States-General in the Netherlands and 
 Holland was the legislative body composed of 
 two chambers. 
 
 The Wit / enagemote / was the na- 
 tional council or legislature of Eng- 
 land in the time of the Saxons. 
 
 9. Of the Judiciary. 
 
 The JUDICIARY DEPART- 
 MENT of a government is adminis- 
 tered by institutions called Courts. 
 
 A Court consists in a formal sit- 
 ting of one or more authorized per- 
 
 sons, at a prescribed place and time, 
 for the purpose of deciding questions 
 relative to property and personal 
 rights, or for the purpose of trying 
 individuals charged with a violation 
 of the laws ; as, to hold a court. 
 
 THE Court consists of a judge, 
 or judges, in formal session for the 
 hearing and decision of causes; as, 
 the opinion of the court. 
 
 Court is the presence of the judge 
 when sitting in his official capacity ; 
 as, to come into court. 
 
 A Court of Law decides causes ac- 
 cording to the principles of the com- 
 mon law. 
 
 A Court of Chancery, or a Court of 
 Equity, decides causes according to 
 the principles of equity, and is re- 
 sorted to in cases where the strict 
 rales of the common law do injustice 
 to either of the parties. (From chan- 
 cellor, the title of the judge in Eng- 
 land who presides in this court.) 
 
 A Judicial District, under the 
 laws of the United States, generally 
 consists of a single State, but in some 
 cases a State is divided into two or 
 three districts. 
 
 A District Court is established in 
 each district consisting of one judge. 
 
 The Supreme Court of the United 
 States consists of nine judges who 
 hold a yearly session at the city of 
 Washington. 
 
 A Judicial Circuit, under the laws 
 of the United States, consists of two 
 or more judicial districts, one circuit 
 being assigned to each of the judges 
 of the supreme court. 
 
 A Circuit Court is held in each 
 district three times a year, the cir- 
 cuit judge presiding, and being as- 
 sisted in each district by the local 
 judge. 
 
 Note. — The general powers of the United 
 States' Courts are defined in the second Section 
 of the third Article of the Constitution, as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 " The judicial power shall extend to all cases 
 in law and equity, arising under this constitu- 
 tion, the laws of the United States, and treaties 
 made, or which shall be made under their au- 
 thority ; to all cases affecting embassadors, 
 other public ministers and consuls; to contro- 
 versies to which the United States shall be a 
 party; to controversies between two or more 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1G7 
 
 states ; between a state and citizens of another 
 state ; between citizens of different states ; be- 
 tween citizens of the same state claiming lands 
 under grants of different states ; and between a 
 state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, 
 citizens, or subjects." 
 
 A Court of Common Pleas, in the 
 several States, is an inferior court, 
 whose jurisdiction is limited to a 
 county; and, hence, it is sometimes 
 called the County Court. 
 
 A Supreme Court is a court of the 
 highest grade, and of the last resort, 
 whether under the general govern- 
 ment, or in the individual States. 
 
 To Appeal is to remove a cause 
 from a lower to a superior court 
 (L., appello, to call to.) 
 
 The AppeVlant, or Appellor^) is 
 the party who appeals. 
 
 The Appellee' is the party against 
 whom the appeal is made. 
 
 Appellate, having cognizance of 
 appeals; as, appellate jurisdiction. 
 
 The Exchequer, in England, is an 
 ancient court of record, intended, 
 principally, to collect and superin- 
 tend the king's debts and duties, or 
 revenues, and so called from a cheq- 
 uered cloth which covers the table. — 
 Blackstone. 
 
 A Court of Admiralty is a court 
 for the trial of causes arising on the 
 high seas, as prize causes, and the 
 like. 
 
 Note. — In England, this court is held by the 
 lord high admiral, and hence the name of the 
 court. 
 
 A Court Martial is composed of 
 several officers, charged with the duty 
 of trying an offense committed against 
 the laws of the army. 
 
 Probate is the proof of the genuine- 
 ness of wills and testaments. (L., 
 probo, to prove.) 
 
 A Probate Court is a court for the 
 probate of wills. 
 
 An AssizE is a court of justice. 
 (Fr., assise, a sitting.) 
 
 Juridical, pertaining to the office 
 of a judge. (L., jus, the law; and 
 dico, to pronounce.) 
 
 Jurisdiction, authority to decide 
 legal controversies, as, the jurisdic- 
 tion of a court. 
 
 A Judge is an officer who hears and 
 determines causes. 
 
 A Justice is a person who is com- 
 missioned to hold courts and dispense 
 justice. 
 
 Justices of the Peace arc judicial 
 officers of the lowest grade, of whom 
 two or more in each township are 
 either appointed by the governor, as 
 in some of the States, or are chosen 
 by the people, as in other States. 
 (Thus called because it is a part of 
 their duty to maintain the public 
 peace. ) 
 
 A Mayor is a judicial officer who 
 holds courts for the decision of cases 
 that arise under the ordinances of the 
 corporation of a city or borough. 
 
 A Jury consists of a number of 
 men impannelled and sworn to in- 
 quire into and try any matter of fact, 
 and to make to the court a statement 
 of the truth according to the evidence 
 in the case. (L., juro, to swear.) 
 
 A Juror is an individual member 
 of a jury. 
 
 A Panel is a piece of parchment 
 on which the names of the persons 
 summoned by the sheriff to serve as 
 jurors have been written. Hence, 
 
 The Panel is the whole jury. 
 
 To Impannel is to enroll as mem- 
 bers of a jury. 
 
 A Petit Jury, or Petty Jury, con- 
 sists of twelve men appointed to try 
 matters of fact in civil cases, and to 
 decide both the law and the fact in 
 criminal cases. (Fr., petit, small.) 
 
 A Grand Jury consists of fifteen 
 men summoned to try matters alleged 
 in indictments. (Fr., grand, great.) 
 
 A Jury of Inquest is a jury sum- 
 moned in cases of sudden and violent 
 death to inquire into the cause. 
 
 A Verdict is the report of a jury 
 in reference to any case that has been 
 submitted to them for investigation. 
 (L., vere, truly; and dictum, said.) 
 
 Judico, to judge, (L.) Hence. 
 
 Judicial, pertaining to courts of 
 justice; as, judicial proceedings. 
 
 Judicatory, a court of justice. 
 
 Judicature, the power of dispensing 
 justice. 
 
163 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Judiciary, the department of gov- 
 ernment which is concerned in the 
 determination of controversies be- 
 tween man and man. 
 
 An Arbiter is, 1. A judge ap- 
 pointed by the parties to whose deter- 
 mination they voluntarily submit. 
 2. A person who has the power of 
 judging and determining without con- 
 trol. 
 
 An Arbitrator is a third party to 
 whom two persons, by mutual con- 
 sent, submit the decision of a contro- 
 versy. 
 
 To Arbitrate is to decide a case in 
 the capacity of an arbitrator. 
 
 A Submission is the reference of a 
 case to the decision of an arbitrator. 
 
 An Award is the decision of an 
 arbitrator. 
 
 An Umpire is one who judges be- 
 tween parties by mutual consent, 
 whether in legal or other matters. 
 
 A Tribunal is, 1, and properly. 
 The seat on which the judge of a 
 court sits. 2. A court of justice. 
 (L., tribunus, a judge who administers 
 justice.) 
 
 A Bar, in a court room, is a railing 
 within which the officers of the court 
 and members of the legal profession 
 sit. It is thus called because it bars 
 or hinders the crowd from incom- 
 moding the court. 
 
 To Stand at the Bar is to be 
 brought to trial on the charge of hav- 
 ing committed some crime. 
 
 A Sheriff is an officer to whom is 
 intrusted in each county the execu- 
 tion of the laws. 
 
 A Constable is an officer who exe- 
 cutes the orders of a justice of the 
 peace. 
 
 A Coroner is an officer whose duty 
 it is to inquire into the causes of 
 sudden death, in performing which 
 duty he calls to his aid a jury of in- 
 quest. 
 
 A Marshal is an officer appointed 
 by the President and Senate of the 
 Lnited States in each judicial dis- 
 trict, and charged with the execution 
 of the laws of the general govern- 
 ment. 
 
 10. Of Litigation. 
 
 A CASE is a matter brought be- 
 fore a court for investigation and de- 
 cision. 
 
 A Cause is a case in which I am 
 personally interested. 
 
 An Action is the urging of a right 
 or claim before a court. (L. ? ago, 
 [actum], to urge.) 
 
 A Process includes all the legal 
 proceedings in any particular case, 
 (L., pro, forward; and cedo [cessum], 
 to go.) 
 
 To Sue is to institute a process in 
 law against any one for the recovery 
 of some right, either real or sup- 
 posed. (Fr., suivre, to pursue.) 
 
 Note. — The idea presented by the term to sue, 
 is that of pursuing a right or claim. 
 
 A Suit is an action at law for the 
 recovery of a right. 
 
 Litis, a lawsuit. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Litigate, to contend in law. 
 
 Litigant, contending in law; as, 
 parties litigant. 
 
 A Litigant, a person engaged in a 
 lawsuit. 
 
 Litigation, a contending in law. 
 
 Litigious, inclined to contend in 
 law. 
 
 The Parties are the two opposite 
 sides that are interested in a law- 
 suit. 
 
 The Plaintiff or Complainant is 
 the party who brings a suit. (Fr., 
 plaindre, to complain.) 
 
 The Defendant is the party against 
 whom a suit is brought. 
 
 Note. — The defendant receives his designation 
 from the circumstance that he is under the ne- 
 cessity of defending himself against his legal ad- 
 versary. 
 
 A Plea is, 1. That which is alleged 
 by a party in support of his demand. 
 
 2. The answer of the defendant to 
 the plaintiff's declaration or demand. 
 
 3. A cause in court; as, the court of 
 common pleas; the pleas of the 
 crown. 
 
 To Plead is to defend a cause in 
 court by arguments. 
 
 Pleadings are the mutual alterca- 
 tions between the plaintiff and de- 
 fendant. 
 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 169 
 
 A Replication is the reply of the 
 plaintiff to the defendant's plea. 
 
 A Rejoinder is the defendant's 
 answer to the plaintiff's replication. 
 
 A Surrejoinder is the answer of 
 a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 
 
 A Rebutter is the answer of a de- 
 fendant to a plaintiff's surrejoinder. 
 
 A Surrebutter is the answer of a 
 plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter. 
 
 II. Of Rights. 
 
 A RIGHT is that which is right 
 for one to possess. 
 
 A Claim is a right to have that 
 which is in the hands of another. 
 
 A Privilege is a right enjoyed ex- 
 clusively by particular individuals or 
 bodies of persons. (L., privus, pri- 
 vate; and lex, a law.) 
 
 A Prerogative is an exclusive or 
 peculiar privilege. (L., prcerogativi, 
 from prce, first; and rogo, to ask, 
 because certain Roman tribes, so 
 called, were first asked whom they 
 would have to be consuls.) 
 
 An Exemption is the privilege of 
 being free from a duty or exaction. 
 (From exempt.) 
 
 An Immunity is the privilege of 
 being exempt from a service. Hence, 
 figuratively applied to a privileged 
 freedom from any thing painful. 
 (L., in, privative; and munus, an 
 office, charge, or duty.) 
 
 12. To Assert. 
 
 To ASSERT is to declare a thing 
 as our own. 
 
 To Maintain is to abide by what 
 we have asserted. (Fr., maintenir, to 
 hold by the hand, from the L., manus, 
 the hand; and teneo, to hold.) 
 
 To Vindicate is to stand up for 
 what concerns ourselves or others. 
 (L., vindico, \yindicatu?n\, from vim, 
 violence ; and dico, to utter. Vindico, 
 therefore, signifies to pronounce a 
 violent or positive sentence.) 
 
 13. To Give Up. 
 
 To GIVE UP is to let go our hold 
 on that which we wish to retain. 
 
 To Deliver is to put into the hands 
 or power of another. 
 
 To Surrender is to give up from 
 compulsion. A general surrenders 
 his sword or a fortress. (Fr., sur, 
 up; and rendre, to deliver.) 
 
 To Yield is to give up that which 
 we have it in our power to retain. 
 
 To Cede is to give over to another 
 by virtue of a treaty. (L., cedo 
 [cessum~], to yield.) 
 
 A Cession is an act of giving over 
 to another by virtue of a treaty. 
 
 To Concede is to yield either as an 
 act of discretion or courtesy. A 
 government may concede a privilege 
 to the people ; a person may concede 
 a point in dispute for the sake of 
 peace. 
 
 To Resign is, 1. To give back, as 
 an office. 2. To give up, as a claim. 
 (L., resigno, to give up by signa- 
 ture.) 
 
 To Renounce is to refuse to own or 
 acknowledge as belonging to. (L., 
 renuncio, to give up by word of 
 mouth.) 
 
 To Abdicate is to abandon an of- 
 fice or trust without a formal resig- 
 nation. Charles the Fifth abdicated 
 his crown. (L., abdico [abdicatum], 
 to renounce.) 
 
 14. To Swear. 
 
 To SWEAR is to affirm with a 
 solemn appeal to God for the truth 
 of what is affirmed. 
 
 An Oath is an affirmation with a 
 solemn appeal to God for its truth ; 
 or an oath is the act of swearing. 
 
 Juro \_juratum~\, to swear. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Adjure, 1. To command on oath, 
 or under the penalty of a curse. I 
 adjure thee by the living God. — Matt, 
 xxvi. 2. To summon with solem- 
 nity. 
 
 Conjure', to call or summon by a 
 sacred name. 
 
 Con' jure (pron. kui/jur), to prac- 
 tice magic. See Art. Magic. 
 
 Perjury, false swearing. 
 
 To Perjure one's self is to swear 
 falsely. 
 
170 
 
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 To Suborn - is to procure to take a 
 false oath. 
 
 A Deposition is the testimony of a 
 witness reduced to writing in due 
 form of law, taken by virtue of a 
 commission or other authority of a 
 competent tribunal. — Bouvier. (L., 
 depono [deposituni], to lay down or 
 state [under oath].) 
 
 An Affidavit is an oath reduced 
 to writing, and differs from a depo- 
 sition in being without notice to the 
 party against whom it is to be used. — 
 Bouvier. (L., affidavit, he has made 
 oath, from ad, to; tmdfdes, faith.) 
 
 A Jurat is that part of an affidavit 
 or deposition where the officer certi- 
 fies that the same was sworn to be- 
 fore him. — Bouvier. (L., jurat, he 
 swears.) 
 
 14. Civil Administration. 
 
 To ADMINISTER a government 
 is to execnte the laws, and to manage 
 public affairs. {Lit, to perform the 
 duties of a servant, civil rulers being 
 regarded as the servants of the peo- 
 ple. L., minister, a servant.) 
 
 A Council is a bfcdy of men chosen 
 by a sovereign ruler as his advisers. 
 
 A Minister is a servant of the 
 sovereign executive power in a state. 
 
 A Cabinet is the governing coun- 
 cil of a country. (So called from the 
 cabinet or, apartment in which the 
 ruler transacts public business, and 
 assembles his privy council.) 
 
 A Department is a branch of the 
 public business. 
 
 A Secretary is an officer whose 
 business is to manage the affairs of 
 a particular department of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The Secretary of State conducts 
 the correspondence with foreign gov- 
 ernments. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury man- 
 ages the department of the finances. 
 
 The Secretary of War has the 
 charge of all matters relating to the 
 army. 
 
 The Secretary of the Navy has the 
 charge of building and equipping 
 ships of war. 
 
 The Postmaster-General has the 
 control of the postoffice department. 
 
 15. Of Diplomacy. 
 
 DIPLOMACY is the art of con- 
 ducting negotiations or arranging 
 treaties between nations by means of 
 their foreign ministers, Or written 
 correspondence. — Brande. 
 
 A Diplomatist is a person skilled 
 in diplomacy. 
 
 Ambassador, or Embassador, is 
 the name of the highest order of 
 foreign ministers. An embassador 
 is not only the agent of the country 
 which sends him, but also represents 
 personally the dignity of its sov- 
 ereign. — Brande. 
 
 An Embassy is, 1. A message sent 
 by one government to another. 2. 
 The person or persons sent to convey 
 a message from one government to 
 another. 
 
 Envoys, Ordinary and Extraordi-^ 
 nary, belong to the second order of ' 
 diplomatic ministers. They are in- 
 ferior in rank to embassadors prop- 
 erly so called; the chief difference 
 between them being that the latter 
 are held to represent the interests of 
 their sovereign as agents, while the 
 former represent his person. — 
 
 Brande. 
 A Plenipotentiary is an embassador 
 or envoy furnished with full power 
 to negotiate a treaty, or to transact 
 other business. (L.,plenus full; and 
 potentia, power.) 
 
 A Legation is, 1. A sending. 2. 
 The person or persons sent as em- 
 bassadors to a foreign court. (L., 
 lego [legatum'], to send.) 
 
 16. Resistance of Authority. 
 
 To REBEL / is to refuse obedience 
 to one's sovereign or government. 
 (L., re, again; and bello, to make 
 war.) 
 
 A Reb'el is one who refuses obe- 
 dience to the government to which 
 he owes allegiance. 
 
 Rebellion is the act of refusing 
 obedience to, or of making war 
 against one's sovereign. 
 
GRADES OF SOCIETY — TITLES. 
 
 171 
 
 To Revolt is to reject the author- 
 ity of a sovereign. The American 
 colonies revolted from the British 
 crown. 
 
 Insurgents are persons "who rise 
 up in arms against the government. 
 (L., in, against and surgo, to rise.) 
 
 An Insurrection is a rising up in 
 arms against the government. 
 
 A Sedition is a rising in opposi- 
 
 tion to law or the administration of 
 justice. 
 
 A Mutiny is an insurrection of 
 soldiers, or of a ship's crew, against 
 the authority of the officers. (Fr., 
 mutin, obstinate.) 
 
 A Mutineer is one who is con- 
 cerned in a mutiny. 
 
 An Emeute is a seditious commo- 
 tion. (Fr.) 
 
 OF THE GRADES OF SOCIETY. 
 
 XOBLE, of ancient and splendid 
 family. 
 
 A Noble is a person of ancient 
 and splendid family. 
 
 Nobility is descent from noble an- 
 cestors. 
 
 The Nobility are all persons taken 
 collectively, who are descended from 
 noble ancestors. 
 
 To Ennoble is, 1. To raise to the 
 rank of a noble; as, to ennoble a 
 commoner. 2. To exalt in dignity 
 or excellence. 
 
 Gentle, of respectable birth, 
 though not noble. 
 
 A Gentleman, in England, is a 
 man who, without a title, bears a coat 
 of arms, or whose ancestors have 
 been freemen. In this sense gentle- 
 men hold a middle rank between the 
 nobility and yeomanry. — Webster. 
 
 A Gentleman, in the United States, 
 is a man of education and good 
 breeding, whatever may be his occu- 
 pation. — Webster. 
 
 The Gentry, in Great Britain, are 
 
 the middle class between the nobility 
 and the vulgar. 
 
 Yeoman. Camden ranks yeomen 
 as the next class to the gentlemen. 
 The name seems to have been gener- 
 ally appropriated, in the middle ages, 
 to small freeholders. — Brande. 
 
 The Commons, in England, are 
 those who inherit or possess no rank 
 or title. 
 
 The Vulgar are the common 
 people. (L., vulgus, the common 
 people.) 
 
 The Rabble are the dregs of the 
 people. 
 
 The Patricians were the nobility 
 of the ancient Romans. (L., jpatres, 
 fathers.) 
 
 The Plebeians, among the ancient 
 Romans, were the common people. 
 (L.,j)lebs, the common people.) 
 
 A Peasant, in Europe, is a com- 
 mon countryman. (Fr., pays, the 
 country. ) 
 
 The Peasantry, in Europe, are the 
 common country people. 
 
 OF TITLES 
 
 1. Titles of Nobility. 
 
 A DUKE, in Great Britain, is one 
 of the highest order of nobility. 
 
 A Duchess is the wife of a duke. 
 
 A Marquis is next in rank below a 
 duke. 
 
 A Marchioness is the wife of a 
 marquis. 
 
 An Earl, in England, is a noble- 
 man of the third rank, being next 
 below a marquis. 
 
 A €ount, on the continent of Eu- 
 rope, is of a rank equivalent to that 
 of the English earl. 
 
 A Viscount is a nobleman next in 
 rank below an earl. 
 
172 
 
 TITLES. 
 
 A Viscountess is the wife of a vis- 
 count. 
 
 A Baron is next in rank below a 
 viscount. 
 
 A Baroness is the wife of a baron. 
 
 A Peer, in England, is a person 
 belonging to any one of the fore- 
 going orders of nobility. 
 
 A Peeress is the wife of a peer. 
 
 Lord is a title of honor, in Great 
 Britain, given to dukes, marquises, 
 earls, viscounts, and barons. 
 
 Lady, in England, is a title pre- 
 fixed to the name of any woman 
 whose husband is not lower in rank 
 than a knight, or whose father was a 
 nobleman not lower in rank than an 
 earl. — Webster. 
 
 A Lady is any respectable and 
 worthy woman. 
 
 A Baronet is next in degree be- 
 low a baron. 
 
 Note. — Baronet is the lowest hereditary title 
 of honor in England. — See Orders of Knighthood. 
 
 2. Titles of Respect and Civility. 
 
 Majesty is a title of emperors, 
 kings, and queens. 
 
 Catholic Majesty is the title of the 
 kings of Spain. (Conferred on Fer- 
 dinand and Isabella, by Pope Alex- 
 ander VI. in 1492, in memory of the 
 conquest of the Moors.) 
 
 Most Christian Majesty is a title 
 borne by the kings of France. 
 
 Most Faithful Majesty is the title 
 of the kings of Portugal. 
 
 Highness is a title conferred on 
 all royal princes and princesses, 
 whether in the direct line of succes- 
 sion or not. — Brande. 
 
 Serene, Serene Highness, or Se- 
 renity. Before the dissolution of 
 the German empire, Serene Highness 
 and Most Serene Highness were the 
 appropriate addresses of princely 
 houses holding immediately of the 
 empire. Since that time these titles 
 belong of right to the families of 
 sovereign houses, and also to the 
 members of ci-devant (former) sov- 
 ereign houses. — Brande. 
 
 High Mightinesses was a title for- 
 
 merly given to the members of the 
 States-General of Holland. 
 
 Excellency is a title of honor 
 given to presidents, governors, and 
 embassadors. 
 
 Honor is a title by which judges 
 of courts are addressed. 
 
 Honorable is an epithet of respect 
 and distinction; as, the honorable 
 court; the honorable gentleman. 
 
 Note. — In England, the title Honorable, is 
 prefixed to the names of the younger sons of 
 earls, and to those of all the children, both sons 
 and daughters, of viscounts and barons. — Brande. 
 In the United States, judges of Courts, members 
 of Congress, and heads of departments, are 
 styled Honorable. 
 
 Sire is a title used in addressing a 
 king or emperor. 
 
 Sir is, 1. A word of respect used 
 in addresses to men. 2. The title of 
 a knight. 
 
 Madam is a title used in address- 
 ing a lady. (Fr., ma, my ; and dame, 
 lady.) 
 
 Miss is the title of an unmarried 
 woman. 
 
 Mister is a title used in addressing 
 or speaking of men. (For Master.) 
 
 Mistress is a title used in address- 
 ing or speaking of married ladies. 
 
 Esquire. Younger sons of peers, 
 their eldest sons, eldest sons of 
 knights, sheriffs of counties, sergeants 
 at law, and justices of the peace, 
 are esquires by virtue of their re- 
 spective rank or office. Heads of 
 ancient families are considered es- 
 quires by prescription; and hence, 
 has originated the use of the word 
 in the present day, as a common ad- 
 dition to the names of all who live 
 in the rank of gentlemen. — Brande. 
 
 Holiness is the title by which the 
 Pope is addressed. 
 
 Grace is the title of a duke or 
 archbishop. 
 
 Reverend is an epithet applied to 
 clergymen. 
 
 Reverence is a title of the clergy. 
 
 Right Reverend is an epithet ap- 
 plied to a bishop. 
 
 Most Reverend is an epithet ap- 
 plied to an archbishop. 
 
WARFARE. 
 
 173 
 
 OF WAKFARE. 
 
 1. Terms relating to the general idea 
 
 of War. 
 
 WAR is a conflict between nations 
 carried on by force. 
 
 To Wage is to carry on ; as, to 
 wage war. 
 
 Bellum, war. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Bellicose, or Bellicous, inclined to 
 Avar; as, a bellicose people. 
 
 Bellona, the goddess of war. 
 
 Belligerent, engaged in carrying 
 on war; as, belligerent nations. 
 
 Guerrilla, a little war. (Sp.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Guerrilla Warfare, the plan of 
 harassing armies by the constant 
 attacks of independent bands. 
 
 Martial, 1. Warlike; as, a martial 
 spirit. 2. Suited to war; as, a mar- 
 tial appearance. (Mars, the god of 
 war.) 
 
 Hostility, the state of open war 
 between nations. 
 
 Hostilities, hostile attacks and 
 other acts by which belligerents an- 
 noy each other. (L., hostis, an ene- 
 my-) 
 
 A Truce, or Armistice is a tempor- 
 ary cessation of hostilities by mutual 
 agreement, (L., arma, arms; and 
 sisto, to stand still.) 
 
 Peace is, 1. A state of freedom 
 from war, either foreign or domestic. 
 
 2. Freedom from private quarrels. 3. 
 Freedom from agitation or disturb- 
 ance by the passions. 4. Freedom 
 from disturbance or agitation in 
 general. 
 
 Pax, peace. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Pacify, 1. To restore peace to; 
 as, to pacify belligerent nations. 2. 
 To allay excitement or agitation ; as, 
 to pacify an angry man. (L., facio, 
 to make.) 
 
 Pacific, 1. Peacefully disposed ; as, 
 a pacific temper. 2. Adapted to pro- 
 mote peace ; as pacific measures. 3. 
 Free from agitation or disturbance; 
 as, a pacific state of things. 
 
 Pacification, the act of making 
 peace between parties at variance. 
 
 Pacificator, a peace-maker. 
 
 To Appease is to pacify, in a figu- 
 rative sense; as, to appease anger, 
 hunger, or thirst. (Fr., paix, peace; 
 from L., pax.) 
 
 2. Of Soldiers. 
 
 A SOLDIER is a person engaged 
 to serve his king or country in war. 
 
 Miles [_militis~], a soldier. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Military, 1. Engaged in the life of 
 a soldier; as, a military man. 2. 
 Suiting a soldier; as, military virtue. 
 3. Effected by soldiers; as, a military 
 election. 
 
 Militia, the citizens of a state en- 
 rolled for discipline, but not to be 
 called into service except in emer- 
 gencies. 
 
 Militant, engaged in warfare, as 
 when we speak of the church mili- 
 tant in contradistinction to the church 
 triumphant. 
 
 Militate, lit, to serve as a soldier. 
 (Not used in the lit. sense.) To Mil- 
 itate against is to tend to prevent suc- 
 cess; as, that circumstance militated 
 against the accomplishment of his 
 purpose. 
 
 A Troop is, 1. A company. 2. A 
 body of cavalry. 
 
 Troops, in the plural, signifies sol- 
 diers in general. 
 
 Infantry are foot soldiers. 
 
 Cayalry are mounted soldiers. 
 (L., caballus, a horse.) 
 
 A Dragoon is a soldier who serves 
 either on horseback or on foot, as 
 occasion may require. 
 
 A Voltigeur (zhur) is a light 
 horseman or dragoon. 
 
 Hussars are a kind of equestrian 
 troops in European armies. 
 
 Note. — The term liussar is of Hungarian ori- 
 gin, (being derived from husz, twenty ; and ar, 
 pay, every twenty houses furnishing one man), 
 and -was first applied to the body of troops raised 
 by the nobles of Hungary on the occasion of the 
 appeal made to the latter, in 1458, by Matthias 
 Corvin. The equipments of such troops are ex- 
 tremely light and elegant, and their arms con- 
 sist of a saber, a carbine, and a pair of pistols.— 
 Br ancle. 
 
174 
 
 WARFARE. 
 
 A Grenadier is a tall foot-soldier. 
 
 Sepoys are native soldiers in the 
 service of the British in India. 
 
 The Zouaves, in the French army, 
 were originally a class of soldiers who 
 had served in Algeria, and had been 
 disciplined in a peculiar manner. They 
 derive their name from the Zouaves, 
 a native tribe inhabiting the Atlas 
 mountains, whose mode of warfare 
 the French soldiers were obliged to 
 adopt in order to subdue them. 
 
 3. Of Arms. 
 
 ARMS are of two kinds, offensive 
 and defensive. 
 
 Arms Offensive are called weapons. 
 Arms Defensive are called armor. 
 
 4. Of Weapons. 
 
 A WEAPON is an instrument 
 used in attacking. 
 
 A Sword is an edged weapon used 
 either in cutting or thrusting. 
 
 A Cutlass is a broad, curving 
 sword. 
 
 A Hanger is a short broad-sword, 
 incurvated toward the point. 
 
 A Falchion is a short, crooked 
 sword. 
 
 A Cimiter is a short, crooked 
 sword, recurvated, or bent backward. 
 
 A Saber is a sword or cimiter with 
 a broad and heavy blade, thick at 
 the back, and a little curved toward 
 the point. 
 
 A Rapier is a small sword, used 
 only in thrusting. 
 
 A Spear is a long, pointed weapon, 
 used either by thrusting or throwing. 
 
 A Lance is a long spear thrown by 
 the ancients. In later times the com- 
 batants thrust them against each 
 other on horseback. 
 
 A Pike is a weapon consisting of 
 a long wooden shaft with a steel head, 
 flat and pointed. 
 
 A Dagger or Poniard is a short 
 weapon used in stabbing. 
 
 A Stiletto is a dagger with a 
 round, pointed blade. 
 
 A Dirk is a kind of dagger. 
 
 A Halberd consists of a wooden 
 
 shaft, five feet long, with a steel head, 
 partly in the form of a crescent. — 
 Brande. 
 
 The Javelin was a sort of spear, 
 about five and a half feet long, the 
 shaft of which was wood, but pointed 
 with steel; used by horse or foot. — 
 Webster. 
 
 A Dart is a pointed missile wea- 
 pon to be thrown by the hand. 
 
 An Arrow is a missive weapon, 
 straight, slender, pointed, and barbed, 
 to shoot from a bow. 
 
 Sagitta, an arrow. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sagittal, resembling an arrow. 
 
 Sagittate, arrow-shaped. 
 
 A Shaft is an arrow or other 
 pointed missile. 
 
 5. Of Firearms. 
 
 FIRE-ARMS are metallic tubes 
 from which missiles are thrown by 
 the explosive force of gunpowder. 
 
 Gun is a term applied to any kind 
 of firearm except the pistol. 
 
 Cannon, Artillery, and Ordnance 
 are terms applied to guns of the 
 largest size. 
 
 Mortars and Howitzers are short, 
 wide pieces of ordnance, used for 
 throwing shells, bombs, grape-shot, 
 etc. 
 
 Note. — The difference between a mortar and a 
 howitzer is, that the trunnions (knobs which 
 serve to support the piece on the carriage) of a 
 mortar are at the end, but those of a howitzer 
 are at the middle. 
 
 A Musket is a portable gun with 
 a smooth bore. 
 
 A Rifle is a portable gun with, a 
 bore that is rifled, that is, cut in 
 spiral grooves. 
 
 A Carbine, or Carabine, (called 
 also a Petronel), is a firearm used 
 by cavalry, smaller in the bore and 
 snorter than a musket. — Brande. 
 
 A Fusil (pron. fuzee') is a light 
 musket. 
 
 A Matchlock was a musket which 
 was fired by a match. 
 
 A Firelock is a musket or other 
 gun discharged by striking fire with 
 a flint and steel. 
 
 A Pistol is a small firearm carried 
 in a case. 
 
WARFARE. 
 
 175 
 
 6. Of Armor. 
 
 ARMOR is any habit worn to pro- 
 tect the body in battle. 
 
 A Helm, Helmet, Casque, or Head- 
 piece was a piece of armor which 
 guarded the head. 
 
 Note. — Helmets were anciently formed of va- 
 rious materials, but chiefly of skins of beasts, 
 brass and iron. 
 
 The Visor was the part of the hel- 
 met which protected the face. 
 
 The Gorget was a piece covering 
 the neck, and was attached to the 
 helmet. (Fr., gorge, the neck.) 
 
 The Breastplate was a piece of 
 armor protecting the breast. 
 
 The Cuirass 7 , as its name implies, 
 was originally a covering for the 
 breast consisting of leather. After- 
 ward other materials were used. (Fr., 
 cuir, leather.) 
 
 Cuisses, Cuissots, or Cuissarts, 
 (pron. kweeses, etc.), were pieces of 
 armor protecting the front of the 
 thigh. (Fr., cuisse, the thigh.) 
 
 Greaves were pieces of armor 
 protecting the front of the legs from 
 the knee to the foot. 
 
 The Brass'art was a piece of ar- 
 mor which protected the upper part 
 of the arm from the elbow to the 
 shoulder. (Fr., bras, the arm.) 
 
 Mail is defensive armor formed of 
 iron rings or round meshes. 
 
 A Coat op Mail was a piece of 
 armor in the form of a shirt, consist- 
 ing of a network of iron rings. 
 
 Harness or Panoply was a com- 
 plete suit of armor. (Gr., 7rnv [pari], 
 all; and ottxov \_oplon\, armor.) 
 
 Cap-a-pie signifies from head to 
 foot. {Cap, the head; a, to; and pie, 
 the foot. Fr.) 
 
 Note. — When a knight or soldier had on a full 
 suit of armor, he was said to be armed cajp-a-pie. 
 
 A Shield, or Buckler, was a piece 
 of defensive armor attached to the 
 left arm. It consisted of wicker- 
 work, or of a wooden frame covered 
 with leather) and was sometimes large 
 enough to protect the whole body. 
 
 7. To Arm, etc. 
 To ARM is to furnish with arms. 
 
 An Armament is an armed naval 
 force. 
 
 An Armada is a fleet of armed 
 ships. 
 
 To Accouter is to furnish with 
 military dress and arms. 
 
 Accouterments are the dress and 
 arms of a soldier. 
 
 To Equip is, 1, and properly, To 
 dress ; as, to equip a person with a 
 suit of clothes. Hence, 2. To furnish 
 with arms and warlike apparatus ; as, 
 to equip an army. 
 
 To Mobilize is to get in readiness 
 for moving ; as, to mobilize an army. 
 (Fr., mobiliser, to make movable; 
 from L., mobilis, movable.) 
 
 Note. — The mobilization of an armj r consists in 
 calling back the soldiers who are absent on fur- 
 lough, and in furnishing the troops with all the 
 necessary equipments for active service. 
 
 An Armory is a place where arms 
 and instruments of war are deposited 
 for safe keeping. 
 
 An Arsenal is a magazine of mili- 
 tary stores. 
 
 Munitions include stores of all 
 kinds for the use of a military force. 
 (L., munio, to fortify.) 
 
 Ammunition includes powder, balls, 
 bombs, and the various kinds of shot. 
 
 8. Of the Constitution of an Army. 
 
 An ARMY is a large body of armed 
 men. 
 
 A Company is the smallest organic 
 division of an army, consisting of an 
 indefinite number of men, usually 
 from 60 to 100. 
 
 A Captain is an officer who com- 
 mands a company. 
 
 A Lieutenant is the second com- 
 missioned officer in a company. 
 
 An Ensign is the lowest commis- 
 sioned officer in a company, whose 
 duty is to carry the flag. 
 
 A Sergeant is a non-commissioned 
 officer in a company of infantry or 
 troop of cavalry, whose duty is to in- 
 struct recruits in discipline, to form 
 ranks, etc. 
 
 A Corporal is the lowest officer in 
 a company of infantry. He has 
 charge over one of the divisions of 
 
176 
 
 WARFARE. 
 
 the company, and places and removes 
 sentinels. 
 
 A Fugleman is one who stands in 
 front of soldiers at drill to show them 
 the motions which they must imi- 
 tate. 
 
 A Regiment is a body of men, 
 either infantry, cavalry, or artillery, 
 consisting of a number of companies, 
 usually from eight to ten. 
 
 A Colonel (pron. kurnel) is the 
 chief commander of a regiment. 
 
 A Major is a regimental officer 
 next in rank below a lieutenant- 
 colonel. 
 
 A Brigade is a division of an army 
 consisting of several regiments. 
 
 A Brigadier, or Brigadier- General, 
 is the commander of a brigade. 
 
 A Division consists of an indefinite 
 number of brigades. 
 
 A Major-General has the com- 
 mand of a division. 
 
 A General, or General-in-Chief, 
 is the chief commander of an army. 
 
 A Generalissimo, or Commander-in- 
 Chief, has the command of all the 
 forces of a nation. 
 
 A Lieutenant is an officer who 
 supplies the place of a superior in his 
 absence ; as, a lieutenant-general ; a 
 lieutenant-colonel. (Fr., lieu, a place; 
 and tenant, holding.) 
 
 An Adjutant is an officer whose 
 business is to assist superior officers. 
 
 An Adjutant- General in an army 
 is the chief adjutant. 
 
 An Aid-de-camp is an officer whose 
 duty is to receive and communicate 
 the orders of the general officer. 
 (Plural, aids-de-camp.) 
 
 A Marshal, in France, is a military 
 officer of the highest grade. 
 
 A Field Marshal is, in certain 
 countries, a military officer of high 
 rank. 
 
 A Staff is a suite of attendants to 
 a superior officer. 
 
 A Battalion is a body of infantry 
 consisting of from 500 to 800 men. 
 Sometimes a battalion composes a 
 regiment; but more generally a regi- 
 ment consists of two or more bat- 
 talions. 
 
 A Troop is a body of cavalry com- 
 manded by a captain. 
 
 A Squadron is a division of a regi- 
 ment of cavalry embracing two or 
 more troops or companies. 
 
 A Squad is a small party of men as- 
 sembled for drill or inspection. 
 
 A Detachment is a body of men 
 detached, or separated from the main 
 body, and sent on an expedition. 
 
 Veterans are soldiers who have 
 been long in the service. 
 
 Recruits are new soldiers. 
 
 Regulars are permanent or profes- 
 sional soldiers in contradistinction to 
 the militia. 
 
 Volunteers are soldiers who have 
 entered the service of their own free 
 will for a limited period. 
 
 The Line is the regular infantry 
 of an army. 
 
 To List, or to Enlist, is to have 
 one's name enrolled on a list as a 
 regular soldier. 
 
 Pioneers are men who go before an 
 army to repair the road, or to clear it 
 of obstructions. Hence, Jig. Those 
 who go before to prepare the way for 
 others. 
 
 Sappers and Miners are men who 
 are employed in building and re- 
 pairing fortifications, etc. ; and, also, 
 in sapping and mining when occasion 
 requires. 
 
 A Sentinel, or Sentry, is a soldier 
 placed on guard. . 
 
 A Vedette / is a dragoon or horse- 
 man stationed on the outpost of an 
 army, to watch an enemy and give 
 notice of danger. (L., video, to see.) — 
 Webster. 
 
 To Patrol is to pass round a camp 
 or garrison in order to observe what 
 passes. 
 
 APatrolh a detachment whose duty 
 is to go the rounds for observation. 
 
 A Scout is a person sent before an 
 army for observing the motions of the 
 enemy, and giving notice of danger. 
 
 A Spy is a person sent into an en- 
 emy's camp for the purpose of in- 
 specting their works, and of ascer- 
 taining their strength and their in- 
 tentions. 
 
WARFARE. 
 
 177 
 
 A QUARTERMASTER IS an officer 
 
 -whose duty is to find quarters for an 
 army, and to superintend the sup- 
 plies. 
 
 A Commissary is an officer who has 
 the charge of furnishing provision, 
 clothing, etc., for an army. 
 
 9. Of the Arrangement of Troops. 
 
 A RANK is a row of men standing 
 side by side. 
 
 A File is a line of men running 
 from front to rear. 
 
 A Column is a large body of men 
 drawn up in deep files, and with a 
 narrow front. 
 
 A Phalanx, among the ancient 
 Greeks, was a body of men arranged 
 in a solid square. 
 
 A Platoon consists of two or more 
 files forming a subdivision of a com- 
 pany. 
 
 10. Of Marching. 
 
 To MARCH is, 1. To move with 
 the measured and regular step of sol- 
 diers. 2. To pass from one place to 
 another, after the manner of an army. 
 3. To move in procession. (Fr., 
 marcher, to walk.) 
 
 To Countermarch is to march back. 
 [counter, in the contrary direction.) 
 
 The Van is the front of a march- 
 ing army. 
 
 The Rear is the hinder part of a 
 marching army. 
 
 The Rearward is the last troop, or 
 rear-guard of an army. 
 
 The Flanks are the sides of an 
 army or division of an army. 
 
 The Wings are the extreme right 
 and left portions of an army. 
 
 To Defile is to march off file by 
 file. 
 
 A Defile is a narrow pass where 
 soldiers are obliged to separate into 
 files. 
 
 To Advance is to move forward af- 
 ter the manner of a marching army. 
 {ad, to, and van, the front.) 
 
 Note. — Advance is primarily a military term, 
 its application to other things being secondary 
 and figurative. 
 
 To Retreat is to move backward, 
 12 
 
 as from an enemy. (Fr , re, back, and 
 trailer, to draw.) 
 
 Note. — Retreat is primarily a military term, 
 its use in reference to other things being second- 
 ary. 
 
 11. Of Flags. 
 
 A FLAG- is a piece of cloth on 
 which certain figures are painted or 
 wrought, serving, at sea, to make sig- 
 nals, and to distinguish the vessels of 
 one nation from those of another, and 
 serving, in the arm}*, to distinguish 
 one regiment from another. 
 
 Colors is a term applied to a na- 
 tional flag. (From the colors with 
 which it is diversified.) 
 
 A Standard is a staff with a flag 
 attached. 
 
 A Banner is a flag or standard un- 
 der which men are united or bound 
 for some common purpose. — Brande. 
 
 An Ensign is the national flag car- 
 ried by a ship. — Brande. (L., insigne, 
 a mark of distinction.) 
 
 A Streamer is a flag of an oblong 
 shape ; thus called, because when un- 
 furled it streams or floats in the wind. 
 
 A Pendant is a streamer which is 
 split, or divided into two parts, ending 
 in points, and hangs at the mast head, 
 or at the yard-arm end. — Brande 
 (L., pendeo, to hang.) 
 
 Pennant is synonymous with pen- 
 dant. 
 
 Pennon is a term used, poetically, 
 for a streamer or banner; but re- 
 stricted in the middle ages to the 
 banner of a knight, baronet, or 
 esquire. — Brande. 
 
 12. Of Battles. 
 
 A FIGHT is a contest in which 
 the parties have recourse to violence. 
 
 A Duel is a fight between two per- 
 sons, engaged in pursuant to a previ- 
 ous arrangement. (L., duo, two.) 
 
 A Combat is a fight either between 
 individuals or armies. (Fr., con, to- 
 gether, and battre, to beat.) 
 
 A Battle is a fight between two 
 opposing armies. (Fr., battre, to beat. ) 
 
 An Engagement is a conflict be- 
 tween two whole armies or fleets, or 
 between small squadrons or single 
 
178 
 
 WARFARE. 
 
 ships. (From engage, in reference 
 to the parties being mutually engaged 
 with each other.) 
 
 A' Rencounter is an unpremedita- 
 ted conflict between individuals or 
 small parties happening on the occa- 
 sion of an accidental meeting. (Fr., 
 rencontre, to meet unexpectedly.) 
 
 An Action is a fight, either be- 
 tween naval or land forces. 
 
 A Skirmish is a slight fighting at 
 a distance between armies, or be- 
 tween detachments or small parties. 
 
 13. To Conquer. 
 
 To CONQUER is to overcome an 
 enemy. 
 
 Conquest is the act of conquering. 
 
 A Conquest is a territorial posses- 
 sion gained by force of arms. 
 
 To Subdue is, 1. and properly. To 
 overcome, by force of arms; as, to 
 subdue an enemy. 2. To overcome 
 by moral force. 
 
 Vinco [victuni], to conquer or sub- 
 due. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Victory, 1. The act of overcoming 
 in battle. 2. The act of overcom- 
 ing in a moral sense, or in any 
 struggle for superiority. 
 
 Victor, one who overcomes. 
 
 Invincible, that can not be over- 
 come. 
 
 Vaincre, to conquer. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Vanquish, 1. To subdue in battle. 
 2. To defeat in any contest ; as, to 
 vanquish an opponent in an argu- 
 mentative contest. 
 
 A Triumph was the highest mili- 
 tary honor that could be conferred 
 on a Roman general. It was a sol- 
 emn procession with which a victo- 
 rious leader, and his army, advanced 
 through the city to the capitol, ac- 
 companied by the captives taken in 
 war, and vehicles bearing the spoils, 
 and all the furniture that could add 
 magnificence to the spectacle. Hence, 
 
 To Triumph is, 1. To rejoice on 
 account of victory. 2. To gain a 
 victory. 
 
 Triumphant, 1. Victorious ; as the 
 church triumphant. 2. Celebrating 
 a victory; as, a triumphant song. 
 
 An Ovation, among the Romans, 
 was a lesser triumph, allowed to a 
 commander for a victory not deserv- 
 ing a triumph in the strict sense. 
 Webster. 
 
 A Defeat is an overthrow sus- 
 tained in battle. 
 
 A Rout is a confused and disor- 
 derly flight. 
 
 14. Of Fortification. 
 
 To FORTIFY is to make strong. 
 (L., fortis, strong, and facio, to 
 make. ) 
 
 Fortification is, 1. The act of mak- 
 ing strong. 2. The art, or science, 
 of making places strong to defend 
 them against an enemy. 
 
 A Fortification, Fort, or Fortress, 
 is a fortified place 
 
 Fortifications are the works erected 
 to defend a place against attack. 
 
 A Castle is a house fortified for 
 defense against an enemy. 
 
 A Citadel is a fortress in the 
 midst of a city. 
 
 A Stronghold, or Fastness, is a 
 place either naturally very secure, or 
 rendered so by art. 
 
 A Rampart is a mound of earth 
 around a place, capable of resisting 
 cannon shot. 
 
 A Bastion is a large, projecting 
 mass of earth, or masonry, at the 
 angles of a fortified place, anciently 
 called a bulwark. — Brande. 
 
 Note. — The annexed figure represents a verti- 
 cal section of a regular fortification on the 
 ground line X Y, the place to be defended being 
 
 supposed between X and A. The mass of earth, 
 A, B, C, D, E, F, G. H, forms the rampart with 
 its parapet. A B is the interior slope of the 
 rampart ; B C is the terreplein of the rampart, 
 having a breadth of about forty feet, on which 
 the troops and cannon are placed ; D E is .called 
 the banquette, or step, on which the soldiers 
 mount to fire over the parapet ; E F G is the 
 parapet, (or breastwork,) of a hight, (about 7 
 feet,) sufficient to protect the men and Runs on 
 the terreplein, and sloped in the opposite direc- 
 
WARFARE. 
 
 179 
 
 tion toward M, the opposite side of the ditch, so 
 that a man approach ing there may he seen and 
 fired at ; G II is the exterior slope of the para- 
 pet ; II I is the revetment, or wall of masonry 
 supporting the rampart, and strengthened, at 
 intervals, by buttresses, (masses of masonry serv- 
 ing as props,) placed at small intervals behind 
 it. The exterior front of the rampart, covered 
 with the revetment H K, is called the escarp; 
 IKLM is the ditch ; L M, the opposite side 
 of the ditch, is the counterscarp, also supported 
 by a revetment of masonry ; M N'is the covered 
 way, a space about ten yards in breadth, having 
 a banquette, NOP, also protected by a parapet, 
 P Q, the extreme slope of which, Q E, is called 
 the glacis. — Brande. 
 
 A Barricade, or Barricado, is a de- 
 fense, either by intrenchment or 
 raised work, made in a hasty man- 
 ner, by barrels filled with earth, 
 heaps of stones piled up, carts, 
 trunks of trees, or any other materi- 
 als which would obstruct the passage 
 or advance of an opposing force. — 
 Brande. 
 
 A Bareiee is a piece of woodwork 
 erected to defend the entrance of a 
 passage or intrenchment, with a 
 movable bar in the center, which 
 may be withdrawn at pleasure. — 
 Brande. 
 
 A Poetcullis is a sort of a ma- 
 chine composed of several large pieces 
 of wood laid across one another, like 
 a harrow and pointed with iron, 
 used formerly to be hung over the 
 gateways of fortified places, to be let 
 down in the case of a surprise, and 
 when there was not time to shut the 
 gate. — Brande. (Fr., porte, a gate, 
 and couler, to slip down.) 
 
 To Intrench is to cut a trench or 
 ditch around a place, as in fortifi- 
 cation. 
 
 A Moat is a deep trench around a 
 castle or other fortified place. It is 
 sometimes filled with water. 
 
 Fascines (pron. fasseens) are bun- 
 dles of fagots, twigs, or branches of 
 trees, which, being mixed with earth, 
 are made use of for filling up ditches, 
 and forming parapets. (L., fascina, 
 a fagot.) 
 
 A Picket is a sharpened stake used 
 in fortifications and encampments. 
 
 Picketed, fortified or inclosed with 
 pickets. 
 
 A Stockade is, 1. A sharpened post 
 
 set in the ground. 2. A line of posts 
 set in the earth as a fence or barrier. 
 
 A Gabion is a hollow cylinder of 
 wickerwork, resembling a basket 
 without a bottom, filled with earth, 
 and serving to shelter men from an 
 enemy's fire. 
 
 A Garrison is a body of forces dis- 
 posed in a fortress to defend it against 
 the enemy, or to keep the inhabitants 
 of the town, where it is situated, in 
 subjection. — Brande. 
 
 A Cordon is a line or series of 
 military posts. 
 
 15. Of Sieges, etc. 
 
 A SIEGE is the sitting down of an 
 army before a fortified place for the 
 purpose of compelling the garrison to 
 surrender. 
 
 To Besiege is to surround with 
 armed forces for the purpose of com- 
 pelling to surrender either by famine 
 or by violent attacks. 
 
 To Beleaguer is to surround with 
 an army. (Ger., be, by; and lagern, 
 to lie, or encamp.) 
 
 To Invest is to beset on all sides 
 with an armed force, and to surround 
 with works so as to prevent escape or 
 the access of supplies. (L., investio, 
 to clothe.) 
 
 To Blockade is to beset with an 
 armed fleet so as to prevent the en- 
 trance or exit of vessels; as, to block- 
 ade a port. 
 
 A Circumvallation is a trench or 
 bulwark thrown up about a camp or 
 besieged city, composed of the earth 
 dug from the ditch, and of sharp 
 stakes planted in it, — Brande. (L., 
 vallum, a rampart ) 
 
 A Mine is a subterraneous passage 
 commenced at a distance and termi- 
 nating under the wall or rampart of a 
 fortification, where a quantity of 
 powder may be lodged for blowing up 
 the works. 
 
 To Spring a mine is to cause an ex- 
 plosion of the powder that has been 
 deposited in it. 
 
 To Sally is, 1. To rush out, as a 
 body of troops from a besieged place. 
 in order to attack the besiegers. 
 
180 
 
 WARFARE. 
 
 Hence, 2. To issue suddenly. (L., 
 salio, to leap. 
 
 To Assault is to make a violent at- 
 tack upon ; as, to assault a fortress. 
 
 To Storm is to take by force; as, 
 to storm a fortified town. 
 
 16. To Surrender. 
 
 To SURRENDER is, 1. To yield to 
 the power of another ; as, to surrender 
 a fort. 2. To yield one's self to the 
 power of another; as, the enemy sur- 
 rendered. (Fr., sur, up; and rendre, 
 to give. ) 
 
 To Capitulate is to surrender an 
 army or garrison to an enemy by 
 treaty, in which the terms of sur- 
 render are specified and agreed to by 
 the parties. 
 
 To Surrender at discretion is to 
 surrender without stipulations, the 
 yielding party leaving everything to 
 the discretion and generosity of the 
 victors. 
 
 17. Encampment, etc. 
 
 A CAMP is, 1. The ground on 
 which an army encamps. 2. The 
 army encamped. 3. The order of the 
 tents. (L., campus, a plain.) 
 
 To Encamp is to spread tents for 
 the purpose of a temporary stay. 
 {en, in.) 
 
 To Decamp is, 1 . To remove or de- 
 part from a camp. Hence, 2. To de- 
 part suddenly and privately, as if from 
 fear, or with some sinister design. 
 
 Quarters are, 1. Stations for sol- 
 diers or an army. Hence, 2. Lodg- 
 ings. 
 
 A Tent is a temporary shelter 
 under which a soldier sleeps, com- 
 monly made of canvass, extended 
 upon poles. 
 
 A Marquee (pron. ma?*Jcee / ) is a 
 large field tent. 
 
 A Field is the ground where a 
 battle is fought. 
 
 The Field is the scene of active 
 military operations beyond the limits 
 of fortified inclosures. 
 
 A Campaign includes the field opera- 
 tions of an army for a single season. 
 
 18. Of the Military Art. 
 
 # TACTICS is the science and art of 
 disposing military and naval forces in 
 order of battle, and of performing 
 military and naval evolutions. (Gr., 
 Ta.cro-00 \tasso~], to arrange.) 
 
 Strategy is the science of military 
 command, or of directing great mili- 
 tary movements. (Gr. , errparnyiu \_stra- 
 tegeo~], to lead an army.) Hence, 
 
 A Stratagem is, 1, and properly. 
 An artifice in war. 2. Any artifice. 
 
 An Evolution is, 1, and lit. The act 
 of unrolling. 2. Any motion by which 
 the disposition of troops is changed. 
 (L., evolvo, [evolutum], to unroll.) 
 
 A Maneuver is a dextrous move- 
 ment, particularly in an army or 
 navy. (Fr., main, the hand; and 
 ceuvre, work.) 
 
 A Feint (pron. faint) is a move- 
 ment designed to deceive the enemy. 
 (Fr., feindre, to pretend.) 
 
 To Marshal is to arrange in mili- 
 tary order ; as, to marshal troops. 
 
 To Parade is, 1. To marshal. 
 2. To exhibit in a showy or ostenta- 
 tious manner. 
 
 To Muster is to collect for inspec- 
 tion or exercise. Hence, figuratively ; 
 
 To Muster up is to succeed, by dint 
 of effort, in raising or getting to- 
 gether ; as, to muster up courage. 
 
 OF KNIGHTHOOD. 
 
 KNIGHTHOOD was originally a 
 species of honor conferred on those 
 who had distinguished themselves by 
 their bravery in battle. (Sax., cnicht, 
 or Ger., knecht, a servant.) Knights 
 were the military servants of the 
 chieftain to whom they were attached. 
 
 The Accolade was a ceremony by 
 which the honor of knighthood was 
 conferred. The Accolade consisted 
 in a blow of the flat of a sword on 
 the neck of the kneeling candidate. 
 (L., ad, upon; and collum, the neck.) 
 
 To Dub is, 1. To make a person a 
 
KNIGHTHOOD. 
 
 181 
 
 knight by striking him with a sword. 
 Hence, 2. To confer any dignity by 
 some appropriate ceremony. 
 
 Note. — The privilege of conferring knight- 
 hood, belonged originally to the sovereign ; but 
 when knighthood had assumed its peculiar ro- 
 mantic character, the most distinguished and 
 valorous knights were allowed to confer it, and 
 kings themselves sought for the distinction of 
 knighthood at their hands. — Brande. 
 
 Knights-Bachelors were knights 
 of a lower order. (L., baccalare, a 
 small fief.) 
 
 Knights-Bannerets were those who 
 possessed fiefs to a greater amount, 
 were obliged to serve in war with a 
 greater attendance and carried a 
 banner. 
 
 An Esquire, or A Squire, was a 
 young man who waited on a knight, 
 to whom he was bound to render 
 devoted and faithful service. In this 
 capacity he was a sort of apprentice 
 to knighthood; but as many esquires 
 never reached the order of knight- 
 hood, but remained independent, the 
 rank of esquire, in ordinary usage, 
 became an intervening order between 
 the knight and the simple gentleman. 
 (Fr., e'cuyer, a groom; it being one 
 of the duties of a squire to attend to 
 his master's horse.) — Brande. 
 
 Chevalier, a French word synony- 
 mous with the English word knight. 
 (Fr., cheval, a horse; it having been 
 the custom of knights to be mounted 
 in battle, at tournaments, and when 
 wandering in quest of adventures.) 
 
 Chivalry, 1. Knighthood. 2. The 
 usages and customs pertaining to the 
 order of knighthood. 3. The body or 
 order of knights. (From chevalier.) 
 
 Chivalric, partaking of the charac- 
 ter of chivalry. 
 
 Chivalrous, brave, (from the cir- 
 cumstance that bravery was a char- 
 acteristic virtue of knights.) 
 
 Knights-Errant were knights who 
 wandered in quest of adventures. 
 [Errant, wandering.) 
 
 Orders of Knighthood. 
 
 The ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD 
 
 9,re of two classes ; either they are 
 associations or fraternities possess- 
 
 ing property and rights of their 
 own as independent bodies ; or they 
 are merely honorary associations es- 
 tablished by sovereigns within their 
 respective dominions, consisting of 
 members whose only tie is the pos- 
 session of the same titular distinction. 
 To the former class belong the three 
 celebrated religious orders founded 
 during the Crusades, — Templars, 
 Hospitalers, and Teutonic knights. — 
 Brande. 
 
 The Knights-Templars, or Knights 
 of the Temple, were a military order 
 of religious persons. It was founded 
 by an association of knights at the 
 beginning of the 12th century, for the 
 protection of pilgrims on the roads in 
 Palestine; afterward it took for its 
 chief object the protection of the 
 Holy Sepulcher at Jerusalem against 
 the Saracens. — Brande. 
 
 The Knights-Hospitalers were an 
 order who built a hospital at Jeru- 
 salem for pilgrims. At their original 
 institution they were styled Knights 
 of St. John of Jerusalem; afterward, 
 Knights of Rhodes, and again 
 Knights of Malta. 
 
 The Teutonic Order was founded 
 in 1190 by Frederick, duke of Swabia, 
 and intended for Germans of noble 
 rank only. Its original object was 
 the performance of service against 
 the Infidels in Palestine. — Brande. 
 
 The Order of the Garter, for- 
 merly called the Order of St. George, 
 is an order of knighthood in England, 
 the institution of which is ascribed 
 to Richard I., who tied thongs of 
 leather, as marks of distinction, 
 around the legs of several of his offi- 
 cers at the siege of Acre — Brande. 
 
 Note. — According to another account, the 
 Order of the Garter was instituted by Edward 
 III. in commemoration of the circumstance of 
 the king's having picked up a lady's garter at a 
 ball.— See Hume, Vol. II. 
 
 Baronets are a hereditary order 
 of knights instituted by King James 
 I., in 1611, as a reward for the ser- 
 vices of those who came forward to 
 quell the insurrection in Ireland. — 
 Brande. 
 
 The Legion of Honor is an order 
 
182 
 
 HERALDRY — PROPERTY. 
 
 instituted by Napoleon, when first 
 consul of France, for merit, both mil- 
 itary and civil. 
 
 Sir, in England, is the distinguish- 
 ing appellation of knights and baro- 
 nets, to whose Christian names it is 
 prefixed; as, Sir Humphrey Davy 
 (L., senior, elder; whence signor, 
 siore, sire, sir.) — Brande. 
 
 A Tournament, or Tourney, was a 
 mock battle, in which none but 
 knights of noble birth were permitted 
 to engage. 
 
 A Just, or Joust, was an amicable 
 contest between two knights armed 
 with lances. 
 
 The Lists were the inclosed field or 
 ground where the ancient knights 
 held their jousts and tournaments. 
 Hence, the figurative expression, To 
 enter the lists, signifying To engage 
 in a contest. (From Ust % the line 
 which was stretched around the 
 space. ) 
 
 Note. — In a joust, the contending knights 
 took their stations at opposite ends of the lists, 
 and having couched their lances on the saddle- 
 bows, they rushed together, each aiming the 
 point of his spear at the armor which protected 
 the breast of his antagonist. 
 
 To Tilt is to ride at full speed and 
 thrust after the manner of knights 
 in jousting. 
 
 OF HEEALDRT. 
 
 HEEALDRY is the science of 
 conventional distinctions impressed 
 on shields, banners, and other mili- 
 tary accouterments. 
 
 Arms are emblematic figures, 
 painted on shields, flags, etc. 
 
 A Coat-of-Arms was originally a 
 coat on which the arms of a knight 
 were represented, and which he wore 
 over his armor. The representation 
 of the arms of a family, corporation, 
 or nation, is now called a coat-of- 
 arms. 
 
 Ensigns Armorial are the devices 
 which enter into the composition of 
 a coat-of-arms. (L., insignia, marks 
 of distinction.) 
 
 An Armory is a coat-of-arms. 
 
 Bearings are the coats-of-arms, or 
 the figures of armories, by which the 
 
 nobility and gentry are distinguished 
 from each other, and from common 
 persons. 
 
 To Blazon is to explain, in proper 
 terms, the figures on ensigns armo- 
 rial. 
 
 Note. — The word is supposed to be derived 
 from the German blasen, to blow, and to have 
 originated in the ceremonial of tournaments — 
 it having been customary, on these solemn occa- 
 sions, for the herald to blow a trumpet when he 
 called out the arms of a knight on ushering him 
 into the lists. — Brande. 
 
 Blazonry is the art of deciphering 
 coats-of-arms ; also, that of expressing 
 or describing coats-of-arms in appro- 
 priate language. 
 
 To Emblazon is to adorn with 
 figures of heraldry, or ensigns armo- 
 rial. 
 
 An Escutcheon is a shield on which 
 a coat-of-arms is represented. 
 
 OF PEOPEETY. 
 
 1. General Ideas. 
 
 The PROPERTY of an individual 
 consists in whatever he has the ex- 
 clusive right to use and control. 
 (L., proprius, own.) 
 
 To Belong is to appertain as pro- 
 perty. 
 
 To Own is to have the legal right 
 to property. 
 
 To Possess is to have the right to 
 property, and to have, at the same 
 time, the power of controlling it. A 
 minor may be the legal owner of 
 property of which he can not acquire 
 the possession till he attains his ma- 
 jority. 
 
 A Proprietor or Owner is one who 
 has the legal right to property. 
 
PROPERTY. 
 
 183 
 
 Note. — The former of these terms is usually 
 employed in reference to things of importance, 
 and the latter on familiar occasions. Thus we 
 should rather say, the proprietor of an estate or 
 house, and the owner of a horse or book. 
 
 To Appropriate, 1. To make a 
 thing one's own by any lawful means. 
 We may lawfully appropriate to our- 
 selves that which has never had an 
 owner, and also the fruits of our own 
 honest industry. 2. To take and use 
 as our own that which does not be- 
 long to us. The thief appropriates 
 to himself the goods of his neighbor. 
 3. To apply to some particular pur- 
 pose; as, to appropriate money for 
 the establishment of a school. 
 
 Note. — The purpose for which, or the object 
 to which, an appropriation is made occupies the 
 stead of a proprietor. 
 
 Estate is the interest which a per- 
 son has in lands or other property. 
 
 Note. — Estate is of two kinds, real and per- 
 sonal. 
 
 Real Estate is property of a fixed 
 or immovable nature, as lands and 
 houses. 
 
 Personal Estate consists of all 
 kinds of property that is not included 
 under the title of real estate. 
 
 A Tenement is. any species of per- 
 manent property that may be held. 
 (L., teneo, to hold.) 
 
 An Estate is the entire possessions 
 of an individual. 
 
 A person's Fortune is his entire 
 estate, whether that be large or 
 small. 
 
 A Fortune is a large estate : as, a 
 lady of fortune; to inherit & fortune. 
 
 Goods are articles of domestic or 
 personal utility. 
 
 Chattels are items of personal 
 property apart from the household; 
 as cattle, implements of husbandry, 
 etc. 
 
 Effects include all kinds of pro- 
 perty from the sale of which money 
 may be realized for the benefit of 
 creditors or the heirs of the estate. 
 They are called effects, because they 
 effect something for the benefit of 
 the parties interested. 
 
 Furniture. Under this title are 
 included articles of household utility, 
 
 convenience, or ornament. They are 
 called furniture, because the house 
 is furnished, that is, supplied and 
 fitted up with those articles. 
 
 Stock consists of those domestic 
 quadrupeds of the farmer which have 
 always a cash value in market. 
 Cows, horses, sheep, and hogs consti- 
 tute stock, but dogs and cats do not. 
 
 Live Stock. When the valuable 
 quadrupeds of the farm are in pro- 
 cess- of being transported as freight 
 to a distant market, they are called 
 live stock. 
 
 Cattle. This term, in England, 
 includes all domestic quadrupeds used 
 in tillage or other labor, and for food. 
 In the United States the application 
 of the term is restricted to animals 
 of the ox kind. 
 
 Poultry. Under this title are in- 
 cluded such fowls as are propagated 
 for the sake of their flesh, eggs, or 
 feathers. 
 
 2. Riches. 
 
 RICH, ]. Possessing more than a 
 medium share of property. 2. Pos- 
 sessing beyond mediocrity such qual- 
 ities as cause a thing to be prized or 
 admired; as, rich clothing; a rich 
 flavor ; rich food ; rich colors ; a rich 
 landscape ; rich music. 3. Abundant ; 
 as, a rich crop ; a rich supply. 4. Fer- 
 tile ; as, a rich soil. 
 
 Riches is a term which implies more 
 than a medium amount of property. 
 
 Wealth (from well), denotes the 
 abundant possession of such things 
 as are calculated to promote the ma- 
 terial well-being of an individual or 
 community. 
 
 Opulence implies the possession of 
 great riches by an individual or 
 people. 
 
 Affluence implies abundant and 
 increasing wealth. (L., ad, to; and 
 fluo, to flow.) 
 
 3. Poverty. 
 
 POOR, destitute of possessions. 
 Any person who can not command 
 the conveniences, though he may en- 
 joy the indispensable necessaries of 
 life, may be said to be poor. 
 
184 
 
 PROPERTY. 
 
 Poverty is the condition of being 
 poor ; that is, the condition of being 
 abridged of the conveniences of life. 
 
 Indigence is a condition in which 
 a person is not only destitute of the 
 conveniences, but is stinted in regard 
 to the necessaries of life. 
 
 Penury is the privation of things in 
 general, but especially of things that 
 are essential to existence. 
 
 Need is the absence of some parti- 
 cular thing that would be serviceable 
 to us. 
 
 Want is the absence of the neces- 
 saries of life. 
 
 Destitution is the state of being 
 unprovided with something that is 
 useful or necessary. 
 
 Paupers are poor persons who are 
 provided for at the public expense. 
 
 Charity signifies, primarily, love. 
 Secondarily, kindness to the poor, 
 because kindness is an expression of 
 love. 
 
 - Alms are things given for the re- 
 lief of the poor. 
 
 Eleemosynary, pertaining to or be- 
 stowed in alms. An almshouse is an 
 eleemosynary establishment. A sum 
 of money given for the benefit of the 
 poor is an eleemosynary donation. 
 
 To Impoverish is to render poor. 
 
 4. Of Value. 
 
 The VALUE of a thing is that 
 property, or those properties, which 
 render it useful or estimable. 
 
 The Real or Intrinsic Value of a 
 thing is measured by its utility. 
 
 The Estimated Value of anything 
 is a value depending upon opinion. 
 
 Worth is, 1. Intrinsic value. 2. 
 Moral excellence ; as, he is a man of 
 great worth. 
 
 To Be Worth is to command a de- 
 finite price in market; as, wheat is 
 worth a dollar a bushel. 
 
 Worthy, 1. Possessing moral worth; 
 as, a worthy man. 2. Deserving ; as, 
 worthy of commendation ; worthy of 
 blame. 
 
 The Price of an article is the value 
 set upon it by the person who offers 
 it for sale. 
 
 Rate is the current price at which 
 specific articles are bought and sold. 
 
 To Estimate, To Value, or To Rate, 
 is to set a value upon. 
 
 To Appraise is to set a value on 
 anything under the direction of law. 
 
 To Prize is to have an apprecia- 
 tion of the value of anything. The 
 diamond is more highly prized than 
 any other gem. 
 
 To Esteem is, 1. To set a value on, 
 whether high or low 
 
 "They that despise me shall be 
 lightly esteemed'' 1 — 1 Sam. ii. 
 
 2. To set a high value on. 
 
 To Estimate is to set a pecuniary, 
 numerical, or moral value on any- 
 thing without weighing, measuring, 
 or counting. 
 
 Pretium, price or value. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Precious of great value. 
 
 Appreciate, 1. To set a value on. 2. 
 To increase in value. The precious 
 metals appreciate as they become 
 scarce {ad, to.) 
 
 Depreciate, 1. To rate below the 
 true value. Rival authors sometimes 
 depreciate each other's works. 2. To 
 fall in value. 
 
 The Cost is the price paid for an 
 article. 
 
 Dear, costing much. 
 
 Cheap, costing little. 
 
 A Trifle is a thing of small value. 
 
 Equivalent, having equal values. 
 Five hundred francs are equivalent 
 to ninety-five dollars. 
 
 Par, equal. (L.) Hence, 
 
 At Par, when spoken of bank- 
 notes, stocks, bills of exchange, etc., 
 implies an equality between the cur- 
 rent and the nominal values. 
 
 Under Par, or Below Par, implies 
 that the current is below the nominal 
 value. 
 
 Above Par implies that current is 
 above the nominal value. 
 
 Discount is a deduction made from 
 the nominal value, (dis, off; and 
 count.) 
 
 A Premium is some specific percent- 
 age above the nominal value. 
 
PROPERTY. 
 
 1S5 
 
 5. Of Money. 
 
 MONEY is the representative or 
 measure of value. 
 
 Monetary, pertaining to money in 
 its relations to the business of a 
 country, or to general commerce ; 
 as, monetary distress. (L., moneta, 
 coin.) 
 
 Pecuniary, pertaining to money in 
 its relations to private or individual 
 business ; as, pecuniary interests ; 
 pecuniary loss. (L. , pecunia, money. ) 
 
 A Sum is an amount of money. 
 
 A Treasure is a store of money 
 or other things of great value. 
 
 A Treasury is a place where money 
 is kept. 
 
 A Treasurer is one who has the 
 keeping of money for others. 
 
 Coin consists of pieces of the pre- 
 cious metals in the form of small 
 flat cylinders gauged to some uni- 
 form standard of size, "weight, and 
 fineness, and stamped by the author- 
 ity of the government, with the name 
 of the country; with that of the 
 reigning sovereign; with the coat-of- 
 arms of the nation ; with the date of 
 the issue ; and with words, or with 
 letters and figures designating the 
 value. 
 
 A Mint is an establishment fitted 
 up with machinery for the coining of 
 money. 
 
 Bullion is uncoined gold and silver 
 in the mass. 
 
 Specie is gold, silver, or copper in 
 the form of coin. 
 
 A Bank is an institution that deals 
 in monej". 
 
 Note. — Banks lend money, receive money on 
 deposit, and buy and sell exchange. Many 
 banks also issue their own promissory notes, 
 which, under the denomination of bank bills, 
 circulate as money. These notes are signed by 
 the president of the institution, are counter- 
 signed by the cashier, and are payable at the 
 bank, on demand, in gold and silver. 
 
 Current, passing freely from hand 
 to hand ; as, the current coin of a 
 country; current bills. (L., cnrro, to 
 run, or circulate.) 
 
 Currency is whatever circulates as 
 money, whether in the form of coin, 
 or that of bank-notes. 
 
 The Circulating Medium of a coun- 
 try consists in whatever subserves the 
 purposes of money. (Circulating, 
 passing round in a circle, and L., me- 
 dius, existing between.) 
 
 Note. — A medium is that which exists between 
 a cause or agency, and an effect or result, and 
 through which the cause acts. Thus air is the 
 medium of sound, because it is interposed be- 
 tween the sonorous body and the ear, and serves 
 to convey the sound to the auditory organ. If 
 I sell a hundred bushels of wheat at one dollar a 
 bushel, and buy twenty yards of cloth with the 
 money, at five dollars a yard, then the money 
 has come between the wheat and the cloth, and 
 is, therefore, the medium through which my 
 ownership has been transferred from the one ar- 
 ticle to the other. 
 
 Cash is, 1. Ready money, in con- 
 tradistinction to credit or barter ; as, 
 to sell for cash ; to pay the cash. 2. 
 Cash is also ready money in contra- 
 distinction to merchandise, or bills 
 receivable. 
 
 A Fund is money that is set apart 
 for some particular purpose. 
 
 Funds are money in possession, 
 and applicable to any business or 
 purpose whatever. L., fundus, a bot- 
 tom or foundation. ) 
 
 Note. — It was formerly a practice of the Brit- 
 ish government, in borrowing money, to pledge 
 some particular tax, or source of revenue, as a 
 fundus, or bottom, on which the security for the 
 payment of the interest was based. It is, hence, 
 that the present popular use of the term, fund, 
 has been derived. 
 
 To Invest money is to employ it 
 in establishing and carrying on some 
 branch of business, or to apply it to 
 the purchase of lands, stocks, or other 
 property, with a view to profit. (L., 
 investio, to clothe; because lands, 
 stocks, etc., serve as a kind of cloth- 
 ing for your money. ) 
 
 Capital is money invested in trade, 
 manufactures, etc., with a view to 
 profit. (L., caput, the head, capital 
 being a head or principal sum.) 
 
 Stock is money or goods employed 
 in trade, manufactures, banking, etc. 
 (From stock, the trunk of a tree, in 
 allusion to the profits of the business 
 which represent the branches and 
 fruit.) 
 
 Revenue, or Income, is money aris- 
 ing from permanent sources. (Fr., 
 re, back, and venir, to come.) 
 
186 
 
 PROPERTY. 
 
 Fiscus, the property of the State. 
 (L. ) Hence, 
 
 Fiscal, pertaining to the public 
 treasury or revenue. 
 
 Confiscate, to take the goods or es- 
 tate of a criminal and place the pro- 
 ceeds in the public treasury. 
 
 Finance is the art of forming plans 
 for the successful management of pe- 
 cuniary interests. 
 
 Finances. By the plural term fi- 
 nances, we mean the condition of a 
 state or individual, in reference to 
 moneyed means. Thus, we say that 
 the finances of a government or indi- 
 vidual, are in a prosperous, or in an 
 embarrassed condition. 
 
 A Financier is one who is capable 
 of a skillful and economical manage- 
 ment of pecuniary interests. 
 
 6. Of the Acquisition of Money. 
 
 EARNINGS consist in money or 
 other property, acquired by labor. 
 
 Profits consist in pecuniary ad- 
 vantage resulting from the prosecu- 
 tion of any business. 
 
 Gains consist in pecuniary advan- 
 tage derived from the prosecution 
 of business. 
 
 Note. — We conceive of profits as springing 
 from our business by a sort of natural growth. We 
 conceive of gains as being drawn fortb by exer- 
 tion and skill. Our profits may be absorbed by 
 our expenses, but our gains serve to increase 
 our estate. 
 
 Emoluments consist in pecuniary 
 advantage incident to office, as sal- 
 ary, fees, and perquisites. 
 
 An Annuity is an annual sum 
 settled on a person for a limited 
 number of years, or for life. The 
 person receiving an annuity is called 
 an Annuitant. 
 
 Lucre primarily signified simply 
 gain ; but the term is now used only 
 in a bad sense. Lucre is gain, ac- 
 quired solely for the gratification of 
 an avaricious spirit, without refer- 
 ence to the good which wealth ena- 
 bles its possessor to accomplish. 
 
 Lucrative, yielding large gains ; as 
 a lucrative business. 
 
 Thrift is a prudent management 
 
 by which expense is avoided and 
 money is gained. (From thrive.) 
 
 7. Pecuniary Compensation. 
 
 WAGES are a compensation for 
 labor, or services, at a stipulated 
 rate, by the day, week, month, or 
 year. 
 
 Salary is a fixed yearly compen- 
 sation. 
 
 A Stipend is a settled compensa- 
 tion for services, whether by the day, 
 week, month, or year. 
 
 A Stipendiary is one who performs 
 services for a settled compensation. 
 
 Interest is a compensation for the 
 use of mone}r. 
 
 Rent is a compensation for the 
 use of a house, farm, or other real 
 estate. 
 
 Hire is a compensation paid, agree- 
 ably to contract, for services, or for 
 the use of any article of personal 
 property. 
 
 A Fee is a compensation to an of- 
 ficer, or professional man, for the 
 performance of some specific service. 
 
 A Perquisite consists in money, or 
 anything else that an officer is enti- 
 tled to receive, apart from his salary, 
 as a compensation for services. 
 
 A Pension is an annual sum set- 
 tled on a person in consideration of 
 past services. The old soldiers who 
 had fought in the war of the Revolu- 
 tion, received a pension from the 
 government. 
 
 Mercenary, 1. Serving for wages; 
 as, mercenary soldiers. 2. Sacrific- 
 ing principle from a sordid love of 
 gain ; as, a mercenary disposition. 
 (L., merx, wages.) 
 
 8. Of Expenditure. 
 
 To SPEND, EXPEND, or LAY 
 OUT, is to part with money, or other 
 things of value, in order to supply 
 our wants, or to procure gratification 
 of any kind. 
 
 Free, disposed to part readily with 
 money for the benefit or gratification 
 of others. 
 
 Lavish, expending too freely, 
 whether for ourselves or others. 
 
PROPERTY. 
 
 187 
 
 Profuse, immoderate in expendi- 
 ture. (L., pro, forth, and /undo \_fu- 
 sum~], to pour.) 
 
 Extravagant, wildly profuse in ex- 
 penditure. (L., extra, beyond bounds, 
 and vagor, to wander.) 
 
 Wasteful, expending on objects 
 that are of no use, or whose value 
 does not correspond to the amount 
 expended. 
 
 Prodigal, spending with a waste- 
 ful profusion. 
 
 To Dissipate, literally and prima- 
 rily, signifies to scatter. Hence, to 
 dissipate a fortune is to scatter it in 
 wasteful expenditure. 
 
 To Squander property is to spend 
 it without economy or judgment. To 
 squander time is to waste it in friv- 
 olous and unprofitable engagements. 
 
 A Prodigal is one who spends 
 lavishly. 
 
 . A Spendthrift is one who spends 
 lavishly, without paying proper atten- 
 tion to the recruiting of his resources. 
 
 Sumptus, expense. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sumptuous, lit., costly or expens- 
 ive; hence, splendid or magnificent; 
 as, a sumptuous mansion; a sumptu- 
 ous feast. 
 
 Sumptuary, relating to expense. 
 
 Sumptuary Laics are such as limit 
 and regulate the expenses of citi- 
 zens in apparel, furniture, food, etc. 
 
 9. Limitation of Expenditure. 
 
 To SAVE is to avoid waste and 
 unnecessary expense. 
 
 Economy is a prudent management 
 of property, by which waste and un- 
 necessary expense are avoided. By 
 practicing economy we may subsist on 
 moderate means. (Gr., oikoc \oicos~], 
 a house ; and vopos \_nomos~], manage- 
 ment. Economy is, therefore, liter- 
 ally, household management.) 
 
 To Husband is to manage economi- 
 cally. We should husband our re- 
 sources and our time. 
 
 Frugality is moderation in per- 
 sonal expenses. 
 
 Parsimony is an excessive care to 
 avoid expenses ; or parsimony is fru- 
 gality carried to excess. 
 
 Penuriousness is a hightened par- 
 simoniousness. 
 
 Note. — The penurious person spends as spar- 
 ingly as if he were in a state of pinching penury, 
 or want. 
 
 Niggardliness disposes a person to 
 spend in the smallest quantities pos- 
 sible, and to exact the utmost farth- 
 ing from others. 
 
 Note. — A person characterized by such a dis- 
 position is called a niggard. 
 
 Stinginess is an indisposition to 
 give, even to the most trifling amount 
 of value. 
 
 10. Exchange of Property. 
 
 EXCHANGE consists in giving 
 and receiving, mutually, things that 
 are supposed to be of equal value. 
 
 To Sell is to part with property in 
 return for an equivalent, 
 
 A Sale is an act of selling. 
 
 To Vend is to sell articles of mer- 
 chandise as a regular business. (Fr., 
 vendre, to sell.) 
 
 A Vendue is a public sale of the 
 goods and chattels of an estate. 
 
 Venal, being for sale. (L., veneo, 
 to be sold.) 
 
 Note. — Venal is used only in a bad sense. A 
 man is said to be venal who, regardless of prin- 
 ciple and honor, is ready to sell his services to 
 the highest bidder. 
 
 This verse be thine, my friend, nor thou refuse 
 This from no venal nor ungrateful muse. — Pope. 
 
 An Auction is a public sale by out- 
 cry to the highest bidder. (L., augeo 
 [auctuni], to increase.) 
 
 To Buy is to receive property on 
 the condition of returning an equiva- 
 lent. 
 
 To Purchase is the same in mean- 
 ing with to buy, and differs from it 
 only in being a less familiar term. 
 Buy may always be substituted for 
 purchase ; but, in speaking in relation 
 to things of trifling value, buy is the 
 preferable term. 
 
 Emo [emptum~\, to purchase. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Redeem, to purchase back; as, to 
 redeem an estate ; to redeem a pledge ; 
 to redeem prisoners, (re, back.) 
 
 Redemption, the act of purchasing 
 back. 
 
188 
 
 EXCHANGE OF PROPERTY. 
 
 A Redeemer is one who purchases 
 back that which has come into the 
 power or possession of another. 
 
 The Redeemer is He who has pur- 
 chased man's freedom from the thral- 
 dom of sin and from the curse of the 
 law. 
 
 Preemption is the act or the right 
 of purchasing before others, (pre, 
 before. ) 
 
 Note. — A Preemption Bight is the privilege of 
 an actual settler on public lands to obtain them 
 by purchase in preference to other bidders. 
 
 A Ransom is the money or price 
 paid for the redemption of a prisoner 
 or slave, or for goods captured by an 
 enemy. 
 
 To Pay is to return an equivalent 
 for some valuable received of another. 
 
 11. Of Debt. 
 
 To OWE is to be under obligation 
 to pay for something received. 
 
 A Debt is a sum owed. 
 
 To be in Debt is to owe. 
 
 A Debtor is one who owes. 
 
 Due, standing as a debt (Fr., du, 
 owed ; from devoir, to owe. ) 
 
 Duty (from due) is a debt of moral 
 obligation. 
 
 Credit is faith or belief. To 
 credit is to believe. Hence, to obtain 
 goods on credit is to obtain them with- 
 out present payment, on the grounds 
 of the faith which the person of whom 
 you obtain them reposes in your ability 
 and disposition to pay him at some 
 future time that may be agreed upon. 
 
 A Creditor is one who furnishes 
 goods, etc., to another, on the promise 
 of future payment. 
 
 Note. — My creditor believes that I am an hon- 
 est man, and has, also, some faith in my ability 
 to fulfill my engagements. 
 
 To Trust is to let any one have 
 goods, etc., on credit. 
 
 Note. — The person who furnishes the goods 
 trusts ; that is, reposes confidence, in the honesty 
 and solvency of the other party. 
 
 To Charge is to enter in a book a 
 statement relative to the article which 
 you have sold on credit. 
 
 To Discharge is to pay that which 
 has been charged against us as a debt, 
 
 or to perform that which has been 
 charged upon us as a duty. 
 
 ISote.— A charge is, literally, a load, or burden. 
 To charge is to impose a burden. To discharge is 
 to throw off the burden. When, therefore, the 
 terms charge and discharge are used in speaking 
 of debts and duties, we represent them as bur- 
 dens. An honest man under the weight of an 
 unpaid debt, and a conscientious man under the 
 burden of an unperformed duty, is supposed to 
 feel an uneasiness analogous to that caused by 
 physical weight. In paying the debt, or in per- 
 forming the duty, he discharges; that is, throws 
 off the load, and thus obtains relief. 
 
 To Obligate is to bind either le- 
 gally or morally to do some specific 
 thing. (L., ob, upon; and ligo, to 
 bind.) 
 
 An Obligation is an act of bind- 
 ing, or the condition of being bound 
 to perform some specific act or acts. 
 
 Note 1. — Obligations may be sometimes vol- 
 untarily assumed, as when a person obligates 
 himself to pay the debt of a friend. Other ob- 
 ligations are imposed upon us by the nature of 
 things. We are, for instance, under a necessary 
 obligation to obey the divine law. 
 
 Note 2.— If debts and duties are burdens, obli- 
 gations are the cords which bind them upon our 
 shoulders. 
 
 Cancelli is a Latin word signify- 
 ing lattice-work, which 
 consists of bars crossing 
 each other obliquely, $W 
 thus. Hence, 
 
 To Cancel is, 1. To draw lines 
 across writing for the purpose of de- 
 facing or obliterating it. 2. To an- 
 nul the obligation of a debt; because 
 lines are sometimes drawn across the 
 record of a debt, to indicate that the 
 debt has been either paid or for- 
 given. 
 
 To Settle is to adjust. 
 
 Note. — To settle accounts is a figurative expres- 
 sion derived from the settling of a turbid liquor. 
 The pure liquor represents the credits and the 
 sediment the debts. In the unsettled account 
 these elements are confusedlj' mingled together, 
 but when the account is settled, these elements 
 are separated so that the relative proportions of 
 each may be readily estimated. 
 
 To Liquidate is, 1. To settle; as 
 to liquidate an account. Hence, 2. 
 To pay; as, to liquidate a debt. (L., 
 liquidus, clear or transparent. 
 
 Note. — To liquidate, as applied to accounts, 
 involves the same figure that is involved in to 
 settle. 
 
COMMERCE. 
 
 189 
 
 11. Of Commerce. 
 
 COMMERCE is a general inter- 
 change of commodities. 
 
 Merchandise includes all articles 
 that are the objects of commerce. 
 
 Commodities are particular articles 
 of merchandise. 
 
 Goods are articles kept on hand for 
 sale. 
 
 Wares are manufactured articles 
 prepared for sale. 
 
 A Market is a place where com- 
 modities are sold. 
 
 THE Market is the general de- 
 mand that exists for any particular 
 commodity. 
 
 A Shop is a room in which com- 
 modities are kept for sale. 
 
 To Trade is to buy and sell for 
 profit. 
 
 To Traffic is to be engaged in 
 buying and selling. 
 
 To Barter is to exchange one 
 commodity for another. 
 
 To Deal in any particular commo- 
 dity is to be engaged in buying and 
 selling it ; as, to deal in furs. 
 
 Wholesale is the sale of goods by 
 the piece, or in large quantities. 
 
 Retail is the selling of goods in 
 small quantities. 
 
 A Merchant is one who is engaged 
 in commerce. 
 
 A Tradesman or Shopkeeper is one 
 who sells by retail. 
 
 Note. — The foregoing is the sense of the terms 
 merchant, tradesman, and shopkeeper, as they are 
 used in England. 
 
 A Huckster is a petty dealer in 
 provisions. 
 
 12. Of Commercial Transactions. 
 
 A Promissory Note is a short in- 
 strument of writing by which a per- 
 son obligates himself to pay to some 
 one a specific sum against a specified 
 time. 
 
 Indorsers are persons who write 
 their names on the back of a note, 
 and thereby guarantee the payment. 
 (L., in, on; and dorsum, the back.) 
 
 The Maturity of a note is the 
 time when it falls due. (L., maturus, 
 ripe.) 
 
 The Face of a note is the amount 
 for which it is drawn. 
 
 Discount is a deduction made from 
 the face of a note, or the amount of a 
 debt, (dis, off; and count.) 
 
 A Draught is a written order for 
 money, drawn by A, addressed to B, 
 and payable to C. (From draw, to 
 write.)' Also written draft. 
 
 The Drawer is the person who 
 draws an order for the payment of 
 money. 
 
 The Drawee 7 is the person on 
 whom an order for money is drawn. 
 
 The Payee' is the person to whom 
 an order for money is payable. 
 
 At Sight. A bill of exchange 
 drawn payable at sight, is payable 
 three days after presentation. 
 
 After Sight. A bill drawn pay- 
 able, say thirty days after sight, is 
 payable thirty-three days after pre- 
 sentation. 
 
 Days of Grace are a certain num- 
 ber of days, usually three, allowed for 
 the payment of a note or bill of ex- 
 change after it becomes due. 
 
 " A Protest is a formal declara- 
 tion made by a notary public, under 
 hand and seal, at the request of the 
 payee or holder of a bill of exchange, 
 for non-acceptance, or non-payment 
 of the same, protesting against the 
 drawer and others concerned, for the 
 exchange, damages, and interest. This 
 protest is written on a copy of the 
 bill, and notice is given to the in- 
 dorser of the same, by which he be- 
 comes liable to pay the amount of 
 the bill, with charges, damages, and 
 interest." — Webster. 
 
 Commission is, 1. The state of being 
 authorized to buy or sell goods for a 
 merchant. 2. A compensation re- 
 ceived for buying and selling for 
 another. 
 
 A Commission Merchant is one who 
 buys and sells on the account of 
 others, and receives, for his compen- 
 sation, some specific percentage on 
 the amount of the purchases and sales. 
 
 A Factor is an agent who tran- 
 sacts business for a merchant at 
 some remote point. 
 
190 
 
 INHERITANCE. 
 
 13. Of Accounts. 
 ACCOUNTS are written state- 
 ments in regard to sales, purchases, 
 disbursements, and other matters con- 
 nected with mercantile business. 
 
 A Day-Book, or Journal, is a book 
 in which a merchant records, in due 
 order, the transactions of each day. 
 
 A Waste-Book, or Blotter, is a 
 book in which the entries are first 
 made, and from which they are 
 afterward carefully copied into the 
 journal. 
 
 To Enter is to write a statement 
 in the journal. 
 
 An Entry is a written statement in 
 the journal. 
 
 A Ledger is a book in which the 
 promiscuous entries of the journal 
 are sorted, and arranged under their 
 proper heads. 
 
 To Post is to transfer an account 
 from the journal to the ledger. 
 
 Book-keeping is the art of keeping 
 accounts in a systematic manner. 
 
 Single Entry is a method of 
 book-keeping, according to which 
 each entry of the journal is trans- 
 ferred to but one general head in 
 the ledger. 
 
 Double Entry is a method of book- 
 keeping according to which each 
 entry of the journal is transferred to 
 two general heads in the ledger. 
 
 An Accountant is one who is 
 skilled in the art of keeping accounts. 
 
 14. Inheritance. 
 HEIRS are persons who are law- 
 fully entitled to the property of a de- 
 ceased relative. 
 
 To Inherit is to receive by heir- 
 ship. 
 
 Hereditary, descending from father 
 to son, as an hereditary right, an he- 
 reditary estate. 
 
 Hereditaments are things that may 
 be inherited. 
 
 A Heritage is an estate descend- 
 ing from an ancestor. 
 
 Inheritance is the reception of an 
 estate by hereditary right. 
 
 AN inheritance is an estate de- 
 rived from an ancestor. 
 
 A Patrimony is an estate inher- 
 ited from a parent. (L., pater, a 
 father. ) 
 
 An Administrator is one who is 
 appointed by a probate court to set- 
 tle the estate of a deceased person. 
 
 15. Of Wills. 
 
 A WILL is a designation of the 
 manner in which a person wishes 
 that his property shall be disposed 
 of after his death. Wills are of two 
 kinds, written, and nuncupative, or 
 verbal. 
 
 A Testament is a written will duly 
 attested. (L., testis, a witness.) 
 
 A Testator is a person who makes 
 a will. 
 
 To Bequeath is to dispose of prop- 
 erty by will. 
 
 A Bequest consists in some specific 
 item of property, or sum of money, 
 appropriated by will to some person, 
 institution, or other object. 
 
 A Legacy is the same with a be- 
 
 A Legatee is one to whom a legacy 
 is bequeathed. 
 
 To Devise is to give, or distribute, 
 real estate by will 
 
 A Devisor is a person who dispo- 
 ses of real estate by will. 
 
 A Devisee is a person on whom 
 real estate has been bestowed by 
 will. 
 
 An Executor is one who executes, 
 or carries out the provisions of a will. 
 
 Intestate means dying without a 
 will. 
 
 16. Of Giving. 
 
 To GIVE is to transfer one's right 
 of property to another, without re- 
 quiring anything in return. 
 
 A Gift is a thing given. 
 
 A Present is a complimentary 
 gift. 
 
 To Present' is to give in the way 
 of compliment. 
 
 Dono [donatuni], to give. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Donation, a gift for some object 
 of public utility. 
 
 Donatives, gifts for securing good 
 will. 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 191 
 
 Note. — The Roman emperors, on their acces- 
 sion to power, frequently distributed large sums 
 as donative' among the soldiers. 
 
 Do' nor, a giver. 
 
 Donee', the person on whom a gift 
 is bestowed. 
 
 Largesses are liberal gifts be- 
 stowed by superiors on inferiors, as 
 tokens of favor. (L., largior, to give 
 largely.) 
 
 A Bribe is a gift for the perversion 
 of justice, as when a party who has a 
 suit pending in court, makes a pres- 
 
 ent to the judge, in order to bias him 
 in his favor. 
 
 Free, granted without pay; as,/ree 
 admittance. 
 
 Gratis, without recompense ; as, to 
 give a thing gratis. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Gratuitous, performed without com- 
 pensation ; as, gratuitous services. 
 
 Gratuity, a free gift. 
 
 To Bestow is to grant as a gratuity. 
 
 To Endow is to bestow money or 
 lands on an institution for its sup- 
 port. 
 
 OF GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. Definition of the Term. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY is a description of 
 the surface of the earth. (Gr., y» 
 \_ge~], the earth, and >g*<pa \jjrapho~] 
 to describe.) 
 
 Physical Geography treats of the 
 natural divisions and features of the 
 earth's surface; also of climate, winds, 
 oceanic currents, etc. [Physical, nat- 
 ural. ) 
 
 Civil or Political Geography treats 
 of the division of the earth into em- 
 pires, kingdoms, provinces, etc. 
 
 Astronomical Geography treats of 
 latitude, longitude, the points of the 
 compass, etc. 
 
 2. Physical Geography. 
 
 The EARTH is a globe about eight 
 thousand miles in diameter, and 
 twenty-five thousand miles in circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Land is the portion of the earth's 
 surface which is not covered with 
 water. 
 
 Terra, land. (L.) Hence. 
 
 Terraqueous, consisting of land and 
 water. (L., aqua, water.) 
 
 Note. — The earth is called the terraqueous 
 globe. 
 
 Terra Firma, lit., firm or solid land. 
 Hence, a continent or mainland. 
 
 A Continent is a large body of 
 land not separated by water. (L., 
 con, together, and teneo, to hold.) 
 
 An Island is a portion of land en- 
 1 tirely surrounded by water. 
 
 Isle is a poetic form of the word 
 island, 
 
 An Islet (i-let,) is a little island. 
 
 Insula, an island. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Insular, pertaining to an island; 
 as, an insular situation. 
 
 Insulate, to separate from all con- 
 nection with surrounding objects. 
 
 Peninsula, a portion of land al- 
 most surrounded by water. 
 
 An Isthmus is a narrow neck con- 
 necting two bodies of land. 
 
 A Cape is a point of land extend- 
 ing into the sea. (L., caput, a head.) 
 
 A Headland is a cape. 
 
 A Promontory is the extremity of 
 a mountain projecting into the sea. 
 (L., pro, forward; and mons, a moun- 
 tain.) 
 
 A Country is a portion of the land 
 surface of the earth. 
 
 A Tract is a portion of land or 
 water of indefinite extent. 
 
 A Region is a tract of land of in- 
 definite extent. 
 
 A Plain is a level portion of the 
 earth's surface. 
 
 A Prairie is a plain covered with 
 
 The Pampas are the vast prairies 
 in the southern part of Buenos Ayres 
 in South America. 
 
 The Llanos are the grassy plains 
 of Venezuela and Xew Grenada. 
 
192 
 
 ASTRONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 The Steppes of Asia are vast 
 plains resembling the prairies of 
 America. 
 
 A Desert is a plain destitute of 
 vegetation. 
 
 A Plateau is an elevated plain. 
 
 A Heath, in Europe, is a tract of 
 land covered with a plant called 
 heath or heather. 
 
 A Mountain is a portion of the 
 earth's surface raised up to a great 
 hight. From 
 
 Mons [_montis~\, a mountain. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Mount, a mass of earth, or of earth 
 and rock, rising to a considerable 
 hight above the surrounding land. 
 
 To Mount, 1. To rise on high. 2. 
 To get on horseback. 
 
 Amount, the total or sum to which 
 a number of particulars, when taken 
 collectively, mounts or rises. (Fr., a, 
 to.) 
 
 To Surmount, lit, to climb over 
 the top of a mountain. Hence, To 
 overcome ; as, to surmount difficulties 
 or obstacles. 
 
 To Dismount, to descend from the 
 back of a horse. 
 
 A Peak is a pointed mountain. 
 
 A Ridge is a long and narrow 
 elevation of land. 
 
 A Chain or Range is a succession 
 of mountains extending in some par- 
 ticular direction. 
 
 A Hill is an elevation lower than 
 a mountain. 
 
 A Hillock is a little hill. 
 
 A Mound is an artificial hillock. 
 (L., mons, a mountain.) 
 
 A Valley is a low portion of land 
 between hills and mountains. 
 
 Vale is a poetic form of the word 
 valley. 
 
