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AMERICAN HORSE BOOK 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A PLAIN, PRACTICAL AND IMPROVED MODERN TREATMENT, PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED 
 WITH EXPLANATORY ENGRAVINGS, OF THE VARIOUS 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HORSE, 
 
 A HISTORY OF THE BREEDS OF HORSES, AND THE ORIGIN, ^E-'ELOPMENT AND 
 REMARKABLE PERFORMANCES OF THE 
 
 TROniNG HORSES OF AMERICA, 
 
 WITH PORTRAITS OF NOTED TROTTING HORSES. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH INSTRUCTIONS FOR BREAKING, AND SYSTEMATIC TRAINING 
 
 OF THE YOUNG AS WELL AS THE MATURE TROTTER; THE USE OF 
 
 TOE WEIGHTS, BITS AND MANY APPLIANCES FOR MAKING 
 
 SLOW HORSES FAST, AND FAST HORSES FASTER; 
 
 THE BREAKING OF VICIOUS HORSES; SHOEING TO CORRECT EVILS; AND 
 
 A LARGE AMOUNT OF VALUABLE MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN, 
 
 NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED. 
 
 By an Associated Corps of Experienced Writers. 
 
 LATELY REVISED, ENLARGED AND IMPKOVED. 
 
 'JG IM 
 
 live-stock publishing cojipany,^ .• 11^'^'^' 
 
 J. MONKOE SMITH, Mahagkr. ^^ *^ 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL., 
 
 1885. 
 

 Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1878, 
 
 By E. L. STOWE, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
 Entered according to an Act of Congress, in the year 1879, 
 
 By E. L. STOWE, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washir^ton, D. C 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, 
 
 BY J. MONROE SMITH, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C, 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The oomblning the talent of several Veterinary practitioners In different parts of 
 the United States, noted for their success in treating diseases of domestic animals, as well 
 as the practical experience of scientific stock-breeders, has not heretofore been done In 
 books on this subject. But few of the books published were practical, too many were 
 necessary to obtain a small amount of Information, and the heavy expense prevented the 
 people purchasing. Several gentlemen, largely Interested in breeding, and developing the 
 interest in breeding fine stock in this country, feeling the necessity for a comprehensive 
 work of this kind, which should be reasonable In price, organized a Publishing Company 
 for this purpose. 
 
 Directions were given to the Manager to secure the very best Veterinary talent 
 in this country; to so illustrate the work by explanatory engravings as to be readily 
 understood ; to have the causes, symptoms, prescriptions and treatment given in concise 
 and plain English, that it might become the Farmer's complete Adviser ; that instructions 
 be given, so that the Breeder might be able to develop his fine stock and realize its value. 
 
 How well all these expectations have been realized, will be seen by the following 
 pages, which combine all these features. In a convenient shape for ready reference In 
 cases of emergency, from men of practical experience, excelling anythin'^ of this kind 
 ever before published, and to be found in no other work. Theory has been sacrificed 
 where it clashed with actual tested experience, and preference has been given to those 
 remedies which are common, often on hand, or easy to procure. 
 
 By purchasing, when necessary, the diflTerent articles outright, no royalty is 
 PAID ANY AUTHOR, which Very largely reduces the price, and makes the book the 
 cheapest of its kind. It combines six books In one, for the price of one, and is a sub- 
 stitute for many. 
 
 Professor Goino, of the " Spirit of The Times ;" Professor Law, of Cornell 
 University, New York ; Professor Coleman, and many others of recognized celebrity, 
 have placed us under obligations, by the use of either their articles, or by reference to 
 
IV PBEFAOE. 
 
 their contributions on these subjects, in addition to our regular writers. We must not 
 omit thanking many veteran and practical Breeders who have materially assisted the 
 enterprise by articles, information, and advice of known worth. Several Trainers of 
 wide experience, have aided in preparing the instructions for developing the Trotting 
 Horse. It would be impossible to enumerate all who have aided in its preparation, or to 
 whom we would like to return thanks. 
 
 We confidently invite the inspection of the Stock-raisers of this country to the 
 within Work, as meeting a want long felt for a book of reference which would tell them 
 just what they want to know, in the shortest possible time, devoid of vague theories 
 and bewildering technicalities, and at the same time be reliable. 
 
 To protect the people, as well as to protect our reputation, this book will not be 
 sold by irresponsible, wandering agents, but by men dealing direct with the Company, 
 who come to us highly recommended, and who will be furnished with proper credentials 
 for representing the Company. We ask the courteous treatment of these representatives 
 who are introducing the work, for they are men of character. It will not be for sale at 
 book-stores, for the simple reason that the limited sale, as well as the added profits of 
 each retail dealer, would increase the price to the people. It can only be obtained of 
 the canvasser, in his assigned field, and will not be sent by mail or express from the 
 office. No books wiU be sold during delivery, the requisite number for each township, 
 as reported, being shipped, and no more. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 STAGGERS— BLIND STAGGERS— MAD STAGGERS.— The different stages— Its -norst 
 stage — What causes it — Symptoms anyone can recognize- — To cure from over-eat- 
 ing of grain or green food — The remedy is always at hand — How often to repeat 
 the dose — What to do if it does not succeed — When to stop the medicine — To aid 
 a final cure 26 
 
 MEGRIMS — EPILEPSY.— What it is and how the horse acts— When it is violent and 
 
 when slight — The only remedy for it — ^ Final end of horse 28 
 
 TETANUS — LOCK-JAW. — Its origin and plain symptoms — Its effects — A sure test when 
 not developed — The old barbarous method of treatment — The latest and most sen- 
 sible mode of cure — How to feed when jaws are set — What not to do 29 
 
 PARTIAL PARALYSIS — NERVOUS DEBILITY.— Horses most affected and how —To 
 
 tone and build the horse up — Caution and care in driving — How it is disguised... 31 
 
 COMPLETE PARALYSIS — SPINAL MENINGITIS.— Its peculiar character and style 
 
 of attack — Fatal symptoms — What home remedies may be used beneficially 32 
 
 AMAUROSIS — PARALYSIS OF OPTIC NERVE.— How deceptive to ordinary men — 
 Blind horses often sold for sound — How little it changes the appearance of the eye 
 — Unreliable and fallacious tests — A sure test of easy application 33 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. — A horse affected by staggers — A bad case of lock-jaw — Testing for 
 jock-jaw — The only way to feed the horse. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE. 
 
 SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA — CHRDXIC INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES— MOON 
 BLINDNESS.— Mistaken notions about this disease — What it really is — How to 
 tell if a horse is subject to it — How it terminates — Its first symptoms — It treat- 
 
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 ment — What to do if a horse is feverish — If in pain — What to avoid doing — 
 Hoolis in the eyes — Inhuman acts of ignoramuses and quacks — No penalty too 
 severe for them 35 
 
 SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA— COMMON INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES.— Its charac- 
 ter, sj'mptoms and cause — Its easy and certain treatment if commenced in time... 39 
 
 CATARACTS OR SPOTS IN THE EYE.— The different kinds and their size- Their 
 effects — How to examine for them and to distinguish them — Peculiarities of the 
 different kinds — Buying horses with affected eyes — How to examine intelligently 
 — Cataracts which are curable — Those which are incurable 39 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS — First signs of ophthalmia — How it affects the eye — Location of 
 different cataracts — Partial cataracts — Total cataracts. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS. 
 
 INJURIES TO THE MOUTH.— How caused by irritable drivers —What to do for them 
 
 — Simple lotion and simple treatment 43 
 
 INJURIES TO THE JAW.— More serious than to mouth— To tell if bone has been 
 injured. — How to lance to prevent abscess — How to remove the dead bone and 
 how to heal the wound 43 
 
 LAMP AS. — Mistaken opinions about this trouble — The old and barbarous practice — 
 How this ruins and spoils the mouth — How simple the treatment if only known 
 — How to lose money by following old treatment 44 
 
 APHTHA — ERUPTION AROUND AND IN MOUTH.— What the disease is — Its easy 
 
 cure 45 
 
 BAD TEETH — WOLF TEETH.— How uneven teeth injure a horse — Diseases caused 
 
 by them — Foolish ideas about wolf teeth — Explanations of them 45 
 
 COMMON COLD. — -How it commences — What to do for it — How to steam a horse's 
 nose — Difference between discharge in common cold and glanders — Home 
 remedies for it 46 
 
 NASAL GLEET. — Its difference from cold — How it differs from glanders — Character of 
 discharge from nose — What can be done for it — The treatment of obstinate cases 
 
 — Remedies and how to use them 48 
 
 NASAL POLYPUS. — Peculiarities of this growth — How to remove it — Not dangerous.. 50 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS.— Bad teeth — Use of a nose bag in cold— Swollen gland in cold— 
 
 Case of nasal gleet. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 7 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 DISEASES OF THE THKOAT. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CHOKING. — High Choke — Position the horse stands in this disease — Where the ob- 
 stacle lies — How to remove by hand — To make a simple instrument to remove 
 it — To relieve it" caused by an egg — An ingenious method — Low Choke — The 
 symptoms of low choke —The different position the horse stands in low choke — 
 Simple and safe method of relief 59 
 
 BRONCHOCELE OR GOITRE.— Its character as merely a blemish — How to remove it. 54 
 
 LARYNGITIS.— How it affects the windpipe — To detect its first stages —Why the horse 
 becomes a roarer — Serious and slight symptoms — Proper treatment — Instruction 
 for the use of remedies — When to change them — Special directions for recovery... 55 
 
 CHRONIC COUGH. — When the cough is a symptom and when a disease — What causes 
 
 and aggravates it — 'The best remedies and how to use them...... 56 
 
 SORE THROAT. — When local and when a symptom — How it obstructs the drinking — 
 
 What to give for it — How to use a gargle — A home-made remedy and a good one.. 58 
 
 ROARING. — Its character and causes — Only method of relief for chronic cases — To de- 
 tect an incipient roarer — The stable test — Its treatment by remedies 59 
 
 ILLirSTRATIONS.— Position the horse stands in high choke — Home-made instrument 
 to relieve — Position taken in low choke — A case of bronchocele 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST. 
 
 PNEUMONIA — INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.— To distinguish it from pleurisy 
 and bronchitis — The first symptoms that show — To examine to discover it — The 
 first thing to do — The second step to take — Cautions about bleeding — To clothe 
 the horse during this disease — The kind and quantity of remedies to use — ^Treat- 
 ment during recovery — How to hasten recovery — Favorable signs — Fatal symp- 
 toms — What the food should be during recovery 60 
 
 OVER-DRIVING. — Congestion on the Road — How it attacks the horse — Its worst 
 symptoms — What to do immediately — Remedies that are best — Cautions about 
 about injudicious treatment — Congestion in the Stable — How it differs — Its 
 most prominent sj-mptoms — What its treatment should be — What it may termin- 
 ate in — How to avoid it 63 
 
 BRONCHITIS. — Its prevailing causes — Most prominent symptoms — Treatment by the 
 most effective remedies — Application of steam — How to vary the remedies — The 
 appearance of fatal symptoms — Avoid improper treatment and much dosing 66 
 
8 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 PLEURISY. — What disease it may be mistaken for — How to distinguish it from colic — 
 Symptoms anyone can recognise — A certain test for it — Particular directions for 
 treating it — The first signs of improvement — Fatal symptoms — Proper remedies 
 and how to use them — What to avoidu 6P 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. — First symptoms of inflammation of the lungs — A bad case of this 
 disease — First signs of overdriving — The first stages of bronchitis — Bad case of 
 bronchitis — To clothe during this disease — A horse affected with pleurisy. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF STOMACH. 
 