 Dale is a poetic term and is equiv- 
 alent to vale. 
 
 A Glen is a narrow depression 
 between hills. 
 
 A Bottom, in the United States, is 
 a low and level strip of land border- 
 ing on a river. 
 
 A Ravine is a long, deep, and nar- 
 row depression of the surface. 
 
 A Gully is a lon«;, narrow hollow 
 
 worn in the earth by a current of 
 water. 
 
 A Cave, or Cavern, is a hollow 
 place in the earth. (L., cavus, hol- 
 low.) 
 
 A Grotto is, 1. A natural cavern. 
 2. An artificial, ornamented cave for 
 coolness and refreshment. (It.) 
 
 Grot is a poetical abbreviation of 
 the word grotto. 
 
 Then let me, sequestered Fair, 
 
 To your Sybil grot repair.— Grainger. 
 
 For the terms of Hydrographical Geography see 
 Art. Water ; and for the principal terms of Po- 
 litical Geography, see Art. Civil Government. 
 
 3. Astronomical Geography. 
 
 The EARTH is one of those bodies 
 called planets. See Art. Astronomy. 
 
 The Axis of the earth is the 
 straight line which passes from north 
 to south through the center, and 
 around which it turns in 24 hours. 
 (Gr., ayat [ago~], to turn.) 
 
 The Poles are the extremities of 
 the axis. 
 
 The Horizon is a circle touching 
 the earth at the place of the spec- 
 tator, and bounded by the line in 
 which the earth and skies seem to 
 meet. (Gr., °£i£a> [horizo~], to bound.) 
 
 Note. — The horizon, as above denned, is the 
 sensible horizon. The plane of the rational, hori- 
 zon is parallel to it, and passes through the 
 center of the earth. 
 
 To Rise, when spoken of the heav- 
 enly bodies, signifies to come above 
 the plane of the horizon. 
 
 To Set is to pass below the plane 
 of the horizon. 
 
 The East is the quarter of the 
 heavens in which the sun rises. 
 
 The Orient is the east, so called 
 from the rising of the sun. (L., ori~ 
 ens, rising.) 
 
 Oriental, eastern. 
 
 The West is the quarter of the 
 heavens in which the sun sets. 
 
 The Occident is the west. (L., oc- 
 cidens, setting.) 
 
 Occidental, western. 
 
 The South is the direction of the 
 right hand when a person stands 
 with his face toward the east. 
 
ASTRONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 193 
 
 Austkal, southern. (L., Auster, the 
 south wind.) 
 
 The Xorth is the region of the 
 earth and sky which is opposite to 
 the south. 
 
 Boreal, northern. (L., Boreas, the 
 north wind.) 
 
 Septentrional, northern. (L., Sep- 
 tenirio, a northern constellation, 
 called Charles's Wain.) 
 
 Arctic, northern. (Gr., A/txtgj \_Arc- 
 tos~], the northern constellation of the 
 Bear.) 
 
 Antarctic, southern. (Opposite to 
 the arctic. Gr., *vn [anW], opposite.) 
 
 The Zenith is the point in the 
 heavens directly over the head of 
 the spectator. 
 
 The Nadir is the point in the 
 heavens which is directly opposite 
 to the zenith. The nadir is directly 
 under the place where we stand. 
 
 The Equator is a line drawn east 
 and west around the earth at an 
 equal distance from each pole. 
 
 Note. — The equator is thus called because 
 when the sun is in the plane of this circle the 
 days and nights are equal all over the world. 
 
 A Meridian is a great circle of the 
 sphere passing through the earth's 
 axis, and the zenith of the spectator. 
 
 Note. — Meridians are represented on artificial 
 globes by lines drawn north and south, and 
 meeting at the poles. These are also called noon 
 lines. (L., meridies, noon.) 
 
 Latitude is distance from the 
 equator either north or south. (L., 
 latus, broad, because the breadth of 
 the habitable world, as known to the 
 ancients, extended from north 
 south. 
 
 Longitude is distance east or 
 west, from any established meridian. 
 (L., longus, long, because the length 
 of the habitable world, as known to 
 
 the ancients, extended east and west.) 
 A Degree is one three-hundred- 
 and-sixtieth part of the earth's cir- 
 cumference, or about 69£ miles. 
 
 A Minute is one sixtieth part of 
 a degree. 
 
 A Second is one sixtieth part of a 
 minute. 
 13 
 
 The Tropics are two smaller cir- 
 cles situated on the opposite sides of 
 the equator, and at the distance of 
 23° 28' from that circle. 
 
 Note. — The tropics mark the limits of the 
 sun's northern and southern declination. (Gr., 
 Tp;^->) [trope], a return, because when the sun 
 has touched either tropic, he immediately begins 
 to relu)~n to the opposite tropic.) 
 
 The Tropic of Cancer is the north- 
 ern tropic, thus called because the 
 sun touches this circle when he is 
 about entering the constellation of 
 Cancer. (See Art. Astronomy.) 
 
 The Tropic of Capricorn is the 
 southern tropic, thus called because 
 the sun touches this circle when he 
 is about entering the constellation of 
 Capricorn. ) 
 
 The Arctic Circle is drawn within 
 23° and 28' of the north pole, and 
 marks the limits of constant day dur- 
 ing the twenty-four hours when the 
 sun is at the northern tropic. 
 
 The Antarctic Circle is drawn at 
 the distance of 23° 28' from the south 
 pole, for a reason similar to that as- 
 signed above. 
 
 The Zones are five belts on the 
 earth's surface, bounded by the tro- 
 pics and the polar circles. (Gr., £a>v» 
 \_zo'ne~], a girdle.) 
 
 Climate, among the ancient geog- 
 raphers, was applied to denote that 
 obliquity of the sphere with respect 
 to the horizon, which gives rise to the 
 inequality of day and night. They 
 to divided the space comprehended be- 
 tween the equator and the pole, into 
 thirty equal parts, which they denom- 
 inated climates, or inclinations. (Gr., 
 Kxna [clino], to incline). — Brande. 
 
 Climate, in the ordinary accepta- 
 
 tion of the term, embraces all those 
 modifications of the atmosphere, by 
 which our organs are sensibly af- 
 fected. — Brande. 
 
 To Acclimate is to habituate the 
 body to a new climate, (ad, to.) 
 
 Clime is a poetical form of the 
 word climate. 
 
194 
 
 ASTRONOMY. 
 
 OF ASTRONOMY. 
 
 I. General Terms. 
 
 ASTRONOMY is the science 
 which treats of the motions, magni- 
 tudes, and distances of the heavenly 
 bodies. (Gr., *n£ov [astroii], a heav- 
 enly body; and vo t uo? \nomos~], a law.) 
 
 Heaven is, 1. The dome-like arch 
 which seems to be heaved up over our 
 heads. 2. The regions of space which 
 surround the earth on all sides. 3. 
 The abode of the blest, from the idea 
 of its being situated somewhere within 
 the limits of the physical heavens. 
 
 The Sky includes the regions of the 
 air, and extends indefinitely upward 
 
 The Welkin is the vault of heaven, 
 or the visible regions of the air. (A 
 poetical word.) 
 
 "Their hideous yells rend the dark welkin. 
 Pfalijps. 
 
 The Firmament includes the region 
 of the fixed stars. (L.,frmamentum, 
 the firm, or solid sphere, in which, ac- 
 cording to the ancient astronomers, 
 the fixed stars were set.) 
 
 CoeLUM, heaven. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Celestial, heavenly. 
 
 otp an 02 [Owrawos], heaven, ((jr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Uranography, a description of the 
 heavens. 
 
 Uranus, one of the primary plan- 
 ets. 
 
 Urania, the Muse of astronomy. 
 
 The Heavenly Bodies include the 
 sun, the moon, and the stars. 
 
 2. Of the Sun. 
 
 The SUN is the source of light and 
 heat to our world. 
 
 Note.— The diameter of the sun is 892,000 
 miles. Its bulk is 1,400,000 times greater than 
 that of the earth, and its distance from the 
 earth is 96,000,000 miles. 
 
 Sol, the sun. (L.) Hence, 
 Solar, pertaining to the sun ; as, 
 solar light. 
 
 Insolation, a local disease of plants 
 attributable to exposure to too bright 
 a light, which causes an excessively 
 rapid evaporation, the effect of which 
 
 is to kill the part in which the evapo- 
 ration takes place. — Brande. 
 
 Parasol, a sun-shade. (G-., tt±2* 
 \_para~], against.) 
 
 'haios [Helios], the sun. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Heliocentric. The heliocentric 
 place of a heavenly body is its posi- 
 tion as seen from the sun. 
 
 Helioscope, an instrument for view- 
 ing the sun without injury to the eye. 
 (Gr., <TK07na> \_scopeo~], to view.) 
 
 Perihelion, the point in the orbit 
 of a planet, or comet, which is near- 
 est to the sun. (mpt [peri], near to.) 
 
 Aphelion, the point in the orbit of 
 a planet, or comet, which is farthest 
 from the sun. (cnro \_apo~], remote from.) 
 
 Parhelion, a mock-sun. See Art., 
 Light. 
 
 3. Of the Stars. 
 
 A STAR is an apparently small, lu- 
 minous body in the heavens. 
 
 Stella, a star. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Stellar, pertaining to the stars. 
 
 Stellate, star-shaped. 
 
 Constellation, a cluster, or group, 
 of stars, (con, together.) 
 
 A2TPON [astron], a star. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Astronomy, the science of the stars. 
 (Gr., vojuos [nomos], a law.) 
 
 Astral, belonging to the stars; as, 
 an astral system. 
 
 Astrography, a description of the 
 stars. (Gr., yc*<pot> \_grapho~], to de- 
 scribe.) 
 
 Asterism, a small cluster of stars. 
 
 Asterisk, the figure of a star, thus, 
 *, used in printing or writing, as a 
 reference to a note in the margin, or 
 to fill the space when a name, or part 
 of a name, is omitted. 
 
 Note 1. — There are three general classes of 
 stars ; planets, comets, and fixed stars. 
 
 Note 2. — The planets and comets, in connec- 
 tion with the sun, constitute the Solar System. 
 
 4. Of the Planets. 
 A PLANET is a solid body revolv- 
 ing around the sun, in an orbit of a 
 moderate degree of eccentricity. 
 
ASTRONOMY. 
 
 195 
 
 
 Note.— The planets are thus called because 
 they wander, or change their position, among 
 the fixed stars. (Gr., a-\»vt\ [plane], a ■wander- 
 ing-) 
 
 The Orbit of a planet, or other 
 heavenly body, is the path in which 
 it moves around a center of attrac- 
 tion. (L., orbis, a circle.) 
 
 Note 1. — The orbits of all the heavenly bodies, 
 so tar as is known, are ellipses, in one of whose 
 foci is situated the body around which the mov- 
 ing body revolves. 
 
 Note 2. — An Ellipse is a curvilinear figure, 
 as A C B D,"having two fixed points, E and F, 
 called foci, the sum of whose distances, E H-(- 
 
 
 K D 
 
 I 
 
 t^"7\. 
 
 
 \ ] 
 
 B 
 
 F j 
 
 c 
 
 F H, E K+F K, E L+F L, etc., from any point 
 in the periphery, is always the same. 
 
 Note 3. — Focus is a Latin word signifying a 
 fire-place. The term was first applied in a met- 
 aphorical sense, to the point in which the sun's 
 rays are concentrated by a burning glass, in al- 
 lusion to the heat ; and afterward to certain 
 points in which geometrical lines meet. (pi. foci.) 
 
 The Eccentricity of an orbit is 
 the distance of either focus from the 
 center of the orbit. (Gr., «t [ec], 
 from, and Kivreov \_centron~\, the cen- 
 ter.) 
 
 Note. — The eccentricity of the earth's orbit is 
 about one and a half millions of miles. When, 
 therefore, the earth is in its perihelion, it must 
 be three millions of miles nearer to the sun than 
 when in its aphelion. 
 
 The Ecliptic is the path or way 
 among the fixed stars, which the 
 earth, in its orbit, appears to describe 
 to an eye placed in the sun. 
 
 Note 1. — The ecliptic is thus called from the 
 word eclipse, because eclipses of the sun or moon 
 can happen only when the moon is in or near 
 the plane of the earth's orbit. 
 
 Note 2. — The plane of the ecliptic forms an 
 angle of twenty-three degrees twenty-eight min- 
 utes with the plane of the equator. 
 
 The Equinoxes are the points of 
 time at which the sun passes the 
 equator. (L., cequus equal, and nox, 
 night ; because, when the sun is at 
 the equator, the days and nights are 
 equal in length all over the world.) 
 
 Note.— There are two equinoxes; the vernal 
 and the autumnal. 
 
 The Vernal Equinox occurs on the 
 21st of March. 
 
 The Autumnal Equinox occurs on 
 the 22d of September. 
 
 The Solstices are the points of 
 time at which the sun is at the 
 greatest distance from the equator. 
 (L., sol, the sun, and sto, to stand; 
 because when the sun has attained 
 his greatest northern or southern 
 declination, he seems to stand for a 
 short time before he begins to re- 
 turn.) 
 
 Note.— There are two solstices; the summer 
 and the winter solstice. 
 
 The Summer Solstice occurs on the 
 21st day of June. 
 
 The Winter Solstice occurs on the 
 21st day of December. 
 
 Table of the Principal Planets. 
 
 Mercury, 
 
 Venus, 
 
 Earth, 
 
 Mars, 
 
 Vesta, 
 
 Juno, 
 
 Pallas, 
 
 Ceres, 
 
 Jupiter, 
 
 Saturn, 
 
 Uranus, 
 
 Neptune, 
 
 &( 
 
 >■ 
 
 a 
 
 H 
 
 37,000,000 
 
 08,000,000 
 
 93,000,000 
 
 144,000,000 
 
 223,000,000 
 
 253,000,000 
 
 203,000,000 
 
 203,000,000 
 
 490,000,000 
 
 900,000,000 
 
 1,800,000,000 
 
 2,850,000,000 
 
 g 
 
 3 
 
 3,123 
 
 7,702 
 
 7,916 
 
 4,398 
 
 unknown 
 
 1,545 
 
 2,280 
 
 1,761 
 
 89,170 
 
 79,042 
 
 35,100 
 
 35,000 
 
 
 88 days. 
 
 225 « 
 
 3G5% « 
 
 087 " 
 
 1,313 " 
 
 1,580 " 
 
 1,080 " 
 
 1,980 " 
 
 4,333 « 
 
 10,759 « 
 
 30,088 " 
 
 160 years. 
 
 2 B 
 
 C 
 — -. 
 
 a o 
 ta <_ 
 
 c =' 
 
 Note.— The planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, 
 Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were known to the 
 ancients. Uranus was discovered, in 1781, by 
 Sir William Herschell ; and Neptune was dis- 
 covered, in 1846, by Galle, the existence and 
 position of the planet having been previously 
 deduced by Leverrier and Adams, from certain 
 irregularities in the motion of Uranus, which 
 irregularities they referred to the attraction of 
 an undiscovered planet. 
 
 The Asteroids or Planetoids are 
 a family of small planets, having 
 
196 
 
 ASTRONOMY. 
 
 their orbits between those of Mars 
 and Jupiter, and at an average dis- 
 tance of about 260 millions of miles 
 from the sun. The following is a 
 list of these bodies : 
 
 IN THE 
 YEAR 
 
 1801 
 1S02 
 1804 
 1807 
 1845 
 1847 
 1847 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 1850 
 1850 
 1851 
 1851 
 1852 
 1852 
 1852 
 1853 
 1852 
 1852 
 1853 
 1852 
 1853 
 1853 
 1853 
 1853 
 1854 
 1854 
 1854 
 1854 
 1854 
 1854 
 1855 
 1855 
 1855 
 1855 
 
 Secondary Planets, Satellites, or 
 Moons, are small planets revolving 
 around some of the larger planets. 
 (L., satelles, an attendant.) 
 
 Note. — The Earth has one satellite ; Jupiter, 
 four ; Uranus, six ; and Saturn, eight. 
 
 5. Of the Moon. 
 The MOON is the satellite of our 
 planet. 
 
 N 0TE . _The Moon's diameter is 2159 miles. 
 Its bulk is one-forty-ninth part of that of the 
 earth. It revolves around the earth in twenty- 
 seven days, seven hours, and forty-three min- 
 utes. Its mean distance from the Earth is 
 237,000 miles. The inclination of the Moon's 
 orbit to that of the Earth is five degrees and 
 fifty minutes. 
 
 The Perigee is the point of the 
 Moon's orbit which is nearest to the 
 earth, (my [peri'], near ; and y» \_ge~\, 
 the earth.) 
 
 THE ASTEROIDS. 
 
 DISCOVERED BY 
 
 Ceres 
 
 Piazzi 
 
 Pallas 
 
 Olbers 
 
 Juno 
 
 Harding 
 
 Vesta 
 
 Olbers 
 
 Astraea 
 
 Hencke 
 
 Hebe 
 
 Hencke 
 
 Iris 
 
 Hind 
 
 Flora 
 
 Hind 
 
 Metis 
 
 Graham 
 
 Hygeia 
 
 Gasparis 
 
 Parthenope 
 
 Gasparis 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Hind 
 
 Egeria 
 
 Gasparis 
 
 Irene 
 
 Hind 
 
 Eunomia 
 
 Gasparis 
 
 Psyche 
 
 Gasparis 
 
 Thetis 
 
 Luther 
 
 Melpomene 
 
 Hind 
 
 Fortuna 
 
 Hind 
 
 Massilia 
 
 Gasparis 
 
 Lutetia 
 
 Goldschmidt 
 
 Calliope 
 
 Hind 
 
 Thalia 
 
 Hind 
 
 Themis 
 
 Gasparis 
 
 Phoceas 
 
 Chacornac 
 
 Proserpin 
 
 Luther 
 
 Euterpe 
 
 Hind 
 
 Bellona 
 
 Luther 
 
 Amphitrite 
 
 Marth 
 
 Urania 
 
 Hind 
 
 Euphrosyne 
 
 Ferguson 
 
 Pomona 
 
 Goldschmidt 
 
 Polyhymnia 
 
 Chacornac 
 
 Circe 
 
 Chacornac 
 
 Leucothea 
 
 Luther 
 
 Atalanta 
 
 Goldschmidt 
 
 Fides 
 
 Luther 
 
 The Apogee is the point of the 
 Moon's orbit which is farthest from 
 the earth. (Gr., clttq \_apo~], from; 
 and y» \_ge~], the earth.) 
 
 The Nodes are the points where 
 the orbit of the Moon intersects or 
 pierces the plane of the Earth's 
 orbit. (L., nodus, a knot.) 
 
 The Ascending Node is the point 
 at which the Moon penetrates the 
 plane of the ecliptic in passing from 
 south to north. % 
 
 The Descending Node is the point 
 at which the Moon passes the plane 
 of the ecliptic in moving from north 
 to south. 
 
 The Phases of the Moon, are the 
 various appearances which she as- 
 sumes. (Gr., <?*<rn [phasis], an ap- 
 pearance.) 
 
 The Change of the Moon takes 
 place at the moment when . she 
 passes the sun, and commences a 
 new monthly revolution. 
 
 The New Moon continues for one 
 week after the change. 
 
 A Crescent is a figure resembling 
 the new or increasing moon. (L., 
 crescens, increasing.) 
 
 The Horns are the points of the 
 crescent moon. 
 
 A Half Moon is the figure of a 
 moon cut in two. 
 
 The Full Moon occurs when the 
 sun and the moon are situated on 
 opposite sides of the earth, and the 
 moon turns the illuminated half of 
 her surface directly toward us. 
 
 A Quarter of the Moon is the 
 fourth part of its monthly period. 
 
 Quadrature is the position of one 
 heavenly body in respect to another, 
 when distant from it ninety degrees. 
 
 Note. — The moon is in her quadratures when 
 at an equal distance from the points of conjunc- 
 tion and opposition. 
 
 A Month is a period extending from 
 one change of the moon to another, 
 (from moon.) 
 
 Luna, the moon. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lunar, pertaining to the moon. 
 
 Lunation, the period from one new 
 moon to another. 
 
 Lunacy, madness, from an idea 
 
ASTRONOMY. 
 
 197 
 
 which formerly prevailed, that the in- 
 fluence of the moon either caused in- 
 sanity or aggravated its symptoms. 
 
 Sublunary y Ut, situated beneath 
 the moon. Hence, pertaining to this 
 world. 
 
 All sublunary things are subject to chaDge. — 
 Dry den. 
 
 6. Of Eclipses. 
 
 An ECLIPSE consists in the ob- 
 scuration of the light of a celestial lu 
 minary. (Gr., euxaira [ecleipo], to 
 fail. ) 
 
 Note 1. — Eclipses arc of two kinds. First. — 
 When the obscuration is caused by an intercep- 
 tion of the light received by the luminary from 
 the sun. Second. — When the obscuration is 
 caused by an interception, either totally or par- 
 tially, of the light transmitted from the lumin- 
 ary to the spectator. — Brande. 
 
 Note 2. — An eclipse of the sun is caused by an 
 intervention of the moon between the earth and 
 the sun. 
 
 Note 3. — An eclipse of the moon is caused by 
 the moon's passing through the shadow of the 
 earth. 
 
 Note 4. — A solar eclipse can happen only at 
 the change of the moon, and a lunar eclipse can 
 happen only at the full of the moon. 
 
 The Ldib is the border or outer- 
 most edge of the sun or moon. 
 
 A Digit is the twelfth part of the 
 diameter of the sun or moon. 
 
 7. Of the Comets. 
 
 The COMETS are bodies revolving 
 around the sun in very eccentric 
 orbits, and are generally distin- 
 guished by a hair-like appendage 
 called the tail (Gr, »oju» [co'me], 
 hair.) 
 
 The Head, or Nucleus, is the denser 
 portion of a comet. 
 
 Note 1. — The tail of a comet is sometimes 
 more than one hundred million of miles in 
 length. 
 
 Note 2 — Comets, generally, if not always, 
 consist of an inconceivably thin vapor. Accord- 
 ing to Sir John Herschell, stars of the smallest 
 magnitude may, sometimes, be distinctly seen 
 through the nucleus, or densest portion of a 
 comet. 
 
 Note 3. — The comets are supposed to be very 
 numerous ; yet there are only three whose 
 periods are known ; to wit : Halley's, Encke's, 
 and Biela's. 
 
 Halley's Comet has a period of 75 
 years. 
 
 Encxe's Comet has a period of 
 about three years. 
 
 Biela's Comet has a period of about 
 six years. 
 
 8. Of the Zodiac. 
 
 The ZODIAC is an imaginary belt 
 extending eight degrees on each side 
 of the ecliptic, which divides it in the 
 middle. (Gr., <£WW [zodion~], a little 
 animal; because the constellations of 
 the ecliptic are, for the most part, 
 represented in celestial charts by the 
 figures of animals.) 
 
 The Signs of the Zodiac are the 
 twelve equal portions into which the 
 Zodiac is divided by transverse lines. 
 (L., signum, a figure, in allusion to 
 the figures of animals, etc., with 
 which the Zodiac is filled. ) 
 
 Table of the Signs of the Zodiac. 
 
 Latin Names. 
 
 Aries. 
 
 Taurus. 
 
 Gemini. 
 
 Cancer. 
 
 Leo. 
 
 Virgo. 
 
 Libra. 
 
 Scorpio. 
 
 Sagittarius. 
 
 Capricornus. 
 
 Aquarius. 
 
 Pisces. 
 
 English Names. 
 
 The Earn. 
 The Bull. 
 The Twins. 
 The Crab. 
 The Lion. 
 The Virgin. 
 The Balance. 
 The Scorpion. 
 The Archer. 
 The Goat. 
 The Waterbearer 
 The Fishes. 
 
 Symbols. 
 op 
 
 « 
 
 n 
 
 25 
 
 a 
 
 "I 
 
 t 
 
 v? 
 
 X 
 
 Symbols of the Planets, etc. 
 
 O The Sun. 
 
 The Moon. 
 
 Mercury. 
 
 Venus. 
 
 The Earth. 
 
 Mars. 
 
 Vesta. 
 
 Juno. 
 # Herschell. 
 p Ceres. 
 £ Pallas. 
 It Jupiter. 
 J? Saturn. 
 
 Note 1. — The sun passes through all the signs 
 of the zodiac in one year. 
 
 Note 2. — The moon passes through all the 
 signs of the zodiac in each of its revolutions 
 around the earth. The moon is, therefore, a 
 little more than two days in passing througii 
 each sign. 
 
 Note 3— When people look in the almanac for 
 the sign, their object is to find the position of the 
 moon among the constellations of the Zodiac. 
 
 Note 4. — The idea that the influence of the 
 moon varies according to its position among the 
 signs of the zodiac is unphilosophical, and i.s 
 nothing but a vulgar prejudice. 
 
198 
 
 ASTROLOGY. 
 
 8. Of the Fixed Stars. 
 
 The FIXED STARS are thus 
 called because from one year to 
 another they do not sensibly change 
 their relative positions. 
 
 Note 1. — The fixed stars may be distinguished 
 by their twinkling, whereas the planets shine 
 with a steady light. 
 
 Note 2. — The fixed stars are at such a distance 
 that it requires light from 10 to 15 years, moving 
 at the rate of 200,000 miles per second to travel 
 from the nearest of those stars to our system. 
 
 Note 3. — The fixed stars shine by inherent 
 light; they are equal in magnitude to our sun, 
 and are supposed to be actual suns illuminating 
 and warming other systems of planetary worlds. 
 
 Note 4. — The number of stars visible through a 
 good telescope has been estimated at 75 millions. 
 
 The Galaxy, or Milky Way is that 
 broad, luminous band which stretches 
 across the sky every evening from 
 horizon to horizon, and which forms 
 a zone completely encircling the 
 whole sphere almost in a great circle. 
 When examined through powerful 
 telescopes, it is found to consist en- 
 tirely of stars, scattered by millions 
 like glittering dust on the black 
 ground of the general heavens. — 
 Brande. 
 
 An Astral System embraces an 
 immense number of stars, or suns, 
 revolving around a common center. 
 
 Note.— The Milky Way consists of the astral 
 system to which our sun belongs. 
 
 Nebula, (plu., nebulas,) a name 
 given to faint, misty appearances, 
 which are dimly seen among the 
 stars, resembling a comet, or a speck 
 of fog. (L., nebula, a little cloud.) — 
 Olmstead. 
 
 Resolvable Nebulas are such as by 
 the aid of telescopes may be resolved 
 into stars. 
 
 Note. — The resolvable nebulae may be regarded 
 as appendages of our astral system. 
 
 The Irresolvable Nebulas may either 
 consist of stars that are too remote 
 to be separated by our instruments, 
 or they may consist of matter that is 
 essentially nebulous or mist-like. 
 
 Note. — The irresolvable nebulae are, doubtless, 
 in many instances, remote astral systems, re- 
 sembling the Milky Way. 
 
 The Nebular Zone is a broad belt 
 crossing the Milky Way nearly at 
 right angles, and crowded with im- 
 mense numbers of nebuloe. 
 
 Note 1. — The Nebular Zone is probably a sys- 
 tem of astral systems, or a galaxy of galaxies, in 
 which each individual system bears the same 
 relation to the whole, that a single star bears to 
 the Milky Way. 
 
 Note 2. — The nebulas are mostly telescopic 
 objects, only one or two being visible to the 
 " eye. 
 
 ASTROLOGY. 
 
 ASTROLOGY is the art of pre- 
 dicting events from the relative po- 
 sitions and supposed influences of 
 the planets. (Gr., Arrpov [_astron\, a 
 star; and hoyoc [logos'], a discourse.) 
 
 Note. — Originally astrology was synonymous 
 with astronomy. 
 
 The Aspect of the Planets is their 
 relative position. 
 
 Note. — The astrologers reckoned five aspects, 
 namely, the Conjunction denoted by the char- 
 acter 3 ! the Opposition, by § ; the Trine, by 
 ^ ; the Quadrile, or Quaetile, by n ; and the 
 Sextile, by H- 
 
 The Conjunction is the aspect of 
 two planets that are together. 
 
 The Opposition is the aspect of 
 two planets when 180 degrees apart. 
 
 The Trine is the aspect of two 
 planets that are 120 degrees apart. 
 
 The Quadrile is the aspect of two 
 planets that are 90 degrees apart. 
 
 The Sextile is the aspect of planets 
 that are 60 degrees apart. 
 
 Note. — With regard to the influences of the 
 aspects, they are benignant, malignant, or indif- 
 ferent. 
 
 The Benign, or propitious aspects, 
 are the trine and the sextile. 
 
 The Malign, or adverse aspects, 
 are the opposition and the quadrile. 
 
 The Indifferent aspect is the con- 
 junction. 
 
 The Houses, in Astrology, are the 
 twelve equal portions into which the 
 whole heaven, visible and invisible, 
 is divided by the horizon, the merid- 
 ian and four other circles at the dis- 
 tances of 30 and 60 degrees from the 
 meridian. The first house is the 
 
CHEMISTRY. 
 
 199 
 
 house of life ; the second, of riches ; 
 the third, of brothers; the fourth, of 
 parents; the fifth, of children; the 
 sixth, of health; the seventh, of mar- 
 riage; the eighth, of death; the 
 ninth, of religion; the tenth, of dig- 
 nities; the eleventh, of friends; and 
 the twelfth, of enemies. 
 
 Note 1. — The houses have different powers, 
 the strongest of all being the first, and the next 
 in power the tenth ; so that if two planets are 
 equally powerful, that will prevail which is in 
 the stronger house. 
 
 Note 2. — By the apparent revolution of the 
 heavens a celestial body is carried through the 
 twelve houses in twenty-four hours. 
 
 A Horoscope is a representation 
 of the aspect of the heavens, and po- 
 sitions of the celestial bodies at a 
 particular moment of time, drawn 
 according to the rules of the imagi- 
 nary science of astrology. — Brande. 
 
 A Nativity is a horoscope repre- 
 senting the aspect of the heavens at 
 the moment of a person's birth. 
 
 The Ascendant is the part of the 
 heaven which is about to rise, and 
 includes the first house. 
 
 Note. — Each house has one of the heavenly 
 bodies as its lord, who is stronger in his own 
 house than in any other. 
 
 The Lord of the Ascendant is the 
 planet which rules in the ascendant 
 or first house. 
 
 Note 1. — The astrological term ascendant has 
 passed into common language in the sense of 
 superiority, or commanding influence, as when 
 we say that one man has the ascendant over 
 another. Ascendancy, (erroneously written as- 
 cendency) has the same origin. 
 
 Note 2. — The terms saturnine, jovial, and mer- 
 curial, as applied to the temperaments, are of as- 
 trological origin, and refer to the supposed in- 
 fluence of the planets upon the dispositions of 
 persons. 
 
 CHEMISTEY. 
 
 CHEMISTRY is a department of 
 science, the objects of which are to 
 investigate the nature and the proper- 
 ties of the elements of matter, and 
 their mutual actions and combina- 
 tions ; to ascertain the proportions in 
 which they unite, and the modes of 
 separating them when united ; and to 
 inquire into the laws which preside 
 over and affect these agencies. — 
 Brande. 
 
 A Chemical Element is a simple or 
 uncompounded substance. 
 
 Note 1. — The number of known substances re- 
 garded as elementary is 55. They may be di- 
 vided into two general classes: 1st, the Metals; 
 and 2d, the Non-Metals. 
 
 Note 2. — The ancients classified all substances 
 under the titles of earth, air, fire, and water, 
 ■yvhich they called the four elements. 
 
 Table of the Simple Substances with 
 their Equivalent or Combining 
 Weights. 
 
 1. The Metals. 
 
 Gold, 
 
 200 
 
 Bismuth, 
 
 72 
 
 Silver, 
 
 110 
 
 Zinc, 
 
 32 
 
 Iron, 
 
 28 
 
 Arsenic, 
 
 38 
 
 Copper, 
 
 32 
 
 Cobalt, 
 
 30 
 
 Mercury, 
 
 200 
 
 Platinum, 
 
 96 
 
 Lead, 
 
 104 
 
 Nickel, 
 
 28 
 
 Tin, 
 
 58 
 
 Manganese, 
 
 28 
 
 Antimony, 
 
 65 
 
 Tungsten, 
 
 100 
 
 Tellurium, 
 
 32 
 
 Barium, 
 
 09 
 
 Molybdenum, 
 
 48 
 
 Strontium, 
 
 44 
 
 Uranium, 
 
 217 
 
 Calcium, 
 
 20 
 
 Titanium, 
 
 24 
 
 Cadmium, 
 
 56 
 
 Chromium, 
 
 28 
 
 Lithium, 
 
 10 
 
 Columbium, 
 
 185 
 
 Zirconium, 
 
 30 
 
 Palladium, 
 
 54 
 
 Aluminium 
 
 10 
 
 Rhodium, 
 
 45 
 
 Glucinium, 
 
 18 
 
 Iridium, 
 
 96 
 
 Yttrium, 
 
 32 
 
 Osmium, 
 
 100 
 
 Thorium, 
 
 60 
 
 Cerium, 
 
 48 
 
 Magnesium, 
 
 12 
 
 Potassium, 
 
 40 
 
 Vanadium, 
 
 68 
 
 Sodium, 
 
 24 
 
 Latanium, 
 
 
 2. The Non-Metallic Elements. 
 
 
 Oxygen, 
 
 8 
 
 Carbon, 
 
 
 
 Chlorine, 
 
 36 
 
 Phosphorus, 
 
 16 
 
 Iodine, 
 
 125 
 
 Boron, 
 
 20 
 
 Bromine, 
 
 78 
 
 Silicon, 
 
 8 
 
 Fluorine, 
 
 18 
 
 Nitrogen, 
 
 14 
 
 Sulphur, 
 
 16 
 
 Hydrogen, 
 
 1 
 
 Selenium, 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 Note 1. — The non-metallic elements may be 
 divided into two families. The first family in- 
 cludes oxygen, chlorine, iodine, bromine, fluorine, 
 sidphur, and selenium. The characteristic prop- 
 erty of the elements of this family is, that, in 
 common with oxygen, they are all acidifying 
 principles. Carbon, phosphorus, boron, silicon, 
 nitrogen-, and hydrogen, which constitute the 
 second family, seem to possess a nature interme- 
 diate between that of the metals and that of the 
 oxygen family. 
 
 Note 2. — Gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, 
 lead, and tin, are the only metals which were 
 known to the ancients. 
 
 Antimony was described by Basil Valentine in 
 1496. 
 
 Bismuth was described by Agricola in 1530. 
 
200 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 
 Zinc was first mentioned by Paracelsus in the 
 16th century. 
 
 The metals of the list above, from arsenic to 
 chromium, inclusive, were discovered during the 
 last century; and the remaining twenty-one 
 have been discovered since the commencement 
 of the present century. 
 
 Of the non-metallic elements, sulphur and car- 
 ton only were known to the ancients. 
 
 Note 3. — In the foregoing table, the numbers 
 represent the proportional weights of the atoms 
 of the different elementary substances. The 
 atom of hydrogen is the lightest, the weight of 
 its atom being represented by the number 1. 
 The weight of the atom of oxygen is eight times 
 greater than that of hydrogen, and that of sul- 
 phur is sixteen times greater. 
 
 A Mixture consists of different sub- 
 stances whose particles are brought 
 into contact with each other, while 
 there is no union between the ulti- 
 mate atoms. 
 
 A Chemical Compound consists of 
 two or more simple substances whose 
 ultimate atoms have united. 
 
 Note. — In the case of a mixture, the elements 
 retain their sensible properties ; while in the 
 case of a true chemical compound, a new substance 
 is formed, in which the sensible properties of 
 neither of the elements can be recognized. 
 
 Chemical Equivalents are quanti- 
 ties of different substances which are 
 proportional to the numbers repre- 
 senting the weight of their atoms. 
 For example, 1 grain of hydrogen, 8 
 grains of oxygen, and 16 grains of 
 sulphur, are equivalents. 
 
 Note. — Substances combine, chemically, only 
 in the ratio of their atomic weights, or in ratios 
 expressed by multiples of those weights. Thus, 
 one equivalent of hydrogen will unite with either 
 one or two equivalents of oxygen; and one 
 equivalent of nitrogen will unite with either 
 one, two, three, four, or five equivalents of oxy- 
 gen. 
 
 Oxygen is a term which signifies a 
 generator of acids. (Gr., o|y? [oxys], 
 sour; and yw*u> [gennao], to pro- 
 duce.) 
 
 Note 1. — Oxygen forms one-fifth of the atmo- 
 sphere, eight-ninths of water, and more than 
 one-half of the solid crust of the globe. 
 
 Note 2. — The oxygen of the atmosphere is the 
 supporter both of respiration and of ordinary 
 combustion. 
 
 Hydrogen is one of the constituent 
 elements of water. (Gr., ymaee [gen- 
 nad], to produce; and ?V&>§ [hydor], 
 water. ) 
 
 Note 1. — Hydrogen, in its gaseous state, is the 
 lightest of all known substances, being about 
 fifteen times lighter than common air. 
 
 Note 2. — Water is a compound of hydrogen 
 
 and oxygen, consisting of one equivalent of each, 
 or of one part by weight of hydrogen, and eight 
 of oxygen. 
 
 Nitrogen is thus called from its 
 being the basis of nitric acid, and is 
 one of the constituents of atmospheric 
 air. 
 
 Note. — Atmosplieric or Common Air consists of 
 two equivalents of nitrogen and one of oxygen, 
 or 2X1^=28 parts by weight of nitrogen and 2X 
 8=16 parts of oxygen. 
 
 Chlorine is one of the constituents 
 of common salt. It has its name 
 from its color. (Gr.. x Ka> i 0,; [chloros], 
 green.) 
 
 Note. — Chlorine is remarkable for its bleach- 
 ing properties, and also for its property of de- 
 stroying disagreeable odors. 
 
 Iodine is a substance obtained from 
 the ashes of sea weeds. It derives 
 its name from the color of its vapor. 
 (Gr., iceSn; [lodes'], violet-colored.) 
 
 Bromine is a substance found in 
 the ashes of sea-weeds and in sea 
 water. It is thus named from its 
 rank odor. (Gr., 0pa>y,os [bromos], a 
 rank odor. ) 
 
 Fluorine is a substance which nat- 
 urally exists in combination with cal- 
 cium, with which it forms the min- 
 eral called fluor spar. 
 
 Note. — Combined with hydrogen, fluorine 
 forms an acid possessing the remarkable prop- 
 erty of corroding glass. 
 
 Sulphur is a brittle solid of a 
 lemon-yellow color, nearly tasteless, 
 and inodorous, except when rubbed. 
 It is found in a pure state in the vi- 
 cinity of volcanoes, and exists abun- 
 dantly in combination with the met- 
 als, forming the sulphurets of iron, 
 copper, lead, silver, etc. — Gray. 
 
 Carbon is the substance of pure 
 charcoal. 
 
 Note. — The diamond is crystallized carbon. 
 
 Phosphorus is a very inflammable 
 substance, transparent and nearly col- 
 orless, or of a wax color. It is ob- 
 tained from bones, and receives its 
 name from the property of shining in 
 the dark. (Gr., ?»; [phos], light, and 
 <££/>*> [phero], to bear.) 
 
 Boron is a dark, olive-colored solid 
 without taste or smell. It derives its 
 name from the salt called borax, of 
 
CHEMISTRY. 
 
 201 
 
 which it is one of the constituent ele- 
 ments. 
 
 Silicon is a solid of a dark brown 
 color, *and derives its name from the 
 Latin word silex, flint, of which it is 
 the basis. 
 
 Selenium is an opake, brittle solid, 
 without taste or odor; its luster is 
 metallic, resembling lead in the mass, 
 but in powder has a deep red color. 
 (Gr., Ti\hi\ [selene~], the moon.) 
 
 Gold is the most precious of the 
 metals. It is distinguished by its yel- 
 low color, and by being the most mal- 
 leable of all the metals 
 
 Aurum, gold. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Auriferous, that yields or produces 
 gold; as, auriferous sands. (L.,fero, 
 to bear.) 
 
 XPT202 [Chrysos], gold. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Chrysan'tliem, a flower, so called 
 from its golden color. (Gr., avQtjuov 
 [anthemon], a flower.) 
 
 Chrysopra / sus, a stone of a golden 
 color, with a tinge of green. 
 
 Chrys'alis, the particular form 
 which butterflies, and some other in- 
 sects, assume before they arrive at 
 their winged or perfect state. (Thus 
 called from the yellow color of some 
 species.) 
 
 Silver is one of the precious met- 
 als, and is distinguished by having 
 the clearest white color of all the 
 metals. 
 
 Argentum, silver. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Argentiferous, producing silver; 
 as, argentiferous ore. (L., fero, to 
 bear. ) 
 
 To Plate is to cover over with sil- 
 ver. (Span., plata, silver.) 
 
 Plate is gold or silver wrought into 
 articles of household furniture. 
 
 Copper is distinguished from all 
 other metals, except titanium, by its 
 red color. It is very ductile and 
 malleable. 
 
 Cuprum, copper. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Cupreous, resembling, or partak- 
 ing of the nature of copper; as, a 
 cupreous taste. 
 
 Lead is a metal of a bluish-white 
 color, soft, malleable, and ductile. 
 
 Plumbum, lead. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Plumb, or Plummet, a piece of lead 
 attached to a line. 
 
 Plumber, (pron., plum'mer,) one 
 who works in lead. 
 
 Plumbery, (pron., plum'mery), 1. 
 Lead-works. 2. The art of working 
 in lead. 
 
 Iron is the most useful of the 
 metals. 
 
 Steel is a compound of iron and 
 carbon. The carbon rarely exceeds 
 two per cent., and is generally be- 
 low it. 
 
 Note. — Steel is made by a process called cemen- 
 tation, which consists in filling a proper furnace 
 with alternate strata of bars of the purest mal- 
 leable iron and powdered charcoal. Atmospheric 
 air is carefully excluded from the boxes contain- 
 ing the bars, and the whole is kept for several 
 days at a red heat. — Brande. 
 
 Ferrum, iron. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ferruginous, 1. Containing parti- 
 cles of iron. 2. Of the color of the 
 rust of iron. 
 
 Chalybeate, impregnated with 
 iron ; as, a chalybeate spring. (L. , 
 clialybs, steel.) 
 
 Mercury is of a tin-white color, 
 and strong metallic luster. It re- 
 tains its liquid form at common tem- 
 peratures, and is, for this reason, 
 called quicksilver. 
 
 Tin has a color and luster resem- 
 bling silver. It is very malleable. 
 
 Zinc is of a bluish-white color, 
 with a strong metallic luster, and 
 lamellated texture. 
 
 Platinum is the most dense of the 
 metals, of a white color, resembling 
 silver. 
 
 Tellurium is a brittle metal, of a 
 bright gray color, very infusible and 
 volatile. 
 
 Titanium is of a deep red color, 
 resembling copper. 
 
 Bismuth is a brittle solid, gener- 
 ally composed of broad plates, of a 
 reddish-white color ; very fusible. 
 
 Antimony is a brittle metal, of a 
 white color; fuses at 810°, and, on 
 cooling, has a lamellated texture. 
 
 Tungsten is a very hard, brittle 
 metal, resembling iron in color. 
 
 Molybdenum is a brittle metal of a 
 white color, and very infuoible. 
 
202 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 
 Vanadium, when obtained by means 
 of potassium, is a brittle, black sub- 
 stance; but when prepared by the 
 decomposition of the chloride, is 
 white, resembling silver, of a strong 
 metallic luster. 
 
 Chromium is a brittle metal, of a 
 grayish-white color, and very infus- 
 ible. 
 
 Arsenic is a very brittle metal, of 
 a steel-gray color, high metal luster, 
 and of a crystalline structure. 
 
 Nickel is of a white color, inter- 
 mediate between tin and silver ; 
 ductile and malleable, and attracted 
 by the magnet. 
 
 Cobalt is a brittle solid, of a red- 
 dish gray color; and weak metallic 
 luster. 
 
 Cadmium resembles tin in its color 
 and luster, but is harder and more 
 tenacious ; very ductile and malle- 
 able. 
 
 Manganese is a hard, brittle metal, 
 of a grayish-white color, and gran- 
 ular texture ; very infusible. 
 
 Zirconium exists in the form of a 
 black powder. 
 
 Thorium is of a deep, leaden-gray 
 color. 
 
 Glucinium presents the form of a 
 white powder, without taste or odor. 
 
 Aluminium is the metallic base of 
 common clay. 
 
 Potassium is the metallic base of 
 potash. It is a soft, malleable solid, 
 yielding to the pressure of the fingers 
 like wax; of a decidedly metallic 
 luster, similar to mercury in color. 
 
 Note. — Potash is obtained from the ashes of 
 wood, by causing water to pass through the 
 ashes, and then evaporating the ley, as it is 
 called, to dryness. 
 
 Sodium is the metallic base of 
 soda. It is a white, opake solid, of 
 metallic luster, resembling silver. 
 
 Note 1.— Soda may be obtained by lixiviating 
 the ashes of sea plants, and then evaporating the 
 lixivium, or ley. 
 
 Note 2. — Potash and soda are called the 
 alkalies. 
 
 Note 3. — The alkalies are employed in the 
 manufacture of glass, the one or the other being 
 used according to the kind of glass that is to be 
 produced. The principal element of glass be- 
 side the alkalies is silex, used in the form of 
 sand. 
 
 Note 4. — The alkalies also form the basis of 
 
 the soaps. Potash, in combination with an oil, 
 or any fatty matter, forms soft soap. Soda, 
 combined in the same manner, forms hard soap. 
 
 Lithium, the base of lithia, is a 
 white-colored metal, like sodiu*m. 
 
 Note. — Lithia is reckoned as one of the alka- 
 lies. 
 
 Barium, the base of baryta, is a 
 metal of a dark gray color, inferior 
 in luster to cast-iron. 
 
 Strontium, the base of strontia, is 
 a metal resembling barium in most 
 of its properties. 
 
 Calcium is the metallic basis of 
 lime. 
 
 Magnesium is the metallic base of 
 magnesia. It is a very malleable- 
 solid, of a white color, like silver, 
 and of a brilliant metallic luster. 
 
 Note. — Baria, strontia, lime and magnesia, 
 resemble potash and soda in their properties, 
 and have, therefore, been called the alkaline 
 earths. 
 
 Acknowledgment. — The author is indebted 
 to Grai/s Chemistry for the foregoing descrip- 
 tions of the metals. 
 
 Of Chemical Compounds. 
 1. Alloys. 
 
 An ALLOY, in coinage, is a baser 
 metal mixed with a finer. 
 
 An Alloy, in chemistry, is any mix- 
 ture of different metals. 
 
 Alloy, in a figurative sense, is evil 
 mixed with good; as, no happiness 
 is without alloy. 
 
 Brass is an alloy of copper and 
 zinc. 
 
 Bell-Metal is a mixture of copper 
 and tin, with a small portion of brass 
 or zinc. 
 
 Pinchbeck is an alloy of copper 
 and zinc, resembling gold in its ap- 
 pearance. The proportion of zinc is 
 greater than in brass. — Ure. 
 
 Pewter is a composition consist- 
 ing mainly of tin and lead. The best 
 pewter consists of tin alloyed with 
 small quantities of antimony, copper, 
 and bismuth. 
 
 Bronze is a compound consisting 
 of copper and tin, to which other 
 metals are sometimes added. It is 
 used for statues, bells, and cannon. 
 
 An Amalgam is a compound of 
 quicksilver with any other metal. 
 
 To Amalgamate is, 1. To compound 
 
CHEMISTRY. 
 
 203 
 
 quicksilver with another metal. 2. 
 To combine different things by mix- 
 ture. 
 
 2. Of the Chemical Compounds designated 
 
 by the sujtz-uret. 
 
 The non-metallic elements, in uniting with 
 each other and with the metals, form a class of 
 compounds which are named by adding the ter- 
 mination, uret, to the name of the non-metallic 
 clement, or to one of them, if both are non-me- 
 tallic, and by then adding to this word the 
 name of the other element, with of prefixed. 
 Thus carbon and hydrogen form the carburet of 
 hydrogen ; and sulphur and iron form the sul- 
 phuret of iron. 
 
 3. Of the Chemical Compounds designated 
 
 by the suffix-ide. 
 
 The members of the oxygen family, in uniting 
 with other substances and with each other, form 
 compounds which are named by adding the ter- 
 mination, ide, to the name of the oxygen ele- 
 ment, or to one of tbem, if both are oxygen 
 elements, and by then adding the name of the 
 other element with the word of prefixed. Thus 
 oxide of iron is a compound of oxygen and iron ; 
 chloride of bromine, or bromide of chlorine, is a 
 compound of chlorine and bromine. 
 
 Bote 1. — When the name of a metal ends in 
 ?;m, the oxide is sometimes designated by chang- 
 ing urn into a : thus, potassa, soda, Hilda, baria, 
 strontia. magnesia, alumina, glucina, yttria, thorina, 
 and zirconia, are the oxides of potassium, sodium, 
 etc. 
 
 Note 2. — In cases where substances unite in 
 several proportions, the proportions are indi- 
 cated by numerical prefixes. Thus, proto, the 
 first ; bi. or bin, (formerly deuto,) the second ; 
 ter, the third ; quadro, the fourth, etc. ; and per, 
 the highest degree, denote one, two, three, etc., 
 equivalents of the first named element; as, the 
 protoxide of nitrogen ; the binoxide of mangan- 
 ese ; the peroxide of iron. The protoxide of 
 nitrogen consists of one equivalent of oxygen 
 united to one equivalent of nitrogen. The bin- 
 oxide of manganese contains two equivalents of 
 oxygen. The peroxide of iron contains the 
 highest number of equivalents of oxygen with 
 which iron is capable of combining. The pre- 
 fixes- di, two ; tri, three, etc., denote two, three, 
 etc., equivalents of the base. Thus, a dinoxide 
 of copper consists of one equivalent of oxygen 
 and two of copper. 
 
 4. Of the Compounds called Acids. 
 
 An ACID is a compound consist- 
 ing of an element of the oxygen 
 family, united with an acidifiable 
 base in such a proportion that this 
 compound, when united with a sali- 
 fiable base, forms a new compound 
 called a salt. 
 
 Note. — Many of the acids are sour to the taste, 
 aid hence the 
 
 An Acidifiable Base is a substance 
 that may acquire the properties of 
 
 an acid by being combined with some 
 element of the oxygen family. 
 
 Note 1.— All the non-metallic elements, ex- 
 cept oxygen, are acidifiable bases, as are likewise 
 the metals antimony, arsenic, manganese, tungsten, 
 tellurium, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, and 
 cobnnbivm. 
 
 Note 2.— In naming the oxygen acids, the 
 suffix, ic, is added to the name of the base. Thus 
 carbonic acid is formed by the union of carbon 
 as a base, with oxygen as the acidifying prin- 
 ciple. 
 
 >~ote 3.<— Acids which do not contain oxygen, 
 receive names which are compounded of the names 
 of the constituents, the first enunciated termi- 
 nating in o, and the last in ic ; as, ftuoboric acid, 
 in which boron is the base, and fluorine the acidi- 
 fying principle ; or, as hydrochloric acid, in which 
 hydrogen is the base, and chlorine the acidifying 
 principle. 
 
 Note 4. — When there are two oxygen acids of 
 the same base, the weaker acid is distinguished 
 by the sufiix. cms; as, sulphurous acid, which 
 contains less oxygen than sulphuric acid. 
 
 Note 5. — In the case of three or more acid 
 compounds of the same base, the prefix hypo, is 
 used to denote inferiority, as in the following 
 compounds of oxygen with sulphur : 
 
 Sulphuric acid, I Sulphurous acid, 
 
 Hyposulphuric acid, | Hyposulphurous acid. 
 
 5. Of the Salts. 
 
 SALTS are formed by the union 
 of the oxygen acids with the metal- 
 lic oxides, or with other compounds 
 which have similar properties. 
 
 A Salifiable Base is an oxide, or 
 other compound with which an acid 
 combines in forming a salt. (L., 
 sal, salt, and, facia, to make.) 
 
 NoteI. — Acids ending in ic, form salts ending 
 in ate. Thus, sulphuric acid, in combination 
 with oxide of iron, forms the sulphate of iron. 
 
 Note 2. — Acids ending in ous, form salts end- 
 ing in ite. Thus sulphurous acid, in combina- 
 tion with the oxide of potassium, or potash, 
 forms the sulphite of potash. % 
 
 Note 3. — The term salt is sometimes used in a 
 more extended sense, to include all the possible 
 combinations of the binary compounds in ide 
 and uret. 
 
 6. Alchemy. 
 
 ALCHEMY was an imaginary art 
 which had for its object, 1. The trans- 
 mutation of the baser metals into 
 gold. 2. The discovery of a universal 
 medicine. 3. The discovery of a 
 liquid which would burn forever in 
 a lamp without diminishing in quan- 
 tity. 
 
 'The Philosopher's Stone was the 
 substance sought for by the alche- 
 mists, which, being mixed with baser 
 metals, would transmute them into 
 gold. 
 
204 
 
 MINERALS. 
 
 The Elixir of Life was a medicine 
 which was to be an infallible remedy 
 for all diseases, and was to have the 
 quality of warding off old age and 
 death. It was supposed that its ap- 
 plication might even restore life to 
 an inanimate body. 
 
 An Adept was one who professed 
 to have obtained the philosopher's 
 stone, or either of the other objects 
 of alchemical search. (L., adipiscor 
 [adeptus~\, to obtain.) Hence, we 
 derive the use of the term adept, in 
 the sense of a person skilled in an art. 
 
 OF MINERALS 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 A MINERAL is any natural pro- 
 duction formed by the action of 
 chemical affinities, and organized, 
 when becoming solid, by the powers 
 of crystallization. — Dana. 
 
 Mineralogy is the science which 
 treats of the properties of mineral 
 substances, and teaches us to char- 
 acterize, distinguish, and classify 
 them according to their properties. 
 It comprehends the study, or science 
 of all inorganic substances in the 
 earth and on its surface. — Dana. 
 
 A Mine is a place in which a con- 
 siderable quantity of any mineral 
 naturally exists. 
 
 An Ore is a mineral consisting of 
 a metal combined with some other 
 substance, as oxygen, sulphur, or car- 
 bon, called its mineralizer. 
 
 A Crystal, in chemistry and min- 
 eralogy, is an inorganic body, which, 
 by the operation of affinity has as- 
 sumed the form of a regular solid, 
 terminated by a certain number of 
 plane and smooth surfaces. — Cleave- 
 land. 
 
 Crystallography is the branch of 
 science which treats of the forms of 
 crystals, (dr., >§*<?>«■> [grapho~], to de- 
 scribe.) 
 
 Earth is any loose, soft, and in- 
 combustible matter which enters into 
 the composition of the globe. 
 
 Stone is any hard mineral sub- 
 stance that is neither metallic nor 
 combustible. 
 
 2. Earth. 
 
 EARTHY, consisting of earth; as 
 earthy particles. 
 
 Earthen, made of earth; as earthen 
 ware. 
 
 Soil consists of primitive earth 
 mingled with the matter of decayed 
 vegetation. 
 
 Note.— The soil forms a dark-colored stratum 
 of the average thickness of perhaps a foot, at 
 the surface of the earth. 
 
 The Subsoil is the earth immedi- 
 ately beneath the soil. 
 
 Mold is a loose and rich soil. 
 
 Humus, moist earth. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Inhume, to put in the ground; as, 
 to inhume a corpse, {in, into.) 
 
 Exhume, to take out of the ground; 
 as, to exhume a dead body, {ex, out 
 of.) 
 
 Humble, lit., situated on or near 
 the ground. Hence, 1. Lowly in con- 
 dition. 2. Lowly in spirit. 
 
 Posthumous, being or happening 
 after a person's burial; as, posthu- 
 mous fame; ^posthumous publication. 
 
 Humus, a pulverulent, brown sub- 
 stance, formed by the action of air on 
 solid animal or vegetable matter. It 
 is a valuable constituent of soils. — 
 Graham. 
 
 Clay is a species of earth which is 
 firmly coherent, weighty, compact, 
 and hard when dry, but stiff, viscid, 
 and ductile when moist, and smooth 
 to the touch; not readily diffusible 
 in water, and when mixed not readily 
 subsiding in it. — Webster. 
 
 Loam is a soil in which clay pre- 
 vails. 
 
 Marl is composed of carbonate of 
 lime and clay in various proportions. 
 
 Argilla, potter's clay. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Argillaceous, consisting of clay ; 
 as, argillaceous earth. 
 
 Argil, the substance of pure clay. 
 
MINERALS. 
 
 205 
 
 Lutum, clay. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lute, or Luting, in Chemistry, a 
 composition of clay, or other tena- 
 cious substance, used for stopping 
 the juncture of vessels to prevent 
 the escape or entrance of air, or for 
 covering them when exposed to 
 heat. — Webster. 
 
 Bole is an argillaceous mineral 
 generally reddened^ by oxyd of iron. 
 (Gr, @o>kos (bolos), a mass.) 
 
 Terra, earth. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Terrace, a platform of earth sup- 
 ported by a wall, or bank of turf. 
 
 Terreen, an earthen or porcelain 
 vessel for table furniture, used often 
 for containing soup. 
 
 Terra Cotta, (It.), lit., baked clay; 
 a name given to statues, architectu- 
 ral ornaments, figures, vases, etc., 
 modeled or cast in a paste made of 
 pipe or potter's clay, and a fine, color- 
 less sand. — Brande. 
 
 Terra Sienna, a brown bole or 
 ocher, from Sienna in Italy. 
 
 3. Of Stone. 
 
 A ROCK is a large, stony mass. 
 
 A Crag is a steep and rugged 
 rock. 
 
 A Cliff is a high and steep rock. 
 
 A Pebble is a very small stone. 
 
 Gravel is a term applied to a 
 quantity of pebbles. 
 
 Lapis [lapidis], a stone. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Lapidary, an artificer who cuts, pol- 
 ishes, and engraves precious stones. 
 
 Lapidify, to form into stone, (fy, 
 from L., facio, to make.) 
 
 Lapidescent, growing or turning 
 into stone. 
 
 Dilapidate, lit, To pull asunder 
 the stones of a wall. Hence, 
 
 Dilapidated, in a ruinous condi- 
 tion; as, a dilapidated house, (di, 
 asunder.) 
 
 Petra, a stone or rock. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Petrify, 1. To become stone. ' 2. 
 To convert into stone, {fy, from L., 
 facio, to make.) 
 
 Petrifaction, 1. The act of chang- 
 
 ing into stone. 2. An organized body 
 that has been rendered hard by the 
 deposition of stony matter in its 
 cavities. 
 
 A10O2 [Litiios], a stone. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Lithography, the art of tracing 
 letters or designs on stone, and of 
 transferring them to paper by im- 
 pression. (Gr., ypx?a> \_grapho~], tc 
 write or delineate.) 
 
 Monolith, a column of a single 
 stone. (Gr, ^ovoc \jnonos'], one.) 
 
 4. Of the Precious Stones. 
 
 The PRECIOUS STONES are 
 hard mineral substances, which, on 
 account of their beautiful colors, are 
 worn as ornaments. 
 
 A Gem is a precious stone of any 
 kind. (L., gemma, a bud.) 
 
 A Jewel is an ornament of dress, 
 in which the precious stones form a 
 principal part. 
 
 Quartz is pure silex, occurring in 
 pellucid, glassy crystals, having the 
 form of a six-sided prism, terminated 
 at each end by a pyramid; and also 
 in masses of various colors, more or 
 less transparent to opake. 
 
 Jasper is a silicious mineral of 
 various colors; sometimes spotted, 
 banded, or variegated. It takes a 
 fine polish, and the variety and rich- 
 ness of its colors render it useful in 
 the ornamental arts. — Brande. 
 
 The Sapphire is a very hard gem, 
 consisting essentially of crystallized 
 alumina. It is of various colors; the 
 blue variety being generally called 
 the sapphire; the red, the oriental 
 ruby ; the yelloiv, the oriental topaz. 
 Brande. 
 
 The Chalcedony is a semi-trans- 
 parent, silicious mineral, of various 
 colors, and often banded. The finest 
 specimens are said to have been 
 originally found at Chalcedon, in 
 Asia. — Brande. 
 
 The Emerald is a mineral of a 
 beautiful green color, which occurs 
 in prismatic crystals, and is much 
 valued for ornamental jewelry. — 
 Brande. 
 
206 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 The Carnelian is a red, or flesh- 
 colored chalcedony. — Brande. 
 
 The Sardonyx is a reddish-yellow, 
 or orange-colored chalcedony ; it is 
 often blood-red by transmitted light. 
 Brande. 
 
 The Sarditjs is a precious stone 
 mentioned in Rev. xxi. 
 
 The Sardine is the same with Sar- 
 dius. One of the stones set in 
 Aaron's breastplate was a sardine. 
 Ex., xxviii. (From Sardis, a city in 
 Asia Minor.) 
 
 The Chrysolite is a crystallized 
 mineral, often of a golden-yellow 
 color. — Brande, (G-r., xP v<ros [_ c ^ ir y- 
 sos~\, gold, andx/Sss [lithos~], a stone.) 
 
 The Beryl is a mineral of great 
 hardness, occurring in green, or blu- 
 ish, six-sided prisms. It is identical 
 with the emerald, except in color, 
 the latter having a purer and richer 
 green color, proceeding from a trace 
 of the oxyd of chrome. The color- 
 ing matter of the beryl is oxyd of 
 iron. — Dana. 
 
 The Topaz occurs in rhombic 
 prisms, and is generally of a yellow- 
 ish color and pellucid ; but it is also 
 met with colorless, and of greenish, 
 bluish, or brownish shades. — Dana. 
 
 The Chrysoprasus is a pale, green, 
 silicious mineral, generally ^semi- 
 transparent. It is tinged by oxyd 
 of nickel, and is much esteemed for 
 ornamental purposes. — Brande. 
 
 The Jacinth, or Hyacinth, is a 
 red variety of zircon, sometimes 
 used as a gem. — Dana. 
 
 The Amethyst is purple rock-crys- 
 tal, or crystallized quartz. — Brande. 
 
 The Garnet is a mineral, of which 
 there are several varieties. The pre- 
 cious garnet is transparent, and in 
 crystals or rounded grains. It is a 
 silicate of alumina and iron, and is 
 used for ornamental jewelry. — 
 Brande. 
 
 The Carbuncle is a gem mentioned 
 in ancient authors, and probably cor- 
 responds with our precious garnet. 
 Brande. 
 
 OF PLANT 
 
 A PLANT is an organic body des- 
 titute of sense and spontaneous mo- 
 tion. 
 
 botanh [Bot'-a-ne], a plant (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Botany, the science of plants. 
 
 $tton [Phyton], a plant. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Phytography, 1. The science of 
 describing plants in a systematic 
 manner. 2. A description of plants. 
 (Gr., ypa<poo [grapho~], to describe.) 
 
 Phytology, 1. A discourse or treat- 
 ise on plants. 2. The science of 
 plants. (Gr., xoyos [logos], a dis- 
 course.) 
 
 Phytophagous, eating or subsisting 
 on plants. (Gr., <p<xya \_phago~\, to 
 eat.) 
 
 Zoophyte, the coral animal, thus 
 called from its propagating its kind 
 by offshoots, after the manner of cer- 
 tain plants. (Gr., faov \zo-on\, an 
 animal.) 
 
 Vigeo, to grow. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vegetate, to grow after the man- 
 ner of plants. 
 
 Vegetation, 1. The process of 
 growing, after the manner of plants, 
 2. Plants in general. 
 
 An Herb is a plant with a soft, 
 succulent [juicy,) stem, which dies 
 to the root every year. 
 
 Herbage is, 1. Herbs collectively. 
 2. Grass or green food for cattle. 
 
 Herbal, pertaining to plants. 
 
 A Herbal is a book that contains 
 the names and descriptions of plants 
 with an accouut of their qualities. 
 
 A Herbalist is, 1. A person 
 skilled in plants. 2. One who makes 
 collections of plants. 
 
 A Herbarium is a collection of 
 plants dried and preserved. 
 
 Herbaceous, having the nature of 
 an herb ; as, herbaceous plants. 
 
 Herbescent, growing as an herb; 
 as, a herbescent plant. 
 
PLANTS. 
 
 207 
 
 Herbivorous, subsisting on herbs. 
 (L., voro, to eat.) 
 
 A Tree is a large plant that has a 
 woody stem, sustains itself in an up- 
 right position, and continues to live 
 and grow for many years. 
 
 A Shrub differs from a tree only 
 in size, a shrub being smaller than 
 a tree. 
 
 Note. — Any woody, perennial plant that does 
 attain a bight exceeding six or eight feet, may 
 he called a shrub. 
 
 Shrubbery is shrubs in general. 
 
 A Shrubbery is a plantation of 
 shrubs. 
 
 A Bush is, 1. Either a shrub, or a 
 tree of shrub-like size. 2. A thicket 
 of trees or bushes. 
 
 A hird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 
 
 A Sapling is a young tree. (Thus 
 called from its abounding in sap.) 
 
 A Forest is a large tract of ground 
 covered with trees. 
 
 A Wood is a small forest. 
 
 The Woods are an indefinite extent 
 of forest-covered country. 
 
 A Grove is a small collection of 
 trees. 
 
 A Clump is a cluster of trees or 
 shrubs closely set. 
 
 Arbor, a tree. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Arbor, a frame of lattice-work cov- 
 ered with vines, branches of trees, or 
 other plants. 
 
 Arborescent, resembling a tree. 
 
 Arboret, 1. A small tree or shrub. 
 2. A place planted or overgrown with 
 trees. 
 
 Arborist, one who makes trees 
 his study. 
 
 Arboriculture, the art of cultivat- 
 ing trees and shrubs for timber and 
 ornamental purposes. 
 
 A Bower is a shelter or covered 
 place in a garden, made with boughs 
 of trees bent and twined together. 
 
 The Vine is that woody, climbing 
 plant, which produces grapes. 
 
 A Vine is any climbing or trailing 
 plant. 
 
 The Eoot is that part of a plant 
 which fixes itself in the earth. 
 
 Radix, a root. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Radicle, a small fibriform root. 
 
 Radical, pertaining to the root or 
 origin ; as, a radical error ; a radical 
 difference. 
 
 Radicate, to plant deeply and 
 firmly ; as, radicated opinions. 
 
 Eradicate, lit, to pull up by the 
 roots. Hence, to destroy thoroughly; 
 as, to eradicate weeds ; to eradicate 
 errors, vice, or disease, (e, out.) 
 
 A Stem is, 1. The body of a plant. 
 2. The support of flower or fruit. 
 
 A Stalk is an upright stem of a 
 plant. 
 
 A Trunk is the stem of a tree. 
 
 Stirps, the stem and root of a 
 plant. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Extirpate, lit., to pluck up by the 
 roots. Hence, to root out, or destroy 
 wholly ; as, to extirpate error. 
 
 Branches are the smaller portions 
 into which a stem divides itself. 
 
 A Branchlet is a small branch. 
 
 A Shoot is a young branch. 
 
 A Twig is, 1. A small branch. 
 2. A seedling tree. 
 
 Just as the lui-g is bent the tree 's inclined. 
 
 A Sprig is a small twig or shoot of 
 a tree or other plant. 
 
 Ramus, a branch. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ramify, to separate into branches. 
 
 Ramification, 1. The act of sepa- 
 rating into branches. 2. A branch. 
 
 Ra'mose, or Ra'mous, branchy. 
 
 Bark is the covering of plants, and 
 corresponds to the skin of animals. 
 
 The Rind is, 1. The skin of a fruit. 
 2. The bark of a plant. 
 
 Cortex, bark. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Cortical, belonging to or consisting 
 of bark. 
 
 Decorticate, to strip off the bark. 
 
 The Pith is the soft spongy sub- 
 stance in the center of plants. 
 
 A Leaf is an organ of a plant, usu- 
 ally flat and membranous, but some- 
 times linear, cylindric, etc. 
 
 A Leaflet is a small leaf constitut- 
 ing a division of a compound leaf. 
 
 FoLruM, a leaf. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Foliaceous, 1. Having leaves inter- 
 mixed with flowers; as, a foliaccous 
 spike. 2. Pertaining to leaves; as, 
 foliaceous glands. 3. Separating into 
 
208 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 leaves or thin laminae; as, foliaceous 
 spar. 
 
 Foliage, leaves in general. 
 
 Foliate, leafy; as, a foliate stalk. 
 
 Exfoliate, in surgery, to come off 
 in thin scales, as carious bone. 
 
 A Bud is a small protuberance on a 
 plant, containing the rudiments of fu 
 ture leaves, or of a flower. 
 
 Note. — Buds are of three kinds : that contain 
 ing the flower ; that containing leaves ; and that 
 containing both flowers and leaves. 
 
 An Eye is a bud. 
 
 To Bourgeon is to put forth buds 
 (Fr., bourgeon, a bud.) 
 
 To Inoculate is to insert the bud of 
 a tree or plant in another tree or 
 plant. (L., in, upon, or into; and 
 oculus, an eye or bud.) 
 
 A Sprout is, 1. A shoot of a plant 
 2. A shoot from a seed. 
 
 A Germ is, 1. That portion of a 
 seed in which the rudiments of a new 
 plant are wrapped up. Hence, 2. 
 That from which anything springs. 
 (L., germen, a bud.) 
 
 To Germinate is to sprout, as a 
 seed. 
 
 A Flower, or Blossom, is a bud ex- 
 panded, and containing the rudiments 
 of the future fruit. 
 
 To Bloom is, 1. To bear flowers. 
 2, and fig., To be healthful and beau- 
 tiful ; as, blooming youth. 
 
 To Blow is to unfold flowers. 
 
 Flos [floris], a flower. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Flora, 1. The goddess of flowers. 
 2. The plants of a particular region. 
 
 Floral, pertaining to flowers. 
 
 Florist, a cultivator of flowers. 
 
 Florid, 1. Of a lively red color; 
 as, a florid countenance. 2. Embel- 
 lished to excess with the flowers of 
 rhetoric ; as, a florid style. 
 
 A Posy is a bunch of flowers. 
 
 A Nosegay is a bunch of flowers 
 used to regale the sense of smelling. 
 
 A Bouquet (boo-ka') is a bunch of 
 flowers employed as an ornament. 
 
 The Fruit is a vegetable produc- 
 tion consisting of the seed and its 
 coverings. 
 
 Fructus, fruit. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Fructify, to make fruitful. 
 
 Fructification, 1. The act of mak- 
 ing fruitful. 2. The fruit organs of a 
 plant. 
 
 The Seed is a body consisting of 
 the germ together with a portion of 
 starchy matter designed for the first 
 nourishment of the young plant, the 
 whole being incased in a skin, hull, 
 or shell. 
 
 A Grain is a small seed, as that 
 of wheat. 
 
 A Nut is a large seed covered with 
 a shell. 
 
 A Kernel is a seed divested of its 
 covering. 
 
 A Shell is a hard covering of the 
 kernel of a seed. 
 
 A Hull is an outer covering which 
 incloses the seed. 
 
 A Husk is a loose, membranous, 
 outer covering of seeds, as the husks 
 of maize. 
 
 Chaff is the covering of such 
 grains as wheat, rye, etc. 
 
 Semen, seed. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Seminary, a plot of ground where 
 seed is sown to produce plants for 
 transplantation. 
 
 Seminiferous, seed-bearing. (L., 
 fero, to bear.) 
 
 Disseminate, to scatter, as seeds. 
 
 Mildew is a thin, whitish coating, 
 with which the leaves of vegetables 
 are sometimes covered, occasioning 
 disease, decay, and death. (Ger., 
 mehl, meal, from the circumstance 
 that the plants have the appearance 
 of being sprinkled with meal ) 
 
 Blight is the sudden death of 
 plants, and also the drying up and 
 withering of their branches. — 
 Brande. 
 
 To Blast is to check the growth 
 and prevent from coming to maturity. 
 
 To Wither is to become dry; as 
 leaves or flowers. 
 
 To Wilt is to begin to wither. 
 
 Ripe, brought to perfection in 
 growth; as, ripe fruit. 
 
 Maturus, ripe. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Mature, ripe; as, mature fruit; ma- 
 ture years. 
 
 Maturity, ripeness; as the maturity 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 209 
 
 of a fruit; the maturity of the men- 
 tal powers; the maturity of a prom- 
 issory note. 
 
 Precocious, ripe too soon; as, a 
 precocious youth. (L., p>ro?, too soon; 
 and coquo, to cook; that is, to ripen.) 
 
 Precociousness, or Precocity, is a 
 state of ripeness in the young, at- 
 tained before the proper period. 
 
 Green, not having yet attained to 
 maturity; as, green fruit. 
 
 Thrifty, growing rapidly and vig- 
 orously. (From thrive.) 
 
 Luxuriant, developing itself in a 
 copious growth. 
 
 Rank, largely developed by growth ; 
 as, rank seeds. 
 
 OF ANIMALS. 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 An ANIMAL is an organized body 
 endowe-d with sensation, and capable 
 of voluntary motion. 
 
 Note. — The animal kingdom is divided into 
 four provinces or sub-kingdoms, to wit : verte- 
 brata, moUusca, articulata, and radiata. 
 
 The Vertebrata, or Vertebrate 
 Animals, are those which have a 
 back bone. (L., vertebra, a backbone.) 
 
 The Mollusca, or Mollusks, are 
 animals which have soft bodies, like 
 the oyster and snail. (L., mollis, 
 soft.) 
 
 The Articulata are characterized 
 by a jointed, or articulated covering, 
 consisting of a series of rings, as 
 the bee or the spider. (Articulus, a 
 joint.) 
 
 The Radiata are animals whose 
 parts are arranged around an axis, 
 and on one or several radii, or on 
 several lines extending from one pole 
 to the other. — Cuvier. 
 
 Note. — The Vertebrata are divided into four 
 classes, namely, mammals, birds, reptiles, and 
 fishes. 
 
 Mammals are animals that nourish 
 their young with milk. (L., mamma, 
 an organ for the secretion of milk.) 
 
 A Quadruped is a four-footed mam- 
 mal. (L., quatuor, four; and pes [pe- 
 dis'], a foot.) 
 
 A Beast is, 1. Any four-footed ani- 
 mal which may be used for labor, 
 food, or sport. (Usually applied to 
 large animals.) 2. A man who is 
 filthy and debased in his manners 
 and habits. 
 
 Beastly, coarse and filthy. 
 14 
 
 Bestial, 1. Belonging to the class 
 of beasts. 2. Having the qualities 
 of a beast 
 
 Bestiality, in man, consists in 
 beastly manners and habits. 
 
 To Besiialize is to make like a 
 beast. 
 
 Brutus, irrational. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Brute, 1. Unconscious; as, brute 
 matter. 2. Irrational; as, a brute 
 beast. 3. In common with the 
 beasts; as, brute violence. 
 
 A Brute, 1. Any animal destitute 
 of reason, consequently any animal 
 except man. 2. One of the larger 
 quadrupeds. 3. A low-bred, unfeel- 
 ing man. 
 
 Brutal, 1. Pertaining to the brutes ; 
 as, brutal nature. 2. Befitting a 
 brute; as, a brutal temper; brutal 
 manners. 
 
 Brutality, insensibility to pity or 
 shame. 
 
 Brutalize, to make brutal. 
 
 A Bird, or Fowl, is an individual 
 belonging to a class of warm-blooded 
 vertebrate animals, characterized by 
 oviparous generation, a covering of 
 feathers, a beak, the posterior ex- 
 tremities organized as feet, and the 
 anterior extremities as wings, gene- 
 rally formed for flight. — Webster. 
 
 Avis, a bird. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Aviary, a house or in closure , for 
 keeping bird's confined. 
 
 OPN12 (e/jv/flsc) [Ornis (ornithos)], 
 a bird. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Ornithology, the science of birds. 
 (Gr., xcyc; [logos'], a discourse.) 
 
 The Reptiles constitute a class 
 
210 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 including all such animals as are 
 cold-blooded, vertebrated, and breathe 
 air; as, tortoises, lizards, frogs, etc. — 
 Webster. (L., repo [reptum], to 
 creep. ) 
 
 Fishes are a class of animals which 
 breathe by means of gills, swim by 
 the aid of their tail and caudal fins, 
 and are oviparous. — Webster. 
 
 IX0T2 [Iohthys], a fish. (Gp.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Ichthyology, the science of fishes. 
 (Gp., xoyos [logos], a discourse.) 
 
 Malacology is the science of mol- 
 luscous animals, (/^axsixo? [malacos], 
 soft; and xoyo; [logos], a discourse.) 
 
 Conchology is that department of 
 malacology which treats of the na- 
 ture, formation, and physiological 
 relations of the hard parts or skele- 
 tons of the molluscous animals; or, 
 in other words, conchology is the 
 science of shells. — Brande. (Gr., xoy%» 
 [conche], a shell; and Kayos [logos], 
 a discourse.) 
 
 The Articulata are divided into 
 five classes, to wit: crustaceans, arach- 
 nidans, insects, anelids, and cirripeds. 
 
 The Crustacean's are a class of 
 articulated animals, including lob- 
 sters, shrimps, and crabs ; so called 
 from the crust-like shell with which 
 the body and legs are covered. — Dana. 
 
 The Arachnidans are a class of 
 articulate animals with legs, but with- 
 out wings, including spiders, mites, 
 and scorpions. — Webster. (Gr., afx-xvn 
 [arachne], a spider.) 
 
 Insects constitute a class of arti- 
 culated animals, having the body 
 composed of three distinct parts, the 
 head, the corselet, or thorax, and the 
 abdomen ; the legs, six in number, 
 with usually two or four wings at- 
 tached to the thorax; and along the 
 sides of the abdomen, minute punc- 
 tures, called spiracles, by means of 
 which the respiration takes place. — 
 Dana. (L., insecta, cut in, from the 
 appearance of the body.) 
 
 Entomology is the science of in- 
 sects. (Gr., twofAov [eniomon], an in- 
 sect; and Kcyos [logos], a discourse.) 
 
 The Anelids are a class of articu- 
 
 late animals, characterized by an 
 elongated body, formed of numerous 
 rings or annular segments, including 
 the earthworm and various other 
 animals. — Webster. (L., anellus,/& 
 little ring.) 
 
 The Cirripeds are animals of the 
 barnacle kind. Their feet are long 
 and slender, and curve together in a 
 kind of curl. — Webster. (L., cirrus, 
 a lock of hair.) 
 
 2. The Horse. 
 
 A STEED is a horse for state or 
 war. 
 
 A Charger is a war horse. (From 
 , to attack.) 
 
 A Courser is a race-horse. (From 
 course, a running.) 
 
 A Palfrey is a lady's horse. 
 
 A Pony is a small horse. 
 
 A Roadster is a horse fit for travel- 
 ing. (From road.) 
 
 A Draught Horse is a horse used 
 for drawing. (From draught, a draw- 
 ing.) 
 
 A Barb is a horse from Barbary. 
 (Contracted from Barbary.) 
 
 A Nag is a horse, in familiar lan- 
 guage. 
 
 A Hobby is a wooden horse for the 
 amusement of children. Fig., a favor- 
 ite pursuit. (Primarily, an Irish or 
 Scotch pacing horse.) 
 
 A Mare is the female of the horse 
 kind. 
 
 A Brood Mare is a mare kept for 
 breeding. 
 
 A Foal is the young of a mare or 
 she-ass. 
 
 To Foal is to bring forth a foal. 
 
 A Colt is a young horse. 
 
 A Filly is a young mare. 
 
 Equus, a horse. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Equine, denoting the horse kind. 
 
 Equestrian, pertaining to horses 
 or to horsemanship. 
 
 Equestrianism, the art of riding on 
 horseback. 
 
 Equitation, a riding on horse- 
 back. 
 
 Equiiant, riding a-straddle. (A bo- 
 tanical term denoting the position 
 
ANIMALS. 
 
 211 
 
 of the unexpanded leaves of certain 
 plants. 
 
 ']nno2 [Hippos], a horse. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Hippodrome, anciently a circus, or 
 place in which horse-races were per- 
 formed and horses exercised. (Gr., 
 fyoptoc \_dromos~], a course, or running.) 
 
 Ilippocentaur, a fabulous monster, 
 half man and half horse. (Gr., nervea 
 \_centeo~], to spur.) 
 
 Hippopotamus, the river-horse. 
 [7rorauo; \_potamos~\, a river.) 
 
 Hippogriff, a winged horse. (Gr., 
 >/»4 [gryps], a griffin.) 
 
 Caballus, a horse. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Cavalcade, a procession on horse- 
 back. 
 
 Cavalry, horse troops. 
 
 Cavalier, 1. An armed horseman. 
 2. A knight. 
 
 Cheval, a horse. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Chevalier, a knight. 
 
 Chivalry, knighthood. (See Art. 
 Knighthood.) 
 
 A Groom is a man who has the 
 charge of horses. 
 
 An Hostler (osier) is a man who 
 has the care of horses at an inn. 
 (Fr., hostelier, an innkeeper. See 
 Hotel.) 
 
 An Equerry is an officer of nobles 
 or princes who has the care and man- 
 agement of their horses. 
 
 Note 1. — In the British Court an equerry is a 
 subordinate officer, under the master of the 
 horse. There are four equerries in ordinary, 
 and an equerry of the crown stable. A queen 
 consort has three equerries. — Brande. 
 
 Note 2. — The equerries ride in the leading 
 coach on all great occasions, and have a table 
 provided for them by themselves. — Webster. 
 (See Esquire.) 
 
 THE Manege (manazhe') is the art 
 of horsemanship, or of training horses. 
 Brande. 
 
 A Manege is a school for teaching 
 horsemanship and for training horses 
 Webster. (Fr., manier, to manage.) 
 
 A Stud is a collection of breeding 
 horses and mares, or the place where 
 they are kept. 
 
 3. The Dog. 
 The DOG is a species of quadru- 
 peds belonging to the genus canis. 
 
 which includes three species — the 
 dog, the wolf, and the jackall. 
 
 The Mastiff is a large variety of 
 dog, remarkable for strength and 
 courage. 
 
 The Hound is a variety of the dog 
 used in the chase. The hound is 
 characterized by a light and slender 
 form, and has long, pendulous ears. 
 (Ger., hund, a dog.) 
 
 The Spaniel is a dog used in sports 
 of the field, remarkable for his saga- 
 city and obedience. — Webster. (From 
 Hispaniola. ) 
 
 A Terrier is a small dog that creeps 
 into the ground after animals that 
 burrow. (L., terra, the ground.) 
 
 A Harier, or Harrier is a hound 
 used for hunting hares. 
 
 The Water Dog is a dog thus 
 named from his readiness in entering 
 the water to bring game, etc., to his 
 master. 
 
 The Newfoundland Dog is a very 
 large dog, with the hair long and 
 somewhat curled. 
 
 Note. — The readiness with which the New- 
 foundland dog takes to the water, his aptitude 
 to fetch and carry, and his powerful and active 
 swimming, have been the means of preserving 
 the lives of many human beings. — Brande. 
 
 The Shepherd's Dog is a large dog, 
 employed by shepherds to guard 
 sheep, 
 
 The Poodle is a small dog resem- 
 bling the water-dog, covered with 
 long, silky hair, either wholly white, 
 or with black patches. — Partington. 
 
 A Pug is a small dog with a face 
 and nose like those of a monkey. 
 
 A Bull-dog is a large dog, re- 
 markable for his strength and cour- 
 age. (Probably thus called from his 
 having been employed in baiting 
 bulls.) 
 
 A Cur is a degenerate dog. Fig., 
 A worthless man. 
 
 Canis, a dog. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Canine, pertaining to dogs ; as, a 
 canine appetite, canine madness. 
 
 KrnN [Cyon, cynos~], a dog. Hence, 
 
 Cynic, or Cynical, having the qual- 
 ities of a surly dog. See the Terra 
 Cynics. 
 
212 
 
 MANKIND — THE YOUNG. 
 
 OF MANKIND. 
 
 1. Man. 
 
 HOMO [ hominis], man. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Homicide, the act of killing a man. 
 (See Ccedo.) 
 
 Human, pertaining to the race of 
 man; as, the human form, human 
 nature. 
 
 Humane, having a disposition to 
 treat others with kindness, because 
 such a disposition distinguishes, or 
 should distinguish man from the sav- 
 age beast. 
 
 Humanity, 1. The nature of man. 
 2. Kindness of disposition. 
 
 AN0PnnO2 [Anthropos], man. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Anthropology, the science of hu- 
 man nature, (dr., xoyoc [logos], a 
 discourse.) 
 
 Anthropophagi, man-eaters. (Gr., 
 tpctya) [phago], to eat.) 
 
 Philanthropy, the love of mankind. 
 (Gr., <pthtee [phileo], to love.) 
 
 Philanthropic or Philanthropical, 
 loving the whole human race. 
 
 Philanthropist, one who wishes 
 well to his fellow-men. 
 
 Misanthropy, a hatred or dislike 
 to mankind. (Gr., pinoe [miseo], to 
 hate.) 
 
 Misanthrope, or Misanthropist, a 
 hater of mankind. 
 
 Vir, a male of the human species 
 of mature age. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Virile, manly ; as, virile age ; virile 
 strength. 
 
 Virility, manhood. 
 
 Vira'go, a bold, masculine woman. 
 
 2. Woman. 
 
 A WOMAN is a female of mature 
 age, belonging to the human species. 
 
 F(emina, a woman. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Feminine, 1. Pertaining to woman, 
 or to women; as the feminine sex. 
 2. Suited to the nature of woman; 
 as feminine graces. 3. destitute of 
 manly qualities. Nimias was no man 
 of war, but altogether feminine, and 
 subject to ease and delicacy. — Ra- 
 leigh. 
 
 Effeminate, lit, made to resemble 
 a woman. Hence, soft and delicate 
 to a womanly degree. 
 
 Effeminacy, unmanly delicacy. 
 {Lit, the condition of being made 
 to resemble a woman.) 
 
 Mitlier, a woman. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Muliebrity, the state of being a 
 woman; that is, a state in females 
 corresponding to virility in man. 
 
 OF THE YOUNG 
 
 1. The Young of the Inferior Ani- 
 mals. 
 
 A COLT is a young animal of the 
 horse kind. 
 
 A Filly is a female colt. 
 
 A Foal is a suckling colt. 
 
 A Calf is a young animal of the 
 ox kind. 
 
 A Heifer is a young cow. 
 
 A Lamb is a young sheep. 
 
 A Lambkin is a small lamb. 
 
 A Whelp is the young of any of 
 the larger carnivorous animals, as 
 the dog, the lion, the bear, etc. 
 
 A Cub is the young of the bear or 
 fox. 
 
 A Puppy, or Pup, is the young of 
 the dog kind. 
 
 A Kitten is the young of the do- 
 mestic cat. 
 
 A Pig is the young of the swine. 
 
 A Fawn is a young deer. 
 
 A Chicken is the young of the do- 
 mestic hen. 
 
 A Gosling is the young of the 
 goose. 
 
 A Duckling is a young duck. 
 
 A Nestling is a young bird in the 
 nest. 
 
SPIRITUAL BEINGS. 
 
 213 
 
 A Fledgling is a young bird just 
 fledged (covered with feathers). 
 
 Grubs are the young of insects. 
 
 The Catterpillar is the young of 
 the butterfly. 
 
 A Larva or Larve is an insect in 
 the grub or caterpillar state. (L., 
 larva, a mask, because the true form 
 of the insect is concealed.) 
 
 The Chrysalis is the second state 
 of a metabolian, or changeable in- 
 sect, in which it becomes inactive, 
 takes no food, and is inclosed in a 
 transparent covering, which, in many 
 instances, reflects a metallic luster; 
 whence the name. (Gr., xgixrcc [chry- 
 sos], gold). — Brande. 
 
 Aure'lia is of the same significa- 
 tion with chrysalis. (L., aurum, 
 gold.) 
 
 A Litter consists of the entire 
 number of young brought forth at 
 one time, by those quadrupeds which 
 usually produce several young at a 
 birth ; as a litter of pigs, kittens, etc. 
 
 A Farrow is a litter of pigs. 
 
 A Brood is, 1. A set of young 
 birds. 2. The young of animals in 
 general. 
 
 2. The Young of Human Species. 
 
 A CHILD is a young being of the 
 human species. 
 
 An Infant is a young child. (L., 
 in, not; and fans, speaking.) 
 
 Infancy is the first part of life, be- 
 ginning at birth. 
 
 Note.— Infancy does not extend beyond the 
 first year or two of life. 
 
 Childhood usually extends to the 
 twelfth or fourteenth year, at which 
 time youth begins. 
 
 A Bantling is a young child. 
 
 A Brat is a child in contempt. 
 
 A Boy is a male child. 
 
 Puer, a boy. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Puerile, boyish; as, puerile amuse- 
 ments. 
 
 A Puerility is an expression or 
 conception which is insipid or child- 
 ish. 
 
 A Girl is a female child. Colloqui- 
 ally, a young unmarried woman. 
 
 Youth is the period of life which 
 intervenes between childhood and 
 manhood or womanhood. See Art. 
 Time. 
 
 OF SPIKITTJAL BEINGS. 
 
 1. Deity. 
 
 GOD is the Supreme Being. 
 
 A God is any object of religious 
 worship. 
 
 Godhead consists in an assemblage 
 of those attributes which are essential 
 to the being of a God. 
 
 Jehoyah is the scripture name of 
 the Supreme Being. 
 
 Deus, God. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Deity, Godhead. 
 
 The Deity, the true God. 
 
 A Deity, any object of religious 
 worship. 
 
 Deist, one who believes in the ex- 
 istence of God, but denies the inspira- 
 tion of the Bible. 
 
 Deify, to raise to the rank of a god. 
 (u. , facio, to make. ) 
 
 Diyus, a god. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Divine, 1. Pertaining to God ; as, 
 the divine perfections. 2. Godlike. — 
 To err is human ; to forgive is divine. 
 
 Divinity, 1. Godhead. 2. The 
 Deity. 
 
 'Tis the Divinity that stirs within us. — Addison. 
 
 3. A false god ; as, the heathen divini- 
 ties. 4. Science of divine things ; as, 
 a system of divinity. 
 
 0EO2 [Theos], God. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Theist, one who believes in the ex- 
 istence of God. 
 
 Atheist, one who denies the exist- 
 ence of a God. (Gr., & [a], not.) 
 
 Polytheist, one who believes in the 
 existence of many gods. (Gr., ttoxvs 
 [polys], many.) 
 
 Monotheist, a person who believes 
 in the existence of one God only. 
 (Gr., /acvos [rnonos~\, one.) 
 
214 
 
 SPIRITUAL BEINGS. 
 
 Pantheist, one who believes that 
 the universe is God. (Gr., ttxm [pari], 
 all.) 
 
 Pantheon, a temple in ancient Rome 
 dedicated to all the gods. 
 
 2. Of Celestial Spirits. 
 
 An ANGEL is, 1, and lit., A mes- 
 senger. 2. A celestial spirit ; because 
 celestial spirits are employed by the 
 Deity in the administration of human 
 affairs. (Gr., uyy&oc [angelos], a mes- 
 senger.) 
 
 An Archangel is a chief angel. 
 (Gr., a$x og \_circhos'], chief.) 
 
 A Seraph (plu. seraphs, or seraph- 
 im,) is an angel of the highest order. 
 
 As full, as perfect in vile man that mourns, 
 
 As the rapt seraph that adores and burns. — Pope. 
 
 A Cherub (plu. cherubim, or cher- 
 ubs,) is, 1. A spirit next in order be- 
 low a seraph. 2. A beautiful child. 
 
 3. Of Evil Spirits. 
 
 A DEVIL is, 1. A fallen spirit. 
 2. A very wicked person. (Gr., fia- 
 (Soxoc \_diabolos~], an accuser.) 
 
 The Devil is the chief of the fallen 
 angels. 
 
 Satan is the proper name of the 
 Evil One. 
 
 Note. — Satan is a Hebrew term signifying an 
 adversary. 
 
 Lucifer is one of the appellations 
 of the Evil One. See Art. Light. 
 
 Beelzebub is the prince of the 
 devils. 
 
 A Demon is an evil spirit, 
 
 A Demoniac is a person 
 by an evil spirit. 
 
 To Exorcize is to cast out evil 
 spirits by religious ceremonies. (Gr., 
 e|^*<&) [exorcizo~\, to adjure.) 
 
 A Fiend is a malignant spirit. 
 (Ger. ,feind, an enemy.) 
 
 Diabolus, the devil. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Diabolical, horribly wicked ; as, a 
 diabolical scheme. 
 
 4. Of Fairies, Genii, etc. 
 The FAIRIES are a kind of fa- 
 bled beings of a diminutive human 
 figure, inhabiting lonely places, and 
 endowed with the power of render- 
 ing themselves visible or invisible at 
 
 pleasure. They danced on the 
 greens by moonlight, performed acts 
 of kindness in behalf of those who 
 had their good will, annoyed others 
 by mischievous pranks, and some- 
 times stole children for whom they 
 took a fancy. 
 
 A Fairy, in poetic language, is a 
 beautiful little girl. 
 
 Fairyland is the imaginary home 
 of the fairies. 
 
 Fairy, exquisitely beautiful; as, a 
 fairy scene. 
 
 A Fay is a fairy. 
 
 An Elf is, 1. A fairy. 2. A mis- 
 chievous person. (Plu., elves.) 
 
 Elfin, pertaining to the elves. 
 
 An Elfin is a little urchin. 
 
 Mab is the queen of the fairies. 
 
 A Banshee is an Irish fairy. 
 
 The Demons of the ancient Greeks 
 were spirits holding a middle place 
 between men and the gods. They 
 were called Cacodemons, or Agatho- 
 demons, according as their influence 
 was evil or beneficent. (Kaxoc, evil; 
 and ayaBoc^ good.) 
 
 The Genii (sing., genius,) are a 
 sort of imaginary beings intermedi- 
 ate between men and angels. 
 
 The Sylphs are a kind of imag- 
 inary beings inhabiting the air. 
 
 A Sylph, in the poetic style, is an 
 exquisitely graceful female. 
 
 A Sylphid is a little sylph. 
 
 The Salamanders are a kind of 
 imaginary beings inhabiting fire as 
 their natural element. 
 
 The Gnomes are a kind of imagin- 
 ary beings inhabiting the inner 
 parts of the earth. 
 
 Note. — According to Pope, the spirits of gen- 
 tle and amiable females, at death, become 
 sylphs; " the spirits of fiery termagants in 
 flame mount up, and take a salamander's 
 name ;" while the spirits of the morose and 
 gloomy assume the name, and enter the abodes 
 of the gnomes. Sue the poem entitled " The 
 Rape of the Lock." 
 
 A Ghole, or Ghoul, is an imaginary 
 demon among Eastern nations, who 
 was supposed to prey on dead bodies. 
 
 An Ogre is a hideous giant of 
 fairy tales, who lives on human be- 
 ings. — Arabian Nights. 
 
 An Ogress is a female ogre. 
 
MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT. 
 
 215 
 
 5. Of Gliosis and Apparitions. 
 
 A GHOST was originally a spirit 
 of any kind. In present usage, 
 
 A Ghost is a departed human 
 spirit, returning to the earth, and 
 rendering itself visible. 
 
 Ghostly, spiritual ; as, ghostly ene- 
 mies, a ghostly father. 
 
 Ghastly, 1. Like a ghost in appear- 
 ance. Hence, 2. Very pale; as, a 
 ghastly countenance. 3. Shocking; 
 as, a ghastly wound. 
 
 A Specter is, 1. The appearance 
 of a person who is dead. 2. Any 
 supernatural appearance. (L., spec- 
 trum, an appearance.) 
 
 Spectral, ghastly; as, spectral 
 forms. 
 
 A Shade is a departed spirit. 
 
 Ma'nes is a Latin word signifying 
 the spirit of a deceased person. 
 
 A Goblin is an evil spirit visibly 
 manifesting itself. 
 
 A Hobgoblin is a spirit of a fright- 
 ful form visibly manifested. 
 
 An Apparition is any supernatural 
 appearance. 
 
 A Phantom is an apparition that 
 has form, but no tangible substance. 
 
 A Spook or Spuke, is a ghost or 
 hobgoblin. (Ger.) 
 
 A Wraith is, 1. An apparition of a 
 person in his exact likeness, seen a 
 little before his death, or soon after. 
 2. A genius, or spirit, presiding over 
 some one of the elements of nature. 
 
 By this the storm grew loud apace, 
 The water-wraith was shrieking. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 OF MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT 
 
 MAGIC is the pretended art or 
 science of producing wonderful ef- 
 fects by the aid of superhuman be- 
 ings. 
 
 A Magician is one skilled in the 
 art of producing wonderful effects by 
 the aid of superhuman beings. 
 
 The Black Art is the art of the 
 magician. 
 
 Note. — Magic is called the black art, because 
 the persons practicing it -were supposed to be 
 aided by the devil. 
 
 To Conjure (kun'-jur,) is to per- 
 form magic ceremonies. (L., conjuro, 
 to summon in a sacred name.) 
 
 A Conjurer is one who practices 
 magic. 
 
 A Wizard is a conjurer. (From 
 icise.) 
 
 A Witch is a woman in compact 
 with the devil, who is supposed to 
 aid her in effecting her purposes. 
 
 Witchcraft is the art of effecting 
 one's purposes by the aid of evil spir- 
 its. 
 
 Sorcery is witchcraft. 
 
 A Sorcerer is a man who effects 
 his purposes by the aid of evil spirits. 
 
 A Sorceress is a witch. 
 
 To Enchant is to effect by magic 
 
 arts. (Fr., chanter, to sing; because 
 magicians and witches sometimes ac- 
 companied their cerejnonies with the 
 singing of certain set forms of words.) 
 
 An Enchanter is a magician. 
 
 An Enchantress is, 1. A sorceress. 
 
 2. A woman, whose beauty or excel- 
 lencies give her an irresistible power. 
 
 Enchantment is the act of produc- 
 ing wonderful effects by the aid of 
 superhuman beings. 
 
 A Charm is, 1, and properly, A 
 form of words in verse, to be sung 
 or rehearsed in magic ceremonies. 
 Hence, 2. Any magic ceremony. 3. 
 Any object possessing supernatural 
 virtues in the way of curing disease, 
 or warding off evil, etc. (L., carmen, 
 a song. ) 
 
 To Charm is, 1. To affect by magic 
 influence. 2. To fortify with charms 
 against evil. 
 
 I have a charmed life which must not yield. — 
 Shalspeare. 
 
 3. To delight exceedingly, as if by 
 magic influence. 4. To subdue by 
 secret power, like that of magic. 
 
 Music the fiercest grief can charm. — Pope. 
 
 Incantation is the act of repeating 
 certain forms of words for the pur- 
 
216 
 
 MYTHOLOGY. 
 
 pose of raising the spirits. (L., in- 
 canto, to sing.) 
 
 A Spell is, 1. A form of words, or 
 some ceremony, of magic virtue. 2. 
 Magic influence; as, to be under a 
 spell. 
 
 Spellbound, under the influence of 
 a spell, so as not to be able to move 
 or exert one's faculties. 
 
 To Fascinate is, 1. To operate upon 
 by a secret and irresistible influence. 
 Serpents are said to have the power 
 of fascinating other animals, and 
 even persons. The animal under the 
 influence of the fascination loses the 
 power of voluntary motion, and a bird 
 or other small animal becomes the 
 victim of the serpent. 2. To captivate 
 by some powerful charm, as that of 
 beauty. 
 
 An Amulet is something worn as a 
 preservative against witches, evil spi- 
 rits, etc. 
 
 A Talisman, among the Eastern 
 nations, was a figure cut in metal, 
 stone, etc., with certain superstitious 
 ceremonies, and supposed to be en- 
 dowed with the virtue of averting 
 disease, and of controlling evil spi- 
 rits, etc. 
 
 Note. — The amulet and the talisman are similar 
 in their nature, but the latter is believed to pos- 
 sess more extensive powers than the former. 
 
 Necromancy is, 1, and properly, 
 The art of revealing future events by 
 a pretended communication with the 
 dead. 2. The practice of witchcraft. 
 
 Note. — The second of the foregoing definitions 
 is now the more usual sense of the term. See 
 Art. Time, Sec. To Foretell. 
 
 OF THE GKECIAN AND KOMAN MYTHOLOGY. 
 
 MYTHOLOGY is the collective 
 body of the traditions of any heathen 
 nation respecting its gods, and other 
 fabulous and supernatural beings. — 
 Worcester. (Gr., pvQoc [mythos], a 
 fable ; and xoyos [logos'], a dis- 
 course.) 
 
 Chaos ( Confusion) and his wife 
 Nox (Night), were the original pro- 
 genitors of the race of the gods. 
 
 Cgelus (Heaven) and his wife 
 Terra (Earth), were the children of 
 Chaos and Nox. 
 
 Saturn was one of the sons of 
 Ccelus and Terra. 
 
 Jupiter, a son of Saturn, was the 
 supreme deity among the Greeks and 
 Komans. 
 
 Juno, a daughter of Saturn, was 
 the wife of Jupiter. 
 
 Neptune, a son of Saturn, was the 
 god of the ocean. Hence, 
 
 Neptunian, pertaining to the ocean, 
 or to water; as, the Neptunian theory 
 in geology, which refers to the forma- 
 tion of all rocks and strata to the 
 action of water. X Plutonian. 
 
 Pluto, a son of Saturn, was the 
 god of the infernal regions. Hence, 
 
 Plutonian, one who maintains that 
 the unstratified rocks have been 
 formed by the action of fire. 
 
 Vulcan, the son of Jupiter and 
 Juno, was the god who presided over 
 the working of the metals. Hence, 
 blacksmiths are called the sons of 
 Vulcan. 
 
 Venus, the wife of Vulcan, was 
 the goddess of beauty and love. 
 
 Cupid, the son of Venus, was the 
 god of love. He is represented as 
 being equipped with a bow and a 
 quiver filled with arrows, with which 
 he pierced the hearts of those whom 
 he wished to affect with the passion 
 of love. 
 
 Mars was the god of war. Hence, 
 
 Martial, warlike. 
 
 Bellona was the goddess of war. 
 (L., helium, war.) 
 
 Ceres was the goddess of hus- 
 bandry. 
 
 Cereal, pertaining to Ceres. 
 
 The Cereal Grains are wheat, rye, 
 barley, etc., Ceres having first taught 
 men the use of these grains. 
 
 Bacchus was the god of wine. 
 Hence, 
 
MYTHOLOGY. 
 
 217 
 
 Bacchanal, or Bacchanalian, one 
 who indulges in drunken revels. 
 
 Pan was the god of shepherds. 
 
 Mercury was the god of eloquence 
 and commerce. 
 
 Apollo, or Phosbus (the Sun), was 
 the presiding deity of archery, pro- 
 phecy ,*medicine, and music, and was 
 the president and protector of the 
 Muses. — Brande. 
 
 Diana, or Phoebe (the Moon), was 
 the goddess of hunting. 
 
 Minerva was the goddess of wis- 
 dom. 
 
 JE'olus was the god of the winds, 
 Hence, 
 
 Eolian, played upon by the winds; 
 as, the Eolian harp. 
 
 The Muses were nine sisters, the 
 daughters of Apollo and Mnemosyne 
 (Memory). Their office was to pre- 
 side over the liberal arts. The poets 
 were in the habit of invoking the 
 Muses to inspire them in their com- 
 positions. 
 
 Note. — The muses were nine in number. 
 They were 
 
 1st. Calli'ope, who presided over lyric poetry 
 and eloquence. 
 
 2d. Clio, who presided over history. 
 
 3d. Melpom'-en-e, who presided over tragedy. 
 
 4th. Etjtkb'pe, who presided over music. 
 
 5th. Eea'to, who presided over tender and 
 amorous poetry* 
 
 6th. Terp-sich'-o-re, who presided oxer danc- 
 ing. 
 
 7th. Uba'nia, who was the muse of astronomy. 
 
 8th. Tha'lia, who was the patroness of com- 
 edy. 
 
 9th. Polthtmxia, or Poltmxia, who presided 
 over singing and rhetoric. 
 
 Parnassus was a mountain in 
 Greece, sacred to the Muses. Hence, 
 in the following, by the term Par- 
 nassus is meant the entire body of 
 rhymesters, or pretended votaries of 
 the Muses: 
 
 The Dog-star rages, nay, 't is past a doubt, 
 All Bedlam or Parnassus is let out. — Pope. 
 
 The Aonian Mount was Mount 
 Helicon, also sacred to the Muses. 
 To soar above the Aonian Mount is 
 to take a higher flight than had ever 
 been taken by the poets of Greece 
 and Rome, in consequence of having 
 a loftier theme and a higher source 
 of inspiration. 
 
 Or if Sion hill, and Siloa's brook that flowed 
 Fast by the oracle of God, delight thee more, 
 I thence invoke thy aid to my adventurous song, 
 That with no middle flight intends to soar 
 Above the Aonian Aloitnt. — Milton. 
 
 The Pierian Spring was a spring 
 sacred to the Muses. Hence, to 
 drink at the Pierian Spring is to 
 devote one's-self to literature and 
 philosophical studies. 
 
 Drink deep or taste not the Pierian Spring. — 
 Pope. 
 
 The Nymphs were goddesses pre- 
 siding over the mountains, forests, 
 meadows, and waters. 
 
 Note.— The principal classes of nymphs wero 
 the following : 
 
 1st. The Dryads, which were wood-nymphs. 
 (Gr., Sp-i [drijs], an oak.) 
 
 2d. The Oreads, which were mountain 
 nymphs. (Gr., op'ot [pros], a mountain.) 
 
 3d. The Naiads, which were water-nymphs. 
 (Gr., vxiui [naio], to swim.) 
 
 4th. The Nereids, which were sea-nymphs. 
 They were the daughters of the sea-god Nereus, 
 and hence their name. 
 
 A Nymph, in poetical language, is 
 a young Avoman. 
 
 The Gorgons were three sisters 
 whose features were so terrific as to 
 turn the beholders into stone. 
 Hence, 
 
 A Gorgon is anything very ugly 
 or horrid. 
 
 The Furies were three sisters, the 
 goddesses of revenge. They were 
 represented as having their heads 
 covered with snakes instead of hair. 
 Hence, 
 
 A Fury is a stormy, turbulent, and 
 violent woman. 
 
 The Graces were three beautiful 
 sisters who waited upon Venus. 
 
 The Fates were three sisters who 
 determined the destiny of every per- 
 son at his birth. 
 
 The Sirens were three monsters 
 inhabiting a rock in the sea. In the 
 upper part of their bodies they had 
 the form of a woman, and in the 
 lower part, the form of a fish. They 
 enticed mariners by the charms of 
 their singing to approach the rock, 
 and then seized and devoured them. 
 Hence, 
 
 A Siren, in a secondary sense, is 
 any mischievous enticer. 
 
 The Harpies were fabulous winged 
 
218 
 
 MORALS. 
 
 monsters, ravenous and filthy, having 
 the face of a woman and the body 
 of a vulture, with their feet and 
 fingers armed with sharp claws. 
 They were three in number, and were 
 represented as being very rapacious. 
 Hence, 
 
 A Harpy, in a figurative sense, is 
 an extortioner. 
 
 . The Centaurs were monsters half 
 man and half horse. 
 
 The Chimera was a monster vom- 
 iting flames, having the head of a 
 lion, the body of a goat, and the tail 
 of a dragon. Hence, in modern use, 
 
 A Chimera is a creature of the 
 imagination. 
 
 The Hydra was a many-headed 
 serpent, slain by Hercules. At first, 
 for each head that he cut off, two 
 others immediately sprouted out; but 
 having bethought himself of cauter- 
 izing the wounds with firebrands, he 
 succeeded in subduing the monster. 
 
 Hence, in a figurative sense, we 
 speak of a hydra-headed evil. 
 
 The Griffin, in the natural history 
 of the ancients, was an imaginary 
 animal, represented with four legs, 
 wings, and a beak, the upper part re- 
 sembling an eagle, and the lower 
 part, a lion. It was supposed to 
 watch over mines of gold, and hidden 
 treasures. 
 
 Augeas was a king of Elis. This 
 
 prince had a stable which had not 
 been cleansed for thirty years, ten 
 thousand oxen having been kept in 
 it during this entire period. Hercu- 
 les having undertaken to cleanse the 
 stable, accomplished the task in a 
 single day, by causing the rivers Al- 
 pheus and Peneus to flow through it. 
 Hence, Augean, very filthy. Politi- 
 cians sometimes call a corrupt ad- 
 ministration an Augean stable, and 
 each one would be glad to have an 
 opportunity of signalizing himself as 
 a Hercules in cleansing it. 
 
 Argtts was a being who had a hun- 
 dred eyes, and was endowed with the 
 faculty of watching with a portion 
 of them while he slept with the rest. 
 Hence, 
 
 Argus-eyed, very keen-sighted and 
 vigilant. 
 
 The Cornu-Copije, or Horn of Plen- 
 ty, was a horn that supplied the pos- 
 sessor with everything that he de- 
 sired. In paintings all kinds of 
 fruits are represented as pouring 
 forth at the larger end of the horn. 
 
 Ambrosia was the celestial food on 
 which the gods were supposed to sub- 
 sist, and to which, along with nectar, 
 they were believed to owe their im- 
 mortality. (Gr., ct/ufipoTos [amhrotos]. 
 immortal. ) — Anthon. 
 
 Nectar was the beverage of the 
 gods. 
 
 OF MORALS. 
 
 1. Terms relating to the general idea 
 
 of Morals. 
 
 MOS, [moms'], manner or custom. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Moral, 1. Pertaining to the actions 
 of men as being either right or 
 wrong. 
 
 Note. — The moral quality of actions may be 
 cither good or bad. 
 
 2. Acting conformably to the rule of 
 right; as, he is a moral man. 
 
 Morals, the customary actions of a 
 person in reference to right and 
 
 wrong ; as, a man of correct morals ; 
 a man of loose morals. 
 
 Morality, 1. The practice of the 
 moral duties. 2. The quality of an 
 action which makes it either good or 
 bad. 
 
 H0O2 [Ethos], a custom. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Ethics, the science of morals. 
 
 Ethic, or Ethical, pertaining to, or 
 treating of the science of morals ; as, 
 an ethical discourse; an ethical 
 writer. 
 
MORALS. 
 
 219 
 
 The Moral Law is the law which 
 
 prescribes our duties to God, and to 
 our fellow-man. 
 
 2. Conformity to the Moral Law, or to 
 the Standard of Bight. 
 
 VIRTUE consists in the practice 
 of the moral duties, and in abstaining 
 from vice. 
 
 Honesty consists in an indisposition 
 to take advantage of others in the in- 
 tercourse of business. 
 
 Uprightness is the principle that 
 prompts a man to do to others in his 
 dealings with them, as he would that 
 they should do to him. 
 
 Probity consists in a strict and 
 conscientious regard for the rights of 
 others. 
 
 Integrity consists in a firmness of 
 moral principle, which enables its 
 possessor to withstand the temptation 
 to do wrong when self-interest con- 
 flicts with the rights of others. 
 
 Right, as it should be, either 
 physically or morally. 
 
 A Right is a title or claim which is 
 in accordance with that which is 
 right. 
 
 Righteous •, 1. In accordance with 
 the standard of right ; as, a righteous 
 act. 2. Governed by right principles ; 
 as, a righteous man. 
 
 Just, 1. Giving to others their 
 due; as, a just man. 2. Due, or de- 
 served; as, a just punishment. 
 
 Justice is, 1. That which is due to 
 every one. 2. The giving to others 
 their due. 
 
 JEquus, equal. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Equity, the distribution of equal 
 and impartial justice to all. 
 
 Iniquity (for inequity), lit, ine- 
 quality. Hence, 1. A violation of the 
 principles of equal and impartial 
 justice. Hence, 2. Wickedness in 
 general. 
 
 Iniquitous, lit., unequal. Hence, 
 1. Unjust; as, an iniquitous de- 
 cision. 2. Wicked ; as, an iniquitous 
 scheme. 
 
 Fair, affecting all parties alike. 
 
 Partial, favoring one party at the 
 exocnse of another. 
 
 Impartial, treating all parties alike. 
 
 3. Non- Conformity to the Moral 
 Standard. 
 
 BAD, either physically or morally 
 defective; as, bad air; a bad man. 
 
 Wrong, not right. See Art. To 
 Twist. 
 
 Sin is a want of conformity to the 
 divine law. See Art. Religion. 
 
 Wicked, sinful. See Art. Re- 
 ligion. 
 
 Naughty, disposed to be perverse, 
 or to practice mischief; as, a naughty 
 boy. 
 
 Pravus, lit, crooked;^., wicked. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Deprave, to make bad or worse, in 
 amoral sense; as, to deprave manners, 
 morals, the heart, etc. 
 
 Depravation, 1. The act of making 
 bad or worse. 2. The state of being 
 made bad or worse. 
 
 Depravity, corruption of moral 
 principles. 
 
 Corrupt, lit, rotten. Hence, ut- 
 terly depraved. 
 
 Degenerate, having, as a race of 
 plants or animals, become deteriora- 
 ted. Hence, fig., having become de- 
 teriorated in point of moral excel- 
 lence. 
 
 Degraded, lit., removed from a 
 higher to a lower round on a ladder. 
 Hence, fig., brought down from a 
 higher to a very low degree in the 
 scale of moral excellence. See To 
 Degrade. 
 
 Base, lit, low in place. (Not used 
 at present in the literal sense.) Fig., 
 low in a moral sense ; as, a base fellow. 
 
 Mean, lit, middle. Hence, fig., oc- 
 cupying, at the best, but a middling 
 position between the highest and the 
 lowest. A mean fellow was, there- 
 fore, anciently, a middling sort of 
 fellow ; but modern usage has brought 
 him down very near to the bottom 
 of the scale. 
 
 Vilis, cheap, or low-priced. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Vile, morally cheap, or held in low 
 estimation by the good; as, a vile 
 man. 
 
220 
 
 MORALS. 
 
 Vilify, and Revile, to attempt to 
 cheapen a good man's character by 
 means of abusive language. 
 
 Abandoned, wholly given up to vice 
 and wickedness. See To Abandon. 
 
 Turpis, base. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Turpitude, baseness of words or 
 actions. 
 
 A Knave, who was, originally, a 
 boy, is, at present, a dishonest man. 
 (Ger., knabe, a boy.) 
 
 A Rascal was formerly a servant, 
 as in Wickliffe's translation of the 
 Bible: "I, Paul, a rascal of Jesus 
 Christ." At present, a rascal is a 
 trickish, dishonest fellow. 
 
 A Villain, in the feudal ages, was 
 an humble but honest man who held 
 lands by a servile tenure. At present, 
 a villain is a man who is extremely 
 depraved and capable of great crimes. 
 (L., villa, a village.) 
 
 A Rogue is one who cheats or de- 
 frauds in dealing. 
 
 A Scoundrel is, 1. A consummate 
 villain. 2. A man without honor or 
 virtue. 
 
 Go, if your precious but ignoble blood 
 Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood. 
 
 Pope. 
 
 A Scamp is a great rascal. 
 
 A Scape-Gallows is one who has 
 narrowly escaped the gallows for his 
 crimes. 
 
 A Fault is, properly, something 
 done amiss through error or mistake. 
 (L.,fallo, to fail or err.) 
 
 Note. — Fault implies wrong, and often some 
 degree of criminality. — Webster. 
 
 Culpa, a fault. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Culpable, deserving of blame. 
 
 Inculpate, to blame or censure. 
 
 Exculpate, to clear by words from 
 a charge or imputation of guilt, (ex, 
 out of. ) 
 
 A Crime is the violation of a law. 
 
 Criminal, 1. Guilty of a crime. 2. 
 That violates a law; as, a criminal 
 act. 3. Relating to crimes; as, a 
 criminal code. X Civil. 
 
 A Criminal is a person who has 
 violated a law. 
 
 To Criminate is to charge with a 
 crime. 
 
 To Recriminate is to criminate in 
 return. 
 
 To Accuse is to charge with a crime 
 before a tribunal. 
 
 To Excuse is to pardon or overlook 
 a fault. 
 
 To Acquit is to release from a 
 charge or suspicion. A jury acquits 
 a prisoner. We acquit a person of 
 evil intentions. 
 
 To Offend is to transgress or vio- 
 late ; as, to offend against the laws. 
 (L., ob, against; &ndfendo \_fensum~], 
 to hit or strike.) 
 
 An Offense is the transgression of 
 a law. 
 
 A Misdemeanor, in law, is an 
 offense less atrocious than a crime. 
 (Mis, ill; and demean, to behave 
 one's-self.) 
 
 A Felony is any crime that is 
 punishable with death. 
 
 A Felon is a person who is guilty 
 of felony. 
 
 A Peccadillo is a slight crime. 
 (Span., dim. of peccado, from the L. 
 peccatum, sin.) 
 
 Guilt is the state of a moral agent 
 which results from the commission 
 of crime. 
 
 Heinous (pron. nanus), properly, 
 hateful or odious ; hence, aggravated 
 or enormous ; as, a heinous crime. 
 (Fr., haine, hatred.) 
 
 Atrocious, horribly wicked ; as, an 
 atrocious crime. 
 
 Atrocity, horrible wickedness; as, 
 the atrocity of a crime. 
 
 Flagitious, 1. Grossly and shame- 
 fully wicked ; as, a flagitious action. 
 2. Guilty of enormous and shameful 
 crimes ; as, a flagitious person. 
 
 Nefarious, wicked in the extreme. 
 (Too wicked to be uttered. Ne, not ; 
 and fari, to utter.) 
 
 An Outrage is an act of injurious 
 violence. 
 
 A Culprit is, 1. A person arraigned 
 in court for a crime. 2. A criminal. 
 
 Note. — The term culprit is supposed to be 
 formed from cul, for culpable, and prit, ready ; 
 certain abbreviations used by clerks in noting 
 the arraignment of criminals ; the prisoner is 
 guilty, and the king is ready to prove him so. — 
 Blacicstone. 
 
MORALS. 
 
 221 
 
 A Convict is one who has been 
 convicted or found guilty of a crime. 
 
 A Prisoner is one who is held 
 in legal custody, either under the 
 charge of having committed a crime, 
 or in consequence of having been 
 found guilty. 
 
 An Accomplice is a partner in 
 crime. 
 
 To Abet is to encourage, aid, or 
 countenance in the commission of 
 crime. 
 
 An Abettor is one who aids or en- 
 courages another to commit a crime. 
 
 A Principal is the absolute per- 
 petrator of a crime. 
 
 An Accessory to an offense is one 
 who is not the chief actor, or present 
 at its performance, but is concerned 
 therein either before or after the fact. 
 Brande. 
 
 Innocent, not guilty. (L., in, not; 
 and nocens, doing harm.) 
 
 Harm, 1. Physical injury. 2. Moral 
 wrong. 
 
 Mischief, something done amiss 
 either in a physical or moral sense. 
 (Mis } wrong ; and the root of the Fr. 
 achever, to do.) 
 
 Bad, 1. Physically defective. 2. 
 Morally depraved. 
 
 Ill, contrary to good, physical or 
 moral. 
 
 Evil, 1. Having bad qualities of a 
 natural kind. Some evil beast hath 
 devoured him. — Gen. xxxvii. 2. Un- 
 happy; as, evil tidings; evil days. 
 3. Having bad qualities of a moral 
 kind ; as, evil thoughts ; evil deeds. 
 
 Natural Evil is anything which 
 produces pain, distress, loss, or ca- 
 lamity, or which in any way disturbs 
 the peace, impairs the happiness, or 
 destroys the perfection of natural 
 beings. — Webster. 
 
 Moral Evil is any deviation of a 
 moral agent from the rules of conduct 
 prescribed to him by God, or by legi- 
 timate human authority. — Webster. 
 
 4. Specific Crimes. 
 MURDER is the killing of a per- 
 son with malice prepense, or afore- 
 thought. 
 
 Manslaughter is the unlawful 
 killing of another without malice, ex- 
 pressed or implied. 
 
 To Steal is to take, secretly and 
 unlawfully, the goods of another. 
 
 Theft is the crime of stealing. 
 
 A Thief is one who is guilty of the 
 crime of stealing. 
 
 To Thieve is to practice theft. 
 
 Larceny is the legal designation 
 of theft. 
 
 Grand Larceny is the crime of 
 stealing an article or articles exceed- 
 ing in value an amount specified by 
 the law. 
 
 Petty Larceny is the crime of steal- 
 ing a thing, the value of which falls 
 below a certain specified amount. 
 
 To Purloin is to take by theft. 
 
 To Pilfer is to practice petty 
 theft. 
 
 To Filch is to steal something of 
 little value. 
 
 To Embezzle is to appropriate, 
 fraudulently, to one's own use that 
 which is intrusted to one's care. 
 Dishonest officers sometimes embezzle 
 the public funds. 
 
 To Peculate is to defraud the 
 public by embezzlement. 
 
 Plagiarism is the purloining of 
 another's writings. 
 
 A Plagiary, or Plagiarist, is one 
 who purloins the Avritings of another. 
 
 To Poach, in England, is to steal 
 game. 
 
 To Rob is to deprive another of his 
 property by illegal force, or by put- 
 ting him in fear. 
 
 To Pillage is to strip of money or 
 goods by open violence. Troops pil- 
 lage the camp or the towns of an 
 enemy. 
 
 Note. — Robber?/ may be committed by a single 
 individual, whereas pillaging is usually the act of 
 bands or numbers. — Webster. 
 
 To Plunder is to take by pillage 
 or open force. 
 
 Booty is that which is obtained by 
 plundering. 
 
 Pr,eda, booty. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Predaceous, subsisting by plunder ; 
 as, predaceous animals. 
 
 Predatory, characterized by plun- 
 dering ; as, a predatory band. 
 
222 
 
 MORALS. 
 
 A Highwayman is one who robs on 
 the public road, or who lurks in the 
 highway for the purpose of robbing. 
 
 A Footpad is a highwayman who 
 robs on foot. 
 
 A Bandit is properly an outlaw or 
 banished person. Hence, A robber. 
 (Plu., bandits, or banditti.) 
 
 A Pirate is a robber on the high 
 seas. 
 
 Piracy is the crime of robbing on 
 the high seas. 
 
 The Buccaneers were a set of 
 piratical adventurers, chiefly English 
 and French, who infested the West 
 Indies and the coast of South America 
 during the 17th and 18th centuries. 
 
 Fillibuster was originally a desig- 
 nation applied to the buccaneers. In 
 recent usage the term Jillibusters is 
 applied to bodies of armed men who 
 unlawfully invade the territory of a 
 friendly power for the purpose of 
 revolutionizing the government. 
 
 Smuggling is the offense of secretly 
 importing and exporting goods with- 
 out the payment of the duties to 
 which they are subject. 
 
 Arson is the malicious burning of 
 a dwelling-house or out-house of an- 
 other man. (L., ardeo [arsum~\, to 
 burn. ) 
 
 Treason is the crime of levying 
 war against the government of one's 
 country, or of adhering to its ene- 
 mies. 
 
 5. Duty. 
 
 OUGHT was formerly used as the 
 past tense and past participle of owe. 
 
 "The love and duty I long have 
 ought you." — Spelman. 
 
 " That followed, sir, which to my- 
 self I ought. — Dry den. 
 
 Note. — Ought is, at present, used both in the 
 present and past tenses, and signifies to be held, 
 as it were, by the obligation of a debt. 
 
 Duties are debts of moral obliga- 
 tion which we owe to others. (Fr., 
 du, participle of devoir, to owe.) See 
 Art., Debt. 
 
 Delinquent, failing in the perform- 
 ance of duty. (L., delinquo {delic- 
 tum}^ to leave undone.) 
 
 A Delinquent is one who fails to 
 perform his duty. 
 
 Delinquency is, 1. Failure or ne- u 
 gleet in the performance of duty. 2. 
 A crime. 
 
 A Monitor is one who warns of 
 faults or informs of duty. (L., mo- 
 neo [monitum], to remind.) 
 
 A Monition is a reminding of 
 duty. 
 
 To Admonish is, 1. To notify of a 
 fault. 2. To reprove mildly. 3. To 
 counsel against wrong practices, (ad. 
 to, and moneo, to call the attention.) 
 
 Admonition is, 1. Giving the re- 
 proof. 2. A warning against evil 
 practices. 
 
 6. Accountability. 
 
 An ACCOUNT is, 1. A statement 
 and summing up of debts and credits. 
 Hence, 2. A balancing of debts and 
 credits on the score of the duties 
 which we owe to a superior. 
 
 Accountable, liable to be called to 
 an account in regard to the manner 
 in which one has performed some 
 duty. 
 
 A Reckoning is, literally, a casting 
 up of accounts in common business. 
 Figuratively, a summing up of the 
 items on the debt and credit sides of 
 a moral score. 
 
 Answerable or Responsible, liable 
 to answer for the manner in which 
 duties have been performed. (L., re- 
 spondeo [responsum], to answer.) 
 
 Amenable, liable to be called to an 
 account. Every man is amenable to 
 the laws. (Fr., a, to, and mener, to 
 lead.) 
 
 7. Desert. 
 
 To DESERVE is to be entitled to 
 by virtue of one's actions or moral 
 qualities ; as, to deserve praise or cen- 
 sure; to deserve reward or punish- 
 ment. (L. , deservio, earn by service. ) 
 
 Deserf is that which gives a right 
 to reward, or which renders liable to 
 punishment. 
 
 To Merit is to deserve, either in a 
 favorable or in an ill sense. The dil- 
 igent and orderly pupil merits the 
 
MORALS. 
 
 223 
 
 praise of his teacher. Every sin mer- 
 its God's displeasure. 
 
 Merit is goodness or excellence 
 which entitles to commendation or 
 reward. 
 
 Meritorious, well-deserving. 
 
 8. Reward. 
 
 A REWARD is, 1. An equivalent 
 return for good done, for kindness, 
 for services, etc. The laborer is 
 worthy of his reward. — 1 Tim., v. 2. 
 A just return of evil or suffering for 
 wickedness. " Only with thine eyes 
 shalt thou behold and see the reward 
 of the wicked." 
 
 A Recompense is, 1. An equivalent 
 returned for anything given, done, or 
 suffered; as a recompense for services, 
 for damages, for loss, etc. 2. A re- 
 turn of evil or suffering. See Art., 
 Weight. 
 
 To Compensate is to make amends, 
 or to supply an equivalent; as, to 
 compensate a person for loss, suffer- 
 ing, or services. 
 
 • To Requite is, 1. To repay either 
 good or evil. " I will also requite 
 you this kindness." — 2 Sam., ii. "Jo- 
 seph will certainly requite us all the 
 evil which we did to him." — Gen., i. 
 
 To Retaliate is to return like for 
 like. Generally used in a bad sense ; 
 that is, to return evil for evil ; as, to 
 retaliate injuries. (L., re, back, and 
 talis, like.) 
 
 Tit-for-tat is the retaliation of in- 
 juries. 
 
 To Remunerate is to pay an equiv- 
 alent for service, loss, or expense. 
 (L., re, back, and munus, a gift.) 
 
 Retribution is, lit., a giving back. 
 Hence, a return either of good or 
 evil. (L., re, back, and tribuo, to 
 give. ) 
 
 Retributive or Retributory, reward- 
 ing for good deeds and punishing for 
 offenses; as, retributive justice. 
 
 9. Punishment. 
 
 To PUNISH is to afflict with pain, 
 loss, or calamity, for a crime or fault. 
 
 To Chastise is to inflict pain by 
 stripes or otherwise, for the purpose 
 
 of punishing an offender and recall- 
 ing him to his duty. Parents chastise 
 their children. 
 
 To Chasten is to correct or free 
 from faults by means of punishment, 
 God chastens his faithful people to 
 cleanse them from their transgres- 
 sions. — Q-abbe. (L., castigo, com- 
 pounded of castus, pure ; and ago, to 
 make.) 
 
 To Castigate is, 1. To punish by 
 stripes. 2. To rebuke severely. 
 
 Pcena, pain, or punishment, (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Penal, 1. Enacting punishment : 
 as, a penal statute. 2. Inflicting 
 punishment. 
 Adamantine chains a.ndpena.1 fire. — Milton. 
 
 3. Subject to, or incurring punish- 
 ment ; as, a penal act. 
 
 Penalty, the suffering in person or 
 property which is annexed by law or 
 judicial decision to the commission 
 of a crime, offense, or trespass, as a 
 punishment. 2. The suffering to which 
 aperson subjects himself by covenant 
 or agreement in case of the non-ful- 
 fillment of his stipulations. — Webster. 
 
 10. Specific Punishments and Instru- 
 ments of Punishment. 
 
 A ROD is a long twig of a woody 
 plant sometimes used as an instru- 
 ment of punishment. 
 
 A Whip is an instrument for driv- 
 ing horses or other teams, consisting 
 of a lash tied to a handle or rod. 
 
 To Whip is to strike with a whip. 
 
 A Lash is the thong or braided 
 cord of a whip. 
 
 To Lash is to strike with a lash or 
 anything pliant. 
 
 A Scourge is, 1. A lash consisting 
 of a strap or cord. 2. A punishment. 
 Famine and plague are sent a| 
 scourges for amendment. — Esdras. 
 
 To Scourge is, 1. To whip severely. 
 2. To afflict for sins or faults, and 
 with the purpose of correction 
 Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth 
 and scourgeth every one whom he re 
 ceiveth. — Heb. xii. 
 
 To Flagellate is to whip ct 
 
224 
 
 MORALS. 
 
 scourge. (L., flagellum, a whip, I 
 scourge, or flail.) 
 
 To Flog is to beat with a rod or 
 whip. 
 
 The Cat-of-nine-tails, or Cat-o'- 
 nine-tails, is an instrument of pun- 
 ishment, consisting of nine pieces of 
 line or cord fastened to a piece of 
 thick rope, and having three knots at 
 intervals, used to flog offenders on 
 board of ships. — Webster. 
 
 The Knout is an instrument of 
 punishment, in Russia, consisting of 
 a strap of leather about half an inch 
 wide, with which stripes are inflicted 
 on the bare back. — Webster. 
 
 A Ferule is a little wooden pallet 
 or slice, used to punish children in 
 school by striking them on the palm 
 of the hand. — Webster. 
 
 To Bastinade, or To Bastinado, is 
 to beat with a stick or cudgel. 
 
 A Bastinado is a sound beating 
 with a stick or cudgel. 
 
 Note. — This name is given to a punishment, in 
 use among the Turks, of beating an offender on 
 the soles of his feet. — Webster. 
 
 To Drub is to beat with a stick. 
 
 To Trounce is to beat severely. 
 
 The Stocks are a machine consist- 
 ing of two pieces of timber, in which 
 the legs of criminals are confined by 
 way of punishment. — Webster. 
 
 A Pillory is a frame to confine 
 criminals by the neck and head. 
 
 A Jail, or Prison, is a building in 
 which criminals, and persons charged 
 with crimes, are confined. 
 
 A Penitentiary is an institution 
 designed not only for the punishment, 
 but also, as its name implies, for the 
 reformation of criminals. 
 
 A Fine is a sum of money paid by 
 way of punishment for an offense. 
 
 To Mulct is to impose a fine. 
 
 An Amercement is a pecuniary 
 penalty inflicted on an offender at the 
 discretion or mercy of the court. 
 (Fr., a, at; and merci, mercy.) 
 
 11. Reputation. 
 
 The CHARACTER consists in the 
 aggregate of the moral qualities, by 
 
 which an individual is distinguished. 
 See To Engrave. 
 
 Reputation is the estimate in 
 which a person's character is held by 
 others. (L., re, again; and puto, to 
 think.) 
 
 Repute is the opinion entertained 
 by people in regard to any person, 
 practice, or thing; as, a man of re- 
 pute, of good repute, of no repute, of 
 bad repute. 
 
 Reputable, being in good repute. 
 
 Disreputable, being in bad repute ; 
 as, a disreputable action. 
 
 Fame is, 1. Public report or ru- 
 mor. 2. Report that exalts the char- 
 acter. (G-r., <j>njut [pJiemi], to speak.) 
 
 Famous, much talked of and 
 praised. 
 
 Renown is exalted reputation on 
 account of great achievements or ac- 
 complishments. (Fr., re, again; and 
 nommer, to name.) 
 
 12. Regard. 
 
 REGARD is a feeling excited by 
 estimable qualities. (Fr., regarder, 
 to look at. ) 
 
 Respect is a feeling which is ex- 
 cited by a view of moral excellence. 
 (L., re, again, and specio \_spectum\, 
 to look.) 
 
 Esteem is the value which we set 
 upon moral worth. See Art., Value. 
 
 To Revere is to regard with min- 
 gled respect and affection. (L., re, 
 and vereor, to fear. ) 
 
 Reverence is respect mingled with 
 fear. 
 
 Reverend, worthy of reverence. 
 
 Reverent, expressing reverence ; as 
 a reverent posture in prayer. 
 
 Reverential, mingled with rever- 
 ence; as, reverential fear, a reveren- 
 tial regard. 
 
 To Venerate is to have a deep 
 feeling of regard for that which we 
 look upon as sacred. We venerate 
 age, ancient institutions, the rites of 
 religion, etc. 
 
 Venerable, worthy of being looked 
 upon with a deep feeling of regard, 
 on account of age, or sacredness of 
 character. 
 
MORALS. 
 
 225 
 
 To Honor is to manifest a high re- 
 gard for. 
 
 To Worship is to treat with divine 
 honors. 
 
 13. To Praise. 
 
 To PRAISE is to speak favor- 
 ably of. 
 
 To Comment is, properly, to com- 
 mit to the good opinion of others. 
 (L., commendo, to commit or intrust.) 
 Hence, to mention with approbation. 
 
 To Recommend is, literally, to com- 
 mend again. Hence, to press upon 
 the notice, confidence, or kindness 
 of others, by favorable representa- 
 tions. 
 
 Plaudo [plausum'], to clap the 
 hands. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Applaud, lit, to clap the hands at; 
 as, when the spectators in a theater 
 are pleased with a performer. Hence, 
 to praise earnestly, (ad, at.) 
 
 Applause, originally, a clapping 
 of the hands at a performance that 
 pleased the spectators. Hence, hearty 
 praise. 
 
 Plaudite, clap your hands. 
 
 >^ote. — At the close of a performance in the 
 Roman theaters, praise was solicited by one of 
 the performers crying out, Plaudite! Hence, 
 
 Plaudit, contraction of plaudite. 
 Praise bestowed by clapping, stamp- 
 ing, or shouting. 
 
 Plausible, lit, that may be ap- 
 plauded. Hence, apparently right ; 
 as, a plausible argument, a plausible 
 pretext. 
 
 Acclamation is, lit., a crying out 
 to a thing. (L., ad, to, and clamo, to 
 cry.) Hence, a shout of praise. 
 
 An Encomium is a particular ex- 
 pression of praise. 
 
 Note. — Encomiums may he bestowed either 
 upon the productions of genius, or upon what- 
 ever is worthy in the characters and actions of 
 men. 
 
 Eulogy is, lit, a speaking well of. 
 (Gr., in [eu], well, and xayta \logia~], 
 a speaking.) Hence, praise bestowed 
 upon the virtues and meritorious ac- 
 tions of men. 
 
 A Eulogy is a speech or writing in 
 which a person is highly commended. 
 
 A Panegyric, among the Greeks, 
 was an oration in praise of an indi- 
 vidual, delivered in an assembly of 
 all the people. (Gr., ttuv [pan'], all, 
 and ayv^tc [agyris~\, an assembly.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Panegyric is praise bestowed on a 
 person. 
 
 A Panegyric is an encomiastic 
 speech or writing. 
 
 Laudo \laudalum~], to praise. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Laud, to praise. 
 
 Laudation, the act of praising. 
 
 Laudable, praiseworthy. 
 
 Laudatory, expressing praise ; as 
 a laudatory speech. 
 
 To Compliment is to bestow deli- 
 cate and respectful praise suited to 
 the person and the occasion. (L., 
 complaceo, to please greatly.) 
 
 To Extol is to exalt with praises. 
 (L., extollo, to lift up.) 
 
 To Puff is to bestow empty and 
 unmerited praise. (From puff, to 
 blow. ) 
 
 To Flatter is to go beyond the 
 truth in praising. (L., flatus, a puff 
 of wind.) 
 
 To A dulate is to praise excessively 
 and servilely. 
 
 Note. — Adulation is commonly offered to the 
 great. (L., adoleo, to offer incense.) 
 
 A Sycophant was originally an in- 
 former against those who exported 
 figs unlawfully from the territory of 
 Attica, in Greece. (Gr., o-vhu [sycos], 
 a fig, and qxtva \/phaino~], to discover.) 
 Hence, 1. A talebearer. 2. A mean 
 flatterer of the great. 
 
 A Parasite is, lit, one who dines 
 with others. (Gr., tt^a \jpara~\, by, 
 and enoc [sz'fos], food.) Hence, I. A 
 hanger-on at the tables of the great, 
 where he earns his welcome by base 
 and servile flattery 2. A plant that 
 is not fixed in the earth by a root 
 of its own, but derives its nourish- 
 ment from some other plant to which 
 it attaches itself. 
 
 To Palaver a person is to treat 
 him with gross flattery. (From pa- 
 lave?*, idle talk, from the Spanish pa- 
 labra, a word.) 
 
226 
 
 MORALS. 
 
 To Blarney is to treat with 
 smooth and deceitful flattery. 
 
 To Cajole is to deceive by flat- 
 tery. 
 
 To Fawn is, lit, to show attach- 
 ment by frisking about one. A dog 
 fawns on his master. Hence, to 
 court favor by mean and servile 
 flattery. 
 
 To Blandish is to flatter by kind 
 words or affectionate actions. 
 
 14. To Find Fault 
 
 To BLAME is to charge as guilty 
 of a fault. 
 
 To Censure is to express one's 
 disapprobation of something that has 
 been done by another. 
 
 Censorious, addicted to censure. 
 
 To Condemn is to pronounce an 
 act to be wrong. 
 
 To Keprove is to tell a person of 
 his faults with a view of inducing 
 amendment. 
 
 To Twit is to remind ill-naturedly 
 of faults. 
 
 Esop minds men of their errors without twit- 
 ting them with what is amiss. — L'Estrange. 
 
 To Reproach is to charge with a 
 fault in severe terms. 
 
 To Upbraid is, 1. To reprove with 
 severity. 2. To assail with bitter re- 
 proaches. 
 
 To Reprehend is to censure mod- 
 erately. 
 
 Eeprehension is moderate censure. 
 
 To Rebuke is to reprove. 
 
 A Reprimand is a severe rebuke 
 administered by a superior to an in- 
 ferior. 
 
 To Chide is, 1. To reprimand with 
 asperity. 2. To scold. 3. To quarrel. 
 
 To Scold is to find fault with rude 
 clamor. 
 
 To Rail is to utter reproaches. 
 
 To Carp is to censure ill-naturedly. 
 (L., carpo, to pluck or tear.) 
 
 Captious, disposed to find fault. 
 (L., capto, to catch at.) 
 
 To Reprobate is to disapprove with 
 marks of extreme dislike. 
 
 A Satire is a composition, com- 
 monly in poetry, in which vice or 
 folly is exposed with severity. 
 
 Satire is keenness and severity of 
 remark. 
 
 Irony is disguised satire in which 
 a person seems to praise that which 
 he means to condemn. 
 
 Sarcasm is bitter and personal 
 satire. (Gr., <nf.px.x£a> [sarcazo\ to tear 
 the flesh.) 
 
 A Lampoon is a personal satire in 
 writing. 
 
 A Pasquinade is a short piece of 
 personal satire. 
 
 To Inveigh is to utter censorious 
 and bitter language against any one. 
 (L., in, against; and velw, to carry.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Invective, severe censure. 
 
 Obloquy is reproachful language. 
 (L., ob, against; and loquor, to speak.) 
 
 The Philippics are certain orations 
 delivered by Demosthenes to excite 
 the Athenians against Philip, king 
 of Macedon. Hence, the word phil- 
 ippic is used to denote any discourse 
 full of acrimonious invective. 
 
 15. Abusive Language. 
 
 To REVILE is to treat with op- 
 probrious language, (re and vile.) 
 
 Scurrility consists in low, vul- 
 gar, and abusive language, such as is 
 used by buffoons and jesters. (L., 
 scurra, a buffoon. ) 
 
 A Blackguard is one who uses 
 scurrilous language. (For blackard, 
 a fellow of the black kind.) 
 
 Contumely consists in insolent 
 and contemptuous language or ac- 
 tions. (L., con, and tumeo to swelL 
 " Contumely is the insolent swelling 
 of an unworthy person against merit 
 in distress." — Crabbe.) 
 
 16. To Speak-ill of Falsely. 
 
 To SLANDER is to speak ill of 
 falsely and knowingly. 
 
 Calumny is a false accusation of a 
 crime or offense, made knowingly 
 and maliciously. 
 
 To Asperse is, lit, to sprinkle 
 upon. Hence, To bespatter the moral 
 character of another with foul re- 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 227 
 
 ports. (L., ad, upon; and spargo 
 [sparsuni], to sprinkle. ) 
 
 To Detract is, lit. , to take away from. 
 Hence, to take away from the sum total 
 of the good qualities in another. (L., 
 de, away ; and traho [tractum], to take. ) 
 
 To Defame is to say something 
 falsely to the prejudice of the fair 
 fame of another, (de, from.) 
 
 To Traduce is willfully to misrepre- 
 sent. (L., trans, over; and duco, to 
 lead ; that is, to transpose facts and 
 circumstances.) 
 
 To Vilify is to attempt to de- 
 grade by slander. (L., vilis, mean; 
 and facto, to make.) 
 
 To Revile is to treat with oppro- 
 brious and contemptuous language. 
 
 To Malign is falsely and malig- 
 nantly to speak ill of another. 
 
 To Vituperate is to censure or 
 denounce with great severity 
 
 17. Disgrace. 
 
 DISGRACE is the disesteem con- 
 sequent upon ill-doing, (dis, priva- 
 tive; and grace, favor.) 
 
 Ignominy is public disgrace. (L., 
 in, privative ; and nomen, honor.) 
 
 Ignominious, very disgraceful; as, 
 ignominious conduct; ignominious 
 punishments. 
 
 Opprobrium is reproach mingled 
 with contempt or disdain. 
 
 Opprobrious, 1. Reproachful and 
 contemptuous; as, opprobrious lan- 
 guage. 2. Deserving reproach and 
 contempt; as, opprobrious conduct. 
 
 Infamy is deep disgrace incurred 
 by great crimes. (L., in, privative ; 
 and fama, fame. ) 
 
 Infamous, 1. Having a reputation 
 of the worst kind; as, an infamous 
 liar. 2. That renders a person in- 
 famous; as, an infamous vice. 
 
 Scandal is, 1. Something uttered 
 which is false, and injurious to the 
 reputation. 2. Shame or disgrace. 
 (Gr., o-x.a.vS'dLxov [scandalon], a stum- 
 bling block. The term scandal was 
 figuratively applied to the unworthy 
 conduct of a church member, be- 
 cause such conduct was a cause of 
 stumbling to others. But such con- 
 duct being a shame to the person 
 guilty of it, the term scandal came, 
 in process of time, to be used in the 
 sense of shame or disgrace.) 
 
 A Stigma is a mark of infamy. 
 (Gr., a-rtyjuu [stigma'], a brand-mark 
 made with a hot iron.) 
 
 To Stigmatize is to mark or brand 
 with infamy. 
 
 OF RELIGION. 
 
 1. Sundry Terms. 
 
 RELIGION consists in a system 
 of belief, observances, and duties, 
 which have God as their object, and 
 are in accordance with his will. 
 
 A Religion is any system of belief 
 and observances that have reference 
 either to the true God or to false 
 deities. 
 
 Note. — Cicero derives the term from religere, 
 to reconsider. According to this etymology, 
 religion is the careful study of things pertaining 
 to the worship of God. 
 
 Servius derives the term from religare, to hind 
 fast. According to this etymology, religion is 
 something that binds the mind, and produces in 
 it a fixed principle. 
 
 Superstition is, 1. False religion. 
 2. Groundless notions in regard to 
 
 the agency of spirits, or a belief in 
 omens and prognostics. — Webster. 
 
 Note. — Siqierstition is derived from the Latin 
 saperstes, a survivor ; from super, over ; and sto, 
 to stand or remain. " Cicero says that the term 
 refers to those persons who were accustomed to 
 pray that their children might survive them." 
 
 " One of the Christian fathers ascribes the 
 peculiar meaning of the term to the fact that 
 the children who outlived their parents, were 
 accustomed to pray to their departed spirits, 
 thinking of, and acting toward them, as if they 
 were a sort of lesser deities." 
 
 Bigotry is a blind and obstinate 
 attachment to a particular creed. 
 
 EN0OTJIA2TH2 [EnTHOUSIASTES], 
 
 one who is inspired, or under a di- 
 vine influence, (iv [en], in ; and Qto; 
 [Theos], God.) Hence, 
 
 Enthusiast, 1. One who imagines 
 
228 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 that he has supernatural converse 
 with God, or receives special com- 
 munications from him. Hence, 2. 
 One whose mind is highly excited by 
 the love, or in the pursuit, of some 
 object. 
 
 A Fanatic is one who indulges in 
 wild and extravagant notions in re- 
 ligion, or in regard to questions re- 
 lating to morals. 
 
 Note. — The term fanatici was applied an- 
 ciently to a set of prophetic priests who per- 
 formed the sacrifices in a wild and extravagant 
 manner. — Brande. (L., fanum, a temple ; the 
 fana or temples having been the places where 
 the extravagances of these priests were prac- 
 ticed.) 
 
 Pious, 1. Reverencing and honor- 
 ing the Supreme Being in heart, and 
 in the practice of the duties he has 
 enjoined. 2. Careful of the duties 
 due to parents. 
 
 Piety is, 1. Discharge of duty to 
 God. 2. Duty to parents. 
 
 A Vow is, 1. A solemn promise 
 made to God. 2. Any solemn pro- 
 mise ; as, vows of unchangeable love 
 and fidelity. 
 
 To Devote is, 1, and properly, To 
 appropriate by a religious vow. 
 Hence, 2. To give wholly up ; as, to 
 devote one's-self to study; to devote 
 one's-self to pleasure; to devote one's- 
 self to religion. 
 
 Devout, 1. Devoted to religion. 
 Simeon was a just man and devout. 
 2. Having a solemn and reverential 
 frame of mind when engaged in 
 prayer or other religious exercises. 
 
 Devotion is, 1. The state of being 
 solemnly set apart for a particular 
 purpose. 2. External worship. 3. 
 Attachment manifested by constant 
 attention. 
 
 A Devotee is, 1. One who is wholly 
 devoted ; particularly, one who is 
 wholly given to religion. 2. One who 
 is superstitiously given to religious 
 duties and ceremonies. 
 
 2. Holy. 
 
 HOLY, 1. Free from sin. 2. De- 
 voted or set apart to the purposes of 
 religion. 
 
 Holy of Holies, the innermost 
 chamber of the tabernacle, and, in 
 
 after times, of the temple, among 
 the Jews, in which was kept the ark 
 of the covenant, and which was re- 
 garded as the especial residence of, 
 the Most High. See Ex. xxvi, 33 ; 
 and Heb. ix. 
 
 To Hallow is, 1. To make holy. 
 2. To treat as holy; as, to hallow 
 the Sabbath. 3. To honor as sacred. 
 
 Hallowed be thy name. — Lord's Prayer. 
 
 Sanctus, holy. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sanctity, holiness. 
 
 Saint, a holy person. 
 
 Sanctify, to make holy. 
 
 Sanctimony, an appearance of 
 sanctity. 
 
 Sanctimonious, having an appear- 
 ance of sanctity. 
 
 THE Sanctuary, the Jewish Holy 
 of Holies. 
 
 A Sanctuary, 1. Any holy place, 
 as a church. 2. A place of refuge. 
 
 Note. — This last meaning of the word sanctuary 
 originated in the circumstance that holy places, 
 that is, temples and churches, have been used as 
 places of refuge to which criminals might retreat, 
 and be secure from the vengeance of those whom 
 they had injured. 
 
 Sanctum Sanctorum, the Holy of 
 Holies. 
 
 3. Sacred, 
 
 SACRED, pertaining to or con- 
 nected with religion. From 
 
 Sacer, sacred. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sacrifice, a sacred rite consisting 
 in an offering made to God upon an 
 altar. (L., facio, to perform.) See 
 Art. Worship. 
 
 Sacr amentum, the military oath 
 taken by every Roman soldier, by 
 which he swore to obey his com- 
 mander, and not desert his standard. 
 Hence, 
 
 Sacrament. See Art. Worship. 
 
 Sacrilege, the crime of violating 
 sacred things. (L., lego, to steal; 
 the stealing of the sacred utensils of 
 a church or temple being one species 
 of sacrilege.) 
 
 Sacrista?i, an officer who has 
 the charge of the sacred utensils of 
 a church. (Corrupted into Sexton.) 
 
 Consecrate, to devote to a sacred use. 
 
 Desecrate, to divest of a sacred 
 character, (de, from.) 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 2-9 
 
 Execrate, primarily, to exclude 
 from the privilege of a participation 
 in sacred rites, etc. Hence, the signi- 
 fication, To curse, {ex, from or out.) 
 
 Note. — In its primary sense, "To execrate" 
 is synonymous with " To excommunicate." 
 
 Profane, destitute of the attributes 
 of sacredness. (L., pro, before; and 
 fanum, the temple.) 
 
 Note. — The profani were persons who, from 
 not being duly purified, were not permitted to 
 enter the temples, but were obliged to stand 
 without during the performance of the rites of 
 worship. 
 
 e iEP02 [Hiebos], sacred. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Hierarchy, 1. Dominion or govern- 
 ment in sacred things. 2. The va- 
 rious orders of the Christian minis- 
 try, considered collectively, in those 
 churches where subordination of 
 rank among the clergy exists. 3. 
 The celestial Mevarcliy comprehends 
 the various ranks and orders of an- 
 gels. (Gr., a^x* [arche], government.) 
 
 Hierarch, one who rules or has 
 authority in sacred things. 
 
 Hieroglyphics, the sacred writing 
 of the ancient Egyptians. 
 
 Note. — According to Champollion, the Egyp- 
 tian hieroglyphics consisted of three different 
 kinds of characters : 1, The hieroglyphics, prop- 
 erly so called, in which the object is represented 
 by a picture. 2. Symbolical, in which an idea is 
 expressed by some visible object which repre- 
 sents it, as adoration by a censer containing in- 
 cense. 3. Phonetic characters, in which the 
 sign represented, not a visible object, but a 
 sound. — Brando. {y\\j--rm [glypio], to carve, be- 
 cause the specimens of hieroglyphical writing 
 from which we have obtained our knowledge of 
 the art, consist mainly of characters sculptured 
 on monuments.) 
 
 4. Of Sin. 
 
 SIN consists either in the doing 
 of things that are contrary to the 
 divine law, or in neglecting to do 
 things which that law enjoins. 
 
 Wicked, 1. Contrary to the divine 
 law; as, a wicked deed. 2. Not act- 
 ing conformably to divine law; as, 
 a wicked person. 3. Grossly immoral. 
 
 Transgression is the act of passing 
 beyond any law or rule of moral 
 duty. (L., trans, beyond; and gradior 
 [gressum], to go.) 
 
 To Trespass is, lit, to pass beyond. 
 Hence, primarily, To pass over the 
 
 boundary of another man's land. 
 Hence, in a religious sense, To trans- 
 gress any divine law or command. 
 (Norman Fr., tres, beyond; and pas- 
 ser, to pass.) 
 
 Pecco \_peccatum~], to sin. Hence. 
 
 Peccant, sinning; as, peccant an- 
 gels. — Milton. 
 
 Impeccable, not liable to sin. 
 
 5. Of Repentance. 
 
 To REPENT is, 1. To feel pain, 
 sorrow, or regret for something done 
 or spoken. 2. To feel sorrow for 
 sin, with a purpose of amendment. 
 (L., pcena, pain.) 
 
 Repentance is, 1. Sorrow for any- 
 thing done or said. 2. Sorrow for 
 sin, accompanied with a purpose of 
 amendment. 
 
 Penitent, feeling sorrow, with a 
 purpose of amendment. 
 
 Penitence, or Penitency, sorrow on 
 account of sin, with a purpose of 
 amendment. 
 
 Penitential, proceeding from, or 
 expressing sorrow for sin; as, peni- 
 tential tears. 
 
 Contrite, broken by sorrow for sin ; 
 as, a contrite heart. (L., contero [con* 
 triiuin], to break or bruise small.) 
 
 Contrition is a sorrow for sin, 
 founded on the love of God. 
 
 Kemorse is a keen pain or anguish 
 excited by a sense of guilt. (L., re, 
 again ; and mordeo, to gnaw. ) 
 
 Compunction is the pricking or 
 sting of conscience, proceeding from 
 a conviction of having violated a 
 moral duty. (L., con, and pungo, 
 [punctum] to prick.) 
 
 Compunctious, pricking the con- 
 science. 
 
 Let no compunctions visitings of nature 
 Shake my fell purpose. — Shaks. 
 
 To Own is to assent to the truth 
 of a charge that is made against us. 
 
 To Acknowledge is to own under 
 the influence of a consciousness of 
 guilt. I acknowledge my transgres- 
 sions, and my sin is ever before me. 
 Ps. li. 
 
 To Confess is to own under the 
 influence of a feeling of penitence. 
 
230 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 6. Of Pardon. 
 
 To FORGIVE is to give up one's 
 claim on another for satisfaction on 
 account of a debt or offense, {for, 
 up.) 
 
 To Pardon is to give up one's 
 claim for satisfaction on account of 
 an offense. (Fr.,^>ar, up; and donner, 
 to give.) 
 
 Note. — When God forgives or pardons, lie does 
 so in consequence of satisfaction rendered to the 
 violated law, but not by the offender. 
 
 To Remit is, lit., to send away. 
 (L., re, away; and mitto [missum], to 
 send.) Hence, 
 
 To Remit a penalty is to forbear to 
 exact it, and, as it were, to send it 
 away. 
 
 The Remission of sins is an ellip- 
 tical expression for the remission, or 
 non-in fiction, of the punishment due 
 to the sins. 
 
 To Absolve is to loosen or set free, 
 as from an obligation or liability. 
 (L., ab, from; and solvo [solutum], to 
 untie.) Hence, 
 
 Absolution is, lit, a loosening or 
 setting free. Hence, 1. In the civil 
 law, a sentence of the judge declaring 
 the accused person innocent. 2. In 
 the canon law, a remission of sins 
 pronounced by a priest in favor of a 
 penitent. 
 
 7. Atonement. 
 
 To ATONE (compounded of at and 
 one) primarily signifies to reconcile 
 parties who were at variance, and to 
 cause them to be at one with each 
 other. According to the present 
 usage of the term, to atone is to make 
 satisfaction for an offense by which 
 reconciliation is procured between the 
 offended and the offending parties. 
 
 To Expiate is to make satisfaction 
 for; as, to expiate a crime. (L., ex 
 and pio, to atone for by pious observ- 
 ances.) 
 
 Expiation is the act of atoning for 
 guilt. 
 
 Expiatory, having the power to 
 make atonement or expiation; as, an 
 expiatory sacrifice. 
 
 Propitious, 1. Favorable or kind. 
 
 2. Disposed to be gracious or merci- 
 ful. 
 
 To Propitiate is to appease one of- 
 fended, and render him favorable. 
 
 Propitiation is, 1. The act of ap- 
 peasing or rendering favorable. 2. The 
 atoning sacrifice which procures the 
 divine favor to guilty man. 
 
 8. To Bless. 
 
 To BLESS is, 1. To make happy by 
 bestowing good. 
 
 Note. — To bless, in the sense of to make 
 happy, is an act of the Deity. 
 
 2. To pray for a blessing on any one. 
 And Isaac called Jacob and blessed 
 him. — Gen. xxviii. 3. To make and 
 pronounce holy. — And God blessed 
 the seventh day and sanctified it. — 
 Gen. ii. 4. To consecrate by prayer. 
 And Jesus took the five loaves and the 
 two fishes, and, looking up to heaven, 
 he blessed them. — Luke ix. 5. To 
 bless God is to thank him from our 
 inmost heart for benefits received. — 
 Bless the Lord, 0, my soul ; and all 
 that is within me, bless his holy 
 name. — Ps. ciii. 
 
 A Benediction is a prayer invoking 
 the divine blessing on any person or 
 thing. (L., bene, well; and dico [dic- 
 tum"], to speak.) 
 
 9. To Curse. 
 
 To CURSE is, 1. To pray for mis- 
 chief or injury to fall upon. 2. To 
 harass or torment with great calami- 
 ties. 
 
 A Malediction is a curse invoked 
 or pronounced. (L., male, ill; and 
 dico [dictum], to speak.) 
 
 To Imprecate is to pray that a curse 
 or calamity may fall upon one's-self or 
 upon another person. (L., in, against; 
 and precor [precatum], to pray.) 
 
 To Execrate is to curse with a feel- 
 ing of utter detestation or abhorrence. 
 See Sacred. 
 
 10. Systems of Religion. 
 MOHAMMEDANISM is a re- 
 ligious system established by Moham- 
 med, who was born at Mecca, in 
 Arabia, in the year 571. 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 231 
 
 A Mussulman (plural, Mussul- 
 mans,) is a Mohammedan. 
 
 Islam is the religion of Mohammed, 
 and also the whole body of those who 
 profess it throughout the world. — 
 Brande. 
 
 Islamism, the true faith, according 
 to the Mohammedans. 
 
 The Koran, or Alkoran, is the 
 book containing the Mohammedan 
 doctrines of faith and practice. 
 
 A Fakir, or Dervise, is a Moham- 
 medan monk or hermit. 
 
 Brahminism, or Hindooism, is a sys- 
 tem of religion which prevails in 
 Hindoostan. 
 
 Note 1. — Brahm, the highest divinity of the 
 Hindoos, is said to have given birth, simultane- 
 ously, to Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva; and to have 
 allotted to the first the province of creating ; to 
 the second, that of preserving ; and, to the 
 third, that of destroying. — Brande. 
 
 Note 2. — Beside the foregoing, the Hindoos 
 believe in many inferior deities. 
 
 A Shaster is a book among the 
 Hindoos, containing the dogmas of 
 their religion. 
 
 Suttee is the religious rite of the 
 burning of a widow upon the funeral 
 pile of her husband, as practiced 
 among the Hindoos. 
 
 The Grand Lama is a Tartar 
 prince who resides at Lassa, in 
 Thibet, and is worshiped by certain 
 tribes of the Tartars as a god. When 
 he dies he is supposed to pass to an- 
 other body in which to be born again; 
 and the new Lama can only be dis- 
 covered by a certain favored class 
 among the priests. — Brande. 
 
 Buddhism is the religion of China, 
 Japan, and of India beyond the Gan- 
 ges. The founder of this religion was 
 an Indian prince, to whom the title 
 of Buddha, or " The Sage," is assigned 
 by his worshipers. The Buddhists 
 hold that the human soul is an ema- 
 nation from Deity ; that, after death, 
 it will again be bound to matter, and 
 subjected to the miseries and accidents 
 of this life, unless the individual to 
 whom it belongs, by the attainment 
 of wisdom through prayer and con- 
 templation, succeeds in liberating it 
 from that necessity, and secures its 
 
 absorption into the divine essence 
 from which it sprang. — Brande. 
 
 Fetichism (fet'ishism), is the wor- 
 ship of inanimate objects among the 
 negroes of Africa. 
 
 A Fetich (fee'tish) is a stone, tree, 
 weapon, vessel, or any other inani- 
 mate object, worshiped by the negroes 
 of Africa. 
 
 Idolatry is the worship of images 
 as gods. (G., iJ'oxov [eidolon], an im- 
 age; and x*Tgsi* [latreia], worship.) 
 
 Sabiaxism was the worship of the 
 sun, moon, and stars. 
 
 Paganism is the worship of false 
 gods. (L., pagani, the inhabitants 
 of villages, from pagus, a village.) 
 
 Note. — After Christianity had been introduced 
 into towns and cities, the inhabitants of the vil- 
 lages continued tor some time to adhere to their 
 idolatrous practices. Hence, the term pagan, a 
 villager, came to signify an idolater. 
 
 Heathenism includes all religious 
 systems that do not recognize the true 
 God. 
 
 Theism is a belief in the existence 
 of a God. (Gr., ©**? [Theos], God.) 
 
 Deism acknowledges the existence 
 of a God, but denies revelation. (L., 
 Deus, God.) 
 
 Atheism denies the existence of a 
 God. (Gr., \jt\ a, privative, and ©aoc 
 [Theos], God.) 
 
 Polytheism, a belief in the exist- 
 ence of many gods. (Gr., srofcwc 
 [polys], many.) 
 
 Pantheism, the doctrine that the 
 universe is God. (Gr., 7r*v [pan], 
 all.) 
 
 THE Gospel is, lit, the good news 
 of the coming of the Messiah. Hence, 
 the Christian religion. 
 
 A Gospel is a history of the life, 
 doctrines, death, resurrection and 
 ascension of our Savior. 
 
 Evangelic, or Evangelical, in ac- 
 cordance with the gospel. (Gr., 
 tustyyixtov [euangelion], good news.) 
 
 To Evangelize is to convert to the 
 faith of the gospel. 
 
 An Evangelist is, 1. A writer of the 
 history of our Savior. 2. A preacher 
 or publisher of the gospel of Jesus 
 Christ, licensed to preach, but not 
 having charge of a particular church. 
 
232 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 Judaism is the religion of the 
 Jews. 
 
 11. Religious Belief. 
 
 A FAITH is a s^ystem of religious 
 belief; as, the Christian faith. 
 
 A Creed is a formula of religious 
 belief; as, the Apostles' Creed (L., 
 credo, I believe.) 
 
 Orthodox, sound in the Christian 
 faith. (Gi\, cp&og [orthos], right; and 
 &o%& \_doxa], an opinion.) 
 
 Orthodoxy, soundness of faith. 
 
 Heterodox, holding opinions con- 
 trary to the faith and doctrines of 
 the true church. (Gr., sts/jos [heteros], 
 other; and Jof* \doxa~], an opinion.) 
 
 Heterodoxy, the holding of a doc- 
 trine or opinion contrary to the doc- 
 trines of the Scriptures, or contrary 
 to those of an established church. 
 
 Heresy is the holding fundamental 
 error in religion. (Gr., hipris [haire- 
 sis~], a choice.) 
 
 A Heretic is one who holds reli- 
 gious opinions that are fundamentally 
 erroneous. 
 
 A Proselyte is a convert to any 
 religious faith. (Gr., 7rpo; [pros'], to; 
 and nWTico [elyteo~\, to come.) 
 
 An Apostate is, 1. One who after 
 having professed, renounces the 
 Christian faith. The Emperor Julian, 
 after having made a profession of 
 Christianity, again returned to idol- 
 atry, and lias hence been surnamed 
 the Apostate. (Gr., cltto \_apo~], from; 
 and 'ur.rnju.i \_histemi~], to stand.) 
 
 A Renegade, or Renegado, is one 
 who denies again the faith which he 
 has once professed. (L., re, again; 
 and nego, to deny.) 
 
 An Infidel is one who rejects 
 Christianity. {Literally, an unbe- 
 liever, from in, not; and fides, faith.) 
 
 Infidelity is a rejection of Chris- 
 tianity. 
 
 A Dogma is a doctrinal notion, 
 particularly in matters of faith and 
 philosophy ; as, the dogmas of the 
 church ; the dogmas of Plato. — Web- 
 ster. (Gr., Jcma \_dokeo~], to think.) 
 
 A Tenet is any religious or philo- 
 sophical principle or doctrine which 
 
 a person holds as true. (L., teneo, to 
 hold.) 
 
 A Doctrine is any principle that 
 is taught by an instructor in religion 
 or philosophy. (L., doceo, to teach.) 
 
 12. Of Worship. 
 WORSHIP (for worthship) is, lit, 
 the condition of being worthy. Hence, 
 
 1. Respect paid to worth. Hence, 
 
 2. Homage paid to God, and consist- 
 ing in outward observances. 
 
 Adoration is the service of the 
 heart paid to the Supreme Being. 
 (L., ad, to; and oro, to pray.) 
 
 A Rite is a religious ceremony or 
 observance. 
 
 A Ritual is a book containing the 
 rites to be observed, or the manner 
 of performing divine service in a 
 particular church or communion. 
 
 A Litany is a solemn form of sup- 
 plication used in religious worship. 
 (Gr., Mravivoo \_litaneuo~], to pray.) 
 
 A Liturgy is the entire ritual for 
 public worship in those churches 
 which use written forms. (Gr., xtiroc 
 \leitos~], public, and spyov [ergon~\, a 
 work. ) 
 
 Service is public worship. (Prom 
 serve.) 
 
 Matins are morning service in the 
 Catholic Church. (Fr., matin, the 
 morning.) 
 
 Vespers are evening service in the 
 Catholic Church. (L., vesper, the 
 evening.) 
 
 An Offering is anything offered to 
 God, or to the service of religion. 
 
 An Oblation is anything pre- 
 sented for the service of religion, as 
 tithes, first fruits, etc. (L., offero 
 [oblaturn], to offer.) 
 
 A Sacrifice is, generally, any of- 
 fering made to God; but, more prop- 
 erly, that of a victim upon an altar, 
 accompanied by customary ceremo- 
 nies and forms of prayer, with the 
 idea of gratifying God, or averting 
 his displeasure. — Brande. 
 
 To Sacrifice is to consume par- 
 tially, or totally, on the altar of God, 
 either as an atonement for sin, or to 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 233 
 
 procure favor, or to express thank- 
 fulness. — Webster. 
 
 Note. — As the act of sacrificing involved the 
 destruction of the thing sacrificed, hence, figura- 
 tively, 
 
 To Sacrifice is to destroy, surrender, or suffer 
 to be lost, for the sake of obtaining something. 
 
 To Immolate is to sacrifice by de- 
 stroying the life. (L., in, and mola, 
 meal, from the practice of sprink- 
 ling meal and salt on the head of 
 the victim.) 
 
 An Altar was an elevated struc- 
 ture, usually of stone, on which sac- 
 rifices were offered. (L., alius, high.) 
 
 Incense is, 1. The odors of spices 
 and gums burnt in religious rites. 
 2. The materials burnt for making 
 perfumes. (L., incendo [incensuni], 
 to burn.) 
 
 A Censer is a vase or pan in 
 which incense is burned. 
 
 A Sacrament is an outward or 
 visible ordinance or sign instituted 
 by Christ, and representing an in- 
 ward or invisible grace. 
 
 Note. — The Catholic Church holds to seven 
 sacraments, namely: — baptism, confirmation, the 
 eacharisl, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, 
 and matrimony. The Protestants hold that 
 there are only two sacraments, namely: — bap- 
 tism and the Lord's Supper. 
 
 Baptism is the rite of initiation 
 into the visible church of Christ by 
 the use of water. 
 
 Sponsors, in some Christian com- 
 munions, are persons who, at the bap- 
 tism of infants, profess the Christian 
 faith in their name, and guarantee 
 their religious education. (L., spon- 
 cleo [sponsum], to promise.) — Brande. 
 
 A Godfather is a man who becomes 
 sponsor for a child at baptism. 
 
 A Godmother is a female sponsor. 
 
 A Godchild is one for whom a per- 
 son becomes sponsor at baptism. 
 
 Confirmation is the rite of laying 
 on of hands, in which one who has 
 been baptized takes upon himself the 
 vows made for him by his sponsors. 
 
 The Eucharist, or Lord's Supper, 
 in Protestant Churches, is the solemn 
 ceremony of commemorating the 
 death of the Saviour in the use of 
 bread and wine as emblems of his 
 flesh and blood. 
 
 The Eucharist, in the Catholic 
 Church, is held to be the body and 
 blood of Christ under the appearance 
 of bread and wine. (Gt., wxtptma) 
 [eucharisteo~\, to give thanks.) 
 
 The Communion is the sacrament 
 of the Lord's Supper. (From com- 
 mune, to take part with others ; from 
 L. communis, common.) 
 
 The Mass, in the Catholic Church, 
 is the consecration and oblation of 
 the host. — Murdoch. 
 
 The Host, in the communion 
 service of the Catholic Church is the 
 element of bread transubstantiated, 
 as the Catholics hold, into the body 
 and blood of Jesus Christ. (L., 
 hostia, a victim or sacrifice. ) 
 
 Penance, as a sacrament, consists, on 
 the part of the penitent, in contrition, 
 confession, and satisfaction ; and on 
 the part of the priest, in absolution. 
 
 Extreme Unction is the rite of 
 anointing, with consecrated oil, the five 
 senses of the sick in danger of death. 
 
 Chrism is an ointment made of oil 
 of olives and balsam, blessed by the 
 bishop. (Gr.j x? ur f JM \chrisma~], an 
 anointing. ) 
 
 Consecration is the act or cere- 
 mony of separating from a common 
 to a sacred use, or of devoting a per- 
 son or thing to the service and wor- 
 ship of God. 
 
 13. The Church. 
 
 The VISIBLE CHURCH compre- 
 hends the entire body of true believ- 
 ers throughout the world. — Brande. 
 
 The Invisible Church compre- 
 hends, in addition to these, the spirits 
 of the just made perfect. — Brande. 
 
 A Church is, 1. A denominational 
 body of Christians. 2. A body of 
 Christians under the care of the same 
 pastor. 3. A house consecrated to 
 the purposes of Christian worship. 
 (Gt., kvqixxov [cyriacon~\, from nv^to; 
 \_cyrios~], Lord.) 
 
 EKKAHZ1A [Ecclesia], an assembly 
 of the people at Athens convoked by 
 heralds. (Gr., at [ec], forth; and 
 icxxico [caleo~\. to call.) Hence, 
 
 Ecclesia, 1. An assembly of Chris- 
 
234 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 tians, or a body of Christians in the 
 habit of assembling at the same place. 
 2. The general body of Christians 
 throughout the world. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Ecclesiastic, or Ecclesiastical, per- 
 taining to the church; as, ecclesias- 
 tical history. 
 
 An Ecclesiastic, a person conse- 
 crated to the service of the church. 
 
 Catholic, universal. (Gr., x«w 
 [cata'], including; and oaq? [liolos~], 
 the whole.) 
 
 The Holy Catholic Church, in the 
 Apostles Creed, comprehends the en- 
 tire body of true Christians through- 
 out the world. 
 
 Note. — The term Catholic, as it occurs else- 
 where in this work, is used merely as a distin- 
 guishing epithet, without reference to the ques- 
 tion whether this or that body of professing 
 Christians is the true Universal Church, or a 
 branch of that Church. 
 
 A Communion is a body of Chris- 
 tians who have one common faith and 
 discipline. (L., communis, common.) 
 
 Excommunication is ecclesiastical 
 censure by which a person is cut off 
 from communion with his church. 
 
 An Anathema is a curse or denun- 
 ciation by ecclesiastical authority. 
 
 A Canon is a law or ordinance of 
 an ecclesiastical council. 
 
 The Canon of Scripture signifies 
 the authorized and received catalogue 
 of the sacred books. 
 
 Canonical Hours are stated times 
 of the day set apart, more especially 
 in the Catholic Church, for devotional 
 purposes. 
 
 Canonization is a ceremony in the 
 Catholic Church, by which holy men 
 deceased are enrolled in the catalogue 
 of the saints. 
 
 Secular, pertaining to the present 
 world, and not to things spiritual or 
 holy; as, secular business; secular 
 power. >£ 1. Spiritual. 2. Ecclesi- 
 astical. (L., sccculum, the present 
 world. ) 
 
 Secularize, to convert from spirit- 
 ual appropriation to common use; 
 as, to secularize church property. 
 
 14. The Clergy. 
 The CLERGY arc a body of men 
 
 set apart to officiate in the services 
 of the church. (Gr., x\>ipos [deros^, a 
 lot, in allusion, as some suppose, to 
 the lots by which Matthias was chosen 
 by the apostles.) 
 
 Cleric, or Clerical, pertaining to 
 the clergy. 
 
 Clerk, a writer, from the circum- 
 stance that, formerly, the clergy were 
 almost the only persons that could 
 write. 
 
 Benefit of Clergy, in English 
 law, was the exemption of the per- 
 sons of clergymen from criminal pro- 
 cess before a secular judge, a privilege 
 which was also accorded to all who 
 could read. 
 
 The Laity are the body of private 
 members of the church, in contra- 
 distinction from the clergy. (Gr., 
 Aao? [laos~\, the people.) 
 
 A Layman is a private member of 
 the church. 
 
 The Holy Orders, in those Pro- 
 testant Churches which admit of 
 grades in the sacred ministry, are 
 three : to-wit, bishops, presbyters, 
 and deacons. The Catholic Church 
 admits of seven different orders ; four 
 minor, which are those of door-keeper, 
 exorcist, reader, and acolyth ; and 
 three major, which are those of sub- 
 deacon, deacon, and priest. 
 
 To Take Orders, in the Episco- 
 pal Church, is to enter the sacred 
 ministry. 
 
 A Minister is a clergyman. (L., 
 ■minister, a servant, because the 
 clergy are persons engaged in the 
 official service of the church.) 
 
 A Pastor is a minister who has 
 the charge of a congregation. (L., 
 pastor, a shepherd, from pasco \_pas- 
 tuni], to feed.) See To Feed. 
 
 A Parish is a territorial precinct, 
 the inhabitants of which belong to 
 the same church. 
 
 Parochial, belonging to a parish ; 
 as, parochial clergy; parochial duties; 
 parochial reports. 
 
 A Parson is, 1. The priest of a 
 parish. 2. Any clergyman. 
 
 A Rector, in the Episcopal Church, 
 is a clergyman who has the charge 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 235 
 
 and care of a parish. (L., rector, a 
 ruler.) 
 
 A Vicar is an ecclesiastical per- 
 sonage who has the care of a parish 
 in the place of a lay or collegiate 
 rector. (L., vice, in the place of.) 
 
 A Curate is one who has the cure 
 (care) of souls, now generally re- 
 stricted to signify the spiritual assist- 
 ant of a rector or vicar. (L., cura, 
 care.) 
 
 A Curacy is the office of a curate. 
 
 A Chaplain is, 1. The minister of 
 a chapel. 2. A clergyman who be- 
 longs to a ship-of-war, to a regiment 
 of soldiers, or to some institution. 
 3. A clergyman retained to perform 
 divine service in a family. 
 
 A Chaplaincy is the office of a 
 chaplain. 
 
 A Priest was originally one who 
 officiated at the altar, and performed 
 the rites of sacrifice. 
 
 A Priest, in the Latin and Greek 
 Churches, is one who is authorized to 
 consecrate the host and to say mass. 
 
 Xote. — In the Latin and Greek Churches the 
 person who celebrates mass is called a priest, in 
 reference to the circumstance that the oblation 
 of the host is regarded as a true sacrifice. 
 
 A Priest, in the Protestant Ejris- 
 copal Church, is one who belongs to 
 the intermediate order between bishop 
 and deacon. (Derived from the Gr., 
 nterfknepa [presbyteros], an elder, by 
 the following process : Presbyteros, 
 presbyter, pr ester, priester, priest.) 
 
 Note. — In the Episcopal Church the same 
 person is called indifferently a priest, or presbyter, 
 eince, according to the foregoing etymology, 
 priest and presbyter are the same word. 
 
 Sacerdos [sacerdotis], a priest. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Sacerdotal, priestly ; as, sacerdotal 
 robes. 
 
 Poxtlfex. a high priest, (L.) Hence, 
 
 Pontiff, 1. A" high-priest 2. A 
 title of the Pope, who is styled " Su- 
 preme Pontiff." 
 
 Pontificate, the office of a pontiff. 
 
 Pontifical, pertaining to a high 
 priest; as, pontifical authority. 
 
 Pontificals, the dress and orna- 
 ments of a high-priest or bishop. 
 
 Eni2KOn02 [Episcopos], an over- 
 seer. (Gr., from m [epi], over; and 
 rxoTTiu [scopeo], to see.) Hence, 
 
 Bishop, a spiritual overseer. 
 
 Xote. — In the Latin. Greek, and some Protes- 
 tant Churches, a bishop is a person consecrated 
 for the spiritual oversight of a diocese. 
 
 A Bishopric, or Diocese, is the dis- 
 trict over which the jurisdiction of a 
 bishop extends. (Gr., Jiowcrt; [dioi- 
 cesis], administration.) 
 
 An Archbishop) is a chief bishop. 
 
 A Metropolttax is the bishop who 
 presides over the other bishops of a 
 province. (From metropolis, the chief 
 city.) 
 
 ^uffragaxs are the inferior bishops 
 of a province relatively to the arch- 
 bishop. (L., suffragor, to vote.) 
 
 Xote. — Every bishop is said to be a siiffragcn 
 relatively to the archbishop of his province, 
 either on account of the suffrages given by them 
 in the provincial synods, or because they can not 
 be consecrated without the aid of the archbishop. 
 Brande. 
 
 A Prelate is a clergyman of a 
 superior order, having authority over 
 the lower clergy. Bishops and arch- 
 bishops are calledjyrelates. (L.,p>rcefero 
 [prestation], to place before others.) 
 
 A Primate is a prelate of superior 
 dignity and authority. In England, 
 the archbishop of York is entitled 
 the Primate of England; the arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, Primate of all 
 England. (L., primus, first.) 
 
 Primacy is the office of a primate. 
 
 Episcopacy is that form of ecclesi- 
 astical government in which diocesan 
 bishops are established as distinct and 
 superior to priests or presbyters. 
 
 An Episcopate is the office of a 
 bishop. 
 
 Episcopal, belonging to, or vested 
 in, bishops; as, episcopal authority. 
 
 An Epiiscopalian is one who ad- 
 heres to the episcopal form of church 
 government. 
 
 A See is the seat of episcopal 
 power. (Fr., siege, a seat.) 
 
 A Cathedral is the principal 
 church of a diocese in which is the 
 throne of the bishop. (Gr., asS&^x 
 [cathedra], a seat or throne.) 
 
 A Chapter is a society or commu- 
 
236 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 nit j of clergyman, belonging to a ca- 
 thedral, or collegiate church. 
 
 A Dean, in England, is an eccle- 
 siastical dignitary in cathedral and 
 collegiate churches, and the head of 
 a chapter. (L., decanus, from the Gr., 
 iix.% [deca~], ten, because originally 
 he was set over ten canons or pre- 
 bendaries. 
 
 A Canon is a person who possesses 
 a revenue allotted for the performance 
 of divine service in a cathedral or 
 collegiate church. 
 
 A Prebendary is an ecclesiastic 
 who receives a stipend in considera- 
 tion of his officiating in a cathedral 
 or collegiate church. 
 
 A Prebend is the share of the 
 estate of a cathedral or collegiate 
 church received by a prebendary. (L., 
 prcebenda, to be given.) 
 
 An Ordinary, in the common and 
 canon law, is an ecclesiastical judge. 
 
 Note. — A bishop is ordinary in his own diocese. 
 
 The Pope is the chief bishop and 
 visible head of the Catholic Church. 
 (Low L., papa, a father.) 
 
 The Popedom is, 1. The spiritual 
 authority of the Pope. 2. The ter- 
 ritory governed by the Pope as a tem- 
 poral prince. 
 
 Papal, pertaining to the Pope. 
 
 The Papacy is the office and dig- 
 nity of the Pope. 
 
 A Cardinal is a dignitary, in the 
 Catholic church, next in rank below 
 the Pope. (L., cardinalis, chief, from 
 cardo, a hinge.) 
 
 A Conclave is a meeting of the 
 cardinals for the election of a Pope. 
 (L., conclave, a private apartment, 
 from con ; and clavis, a key. ) 
 
 A Deacon is a person in the lowest 
 degree of holy orders. (Gr., ticuiovos 
 \_diaconos], a servant.) 
 
 Note.— It is the duty of deacons to serve or 
 aid the officiating priest or minister in various 
 ways. 
 
 A Presbyter is, literally, an elder 
 or aged man. (Gr., 7rpi<r/2uripog [_presby- 
 ieros], elder.) 
 
 A Presbyter is one who has pastoral 
 charge over a particular congregation. 
 
 Presbytery is that form of ecclesi- 
 astical polity, according to which 
 there is no gradation of order in the 
 church, but which vests the church 
 government in a society of clerical 
 and lay presbyters, or in common 
 phraseology, ministers and lay elders, 
 all possessed officially of equal rank 
 and power. — Brande. 
 
 A Presbytery, in the Scottish Kirk, 
 is a district composed of a number 
 of adjacent parishes. — Brande. 
 
 A Congregation is a body of Chris- 
 tians united under one pastor, and 
 meeting for worship at the same 
 house. (L., con, and grex, a flock.) 
 
 Congregationalism is that system 
 of church government which vests all 
 ecclesiastical power in the assembled 
 brotherhood of each local church as 
 an independent body. — Murdoch. 
 
 A Council is an assembly of prel- 
 ates and other spiritual persons for the 
 regulation of ecclesiastical matters. 
 Such councils are either national or 
 oecumenical; the latter being those 
 in which the whole body of the faith- 
 ful -throughout the world is repre- 
 sented, and are convened for settling 
 points of universal interest. — Brands. 
 (Gr, cijccj/um yn [oicoumene ge], the 
 inhabitable world.) 
 
 A Synod, in some churches, is a 
 council or meeting of ecclesiastics 
 only; in others, of ministers and lay 
 members, to consult on matters of 
 religion. (Gr., <rwo<?oc \_synodos~], a 
 coming together.) 
 
 A Consistory, in the English 
 Church, is a place of justice in the 
 spiritual court, or the court itself; 
 the court of every diocesan bishop, 
 held in their cathedral churches, for 
 the trial of ecclesiastical causes aris- 
 ing within the diocese. The bishop's 
 chancellor, or his commissary, is the 
 judge. — Blackstone. 
 
 A Consistory, in some churches, as 
 the German Peformed, is the lowest 
 tribunal, corresponding to the Pres- 
 byterian church session; and in 
 others is composed of ministers and 
 elders, corresponding to a presbytery. 
 Webster. 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 237 
 
 15. Of Religious Instruction. 
 To Catechise is to instruct by ask- 
 ing questions, receiving answers, and 
 offering explanations and corrections. 
 
 Note. — The term catechise is used cliiefly in 
 reference to religious instruction. (Gr., x*t >iz£<» 
 [catecheo], to instruct.) 
 
 Catechism is a form of instruction 
 by questions and answers, particu- 
 larly in the principles of religion. 
 
 Catechetical, pertaining to, or re- 
 ceiving instruction by, question and 
 answer, particularly in the first prin- 
 ciples of religion; as catechetical in- 
 struction; a catechetical class. 
 
 A Catechist is, 1. One who in- 
 structs by question and answer. 2. 
 One appointed by the Church to 
 give instruction in the principles of 
 religion. 
 
 Catechumens, in the early ages, 
 were persons undergoing a course 
 of religious instruction, with a view 
 to admission into the Church. 
 
 16. Religious Orders. 
 
 An Eremite, or Hermit, was a per- 
 son who dwelt in a desert, or unfre- 
 quented place, for the purpose of 
 devoting himself to prayer and reli- 
 gious contemplation. (Gr., i^n/uc; [ere- 
 mos], a desert.) 
 
 An Anchoret, or Anchorite, is a 
 person who has retired from the 
 world for the purpose of devoting 
 himself entirely to meditation and 
 prayer.. (Gr., ava^a^ta \_anachoreo~], 
 to withdraw.) 
 
 Monachus, or Monk, properly sig- 
 nifies one who lives a solitary life, 
 and was applied, in the first instance, 
 to the numerous individuals who be- 
 gan, in the second and third centu- 
 ries, to retire from the occupations 
 of the world, and to devote them- 
 selves, in the deserts of Egypt and 
 •Syria, to a contemplative and reli- 
 gious life. — Brande. 
 
 A Monk, according to the later 
 usage of the term, is a member of 
 an association of religious persons 
 who live together, and have bound 
 themselves by solemn vows to observe 
 certain rules. (Gr., pom \_monos~], 
 alone.) 
 
 Monastery is the general name for 
 those religious houses appropriated 
 to the reception and maintenance of 
 monks and nuns, but especially of 
 the former. (Gr., /uzvcc \_monos~\. ) 
 
 Monastic, pertaining to monaste- 
 ries, monks, and nuns ; as a monas- 
 tic life. 
 
 Monachism, a monastic life. 
 
 Cenobites are monks living in so- 
 cieties, in contradistinction from 
 those who lead the solitary life of 
 hermits and anchorites. (Gr., noivo? 
 \_coinos~\, common, and 0tne [6/os], 
 life.) 
 
 Nuns are females devoted to a re- 
 ligious life, and living in seclusion, 
 after the manner of the monks. 
 
 A Nunnery is a house in which 
 nuns reside. 
 
 An Abbot is the superior of a 
 monastery for men. {Abba, father.) 
 
 An Abbess is the governess of a 
 monastery for females. 
 
 An Abbey was a monastery under 
 the superintendence of an abbot. 
 
 A Convent is, 1. A bod} 7 of monks 
 or nuns. 2. A monastery or nun- 
 nery. (L., conventus, an assembly.) 
 
 Prior, Prioress. The heads of 
 certain convents of monks or nuns. 
 
 Note. — The prior is inferior in dignity to the 
 abbot. 
 
 A Priory was a convent of which 
 a prior was the superior. 
 
 A Cloister is literally an inclosed 
 place. Hence, a house inhabited by 
 monks or nuns. (L., clausvs, shut.) 
 
 A Eecluse is, 1. A person who 
 lives secluded from intercourse with 
 the world. 2. A class of religious 
 persons who lived as hermits in sin- 
 gle cells attached to a monastery. 
 (L., reclusus, shut up.) — Brande. 
 
 Note. — The monkish system originated in 
 Egypt, where St. Anthony formed several asso- 
 ciations of this kind, about the beginning of the 
 fourth century. — Brande. 
 
 Monks of St. Basil. The earliest 
 comprehension of a number of con- 
 ventual societies under one rule was 
 effected by St. Basil, archbishop of 
 Cesarea, in Asia Minor, about the year 
 358.— Brande. 
 
 The Benedictine Monks. In the 
 
238 
 
 SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 West, the first order of monks was 
 founded by Benedict of Nursia. 
 
 Note. — The original inhabitants of monas- 
 teries were laymen, the spiritual duties of the 
 institution being performed by the pastor of a 
 neighboring village, or by one or two resident 
 ecclesiastics. — Brande. 
 
 The Order of the Augustinian 
 Canons consisted of persons ordained 
 or destined to the sacred profession. 
 This order originated with St. Augus- 
 tine, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, 
 about the commencement of the fifth 
 century. 
 
 The] 
 
 Catholic Church, professed poverty, 
 chastity, and obedience, and devoted 
 themselves to the promotion of the in- 
 terests of the Church. (L., mendico, 
 to beg.) 
 
 A Friar is a brother or member 
 of any religious order, but more ex- 
 clusively applied to those of the Men- 
 dicant Orders, of which the four chief 
 
 were the Dominicans, Franciscans, 
 
 Carmelites, and Augustinians. 
 
 Brande. (Fi\, frere, a brother.) 
 
 The Dominicans, or Friars of the 
 Order of St. Dominic, were instituted 
 at the beginning of the 13th century. 
 
 Note. — The Dominicans were called Black 
 Friars in England, and Jacobins in France, from 
 the situation of the principal convent near the 
 Rue St. Jacques, in Paris. 
 
 The Order of the Franciscans was 
 founded by St. Francis, of Assisi, in 
 Umbria, in the year 1209. 
 
 The Carmelites derived their name 
 from Mount Carmel, in Syria, where 
 the order originated. 
 
 The Jesuits, or the Society of Je- 
 sus, the most celebrated of the Roman 
 religious orders, was founded, in 
 1534, by Ignatius Loyola, a Spaniard, 
 in connection with Francis Xavier 
 and seven others, students at the uni- 
 versitv of Paris. 
 
 SCHOOLS AND SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 A SYSTEM, in science, morals, or 
 religion, consists in a methodical clas- 
 sification of the principles relating to 
 the general idea which is the basis of 
 the system. (Gr., <rw \syn~], together; 
 and lo-r^ut [histemi~\, to place.) 
 
 A School, in philosophy or re- 
 ligion, embraces those who adopt the 
 system of any particular teacher or 
 leader. 
 
 Note. — The use of the term school, in the 
 foregoing sense, had its origin in the circum- 
 stance that, among the ancient Greeks, when- 
 ever an individual wished to promulgate a new 
 system, he opened a school in v/hich be taught 
 his principles, by oral lectures, to all who chose 
 to attach themselves to him as discijples, or 
 learners. 
 
 ehhtepos [Exoteros], exterior. 
 (Gr. ) Hence, 
 
 Exoter'ic, public. 
 
 Exoter'ic Doctrines, the doctrines 
 which the founder of a school, or his 
 successors, taught publicly. 
 
 Exote.r'ics, lit., outsiders. Hence, 
 those who listened to, and adopted 
 the public doctrines of a philosoph- 
 
 ical teacher, but were not permitted 
 to listen to his private instructions. 
 
 E2nTEP02 [Esoteros}, interior. 
 (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Esoter'ic, private. 
 
 Esoteric Doctrines, the private doc- 
 trines of a teacher of philosophy 
 among the ancient Greeks. 
 
 Note. — Only a favored few were instructed by 
 the ancient philosophers in the esoteric doctrines 
 of their respective schools. 
 
 Esoter'ics, lit, insiders. Hence, in 
 the ancient schools of philosophy, 
 those who enjoyed the privilege of 
 listening to the private instructions 
 of their master. 
 
 The Ionic Philosophers were the 
 earliest among the Greek schools of 
 philosophy. The fathers of the Ionic 
 school were Thales and his disciple, 
 Anaximenes. Thales held that the 
 first principle of natural bodies, or 
 the first simple substance from which 
 all things are formed, is water. 
 Anaximenes taught that the first 
 principle of all things is air. He 
 
SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 239 
 
 held the air to be God. He taught 
 that all minds arc air ; and that fire, 
 water, and earth, proceed from it by 
 rarefaction or condensation. Her- 
 acli'tus, another philosopher of the 
 same school, held that "Jire is the 
 ground and principle of all things. 
 By this term Heraclitus understood, 
 not elemental fire or flame, but a 
 warm, dry vapor, which, therefore, as 
 air, is not distinct from the soul or vi- 
 tal energy, and which, as guiding and 
 directing the mundane develojmient, 
 is endowed with wisdom and intelli- 
 gence." — Anthon. 
 
 The Pythagoreans were the fol- 
 lowers of Pythagoras, who was born 
 atSamos, B. C, 570. 
 
 Pythagoras conceived God to be a 
 soul pervading all nature, of which 
 every human soul is a portion. He 
 taught the doctrine of metempsychosis, 
 or the transmigration of souls ; and, 
 for this reason, his followers ab- 
 stained from animal food, and from 
 animal sacrifices. He symbolized the 
 laws of the universe by numbers. 
 " The Monad (or the number One), 
 denoted the active principle in na- 
 ture, or God ; the Duad (or the num- 
 ber Two), the passive principle, or 
 matter; the Triad (or the number 
 Three), the world formed by the 
 union of the two former; and the 
 Tetraciys (or the number Fow), the 
 
 perfection of nature." Anthon. 
 
 Pythagoras also taught the doctrine 
 of " the music of the spheres." " He 
 conceived that the celestial spheres in 
 which the planets move, striking upon 
 the ether through which they pass, 
 must produce a sound, and that this 
 sound must vary according to the di- 
 versity of their magnitude, velocity, 
 and relative distance. Taking it for 
 granted that everything respecting 
 the heavenly bodies is adjusted with 
 perfect regularity, he further im- 
 agined that all the circumstances 
 necessary to render their sounds har- 
 monious were fixed in such exact pro- 
 portions, that perfect harmony was 
 produced by their revolutions." — 
 Anthon. 
 
 Note.— The authority of Pythagoras among 
 his disciples was such, that in every dispute 
 «uto; spa, ipse dixit, ("he himself," i. e., the 
 master " said so,") was a decisive and unanswer- 
 able argument. Hence, the common expression, 
 " the ipse dixit" of this or that individual, imply- 
 ing an assertion without proof . 
 
 The Bleatic Philosophy was a 
 .system owing its origin to Xeno- 
 phanes, a native of Elea, who lived 
 about the year, B. C, 530. Xeno- 
 phanes and his disciples confined 
 their thoughts to what they conceived 
 to be the only objects of real knowl- 
 edge, the ideas of God, or Being, as 
 it is in itself. The world of succes- 
 sion and change they held to be 
 utterly vain and illusory. Time, 
 space, and motion they regarded as 
 mere phantasms, generated by the 
 deceiving senses, and incapable of 
 scientific explanation. They were, 
 consequently, led to distinguish be- 
 tween the pure reason, the correla- 
 tive of being, and, in one sense, 
 identical with it, and opinion, or 
 common understanding, the faculty 
 which judges according to the im- 
 pressions of sense. — Branch. 
 
 Sophist, a Greek word, originally 
 signifying a person of talents and 
 accomplishments, (from, aoqoc wise). 
 It was afterward restricted to a bad 
 sense, and applied to a class of per- 
 sons who arose in Greece, in the fifth 
 century, B. G, and taught in the prin- 
 cipal cities various arts and acquire- 
 ments for hire. The leading feature 
 of the sophistic doctrine was a dislike 
 to everything fixed and necessary, 
 in ethics as well as in philosophy. 
 Prescription was represented as the 
 sole source of moral distinctions, 
 which must, consequently, vary with 
 the character and institutions of the 
 people. The useful was held to be 
 the only mark by which one opinion 
 could be distinguished from another. 
 An absolute standard of truth is as 
 absurd a notion in speculation as an 
 absolute standard of morals in prac- 
 tice ; that only is true which seems 
 so to the individual, and just as long 
 as it so seems. — Brande. 
 
 Note 1.— From the name and character of the 
 
240 
 
 SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 ancient sophists have been derived the English 
 terms : 
 
 Sophistry, fallacious reasoning. 
 Sophism, a fallacious argument. 
 Sophisticate, 1. To pervert. 
 
 Strong passions sophisticate the understand- 
 ing. — Hooker. 
 
 2. To corrupt with something spu- 
 rious. 
 
 They purchase but sophisticated wares. — Dryden. 
 Note 2. — The first Greek who assumed the 
 name of sophist was Protagoras, a native of 
 Abdera, who flourished about the year 440 B. C. 
 Brande. 
 