 ACUTE GASTRITIS— INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH— POISONING.— When 
 caused by quack condition powders — Drugging a race-horse — How done and how 
 to relieve — Peculiarity of the symptoms in poisoning — Variation of the symp- 
 toms — How the poison acts — Difference between man and horse — What to do — 
 Antidote for poisoning from condition powders — Antidotes for injury from acids — 
 Antidotes for poisoning from alkalies or lye — The medicine to use when poison is 
 unknown — How to give medicine quickly in bad case 73 
 
 INDIGESTION — CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.— How it shows 
 itself and its prominent symptoms — Peculiarities of a morbid appetite — The 
 course to take to treat the disease — To tone up and strengthen the stomach — 
 Proper food to be given 75 
 
 CRIBBING— WIND SUCKING.— What it is and how done— Its causes — Its treatment 
 
 — Jockey tricks to conceal it— Exposure of them 77 
 
 BOTS. — Developments made by late scientific investigation — Diseases which are often 
 mistaken for bots — How hots have been killed — Time of year when no bots are in 
 the stomach of horse — How they propagate — How they attach themselves to the 
 stomach — Impossibility of medicine to reach their njouths — How long bots live 
 in turpentine, kerosene, carbolic acid, etc. — The only injury they do 78 
 
 SPASM OF DIAPHRAGM — THUMPS.— Acute symptoms during a race— How to save 
 the horse — Signs of fatal symptoms — Warning to riders — Directions for immedi- 
 ate treatment — -What to give and how to care for the horse — Chronic form of the 
 disease — What to do for it 79 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. — Bad case of poisoning — To give medicine in obstinate cases quickly. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DISEASES OP THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 SPASMODIC COLIC. — How it affects the intestines — Its first stage of attack — How it 
 intermits and commences again — Its second stage — The third stage of an attack — 
 Intense pain and mad plunging — How it differs from flatulent colic — When 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 9 
 
 PAGB. 
 
 inflammation of the bowels commences — How the pulse changes — Plain direc- 
 tions for recognizing — Foolish methods of treatment — The proper and successful 
 method — Its easy application — What to do when this cannot be had — When to 
 use injections — How and when to blister — Sure sign that another disease is 
 present 82 
 
 FLATULENT OH WIND COLIC— Its cause — Symptoms in its different stages, and 
 how they differ from spasmodic colic — How anyone can tell the difference — Its 
 later and fatal symptoms — How to check formation of gas — What to give in addi- 
 tion — What to use if medicine cannot be had — Exercising the animal — When 
 medicines fail, how to relieve by an operation • — Where to insert the knife and 
 tube — A homemade substitute — Treatment during recovery — To prevent another 
 attack 86 
 
 ENTERITIS — INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES.— Its fatal and destroying 
 character — How long it lasts — The first warning sign — Difference between symp- 
 toms in colic and this disease — How to avoid mistaking the disease — Different 
 tests — An infallible test under any circumstances — First treatment — Active 
 treatment — Whatnot to give — To physic without medicine — When to blister — 
 Treatment during recovery — Important directions to be followed 90 
 
 ACUTE DYSENTERY. — Its causes, character and symptoms — The active progress of the 
 
 disease — What to do for it — Final treatment during recovery 93 
 
 DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.— Its origin and distinguishing symptoms — A test for it 
 
 — General appearance of the horse — The best treatment for it 9S 
 
 ABDOMINAL INJURIES.— What they are — Signs of a ruptured diaphragm — Test for 
 
 a ruptured spleen or liver — Ruptured stomach — Intro-susception of intestines — 
 Only treatment 9G 
 
 WORMS. — How they hurt colts — How they change their growth — Signs of worms — 
 The kind of worms — What to do for them — To prevent worms — To relieve pos- 
 terior irritation and rubbing the tail 97 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. — Section of intestine contracted by colic — First sign of spasmodic 
 colic — Second stage of spasmodic colic — Third stage of spasmodic colic — How to 
 blister in severe cases — First symptoms of flatulent colic — A bad case of flatulent 
 colic — Trochar to relieve colic by puncture — Places to puncture to insert trochar 
 
 — Sign of intestinal irritation — Test for inflammation of intestines — A certain test 
 for inflammation of intestines — How to apply ammoniacal blisters — A horse with 
 acute dysentery — Sign of abdominal injurj'— A sure indication of worms. 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 BONE SPAVIN. — Lack of knowledge about it — Explanations anyone can understand — 
 Humbug recipes exposed — How a spavin commences — Its location and extent-— 
 
10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGB. 
 
 Different stages of its development — When it disappears — Horses most liable to it 
 — Causes — Numerous tests to detect it — Tiie trotting test — Difference inaction 
 between sound limbs and spavined — Wearing of the shoe and hoof — How jockeys 
 dodge tests — Warming up ahorse to disguise it — Where to stand to examine a 
 horse — A certain test — How to apply it — Difference in spavins — Successful 
 method of treating — When to doit — To redilce the inflammation — To remove 
 the bunch — When not to treat — Firing for spavins — Warnings about spavins — 
 Important advice 101 
 
 OCCULT SPAVIN — ARTICULAR SPAVIN.— How it differs from bone spavin — No 
 bony enlargement — Mysterious lameness — Ulceration the cause — How people 
 make mistakes- — How to distinguish it at once — Peculiar action of leg — Fitful 
 character of lameness — Only method of relief — How long it takes — Its results 
 and benefits 107 
 
 BOG SPAVIN. — Peculiarities of this disease — Its location, causes, and changes which 
 
 may occur — Treatment by jiressure — Medicines to be used — Further directions... 108 
 
 SPLINTS. — Different locations — When serious — When it affects knee-joint — When it 
 irritates the tendons — Often an unsuspected cause of lameness — To detect under 
 all circumstances and conditions — Several easily applied tests — Best treatment — 
 When to blister 109 
 
 RINGBONE. — Its location and extent — How it developes — Size not a sure criterion as 
 to lameness — When it is most serious and difficult to treat — Tendency to ringbone 
 often hereditary — Best treatment for early stages — Treatment for old cases Ill 
 
 WINDGALLS. — Their location and character — How they may become serious — Chan- 
 ges which may occur — How a race often affects them — To treat by pressure — 
 Local remedies — Treatment by hypodermic syringe — Happy effects 113 
 
 THROLTGHPIN. — Its location and different causes — How to treat if complicated with 
 
 bog spa\in — Which to heal first — How to apply pressure 114 
 
 ATROPHY OF SHOULDER— SWEENY.— What it really is— The general cause of it — 
 
 How to treat to restore the part 116 
 
 SPRAINS.— Various kinds and their symptoms — Remedies to be applied — To shoe to 
 
 relieve a strain — When a blister will aid a cure 116 
 
 CURB. — Its location, character, and causes — To reduce the inflammation — What to do 
 
 with a blister — Treatment for young and old horses — To shoe properly 118 
 
 RHEUMATISM. — How it dodges from joint to joint — Acute symptoms — Symptoms in 
 chronic form — Changes it causes — Internal and external treatment — To treat the 
 swollen joints — General directions 119 
 
 CAPPED KNEE— CAAPED HOCK — CAPPED ELBOW— SHOE BOIL.— Explanation 
 of their causes — How to reduce them — What to do if callous remains — If an 
 open sore or boil 121 
 
 LYMPHANGITIS — WATER FARCY.— How to distinguish it— Its liability to recur- 
 rence — Dropsical condition of leg — Its proper treatment 122 
 
 KNEE-SPRUNG AND COCKED ANKLES.— Description of these troubles— How to 
 
 mitigate them — Dividing the tendons — Firing the joints — More particulars 123 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 11 
 
 PAGB 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. — External appearance of a spavin — Same spavin dissected — Action 
 of a sound leg contrasted with a spavined leg — Locations and positions to stand 
 when examining a horse for spavins — To examine and test critically for spavin — 
 Action of leg in occult spavin — Acase of bog spavin — Bandaging for bog spavin — 
 Different locations of splints — Serious location of splint — Splints dissected — 
 Ringbone affecting two joints — Location of windgalls — Appearance of throughpin 
 — Appearance of sprain — How to shoe for sprain — Case of curb — Cases of capped 
 knee and hock. 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 HOW TO LOCATE LAMENESS.— General examination for it— Rigid examination lor 
 obscure lameness — Critical examination of the foot — How to detect in fore feet 
 
 — Li hind feet — To examine for shoulder lameness — For lameness in hip joint — 
 Symptoms of knee joint lameness — Special directions when all inspection fails — 
 Successful in ninety-nine cases out of one hundred 126 
 
 THE STRUCTURE OF A HORSE'S FOOT.— How to care for it — No foot, no horse — Its 
 internal construction — Coffin bone — Navicular bone — The sensitive frog, etc. — 
 How it grows — The foot without the hoof — How the hoof is attached — The bot- 
 tom of the foot — Foot of a five-year-old horse never shod — The chemical construc- 
 tion of the hoof — Injury by rasping, tarring and burning — Structure and office of 
 the frog— The best dressing for the hoof — The hot water bath for injured feet 129 
 
 ACUTE AND CHRONIC LAMINITIS — FOUNDER.— Its location, character and causes 
 
 — How it often changes the foot — Distinction between acute and chronic cases — 
 Other peculiar causes of it — How to examine and test for it — Importance of in- 
 stantaneous treatment — The best treatment — Treatment of chronic cases — The 
 shoeing 184 
 
 NAVICULAR DISEASE— CONTRACTED FEET.— Where the real seat of the disease 
 is — Its worst results — Its main causes — How people make mistakes — Treating the 
 wrong disease — Symptoms always present — The sure signs — Peculiarity of the 
 trot — Pointing with the toe — How to commence the treatment — How to modify 
 it — Special directions for special cases — Cautions and warnings 138 
 
 PUMICE FOOT.— Its description— Horses most liable to it — Its causes— What can be 
 done for it — The mode of shoeing — Hoof compound to use for it — To alter the 
 character and quality of the hoof 143 
 
 SAND CRACKS— TOE AND QUARTER CRACKS AND FALSE QUARTER.— What 
 they are, and their extent — Causes — Proper treatment — Cutting the crack — Re- 
 moving proud flesh — Firing for it — Best hoof dressing for it — To shoe properly.... 144 
 
 CORNS — BRUISE OF THE SOLE.— Causes of these troubles — Old corns and new corns 
 — ^Certain evidence of corns — Suppurating corns — To treat the various kinds — 
 What to do for bruise of sole or pricking the foot. 146 
 
12 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 QUITTOR. — Location inside the hoof — Its character and severity — The correct treat- 
 ment — To cut open the sinus — To probe— To apply remedies 148 
 
 THRUSH AND CANKER.— AVhere they both originate — How they differ— AVliich is 
 
 the worst — The different treatment of each — What is necessary to be successful.... 149 
 
 SEEDY TOE — WOUNDS FROM TREAD OR OVER-REACH.— Origin of seedy toe — 
 
 Operation for it — Succeeding treatment — Treatment of wounds from over-reach.... 151 
 
 OSSIFICATION OF LATERAL CARTILAGES, OR "SIDE BONES."— How to test for 
 
 them — Their causes — Their results — Their treatment 152 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS.— Action if lame in fore foot— In hind foot— In shoulder— In hip- 
 Anatomical section of foot and pastern — Foot divested of hoof — Sole divested of 
 hoof — Natural foot never shod — Case of laminitis or founder — How it changes 
 foot — Case of navicular disease — Sure sign of this disease — The trot in navicular 
 lameness — Side view of pumice foot — View of sole — Of interior of foot affected — 
 Three methods of treating quarter crack. 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 EPIDESnC INFLUENZA— EPIZOOTIC— General character of the disease and its com- 
 plications — Former epidemics — Its first symptoms of attack — The more serious 
 and fatal symptoms — Serious termination — The most sensible mode of treating 
 it — Best remedies to use 155 
 
 STRANGLES — DISTEMPER.— Peculiarity of its attack on young horses— The first 
 symptoms that show — The progress of the disease — ^The treatment by remedies 
 and surgical operations — Final instructions 157 
 
 FAECY. — Characteristics of this disease — Its relation to glanders — Varying symptoms 
 
 — The only treatment recommended — Its success 159 
 
 GLANDERS. — Its dangerous character — Its different stages — How it differs from nasal 
 
 gleet — How to examine the nostril — Peculiaritj^ of chronic glanders — The latest 
 
 scientific treatment, said to be successful 160 
 
 HEAVES — BROKEN WIND.— Origin of this disease— The food which aggravates it 
 
 — Its general symptoms— Peculiarity of breathing — What its treatment should be 
 
 — Particular directions 163 
 
 SUNSTROKE. — Its fatal character — The premonitory symptoms — Its causes — Aggra- 
 vated attacks — How they affect the horse — The immediate treatment — What to do 
 
 if threatened with insensibility 164 
 
 BIG HEAD — OSTEO SARCOMA.— Particulars of this strange disease— AVhat its causes 
 
 are — What it ends in — The treatment internally — Local applications 166 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. — First signs of influenza — Examining for fatal symptoms — How to 
 clothe the horse — How to bring the discharge — Commencement of strangles — A 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 13 
 
 PAGE- 
 
 verybad case of strangles — How to apply a bandage — Inside of hind leg in farcy 
 
 — First appearance of glanders — Fourth stage of glanders — Examining for glanders 
 
 — Swollen glands always present — Examining for incipient heaves — A fatal case 
 of sunstroke. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 DISEASES OF THE UKINARY AND GENEKATIVE ORGANS. 
 