 The Sockatic Philosophy. The 
 Ionian and other earlier philosophers 
 of Greece confined themselves chiefly 
 to speculations on the origin and na- 
 ture of things, and paid but little 
 attention to the subject of man's 
 moral nature. The sophists, who 
 afterward sprang up, labored directly 
 to confound the distinctions between 
 right and wrong. Archelaus, one of 
 their number, declared reason to be 
 simply a power of nature, and right 
 to have no other foundation than 
 might. It was a desire to counter- 
 act the pernicious influence of the 
 teachings of the sophists that induced 
 Socrates to assume the character of 
 a moral philosopher. 
 
 Note. — Socrates was born near Athens, B. C. 
 
 4G9. 
 
 Cynics, a sect of philosophers 
 among the Greeks, so called from 
 their snarling humor, and their dis- 
 regard for the conventional usages 
 of society; the name being derived 
 from xvm \cyon~\, a dog. — Brande. 
 
 Note 1. — This sect is not so much to bo re- 
 garded as a school of philosophers, as an institu- 
 tion of manners. It was formed rather for tho 
 purpose of providing a remedy for the moral 
 disorders of luxury, ambition, and avarice, than 
 with a view to establish any new theory of 
 speculative opinions. — Anthon. 
 
 Note 2. — The sect of the cynics was founded 
 by Antisthenes, a disciple of Socrates. The 
 most famous individual of this sect was Diogenes, 
 a cotemporary of Alexander. 
 
 Cynic, or Cynical, morosely austere, 
 like the ancient cynics. 
 
 Platonism was the doctrines of 
 Plato and his followers. Plato be- 
 lieved God to be an infinitely wise, 
 just, and powerful spirit, and that 
 he formed the visible universe out 
 
 of preexistent amorphous matter, 
 according to perfect patterns, or 
 ideas, preexistent in his own mind. 
 Philosophy he considered as being a 
 knowledge of the true nature of 
 things, as discoverable in those eter- 
 nal ideas after which all things were 
 fashioned. In other words, it is in 
 the knowledge of what is eternal, ex- 
 ists necessarily, and is unchangeable ; 
 and, of course, it is not obtained 
 through the senses; neither is it the 
 product of the understanding, which 
 concerns itself only with the vari- 
 able and transitory; nor is it the re- 
 sult of experience and observation. 
 But it is the product of our reason, 
 which, as partaking of the Divine 
 nature, has innate ideas resembling 
 the eternal ideas of God. By con- 
 templating these innate ideas, reason- 
 ing about them, and comparing them 
 with their copies in the visible uni- 
 verse, reason can attain that true 
 knowledge of things which is called 
 philosophy. — Murdoch. 
 
 Academics, a name given to a series 
 of philosophers who taught in the 
 Athenian Academy, the scene of Pla- 
 to's discourses. They are commonly 
 divided into three sects, which go 
 under the names of the Old, the Mid- 
 dle, and the New Academy. — Brande. 
 
 The Stoics were a celebrated sect 
 of antiquity, so called from the stoa, 
 or porch, in Athens, which was the 
 scene of the discourses of their 
 founder, Zeno of Citium. (B. C, 
 360.) — Brande. 
 
 According to the Stoics, the uni- 
 verse, though one whole, contains 
 two principles, distinct from ele- 
 ments, one passive and the other ac- 
 tive. The passive principle is pure 
 matter without qualities; the active 
 principle is reason, or God. All hu- 
 man souls have originally proceeded 
 from, and will at last turn into, the 
 Divine nature. To live according to 
 nature is virtue, and virtue is, in it- 
 self, happiness. Wisdom consists in 
 distinguishing good from evil. Good 
 is that which produces happiness ac- 
 cording:, to the nature of a rational 
 
THE MIND. 
 
 241 
 
 being. "Since those things only are 
 truly good which are becoming and 
 virtuous; and virtue, which is seated 
 in the mind, is alone sufficient for 
 happiness; external things contribute 
 nothing toward happiness, and, there- 
 fore, are not in themselves good. 
 Pain, which does not belong to the 
 mind, is no evil. The wise man will 
 be happy in the midst of torture. 
 All external things are indifferent, 
 since they can not affect the happi- 
 ness of man. Every virtue is a con- 
 formity to nature, and every vice is 
 a deviation from it. — Anthon. 
 
 Stoic, or Stoical, manifesting indif- 
 ference to pleasure or pain. 
 
 The Epicureans were the follow- 
 ers of the tenets of Epicurus, who 
 lived from B. C, 337, to B. C, 270, 
 and taught during the latter half of 
 his life at Athens. The name of 
 Epicurean has become the general 
 designation of all those who, either 
 theoretically, make pleasure the chief 
 end of life or the standard of all 
 virtue. Truth is, with him, not an 
 object worth pursuing for its own 
 sake, but only so far as it contrib- 
 utes to the peace of mind of its pos- 
 
 sessor. Sensation, according to Epi- 
 curus, consists in the influx of ex 
 tremely fine films, which are perpet- 
 ually, as it were, sloughed off from 
 external objects, and find their way 
 through the organs of sense to the 
 soul. The gods of the Epicureans 
 are beings sprung, like men, from the 
 concourse of atoms, and differing from 
 them only in their superior blessed- 
 ness and tranquillity, shown in their 
 entire aloofness from the care and 
 government of the world. — Brande. 
 
 Epicure, a lover of good eating. 
 
 The Pekipatetics were that school 
 of ancient philosophers which de- 
 rived its origin from Aristotle. The 
 name was given from the Greek per- 
 ipatoi, or walks in the Lyceum, the 
 scene of Aristotle's instruction. 
 
 Aristotle divides the whole circle 
 of human knowledge into three great 
 provinces: Metaphysics, or the Phi- 
 losophia Prima, (First Philosophy,) 
 including as its instrument, logic ; 
 physics, or the second philosophy; 
 and, thirdly, ethics or the science 
 which treats of the conduct and du- 
 ties of man, regarded both as an in- 
 dividual and a citizen. — Brande. 
 
 THE M I J^T D . 
 
 1. General Terms. 
 
 MENS [men iis], the mind. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Mental, pertaining to the mind. 
 
 Dement, to deprive of mind, (de, 
 privative. ) 
 
 <£PHN [Phren], the mind. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Phrenology, the science of the 
 human mind, as connected with the 
 organs of the brain, on which the 
 different mental faculties are sup- 
 posed to depend. (Gr., ^oyog [logos], 
 a discourse.) 
 
 Phrensy, violent madness. 
 
 Phrenitis, an inflammation of the 
 brain, the disease deriving its name 
 from the circumstance of its being 
 16 
 
 accompanied with a disordered state 
 of the mental faculties. 
 
 2. Of Ideas. 
 
 An IDEA is an impression re- 
 maining on the mind after the cause 
 which produced the impression has 
 ceased to act. (Gr., «<T«* [eidea~], a 
 visible form ; from uSm [eideo~], to 
 see.) 
 
 Note. — In popnlar use, the term idea signifies 
 notion, conception, thought, opinion, and pur- 
 pose. 
 
 Ideal, 1. Existing in idea; as, ideal 
 excellence. 2. Existing only in idea ; 
 as, ideal good. 
 
 Idealism is a philosophical theory 
 that makes everything to consist in 
 
242 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 ideas, and denies the existence of 
 material bodies. 
 
 To Perceive is to take into the 
 mind through the medium of the 
 senses. (L., per, through ; and capio, 
 to take.) 
 
 Perception is the act of taking 
 into the mind through the medium 
 of the senses. 
 
 3. Imagination. 
 
 To IMAGINE is to form ideas or 
 representations in the mind by modi- 
 fying conceptions. — Stewart. (From 
 image. ) 
 
 Imagination is the will working 
 on the materials of memory; not 
 satisfied with following the order 
 prescribed by nature, or suggested 
 by accident, it selects the parts of dif- 
 ferent conceptions, or objects of mem- 
 ory, to form a whole more pleasing, 
 more terrible, or more awful, than 
 has ever been presented in the ordi- 
 nary course of nature. — Ed. Ency. 
 
 Imaginary, existing only in imag- 
 ination. X Real. 
 
 Imaginative, full of imagination. 
 Witches are imaginative, and believe 
 oft-times they do that which they do 
 
 not 4. Fancy. 
 
 FANCY is the faculty by which 
 the mind forms images or representa- 
 tions of things at pleasure. It is 
 often used synonymously with imag- 
 ination ; but imagination is rather 
 the power of modifying and combin- 
 ing our conceptions. — Stewart. 
 
 A Fancy is, 1. An opinion or no- 
 tion. I have always had a fancy that 
 learning might be made a play and 
 recreation to children. — Locke. 2. 
 Taste or conception. The little chapel 
 called the Salutation is very neat, 
 and built with a pretty fancy. — Addi- 
 son. 3. Inclination or liking ; as, this 
 suits his fancy. 4. Caprice or whim ; 
 as, a strange fancy. (Gr., maw 
 \_phaino~], to appear.) 
 
 Fanciful, 1. Guided by the imag- 
 ination rather than by reason and 
 experience. A fanciful man forms 
 visionary projects. 2. Dictated by 
 
 the imagination ; hence, wild or 
 visionary ; as, a fanciful scheme. 
 
 Phantasy, and Fantasy, are ancient 
 forms of the word fancy. 
 
 Fantastic, 1, Existing only in im- 
 agination. 2. Whimsical ; as, fan- 
 tastic minds. 
 
 The Chimera, in fabulous history, 
 was a monster vomiting flames, with 
 the head of a lion, the body of a goat, 
 and the tail of a dragon. Hence, 
 
 A Chimera is a vain or idle fancy. 
 
 Chimerical, 1. Merely imaginary ; 
 as, chimerical existences. 2. Wildly 
 extravagant ; as, a chimerical scheme. 
 
 5. To Understand. 
 
 < To UNDERSTAND is, 1. To have 
 just and adequate ideas of; as, to 
 understand a problem. 2. To re- 
 ceive the ideas intended to be con- 
 veyed by a speaker or writer, or by 
 signs. 
 
 Intelligo \intellectum~], to under- 
 stand. (L. ) Hence, 
 
 Intelligent, 1. Endowed with un- 
 derstanding. Man is an intelligent 
 being. 2. Well-informed; as, he is 
 an intelligent man. 
 
 Intelligence, 1. Understanding. 2. 
 Information communicated in regard 
 to things distant or unknown. 3. An 
 intelligent being. Spirits and the 
 rational creatures that inhabit the 
 various worlds are intelligences. 
 
 Intellect, the faculty of thinking. 
 
 Intellectual, pertaining to the mind. 
 
 To Apprehend is to take hold of 
 with the understanding. (L., ad, upon ; 
 and prehendo \jprehensum~], to seize.) 
 
 To Comprehend is to grasp with 
 the understanding. (L., con, fully ; 
 and prehendo, to seize.) 
 
 Plain, easy to be understood. (L., 
 planus, level.) 
 
 To Explain is, lit, To free a sur- 
 face from inequalities. Hence, To 
 remove the difficulties that are in 
 the way of the ready understanding 
 of a subject. 
 
 Clear, transparent to the eye of 
 the understanding. 
 
 Obscure, too much in the shade to 
 be plainly discerned by the mental 
 
THE MIND. 
 
 243 
 
 eye. (L., obscurns, imperfectly illu- 
 minated.) 
 
 Intricate, lit, entangled by many 
 convolutions. (L., in, and trices, the 
 small hairs that are used to ensnare 
 birds.) Hence, Jig., Difficult to be 
 unraveled by the understanding. 
 
 Intricacy is the condition of being 
 entangled, either in the lit or fig. 
 sense. 
 
 To Perplex is, lit, to cause a 
 thread to pass irregularly through its 
 own convolutions. (L., per, through; 
 and plecto, to knit.) Hence, to dis- 
 tress the mind with a sense of its 
 inability to disentangle a difficult 
 subject. 
 
 To Puzzle is to cause to make 
 unsuccessful attempts to comprehend 
 a difficult subject. 
 
 A Puzzle is something that is hard 
 to be understood. 
 
 A Mystery is, 1. A profound 
 secret. 2. Something unintelligible. 
 
 A Riddle is a puzzling question 
 proposed for solution by conjecture. 
 Example : What creature is that 
 which is four-footed in the morning, 
 two-footed at noon, and three-footed 
 in the evening ? Answer : The crea- 
 ture is man, because in infancy he 
 creeps, in middle age he walks up- 
 right, and in old age he uses a cane. 
 
 An Exigma is, 1. A riddle. 2. A 
 saying in which some hidden mean- 
 ing is designedly concealed under ob- 
 scure language. (Gr., cuvitto/uoh [ain- 
 ittomai], to hint.) 
 
 6. To Render Intelligible. 
 
 To EXPOUND is to set forth the 
 meaning; as, to expound the Scrip- 
 tures. (L., ex, forth; and pono [posi- 
 tum], to set.) 
 
 An Expositor is one who sets forth 
 the meaning of an author. 
 
 An Exposition is a setting forth of 
 the meaning of an author. 
 
 To Interpret is, 1. To explain the 
 meaning of words to a person who 
 does not understand them; as, to in- 
 terpret French to an Englishman. 
 2 To unfold the meaning of prophe- 
 cies, dreams, etc. 3. To explain 
 
 something that is not understood ; as, 
 to interpret signs, looks, etc. 
 
 To Elucidate is to bring forth into 
 the light, in nfig. sense. We shall, 
 in order to elucidate this matter, sub- 
 join the following experiment. — 
 Boyle. (L., e, forth; and lux, the 
 light.) 
 
 To Illustrate is to cast light upon 
 in a jig. sense; as, to illustrate a prin- 
 ciple by an example, (in, upon ; and 
 lustro, to cast light.) 
 
 A Note is an explanatory remark 
 written in the margin of a book. 
 
 To Comment is to write notes on an 
 author for the purpose of explaining 
 or illustrating particular passages. 
 
 A Commentary is a book of com- 
 ments. 
 
 Exege'sis is the science of inter- 
 pretation, especially of the scriptures. 
 
 An Exegesis is an exposition. (Gr., 
 egvy&puu [exegeomai], to explain.) 
 
 7. To Think. 
 
 To THINK is to revolve ideas in 
 the mind. 
 
 Thought is the act of thinking. 
 
 A Thought is any particular idea 
 existing in the mind. 
 
 Cogito [cogiiatum], to agitate in 
 the mind. (L., from con, together; 
 and agito, to shake.) Hence, 
 
 Cogitation, 1. The act of thinking. 
 2. Thought directed to an object. 
 
 Excogitate, to find out by thinking. 
 (ex, out.) 
 
 To Coxtemplate is to fix the atten- 
 tion on some object that is present 
 either to the bodily or to the mental 
 eye. (L., contemplor [contemplation], 
 to gaze upon.) 
 
 To Meditate is, 1. To dwell on 
 anything in thought. The ways of 
 Providence are fit subjects for medi- 
 tation. 2. To plan by revolving in 
 the mind ; as, to meditate mischief. 
 
 To Muse is to think in silence on 
 any occurrence or circumstance that 
 excites an interest in our minds. 
 
 To Coxsdder is to think on with 
 care. (L., consideo, to sit by.) 
 
 To Poxder is, lit, to weigh. Hence, 
 to weigh, as it were, in the mind; 
 
244 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 that is, to consider. Mary kept all 
 these things and pondered them in 
 her mind. — Luke it Ponder the 
 paths of thy feet. — Prov. iv. 
 
 To Deliberate is to balance in the 
 mind the reasons for and against the 
 doing of a proposed act. (L., libra, 
 a balance.) 
 
 To Reflect is, 1. To turn the 
 thoughts back upon the past opera- 
 tions of the mind, or upon past 
 events. We reflect on our past follies. 
 2. To consider attentively ; as, to re- 
 flect on a subject. (L., re, back; 
 andflecto, to bend.) 
 
 A Reverie, or Revert, is a loose 
 or irregular train of thought. (Fr., 
 river, to dream.) 
 
 To Conceive is, 1. To form in the 
 mind. They conceive mischief and 
 bring forth vanity. — Job. xv. 2. To 
 comprehend. We cannot conceive 
 the manner in which spirit operates 
 upon matter. 3. To think, or form 
 ideas. Conceive of things clearly 
 and distinctly. — Watts. (L., con, to- 
 gether ; and capio [captum], to take 
 or put.) 
 
 Conception is, 1. The act of form- 
 ing in the mind; as, the conception of 
 a design. 2. The idea formed by the 
 mind of an absent object. 3. A gen- 
 eral idea representing a class of ob- 
 jects; as, the conception of a house. 
 
 A Notion is an ill-defined, and, fre- 
 quently, an ill-founded conception or 
 idea. 
 
 An Opinion is the judgment which 
 the mind forms of any proposition, 
 statement, theory, or event, the truth 
 or falsehood of which is supported by 
 a degree of evidence that renders it 
 probable, but does not produce ab- 
 solute knowledge or certainty. — 
 Webster. (L., opinor, to regard as 
 probable or true.) 
 
 Sentio, [sensum], 1. To feel. 2. To 
 feel with the mind ; that is, to think. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sentiment, 1. A quiet feeling which 
 has its seat in the soul. Gratitude, 
 esteem, veneration, etc., are senti- 
 ments. 2. A decision of the mind 
 formed by deliberation or reasoning ; 
 
 as to entertain sentiments ; to express 
 one's sentiments. 
 
 Sense, 1. The power of perceiving 
 by means of the bodily organs. 
 
 2. The power of perceiving intellectu- 
 ally ; as, common sense ; sound sense. 
 
 3. Meaning; as, the sense of a word 
 or phrase. 
 
 Sentence, an assemblage of words 
 forming complete sense. 
 
 For other derivatives from sentio, 
 see Art. Sensation. 
 
 To Speculate is, lit, to view. 
 Hence, to view mentally in different 
 aspects and relations; as, to speculate 
 on political events ; to speculate on 
 the cause of a phenomenon. (L., 
 "or, to view.) 
 
 8. Of Comparison. 
 m To COMPARE is to bring things 
 side by side, either locally or men- 
 tally, and to examine them in order 
 to ascertain their agreement or disa- 
 greement. 
 
 To Distinguish is, 1. To perceive 
 a difference between two or more 
 things. 2. To indicate a difference 
 by some mark. (L., dis, separately; 
 and stinguo, \stinctum~], to mark by 
 pricking.) 
 
 To Discriminate is, 1. To observe 
 the difference between. 2. To make 
 a difference between. (L., discrimen, 
 a difference.) 
 
 9. To Judge. 
 
 To JUDGE is to compare facts or 
 ideas, and perceive their agreement 
 or disagreement. 
 
 THE Judgment is the faculty of the 
 mind by which man is enabled to 
 compare ideas. 
 
 A Judgment is an act of judging. 
 
 Note. — Judge is, primarily, a legal term de- 
 rived from the Latin judico, which is com- 
 pounded of jus, the law, and dico, to pronounce. 
 
 10. Beason. 
 
 REASON is a faculty whose office 
 is to distinguish the true from the 
 false, right from wrong, and to com- 
 bine means for the attainment of par- 
 ticular ends. — D. Stewart. 
 
 THE Reason. In the human mind 
 
 
THE MIND. 
 
 245 
 
 there are certain necessary and uni- 
 versal principles, which, shining with 
 the intrinsic light of evidence, are 
 themselves above proof, but the au- 
 thority for all mediate and contingent 
 principles. That which is thus above 
 reasoning is THE Reason. — Brande. 
 
 THE Reason- is the faculty by 
 which the mind comprehends its own 
 operations. — Hickok. 
 
 A Reason is, 1. That which is 
 thought or alleged, as the ground or 
 cause of opinion, conclusion, or de- 
 termination. 2. A cause. 
 
 Ratio, reason. (L.) Hence. 
 
 Rational, 1. Endowed with reason; 
 as, man is a rational being. 2. Agree- 
 able to reason ; as, a rational con- 
 clusion ; rational conduct. 
 
 Rationality, 1. The power of rea- 
 soning. 2. Reasonableness. 
 
 Rationalism, a system of opinions 
 deduced from reason, as distinct from 
 inspiration, or opposed to it. 
 
 Absurd, opposed to manifest truth. 
 That a part is equal to the whole, 
 is an absurd proposition. 
 
 11. Of Propositions. 
 
 A PROPOSITION is a sentence in 
 which something is affirmed or de- 
 nied. (L., propono \_propositum~], to 
 lay down, or state.) 
 
 To Predicate is to affirm one thing 
 of another. (L., prce, concerning, 
 and dico, to say.) 
 
 The Subject of a proposition, is 
 that of which something is affirmed 
 or denied. 
 
 The Predicate of a proposition is 
 that which is affirmed or denied of 
 the subject. 
 
 The Attribute is the property 
 which is declared to belong, or not to 
 belong to the subject. 
 
 The Copula is some form of the 
 verb to be, used to connect the attri- 
 bute with the subject. 
 
 Note 1. — In the sentences, snow is white; gold 
 is a metal ; snow and gold are the subjects ; is 
 mriUe, and is a metal, are the predicates; white 
 A id metal are the attributes ; and is is the copula. 
 
 Note 2. — In the sentence, birds fly, the predi- 
 cate fly, may be resolved into are flying, where 
 flying is the attribute, a.nd are is tha copula. 
 
 12. To Reason. 
 
 To REASON is to pursue a train 
 of thought, by which, commencing 
 with obvious and acknowledged 
 truths, and advancing by successive 
 steps, we become assured ourselves, 
 or are able to convince others of 
 truths which are less obvious. 
 
 Logic is the science and the art of 
 reasoning. 
 
 To Argue is to express a train of 
 reasoning in words for the conviction 
 of others. 
 
 To Prove is to establish the truth 
 of a proposition. 
 
 Proof is, 1. The establishment of 
 the truth of a proposition. 2. The 
 means by which the truth of a pro- 
 position is established. 
 
 A Syllogism is an argument stated 
 in due form. (Gr., <rvi \syn\, to- 
 gether, and xoyoc [logos], a discourse.) 
 
 Note. — Every syllogism consists of three pro- 
 positions ; the first and second of which are 
 called the premises, and the third, the conclusion. 
 
 The Premises are the propositions 
 on which the argument is based. 
 (L., prce, beforehand, and mitto [nris- 
 suni], to lay down.) 
 
 The Conclusion is the proposition 
 or truth established by the argument, 
 thus called because it closes the ar- 
 gument. (L., concludo, to close.) 
 
 Examples of Syllogisms. 
 
 1. Whatever discovers marks of design must 
 have had an intelligent author: the world dis- 
 covers marks of design ; therefore the world 
 must have had an intelligent author. 
 
 2. All tyrants deserve death ; Cassar was a ty- 
 rant, therefore he deserved death. 
 
 Note. — In the second example, "he deserved 
 death," is the conclusion : "All tyrants deserve 
 death," is the major premise ; and " Ca?sar was a 
 tyrant," is the minor premise. 
 
 An Enthymeme is a syllogism, in 
 which one of the premises is sup- 
 pressed, and is to be supplied in the 
 mind. Example: "The world dis- 
 covers marks of design, and it must, 
 therefore, have had an intelligent au- 
 thor." Here the major premises: 
 "Whatever discovers marks of de- 
 sign must have had an intelligent au- 
 thor," is suppressed. (Gr., ev [en], 
 in, and fr/pos [thymos], the mind.) 
 
246 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 A Fallacy is a deceptive argument. 
 (It., f alio, to deceive.) 
 
 A. Sophism is a specious but falla- 
 cious argument. (From Sophist. See 
 Art. Schools of Philosophy.) 
 
 To Quibble is to evade the point 
 in question by artifice. 
 
 To Cavil is to advance futile objec- 
 tions, or to frame sophisms for the 
 sake of victory in an argument. — 
 Webster. 
 
 To Confute is to prove to be falla- 
 cious; as, to confute an argument. 
 (L., con, against; and futo, to argue.) 
 
 To Refute is to prove to be erro- 
 neous or false; as, to refute a doc- 
 trine ; to refute a charge. 
 
 To Rebut is to oppose by argu- 
 ment or countervailing proof. 
 
 Ref'ragable, that maybe refuted. 
 (L., re, again; and frango, to break.) 
 
 Irrefragable, that cannot be re- 
 futed; as, an irrefragable argument. 
 
 To Dispute is to contend in argu- 
 ment. (L., dis, differently ; and puto, 
 to think.) 
 
 To Debate is to maintain a cause 
 by argument in opposition to others. 
 (Fr., de, concerning; and battre, to 
 beat or fight ) 
 
 To Controvert is to deny and at- 
 tempt to disprove by argument (L., 
 contra, against; and verto, to turn.) 
 
 A Controversy is an agitation of 
 contrary opinions. 
 
 To Oppugn is to attack by argu- 
 ment ; as, to oppugn a false doctrine. 
 (L., ob, against; and pugno, to fight) 
 
 To Convince is to cause to perceive 
 the truth or the falsehood of a doc- 
 trine or proposition. (L.,convinco [con- 
 viction'], to overcome in argument.) 
 
 Conviction is, 1. The act of con- 
 vincing. 2. The state of being con- 
 vinced; and, hence, a strong belief on 
 the ground of satisfactory evidence. 
 
 To Moot is to argue or plead on a 
 supposed case, as law students some- 
 times do by way of exercise. 
 
 Polemic, or Polemical, contro- 
 versial ; as, a polemic discourse ; po- 
 lemic divinity. (Gr., 7ro\i/uis [pole- 
 mos~], war.) 
 
 A Polem ic Society is a debating club. 
 
 Polemics is a designation given to 
 controversial theology. 
 
 13. To Know. 
 
 To KNOW is to have a clear and 
 certain perception of a truth or fact. 
 
 Knowledge is a clear and certain 
 perception of a truth or fact 
 
 Wise, properly, having knowledge. 
 Hence, 1. Having the power of 
 discerning and judging correctly. 
 2. Discreet and judicious in the use 
 or application of knowledge. (Ger., 
 wissen, to know.) 
 
 Wisdom is, 1. Learning, or a 
 knowledge of the arts and sciences. 
 Moses was learned in all the wisdom 
 of the Egyptians. — Acts viz. 2. The 
 right use or exercise of knowledge. — 
 Webster. 
 
 Scio, to know. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Science, knowledge reduced to sys- 
 tem. 
 
 Scientific, pertaining, to systematic 
 knowledge. 
 
 Sciolist, one who knows many 
 things superficially. 
 
 Sciolism, superficial knowledge. 
 
 Omniscient, knowing all things. 
 God is omniscient. (L., omnis, all.) 
 
 Omniscience, a knowledge of all 
 things. 
 
 Prescient, foreknowing. (pro3, be- 
 forehand.) 
 
 Prescience, foreknowledge. 
 
 Conscious, 1. Endowed with the 
 power of knowing one's own thoughts 
 and actions. Matter is not conscious. 
 2. Knowing by consciousness; as, to 
 be conscious of one's own innocence 
 {con, within one's-self.) 
 
 Conscience, the faculty by which a 
 person becomes conscious to himself 
 of right and wrong. 
 
 Conscientious, influenced by con- 
 science. 
 
 Nosco [iioiuni], to know. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 JSTota, a mark by which something 
 may be known. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Note, 1. A short remark in the 
 margin of a book. 2. A short writ- 
 ing to assist the memory. 
 
 To Note, lit., to mark as worthy of 
 
THE MIND. 
 
 247 
 
 particular attention. Hence, to ob- 
 serve with particular care. 
 
 Notation, the act of signifying any- 
 thing by marks or characters. 
 
 Denote, to indicate by marks. 
 
 Annotation, a note explanatory of 
 the sense of an author. 
 
 Notable, 1. Worthy of being noted. 
 2. Well known; as, a notable pris- 
 oner. — Matt, xxvii. 
 
 A Notable, a person of note or dis- 
 tinction. 
 
 Notary, one who publicly attests 
 (or notes) documents or writings, 
 chiefly in mercantile matters, to make 
 them authentic in a foreign country ; 
 protests foreign bills of exchange, and 
 the like. — Brande. 
 
 Notify, 1. To make known; as, to 
 notify a fact to a person. 2. To give 
 notice to. (L.,facio, to make.) 
 
 Notification, the act of giving no- 
 tice. 
 
 Notion, a mental apprehension of 
 whatever may be known. 
 
 Notorious, publicly known; as, a 
 notorious villain; a notorious fact. 
 
 Notoriety, the state of being pub- 
 licly or generally known. 
 
 Notice, 1. Observation by the eye, 
 or other senses, for the gaining of 
 knowledge. 2. Knowledge given or 
 received in relation to any event, fact, 
 or circumstance. 
 
 Cogxizaxt, having knowledge of; 
 as, to be cognizant of a fact, [con 
 and nosco.) 
 
 Cognizance, judicial notice or 
 knowledge; that is, the hearing, try- 
 ing, and determining of a cause or 
 action in court. 
 
 Cognition, knowledge from per- 
 sonal observation or experience. 
 
 Recognize, lit., to know again. 
 Hence, To recollect that we have 
 known a person before, {re, again.) 
 
 Recognition, the act of recogniz- 
 ing. 
 
 Coxxoitre, to know. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Reconnoiter, lit, to know again. 
 Hence, to inspect or survey carefully; 
 as, to reconnoiter an enemy's camp. 
 
 Reconnoissance, lit,, a knowing 
 a^ain. Hence, a careful survey. 
 
 Gnosis, knowledge. (Gr., from 
 yiyvaxrx.06 [gignosco'], to know.) Hence, 
 
 Diagnosis, the art of distinguish- 
 ing (or knowing) one disease from 
 another. (Sia \_dia], apart.) 
 
 Diagnostic, the sign or symptom 
 by which one disease is distinguished 
 from another. 
 
 Prognosis, the art of foretelling 
 the course and event of a disease. 
 {pro, beforehand.) 
 
 Prognostic, a sign by which a future 
 event may be foreknown. 
 
 Prognosticate, 1. To foreshow (to 
 give previous knowledge of) by signs. 
 A clear sky at sunset prognosticates 
 fair weather. 2. To foretell. 
 
 Savoir, to know. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Savant (savang'), a man of exten- 
 sive and profound knowledge. 
 
 To Smatter is to have superficial 
 knowledge. 
 
 A Smatterer is a superficial pre- 
 tender to knowledge. 
 
 Igxoro, not to know. (L., ig., for 
 in. not; and noro, to know.) Hence, 
 
 Ignorance, a want of knowledge. 
 
 Ignoramus, 1. In law, the indorse- 
 ment of a grand jury on a bill of 
 indictment when there is not evi- 
 dence to support the charges. 2. An 
 ignorant pretender to knowledge 
 (Lit., we do not knoiv.) 
 
 To Ignore is, lit, not to know. In 
 law, the grand jury are said to ignore 
 a bill when they do not find the evi- 
 dence such as to induce them to make 
 a presentment. 
 
 14. To Communicate Knowledge. 
 
 To INFORM is to communicate a 
 knowledge of facts. 
 
 An Informant is one who informs 
 for the benefit of others. 
 
 An Informer is one who informs 
 to the molestation of others. 
 
 Information is the thing of which 
 one is informed. 
 
 To Teach is to communicate a 
 knowledge of principles. 
 
 Doceo, [docium], to teach. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Docile, easy to be taught, from 
 having both the capacity and the 
 
248 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 disposition to learn; as, a docile 
 ch'ld. The dog is a very docile 
 animal. 
 
 Doctor, a teacher. See Art. Liter- 
 ary Schools. 
 
 Doctrine, a philosophical or reli- 
 gious principle taught by an instruc- 
 tor or master. 
 
 Document, a paper embodying in- 
 formation. 
 
 To Instruct is to communicate 
 knowledge or skill. 
 
 To Acquaint is, 1. To impart a 
 knowledge of a person or thing. 
 2. To communicate a notice to. 
 
 Acquaintance is, 1. Knowledge of 
 a person or thing. 2. A person or 
 persons well known. 
 
 To Apprize is to inform a person 
 of a fact in which he has a special 
 interest. 
 
 To Publish is to cause to be pub- 
 licly known. 
 
 Publication is the act of making 
 publicly known. 
 
 A Publication is a literary work 
 that has been published. 
 
 Publicity is the state of being 
 known to the community. 
 
 To Promulgate, or To Promulge, 
 is to make known by an open de- 
 claration ; as, to promulgate a law ; 
 to promulgate the gospel. 
 
 15. To Acquire Knowledge. 
 
 To LEARN is to acquire knowl- 
 edge or skill. 
 
 Disco, to learn. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Disciple, a learner. 
 
 Discipline, a course of instruction 
 and training by which a person 'is 
 enabled to learn. 
 
 Apprendre, to learn. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Apprentice, the learner* of a me- 
 chanic art. 
 
 16. To Interrogate. 
 
 A QUESTION consists of a single 
 sentence by which we express to 
 another a desire for information 
 which we supposed the person ad- 
 dressed to be able to communicate. 
 
 To Question is to examine by ques- 
 tions. Masters question their servants, 
 or parents their children, when they 
 wish to ascertain the real state of any 
 case. 
 
 To Ask is to address by question. 
 
 To Inquire is to seek for informa- 
 tion by asking questions. 
 
 To Interrogate is to examine by 
 asking questions in an authoritative 
 manner ; as, to interrogate a witness. 
 
 Interrogation is the act of question- 
 ing. 
 
 An Interrogation is a question. 
 
 An Interrogatory, a formal ques- 
 tion. 
 
 To Demand is to ask imperatively ; 
 as, to demand of any one why he has 
 done thus and thus. 
 
 A Query is a question in relation 
 to some point of doubtful speculation. 
 
 To Catechise is, 1. To instruct by 
 asking questions, receiving answers, 
 and offering explanations and cor- 
 rections. 2. To question closely. 
 
 A Catechism is a form of instruc- 
 tion by questions and answers. 
 
 Catechetical, pertaining to instruc- 
 tion by questions and answers. See 
 Art. Religion. 
 
 17. To Answer. 
 
 An ANSWER is a return to a 
 question. 
 
 To Respond is to answer. 
 
 A Response is an answer. 
 
 To Reply is to answer. 
 
 A Replication, in law, is the reply 
 of the defendant to the plaintiff's 
 plea. 
 
 18. To Seek. 
 
 To SEEK is to look for. 
 
 Qu^ro \_qucesitum~], to seek. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 a seeking after. 
 , a seeking after by inter- 
 rogation. 
 
 Request, a seeking after by peti- 
 tion. 
 
 Inquire, 1. To seek for information 
 by asking questions. 2. To seek after 
 truth by investigation, (in, into.) 
 
 Inquiry, 1. The act of seeking for 
 
THE MIND. 
 
 249 
 
 information by asking questions. 2. 
 A seeking - after truth. 
 
 Inquisitive, inclined to seek for in- 
 formation by asking questions. 
 
 Inquisition, 1. Judicial inquiry. 
 2. In some Catholic countries a court 
 or tribunal established for the exami- 
 nation and punishment of heretics. 
 
 Inquest, an official examination or 
 inquiry. 
 
 Acquire, to gain by seeking after. 
 {ad, after.) 
 
 Acquisition, 1. The act of gaining 
 by seeking after. 2. The thing gained 
 by seeking after. 
 
 Acquirements, knowledge or skill 
 sought after and gained. 
 
 Require, lit, to seek for. Hence, 
 
 1. To exact of, as a duty, service, etc. 
 
 2. To need, {re, again.) 
 Requisite, needed. 
 Requisition, 1. The act of exacting. 
 
 2. The thing exacted. 
 
 Exquisite, lit., sought out. Hence, 
 1. Very excellent; as, an article of 
 exquisite workmanship. 2. Being in 
 the highest degree; as, exquisite 
 pleasure or pain, {ex, out.) 
 
 Disquisition, a formal or systematic 
 inquiry into any subject. 
 
 Conquer, originally to seek after 
 and gain foreign territory. But in 
 gaining foreign territory the resist- 
 ance of the inhabitants had to be 
 overcome. Hence, To subdue by 
 force. 
 
 19. To Search 
 
 To SEARCH is to look over or 
 through for the purpose of finding 
 «omething. 
 
 To Rummage is to search among 
 many things by turning them over; 
 as, to rummage a drawer. 
 
 To Ransack is, primarily, To pil- 
 lage completely. Soldiers sometimes 
 ransack a captured city. Hence, To 
 examine every part thoroughly in 
 search of things; as, to ransack a 
 house. 
 
 To Examine is, lit, to try the weight 
 of anything with a balance. Hence, 
 To inspect or try carefully. (L., ex- 
 amen, the tongue of balance.) 
 
 To Investigate is, lit, to trace the 
 footprints of an animal. Hence, To 
 search carefully into. Magistrates 
 investigate doubtful and mysterious 
 affairs. Physicians investigate the 
 causes of disease. (L., in, after; and 
 vestigia, the footprints.) 
 
 Scrutor, to search among lumber 
 and rubbish. (L., from scruium, rub- 
 bish.) Hence, 
 
 Scrutiny, a critical searching into. 
 
 Scrutinize, to search critically into. 
 
 20. To Try. 
 
 To TRY is to employ means to 
 find out the quality of a thing. 
 
 A Trial is the act of tr}'ing. 
 
 To Assay is to try the purity of 
 the precious metals. 
 
 Testa, an earthen pot in which 
 metals are melted for trial and re- 
 finement. Hence, 
 
 Test, a critical trial. 
 
 To Test, to try critically. 
 
 The Ordeal, in the middle ages, 
 consisted in testing the guilt or in- 
 nocence of an accused person, by 
 means of fire or water. If the party 
 could walk barefoot over nine red 
 hot plowshares without being burned, 
 he was adjudged to be innocent: or, 
 if, when thrown into the water, he 
 floated, he was regarded as guilty. 
 Hence, in a secondary sense, an or- 
 deal is a severe trial, or an accurate 
 scrutiny. 
 
 Probo [probation], 1. To regard 
 as good. 2. To determine the degree 
 of goodness by a trial. (L., from pro- 
 bus, good.) Hence, 
 
 To Probe, to try by a thorough ex- 
 amination and scrutiny. A surgeon 
 probes a wound. 
 
 A Probe, an instrument with which 
 a surgeon examines wounds and 
 ulcers. 
 
 Probation, a temporary trial of the 
 qualifications of a person who is a 
 candidate for some responsible post, 
 or for admission to membership in a 
 society. 
 
 Probationary, pertaining to a trial 
 of qualifications. The present life is 
 a probationary state. 
 
250 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 Probationer, one who is undergoing 
 a trial of qualifications. 
 
 To Prove is, 1. To try the quality. 
 I have bought five yoke of oxen and 
 I must needs go and prove them. 
 Luke, xiv. 2. To establish a fact in 
 experimental philosophy by repeated 
 trials. Hence, 3. To establish any 
 fact or truth by appropriate evidence. 
 
 Proof, 1. A trial. 2. The estab- 
 lishment of a fact by trials. Hence, 
 3. The establishment of a fact or 
 truth by appropriate evidence. 
 
 Probable, lit, regarded as capable 
 of being proved. Hence, likely. 
 
 Approbo [approbatum], to subject 
 to trial, {ad, and probo.) Hence, 
 
 Approve, to feel satisfied with that 
 which we have tried either physically 
 or in the crucible of the judgment, 
 and have found to be good. 
 
 Approbate, to express satisfaction 
 with that which has been tried by 
 the judgment and has been found to 
 be good. 
 
 Reprobo \reprobatum~], to try again. 
 (re, and probo.) Hence, 
 
 Reprove, to censure that which, 
 after a careful examination, we find 
 amiss in the conduct of any one. 
 
 Reprobate, tried again, (or care- 
 fully,) and rejected as not coming up 
 to the required standard, as gold or 
 silver which, having been tested, is 
 found not to possess the proper degree 
 of fineness. Hence, 
 
 A Reprobate, one who has been 
 tried in the crucible by which moral 
 qualities are tested, and has been re- 
 jected on account of his utter worth- 
 lessness. Hence, 
 
 To Reprobate, 1. To condemn in 
 severe terms. 2. To doom to destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Experior [expertum], to try. (L.,) 
 Hence, 
 
 Experiment, a trial, or operation, 
 designed to ascertain the properties 
 of a thing. 
 
 Experience, knowledge gained by 
 trials. 
 
 Expertness, skill gained by repeated 
 trials in the practice of an art. 
 
 20. Memory. 
 
 MEMORY is the capacity of hav- 
 ing, what was once present to the 
 senses or the understanding, again 
 suggested to the mind, accompanied 
 by a distinct consciousness of past 
 existence. — Brande. 
 
 A Memorial is, 1. That which pre- 
 serves the memory of something. 2. 
 A written address reminding of facts, 
 ajnd soliciting attention to them. 
 
 To Memorialize is to address by 
 memorial ; as, to memorialize a legis- 
 lature. 
 
 A Memorandum is a note to help 
 the memory. (L., memorandum, that 
 should be remembered.) 
 
 Memorable, worthy of being held 
 in remembrance; as, a memorable 
 day or event. 
 
 A Memoir is a written account, de- 
 signed to preserve the memory of per- 
 sons or transactions. 
 
 A Memento is a hint to awaken the 
 memory. (L., memento, remember 
 thou.) 
 
 Memoriter, by memory ; as, to re- 
 peat memoriter. (L.) 
 
 To Remember is to retain in the 
 memory. 
 
 Remembrance is the having in the 
 mind an idea which had been present 
 before. 
 
 A Remembrancer is one that re- 
 vives the remembrance of anything. 
 
 To Recollect is to collect again, by 
 an effort of the will, the ideas that 
 have once been present to the mind. 
 (L., re, again, and colligo, to gather 
 up.) 
 
 A Reminiscence is the recollection 
 of some particular event or transac- 
 tion of a period long past. (L., rem- 
 iniscor, to recall to mind.) 
 
 Immemorial, that had its origin be- 
 yond the memory of man ; as, an im- 
 memorial custom. 
 
 A Monument is a structure erected 
 to preserve the memory of some per- 
 son or event. (L., moneo, to remind.) 
 
 A Record is a writing designed 
 to preserve the memory of a transac- 
 tion. (L., recordor, to remember.) * 
 
 To Remind, or to Put in Mind, is 
 
THE MIND. 
 
 251 
 
 to bring to the remembrance of; as, 
 to remind a person of his promise. 
 
 Eote is, properly, a round of words. 
 
 To Repeat by Rote is to repeat, as 
 words, in their proper order, from 
 memory. (L., rota, a wheel.) 
 
 Mnemonic (pron. nemonic), assist- 
 ing the memory. (Gr., pvaopai [rnna- 
 omai], to remember.) 
 
 Mnemonics, or Mnemotechny, is the 
 art of memory. (Gr., t%w»] techne~], 
 art.) 
 
 Mnemosyne is the goddess of mem- 
 ory. 
 
 21. To Forget. 
 
 To FORGET is to permit to escape 
 from the memory. 
 
 Oblivion is, 1. A cessation of re- 
 membrance. The memory of events 
 may be lost in oblivion. 2. A general 
 pardon of political offenses in a state. 
 See Amnesty. (L., obliviscor, to for- 
 get.) 
 
 Oblivious, 1. Causing forgetfulness. 
 An oblivious antidote. — Shakspeare. 
 
 2. Forgetful; as, to be oblivious. 
 
 An Amnesty is an act by which a 
 government formally announces its 
 purpose not to remember political of- 
 fenses. (Gr., dL [a], not, and /u.vsuc/mcti 
 [mnaomai], to remember.) 
 
 Le'the was one of the rivers of the 
 infernal regions, whose waters were 
 said to cause a forgetfulness of all 
 $ast events. Hence, 
 
 Lethe'an, inducing forgetfulness ; 
 as, a lethean draught. 
 
 22. To Believe. 
 
 To BELIEVE is to regard as true 
 from some other reason than our own 
 personal knowledge. 
 
 Ceedo \creditum], to believe. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Creed, a system of religious belief. 
 
 Credit, to believe. 
 
 Credible, worthy of belief; as, a 
 credible witness. 
 
 Incredible, not to be believed; as, 
 an incredible story. 
 
 Credence, belief accorded to the 
 testimony or statements of others. 
 
 Credential or Credentials, a letter 
 
 entitling the bearer to credit or confi- 
 dence. 
 
 Discredit, to disbelieve. 
 
 23. Evidence. 
 
 EVIDENCE is that which estab- 
 lishes truth. 
 
 A Witness is, 1. One who has a per- 
 sonal knowledge of a fact; as, an 
 eje-witness. 2. One who is called 
 upon to make a formal statement 
 of his knowledge of facts. 
 
 Testis, a witness. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Testify, to bear witness. 
 
 Testimony, the statements of a 
 witness. 
 
 Testimonial, a writing testifying to 
 a person's good character. 
 
 Attest, to bear witness to. (ad, to.) 
 
 Testament, a will, thus called from 
 its having been formally attested. 
 
 24. Proof. 
 
 To PROVE is, 1. To establish a 
 fact by testimony or other evidence. 
 2. To establish a truth by argument. 
 
 To Demonstrate is to prove by ar- 
 gument. (L., demonstro, to show.) 
 
 25. Doubt. 
 
 To DOUBT is to hesitate to be- 
 lieve. (See Two.) 
 
 Dubious, doubtful. 
 
 Indubitable, not to be doubted; 
 as, an indubitable truth. 
 
 26. Assurance. 
 
 CERTAIN, entertaining no doubt 
 of a truth or fact. 
 
 Certainty is freedom from doubt. 
 
 A Certainty is a truth or fact of 
 which we are or may be certain. 
 
 Sure, 1. Knowing with certainty. 
 2. That may be relied on with cer- 
 tainty ; as, a sure remedy. 
 
 To Assure is, 1. To make certain 
 by a declaration; as, to assure a per- 
 son of a fact. 2. To embolden. 
 And hereby we shall assure our 
 hearts before him. 1 John, Hi. 
 
 Assurance is, 1. The state of being 
 sure. 2. Confidence; as, the assur- 
 ance of faith. 3. Excess of boldness, 
 
252 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 or impudence; as, his assurance is 
 intolerable. 
 
 Positive, entertaining a firm per- 
 suasion of the truth of what one 
 asserts. 
 
 27. Probability. 
 
 PROBABLE, having evidence that 
 inclines the mind to believe, but 
 leaves room to doubt. 
 
 Probability, is the state of being 
 probable. 
 
 A Probability is something that is 
 probable. 
 
 Likely, that may reasonably be 
 thought to be true. 
 
 Verisimilitude is, lit, the appear- 
 ance of truth. Hence, probability. 
 (L., verus, true; and similitudo a re- 
 semblance.) 
 
 28. Truth 
 
 TRUTH is, 1. The real state of 
 things. 2. A statement that is con- 
 formable to facts. 
 
 Verus, true. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Verity, truth. It is a proposition 
 of eternal verity that none can govern 
 while he is despised. — South. 
 
 Veritable, true. 
 
 Indeed! Is 't true? 
 Most veritable, therefore look to 't well. — Shahs. 
 
 Verily, in truth. 
 
 Verisimilitude, lit, a resemblance 
 of truth. Hence, Probability. 
 
 Verify, to prove to be true or cor- 
 rect; as, to verify a calculation. 
 
 Veracious, habitually disposed to 
 speak truth. 
 
 Veracity, habitual observance of 
 truth. 
 
 29. Falsehood. 
 
 FALSE, not conformable to fact; 
 as a false statement. 
 
 Falsehood is an inconformity to 
 fact or truth. 
 
 A Lie is a false statement made 
 with a design to deceive. 
 
 A Fib is a little lie. 
 
 Mend ax, lying, (L.) Hence, 
 
 Mendacious, 1. Given to lying. 2. 
 False. 
 
 Mendacity, 1. A disposition to lie. 
 2. Falsehood. 
 
 30. To Deceive. 
 
 To DECEIVE is, 1. To cause to 
 believe in something that exists only 
 in appearance. 2. To create expec- 
 tations which we do not design to 
 fulfill. (L., decipio, to take by sur- 
 prise.) 
 
 Deception is the act of deceiving. 
 
 Deceptive, adapted to deceive. 
 
 Deceit is the concealment of selfish 
 purposes under the mask of friendly 
 professions. 
 
 Duplicity consists in making a 
 profession of sentiments or purposes 
 contrary to those which the party 
 secretly entertains, with a view to the 
 attainment of some private end. 
 
 Double-dealing consists in profess- 
 edly favoring some interest while we 
 secretly act in opposition to the same 
 interest. 
 
 An Artifice is an artful contriv- 
 ance to gain some advantage by de- 
 ceiving another. (L., ars, art; and 
 facio, to practice.) 
 
 A Stratagem is, primarily, a mili- 
 tary artifice. See Art. Warfare. 
 Secondarily, any artifice. 
 
 A Ruse is a crafty stratagem. (Fr.) 
 
 To Impose is, lit, to put upon. (L., 
 in, upon; and pono \_positum~\, to 
 put.) Hence, To put something upon 
 a person as true, real, or genuine, 
 which is not so. 
 
 An Impostor is one who imposes 
 upon others with false professions. 
 
 Imposition is the act of imposing 
 upon. 
 
 Imposture is deception practiced 
 under a false or assumed char- 
 acter. 
 
 To Delude is to deceive in regard 
 to matters of opinion. (L., de, upon; 
 and ludo \lusum~], to play.) 
 
 A Delusion is a false opinion in 
 regard to matters of a moral nature. 
 
 To Illude is to deceive by some 
 artifice. (L., in, upon; and ludo \_lu- 
 suni], to play.) 
 
 An Illusion is a false appearance 
 by which a person is or may be de- 
 ceived, or his expectations disap- 
 pointed. 
 
THE MIND. 
 
 253 
 
 Illusory, deceiving by false appear- 
 ances. 
 
 To Mock is to deceive by exciting 
 expectations which we design to dis- 
 appoint. 
 
 To Hoax is to deceive in sport by 
 some groundless story. 
 
 To Gull is to deceive by taking- 
 advantage of the excessive credulity 
 of any one. 
 
 To Dupe is to deceive by taking 
 advantage of the credulity of others 
 to promote one's own private ends. 
 
 To Cheat is, 1. To deceive for the 
 purpose of gain. 2. To impose upon 
 by some artifice. 
 
 To Cozen is to cheat in business 
 transactions. 
 
 To Defraud is to deprive of right 
 by deception or artifice. 
 
 A Humbug is, 1. An imposition 
 under fair pretenses. 2. A person 
 who imposes on others under fair 
 pretenses. 
 
 To Bamboozle is, 1. To play tricks 
 upon. They are a set of fellows they 
 call banterers and bamboozlers. — 
 Arbuthnot. 2. To cheat. (A low 
 word. ) 
 
 To Swindle is to cheat and defraud 
 grossly ; as, to swindle a man out of 
 his property. 
 
 To Pretend is to hold forth to 
 others certain things as being our 
 sentiments or feelings, when in reality 
 we think or feel otherwise. (L.,prce, 
 before ; and tendo, to hold. ) 
 
 To Feign is to pretend, in order to 
 gain some end. A person feigns sick- 
 ness in order to be excused from fry- 
 ing a disagreeable visit. 
 
 Sham, pretended; as, a sham fight. 
 X Real. 
 
 A Sham is a mere pretense that is 
 designed to deceive. 
 
 Counterfeit, made in imitation of 
 something else, with a view to defraud 
 by imposing the imitation on others 
 as the original or real article ; as, 
 counterfeit coin. (Fr., contre, in imi- 
 tation of; and faire, to make. }£ 
 Genuine. 
 
 A Hypocrite is one who attempts 
 to deceive others by a counterfeit 
 
 piety. (Gr., v7ratptrns [hypocrites'], a 
 dramatic actor.) 
 
 Hypocrisy is a counterfeit piety. 
 
 To Simulate is to feign to be that 
 which one is not. (L., similis, re- 
 sembling.) 
 
 To Dissimulate, or Dissemble, is to 
 conceal one's real, character, or senti- 
 ments, (dis, different from the re- 
 ality.) 
 
 False, lit, adapted to deceive. (L., 
 fallo [falsum], to deceive.) Hence, 
 1. Not true; as, 
 
 statement. 
 
 2. Not reliable; as, a false friend. 
 
 3. Not real; as, a false appearance. 
 
 31. Charlatanry. 
 
 A CHARLATAN is one who 
 prates much in his own favor, and 
 makes unwarrantable pretensions, to 
 skill. (Span., charlar, to prate.) 
 
 A Mountebank is a doctor who 
 mounts a bench in a market-place, 
 and boasts his infallible remedies and 
 cures. (It, montare, to mount; and 
 banco, a bench.) 
 
 A Quack is a boastful pretender to 
 medical skill which he does not pos- 
 sess. (From quack, the cry of a 
 duck.) 
 
 32. Sleight-of-Hand. 
 
 SLEIGHT-OF-HAND consists in 
 tricks so skillfully performed that the 
 eye of the spectator is deceived. 
 (Sleight for light.) 
 
 Legerdemain is synonymous with 
 sleight-of-hand. (Fr., leger, light; 
 de, of; and main, the hand.) 
 
 To Juggle is to play tricks by 
 sleight-of-hand, under the pretense of 
 possessing extraordinary or super- 
 natural powers. 
 
 Hocus-Pocus is the art or practice 
 of jugglery. 
 
 33. Derangement of the Mental 
 Faculties. 
 
 INSANE, not sound in mind. (L., 
 in, not, and sanus, sound or healthy.) 
 
 Crazy, disordered in intellect. 
 
 Mad, crazy. 
 
 To Rave is, 1. To talk irrationally 
 after the manner of a madman. 2. 
 To be furious or raging. 
 
254 
 
 THE MIND. 
 
 Mania, madness. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Maniac, a madman. 
 
 Monomania, derangement of the 
 mind with regard to one particular 
 subject, the mind being sane in re- 
 gard to other subjects. (Gr., y.ovos 
 \monos~], one.) 
 
 Lunacy is madness, from the idea 
 formerly entertained that certain 
 varieties of madness were influenced 
 by the moon. (L., lima, the moon.) 
 
 A Lunatic is a madman. 
 
 A Bedlam is a madhouse, or recep- 
 tacle for the insane. 
 
 Delirium is a wandering of the 
 mind in fever. 
 
 34. Intellectual Superiority. 
 
 TALENT is eminent ability; as, 
 a man of talent. 
 
 A Talent is any natural gift or 
 endowment. 
 
 Note. — The foregoing use of the term talent 
 is derived from the parable of the talents in 
 Matthew's gospel. 
 
 Genius is uncommon vigor of 
 mind. 
 
 A Genius is a man of superior in- 
 tellectual faculties. 
 
 Penetration is the power of pierc- 
 ing obscure subjects with the intel- 
 lectual vision, or of detecting plans, 
 etc., which are designedly concealed 
 by others. 
 
 Acuteness is the faculty of dis- 
 cerning nice distinctions. (L., acutus, 
 sharp-pointed.) 
 
 Acumen is the faculty of nice dis- 
 crimination. (L., acu, a needle.) 
 
 Sage, possessing wisdom acquired 
 by experience and reflection. 
 
 Kemote from cities lived a swain, 
 Unvexed with all the cares of gain ; 
 His head was silvered o'er with age, 
 And long experience mado him sage. — Gay. 
 
 (L., sagus, intelligent.) 
 
 A Sage is a man of gravity and 
 wisdom. 
 
 Sagacious, having a quick discern- 
 ment. (L., sagax, quick-scented.) 
 
 Sagacity is quickness of discern- 
 ment. 
 
 Shrewd, of nice discernment; as, 
 a shrewd observer of men. 
 
 Sapient, wise. There the sapient 
 king held dalliance. — Milton. (L., 
 sapio, to be wise.) 
 
 Note. — Sapient is, at present, used chiefly in 
 burlesque. 
 
 35. Natural Deficiency of Intellect. 
 
 SIMPLE, deficient in natura* 
 shrewdness. See Art. To Fold. 
 
 A Simpleton is a person of weak 
 intellect. 
 
 Silly, 1. Weak in intellect. 2. Pro- 
 ceeding from want of common judg- 
 ment ; as, a silly act. 
 
 An Idiot is one who has been des- 
 titute of intellect from his birth. 
 
 A Fool is one somewhat deficient 
 in intellect, but not idiotic. 
 
 Fatuous, idiotic. (L.,fatuus, silly.) 
 
 Fatuity, idiocy. 
 
 To Infatuate, lit., to render idiotic. 
 Hence, to inspire with an extrava- 
 gant or foolish passion too obstinate 
 to be controlled by reason. 
 
 A Ninny, or Ninnyhammer, is a 
 simpleton. 
 
 Dull, deficient in quickness of ap- 
 prehension. 
 
 A Dullard is a dull person. 
 
 Stupid, very dull. 
 
 A Dolt is a heavy, stupid fellow. 
 
 A Blockhead is one who is inca- 
 pable of learning or comprehending. 
 (block and head.) 
 
 A Dunce is, 1. One who is inca- 
 pable of acquiring school learning. 
 2. A stupid person. 
 
 A Dunderhead, or Dunderpate, is 
 a stupid fellow. 
 
 A Numbskull is one who is dull of 
 apprehension, (numb and skull.) 
 
 Stolid, exceedingly stupid. 
 
THE WILL. 
 
 255 
 
 OF THE WILL. 
 
 1. General Ideas. 
 
 The WILL is the faculty by which 
 vre determine either to do or to for- 
 bear. 
 
 Volo, to will. (L.) Hence 
 
 Volition, the power of willing or 
 determining. 
 
 A Volition, an act of willing. 
 
 Voluntas, the will. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Voluntary, 1. Endowed with a ca- 
 pacity of willing ; as, man is a volun- 
 tary agent. 2. Proceeding from the 
 free exercise of the will ; as, a volun- 
 tary action. 3. Subject to the will; 
 as, voluntary motion. 
 
 Spontaneous, 1. Proceeding from 
 natural feeling without compulsion or 
 constraint; as, a spontaneous gift; 
 the spontaneous effusions of the heart. 
 2. Produced without human labor; 
 as, the spontaneous productions of 
 the earth. 3. Acting of itself without 
 external force ; as, spontaneous mo- 
 tion; spontaneous growth. (L.,sponte, 
 of one's own accord.) 
 
 To Prefer is to esteem above an- 
 other. (L., prai, before; and/ero, to 
 bear.) 
 
 Preference, is the estimation of one 
 thing above another. 
 
 To Choose is to take by preference 
 from two or more things offered. 
 
 Choice is the power of choosing. 
 
 A Choice is, 1. An act of choosing. 
 2. The thing chosen. 
 
 Choice {adj.), 1. Worthy of being 
 preferred; as, choice fruit. 2. Par- 
 ticular in choosing; as, to be choice 
 of one's company. 
 
 To Pick is to choose from among a 
 number. 
 
 To Cull is to pick out the best. 
 
 Lego \lectum], to choose. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Elect, chosen; as, the president 
 elect. 
 
 To Elect, to pick out or choose from 
 among two or more that which is to 
 be preferred, (e, out.) 
 
 Select, 1. Taken from a number by 
 
 preference. Hence, 2. More valuable 
 or excellent than others, (se, apart.) 
 
 To Select, to take, by preference, 
 from among others. 
 
 Option is, 1. The power of choos- 
 ing. 2. A choice or act of choosing. 
 (L., opto, to wish.) 
 
 Optional, left to one's wish or 
 choice. 
 
 To Adopt is, 1. To choose or take 
 as one's own that which is not natu- 
 rally so ; as, to adopt the opinions of 
 others. 2. To take a stranger into 
 one's family as a son and heir. 
 
 A Motive is that which moves 
 the will and incites to action. (L., 
 moveo [niotuni], to move.) 
 
 A Reason is a consideration tend- 
 ing to influence the will. 
 
 To Deliberate is to weigh opposing 
 reasons previous to making a choice. 
 (L., libra, a pair of scales.) 
 
 To Decide is to put an end to delib- 
 eration, or to cut it short, by an act 
 of choosing. (L., de, off; and cozdo 
 [ccesurn], to cut.) 
 
 Decision is unwavering firmness in 
 persisting in what we have decided 
 upon. 
 
 A Decision is an act of deciding. 
 
 To Determine is, lit., to limit. 
 Hence, to limit or end the process of 
 deliberation by fixing on the course 
 to be pursued. (L., terminus, a limit.) 
 
 To Resolve is, properly, to untie or 
 disentangle the knots of doubt with 
 which our minds are perplexed when 
 considering what is best to be done. 
 Hence, to form a firm purpose. (L., 
 resolvo, [resolutuni], to untie.) 
 
 Resolution is a firmness of pur- 
 pose. 
 
 An Object is that to which the 
 mind is directed as something to be 
 done or attained. 
 
 An End is the final result which we 
 have in view in our actions. 
 
 A Purpose is that which a person 
 sets before himself as an object to be 
 reached or accomplished. (L., pro, 
 
256 
 
 THE WILL. 
 
 before ; and pono \_positum~], to 
 place.) 
 
 A Design is a plan sketched in the 
 mind, according to which we purpose 
 doing something. (L., designo, to 
 mark out, as with a pencil.) 
 
 To Intend is to stretch the mind 
 toward something which we purpose 
 accomplishing at a future time. (L., 
 in, toward ; and tendo, to bend. ) 
 
 2. Willingness. 
 
 DISPOSED, having the faculties 
 set in proper order for the doing of 
 anything; as, he is disposed to com- 
 
 ly. (L., dis, in order, and pono 
 
 ositum], to set.) 
 
 Inclined, having a leaning toward 
 the doing of a thing. (L., in, to- 
 ward, and clino, to lean.) 
 
 Pliable, having a will that is easily 
 folded to suit the purposes of the 
 will of others. (L., plico, to fold.) 
 
 To Comply is to adapt the folds of 
 one's will to suit the purposes of an- 
 other. (L., con, with, and plico, to 
 fold.) 
 
 Tractable, that may be easily led, 
 taught, or managed ; as, a tractable 
 child, a tractable horse. (L., tracto, 
 to handle.) 
 
 Supple, compliant. If punishment 
 makes not the will supple, it hardens 
 the offender. — Locke. 
 
 3. Unwillingness. 
 
 AVEESE, lit, turned from. Hence, 
 Disinclined. (L., a, from and versus, 
 turned.) 
 
 Reluctant, lit, struggling against. 
 Hence, 
 
 Unwilling, (re, against, and luctor, 
 to struggle.) 
 
 Repugnance is, lit, a fighting 
 against. Hence, Great unwilling- 
 ness. (L., re, against, and pugno, to 
 fight.) _ • 
 
 Obstinate, disposed to persist m a 
 purpose in opposition to the will of 
 others. (L., ob, against, and stino, 
 for, and sto, to stand.) 
 
 Stubborn, having a will that is 
 hard to bend. (Stub., stiff.) 
 
 Mulish, characterized by the ob- 
 stinacy of the mule. 
 
 Pertinacious, adhering to an opin- 
 ion or purpose with obstinancy. (L., 
 per, continuously, and teneo, to hold.) 
 
 Contrary, set in one's will in di- 
 rect opposition to the will of others. 
 (Contra., in opposition to.) 
 
 Perverse, lit, entirely turned, 
 [in the wrong direction]. Hence, 
 Obstinate in the wrong. (L., per, 
 thoroughly; and verto, to turn.) 
 
 Refractory, lit, that will break 
 sooner than it will bend. Hence, 
 Very stubborn. (L., re, off; smdfran- 
 go [_fractum~\, to break.) 
 
 4. To Influence the Will. 
 To ADVISE is to express our 
 opinion to another as to the course of 
 action or conduct which it would be 
 best for him to pursue in any partic- 
 ular case. 
 
 Note. — Advice flows from superior professional 
 knowledge, or an acquaintance with things in 
 general. — Grabbe. 
 
 To Counsel is to give advice, in 
 grave and important matters. 
 
 Note. — Counsel regards superior wisdom, or a 
 superior acquaintance with moral principles and 
 practice. — Grabbe. 
 
 To Persuade is to incline the will 
 to a determination, by presenting 
 motives to the mind. 
 
 To Dissuade is to advise against; 
 as, he dissuaded him from his pur- 
 pose. 
 
 To Exhort is to endeavor to influ- 
 ence, by an earnest and urgent pre- 
 sentation of motives of duty. 
 
 To Coax is to ply with urgent en- 
 treaty and whining supplication. 
 Children coax their parents in order 
 to obtain their wishes. 
 
 To Wheedle is to ply with smooth 
 and winning entreaty. The greedy 
 and covetous wheedle those of an 
 easy temper. 
 
 To Cajole is to endeavor to turn 
 people to one's selfish purposes by 
 trickery and stratagem, disguised un- 
 der a soft address and insinuating 
 manners. Knaves cajole the simple 
 and unsuspecting. — Grabbe. 
 
 To Induce is to lead to action by 
 presenting motives. (L., in, toward, 
 and duco, to lead.) 
 
RESTRAINT. 
 
 257 
 
 
 To Prevail upon is to influence 
 to action by arguments or solicita- 
 tions. (L., pro?, beyond; and valeo, 
 to be strong.) 
 
 To Incite is to move to action by 
 the influence of the desires. (L 
 citus, stirred up.) We are incited 
 by the desire of distinction or the 
 love of gain. 
 
 To Goad is, lit, To prick with the 
 pointed instrument called a goad 
 which is used in driving oxen. 
 Hence, in a Jig. sense, we speak of a 
 person's being goaded by sarcastic 
 remarks, by vehement desire, etc. 
 
 To Stimulate is, lit., to prick, as 
 with a goad or spur. (L., stimulus, 
 a goad or spur.) Hence, in a Jig. 
 sense, to stimulate is to excite to 
 vigorous exertion by some pungent 
 motive. 
 
 To Instigate is, lit, To prick. 
 (Gr., <rr/£a> [stizo~\, to prick.) Hence, 
 in a Jig. sense, to instigate is to in- 
 cite. ( Used only in an ill sense ; 
 as, to instigate to a crime.) 
 
 A Bait is any substance for food 
 used to catch fish or other animals. 
 
 A Luke is a bait. Hence, 
 
 To Lure is, lit, To hold out a bait 
 to catch animals. Fig., To present 
 something to please the senses or the 
 understanding. 
 
 To Allure is to draw gently, by 
 offering some good, either real or ap- 
 parent, (ad, to.) 
 
 To Tempt is to endeavor to influ- 
 ence a person to do wrong by plau- 
 sible arguments, or by the offer of 
 some pleasure or apparent advantage. 
 
 To Entjce is to influence to that 
 which is wrong, by exciting hope or 
 desire. 
 
 To Seduce is to draw aside from 
 the path of virtue. (L., se, aside, 
 and duco, to lead.) 
 
 5. Restraint. 
 To RESTRAIN is to hold back 
 by any force, either physical or 
 moral. (L., re, back, and stringo 
 [stricturn], to bind.) 
 
 Restraint is the condition of being 
 held back. 
 17 
 
 A Restraint is that which holds 
 back. 
 
 To Restrict is to confine within 
 bounds. 
 
 Restnction is confinement within 
 bounds. 
 
 A Restriction is a law or regula- 
 tion that confines the freedom of ac- 
 tion within certain bounds. 
 
 To Check is to diminish motion or 
 the intensity of action. 
 
 To Curb, primarily, signified to 
 check the speed of a horse by draw- 
 ing the reins so as to curve, or bend 
 his neck. Hence, To hold back any- 
 thing that is inclined to rush impet- 
 uously forward ; as, to curb a fiery 
 steed ; to curb an impetuous temper. 
 (Fr., courier, to bend, from the L., 
 curvus, bent.) 
 
 To Hinder is, lit, to cause to be 
 behind others. Hence, 1. To retard 
 or keep back in the prosecution of 
 any business. 2. To keep entirely 
 from acting or going forward in any 
 process. (From hinder, comparative 
 of hind.) 
 
 To Prevent is to keep entirely 
 from doing, being done, or happen- 
 ing, by adopting precautionary meas- 
 ures. (L., pro?, beforehand, and ve- 
 nio [yentum], to come.) 
 
 To Stop is to cause motion or ac- 
 tion to cease. 
 
 To Impede is to retard progress of 
 any kind by putting things in the 
 way. (L., in, in the way of; and pe- 
 des, the feet.) 
 
 An Impediment is that which im- 
 pedes, or lies in the way. 
 
 An Obstacle is something that 
 stands in the way. (L., ob, against, 
 and sto, to stand.) 
 
 To Obstruct is to place obstacles 
 in the way of; as, to obstruct the 
 march of an army; to obstruct 
 the progress of business. (L., ob, 
 against, and struo \_structum~\, to pile 
 
 A Bar is a piece of timber placed 
 across a way to prevent animals from 
 passing. Hence, Jig., something that 
 effectually stops; as, a bar to a claim. 
 
 To Debar is to bar, or hinder from ; 
 
258 
 
 TO STRIVE — TO CONTEND. 
 
 as, to debar from a privilege. (de, 
 from.) 
 
 6. Constraint. 
 
 To CONSTRAIN is to urge by ir- 
 resistible power. (L., con, together; 
 and string o [strictum], to bind.) 
 
 Constraint is force, either physical 
 or moral, by which a person is com- 
 pelled to act against his will. 
 
 To Compel is to drive a voluntary 
 agent to the doing of something 
 against his will. (L., compello [com- 
 pulsion], to drive.) 
 
 To Oblige is to bind a moral 
 agent to the doing of something. 
 Hence, in a general sense, To compel. 
 (L., ob, down; and ligo, to bind.) 
 See Art. Debt. 
 
 To Force is, property, to urge for- 
 ward a mass of unconscious matter 
 by mechanical agency. Hence, To 
 compel. 
 
 7. To Act in Opposition. 
 
 To OPPOSE is 1. To set or place 
 against; as, to oppose one argument 
 or opinion to another; to oppose one 
 force to another. 2. To act against; 
 as, to oppose an adversary ; to oppose 
 a measure. (L., o b, against; sm& pono 
 [position], to place.) 
 
 An Opponent is one who opposes 
 another in a controversy. 
 
 An Antagonist is one who opposes 
 another in a trial of strength or 
 skill. (Gr., avn [anti], against; and 
 ch-}mi£g/xxi [agonizomai], to struggle.) 
 
 To Antagonize is to act in oppo- 
 sition; as, an antagonizing force. 
 
 To Counteract is to prevent the 
 natural effects of any agency by 
 means of a contrary agency. An an- 
 tidote counteracts the hurtful ten- 
 dency of a poison. (L., contra, against; 
 and ago [actum], to act.) 
 
 To Countervail is to act against 
 with equal force or power. (L., con- 
 tra, against; and valeo, to have 
 power.) 
 
 To Counterbalance, or Counter- 
 poise, is to act against with equal 
 weight. See Art. Weight. 
 
 To Withstand is, lit, to stand 
 
 against. Hence, To maintain a fixed 
 position in opposition to any force. 
 {with, against.) 
 
 To Resist is, lit, to stand against. 
 Hence, To act in opposition to force. 
 (L., re, against; and sisto, to stand). 
 
 8. To Strive with or together. 
 
 To STRIVE WITH is to endea- 
 vor to overcome or outdo. 
 
 Strife is a mutual endeavor of par- 
 ties to overcome or outdo each other. 
 
 To Contend is to strive together. 
 Armies contend in battle. Parties 
 contend in a lawsuit. Disputants 
 contend in their arguments. See 
 Art. To Stretch. 
 
 A Contest is a struggle for supe 
 rio.rity. Lit, a contending at law by 
 means of witnesses. (L., con, together, 
 and testis, a witness.) 
 
 Certo, to contend. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Con'cert, lit, and primarily, a 
 strife in which opposing parties tried 
 their strength or skill, as in the case 
 of two rival musicians. But after 
 people had become accustomed to the 
 witnessing of these friendly contests, 
 the term concert became associated 
 in their minds by degrees with the 
 idea of harmonious and united effort 
 tending to the promotion of some 
 object of common interest. Hence, 
 
 To Concert' is to settle or adjust 
 by conference or agreement; as, to 
 concert a plan or scheme. 
 
 9. To Contend by Physical Force. 
 1. To Wrestle, etc. 
 
 To WRESTLE is to contend by 
 grasping and trying to throw down. 
 
 To Scuffle is to struggle with an 
 antagonist in close embrace. 
 
 To Tussle is to pull and twitch 
 each other hither and thither in sport. 
 
 2. To Box. 
 
 To Box is to contend by striking 
 with the fist. 
 
 A Pugilist is a professional boxer. 
 (L., pugil, a boxer.) 
 
 Pugilism is the art or practice of 
 boxing. 
 
MENTAL STATES. 
 
 259 
 
 3. To Fight. 
 
 To FIGHT is to employ physical 
 violence in contending -with another. 
 
 A Combat is a fight. (Fr., con, to- 
 gether: and battre, to beat.) 
 
 A Conflict is, lit., a violent striking 
 together. Hence, jig., a fierce and 
 sanguinary fight (L., con, together; 
 and jligo [jlictuni], to strike.) 
 
 An Affray, in laic, is the fighting 
 of two or more persons in a public- 
 place. (Fr., effroi, terror.) 
 
 A Melee' {ma-la') is a mingled 
 and confused fight. (Fr., meter, to 
 mingle.) 
 
 Pcgna, a fight. (L., from pugnus, 
 the fist.) Hence, 
 
 Pugnacious, inclined to fighting. 
 X Peaceable. 
 
 Pugnacity, a pugnacious temper. 
 ^ri Peaceableness. 
 
 Impugn (impune), lit, to make a 
 hostile attack. Hence, to attack by 
 words or arguments ; as, to impugn 
 the truth of a statement; to impugn 
 the lawfulness of a practice, {in. 
 against.) >£ Defend. 
 
 Repugnant, lit., fighting against. 
 Hence, contrary; as, sin is repugnant 
 to the divine will. (re, against.)] 
 K Agreeable. 
 
 Repugnance, lit, a fighting against. \ 
 Hence, 1. Contrariety. ^Agreeable- 
 ness. 2. A strong feeling against the j 
 doing of something. >£ Willing- 
 ness. 
 
 A Champion is one who undertakes 
 a cause in single combat. 
 
 10. Liberty. 
 FREE, being neither under re- 
 straint nor constraint in regard to the 
 exercise of one's powers. 
 
 Freedom is exemption from re- 
 straint and constraint. 
 
 Liber, free. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Liberty, the condition of being free. 
 
 Liberate, to set free. 
 
 Libertine, one who has set himself 
 free from the restraints of virtuous 
 principles. 
 
 11. Bondage. 
 
 BOND, bound for life to submit to 
 the will of a master, (from bind.) 
 
 Bondage is the condition of being 
 bound for life to submit to the will of 
 a master. 
 
 A ^lave is a person who is wholly 
 subject to the will of another. 
 
 Slavery is the obligation to labor 
 for the benefit of a master without the 
 consent of the servant. — Paley. 
 
 Serves, a slave. (L.) Hence. 
 
 Servitude, the condition of a slave. 
 
 Servile, pertaining to a servant or 
 slave; as, a servile condition; servile 
 obedience. 
 
 A Serf, in some countries of Eu- 
 rope, is a slave attached to the soil 
 and transferred with it. 
 
 Serjdom is the state or condition of 
 serfs. 
 
 To Emancipate is to set free from 
 servitude by the voluntary act of the 
 proprietor. (L., e, privative; and 
 mancipium, a slave : — from manus, the ■ 
 hand; and capio, to take, slaves hav- 
 ing been anciently prisoners taken in 
 war.) 
 
 To Manumit is to release from 
 slavery by the act of the master. (L.. 
 manu, from the hand; and mitto 
 [inissuni], to send.) 
 
 Manumission is the act, on the part 
 of a master, of liberating a slave from 
 bondage. 
 
 31 E X T A L STATES. 
 
 1. General Ideas. 
 
 The DISPOSITION, or TEMPER, 
 is the natural constitution of the 
 mind. 
 
 The Affections are the various 
 ways in which the mind is affected', 
 
 by certain objects. Love, fear, hope, 
 etc., are affections of the mind. 
 
 The Passions are those mental feel- 
 ings which have a reference to good 
 or evil. (L., passio, a suffering.) 
 
 Note.— The principal passions are love, j< y. 
 
260 
 
 MENTAL STATES. 
 
 desire, hatred, sorrow, and fear. The subordi- 
 nate passions are anger, envy, emulation, pride, 
 jealousy, shame, despair, ambition, avarice, etc. 
 Brande. 
 
 An Emotion" is a transient excite- 
 ment of any passion or feeling of the 
 soul. 
 
 Apathy is, 1. An exemption from 
 passion. Hence, 2. Indifference in 
 regard to any matter that should in- 
 terest us. (Gr., a [a], privative* and 
 ttu-Boc [pathos], suffering.) 
 
 2. Pleasure. 
 
 AGREEABLE, agreeing or har- 
 monizing with our sentient nature. 
 (Agreeing with, or suiting the feel- 
 ings. ) 
 
 To Please is to affect the mind or 
 senses agreeably. 
 
 Pleasant, that pleases ; as, pleasant 
 society. 
 
 Pleasing, adapted to please; as, a 
 pleasing prospect. 
 
 Pleasure, agreeable emotions or 
 sensations. 
 
 Gratus, pleasing. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Grateful, pleasing; as, a grateful 
 odor ; a grateful sensation. 
 
 Gratify, to please in a high de- 
 gree. 
 
 Gratulate, or Congratulate, to pro- 
 fess one's pleasure or joy to another 
 on account of an event deemed fortu- 
 nate. 
 
 To Satisfy is to please to such a 
 degree that nothing more is desired. 
 (L., satis, enough ; and facio, to do.) 
 
 Satisfaction, 1. The act of pleas- 
 ing. 2. The state of being pleased. 
 
 To Amuse is to occupy the atten- 
 tion with agreeable objects. 
 
 To Divert is, lit, to turn aside. 
 Hence, to turn the mind from busi- 
 ness or study. Hence, to please. 
 (L., di, aside; arwi verto, to turn.) 
 
 To Entertain is, 1. To receive in- 
 to the house and treat with hospi- 
 tality. Hence, 2. To please with con- 
 versation, music, shows, etc. 
 
 To Regale is to entertain with 
 something that is highly pleasing ; as, 
 to regale the eye, the taste, or the 
 ear. 
 
 To Delight is to affect with great 
 pleasure. 
 
 Delectable, delightful. (L., delecto, 
 to delight.) 
 
 To Charm is to give exquisite pleas- 
 ure to the mind or senses. See Art. 
 Magic. 
 
 To Enchant is to delight in the 
 highest degree. See Art. Magic. 
 
 To Transport is to bear away with 
 delight. (L., trans, away; and porto, 
 to bear.) 
 
 To Ravish is to transport. (L., ra- 
 pio [raptum], to seize and carry off.) 
 
 Rapture, a transport of delight. 
 
 Rapt, transported with delight. 
 See Art. To Seize. 
 
 Ecstasy, primarily, the state of 
 being out of one's-self, or out of one's 
 mind. Hence, a transport of delight 
 so excessive that the individual loses 
 the use of his faculties. (Gr., s^to-raw 
 [exislemi], to displace.) 
 
 Ecstatic, rapturous ; as, ecstatic en- 
 joyment. 
 
 A Trance is a condition in which 
 the soul has been imagined to have 
 passed, temporarily, out of the body, 
 and to be engaged in the contempla- 
 tion of scenes in the spirit world. 
 (L., transitus, a passing over.) 
 
 Entranced, 1. Having the soul 
 temporarily withdrawn and the body 
 left in a state of insensibility. 2. Ren- 
 dered incapable of exercising one's 
 faculties through excess of delightful 
 emotion. 
 
 Joy is the emotion excited by the 
 acquisition or expectation of good. 
 
 To Enjoy is to take pleasure in the 
 possession or experience of. 
 
 To Rejoice is to be affected with a 
 lively sense of pleasure on account of 
 some good that has fallen to our lot. 
 
 To Exult is to leap for joy. See 
 Art. To Leap. 
 
 Fruition is pleasure derived from 
 use or possession. (L., fruor, to use 
 or enjoy.) 
 
 Happiness consists in the agreeable 
 sensations which spring from the en- 
 joyment of good. 
 
 Felicity is a high degree of happi- 
 ness. (L. , felix, happy. ) 
 
MENTAL STATES. 
 
 261 
 
 To Felicitate is to express to an- 
 other the interest which we take in 
 any piece of good fortune which has 
 befallen him. 
 
 Bliss is the highest degree of hap- 
 piness. 
 
 To Bless is, 1. To pronounce a wish 
 of happiness. 2. To make happy. 
 
 Beatitude is heavenly bliss. (L., 
 beatus, blessed.) 
 
 To Beatify, to bless with the joys 
 of heaven. (L. , facio, to make. ) 
 
 A Triumph, among the ancient 
 Romans, was a pompous ceremony 
 performed in honor of a victorious 
 general. Hence, joy or exultation for 
 success. 
 
 Triumphant, rejoicing as for vic- 
 tory. 
 
 Jubilee, among the Jews, was every 
 fiftieth year, at which time all the 
 slaves were liberated, and the lands, 
 which had been alienated, reverted to 
 their former owners. Hence, a season 
 of great rejoicing. 
 
 Jubilant, uttering triumphant songs 
 
 of joy. 
 
 Gladness is a moderate degree of 
 
 Hilarity is a pleasurable excite- 
 ment of the animal spirits. (Gr., 
 <\*gss [liilaros], joyful.) 
 
 To Exhilarate is to enliven the 
 spirits. 
 
 Merry, exhilarated to laughter. 
 
 Merriment is hilarity accompanied 
 with laughter. 
 
 Mirth is social merriment. 
 
 Jolly, full of life and mirth. 
 
 Jovial, full of mirth and good 
 humor. 
 
 Gay, full of life and animation. 
 
 Lively, full of life. 
 
 Sprightly, full of spirits. (From 
 sprite for spirit.) 
 
 Vivacious, lively. (L., vivax from 
 vivo, to live.) 
 
 Vivacity, liveliness ; as, vivacity of 
 temper, deportment, etc. 
 
 Jocund, merry. 
 
 Kural sports and jocund strains. — Prior. 
 
 To Cheer is, 1. To salute with 
 shouts of joy. 2. To dispel gloom 
 
 or sadness. 3. To gladden. (Gr, 
 £*/ga> \chairo~], to rejoice.) 
 
 Cheer, 1. Gayety. 2. Provisions 
 served at a feast (because they cheer). 
 3. Temper of mind; as, to be of good 
 cheer. 
 
 A Cheer is a shout of joy. 
 
 To Comfort is, lit, to strengthen. 
 Hence, 1 .To strengthen the mind under 
 the pressure of calamity. 2. To cheer. 
 (Low L, comforto, to strengthen.) 
 
 Comfort is, 1. A strengthening of 
 the mind under the pressure of ca- 
 lamity or distress. Hence, 2. Ani- 
 mation of the spirits. 3. That which 
 gives strength or support in distress, 
 etc. Pious children are the comfort 
 of their aged parents. 
 
 Solor [solatimi], to assuage grief. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Solace, comfort in affliction. 
 
 Console, to alleviate grief, and give 
 refreshment to the mind or spirits. 
 
 Consolation, comfort in distress. 
 
 4. Pain. 
 
 PAIX is, 1. Any uneasy sensation. 
 2. Uneasiness of mind. 
 
 An Ache is a continued pain, 
 moderate in degree. 
 
 A Stitch is a local sharp pain. 
 
 A Twinge is a sudden, sharp local 
 pain ot a momentary continuance. 
 
 A Pang is a sudden paroxysm of 
 extreme pain. 
 
 A Smart is a quick, pungent, lively 
 pain. 
 
 Torment is severe and continued 
 pain. 
 
 Torture is extreme pain. See 
 Art. To Twist. 
 
 The Rack was an engine of torture, 
 consisting of a frame, upon which 
 the body of the sufferer was stretched 
 till the joints were dislocated. Hence, 
 
 To Rack, 1. To stretch upon the 
 rack. 2. To affect with extreme 
 pain. 
 
 To Excruciate is to inflict the most 
 severe pain, like that of crucifixion. 
 (L., crux, a cross.) 
 
 Agony is, properly, pain so extreme 
 as to cause contortions of the body 
 
262 
 
 MENTAL STATES. 
 
 similar to tnose of persons engaged in 
 wrestling. Hence, extreme pain either 
 of body or mind. (Gr., ayav [agon], 
 a contest, as of wrestlers.) 
 
 Anguish is extreme mental pain, 
 as that arising from sorrow, remorse, 
 or despair. (L., ango, to choke.) 
 
 Misery is great distress either of 
 body or mind. 
 
 Wretchedness is extreme misery. 
 
 A Wretch is a person whose con- 
 dition is extremely miserable. 
 
 4. The Lessening of Pain. 
 
 To EASE is to cause to be less se- 
 vere; as, to ease pain. 
 
 To Soothe is to soften; as, to 
 soothe a bodily smart; to soothe men- 
 tal distress. 
 
 To Mitigate is to render mild ; as, 
 to mitigate the severity of pain. (L., 
 mitis, mild.) 
 
 To Assuage is to render moderate; 
 as, to assuage grief or affliction. 
 
 To Allay is to lay to rest ; as, to 
 allay pain, fever, appetite, thirst, etc. 
 (al for ad, to or by; and lay.) 
 
 To Alleviate is to lighten; as, to 
 alleviate pain. See Art. Weight. 
 
 To Relieve is to lighten of, either 
 partially or entirely; as, to relieve a 
 toothache; to relieve a want. See 
 Art. Weight. 
 
 5. Grief. 
 
 GRIEF is 1. The pain of mind 
 produced by loss or misfortune. 2. 
 The pain of mind produced by our 
 own misconduct. 
 
 To Grieve is, 1. To feel pain of 
 mind on account of loss, misfortune, 
 or our own misconduct. (L., gravis, 
 heavy. See Art. Weight.) 
 
 Sorrow is a moderate grief. 
 
 Sorry, affected with sorrow. 
 
 Regret is sorrow for something 
 that we have lost, have done, or have 
 neglected to do. 
 
 To Repine is to feel discontented 
 and dejected on account of suffering 
 or privation. 
 
 To Mourn is to feel grief or sor- 
 row. 
 
 To Lament is to express grief or 
 sorrow by cries or words. 
 
 Weeping consists in the shedding 
 of tears, and is generally an expres- 
 sion of grief. 
 
 To Wail is to grieve audibly. 
 
 To Bewail is to express sorrow for ; 
 as, to bewail the misfortunes of a 
 friend. 
 
 A Moan is an audible expression 
 of sorrow or suffering. 
 
 To Bemoan is to express sorrow 
 for; as, to bemoan the loss of a son. 
 
 To Deplore is to feel and express 
 deep and poignant "grief for; as, to 
 deplore the death of a friend. (L., 
 de, concerning; and jploro, to weep.) 
 
 6. To Complain. 
 
 To COMPLAIN is to utter expres- 
 sions of grief, uneasiness, or censure. 
 
 A Murmur is a complaint half sup- 
 pressed, or uttered in a low muttering 
 tone. — Webster. 
 
 Queror, to complain. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Queremonious, disposed to com- 
 plain; as, a queremonious temper. 
 
 Querulous, 1. Habitually com- 
 plaining; as, a querulous man. 2. 
 Expressing complaint; as, a quer- 
 ulous tone of voice. 
 
 7. Care. 
 
 CARE implies an apprehension of 
 evil prompting an attention to the 
 means of preventing or avoiding the 
 evil. From 
 
 Cura. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Cure, to heal by the exercise of 
 medipal care. 
 
 Cure, a spiritual care or oversight; 
 as, the cure of souls. 
 
 Accurate, lit, executed with care. 
 Hence, in exact conformity to a 
 standard, rule, or model ; as, an accu- 
 rate piece of workmanship ; an accu- 
 rate expression. 
 
 Accuracy, or Accurateness, the pre- 
 cision which results from care. 
 
 Concern is thoughtfulness in re- 
 gard to things which affect our inter- 
 ests. 
 
 A Concern is anything that affects 
 our interests, or which seriously en- 
 gages our time and attention. 
 
 Solicitude is uneasiness occasioned 
 
MENTAL STATES. 
 
 263 
 
 by the fear of evil and the desire of 
 good. 
 
 Anxiety is a state of painful un- 
 easiness respecting things that are 
 uncertain. (L., ango, to choke.) 
 
 8. To Trouble, etc. 
 
 To TROUBLE is to affect either 
 unpleasantly or painfully. 
 
 Inconvenience is a slight degree 
 of trouble, arising from the want of a 
 proper adjustment of things, or from 
 the absence of something desirable, 
 or from the presence of something 
 that is in the way. See Convenient. 
 
 To Incommode is to subject to in- 
 convenience by the presence of things 
 that are undesirable. See Commodi- 
 ous. 
 
 To Disturb is to ruffle, or throw out 
 of a tranquil state. (L., turbo, to 
 throw into disorder.) 
 
 To Molest is to render uneasy. 
 (L., molestus, oppressive, from moles, 
 a heavy mass.) 
 
 To Annoy is to affect disagreeably 
 by continued or repeated acts. (L., 
 ad, to, and noceo, to do hurt.) 
 
 To Tease is to affect with petty an- 
 noyances. We may be teased by the 
 buzzing of a fly. 
 
 To Yen is, lit, to toss to and fro. 
 The sea is vexed by a tempest. Hence, 
 To disquiet by a series of acts or oc- 
 currences that are contrary to the 
 wishes. (L., vexo [yexatuni], to toss 
 to and fro.) 
 
 To Plague is to annoy exceedingly. 
 
 To Torment is to annoy beyond 
 endurance. See Art. Pain. 
 
 To Harass is, 1. To force to pain- 
 ful exertions, coupled with painful 
 circumstances. The soldier is har- 
 assed who marches in perpetual fear 
 of an attack from the enemy, 2. To 
 weary with importunity, complaints, 
 or other annoyances. 
 
 To Afflict is to give either to the 
 body or to the mind pain of some 
 continuance. (L., ad, against, [the 
 ground] ; and fligo \_flictuni\, to 
 strike. 
 
 To Distress is to afflict greatly. 
 See To Bind Tight. 
 
 9. Weariness. 
 
 "WEARINESS is an uneasy sensa- 
 tion arising from the exhaustion of 
 the strength, by severe or continued 
 labor. 
 
 To Weary is, 1. To exhaust the 
 strength of the body by severe or 
 continued labor. 2. To harass by 
 anything irksome. 3. To exhaust 
 the patience by something continued 
 or frequently repeated. 
 
 To Tire is, 1. To render wean*. 
 2. To become weary. 
 
 Fatigue is weariness caused by la- 
 bor or exertion. 
 
 To Jade is to weary with forced ex- 
 ertions. The horse is jaded which is 
 forced on beyond his strength. 
 
 To Fag is to labor to weariness. 
 
 Lassitude is, 1. A general relaxa- 
 tion of the animal frame which ren- 
 ders a person susceptible of being 
 wearied by slight exertions. 2. The 
 uneasy sensation which is depend- 
 ent upon a relaxation of the frame, 
 either by excessive exertion, or by in- 
 cipient disease. (L., lassus, for laxus 
 relaxed.) 
 
 To Irk is to weary the patience 
 in the bearing, or in the doing of a. 
 thing. 
 
 Irksome, wearying to the patience ; 
 as, an irksome task. 
 
 Tedium is weariness caused by 
 continuance. 
 
 Tedious, wearisome by continu- 
 ance. 
 
 10. Misfortune. 
 
 FORTUNE is whatever happens 
 to us, whether it be advantageous or 
 disadvantageous. (L.,fors, chance.) 
 
 Misfortune is ill fortune, (mis, ill.) 
 
 A Misfortune is any untoward 
 event which affects our happiness or 
 prosperity. 
 
 A Calamity is a great misfortune. 
 (L., calamus, a stalk of corn, because 
 hail, or whatever injured the stalks 
 of corn, was termed a calamity.) 
 
 A Disaster is a sudden occurrence 
 seriously affecting the persons or 
 property of individuals, (dis, un- 
 lucky ; and aa-r^ev \_astron~\, a star, 
 
264 
 
 MENTAL STATES. 
 
 misfortunes having formerly been 
 supposed to be produced by the in- 
 fluence of unlucky stars. 
 
 Mischances and Mishaps are mis- 
 fortunes of a trivial nature. 
 
 11. Injury. 
 
 INJURY is, 1. What happens con- 
 trary to right. 2. Whatever ill be- 
 falls an object by the external action 
 of other objects. (L., in, privative, 
 and jus, right. ) 
 
 Damage is injury which takes 
 away from the value of a thing. 
 (L., damnum, loss.) 
 
 Hurt is injury which destroys 
 the soundness of a thing. 
 
 Harm is injury which is attended 
 with trouble and inconvenience. 
 
 Mischief is evil which interrupts 
 the harmony and consistency of 
 things. (Fr., mis, amiss, and chever, 
 to perform.) 
 
 Detriment is injury that affects 
 the value of a thing, or the pecuni- 
 ary interests of a person. (L., de, 
 away, and tero [trituni], to wear by 
 rubbing. ) 
 
 Prejudice is a species of injury 
 which lowers a thing in the estima- 
 tion of others. (L.,prce, beforehand, 
 and judico, to judge.) 
 
 12. Love. 
 
 LOVE is a complex state of mind 
 embracing, 1st. A pleasant emotion 
 in view of the object; and, 2d. A 
 desire to do good to that object, — 
 Upham. 
 
 Attachment is a feeling that binds 
 a person to an object. (Attach, to 
 join or fasten to.) 
 
 To Like is to be pleased with in a 
 moderate degree. 
 
 Tender, sensitively alive to what- 
 ever affects the happiness or comfort 
 of the object beloved; as, a tender re- 
 gard. 
 
 Affection is a tender love. 
 
 Fond, 1. Foolishly tender; as, a 
 fond mother. 2. Delighted with. A 
 child is fond of play. 
 
 To Fondle is to treat with fondness. 
 A nurse fondles her child. 
 
 Dear, tenderly beloved. 
 
 To Endear is "to render dear. 
 
 Endearment is, 1. That which ex- 
 cites or increases affection. 2. The 
 state of being beloved. 
 
 A Darling is a dearly-beloved ob- 
 ject. (Dim. of dear.) 
 
 Carus, or Charus, dear. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Caress, to treat with fondness. 
 
 Cherisli, 1. To treat with affection. 
 2. To hold as dear. 
 
 Charity, lit., love or endearment. 
 Hence, 1. Supreme love to God and 
 universal good-will to men. — 1 Cor. 
 xiii. 2. A disposition to judge fa- 
 vorably of the words and actions of 
 men. 3. Liberality to the poor. 
 
 4. Tenderness springing from natural 
 relations. 
 
 By thee, 
 Founded in reason, loyal, just, and pure, 
 Relations clear, and all the charities 
 Of father, son, and brother, first were known. — 
 
 Milton. 
 
 5. The charities of life include all the 
 ties of love and friendship, the attach- 
 ments resulting from kindredship and 
 neighborhood, together with the inter- 
 change of kind offices. 
 
 A Charity is, 1. An act of kindness 
 to the poor. 2. A charitable institu- 
 tion. 
 
 To Dote on, or upon, is to love ex- 
 cessively. 
 
 Friendship is an attachment pro- 
 ceeding from intimacy and an inter- 
 change of kind offices. 
 
 Amicus, a friend. (L., from amo, 
 to love.) Hence, 
 
 Amity, friendship. 
 
 Amicable, friendly. 
 
 To Estrange is to cause those who 
 have been friends to feel toward each 
 other as strangers. 
 
 To Alienate is to estrange ; as, to 
 alienate the heart or affections. (L., 
 alienus, strange.) 
 
 To Reconcile is to restore good 
 feeling between parties who have 
 been estranged from each other. 
 
 13. Kindness. 
 KIND, 1. Disposed to do good to 
 others. 2. Proceeding from a desire 
 
MENTAL STATES. 
 
 265 
 
 to promote the happiness, comfort, 
 or convenience of others; as, a kind 
 act. 
 
 Humanus, pertaining to, or suitable 
 to man. (L., from homo, a man.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Humane, disposed to treat others 
 with kindness.- 
 
 Humanity, 1. Kindness of feeling. 
 2. The exercise of kindness. See 
 Art. Man. 
 
 Bene, kindly. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Benevolent, entertaining kind 
 •wishes. (L., volens, wishing.) 
 
 Beneficent, performing kind acts. 
 (L.,facio, to perform.) 
 
 Benefaction, a favor conferred. (L., 
 facio. ) 
 
 Benefit, 1. An act of kindness. 
 2. Advantage or profit, 
 
 Benignus, kindly disposed. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Benign, of a kind disposition. 
 
 Benignity is kindness of disposi- 
 tion. 
 
 Favor is kindness manifested by 
 acts. (h.,faveo, to befriend or coun- 
 tenance.) 
 
 Grace is free and unmerited favor 
 shown by a superior to an inferior or 
 dependent. (L., gratia, favor.) 
 
 Gracious, condescendingly kind to 
 inferiors or dependents; as, a gra- 
 cious sovereign. 
 
 Pity is an emotion excited by the 
 distress of another. 
 
 Compassion is, lit., a suffering with 
 another. (L., con, together; and pa- 
 tior, to suffer.) Hence, a sensation 
 of sorrow excited by the distress or 
 misfortunes of another. 
 
 Sympathy is a sharing in the feel- 
 ings of another. (Gi\, a-w [syn], to- 
 gether ; and mbo; [pathos~], an affec- 
 tion or feeling.) 
 
 Note. — We may sympathize with another, 
 either in his joys or his sorrows ; jet, the terms 
 sympathy and sympathize are more commonly 
 \ised in reference to a sharing of the sorrows of 
 others. 
 
 Mercy is the exercise of forbear- 
 ance by a superior toward an inferior 
 who has offended him. (L., miseri- 
 cors, pitiful.) 
 
 Ruth, tenderness. (Obsolete.) 
 