 NEPHRITIS— INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. -Its causes and general charac- 
 ter— Reckless use of diuretics — Certain tests to determine it — Sure tests— What 
 its treatment should be — What must be done if possible — Gradual withdrawal of 
 medicines — Final condition of the kidneys 169 
 
 HGEMATURI A — BLOODY URINE.— The first indications of the disease — Its more 
 serious symptoms — The first remedies to give — Additional remedies if the first 
 fails — To cliange medicine if difficult to give 172 
 
 DIABETES INSIPIDUS — PROFUSE URINATING.— Minor causes — To determine if 
 violent diuretics have been given — To tell if turpentine has been given — A test for 
 the presence of sweet spirits of nitre — Its intense thirst — The remedies to use 
 and how to administer them 173 
 
 SPASM OF URETHRA — RETENTION OF URINE.— Its spasmodic character — Its pain- 
 ful symptoms — How to distinguish from coUc — The final test — What to do to 
 relieve it — What to do when no medicines are to be had 174 
 
 PARTURITION — FOALING.— Natural births— Complicated births— How they difier 
 — -When man's assistance is necessary — In presentation of one leg only — For a 
 missing head — Presentation of buttock — When amputation of legs is necessary — 
 How to do it — Trouble which may follow — To stop flooding — To remove the after- 
 birth — To cure leucorrhsea — What to do for inflammation of the womb 175 
 
 DISEASES OF MALE ORGANS. — Inflammation of Testicles— Their symptoms and 
 treatment — When castration is necessary— Dropsy of the scrotum and its treat- 
 ment liy hypodermic syringe — Tumors of the sheath — Warty growths^ 177 
 
 EVIL RESULTS FROM CASTRATION.— Strangulated cord — Its causes and simple 
 treatment — Swelling of the sheath — Its causes and its treatment— Strangulated 
 penis and what to do for it 178 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS.— Peculiar walk in urinary diseases — How to test for inflammation of 
 kidneys — A horse suffering with bloody urine —Testing for retention of urine. 
 
 CHAPTEE XII. 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 
 
 POLL EVIL.— Its location and causes— To examine for it— To determine its character 
 —The first step to take— When to operate and how— The lotions to use after— 
 Cautions to observe 180 
 
14 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 FAGS. 
 
 FISTTJLOUS WITHERS.— The prominent features of this disease— Its first appearance 
 — What to do in a recent case — How to use the Ijnife — Succeeding treatment — 
 What to do for a neglected case — How to insert a seton — Application of remedies 181 
 
 BROKEN KNEES. — How to bathe — To determine the extent of injury — To probe 
 
 —To insert a seton — Lotions to use — Care of the part afterwards 182 
 
 OPEN SYNOVAL CAVITIES OR JOINTS.— How to distinguish them and their extent 
 — The effects — The treatment by lotions — To allay feverishness of horse — To 
 close the open joint — How to apply the remedy 183 
 
 WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS. — Lacerated wounds — Description and treatment — To sew 
 up a wound — How to take the stitches — How to tie — To close an incised wound 
 or cut — Abraided wounds — Harness galls, both fresh and of long standing — 
 Punctured wounds — Opening with a knife — Treatment of bruises — Removing 
 bunches from leg — Wounds in feet — Pricks from shoeing — A cheap remedy for all 
 wounds always at hand — Directions for additional care 184 
 
 BITE OF MAD DOG.— The prevention of hydrophobia— The only sure and certain 
 cure — Tested for fifty years by the best medical authority- — How to treat the bite 
 — A cheap and home-made substitute — Every man should know it 188 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS.^A case of fistulous withers ^Probing a broken knee — Inserting 
 setons — Opening pouch in open joint — A lacerated wound — An incised wound — ■ 
 Sewing up a wound — Wound after sewing — Stitches for a large wound — A punc- 
 tured wound. 
 
 CHAPTEE XIII. 
 PAKASITES AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 MANGE — ITCH — PRURIGO AND RINGWORM.— Their difi"erent characteristics and 
 efiects — The different tests for them — Methods of relief — Lotions to use and 
 how often to apply — Internal remedies which aid a cure 192 
 
 SURFEIT— BUTTON FARCY.— The nature of this disease — Its mild character and 
 easy cure — A different kind of surfeit from a different aiuse — How to treat this — 
 Internal remedies which are necessary 193 
 
 GREASE — SCRATCHES. — No trouble to learn the cause — Filthy stables and lack of 
 care — How to treat a simple case ^ Bad and long standing cases — How difficult to 
 treat — Treatment in last stages 194 
 
 MALLENDERS, SALLENDERS, AND HIDE BOUND.— Explanation and causes of 
 
 these diseases — Generally easily cured by proper treatment — How to treat them. 196 
 
 LICE — HEN LICE ON HORSES — GRUBS.— How to eradicate them— What must be 
 
 done for presence of hen lice — Remedies that are most successful 197 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. — A sure sign of mange — A case of surfeit — Last stage of grease or 
 scratches. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 15 
 
 CHAPTEE XIV. 
 MISCELLANEOUS MATTEKS. 
 
 PAGE, 
 
 IX) TELL THE AGE OF A HORSE ACCURATELY.— Deception of dealers— How 
 to become an expert judge — Reliable system by an expert judge — Result of 
 years of inspection — Changes the first year— Alterations in two-year-old form — 
 Unvarying shedding of teeth — A five-year-old mouth — Sure method of judging 
 age from six to nine years — Only reliable method after ten years — Development 
 of groove — From eleven to fifteen yeai-s — From fifteen to twenty-four — -Miscel- 
 laneous points for experts 199 
 
 FIRING OR ACTUAL CAUTERY, SETONS AND ROWELS.— Benefits of firing if prop- 
 erly applied — Diseases benefited by it — Object in firing — Tlie kind of iron to 
 use, when and how to apply — How hot to have it — Firing for spavins — Cautions 
 about severity of use — The method of using setons and rowels — Their benefits — 
 Their unnecessar}' use — Their bad results 206 
 
 CASTRATION OF COLTS.— When to do it — How it alters form 213 
 
 TO USE MEDICINES WITHOUT KNOWING DISEASE.— Sizes of doses for horses, 
 cattle, sheep and hogs — AVhat to give if feverish — To deaden pain — To increase 
 strength — To stimulate stomach — To quiet irritability — To build a horse up and 
 improve his appearance — To move bowels instantly — To checli dysentery— To act 
 on throat and lungs — To benefit the kidneys — To give by drench, ball or in food 
 — To give harsh remedies — To make any proscription by use of teaspoon or table- 
 spoon 216 
 
 CARE OF MANE AND TAIL.— To alter carrying tail by an operation— To increase 
 growth of mane and tail — To prevent rubbing of them — To turn mane to either 
 side 215 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. — To cure tender mouths — Dikectioxs for making a slixg for 
 
 SICK HORSES — To protect horses from flies 219 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS.— Teeth from six months to one year- Changes in teeth at one, two, 
 three, and four years— Mouth at five, six, seven, eight, and nine years — Chanses 
 at ten, eleven, twelve, and every year up to nineteen years — Changes in jaw as 
 horse grows older — Nippers at six, twelve and twenty-four years. 
 
16 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Part IL— History, Breeding, and Training. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 HISTORY OF BREEDS, TROTTING FAMILIES, AND PERFORMANCES. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 THE IMPORTED N0E5IAN, CLYDESDALE, AMERICAN DRAFT, MUSTANG PONY 
 AND CANADIAN HORSES.— The first importations— Crossing of breeds— Their 
 pecuHarities and fitness for work — Origin and former uses — Mingling of breeds... 224 
 
 THE AMERICAN TROTTER.— History and pedigree of the first ancestor — Variation 
 from tlioroughbred form — Messenger's sons — Their descendants — Origin of the 
 Hambletonians — Mambrinos — Morgans — Blackhawks — Bashaws. Clays and 
 Patchens — Bellfounder blood — Addition of Duroc and Star strains — The Royal 
 George family — The pacing element — The Columbus family. Pilots, Copper- 
 bottoms, Red Bucks, Swigerts, Cadmus family. Blue Bulls, Hiatogas, etc 231 
 
 RECORD OF TROTTING PERFORMANCES.- Tne first race — The performances of 
 Albany Pony, Top Gallant and Betsy Baker — Twenty miles an hour — Change of 
 custom to mile heats — The best time made up to 1834 — Lady Suffolk's extraor- 
 dinary time in 1849 — Careers of Flora Temple, Dexter, Goldsmith Maid and Rarus — 
 The steady increase of trotters since 1872 — Average time made in 1866 and 1873 — Maud 
 S., Jay-Eye-See, Phallas, Johnston 247 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 BREEDING, TRAINING, AND TROTTING APPLIANCES. 
 
 BREEDING OF DRAFT AND TROTTING HORSES.— How far disease is hereditary 
 
 — To select a suitable dam and sire — To produce trotting or running horses — How 
 to avoid disappointment — The traits inherited from dam and sire — Desirable 
 crosses — To tell when a mare is with foal — Care of a mare with foal and after 
 foaling — To make a mare own her colt — Care of the colt —Weaning, feeding, etc... 256 
 
 •TRAINING THE TROTTER. — Slow horses made fast, —Breaking the colt— Learning 
 to walk and trot — Use of wagon or sulky — Feeding, jogging, and spurts of speed 
 
 — Cautions to be observed — To keep up the ambition — Tr.vinixg tub Mature 
 Trotter — Early spring treatment — First preparatory work, and gradual harden- 
 ing — Feeding, sweating, and scraping out — Its object — Spurts of speed — Fitting 
 for the race — To get into condition and to keep there 261 
 
 USE OF TOE AND SIDE "WEIGHTS.— What their uses are to correct mixed gaits, 
 and alter action — Weights or heavy shoes ; which ? — Horses which carry weights, 
 and how much — Directions for their application and use — How heavy to apply 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 17 
 
 PAGB. 
 
 to convert a pacer into a trotter — To correct single-footing, hitching, paddling, 
 
 thumping, scalping, brushing, and other bad liabits 275 
 
 BEST BITS FOR TROTTERS — Importance of proper bits — Kind of bit to use, and 
 when to change it — Bit to correct a puller — Use of overdraw check — Material 
 for bits — Evil habits are contracted — Proper bits for colts. 281 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES — SHOEING. 
 