 Ruthless, insensible to the miseries 
 of others. 
 
 To Commiserate is to pity. (L., 
 con, together; and wiser, wretched.) 
 
 Mild, not severe toward offenders. 
 
 Clemens, mild. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Clemency, mildness in the treat- 
 ment of offenders. 
 
 Charity, kindness to the poor. See 
 Art. Love. 
 
 Alms consist in anything gratui- 
 tously given to relieve the poor. (Gr., 
 ikm/uuo-vm [elcemosyne~], pity ; from t\nco 
 {eleeo\ to pity.) 
 
 Almoner, a distributor of alms. 
 
 Eleemosynary, 1. Given in alms; 
 as eleemosynary taxes. 2. Relating 
 to alms ; as, an eleemosynary institu- 
 tion. 
 
 14. Gratitude. 
 
 GRATITUDE is a sentiment of 
 good-will toward a benefactor. 
 
 Grateful, having a due sense of 
 benefits received. 
 
 To Thank is to express gratitude 
 for favors. 
 
 Thankfulness is an inclination to 
 give expression to one's feelings of 
 gratitude. 
 
 Ingrate, unthankful. 
 
 An Ingrate is an unthankful 
 wretch. 
 
 An Acknowledgment is an ex- 
 pression of thanks. 
 
 15. Cruelty. 
 
 CRUEL, disposed to give pain to 
 others. 
 
 Ferocious, characterized by the 
 cruelty of the beasts of prey; as, a 
 ferocious lion, ferocious savages. 
 (L., fera, a wild beast.) 
 
 Savage, characterized by the cru- 
 elty of wild men ; as, a savage dispo- 
 sition. (Savage, a wild man, from 
 Fr., sauvage, wild.) 
 
 Barbarous, characterized by the 
 cruelty of uncivilized nations. (Bar 
 barous, uncivilized.) 
 
 16. Self Esteem. 
 PRIDE is the valuing of one's 
 self on account of one's talents, 
 
 
266 
 
 MENTAL STATES. 
 
 wealth, rank, power, acquirements, 
 etc. 
 
 Proud, valuing one's-self on ac- 
 count of one's superiority. 
 
 Vanity is an empty or frivolous 
 pride. 
 
 Vain, elated with an empty or 
 frivolous pride. 
 
 Conceited, entertaining too high 
 an opinion of one's-self. 
 
 Self-conceit is an over-estimate of 
 one's own abilities. 
 
 Haughtiness includes a high opin- 
 ion of one's-self, with a mixture of 
 contempt for others. (Fr., haut, 
 high.) 
 
 17. To Boast. 
 
 To BOAST is to speak ostenta- 
 tiously of what belongs to, or has 
 been performed by, one's-self. 
 
 To Vaunt is to boast loudly of 
 one's own worth or achievements. 
 
 To Glory is to hold as being 
 highly to one's credit. 
 
 To Brag is to tell boastful stories ; 
 as, to brag of an exploit. 
 
 A Braggart or Braggadocio is a 
 boastful fellow. 
 
 To Swagger is to boast or brag 
 noisily. 
 
 A Rodomont is a vain boaster. 
 
 Rodomontade is vain boasting. 
 
 18. Anger. 
 
 ANGER is a sudden discomposure 
 of mind produced by some injury re- 
 ceived, and usually accompanied with 
 a desire to take revenge, or to obtain 
 satisfaction . 
 
 Resentment is a continued anger. 
 (Fr., ressentir, from L., re, again, and 
 sentio, to feel.) 
 
 Wrath is a hightened sentiment 
 of anger entertained by a superior 
 toward an inferior. 
 
 Ire is wrath. (A word used chiefly 
 by the poets. L., ira, anger.) 
 
 Indignation is a strong feeling -of 
 anger, excited by the unworthy or 
 atrocious conduct of others. (L., in- 
 dignus, unworthy.) 
 
 Choler is a high grade of angry 
 excitement, accompanied with a de- 
 
 rangement of the functions of the 
 animal economy. The visage be- 
 comes suddenly pale, the milk of a 
 nurse is .rendered poisonous, and an 
 excessive secretion of bile takes place, 
 from which last circumstance the af- 
 fection derives its name. (Gr., %gk» 
 [clioW], bile.) 
 
 Rage is violent anger. 
 
 To Rage is to speak and act from 
 the impulse of violent and ungovern- 
 able anger. In a Jig. sense, a storm 
 rages. We speak, also, of a raging 
 fever, a raging thirst, etc. 
 
 To Enrage is to excite to violent 
 anger. 
 
 Fury is an excess of rage. 
 
 Infuriate, excited to fury. 
 
 To Infuriate, to excite to fury. 
 
 Furious, transported with fury. 
 
 A Passion is a fit of violent anger. 
 
 A Pet is a slight fit of anger. 
 
 A Miff is a slight degree of re- 
 sentment. 
 
 Sullenness is anger characterized 
 by gloom and silence. 
 
 Sulkiness is anger characterized 
 by silence, and an indisposition to be 
 pleased with anybody or anything. 
 
 To Pout is, 1. To push out the lips. 
 2. To look sullen. 
 
 19. To Quarrel. 
 
 To QUARREL is to dispute with 
 loud and angry words. 
 
 To Wrangle is to dispute angrily. 
 
 A Wrangler is, 1. An angry dis- 
 putant. 2. At the University of Cam- 
 bridge, in England, wranglers are 
 those who attain the highest honors 
 in the public mathematical examina- 
 tions for the degree of bachelor of 
 arts. — Brande. 
 
 To Jangle is to dispute ill-humor- 
 edly. 
 
 To Altercate is to dispute with 
 warmth. (L., altercor, to debate.) 
 
 To Bicker is to engage in petty 
 altercation. 
 
 To Brawl is to quarrel noisily. 
 
 To Pique is, lit., to prick. Hence, 
 To excite a degree of anger by a per- 
 sonal offense. 
 
 To Chafe is, lit, to irritate the 
 
MENTAL STATES. 
 
 26; 
 
 skin by rubbing. Hence, To excite to 
 anger by repeated acts of a disagree- 
 able character. 
 
 A Broil is a noisy quarrel. 
 
 A Squabble is a petty quarrel. 
 
 A Fray, or An Affray is a sudden 
 and violent quarrel. See To Fight. 
 
 A Feud is an inveterate and deadly 
 quarrel between two families, or be- 
 tween parties in a state. 
 
 To Scold is to quarrel clamor- 
 ously and rudely. 
 
 A Scold is a clamorous, rude, foul- 
 mouthed woman. 
 
 Soolds answer foul-mouthed scolds. — Swift. 
 
 A Termagant is a brawling, scold- 
 ing woman. 
 
 A Shrew is a peevish, brawling 
 woman. 
 
 A Vixen is a turbulent, passionate 
 
 20. To Make Angry. 
 
 To Displease is, lit., to affect un- 
 pleasantly. Hence, To make slightly 
 angry. 
 
 Displeasure is a slight degree of 
 anger. 
 
 To Irritate is to excite to anger 
 by slight but repeated acts of a dis- 
 pleasing character. 
 
 To Xettle is, lit., to sting with 
 nettles. Hence, To excite a slight 
 and temporary feeling of anger by a 
 pungent remark. 
 
 To Offend is, lit., to strike against. 
 Hence, To make angry (L., ob, 
 against; and fendo, to strike.) 
 
 Offense is moderate anger. 
 
 To Provoke is to rouse the angry 
 feelings of any one by offensive words 
 or actions. (L., provoco, to challenge.) 
 
 Provocation, 1. Anything that ex- 
 cites anger. 2. The act of exciting 
 anger. 
 
 To Exasperate is to make exceed- 
 ingly angry. (L., ex, intensive; and 
 aspero, to roughen.) 
 
 To Affront is to offend grossly, 
 as if by flinging something into the 
 person's face. (L., ad, against; and 
 frons [frontis~\. the forehead.) 
 
 To Incense is to inflame with an- 
 
 ger. (L., incendo, [incensum], to set 
 on fire.) 
 
 To Insult is to offend by treating 
 with indignity. (L., in, upon; and 
 salio \_sultum~], to leap.) 
 
 21. To Express Anger. 
 
 To Fume is lit., to give vent to 
 smoke. Hence, To manifest anger 
 by noisy and violent language. 
 
 To Storm is to send forth a tem- 
 pest of angry words. 
 
 22. Susceptibility of being made 
 Angry. 
 
 IRRITABLE, easily excited to 
 anger. 
 
 Techy, or Touchy, very irritable. 
 (Susceptible of being made angry by 
 a touch.) 
 
 Irascible, very susceptible of anger. 
 (L., ira, anger.) 
 
 Testy, easily irritated. 
 
 Hasty, properly, acting with too 
 great haste. Hence, Prone to be sud- 
 denly excited to anger before reflec- 
 tion or reason has time to operate. 
 
 Passionate, prone to sudden sallies 
 of anger. 
 
 Snappish, properly, given to snap- 
 ping; as, a snappish cur. Hence, 
 Readily provoked to tart or angry re- 
 plies. 
 
 \Yaspish, susceptible of being ex- 
 cited to anger by the slightest trifles. 
 ( Wasp.) 
 
 23. Ill Will 
 
 IXBIICUS, unfriendly. (L., in, 
 not; and amicus, friendly) Hence, 
 
 Enmity, a fixed or rooted hatred. 
 
 Enemy, one who hates another, and 
 wishes him harm, or attempts to do 
 him harm. 
 
 Inimical, having the temper or dis- 
 position of an enemy. 
 
 Hostis, an enemy. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Hostile, 1. Pertaining to a public 
 enemy; as, a hostile band. 2. Enter- 
 taining or manifesting a strong feel- 
 ing of opposition to persons, measures, 
 or interests. 
 
 Hostility, 1. Thestateof war between 
 
268 
 
 MENTAL STATES. 
 
 nations.. 2. Bitter opposition to per- 
 sons, measures, or interests. 
 
 Malevolens, wishing ill. (L., male, 
 ill; and volens, wishing.) Hence, 
 
 Malevolent, delighting in the suf- 
 ferings or misfortunes of others. 
 
 Malignus, ill-disposed toward oth- 
 ers. {Malus, evil. L.) Hence, 
 
 Malign, 1. Ill-disposed ; as, malign 
 spirits. 2. In astrology, Unfavorable; 
 as, planets of malign aspect. 
 
 Malignant, 1. Characterized by ex- 
 treme malevolence ; as, a malignant 
 feeling; a malignant design. 2. Vir- 
 ulent; as, a malignant fever. 
 
 Malignity, 1. Extreme malevolence. 
 2. Virulence; as, the malignity of a 
 disease. 
 
 Malitia, badness, from malus, bad. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Malice, a disposition to injure oth- 
 ers, whether Avith or without cause. 
 
 Ranceo, to grow stale. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Rancor, inveterate (old) and bitter 
 hatred. 
 
 Spite is a petty kind of malice, 
 characterized by a disposition to of- 
 fend another in trifling matters. 
 
 A Pique is a spiteful feeling of 
 recent date occasioned by a personal 
 offense. 
 
 A Grudge is a spiteful or rancorous 
 feeling of long standing, which has 
 had its origin in a personal offense. 
 
 Spleen is ill humor. 
 
 Animosity is violent hatred leading 
 to active opposition. 
 
 Gall is, lit, a bitter liquid secreted 
 by the liver. Fig., Malignity. 
 
 Venom is, lit, a poisonous liquid 
 discharged from the fangs of a ser- 
 pent in biting. Fig., Malice. 
 
 An Adversary is one who is ad- 
 verse to us in feeling or action. (L., 
 ad, against; and versus, turned.) 
 
 A Foe is a malignant enemy. 
 
 24. Revenge. 
 
 REVENGE is the infliction of in- 
 jury for injury received. 
 
 To Avenge is to punish in behalf 
 of another. 
 
 To Revenge is to punish in behalf 
 of one's-self 
 
 Vengeance is pain inflicted for an 
 injury received or a wrong committed. 
 
 To Retaliate is to return evil for 
 evil, (or like for like.) (L., re, back; 
 and talis, like.) 
 
 Tit-for-tai is retaliation, or return- 
 ing like for like, in an evil sense. 
 
 Vindictive, revengeful; as, a vin- 
 dictive spirit. 
 
 25. Dislike. 
 
 To HATE is to have a strong feel- 
 ing of dislike toward. 
 
 Hate, or Hatred, is a strong feeling 
 of dislike. 
 
 Odium, hatred. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Odium, the hatred incurred by 
 some unpopular act. 
 
 Odious, hateful. 
 
 To Abhor is to start back with hor- 
 ror from the contemplation of some- 
 thing that is repugnant to our moral 
 feelings. (L., ab, from ; and horreo, 
 to shudder.) 
 
 To Detest is to feel a strong dislike 
 toward evil-doing and evil-doers. (L., 
 detestor, to call to witness against.) 
 
 To Abominate is to hold in religious 
 abhorrence. Swine's flesh is an 
 abomination to a Jew. (L. , ab, against ; 
 and ominor, to wish ill luck.) 
 
 To Loathe is to regard with a strong 
 feeling of disgust, either physical or 
 moral. The stomach loathes offensive 
 food. 
 
 They with their filthiness 
 Polluted this same gentle soil long time, 
 That their own mother loathed their beastli- 
 ness. — Sjpense?\ 
 
 Aversion is, lit, a turning away. 
 Hence, A strong dislike; as, an aver- 
 sion to subjection. (L., a, away; and 
 versus, turned.) 
 
 An Antipathy is, lit, a feeling 
 against. Hence, A natural aversion. 
 The mouse has an antipathy to the 
 cat. (Gi\, avn \_anti~], against; and 
 7rx8itA \_patheia~], a feeling.) 
 
 MI2EO [Miseo], to hate. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Misanthropy, a hatred of mankind. 
 (Gr., a.vQpa>7rs( [anthropos~\, a man.) 
 
 Misogamy, a hatred of marriage. 
 (Gr., >^wcf \_gamos~], a marriage.) 
 
MENTAL STATES. 
 
 269 
 
 26. Contempt. 
 
 To CONTEMN" is to have a mean 
 opinion of any one. 
 
 Contempt is a mean opinion of any- 
 one. 
 
 To Despise is to look down upon 
 as mean, or as not worthy of regard. 
 (L., de, down; and spccio, to look.) 
 
 To Scorn is to hold in extreme 
 contempt. 
 
 To Disdain is to consider as un- 
 worthy of our notice or regard. (L., 
 dis, not; and dignus, worthy.) 
 
 To Scoff at is to treat with inso- 
 lent ridicule and contumelious lan- 
 guage. (Gr., o-KC67rra> \_scopto~\, to 
 ridicule.] 
 
 To Gibe is to use expressions of 
 mockery and contempt. 
 
 To Sneer is to express contempt 
 by turning up the nose. 
 
 27. Emulation. 
 
 To EMULATE is to strive to equal 
 or excel others. 
 
 To Vie is to strive for superiority. 
 
 To Outvie is to surpass. 
 
 To Rival is to be equal to another 
 in any excellence. 
 
 Rivals are persons who strive for 
 the attainment of an object which can 
 be possessed only by one. (L., ripa, 
 the bank of a river.) 
 
 Note. — The term rival derived its origin and 
 signification from the circumstance, that the in- 
 habitants of the opposite banks of rivers fre- 
 quently entertained hostile feelings toward each 
 other. 
 
 To Compete is to strive together 
 for the same object. (L., con, to- 
 gether; saidpeto, to seek. 
 
 Competitors are persons striving 
 for an object which can be obtained 
 only by one. 
 
 Jealousy is that passion or peculiar 
 uneasiness which arises from the fear 
 that a rival may rob us of the affec- 
 tion of one whom we love, or the sus- 
 picion that he has already done it ; or 
 it is the uneasiness which arises 
 from the fear that another does or 
 will enjoy some advantage which we 
 desire for ourselves. — Webster. 
 
 Envy is pain, uneasiness, mortifica- 
 
 tion, or discontent, excited by the 
 sight of another's superiority or suc- 
 cess. — Webster. 
 
 28. To Laugh. 
 
 To LAUGH is to make the noise 
 that sudden merriment excites. 
 
 To Titter is to laugh with re- 
 straint. 
 
 To Giggle is to laugh with short 
 catches of breath. 
 
 To Snicker, or Snigger, is to laugh 
 with small and audible catches of 
 voice. 
 
 Rideo [ristim], to laugh. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 To Ridicule, to laugh at that which 
 impresses us as being absurd or irra- 
 tional. 
 
 To Deride, to laugh at with con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Derision, contemptuous laughter. 
 
 To Mock is, 1. To make contemp- 
 tuous sport. 2. To imitate in de- 
 rision. (Fr., moquer, to laugh at.) 
 
 29. To Smile. 
 
 To SMILE is to contract the fea- 
 tures of the face in such a manner as 
 to express pleasure, kindness, love, or 
 a slight degree of contempt. 
 
 To Smirk is to smile affectedly. 
 
 To Simper is to smile in a silly 
 manner. 
 
 To Grin is to set the teeth together, 
 and to withdraw the lips as in mirth, 
 anger, or anguish. 
 
 30. The Causation of Laughter or 
 Mirth. 
 
 LUDICROUS, adapted to excite 
 laughter without contempt. (L., In- 
 dus, sport.) 
 
 Comic, fitted to excite mirth; as, a 
 comic song. 
 
 Comical, causing laughter; as, a 
 comical incident. 
 
 Droll, adapted by its oddness to di- 
 vert. 
 
 Burlesque' consists in an assem- 
 blage of ideas adapted, by their ex- 
 travagant discordance, to excite laugh- 
 ter. 
 
 To Burlesque is to turn into ridi- 
 cule, as by treating a low or trifling 
 
270 
 
 MENTAL STATES. 
 
 subject with gravity; or, conversely, 
 by treating a grave subject in a lu- 
 dicrous manner. 
 
 To Travesty is to translate into 
 such language as to render ridiculous 
 or ludicrous. (Fr., tra, over; and 
 vestir, to clothe.) 
 
 A Buffoon is a man whose profes 
 sion is to make sport by low jests and 
 antic gestures. 
 
 A Merry-Andrew is one whose 
 business is to make sport for others. 
 
 A Clown is, properly, an awkward 
 countryman. Hence, one who, by 
 feigned awkwardness and rusticity, 
 makes sport for others. 
 
 A Jest is something ludicrous ut- 
 tered and meant only to excite laugh- 
 ter. 
 
 A Joke is, 1. Something said for 
 the sake of exciting a laugh. 2. A 
 trick played on a person. 
 
 A Pleasantry is a good-natured 
 remark designed to excite a smile at 
 the expense of another person. 
 
 Raillery is good-humored pleas- 
 antry or slight satire. 
 
 To Rally is to attack with raillery. 
 
 To Banter is to joke or jest with 
 another person for the purpose of 
 raising a laugh at his expense. 
 
 31. Fear. 
 
 FEAR is a painful emotion excited 
 by the presence of danger, or the ex- 
 pectation of evil. 
 
 Fearful, 1. Influenced by fear; as, 
 fearful to offend. 2. Entertaining 
 fear ; as, to be fearful of the conse- 
 quences of an act. 3. Easily affected 
 with fear. Them that are of a fear- 
 ful heart. — Isaiah. 4. Adapted to 
 inspire fear; as, a fearful punish- 
 ment. 
 
 To Apprehend is to feel uneasiness 
 at the thought of possible evil that 
 may befall us. See Art. To Take 
 Hold of 
 
 Apprehension is uneasiness at the 
 thought of possible evil. 
 
 Apprehensive, uneasy at the thought 
 of possible evil. 
 
 Afraid, 1. Apprehensive of evil. 
 2. Lacking courage to meet danger. 
 
 Dread is great fear. 
 
 To Dread, to be in great fear. 
 
 Bread, (adj.,) 1. Terrible. 
 
 "To stand against the deep, dread, bolted 
 thunder. ' ' —Shahspeare. 
 
 2. Awful; as. Jehovah's dread tribu- 
 nal; the dread moment of death ; a 
 dread sovereign; the king's dread 
 majesty. 
 
 To Scare is to affect with sudden 
 fear. 
 
 Fright is sudden and violent fear. 
 
 To Fright, Frighten, or Affright, 
 is to affect with sudden and violent 
 fear. 
 
 A Panic is a sudden fright without 
 cause. 
 
 An Alarm is a cry, or other signal, 
 giving notice of danger. Lit, a cry 
 to arms. (Fr., al, for, ad, to, and 
 armes. ) 
 
 Alarm is the sensation excited by 
 any sudden signal announcing the 
 approach of danger. 
 
 To Daunt is to repress the courage 
 by danger. 
 
 To Dismay is to prostrate the cour- 
 age by sudden and great danger. 
 
 Terreo, to frighten. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Terror, extreme fear, excited by 
 the apprehension of some impend- 
 ing catastrophe. 
 
 To Terrify, to affect with terror. 
 
 To Appall is to unnerve the mind 
 with extreme terror. Properly, to 
 make pale with fear. (L.., ad, inten- 
 sive, and palleo, to be pale.) 
 
 Consternation is a mixed emotion 
 of terror and amazement, that con- 
 founds the faculties, and incapaci- 
 tates a person for deliberation or ac- 
 tion. (L., consierno, to strike down.) 
 
 Timeo, to fear. (L. ) Hence, 
 
 Timid, naturally destitute of cour- 
 age to meet danger. 
 
 Timorous, destitute of courage. 
 
 Intimidate, to make afraid. 
 
 Tremo, to tremble. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Tremendous, that excites trembling. 
 Thunder and lightning may be tre- 
 mendous. 
 
 Redoubtable, terrible to foes; as 
 a redoubtable hero, (Fr., re, again, 
 and douter, to fear.) 
 
MENTAL STATES. 
 
 271 
 
 Trepido to tremble. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Trepidation, a trembling from fear. 
 
 Intrepid, fearless. 
 
 Intrejridiiy, fearlessness. 
 
 To Cow is. 1, To sink the cour- 
 age. 2. To oppress with habitual 
 timidity. 
 
 To Cower is to bend down through 
 fear. 
 
 A Coward is a person who wants 
 courage to meet danger. 
 
 Cowardice is a want of courage to 
 meet danger. 
 
 A Poltroon is an arrant coward. 
 
 A Dastard is one who meanly 
 sh rinks from danger. 
 
 A Craven was formerly one who 
 craved or begged for his life, when 
 vanquished in battle. Hence, A cow- 
 ardly wretch. 
 
 Faint, timorous. u Faint heart 
 never Avon fair lady." 
 
 Fainthearted, yielding easily to 
 fear. 
 
 Chickenhearted, cowardly. 
 
 Pusillanimous, lacking the strength 
 and firmness of mind which consti- 
 tute courage. (L., pusillus, small or 
 weak; and animus, the mind.) 
 
 Pusillanimity is a want of the 
 strength and firmness of mind which 
 constitute courage. 
 
 Awe is fear mingled with rever- 
 ence. 
 
 Horror is a mingled emotion of 
 fear and detestation, sometimes so 
 violent as to cause a shuddering. 
 (L., horreo, to shudder.) 
 
 To Quake is to tremble, as with vio- 
 lent fear. 
 
 To Shudder is to be affected with 
 a trembling, combined with a sense 
 of shrinking, caused by dread or 
 horror. 
 
 To Quail is to be affected with a 
 sudden sinking of the courage in the 
 presence of danger. 
 
 Shy, fearful of near approach ; as, 
 a shy bird. 
 
 Skittish, easily frightened; as, a 
 skittish horse. 
 
 32. Exemption from Fear. 
 
 BOLDNESS is a freedom from 
 fear, arising from a confidence in 
 our own ability to pass safely through 
 the dangers which lie in our way. 
 
 Courage duly appreciates danger, 
 but confronts it, nevertheless. 
 
 Bravery encounters danger with- 
 out waiting to calculate the probable 
 consequences. 
 
 Valor combines the fire of bravery 
 with determination and firmness of 
 courage. — Crabbe. (L., valeo, to be 
 strong.) 
 
 Gallantry is extraordinary brave- 
 ry, or bravery on extraordinary occa- 
 sions. — Crabbe. 
 
 To Dare is to have sufficient cour- 
 age for any purpose. 
 
 "I dare do all that may become a man." 
 Shalspeare. 
 
 Audacity is great boldness in doing 
 that which is wrong; (L., audeo, to 
 dare.) 
 
 Hardihood consists in a firm reso- 
 lution to meet consequences. 
 
 Temerity is an unreasonable con- 
 tempt of danger. 
 
 33. Shame. 
 
 SHAME is, 1. A painful sensation 
 excited by a consciousness of having 
 done something which lowers us in 
 the estimation of others. 2. Dis- 
 grace. 
 
 A Shame is a cause of shame. 
 
 To Blush is to give indications of 
 a feeling of shame by a reddening 
 of the face. 
 
 To Abash is to confuse or confound 
 by exciting suddenly a consciousness 
 of guilt, error, or inferiority. 
 
 Bashful, easily abashed. 
 
 Impudent, shameless. (L., in r not, 
 and pudeo, to be ashamed.) 
 
 Brazen-faced, incapable of blush- 
 ing, or of being affected by emotions 
 of shame. 
 
 34. Modesty. 
 _ MODESTY is, 1. The temper which 
 disposes us to make a fair and medium 
 estimate of our own ability or impor- 
 tance. 2. Unobtrusive deportment 
 
272 
 
 MENTAL STATES. 
 
 as opposed to forwardness or impu- 
 dence. 3. Purity of manners result- 
 ing from purity of thought. 
 
 Diffidence is a want of confidence 
 in one's own ability or competency. 
 (L., dis, privative, and jido, to trust.) 
 
 Bashfulness is excessive back- 
 wardness in speaking or acting in the 
 presence of others. 
 
 Sheepishness is extreme bashful- 
 
 ness. 
 
 35. Desire. 
 
 DESIRE is an inclination of the 
 mind toward anything that is adapted 
 to gratify. 
 
 A Wish is, 1. A desire. 2. A de- 
 sire expressed. 3. The thing desired. 
 
 A Longing is an impatient and 
 continued desire. We long for the 
 return of an absent friend. 
 
 A Hankering is an habitual desire 
 for that which is out of one's reach, 
 or for a gratification in which the in- 
 dividual does not dare to indulge ; as, 
 to hanker after fruit or the wine cup. 
 
 To Crave is to desire with vehe- 
 mence. 
 
 An Itching is an impatient or rest- 
 less desire to do, to say, or to hear. 
 
 To Covet is, 1. To desire beyond 
 due bounds. 
 
 If it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most of- 
 fending man alive. — Shales. 
 
 2. To have a strong and commend- 
 able desire. But covet earnestly the 
 best gifts. — 1 Cor. xii : 31. 
 
 Covetous, inordinately desirous of 
 acquiring money. 
 
 Sordid, meanly covetous. (L., sor- 
 didns, filthy.) 
 
 Hunger is the desire of food. 
 
 Thirst is the desire of drink. 
 
 Appetite is, 1. The natural desire 
 of pleasure or good; as, an appetite 
 for fame, glory, or riches. 2. A de- 
 sire of food or drink. (L., ad, after; 
 andpeto, to seek.) 
 
 Appetence, or Appetency, is, 1. De- 
 sire. 2. The disposition of organized 
 bodies to select and imbibe such por- 
 tions of matter as serve to support and 
 nourish them. — Webster. 
 
 36. To Ash 
 
 To ASK is to express to another 
 person our desire that he would favor 
 us with something which we suppose 
 to be in the power of the person ad- 
 dressed to grant. 
 
 To Request is simply to ask for 
 something. 
 
 To Pray, or To Petition, is to ad- 
 dress a formal request to a superior. 
 
 An Orison is a devotional prayer. 
 
 Slowly they bowed adoring, and began 
 Their orisons, each morning duly paid. — 
 Milton. 
 
 To Solicit is to ask with some de- 
 gree of earnestness. 
 
 To Beg is to ask with importunity. 
 
 To Beseech is to make an urgent 
 request 
 
 To Entreat is to request by the 
 force of reasoning and strong repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 To Supplicate is to ask humbly 
 and submissively. See Art. To Fold. 
 
 To Implore is to supplicate with 
 tears and other indications of dis- 
 tress. (L., ploro, to weep.) 
 
 To Crave is to ask under the deep- 
 est sense of need, and with the great- 
 est vehemence of desire. 
 
 To Importune is to weary by con- 
 tinued or frequent asking. 
 
 Precor [precatum], to pray. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Precarious, lit., obtained by prayer 
 or solicitation. Hence, 1. Depend- 
 ing on the will of another; as, a pre- 
 carious tenure. 2. Depending for 
 continuance on unforeseen events. 
 Life and health are precarious. 
 
 Deprecate, to pray that an evil 
 may be removed or averted, (de, 
 away.) 
 
 Imprecate, to pray that a curse or 
 calamity may fall on any one. (in, 
 upon.) 
 
 37. Hope. 
 
 HOPE is the desire of good, accom- 
 panied with, at least, a slight expecta- 
 tion of obtaining it. 
 
 Spero [speraturri], to hope. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Prosper, to succeed in business, 
 
LANGUAGE. 
 
 273 
 
 etc., according to one's liopes. {pro, 
 according to.) 
 
 Despair, the privation of hope. 
 (de, noting privation.) 
 
 Desperate, 1. Hopeless. 2. Prompt- 
 ed by a state of feeling bordering on 
 despair ; as, a desperate effort. 
 
 Desperado, one who, from the 
 hopeless state of his fortune, is re- 
 gardless of his safety or danger. 
 
 Desperation, 1. The condition of 
 being utterly without hope. 2. Dis- 
 regard of safety or danger, caused by 
 hopelessness of condition. Soldiers 
 sometimes fight with desperation. 
 
 Despondency is a privation of hope, 
 accompanied with a sinking of the 
 spirits, (de, privative; and spondeo, 
 to promise. Despondeo, the Latin 
 word from which despond comes, sig- 
 nifies, therefore, to cut off all hope 
 by formally saying to a person that 
 he can not have the thing which he 
 desires.) 
 
 Note. — Desperation impels to greater exer- 
 tions ; Despondency unnerves. 
 
 38. The Love of Property. 
 ACQUISITIVENESS is a propen- 
 sity to acquire. The bee and the ant 
 
 are examples of the acquisitive pro- 
 pensity. 
 
 Covetousness is the desire of pos- 
 session indulged to an inordinate or 
 sinful degree. 
 
 Avarice is a soul-absorbing love of 
 money. (L., aveo, to crave.) 
 
 Note. — Avarice disposes us not only for acqui- 
 sition, but also for hoarding and preserving 
 what we have. 
 
 No more thus brooding o'er yon heap, 
 With avarice painful vigils keep. 
 
 Cupidity is an eager desire of pos- 
 session directed toward a special ob- 
 ject. (L., cupio, to desire.) 
 
 A Miser is one who, for the love of 
 money, denies himself the common 
 enjoyments of life. (L., miser, miser- 
 able. ) 
 
 A Niggard is one who, from an in- 
 ordinate love of money, is meanly 
 close in his dealings and saving in 
 his expenditures. 
 
 A Store is a quantity of something 
 laid up for future use. 
 
 A Hoard is a quantity of some- 
 thing laid up for the mere pleasure of 
 accumulating. 
 
 Note. — Prudence stoyes. Avarice hoards. 
 
 OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 1. To Utter. 
 
 vocal 
 
 To Utter is to give forth 
 sounds. (For outer, to let out.) 
 
 To Articulate is, lit, to connect 
 by joints. Hence, To joint together 
 two or more elementary sounds of 
 the human voice, as when we com- 
 bine the sounds represented by the 
 letters b and a, so as to form the syl- 
 lable ba. (L,, articulus, a joint.) 
 
 To Mutter is to utter with imper- 
 fect articulations, or with a low mur- 
 muring voice. 
 
 To Sputter is to utter words has- 
 tily and indistinctly. 
 
 To Mumble is to utter with a low, 
 inarticulate voice. 
 
 To Lisp is to articulate certain ele- 
 mentary sounds imperfectly, especi- 
 18 
 
 ally to give to s the sound of th, as 
 when a person says yeth for yes. 
 
 Nuntio \_nuntialum~], to utter. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Pronounce, 1. To utter articulate 
 sounds. 2. To utter officially; as, 
 to pronounce sentence of death. 3. 
 To utter rhetorically; as, to pronounce 
 an oration. 4. To declare or affirm; 
 as, he pronounced the bill to be a 
 counterfeit. 
 
 Enunciate y 1. To utter as articulate 
 sounds. 2. To utter in due form; as, 
 to enunciate a proposition or truth. 
 (e, forth.) 
 
 Enunciation, I. The act of uttering. 
 2. The manner of uttering articulate 
 sounds. 
 
 Annunciate, to bring tidings, (ad, 
 to.) 
 
274 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 Announce, to give notice of. 
 
 Denounce, 1. To proclaim in a 
 threatening manner ; as, to denounce 
 war, or wrath. 2. To inform against; 
 as, to denounce a person for neglect 
 of duty. 
 
 Denunciation, the proclamation of 
 a threat. 
 
 2. Of Words. 
 
 A WORD is either a simple vocal 
 sound, as a or O ! ; a single articula- 
 tion, as an ; or a combination of ar- 
 ticulations, as animal, used as a sign 
 of an idea. 
 
 A Syllable is as much of a word 
 as can be uttered by a single impulse 
 of the voice. (Gr., nv \_syn], together; 
 and Axfiiiv [labeiii], to take.) 
 
 A Monosyllable is a word of one 
 syllable. (Gr., povos [inonos~\, one.) 
 
 A Dissyllable is a word of two 
 syllables, (di, two.) 
 
 A Trissy liable is a word of three 
 syllables, (tri, three.) 
 
 A Polysyllable is a word of many 
 syllables, (poly, many.) 
 
 Verbum, a word. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Verbal, 1. Pertaining to words ; as, 
 a verbal criticism. 2. Spoken (not 
 written) ; as, a verbal message. 
 
 Verbose, using more words than 
 necessary; as, a verbose speaker. 
 
 Verboseness or Verbosity, the em- 
 ployment of a superabundance of 
 words. 
 
 Verbiage, the use of many words 
 without necessity. 
 
 3. To Speak. 
 
 To SPEAK is to utter words. 
 
 Speech consists in the utterance 
 of articulate sounds for the convey- 
 ance of ideas, (from speak.) 
 
 A Language is a system of signifi- 
 cant vocal sounds used by some par- 
 ticular people. (L., lingua, the tongue, 
 because the tongue is a prominent 
 organ of speech.) 
 
 A Tongue is a language. 
 
 A Dialect is a provincial variety 
 of a language; as, the Scottish dia- 
 lect of the English language. 
 
 An Idiom is, 1. A form of expres- 
 
 sion peculiar to a language. 2. A 
 dialect. (Gr., iSm [idios'], peculiar.) 
 
 A Jargon is a confused, unintelli- 
 gible language. 
 
 To Gibber is to speak rapidly and 
 inarticulately. Hence, 
 
 Gibberish, unmeaning words. 
 
 To Talk is to speak familiarly. 
 
 To Converse is to talk together. 
 
 To Chat is to converse familiarly 
 on some unimportant subject. 
 
 To Chatter is to talk rapidly with- 
 out saying anything of importance 
 or interest. 
 
 A Chatterbox is an incessant talker. 
 
 To Jabber is to talk rapidly and 
 indistinctly. 
 
 To Babble is, 1. To talk senselessly 
 and much. Hence, 2. To tell secrets. 
 3. By the figure of personification the 
 poet speaks of babbling brooks. 
 
 To Gabble is to talk rapidly and 
 without meaning. 
 
 To Prate is to talk to little pur- 
 pose. 
 
 To Prattle is to talk much and 
 idly, after the manner of children. 
 (Freq. of prate.) 
 
 Garrio, to prate. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Garrulous, talking much of what 
 one has done, seen, or experienced. 
 
 Old age looks out, 
 And garrulous recounts the feats of youth. — 
 Thomson. 
 
 Garrulity, a talking much of what 
 we have ourselves done, or of what 
 has fallen under our own observation. 
 
 Pleased with that social, sweet garrulity 
 The poor, disbanded vet'ran's sole delight. — 
 Somerville. 
 
 To Discourse is to communicate 
 thoughts and ideas in a formal man- 
 ner. (L., dis, abroad; and curro, to 
 run, implying that discourse takes in 
 a wide range of thought.) 
 
 To Address is to speak to. 
 
 Address, 1. Manner of addressing; 
 as, a man of a pleasing address; a 
 man of an awkward address. 2. Skill. 
 
 An Address consists in words for- 
 mally addressed to a company of 
 hearers. 
 
 A Speech is a formal discourse ut- 
 tered in public. 
 
LANGUAGE. 
 
 275 
 
 A Harangue is an animated or 
 noisy speech addressed to a popular 
 audience. 
 
 A Lecture is a discourse read or 
 pronounced on any subject, for the 
 purpose of communicating informa- 
 tion. (L., lego [lectuni], to read.) 
 
 A Sermon is a discourse explana- 
 tory of a text or passage of Scripture. 
 
 An Orator is a public speaker. 
 
 An Oration is a speech pronounced 
 on some special occasion. (L., oro, 
 to utter with the mouth.) 
 
 Oratory is the art of speaking well 
 in addressing a public audience. 
 
 e PEn [Kheo], to speak. (Gr.) Hence. 
 
 Rhetoric, the science of oratory. 
 
 Loquor \locutum], to speak. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 . Loquacious, indulging in an im- 
 moderate propensity to talk. XTaci- 
 turn. 
 
 In council she gave license to her tongue, 
 Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong. — 
 Dry den. 
 
 Loquacity, immoderate indulgence 
 in a propensity to talk. 
 
 Too great loquacity, and too great taciturnity 
 by fits.— Arbuthnot. 
 
 Eloquent, speaking, fluently, ele- 
 gantly, and impressively, (e, forth.) 
 
 Colloquy, a conversation, (con, to- 
 gether.) 
 
 Soliloquy, a talking to one's-self. 
 (L., solus, alone.) 
 
 Grandiloquent, characterized by a 
 pompous, or bombastic style; as, a 
 grandiloquent discourse. (L., grandis, 
 lofty.) 
 
 Elocution, the utterance or delivery 
 of words in public discourses. 
 
 Interlocutor, one who speaks in a 
 dialogue, {inter, between.) 
 
 Circumlocution, a round about 
 form of expression, (circum, around.) 
 
 For [/ate], to speak. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Ineffable, that can not be spoken 
 or uttered; as, ineffable joys, (in, 
 not; and ex, out.) 
 
 Infant, one who is too young to be 
 able to speak, (in, not; and fans, 
 speaking.) 
 
 Affable, lit, easy to be spoken to. 
 Hence, condescending to free and 
 
 familiar conversation with inferiors ; 
 as, an affable prince. 
 
 Logos, a discourse. (Gr., from htya 
 [lego'], to speak.) Hence, logue, a 
 final syllable signifying a speech; as 
 in 
 
 Prologue, a piece spoken before the 
 commencement of a play, (pro, be- 
 fore. ) 
 
 Epilogue, a piece spoken after the 
 conclusion of a play, (epi, after.) 
 
 Dialogue, 1. A conversation be- 
 tween two or more persons. 2. A 
 written composition in which two or 
 more persons are represented as 
 speaking together, (dia, between.) 
 
 Monologue, 1. A soliloquy. 2. A 
 scene in which a dramatic performer 
 speaks by himself. (Gr., ^woc [mo r 
 nos~], alone.) 
 
 Apologue, a fable. 
 
 Decalogue, the Ten Command- 
 ments. (Gr., ten* \_deca~], ten.) 
 
 Catalogue, a list. 
 
 Hence, also, logy, a termination 
 which may be rendered a discourse 
 about, a treatise on, the doctrine of, 
 the science of, etc. ; as in 
 
 Zoology, the science of living 
 creatures. (Gr., |o>ov [zoon], a living 
 creature. 
 
 Ornithology, a discourse about 
 birds, a treatise on birds, or the sci- 
 ence of birds. (Gr., cgvi; [ornis, orni- 
 thos~], a bird.) 
 
 Ichthyolog, the science of fishes. 
 (Gr., i%b-j S [ichthys~\, a fish.) 
 
 Entomology, the science of insects. 
 (Gr., ivrcpov [entomon~\, an insect.) 
 
 Herpetology, the natural history of 
 reptiles. (Gr., i^?rnoc [herpetos~], a 
 reptile.) 
 
 Geology, the science which treats 
 of the structure of the earth, and of 
 the changes which its surface has un- 
 dergone. (Gr., yn \_ge~\, the earth.) 
 
 Paleontology, the science of the 
 fossil remains of animals and plants 
 now extinct, (Gr., 7r*\aio? \_palaios~], 
 ancient; and w [on, ontos~], a being.). 
 
 Astrology, the pretended science of 
 foretelling events from the aspects or 
 relative positions of the planets. 
 (Gr., ow-Tgov [astron], a star.) 
 
276 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 Theology, the science of divine 
 things. (Gr., e?ac [Theos], God.) 
 
 Demonology, a treatise on evil spir- 
 its. {Demon, an evil spirit.) 
 
 Martyrology, a history of the mar- 
 tyrs. 
 
 Horology, the scientific principles 
 on which the construction of instru- 
 ments for measuring time depends. 
 (Gr., £/>* {Jiora], time.) ' 
 
 Archaeology, a discourse on an- 
 tiquity. (Gr., ap%Aios [archaios], 
 ancient.) 
 
 Osteology, a description of bones. 
 (Gr., otrnov [osteon], a bone.) 
 
 AEEI2 [Lexis], a word. From xty® 
 [lego], to speak. Hence, 
 
 Lexicon, a word-book, or diction- 
 ary. 
 
 4. To Say. 
 
 To SAY is to utter in words. 
 
 To State is to represent in a 
 formal manner, the facts and circum- 
 stances connected with any matter. 
 (L., status, a fixed position.) 
 
 To Declare is, 1. To communicate 
 plainly to others by words. Whom 
 ye ignorantly worship, him declare I 
 unto you. — Acts, 2. To say posi- 
 tively ; as, he declares the story to be 
 false. (L., clarus, clear.) 
 
 To Affirm is, lit., to make firm. 
 Hence, to make a strong and positive 
 declaration of something that we 
 know. 2. To say that a thing is, in 
 contradistinction to saying that it is 
 not. K Deny. (L., firmus, strong.) 
 
 To Assert is to express confidently 
 what we believe. 
 
 To Asseverate is to make a strong 
 and solemn affirmation. 
 
 To Aver is to affirm positively 
 from a knowledge that what we state 
 is true. (Fr., averer, to bear witness 
 to the truth; from L., verus, true.) 
 
 To Protest is, 1. To affirm with so- 
 lemnity; as, to protest one's inno- 
 cence. (L., protestor. I call the 
 gods as witnesses to the truth of what 
 I say. Pro, for; and testis, a wit- 
 ness. ) 2. To make a solemn declara- 
 tion expressive of opposition; as, to 
 protest against a measure. 
 
 Dico, [dictum], to say. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Diction, style, either of speaking or 
 writing. 
 
 Predict, to say or tell beforehand. 
 (pro?, beforehand.) 
 
 Contradict, to affirm or assert the 
 contrary of what has been affirmed 
 or asserted by another. {contra, 
 against.) 
 
 Addict, among the ancients, to de- 
 vote one's-self, by a verbal engage- 
 ment, to the friendship or service of 
 another. Hence, to devote one's-self 
 to a habit or practice, (ad, to.) 
 
 $PAZn [Phrazo], to speak. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Phrase, a combination of two or 
 more words. 
 
 Phraseology, manner of expression. 
 
 To Paraphrase, to express the ideas 
 of an author in different words for 
 the purpose of rendering sense more 
 clear. 
 
 Periphrase, or Periphrasis, a cir- 
 cumlocution, (peri, around.) 
 
 Periphrastic, circumlocutory; as, a 
 periphrastic expression. 
 
 5. To Tell. 
 
 To TELL is to communicate events 
 and circumstances. 
 
 To Kelate is to give the particu- 
 lars of an event. 
 
 To Detail is to relate minutely. 
 
 To Narrate is to give the particu- 
 lars of a connected series of events. 
 (L., narro [narratmn], to tell.) 
 
 To Recount is to relate in detail. 
 (Fr., raconter, to tell over.) 
 
 To Rehearse is 1. To recount 
 events and transactions. 2. To re- 
 peat, by way of practice, a piece that 
 one has committed to memory. 
 
 To Recite is to tell over; as, to 
 recite the particulars of a journey. 
 
 An Account is a statement of ex- 
 isting facts, or a recital of transac- 
 tions and events. 
 
 A Story is an account, either ver- 
 bal or written, of a series of facts 
 and events. (Abbreviation of his- 
 tory. ) 
 
 A Tale is a feigned story. (From 
 tell.) 
 
LANGUAGE. 
 
 277 
 
 An Anecdote is a short story em 
 bodying some biographical incident. 
 
 A Fable is a feigned story designed 
 to instruct or amuse. 
 
 Fabulous, feigned ; as, a fabulous 
 story. 
 
 A Legend is, 1. A chronicle of the 
 lives of saints. 2. An incredible or 
 unauthentic narrative. (L., legenda, 
 to be read.) 
 
 Xtjntio [nuntiatum], to tell. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Denounce, 1. To inform against; 
 as, to denounce for neglect of duty. 
 2. To threaten ; as, to denounce war. 
 
 Announce, to give first notice. The 
 birth of the Savior was announced by 
 angels. 
 
 A Nuncio is 1. One who brings in- 
 telligence. 2. An embassador from 
 the Pope to an emperor. 
 
 6. Of Naming. 
 
 A NAME is a term applied to an 
 individual object, or class of objects, 
 to distinguish the individual, or class 
 from other individuals or classes. 
 
 Nomen [nominis], a name. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Nominal, existing in name only. 
 A nominal difference is a difference 
 in name, but not in reality. A nomi- 
 nal Christian is one who is a Christ- 
 ian only in name. 
 
 Nominate, to propose by name for 
 election. 
 
 Nominee, a person named for elec- 
 tion. 
 
 Nominative, the naming case in 
 grammar. 
 
 Nomenclature, a system of names 
 appropriated to any art or science. 
 
 Denominate, to designate by a 
 name. 
 
 Denomination, 1. The act of nam- 
 ing. 2. A distinguishing name. 3. 
 A society of individuals called by the 
 same name. 
 
 A Misnomer, in law, is the mistak- 
 ing of the true name of a person. 
 Hence, generally, a misnaming. 
 
 Ontma [Onyma], a name. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Anonymous, not having the name, 
 
 or signature attached; as, an anony- 
 mous publication, (a, privative.) 
 
 Synonym, a word having the same 
 signification with another. {syn, 
 with. ) 
 
 Patronymic, a name of a person 
 derived from the name of a parent or 
 other ancestor. Thus, Achilles was 
 called Pelides from Peleus, the name 
 of his father. (Gr., ct*t»/i [paler'], a 
 father.) 
 
 To Call is to apply a name to. 
 
 An Appellation is a name by 
 which anything is called. (L., ap- 
 pello, to call.) 
 
 7. Of Classification. 
 
 A KIND embraces many individ- 
 ual objects possessing certain com- 
 mon characteristics; as, the human 
 kind, the deer kind. 
 
 A Sort is a collection of individual 
 persons, or things, characterized by 
 the same or like qualities ; as, a sort 
 of men; a sort of trees. 
 
 A Species includes all the animals 
 that have sprung from a single pair, 
 as the horse ; or all the plants that 
 may be supposed to have sprung from 
 the same original germ; or all the 
 mineral bodies that consist of the 
 same elements, and have the same 
 crystalline forms, etc. (L., species, 
 an appearance.) 
 
 Specific. 1. Distinguishing one spe- 
 cies from another; as, specific char- 
 acteristics. X Generic. 2. Definite 
 or particular; as, a specific statement. 
 X General. 
 
 Varieties, in animals and plants, are 
 accidental differences between indi- 
 viduals of the same species, trans- 
 mitted through successive genera- 
 tions. The Caucasians and Mongo- 
 lians are varieties of the human spe- 
 cies. 
 
 A Genus usually consists of two or 
 more species possessing certain char- 
 acters in common, by which they are 
 distinguished from all others. The 
 dog, the wolf, the fox, and the jack- 
 all, belong to a single genus, (plural, 
 genera. ) 
 
 Generic, or Generical, pertaining 
 
278 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 to a genus or kind; as, a generic 
 name. X Specific. 
 
 General, pertaining to, or affecting 
 all the individuals of a kind, or all 
 the parts of a whole. X Special. 
 
 An Order includes two or more 
 genera possessing certain characters 
 in common. 
 
 A Class includes several orders. 
 Quadrupeds, birds, fishes, etc., are 
 classes of animals. 
 
 A Kingdom is a grand division of 
 natural objects, including several 
 classes. There are three kingdoms 
 of nature: the animal, the vegetable, 
 and the mineral kingdoms. 
 
 8. To Call 
 
 To CALL is to utter in a loud tone 
 the name of some one at a distance, 
 requesting him to come to you. 
 
 A Calling is the pursuit or busi- 
 ness to which a person is called by 
 the allotment of Providence. 
 
 Voco [vocatum], to call. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vocation, a calling. 
 
 Vocative, used in 
 vocative case in grammar, 
 
 Invoke, to call upon in the way of 
 prayer, (in, upon.) 
 
 Invocation, 1. The act of address- 
 ing in prayer. 2. The form of words 
 used in invoking. 
 
 Convoke, to call together, (con, 
 together.) 
 
 Revoke, to recall, as something 
 granted or uttered; as, to revoke a 
 sentence, a decree, a charter, (re, 
 back.) 
 
 Evoke, to call forth; as, to evoke 
 spirits. 
 
 Provoke, lit., to call forward. Pro- 
 voco, the Latin form- of provoke, pri- 
 marily signified to call forward, or 
 challenge the bravest of an adverse 
 army to a single contest. Hence, 
 1. To make angry. 2. To excite ; as, 
 to provoke a smile. 
 
 Advocate, among the ancient Ro- 
 mans, one who countenanced, by his 
 presence, a party to a suit in court. 
 Hence, one who pleaded the cause of 
 another in court. Hence, in modern 
 
 usage, One who pleads the cause of 
 any person or thing, (ad, to; and vo- 
 catus, called.) 
 
 Pello \_pellatum\, to call. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Appeal, lit, to call to. Hence, 1. 
 To call upon another for the decision 
 of a controverted question. 2. To 
 call upon a superior court to decide 
 a cause which has been tried in an 
 inferior court, and decided against 
 the party appealing. 
 
 Appellant, one who appeals. 
 
 Appellate, pertaining to appeals; 
 as, appellate jurisdiction. 
 
 Appellation, the name by which 
 anything is called. 
 
 Repeal, to recall; as, to repeal a 
 law. 
 
 To Challenge is, 1. To call or 
 summon to answer for an offense by 
 single combat. 2. To call to a con- 
 test of any kind. 3. To claim as 
 due ; as, to challenge respect. 
 
 9. To Cry. 
 
 To Cry is to utter a loud voice. 
 
 Clamo \_clamatum\, to cry. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Clamor, 1. A loud and continued 
 noise made by human voices. Hence, 
 2. Complaint and urgent demand. 
 
 To Claim, lit, to cry out, "That's 
 mine." Hence, 1. To affirm one's 
 right or title to a thing; as, he claims 
 the property- 2. To ask for; as, to 
 claim a debt. 
 
 To Exclaim, to cry out. (ex, out.) 
 
 To Reclaim, I. To claim back; as, 
 to reclaim property that has passed 
 into the hands of others. 2. To call 
 back from error or vice, (re, back.) 
 
 To Proclaim, to make anything 
 known by public outcry. (pro, 
 abroad. ) 
 
 Proclamation, originally, a notice 
 given by public outcry. Hence, an 
 official notice given to the public, 
 whether by outcry or otherwise. 
 
 Acclamation, a shout of applause. 
 (ad, to.) 
 
 To Declaim, 1. To speak a set ora- 
 tion in public. 2. To harangue. 
 
LANGUAGE. 
 
 279 
 
 10. Of Letters. 
 
 A LETTER is, 1. A character re- 
 presenting an elementary sound of 
 the human voice. 2. An epistle, be- 
 cause it consists of written char- 
 acters. 
 
 Letters, in the plural, Learning, 
 because the alphabetic characters are 
 the elements of all learning. We say 
 a man of letters; the republic of 
 letters, etc. 
 
 Lettered, acquainted with letters, 
 that is, learned. 
 
 Unlettered, unlearned. 
 
 Litera, a letter. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Literal, 1. According to the letter; 
 as, the literal meaning of a word. 
 Example. According to usage, the 
 word metropolis signifies the chief 
 city of a country; but literally, a 
 metropolis is a mother city. (Gr., 
 /uhtx/j [meter], a mother; and 7ro\t<; \_po- 
 lis], a city. X Figurative. 2. Closely 
 following the words, (or, as it were, 
 the letters) ; as, a literal translation. 
 X Free. 3. Consisting of letters ; 
 as, a literal equation. 
 
 Literature, all kinds of composi- 
 tions, except those on the positive 
 sciences. 
 
 Literary, 1. Pertaining to litera- 
 ture; as, literary labors. 2. Versed 
 in literature; as, a literary man. 
 
 Literate, versed in letters. (Not 
 used.) 
 
 Illiterate, ignorant of letters or 
 books, (in, not.) X Learned. 
 
 Literati, the learned men. 
 
 Alliteration, the near collocation 
 of words commencing with the same 
 letter, as in the following lines : 
 
 O'er the fteath the heifer strays 
 .Free, the/urrowed task is done, 
 Now the village windows Maze, 
 .Burnished by the setting sun. 
 
 Obliterate, primarily, to efface let- 
 ters. Hence, To efface any kind of 
 marks, impressions, or traces. 
 
 11. The Alphabet. 
 An ALPHABET consists of the 
 letters of a language arranged in or- 
 der. (From alpha and beta, the 
 names of the first and second letters 
 of the Greek alphabet.) 
 
 Alpha, the first letter of the Greek 
 alphabet. Hence, the first. 
 
 Omega, the last letter of the Greek 
 alphabet. Hence, the last. 
 
 Delta, a Greek letter of a triangu- 
 lar form, thus a. Hence, a tract of 
 land included between the outlets of 
 a river; as, the delta of the Nile. 
 
 Iota, the smallest letter of the 
 Greek alphabet. Hence, a very small 
 quantity or degree. 
 
 Jot, a modification of the word 
 iota, and having essentially the same 
 meaning. See Art. Quantity. 
 
 Abecedarian, pertaining to the al- 
 phabet; as, an abecedarian school. 
 
 12. To Write. 
 
 To WRITE is to trace characters 
 representing vocal sounds. 
 
 A Hand is any particular style of 
 writing; as, to write a fair hand; a 
 round hand. 
 
 A Scrawl consists of one or more 
 words written in a wretchedly poor 
 hand. 
 
 Scribo [scriptum], to write. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Scribble, 1. To write without care 
 or elegance. 2. To fill with artless or 
 worthless writing. 
 
 Scripture, the Sacred Writings. 
 
 Describe, lit., to write about. Hence, 
 to give a representation of anything, 
 either in writing or orally, (de, con- 
 cerning.) 
 
 Ascribe, lit, to write as belonging 
 to. Hence, 1. To consider or allege 
 to belong ; as, to ascribe perfection to 
 God. 2. To attribute ; as, to ascribe 
 an effect to a cause, (ad, to.) 
 
 Ascription, the act of ascribing. 
 
 Prescribe, lit., to write before. 
 Hence, To direct formally by writing 
 or otherwise. 
 
 Prescription, 1. The act of pre- 
 scribing. 2. That which is pre- 
 scribed ; as, a medical prescription. 
 
 Proscribe, originally, to write and 
 paste up in public the names of per- 
 sons doomed to death. Hence, 1. To 
 doom to destruction. 2. To put out 
 of the protection of the law. 3. To 
 
280 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 forbid, utterly; as, to 'proscribe the 
 use of ardent spirits. 
 
 Proscription, the art of proscribing. 
 Conscription, lit., a writing togeth- 
 er. Hence, A compulsory enrollment 
 of individuals for military service. 
 (con, together.) 
 
 Conscript, one taken by lot from 
 the conscription list. (A word used 
 in France.) 
 
 Transcribe, to write over in the 
 same words, (trans, over.) 
 
 Transcript, a copy. 
 
 Subscribe, lit., to write beneath. 
 Hence, to give consent to something 
 written, by writing one's name be- 
 low. 2. To promise to give by writ- 
 ing one's name, as to subscribe a 
 sum of money. 3. To assent; as, to 
 subscribe to an opinion. 
 
 Nondescript, not hitherto de- 
 scribed; as, a nondescript animal or 
 plant, (non, not.) 
 
 TPA<I'0 [GltAPHo], ysypct/ujuAi [ge- 
 grammai], to write. Also, to draw 
 or paint. (Gr.) Hence, 
 
 Graphic, well delineated; as, a 
 graphic description. 
 
 Calligraphy, elegant penmanship. 
 (Gr., xa\oc [cellos'], beautiful.) 
 
 Stenography, a short hand. (Gr., 
 a-r&cs [stenos], contracted.) 
 
 Biography, a written account of 
 the life and character of any person. 
 (Gr., fiios [bios], life.) 
 
 A Monograph is a description of a 
 single thing, or class of things. (Gr., 
 /xevee [memos], one.) 
 
 An Autograph is a person's own 
 handwriting. (Gr., auras [autos], self.) 
 
 An Anagram is a transposition of 
 the letters of a name, by which a 
 new word is formed. Thus Galenus 
 may be changed into angelus. (Gr., 
 *vx. [ana], denoting transposition.) 
 
 A Programme is a plan written out 
 beforehand. (Gr., 57710 [_pr&], before- 
 hand. ) 
 
 A Diagram is a mathematical fig- 
 ure drawn for illustration. 
 
 A Telegraph is an apparatus by 
 which written signals are transmitted 
 to a great distance. (Gr., ruAt [tele], 
 afar.) 
 
 A Telegram is a dispatch received 
 by telegraph. 
 
 Grammar is, according to the ety- 
 mology of the word, the science of 
 written language. 
 
 13. Designation of Letters from their 
 
 Form. 
 
 1. The Roman is the common, up- 
 right character used by the English, 
 and most other European nations. 
 It has its name from having been 
 used by the ancient Romans. 
 
 2. The Italic character differs 
 from the Roman, in being inclined, 
 
 instead of upright. 
 
 3. The ©ItJ 2Enslfs&, or Gothic 
 black-letter, is the character in which 
 English books were first printed. 
 
 4. <^kfM is the common manu- 
 script character used in printing. 
 
 14. Designation of Letters According 
 
 to their Size. 
 In the following examples No. 1 is 
 Diamond; No. 2 is Pearl; No. 3 is 
 Agate ; No. 4 is Nonpareil ; No. 5 is 
 Minion; No. 6 is Brevier; No. 7 is 
 Bourgeois; No. 8 is Long Primer; 
 No. 9 is Small Pica; No. 10 is Pica; 
 No. 11 is English; No. 12 is Great 
 Primer. 
 
 No. 1. Diligence, industry, and proper improvement of time, are 
 material duties of the young. 
 
 No. 2. The acquisition of knowledge is one of the most 
 honorable occupations of youth. 
 
 No. 3. Virtuous youth gradually brings forward 
 accomplished and flourishing manhood. 
 
 No. 4. Sincerity and truth form the basis of 
 every virtue. 
 
 No. 5. Whatever purifies, fortifies also 
 the heart. 
 
 No. 6. Time once past never returns. 
 
 No. 7. The moment which is lost, 
 is lost forever. 
 
 No. 8. He that can not live 
 well to-day, will be less qualified 
 to live well to-morrow. 
 
 No. 9. Charity, like the sun, 
 brightens every object on 
 which it shines. 
 
LANGUAGE. 
 
 281 
 
 ]S T o. 10. Reveal none of 
 the secrets of thy friend. 
 
 No. 11. He that hath 
 pity on the poor, lendeth 
 to the Lord. 
 
 No. 12. If thine 
 enemy be hungry, 
 give him bread to 
 eat. 
 
 15. Classification of Letters accord- 
 ing to the nature of the Sounds 
 
 which they represent. 
 
 The letters of the alphabet consist 
 of two general classes, to wit: voivels 
 and consonants. 
 
 A Vowel is a letter representing a 
 simple inarticulate sound, as, a, e, i, 
 o, u. (L., vox, the voice, the vowels 
 being voice sounds.) 
 
 A Consonant is a letter which can 
 be perfectly sounded only in connec- 
 tion with a vowel, as b, c, d. (L., 
 con, together; and sonans, sounding.) 
 
 Another division of letters is the 
 division into vocals, subvocals, and 
 aspirates. 
 
 The Vocals are the same with the 
 vowels. (L., vox, the voice.) 
 
 The Subvocals are those conso- 
 nants which have an imperfect vo- 
 cality. They are b, d, g, j, '1, m, n, 
 ng, r, v, z, zh and th. as heard in 
 then. 
 
 The Aspirates are those conso- 
 nants whose enunciation is charac- 
 terized by a breathing, which is 
 entirely unaccompanied by vocality. 
 The aspirates are f, k, p, s, t, h, ch, 
 sh, wh and th, as heard in thin. 
 (L., ad, at; and spiro, to breathe.) 
 
 The consonants have also been di- 
 vided into mutes and semivowels. 
 
 The Mutes can not be heard at all, 
 except in combination with the vow- 
 els. They are k, p, and t. {Mute, 
 dumb.) 
 
 The Semivowels are capable of 
 being sounded imperfectly without 
 the aid of the vowels. All the con- 
 sonants except k, p, and t, are semi- 
 vowels. 
 
 The Liquids are the letters 1, m, n, 
 ng, and r. They are called liquids, 
 on account of the smoothness of their 
 sound. 
 
 The Labials are consonants, which 
 require the aid of the lips in their 
 articulation, as b, p, m, w, wh, f, and 
 v. (L., labium, a lip.) 
 
 The Dentals are consonants, which 
 require the aid of the teeth in their 
 articulation, as f and v. (L., dens, a 
 tooth.) 
 
 TheLiNGUALS are consonants,which 
 require the aid of the tongue in their 
 articulation, as d, t, th, 1, n, r, s, and 
 z. (L., lingua, the tongue.) 
 
 The Palatals are consonants,which 
 require the aid of the palate in their 
 articulation, as t, d, and 1. 
 
 The Sibilants are hissing conso- 
 nants, as s, sh, and th sharp. (L., 
 sibilo, to hiss.) 
 
 16. Of Figures of Speech. 
 
 A FIGURE OF SPEECH is a 
 mode of expression in which the 
 words are to be understood otherwise 
 than in their natural and proper 
 sense. 
 
 A Trope is a figure in which a 
 single word is turned from its natural 
 sense. (Gr., tfwrtt [trope], a turning.) 
 
 Tropical, turned from its natural 
 and proper sense ; as, the tropical 
 use of a word. 
 
 Literal, according to the letter. 
 (L., liter a, a letter.) 
 
 Note 1. — A sense that coincides with the nat" 
 nral and proper import of the words is said to ba 
 literal. 
 
 Note 2. — According to Lord, there are nine 
 kinds of figures — the Comparison, the Metaphor, 
 the Metonymy, the Synecdoche, the Hyperbole, 
 the Hypocalastusis, the Apostrophe, the Proso- 
 popoeia, or Personification, and the Allegory, or 
 Parable. 
 
 "A Comparison, or Simile, is an 
 affirmation of the likeness of one 
 thing to another, and is expressed 
 by as, like, so, or some other term of 
 resemblance.'' 
 
282 
 
 LANGUAGE. 
 
 Examples. — His eyes were as a flame of fire, 
 and his voice as the sound of many waters.— 
 Bev. i: 14. 
 
 She walks in beauty like the night 
 Of cloudless climes and starry skies ; 
 
 And all that 's best of dark and light, 
 Meets in the aspect of her eyes. — Byron. 
 
 11 A Metaphor is an affirmation or 
 representation, by words, that an 
 agent, object, quality or act is that 
 which it merely resembles." 
 
 Examples. — God is a sun and a shield. — Ps. 
 bcxxiv: 11. The fields smile. The skies frown. 
 
 All flowers will droop in absence of the sun 
 
 That waked their sweets. — Dnjden.. 
 And this our life, exempt from public haunts, 
 Finds tongues in trees, books in the running 
 
 brooks, 
 Sermons in stones, and good in everything. — 
 Shakspeare. 
 
 (Gr., /■«-!-» [mela], over, and vsp-M [j>7tero], to 
 carry.) 
 
 "The Metonymy is a change of 
 name, by the denomination of a thing 
 by a noun that is not its proper nor 
 its metaphorical denominative, but is 
 the proper name of something with 
 which, as a scene, place, cause, effect, 
 or source, it is intimately connected." 
 
 Examples. — A clear head, for a clear mind. 
 A good table, for good food. 
 
 In these green days 
 Reviving sickness lifts her languid head, 
 Life flows afresh, and young-eyed liealth exalts 
 The whole creation round. — Thomson. 
 
 Here sickness and health are put for the persons 
 who are the subjects of them. 
 
 (Gr., fAiTA [meta], denoting change; 
 and ow/ua [onyma], a name.) 
 
 " The Synec'doche is the use of a 
 term that properly denotes only a 
 part of a thing, or one of a kind, in 
 place of one that denotes the whole ; 
 or of one that denotes the whole, in- 
 stead of One that signifies only a part ; 
 as, a species for a genus, or a genus 
 for a species; a day for time; the 
 hand for the whole person." (Gr., 
 o-uv [syn], together; and mJi^ojuM [_ec- 
 dechomai], to take.) 
 
 " The Hypef/bole is an exhibition 
 of things as greater or less in dimen- 
 sions, more or less in number, or bet- 
 ter or worse in kind, than they really 
 are ; as when we say of a large man, 
 he is a giant; or of a small one, he is 
 a pigmy." (Gr., imp [hyper'], be- 
 yond; and fixxAce [hallo], to cast.) 
 
 "A Hypocatas'tasis is a substitu- 
 tion, without a formal notice, of an 
 act of one kind, with its object or con- 
 ditions, for another, in order, by a re- 
 semblance to, to exemplify that for 
 which the substitute is used. Thus, 
 a person attempting to accomplish 
 something which, either from its na- 
 ture or his condition, is impossible, or 
 extremely difficult, is said to ' under- 
 take to force his bark against wind 
 and tide,' a work of one kind which 
 is known to be hopeless, being em- 
 ployed to exemplify the impraetica- 
 bleness of the other." 
 
 Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the 
 waters, and he that hath no money, come ye 
 buy and eat; yea, come buy wine and milk, 
 without money and without price. — Is. Iv : 1, 2. 
 
 "Here hunger and thirst, necessities of the 
 body, are substituted for the analogous wants of 
 the soul ; and water, milk, honey, and bread, 
 for the gifts of grace, by which those spiritual 
 wants are supplied." (Gr., iTroxxTucrrxo-is 
 \_hypocatastasis~], a substitution.) 
 
 "An Apostrophe is a direct ad- 
 dress, in a, speech, argument, narra- 
 tive, or prediction, to a person or ob- 
 ject that is the subject of the dis- 
 course ; or to one who hears, and is to 
 form a judgment respecting it; as 
 when an advocate in a plea suspends 
 his narrative or argument to the jury, 
 and makes an appeal to the judge; or 
 when an orator, in depicting the life 
 of one who has departed, arrests the 
 story, and addresses himself directly 
 to the dead as though he were present 
 and aware of what is taking place." 
 " Immaterial things are often apostro- 
 phized; r -and in these instances the 
 objects addressed are also treated ac- 
 cording to their proper nature." 
 
 Examples. — 
 Domestic happiness, thou only bliss 
 Of Paradise that has survived the fall ! 
 Though few now taste thee unimpaired and pure, 
 Or, tasting, long enjoy thee. — Cowper. 
 0, memory ! thou fond deceiver, 
 
 Still importunate and vain ; 
 To former joys recurring ever, 
 
 And turning all the past to pain. — Goldsmith. 
 Hail, holy light ! offspring of heaven, first-born. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 (Gr., atto [apo], aside; and a-vpsy* 
 [strophe], a turning.) 
 
 "The Prosopopoeia, or Personifi- 
 cation, is an ascription of intelli- 
 
LANGUAGE. 
 
 283 
 
 gence to an impersonal thing, by ad- 
 dressing it as though it had the 
 organs of hearing, sight, or motion ; 
 or ascribing to it the actions and pas- 
 sions of men." 
 
 Examples.— Give ear, ye heavens, and I will 
 speak ! and hear, earth, the words of my 
 mouth ! — Deuf.xxxii: 1, etc. Awake, awake, be 
 clothed with thy strength, Zion ! clothe thy- 
 self with thy glorious garments, Jerusalem, 
 thou holy city!— Is. lit: I, etc. Wisdom hath 
 builded her house, etc. — Prov. ix : 1, etc. 
 
 But Jcnotcledge to their eyes her ample page, 
 Eich with the spoils of time, did ne'er unroll. 
 
 Gray. 
 0, dire Ambition ! what infernal power 
 Unchained thee from thy native depth of hell. — 
 
 Brown. 
 Death ! great proprietor of all ! 't is thine 
 To tread out empires and to quench the stars. — 
 
 Young. 
 
 (Gr., 7r^Ta>-\, [prosops], a person ; and 
 ■xonce [poieo], to make.) 
 
 " The Allegory is the use of intel- 
 ligences acting in one sphere or rela- 
 tion, to exemplif}^ and illustrate their 
 own or the agencies of others in an- 
 other; or the use of unintelligent 
 agents in a natural or suppositious re- 
 lation, to exemplify the conduct of 
 men." (Gr., olkxos [alios], other; and 
 ayopsvce [agoreuo], to speak.) 
 
 Examples. — Thou hast brought a vine out of 
 Egypt; thou hast cast out the heathen and 
 planted it ; etc. — Ps. Ixxx. The parable of the 
 sower is an allegory ; but the parable of the 
 grain of mustard seed is a mere comparison. 
 
 Note. — A Parableis a short narrative designed 
 to exemplify some moral truth. (Gr., ttx^mUxk- 
 Kiu [paraballo], to compare.) 
 
 A Fable is a short allegorical story 
 to which the moral or lesson which it 
 teaches is commonly subjoined. (L., 
 fabula, a story.) 
 
 Acknowledgment. — Most of the foregoing def- 
 initions have been borrowed from David N. 
 Lord's excellent aud interesting work on "The 
 Characteristics and Laws of Figurative Lan- 
 guage." 
 
 17. Sundry Grammatical Terms. 
 GRAMMAR is the science of lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Note. — According to the etymology and orig- 
 inal application of the term, grammar is the 
 science of written language ; but the term is now 
 used to signify the science of language in gen- 
 eral, whether written or spoken. (Gr., yja^^a 
 aramma], a letter; from ye^v M [grapho], to 
 ■write.) 
 
 Orthography is the department of 
 
 grammar which treats of the rules 
 for writing words with their proper 
 letters. It also treats of the nature 
 and power of letters. (Gr., opQo; [or- 
 tJios], correct; and ypxya) [grapho], to 
 write or spell.) 
 
 Etymology is the department of 
 grammar which treats of the deriva- 
 tion of words and their various modi- 
 fications. It also divides words into 
 different classes called parts of 
 speech. (Gr., tr-j^v [etymon], the 
 root of a word; and \oyog [logos'], a 
 discourse.) 
 
 Syntax treats of the proper ar- 
 rangement of words in sentences. 
 It also treats of the agreement and 
 government of words. (Gr., o-uv [syn]. 
 together; and t^c [taxis], an ar- 
 rangement, from rraa-o-a [tasso], to ar- 
 range.) 
 
 Prosody treats of the laws of versi- 
 fication. It also treats of quantity, 
 accent and elocution. (Gr., 7rpn 
 [pros], concerning; and ah [o-de], 
 song or poetry. ) 
 
 A Noun is a word used as the name 
 of some person, place, or thing. (Fr., 
 nom, from L. nomen, a name.) 
 
 A Pronoun is a word used instead 
 of a noun, (pro, instead of.) 
 
 An Article is a word used to limit 
 the meaning of a noun. (L., ar- 
 ticulus, a little joint.) 
 
 Note. — The articlo derives its name from the 
 circumstance, that in the Greek language the 
 same word which answers to our definite article 
 is also (after being slightly modified) used as a 
 relative pronoun, and thus serves as a joint to 
 connect the subordinate with the principal 
 clause. 
 
 An Adjective is a word added to a 
 noun to express its quality. (L., ad, 
 to ; and jectus, thrown or put.) 
 
 A Verb is a word expressing ac- 
 tion, being, or state. (L., verbum, a 
 word.) 
 
 Note. — The name verb implies that the part 
 of speech thus designated is the most important 
 word of a sentence. 
 
 The Adverb is thus called because 
 it is added to a verb, etc., to modify 
 the sense of the word to which it is 
 added, (ad, added to.) 
 
 A Preposition is a word which 
 
284 
 
 LITERARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 serves to connect words, and show the 
 relation between them. 
 
 Note. — The preposition derives its name from 
 the circumstance, that in the formation of com- 
 pound verbs in the Latin and Greek languages, 
 the words called prepositions are placed before 
 the simple verbs. In the English language these 
 words may also be properly called prepositions, 
 because they are placed before the nouns and 
 pronouns which they govern in the objective 
 case. (L., proe, before ; and pono, [positum], to 
 place.) 
 
 A Conjunction is a word which 
 serves to connect words and sen- 
 tences. (L., con, together ; an&jungo 
 [junctum], to join.) 
 
 An Interjection is a word thrown 
 in between the parts of a sentence 
 to express some emotion of the mind. 
 (L., inter, between; and jicio \_jec- 
 tmn\, to cast.) 
 
 Indicative, pointing out. (L., in, 
 at; and dico, to point.) 
 
 Note. — The Indicative Hood has its designation 
 from the circumstance, that it is used in defin- 
 itely pointing out the fact which it asserts. 
 
 Potential, possessing or express- 
 ing power or ability. (L., potens, 
 possessing power.) 
 
 Note. — The Potential Mood has its designation 
 from can, one of the signs of that mood. 
 
 Subjunctive, subjoined. (L., sub, 
 after, and jungo, to join.) 
 
 Note. — The Subjunctive Mood has its designa- 
 tion from the circumstance, that a verb in this 
 mood can never be used independently, but is 
 always subjoined to a verb in some other mood. 
 
 Imperative, expressing a command. 
 
 Note. — The Imperative Mood has its designa- 
 tion from the circumstance, that the expression 
 of a command is one of the uses of this mood. 
 
 Infinitive, not limited. (L., in, 
 not, &ndjinitus, limited.) 
 
 Note 1. — The Infinitive Mood has its designa- 
 tion from the circumstance, that the verb in this 
 mood expresses the sense in a general manner, 
 and is not limited in its form to agree, in num- 
 ber and person, with a subject. 
 
 Note 2. — The infinitive form is always used 
 as the proper name of any particular verb ; as, 
 To be, To love, To go. 
 
 OF LITERARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 A SCHOOL is, 1. A place or es- 
 tablishment in which persons are in- 
 structed in the arts and sciences. 2. 
 The collective body of pupils in any 
 place of instruction. 3. A sect in 
 philosophy or religion. (Grr., <r%ox» 
 [seho / -le~], leisure.) 
 
 A Scholar is, 1. A member of a 
 school. 2. Any one who learns of a 
 teacher. 3. A person possessed of 
 the knowledge communicated in 
 schools. 
 
 The Schoolmen were divines and 
 philosophers of the middle ages, who 
 adopted the principles of Aristotle, 
 and spent much of their time on 
 points of nice and abstract specula- 
 tion. They were so called because 
 they taught in the schools of divinity 
 established by Charlemagne. 
 
 Scholastic, 1. Pertaining to a 
 scholar or to schools; as, scholastic 
 learning. 2. Pertaining to the school- 
 men; as, scholastic divinity. 
 
 Academia, a place near Athens, 
 
 where Plato taught philosophy. 
 Hence, 
 
 Academy, 1. A school holding a 
 rank between a common school and 
 a college. 2. A society of learned 
 men, united for the advancement of 
 the arts or sciences. 
 
 Academician, a member of an 
 academy, or society for the advance- 
 ment of the arts and sciences. 
 
 Academic, pertaining to schools of 
 the highest grade ; as, academic 
 honors. 
 
 A College, in a general sense, is a 
 body of men bound together by the 
 same laws and customs. Hence, a 
 society of. persons engaged in the 
 pursuits of literature, including offi- 
 cers and students. (L., collego, to 
 gather together.) 
 
 Universitas, in the middle ages, 
 signified the whole body of students, 
 or of teachers and students, assembled 
 in a place of education, with corpo- 
 rate privileges, and under laws of 
 
LITERARY SCHOOLS. 
 
 285 
 
 their own. ( Universus, including, 
 the whole.) Hence, 
 
 University, an establishment for 
 the purposes of instruction in all or 
 some of the most important divi- 
 sions of science and literature, and 
 having the power of conferring cer- 
 tain honorary dignities termed de- 
 grees. — Brande. 
 
 A Seminary is, literally, a piece of 
 ground where seedling plants are 
 nurtured till they are fit for trans- 
 plantation. Hence, metaphorically, 
 a school. 
 
 Note 1. — By this metaphor the pupils are 
 represented as seedling plants, and the school 
 as the nursery. 
 
 Note 2. — The application of the term semina- 
 ry is restricted, by custom, to schools of the 
 middle and higher grades. (L., seminarium, a 
 nursery of seedling plants ; from semen, a seed.) 
 
 Gymnasium, in Germany, a school 
 corresponding to a college in the 
 United States. (G-r., yvjuvaa-tcv \_gym- 
 nasion], in Ancient Greece, a place 
 for athletic exercises. The literary 
 gymnasium serves to exercise and dis- 
 cipline the powers of the mind.) 
 
 The Faculty of a college or univer- 
 sity consists of the president, profes- 
 sors, and tutors. (L., facio, to do; 
 whence faculty, the power of doing ; 
 whence faculty, a body of men in- 
 vested with the power or right to do 
 certain things.) 
 
 The Faculties, in universities, are 
 four : divinity, law, medicine, and the 
 liberal arts. 
 
 The Liberal Arts, in the schools 
 of the middle ages, were seven : gram- 
 mar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geom- 
 etry, astronomy and music. [Lib- 
 eral, becoming a free-born person, in 
 contradistinction to the servile arts, 
 or those practiced by slaves. (L., 
 liber, free.) 
 
 The Humanities, in the universi- 
 ties, include grammar, rhetoric, the 
 Latin and Greek languages, and poe- 
 try. (Thus called on account of their 
 humanizing influence. ) 
 
 A Professor is one who professes, 
 and publicly teaches any branch of 
 learning;. 
 
 A Tutor is, properly, a guardian 
 or protector. (L., tueor, [tuitum] to 
 protect.) Hence, 1. A private teach- 
 er who is also charged with the gen- 
 eral care of the young person whom 
 he instructs. Hence, 2. An under 
 teacher in a college. 
 
 An Usher is an assistant teacher 
 in a school. 
 
 A Pupil was, primarily, a young 
 person under the care of a guardian. 
 Hence, A youth under the care of an 
 instructor or tutor. 
 
 A Student is, 1. Any one who is 
 habitually engaged in study. Hence, 
 2. A learner in an academy or col- 
 lege. 
 
 Of Academic Degrees. 
 
 DEGREES are marks of distinc- 
 tion conferred on students, as a testi- 
 mony of their degree of proficiency 
 in the arts and sciences. 
 
 To Graduate is to receive a degree 
 from a college or university. (L., 
 gradus, a degree.) 
 
 A Bachelor of Arts is a person 
 who has taken the first degree in the 
 liberal arts and sciences. 
 
 A Baccalaureate is the degree of 
 bachelor. 
 
 A Master of Arts is one who has 
 taken the second degree in a college 
 or university. 
 
 A Doctor is one who has passed 
 all the degrees of a faculty, and is 
 empowered to practice and teach it; 
 as, a doctor of divinity, of law, or of 
 medicine. 
 
 A Doctorate is the degree of a 
 doctor. 
 
 An Undergraduate, in a university 
 or college, is a student who has not 
 taken his first degree. 
 
 Note. — In the colleges of the United States, 
 there are four classes of undergraduates— fresh- 
 men, sophomores, juniors, and seniors. 
 
 Freshmen are collegiate students in the first 
 year of their course. 
 
 Sophomores are collegiate students in their 
 second year. 
 
 Juniors are collegiate students in their third 
 year. 
 
 Seniors are collegiate students in their fourth 
 and last year. 
 
286 
 
 LITERARY PRODUCTIONS — BOOKS. 
 
 OF LITEKARY PKODUCTIONS. 
 
 A COMPOSITION consists of 
 words put together in writing, expres- 
 sive of ideas in relation to some 
 specific subject. ( Compose, to put 
 together; from. L., con, together, and 
 pono [positurri], to put.) 
 
 A Treatise is a composition of 
 some length in which the principles 
 involved in some subject are handled. 
 (Eng., treat, from Fr., tr alter, from 
 L., tracto, to handle.) 
 
 A Tract is a short treatise. (L., 
 tractatus, from tracto, to handle.) 
 
 An Essay is an attempt made in 
 writing to treat or discuss some sub- 
 ject. Fr., essay er, to attempt.) 
 
 A Work is a product of literary 
 labor. 
 
 Note.— The term work, in the singular, desig- 
 nates a composition of some length. The works 
 of an author are his collective writings. 
 
 A Compilation consists of passages 
 collected from different authors into 
 a book or pamphlet. (L., con, to- 
 gether ; and pilo, to pillage. 
 
 A Summary is a brief statement, 
 either written or oral, of the leading 
 ideas or . facts connected with any 
 subject. 
 
 A Compendium is a treatise com- 
 prehending the chief heads of a sub- 
 ject in a small compass. (L., con, to- 
 gether; and pendo, to hang.) 
 
 An Abridgment consists of the sub- 
 stance of a larger work embraced in a 
 small compass. (Fr., dbrtger, to 
 shorten. ) 
 
 An E-pit'o-me is, 1. An abridgment. 
 2. A treatise embracing the facts of a 
 subject, or the principles of a science 
 in a small compass. (Gr., vri [epi], off; 
 and Topi) [to-me], a trimming or cutting. 
 
 OF BOOKS. 
 
 A BOOK consists of a composition 
 or collection of compositions, written 
 or printed on a number of separate 
 sheets of paper or pieces of parch- 
 ment, bound, stitched, or otherwise 
 fastened together. (Ger., buch, the 
 beech tree, because writing was pri- 
 marily done on the bark of the beech, 
 and of other trees and plants.) 
 
 A Volume is as much of a work 
 as is bound, stitched, or otherwise 
 united in one parcel. (L., volumen, 
 a roll, because^ anciently, a book con- 
 sisted of pieces of parchment fastened 
 together, end to end, and the whole 
 being wrapped around a roller. A 
 volume of this kind, when unfolded, 
 was often a great many yards in 
 length.) 
 
 A Tome is a single volume of a 
 work containing more volumes than 
 one. (Or., rcpos \Jomos~], a section, 
 from rtjuvu, TirofAA [temno, tetoma~], to 
 divide by cutting.) 
 
 A Pamphlet is a small stitched book. 
 
 A Folio is a volume in which a 
 
 sheet is folded so as to form two 
 leaves. (L., folium, a leaf.) 
 
 A Quarto, or 4to, is a book of the 
 size of the fourth of a sheet. (L., 
 quartus, fourth.) 
 
 An OctavOj or 8vo., is a book con- 
 sisting of sheets folded so as to form 
 eight leaves each. (L., octavus, eighth.) 
 
 A Duodecimo, or 12mo., has twelve 
 leaves to the sheet. (L., duodecimus, 
 twelfth.) 
 
 Liber, a book. (L., from liber, 
 bark, which was the material of 
 which books were first made.) Hence, 
 
 Library, a collection of books. 
 
 BIBA02 [Biblos], a book. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Bible, the Book, by way of eminence. 
 
 Bibliography, a history or descrip- 
 tion of books. (Gr., graphe, a de- 
 scription. 
 
 Bibliop' olist, a bookseller. (Gr., 
 
 7ra>\zm [poleo~], to sell.) 
 
 Biblioma'nia, a rage for possessing 
 rare and curious books. (Gr., /uuvnt 
 [mania'], madness.) 
 
POETRY. 
 
 287 
 
 OF POETKY. 
 
 POETRY consists of beautiful 
 thoughts expressed in measured lan- 
 guage. (Gr., mim [poieo], to make 
 or invent.) 
 
 Poesy, is a poetic form of the word 
 poetry. 
 
 A Poet is a writer of poetry. 
 
 A Poem is a poetical composition. 
 
 A Verse is a line in poetry. (L., 
 verto [versuni], to turn.) 
 
 Versify, to make verses, (fy, from 
 h., facto, to make.) 
 
 A Foot is a certain number of 
 syllables constituting part of a verse. 
 
 An Iambus is a foot consisting of 
 two syllables, of which the first is 
 short the second long, as alone. The 
 following consists of three iambuses: 
 
 The spa | cious fir j niament [ on high. 
 
 The Trochee consists of two syl- 
 lables, the first long and the second 
 short; as, army. The following line 
 consists of trochees: 
 
 On a I mountain | stretched he | neath a | 
 hoary | willow. 
 
 A Dactyl is a foot, consisting of 
 one long, followed by two short syl- 
 lables, so that this foot resembles a 
 finger, which is composed of one 
 long and two short bones ; as amity. 
 (Gi\, Juxruxos \_dactylos~\, a finger.) 
 
 An Anapest consists of three sylla- 
 bles, of which the first and second are 
 short and the third long. (Gr., *va7r*tce 
 [anapaio], to invert, because an ana- 
 pest is an inverted dactyl. The fol- 
 lowing line consists of anapests : 
 
 I am mon | arch of all | I survey. 
 
 A Spondee consists of two sylla- 
 bles, both long. In the following 
 line the second and fifth feet are 
 spondees : 
 
 Up the | high hill | he heaves | a huge | round stone. 
 
 A Meter or Measure, in some vari- 
 eties of Greek poetry, consists of a 
 single foot, and in other varieties it 
 consists of two feet. (Gr., /unrpia 
 \jnetreo~], to measure.) 
 
 A Dimeter is a verse of two 
 measures, (di, two.) 
 
 A Trimeter, is a verse of three 
 measures, (tri. three.) 
 
 A Tetrameter is a verse of four 
 measure, (tetra, four.) 
 
 A Pentameter is a verse consisting 
 of five measures, (pente, five.) 
 
 A Hexameter is a verse consisting 
 of six measures, (hexa, six.) 
 
 Meter, or Measure, in English vers- 
 ification, includes the ideas of the 
 kind of feet, the number of feet in a 
 line, and the number of lines in a 
 stanza. 
 
 A Long Meter stanza consists of 
 four lines, with four iambuses in each 
 line. 
 
 A Common Meter stanza consists 
 of four lines of iambic feet, the first 
 and third lines having four feet, and 
 the second and fourth, three feet. 
 
 The Short Meter stanza consists 
 of four lines of iambic feet, the first, 
 second, and fourth, having three feet, 
 and the third having two feet. 
 
 English Heroic "Measure consists 
 of lines of five iambics each, diversi- 
 fied occasionally by the intermixture 
 of spondees and trochees. 
 
 Long Meter. 
 
 Before Jehovah's awful throne, 
 Ye nations bow with sacred joy : 
 
 Know that the Lord is God alone ; 
 He can create and he destroy. 
 
 Common Meter. 
 
 When all thy mercies, 0, my God, 
 
 My rising soul surveys, 
 Transported with the view, I 'm lost 
 
 In wonder, love, and praise ! 
 
 Short Meter. 
 
 Come sound his praise abroad, 
 And hymns of glory sing ; 
 
 Jehovah is the sovereign Lord, 
 The universal King. 
 
 Heroic Measure. 
 
 Ye Nymphs of Solyma, begin the song, 
 
 To heavenly themes sublimer strains belong. 
 
 Note. — The terms long, common, and short, 
 when applied to meters, are spoken only of 
 hymns in relation to the tunes in which they 
 may be sung, in which relation all other meters 
 are included under the general title of proper or 
 peculiar. 
 
 An Alexandrine is a verse of sis 
 
288 
 
 POETRY. 
 
 iambic feet, and was thus named 
 from its having been used in a poem 
 written in French on the life of Alex- 
 ander. The second of the following 
 lines is an Alexandrine. 
 
 A needless Alexandrine ends the song, 
 That like a wounded snake drags its slow length 
 along. 
 
 A Hemistich is the half of a verse 
 or line. (Gr., hemi, half; and 
 stichos, a verse.) 
 
 A Distich consists of two verses. 
 {di, two.) 
 
 A Couplet consists of two lines as- 
 sociated together. 
 
 A Triplet consists of three lines 
 associated together. 
 
 A Quatrain is a stanza of four 
 lines rhyming alternately. 
 
 A Stanza consists of a complete 
 series of lines of poetry. 
 
 Note. — Any two stanzas of the same piece al- 
 ways consist of the same number of lines, the 
 several lines of each stanza having the same 
 number of feet, and same kind of feet, with the 
 corresponding line3 of the other stanzas. 
 
 Rhyme is a correspondence of 
 sound in the last syllables of verses. 
 
 Blank Verse is poetry in which 
 there are no rhymes. 
 
 An Epic is a poem of an elevated 
 character, describing, generally, the 
 exploits of heroes. 
 
 Lyric Poetry was originally such 
 as was designed to be sung with an 
 accompaniment of the lyre. Hence, 
 any metrical compositions designed to 
 be sung. 
 
 A Sonnet is a short poem. 
 
 The Roundelay is an ancient kind 
 of poem of thirteen lines, of which 
 eight were in one kind of rhyme and 
 five in another. 
 
 An Elegy is a mournful or plain- 
 tive poem. 
 
 Elegiac, pertaining to elegy; as, 
 elegiac verse. 
 
 Doggerel is an epithet given to a 
 loose, irregular measure in burlesque 
 poetry. 
 
 A Bard, among the ancient Celts, 
 was one who composed and sung 
 verses in honor of the achievements 
 of princes and brave men. Hence, 
 in modern usage, a poet. 
 
 The Troubadours were a school of 
 poets who flourished from the eleventh 
 to the latter end of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, principally at Provence, in the 
 south of France, and also in the north 
 of Italy. 
 
 The Drama. 
 
 The DRAMA is a species of poem 
 in which the action or narrative is 
 not related, but represented. (Gr., 
 Jjoaa [drao], to act.) — Brande. 
 
 Tragedy (from Gr., rpayos [tragos], 
 a goat; and axfn [o-de~], a song) is a 
 drama in which the diction is eleva- 
 ted, and the catastrophe melancholy. 
 
 Note. — The name is usually derived from the 
 ancient Greek custom of leading about a goat in 
 procession at the festivals of Bacchus, in whose 
 honor those choral odes were sung, which were 
 the groundwork of the Attic tragedy. Some re- 
 cent writers, however, have given a new expla- 
 nation of the word Tgx^-o?, considering it an 
 ancient Greek adjective, and translating it "mel- 
 ancholy," or " lamentable." — Brande. 
 
 Tragic, or Tragical, 1. Pertaining 
 to tragedy ; as, a tragic poem. 
 2. Marked by mournful circumstan- 
 ces, such as the destruction of human 
 life. 
 
 Comedy is a species of drama, of 
 which the characteristics, in modern 
 usage, are, that its incidents and 
 language approach nearly to those of 
 ordinary life, and that the termina- 
 tion of its intrigue is happy. (Gr., 
 Kaoy.a \_co-me~], a village ; and ah 
 \o'-de~\, a song; because the original 
 rude dialogues, intermixed with sing- 
 ing and dancing, out of which the 
 early Greek comedy arose, were sung 
 by rustic actors at village festivals.)— 
 Brande. 
 
 Comic, or Comical, 1. Pertaining 
 to comedy as distinct from tragedy ; 
 as, a comic actor. 2. Having the 
 faculty or quality of exciting mirth ; 
 as, a comical fellow ; a comical story. 
 
 A Farce is a short piece of a low 
 comic character. (L. , farcio, to stuff. ) 
 
 A Play is a dramatic composition. 
 
 An Act is a division of a play to 
 be performed without interruption, 
 after which the action is suspended 
 to give respite to the performers. — , 
 Webster. 
 
MUSIC. 
 
 289 
 
 A Scene was primarily the place 
 where dramatic pieces were exhibited. 
 (Gr., <rK»v» [sce'ne], an arbor, dramatic 
 representations having, it is supposed, 
 originally taken place on spots of 
 ground shaded with boughs of trees.) 
 Hence, 
 
 A Scene is, 1. The curtain or hang- 
 ings of a theater adapted to the play. 
 2. The imaginary place in which the 
 action of a play is supposed to occur. 
 The scene was laid in the king's 
 palace. 3. The whole assemblage of 
 objects displayed at one view. 4. A 
 division of an act. 
 
 A Theater is a building appropri- 
 ated to the representation of dramatic 
 spectacles. (Gr., Qezcpu [theaomai], 
 to behold.) — Brande. 
 
 An Amphitheater is a double thea- 
 ter, or one of an elliptical figure ; be- 
 ing, as its name imports, two theaters 
 joined at the line of the proscenium, 
 by which contrivance, all the specta- 
 tors being ranged round on seats rising 
 the one above the other, saw equally 
 well what was passing in the arena, 
 or space inclosed by the lowest range 
 
 of seats. — Brande. (Gr., uy.$u [am- 
 pho], double.) 
 
 A Stage is an elevated platform. 
 
 The Stage is the floor on which 
 theatrical performances are exhibited. 
 
 The Proscenium is a part of a the- 
 ater where the drop-scene separates 
 the stage from the audience, and be- 
 yond the orchestra. — Brande. (Gr., 
 7rpo [pro], in front of, and a-nan [sce / - 
 ne], the stage.) 
 
 The Orchestra is that part of the 
 interior of a theater, situated immedi- 
 ately between the stage and the place 
 assigned to the audience, and occu- 
 pied by the musicians. (Gr., eg^s**- 
 Qdii \orcheisthai], to dance, from its 
 having been, anciently, appropriated 
 to the chorus and its evolutions.) 
 Brande. 
 
 A Chorus was a band of singers 
 and dancers who performed odes in 
 honor of the gods. The chorus 
 formed an important part of the 
 Greek tragedies and early comedies, 
 which were interspersed with odes. 
 Brande. 
 
 OF MUSIC 
 
 1. General Ideas. 
 
 MUSIC consists in any succession 
 or combination of agreeable sounds. 
 
 A Xote is a single musical sound. 
 
 A Tone is, 1. A smooth sound pro- 
 duced by vibrations performed in 
 equal times ; as, the tone of a bell, or 
 of a lute-string. 2. The interval be- 
 tween two adjacent notes of the mu- 
 sical scale. 
 
 A Chord is a combination of two 
 or more sounds heard cotemporane- 
 ously, forming a concord or a dis- 
 cord between them. — Brande. 
 
 Concord, or Accord, is the relation 
 of two sounds agreeable to the ear, 
 either in succession or consonance. — 
 Brande. 
 
 A Discord is the relation of two 
 
 sounds which the ear receives with 
 
 19 
 
 displeasure, whether used in succes- 
 sion or consonance. — Brande. 
 Consonance, concord. (See Sound.) 
 Dissonance, discord. (See Sound.) 
 Melody is the arrangement in suc- 
 cession of different sounds for a sin- 
 gle voice or instrument, — Brande. 
 
 Harmony is an agreeable combi- 
 nation of sounds heard at the same 
 moment. — Brande. 
 
 2. To Sing. 
 
 To SIXG is to utter musical sounds 
 with the voice. 
 
 Song, 1. Singing. Xoise, other 
 than the sound of dance and song. — 
 Milton, 2. A short poem designed 
 to be sung. 
 
 A Songster is one that sings. 
 
 A Ditty is a poem to be sung. 
 
290 
 
 MUSIC. 
 
 A Ballad is a popular song. 
 
 A Lay is a song ; as, a soft lay ; a 
 joyous lay; immortal lays. (A poet- 
 ical term.) 
 
 A Carol is a lively and joyous 
 song. 
 
 A Hymn is a religious song. The 
 ancient pagans sang hymns in honor 
 of their gods. Christians sing hymns 
 in their religious services. 
 
 A Psalm is a sacred song; as, the 
 psalms of David. 
 
 An Anthem was, originally, a hymn 
 sung in alternate parts. In modern 
 usage, a piece of music set to words 
 taken from the Psalms, or other 
 parts of the Scriptures. 
 
 A Pean is a song of praise or 
 triumph. 
 
 To Warble is to modulate with 
 turns and variations. Certain bird& 
 warble their songs. 
 
 Tune is the relation of notes to 
 each other, and the distances be- 
 tween them, wherefrom arises mel- 
 ody. — Brande. 
 
 A Tune is a series of notes in 
 some particular measure. 
 
 An Air is a short piece of music 
 adapted to words. 
 
 A Strain is, 1. A particular part 
 of a tune. 2. A song. 
 
 The Burden is that part of a song 
 which is repeated at the end of every 
 stanza. 
 
 A Refrain is the burden of a song. 
 
 A Solo is a movement, or part of 
 a movement, in which only one voice 
 or instrument is employed. — Brande. 
 
 Duet, a piece of music composed 
 for two performers, either vocal or 
 instrumental. — Brande. 
 