 BREAKING COLTS— HORSES OF VICIOUS HABITS.— Breaking Colts— Necessary 
 facts to know before you commence — How horses acquire vicious habits — Proper 
 use of the whip in breaking — When it must be used — Place wherein to handle a 
 colt — How to halter him — Use of bitting-rig — Breaking to harness — Driving to 
 wagon or sulky — Precautions in driving — Breaking Vicious Horses — The most 
 successful method — The first operation — The second step to take — Final victory — 
 Pulling on the halter — Kicking in the stall — Kicking while shoeing or grooming — 
 Running away — Balking — Jumping, etc. — Breaking of fear of robes, umbrellas, etc.. 284 
 
 SHOEING INTELLIGENTLY AND TO CORRECT EVILS.— First facts and principles 
 — Construction of the foot — Natural angle of wall of hoof — Necessity of preserv- 
 ing it — Natural foot never shod — Proper method of trimming the foot — Preparing 
 the foot for the shoe — Amount to remove from heel and toe — What to do about 
 sole and frog — Pernicious practices — Fitting the shoe to foot — How necessary it 
 should be well done — Nailing it on — Shoeing to prevent interfering — How to 
 prevent over-reaching and clicking, etc. — How Dexter is shod 303 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS.— Five year old foot never shod— Diagram for leveling a foot— Proper 
 position of the leg and foot^Correct and incorrect trimming the hoof. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN. 
 
 TO EXAMINE AND BUY A HORSE.— What is a sound horse?— A serviceable sound 
 horse — When a warranty becomes a fraud — Fitting up a horse for Jmarket — 
 Precautions about purchasing — How to examine a horse — The eyes, feet, limbs, 
 and body — General formation to be avoided 312 
 
 BUILDING STALLS FOR HORSES.— Size of stalls— To slope the floor yet have it level 
 — An ingenious and practicable method — Why horses back into the gangway — 
 The more sensible remedy 313 
 
 CARE OF THE HARNESS.— What destroys it— Care when it comes in — Cleaning 
 and oiling— To give it appearance of new leather — A water-proof varnish — Place 
 
 to keep it 314 
 
 3 
 
18 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAM. 
 
 SPORTING TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS.— What a thoroughbred is— Length of the 
 Derby, Oaks, and St. Leger races, in England, and fastest time won — A handicap, 
 steeplechase, hurdle, and .stake-race — A sweepstake and purse race — Play or pay 
 bets — Measuring a runner's stride — A trotter's stride, and length of stride of some 
 horses — When a filly becomes a mare- — A colt a horse — Weights to carry in a race. 315 
 
 HOW TO LAY OFF RACE TRACKS.— Mile teack— Amount of land necessary— How 
 to lay it off — Place to set the distance posts — The starting point. — Half mile 
 TRACK — Amount of land and directions lor measuring 316 
 
 RECORD OF TROTTING HORSES.— Record of all horses in 3:25 class or under- Breed- 
 ing and description of horses noted for speed, with fastest time in trotting, pacing and 
 running, to 1885 367 to 385 
 
 Homeopathic Department. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT AND REMEDIES.— Its Principles and Use of Medicines. 
 ANATOMY OF THE HORSE.— Names of bones, external points, and location of disease. 319 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 EYES, CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE EYES, THROAT AND CHEST.— Paralysis of Optic Nerve— Inflam- 
 mation of Eyes — Sore Throat — Inflammation of the Lungs — Bronchitis — Cold — 
 Catarrh — Cough — Congestion 332 
 
 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS.— Spasmodic and Wind 
 Colic — Bloating — Inflammation of Bowels — Diarrhoea — Dysentery — Constipation 
 
 — Staggers — Jaundice — Bots — Bloody Urine — Inflammation of Bladder — Reten- 
 tion of Urine — Abortion — Venereal Diseases — Castration 339 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE LIMBS, FEET, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. 
 
 DISEASES OP LIMBS, FEET, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.— Founder, Rheu- 
 matism — Spavins — Windgalls — Stifled — Sprains — Stringhalt — Scratches — Corns 
 
 — Pricks — Glanders — Farcy — Lock-jaw — Megrims — Distemper — Milk Fever 
 
 — Mange — Dropsy — Wounds and Bruises 351 
 
CATTLE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 PAGB. 
 
 BREEDS OF CATTLE.— The Short Horns, their origin and gradual improvement— Tha 
 Ayrshires and their qualities as a dairy breed — Holstein and Dutch cattle and 
 their characteristics — Unrivaled qualities of the Alderneys, the Guernseys, and 
 Jerseys as butter makers — The Devons and Herefords — Native cattle, Aberdeen, Angus 
 and Galloways — Their history, characteristics and development in America 387 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY OSGANS.— Inflammation of the Lungs and its treat- 
 ment — Description and treatment of Pleurisy — Bronchitis and its remedies — The 
 treatment of Catarrh or Common Cold — Malignant Catarrh and what to do for it 
 
 — Other diseases 400 
 
 DISEASES OF STOMACH AND ABDOMEN.— Bloating or Hooven and how to reUeve 
 
 it — Overloaded Paunch and its treatment — Impaction of the Third Stomach — 
 Dry Murrain — Mad Staggers — Inflammation of Bowels and what to do for it — 
 Diarrhcea — Scours — Dysentery and Bloody Flux — Scours in Calves and how to 
 check — Spasmodic Colic — Belly-ache — Peritonitis — Choking with various arti- 
 cles — Worms 408 
 
 DISEASES OF URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. — Inflammation of the 
 Kidneys — Inflammation of the Bladder — Bloody Urine — Red Water — Abortion 
 in Cows — Removal of Dead Calf — Treatment of Cows before Calving — Milk Fever 
 and its cause — Inflammation of Womb and how to treat it — Bloody Milk — Garget 
 
 — Mammitis — Milk Stoppage — Obstruction of Teats — Leaking Milk — Sore Teats 
 
 — Warts — Castration of Calves 420 
 
20 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASEfc.. 
 
 PACK. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES.— Texan Fever, and its mode of contag- 
 ion and prevention — Pleuro-Pneumonia, or Contagious Inflammation of the Lungs 
 and its prevention and treatment — Malignant Anthrax — Blacli Leg — Black 
 Tongue — Bloody Murrain — Their causes and cure — Foot and Mouth Disease, and 
 its remedies— Epidemic Ophthalmia and its cure 434 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.— Spaying Cows— To prevent cows kicking— The Herki- 
 mer method — Destroying Lice on Cattle — Grubs in the skin — Breaking Sucking 
 Cows — To remove articles from the eyes. <»*"- 466 
 
 I 
 
SWINE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 fAOE. 
 
 THE DIFFERENT BREEDS— Poland-Chinas — Chester-Whites — Berkshires — Suffoiks 
 — Essex — Yorkshires — Cheshires — Lancashires — Jersey Reds — Their origin, 
 peculiar characteristics and value 479 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 HOG CHOLERA— ANTHRAX DISEASES. 
 
 HOG CHOLERA IN ALL ITS FORMS — Inextricable confusion in regard to names- 
 Mistake in calling every epidemic hog cholera — Annual loss by disease and quack 
 nostrums — Prevailing causes of the disease — Artiiiciai condition of the hog — 
 Weakened constitution, errors in breeding and feeding — The old "Prairie Rooter," 
 and the reason of its exemption — Character of the contagion — How the disease 
 spreads — Its contagious and infectious character — Sporadic cases may become 
 epidemic by neglect — Prevention of it not possible by dosing with powerful drugs 
 — Articles which are antiseptic and disinfectant, which can be successfully useil - 
 Hygienic preventions — Precautions to be observed. — The Treatment op the 
 Disease— What is highly important to do. — Putrid Erysipelas Form — Malig- 
 nant Typhus Fever — Its symptoms and its treatment. — Malignant Putrid Soke 
 Throat Type — Lung complications — Its first symptoms and earlier treatment — 
 Fatal signs and remedies to use. — Typhoid Enteritis Form — The symptoms, 
 organs it attacks, and success: ul remedies to be used early in the disease, and 
 those employed laier — Final dirLctions for success. -iHH 
 
22 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEK III. 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS. 
 
 DAGS. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE THROAT AND LUNGS.— Quinsy or Strangles, sometimes called 
 Hog Cholera — Diiihtheria, which is also epizootic — Pneumonia, or Inflammation 
 of the Lungs — Cough — Catarrh in Pigs — Sniffles — Their cause, symptoms and 
 treatment 504 
 
 DISEASES OF THE STOMACH AND BOWELS, Etc.— Diarrhtua or Scours in Pigs- 
 Constipation in Hogs — Kidney Worms and Intestinal Worms — Piles in Hogs — 
 Protrusion of Rectum or Bowel in Pigs 511 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.— Paralysis of hind-quarters— A poplexy^ in fat Hogs — 
 Thumps or Palpitation of Heart — Blind Staggers — Scrofulous disease — Rheuma- 
 tism — Black Tooth — Lice on Hogs — Mange on Pigs — To prevent Sows eating 
 their Pigs 514 
 
 OPERATIONS.— Spaying Sows — Castrating Ridgling Boars — Castrating Ruptured Hogs 
 
 — Prevention of being fly blown 521 
 
SHEEP DEPARTMENT. 
 
 CHAPTEE I. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 DIFFERENT BREEDS.— The Leicesters— Cotswolds— Lincolns- 
 
 Hamjjshire Downs — Shropshire Downs — Oxfordshire Downs — Merinos of Ihe 
 Infantado and Paular families — French Merinos — Soil and climate favorable to 
 each breed, etc 547 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
 
 SPRING MANAGEMENT. — Turning out to grass— Lambing— Management of new- 
 born Lambs — Chilled Lambs — Constipation and Diarrhcea — Cutting Teeth, 
 Swelled Neck and Rheumatism — Treatment of Ewes after Lambing — Garget — 
 Disowning Lambs — Docking and Castrating Lambs 558 
 
 SUMMER MANAGEMENT.— Time and mode of Washing— Cutting Hoof s — Shearing 
 and Doing up Wool — Catching Sheep — Storms after Shearing — Ticks, Maggots, 
 ■^tc— Feeding, etc 563 
 
 FALt MANAGEMENT.— Weaning and Fall Feeding of Lambs— Feeding Breeding 
 
 Ewes — Coupling and Gestation — Dividing Flocks 566 
 
 WINTER MANAGEJIENT.— Shelter — Confining to Yards— Water, Salt and Food 568 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.— Scab or Itch— Foot-rot— Hoof-rot — How to prevent and 
 
 how to treat them 573 
 
24 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES.— Grub in Head— Blind Staggers— Sturdy — Diarrhoea — Dysen- 
 tery — Colic or Stretches — Catarrh — Abortion — Parturient Fever — Obstruction of 
 Gullet — Hoove — Poisons — Sore Face and Lips — Inflammation of the Eyes — 
 Administering Medicines to Sheep 581 
 
CHAPTER I, 
 
 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 STAGGERS— BLIND STAGGERS — MAD STAGGERS — The different stages— Illustration 
 of its worst stage — Wliat causes it — Symptoms any one can recognize — To cure from 
 overeating of grain or green food — The remedy is always at hand — How often to 
 repeat the dose —What to do if it does not succeed— When to stop the medicine— To 
 aid a final cure. 
 
 MEGRIMS — EPILEPSY.— What it is and how the horse acts — When it is violent and when 
 slight — The only remedy for it — Final end of horse. 
 
 TETANUS— LOCK-JAW.— Its origin and plain symptoms — Illustration of its effects- 
 Illustration of a sure test when not developed — The old barbarous method of treatment 
 
 — The latest and most sensible mode of cure— Illustration of how to feed when jaws 
 are set — What not to do. 
 
 PARTIAL PARALYSIS — NERVOUS DEBILITY.— What horses are most affected and how 
 
 — How to tone and builil the horse up— Caution and care in driving — Successful 
 method of disguising it. 
 
 COMPLETE PARALYSIS— EPIDEMIC SPINAL MENINGITIS.— What this disease is and 
 its character— Peculiar symptoms and style of the attacks — Fatal symptoms — What 
 home remedies to use at once — Plain instructions for everyone — Final treatment. 
 
 AMAUROSIS— GUTTA SERENA — PARALYSIS OF OPTIC NERVE— How it deceives 
 ordinary men — Blind horses sold for sound — Its causes and how it changes the eye — 
 
 — Unreliable and fallacious tests — A sure test by which no one can be deceived. 
 
26 
 
 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 SLEEPY STAGGERS -BLIND STAGGERS— MAD STAGGERS. 
 
 THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 All these names are really but different stages in the same 
 disease. In the first stage the brain is only oppressed, while in the 
 last stage, it is very highly inflamed, causing the horse really to 
 become mad. Our illustration plainly shows the frantic actions of a 
 horse in this stage of the disease. 
 
 WHAT CAUSES IT GENEEALLY. 
 
 Animals that have bro- 
 ken loose at night, and 
 engorged themselves at 
 the oat-bin, become sub- 
 ject to staggers; the dis- 
 ^ ease of course originating 
 ^ in the stomach, and the 
 :s5^ brain, through reflex ac- 
 >^^^ tion or sympathy, partici- 
 "^ pating. Indigestion, no 
 doubt, occasions it in 
 many cases, hence by 
 proper precaution, it may 
 be either averted or pre- 
 vented. This is proven from the fact that animals exhibiting 
 unmistakable symptoms of staggers, have frequently been cured by 
 regulating their diet, administering tonics, and giving an occasional 
 dose of physic. In some portions of the south it seems to prevail in 
 localities, and is caused by local influences and food. 
 
 HOW THE HORSE ACTS. 
 
 In the first stage the horse hangs his head, which he presses 
 against the wall, with his eyes closed. The pulse throbs, the breath- 
 ing is labored, and the horse sometimes snores. The skin is cold and 
 clammy, the ears and tail motionless, with the nasal membrane 
 
 MAD STAGE OF STAGGERS. 
 
KXrLANATION OF IIS TRKATMlvNT. 27 
 
 leaden color. In the next stage, which next follows, the eyes 
 brighten, the nasal membrane reddens, the skin is hot, and all the 
 movements become quick and jerky, the breath is panting, rapid 
 and sharp, and the mad stage is reached, which is most terrible to 
 witness. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOR OVERGORGING. 
 
 If the attack has been caused from overgorging of grain, the 
 horse must bo kept from drinking a particle of water. Give at once 
 a quart of any kind of oil except kerosene. Fresh melted grease of 
 any kind will do, but not salted grease. If no benefits are to be seen 
 in four hours, repeat the dose. If no change takes place in another 
 four hours, or if the case is a bad one, and has been neglected or not 
 discovered until sometime after, give the following at one dose : — 
 
 Any kin<l of Oil, one quart ; 
 Crotoii Oil, ten drops. — Mix. 
 
 If no benefit is seen from the above dose in six hours, repeat it, 
 adding twenty drops of Croton oil instead of ten. If this does not 
 move the bowels inside of six hours, repeat it, adding thirty drops of 
 Croton oil instead of twenty. If this does not move the bowels 
 inside of six hours, commence back and go over the whole round of 
 medicine in the time stated, again; but this will seldom be necessary. 
 Stop all medicine as soon as the purgative takes effect. 
 
 WHAT THIS TREATMENT DOES. 
 
 The oil is the best possible physic which can be used in this 
 disease, as it does not swell the grain as aloes given in a drench 
 weuld, while at the same time it soothes the congested and inflamed 
 coats of the stomach. Everything depends on getting the bowels 
 into action. After the acute symptoms have subsided, apply either a 
 a strong stimulating liniment to the back, loins, and poll, or apply 
 to the poll and loins a liquid fly-blister. But you should, on no 
 account, stimulate or blister while the animal is frenzied, as you 
 would probably, by thus adding to the excitement, throw the patient 
 into convulsions, which might terminate fatally. Iodide of potassium 
 may be given in drachm doses, once a day, for three or four weeks, in 
 
28 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND MUIVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 order to stimulate the absorbents to renewed energy and activity. If 
 the bowels have not regained their normal tone and activity, give 
 thirty grains of mix vomica, twice a day, for three weeks. Should 
 the pulse be weak, give a stimulant, but of a weak character. After 
 the fit has been subdued, and the animal has entirely recovered, a 
 repetition of the attack may be prevented by adopting precautionary 
 measures. Slow work only should be given, and great care taken to 
 see the animal is not permitted to become costive, and so remain for 
 any length of time. Of course attention must be paid to the food 
 after recovery, which should be meal gruel at first, gradually working 
 up to solid food. 
 
 MEGEIMS — EPILEPSY. 
 
 WHAT THIS DISEASE IS. 
 
 It somewhat resembles an epileptic fit in man, and varies in 
 causes as well as in character of attack. The brain and nervous 
 system seem to be involved. 
 
 HOW THE HORSE SHOWS IT. 
 
 Sometimes, in a violent attack, the horse will strive to run into 
 doorways, off embankments, or into fences. Occasionally the animal 
 falls and lies until the fit is over. It may be so slight as merely to 
 cause notice to be taken that the horse at times acts strangely. Any 
 actions of the latter kind should be viewed with suspicion. 
 
 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR IT. 
 
 Nothing except care and regularity of feeding and prudent 
 driving. The following dose will lessen the number of the attacks as 
 well as severity : — 
 
 Bromide of Potassium, one drachm; 
 Bromide of Ammonium, one drachm; 
 Tincture Ginger, half fluid ounce; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 Give twice a day until symptoms cease to show severity, then 
 reduce to once per day. The tretitment is only palliative, and the 
 horse cannot be relied on. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF, ANU TEST KOK, LOCK-JAW. 
 
 29 
 
 TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. 
 
 CHARACTEK OF THE ]nSEASE. 
 
 This is a rigid spasm of the entire muscular system. It is said 
 to be of two kinds, but really is merely of two origins: first, from a 
 wound; second, from some unknown 
 cause; probably nervous irritation, 
 from over exertion, hardship, expo- 
 sure or injudicious feeding. It maj 
 display itself immediately after an 
 injury or wound, but generally oc- 
 curs from the sixth to the sixteenth 
 day. Our illustration shows just 
 
 how far a horse with this disease is ^ _ 
 
 capable of locomotion. 
 
 ^ POSITION OF HOKSE IN LOCK-JAW. 
 
 TO TEST SUSPECTED LOCK-JAW. 
 
 If uncertainty exists in regard to 
 this, it may be determined by a very 
 reliable test, that of raising the head 
 of the horse, when, if undeveloped 
 tetanus is present, the haw or mem- 
 brane that crosses the lower corner of 
 ,.„ , , j,^ the eye, will extend and often nearly 
 
 'W ^^^m\ cover the eye-ball, as is shown by our 
 
 illustration. 
 
 TEST yoK LOCK-JAW. 
 
 SYMPTOMS, WHEN FROM A WOUND. 
 
 The horse is generally nervous and fidgets in his stall, and is 
 excited by the approach of anyone. In rare instances the wound 
 will close and become morbidly dry, or only discharging a foul and 
 discolored fluid. It stands day after day in the same spot, and while 
 hunger exists the jaws are immovable and it cannot eat. The body 
 presents a hard, woody appearance, from the rigidity of the muscles. 
 Every muscle and nerve seems strained to its utmost tension, and 
 the horse even seems lower in stature. 
 
30 
 
 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT THIS DISEASE. 
 
 All kinds of treatment, more or less barbarous, have been tried 
 with poor success. The great object to accomplish is to relax the 
 nervous tension, wliich is quickest done by opening the bowels. 
 Have the shoes removed and the horse placed on sawdust or dry dirt 
 tloor. The horse must be kept quiet and tranquil. The following 
 must be given at one dose : — 
 
 Aloes, four drnilinis, 
 
 Kxtrjict Oontian, tour tlrachins, 
 
 Crotoii Oil, twenty drops. — IMix. 
 
 This is a heavy dose, but nothing less will afifoct the horse. If it 
 does not operate in six hours, repeat the dose. 
 
 HOW TO FEED THE HOUSE IP JAWS ARE FIXED. 
 
 If the case is chronic or 
 lingers, and the horse suffers 
 for food, it must be fed as 
 shown by the engraving. 
 This can be accomplished by 
 inserting a flexible rubber 
 tube into its nostril, after the 
 head is slightly raised, which 
 can be passed down two feet 
 into the passage which leads 
 to the stomach. A stomach pump should be used, and a gallon of 
 thin meal gruel injected four or five times per day. Be gentle in 
 inserting the t-ube. 
 
 WHAT NOT TO DO. 
 
 Don't blister, seton or fire. The nervous system of the horse is 
 already too highly sensitive and morbidly irritable. Counter irritants 
 are beneficial at proper times, but are worse than useless here. Do 
 not allow any visitors to satisfy their curiosity by looking at him. 
 Every movement around the sick animal aggravates his disease, 
 intensifies his suffering, and prolongs liis malady; therefore, let him 
 be as quiet as possible. 
 
TREATMENT AND CURE OF PARALYSIS. 31 
 
 PARTIAL PARALYSIS. 
 
 WHAT ITS EFFECTS ARE. 
 
 It generally affects one or both hind legs, and while never more 
 than partial, yet one foot is continually getting in the way of the 
 other, making the gait unsteady. 
 
 FAST HORSES ARE MOST LIABLE 
 
 to it from the severe nervous tension they are subject to during 
 long heats of the racing season. This exhausts their vitality, and 
 partial paralysis is but a sign of decaying energies, already too 
 heavily drawn upon. A horse afflicted with this disease has seen 
 its best days and is now on the decline. 
 
 ITS PERMANENT CUEABILITY. 
 
 It admits of some relief, and the horse can be patched up so as 
 to make a fair show of speed, if not too long continued. Any severe 
 driving or overheating will cause it to re-appear, and care must be 
 taken not to err in this direction. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOR hT. 
 
 No exercise must be given faster than a walk, and no excitement 
 must be allowed around or near the horse. Feed well and spare no 
 labor in grooming, and every care should be taken to bring the horse 
 up to the highest bodily condition. The hind quarters should be 
 smartly brushed with a coarse brush several times daily. Place a 
 wet flannel cloth over the small of the back and cover it with a piece 
 of oil cloth, and over this put a rug. Keep the cloth wet constantly. 
 Give mashes and green food to regulate the bowels, which must be 
 kept active. If physic is necessary, use a pint of oil in preference to 
 aloes. Give, night and morning, the following ball : — 
 
 Strychnine, half a grain; 
 
 Iodide of Iron, one grain ; 
 
 Quassia Powder, and Moksses enough to make pill mass. 
 
 After the first two weeks, increase the quantity of strychnine in 
 the above ball to one grain, and at the end of five weeks, increase it. 
 to one grain and a half. This will cure to all appearances. 
 
32 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 COMPLETE PARALYSIS -SPINAL MENINGITIS. 
 
 WHAT THIS DISEASE IS. 
 
 This may occur from injuries to the spinal cord, by blows over 
 the back along the back bone. Complete loss of power over the hind 
 legs, as well as loss of feeling exists. Those cases are generally 
 hopeless. Again, it may occur in localities, and certain sections of 
 the country are occasionally visited by it from no apparent cause. 
 Though the disease is considered not to be contagious, still we find, 
 as a rule, that when an animal suffers from it, others in the same or 
 adjacent buildings soon become affected. This we account for by 
 attributing the presence of the disease to be chargeable to atmos- 
 pheric influence. The horses are sometimes taken very suddenly 
 with stiffness in the hind parts, and in a few hours will be off their 
 feet, and sometimes they will show stiffness two or three days before 
 they come down. They generally die in from three to four days. 
 They seem to want to eat and drink at times, and occasionally seem 
 to be in great pain, with tenderness across the back and loins, with 
 great heat in that region. They seem to have a nervous twitching of 
 the cords and muscles along the whole length of the back. The 
 pulse is generally very low, from thirty to forty-five to the minute, 
 and not much feebler at first. 
 
 It is the opinion of the most scientific writers that the poison 
 becomes absorbed, and inoculates the entire system with its 
 poisonous principles, and., as a result, death may ensue from collapse, 
 or from debility consequent upon inability to assimilate the food, the 
 nervous system sympathizing. When bled, the fluid presents an 
 unnaturally thick, foetid, dark, and unhealthy appearance. The urine 
 is very ofifensive, and resembles, in consistency and color, slightly 
 diluted molasses. In most severe cases the paralysis extends to the 
 bladder and uretha, hence the retention of water, and consequent 
 uremic poisoning. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT IT. 
 