 A Trio is a musical composition 
 consisting of three parts. 
 
 A Quartette is a piece of music 
 arranged for four singers, or four in- 
 struments. 
 
 A Choir is a band of singers in 
 different parts. 
 
 A Chorus is a company of persons 
 singing in concert. 
 
 A Concert is a musical entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 An Opera is a musical drama. 
 
 An Orchestra is, 1. The part of 
 a theater appropriated to the musi- 
 cians. 2. The body of performers in 
 the orchestra. 
 
 A Band is a company of instru- 
 mental performers. 
 
 The Minstrels were an order of 
 men in the middle ages, who sub- 
 sisted by the arts of poetry and mu- 
 sic, and sang to the harp verses 
 composed by themselves or others. 
 Brande. 
 
 Minstrelsy is, 1. The art, or pro- 
 fession of a minstrel. 2. Music. 
 
 Canto \cantaium\, to sing. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Cant, to speak in an affected or 
 singing tone. 
 
 Canticle, a song 
 
 Canticles, the Song of Solomon, 
 one of the books of the Old Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 Canto, a division of a poem cor- 
 responding to what, in prose, is called 
 a book. (From the idea that poems 
 are designed to be sung.) 
 
 Descant, 1. A song. 
 
 The wakeful nightingale 
 Who all night long her amorous descant sung. 
 
 2. A discourse. 
 
 Accent, the sounding of a particu- 
 lar part, in a word, with a stronger 
 tone of voice than the rest, {ad, at.) 
 
 Precentor, a leader of singing. 
 (prce, before.) 
 
 Recant, to recall a former declar- 
 ation, (re, back.) 
 
 Note. — The literal idea implied in the term 
 recant, is that of singing an ode in contradiction 
 to a former one, as was sometimes practiced by 
 the poets. See the Palinodia, of Horace. 
 
 Incantation, a form of words said 
 or sung in magical ceremonies. See 
 Art., Magic. 
 
 Chanter, to sing. (Fr.) Hence, 
 
 Chant, a kind of church music in 
 which prose is sung, with less vari- 
 ety of intonation than in common 
 airs. 
 
 To Chant, 1. To sing. 2. To sing 
 after the manner of a chant. 
 
 Enchant, See Art., Magic. 
 
POWER. 
 
 291 
 
 OF POWER. 
 
 MECHANICAL POWER is that 
 which produces, or tends to produce 
 motion. 
 
 Mental Power is the capability 
 of thinking. 
 
 Voluntary Power is the capabil- 
 ity of willing. 
 
 Moral Power is the capability 
 possessed by one moral agent of in- 
 fluencing or controlling the actions 
 of other moral agents. 
 
 Political or Civil Power is the 
 power of controlling the actions of 
 men as members of civil communi- 
 ties. 
 
 Strength is, 1. The power that 
 lies in the muscular parts of the 
 body. 2. The quality of bodies 
 which enables them to sustain the 
 application of force without break- 
 ing or yielding. 
 
 Note. — The term strength is susceptible of 
 various figurative applications ; as, strength of 
 mind ; strength of style ; the strength of a liquor ; 
 the strength of an obligation. 
 
 Force is a power exerted or active. 
 
 Energy is, 1. Internal or inherent 
 power. 2. A vigorous exertion of 
 power. (Gr. tn?yw [energeo~], to ope- 
 rate inwardly.) 
 
 Vigor is unimpaired power. (L., 
 vigeo, to flourish.) 
 
 Able, having the power to do. (L., 
 habeo, to have, because possession and 
 power are inseparable.) 
 
 Ability is the power of doing. 
 
 Capacity is the quality of being 
 able to receive or hold; as, the ca- 
 pacity of a vessel; mental capacity. 
 (L., capio, to receive or contain.) 
 
 Capable, having capacity, either 
 physical or mental ; as, a room capa- 
 ble of holding one hundred persons ; 
 a mind capable of judging. 
 
 Might is, 1. Bodily strength. 2. 
 Power in general. 
 
 Potens, powerful. (L.) Hence, 
 Potent, 1. Physically strong or effica- 
 cious ; as, a potent medicine. 2. 
 Morally strong; as, a potent interest; 
 
 a potent argument. 3. Politically 
 strong; as, a potent prince. 
 
 Potentate, a powerful prince or 
 ruler. 
 
 Potential, expressing power or 
 ability ; as, the potential mood. 
 
 Potency, power or energy, either 
 physical or moral. 
 
 Omnipotent, possessing almighty 
 power. (L., omnis, all.) 
 
 Omnipotence, or Omnipotency, al- 
 mighty power. 
 
 Plenipotentiary, a person invested 
 with full power to transact any busi- 
 ness. (L., plenus, full.) 
 
 Impotent, powerless, {in., not.) 
 
 Impotence, or Impotency, the want 
 of power, either physical, intellectual 
 or moral. 
 
 STRONG,endowed with great strength. 
 
 Valeo, to be strong. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Valiant, strong and courageous in 
 battle. 
 
 Valor, strength of mind in regard 
 to danger. 
 
 Valid, having moral or legal force ; 
 as, a valid argument; a valid claim 
 or title. 
 
 Validity, 1. Strength or force to 
 convince ; as, the validity of an argu- 
 ment. 2. Legal strength or force; 
 as, the validity of a will. 
 
 Value, worth, worth being the in- 
 herent power of a thing to subserve a 
 useful end. 
 
 Avail, to possess the power of being 
 serviceable to us in effecting our pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Prevail, lit, to be strong above 
 others. Hence, 1. To gain the victo- 
 ry or superiority. 2. To exert a gen- 
 eral influence, as when we say that 
 an opinion or custom 'prevails. 2. To 
 prevail on, or upon, is to persuade or 
 induce. (Pro?, over or beyond.) 
 
 Prevalent, 1. Gaining advantage or 
 superiority; as, prevalent arms. 2. 
 Generally received; as, a prevalent 
 opinion. 3. Extensively existing ; as, 
 a prevalent disease. 
 
292 
 
 POWER. 
 
 Prevalence, or Prevalence, superior 
 strength or influence. 2. General 
 reception or practice ; as, the preva- 
 lence of an opinion; the prevalence 
 of vice. 3. General existence or ex- 
 tension ; as, the prevalence of a disease. 
 
 InvaVid, in law, having no force or 
 efficacy ; as, an invalid contract or 
 agreement, (in, not.) 
 
 An In'valid, 1. A person who is 
 weak or infirm. 2. A person who is 
 disabled for the performance of mili- 
 tary service. 
 
 Invalidate, 1. To destroy the valid- 
 ity of ; as, to invalidate an agreement 
 or contract. 2. To prove to be of no 
 force ; as, to invalidate an argument. 
 
 Robur [roboris], strength. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Robust, having strength from the 
 size, texture, and sound health of the 
 body. 
 
 Corroborate, 1. To strengthen; as, 
 to corroborate the nerves ; to corrob- 
 orate the judgment, authority, or hab- 
 its. 2. To confirm, or make more 
 certain ; as, to corroborate a state- 
 ment. 
 
 Corroborative, 1. Having the power 
 to give additional strength. 2. Tend- 
 ing to confirm. 
 
 A Corroborative, a medicine that 
 strengthens. 
 
 Corroborant, strengthening ; as, a 
 corroborant medicine. 
 
 A Corroborant, a medicine that 
 strengthens. 
 
 Stout, large and strong. 
 
 Lusty, full of health and strength. 
 
 Fortis, strong. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Fortify, to strengthen. 
 
 Fortitude, strength and firmness 
 of mind, which enables a person to 
 bear pain or adversity without de- 
 pression or despondency. 
 
 Forte, the strong point, or the art 
 or department in which a person 
 excels. 
 
 ATNAMI2 [Dynamis], power. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Dynam'ics, lit, the doctrine of force 
 or power; but as force or power is 
 
 known to us in no other way than by 
 its eifect, that is, by the motion which 
 it produces in the body on which it 
 acts, and is measured by that motion, 
 dynamics may be defined to be the 
 science which treats of the motion of 
 bodies. — Brande. 
 
 Dynamic, or Dynamical, pertaining 
 to force or power. 
 
 Dynamometer, an instrument for 
 measuring power of any kind. (Gr, 
 turpi® \metreo~], to measure.) 
 
 Puissant, powerful; as, a puissant 
 arm ; a puissant prince. 
 
 Puissance is, 1, Muscular force. 
 The chariots were drawn, not by the 
 strength of horses, but by the puis- 
 sance of men. — Destruction of Troy. 
 2. Political power ; as the power and 
 puissance of the king. — Shakspeare. 
 (Fr., pouvoir, to be able.) 
 
 Weak or Feeble, deficient in pow- 
 er, strength, or force. 
 
 Note. — Weak is the familiar and universal 
 term ; feeble is suited to a more polished style. — 
 Crabbe. 
 
 A Foible is a moral weakness. 
 Toward the failings and foibles of 
 others we may be indulgent, but 
 should be ambitious to correct them 
 in ourselves. — Crabbe. (Fr., foible, 
 weak. ) 
 
 Infirmity is weakness, resulting 
 from sickness or decay of the frame. 
 (L., in, privative; and firmus, strong.) 
 
 Debility is a deficiency in the mus- 
 cular power of the body. (L., debilis, 
 from de., privative, and habilis, from 
 habeo, to have. Debility, therefore, 
 literally signifies a deficiency, or not 
 having. ) 
 
 Imbecility is feebleness, either of 
 body or mind. 
 
 Note. — Bodily imbecilitylies in the whole frame, 
 and renders it almost entirely powerless. Men- 
 tal imbecility is such a degree of weakness of 
 mind as disqualifies the individual for the dis- 
 charge of the common duties of life. (L., imbe- 
 cilis, unsupported by a staff, from in, privative ; 
 and baculus, a staff.) 
 
 To Enervate, is, lit, to unnerve. 
 Hence, to enfeeble. (L., e, privative; 
 and nervus, a nerve.) 
 
CAUSE AND EFFECT — CHANCE. 
 
 293 
 
 OF CAUSE AND EFFECT. 
 
 A CAUSE is that from which any- 
 thing proceeds, and without which it 
 could not have existed. 
 
 Causation is the act of causing. 
 
 An Effect is that which neces- 
 sarily flows from a cause. (L., effi- 
 cio [effectum], to cause or bring 
 about.) 
 
 A Consequence is that which fol- 
 lows from some act, practice, habit, 
 or event, but not directly and neces- 
 sarily. Diseases are frequently the 
 
 mere effects of intemperance, and 
 poverty is not unfrequently a conse- 
 quence of the same vice. The de- 
 struction of the fruits of the earth 
 may be the immediate effect of a 
 severe and untimely frost ; and a 
 famine may be a consequence of this 
 occurrence. (L., conseqne?is, follow- 
 ing.) 
 
 Results are effects which proceed 
 from particular efforts. (L., resilid 
 [resultuni], to rebound.) 
 
 OF CHANCE 
 
 HAP, that which comes suddenly 
 and unexpectedly. 
 
 To Happen is to come suddenly 
 and unexpectedly. 
 
 Happy, receiving good from some- 
 thing that comes to one unexpectedly. 
 
 To Fall out is to happen. 
 
 To Befall is to happen to. (Usually 
 spoken of the happening of ill.) 
 
 Casual, that happens; as, a casual 
 meeting. (Lit., falling unexpectedly; 
 from h.,cado \_casum], to fall.) 
 
 An Accident is that which falls to 
 one unexpectedly. (L., ad, to; and 
 cadens, falling.) 
 
 To Occur is to come in one's way 
 unexpectedly. (L., ob, in one's way; 
 and curro, to run.) 
 
 Chance is the cause of that which 
 falls out. (L. , cadens, falling. ) 
 
 The Probability of a future and 
 uncertain event is the degree of like- 
 lihood that it will happen. 
 
 Note. — The probability of the occurrence of 
 any event is measured by a fraction, the nu- 
 merator of which expresses the number of 
 chances favorable to the occurrence, and the de- 
 nominator the whole number of chances favor- 
 able and unfavorable. — Brande. 
 
 Fors, chance. (L.) Hence, 
 Fortune, 1. The good or ill that be- 
 falls a man. 2. The power that, ac- 
 cording to the heathen notion, has 
 tie distribution of good and evil. 
 
 Fortunate, favored by fortune. 
 
 Fortuitous, brought about by 
 chance ; as, a fortuitous concourse 
 of atoms. 
 
 Random, left to chance; as, a ran- 
 dom blow. 
 
 Lot, in the heathen acceptation of 
 the term, is chance or fortune. 
 
 Lot, in the Christian acceptation of 
 the term, is the determination of 
 Providence. 
 
 Danger is the chance of loss, pain, 
 or other evil. (L., damnum, loss.) 
 
 Jeopardy is exposure to death, loss, 
 or injury. 
 
 Peril is great personal danger. 
 In perils of the waters; in perils 
 among false brethren. — 2 Cor. xi. 
 (L., periculum, a trial.) 
 
 Risk is danger incurred, with a 
 reasonable prospect of some advan- 
 tage to be gained. 
 
 Hazard is danger inconsiderately 
 incurred, or it is danger incurred, 
 in cases where the probabilities are 
 adverse to the success of the enter- 
 prise. 
 
 To Venture, or To Adventure, is 
 to engage in a doubtful enterprise 
 after having balanced probabilities, 
 and concluded that the chances are 
 in favor of success. 
 
294 
 
 FATE — TO AVOID. 
 
 OF FATE. 
 
 FATE is, 1. According to the no- 
 tions of some of the philosophical 
 sects of antiquity, a divine decree by 
 which the order of things is un- 
 changeably fixed. 2. An imaginary 
 power that forms plans and chains of 
 causes, and determines what shall 
 be the condition of every individual. 
 3. Death. (L.,fatum, a decree; from 
 for [fatuni], to utter.) 
 
 The Fates, in mythology, were three 
 sister goddesses, named Clotho (Spin- 
 ster), Lachesis (Allotter), and Atropos 
 (Unchangeable), whose office it was 
 to spin the destinies of men, and break 
 the threads when their appointed 
 hours of death came. — Brande. 
 
 Fatal, 1. Proceeding from fate. 
 These things are fatal and neces- 
 sary. — Tillotson. 2. Causing death 
 or destruction ; as, a fatal disease. 
 
 Fatality, according to certain phi- 
 losophical systems, is a fixed and un- 
 alterable course of things, indepen- 
 dent of God or any controlling cause. 
 
 Fatalism is the doctrine that all 
 things take place by inevitable neces- 
 sity. 
 
 Destiny, according to many of the 
 heathen philosophers, was a secret or 
 invisible power or virtue, which, with 
 incomprehensible wisdom, regulated 
 all the occurrences of this world, 
 
 which, to human eyes, appear irregu- 
 lar and fortuitous. The Stoics, on 
 the other hand, understood by des- 
 tiny a certain concatenation of things 
 which, from all eternity, follow each 
 other of absolute necessity, there 
 being no power able to interrupt 
 their connection. — Brande. (L., des- 
 tino [destination], to appoint.) 
 
 Predestination is the belief that 
 God has, from all eternity, decreed 
 whatever comes to pass, (prce, be- 
 forehand.) 
 
 Necessity is the scheme which re- 
 presents all human actions and feel- 
 ings as linked in a chain of causa- 
 tion, determined by laws in every re- 
 spect analogous to those by which the 
 physical universe is governed. — 
 Brande. 
 
 A Necessitarian is one who advo- 
 cates the doctrine of philosophical ne- 
 cessity. 
 
 Necessary, 1. That cannot be other- 
 wise. It is necessary that every 
 effect should have a cause. 2. Indis- 
 pensable ; as, air is necessary to sup- 
 port animal life. 3. Unavoidable ; as, 
 a necessary inference. 4. Acting 
 from necessity or compulsion. The 
 question has been much discussed 
 whether man is a free, or a necessary 
 agent.— Webster. 
 
 TO AYOID. 
 
 To AVOID is, from the apprehen- 
 sion of danger or unpleasant conse- 
 quences, to keep at a distance from, 
 or to keep from doing. Literally, to 
 keep one's-self void, or free from. 
 (From void, empty or free from.) 
 
 To Shun is, with care, to keep out 
 of the way of a thing, or to avoid 
 coming in contact with it. We shun 
 the company of a person whom we 
 dislike. The mariner shuns a danger- 
 ous rock. 
 
 To Eschew is to shun either from 
 
 fear, from natural aversion, or from 
 moral principle ; as, to eschew evil. 
 
 Note. — Shun and eschew are both, etymologi- 
 cally, allied to shy. 
 
 To Elude is to get one's-self out of 
 the way of by artifice ; as, to elude 
 pursuit; to elude a blow. (L., e, out 
 of the way of; and ludo \lusum\, to 
 play or practice a trick.) 
 
 Elusion is the act of getting one's- 
 self out of the way of by having re^ 
 course to artifice. 
 
 Elusive, practicing elusion. 
 
SAFETY. 
 
 295 
 
 To Escape, is, 1. By an effort or 
 by some expedient to disengage one's- 
 self from what is disagreeable. 2. 
 To be unaffected by an evil by 
 which we were threatened. 
 
 To Evade, is, 1. To avoid by dex- 
 terity; as, to evade a blow. 2. To 
 escape by artifice; as, the thief evaded 
 his pursuers. 3. To elude by subter- 
 fuge, sophistry, address, or ingenuity ; 
 as, to evade the force of an argument. 
 (L., evado, [evasum~\, from e, out of 
 the way of; and vado, to pass.) 
 
 Evasion is, 1. The act of evading. 
 2. Artifice to elude or avoid; as an 
 evasion of an argument; an evasion 
 of a direct answer. 
 
 Evasive, using evasion or artifice to 
 avoid; as, an evasive answer. 
 
 Vito \yitatum~], to shun. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Evitable, that may be shunned. 
 (Little used.) (e, out of the way of.) 
 
 Inevitable, that can not be shun- 
 ned; as, an inevitable calamity, (in, 
 not.) 
 
 To Flee, is to hasten from dan- 
 ger. 
 
 Fugio [fugitum'], to flee. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Fugitive, fleeing from danger, pur- 
 suit, or servitude; as, a fugitive 
 slave. 
 
 A Fugitive, one who flees. 
 
 Fugacious, volatile, that is flying 
 or fleeing away. 
 
 Fugaciiy, volatility ; as the fugac- 
 ity of spirits. 
 
 Refuge, 1. Shelter from danger. 
 2. That which shelters from danger. 
 
 Refugee, one who flees to a shelter 
 or place of safety. 
 
 OF SAFETY 
 
 SAFE, 1. Free from danger of any 
 kind ; as, safe from enemies ; safe 
 from disease. 2. Free from hurt, 
 injury, or damage ; as, the vessel ar- 
 rived safe in port ; we got safe home. 
 3. Conferring safety ; as, a safe guide ; 
 a safe harbor. 
 
 Safety is, 1. Freedom from danger. 
 2. Exemption from hurt, injury, or 
 loss. 3. Preservation from escape. 
 
 To Save, is, 1. To preserve from 
 injury or evil of any kind. 2. To 
 hinder from being spent or lost; as, 
 to save money ; to save time. 
 
 A Savior is one who saves. 
 
 THE Savior is He who saves men 
 from sin and eternal death. 
 
 Salvtjs, safe. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Salvation, 1. The act of saving 
 from any great calamity. 2. A sav- 
 ing from sin and a liability to eternal 
 death. 
 
 Salvable, that may be saved, or re- 
 ceived to everlasting happiness. 
 
 Salvage, in commerce, a reward or 
 recompense allowed by law for the 
 saving of a ship or goods from loss at 
 
 sea, either by shipwreck, fire, etc., 
 or by enemies or pirates. — Park. 
 
 Secueus, free from care or uneasi- 
 ness. (L., from se, without; and 
 cur a, care or anxiety.) Hence, 
 
 Secure, 1. Free from apprehension 
 of danger. 2. Free from danger. 
 
 Security, 1. Freedom from fear or 
 apprehension. 2. Exemption from 
 danger. 3. That which is the cause 
 of exemption from danger. 
 
 An Asylum was anciently a place 
 of refuge to which criminals might 
 fly, and from which it was considered 
 the greatest impiety to take them by 
 force. — Brande. (Gr., a., privative; 
 and a-uxa.ce [sylao~\, to rob.) 
 
 Note. — This privilege was given to many of 
 the templos, altars, and statues of the gods. — 
 Brande. 
 
 An Asylum, in modern usage, is a 
 place for the reception of the unfor- 
 tunate ; as, an asylum for the blind. 
 
 To Protect is to cover from danger 
 or injury. (L., pro, against ; and tego 
 [tectuni], to cover.) 
 
 Protection is the act of covering 
 
296 
 
 SAFETY — WATCHFULNESS. 
 
 from danger, or from liability to in- 
 jury or loss. 
 
 A Protection is that which secures 
 against danger, injury, or loss. 
 
 To Shield, is to cover against that 
 which would harm. 
 
 A Shield is a broad piece of defen- 
 sive armor. 
 
 To Shelter is to cover from vio- 
 lence, injury, annoyance or attack. 
 
 A Shelter is that which covers from 
 injury or annoyance. 
 
 Note. — Shield and Shelter are etymologically 
 allied. 
 
 To Defend, is, lit, to strike away 
 from. (L., de, away from; and fenclo 
 \_fensum~], to strike.) Hence, to se- 
 cure against attacks or evil of any 
 kind. 
 
 Defense is the act of repelling vio- 
 lence, or of securing against harm or 
 annoyance. 
 
 A Defense is that which secures 
 against violence, harm, or annoyance. 
 
 To Ward off is to turn aside the 
 approach of anything that is mis- 
 chievous ; as, to ward off a blow ; to 
 ward offth.Q force of an objection. 
 
 To Screen is to separate from in- 
 convenience, injury, or danger. (L., 
 cerno, to separate.) 
 
 A Screen is anything that separates 
 from inconvenience, injury, or dan- 
 ger. 
 
 To Guard is to keep in safety. 
 (Fr., garder, to keep.) 
 
 A Guardian is one to whom any- 
 thing is committed for preservation 
 from injury, 
 
 Ward, is, 1. The act of guarding. 
 
 Still when she slept he both kept watch and 
 ward.- 
 
 2. Confinement under guard. Pha : 
 raoh ' put his baker and butler in 
 ward. — Gen. xl. 
 
 A Ward is, 1. A minor under the 
 care of a guardian. 2. A division of 
 a tower or city committed to the care 
 or guardianship of an older man. 
 
 Note. — Ward and guard are, etymologically, 
 the same word. 
 
 A Warden is a keeper or guardian. 
 
 Tueor [tuitum~], to defend or se- 
 cure from harm. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Tutor, 'primarily, the guardian of 
 a young person. Afterward a teacher 
 of the young, because teachers are 
 usually charged with oversight as 
 well as instruction. 
 
 Tuition, primarily, guardianship 
 or protection. According to present 
 usage, 1. Instruction. 2. The fee 
 paid for instruction. 
 
 Tutelar, or Tutelary, having the 
 charge of guarding or protecting; as, 
 a tutelary genius. 
 
 Tutelage, guardianship. 
 
 OF WATCHFULNESS, ETC 
 
 To WATCH, is, 1. To be awake, 
 or to continue without sleep. 2. To 
 look with attention. 3. To look out 
 for danger. 4. To wait on the sick 
 during the night. 
 
 Vigil, a watchman. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Vigilant, attentive to discover and 
 avoid danger, or to provide for 
 safety. 
 
 Vigilance, attention of the mind 
 in discovering and guarding against 
 danger. 
 
 Alert, active in vigilance. Hence, 
 the military phrase, upon the alert, 
 
 signifying upon the watch, in order 
 to guard against danger or surprise. 
 
 Wary, carefully watching and 
 guarding against danger. 
 
 Circumspect, lit, looking around 
 on all sides. Hence, examining all 
 the facts and circumstances of a case, 
 with a view to a correct course of 
 conduct, or to avoid danger. (L., cir- 
 cum, around; and specio, to look.) 
 
 Caution consists in care to avoid 
 evil. (L., caveo [cautuni], to be on 
 one's guard against.) 
 
 Rash, 1. Entering upon a measure, 
 
TO BE — OF THINGS. 
 
 207 
 
 or performing an act, without due de- 
 liberation and caution; as, a rash 
 man. 2. Undertaken, performed, or 
 
 uttered without due consideration of 
 the consequences; as, a rash enter- 
 prize; a rash act; rash words. 
 
 TO BE. 
 
 To BE is not susceptible of defini- 
 tion. 
 
 Note. — To be is applicable either to the acci- 
 dents of things, or to the substances or things 
 themselves. 
 
 Being is the state implied by the 
 verb to be. 
 
 A Being is, 1. Any object that is. 
 2. An object that possesses an intel- 
 lectual or spiritual nature. God, an- 
 gels, and men, are beings. 
 
 To Exist is, 1. To have a real be- 
 ing as a substance. 2. To live. 3. 
 To continue in being. (L., ex, forth, 
 and sisto.) 
 
 Existence is the state implied by 
 the verb to exist. 
 
 Entity is being or existence. (L., 
 ens, present participle of esse, to 
 be.) 
 
 An Entity is something which has 
 a real existence as a substance. 
 
 Non-existent, not having exist- 
 ence. 
 
 Non-existence is the negation of ex- 
 istence. 
 
 Non-entity is the condition of not 
 existing. 
 
 A Nonentity is a thing that has no 
 existence. 
 
 Esse, to be. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Essence, that which constitutes the 
 real nature of a thing. The essence 
 of a ball is the round or spherical 
 shape. 
 
 An Essence is a being. Angels are 
 called by Milton heavenly essences. 
 
 Essential, 1. Necessary to consti- 
 tute a thing what it is. Sphericity is 
 the essential property of a ball. 2. 
 Important in the highest degree; as, 
 pure air is essential to health. 
 
 Nothing, or Naught, is the negation 
 of being. [No and thing.) 
 
 Nihil, nothing. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Nihility, nothingness. 
 
 Annihilate, to reduce to nothing. 
 {ad, to.) 
 
 OF THINGS. 
 
 A THING is, 1. Any being or 
 substance except the Creator. All 
 things were made by Him. 2. An 
 event. "After these things I heard 
 a voice of much people." — Rev., xix. 
 3. An act. " What! is thy servant a 
 dog, that he should do this great 
 thing f ' ' — 2 Kb igs, viii. 4. Any obj e ct 
 of knowledge. This definition in- 
 cludes all possible facts, such as the 
 properties and relations of things, the 
 laws of nature, historical events, and 
 truths of every kind. When a child 
 first comes into the world, it has 
 every thing to learn. 5. Any object 
 of thought, whether the object really 
 exists, or whether the existence of the 
 
 object is merely supposed, or whether 
 the existence of the object is impos- 
 sible. Fairies and witches are things 
 that have no real existence. It is an 
 impossible thing that God should lie. 
 
 Bes, a thing that actually exists. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Real, 1. Actually existing; as, a 
 real scene; real life. 2. Genuine, that 
 is not spurious, but the very thing 
 indicated by the name; as, a real 
 diamond. 
 
 Reality, the condition of having 
 an actual existence. 
 
 A Reality is a thing which actually 
 is, in contradistinction from a mere 
 appearance. 
 
298 
 
 SUBSTANCE— MATTER. 
 
 To Realize is, 1. To bring into real 
 existence in the form of profit ; as, 
 to realize money from a speculation. 
 2. To bring home to one's own case as 
 a personal reality, that is, to form a 
 
 true conception as to how we should 
 feel under certain supposed circum- 
 stances; as, to realize the sufferings 
 of the destitute. 
 
 OF SUBSTANCE. 
 
 A SUBSTANCE is something that 
 exists by itself. (L., sub, under, and 
 starts, standing.) 
 
 Note 1. — A substance is thus called because it 
 stands under and supports the properties that are 
 
 inherent in it. Thus, sugar is 
 which stands under, and supports the quality of 
 sweetness, and whatever other qualities are in- 
 herent in the sugar. 
 
 Note 2. — Substances are of two general 
 classes, matter and spirit. 
 
 OF MATTEE. 
 
 MATTER is a term including 
 whatever may be seen or touched. 
 Fig., A matter is any item of busi- 
 ness that engages our attention. 
 
 Material, consisting of matter. Air 
 is a material fluid. Fig., Import- 
 ant, as a material point in a contro- 
 versy ; material duties. 
 
 Note. — When we speak of duties, etc., as be- 
 ing material, we represent them as something 
 substantial or solid, and not existing as mere 
 empty shadows. 
 
 Immaterial, not consisting of mat- 
 ter. The soul is immaterial. Fig., 
 Unimportant. 
 
 Material, the substance of which 
 anything is made. 
 
 A Materialist is one who denies 
 the existence of spiritual substances, 
 and holds that the human soul is 
 the result of material organization. 
 
 A Body is, 1. A mass of matter. 
 The sun is a luminous body. 2. A 
 collection or association 'of men 
 acting together; as, a body of sol- 
 diers; a legislative body ; a body cor- 
 porate; a body politic. 3. A code or 
 system; as, a body of laws; a body 
 of divinity. 
 
 THE Body is, 1. The material part 
 of man, in contradistinction from his 
 spiritual nature. 2. The compact 
 and bulky part of an object, in dis- 
 tinction from the appendages ; as, the 
 body of a tree.. 
 
 Corpus, a body. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Corporeal, consisting of matter. 
 Air is a corporeal substance. (Op- 
 posed to spiritual.) 
 
 Corporal, pertaining to the human 
 body; as, corporal pain, corporal 
 punishment. (Opposed to mental.) 
 
 Note. — We should not say corporeal punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Corporate, legally united in a body 
 for the transaction of business; as a 
 corporate society; a corporate town. 
 
 Corporation, a body of persons 
 having the power to transact busi- 
 ness as a single individual. The 
 stockholders and officers of a bank- 
 ing institution are a corporation. 
 
 To Incorporate, 1. To combine, by 
 mixture, one substance with a body 
 or mass of another substance ; as, to 
 incorporate silver with gold. 2. To 
 unite, by legislative authority, a num- 
 ber of persons in a single body for the 
 transaction of business. 
 
 Note. — The legislature incorporates banks, 
 railroad companies, colleges, cities, etc. 
 
 Corpulent, having a body rendered 
 over-bulky by an excess of flesh and 
 fat. 
 
 Corpse, a dead human body. 
 
 Corps (pron. core), an organized 
 body of soldiers. 
 
 Corpuscle, a body of the smallest 
 size; that is, a particle or atom of 
 matter. (L., corpusculum, dim. of 
 corpus. ) 
 
SUNDRY RELATIONS. 
 
 299 
 
 SUNDRY RELATIONS 
 
 1. Identity. 
 
 IDEM, the same. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Identity, sameness. 
 
 Identical, the same; as, we found 
 on the thief the identical goods that 
 were lost. 
 
 Identify, to ascertain or prove to be 
 the same ; as, to identify stolen goods. 
 
 2. Similarity. 
 
 LIKE, or ALIKE, exactly corres- 
 ponding in form, quantity, quality, or 
 degree. 
 
 Sonus, like. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Similar , 1. Like. 2. Somewhat like. 
 
 Resemble, to be similar to. 
 
 Resemblance, likeness ; as, a resem- 
 blance behoeen two persons. One 
 thing may bear a resemblance to an- 
 other. 
 
 Semblance, an appearance of being- 
 like ; as, the semblance of virtue ; the 
 semblance of worth. 
 
 Simulate, to assume the semblance 
 of that which one is not. The wicked 
 sometimes simulate the virtues of the 
 good. 
 
 Dissemble, to be dissimilar to one's- 
 self; as, to dissemble one's senti- 
 ments ; that is, to conceal them. 
 
 Dissimulation, the act of dissem- 
 bling, or of being unlike one's real 
 self 
 
 Simile, a comparison by which an 
 idea is illustrated or aggrandized. 
 
 Similitude, 1. Likeness. 2. A sim- 
 ile. (See Art. Figures of Speech.) 
 
 3. Imitation. 
 
 To IMITATE is to make or to do 
 that which resembles something else. 
 
 To Mimic is to attempt to excite 
 laughter or derision by imitating the 
 manner of another. 
 
 Mimicry is imitation for sport. 
 
 To Mock is to imitate for the pur- 
 pose of exposing to contempt. (Fr., 
 moquer, to deride.) 
 
 To Ape is to imitate from a silly 
 desire of doing or appearing like 
 others. (From ape, a well-known 
 
 animal, remarkable for its propensity 
 to imitate.) 
 
 A Model is, 1. A form or shape in- 
 tended for imitation. 2. Something 
 made in imitation of real life. Ana- 
 tomical models represent the parts of 
 the body. (L, modulus, a little meas- 
 ure.) 
 
 A Pattern is that which is to be 
 imitated either in things or in ac- 
 tions ; as, the pattern of a machine. 
 Job was a pattern of patience. 
 
 A Copy is something that has been 
 formed after a model. 
 
 The Copy is that which is to be 
 imitated in writing or printing. 
 
 An Archetype is the original pat- 
 tern from which a thing is made. 
 (Gr., apx» [arche], beginning; and 
 <rv7ros [typos'], form.) 
 
 The Prototype is the first or orig- 
 inal pattern. (Gr., Trpcero? [protos], 
 first.) 
 
 4. Adaptation. 
 
 FIT, having a proper relation to 
 the use, purpose, or end, for which a 
 thing is intended ; as, food ft to be 
 eaten. 
 
 To Fit is, 1. To be of proper di- 
 mensions for covering or filling up; 
 as, the garment fits him ; the spile 
 fits the orifice. 2. To prepare or put 
 in order for; as, to fit a student for 
 college ; to fit a vessel for a voyage. 
 
 To Suit is, 1. To have a proper re- 
 lation to the nature of a thing. Pity 
 suits with a noble nature. — Dry den. 
 
 Give me not an oflBce 
 That suits with me so ill. — Addison. 
 
 2. To cause one thing to have a 
 proper relation to another. He suited 
 the action to the word. 3. To make 
 content. He is suited with his situa- 
 tion. 
 
 To Adapt is to cause to fit. (L., 
 ad, to ; and apto [aptatum], to fit. ) 
 
 To Adjust is to cause things mutu- 
 ally to fit, or have a proper relation to 
 each other. (L., ad, to; and Justus, 
 exact.) 
 
 Congruous, mutually suiting. Light 
 
300 
 
 TO CftANGE. 
 
 music and a mournful occasion are 
 not congruous. (L., congruo, to suit 
 together.) 
 
 Congruity is mutual suitableness. 
 
 To Answer is to be adapted to ; as, 
 to answer a good purpose. 
 
 To Correspond is to answer mutu- 
 ally, or to be mutually adapted. (L., 
 con, together ; and respondeo, to an- 
 swer.) 
 
 Proper, suited to some person, 
 thing, or occasion. 
 
 Propriety is suitableness ; as, pro- 
 priety of conduct. 
 
 To Become is to be suitable or con- 
 gruous. 
 
 Becoming, suitable or congruous ; 
 as, a becoming dress; becoming de- 
 portment. 
 
 Seemly, suited to the object, occa- 
 sion, purpose, or character. Honor 
 is not seemly for a fool. — Prov. xxvi. 
 
 To Beseem is to become, or to be 
 decent for. 
 
 Commodus, in just proportion, being 
 neither too large nor too small. (L., 
 from con, according to ; and modus, a 
 measure.) Hence, 
 
 Commodious, well adapted to its 
 use or purpose. 
 
 Commodity, convenience or advan- 
 tage. Men seek their own commodity. 
 
 A Commodity, 1. Anything that 
 affords convenience or advantage. 
 2. Any article of commerce, since the 
 articles of commerce are things which 
 contribute to our convenience. 
 
 Accommodate, 1. To adapt; as, to 
 accommodate ourselves to circum- 
 stances. 2. To supply or furnish 
 with things adapted to the wants or 
 convenience of a person ; as, to ac- 
 commodate a man with apartments. 
 (ad, to.) 
 
 Convenient, adapted to use or 
 wants. (L., con, together; andvewo, 
 to come.") 
 
 To AGREE is, 1. To be of one 
 mind. 2. To be suited to the nature 
 of a thing. The same articles of 
 food do not agree with all persons. 
 3. To correspond; as, the stories do 
 not agree ; the picture does not agree 
 with the original. (Fr., a, according 
 to; and gr6, the will.) 
 
 Consistent, standing together in 
 agreement ; that is, not contradictory 
 or opposed. Two opinions or schemes 
 may be consistent. (L., con, to- 
 gether; and sisto, to stand.) 
 
 Compatible, having a mutual adapt- 
 ation of nature that fits two things 
 for coexisting. The office of a legis- 
 lator and of a judge are not deemed 
 compatible. (L., con, together; and 
 peto, to seek.) 
 
 Discrepant, disagreeing, as, dis- 
 crepant opinions. 
 
 Discrepancy, disagreement. (L., 
 dis, differently ; and crepo, to sound. ) 
 
 TO CHANGE 
 
 To CHANGE is, 1. To cause to 
 pass from one state to another ; as, to 
 change the color or shape of a thing. 
 
 2. To put one thing in the place of 
 another; as, to change the clothes. 
 
 3. To take one thing in the place of 
 another that is relinquished. 
 
 To Alter is to make different. (L., 
 alter, other.) 
 
 An Alterant, or Alterative, is a 
 medicine which restores to health by 
 
 inducing a gradual change in the sys- 
 tem. 
 
 To Vary is to change in a moderate 
 degree. 
 
 Muto, [niutatum], to change. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Mutable, subject to change. 
 
 Mutation, a change. 
 
 Commute, to put one thing in the 
 place of another; as, to commute a 
 penalty; that is to substitute a 
 
TO DO — LABOR. 
 
 301 
 
 milder punishment for one that is 
 more severe. 
 
 Transmute, to change into another 
 substance ; as, to transmute the baser 
 metals into gold, (trans, over.) 
 
 Permute, to change the order or ar- 
 rangement of a number of things in 
 all possible ways, {per, thorough- 
 
 Permutation, an arithmetical rule 
 by which the number of changes in 
 the arrangement of a given number 
 of objects may be computed. 
 
 Immutable, unchangeable. 
 
 To Modify is to change in some 
 degree; as, to modify a form; to 
 modify the terms of a contract. (L., 
 modus, limit, or manner; and facio, 
 to make.) 
 
 To Vary is, 1. To alter in different 
 ways at different times. A man varies 
 his manner of speaking and thinking 
 according to circumstances. 2. To 
 be changed ; as, the varying hue3 of 
 the clouds. 3. To be different. The 
 laws of different countries vary. 
 
 T O D O. 
 
 To DO is to move or act with a view 
 to bringing about some end. 
 
 A Deed is that which is done. 
 
 To Perform is to form thoroughly, 
 or to carry through; as, to perform 
 a labor ; to perform a duty, (per, 
 through; and formo, to form.) 
 
 To Achieve is to carry on to a 
 final close; as, to achieve an under- 
 taking. 
 
 Achievement is, 1. The performance 
 of an action. 2. An obtaining by ex- 
 ertion. 
 
 An Achievement is a great or heroic 
 deed. 
 
 An Exploit is a great or noble 
 achievement. 
 
 To Execute is to perform accord- 
 ing to the orders or directions of 
 others, or according to a predeter- 
 mined plan. (L., exequor [executuni], 
 to follow out.) 
 
 To Accomplish is to bring to a 
 close; as, to accomplish a work. 
 
 (Fr., ac, or ad, intensive ; and com- 
 plir, to complete; from L., con, en- 
 tirely; and^Zeo [pletum], to fill.) 
 
 To Fulfill is, 1. To answer in the 
 event, or in the execution what has 
 been foretold; as, to fulfill a prophe- 
 cy; to fulfill an engagement. 2. To 
 perform what is required ; as, to ful- 
 fil a law. (From full and f 11.) 
 
 nPA22n [Prasso], to do. (Gr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Practice, 1. A doing repeatedly. 
 
 2. The exercise of a profession. 
 Practicable, capable of being per- 
 formed or carried into effect; as a 
 practicable plan. 2. That may be 
 practiced; as, a practicable virtue. 
 
 3. That may be traveled or passed; 
 as, a practicable road ; a practicable 
 breach. 
 
 Practical, 1. Pertaining to practice. 
 2. That may be used in practice; 
 as, practical knowledge. 3. Derived 
 from practice; as, practical skill. 
 
 OF LABOE 
 
 LABOR consists either in bodily or 
 mental exertion put forth for the ac- 
 complishment of some end. 
 
 To Work is to perform labor. 
 
 Toil is labor that is accompanied 
 by pain and fatigue. 
 
 Drudgery is severe labor in servile 
 occupations. (From drudge, a slave. ) 
 
 A Task is a definite amount of la- 
 bor imposed by a master. 
 
 Opus [opens']) work. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Operate, to exert power or force in 
 the production of effects. 
 
 Operative, active in the production 
 of effects. 
 
 An Operative, a laboring man. 
 
302 
 
 TO ENDEAVOR — TO HELP — INSTRUMENTALITY, 
 
 TO ENDEAVOR 
 
 To ENDEAVOR is to exert 
 physical strength or intellectual pow- 
 er for the accomplishment of an 
 object. 
 
 To Attempt is to set about a thing 
 with a view of effecting it. 
 
 To Try is to exercise power for the 
 accomplishment of an object. 
 
 To Essay is to attempt. 
 
 An Effort is a sudden bringing 
 forth and vigorous exercise of power 
 in connection with an attempt. (L., 
 effero, to bring forth.) 
 
 An Exertion is a thrusting forth 
 of the hand of power in connection 
 with an attempt. (L., exero [exert- 
 um\, to thrust forth. 
 
 To Strive is to endeavor earnestly 
 
 TO HELP. 
 
 To HELP is to add one's labor, 
 exertions or means to those of a per- 
 son who is endeavoring to effect some 
 end. We help a person to prosecute 
 his work, or we help him out of a 
 difficulty. ' 
 
 To Assist is, lit, to place one's self 
 by another. Hence, to help. We 
 assist a person in a scheme, or in the 
 time of his embarrassment. (L., ad, 
 by; and sisto, to place one's-self.) 
 
 To Aid is to help by furnishing 
 
 strength or means to effect a purpose. 
 We aid a good cause. We aid a per- 
 son to make his escape. 
 
 To Succor is to give prompt assist- 
 ance to a person who is in a condition 
 of great danger or distress. (L., sub, 
 up to ; and curro, to run. ) 
 
 Juvo [jutum\, to help. (L. ) 
 Hence, 
 
 Adjuvant, helping. 
 
 Adjutant, an assistant officer. 
 
 Co-adjutor, a helper. 
 
 OE INSTRUMENTALITY. 
 
 A MEANS is that through which 
 an end is gained. (L., medium, 
 something existing between.) 
 
 An Instrument is that by which 
 anything is effected (L., instruo, to 
 furnish, or provide with ; instruments 
 being the things with which a me- 
 chanic is furnished or provided, that 
 he may be enabled to carry on his 
 operations.) 
 
 A Tool is an instrument used in 
 manual operations. 
 
 A Utensil is an instrument for any 
 use, such as the vessels of a kitchen 
 or the tools of a trade. (L., utor, to 
 use.) 
 
 An Implement is, 1. Something that 
 fills up vacancy, or supplies wants. 
 Unto life many implements are neces- 
 sary. — Hooker. 
 
 Note. — The foregoing use of the word is obso- 
 lete. 
 
 2. An instrument or a tool used in 
 any trade, art, or operation. 
 
 Note. — A mechanic's necessary tools are 
 called his implements, because they fill up the 
 void of his wants in reference to means of car- 
 rying on his operations. (L., impleo, to fill up.) 
 
 A Machine is anything which 
 serves to increase or regulate the 
 effect of a given force. 
 
 An Organ is, 1. A natural instru- 
 ment by which some operation is 
 performed, or some process is carried 
 on. The feet are organs of locomo- 
 tion. The eyes are organs of sight. 
 The liver is an organ for the secretion 
 of the bile. 
 
 To Organize is, 1. To form with 
 organs ; as, to organize a plant or an 
 animal. 2. To form and arrange in 
 a regular structure. 3. To distribute 
 into suitable parts and appoint proper 
 officers ; as, to organize an army. 
 
AGENTS — TO MAKE — SKILL. 
 
 303 
 
 OF AGENTS 
 
 An AGENT is one authorized to 
 act for another in any capacity what- 
 ever. (L., ago, to act.) 
 
 A Principal is one for whom an 
 agent acts. 
 
 A Deputy is one who has been de- 
 puted (appointed) to act for an- 
 other. 
 
 A Substitute is one who has been 
 put in the place of another to per- 
 form some specific act, or to dis- 
 charge the duties of some office. (L., 
 sub, in the place of; and statuo, to 
 place.) 
 
 A ^Representative is one who sup- 
 plies the place of another, and is 
 empowered to do within prescribed 
 limits, whatever might have been 
 done by the person whose place he 
 supplies. 
 
 A Constituent is one who consti- 
 tutes another his representative. 
 
 An Attorney is one who is legally 
 empowered by another to transact 
 business for him. 
 
 A Proxy is one legally appointed 
 to perform some specified act for 
 another. 
 
 A Factor is an agent employed by 
 a merchant to transact business at 
 some- distant point. 
 
 A Commissioner is one. who is 
 commissioned or formally authorized 
 to transact business for the person or 
 government that employs him. 
 
 A Delegate is a person appointed 
 and sent by another, with powers to 
 transact business as his representa- 
 tive. (L., de, away; and lego, to 
 send.) 
 
 TO MAKE. 
 
 To MAKE is to form of materials. 
 
 To Create is to form out of noth- 
 ing. 
 
 Creation is, 1. The act of creating. 
 2. The things created. 
 
 The Creator is the Being who has 
 created all things. 
 
 A Creature is, 1. A being not self- 
 existent, but created by Supreme 
 power. Angels, men, and animals 
 are creatures. 2. Anything created. 
 
 God's first creature was light. — 
 Bacon. 
 
 To Fabricate is, 1. To form by art 
 and labor; as, to fabricate cotton 
 goods. 2. To devise falsely; as to 
 fabricate a lie. (L., faber, a work- 
 man.) 
 
 To Manufacture is to form from 
 raw materials by the hand or by 
 machinery. (L., manus, the hand; 
 and facto, to make.) 
 
 OF SKILL 
 
 SKILL implies ability to practice 
 an' art, or to manage a business to 
 good advantage. 
 
 Expertness is skill acquired by 
 experience or practice. (L., experior 
 \_expertum~], to try.) 
 
 Handiness is readiness in the use 
 of the hands. 
 
 Dexterity is, lit, readiness in the 
 use of the right hand. Hence, A me- 
 
 chanical facility in the performance of 
 any work. (L. , dextra, the right hand. ) 
 Adroitness is, lit., readiness in the 
 use of the right hand. (Fr., «, with, 
 and droite, the right hand.) Hence, 
 1. Manual skill. " Use yourself to 
 carve adroitly and genteelly." — Ches- 
 terfeld. 2. Keadiness in invention 
 and execution ; as, he displayed great 
 adroitness in effecting his purpose. 
 
304 
 
 TO BUILD — TO TAKE. 
 
 Awkward, lacking skill in the use 
 of the hand. 
 
 To Bungle is to perform awk- 
 wardly. 
 
 To Botch is, 1. To mend or patch 
 
 with a needle or awl in an awkward 
 manner. 2. To put together, or to 
 execute unskillfully ; as, to botch a 
 piece of work. 
 
 TO BUILD. 
 
 To BUILD is to put materials to- 
 gether in the construction of houses, 
 etc. 
 
 Architecture is the science of 
 building. 
 
 An Architect is a scientific builder. 
 (Gr., ap%os [archos], chief; and vunw 
 \tecton,~\ a workman. ) 
 
 JEdifico \cediftcatum~\, to build, 
 from cedes, a house, and facio, to 
 make. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Edifice, a building. 
 
 Edify, to build up in useful knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 Struo [structum], to build. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Structure, something that has been 
 built; as, a house, a bridge, a pyra- 
 mid. 
 
 Construct, to put together. 
 
 Construe, to arrange words in their 
 natural order in translating from a 
 foreign language. Hence, To inter- 
 pret. 
 
 Destroy, lit, to pull down. Hence, 
 To ruin, (de, down.) 
 
 A House is a structure consisting 
 of walls inclosing an area, and sur- 
 mounted by a covering to exclude the 
 rain, etc. 
 
 A Building is any kind of a house. 
 
 A Fabric is a large building. 
 
 A Palace is a magnificent build- 
 ing, in which an emperor or king 
 resides. 
 
 A Mansion is a large dwelling- 
 house. 
 
 A Cottage is a small dwelling 
 house. 
 
 Cot is a poetical abbreviation of 
 cottage. 
 
 A Cabin is a mean cottage. 
 
 A Hut is a small cabin. 
 
 A Hovel is a hut destitute of ev 
 ery appendage promotive of comfort 
 or convenience. 
 
 A Shanty is a temporary shelter, 
 slightly constructed. 
 
 A Temple is a house of religious 
 worship. . 
 
 A Church is a Christian temple. 
 
 A Cathedral is the principal 
 church in a diocese. 
 
 A Chapel is a private church. 
 
 A Mosque is a Mohammedan tem- 
 ple. 
 
 A Pagoda, or Pagod, is a heathen 
 temple. 
 
 Domus, a house. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Domestic, pertaining to the house ; 
 as, domestic employment. 
 
 A Domestic, a house servant. 
 
 Domesticate, to accustom to the 
 house ; that is, to tame. (Spoken of 
 wild animals.) 
 
 Domicile, a place of permanent 
 residence. 
 
 Dome, 1. A building. {Poetical) 
 2. A spherical roof raised over the 
 middle of a building 
 
 TO TAKE 
 
 To TAKE is, 1. To receive any- 
 thing that is offered. 2. To gain pos- 
 session by active effort. 
 
 Capio, or Cipio [captum, or ceptum\, 
 to take. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Capture, to take by surprise, strat- 
 agem, or force. 
 
 Captive, one taken in war. 
 
 Capable, 1. Sufficiently roomy to 
 take in ; as, a church capable of hold- 
 
TO HOLD. 
 
 305 
 
 
 ing a thousand persons. 2. Endowed 
 with, (or taking into its nature,) pow- 
 ers and susceptibilities that fit the 
 thing to act, or to be affected in some 
 specific manner; as, a mind capable 
 of judging; a metal capable of being 
 drawn into wire. 
 
 Capacious, adapted, by its roomi- 
 ness, to take in or contain much ; as, 
 a capacious mind. 
 
 Capacity, 1. Room for taking in 
 and containing; as, the capacity of 
 this cask is thirty gallons. 2. The 
 power of the mind to receive ideas or 
 knowledge. 3. Active power or abil- 
 ity; as, a capacity for business. 4. 
 Character ; as, to act in the capacity 
 of a governor. 
 
 Receive, 1. To take something that 
 is presented ; as, to receive a present. 
 2. To take anything that is commu- 
 nicated ; as, tO receive a wound. 
 
 Reception, the act of receiving. 
 
 Recipient, one who receives. 
 
 Receptacle, a place into which 
 things are received. 
 
 Accept, to receive with a grateful 
 feeling, {ad, to.) 
 
 Acceptation, th.% sense in which a 
 word is received or understood. 
 
 Except, to take or leave out. All 
 
 were present, except John; that is, 
 leaving out John, all the rest were 
 present {ex, out.) 
 
 Intercept, lit, to take between. 
 Hence, to stop anything on its' pas- 
 sage; as, the treasonable letter was 
 intercepted. {Inter, between.) 
 
 Perceive, to take into the mind 
 through the medium of the senses. 
 {Per, through.) 
 
 Susceptible, capable of being im- 
 pressed by any influence. 
 
 Inception, lit, a taking hold upon; 
 Hence, a beginning. (*«, upon.) 
 
 Prendre \_pris\, to take. (Fr.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Enterprise, an undertaking. 
 
 Surprise, to take unawares. 
 
 Reprisal, a taking by way of re- 
 taliation. 
 
 Comprise, to include or take in. 
 
 Apprise, to inform ; that is, to 
 cause a person to take knowledge of a 
 fact. 
 
 Prisoner, 1. One taken in war. 2. 
 One taken by the officers of the law 
 to be tried on a criminal charge. 
 3. A person whose liberty is re- 
 strained. 
 
 Prison, a place where prisoners 
 are confined. 
 
 TO HOLD. 
 
 To HOLD is to keep either in op- 
 position to an inherent tendency to 
 escape, or in opposition to any ex- 
 trinsic force tending to remove the 
 object held. 
 
 Texeo [tentum~\, to hold. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Tenant, one who holds land or 
 other real estate under another. 
 
 Tenure, manner of holding real 
 estate. 
 
 Tenor, 1. A holding on in a con- 
 tinued course; as, he pursued the 
 even tenor of his way. Hence, 2. 
 The general drift or purport; as, 
 the tenor of a discourse ; the tenor of 
 a letter. 
 
 Tenacious, holding fast. 
 20 
 
 Tenable, such as may be held against 
 attacks ; as, a tenable position. 
 
 Tenet, any opinion or doctrine 
 which a person holds as true. 
 
 Tenement, 1. A building held or 
 occupied as a habitation. 2. In law, 
 any species of permanent property 
 that may be held; as land, houses, 
 etc. The thing held is a tenement, 
 and the possessor of it a tenant, and 
 the manner of possession is called a 
 tenure. — Blackstone. 
 
 Abstain, to hold one's-self from 
 any indulgence or gratification; as, 
 to abstain from luxuries. {Abs, from. ) 
 
 Abstinent, holding one's-self from 
 indulgence, especially in the use of 
 food and drink. 
 
306 
 
 TO TAKE HOLD OF. 
 
 Continue, lit., to hold together; 
 that is, not to separate into pieces. 
 Hence, to hold on in time without 
 interruption or cessation. (Con, to- 
 gether.) 
 
 Continuous, holding on in space 
 without interruption; as, a continu- 
 ous range of houses. 
 
 Continuity, uninterrupted connec- 
 tion. 
 
 Retain, 1. To hold in opposition 
 to a tendency to escape; as, the 
 memory retains ideas; some metals 
 retain heat longer than others. 2. To 
 hold or keep. An executor may re- 
 tain a debt due to him from the testa- 
 tor. — Blackstone. 
 
 Retentive, having the power to re- 
 tain ; as, a retentive memory. 
 
 Retention, the act of retaining. 
 
 Sustain, lit., to hold up. Hence, 
 1. To bear, as a weight. A beast 
 sustains a load. To sustain a dis- 
 grace. — Shakspeare. 2. To support 
 or keep from falling or sinking. A 
 foundation sustains the superstruct- 
 ure. Hope sustains the afflicted. 
 Food sustains life. (Sub, under.) 
 
 Sustenance, that which sustains 
 life ; that is, food. 
 
 Maintain, lit., to hold up with the 
 hand. Hence, 1. To hold or pre- 
 serve in a certain state ; as, to main- 
 tain a uniform temperature. 2. To 
 hold or defend against others ; as, to 
 maintain a post; to maintain a right; 
 to maintain an argument. 2. To up- 
 
 hold by supplying with food, cloth- 
 ing, etc. (Fr., main, the hand.) 
 
 Maintenance, the act of maintain- 
 ing ; as, the maintenance, of a right ; 
 the maintenance of a family. 
 
 Obtain, lit, to lay hold of. Hence, 
 to get. 
 
 Pertain, lit., to reach to, or extend 
 to. Hence, 1, To belong. 2. To 
 have a relation to. Hence, 
 
 Pertinent, related to the subject or 
 matter in hand; as, a pertinent re- 
 mark ; a pertinent answer. 
 
 Pertinacious, holding on to an 
 opinion or purpose with obstinacy. 
 (Per, through.) 
 
 Appertain, to pertain or belong to. 
 (Ad, to.) 
 
 Appurtenance, that which belongs 
 to something else. 
 
 Entertain, lit., to keep " among. 
 You, sir, I entertain for one of my 
 hundred. — Shakspeare. 
 
 Note. — The primary use of the word entertain 
 referred to the practice of princes and nohles in 
 receiving persons from time to time among the 
 number of their retainers. But the persons 
 thus received were supplied with food and other 
 necessaries. Hence to entertain came, in process 
 of time, to signify to receive and treat a guest with 
 the proper hospitalities. Among these hospitalities 
 conversation, amusements, and whatever might 
 he adapted to please and delight the guest, were 
 mingled. Hence, to entertain came to signify to 
 please. (Fr., entre, among.) 
 
 Detain, 1. To withhold or keep 
 back; as, to detain the wages of a 
 hireling. 2. To restrain from pro- 
 ceeding. 3. To hold in custody. 
 
 TO TAKE HOLD OF 
 
 To CATCH is to take hold of with 
 an effort. 
 
 To Seize, is to lay hold of with vio- 
 lence. 
 
 To Snatch is to lay hold of with 
 a sudden and violent effort. 
 
 To Grasp is to seize and hold by 
 clasping with the fingers or arms. 
 
 To Clutch is to seize with the hand. 
 
 To Grab is to seize. ( Vulgar.) 
 
 To Grapple is to lay fast hold on 
 either with the hands or with hooks. 
 
 Prehendo {jpreJiensum], to take 
 hold of. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Prehensile, adapted to take hold of. 
 
 Apprehend, 1. To seize ; as, to ap- 
 prehend a thief. 2. To take hold of 
 with the mind; as, to apprehend a 
 truth. 3. To fear; as, to apprehend 
 danger. 
 
 Apprehension, 1. The act of seiz- 
 ing. 2. The act of taking hold of 
 with the mind. 3. Fear. 
 
 Comprehend, 1. To take in or in- 
 
TO COYER — TO HIDE. 
 
 307 
 
 elude ; as, the eastern continent com- 
 prehends Europe, Asia, and Africa. 2. 
 To take in fully, with the mind; that 
 is, to understand, (con, together.) 
 
 Rapio \raptum}; to seize and carry 
 off (L.) Hence, 
 
 Rape, a forcible seizure and car- 
 rying off; as, the rape of Ganymede, 
 who was carried off into heaven by 
 Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; 
 the Rape of the Lock, (a poem by 
 Pope.) 
 
 Rapt, 1. Carried away in a trans- 
 port of delight: 
 
 The rapt seraph that adores and burns.— Pope. 
 
 2. Carried away by the prophetic 
 spirit : 
 Rapt into future times the bard began — Pope. 
 
 Rapture, the condition of being 
 carried off by a transport of joy. 
 
 Ravish, 1. To seize and carry 
 away by force. 2. To carry away in 
 a transport of delight. 
 
 Rapacious, 1. Disposed or accus- 
 tomed to seize by violence ; as, a ra- 
 pacious enemy. 2. Subsisting on an- 
 imals seized by violence; as, a ra- 
 pacious bird. 
 
 Rapine, the act of plundering by 
 violence. 
 
 TO COYER. 
 
 To COYER is to overspread the 
 surface of a thing with another sub- 
 stance. 
 
 To Discover is, lit., to remove the 
 cover. Hence, To find out some- 
 thing that was unknown before. 
 
 Tego [tectum, to cover. (L.) Hence. 
 
 Integument, the natural covering 
 of an animal; as, the skin, etc. 
 
 Protect, to cover or shield against 
 danger, {pro, against.) 
 
 Detect, lit., to uncover. Hence, to 
 disclose something that was con- 
 cealed ; as, to detect a fraud. 
 
 Velum, a cloth. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Veil, a covering to protect from 
 observation. 
 
 Reveal^ lit, to draw back the veil. 
 
 Hence, To make known to others 
 something that is hidden or secret, 
 (re, back.) 
 
 Revelation, the act of revealing. 
 
 Envelop, to enwrap, [en, in.) 
 
 Develop, to unfold. 
 
 Naked, destitute of clothing or 
 other customary covering. 
 
 Bare, destitute of necessary ap- 
 pendages; as, bare feet; a bare head; 
 bare walls, 
 
 To Strip is to deprive of covering. 
 
 Nudus, naked. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Nude, naked; as, a nude figure in 
 painting or sculpture. 
 
 Nudity, nakedness. 
 
 Denude, to lay bare ; as, to denude 
 a bone by stripping off the flesh. 
 
 TO HIDE 
 
 To HIDE is, 1. To intercept the 
 view. Clouds hide the sun from our 
 sight. In eastern countries females 
 wear vails to hide the face. 2. To 
 keep from the knowledge of others. 
 
 To Conceal is, 1. To keep from 
 sight. A person may conceal him- 
 self behind a hedge. A thick vail 
 conceals the face. 2. To keep from 
 the knowledge of others. (L., con 
 and celo, to have privately.) 
 
 Condo \conditum\, to hide. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Abscond, to remove one's-self for 
 the sake of not being discovered by 
 those with whom we are acquainted. 
 [abs, from.) 
 
 Note. — Abscond is appropriately spoken of 
 persons -who secrete themselves to avoid a legal 
 process. — Webster . 
 
 Recondite, hidden from the view of 
 the intellect; as, the recondite causes 
 of things. — Webster. 
 
308 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 Lateo, to lie hid. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Latent, hidden or concealed; as, 
 latent heat, latent motives, latent en- 
 ergies. 
 
 Occolo [occultum], to cover over by 
 plowing; from ab, over, and colo, to 
 till or plow. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Occult, hidden from the view of 
 persons in general. 
 
 The Occult Sciences of the middle 
 ages, were magic, alchemy, and as- 
 trology. 
 
 Abstrudo [abstruswii], to thrust 
 aside into a place of concealment. 
 From abs, aside, and trudo, to thrust. 
 (L.) Hence, 
 
 Abstruse, difficult to be compre- 
 hended; as, an abstruse subject. 
 
 Secerno \_secretum~], to separate and 
 set privately aside. From se, aside, 
 and cerno, to separate. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Secret, concealed from the know- 
 ledge of all except the individual, or 
 individuals concerned. 
 
 Secrecy, the state of being con- 
 cealed from the knowledge of all, ex- 
 cept the persons concerned. 
 
 To Secrete,, to put into a place 
 known only to one's-self; as, to se- 
 crete stolen goods; to secrete one's- 
 self. 
 
 Clam, secretly. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Clandestine, done or engaged in 
 with studied concealment, and with 
 a consciousness that the act is unal- 
 lowed; as, a clandestine marriage; 
 clandestine proceedings. 
 
 To Lurk is to lie concealed in 
 order to watch for an opportunity of 
 doing mischief. 
 
 To Skulk is to move secretly about 
 from one hiding-place to another, 
 through fear of being observed, or in 
 order to watch for an opportunity of 
 doing mischief. 
 
 To Lie in Wait is to watch in con- 
 cealment for an opportunity to attack 
 or seize. 
 
 Ambush is the state of lying con- 
 cealed for the purpose of attacking 
 by surprise. {Am, for Fr., em or 
 en, in; and Ger., busch, a thicket.) 
 
 An Ambush is, 1. A private sta- 
 tion, where troops lie in wait to at- 
 tack the enemy by surprise. 2. A 
 body of troops lying in wait. 
 
 An Ambuscade is the same with an 
 ambush. 
 
 Insidious, secretly watching for an 
 
 opportunity to do mischief. 
 sidio3, a lying in wait.) 
 
 (L., in- 
 
 OF CLOTHING 
 
 CLOTHING consists in whatever 
 is used in covering the human body. 
 
 Clothes is a general term, includ- 
 ing all the articles that are worn, 
 either for comfort or decency. 
 
 To Clothe is, 1. To cover with 
 clothes. 2. To give by commission ; 
 as, to clothe with power or authority. 
 
 Note. — This figurative use of the word to 
 clothe is derived from the circumstance that, in 
 some countries, a person, on being installed in 
 an office, is clothed in robes peculiar to the office, 
 and emblematic of the authority which he is to 
 exercise. 
 
 To Dress is, 1. To cover with 
 clothing. 2. To put on rich clothing. 
 
 To Attire is to dress. 
 
 To Array is to dress in splendid 
 attire. 
 
 Habiliments are articles of dress. 
 (Fr., habiller, to dress.) 
 
 A Garb is a peculiar or distinctive 
 dress ; as, the garb of a clergyman. 
 
 A Guise is the appropriate dress of 
 some particular class or order of per- 
 sons, assumed by a person of another 
 class, in order that he may appear to 
 be that which he is not. A princess 
 may assume the guise of a shep- 
 herdess. The hypocrite assumes the 
 guise of religion. 
 
 A Disguise is a dress different from 
 one's usual attire, assumed for the 
 purpose of concealment. 
 
 A Habit is the ordinary dress of 
 any particular class of persons. 
 
 A Garment is any article of clothing. 
 
BEAUTY — PURITY AND IMPURITY. 
 
 309 
 
 Duds are old, tattered garments. 
 
 A Eobe is a loose flowing garment 
 worn externally. 
 
 To Robe, or to Enrobe is to dress 
 pompously. 
 
 A Cloak or Mantle is a loose gar- 
 ment worn over other clothes. 
 
 A Gown is a loose upper dress. 
 
 Drapery is the representation dress 
 in painting and sculpture. (Fr., 
 drap, cloth.) 
 
 Vestis, a garment; and 
 
 Vestio [yestitum], to clothe. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Vestment, a garment. 
 
 Vesture, clothing. 
 
 Invest, 1. To clothe. 2. To clothe 
 with official authority. 
 
 Divest to strip off clothing. 
 
 Induo, to put on clothes. (L. ) Hence, 
 
 Endue, to clothe in a jig. sense ; as, 
 to endue, with power, wisdom, etc. 
 
 OF BEAUTY 
 
 BEAUTY consists in whatever is 
 adapted to please the eye. 
 
 Beautiful, possessed in a high de- 
 gree of qualities adapted to please 
 the eye. 
 
 Handsome, moderately beautiful. 
 
 Pretty, (pritty,) pleasing, without 
 being striking. 
 
 Elegant, pleasing to good taste. 
 (L., eligo, to choose.) 
 
 Neat, elegant, without dignity. 
 
 Graceful, beautiful, with dignity. 
 
 Comely, having pleasing features, 
 together with a graceful figure. 
 
 Fair, 1. Having handsome features. 
 2. Pleasing to the eye; as a fair 
 scene. 
 
 Ornament is something added for 
 the purpose of beautifying. 
 
 To Adorn is to add ornaments. 
 
 Ornate, highly adorned; as, an 
 ornate style. 
 
 To Embellish is to beautify with 
 ornament. (Fr., belle, beautiful.) 
 
 To Decorate is to adorn. (L., 
 decus \_decoris~], grace.) 
 
 To Deck, primarily, signified to 
 
 cover. Hence, to adorn with gay 
 clothes. (Ger., decken, to cover.) 
 
 Cosmetics are washes and paints 
 used to beautify the skin. (Gr., ko<t[aoq 
 [cosmos~\, ornament. 
 
 Gay, showy, as a gay dress. 
 
 Gaudy, excessively gay; as, the 
 gaudy butterfly. 
 
 Tawdry, having an excess of 
 showy ornament, without taste or 
 elegance. 
 
 Flashy, showy beyond the stand- 
 ard of good taste ; as, a flashy dress. 
 (From flash.) 
 
 Plainness is, 1. A want of beauty. 
 2. The entire absence of ornament. 
 
 Simplicity is the absence of arti- 
 ficial ornament. 
 
 Chaste, executed in a style that 
 excludes superfluous ornament. 
 
 Homely, originally, pertaining to 
 home. Hence, of plain features. 
 
 Ugly, offensive to the sight. 
 
 Deformed, misshapen. 
 
 Monstrous, characterized by an ex- 
 cess, deficiency, or misshapement of 
 parts, {monster, a deformed creature.) 
 
 OF PUEITY AND IMPTJEITY. 
 
 1. Impurity. 
 
 IMPURE, 1. Mixed or impreg- 
 nated with foreign substances; as, 
 impure water. 2, and in a moral 
 sense, mixed or imbued with any ele- 
 
 ment or principle that is foreign to 
 the nature of a thing, and dimin- 
 ishes its excellence. An impure 
 heart is one that is imbued with the 
 foreign and deteriorating principle 
 of sinfulness. 
 
310 
 
 PURITY AND IMPURITY. 
 
 Impurities, foreign and deterior- 
 ating intermixtures. 
 
 Turbid, lit, stirred up. Hence, 
 Muddy; as turbid water. (L., turbo, 
 to stir up.) 
 
 Sediment consists in foreign mat- 
 ters that have settled to the bottom 
 of a vessel, or reservoir, containing 
 a liquid. (L., sedo to settle.) 
 
 Grounds are the settlings of a bev- 
 erage or other liquid ; as, the grounds 
 of coffee. (From ground, earth.) 
 
 Dregs are the sediments of liquors. 
 
 Lees are the impurities that settle 
 at the bottom of wine casks, etc. 
 
 Fmk, lees. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Fecal, 1. Pertaining to, or consist- 
 ing of lees, etc. 2. Pertaining to 
 impurities separated and rejected 
 from the animal system. 
 
 Feculence, or Feculency, the qual- 
 ity of being foul with lees or other 
 impurities. 
 
 Scum consists in impurities that 
 rise to the surface of liquids in boil- 
 ing or fermentation. 
 
 Dross consists in impurities sepa- 
 rated from metals. 
 
 To Adulterate is to make impure 
 by an admixture of baser materials ; 
 as, to adulterate liquors or coin. (L., 
 ad, with, and alter, another.) 
 
 Dirt is any matter that offends by 
 being found where it should not be. 
 
 Filth is matter that is very offen- 
 sive in itself. 
 
 Foul, covered with, or abounding 
 in, offensive matter. 
 
 Nasty, disgustingly filthy. 
 
 To Soil is to make dirty on the 
 surface. 
 
 To Sully is to discolor with dirt. 
 (Used mostly in a moral sense.) 
 
 To Defile is to make unclean, 
 either physically or morally. 
 
 To Pollute is to defile in a moral 
 sense. 
 
 To Smirch is to darken with dirt; 
 as, to smirch the face. {Low.) 
 
 Smut is foul matter of a dark col- 
 or. 
 
 Smutty. 1. Soiled with smut. 2. 
 Obscene. 
 
 Smutch to blacken with soot, etc. 
 
 Smooch, to discolor with dirt. (Pro- 
 vincial. ) 
 
 Grime is dark colored dirt that 
 has insinuated itself into the folds and 
 creases of the skin. 
 
 To Grime, or Begrime, is to soil 
 deeply. 
 
 To Daggle is to trail in the dirt. 
 
 To Bedaggle is to soil by trailing 
 in the dirt ; as, to bedaggle the skirt 
 of a garment. 
 
 Sordes, filth. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Sordid, lit., filthy. Fig., 1. Mean; 
 as, a sordid wretch. 2. Meanly ava- 
 ricious. 
 
 Sqauleo, to be foul. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Squalid, extremely filthy. 
 
 Uncombed his locks, and squalid his attire. 
 [Dry den. 
 
 Squalor, extreme filthiness. 
 
 2. Purity. 
 
 PURE, 1. Separate from all hetero- 
 geneous matter. 2. Free from moral 
 defilement. 
 
 Clean, free from dirt 
 
 To Purge is to free from impuri- 
 ties. 
 
 To Expurgate a book, is to free or 
 cleanse it from errors or objectionable 
 passages. 
 
 Ablution is the act of cleansing 
 or purifying by washing. (L., ab, 
 away, and luo, to wash.) 
 
 To Wipe is to clean by rubbing 
 with something soft. 
 
 Tergo Iter sum], to wipe. (L.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Terse, cleanly written ; as terse lan- 
 guage ; a terse style, that is, a neat 
 style. 
 
 Absterge, or Deterge, to make clean 
 by wiping, (abs, from.) 
 
 Abstergent, or Detergent, a medi- 
 cine that cleanses, or, as it were, 
 wipes away foulness. 
 
 Abstersion, or Deter sion, the act 
 of wiping clean. 
 
 To Sweep is to clean by brushing 
 with a broom, etc. 
 
 To Scrub is to rub hard with some- 
 thing coarse and rough, for the pur- 
 pose of cleansing. 
 
 To Scour is to rub hard with some- 
 
FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 
 
 311 
 
 thing rough for the purpose of clean- 
 sing. 
 
 To Wash is to cleanse by the ap- 
 plication of water. 
 
 To Rinse is, 1. To cleanse by the 
 introduction of water; as, to rinse a 
 vessel, to rinse the mouth. 2. To 
 cleanse by a repeated or second ap- 
 plication of water, after washing ; as, 
 to rinse clothes. 
 
 To Refine is to free from impurity ; 
 as, to refine gold or silver ; to refine 
 the manners or sentiments. 
 
 Lustro, to purify by certain reli- 
 gious ceremonies. (L.) Hence, 
 
 Lustrate, to purify by religious 
 rites. 
 
 Lustration, the act of purifying by 
 religious ceremonies. 
 
 Lustral, used in religious purifica- 
 tions; as, lustral water. 
 
 Immaculate, free from spots of 
 moral defilement. (L., in, priv., and 
 macula, a spot.) 
 
 FOEEIGN TEEMS AND PHEASES. 
 
 1. From the Latin. 
 
 Ab extra, from without. 
 
 A b initio, from the beginning. 
 
 Ab integro, anew, or over again. 
 
 Ab intra, from within. 
 
 Ab ovo, from the beginning. 
 
 Ab ovo usque ad mala, from begin- 
 ning to end. (From the egg to the 
 apples, eggs having been used at 
 the beginning, and apples at the 
 end of the meals of the ancient 
 Romans.) 
 
 Ab urbe condita, from the founding 
 of the city. 
 
 Ad capiandum, to catch, or please. 
 
 Addendum, something that is to be 
 added. (Plu. addenda.) 
 
 Ad hominem, personal. (Addressed 
 to the person.) 
 
 Ad infinitum, to infinity. 
 
 Ad interim, in the meantime. 
 
 Ad libitum, at pleasure. 
 
 Ad nauseam usque, to satiety or dis- 
 gust. 
 
 Ad valorem, according to its value. 
 
 JEquo animo, willingly, or with com- 
 posure. 
 
 Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God. (A 
 certain prayer in the Catholic ser- 
 vice commencing with those words ; 
 also, a cake of wax bearing the fig- 
 ure of a lamb.) 
 
 Alias, otherwise ; at another time. 
 
 Alibi, in another place. 
 
 Alma mater, the college in which one 
 was educated. (A benign mother.) 
 
 Alter ego, my other self. 
 
 Alumnus, a graduate. (A foster- 
 child.) 
 
 Alumni, graduates. 
 
 Animus, the mind, or feelings. 
 
 Ante, before. 
 
 Ante meridiem, before noon. 
 
 Anti, against. 
 
 A posteriori, from experiment, or ob- 
 servation, or from the effect to the 
 cause. 
 
 Anno Domini, in the year of our 
 Lord. 
 
 Anno Mundi, in the year of the 
 world. 
 
 A priori, from the cause to the effect. 
 
 Aqua vitce, brandy. (The water of 
 life.) 
 
 Arcanum, a secret. (Plu., arcana.) 
 
 Argumentum ad hominem, an argu- 
 ment deriving its force from the 
 situation of the person to whom it 
 is addressed. 
 
 Argumentum ad ignorantiam, an ar- 
 gument founded on an adversary's 
 ignorance of facts. 
 
 Artium Magister, master of arts. 
 
 Aura popularis, the gale of popular 
 favor. 
 
 Auri sacra fames, the accursed thirst 
 of gold. 
 
 Aut Godsar, aid nihil, the whole or 
 nothing.' (Either Caesar, or noth- 
 ing.) 
 
 Ave, Maria ! Hail, Mary ! (A prayer 
 to the Virgin Mary.) 
 
312 
 
 FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 
 
 A vinculo matrimonii, from the tie 
 of marriage. 
 
 Bellum internecinum, a war of exter- 
 mination. 
 
 Bonus, a consideration for something 
 received. 
 
 Bona fide, 1. In good faith. 2. Genu 
 ine. 
 
 Brutum fulmen, a harmless threat 
 (Thunder that consists in mere 
 noise, and is unattended by a bolt 
 that strikes.) 
 
 Cacoethes loquendi, an over-fondness 
 for speaking. 
 
 Ccetera desunt, the rest are wanting. 
 
 Cceteris paribus, other things being 
 equal. 
 
 Carpe Diem, seize time by the fore- 
 lock. (Improve the present day.) 
 
 Causa sine qua no?i, an indispensable 
 condition. 
 
 Caveat, a stopping of a process. (Let 
 him beware.) 
 
 Caveat emptor, let the purchaser be- 
 ware. 
 
 Centum, a hundred. 
 
 Clara voce, with a loud voice. 
 
 Compos mentis, possessed of a sound 
 mind. 
 
 Cui bono f of what use ? 
 
 Currente calamo, writing rapidly, or 
 off-hand. 
 
 Curriculum, a course of study. 
 
 Data, given facts from which infer- 
 ences may be drawn. 
 
 Be facto, in fact. 
 
 Be jure, by legal right. 
 
 Dei gratia, by the grace of God. 
 
 Desideratum, something desirable or 
 needed. 
 
 Dictum, a saying. 
 
 Dramatis persona?, characters repre- 
 sented in a drama. 
 
 E conirario, on the contrary. 
 
 E pluribus unum, one composed of 
 many. 
 
 Erratum, an error. (Phi., errata.) 
 
 Et ccetera, and the rest. 
 
 Ex cathedra, from the chair. 
 
 Exempli gratia, byway of example. 
 
 Exeunt, they go out. 
 
 Exeunt omnes, all go out. 
 
 Ex officio, by virtue of his office. 
 
 Ex parte, on one side only. 
 
 Ex post facto, after the fact, or after 
 the commission of the crime. 
 
 Ex tempore, without premeditation. 
 
 Ex vi termini, by the meaning or 
 force of the expression. 
 
 Fac simile, a close imitation. 
 
 Fecit, he made it. 
 
 Fiat justitia, ruat coelum, let justice 
 be done though the heavens should 
 fall. 
 
 Fieri facias, lit, you may cause to be 
 done ; a legal writ directing an exe- 
 cution to be levied on the goods of a 
 debtor. 
 
 Finis, the end. 
 
 Flagrante bello, during hostilities. 
 {Lit., while the war was, or is, 
 raging.) 
 
 Flagrante delicto, in the act of com- 
 mitting the crime. 
 
 Fortiter in re, with firmness in acting. 
 
 Functus officio, out of office. 
 
 Genius loci, the genius of the place. 
 
 Gloria in excelsis, glory to God in the 
 highest. 
 
 Gratis, for nothing. » 
 
 Habeas corpus, a writ delivering a 
 person from imprisonment. [Lit., 
 you may have the body.) 
 
 Herbarium, a collection of dried 
 plants. 
 
 Hie jacet, here lies. 
 
 Hortus siccus, a collection of dried 
 plants. (Lit., a dried garden.) 
 
 Eumanum est errare, it is the lot of 
 human nature to err. 
 
 Ibidem, in the same place. 
 
 Id est, that is. 
 
 Imperium in imperio, a government 
 within a government. 
 
 Imprimatur, let it be printed. 
 
 Imprimis, in the first place. 
 
 Impromptu, without study. 
 
 In articulo mortis, in the article of 
 death. 
 
 In capite, in the head. 
 
 Incognito, unknown. 
 
 In commendam, in trust. 
 
 Index expurgatorius, a list of prohib- 
 ited books. 
 
 In equilibrio, equally balanced. 
 
 In esse, in being. 
 
 In extenso, at full length. 
 
 In extremis, at the point of death. 
 
FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 
 
 313 
 
 In foro conscientice, "before the tribu- 
 nal of conscience. 
 
 In loco parentis, in the place of the 
 parent. 
 
 In perpetuum, forever. 
 
 In propria persona, in person. 
 
 In puris naturalibus, quite naked. 
 
 In rerum natura, in the nature of 
 things. 
 
 Insignia, ensigns or badges of office. 
 
 In situ, in the original situation. 
 
 Instanter, forthwith. 
 
 In statuo quo, in the former state or 
 condition. 
 
 Inter nos, between ourselves. 
 
 In terrorem, as a warning. 
 
 In transitu, on the passage. ■ 
 
 In vacuo, in empty space. 
 
 In vino Veritas, truth is told under 
 the influence of wine. 
 
 Invita Minerva, without the aid of 
 genius. ( Lit. , in spite of Minerva. ) 
 
 Ipse dixit, he said it himself. 
 
 Ipsissima verba, the very words. 
 
 Item, likewise. 
 
 Judicium Dei, the judgment of God. 
 
 Jure divino, by divine right. 
 
 Lapsus linguce, a slip of the tongue. 
 
 Lex non scripta, the common law. 
 (Law not written.) 
 
 Lex scripta, statute law. (Written 
 law.) 
 
 Lex talionis, the law of retaliation. 
 
 Literati, literary men. 
 
 Literatim, letter for letter. 
 
 Lusus natural, a sport or freak of na- 
 ture. 
 
 Magna cliarta, an old royal charter 
 securing the liberties of British 
 subjects. (The Great Charter.) 
 
 Magnificat, the song of Mary. (My 
 soul doth magnify the Lord.) 
 
 Mala fide, treacherously. 
 
 Mare clausum, a closed sea. 
 
 Materia medica, substances used in 
 the healing art. 
 
 Maximum, the greatest possible. 
 
 Mensa et thoro, from bed and board. 
 
 Meum et tuum, mine and yours. 
 
 Mirabile dictu, wonderful to be told. 
 
 Mirabile visu, wonderful to be seen. 
 
 Mittimus, a writ to commit an offen- 
 der to prison. (Lit, we send.) 
 
 Modus operandi, manner of operation. 
 
 Morbus, a disease. 
 
 Multum in parvo, much in little. 
 
 Mutatis mutandis, the necessary 
 changes being made. 
 
 Nemine contradicente, no one contra- 
 dicting. (Without a dissenting 
 voice.) 
 
 Nemo me impune lacessit, no one at- 
 tacks me with impunity. 
 
 Keplus ultra, the uttermost point. 
 
 Ne quid nimis, not too much of any- 
 thing. 
 
 Nil admirari, to wonder at nothing. 
 
 Nil desperandum, never despair. [Lit, 
 there is nothing that is to be de- 
 spaired of.) 
 
 Nisi prius, unless before. 
 
 Nolens volens, whether he will or not 
 
 Noli me tangere, don't touch me. 
 
 Nolle prosequi, to be unwilling to 
 proceed. 
 
 Non compos mentis, not of sound 
 mind. 
 
 Non sequitur, it does not follow. 
 
 Nota bene, mark well. 
 
 Novus homo, a new man. 
 
 Obiter dictum, said by the way. 
 
 Onus probandi, the burden of prov- 
 ing. 
 
 tempora ! mores ! Oh the times ! 
 Oh the manners ! 
 
 Pater nosier, the Lord's prayer. (Our 
 Father.) 
 
 Peccavi, I have sinned. 
 
 Per annum, by the year. 
 
 Per capita, by the head. 
 
 Per centum, by the hundred. 
 
 Per diem, by the day. 
 
 Per se, by itself. 
 
 Petitio principii, a begging of tho 
 question. 
 
 Post mortem, after death. 
 
 Prima facie, on the first view. 
 
 Primo3 vio3, the first passages. 
 
 Primum mobile, the first mover. 
 
 Probatum est, it has been tried and 
 found good. 
 
 Pro bono publico, for the public 
 good. 
 
 Pre re nata, as occasion may require. 
 
 Pro tempore, for the time being. 
 
 Quasi, as if. (Used to express re- 
 semblance, as a qu a s i-ar gument ; 
 that is, something resembling an 
 
314 
 
 FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 
 
 argument, but not really deserving 
 the name.) 
 
 Quid-nunc, a newsmonger. (Lit, 
 What now ?) 
 
 Quid pro quo, an equivalent. 
 
 Quoad hoc, as it regards this. 
 
 Quo animo, with what mind or inten- 
 tion. 
 
 Quod erat demonstrandum, which 
 was to be demonstrated. 
 
 Quod erat faciendum, which was to 
 be done. 
 
 Quod vide, which see. 
 
 Quo warranto, by what authority. 
 
 Bar a avis, a rare bird. 
 
 Beduciio ad absurdum, the proving 
 that a given supposition leads to 
 an absurdity. 
 
 Requiescat in pace, may he rest in 
 peace. 
 
 Sanctum sanctorum, the Holy of 
 Holies. 
 
 Scilicet, that is to say. 
 
 Scire facias, cause it to be known. 
 
 Secundum artem, according to rule. 
 
 Seriatim, in regular order. 
 
 Sic transit gloria mundi, so passes 
 away the glory of this world. 
 
 Silent leges inter arma, the laws are 
 silent amidst arms. 
 
 Sine die, without a day appointed. 
 
 Sine qua non, an indispensable con- 
 dition. 
 
 Statu quo, as things were before. 
 
 Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re, gen- 
 tle in the manner, but resolute in 
 the doing, 
 
 Sub judice, under consideration. 
 
 Subpcena, under penalty. 
 
 Sub rosa, under the rose; that is 
 privately. 
 
 Sub silenlio, in silence. 
 
 Succtdaneum, a substitute. 
 
 Sui generis, of a peculiar kind. (Of 
 its own kind.) 
 
 Sui juris, one's own master. 
 
 Summum bonum, the chief good. 
 
 Summum jus, summa injuria, the 
 rigor of the law is the rigor of op- 
 pression. 
 
 Suum cuique, let every man have his 
 own. 
 
 Tabula rasa, a smooth or blank tab- 
 let. 
 
 Te Deum, (laudamus,) we praise thee, 
 O God. 
 
 Terra firma, solid earth. (A firm 
 footing.) 
 
 Terra incognita, an unknown coun- 
 try. 
 
 Tertium quid, a third something. 
 
 To to ccelo, by the breadth of the 
 whole heavens; that is, diametri- 
 cally opposite. 
 
 Ultima ratio regum, the last argu- 
 ment of kings. (The force of 
 arms.) 
 
 Ultima Thule, the utmost boundary 
 or limit. 
 
 Ultimatum, the last condition or pro- 
 position. 
 
 Uti possidetis, as you now possess. 
 
 Vade mecum, go with me. (A book 
 used as a constant companion.) 
 
 Veni, vidi, vici, I came, I saw, I con- 
 quered. 
 
 Venire facias, you will cause to come. 
 (A writ for summoning a jury.) 
 
 Verbatim et literatim, word for word 
 and letter for letter. 
 
 Verbum sat sapienti, a word is enough 
 for a wise man. 
 
 Versus, against. 
 
 Via, by the way of. 
 
 Vi'ce, in the place of. 
 
 Vide, see. 
 
 VideVicit, to wit. 
 
 Vi et armis, by force and arms. 
 
 Vinculum matrimonii, the bond of 
 marriage. 
 
 Vis a tergo, a propelling force from 
 behind. 
 
 Vis inertia?, the power of inertness. 
 
 Vivat respublica, God save the state. 
 (Live the republic.) 
 
 Vivat rex, God save the king. (Long 
 live the king.) 
 
 Viva voce, by the living voice. 
 
 Vox populi, vox Dei, the voice of the 
 people is the voice of God. 
 
 2. From the French. 
 A bas, down. 
 A bon marche', cheap. (At a good 
 
 bargain.) 
 A bras ouverts, with open arms. 
 A cheval, on horseback. 
 A demi, by halves. 
 
FOREIGN TERMS AND PHRASES. 
 
 315 
 
 
 A dessein, designedly. 
 
 A fond, thoroughly. (To the bottom.) 
 
 A la, after the manner. 
 
 A VAnglaise, in the English way. 
 
 A la bonne heure, very well. 
 
 A la de'robe'e, stealthily. 
 
 A la Frangaise, after the French 
 manner. 
 
 A la mode, in fashion. 
 
 A Vimproviste, unexpectedly. 
 
 A V ordinaire, in the usual way. 
 
 A merveille, marvelously well. 
 
 Apropos, pertinently. 
 
 Arret, a judicial decision. 
 
 Arrondissement, a district or circle. 
 
 Artiste, an actor. 
 
 Assignat, paper money issued in 
 France in 1789. 
 
 Atelier, a workshop. 
 
 Attache, a subaltern, especially of 
 an ambassador. 
 
 Au fait, well skilled. 
 
 Au revoir, till we meet again. 
 
 Avant coureur, a harbinger. 
 
 Avanl courrier, a courier going be- 
 fore a great personage. 
 
 Badinage, jest or sport. 
 
 Bagatelle, a trifle. 
 
 Bas bleu, a literary lady. (A blue 
 stocking.) 
 
 Baton, a staff. 
 
 Beau monde, the fashionable world. 
 
 Bel esprit, a man of wit. 
 
 Biense'ance, decorum. 
 
 Bizarre, strange, or odd. 
 
 Blonde, or Blondine, a lady with a 
 light colored hair and complexion. 
 
 Bonhommie, good nature. 
 
 Bon mot, a witty saying. 
 
 Bon ton, the hight of the fashion. 
 
 Boulevards, the walks around the old 
 part of Paris where the walls once 
 stood. 
 
 Brunette, a lady with a brown or 
 dark complexion and hair. 
 
 Caf6, a coffee-house. 
 
 Canaille, the dregs of the people. 
 
 Carte blanche, full permission. (A 
 paper containing nothing but the 
 signature of the party who grants 
 it, in order that the party to whom 
 it has been delivered may insert 
 such conditions as he pleases to 
 prescribe. — Brande. ) 
 
 Chapeau de bras, a military cocked 
 hat. 
 
 Charged' Affaires, a, person intrusted 
 with the public interest in a for- 
 eign nation, in the place of an 
 ambassador, or other minister. 
 
 Champs Elyse'es, Elysian Fields — the 
 name of a beautiful park in Paris. 
 
 Chasseur, one of a body of cavalry, 
 light and active, trained for rapid 
 movements. (A hunter.) 
 
 Chef d'ceuvre, a master-piece. 
 
 Ci-devant, formerly. 
 
 Comme il faut, as it should be. 
 
 Clairvoyance, the clear sight of one 
 in a magnetic sleep. 
 
 Conge', leave, departure. 
 
 Coup cVe'tat, a master stroke in politics. 
 
 Coup de grace, the finishing stroke. 
 
 Coup d'ceil, a glance of the eye. 
 
 Coup de soleil, a sun-stroke. 
 
 Cul de sac, a street that has no outlet. 
 (The bottom of the bag.) 
 
 De trop, too much. 
 
 Deshabille, night clothes: undress. 
 
 Devoirs, respects. (Duties.) 
 
 Douceur, a present to waiters. (Gen- 
 tleness.) 
 
 Douche, a shower bath. 
 
 Eau de Cologne, Cologne water. 
 
 Embonpoint, corpulency. 
 
 Emeute, a popular outbreak. 
 
 Employe*, one who has a place or office. 
 
 Empressement, zeal; diligence. 
 
 En masse, in a mass. 
 
 En route, on the way. 
 
 Ennui, weariness, tedium. 
 
 Esprit de corps, the animating spirit 
 of a body of men. 
 
 Gens d'armes, armed guards belong- 
 ing to the police. 
 
 Honi soil qui mat y pense, evil to him 
 who evil thinks. 
 
 Eors du Combat, disabled. (Out of 
 the fight.) 
 
 Hotel de Dieu, a large hospital in 
 Paris. 
 
 Madame, the title of a married lady. 
 
 Mademoiselle, miss. 
 
 Mal-d-propos, out of place, or im- 
 proper. 
 
 Maladroit, unskillful. 
 
 Manege, horsemanship ; a riding 
 school. 
 
316 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Mauvais honte, bashfulness. 
 
 MeUe, a broil ; a fight. 
 
 Monsieur, Mr.; sir. (Plu., mes- 
 sieurs. ) 
 
 Notre Dame, our lady ; the name of 
 the cathedral of Paris. 
 
 Parure, dress ; finery. 
 
 Parvenu, an upstart. 
 
 Petit maitre, a dandy. 
 
 Rendezvous, a place appointed for 
 meeting. 
 
 Resume, a summary. 
 
 Sans culottes, without breeches. 
 
 Sans .souci, without care. 
 
 Sauve quipeut, let every one look out 
 for himself and escape if he can. 
 
 Savant, a man of letters. 
 
 Savoir faire, business tact. 
 
 Soi-disant, self-styled. 
 
 Tout ensemble, the whole taken to- 
 gether. 
 
 Valet de chambre, a footman. 
 
 ABBEBYIATIOKS. 
 
 A, or Ants., Answer. 
 
 A., Adjective. 
 
 A. B., Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 A. C. ( Ante Christum), Before Christ. 
 
 Acci, Account. 
 
 A. D (Anno Domini), in the year of 
 
 our Lord. 
 Ad., Adverb. 
 Adj., Adjutant. 
 Adm, Admiral. 
 Admr., Administrator. 
 Ala., Alabama. 
 A. M. (Artium Magister), Master of 
 
 Arts. (Ante Meridiem), Before 
 
 Noon. (Anno Mundi), In the year 
 
 of the world. 
 Amt., Amount. 
 Anon., Anonymous. 
 Ark., Arkansas. 
 Atty., Attorney. 
 
 A. U. C. (Anno Urbis Conditoz), In 
 year from the building of the city 
 (of Rome). 
 
 Aug., August. 
 Bart., Baronet. 
 BR, Barrel. 
 
 B. C, Before Christ. 
 
 B. D., Bachelor of Divinity. 
 Bp., Bishop. 
 
 C. (Centum), a hundred; cent; cen- 
 time. 
 
 C, or Cap., (Caput), Chapter. 
 
 Cal., California. 
 
 Cap., Capital. 
 
 Caps, Capitals. 
 
 Capt., Captain. 
 
 Cash., Cashier. 
 
 C. H., Court House. 
 
 Chap., Chapter. 
 
 Chron., Chronicles. 
 
 CI., Clerk. 
 
 C. J., Chief Justice. 
 
 Col., Colonel. 
 
 Com., Commissioner. 
 
 Con. ( Contra), In opposition. 
 
 Conn., or Ct., Connecticut. 
 
 Const., Constable. 
 
 Cor., Corinthians. 
 
 C. P., Common Pleas. 
 Cr., Credit, or Creditor. 
 
 im. Con., 
 
 Adultery. 
 Ct, Cent. 
 Cwt, a Hundred Weight. 
 
 D. (Denarius), a Penny. 
 
 D. C., District of Columbia. 
 D. C. L., Doctor of Civil Law. 
 
 D. D., Doctor of Divinity. 
 Dec, December. 
 
 Del., Delaware. 
 
 Deut., Deuteronomy. 
 
 Def, Defendant. 
 
 Do. (Ditto), the same. 
 
 Dolls., Dollars. 
 
 Doz., Dozen. 
 
 Dr., Debtor, or Doctor. 
 
 Dwt., Pennyweight. 
 
 E., East. 
 
 Eccl , Ecclesiastes. 
 
 E. G. (Exempli gratia), for example. 
 Ency., Encyclopedia. 
 
 E. N. E., East-North-east. 
 
 Esq., Esquire. 
 
 Eng., England; English. 
 
 Ex., Exodus. 
 
 Exr. Executor. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 317 
 
 Ezek., Ezekiel. 
 
 Fahr., Fahrenheit. 
 
 Feb., February. 
 
 F. R S., Fellow of the Royal Society. 
 
 Ft, Foot; Feet; Fort. 
 
 Fur., Furlong. 
 
 Ga., Georgia. 
 
 Gal., Galatians. 
 
 Gall., Gallons. 
 
 Gen., Genesis; General. 
 
 Gent, Gentleman. 
 
 Geo., George. 
 
 Ger., German. 
 
 Gov., Governor. 
 
 Gr., Greek. 
 
 H. or Hr., Hour. 
 
 Heb., Hebrews. 
 
 Hhd., Hogshead. 
 
 Hon., Honorable. 
 
 HuncL, Hundred. 
 
 la., Indiana. 
 
 lb. or Ibid. (Ibidem), in the same 
 
 place. 
 Id. (Idem), the same. 
 I. E. (Id est), that is. 
 I. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Salvator), 
 
 Jesus the Savior of men. 
 111., Illinois. 
 
 Incog. (Incognito), Unknown. 
 In., Inch. 
 Ind., Indiana. 
 
 Inst. (Instant), the present month. 
 Io., Iowa. 
 I. O. O. F., Independent Order of Odd 
 
 Fellows. 
 Isa., Isaiah. 
 It, Italian. 
 Jac, Jacob. 
 Jas., James. 
 Jan., January. 
 Jno., John 
 Jos., Joseph. 
 Josh., Joshua. 
 J. P., Justice of the Peace. 
 Jr., or Jun., Junior. 
 Jul., July. 
 Kt, Knight. 
 Ky., Kentucky. 
 L., Latin. 
 
 L., or £, a Pound sterling. 
 Lb., a Pound in weight 
 La., Louisiana. 
 Lat, Latin; Latitude. 
 Lev., Leviticus. 
 
 L. I., Long Island. 
 Lieut, Lieutenant 
 M., Mile. 
 
 M. A., Master of Arts. 
 Maj., Major. 
 Mai., Malachi. 
 Mass., Massachusetts. 
 Matt, Matthew. 
 M. C, Member of Congress. 
 Md., Maryland. 
 Me., Maine. 
 
 Messrs., Messieurs. (The plural of 
 the French Monsieur, Mister.) 
 
 Note. — The abreviation Messrs. should be read 
 Messieurs (messhoors), and not Gentlemen, or Sirs. 
 Still less should it be read Gentlemen sirs. 
 
 Mich., Michigan. 
 
 Minn., Minnesota. 
 
 Miss., or Mi., Mississippi. 
 
 Mo., Missouri; month. 
 
 M. P., Member of Parliament 
 
 Mr., Master or Mister. 
 