 Apply blankets, wrung out of warm water, for three consecutive 
 hours a day for the first two or three days. As soon as attacked, if 
 
BLIND HORSES SOLD FOR SOUND. 33 
 
 possible, put him in slings; under any circumstances, slings should 
 be called into requisition at once. Now administer a good cathartic. 
 The adjective should not be overlooked, as there is an immense 
 quantity of aloes in the market which is worse than useless, for when 
 it does not purge at once, it invariably sickens, and acts as a severe 
 diuretic, which is extremely injurious under the circumstances. 
 Immediately after giving a purgative, (or, if preferable, before), 
 evacuate the bladder by means of a catheter. While the organ 
 remains torpid, evacuate it twice a day. Apply a severe mustard 
 plaster, wet with vinegar, over the region of the loins and kidnevs. 
 Apply to the legs, quarters, and haunches, a little of the following 
 liniment, twice a day, with the hand : — 
 
 Liquor Ammonia, four ounces; 
 Spirits Turpentine, (our ounces; 
 Olive Oil, four ounces. — Mix. Shake before using. 
 
 Also give a powder, morning and evening, as follows : — 
 
 Extract Belladonna, one scruple ; 
 Extract Nux Vomica, one scruple; 
 Powdered Ergot, one scruple. — IMix. 
 
 This is best given in a mash. But sometimes mashes will not be 
 taken: we must then give it as a drench. Mashes and vegetables 
 should compose the diet until convalescence commences, when tonics 
 are in order. The extremities should always be kept warm by friction 
 and bandages. 
 
 AMAUROSIS -PARALYSIS OP OPTIC NERVE. 
 
 ITS DECEPTIVE CHARACTEE. 
 
 This disease is a paralysis of the optic nerve and may primarily 
 affect one eye, but generally terminates in total blindness of both. 
 It leaves a fixed dilation of the pupil, but otherwise changes very 
 little the general appearance of the eye, and to the uninformed 
 person, is very deceptive. Many horses have been palmed off upon 
 unsuspecting buyers which were totally blind. 
 5 
 
34 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 ITS MAIN CAUSES ARE 
 
 anything which affects the optic nerve by location of injuries in that 
 piirt, or any course of treatment which undermines the constitution 
 of the horse, or exhausts its nervous vitality. It is incurabla. 
 
 HOW MUCH IT CHANGES THE EYE, 
 
 The pupil is often beautifully dilated, but on close inspection, 
 will be found not so dark as in a healthy eye, with a slight milky 
 cast, accompanied by a bright tinsel-like green, shining from the 
 interior. 
 
 A CERTAIN TEST FOR PETEOTING IT. 
 
 Place the horse in a dark stable, and twenty minutes after quickly 
 lead him out into bright sunlight. If very slight or no contraction 
 of the pupil takes place, the horse is certainly blind. One eye may 
 contract and the other not, if only one eye is affected. If necessary, 
 the same test can be applied at night by using a bright light, placing 
 it quite close to the eye ; it will require a longer time to act, however. 
 
 UNRELIABLE AND FALLACIOUS TESTS. 
 
 Some people suppose that the above tests can be applied by using 
 the hand to cover up the eye, or a hat, etc., in order to darken the 
 eye. These are unreliable, for they do not completely hide the rays 
 of light ; neither jue feigned blows at the eye any test, for by the loss 
 of sight, the other nervous sensations are rendered more acute, and 
 the wind of the blow causes the horse to wink or shrink. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EYE. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA — CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES— MOON 
 BLINDNESS. — Mistaken notions aVjout this disease — What it really is — How to tell if 
 a horse is subject to it — How it terminates — Its first symptoms — Its treatment — What 
 to <]o if a horse is feverish — If in pain — What to avoid doing — Hooks in the eyes — 
 Inhuman acts of ignoramuses and quacks — No penalty too severe for them. 
 
 SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA — COMMON INFLAMMATION OF THE EYES.— Its character, 
 symptoms and cause — Its easy and certain treatment if commenced in time. 
 
 CATARACTS OR SPOTS IN THE EYE.— The different kinds and their size — Their effects 
 — How to examine for them and to distinguish them — Peculiarities of the different 
 kinds — Warnings aVjout buying horses with affected eyes — Save money by examining 
 intelligently — Cataracts which are curable — Those which are incurable. 
 
 SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA -CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF 
 THE EYES— MOON BLINDNESS. 
 
 MOON BLINDNESS. 
 
 This is evidently a constitutional affection. Some people believe, 
 from its periodic character of coming and going, that the moon 
 influences it, and hence give it the name of " moon blindness." This 
 is a mistake. 
 
36 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
 
 WHAT THE DISEASE REALLY IS. 
 
 It is certainly a constitutional disorder as well as a local affection, 
 and in this particular differs from simple ophthalmia. The eye may 
 suddenly clear and apparently get well, when the opposite organ will 
 be attacked. It will thus dodge about, and has been known to leave 
 the eyes and attack the lungs after exposure. 
 
 SIGNS THAT A HORSE HAS HAD IT. 
 
 Even if a horse has had its first attack and is apparently sound, 
 it leaves its traces behind. The margin of the transparent part of 
 the eye, next the white, is the last place it quits, and always leaves 
 behind an irregular line of cloudiness, different from the evenly 
 clouded shade of the natural eye. A more serious attack causes the 
 transpai-ent part of the eye to become cloudy, and losing its liquid 
 appearance, becomes turbid, and finally white. In fact, any unnatural 
 cloudiness of the eye may be looked upon with suspicion. 
 
 ITS LENGTH AND TERMINATION. 
 
 It is impossible to sa}'' just how long it will 
 last. The attack has left in a week, and has lasted 
 two months. It never reaches the height of its 
 severity in its first attack. It occurs again and 
 again, and ends in the destruction of one or both 
 eyes. It leaves the eye distorted, and its structure 
 " " '■'■ '' " '' altered, as illustrated. 
 
 WHAT CAUSES IT. 
 
 There is no doubt but what foul and badly ventilated stables and 
 impure air, aggravate a constitutional predisposition of the horse 
 toward diseases of the eye. It has been known to fi-equeut particular 
 stables in cities, and attack one after another of its inmates. Over- 
 heating is another fertile source. 
 
ILLUSTRATION OF SVMI'TOMS. 
 
 37 
 
 THE EARLIEST SYMPTOMS. 
 
 The lid swells atifl tears trickle down the cheeks, as shown by 
 illustration, and nothing Vv-ill be found in the eye. Some constitu- 
 tional disturbance will be sliown by a hard pulse, sharp breathing, 
 with a staring coat and tlie feet cold. The 
 mouth will be clammy, and the nasal membrane 
 either reddened or leaden color. The white of 
 the eye is the first portion inflamed, which 
 afterward covers the whole eye. Tiie pupil will 
 be closely contracted, and the haw or membrane, 
 which covers the lower corner of the eye, will hk.i s..,.., of o.HfHACM.A. 
 nearly half cover it. This is shown plainly in the engraving. The 
 dark line shows the extent of the haw over the eye. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT IT. 
 
 The horse should be removed to a dark, well 
 
 ventilated barn or shed, and all light except from the 
 
 north, be excluded. The vein which passes under 
 
 the eye should be opened, and if the lid be much 
 
 swollen, several punctures should be made in differ- 
 
 luiML AND HAW. g^t placGs to wlthdraw blood. After the bleeding 
 
 has ceased, cloths, wet in cold water, sliould be hung over both eyes, 
 
 and be kept constantly wet. For constitutional treatment give the 
 
 following ball twice each day : — 
 
 Pow'lereil Colchicum, two drachms; 
 lodido of Iron, one drachm ; 
 Calomel, one scruple. — Mix. 
 
 Observe the teeth while giving the above, and if it affects them, 
 leave out the calomel, or cliange to the following, equally as good: — 
 
 Solution of Arsenic, three ounces; 
 
 Murijicil Tiiii-tiirc of Iron, five ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Give a tablespoonful ia half a pint of water, twice a day, until 
 benefit is seen. 
 
38 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EVE. 
 
 WHAT TO DO IP FEVERISH. 
 
 If the pulse rises to seventy, and becomes thiu aud wiry, give 
 the following dose every hour until it is more natural : — 
 
 Tiiu'tiire of Aconite, ten drops; 
 Water, four tablespoonsful. — Mix. 
 
 Should the pain be very severe, give the following : — 
 
 Extract Belhulonnn, two scruples; 
 Rubbed up in four tablespoonsful of water. 
 
 Do only one thing at a time. Use the aconite to reduce thw. 
 pulse, and if this does not allay the pain, give the belladonna and 
 stop the aconite. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS ABOUT WHAT NOT TO DO. 
 
 Do not bleed, except locally, near the eye. Keep the bowels 
 open by the use of mashes instead of physic. Try and get the horse, 
 by cai'e, into the highest bodily condition. Above all, do not allow 
 any severe caustic applications to the eye or allow anything blown 
 into it. Cold water is the best of all applications, to which laudanum 
 may be added — an ounce to a pint of water. Don't overheat the 
 horse, and be careful of him in summer. 
 
 HOOKS IN THE EYES. 
 
 Some uninformed people who have had horses afflicted with 
 inflammation of the eyes, or periodic oplithalmia, noticing the 
 projection of the haw over the ball of the eye, have imagined they 
 are troubled with " hooks in the eyes," and we are sorry to say that 
 even in this age of enlightenment, and ease of obtaining scientific 
 knowledge by reading, ignorant pretenders have officiously cut and 
 gouged the protecting haw out, under the belief that this symptom 
 was a disease. There is n© such disease and it should be a peniten- 
 tiary offense to thus mutilate the horse. 
 
ILLUSTRATION OF DIFFERENT CATARACTS. 
 
 39 
 
 COMMON INFLAMMATIONS OF THE EYES 
 
 ITS CHARACTER AND CAUSES. 
 
 This is called simple ophthalmia, and differs from specific 
 ophthalmia in being merely local. A blow in the eye by the end 
 of a whip, a bit of hay-seed or dirt lodged under the lid, or anything 
 which irritates the fine dehcate membrane which covers the eye-ball, 
 will produce it. 
 
 ITS EASY TREATMENT, 
 
 which is very simple, is to hang a cloth over the eyes, which must be 
 kept constantly dripping wet with the following lotion : — 
 
 - Tincture of Arnica, one fluid ounce; 
 Laudanum, half a fluid ounce; 
 Water, two quarts. — Mix. 
 
 As soon as the swelling has gone down, examine the eye and 
 remove anything which may be in it. In extreme cases, it may 
 be necessary to open the vein which runs under the eye, and take 
 away a small amount of blood. It is easily cured, if these directions 
 are followed during its commencement. 
 
 CATARACTS OF THE EYE. 
 
 THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CATARACTS. 
 
 A capsular cataract is situated on the capsule 
 which contains the lens of the eye, as shown by 
 Fig. 1 in the illustration. A milky cataract is a 
 turbid condition of the fluid around the lens. A 
 lenticular cataract is situated upon the lens of the 
 eye, as shown at Fig. 2 in the engraving. A 
 spurious cataract is a spot behind the capsule and 
 more in the interior of the eye. This is the only 
 kind which is curable. Fig. 3 will show its loca- 
 tion in the eye. 
 
 KIND OF CATARACTS. 
 
40 
 
 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF THE EVE. 
 
 PARTIAL CATARACTS. 
 
 SIZE OF A CATARACT. 
 
 It may be a speck the size of the point of a 
 "^V needle, or it may entirely cover the pupil of the 
 eye. Any white speck within the pupil of the 
 eye, of whatever form or size, is a cataract of 
 some kind. The two white specks in engraving 
 are partial cataracts. 
 
 WHAT ITS EFFECTS ARE. 
 
 It is a dangerous affection in nervous and high spirited horses, 
 as it gives them an imperfect vision. They are liable to sudden 
 frights and make bad shyers. 
 
 HOW TO EXAMINE THE EYE. 
 
 If the presence of a cataract is suspected, yet not seen, the best 
 method of examination is to artificially dilate the pupil of the eye 
 by using the following preparation : — 
 
 Extract Belladonna, two ilrachms; 
 Rnl) up with Water, two tablespoonfuls. 
 
 Apply this with friction to the outside of the lids, being careful 
 not to get any into the eye. By this means the interior of the eye 
 can be very critically examined, and any defect easily seen. • The 
 examination should be made in bright sunlight. 
 
 PECULIARITIES OF SPURIOUS CATARACTS. 
 
 If the spot presents a glistening metallic ap- 
 pearance, and changes as viewed from different 
 points, looking larger or growing smaller, togeth- 
 er with external signs of injury, it is a spurious 
 cataract, which is always partial. It can be 
 cured by same treatment as for inflamed eyes. 
 
 SIGNS OF LENTICULAR CATARACT. 
 
 The spot always presents the same shape and appearance, and 
 always seems in the same location. Incurable. 
 
 TOTAL CATARACT. 
 
EXAMINE BEFORE liUYING A HOUSE. 41 
 
 APPEARANCE OF CAPSULAR CATARACT. 
 
 If the whiteness changes appearance, in some positions seeming 
 thin and less in bulk, it is assuredly a capsular cataract. 
 
 WARNINGS ABOUT BUYING HORSES. 
 
 Never buy a horse without a close inspection of his eyes. 
 Thousands of horses are sold every year which are defective in 
 eyesight. The eyes of a horse are as important, nearly, as his legs, 
 but how few know how to judge them. By the hints we have given, 
 anyone can soon be able to judge correctly about the condition of 
 the eyes of any horse. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTEILS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 INJURIES TO THE MOUTH.— How caused by irritable drivers— What to do for them — 
 Simple lotion and simple treatment 
 
 INJURIES TO THE JAW.— More serious than to mouth — To tell if bone has been injured 
 — How to lance to prevent abscess — How to remove the dead bone and how to heal 
 the wound. 
 
 LAMPAS. — Mistaken opinions about this trouble — The old and barbarous practice — How 
 this ruins and spoils a fine roadster — How simple the treatment if only known — How 
 to lose money by following old treatment. 
 
 APHTHA -ERUPTION AROUND MOUTH AND ON TONGUE.— What the diseise is — 
 Its easy cure. 
 
 BAD TEETH — WOLF TEETH.— How uneven teeth injure a horse— Diseases caused by 
 them — Foolish ideas about wolf teeth — Explanations about them. 
 
 COMMON COLD.— How it commences— What to do for it — How to steam a horse's nose — 
 DillVrence between discharge in common cold and in glanders — Home remedies for it. 
 
 NASAL Ol.EET.— Its diflTerence from cold — How it diflers from glanders— Character of 
 discharge from nose — What can be done for it — The treatment of obstinate cases — 
 Best remedies and how to use them. 
 
 NASAL POLYPUS.— Peculiarities of this growth —How to remove it— Not dangerous. 
 
ACCIDENTS TO MOUTH AND JAW. 43 
 
 INJURIES TO THE MOUTH. 
 
 now CAUSED. 
 
 Generally these are caused by sawing and jagging of the lines in 
 the hands of an irritable and cruel driver. They are more or less 
 serious according to circumstances. 
 
 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOll THEM. 
 
 Do not use harsh caustics or greasy ointments, but prepare the 
 following lotion, which will prevent offensive discharges, and gran- 
 ulation : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, two scruples; 
 ■ Laudanum, half an ounce; 
 Water, two pintw. — Mix. 
 
 Bathe the injury with this lotion, using a soft sponge, after each 
 feeding or watering. If more serious, and danger of parts sloughing 
 off, use every three hours. All food should be soft, consisting of 
 meal gruel, boiled roots, which should be mashed, scalded oats, etc. 
 
 INJURIES TO THE JAW. 
 
 MORE SERIOUS THAN TO THE MOUTH. 
 
 These are more serious and of a deeper character than ordinary 
 injuries to the mouth, and include a bruise of the bone, which may 
 exfoliate and come away. 
 
 WHAT MUST BE DONE. 
 
 If the bone of the jaw has been injured, the sharp point of a 
 knife must be inserted into the spot until it touches the bone. 
 Sound bone has no sensation, but diseased bone is acutely sensitive. 
 If a discharge follows, with some odor, it must be washed and 
 injected with following lotion three or four times daily : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, one scruple; 
 Laudanum, half a fluid ounce; 
 Water, one pint — Mix. 
 
44 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS. 
 
 If the opening is not large enough to allow the particles of bone 
 to escape, it must be enlarged by the knife, and in some instances the 
 forceps must be used to remove the dead bone. The lotion should be 
 continued until healed. 
 
 LABIPAS. 
 
 A BARBAROUS PRACTICE. 
 
 This is a favorite disease with some stablemen, who are never so 
 happy as when showing their skill in operating with a hot iron on the 
 tender bars of the horse's mouth. If a young horse is " oflE his feed," 
 a hot iron is their panacea. 
 
 WHAT THE DISEASE IS. 
 
 It affects young horses before they have their full complement of 
 teeth. Young horses changed from pasture to dry, hard food in the 
 stable, will be troubled with it. The bars of the roof of the mouth 
 slightly inflame and the horse fails to eat his food. 
 
 ITS SIMPLE TREATMENT. 
 
 Now, knowing its cause, how easy to cure. Merely give soft 
 food, consisting of bran mashes to keep the bowels open, soaked or 
 scalded oats, boiled roots, etc., for a few days, and the trouble will 
 disappear. We positively assert that no other remedies need be used. 
 In case of loss of appetite take : — 
 
 Hydrochlorate of Ammonia, two ounces; 
 
 Sulphate of Soda, eight ounces ; 
 
 Powdered Gentian, four ounces; 
 
 Powdered Linseed, two ounces ; 
 
 Spring Water, as much as sufficient to make an electuary. 
 
 Of this give two tablespoonsfuls thrice a day, smearing upon the 
 root of the tongue with a ladle. 
 
 don't burn THE HOESE's MOUTH. 
 
 It ruins the delicate sensitiveness to the touch of the reins so 
 necessary in a pleasant, well-broke roadster. It often destroys the 
 
TREATMENT OF APHTHA AND BAD TEETH. 
 
 palate and makes the horse a confirmed "wheezer." Of all practices 
 descended from the dark ages, this is the worst. If humanity will 
 not check you, remember you are taking money from your pocket in 
 lessening the value of the horse. 
 
 APHTHA. 
 
 CHABACTER OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 Both lips swell, the horse is dull and refuses to feed, and the 
 tongue is swollen and protruded. Around the mouth and on the 
 tongue small lumps appear, which are hard at first, soon forming a 
 vescicle containing a clear fluid, which finally bursts, crusts over and 
 falls off. Bj^ this time the disease is over. 
 
 THE TREATMENT OF IT 
 
 consists in feeding thin meal gruel while the mouth is inflamed, and 
 as soon as the pimples are about to burst, prepare the following : — 
 
 Borax, five ounces ; 
 
 Molasses or Honey, two pints; 
 
 Boiling Water, one gallon. — Mix. 
 
 When cool, hold the head up and pour half a pint into the 
 mouth, and in half a minute let the head drop and the fluid run out. 
 Repeat this several times daily. No other medicine is necessary. 
 Attention should be given to proper food. 
 
 BAD TEETH. 
 
 HOW THEY AFFECT A HORSE. 
 
 Sometimes a molar tooth projects up 
 into a vacancy in the upper jaw, as shown 
 by our illustration, caused by the loss of a 
 tooth, and having nothing to keep it worn 
 down, finally pierces the gum of the jaw. It 
 makes it difficult for the horse to eat, and 
 Au CONDITION, he will sometimes throw out a mouthful 
 
46 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS. 
 
 after it has been partially masticated. It may so affect the face 
 and jaw as to cause nasal ^leet. In some cases the molars are 
 worn off by uneven action, to a knife-like edge, and wound the sides 
 of the mouth as well as the hand when introducing a ball. These 
 troubles can be relieved by an operation performed with a tooth rasp. 
 For any wounds, the chloride of zinc lotion for " injuries to the 
 mouth," will be all that is necessary. Bad teeth are often an 
 an unsuspected cause of indigestion and other troubles which puzzle 
 the owner. 
 
 WOLF TEETH. 
 
 Many people imagine that " wolf teeth," as they are caUed, by 
 some mysterious means, reach up to the eye and affect it in some 
 manner, and many other ridiculous fancies. They are merely super- 
 fluous teeth. The idea that they are injurious has become so firmly 
 engrafted on the public mind, that it is almost impossible to eradicate 
 it. In the great majority of cases, horses affected suffer from 
 recurrent ophthalmia, the teeth having nothing to do with the 
 causation of same. 
 
 COMMON COLD. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THIS AILMENT. 
 
 It is caused by exposure and neglect, after which the horse is 
 dull, the coat rough, the body of unequal temperature, in parts hot, 
 and in others icy cold. Often tears trickle from the eyes, which 
 may be slightly inflamed. At length a copious discharge flows from 
 the nostrils. 
 
 WHAT TO DO IN THIS CASE. 
 
 Blanket the horse warmly, and if possible, steam the nose. The 
 ordinary feed nose-bag is too short, but a substitute can be made 
 from the ordinary two bushel bag, by attachicT straps to its mouth 
 to go over the head. Put a peck of bran anJ •■ handful of ^ops in 
 
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLANDERS AND COLD. 
 
 47 
 
 the bottom of the bag, and pour on it the following mixture, stirring 
 the bran so as to incorporate it thoroughly: — 
 
 Spirits Turpentine, two tablespoonfuls; 
 
 Solution of Carbolic Acid, two tablespoonfuls. — Mix. 
 
 Put the nose of the horse in the mouth of the 
 bag, and tie the strap over the head back of the 
 ears. Now cut a perpendicular slit in the bag a 
 foot from the bottom, and through this pour four 
 or five quarts of boiling water, and repeat as steam 
 goes down, for half an hour. Be careful and not 
 scald the horse. If the nostrils are dry, repeat six 
 times per day until discharge is established, and 
 then reduce to three. This is a great aid in all 
 diseases of the lungs or air passages. Regulate 
 the bowels by bran mashes and green food, which 
 will reduce the fever. Do not bleed or physic. Colds debilitate the 
 system very rapidly, and we must build up and not reduce. This is 
 the results of later knowledge and investigation. This disease may 
 terminate in pneumonia, etc. 
 
 DIFFEEENCE BETWEEN DISCHARGES IN GLANDERS AND COLD. 
 
 Some people have been needlessly 
 alarmed by a discharge from the nostrils 
 of a horse suffering with a cold, and by 
 (the presence of a swelling of a gland 
 under the jaw, as shown by our illustra- 
 SWOU.EN GLAND i.N COLD. tloii. Thc swclling Is slways present in 
 
 glanders and may also be present in common cold, and proves noth- 
 ing except the location of inflammation. 
 
48 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS. 
 
 NASAL GLEET. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 Nasal gleet is a generic term for almost all kinds of discharges 
 from the uose or nasal chambers. It is a catarrhal attack; it is couse- 
 queut upon some derangement of the air passages of the head. It 
 requires careful discrimination to differentiate between it 
 and glanders ; this disease, nasal gleet, may originate with- 
 out any assignable cause ; it generally supervenes upon a 
 chronic attack of catarrh. Aged or old horses are far 
 more liable to it than are young ones. The discharge is 
 occasionally seen to issue from one nostril only, but, as a 
 rule, both are infected. The discharge is not seen to 
 issue from the left or right particularly, it may come 
 from either, and it maj' come from both, whereas, in 
 glanders, if the discharge comes from one nostril only, it 
 is almost invariably from the left or nigh. An animal 
 may have the submaxillary glands tumified or may not, whereas, in 
 glanders, they are, we may say, always swollen and indurated. 
 Another distinguishing feature is that, though the nasal membrane 
 becomes inflamed and discolored, and may even assume the leaden 
 color seen in glanders, still you do not find the pustules or ulcerative 
 indications, which are usually the precursors of glanders. 
 