 MS., Manuscript. 
 
 MSS., Manuscripts. 
 
 Mt, Mount or Mountain. 
 
 N, North. 
 
 N. A., North America. 
 
 Nath., Nathaniel. 
 
 N. B. (JSFota Bene), Note well. 
 
 N. C, North Carolina. 
 
 N. E., North-East; New England. 
 
 Neb., Nebraska. 
 
 Nem Con. (Nemine contradicente), 
 
 No one contradicting. 
 N. H., New Hampshire. 
 N. J, New Jersey. 
 N. Lat, North Latitude. 
 N. N. E., North-North-east 
 N. N. W., North-North-west 
 No. (Numero), Number. 
 Nom., Nominative. 
 Nov., November. 
 N. S., Nova Scotia; New Style. 
 Num., Numbers. 
 N. W., North- West 
 0., Ohio. 
 Obs., Obsolete. 
 Obt, Obedient. 
 Oct., October. 
 0. S., Old Style. 
 Oz., Ounces. 
 Pa., Pennsylvania. 
 PA, Paid. 
 Penn., Pennsylvania. 
 
318 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Pet., Peter. 
 
 Phil., Philip; Philippians. 
 
 Pk, Peck. 
 
 P. M. {Post Meridiem), Afternoon. 
 
 P. M., Post-Master. 
 
 P. 0., Post-Office. 
 
 Prep., Preposition. 
 
 Pres., President. 
 
 Prob., Problem. 
 
 Prof., Professor. 
 
 Pron., Pronoun; Pronunciation. 
 
 Prop., Proposition. 
 
 Pro tern. {Pro tempore), for the time 
 
 being, 
 Prov., Proverbs. 
 
 Prox. {Proximo), Next (month). 
 P. S. {Post Scriptum), Postscript. 
 Ps., Psalm. 
 Pt., Pint. 
 
 Pwt, Pennyweight. 
 Q., Question. 
 Q. B. D. ( Quod erat demonstrandum), 
 
 Which was to be demonstrated. 
 Q. E. F. {Quod erat faciendum), 
 
 Which was to be done. 
 Qr., Quarter. 
 Qurs., Farthings. 
 Qt., Quart. 
 Rec'd, Received. 
 Rec Sec, Recording Secretary. 
 Rev., Revelations; Reverend. 
 R. I., Rhode Island. 
 Robt., Robert. 
 Rom., Romans. 
 R. R., Railroad. 
 Rt., Right. 
 
 Rt. Hon., Right Honorable. 
 Rt. Rev, Right Reverend. 
 S., Seconds; Shilling; Sign; South. 
 S. A., South America. 
 Sam., SamueL 
 Sax., Saxon. 
 S. C, South Carolina. 
 Sc. or Sculp. (Sculpsit), Engraved. 
 Scil. (Scilicet), To wit. 
 S. E., Southeast. 
 Sec, Secretary. 
 Sect, Section. 
 Sen., Senator; Senior. 
 Sept.. September. 
 
 Serj., Sergeant. 
 
 Sing., Singular. 
 
 S., Lat, South Latitude. 
 
 Sol., Solomon. 
 
 Sp., Spanish. 
 
 S. P. Q. R. (Senatus, Populusque Bo- 
 
 manus), The Senate and the People 
 
 of Rome. 
 Sq., Square. 
 Sq. Ft, Square Feet. 
 Sq. M., Square Miles. 
 Sr., Senior. 
 
 Sc. (Scilicet), Namely. 
 S. S. E., South-South-east. 
 S. S. W, South-South-west. 
 St, Saint; Street. 
 S. T. D. {Sanctce Theologies Doctor). 
 
 Doctor of Divinity. 
 Supt, Superintendent 
 S. W., South-west. 
 T. or Ter., Territory. 
 Tenn., Tennessee. 
 Thess., Thessalonians. 
 Thos., Thomas. 
 Tim., Timothy. 
 Tit, Titus. 
 
 T. T. L., To Take Leave. 
 Ult. ( Ultimo), The Last Month. 
 U. S., United States. 
 V. ( Tide), See ; Verse. 
 Va., Virginia. 
 V. D. M. ( Verli Dei Minister), Min» 
 
 ister of the Word of God. 
 V. I., Verb Intransitive. 
 Viz. ( Videlicet), To wit 
 Vol., Volume. 
 Vs. {Versus), Against. 
 Vt, Vermont 
 V. T., Verb Transitive. 
 W., West 
 Wk, Week. 
 W. I., West Indies. 
 W. Lon., West Longitude. 
 Wm., William. 
 W. N. W., West-North-west. 
 W. S. W., West-South-west 
 Wt, Weight. 
 Y., Year. 
 Yd., Yard. 
 Yds., Yards. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 319 
 
 AN 
 
 ALPHABETIC LIST OF LATIN AND GREEK KOOTS. 
 
 
 Peefatoet Note. — The definition of each root is followed by a list of the principal English 
 terms derived from that root. The definitions of the derivatives are generally omitted, as having 
 been already given in the foregoing portion of the •work ; or because the meaning of the deriva- 
 tives may be readily inferred from the definition of the root. 
 
 ACADEMIA, a place near Athens 
 where Plato taught philosophy. De- 
 rivatives, Academy, Academic, etc. 
 
 Aceo, to be sour. 
 
 Acesco, to become sour. Der., Aces- 
 cent, Acescency. 
 
 Acetum, vinegar. Der., Acetic, 
 Acetous. 
 
 Actdus, sour. Der., Acid, Acidity. 
 
 AciDULrs, somewhat sour. Der., 
 Acidulous, Acidulate. 
 
 Acoro (ax.ovu). to hear. Der., 
 Acoustic, Acoustics. 
 
 Acris, sharp. Der., Acrid, Acri- 
 tude, Acrimony. 
 
 Acrox (a«/>'v), 1. An end or ex- 
 tremity. 2. A pointed summit. 
 Hence, 
 
 Acrostic, a poem in which the let- 
 ter at one end, generally the begin- 
 ning, of the successive lines form 
 some word or name. (a-T/^s?,' a verse.) 
 
 Acropolis, a citadel. The Acropo- 
 lis was the most elevated situation in 
 certain of the ancient Grecian cities, 
 and was usually fortified. (mxis 
 [polis], a city.) 
 
 Adulor [adulation), to flatter, from 
 adoleo, to burn incense to. Der., Ad- 
 ulation. 
 
 Agger, a heap, from ad, to; and 
 gero, to bear. Hence, 
 
 Exaggerate, lit. , to heap up. Hence, 
 To enlarge beyond the truth. A 
 friend exaggerates a man's virtues; 
 an enemy, his faults. 
 
 Agilis, nimble, from ago, to move. 
 Der., Agile, Agility. 
 
 Agito, to shake, from ago, to cause 
 to move. Der., Agitate. 
 
 Agogetjs (ayasyiu;) a leader. Hence 
 
 Demagogue, a leader of the popu- 
 lace (S»/ms [demos'] the people.) 
 
 Pedagogue, a schoolmaster. (Lit., 
 a leader, or governor of boys.) nut; 
 ]_pais, paidos], a boy. 
 
 Agon [a^j, a contest, as of wrest- 
 lers. Der., Agony, Agonize, An- 
 tagonist. 
 
 Ager, a field or piece of ground. 
 Hence, 
 
 Agrarian, pertaining to an equal 
 division of lands and other property 
 among the inhabitants of a coun- 
 try. 
 
 An Agrarian is one who favors an 
 equal division of lands and other 
 property among the citizens of the 
 state. 
 
 Agrestic, pertaining to the fields or 
 country, in opposition to the city. 
 Hence, rude, or unpolished. 
 
 Agriculture, the art, or practice of 
 cultivating the ground. 
 
 Peregrinate and Pilgrim are also 
 derivatives from ager. See To Travel. 
 
 Alius, other. Hence, 
 
 Alias, otherwise. 
 
 Alibi, in another place. 
 
 Alienus, pertaining to another. 
 Hence, 
 
 Alien, a person who belongs to 
 another country. Hence, 
 
 Alienate, Aliene, or Abalienate, to 
 transfer the title of property from one 
 to another. 
 
 To Alienate also signifies to 
 estrange ; as, to alienate the heart or 
 affections, so that individual becomes 
 as a foreigner or stranger in feeling 
 to the party to whom he had been at- 
 tached. 
 
 Allelox («\x»xa»), each other 
 Hence, 
 
 Parallel, equally distant at all 
 points, {yrctpa [para], by the side of.) 
 
320 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Der., Parallelogram, Parallelopipe- 
 don. 
 
 Alo, to nourish. Der.,. Aliment, 
 Alimentary, Alimentation. 
 
 Alpha, the first letter of the Greek 
 alphabet. Der., Alphabet. 
 
 Alter, another. Hence, 
 
 Alter, to cause to be other in form, 
 condition, or nature. Der., Altera- 
 tive, Alterant. 
 
 Altercor, to contend one against 
 the other, (from alter, the other.) 
 Hence, 
 
 Altercation, an angry dispute. 
 
 Alternus, by turns, or first the 
 one, and then the other (from alter, 
 the other). Hence, 
 
 Alternate, being by turns. 
 
 Alternative, a choice between two 
 things, so that if the one is taken the 
 other must be left. 
 
 Altus, high. Der., Altitude, Al- 
 timetry, Exalt 
 
 Ambttlo, to walk. Der., Amble, 
 Ambulate, Circumambulate, Peram- 
 bulate, Preamble. 
 
 Amicus, a friend (from amo, to 
 love). Der., Amity, Amicable, Enemy ) 
 Enmity, Inimical. 
 
 Amo, to love. Der., Amiable, Ama- 
 tory, Amorous, Amour, Amateur, 
 Enamor. 
 
 Ampltjs, large. Der., Ample, Am- 
 plitude Amplify. 
 
 Anemos (avejuos), the wind. Der., 
 Anemography, Anemometer, Anemo- 
 scope, Anemone. 
 
 Angello (ayyiwas), to bring tidings. 
 Der., Angel, Evangelize, Evangelistic, 
 
 Ango (anxi), to choke. Der., An- 
 guish, Anxiety, Anger. 
 
 Anima, 1. Air or wind; 2. The 
 principle of life, because life is sus- 
 tained by breathing the air; 3. 
 The soul. Der., Animal, Animate, 
 etc. 
 
 Animus, the mind. Der., Animad- 
 vert, Equanimity, Magnanimity, Pu- 
 sillanimity, Unanimity, etc. 
 
 Annus, a year. Der., Annals, 
 Annuity, Annuitant, Anniversary, 
 Annual, Biennial, Triennial, Quad- 
 rennial, Quinquennial, Sexennial, 
 Septennial, Octennial, Novennial, De- 
 
 cennial, Centennial, Millennium, Mil- 
 lennial, Perennial. 
 
 Annulus, a ring. Der., Annular. 
 
 Anthos, a flower. Hence, 
 
 Anther, the tip of a stamen. 
 
 Anthology, a collection of the flow- 
 ers of poetry, (teyce [lego'], to collect.) 
 
 Exanthematous, characterized by 
 flower-like eruptions on the skin; as, 
 an exanthematous disease, (ex, forth.) 
 
 Polyanthus, a plant with many 
 flowers growing in clusters, (poly, 
 many. ) 
 
 Anthropos, (etvSpcon-oc), a man. Der., 
 Anthropology, Anthropophagi, Mis- 
 anthropy, Philanthropy. 
 
 Antiquus, old or ancient. Der., 
 Antique, Antiquity, Antiquarian, An- 
 tiquate. 
 
 Aperio (apertum), to open. Der., 
 Aperient, Aperture. 
 
 Apis, a bee. Hence, 
 
 Apiary, a place where bees are 
 kept. 
 
 Aptus, fit. Der., Apt, Aptitude, 
 Adapt. 
 
 Aqua, water. Der., Aqueous, 
 Aquatic, Aqueduct, Terraqueous, 
 Subaqueous. 
 
 Aquila, an eagle. Hence, 
 
 Aquiline, like that of an eagle ; as, 
 an aquiline nose. 
 
 ArOj to plow. Hence, 
 
 Ar* 
 land. 
 
 Arbiter, an umpire, or judge. 
 Hence, Arbiter, Arbitrate, Arbitra- 
 ment, for which see Civil Government. 
 
 Arbitrium, the power of acting ac- 
 cording to one's own will and pleas- 
 ure. Hence, 
 
 Arbitrary, 1. Not governed by any 
 fixed rules, but depending on the will 
 or discretion; as, an arbitrary de- 
 cision; an arbitrary punishment. 
 2. Not subject to control; as, an ar- 
 bitrary prince. 
 
 Arbor, a tree. Der., Arbor, Arbor- 
 et, Arborist, Arborescent. 
 
 Arche (#p%»), government. Der , 
 Monarchy, Oligarchy, Anarchy, etc. 
 See Civil Government. 
 
 Arche («/>;t»), the beginning. Der., 
 Archetype. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 321 
 
 Archaios, (apxcuo?), ancient ; from 
 a/r£», the beginning. Hence, 
 
 Archaeology, the science of antiqui- 
 ties, (xoyoc, a discourse.) 
 
 Archaism, an ancient or obsolete 
 word or expression. 
 
 Archos (apxoc), chief. Hence, 
 
 Arch, a prefix signifying chief, as 
 in archduke, archangel. 
 
 Architect, a chief, or master build- 
 er. Hence, a professor of the art of 
 building. (rs>na>v \tecton\, a work- 
 man.) 
 
 Arctos (st/)jtTo?), the constellation of 
 The Bear. Der., Arctic, Antarctic. 
 
 Arcus, a bow. Der., Arch, Archer, 
 Arcuate. 
 
 Ardeo (arsurri), to burn. Der., 
 Ardent, Ardor, Arson. 
 
 Arduus, high and steep. Hence, 
 
 Arduous, attended with great la- 
 bor, like the climbing of a steep 
 mountain-side. 
 
 Arena, sand. Hence, 
 
 Arena, 1. The central part of a 
 Roman amphitheater in which the 
 gladiators fought; so called because 
 it was covered with sand to absorb 
 the blood. 2, and jig. Any place 
 where a person is obliged, actively, 
 to exert himself in contending with 
 others; as, the arena of politics; the 
 arena of life. 
 
 Arenaceous, having the properties 
 of sand. 
 
 Arenose, full of sand. 
 
 Areo, to be dry. Der., Arid, Arid- 
 ity, Arefy, Aref action. 
 
 Argentum, silver. Der., Argent, 
 Argentiferous. 
 
 Argilla, potter's clay. Der., Ar- 
 gil, Argillaceous. 
 
 Argos (ipyce), idle or sluggish. 
 Hence, 
 
 Lethargy, 1. A preternatural 
 drowsiness. Hence, 2, and jig. A 
 stupid indifference to things which 
 should interest us. (kh8» [lethe~], for- 
 getfulness. ) 
 
 Aristoi (npiTToi), the nobles; from 
 apta-roc, best. Der., Aristocracy, Aris- 
 tocrat. 
 
 Arithmos (ttpiQ/uos), a number. Der., 
 Arithmetic. 
 21 
 
 Arma, arms. Der., Arms, etc. See 
 Warfare. 
 
 Aromata (apa>/u*rcL), spices. Der., 
 Aroma, Aromatic, Aromatize. 
 
 Arteria (xprnpi-j), an artery. Der., 
 Artery. See Anatomy. 
 
 Articulus, a little joint. Dim. of 
 artus, a joint. Der., Article, Articu- 
 late. 
 
 Asper, rough. Der., Asperate, As- 
 perity, Exasperate. 
 
 Astron (ctcnpov), a star. Der., As- 
 Atral, Asterisk, Asterism, Astrolabe, 
 Astronomy, Astrology. 
 
 At.mos (atjuh), vapor. Der., Atmos- 
 phere. 
 
 Atra, black. Der., Atrabilarian, 
 Atramental. See Color. 
 
 Atkox, cruel. Der., Atrocious, 
 Atrocity. 
 
 Audax, daring. Der., Audacious. 
 Audacity. 
 
 Audio, to hear. Der., Audit, Audi- 
 tor, Auditory, Audience. 
 
 Augeo (auctum), to increase. Der., 
 Augment, Auction. 
 
 Augur, a Roman soothsayer, who 
 pretended to foretell events by the 
 flying, singing, or feeding of birds. 
 Hence, 
 
 Augury, the art or practice of fore- 
 telling events by observing the ac- 
 tions of birds, and other phenomena. 
 
 Inaugurate, to induct into an office 
 with appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 Note. — The ceremonies of induction into 
 office, and of the consecration of temples, etc., 
 were presided over by the augurs, and hence the 
 origin of the term inaugurate. 
 
 Aulos [dLVhoi), a pipe. Der., Hy- 
 draulics. 
 
 Auris, the ear. Der., Aurist, Auri- 
 cle, Auricular. 
 
 Aurum, gold. Der., Auriferous, 
 Aurelia. 
 
 Auspices, the omens of an under- 
 taking drawn from the flight of birds. 
 {Avis, a bird; and specio, to view.) 
 Der., Auspicious. 
 
 Austerus, 1. Harsh or rough to the 
 taste. 2. Of a crabbed or sour tem- 
 per. Der., Austere, Austerity. 
 
 Autos (avroc), self. Hence, 
 
 Autobiography, a person's life writ- 
 
322 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 ten "by the individual himself. (0ios [bi- 
 os'], life ; and jf*<j>a [grapho], to write.) 
 
 Autograph, one's own handwriting. 
 
 Autocrat, a sole ruler. (n.^ico [cra- 
 teo~], to rule.) 
 
 Automaton, a self-moving machine. 
 [fjmoD \inao~\, to move.) 
 
 Autonomy, self-government, (yopo; 
 [nomos], law or government.) 
 
 Autopsy, personal observation or 
 inspection, (o-^is [opsis], a view.) 
 
 Auxllium, aid. Der., Auxiliar, 
 Auxiliary. 
 
 Avis, a bird. Hence, 
 
 Aviary, a place for keeping birds. 
 
 Avidtts, greedy. Der., Avidity. 
 
 Bacchus, the god of wine. Der., 
 Bacchanal, Bacchanalian. 
 
 Barba, beard. Der., Barber, Barb, 
 Barbate. 
 
 Barbarus, leading a rude life. Der., 
 Barbarous, Barbarian, Barbarity , 
 Barbarism, Barbaric. 
 
 Baros (&/>oc), weight. Der., Ba- 
 rometer. 
 
 Beatus, happy. Der., Beatify, Bea- 
 tific, Beatitude. 
 
 Beau, Belle, beautiful. (Fr.) Der., 
 Beau, Beau-monde, Beauty, Belle, 
 Belles- Lettres, Embellish. 
 
 Bellum, war. Der., Belligerent, 
 Rebel. 
 
 Bene, well or kindly. Der., Bene- 
 fit, Benefactor, Benefaction, Bene- 
 ficient, Beneficial Beneficiary Be- 
 nevolent, Benediction. 
 
 Bbnignus, kind. Der., Benign, 
 Benignant, Benignity. 
 
 Beta (0), the second letter of the 
 Greek alphabet. Der., Alphabet. 
 
 Bestia, a beast. Der., Bestial, 
 Bestiality. 
 
 Biblos {0tfaoc), a book. Der., Bi- 
 ble, Biblical, Bibliography, Biblio- 
 polist, Bibliomania. 
 
 Bibo, to drink. Der., Bibaceous, 
 Bibber, Bibulous, Imbibe. 
 
 Bills, the bile. Der., Bilious, Bil- 
 iary, Antibilious. 
 
 Bios (i3<5c), life. Der., Biography, 
 Biology, Cenobite. 
 
 Bi, a prefix signifying two. 
 
 Blandus, gentle or flattering. 
 Hence, 
 
 Bland, soft or gentle; as, bland 
 words, bland zephyrs. 
 
 Blandish; to flatter by kind words 
 or affectionate attentions. 
 
 Blax, (/Sxa|), injuriously, or impi- 
 ously. Hence, 
 
 Blaspheme, to speak in terms of 
 impious irreverence of God. (<p»A«), 
 \_phemi], to speak. 
 
 Botane (/SOT*™), a plant. Der., Bo- 
 tany. 
 
 Brevis, short. Der., Brief Brevi- 
 ty, Breviary, Abbreviate. 
 
 Bronchos (0povx°c), the windpipe. 
 Der., Bronchial. 
 
 Brutus, stupid, or senseless. Der., 
 Brute, Brutal, Brutish. 
 
 Bulla, a bubble. Der., Ebullition, 
 Boil. 
 
 Cadaver, a dead body. Der., Ca- 
 daverous. 
 
 Cado (casimi), to fall. Der., Case, 
 Casual, Casually, Cadence, Accident, 
 Decay, Deciduous, Incident, Occa- 
 sion, Occident. See To Fall. 
 
 CiEDO (ccesum), to cut. Der., In- 
 cision, Incisor, Precise, Excise, De- 
 cide, Decision. See To Cut. 
 
 Cedo (ccesum), to kill. Der., Par- 
 ricide, Matricide, Fratricide, Infan- 
 ticide, Regicide. See To Kill. 
 
 Calx, limestone. Der., Calcine. 
 
 See Heat. 
 
 Calculus, a pebble. Hence, 
 
 Calculate, to compute, because peb- 
 bles were anciently used to facilitate 
 arithmetical computations. 
 
 Caleo, to be warm. Der., Calefy, 
 Calefaction, Caloric, Caldron. 
 
 Calos (x.*.xo(), beautiful. Hence, 
 
 Caligraphy, beautiful writing, 
 (jfsupa), [grapho], to write. 
 
 Calypto (KAKun-ra)), to cover. 
 Hence, 
 
 Apocalypse, the last book of the 
 New Testament, because the prophe- 
 cies of this book reveal or uncover 
 the future. (*v°, \_apo~], un, or 
 from. ) 
 
 Campus, a plain. Hence, 
 
 Camp, the place of an army. 
 
 Campaign, the time for which an 
 army keeps the field. 
 
 Champaign, a flat, open country. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 323 
 
 Campestral, growing in the fields. 
 
 Candeo, to be white. Der., Candor, 
 Candid, Incandescent, Candent, Can- 
 dle. 
 
 Canis, a dog. Der., Canine. 
 
 Cano (cantum), to sing. Der., 
 Cant, Canto, Chant, Canticle, Des- 
 cant, Enchant, Incantation, Recant, 
 Vaticinate. See To Sing. 
 
 Capio (captum), or Cipio (ceptum), 
 to take. Der., Captive, Captivate, 
 Capture, Captor, Capable, Capacious, 
 Capacity, Capacitate, Accept, Accep- 
 tation, Conceive, Conception, Conceit, 
 Deceive, Deception, Deceit, Receive, 
 Reception, Receipt, Recipe, Recipi- 
 ent, Receptacle, Except, Intercept, In- 
 ception, Incipient, Inceptive, Suscep- 
 tible, Occupy, Occupation, Antici- 
 pate, Municipal, Participate, etc. 
 
 To Accept is to take to one's-self 
 that which is offered by another, {ad, 
 to.) 
 
 Acceptation, 1. A taking with favor 
 or approbation; as, "a saying worthy 
 of all acceptation." 2. The sense in 
 which a word is generally taken. 
 
 Recipe, take. (A term used in 
 medical prescriptions.) 
 
 To Receive is to take that which 
 is presented. 
 
 A Recipient is one who receives. 
 
 A Receptacle is a place into which 
 things are received. 
 
 To Except is to take out. (ex, 
 out.) 
 
 . To Intercept is to take between; that 
 is, to take or seize on the way be- 
 tween the place of setting out and the 
 place of destination, [inter, between.) 
 
 Inception, a taking hold upon some 
 process. Hence, a beginning, (in, 
 upon.) 
 
 Susceptible, taking readily upon 
 itself some change, affection, or in- 
 fluence; as, a heart susceptible of 
 love, (sub, under.) 
 
 A Principle is an idea which is first 
 taken on account of its being of pri- 
 mary and fundamental importance. 
 (primus, first.) 
 
 Principal, worthy of being first 
 taken on account of its primary or 
 leading importance. 
 
 A Prince (princeps), is a man who 
 is taken and held as first in the esti- 
 mation of the people. 
 
 Capillus, a hair. Der., Capillary. 
 
 Caput (capitis), the head. Der., 
 Cap, Cape, Capital, Capitation, Cap- 
 tain, Chapter, Decapitate, Occiput, 
 Sinciput, Precipitate, Precipice. 
 
 Carbo, a coal. Der., Carbon, Car- 
 bonaceous, Carbonic, Carbuncle. 
 
 CarceR, a prison. Hence, 
 
 Incarcerate, to imprison. 
 
 Cardia («a£<f/x), the heart. Hence, 
 
 Cardiac, pertaining to the heart. 
 
 Cardialgia, the heartburn. (a.\yoe 
 [algos~\, pain.) 
 
 Pericardium, the membrane that 
 surrounds the heart, (peri, around.) 
 
 Caro (carnis), flesh. Der., Carnal, 
 Carnation, Carnelian, Carnage, Car- 
 nival, Carnivorous, Incarnate. 
 
 Carus, dear. Der., Caress, Cher- 
 ish. 
 
 Castus, pure in the thoughts and 
 in the actions. Der., Chaste, Chasten, 
 Chastise, Castigate, Incest. 
 
 Catena, a chain. Hence, 
 
 Catenary, or Catenarian, relating 
 to a chain. 
 
 Catenate, to connect together in a 
 series of links. 
 
 Concatenation, a series of things 
 connected and depending on each 
 other like the links of a chain ; as, a 
 concatenation of causes. 
 
 Caballus, a horse. Der., Caval- 
 cade, Cavalry, Cavalier. 
 
 Cavus, hollow. Der., Cave, Cavity, 
 Cavern, Concave, Excavate. 
 
 Caulis, a stem. Der., Cauline, 
 Cauliferous, Cauliflower. 
 
 Causa, 1. A cause. 2. A crime. 
 Der., Cause, Accuse, Excuse. 
 
 Causticus, (wjo-TtKoi), burning. 
 Hence, 
 
 Caustic, 1. Corroding the flesh. 
 Potash and quicklime are caustic. 
 2. and Jig., severe; as, a caustic re- 
 mark. 
 
 Cautery, a burning, as of morbid 
 flesh, with a hot iron. Der., Cauter- 
 ize. 
 
 Caveo (cautum), to be on one's 
 guard. Der., Caution, Cautious. 
 
324 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Cedo (cessum), to yield. Hence, 
 
 Cede, to yield, as a possession, to 
 another. 
 
 Cession, the act of yielding, as a 
 possession. 
 
 Concede, to yield, as a point in an 
 argument. 
 
 Concession, the act of yielding a 
 point in an argument. 
 
 Cedo (cessum), to go. Der. , Accede, 
 Access, Accession, Proceed, Process, 
 Procession, Recede, Recess, Recession, 
 Succeed, Success, Succession, Inter- 
 cede, Intercession, Exceed, Excess. 
 
 Celebris, renowned. Hence, 
 
 Celebrate, to praise; as, to celebrate 
 the name of the Most High. 2. To 
 distinguish by marks of joy and re- 
 spect; as, to celebrate a yearly festi- 
 val ; to celebrate a marriage. 
 
 Celebrity, fame. 
 
 Coelum, heaven. Der., Celestial. 
 
 Celo, to hide. Der., Conceal. 
 
 Ce'nseo, to form an opinion or es- 
 timate. Hence, 
 
 Censor, in ancient Rome, the title 
 of two magistrates who registered the 
 number and property of the citizens, 
 and had also the inspection of the 
 morals of the citizens, with the power 
 to punish by some mark of infamy 
 those who led flagitious lives. Hence, 
 
 Censorious, taking upon one's-self 
 the office of a censor in regard to the 
 morals of others. 
 
 Censura, the office of a Roman cen- 
 sor. Hence, 
 
 Censure, blame uttered by a self- 
 constituted censor of morals. 
 
 Census, an enumeration of the in- 
 habitants of a country, in connection 
 with the collection of other statistical 
 facts. 
 
 Centrum (xcvrfov), the middle point. 
 Der., Center, Concentrate, Concentric, 
 Eccentric, Eccentricity, Centripetal, 
 Centrifugal, Geocentric, Heliocentric. 
 
 Centum, a hundred. Der., Cen- 
 tury, Centennial, Centurion, Centipede, 
 Cent, Centissimal. 
 
 Cephale (k6$*x»), the head. Der., 
 Cephalic, Acephalous, Bicephalous, 
 Hydrocephalus. 
 
 Cera, wax. Hence, 
 
 Cerate, an ointment composed of 
 wax, oil, and other ingredients. 
 
 Cere, to cover with wax. 
 
 Sincere, 1. Pure or unmixed, like 
 honey that is not mixed with wax. 
 As new-born babes, desire the sincere 
 milk of the word. — 1 Pet. ii. 2. Be- 
 ing in reality what it appears to be ; 
 as, a sincere friend ; a sincere prayer. 
 "{sine, without; and cera, wax.) 
 
 Cerebrum, the brain. Der., Cere- 
 bral. 
 
 Cerno (cretum), to sift, strain, or 
 separate. Der., Secern, Secrete, Se- 
 cretion, Secret, Excretion, Excre- 
 ment, Discern, Discriminate, etc. 
 
 To Discern, is to separate from oth- 
 er objects by means either of the 
 bodily or the mental eye. (dis, apart. ) 
 
 To Discriminate, is to separate by 
 noting differences. 
 
 Secret, separated from the knowl- 
 edge of persons in general, (se, aside. ) 
 
 A Secretary, is one who does the 
 writing relating to the secret or pri- 
 vate business of another. 
 
 Certo, to contend. Der., Concert. 
 
 Cheval, a horse. (Fr.) Der., 
 Chevalier, Chivalry. 
 
 Chir (xh)j th e hand. Hence, 
 
 Chirugeon, by contraction Sur- 
 geon, one who cures by manual op- 
 eration. 
 
 Chirography, handwriting. 
 
 Chole (x oKtl )i b^ e - Der., Choler, 
 Cholera, Melancholy. 
 
 Chorus, a company of singer?. 
 Der., Choir, Choral, Chorister. 
 
 Chorda (x q P^)i a string. Der., 
 Chord, Monochord Pentachord. 
 
 Chrizo (xz l £ a )\ to anoint. Hence, 
 
 Christ, the Anointed One. 
 
 Chrism, consecrated oil. 
 
 Chronos, time. Der., Chronic, 
 Chronical, Chronicle, Chronology, 
 Chronometer, Anachronism, Isochro- 
 nal, Synchronize. 
 
 Cicatrix, a scar. Der., Cicatrize. 
 
 Cingo (cincium), to bind or gird. 
 Hence, 
 
 Cincture, a belt. 
 
 Precinct, a boundary, because it 
 surrounds like a girdle, (prce, be- 
 fore.) 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 325 
 
 Succinct, lit., having the skirts of 
 one's garment girded up around the 
 waist. Hence, Jig., brought into a 
 small compass; as, a succinct account. 
 
 Cito (citum), to stir up. Hence, 
 
 Excite, to stir up. [ex, up.) 
 
 Incite, to urge on. (in, on.) 
 
 Resuscitate, to bring back to life. 
 (re, again; and sub, up.) 
 
 Cito, (citatum), to call. Hence, 
 
 Cite, 1. To summon. 2. To quote. 
 
 Recite, to rehearse. 
 
 Cms, a citizen. Der., Civil, Civic, 
 ■City. 
 
 Clamo, to cry. Der., Clamor, Claim, 
 Acclaim, Acclamation, Declaim, Ex- 
 claim, Proclaim, Reclaim. 
 
 Clango, to make a shrill noise 
 Der., Clang, Clangor. 
 
 Clarus, clear. Der., Clarify, Clar- 
 ion, Clarinet, Declare. 
 
 Claudo (clausum), to shut. Der., 
 Clause, Close, Closet, Cloister, Con- 
 clude, Conclusion, Include, Inclusive, 
 Exclude, Exclusion, Preclude, Seclude. 
 
 Clemens, mild. Der., Clement, 
 Clemency, Inclement, 
 
 Cleeos (K\»go;), a lot. Der., Clergy, 
 Cleric, Clerk. 
 
 Clino (x\tva>), to lean. Der., In- 
 cline, Decline, Declension, Recline, 
 Clinical. 
 
 Cliyus, a slope. Der., Acclivity, 
 Declivity, Proclivity. 
 
 Colo (cultum), to till. Der., Cul- 
 ture, Cultivate, Agriculture. 
 
 Copia, plenty. Der., Copious, Cor- 
 nucopias. 
 
 Copula, that which connects. Der., 
 Copulate, Couple, Couplet. 
 
 Coqtjo (cocium), to boil or cook. 
 Hence, 
 
 Cook, to prepare food by the aid of 
 fire. 
 
 Coction, the act of boiling. 
 
 Decoction, a preparation made by 
 boiling ; as, a decoction of herbs. 
 
 Cor (cordis), the heart. Hence, 
 
 Accord, to agree or harmonize 
 with, (ad, with.") 
 
 Concord, mutual agreement, (con, 
 together. ) 
 
 Discord, disagreement, (dis, asun- 
 der.) 
 
 Corium, a skin or hide. Hence, 
 
 Coriaceous, resembling leather. 
 
 Currier, one who dresses leather. 
 
 Excoriate, to strip off the skin. 
 (ex, off.) 
 
 Cornu, a horn. Der., Cornea, 
 Cornu-copice, Unicorn, Bicornous, 
 Tricornous. 
 
 Corona, a crown. Hence, 
 
 Coronation, the act of crowning. 
 
 Coronet, a little crown. 
 
 Corpus (coiporis), a body. Der., 
 Corporeal, Corporal, Corpse, Corps, 
 Corpulent, Corporate, Incorporate. 
 
 Cortex, bark. Der., Decorticate. 
 
 Cosmos (assise), beauty; the world. 
 Hence, 
 
 Cosmetic, improving the beauty of 
 the skin. 
 
 Cosmogony, an account of the crea- 
 tion of the world. (y>v» \_g6ne~], a 
 generation.) 
 
 Cosmography, the science of the 
 general system of the world. 
 
 Cosmopolite, a citizen of the world. 
 (7ro\tTn; [polites], a citizen.) 
 
 Microcosm, a little world. (A term 
 applied to man, who has been re- 
 garded as an epitome of universe or 
 great world, (/mhocs [micros], small.) 
 
 Macrosm, the great world. (/uaKpo; 
 [macros'], great.) 
 
 Costa, a rib. Der., Costal, Inter- 
 costal. 
 ' Cranium, the skull. Der., Cranial, 
 Craniology, Pericranium. 
 
 Cras, to-morrow. Hence, 
 
 Procrastinate, to put off. (pro, till.) 
 
 Cratos (x/>aTo?), power, or govern- 
 ment. Der., Aristocracy, Democracy, 
 Theocracy. 
 
 Credo (creditum), to believe. Der., 
 Credence, Credit, Credible, Creditor, 
 Creed, Credenda, Credulity, Credu- 
 lous. 
 
 Cresco (cretum), to grow. Der., 
 Crescent, Increase, Decrease, Incre- 
 ment, Decrement, Excrescence, Con- 
 crete, Concretion. 
 
 Creta, chalk. Hence, 
 
 Cretaceous, chalky. 
 
 Crites (x/im?), a judge. Hence, 
 
 Critic, a judge in literature or 
 art. 
 
326 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Criterion, a standard by which to 
 judge. 
 
 Crux (cruris), a cross. Hence, 
 
 Crucify, to fasten to a cross (jigo, 
 to fasten). 
 
 Cruciform, shaped like a cross. 
 
 Excruciate, to torture with pains 
 like those of crucifixion. 
 
 Cubo (cubatum), to lie. Der., Ac- 
 cubaiion, Incubation, Incubus. ' 
 
 Cumbo (cubitum), to lie. Der., 
 Accumbent, Incumbent, Procumbent, 
 Recumbent, Superincumbent, Suc- 
 cumb. 
 
 Culco, to tread upon. Hence, 
 
 Inculcate, to impress by frequent 
 admonitions, as to inculcate a moral 
 duty. 
 
 Culmus, the top. Hence, 
 
 Culminate, to reach its greatest al- 
 titude, as a planet. 
 
 Culpa, a fault, Der., Culpable, In- 
 culpate, Exculpate. 
 
 Cumulus, a heap. Hence, 
 
 Cumulative, heaped up. 
 
 Accumulate, to heap up (ad, to). 
 
 Cupio, to desire. Hence, 
 
 Cupidity, an unlawful desire of ac- 
 quisition. 
 
 Covet, to have an unlawful desire to 
 that which belongs to another. 
 
 Cura, care. Der., Care, Cure, Cur- 
 ate, Curacy, Accurate, Procure, Se- 
 cure, Sinecure. 
 
 Curro (cur sum), to run. Der., 
 Current, Currency, Course, Incur, In- 
 cursion, Excursion, Occur, Precursor, 
 Succor, Recur, Recourse, Discourse, 
 Discursive, Concourse, Curricle, Cou- 
 rier, Van-courier, Cursory. 
 
 Curvus, bent. Der., Curve, Curva- 
 ture, Curvilinear, Incurvate, Recur- 
 vate. 
 
 Cutis, the skin. Der., Cuticle, Cu- 
 taneous. 
 
 Cutio (cussum), to shake. Der., 
 Concussion, Discuss, Percussion, Re- 
 percussion. 
 
 Cyclos (k.vk.\os), a circle. Der., 
 Cycle, Cycloid, Cyclopedia, Encyclo- 
 pedia, Epicycle. 
 
 Cyclopedia, or Encyclopedia, the 
 entire circle of the arts and sciences. 
 (7r*iStiu \jpaideia'], instruction.) 
 
 Encyclical, sent round in a circle ; 
 as, an encyclical letter of the Pope. 
 
 Epicycle, a little circle whose center 
 is in the circumference of a greater. 
 (epi, upon.) 
 
 Cylixdros (xuxivfyoz), a roller. Der., 
 Cylinder, Cylindric, Cylindrical, Cyl- 
 indroid. 
 
 Cyon, Cynos (mw, hwoc), a dog. 
 Der., Cynic, Cynosure, Procyon. 
 
 Cynosure, literally, the tail of a dog; 
 a name applied by some philosophers 
 to the constellation of Ursa Minor, by 
 which the ancient Phenicians used to 
 be guided on their voyage ; whence it 
 has been borrowed by the language 
 of poetry, in which it signifies a point 
 of. attraction. 
 
 Where, perhaps, some beauty lies, 
 
 The cynosure of neighboring eyes. — L' Allegro. 
 
 (oupx \_oura~], a tail.) — Brande. 
 
 Procyon, a star of the first magni- 
 tude in Canis Minor, or The Little 
 Dog. (pro, first.) 
 
 Dactylos (SctKrvxoo), a finger. Der., 
 Dactyl. 
 
 Damao (Sa/uaa), to tame or subdue. 
 Hence, 
 
 Adamant, a very hard stone. (A 
 stone that is difiicult to be subdued or 
 broken.) (a, privative.) 
 
 Diamond, a corruption of the word 
 adamant. 
 
 Damnum, loss, hurt, or penalty. 
 Der., Damage, Damn, Damnify, In- 
 demnify, Indemnity. 
 
 To Damn is to sentence to the loss 
 of the joys of heaven. 
 
 To Condemn is, lit., to sentence to 
 some penalty. Hence, to express dis- 
 approbation. 
 
 To Indemnify is to secure against 
 loss, damage, or penalty, (in, priv. ) 
 
 Debilis, weak. Der., Debility, De- 
 bilitate. 
 
 Debeo (debitum), to owe. Der., 
 Debt, Debit, Due, Duty. 
 
 Deca (JW), ten. Der., Decade, Dec- 
 agon, Decalogue. 
 
 Decem, ten. Der., December, Deci- 
 mal, Decimate, Decurion, Decemviri, 
 Decemvirate. 
 
 Dechomai 
 Hence, 
 
 (St£ojuca), to receive. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 32: 
 
 Pandect, a treatise which contains 
 the whole body of any science. 
 
 Pandects, in the plural, the digest, 
 or collection of the civil or Roman 
 law made by the emperor Justinian. 
 {pan, all.) 
 
 Synecdoche, a figure by which a 
 part is taken for the whole, or the 
 whole for a part, (syn, together; and 
 ec, out.) 
 
 Decens, becoming. Der., Decent, 
 Decency. 
 
 Decus, that which is becoming. 
 Der., Decorate, Decorum, Decorous. 
 
 Decorum is propriety of conduct. 
 
 Decorous, proper or becoming in 
 behavior. 
 
 Deus, a god. Der., Deity .Deify, 
 Deist, Deodand. 
 
 A Deodand is a forfeit to God. 
 
 Note. — A deodand, in England, is a personal 
 chattel which is the immediate cause of the 
 death of a rational creature, and for that reason 
 given to God ; that is, forfeited to the king, to 
 he applied to pious uses. — Blaclslone. 
 
 (dandus, to be given.) 
 
 Demos (<fy«c?), the people. Der., 
 Demagogue, Democracy, Endemic, 
 Epidemic. 
 
 Demon (foti/uuv), an evil spirit. Der., 
 Demon, Demonology, Pandemonium. 
 
 Dexdrox (JWJ>5ir),*a tree. Hence, 
 
 Dendrology, the natural history of 
 trees. 
 
 Dexs (dentis), a tooth. Der., Den- 
 tal, Dentist, Denticulated, Indent, In- 
 denture, Bidental, Trident. 
 
 An Indenture is a written agree- 
 ment, so called from the former cus- 
 tom of writing duplicates of the agree- 
 ment on the same piece of paper, 
 and then separating them by a zig- 
 zag line forming corresponding teeth 
 and notches on the edges of the two 
 pieces. 
 
 Despotes (JWot»?), a master. Der., 
 Despot, Despotism. 
 
 Deterior, worse. Hence, 
 
 Deteriorate, 1. To grow worse. 
 2. To make worse. 
 
 Deuteros (JW^o?), second. Der., 
 Deuterogamy, Deuteronomy. 
 
 Dexter, right handed. Der., Dex- 
 rous, Dexterity, Ambidextrous. 
 
 Dies, a day. Der., Diary, Diurnal 
 
 Dico (dictum), to speak. Der., Dic- 
 tion, Dictionary, Dictate, Addict, In- 
 terdict, Predict, Verdict, Contradict, 
 Indite, Indict, Jurisdiction, Benedic- 
 tion, Malediction. 
 
 Diction is style, or manner of ex- 
 pression, either in speaking or writ- 
 ing. 
 
 To Dictate is, 1. To utter or speak 
 to an amanuensis the words to be 
 written. 2. To utter commands. 
 
 To Indite is, 1, and properly. To 
 compose sentences in the mind, and 
 then to utter or speak them that an- 
 other person may write them down. 
 Hence, 2. To compose. 
 
 To Indict is to utter a formal accu- 
 sation against, before a criminal 
 tribunal, (in, against.) 
 
 To Interdict is to speak or utter 
 words that shall place a bar between 
 a person, or persons, and the doing 
 of anything, (inter, between.) 
 
 Didasco (<AJWk&>), to teach. Hence, 
 
 Didactic, affording instruction in 
 morals ; as, a didactic poem or essay. 
 
 Digitus, a finger or toe. Der., 
 Digit, Digitigrade. 
 
 Digxus, worthy. Der., Dignity, 
 Dignify, Deign, Disdain, Indignity, 
 Indignant, Condign. 
 
 Dignity, 1. Worthiness. Hence, 2. 
 The honor and exaltation which are 
 the reward of worthiness. 
 
 To Deign is to regard as consistent 
 with one's dignity to condescend to 
 notice an inferior. (L., dignor.) 
 
 To Disdain is to regard as incon- 
 sistent with one's dignity to do cer- 
 tain things, (dis, priv.) 
 
 Condign, adapted to the worthiness 
 of the subject; as, condign punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Indignant, excited to anger at the 
 doing of some unworthy act. 
 
 Diluvium, a flood. Der., Deluge, 
 Diluvial, Antediluvian, Postdiluvian. 
 
 Diploos (fin-Mos), double. Hence, 
 
 Diploma, a letter conferring some 
 power, privilege, or honor; (thus 
 called because, anciently, such docu- 
 ments were written on a piece of 
 parchment or other material, which 
 was folded so as to form two leaves. 
 
328 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Disco, to learn. Der., Disciple, Dis- 
 cipline. 
 
 Divus, a god. Der., Divine, Di- 
 vinity. 
 
 Do {datum, or ditum), 1. To give. 
 2. To put. Hence, 
 
 Date, the day on which an instru- 
 ment of writing is signed and given, 
 or delivered 
 
 Data, in the mathematics and phi- 
 losophy, given facts from which some- 
 thing that is unknown may be found. 
 
 Reddition, a restitution or giving 
 back, [red, for re, back.) 
 
 Edit, to give or send forth ; as, to 
 edit a paper or a book, (e, forth.) 
 
 Add, to put to something else. 
 (ad, to; and do, to put.) 
 
 Condition, the manner in which 
 the facts and circumstances that re- 
 late to any object are put together, 
 and stand in their mutual relations. 
 (con, together.) 
 
 Abscond, to put one's-self away 
 beyond the sight and knowledge of 
 others; that is, to hide, (abs, away.) 
 
 Recondite, put or laid away in 
 some secret place. Hence, hidden 
 from the understanding. 
 
 Abdomen, the belly; thus called 
 from the stowing away of food in the 
 stomach, or from its varied contents. 
 (ab, away; and do, to stow.) 
 
 Doceo (doctum), to teach. Der., 
 Docile, Docility, Doctrine, Doctor, 
 Document. 
 
 Dogma (Js^a), an opinion. Hence, 
 
 Dogma, a tenet in regligion or phi- 
 losophy. 
 
 Dogmatic, overbearing in asserting 
 and maintaining opinions. 
 
 Doleo, to grieve. Der., Dolor, Do- 
 lorous, Doleful, Condole. 
 
 Dominus, a master. Der., Domin- 
 ion, Domain, Domineer, Dominant, 
 Predominate, Don. 
 
 Domo (domitum), to tame or sub- 
 due. Der., Indomitable. 
 
 Domus, a house. Der., Dome, Do- 
 mestic, Domicile. 
 
 Donttm, a gift. Der., Donor, Do- 
 nee, Donation, Donative. 
 
 Dormio (dormitum), to sleep. Der., 
 Dormant Dormitory. 
 
 Dorsum, the back. Der., Dorsal } 
 Indorse. 
 
 Dos (dotis), a dowry. Hence, 
 
 Dotal, relating to a dowry. 
 
 Dotos (cToto?), given. Hence, 
 
 Anecdote-, an unpublished biograph- 
 ical incident. (*v, not; and ex, out.) 
 
 Antidote, medicine given against 
 poison, (anti, against.) 
 
 Deomos (dromos), a running. Der., 
 Dromedary, Hippodrome. 
 
 Dubius, doubtful. Der., Doubt, 
 Dubious, Dubitation, Indubitable. 
 
 Duco (ductum), to lead. Der., 
 Duct, Ductile, Duke, Adduce, Induce, 
 Produce, Reduce, Conduce, Seduce, 
 Educe, Traduce, Conduct, Product, 
 Production, etc. 
 
 Dulcis, sweet. Der., Dulcet, Dul- 
 cifl/- 
 
 Duo, two. Der., Double, Dual, 
 Duel, Duet, Duplicate. 
 
 Durus, hard. Der., Indurate, Ob- 
 durate, Durable, Duration, Endure. 
 
 Dynamis (Juvat/iAie), power. Der., 
 Dynamics, Hydrodynamics. 
 
 Dynastia, (fuvuerrtist)] political pow- 
 er. Hence, 
 
 Dynasty, a succession of reigning 
 princes of the same family or stock. 
 
 Dys (<fo?)> weakness or difficulty. 
 Der., Dysentery, Dyspepsia, Dyspho- 
 ny. 
 
 Ebrius, drunk. Der., Ebrieiy, In- 
 ebriate, Sobriety. 
 
 Oicos (oikoc), a house. Der., Econ- 
 omy, Diocese. 
 
 Economy, lit, household manage- 
 ment. Secondarily, a prudent man- 
 agement by which expense is avoided. 
 (vopo;) \_nomos~], management.) 
 
 Diocese, a bishop's jurisdiction. 
 (Lit, the administration of the affairs 
 of a household, the bishop's province 
 being his house.) Dioiceo [Jiowja.] 
 
 .ZEdes, a house. Der., Edify, Ed- 
 ifice. 
 
 Edo, to eat. Der., Edacity, Edible. 
 
 Hedra (ifya), 1. A seat. 2. A base 
 or side. Der., Cathedral, Tebrahe- 
 dron, Hexahedron, Octohedron, Do- 
 decahedron, Icosahedron, Polyhedron. 
 
 Egeo, to need., Der. , Indigent, In- 
 digence. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 329 
 
 Electrum, amber. Der., Electric, 
 Electricity, Electrify, Electrometer. 
 
 Electricity is a subtle fluid diffused 
 through all bodies, and supposed by 
 some to be the agent by which all 
 natural changes are effected. It was 
 first observed in the substance called 
 in Latin electrum. 
 
 Elysium, the heaven of the ancient 
 Greeks. Der., Elysian. 
 
 Emo (emptum), 1. To take. 2. To 
 buy. Der., Exempt, Preemption, 
 Redeem. 
 
 Exempt, taken out from a condition 
 of liability to some particular incon- 
 venience, service, or duty ; as, exempt 
 from suffering; exempt from military 
 duty, {ex, out.) 
 
 Exs (entis), being. Der., Entity, 
 Nonentity. 
 
 Exterox (ivripcv), a bowel. Der., 
 Entrails, Enteritis, Dysentery, Mes- 
 entery. 
 
 Extomox (IvTcy.ov), an insect, from 
 iv, in; and tc^mov, cut. Der., Entomol- 
 ogy- 
 
 Eo (Hum), to go. Der., Ambient, 
 Ambition, Circumambient, Transit, 
 Transitory, Transient, Transitive, 
 Obit, Obituary, Sedition, Circuit. 
 
 Epicures, the name of a Grecian 
 philosopher who held that pleasure is 
 the chief good. Der., Epicure, Epi- 
 curean, Epicurism. 
 
 Epo (iTree), to speak. Der., Orthoepy. 
 
 Equus, a horse. Der., Equine, 
 Equestrian, Equitant, Equitation. 
 
 -^Equus, equal. Der., Equal, Equa- 
 tor, Equation, Equable, Equity, In- 
 iquity, Coequal. Equilibrium, Equiv- 
 alent, Equivocal, Equivocate, Equi- 
 nox, Equiangular, Equilateral, Equi- 
 distant. 
 
 Erceo, to drive or press. Hence, 
 
 Coerce, to constrain or force. 
 
 Eremos (if>»/uo;), a desert or lonely 
 place. Der., Eremite, Hermit. 
 
 Ergox (s/>>-6v), a work. Der., Litur- 
 gy, Surgery, Energy, Metallurgy. 
 
 Erro (erratum), to wander. Der., 
 Err, Error, Errant, Erratic, Erra- 
 tum, Aberration. 
 
 iEsTDio, to value. Der., Esteem, 
 Estimate. Estimable. 
 
 Eterxus, without beginning or 
 end. Der., Eternal, Coeternal, Eter- 
 nity, Eternize. 
 
 JEther, the air or sky. Der., 
 Ether, Ether ial. 
 
 Ethos (eflsc), a custom. Der., Ethics, 
 Ethic, Ethical. 
 
 Ethxos (sSvoc), a people. Ethnical, 
 Ethnography. 
 
 Ethnical, relating to the different 
 races of men. 
 
 Ethnography, an account of the 
 different races of mankind. (>/>«?&>) 
 \_gropho~], to describe. 
 
 Etymon {'eruptov), the root of a word. 
 Der., Etymology. 
 
 Eu («/), well. Der., Eulogium, 
 Eulogy, Eulogize. 
 
 iEvuM, lifetime; an age. Der., 
 Coeval, Primeval, Longevity. 
 
 Coeval, belonging to the same age, 
 or beginning to exist at the same 
 time, (co, together.) 
 
 Primeval, belonging to the first or 
 early ages, (primus, first.) 
 
 Longevity is length of life. 
 
 Exemplum, a pattern or model. 
 Der., Example, Exemplar, Exemplify, 
 Sample. 
 
 Exterus, outward. Der.. Exterior, 
 External. 
 
 Extra, beyond. Der., Extraneous, 
 Strange, Extrinsic. 
 
 Extremes, pertaining to end or 
 utmost point. Der., Extreme, Ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 Fabrico, to make (from faber, a 
 workman). Der., Fabric, Fabricate. 
 
 Fabula, a feigned story. Der., Fa- 
 ble, Fabulous. 
 
 Facetus, humorous. Der., Face- 
 tious. 
 
 Facies, the face or external form, 
 from facio, to make. Der., Face, Sur- 
 face, Superficial, Deface. 
 
 To Deface is to mar the face. 
 
 Facilis, easy to be done, hom facio, 
 to do. Der., Facile, Facility, Facili- 
 tate, Difficult. 
 
 Facile, 1. Easy to be done ; 2. Too 
 easily persuaded or influenced. 
 
 Difficult, hard to be done, (dis, 
 priv.) 
 
 Facio (factum), 1 To make; 2. 
 
330 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 To do. Der., Fact, Factor, Factory, 
 Faction, Fiat, Feasible, Benefit, 
 Beneficent, Benefice, Benefactor, 
 Benefaction, Maleficent, Malefactor, 
 Effect, Infect, Confection, Effect, 
 Efficient, Deficient, Defect, Sufficient, 
 Refectory, Proficient, Perfect, Orifice, 
 Office, Artifice, Artificial, Manufac- 
 ture, Omiufic, Munificent, Sacrifice. 
 
 To Affect is to act upon in such a 
 manner as to produce some change. 
 {ad, upon.) 
 
 To Infect is to cause to enter the sys- 
 tem, as the matter of contagion, (in, 
 into.) 
 
 A Confection is a sweetmeat formed 
 by putting certain things together. 
 (con, together.) 
 
 To Effect is to cause, by labor, a 
 proposed result to come forth, (ex, 
 forth.) 
 
 Perfect, having had the process of 
 making carried through to the end. 
 (per, through.) 
 
 A Defect is a lack in the fullness of 
 the process of making, (de, from.) 
 
 Deficient, lacking. 
 
 To Suffice is to come up to the 
 requisite quantity, (sub, up to.) 
 
 An Office is a post with duties to 
 be performed in behalf of some in- 
 terest, (ob, in behalf of.) 
 
 Offices are acts performed in be- 
 half of others ; as, kind offices. 
 
 Proficient, going forward in the 
 acquisition of a science or art. (pro, 
 forward. ) 
 
 Profit is a going forward in any- 
 thing that is advantageous. 
 
 A Refectory is an eating-room, be- 
 cause eating re-makes, or restores the 
 bodily vigor, (re, again.) 
 
 Omnific, all-creating, (omnis, all.) 
 
 A Fact is, 1. Something that has 
 been done ; 2. A reality. 
 
 A Faction is a party actively en- 
 gaged in secret machinations against 
 those whose views are opposed. 
 
 Fallo (falsum), to deceive. Der., 
 False, Falsity, Fallacy. 
 
 Fama, the public talk. Der., Fame, 
 Famous, Infamy Defame. 
 
 Familia, a family. Der., Family, 
 Familiar. 
 
 Fanum, a temple. Der., Fane, 
 Fanatic, Profane. 
 
 Fari (fatum), to speak. Der., Af- 
 fable, Ineffable, Infant, Nefarious, 
 Preface. 
 
 Farina, meal or flour. Der., Fari- 
 naceous. 
 
 Faire, to do ; Faisant, doing ; and 
 Fait, done. (Fr.) Der., Feat, Fea- 
 ture, Feasible, Defeat, Malfeasance, 
 Indefeasible, Affair. 
 
 A Feat is a deed or exploit; as, a 
 bold feat. 
 
 A Feature is the make or form of 
 any part of the face. 
 
 Feasible, that may be done, ef- 
 fected, or practiced; as, a feasible 
 project; & feasible plan. 
 
 To Defeat is to frustrate, or prevent 
 success. Lit, to undo, (de, un.) 
 
 Indefeasible, that can not be made 
 void ; as, an indefeasible estate or title. 
 
 Malfeasance, in law, is the perform- 
 ance of some injurious act which the 
 party had contracted not to do, or had 
 no right to do. (mal, ill.) — Bouvier. 
 
 Fastidium, disgust or squeamish- 
 ness. Hence, 
 
 Fastidious, difficult to please from 
 being too nice or particular. 
 
 Fatigo, to weary. Der., Fatigue, 
 Indefatigable. 
 
 Fatum, destiny. Der., Fate, Fatal, 
 Fatality. 
 
 Febris, a fever. Der., Fever, Feb- 
 rile, Febrifuge, Antifebrile. 
 
 A Febrifuge is a medicine that 
 drives away fever, (fugo, to drive 
 away. ) 
 
 Fcecundus, fruitful. Der., Fecundi- 
 ty, Fecundate. 
 
 F(edus (foederis), a league. Der., 
 Federal, Federative, Confederate, 
 Confederacy. 
 
 Federal, pertaining to a league or 
 compact, chiefly between states or 
 nations. The general government of 
 the United States is a federal govern- 
 ment because it is a government insti- 
 tuted by a confederation of states. 
 
 Confederate, leagued together. 
 
 A Confederate is one who is united 
 with others in a league. 
 
 A Confederacy consists of persons, 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 331 
 
 states or nations united by an agree- 
 ment to afford mutual aid and sup- 
 port. 
 
 Felix, happy. Der., Felicity, Fe- 
 licitate. 
 
 FcEMipfA-, a woman. Der., Femi- 
 nine, Effeminate. 
 
 Femur (femoris), the thigh. Der., 
 Femoral. 
 
 Fendo (fensum), to strike. Der., 
 Fencing, Fender, Defend, Defense, 
 Offend, Offense. 
 
 Fera, a wild beast. Der., Fierce, 
 Ferocious, Ferocity. 
 
 Fero {latum), to carry, or bear. 
 Der., Defer, Confer, Refer, Differ, 
 Prefer, 'Proffer, Suffer, Transfer, 
 Ferry. See To Bear. 
 
 Ferrum, Iron. Der., Ferruginous. 
 
 Ferveo, to grow hot. Der., Fervor, 
 Fervent, Fervid. 
 
 Fessum, to own or declare. Der., 
 Confess, Profess. 
 
 Festum, a feast. Der., Festal, Fes- 
 tive, Festivity. 
 
 Fibra, a thread. Der., Fiber, Fi- 
 brous. 
 
 Fides, faith or trust. Der. , Fidelity, 
 Bona-fde, Perfidy, Confide, Affiance, 
 Affidavit, Diffident, Infidel. 
 
 Fidelity consists in being true to 
 the faith or trust reposed in us by 
 others. 
 
 Fiducia, trust. Der., Fiducial, Fi- 
 duciary. 
 
 Fiducial, characterized by an un- 
 wavering confidence; as, a fiducial 
 reliance in the promises of the gos- 
 pel. 
 
 Fiduciary, held in trust. 
 
 A Fiduciary is one who holds a 
 thing in trust. 
 
 Figura, a shape. Der., Figure, 
 Configure, Disfigure, Transfigure, 
 Prefigure. 
 
 Filius, a son. Der., Filial, Af- 
 filiate. 
 
 Filum, a thread. Der., Filament, 
 Filiaceous l Filter, File (of soldiers). 
 
 Findo (fissum), to split. Der., Fis- 
 sure, Fissile, Fissilily, Bifid. 
 
 Fingo (fictum), to feign. Der., 
 Feign, Fiction, Fictitious. 
 
 Finis, the end, or boundary. Der., 
 
 Final, Finish, Finite, Define, Con- 
 fine, Infinite, Affinity. 
 
 Firmus, strong. Der., Firm, Firma- 
 ment, Infirm, Infirmary, Confirm, 
 Affirm. 
 
 Fiscus, the treasury of the state. 
 Der., Fiscal, Confiscate. 
 
 Figo (fixum), to fasten. Der., Fix, 
 Fixity, Fixture, Prefix, Affix, Suffix, 
 Postfix, Transfix, Infix, Crucify, 
 Crucifix. 
 
 Flagitium, a gross and scandalous 
 vice. Der., Flagitious. 
 
 Flagro, to burn with violence. 
 Der.. Flagrant, Deflagrate, Confla- 
 gration, 
 
 Flamma, a blaze. Der., Flame, In- 
 flame, Inflammation, Inflammatory, 
 Flambeau. 
 
 Flatus, a puff or blast. Der., In- 
 flate, Afflatus, Flatulent. 
 
 An Afflatus is, lit., a blowing or 
 breathing upon. Fig., a breathing 
 upon by the spirit of prophecy, [ad, 
 upon.) 
 
 Flecto {flexum), to bend. Der., 
 Flexure, Flexion, Flexible, Flexile, In- 
 flect, Reflect, Deflect, Circumflex. 
 
 Fligo, (flictum), to strike. Der., 
 Inflict, Conflict, Afflict. 
 
 Flos (floris), a flower. Der., Flora, 
 Floral, Florist, Florid, Flourish, 
 Inflorescence. 
 
 Fluctus, a wave. Der., Fluctuate. 
 
 Fluo (fluxum), to flow. Der., 
 Fluid, Fluent, Fluency, Influx, In- 
 fluence, Efflux, Effluvia, Conflux, 
 Confluence, Reflux, Afflux, Affluence, 
 Superfluous. 
 
 Focus, a fire-place. Der., Focus, 
 Focal. 
 
 Folium, a leaf. Der., Foil, Folio, 
 Foliage, Foliaceous, Portfolio, Tre- 
 foil, Cinquefoil. 
 
 Fons, a spring of water. Der., 
 Fountain, Fount, Font. 
 
 Forma, a shape. Der., Form, For- 
 mula, Formulary, Formal, Formality, 
 Conform, Deform, Transform, Uni- 
 form, Biform, Triform, Multiform. 
 
 Formido, dread. Der., Formidable. 
 
 Fors, chance. Der., Fortune, For- 
 tuitous, Misfortune, Unfortunate. 
 
 Fortis, strong. Der., Fort, Forte, 
 
332 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Fortress, Fortify, Fortitude Force, 
 Effort, Comfort 
 
 Forum, a public place in Rome 
 where causes were tried, and orations 
 were delivered to the people. Hence, 
 
 Forensic, pertaining to courts of 
 judicature. 
 
 Fodio (fossum), to dig. Der., Fosse, 
 Fossil. 
 
 Franc, Franche, free. (Fr.) Der., 
 Frank, Frankincense, Franchise, 
 Enfranchise, Disfranchise. 
 
 Frank, free and unreserved in dis- 
 closing to others one's thoughts and 
 feelings. 
 
 A Franchise is a particular privi- 
 lege or right granted by a prince or 
 sovereign to an individual, or to a 
 number of persons. The right to 
 vote is a franchise belonging to citi- 
 zens, and not enjoyed by aliens. — 
 Webster. 
 
 To Enfranchise is to admit to the 
 privileges of freemen. 
 
 To Disfranchise is to deprive of 
 civil privileges. 
 
 Frango (fr actum), to break. Der., 
 Fraction, Fracture, Fragile, Frail, 
 Infringe, Infraction, Refract, Re- 
 frangible, Irrefragable. 
 
 Frater, a brother. Der., Fraternal, 
 Fraternity, Fraternize, Fratricide, 
 Confraternity. 
 
 Fratjs (fraudis), deceit. Der., 
 Fraud, Fraudulent, Defraud. 
 
 Frjbntjm, a bridle or rein. Der., 
 Refrain. 
 
 To Refrain is to hold one's-self 
 back, as with a rein, (re, back.) 
 
 Frico (frictum), to rub. Der., 
 Friction, Dentifrice. 
 
 A Dentifrice is a powder for the 
 teeth, (dens, a tooth.) 
 
 Frigus (frigoris), cold. Der., 
 Frigid, Frigorific, Refrigerate. 
 
 Frivolus, trifling. Der., Frivol- 
 ous, Frivolity. 
 
 Frons [frontis), the forehead. Der., 
 Front, Frontal, Frontlet, Affront, 
 Confront, Effrontery. 
 
 Frumentum, corn. Der., 
 
 Frumentaceous, made of grain. 
 
 Fruor (fruitum), to enjoy. Der., 
 Fruition. 
 
 Frttctus, fruit. Der., Fruit, 
 Fructify, Fructif cation. 
 
 Frustra, in vain. Hence, 
 
 Frustrate, to balk or defeat ; as, to 
 frustrate the purposes or plans of 
 any one. 
 
 Fugio (fugitum), to flee. Der., 
 Refuge, Fugacity, Fugitive, Centrifu- 
 gal, Subterfuge. 
 
 Fugo (fugatum), to put to flight, or 
 drive away. Der., Febrifuge, Vermi- 
 fuge. 
 
 Fulgeo, to shine. Der., Fulgent, 
 Effulgent, Refulgent. 
 
 Fulmen, thunder. Der., Fulmi- 
 nate, Fulminant. 
 
 To Fulminate is, 1. To make a 
 sound resembling thunder, as do cer- 
 tain explosive chemical compounds. 
 2. To send forth the thunders of eccle- 
 siastical censure. 
 
 Fumus, smoke. Der., Fume, Fumi- 
 gate, Perfume. 
 
 Fungor (functum), to perform, as 
 the duties of an office. Der., Function, 
 Defunct. 
 
 A Function is a duty connected 
 with an office. 
 
 Defunct, having gone through the 
 entire course of duties belonging to 
 the present life, and, hence, having 
 ceased to live. 
 
 Fundo (fusum), to pour. Der., 
 Fuse, Fusion, Fusible, Infuse, Effuse, 
 Profuse, Profusion, Diffuse, Suffuse, 
 Confuse, Affuse, Refuse, Transfuse, 
 Circumfuse, Confound, Refund. 
 
 Fundus, the bottom. Der., Fund, 
 Found, Foundation. 
 
 Fundament um, a foundation. Der., 
 Fundamental. 
 
 Fungus, a mushroom. Der., Fun- 
 gus, Fungous, Fungoid. 
 
 A Fungus, in surgery, is an excres- 
 cence resembling a mushroom. 
 
 Fungous, spongy. 
 
 Funus [funeris), a burial. Der., 
 Funeral, Funereal, Funebrial. 
 
 Funis, a rope. Der., Funicle, Fu- 
 nicular, Funambulist. 
 
 A Funicle is a small cord. 
 
 Funicular, consisting of cord. 
 
 A Funambulist is a rope dancer. 
 (ambulo, to walk.) 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 333 
 
 Fue, a thief. Hence, 
 
 Furtive, stolen; as, a furtive glance. 
 
 Furca, a fork. Der., Furcated, Bi- 
 furcated. 
 
 Furia, madness. Der., Fieri/, Fu- 
 rious, Infuriate. 
 
 Futilis, trifling. Der., Futile, Fu- 
 tility. 
 
 Futo, to disprove. Der., Refute, 
 Confute. 
 
 Gala, galactos [>*x*, yzxaKroi], 
 milk. Der., Galaxy. 
 
 Gallia, Gaul (Ancient France). 
 Der., Gallic, Gallicism. 
 
 A Gallicism is an idiom of the 
 French language. 
 
 Gamos (yu/uoc), a marriage. Der., 
 Monogamy, Bigamy, Polygamy, Cryp- 
 togamy. 
 
 Cryptogamy, a concealed marriage, 
 is a botanical term, applied to plants 
 which have no visible flowers. ( Cryp- 
 tos [ji/ju7TToc] concealed.) 
 
 Garrio, to prate, or talk much, and 
 to little purpose. Der., Garrulous, 
 Garrulity. 
 
 GaSTER, gastrOS [ywrnp, ytttrrpos], 
 
 the belly, or stomach. Der., Gastric, 
 Gastronomy, Gastriloquy. 
 
 Gastriloquy is a speaking from the 
 stomach, (loquor, to speak.) 
 
 Ge [y>i], the earth. Der., Geo- 
 graphy, Geology, Geometry, Geocen- 
 tric, Perigee, Apogee. 
 
 Geltj, frost. Der., Gelid, Congeal, 
 Congelation. 
 
 Geminus, double. Der., Geminate, 
 Gemini, Ingeminate. 
 
 Gemma, a bud. Der., Gem. 
 
 Genea [>svs*], a generation or birth. 
 Der., Genealogy. 
 
 Genealogy is an account of the suc- 
 cession of families. 
 
 Gennao [ymau], to produce. Der., 
 Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Genesis. 
 
 Genesis is, 1. A producing ; as, the 
 genesis of a geometrical curve. 2. The 
 first book of Moses, thus called be- 
 cause it gives an account of the pro- 
 duction of the world. 
 
 Genos [>8vof], a kind. Der., Homo- 
 geneous, Homogeneal, Heterogeneous. 
 
 Homogeneous, or Homogeneal, con- 
 sisting of parts of the same kind or 
 
 nature ; as, a homogeneous mass, 
 (o^wsc [homos], the same.) 
 
 Heterogeneous, 1. Unlike or dis- 
 similar in kind; as, heterogeneous 
 quantities in the mathematics. 2. Con- 
 sisting of dissimilar elements; as, a 
 heterogeneous mass. 
 
 Go-ne [ycvn~\, a producing. Der., 
 Cosmogony, Theogony. 
 
 Cosmogony is an account of the 
 production of the world, (cosmos 
 [xoffptoe], the world) 
 
 Theogony is an account of the ori- 
 gin or genealogy of the gods. (Qtoc 
 [theos'], a god.) 
 
 Genu, the knee. Der., Genuflec- 
 tion, Geniculated. 
 
 Geniculated, having joints like little 
 knees, somewhat bent. (A botanical 
 term. ) 
 
 Genus (generis), a kind, race, or 
 family. Der., Genus, General, Ge- 
 neric, Degenerate, Congenial, Gender, 
 Generous, Genuine. 
 
 Gender is kind in reference to sex. 
 
 Generous, primarily, being of hon- 
 orable birth. Hence, 1. Noble ; as, 
 a generous virtue. 2. Liberal, because 
 persons of high birth are apt to be of 
 a liberal turn. 
 
 Genuine, of the true kind. X Spu- 
 rious. 
 
 Gens (gentis), a family or race. 
 Der., Gentile, Gentle, Genteel, Gen- 
 tility, Gentry. 
 
 Gentile, a person of any other race 
 than the Jewish. 
 
 Gentle, 1. Well-born, or of good 
 family. 2. Mild, because mildness 
 is a characteristic of persons who are 
 born of good families. 
 
 Genteel, 1. Of a good family. 2. 
 Suitable to persons of good family; as, 
 genteel manners ; a genteel education. 
 
 Genero (generatum), to beget. 
 Der., Generate, Regenerate. 
 
 Gigno (genitum), to beget. Der.. 
 Genial, Primogeniture, Progenitor, 
 Progeny. 
 
 Genial, contributing to propagation 
 or production. 
 
 Creator, Venus, genial power of Love. — Dryden. 
 
 The genial warmth of the sun pro- 
 motes the growth of plants. 
 
334 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Primogeniture is the state of being 
 the first born. 
 
 Germen (germinis), a sprout. Der. , 
 Germinate. 
 
 Gero (gestum), to bear or carry. 
 Der., Gestation. Gesture, Gesticulate, 
 Congeries, Congestion, Suggest, Di- 
 gest, Vicegerent, Belligerent. 
 
 Gestation is a bearing of the young 
 animal in the womb. 
 
 Gesture is a hearing or moving of 
 limbs to express sentiment or passion, 
 or to give force to words spoken. 
 
 To Gesticulate is to make gestures. 
 
 A Congeries consists of a large 
 number of bodies carried together. 
 
 A Congestion is a carrying together 
 or accumulation of the blood in some 
 particular organ. 
 
 A Vicegerent is one who bears the 
 office and performs the duties of an- 
 other, (vice, in the place of.) 
 
 To Suggest is to carry or present 
 indirectly to the mind of any one. 
 (sub, indirectly.) 
 
 Glacies, ice. Der., Glacial, Gla- 
 cier, Conglaciate, Glass. 
 
 Gladius, a sword. Der., Gladia- 
 tor. 
 
 Glans (glandis), an acorn. Der., 
 Gland, Glandule. 
 
 A Gland is a secretory organ of 
 an animal body, and is thus called 
 from the usual roundness of the form. 
 
 Gleba, a sod. Der., Glebe. 
 
 The Glebe is the soil, or ground. 
 
 Till the glad summons of a genial ray 
 Unbinds the glebe. — Garth. 
 
 A Glebe is the land belonging to a 
 parish church, or ecclesiastical bene- 
 fice. 
 
 Globus, a ball-like body. Der., 
 Globe, Globular, Globule, Conglo- 
 bate. 
 
 Gloria, honor. Der., Glory, Glo- 
 rify, Inglorious. 
 
 Glossa, or Glotta (yxaxrtra, or 
 yxcerra), the tongue. Der., Glossary, 
 Polyglot, Epiglottis. 
 
 Gluten (glutinis), glue. Der., 
 Glutinous, Agglutinate, Conglutinate. 
 
 Glutio (glutitum), to swallow. 
 Der., Deglutition, Glutton. 
 
 Gno-me (ymjun), a mark by which a 
 
 thing may be known. Der., Physiog- 
 nomy, Pathognomy. 
 
 Gnorus for Gnarus, knowing Der. , 
 Ignorance, Ignoramus, Ignore. 
 
 Gonia (ycevia)^ an angle. Der., Go- 
 niometer, Diagonal, Pentagon, Hexa- 
 gon, Heptagon, Octagon, Nonagon, 
 Decagon, Dodecagon, Polygon, Trigo- 
 nometry. 
 
 Gourmand, a glutton. (Fr.) Der., 
 Gourmand, Gormandize. 
 
 Gradior (gressum), to move by 
 steps. Der., Grade, Gradual, Gradu- 
 ate, Gradation, Degree, Degrade, In- 
 gredient, Aggression, Congress, Di- 
 gress, Ingress, Egress, Progress, 
 Transgress, Retrograde. 
 
 Gramen, (inis), grass. Der., Gram- 
 ineous, Graminivorous. 
 
 Grandis, great. Der., Grand, 
 Grandeur, Grandee, Grandiloquence, 
 Aggrandize. 
 
 Granum, a grain of corn. Der., 
 Grain, Granary, Granule, Granular, 
 Granulate, Granite, Granivorous. 
 
 Gramma (y^a/ujua), a geometrical fig- 
 ure. Der., Parallelogram, Polygram, 
 Diagram. 
 
 Grapho, gegrammai. (y^<pce y yt- 
 y^appai), to write. Der., Anemogra- 
 phy, Biography, Geography, Crypto- 
 graphy, Ethnography, Lithography, 
 Orthography, Chorography, Chiro- 
 graphy, Bibliography, Stenography, 
 Topography, Zoography, Lexico- 
 graphy, Hydrography, Autograph, 
 Monograph, Telegraph, Anagram, 
 Epigram, Telegram, Diagram. 
 
 Gratia, favor. Der., Grace, Gra- 
 cious, Ingratiate. 
 
 Gratis, for nothing. Der., Gratis, 
 Gratuity, Gratuitous. 
 
 Gratus, thankful. Der., Grateful, 
 Gratitude, Ingratitude, Ingrate. 
 
 Gratus, agreeable. Der., Grateful, 
 Gratify. 
 
 Gratulor (gratulatum), to wish 
 joy. Der., Gratulate, Congratulate. 
 
 Gravis, heavy. Der., Grave, Gravi- 
 ty, Gravitate, Grief, Grieve, Griev- 
 ance, Aggrieve, Aggravate. 
 
 Grex (gregis), a flock. Der., Gre- 
 garious, Aggregate, Congregate, 
 Egregious. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 335 
 
 Grus, a crane. Hence, 
 
 Congruo, to come together, as 
 cranes do, in a flock. Hence, to ac- 
 cord, suit, or match. Der., Congru- 
 ence, Congruity, Incongruous. 
 
 Gusto (gustatum), to taste. Der., 
 Gust, Gusto, Gustatory, Disgust, De- 
 gustation. 
 
 Gutter, the throat. Der., Gutter, 
 Guttural. 
 
 Gymxos (yvpvoc), naked. Der., 
 Gymnasium, Gymnastic, Gymnoso- 
 phist, Gymnospermous. 
 
 A Gymnasium, in Ancient Greece, 
 was a place where men engaged naked 
 in athletic exercises, such as wrest- 
 ling, boxing, and running. 
 
 The Gynosophists were a class of 
 Indian philosophers, so called from 
 wearing but little clothing, (a-opsc, 
 wise. ) 
 
 Gymnospermous, having naked 
 seeds, {am^fxa [sperma] a seed.) 
 
 Gyx-e ()uv>i), a woman. Der., 
 Gynarchy, Gynceocracy, Mysogynist. 
 
 A Mysogynist is a woman-hater. 
 [fAia-ue [miseo], to hate.) 
 
 Gyros (>Ǥ<>?)> a circle. Der., Gy- 
 rate, Gyratory. 
 
 Habeo (habitum), to have, or hold. 
 Der., Habit, Habitation, Inhabit, Co- 
 habit, Exhibit, Prohibit, Habiliment. 
 
 A Habit is the manner in which a 
 person usually has, or keeps himself, 
 in some particular respect. 
 
 To Exhibit is to hold forth to the 
 view of others, (ex, forth.) 
 
 To Prohibit is to hold by a com- 
 mand from the doing of something. 
 (pro, from.) 
 
 To Inhabit is to have as one's cus- 
 tomary place of staying. 
 
 A Habit or Habiliment, is some- 
 thing which a person is accustomed to 
 have, or use, as a covering of the body. 
 
 H^ireo (ho3sum), to stick. Der., 
 Adhere, Adhesion, Adhesive, Cohere, 
 Cohesion, Cohesive, Coherent, Inhere, 
 Inherent. 
 
 H^esito (hcesitatum), to stick, or to 
 be at a stand. Der., Hesitate, Hesi- 
 tancy. 
 
 H^res (hceridis), an heir. Der., 
 Heir, Heritage, Hereditament, Here- 
 
 ditary, Inherit, Inheritance, Disin- 
 herit, Coheir. 
 
 Halo, to breathe. Der., Inhale, 
 Exhale, Exhalation. 
 
 Haurio (haustum) , to draw, as water. 
 Der., Exhaust, Inexhaustible. 
 
 To Exhaust is to draw out till all is 
 gone, (ex, out.) 
 
 Hebes (hebetis), blunt, or dull. 
 Der., Hebetate, Hebetude. 
 
 Hecatox (ixxTcv), a hundred. Der., 
 Hecatomb. 
 
 A Hecatomb is a sacrifice of a hun- 
 dred oxen. (#swc [boils'], an ox.) 
 
 Helios ('xhw), the sun. Der., Heli- 
 ometer, Helioscope, Heliotrope, Helio- 
 centric, Parhelion, Perihelion, Aphe- 
 lion. 
 
 Hellex ('Ex\»v), a Greek. Der., 
 Hellenic, Hellenist, Hellenism. 
 
 Hellenic, Grecian. 
 
 A Hellenist is one skilled in the 
 Greek language. 
 
 A Hellenism is a Greek idiom. 
 
 Haima (a'/**), blood. Der., Hemor- 
 rhage, Hemorrhoids, Hemoptysis. 
 
 Hemoptysis is a spitting of blood. 
 (7rrua-ig [ptysis), a spitting. 
 
 Hemera ('it/utp*.), a day. Der., 
 Ephemeral, Ephemeron, Ephemeris. 
 
 Hemisys ('»/uiauc), half. Der., 
 Hemi, Hemisphere, Hemistich. 
 
 Hepta, seven. Der., Heptagon, 
 Heptarchy. 
 
 Herba, an herb. Der., Herbaceous, 
 Herbage, Herbal, Herbalist, Herba- 
 rium, Herbescent. 
 
 Hairesis (aipvrti), a choice. Der., 
 Heresy, Heretic, Heresiarch. 
 
 Heteros («r«poA other. Der., 
 Heterodox, Heterodoxy, Heterogenous. 
 
 Hex (if), six. Der., Hexagon, 
 Hexameter, Hexangular. 
 
 Hieros (iqoe), sacred. Der., Hier- 
 archy, Hieroglyphic. 
 
 Hilaris, cheerful. Der., Hilarity, 
 Exhilarate. 
 
 Hippos (jVtoc), a horse. Der., Hip- 
 popotamus, Hippogriff, Hippocen- 
 taur. 
 
 Historia (jVto/h*), a narrative. Der.. 
 History, Historiography. 
 
 Histrio (histrionis), a stage player 
 Der., Histrionic. 
 
336 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK BOOTS. 
 
 Holos ^oxec), the whole. Der., 
 Holocaust, Catholic, Catholicism, 
 Catholicon. 
 
 A Holocaust was a sacrifice or of- 
 fering, the whole of which was con- 
 sumed by fire, (kmo-toq [caustos], 
 burnt. ) 
 
 A Catholicon is an imaginary 
 remedy for all diseases. 
 
 Homos (o/uk), like or equal. Der., 
 Homogeneous, Homologous. 
 
 Homologous, corresponding each to 
 each; as, the homologous sides and 
 angles of two similar polygons. 
 
 Hora (£/>*), 1. Time; 2. An hour. 
 Der., Horary, Horologue, Horology, 
 Horometry, Horoscope. 
 
 Horos (o/>°s), a boundary. Der., 
 Horizon. 
 
 Aphorizo (ctqopigcc), to distinguish or 
 set apart. Der., Aphorism. 
 
 An Aphorism is a truth expressed 
 in a single short sentence, and set 
 apart for its pointedness and excel- 
 lence. 
 
 Horreo, to shiver and tremble for 
 fear at. Der., Horror, Horrid, Horri- 
 ble, Horrific, Abhor. 
 
 Hortor, to urge to the performance 
 of a duty. Der., Hortatory, Exhort, 
 Exhortation, Dehort, Dehortation, 
 Dehortatory. 
 
 Horttts, a garden. Der., Horticul- 
 ture, Hortus- Siccus. 
 
 A Horius-Siccus is a collection of 
 dried plants. 
 
 Hospes, 1. A host, or entertainer. 
 2. A guest, or person entertained. 
 Der., Hospitable, Hospital, Hospi- 
 tality. 
 
 Hospitable, kind to strangers. 
 
 Hospitality, kindness to strangers. 
 
 A Hospital was originally a house 
 for the entertainment of strangers. 
 A hospital, according to the modern 
 sense of the term, is a house for the 
 reception of the sick and infirm. 
 
 Hostis, a stranger. Der., Host, 
 Hotel, Ostler. 
 
 A Host is one who entertains 
 another. 
 
 A Hotel is a house for the enter- 
 tainment of travelers. (Fr. hostel.) 
 
 A Hostler was originally the keeper 
 
 of a hostel or inn. At present an 
 hostler, or ostler is a person who 
 takes care of travelers' horses at an 
 inn. 
 
 Hostis, an enemy. Der., Hostile, 
 Hostility. 
 
 Humeo, to be moist. Der., Humid, 
 Humor, Humectate. 
 
 Humerus, the shoulder. Der., 
 Humeral. 
 
 Humus, the ground. Der., Inhume, 
 Exhume, Posthumous, Humble, Hu- 
 miliate. 
 
 Hydor (wtag), water. Der., Hydro- 
 dynamics, Hydraulics, Hydrostatics, 
 Hydrogen, Hydrate, Hydropsy, 
 Dropsy, Hydrocephalus, Hydro 
 thorax, Hydrophobia, Hydropathy, 
 Hydromel. 
 
 Hygros (Cypos), moist. Der., Hygro- 
 scope, Hygrometer. 
 
 Hymen, the god of marriage. Der., 
 Hymeneal, Hymenean. 
 
 Ichthys (izQus), a fish. Der., Ich- 
 thyology. 
 
 Idea (i&*), a mental image. Der., 
 Idea, Ideal, Idealism. 
 
 Idem, the same. Der., Identical, 
 Identity, Identify. 
 
 Idios (iftoe), peculiar. Der., Idiom, 
 Idiopathy, Idiosyncracy. 
 
 Idiosyncracy is a peculiarity of 
 bodily temperament. \<ruyx.p*<ris [syn- 
 crasis] a temperament. ) 
 
 An Idiopathy is a primary disease, 
 which has consequently its own pecu- 
 liar symptoms. 
 
 Idolum (aSceKov), an image or like- 
 ness. Der., Idol, Idolatry. 
 
 Ignis, fire. Der., Igneous, Ignite, 
 Ignition. 
 
 Imago, a likeness. Der., Image, 
 Imagine. 
 
 Imbecilis, weak (from in, priv., 
 and baculus, a staff). Der., Imbe- 
 cile, Imbecility 
 
 Imitor (imitaium), to do like some 
 other person or persons. Der., Imi- 
 tate. 
 
 Impero (imperatum), to command. 
 Der., Imperious, Imperative, Empire, 
 Emperor, Imperial. 
 
 Incendo (incensum), to set on fire. 
 Der., Incendiary, Incense. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 337 
 
 An Incendiary is one who mali- 
 ciously sets fire to another man's 
 house. Fig., one who inflames the 
 public mind in opposition to govern- 
 ment, or any lawful authority. 
 
 Indigena, a native of a place. 
 Der., Indigenous, produced in a coun- 
 try ; as, indigenous plants. 
 
 Inferus, being situated below. 
 Der., Inferior, Infernal. 
 
 Infernal, hellish, because hell is 
 represented as being located below. 
 
 Infestus, hostile to. Der., Infest. 
 
 Insula, an island. Der., Insular, 
 Insulate, Peninsula. 
 
 Integer, whole or entire. Der., 
 Integer, Integral, Integrity, Entire, 
 Disintegrate, Redintegrate. 
 
 Intestinum, a bowel. Der., Intes- 
 tine, Intestinal. 
 
 Inttts, within. Der., Interior, In- 
 ternal, Intrinsic. 
 
 Intlmus, inmost. . Der., Intimate, 
 Intimacy. 
 
 Ira, anger. Der., Ire, Irascible. 
 
 Isos (^o?), equal. Der., Isochronous, 
 Isochronal, Isosceles, Isothermal. 
 
 Iterum, again. Der., Iterate, Reit- 
 erate. 
 
 Iter, a journey. Der., Itinerate, 
 Itinerant, Itinerary. 
 
 Jaceo, to lie. Der., Adjacent, Sub- 
 jacent, Interjacent, Circumjacent. 
 
 Jacio (jactitm), or Jicio (jectum), 
 to cast or throw. Der., Inject, Eject, 
 Project, Subject, Deject, Traject, Ab- 
 ject, Object, Conjecture, Interjection. 
 
 Jantja, a gate or door. Der., Janitor. 
 
 Jocus, a jest. Der., Joke, Jocose, 
 Jocular, Jocund. 
 
 Jour, a day. (Fr.) Der., Journal, 
 Journey, Journeyman, Adjourn, So- 
 journ. 
 
 Judico (judicatum), to judge. Der., 
 Judge, Adjudge, Judicious, Judicial, 
 Judiciary, Prejudice. 
 
 Jugulum, the throat. Der., Jugular. 
 
 Jugum, a yoke. Der., Conjugal, 
 Conjugate, Subjugate. 
 
 Jungo (junctum), to join. Der., 
 Join, Joint, Conjoin, Adjoin, Disjoin, 
 Rejoin, Enjoin, Juncture, Junction, 
 Conjunction, Su bjunctive. 
 
 Juro (juratum), to swear. Der., 
 22 
 
 Jury, Juror, Jurat, Adjure, Conjure, 
 Perjury, Abjure. 
 
 Jus (juris), law, or right. Der., 
 Juridical, Jurisdiction, Jurispru- 
 dence, Jurist Injury. 
 
 Justus, just. Der., Just, Justice, 
 Adjust, Justiciary. 
 
 Juvenis, young. Der., Juvenile, 
 Junior, Rejuvenescence. 
 
 Juvo (jutum), to help. Der., Ad- 
 jutant, Adjuvant, Coadjutor, 
 
 LABO (\a/2a>, for Xa/u0Ava>), to take. 
 Der., Syllable, Monosyllable, Dissylla- 
 ble, Trisyllable. Polysyllable. 
 
 A Syllable consists of as many let- 
 ters of a word as are taken together 
 in pronunciation, (syn, together.) 
 
 Labor (lapsum), 1. to fall ; 2. To 
 glide. Der., Lapse, Elapse, Relapse, 
 Collapse. 
 
 Labor, work or toil. Der., Labor, 
 Laboratory, Elaborate. 
 
 Labyrinthus, a place full of wind- 
 ing passages. Der., Labyrinth, 
 Labyrinthine. 
 
 Lac (lactis), milk. Der., Lacteal, 
 Lacteous, Lactary, Lactescent, Lac- 
 tiferous. 
 
 Lacer, torn. Der., Lacerate, Di- 
 lacerate. 
 
 Lamina, a thin plate. Der., Lamina, 
 Laminar, Laminated, Laminable. 
 
 Lamella, a very small and thin 
 plate. Der., Lamellar, Lamellated. 
 
 Langueo, to droop, or to be feeble. 
 Der., Languor, Languid, Languish. 
 
 Laos (*«oc), the people. Der., Laity, 
 Lay, Layman, Laic, Laical. 
 
 Lapis {lapidis), a stone. Der., 
 Lapidary, Lapidescent, Lapidific, 
 Dilapidation. 
 
 Largus, 1. Big; 2. Liberal. Der., 
 Large, Largess, Enlarge. 
 
 Lassus, weary. Der., Lassitude. 
 
 Lateo, to hide. Der., Latent. 
 
 Latria (x«Tpe/*). worship. Der., 
 Idolatry. 
 
 Latum (from Fero), to carry, bear, 
 or bring. Der., Ablation, Ablative, Col- 
 late, Elate, Legislate, Oblation, Pro- 
 late, Superlative, Relate, Translate. 
 
 Latus (lateris), a side. Der., Lat- 
 eral, Equilateral, Collateral Trilat- 
 eral, Quadrilateral, Multilateral. 
 
338 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Latus, broad. Der., Latitude, Lati- 
 tudinarian, Dilate, Dilatation. 
 
 Laudo (laudatum), to praise. Der., 
 Laud, Laudable, Laudatory. 
 
 Lavo (lotum), to wash. Der., Lave, 
 Lavatory, Laver, Lotion. 
 
 Laxtjs, loose. Der.. Lax, Laxative, 
 Relax. 
 
 Lego (legatum), to send. Der., 
 Legate, Legation, Delegate. 
 
 Lego (legatum), to bequeath. Der., 
 Legacy, Legatee. 
 
 Lego (ledum), to pick up one by 
 one. Der., Collect, Recollect, Elect, 
 Eligible, Elegant, Select, Neglect. 
 
 Elect, to pick out from among 
 others, (e, out.) 
 
 Eligible, worthy of being picked 
 out. 
 
 Elegant, worthy of being picked 
 out on account of its conformity to 
 good taste. 
 
 To Neglect is to pass over without 
 picking up. (neg for nee, not.) 
 
 Lego (ledum), to read. Der., Lec- 
 ture Legible, Legend. 
 
 Lego (leloga), (a«>&>, xthoya), to pick 
 up or gather. Der., Eclectic, An- 
 thology. 
 
 Lego (*«>*), to speak. Der., Pro- 
 
 Frolegomena are introductory re- 
 marks, (pro, beforehand.) 
 
 Lenis, mild. Der., Lenity, Lenient, 
 Lenify, Lenitive. 
 
 Lens, a lentil seed, which is of a 
 double-convex form. Der., Lenticular. 
 
 Leo (letum), to blot, erase, or de- 
 stroy. Der. Indelible, Deleterious. 
 
 Indelible, that can not be blotted 
 out. 
 
 Deleterious, destructive of health. 
 
 Leo (leonis), a lion. Der., Leonine. 
 
 Lepsis (to^is), a seizing. Der., 
 Catalepsy, Epilepsy. 
 
 Lethe (>.»6»), forgetfulness. Der., 
 Lethean, Lethargy. 
 
 Levo (levatum), to lift. Der., Lever, 
 Levy, Leaven, Levant, Levee, Elevate, 
 Relieve. 
 
 Levis, light. Der., Levity, Al- 
 leviate. 
 
 Lex (legis), a law. Der., Legal, 
 Legitimate, Legislate, Privilege. 
 
 Liber, free. Der., Liberty, Libe- 
 rate, Liberal, Libertine, Deliver. 
 
 Liber, a book. Der., Library. 
 
 Libo, 1. To taste. 2. To pour out. 
 Der., Libation, Prelibation. 
 
 A Libation consisted in a pouring 
 out of wine as an offering to the gods. 
 
 A Prelibation is a foretaste. 
 
 Libra, a balance, or pair of scales. 
 Der. , Libr ate, Equilibrium, Deliberate. 
 
 To Librate is to waver like a bal- 
 ance. 
 
 Liceo (licitum), to be lawful. Der., 
 License, Licentious, Licentiate, Illicit. 
 
 Licio (licitum), to draw or allure. 
 Der., Alliciency, Elicit. 
 
 Alliciency is attractiveness, (ad, 
 to.) 
 
 To Elicit is to draw forth, (e, 
 forth.) 
 
 LiEDO (Icesum), or Lido (lisum), 
 1. To strike. 2. To hurt. Der., Le- 
 sion, Collision, Elision. 
 
 A Lesion is an injury; as, a lesion 
 of the brain. 
 
 Lieu, a place. (Fr.) Der., Lieuten- 
 ant, Purlieu. 
 
 Lignum, wood. Der., Ligneous, 
 Lignum-vitce, Lignite. 
 
 Ligo (ligatum), to bind or tie. Der., 
 Liege, League, Ligament, Ligature, 
 Oblige Allegiance Alligation. 
 
 Limen (liminis), a threshold. Der., 
 Preliminary, Eliminate. 
 
 Preliminary, placed at the front 
 or threshold of a discourse; as, pre- 
 liminary remarks, (prce, before.) 
 
 Eliminate, lit., to turn out of doors, 
 or to cause to pass out through the 
 threshold. Hence, in scientific pro- 
 cesses, to separate and remove ; as, to 
 eliminate a letter from two or more 
 coexistent equations. 
 
 Lingua, the tongue. Der., Bilingu- 
 ous, Sublingual. 
 
 Lingua, a form of speech used by 
 some particular people. Der., Lan- 
 guage, Lingo, Linguist. 
 
 Linquo (lictum), to leave. Der., 
 Relinquish, Relic, Relict, Delinquent, 
 Derelict, Dereliction. 
 
 Liqueo, to melt, or to be liquid. 
 Der., Liquid, Liquor, Liquefy, Liqui- 
 date, Colliquate, Deliquesce 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 339 
 
 Lis (litis), strife. Der., Litigate, 
 Litigious. 
 
 Litera, a letter. Der., Literal, 
 Literary, Literature, Illiterate, Al- 
 literation, Obliterate. 
 
 Lithos [wfloc], a stone. Der., Lith- 
 ography, Monolith, Aerolite. 
 
 Locus, a glace. Der., Local, Lo- 
 cate, Locomotion, Dislocate. 
 
 Logos (ag>«>'), a science or account. 
 Der., Astrology, Chronology, Demon- 
 ology, Etymology, Geology, Meteor- 
 ology, Mineralogy, Mythology, Zoology, 
 Mammology, Ornithology, Ichthyolo- 
 gy, Entomology, Herpetology, Oste- 
 ology, Psychology, Theology. 
 
 Logos (\oycs), a speech. Der., Pro- 
 logue, Epilogue, Decalogue, Eulogium, 
 Eulogy, Tautology, Apologue, Apolo- 
 gy, Catalogue. 
 
 Logos (as>oc), a word. Der., Lo- 
 gomachy, Philology, Phraseology. 
 
 Logos (*oyos), reason. Der., Logic. 
 
 Loxgus, long. Der., Longitude, 
 Oblong, Elongate, Prolong, Lon- 
 gevity. 
 
 Loquor (locutum), to speak. Der., 
 Loquacious, Loquacity, Eloquent, Elo- 
 cution, Colloquy, Circumlocution, Ob- 
 loquy, Interlocutor, Soliloquy, Ven- 
 triloquism. 
 
 LrBRicus, slippery. Der., Lubri- 
 cate, Lubricity, Lubrifaction. 
 
 Luceo, to shine. Der., Lucent, Lu- 
 cid, Lucidity, Lucifer, Elucidate, Pel- 
 lucid, Translucent. 
 
 Lucrum, gain, or profit Der., 
 Lucre, Lucrative. 
 
 Luctor, to struggle, or wrestle. 
 Der., Reluctant 
 
 Lucubro, to study by candlelight. 
 Der., Lucubration. 
 
 Ludo (lusum), to play, or deceive. 
 Der., Ludicrous. Prelude, Prelusive, 
 Elude, Elusory, Delude, Delusion, De- 
 lusive, Collusion, Allude, Allusion. 
 
 Lugubris. mournful. Der., Lugu- 
 brious. 
 
 Lumex (luminis), light. Der., Lu- 
 minary, Luminous, Illume, Illumine, 
 Relume, Relumine. 
 
 Luxa, the moon. Der., Lunar, 
 Lunation, Lunatic, Lunacy, Interlu- 
 nar, Sublunar, Sublunary. 
 
 Luo (lutum), to wash. Der., Ablu- 
 tion, Alluvial, Dilute, Diluent, Pol- 
 lute. 
 
 Leurre, a decoy. (Fr.) Der., Lure, 
 Allure. 
 
 Lympha, water. Der., Lymph, 
 Lymphatic. 
 
 Lysis {\v<m), a loosing er untying. 
 Der., Analyze, Analysis, Paralyze, 
 Paralysis, Palsy. 
 
 To Paralyze is to affect with a 
 loosening or relaxation of the muscles, 
 so that the individual is incapable of 
 moving. 
 
 Maceo, to be lean or thin. Der., 
 Emaciate. 
 
 Machomai (^ct^c^*;), to fight. Der., 
 Logomachy, Theomachy. 
 
 Logomachy is a contention about 
 words. (a9>--, a word.) 
 
 Theomachy is a fighting against the 
 gods, as the battle of giants with the 
 gods. (Sss?, a god.) 
 
 Macula, a spot or stain. Fig. A 
 fault. Der., Maculate, Immaculate, 
 Emaculate. 
 
 Maculate, marked with spots. 
 
 Immaculate, not spotted with sin. 
 
 Emaculate, to free from spots. 
 
 Magister, a master. Der., Master, 
 Magisterial, Magistrate. 
 
 Magxus, great, Der., Magnitude, 
 Magn ify, Magn a tes, Mag nan imity, 
 Majesty. 
 
 Major, greater. Der., Major, Ma- 
 jority. 
 
 Magus, 1. A wise man. 2. An en- 
 chanter. Der., Magi, Magian, Magic, 
 Magician. 
 
 Male, evil or ill. Der.. Malefactor, 
 Malediction, Malevolent, Malversation, 
 Ma la dm in is tra tio n, Ma l-ap ropos. 
 
 Mal-apropos, illy-suited to the oc- 
 casion. (Fr. , a propos, to the purpose. ) 
 
 Malignus, ill disposed. Der., Ma- 
 lign, Malignity, Malignant. 
 
 Malitia, deliberate mischief. Der., 
 Malice, Malicious. 
 
 Malleus, a hammer. Der., Maul, 
 Mallet, Malleable. 
 
 Mamma, a breast, or pap. Der., 
 Mammal, Mammalia, Mammology. 
 Mammiferous, Mammiform, Mammil- 
 lary. 
 
340 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Manteia (/axvtux), a divining, or 
 foretelling. Der., Necromancy, Chiro- 
 mancy. 
 
 Mando (mandatum), to commit au- 
 thoritatively to the attention of. Der., 
 Command, Commend, Countermand, 
 Demand, Mandamus, Mandate, Re- 
 mand. 
 
 Mandamus, we command. A man- 
 damus, in law, is a prerogative writ, in 
 the form of a command, issuing from 
 the Court of King's Bench, directed 
 to any person, corporation or inferior 
 court, requiring them to perform cer- 
 tain duties. — Brande. 
 
 Mando, to chew. Der., Mandible, 
 Manducate. 
 
 A Mandible is a jaw. 
 
 Maneo (mansum), to stay or abide. 
 Der., Mansion, Remain Remnant, 
 Permanent. 
 
 Mania (juxvi*), madness. Der., Ma- 
 nia, Monomania, Monomaniac, Biblio- 
 mania. 
 
 Manifestus, clear or evident. Der., 
 Manifest, Manifestation, Manifesto. 
 
 Mano (manatum), to flow. Der., 
 Emanate. 
 
 Manus, the hand. Der., Manual, 
 Manufacture, Manumit, Manumis- 
 sion, Manuscript, Emancipate, Man- 
 ipulate, Manage, Manacle, Maintain, 
 Maintenance. 
 
 Emancipate, to set free. 
 
 Note. — Mancipium signifies a slave, from 
 manu, with the hand, and capio (cipio), to take, 
 because slaves were prisoners taken in war. 
 Hence, to emancipate is release from the shackles 
 of slavery, (e, from.) 
 
 Mare, the sea. Der., Marine, Mari- 
 ner, Maritime, Submarine, Transma- 
 rine, Ultramarine. 
 
 Margo {marginis), a brink, or edge. 
 Der., Margin, Marginal, Emargi- 
 nate. 
 
 Maritus, a husband. Der., Mari- 
 tal, Marry. 
 
 Marital, pertaining to a husband. 
 
 Mars (martis), the god of war. 
 Der., Martial, Marshal, March (the 
 month. ) 
 
 Martyr (/uctprup), a witness. Der., 
 Martyr, Martyrdom, Martyrology, 
 Protomartyr. 
 
 A Martyr is, 1. One who bears 
 
 witness to the truth of Christianity by 
 suffering death rather than to re- 
 nounce his faith ; 2. A person who 
 suffers death for adherence to any 
 cause. 
 
 Masculus, a male. Der., Mascu- 
 line, Emasculate. 
 
 Materia, matter. Der., Material, 
 Materialism, Immaterial. 
 
 Mater {matris), a mother. Der., 
 Maternal, Maternity, Matron, Matri- 
 cide, Matriculate, Matrimony. 
 
 Mathema ({xnBujua), learning. Der., 
 Mathematics, Philomath, Polymathy. 
 
 A Philomath is a lover of learning. 
 (<piKia>, to love.) 
 
 Polymathy is a knowledge of many 
 arts and sciences, {poly, many.) 
 
 Maturtjs, ripe. Der., Mature, Ma- 
 turity, Maturation, Immature, Pre- 
 mature. 
 
 Maximus, the greatest. Der., Maxi- 
 mum, the greatest possible. 
 
 Mechanao {fA.»xxv*a>), to contrive or 
 invent. Der., Mechanic, Mechanism, 
 Machine, Machinate. 
 
 Medius, middle. Der., Medium, 
 Mediate, Mediation, Mediator, Imme- 
 diate, Intermediate, Mediterranean. 
 
 Mediterranean, situated in the mid- 
 dle of the land ; as, the Mediterranean 
 Sea. (terra, the land.) 
 
 Medeor, to heal or cure. Der., 
 Medicine, Medicament, Medicate, 
 Medical, Remedy, Remedial, Irreme- 
 
 Meditor, to muse or think upon. 
 Der., Meditate, Premeditate. 
 
 Mel (mellis), honey. Der., Mel- 
 liferous, Mellifluent, Mellifluous, 
 Mellifi cation, Eydromel, Oxymel. 
 
 Melan (/uthuv), black. Der., Mel- 
 ancholy. 
 
 Melior, better. Der., Melioration, 
 Ameliorate. 
 
 Melos (/W£Ko?), asongorpoem. Der., 
 Melody, Melodrama, Philomela. 
 
 A Melodrama is a dramatic per- 
 formance in which songs are inter- 
 mixed. 
 
 Philomela is a poetic designation 
 of the nightingale, signifying a lover 
 of song. (<pixsa>, to love.) 
 
 Memor, mindful. Der., Memory, 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 341 
 
 Memorial, Memorialize, Memoir, Me- 
 mento, Memorable, Memorandum, 
 Remember. 
 
 Remixiscor, to remember. Der., 
 Reminiscence. 
 
 Menda, 1. A blemish; 2. An error, 
 as in copying or printing. Der., Mend, 
 Amend, Emendation, Emendatory. 
 
 To Amend, is to corr 
 faults, (a, for e, priv.) 
 
 Mend is a contraction of amend, 
 
 Mexdicus, a beggar. Der., Mendi- 
 cant, Mendicity. 
 
 Mens {mentis), the mind. Der., 
 Menial, Dement. 
 
 Meo (meatum), to pass. Der., Mea- 
 tus, Permeate, Permeable, 
 
 A Meatus is a passage, as the mea- 
 tus of the external ear. 
 
 Merx, merchandise. Der., Mer- 
 chandise, Merchant, Mercantile, Mar- 
 ket, Mercer, Commerce. 
 
 Mergo {mersum), to put under the 
 water. Der., Merge, Submerge, Sub- 
 mersion, Immerse, Emerge, Emer- 
 gency. 
 
 To Emerge is to come forth, as 
 from under the water. 
 
 An Emergency is an event that 
 comes forth unexpectedly from be- 
 neath the surface of the ocean of time. 
 
 Meridies, midday or noon. Der., 
 Meridian, Meridional, Antemeridian- 
 Postmeridian. 
 
 The Meridian is the noon line of 
 any place; that is, a line extending 
 due north and south. 
 
 Meridional, 1. Pertaining to. the 
 meridian; 2. Southern; 3. Southern- 
 ly ; as, a meridional aspect. 
 
 Mereo [meritum), to earn or de- 
 serve. Der., Merit, Demerit. 
 
 Mesos {[A.i<ros), middle. Der., Mes- 
 entery, Mezzo. 
 
 Metallum (/uiTctxxov), a metal. Der., 
 Metal, Metalliferous, Metallography, 
 Metalloid, Metallurgy. 
 
 Meteoros (/AiTinpo;), elevated. Der., 
 Meteor, Meteorology, Meteorolite. 
 
 Meter (^htm/j), a mother. Der., 
 Metropolis, Metropolitan. 
 
 Metior (mensum), to measure. 
 Der., Mete, Measure^ Mensuration, 
 Commensurate, Dimension, Immense. 
 
 Metros {/Air^v), a measure. Der., 
 Meter, Barometer, Chronometer, Pho- 
 tometer, Pyrometer, Thermometer, Hy- 
 grometer, Anemometer, Dimeter, 
 Trimeter, Tetrameter, Pentameter, 
 Hexameter, Diameter, Geometry, 
 Trigonometry, Symmetry. 
 
 Micros (jutKpog), small. Der., Mi- 
 crometer, Microscope, Microcosm. 
 
 Migro (inigratum), to remove from 
 one place to another. Der., Migrate, 
 Migratory, Emigrate, Emigrant, Im- 
 migrate, Immigrant, Transmigrate. 
 
 Miles (militis), a soldier. Der., 
 Military, Militant, Militate, Mili- 
 tia. 
 
 Mille, a thousand. Der., Millen- 
 nium, Millennial, Millenarian, Milfoil, 
 Milliped, Millesimal. 
 
 Memos (/Uipos), an imitator. Der., 
 Mimic, Mimicry, Pantomime. 
 
 MiNis, threats. Der., Menace, Mi- 
 nacious, Minatory. 
 
 Mixeo, to jut out. Der., Eminent, 
 Prominent, Imminent. 
 
 Prominent, jutting forward. 
 
 Eminent, rising up in hight from 
 among others, (e, from among.) 
 
 Mixister, a servant. Der., Minis- 
 ter, Ministry, Ministration, Adminis- 
 tration. 
 
 Mixor, Mixus, less. Der., Minor, 
 Minority, Minus. 
 
 Mixuo (minutum), to lessen. Der, 
 Minute, Comminute, Diminish, Dimi 
 nution, Diminutive, Minuend. 
 
 Mirus, wonderful. Der., Miracle, 
 Miraculous, Admire, Admirable. 
 
 Misceo (mixtum), to mingle. Der., 
 Mix, Mixture, Admixture, Commix, 
 Intermix, Immiscible, Promiscuous, 
 Miscellany. 
 
 Miser, wretched. Der., Miser, 
 Misery, Miserable, Commiserate. 
 
 Miseo {fAKncc), to hate. Der., Mis- 
 anthrope, Misanthropy, Mysogamy, 
 Mysogyny. 
 
 Mitigo, to make mild. Der., Miti- 
 gate. 
 
 Mitto (missum), to send.- Der., 
 Mission, Missionary, Missile, Missive y 
 Admit, Emit, Emissary, Intermit, 
 Submit, Commit, Transmit, Omit, 
 Permit, Dismiss, Premise. 
 
342 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Mnaomai .(fAvaojuai), to remember 
 Der., Mnemonics, Amnesty. 
 
 Modus, manner. Der., Mood, Mode 
 Modify, Model, Modulate. 
 
 Modus, measure. Der., Moderate, 
 Modest, Modicum, Commodious, Com 
 modity, Incommode. 
 
 Moderate, not exceeding the proper 
 measure. 
 
 Modest, not going beyond the proper 
 measure in estimating our own tal- 
 ents or importance. 
 
 Commodious, adapted to the mea- 
 sure of our convenience. 
 
 Mola, a millstone. Der., Molar, 
 as the molar, or grinding teeth. 
 
 Molestus, troublesome. Der., Mo- 
 lest, Molestation. 
 
 Moles, a heap or pile. Der., Be 
 molish, Demolition. 
 
 To Demolish is, literally, to pull 
 down the heap. Hence, to destroy. 
 (de, down.) 
 
 Mollis, soft. Der., Mollify, Emol- 
 lient. 
 
 Momentum, that which causes mo- 
 tion (from moveo, to move). Der., 
 Momentum, Moment. 
 
 Momentum is the force with which 
 a body moves, and is measured by the 
 effect which it is capable of produc- 
 ing in overcoming obstacles. 
 
 A Moment is an infinitessimal por- 
 tion of moving or advancing time. 
 
 Moneo (monitum), to put in mind. 
 Der., Monitor, Monition, Monument, 
 Admonish, Admonition, Premonitory. 
 Summon, from summoneo, for submo- 
 neo, signifies, etymologically, to warn 
 privately, but is used in the sense of 
 to call by authority to be present, in 
 person, at some specified place and 
 time, (sum, for sub, privately.) 
 
 Monos [(Uovof], one or alone. Der., 
 Monad, Monk, Monastic, Monarch, 
 Monochord, Monocular, Monody, 
 Monologue, Monogamy, Monotheism, 
 Monopolize, Monotony, Monosyllable. 
 
 Mons (montis), a mountain. Der., 
 Mount, Mountain, Mound, Dismount, 
 Surmount, Promontory. 
 
 Monstro, to show. Der., Monster, 
 Monstrous, Demonstrate, Remonstrate. 
 
 Monstrum, in Latin, signified some- 
 
 thing unusual which foretokened 
 an impending event. Among these 
 tokens were reckoned wild beasts of 
 preternatural size, and deformed 
 births. Hence, the term monster has 
 come to signify, 1. A creature that is 
 very large of its kind. 2. A deformed 
 living creature. 
 
 To Remonstrate is to show reasons 
 against. 
 
 Morbus, a disease. Der., Morbid 
 Morbific. 
 
 Mordeo (morsum), to bite. Der. 
 Mordaceous, Morsel, Remorse. 
 
 Morosus, peevish. Der., Morose. 
 
 Morphe, a form, or shape. Der. 
 Amorphous, Metamorphose. 
 
 Mors {mortis), death. Der., Mortal 
 Mortality, Mortify, Mortiferous, Im 
 mortal. 
 
 Mos (moris), a custom, or manner 
 Der., Moral, Morals, Morality, De 
 moralize. 
 
 Moveo (motum), to move. Der 
 Move, Motion, Motive, Mob, Mobility 
 Emotion, Commotion, Promote, Re 
 move, Remote. 
 
 Multi, many. Der., Multitude 
 Multiply, Multiple, Multiform, Mul 
 tifid, Multangular, Multilateral, Mul- 
 tiplicand. 
 
 Mundus, the world. Der., Mun 
 dane, Antemundane, Exiramundane 
 Supramundane, Ultramundane. 
 
 Municipium, a free city. Der., Mu 
 
 Munio (mujiitum), to fortify. Der. 
 Munition, Ammunition. 
 
 Munus (muneris), a gift. Der. 
 Munificent, Remunerate. 
 
 Munus (muneris), an office, or duty 
 Der., Immunity. 
 
 Immunity is an exemption from 
 any duty or liability, (in, priv.) 
 
 Murus, a wall. Der., Mural, Im- 
 mure. 
 
 Mural, pertaining to a wall. 
 
 Immure, to confine within walls. 
 (in, within.) 
 
 Mutilus, maimed. Der., Mutilate. 
 
 To Mutilate is to maim or deface. 
 
 Muto (mutatum), to change. Der., 
 Mutation, Mutable, Transmute, Per- 
 mute, Permutation, Commute. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 343 
 
 Mutus, dumb. Der., Mute. 
 
 Mututjs, one another, or each other. 
 Der., Mutual. 
 
 Myrias {myriados) [y-ve,i<x{\, ten 
 thousand. Der., Myriad. 
 
 Mystes [/uutt»c'] 1 hidden, or secret. 
 Der., Mystery, Mystic. 
 
 Mythos [^yflsf], a fable. Der., 
 Myth, Mythic, Mythology. 
 
 Narc-e [vagx»], numbness, or torpor. 
 Der., Narcotic, Narcosis. 
 
 A Narcotic is any drug which 
 causes sleep. 
 
 Narcosis is a stupefaction produced 
 by certain drugs. 
 
 Nareo (narratum), to relate. Der., 
 Narrate, Narration, Narrative. 
 
 Nascor (natum), to be born. Der., 
 Native, Nativity, Nature, Natal, Nas- 
 cent, Innate, Cognate. 
 
 Nature is, literally, a being born, 
 or a coming into being. Hence, in a 
 secondary sense, the term nature is 
 used to signify the active force which 
 pervades all things, and is the cause 
 of all phenomena and changes. 
 
 Nascent, 1. In the act of being 
 born. 2. In the act of coming into 
 being. 
 
 Native, born with a person ; as, na- 
 tive talent. 
 
 A Native of any place is one born 
 there. 
 
 Nativity is birth. 
 
 Natal, pertaining to birth; as, 
 one's natal day. 
 
 A Nation is a body of people born 
 of the same original stock. 
 
 Nasus, the nose. Der., Nasal. 
 
 Nausea, sea-sickness (from vcwc, a 
 ship). Der., Nausea, Nauseous, Nau- 
 seate. 
 
 Nauta, a sailor. Der., Nautical, 
 Aeronaut, Nautilus. 
 
 Navis, a ship. Der., Naval, Navy, 
 Navigate, Circumnavigate. 
 
 To Navigate is to pass by ships. 
 (igo, for ago, to move.) 
 
 Nebula, a mist, or little cloud. 
 Der., Nebula, Nebular, Nebulous, 
 Nebulosity. 
 
 Necros (vatpos), dead. Der., Ne- 
 'er ology, Necromancy. 
 
 Necrology is a registering of deaths. 
 
 Nectar (vycTao), the fabled drink of 
 the gods. Der., Nectar, Nectarine, 
 Nectary. 
 
 The Nectarine is a fruit, so called 
 on account of its delicious taste. 
 
 A Nectary is the honey-cup of a 
 flower. 
 
 Necto (nexum), to tie, or knit. 
 Der., Annex, Connect. 
 
 Nego (negatum), to deny. Der., 
 Negation, Negative, Renegade. 
 
 Neos (vios), new. Der., Neology, 
 Neophyte. 
 
 Neology, rationalistic views in 
 theology. {Lit, a new system of re- 
 ligious doctrines.) (hoyoc, a theory.) 
 
 A Neophyte is a new convert. 
 (Lit, a new plant.) (qwev, a plant.) 
 
 Neuron (vajpov), a nerve. Der., 
 Nerve, Neuralgia. Enervate, Neu- 
 rology, Neurotomy. 
 
 Neuter, neither. Der., Neuter, 
 Neutral, Neutrality, Neutralize. 
 
 Niger, black. Der., Negro, Nigres- 
 cent, Denigrate. 
 
 Niveo, to wink. Der., Connive. 
 
 To Connive is to wink at, or to pre- 
 tend not to notice. 
 
 ^soceo (nocitum), to hurt. Der., 
 Noxious, Obnoxious, Innocuous, Inno- 
 cent. 
 
 Innocent, not hurting or doing 
 harm, (in, not.) 
 
 Obnoxious, exposed or liable to 
 harm, (ob, exposed to.) 
 
 Nomest (nojninis), a name. Der., 
 Nominal, Nominate, Denominate, 
 Nomenclature, Noun. 
 
 Nomos (vc/uoc), a law. Der., Astrono- 
 my, Deuteronomy. 
 
 Nomos (nfxot), management, or gov- 
 ernment. Der., Economy, Autonomy. 
 
 Autonomy is the power or right of 
 self-government. (*vto; [autos], self.) 
 
 Nox (noctis), night. Der., Noc- 
 turnal, Equinox. 
 
 Norma, a carpenter's rule or square. 
 Der., Normal, Abnormal, Enormous. 
 
 Normal, lit., according to rule. 
 Hence, natural or healthy ; as, a nor- 
 mal condition of the body or mind. 
 
 Abnormal, not conformed to rule. 
 
 Enormous, transcending the rule in 
 regard to magnitude or degree; as, 
 
344 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 an enormous tree ; an enormous crime. 
 (e, beyond.) 
 
 Nosco (noium), to know. Der., 
 Notice, Notify, Notion, Notorious, 
 Recognize, Recognition. 
 
 Nota, a mark. Der., Note, Nota- 
 tion, Notary, Annotation, Notable. 
 , Novus, new. Der., Novel, Novelty, 
 Novice, Novitiate, Innovate, Reno- 
 vate. 
 
 Nubo (nuptum), to marry. Der., 
 Nuptial, Connubial. 
 
 Nudus, naked. Der., Nude, Nudi- 
 ty, Denude. 
 
 Nug^e, playthings or trifles. Der., 
 Nugatory, Nugacity. 
 
 Nugatory, of no force ; as, a nuga- 
 tory law. 
 
 Nugacity, trifling behavior or talk. 
 
 Nullus, no one. Der., Null, 
 Nullity, Nullify, Annul. 
 
 Null, void, or of no force. 
 
 Numerus, a number. Der., Num- 
 ber, Numeral, Numerical, Numerate, 
 Numeration, Numerous, Enumerate, 
 Innumerable, Supernumerary. 
 
 Nuncio (nunciatum), to tell. Der., 
 Announce, Annunciation, Nuncio, 
 Internuncio. 
 
 Nuncio (nunciatum), to utter. Der., 
 Pronounce, Enunciate, Denounce, 
 Denunciation, Renounce, Renuncia- 
 tion. 
 
 Nuo, to nod. Der., Inuendo. 
 
 An Inuendo is, lit, a sign made 
 by nodding the head. Hence, a hint. 
 
 Nutrio (nutritum), to nourish. 
 Der., Nourish, Nutrition, Nutriment, 
 Nurture, Nurse. 
 
 Nux (nucis), a nut. Der., Nucleus, 
 Nuciferous. 
 
 A Nucleus is a nut-like center 
 about which matter is collected. 
 
 Oblivio (oblivionis), forgetfulness. 
 Der., Oblivion, Oblivious. 
 
 Obscurus, dark. Der., Obscure, 
 Obscurity, Obscuration. 
 
 Occultus, hidden or secret. Der., 
 Occult, Occultation, 
 
 Octo, eight. Der., Octennial, Oc- 
 tangular, Octavo, October, Octagon. 
 
 Oculus, the eye. Der., Ocular, 
 Oculist, Binocular, Multocular, In- 
 oculate. 
 
 Ode (<^«), a song. Der., Ode, 
 Monody, Prosody, Tragedy, Melody, 
 Rhapsody, Parody, Palinode. 
 
 Melody is sweetness of sound either 
 in singing or in instrumental per- 
 formance, (/uixo? [melos], a verse.) 
 
 Parody is a singing or repeating of 
 verses, or other compositions, other- 
 wise than they were written by the 
 author, with the design of rendering 
 the composition ludicrous, (para, 
 otherwise.) 
 
 A Palinode is a recantation, or un- 
 singing of something which the au- 
 thor had previously expressed in song 
 or verse. (7rxxiv \_palin\, again, or 
 un.) 
 
 A Rhapsody consists of verses or 
 other sentences irregularly stitched 
 or strung together. (f *tt&> [rhapto'], to 
 sew.) 
 
 Odor, a scent, or smell. Der., 
 Odor, Odorous, Odoriferous, Inodor- 
 ous. 
 
 Odos [0/05], a way, road, or journey. 
 Der., Synod, Period, Method, Episode. 
 
 A Synod is a meeting, or coming 
 together, (syn, together.) 
 
 A Period is a circuit, or passing 
 around, (peri, around.) 
 
 Method is a following of some 
 regular way or track in doing any- 
 thing. (fAiret [meta~], along; and cVb? 
 [odos'], the road.) 
 
 An Episode is an incidental narra- 
 tive, or digression separable from the 
 main subject, but naturally arising 
 from it. (iTTuc [epeis], falling in by; 
 and oSo<; \odos~], the way.) 
 
 Oidos [Woe], a form, or resemblance. 
 Der., Spheroid, Ovoid, Rhomboid, 
 Conoid, Metalloid, Varioloid. 
 
 Oleo, to emit an odor. Der., Redo- 
 lent, Olfactory, Abolish, Abolition. 
 
 Redolent, diffusing odor. 
 
 Olfactory, endowed with a suscep- 
 tibility of being impressed by odors ; 
 as, the olfactory nerves, (factory, 
 causing, from facio.) 
 
 To Abolish is, literally, to lose its 
 scent. Hence, in a fig. sense, to 
 abolish is gradually to do away; as, 
 to abolish an old custom. (ab, 
 away. ) 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 345 
 
 Oleo, to grow. Der., Adolescence, 
 Adult 
 
 Adolescence is the period succeed- 
 ing childhood, when the youth is 
 growing up into manhood, (ad, up 
 to.) 
 
 An Adult is one who is already 
 grown up. 
 
 Oligoi loxtyoi'], few. Der., Oli- 
 garchy. 
 
 Oleum, oil. Der., Oleaginous, Oleic, 
 Olef'iant, Oleiferous. 
 
 Omalos [oy.ctKo{\, even, or regular. 
 Der., Anomaly, Anomalous. 
 
 An Anomaly is an irregularity, or 
 deviation from rule. 
 
 Omen (ominis), a sign of something 
 which is about to happen. Der., 
 Omen, Ominous. 
 
 Omnis, all. Der., Omnipresent, 
 Omnipotent, Omniscient, Omnific, 
 Omnivorous. 
 
 Oxtma \_ow/Jt.a], a name. Der., An- 
 onymous, Patronymic, Synonym, Me- 
 tonomy. 
 
 Onus (oneris), a burden. Der., 
 Onerous, Exonerate. 
 
 Opacus, shady. Der., OpaTce, 
 Opacity. 
 
 Opus (operis), a work. Der., Ope- 
 rate, Cooperate, Operative, Inopera- 
 tive, Operose. 
 
 Operose, laborious. 
 
 Ophthalmos (o3>8±\poc),' the eye. 
 Der., Ophthalmic, Ophthalmia. 
 
 Opinor, to think. Der., Opine, 
 Opinion, Opinionated. 
 
 Opinionated, obstinate in opinion. 
 
 Optomai [o7r<rc(A.ai], to see. Der., 
 Optic, Optics, Optician, Catoptrics, 
 Dioptrics, Autopsy, Synopsis. 
 
 Opto (optatum), to wish. Der., 
 Optative. 
 
 Opto, to choose. Der., Option, 
 Adopt, Adoption. 
 
 Opulentus, wealthy. Der., Opu- 
 lent, Opulence. 
 
 Orama [_cpa/u*~], a sight, or view. 
 Der., Diorama, Panorama. 
 
 A Diorama is a transparent paint- 
 ing showing the effect of light, (dia, 
 through. ) 
 
 Orbis, a circle. Der., Orbit, Exor- 
 bitant 
 
 An Orbit is the circular or ellip- 
 tical path of a planet. 
 
 Exorbitant, lit, leaving its orbit, as 
 if a planet should wander from its 
 regular path. Hence, being beyond 
 the bounds of moderation; as, an ex- 
 orbitant price. 
 
 Orbis, a sphere. Der., Orb, Or- 
 bicular. 
 
 Ordo (ordinis), a row. Der., Or- 
 der, Ordinal, Ordinate, Inordinate, 
 Subordinate, Ordinary, Extraordin- 
 ary, Ordain, Ordinance, Primordial. 
 
 Order is the proper local disposi- 
 tion of objects relatively to each other, 
 which local disposition is generally 
 that of rows. 
 
 Ordinal, noting order; as, ordinal 
 numbers. 
 
 Ordinary, standing in the same 
 row with other objects of the same 
 kind. 
 
 Extraordinary, standing out of the 
 row. {extra, out of.) 
 
 Ordinate, lit, arranged in a row. 
 Hence, regular, or methodical. 
 
 Inordinate, 1, and lit. Not ar- 
 ranged in a row. Hence, 2. Not 
 limited by prescribed rules. Hence, 
 3. Immoderate ; as, an inordinate de- 
 sire of fame. 
 
 Organum [ofttvov), an instrument. 
 Der., Organ, Organic, Organism, Or- 
 ganize. 
 
 Orior (ortum), to rise or spring up. 
 Der., Orient, Origin. 
 
 Ornis [o/)Wf], a bird. Der., Orni- 
 thology. 
 
 Orno (ornatum), to. deck. Der., 
 Ornament, Ornate, Adorn. 
 
 Oro (oratum), to speak. Der., 
 Orator, Oration, Oracle, Oracular, 
 Peroration. 
 
 An Oracle, in ancient times, was 
 the answer returned by the priest in 
 the name of a divinity who was con- 
 sulted by any one in reference to the 
 future. 2. The divinity who gave the 
 response. 
 
 Oracular, 1. Pertaining to an 
 oracle. 2. Like an oracle in gravity 
 and wisdom. 
 
 Oro {oratum), to pray. Der., Ori- 
 son, Adore, Inexorable. 
 
346 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Orthos [e/>flos], lit, straight; Jig., 
 right. Der., Orthodox, Orthography, 
 Orthoepy. 
 
 Os (ossis), a bone. Der., Osseous, 
 Ossify, Ossijlcation, Ossivorous. 
 
 Osteon [g<tt«ov], a bone. Der., Os- 
 teology, Periosteum. 
 
 Our an os [cvpcivoi], the heaven. 
 Der., Uranus, Urania, Uranography. 
 
 Ovum, an egg. Der., Oval, Ovary, 
 Ovoid, Oviform, Oviparous. 
 
 Oxts [o£u?], sharp, or sour. Der., 
 Oxygen, Oxymel, Paroxysm. 
 
 Pactus, stipulated, or agreed on. 
 Der., Compact. 
 
 Pagus, a village. Der., Pagan, Pa- 
 ganism. 
 
 Pays, the country. (Fr.) Der., 
 Peasant. 
 
 Palatium, a royal house. Der., 
 Palace, Palatine, Palatinate. 
 
 Palin [ttclxiv], back. Der., Palin- 
 ode, Palindrome. 
 
 For Palinode, see Ode. 
 
 A Palindrome is a word or sentence 
 that is the same whether read back- 
 ward or forward; as, madam; or, 
 Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor. 
 (SpofAos \_dromos~], a running.) 
 
 Palleo, to be pale. Der., Pale, 
 Pallid, Pallor. 
 
 Pallium, a cloak. Der., Pall, Pal- 
 liate. 
 
 To Palliate is, lit., to cover with a 
 cloak. Hence, to cover with excuses ; 
 as, to palliate a fault. 
 
 Palma, the palm of the hand. Der. , 
 Palm, Palmate, Palmistry. 
 
 Palpo (palpatum), to feel, as with the 
 fingers. Der., Palpable, Impalpable. 
 
 Palpito (palpitatum), to beat or 
 throb, as the heart. Der., Palpitate, 
 Palpitation. 
 
 To Palpitate is to beat with preter- 
 natural force, as the heart. 
 
 Pando (pansum), to open, or 
 spread. Der., Expand, Expanse, Ex- 
 pansion. 
 
 Panis, bread. Der., Panary, Pa- 
 nada, Pantry. 
 
 P annus, a cloth. Der., Company, 
 Pannel, Impannel. 
 
 Papas [jtcbuc], a father. Der., Papa, 
 Papal, Papacy, Pope. 
 
 PapillAj a nipple. Der. , Pap, Pap- 
 illary. 
 
 Par, equal. Der., Par, Parity, 
 Pair, Peer, Compare, Compeer, Dis- 
 parity Disparage. 
 
 Pareo (paritum), to.appear. Der., 
 Appear, Apparent, Apparition, Trans- 
 parent. 
 
 Pario {paritum), to bring forth. 
 Der., Parent, Oviparous, Viviparous. 
 
 Parler, to speak. (Fr.) Der., Par- 
 lance, Parley, Parlor, Parliament, 
 Parole. 
 
 Paro, to prepare. Der. , Apparatus, 
 Apparel, Parade, Repair, Prepare. 
 
 Pan [ttav], all. Der., Panacea, 
 Panorama, Pantomime, Pantheon, 
 Pandemonium, Panoply. 
 
 Pastum, to feed. Der., Pastor, 
 Pasture, Pastoral, Repast, Antepast. 
 
 Pater, a father. Der., Paternal, 
 Patrimony, Patriarch, Patriot, Ex- 
 patriate, Patron, Patronymic. 
 
 Pathos [srafloj], mental feeling. 
 Der., Pathos, Pathetic, Apathy, Sym- 
 pathy. 
 
 Patior (passus), to suffer, or en- 
 dure. Der., Passion, Patience. 
 
 Pauper, poor. Der. , Pauper, Poverty. 
 
 Pax (pads), peace. Der., Peace, 
 Pacify, Pacific, Appease. 
 
 Pecco (peccatum), to sin, or com- 
 mit faults. Der., Peccant, Peccadillo, 
 Impeccable. 
 
 Pectus (pectoris), the breast. Der., 
 Pectoral, Expectorate. 
 
 Peculium, private property. Der., 
 Peculiar. 
 
 Peculor, to steal public property. 
 Der., Peculate, Peculation. 
 
 Pecunia, money. Der., Pecuniary. 
 
 Pais (paidos) [nats, vaiSof\, a boy. 
 Der., Pedagogue, Pedobaptisi. 
 
 Paideia [n-aihia], learning. Der., 
 Pedant, Pedantry. 
 
 A Pedant is one who makes a vain 
 display of his learning. 
 
 Pello (pellatum), to call, or name. 
 Der., Appellation, Repeal, Appeal. 
 
 Pello (pulsum), to drive. Der., 
 Expel, Expulsion, Repel, Repulsion, 
 Repulsive, Compel, Compulsion, Pro- 
 pel, Propulsion, Impel, Impulse, Im- 
 pulsive, Dispel. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 347 
 
 Pendeo (pensum), to hang. Der., 
 Pendent, Pensile, Append, Append- 
 age, Appendix, Depend, Impend, Pro- 
 pensity, Suspend, Suspense, Suspen- 
 sion, Pendulum, Perpendicular. 
 
 Pendo (pensum), to weigh. Der., 
 Pension, Expend, Spend, Expense, 
 Expenditure, Dispense, Dispensatory, 
 Dispensation, Recompense. 
 
 Pene, almost. Der., Peninsula, 
 Penumbra, Penult, Antepenultimate. 
 
 Penetro, to pierce, or enter into. 
 Der., Penetrate, Penetration, Impene- 
 trable. 
 
 Poena, punishment. Der., Pain, 
 Penal, Penalty, Penance, Subpoena. 
 
 Pceniteo, to repent. Der., Peni- 
 tent, Penitence, Penitentiary, Repent 
 
 Penna, a feather or wing. Der., 
 Pen, Pennate, Penniform, Bipennate. 
 
 Pennate, winged. (A botanical 
 term.) 
 
 Pente [Vsm,] five. Der., Pentagon, 
 Pentangular, Pentameter, Penta- 
 chord, Pentateuch. 
 
 Penuria, want, or scarcity. Der., 
 Penury, Penurious. 
 
 Peptos \_7rt7mi], boiled, or digested. 
 Der., Dyspepsy, Dyspeptic. 
 
 Periculum, danger. Der., Peril, 
 Perilous. 
 
 Perior (peritum), to try, or prove. 
 Der., Experience, Expert, Experi- 
 ment. 
 
 Pes (pedis) a foot. Der., Pedestri- 
 an, Pedestal, Pedicle, Pedicel, Pe- 
 duncle, Biped, Tripedal, Quadruped, 
 Impede, Impediment, Expedite, Expe- 
 ditious, Expedient. 
 
 Pestis, a plague. Der., Pest, Pesti- 
 lence, Pestiferous. 
 
 Petalon \jn<TdL\ov~], a flower-leaf. 
 Der., Petal, Apetalous, Monopetalous, 
 Bipetalous, Polypetalous. 
 
 Petit, little. (Fr.) Der., Petty, 
 Pettifogger. 
 
 Peto (petition), to seek. Der., Ap- 
 petite., Compete, Competition, Centrip- 
 etal, Repeat, Repetition. 
 
 Petra (VsT/jst], a stone. Der., Peter, 
 Petrify, Petrifaction, Petrescent. 
 
 Petro (petratum), to commit. 
 I)er., Perpetrate. 
 
 Petulans, saucy. Der., Petulant. 
 
 Phago [<?*>&>], to cat. Der., Anthro- 
 pophagi, Sarcophagus. 
 
 Phaino [qaivco], to appear. Der., 
 Phenomenon, Phantom, Phantasm, 
 Fancy, Diaphanous. 
 
 Phe.mi [<mk/], to speak. Der., 
 Prophecy, Blasphemy, Emphasis. 
 
 Emphasis is a stress of voice laid 
 on an important word in speaking. 
 (iv [en], upon.) 
 
 Pharmacol [p^waxov], a medicine, 
 or drug. Der., Pharmacy, Pharma- 
 ceutic, Pharmacology, Pharmacopo- 
 list. 
 
 Phero [<ps/>a>], to carry, or bring. 
 Der., Phosphor, Phosphorus, Peri- 
 phery, Metaphor. 
 
 Phileo \jpihice], to love. Der., Phi- 
 lanthropy, Philosophy, Philology, 
 Philomath, Philomela, Philadelphia. 
 
 Philosophy, originally signified the 
 love of wisdom. Philosophy at pres- 
 ent signifies the study of general laws, 
 or a knowledge of the nature of things. 
 
 Phobos [<j>e/3off], dread. Der., Hy- 
 drophobia. 
 
 Phone [<j>a>v»], a sound. Der., Pho- 
 netic, Phonography, Phonology, Sym- 
 phony, Euphony, Cacophony. 
 
 Phos [<j>&>?], light. Der., Phosphor, 
 Phosphorescent, Photometer, Photog- 
 raphy. 
 
 Phrasis \j>pa<7is], a saying, or speech. 
 Der., Phrase, Phraseology, Para- 
 phrase, Periphrase. 
 
 Phren [<ppv], the mind. Der., Phre- 
 nology, Phrenetic, Frantic, Frenzy. 
 
 Frantic (for Phrenetic), mad. 
 
 Frenzy, madness. 
 
 Phthegma \jpdsy/uiA], a saying. Der., 
 Apophthegm (or Apothegm). 
 
 An Apophthegm is a remarkable 
 saying. 
 
 Phthongos [yfoyyos], a vocal sound. 
 Der., Monophthong, Diphthong, 
 Triphthong. 
 
 Phyllon \jpv\\cv~], a leaf. 
 
 Physis [yv<rt(\, a growing. Der., 
 Symphysis, Epiphysis. 
 
 A Symphysis is a growing together, 
 as of two bones, (syn, together.) 
 
 An Epiphysis is a growing upon, 
 as the growing of one bone upon an- 
 other, "(coupon.) 
 
348 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Physis [yum], nature. Der., Phys- 
 ics, Metaphysics, Physician, Physi- 
 ology, Physiognomy. 
 
 Physics is the science of nature, or 
 natural philosophy. 
 
 Metaphysics is the science of mind. 
 
 Phytox [vurov], a plant. Der., Phy- 
 tography, Phytivorous. Zoophyte. 
 
 Pilo (pilatum), to pillage, or rob. 
 Der., Pilfer, Pillage, Compile, Com- 
 pilation. 
 
 Pingo (pictum),. to paint. Der., 
 Paint, Picture, Pictorial, Picturesque, 
 Pigment, Depict. 
 
 Pio (piatum), to atone for. Der., 
 Piacular, Expiate, Expiatory. 
 
 Peirao [7rap*a)], to try. Der., Em- 
 piric, Empiricism. 
 
 Peirates \jrupcfTni], a sea-robber. 
 Der., Pirate, Piracy. 
 
 Piscis, a fish. Der., Piscatory, Pis- 
 civorous. 
 
 Placeo, to please. Der., Placid, 
 Please, Pleasant, Pleasure, Pleas- 
 antry, Complacent, Complaisance. 
 
 Placo, to appease. Der., Impla- 
 cable. 
 
 Plagium, a literary theft. Der., 
 Plagiary, Plagiarism. 
 
 Pla'ne [;r\W], a wandering. Der., 
 Planet. 
 
 Planus, level, or smooth. Der., 
 Plain, Plane, Explain. 
 
 Plasso [jrxxo-cra)], to form in clay. 
 Der., Plastic, Plasticity, Plaster, 
 Cataplasm. 
 
 Plaudo (plausum), to give forth a 
 sudden and loud outburst of sound. 
 Der., Explode, Explosion. 
 
 Plaudo (plausum), to praise by 
 clapping the hands. Der., Plaudit, 
 Plausible, Applaud, Applause. 
 
 Plebs (plebis), the common people. 
 Der., Plebe'ian. 
 
 Plenus, full. Der., Plenary, Pleni- 
 tude, Plenty, Plenipotentiary, Re- 
 plenish. 
 
 Pleo (pletum), to fill. Der., Com- 
 plete, Replete, Expletive, Implement, 
 Supply, Supplement, Complement. 
 
 Pleura [Van//!*], the side. Der., 
 Pleurisy. 
 
 Plico (plicatum), to fold Der., 
 Ply, Pliant, Pliable, Apply, Applica- 
 
 tion, Applicant, Imply, Implicit, Ex- 
 plicate, Explicit, Comply, Complici- 
 ty, Supplicate, Supplicant, Simple, 
 Double, Duplicate, Duplicity, Treble, 
 Triple, Triplicate, Quadruple, Quin- 
 tuple, Sextuple. 
 
 Ploro (ploratum), to express grief 
 by outcries. Der., Deplore, Implore. 
 
 Pluma, a feather. Der., Plume, 
 Plumage. 
 
 Plumbum, lead. Der., Plumb, 
 Plummet, Plumber, Plumbery. 
 
 Plus (pluris), more. Der., Plus, 
 Plural, Surplus, Nonplus. 
 
 To Nonplus is to bring to a stand 
 by embarrassment, [non, not, the 
 expression nonplus implying that the 
 individual sees nothing more that can 
 be done.) 
 
 Pneuma \jrvivjuA], wind, or spirit. 
 Der., Pneumatic, Pneumatology. 
 
 Pneumatology is the doctrine of 
 spiritual substances. 
 
 Poieo [notico], to make, or compose. 
 Der., Poet, Poem, Poetry, Poesy. 
 
 Polemos [VoASyUOf], war. Der., Po- 
 lemic. 
 
 Poleo [_7ru>\iai\, to sell. Der., Mo- 
 nopoly, Bibliopolist, Pharmacopolist. 
 
 Polis [7ro\ii], a city, or state. Der., 
 Polity, Policy, Politics, Metropolis, 
 
 Polio (politum), to polish. Der.., 
 Polish, Polite. 
 
 Poly [Voa.v], many. Der., Polygon, 
 Polyglot, Polytheism, Polynesia, Poly- 
 syllable, Polygamy. 
 
 Pomum, an apple. Der., Pomace, 
 the ground substance of apples. 
 
 Pondus (ponderis), weight. Der., 
 Ponder, Ponderous, Pound, Impon- 
 derable, Preponderate. 
 
 Pono (positum), to place. Der., 
 Position, Positive, Compound, Com- 
 pose, Composition, Component, Pro- 
 pound, Propose, Proposition, Purpose, 
 Expound, Expose, Exposition, Expo- 
 nent, Depose, Deposition, Deponent, 
 Suppose, Repose, Dispose, Oppose, 
 Opponent, Transpose, Impose, Im- 
 postor, Imposture, Interpose, Post- 
 pone. 
 
 Populus, the people. Der., People, 
 Populace, Populous, Population, 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 349 
 
 Popular, Public, Publish, Publica- 
 tion, Publicity, Depopulate. 
 
 Popular, pleasing to the people. 
 
 Populace, the common people. 
 
 Public, 1. Pertaining to the people 
 in general; as, public property. 
 2. Generally known among the people. 
 
 To Publish is to make known to the 
 people in general, 
 
 Publicity is the condition of being 
 generally known among the people; 
 as, the publicity of a fact. 
 
 Pokcus, a hog. Der., Pork, Porcine. 
 
 Poeos [nopus], a passage, or way. 
 Der., Pore, Porous, Porosity. 
 
 Porto (portatum), to carry. Der., 
 Port, Porter, Portable, Import, 
 Export, Report, Support, Comport, 
 Transport, Portfolio, Portmanteau, 
 Portcrayon, Portmonnaie. 
 
 Porta, a gate, or door. Der., Por- 
 tal, Porter, Portcullis. 
 
 Posse (potui), to be able. Der., 
 Posse, Possible, Potent, Potentate, 
 Potential, Impotent, Omnipotent. 
 
 The Posse Comitatus is the power 
 of the county exerted by a body of 
 citizens who have been summoned to 
 aid a civil officer in the execution of 
 the laws. 
 
 Possible, that is able to be. 
 
 Posterus, that comes after. Der., 
 Posterior, Posterity, Preposterous. 
 
 Preposterous, lit, having the last 
 first and the first last, or being wrong 
 end foremost. Hence, absurd, or 
 foolish, (prce, before.) 
 
 Postttlo (postulatum), to ask. Der., 
 Postulate, Expostulate. 
 
 A Postulate, in reasoning, is a 
 proposition which is asked to be ad- 
 mitted without proof, the proposition 
 being self-evident. 
 
 To Expostulate is to reason earn- 
 estly with a person in regard to the 
 impropriety of something which he 
 intends to do. Lit. , to ask from, [ex, 
 from. ) 
 
 Potamos \_7roTAy.of\, a river. Der., 
 Hippopotamus. 
 
 Poto (potatum), to drink. Der., 
 Potion, Potation, Potable. 
 
 Pous (podos) [nov;, 7roSoi\, a foot. 
 Der., Tripod, Polypus, Antipodes. 
 
 Prasso [_7rftATo-u~], to do. Der., Prac- 
 tice, Practicable. 
 
 Pravus, crooked. Der., Deprave, 
 Depravity. 
 
 Pretium, the worth. Der., Price, 
 Prize, Precious, Appreciate, Depre- 
 ciate, Praise, Appraise. 
 
 To Praise is to speak of as being of 
 some worth or value. 
 
 To Appraise is to estimate the 
 worth. See Value. 
 
 Precor {p>recatum), to pray. Der., 
 Pray, Precarious, Deprecate, Impre- 
 cate. 
 
 Pr.eda, booty. Der., Prey, Preda- 
 tory, Predaceous, Depredate. 
 
 Prehendo {prehensum), to take 
 hold of, or seize. Der., Prehensile, 
 Apprehend, Comprehend, Reprehend. 
 
 To Reprehend is to seize upon in 
 the way of censure. 
 
 Prendre, to seize; Pris, seized. 
 (Fr.) Der., Prize, Prisoner, Prison, 
 Surprise, Reprisal. 
 
 Apprexdre, to seize with the un- 
 derstanding. Hence, to learn. (Fr.) 
 Der., Apprentice. 
 
 Premo {jjrcssum), to press. Der., 
 Print, Imprint, Press, Impress, Com- 
 press, Suppress, Repress, Depress, 
 Oppress, Express. 
 
 Presbyteros [7rpia-$vrip(], older. 
 Der., Presbyter, Priest. 
 
 Primus, first. Der., Prime, Primal, 
 Primary, Primitive, Primordial. 
 
 Probo (probatum), to try. Der., 
 Prove, Probate, Probable, Approve, 
 Approbate, Reprove, Reprobate. 
 
 Probrum, disgrace. Der., Oppro- 
 brious, Exprobrate. 
 
 To Exprobrate is to reproach with 
 something shameful. 
 
 Prolis, a progeny. Der., Prolific. 
 
 Prolific, fruitful, (facio, to pro- 
 duce.) 
 
 Propago, an offshoot of a plant. 
 Der., Propagate, Propaganda, Propa- 
 gandist, Propagandism. 
 
 To Propagate is to reproduce. 
 
 The Propaganda is a society m 
 Rome charged with the management 
 of the Catholic missions, and styled 
 Societas de propaganda Fide. — Mur- 
 doch. 
 
350 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Peopinquus, near. Der., Propin- 
 quity. 
 
 Peoximus, nearest. Der., Proxi- 
 mate, Proximity, Approximate. 
 
 Peopeius, one's own. Der., Prop- 
 erty, Proprietor, Proprietary, To Ap- 
 propriate. 
 
 Peopeius, fit, or suitable. Der., 
 Proper, Propriety, Appropriate. 
 
 Peoselytos [7rpoar»xvroi], one newly 
 arrived. Der., Proselyte, Proselyt- 
 ism. 
 
 Peospee, successful. Der. , Prosper, 
 Prosperity. 
 
 Peotos \jrparoi], first. Der., Proto- 
 type, Protocol, Prothonotary. 
 
 Psalma [4atyc*], a sacred song. 
 Der., Psalm, Psalmist, Psalmody. 
 
 Pseudos \jltufoe], falsehood. Der., 
 Pseudo-prophet. 
 
 Ptoma [tt^o], a falling. Der., 
 Symptom. 
 
 Ptotos [Waro?], having case-end- 
 ings, as Latin and Greek nouns. Der., 
 Aptote, Monoptote, Diptote, Triptote. 
 
 Ptto |Vrt/a>], to spit. Der., Ptyal- 
 ism, Hemoptysis. 
 
 Ptyalism, a free flow of spittle or 
 saliva caused by certain medicines. 
 {Salivation.) 
 
 Pudeo, to be ashamed. Der., Pu- 
 dicity, Impudent, Repudiate. 
 
 Pudicity is the sense of shame 
 which restrains from unchaste words 
 and actions. 
 
 To Repudiate is to put away, as a 
 wife, because the husband is ashamed 
 of her. 
 
 Puee, a boy. Der., Puerile, Puer- 
 ility. 
 
 Pugna, a fight. Der., Pugnacious, 
 Pugnacity, Oppugn, Impugn. 
 
 Pugil, a boxer. Der., Pugilist, 
 Pugilism. 
 
 Pullus, a chicken. Der., Poultry, 
 Pullet. 
 
 Pulmo (pulmonis), the lungs. Der. , 
 Pulmonic, Pulmonary. 
 
 Pulvis (pulveris), dust. Der., 
 Pulverize, Pulverulent. 
 
 Pungo (punctum), to prick. Der., 
 Point, Puncture, Punctual, Punctu- 
 ate, Punctilio, Pungent, Expunge, 
 Compunction. 
 
 Ptjnio (punitum), to punish. Der., 
 Punish, Punitive, Impunity. 
 
 Puego (purgatum), to make clean. 
 Der., Purge, Purgative, Purgatory, 
 Expurgate, Compurgator. 
 
 A Compurgator is one who bears 
 witness to the innocence of another. 
 
 Pueus, free from an admixture of 
 foreign elements. Der., Pure, Pu- 
 rity, Purify. 
 
 Pus (puris), the matter that flows 
 from sores. Der., Purulent, Pustule, 
 Suppurate. 
 
 Pusillus, weak, or little. Der., 
 Pusillanimous, Pusillanimity. 
 
 Puto (putatum), to think. Der, 
 Impute, Dispute, Repute, Reputation, 
 Putative. 
 
 Putative, reputed ; as, the putative 
 father of a child. 
 
 Puto (putatum), to prune. Der., 
 Amputate. 
 
 To Amputate is to cut ofi"; as, to 
 amputate a limb. (am r around.) 
 
 Putris, rotten. Der., Putrid, Pu- 
 trescent, Putrefy, Putrefaction. 
 
 Pye (nvf), fire. Der., Pyre, Pyr- 
 ology, Pyrometer, Pyrotechnics, Pyro- 
 ligneous, Empyreum. 
 
 Quadea, a square. Der., Quadratic, 
 Biquadratic, Square, Squadron. 
 
 Quade, for Quatuoe, four. Der, 
 Quadrangle, Quadrilateral, Quadren- 
 nial, Quadruped, Quadroon, Quad- 
 rille, Quadruple. 
 
 Quaetus, fourth. Der., Quart, 
 Quarter, Quartile. 
 
 Quaeante, forty. (Fr.) Der., Quar- 
 antine. 
 
 Qu^jeo (qucesiium), to seek. Der., 
 Query, Quest, Question, Inquire, In- 
 quest, Inquisition, Require, Request, 
 Requisite, Requisition, Acquire, Ac- 
 quisition, Exquisite, Conquer, Con- 
 quest, Disquisition, Perquisite. 
 
 Qualis, of what kind. Der., Quali- 
 ty, Qualify. 
 
 The Quality of a thing is its kind 
 or nature. 
 
 Quantus, how much. Der., Quan- 
 tity, Quantum. 
 
 Queeoe, to complain. Der., Quere- 
 monious, Querulous, Quarrel. 
 
 Quies (quietis), rest. Der., Quiet, 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 351 
 
 
 Quietude, Quiescent, Acquiesce, Re- 
 quiem, Quietus. 
 
 Quixque, five. Der., Quinquennial. 
 
 Quixtus, fifth. Der., Quintuple, 
 Quintessence. 
 
 Rabies, furious madness. Der., 
 Rabid, Rave. 
 
 Radius, the spoke of a wheel. Der., 
 Radius, Ray, Radiate, Radiant, Ra- 
 diance, Irradiate. 
 
 Radix (radicis), a root. Der., 
 Radical, Radicate, Eradicate. 
 
 Rado {rasum), to scrape, or shave. 
 Der.. Raze, Razor, Abrase, Abrasion, 
 Erase, Erasure. 
 
 Ramus, a branch. Der., Ramify, 
 Ramification. 
 
 Raxceo, to he stale, or strong-scent- 
 ed. Der., Rancid, Rank, Rankle, 
 Rancour, Rancescent. 
 
 Raxg, a row. (Fr.) Der., Range, 
 Rank, Arrange, Derange. 
 
 Rapio (raptum), to seize and bear 
 off. Der., Rape, Rapture, Ravish, 
 Rapid, Ravage. 
 
 To Ravage is to lay waste by seiz- 
 ing and plundering. 
 
 Rarus, thin, or scarce. Der., Rare, 
 Rarity, Rarefy, Rarefaction. 
 
 Ratio, reason. Der., Reason, Ra- 
 tional, Ratiocination. 
 
 Ratio, proportion. Der., Ratio, Ra- 
 tion. 
 
 A Ration is a fixed allowance. 
 
 Recexs, fresh. Der., Recent. 
 
 Reciprocus, mutual. Der., Recip- 
 rocal, Reciprocate, Reciprocity. 
 
 Rego {rectum), to govern. Der., 
 Regent, Regency, Regimen, Regiment, 
 Rector. 
 
 Regula, a rule. Der., Rule, Regu- 
 lar, Regulate. 
 
 Rectus, straight. Der., Rectitude, 
 Rectilineal, Rectangular, Rectify, Di- 
 rect, Correct, Erect. 
 
 Rexdre, to give back (Fr.) Der., 
 Render, Rendition, Rendezvous, Sur- 
 render. 
 
 Repo {reptum), to creep. Der., 
 Reptile, Surreptitious. 
 
 Res, a thing. Der., Real, Reality, 
 Realize. 
 
 Rete, a net. Der., Retina, Reti- 
 form, Reticulate, Reticule. 
 
 Rhapto [IdLTrTu], to sew. Der., 
 Rhapsody. 
 
 Rhapsody, an irregular composi- 
 tion. (See the root, Ode.) 
 
 Rheo [}&>}, to flow. Der., Catarrh, 
 Diarrhea, Hemorrhoids. 
 
 Rheo [f w], to speak. Der. , RhetoHc. 
 
 Rhix [p], the nose. Der., Rhin- 
 oceros. 
 
 The Rhinoceros is an animal with 
 a horn on the nose, {ceras [*^a?], a 
 horn.) 
 
 Rhtthmos jjSwfl^cf], a measured 
 movement, as of music or verse. Der., 
 Rliythm, Rhyme, Rhythmical. 
 
 Rideo (risum), to laugh. Der., 
 Ridicule, Risible, Deride, Derision. 
 
 Rigeo, to be stiff. Der., Rigid, 
 Rigor. 
 
 Rigo (rigatum), to water, as land. 
 Der., Irrigate, Irriguous. 
 
 Irriguous, watery, or moist; as, an 
 irriguous valley. 
 
 Ritus, a ceremony. Der., Rite, 
 Ritual. 
 
 Rivus, a river. Der., Rivulet, De- 
 rive. 
 
 To Derive is to draw off from the 
 main stream by means of an artificial 
 channel, (de, from.) 
 
 Ripa, a river-bank, or sea-shore. 
 Der., Rival, Arrive. 
 
 Robur (roboris), strength. Der., 
 Robust, Corroborate. 
 
 Rodo (rosum), to gnaw, or eat 
 away. Der., Corrode, Corrosion, Cor- 
 rosive, Erode, Erosion. 
 
 Rogo (rogatum), to ask. Der., In- 
 terrogate, Arrogate, Arrogant, Ab- 
 rogate, Supererogation, Prerogative, 
 Derogate, Derogatory. 
 
 To Arrogate is to ask or claim for 
 one's-self more than is one's due. 
 {ad, to.) 
 
 Supererogation is the doing of more 
 than duty requires, {super, beyond ; 
 and e, from.) 
 
 Derogare, with the Romans, signi- 
 fied to repeal a law in part, {de, 
 from ; and rogare, to ask. ) Hence, 
 
 To Derogate is to take away from 
 reputation, honor, or moral excel- 
 lence. 
 
 Rosa, a rose. Der., Rose, Roseate. 
 
352 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Rota, a wheel. Der., Rote, Rotary, 
 Rotate, Rotation, Circumrotate, Ro- 
 tund, Routine. 
 
 Roi, a king. (Fr.) Der., Royal, 
 
 Ruber, red. Der., Ruby, Rubric, 
 Rubicund, Erubescence. 
 
 Rudis, rough, or un wrought. Der., 
 Rude, Rudiment, Erudite, Erudition. 
 
 Rude, rough, like an unpolished 
 gem, or a lump of unwrought gold. 
 
 A Rudiment is something that is 
 still in the roughness and imperfec- 
 tion of its incipient state. A germ 
 contains the rudiments of the future 
 plant. 
 
 Erudition is learning, because 
 learning removes the native roughness 
 of an individual, (e, priv.) 
 
 Ruga, a wrinkle. Der., Rugose, 
 Corrugate. 
 
 Rumpo (ruptum), to break, or burst. 
 Der., Rupture, Interrupt, Eruption, 
 Disruption, Abrupt, Corrupt, Bank- 
 rupt. 
 
 Rus (ruris), the country. Der., 
 Rural, Rustic, Rusticity, Rusticate. 
 
 Sacer (sacri), devoted to, or per- 
 taining to religion. Der., Sacred, Sac- 
 rament, Sacrifice, Sacrilege, Sacerdo- 
 tal, Consecrate, Desecrate, Execrate. 
 
 Sagus and Sagax, knowing, or 
 
 wise. Der., 
 
 , Presage, Sagacious, 
 
 Sagacity. 
 
 Sagitta, an arrow. Der., Sagittal, 
 Sagittate, Sagittarius. 
 
 Sal, salt. Der., Salt, Saline, Salad, 
 Saliferous. 
 
 Salad consists of raw herbs sea- 
 soned with salt, vinegar, etc. 
 
 Salio (saltum), to leap. Der., 
 Sally, Salient, Assail, Assault, Ex- 
 ult, Insult, Desultory. 
 
 To Assail is, lit, to leap against. 
 Hence, to attack, (ad, against.) 
 
 Saliva, spittle. Der., Salivary, 
 Salivation. 
 
 Salus {salutis), 1. Safety. 2. Health. 
 Der., Salute, Salutary, Salutatory, 
 Salubrious. 
 
 To Salute is to wish health to any 
 one. 
 
 Salvus, safe. Der., Safe, Save, 
 Salve, Salvo, Salvage. 
 
 A Salvo is an exception or reserva- 
 tion. (Lit, something saved.) 
 
 A Salve is an ointment possessing 
 the virtue of saving or healing. 
 
 Sanctus, holy. Der., Saint, Sanc- 
 tity, Sanctimony, Sanctify, Sanctu- 
 ary. 
 
 Sanguis (sanguinis), blood. Der., 
 Cousin, Consanguinity, Sanguine, 
 Sanguinary, Sanguiferous, Exsan- 
 guine. 
 
 Sanguine, an epithet of one of the 
 temperaments of the human system. 
 The sanguine temperament is charac- 
 terized by an active circulation of the 
 blood, and by an ardent temper. 
 Hence, 
 
 Sanguine, 1. Warm, or ardent ; as, 
 a sanguine temper. 2. Confident ; as, 
 sanguine hopes. 
 
 Sanus, sound, or whole. Der., 
 Sane, Sanity, Sanative, Sanitary, In- 
 sane. 
 
 Sapio, to have qualities affecting 
 the sense of taste. Der., Sapid, In- 
 sipid, Savor. 
 
 Sapio, to know, or to be wise. Der., 
 Sapient, Sapience. 
 
 Sarx (sarcos) \v*.fe-> er^o?], flesh. 
 Der., Sai^casm, Sarcastic, Sarcopha- 
 gus, Anasarca. 
 
 Satelles (satellitis), an attendant, 
 or life-guard. Der., Satellite. 
 
 Satira is a poem or discourse in 
 which wickedness and folly is ex- 
 posed with severity. Der., Satire, 
 Satiric, Satirical, Satirist. 
 
 Satis, enough. Der., Sate, Satiety, 
 Satiate, Satisfy, Insatiable. 
 
 Satur, full. Der., Saturate. 
 
 Saturnus, a heathen deity. Der., 
 Saturn, Saturnine, Saturnalia, Satur- 
 nalian, Saturday. 
 
 Saturnine, of a gloomy tempera- 
 ment, caused by the supposed influ- 
 ence of the planet Saturn upon those 
 born at a time when this planet 
 ruled. 
 
 Saturnalian, pertaining to the Sa- 
 turnalia, a loose and dissolute feast 
 of Saturn. 
 
 Scala, a ladder. Der., Scale, Es- 
 calade. 
 
 Escalade, the act of scaling walls. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 353 
 
 Scalenos \jntn\iivof\, unequal, or un- 
 even. Der., Scalene. 
 
 Scandalon (VjtaycfstxGv], a stumbling- 
 block. Der., Scandal, Scandalous, 
 Scandalize. 
 
 Scando (scansum), to mount by 
 climbing. Der., Scan, Scandent, As 
 cend, Ascent, Descend, Descent, Tran 
 scend, Condescend. 
 
 Scelos \_o-Hi\of\, the leg. Der., Isos- 
 celes. 
 
 Sce'ne [o-xwa], a representation. 
 Der., Scene, Scenery. 
 
 Schisma [f^/^o], a split. Der., 
 Schism, Schismatic. 
 
 A Schism is a split, or division in 
 the church. 
 
 Scho'le [^ex»], 1. Leisure. 2. A 
 school; because the prosecution of 
 literary and scientific studies at 
 school, or elsewhere, requires leisure 
 from business. Der., School, etc. 
 
 Scindo (scissum), to cut. Der., 
 Scissors, Rescind, Abscind. 
 
 Scintilla, a spark. Der., Scintil- 
 late, Scintillation. 
 
 Scio, to know ; Sciens (scientis), 
 knowing. Der., Science, Scientific, 
 Sciolist, Omniscience, Prescience, Con- 
 scious, Conscience, Conscientious. 
 
 Scopeo \jx.07riw], to look, or observe. 
 Der., Scope, Telescope, Microscope, 
 Episcopacy, Bishop. 
 
 Scoria, dross. Der., Scoriaceous. 
 
 Scribo (scriptum), to write. Der., 
 Scribe, Scribble, Scrip, Script, Sc?ip- 
 ture, Describe, Description, Ascribe, 
 Prescribe, Subscribe, Inscribe, Cir- 
 cumscribe, Proscribe, Postscript, Non- 
 descript, Transcribe, Transcript, Su- 
 perscribe. 
 
 Scrutor (scrutatum), to search, 
 or examine closely. Der., Scrutiny, 
 Scrutinize. 
 
 Sculpo {sculptum), to carve. Der., 
 Sculptor, Sculpture. 
 
 Scurra, a buffoon, or professional 
 jester. Der., Scurrilous, Scurrility. 
 
 Scutum, a shield. Der., Scutcheon, 
 Escu tcheon, Scu tiform. 
 
 Sebum, tallow, or fat. Der., Seba- 
 ceous. 
 
 Seco (sectum), to cut. Der., Secant, 
 Sect, Sectary, Section, Sector, Seg- 
 23 
 
 ment, Dissect, Insect, Intersect, Bi- 
 sect, Trisect. 
 
 Seculum, 1. An age. 2. The pres- 
 ent world. Der., Secular, Secularize. 
 
 Sedo (sedatum), to calm, or quiet. 
 Der., Sedate. 
 
 Sedeo (sessum), to sit. Der., Pre- 
 side, Insidious, Assess, Assiduous, 
 Possess, Consider, Subsidiary, Sedu- 
 lous, Beside, Supersede. 
 
 To Assess is, lit., to sit by, or near, 
 for the purpose of making an official 
 estimate. Hence, to fix or charge a 
 certain sum, as a tax. (ad, by.) 
 
 Assiduous, lit., sitting beside one's 
 work. Hence, constant in application. 
 
 Sedulous, lit., habitually sitting, 
 as at some employment. Hence, dili- 
 gent. 
 
 To Possess is to be seated as one 
 having the power of ownership and 
 control over anything, (posse, to have 
 power.) 
 
 Subsidiary, sitting near for the pur- 
 pose of giving aid. (sub, near.) 
 
 Supersede, lit, to set or place 
 above. Hence, to remove, and set or 
 put something else in the place of the 
 thing removed. 
 
 Sedo (sessum), to settle, or sink 
 down. Der., Sediment, Residuum, 
 Residue, Residuary, (super, over.) 
 
 Selene [o-«^v»], the moon. Der., 
 Selenography, Paraselene. 
 
 A Paraselene is a mock moon. 
 (para, near.) 
 
 Semen (seminis), seed. Der., Sem- 
 inal, Seminary, Disseminate. 
 
 Semi, half. Der., Semiannual, Semi- 
 circle, Semicolon, Semidiameter, Semi- 
 lunar, Semiquaver, Semivowel. 
 
 Senex (senis), an old man. Der., 
 Senile, Senility, Senate. 
 
 Senior, elder. Der., Senior, Seni- 
 ority, Seignior, Sire, Sir. 
 
 Seignior, a lord, the title having been 
 first applied to men of advanced age. 
 
 Sentio (sensum), to feel. Der., 
 Sense, Sentient, Sensation, Sensorium, 
 Sensual, Sensuous, Resent, Presenti- 
 ment. 
 
 Sentio (sensum), to think. Der., 
 to think. Der., Sentiment, Sentence, 
 Assent, Dissent, Consent. 
 
354 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Sepo [VtfsW], to make putrid. Der., 
 Antiseptic. 
 
 Septbm, seven. Der., September, 
 Septennial, Septangular, Septilateral. 
 
 Sepelio (sepultum), to bury. Der., 
 Sepulcher, Sepulture. 
 
 Sequor (secutum). Der., Sequel, 
 Sequence, Consequence, Consecutive, 
 Subsequent, Execute, Obsequious. 
 
 Serenus, 1. Clear. 2. Calm. 
 
 Serra, a saw. Der., Serrate. 
 
 Servo {servatum), to keep. Der.. 
 Preserve, Reserve, Reservoir, Con- 
 serve, Observe. 
 
 To Observe is to keep in one's eye. 
 
 Servus, a slave. Der., Servile, 
 Servitude. 
 
 Seta, a bristle. Der., Setaceous, 
 Setiform. 
 
 Sex, six. Der., Sexennial, Sexan- 
 gular, Sextuple. 
 
 Sibilo, to hiss. Der. T Sibilant. 
 
 Sidus (sideris), a star. Der., Side- 
 real. 
 
 Signum, a mark. Der., Sign, Sig- 
 nal, Signalize, Signify, Design, Des- 
 ignate, Insignia, Assign, Resign, Con- 
 sign. 
 
 A Sign is, 1. A mark by which a 
 thing may be known. 2. A mark or 
 appearance indicating the existence 
 of something that is hidden from the 
 view. 3. A mark or appearance in- 
 dicating that something is about to 
 happen. 
 
 Signal, marked or distinguished; 
 as, a signal favor. 
 
 Insignia, marks of office or honor. 
 
 To Designate is to point out by 
 some mark. 
 
 A Design is a plan or purpose 
 marked out. 
 
 To Sign is to attach one's seal, 
 mark, or name to an instrument of 
 writing. 
 
 A Signature is, 1. A mark by 
 which the character or nature of a 
 thing may be known. 2. A person's 
 seal, mark, or name attached to an 
 instrument of writing. 
 
 A Seal is a stamp with which in- 
 struments of writing are impressed 
 to give them authenticity, (from si- 
 gillum, dim. of signum, a seal.) 
 
 A Signet is a private seal. 
 
 To Assign is, lit, to make over, as 
 property, by signature. Hence, 1. To 
 allot , as, to assign a duty to any one. 
 2. To allege ; as to assign a reason. 
 {ad, to.) 
 
 Resign is, lit., to give up, as a right, 
 by signature. Hence, simply, to give 
 up. 
 
 Consign is to mark or seal for some 
 particular destination or end; as, to 
 consign goods to an agent ; to consign 
 a book to the flames. 
 
 Silex (silicis), flint. Der., Silicious. 
 
 Similis, like. Der. , Similar, Simile, 
 Similitude, Assimilate, Verisimili- 
 tude, Simulate, Dissimulate, Dis- 
 semble. 
 
 Simul, together. Der., Simultane- 
 ous. 
 
 Sinuo, to wind in and out like a 
 shore indented by numerous small 
 bays, (from sinus, a bay). Der., Sin- 
 uous, Sinuosity, Insinuate. 
 
 Sipo, to throw. Der., Dissipate, 
 to throw apart; that is, to scatter. 
 (dis, apart.) 
 
 Sisto, to stand. Der., Assist, Con- 
 sist, Exist, Subsist, Susist, Desist, 
 Resist, Persist. 
 
 Situs, a place. Der., Site, Situa- 
 tion. 
 
 Socio (sociatum), to join. Der., 
 Social, Sociable, Society, Associate, 
 Consociate. 
 
 Sol, the sun. Der., Solar, Solstice, 
 Insolate. 
 
 Solicitus, anxious, or uneasy. Der., 
 Solicitous, Solicitude. 
 
 Solicito, to ask with importunity. 
 Der., Solicit, Solicitation. 
 
 Solidus, firm. Der., Solid, Solidity, 
 Solidify, Consolidate, Solder. 
 
 To Solder (sodder) is to unite with 
 metallic cement. 
 
 Solor (solatum), to cheer, or com- 
 fort. Der., Solace, Console, Inconsol- 
 able, Disconsolate. 
 
 Solus, alone. Der., Soli, Solitary, 
 Solitude, Soliloquy, Desolate. 
 
 Solvo (solutum), to loosen or untie. 
 Der., Solve, Solvent, Solvency, Dis- 
 solve, Dissoluble, Resolve, Resolute, 
 Resolution, Absolve. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 355 
 
 Somnus, sleep. Der., Somnolent, 
 Somniferous, Somnambulist. 
 
 Sonus, sound. Der., Sonorous, 
 Sound, Resound, Consonant, Disso- 
 nant. 
 
 Sophia [_<ro<pnt], wisdom. Der., 
 Sophism, Sophistry, Philosophy, 
 Gymnosophist. 
 
 Sopor, sleep. Der., Soporific. 
 
 Sorbeo (sorptum), to suck up. Der. , 
 Absorb, Absorption, Absorbent. 
 
 Spakgo (sparsum), to scatter. Der., 
 Sparse, Disperse, Intersperse, Asperse. 
 
 Spasma [o-7rctcr/ua], a violent drawing, 
 as of the muscles. (A convulsion.) 
 Der., Spasm, Spasmodic, Antispas- 
 modic. 
 
 Spatium, room. Der., Space, Spa- 
 cious, Expatiate. 
 
 Specio (spectum), to look. Der., 
 Aspect, Circumspect, Expect, Respect, 
 Conspicuous, Despise, Despicable, In- 
 spect, Prospect, Retrospect, Spectator, 
 Speculum, Speculate, Suspect, Sus- 
 picion, Perspicuous, Specter. 
 
 Species, 1. An appearance. 2. A 
 sort. Der., 1. Specious. 2. Species, 
 Specific, Specify, Especial, Special, 
 Specimen. 
 
 Sperma [a-Tnp^ct], seed. Der., Gym- 
 nospermou-s, Monospermous, Polysper- 
 mous. 
 
 Spero, to hope. Der., Despair, 
 Desperation, Desperado, Prosper, 
 Prosperity. 
 
 Spelera \jr$aipa], a ball. Der., 
 Spheric, Spherical. Sphericity, Sphe- 
 rule, Spheroid, Atmosphere. 
 
 Spina, a thorn. Der., Spine, Spi- 
 nous. 
 
 Spiro, to breathe, or blow. Der., 
 Spirit, Inspire, Expire, Respire, Per- 
 spire, Aspire, Transpire, Conspire. 
 
 Spissus, thick, as molasses or tar. 
 Der., Spissitude, Inspissate. 
 
 Spolium, booty. Der., Spoil, Spoli- 
 ation, Despoil. 
 
 Spondeo {sponsum), to promise. 
 Der., Sponsor, Spouse, Respond, De- 
 spond. 
 
 Sponte, of one's own accord. Der., 
 Spontaneous, Spontaneity. 
 
 Squaleo, to be filthy. Der. , Squalid, 
 Squalor. 
 
 Squama, a scale. Der., Squamous, 
 Squ am if arm, Squamigerous. 
 
 Stagnum, a body of standing water. 
 Der., Stagnant, Stagnate. 
 
 Stella, a star. Der., Stellar, Stel- 
 late, Stelliform, Stelliferous, Con- 
 stellation. 
 
 Stello [o-tixxu], to send. Der., 
 Apostle, Epistle. 
 
 The Apostles were the persons sent 
 by the Savior to preach the gospel. 
 (apo, from.) 
 
 An Epistle is a writing sent to 
 some one. [epi, to.) 
 
 Stenos \_ir<rms], short. Der., Ste- 
 nography. 
 
 Stereos [Vrs/Jtsc], solid. Der., Ster- 
 eotype, Stereometry, Stereography. 
 
 Sterilis, barren, or unfruitful. 
 Der., Sterile, Sterility. 
 
 Sterno {stratum), to lay flat. Der., 
 Stratum, Stratify, Prostrate, Conster- 
 nation. 
 
 Stichos [o-t^o:], a row, line, or 
 verse. Der., Monostich, Distich, 
 Hemistich, Acrostic. 
 
 Stigma [o-t/j^], a mark of infamy. 
 Der., Stigma, Stigmatize. 
 
 Stigo, to prick, or spur. Der., In- 
 stigate. 
 
 Stilla, a drop. Der., Still, Dis- 
 till, Instill. 
 
 Stimulus, a spur. Der., Stimulus, 
 Stimulate. 
 
 Stinguo (stinctum), to mark. Der., 
 Distinguish, Distinct. 
 
 Extinguo, to put out, as fire. Der., 
 Extinguish, Extinct. 
 
 Stino, to fix. Der, Destine, Des- 
 tiny, Predestinate. 
 
 Stirps, a stalk with its root. Der., 
 Extirpate. 
 
 Sto (statum), to stand. Der., State, 
 Stature, Instant, Extant, Constant, 
 Circumstance, Substance, Interstice, 
 Solstice, Distance, Superstition, 
 Stable, Establish, Priest, Contrast, 
 Obstacle. 
 
 A Priest is one who presides over 
 sacrifices and other religious rites. 
 (prce, before; and sto, to stand.) 
 
 Note. — Priest, in the foregoing sense, is a dif- 
 ferent word from priest as derived from 7r(t<r,iv 
 rtjss [presbytcros], an elder. 
 
356 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Statuo (statutum), to place firmly 
 in an upright position. Der., Statue, 
 Stature, Statute, Constitute, Insti- 
 tute, Restitution, Substitute. 
 
 Stringo (striatum), to bind, tight. 
 Der., Strain, Stringent, Strict, Strict- 
 ure, Restrain, Restrict, Constrain, 
 Constriction, Astringent. 
 
 Struo (structum), to build. Der., 
 Construe, Construct, Structure, In- 
 struct, Obstruct, Destroy, Destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 Stylos [«-tuxoj], a pointed instru- 
 ment used by the Ancients in writing 
 on tablets coated with wax. Der., 
 Style. 
 
 A Style is the ancient stylus. 
 Hence, 
 
 Style, in a fig. sense, is, 1. The 
 peculiar manner in which an author 
 expresses his thoughts, and which dis- 
 tinguishes each writer from all others. 
 Hence, 2. Manner in general; as, a 
 style of architecture, painting, dress, 
 living, etc. 
 
 Sublimis, high. Der., Sublime, Su- 
 blimity, Sublimate. 
 
 Subtilis, 1. Fine, or thin. 2. Cun- 
 ning. Der., Subtile, Subtle. 
 
 Sudor, to sweat. Der. , Exude, Tran- 
 sude, Sudorific. 
 
 Sui, of one's-self. Der., Suicide. 
 
 Summa, the whole. Der., Sum, 
 Summary, Consummate. 
 
 Sumo (sumptum), to take. Der., 
 Assume, Assumption, Presume, Pre- 
 sumption, Resume. 
 
 To Assume is to take to one's-self. 
 {ad, to.) 
 
 To Presume is to take as being true 
 before ascertaining the real facts of 
 the case, (pros, before.) 
 
 To Resume is to take again, (re, 
 again.) 
 
 To Consume is to take away alto- 
 gether, (con, altogether.) Hence, to 
 use up entirely, or to destroy entirely, 
 as by eating or burning. 
 
 Super, over. Der., Supercilious, 
 Superlative, Superintend, etc., etc. 
 
 Supero, to overcome. Der., Insu- 
 perable. 
 
 Superbus, proud. Der., Superb, 
 grand, or magnificent. 
 
 Supernus. being above. Der., Su- 
 pernal, Sovereign. 
 
 Surgo (surrectum), to rise. Der., 
 Surge, Insurgent, Insurrection. 
 
 Tabula, a board. Der., Table, 
 Tabular, Tablet. 
 
 Taceo (taciturn), to be silent. Der., 
 Tacit, Taciturn. 
 
 Tasso [rxo-o-eo], to arrange, or put in 
 order. Der., Syntax, Tactics. 
 
 Talis, such, or like. Der., Retali- 
 ate, Tally. 
 
 Tango (tactum), to touch. Der., 
 Tangent, Tangible, Tact, Contact, Con- 
 tagion, Contiguous, Contiguity. 
 
 Taphos [t*<j>u?], a tomb. Der., 
 Cenotaph, Epitaph. 
 
 Tardus, siow. Der., Tardy, Re- 
 tard. 
 
 Techne [ts^i/jj], an art. Der., Tech- 
 nical, Technology, Pyrotechnics. 
 
 Tecton [tsjctw], a carpenter. Der., 
 Architect, Architecture. 
 
 An Architect is, lit, a master build- 
 er. (apx°s, chief.) Hence, one who 
 understands the science and art of 
 building. 
 
 TiEDiUM, weariness. Der., Tedium, 
 Tedious. 
 
 Tego (tectum), to cover. Der., In- 
 tegument, Protect, Detect. 
 
 Tele [t»xs], afar. Der., Telescope, 
 Telegraph. 
 
 Temere, rashly. Der., Temerity, 
 rashness. 
 
 Temno (temptum), to scorn. Der., 
 Contemn, Contempt. 
 
 Tempero, 1. To mix in due propor- 
 tion. 2. To Kegulate. Der., Temper, 
 Attemper, Distemper, Temperate, 
 Temperature. ' 
 
 Tempus (temporis), time. Der., 
 Temporal, Temporal^, Cotemporary, 
 Contemporary, Contemporaneous, Ex- 
 tempore, Extemporaneous, Tense. 
 
 Tendo (tensum), to stretch. Der., 
 Tend, Tense, Tendon, Tendril, Ex- 
 tend, Intend, Intense, Portend, Por- 
 tent, Subtend, Distend, Contend, At- 
 tend, Ostensible, Ostentation. 
 
 Teneo (tentum), to hold. Der., 
 Tenant, Tenure, Tenet, Tenacious, 
 Tenacity, Abstain, Abstinent, Con- 
 tain, Content, Continue, Detain, De~ 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 tention, Obtain, Attain, Entertain, 
 Sustain, Sustenance, Pertain, Perti- 
 nent. 
 
 Tento (tentatiun), to try. Der., 
 Tempt, Attempt. 
 
 Tenuis, thin. Der., Tenuity, At- 
 tenuate, Extenuate. 
 
 Tepeo, to be warm. Der., Tepid, 
 Tepify. 
 
 Tergeo (tersum), to wipe. Terse, 
 Detergent. 
 
 Tergum, the back. Der., Tergiver- 
 sate. 
 
 Tergiversate, to practice evasion. 
 (versor [yersatuin], to turn.) 
 
 Terminus, a limit, or end. Der., 
 Terminus, Term, Terminate, Conter- 
 minus, Determine, Exterminate. 
 
 Tero (tritum), to rub. Der., Trite, 
 Triturate, Attrition, Contrite, Detri- 
 ment. 
 
 Detriment is injury analogous to 
 that caused by rubbing, {de, off, or 
 from.) 
 
 Terra, the earth. Der., Terrene, 
 Terrestrial, Terrace, Territory, Terri- 
 er, Terraqueous, Inter, Mediterranean. 
 
 Terreo, to make afraid. Der., 
 Terrible, Terror, Terrify, Terrific, 
 Deter. 
 
 Testis, a witness. Der., Testi- 
 mony, Testify, Testament, Testator, 
 Attest, Contest, Protest. 
 
 Tetra [tst/i*], four. Der., Tetra- 
 cliord, Tetrameter, Tetrarch, Tetrahe- 
 dron. 
 
 Textus, woven. Der., Text, Text- 
 ure, Context, Pretext. 
 
 The Text is, 1. The body of a liter- 
 ary work, of which the parts are con- 
 tinuously woven together, in contra- 
 distinction to the notes, which are 
 separate and unconnected. 2. A pas- 
 sage taken from a book and made the 
 subject of a discourse. 
 
 The Context is the matter which 
 immediately precedes and follows a 
 passage, the passage being connected 
 with that which precedes and follows 
 by an interweaving of the ideas. 
 
 Theos [Gsoc], a god. Der., Tlieist, 
 Theism, Atheism, Monotheism, Pan- 
 theism, Theocracy, Theology, Theog- 
 ony, Apotheosis. 
 
 Apotheosis is the elevation of a hu- 
 man being into the rank (if a god. 
 
 Thermos [&?/),« jc], warm. Der., Ther- 
 mal. Thermometer, Isothermal. 
 
 Thesis [6£s-/,-], a placing, putting, or 
 laying down. Der.. Thesis. Synthesis, 
 
 Hypo thesis, Antithesis, Epithet, Pa- 
 renthesis. 
 
 A Thesis is a proposition that a 
 person advances and offers to main- 
 tain. 
 
 Synthesis is the putting of two or 
 more things together. ~ Analysis. 
 [syn, together.) 
 
 Antithesis is the placing of words 
 or sentiments in contrast, (anti, op- 
 posite to.) 
 
 A Parenthesis is a sentence or 
 clause placed within another, (paren, 
 in the midst of.) 
 
 Timeo, to fear. Der., Timid, Tim- 
 idity, Timorous, Intimidate. 
 
 Tingo (tinctum), to stain, or dye. 
 Der., Tinge, Tint. 
 
 Titillo, to tickle. Der., Titillate, 
 Titillation. 
 
 Tolero {toleratu.m), to bear. Der., 
 Tolerant, Toleration, Tolerable, Intol- ■ 
 erance. 
 
 Tolerable, that may be borne. 
 
 To Tolerate is to allow that which 
 is not approved. 
 
 Tomos [tc/xc?], a cutting. Der., 
 Tome, Epitome, Atom, Anatomy. En- 
 tomology. 
 
 Toxos [rovif], a sound. Der., Tone, 
 Intonation, Tune, Monotony. 
 
 Toko (tonitum), to thunder. Der., 
 Detonate, Astonish, Astound, Stun. 
 
 To Astonish, Astound, or Stun, is 
 to stupefy, as by a thunder-stroke. 
 
 Topos, a place. Der., Topic, Top- 
 ical Topography. 
 
 Torpeo, to be numb. Der., Torpid, 
 Torpor, Torpedo. 
 
 Torreo, to dry, or parch. Der., 
 Torrid, Torrefaction. 
 
 Toequeo (tortum), to twist. Der., 
 Tortuous, Tortile, Torture, Torment, 
 Contort, Distort, Extort. Petort. 
 
 Totus, all, or whole. Der., Total, 
 Factotum, Surtout. 
 
 A Factotumis one who can perform 
 all kinds of service. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 Toxicon", poison. Der., Intoxicate, 
 Toxicology. 
 
 Trachea, the windpipe. Der., Tra- 
 chea, Tracheotomy. 
 
 Trado [traclitum), to deliver. Der., 
 Tradition, Traitor. 
 
 Tradition consists in oral accounts 
 handed down from age to age. 
 
 A Traitor is one who delivers over 
 an interest with which he is intrusted 
 into the hands of enemies. 
 
 Traho (tractum), to draw. Der., 
 Attract, Retract, Distract, Extract, 
 Subtract, Contract, Protract. 
 
 Tranquillus, calm, or peaceful. 
 Der., Tranquil, Tranquillize. 
 
 Travailler, to labor. (Fr.) Der., 
 Travail, Travel. 
 
 Tremo, to shake. Der., Tremble, 
 Tremor, Tremulous, Tremendous. 
 
 Trepidus, trembling. Der., Trepida- 
 tion, Intrepid. 
 
 Tres (tria), three. Der., Trine, 
 Triad, Trio, Triangle, Triune, Triv- 
 ial, Trifle, Trijid, Triennial, Trident, 
 Treble, Triple, Triangle, Trireme, 
 Trisect, Trinomial, Tripjartite, Trinity. 
 
 Trivial, of little account, (from tri- 
 vium, a place where three ways met, 
 and where idlers were in the habit of 
 collecting, [via, a way.]). 
 
 Trifle is a modification of the word 
 trivial. 
 
 Treis [t/>s/c, ^pict], three. Der., Tri- 
 pod, Triphthong, Trigonometry. 
 
 Tribuo (tributum), to give. Per., 
 Tribute, Tributary, Attribute, Contri- 
 bute, Retribution, Distribute. 
 
 Tric^i, a snare made of hair for 
 catching birds. Der., Intricate, Ex- 
 tricate. 
 
 Trudo (trusum), to thrust. Der., 
 Protrude, Protrusion, Intrude, Intru- 
 sive, Intrusion, Detrude, Extrude, 
 Obtrude, Abstruse. 
 
 Trunco {truncatum), to lop off. 
 Der., Trunk, Truncate, Detruncate, 
 Obtruncate. 
 
 Tuber, a swelling. Der., Tuber, 
 Tuberous, Tubercle, Protuberance. 
 
 A Tuber is a rounded, fleshy root, 
 as that of the potatoe. 
 
 A Tubercle is a small, hard, super- 
 ficial tumor in animal bodies. 
 
 A Protuberance is a portion of a 
 body which stands out beyond the 
 rest, {pro, forward.) 
 
 Tubus, a pipe. Der., Tube, Tubular. 
 
 Tueor (tuitum), to protect. Der., 
 Tutor, Tutelar, Tutelage, Tuition. 
 
 Tumeo, to swell. Der., Tumor, 
 Tumid, Tumefy, Tomb, Intumescence, 
 Contumely, Contumacious. 
 
 Tundo (tunum), to beat, or bruise. 
 Der., Contund, Contusion, Obtuse. 
 
 Turba, 1. A crowd. 2. Confusion. 
 Der., Turbid, Turbulent, Disturb, 
 Perturbation. 
 
 TurCtEo, to swell. Der., Turgid, 
 Turgescence. 
 
 Typos [tuts?], a form. Der., Type, 
 Antitype, Prototype. 
 
 A Type is a pattern, or model. 
 
 Antitype is something which has 
 been formed after a type or model. 
 (anti, over against.) 
 
 A Pi°ototype is the original model 
 after which a thing has been formed. 
 
 (7rpa>roc \_protos'\, first.) 
 
 Tyrannos [rvpuwoi], a petty king. 
 Der., Tyrant, Tyrannic, Tyrannicide. 
 
 Uber, fruitful. Der., Uberty, Exu- 
 berant. 
 
 Ubique, everywhere. Der., Ubiq- 
 uity. 
 
 Ulcus {ulcer is), a sore. Der., Ul- 
 cer, Ulcerate. 
 
 Ultimus, the last. Der., Ultimate, 
 Ultimatum, Penult, Antepenult. 
 
 Ultra, beyond. Der., Ulterior, 
 further. 
 
 Umbra, a shadow, or shade. Der., 
 Umbrage, Umbrella, Penumbra. 
 
 Undo {undatum), to rise in waves. 
 Der., Undulate, Undulatory, Abound, 
 Abundant, Inundate, Redound, Re- 
 dundant, Superabound, 
 
 Unguo (unctum), to anoint. Der., 
 Unguent, Unctuous, Unction, Oint- 
 ment, Anoint. 
 
 Unus, one. Der., Unit, Unite, Uni- 
 ty, Union, Uniform, Unanimous, Uni- 
 corn, Triune, Universe, University, 
 Unison. 
 
 Ouranos [ovpxvo;'], the heaven. Der., 
 Uranus, Urania, Uranography. 
 
 Urbs, a city. Der., Urbane, Ur- 
 banity, Suburbs, Suburban. 
 
LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 350 
 
 Urbane, polite, or resembling the 
 inhabitants of the city in one's man- 
 ners. 
 
 UrgeOj to press on. Der., Urge, 
 Urgent, Urgency. 
 
 Uro (ustum), to burn. Der., Com- 
 bustion, Combustible. 
 
 Uxor, a wife. Der., Uxorious, 
 Uxoricide. 
 
 Vacca, a cow. Der , Vaccine, Vac- 
 cinate. 
 
 Vaco {vacatum), to be empty. Der., 
 Vacuum, Vacuity, Vacant, Vacation, 
 Evacuate. 
 
 Vacillo, to waver. Der , Vacillate, 
 Fickle. 
 
 Vado (vasum), to go. Der., Evade, 
 Evasive, Evasion, Invade, Pervade, 
 Vade-mecum, Wade. 
 
 Vagus, wandering. Der., Vague, 
 Vagary, Vagrant, Vagrancy, Vaga- 
 bond, Extravagant. 
 
 Valeo. 1. To be strong. 2. To be 
 worth. Der., Valor, Valid, Invalid, 
 Valediction, Valedictory, Valetudi- 
 narian, Prevail, Prevalent, Avail, 
 Countervail, Convalescent, Value, 
 Equivalent. 
 
 A Valedictory!?, a farewell address, 
 (from va-le, be strong or well, the 
 parting wish of the ancient Komans, 
 and dico, to utter.) 
 
 Vapor, steam. Der., Vapor, Va- 
 porization, Evaporate. 
 
 Vello (vulsitm), to pull. Der., 
 Convulse, Avulsion, Revulsion. 
 
 Velum, a cloth. Der., Vail, Veil, 
 Envelop, Develop, Reveal, Revelation. 
 
 To Reveal is to draw back the vail 
 that hides anything from the view. 
 
 Velox (velocis), swift. Der., Ve- 
 locity. 
 
 Vendo (venditum), to sell. Der., 
 Vend, Vendue. 
 
 Vexor, to hunt. Der., Venary, 
 Venery, Venison. 
 
 Venia, pardon. Der., Venial. 
 
 Vexio (ventum), to come. Der., 
 Convene, Convention, Convent, Con- 
 venticle, Advent, Adventitious, Event, 
 Invent, Intervene, Prevent, Circum- 
 vent Supervene. 
 
 Venter (ventris), the belly. Der., 
 Ventric le, Ven tri lo quism. 
 
 Vextus, the wind. Der., Ventil- 
 ate, Ventiduct. 
 
 Ver, the spring. Der., Vernal. 
 
 Verbero, to beat. Der., Verbera- 
 tion, Reverberate. 
 
 Verbum, a word. Der., Verb, Ver- 
 bal, Verbose, Verbiage, Adverb, Pro- 
 verb. 
 
 Vergo, to tend. Der., Verge, Con- 
 verge, Diverge. 
 
 Vermis, a worm. Der., Vermicular, 
 Vermiform, Vermifuge, Vermin. 
 
 Verto (versum), to turn. Der., 
 Verse, Versify, Version, Vertex, Ver- 
 tigo, Vortex, Versatile, Advert, Ad- 
 verse, Advertise, Convert, Converse, 
 Conversion, Divert, Diverse, Diversify, 
 Pervert, Perverse, Subvert, Revert, 
 Reverse, Obverse, Invert, Inverse, Con- 
 trovert, Retrovert, Transverse, Uni- 
 verse, University, Averse, Aversion. 
 
 Verus, true. Der., Verity, Vera- 
 cious, Veracity, Verily, Verify, Ver- 
 dict, Verisimilitude. 
 
 Vestigium, a footstep. Der., Ves- 
 tige, Investigate. 
 
 Vestis, a garment. Der., Vest, 
 Vesture, Invest, Divest. 
 
 Veto, to forbid. Der., Veto, a pro- 
 hibition. 
 
 Vetus (veteris), old. Der., Veter- 
 an, Inveterate, Inveteracy. 
 
 Via, a way. Der., Viaduct, Devi- 
 ate, Pervious, Obvious, Obviate, Triv- 
 ial. 
 
 Vibro (vibratum), to swing back- 
 ward and forward. Der., Vibrate. 
 Vibratory. 
 
 Vice, in the place of. Der., Vice- 
 roy, Vicegerent, Vicar, Vicarious, 
 Viscount 
 
 Vicis, a change. Der., Vicissitude. 
 
 Vicixus, neighboring. Der., Vi- 
 cinity, Vicinage. 
 
 Video (vis um), to see. Der., Vision, 
 Visible, Visual, Envy, Invidious, 
 Provide, Revise, Supervise. 
 
 Vigil, watchful. Der., Vigil, Vig- 
 ilant. 
 
 Vigeo, to be strong. Der., Vigor, 
 Invigorate. 
 
 Vilis, of small price. Der., Vile, 
 Vilify, Revile. 
 
 Vixco (yictum), to conquer. Der. 
 
2j?199* 
 
 360 
 
 LATIN AND GREEK ROOTS. 
 
 8J- 6>!>30*S 
 
 Victor, Victory, Vanquish, Invincible, 
 Province, Convince. 
 
 A Province, with the Romans, was 
 a conquered country. 
 
 A Province, in modern geography, 
 is either a division of a kingdom, or 
 a distant territory subject to a parent 
 state. 
 
 Vindbx, an avenger. Der., Vindi- 
 cate, Vengeance, Revenge, Avenge. 
 
 Vinum, wine. Der., Vinous, Vine- 
 gar, Vintage. 
 
 Violo (vio latum), to injure. Der., 
 Violate, Violence. 
 
 Vir, a man. Der., Virile, Trium- 
 virate, Decemvir ate. 
 
 Virus, any animal poison. Der., 
 Virulent, Virulence. 
 
 Viscus, birdlime. Der., Viscid, 
 Viscous. 
 
 Viscus (visceris), an entrail. Der., 
 Eviscerate. 
 
 Vitium, a fault. Der., Vice, Viti- 
 ate, Vicious. 
 
 Vita, life. Der., Vital. 
 
 Vito, to shun. Der., Inevitable. 
 
 Vitrum, glass, 
 Vitrify. 
 
 Vitupero, to blame. Der., Vitu- 
 perate. 
 
 Vivo (victum), to live. Der., 
 Vivid, Vivacious, Vivacity, Vivify, 
 Revive, Convivial, Survive. 
 
 Voco (vocatum), to call. Der., 
 
 Der., Vitreous, 
 
 Convoke, Convocation, Revoke, Revo- 
 cation, Provoke, Provocation, Invoke, 
 Invocation, Avocation. 
 
 Vox, the voice. Der, Vocal, Vow- 
 el, Vociferate, Equivocal, .Equivocate, 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 A Vocabulary is an alphabetical 
 list of significant vocal sounds. 
 
 Volo (volatum), to fly. Der., Vo- 
 lant, Volatile, Volley. 
 
 Volo {volitum), to wish, or will. 
 Der., Volition, Voluntary, Volunteer, 
 Benevolent, Malevolent. 
 
 Voluptas, pleasure. Der., Volup- 
 tuary, Voluptuous. 
 
 Volvo {volutum), to roll. Der., 
 Voluble, Volume, Involve, Involution, 
 Convolve, Revolve, Circumvolution, 
 Devolve, Evolve. 
 
 Voro {voratum), to eat after the 
 manner of beasts. Der., Voracious, 
 Voracity, Devour, Carniverous, Grani- 
 vorous, Herbivorous, Insectivorous, 
 Omnivorous. 
 
 Votum, avow. • Der., Vote, Votive, 
 Votary, Devote, Devotion, Devout. 
 
 Vulcanus, the god of fire. Der., 
 Volcano, Volcanic. 
 
 VuLGus,the common people. Der., 
 Vulgar, Vulgate, Divulge. 
 
 Vulnus (yulneris), a wound. Der., 
 Vulnerary, Invulnerable. 
 
 Zoon [£»ov], an animal. Der., Zo- 
 diac, Zoology, Zoophyte. 
 
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