 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISCHARGE. 
 
 There is no uniformity as regards either the color or quantity of 
 the discharge, as it varies in different animals, and in the same 
 animal in different stages of the disease. The gleet which we more 
 particularly come in contact with consists of a substance containing 
 mucus rather than pus, and always of a white color; in fact, its 
 color is a distinguishing feature by which to assist in forming a 
 diagnosis, as it is remarkf^ble for its clearness, amounting, if not to 
 transparency, at least to opaqueness. It is of about the consistency 
 of laudable pus or thick buttermilk; occasionally it is smooth and. 
 
TREATMENT OF NASAL GLEET. 49 
 
 uniform, again thick, full of knots or clots. Sometimes the white- 
 ness changes to a yellow, or yellowish-white, and partakes of the 
 nature, in some degree, of pus. At times it collects around the open- 
 ing of the nostrils, and is ejected in flakes or masses, which are 
 separated in regular succession, and at times there is considerable 
 irregularity observed as to the manner in which it is discharged. 
 Sometimes, after administering the usual medicines, the discharge 
 may cease, but it breaks out again, the second attack being usually 
 more virulent than its predecessor. There is occasionally a most 
 disagreeable fetor accompanying the discharge; and again it is 
 scentless. The animal does not in any way seem to suffer from the 
 effects of the disease'; the usual quantity of food is consumed, and 
 his mettle and spirits are in perfect order, nor is his capability to 
 to resist fatigue greatly affected, though this latter feature should 
 not be tested. 
 
 HOW TO TEEAT IT. 
 
 This may be at first simply conducted on the expectant plan. 
 Giving merely theoretical treatment will, in all probability, fail, when 
 an operation is our next resource. A rowel should be inserted 
 beneath the under jaw. This is sometimes very efficacious in cases 
 of recent nasal gleet, though to place implicit reliance upon it when 
 the disease has made any headway, cannot be done. It should be 
 distinctly understood that both blisters and setons are absolutely 
 useless unless the glands are involved, in which latter case (swelling 
 of the cervical glands), both blisters and setons may be brought into 
 requisition, particularly the blisters. The following injection should 
 be thrown up the nasal passage three times each day : — 
 
 Sulphate of Copper, one ounce ; 
 Boiling Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Use, when cool, in quantities of a teacupful. Give internally, 
 once a day, the following : — 
 
 Balsam Copaiba, half a fluid ounce ; 
 Powdered Cantharides, four grains; 
 Pulverized Cubebs, sufficient to make a pill mass. 
 
50 DISEASES AND INJURIES OF MOUTH AND NOSTRILS. 
 
 If this affects the urinary organs severely, stop at once, and give 
 the following substitute : — 
 
 Extract Belladonna, half a drachm ; 
 Rub up in Water, one ounce. 
 
 Kepeat this dose every hour until all appetite is destroyed, then 
 stop. Repeat this every fourth day, keeping up the injections daily. 
 Have the animal's head steamed daily by placing about a drachm of 
 carbolic acid and an equal quantity of aqua ammonia in a pail of 
 boiling water, or use the nose bag as directed for common cold. Give 
 the animal good, hberal diet, a sufficiency of tonics, gentle exercise, 
 and general favorable surroundings. Bring into requisition good 
 common sense, which is by no means as common a commodity as 
 most people seem to believe. This, with the adoption of the above- 
 mentioned treatment will be, as a rule, efficacious. 
 
 NASAL POLYPUS. 
 
 THE PECULIARITY OF THIS AFFECTION. 
 
 This is a pear-shaped body which grows in the nostril, sometimes 
 entirely closing the passage. It is a vascular body composed of blood 
 vessels covered by membrane, which hangs suspended by a stem. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOR IT. 
 
 The best way to remove it is by a ligature of fine wire around the 
 stem, which should be tightened every day until it is cut off. It is 
 not a mahgnant growth. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 DISEASES OP THE THROAT. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 CHOKING — HIGH CHOKE — LOW CHOKE.— Position tlie horse stands in high choke — 
 Where the obstacles lies — How to remove it by the hand — How to make a simple 
 instrument to remove it — To remove if it be an egg — An ingenious method — Low 
 Choke — The symptoms of low choke — How different the horse stands in this — Simple 
 and safe method of relief. 
 
 BRONCHOCELE OR GOITRE.— Its character and size— A blemish easily removed— How to 
 accomplish this and not injure the horse. 
 
 LARYNGITIS. — How it affects the windpipe — To detect its tir.st stages — How it makes a 
 roarer — Signs of getting worse — .Signs of getting better — To treat it properly and suc- 
 cessfully — Minute directions for the use of remedies — When to change them — Special 
 directions during recovery. 
 
 CHRONIC COUGH. — Diseases where the cough is merely a symptom — When it is uncom- 
 plicated and local — What causes it — The best remedies and how to use them. 
 
 SORE THROAT. — When local and when a symptom — How a horse drinks with sore throat — 
 What to give for it — How to use a gargle — When to blister the throat — A home-made 
 remedy and a good one. 
 
 ROARING. — What it is and its cause — Only method of relief for a chronic case — How to 
 detect an incipient roarer — The stable test — Directions for the cure of it. 
 
52 
 
 DISEASES OF THE THROAT. 
 
 CHOKING. 
 
 CHAEACTERISTICS OF HIGH CHOKE. 
 
 In this accident the obstacle is lodged in the upper part of the 
 passage to the stomach, and in some instances can be taken away 
 by the hand. If relief is not afforded soon, the horse falls and dies 
 of suffocation, and instant action is demanded. We have given an 
 engraving plainly showing the appearance of the horse in high choke. 
 
 THE SYMPTOMS OF HIGH CHOKE, 
 
 which makes it easy to deter- 
 mine, are as follows : The head is 
 raised, and saliva covers the hps. 
 The countenance is haggard, and 
 the eyes inflamed and watery. 
 The muscles of the neck are 
 rigid, the breathing is loud, and 
 the flanks heave. The body is in 
 constant' motion, the fore legs 
 pawing and stamping, while the hind ones crouch and dance. Per- 
 spiration breaks forth, and intense agony is shown in every movement 
 and action. 
 
 HOW TO RELIEVE IT IMMEDIATELY. 
 
 If it can be reached by hand, have the jaws securely held, insert 
 the hand and withdraw the obstacle. If this cannot be done, it often 
 can be relieved by a simple hook, which can be made in a few 
 moments by using ordinary wire, as shown by our illustration. In- 
 sert the hook and work it down 
 behind the obstacle, then with 
 a sudden jerk withdraw it. If 
 it should be an egg that is thus 
 fixed in the gullet, it may be punctured by first thrusting a darning 
 needle through it from the outside, and then smashing by a sudden 
 blow on the side of the throat. Surgeons reheve it by an operation 
 called tracheotomy. 
 
 INSTRUMENT TO RELIEVE CHOKING. 
 
PROPER TREATMENT FOR CHOKING. 53 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE LOW CHOKE. 
 
 This occurs low down the passage, and is not so urgent as in high 
 choke. It may continue for two or three days, and the horse finally 
 dies of suffocation, caused by tympanites or accumulation of gas 
 internally. We introduce an illustration which shows the difference 
 in position the horse assumes in this case. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF LOW CHOKE. 
 
 The animal ceases to feed, 
 and if water is given, it is re- 
 turned by way of the nostrils. 
 The muscles are not rigid as in 
 high choke, neither is the head 
 held erect. Saliva flows from 
 the mouth, and a copious dis- 
 charge runs from the nostrils, i 
 The breathing is labored, but ' 
 not noisy. The back is roached. 
 and the flanks tucked up. The horse stands as though he wanted to 
 elevate his hind parts, as shown in the engraving. In two or three 
 days the accumulation of gas in the abdomen becomes excessive, the 
 breathing quickens, the pulse fails, and he dies. 
 
 WHAT TO DO AND HOW TO DO IT. 
 
 Give any kind of oil, by me quarter of a pint, every hour. In 
 the half hours between, give the following dose : — 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces ; 
 Laudanum, two fluid ounces; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 If it be returned and cannot be swallowed, administer chloroform 
 by inhalation, until the horse is insensible, then extend the jaws, 
 and using a probang, force the object slowly, steadily, and gently, 
 into the stomach; the probang should never enter the stomach. 
 
54 DISEASES OF THE THROAT. 
 
 A home-made probang can be constructed out of a piece of whale- 
 bone three feet long, half an inch at one end, and tapering down 
 to an eighth at the other, on the small end of which, completely 
 covering it, tie a round sponge very securely. To use it, dip the 
 sponge in oil or strong soap suds and squeeze nearly dry, and 
 then insert. 
 
 BRONCHOCELE OR GOITRE. 
 
 MOKE DAMAGE TO POCKET THAN TO HORSE. 
 
 It is an enlargement immediately under 
 the throat, as shown by our illustration, 
 very plainly. It varies in size from a chest- 
 nut to an egg. It is a blemish and injures 
 the price of the horse, yet can be removed. 
 
 HOW TO no IT VERT EASILY. 
 
 The horse can be worked during the 
 treatment, which should commence by giving night and morning 
 the following dose : — 
 
 Iodide of Potassium, one drachm 
 Liquor Potassa, one fluid drachm; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 At the same time apply a portion of the following ointment, the 
 size of a hazel nut, well rubbed in, twice a day: — 
 
 Iodide of Lead, one drachm ; 
 Lard, two tablespoonfuls. — Mix. 
 
 If it creates a sore, omit for a few days. This will cure it. 
 
 .N'CE OF BRONCHOCELE. 
 
SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF LARYNGITIS. 55 
 
 LARYNGITIS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF SYMPTOMS. 
 
 It is an inflammation of the upper part of the wind-pipe or 
 larynx, and is accompanied with dullness, a short cough during 
 almost every inspiration of breath, and a slight enlargement under the 
 throat. The horse resists examination of the part, and carries the 
 head as though the neck was stiff. Often a hoarse sound, terminating 
 in a grunt, can be detected, if the ear is placed against the wind-pipe. 
 The breath is hurried and catching, the pulse full and throbbing, and 
 the membrane of the nose almost scarlet. If not properly treated, it 
 may leave the horse a confirmed roarer, by thickening of the mem- 
 brane of the larynx. 
 
 SIGNS OF THE DISEASE Uj^TiiKC '■VOESE. 
 
 There is an increased noise in breathing, while the breath and 
 pulse become quicker. The cough is suppressed, and the nasal mem- 
 brane changes to a leaden color. The horse stands unsteady and 
 moves about. Partial sweats start out, ^ and all the symptoms are 
 aggravated. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 The membrane of the nose becomes more natural, and the breath- 
 ing grows louder and more free. A white, thick discharge flows from 
 the nostrils, and the breathing is easier. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT IT SUCCESSFULLY. 
 
 First, reduce the pulse to a more natural action by administering 
 the following dose, every half hour, until its effects are shown : — 
 
 Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops; 
 Water, four tablespoonfuls. — Mix. 
 
 This is better than blood-letting, which is too depressing, an^ 
 often causes a chronic form of the disease. 
 
 Apply the steam-bag, as shown by engraving, and as directed in 
 "common cold." This is of great assistance in the treatment of this 
 
56 DISEASES OF THE THROAT. 
 
 disease. If it seems to distress the horse, apply for a few minutes 
 only, then repeat it. x\pply wisps of hay which have been soaked in 
 hot water to the throat, and bandage. 
 
 Administer the following dose, three times daily, in addition to 
 the other treatment : — 
 
 Extract Belladonna, one drachm ; 
 Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops; 
 Tincture of Ipecacuanha, one fluid ounce; 
 Tincture of Squills, two fluid ounces. 
 
 Eub the belladonna up in a pint of warm water until dissolved, 
 then add the other ingredients, and give at one dose. If the pulse is 
 nearly natural leave out the aconite. 
 
 SPECIAL DIRECTIONS DURING RECOVERY. 
 
 When the horse gets better, insert a seton through the skin of 
 the throat under the seat of the disease. Move this daily to keep up 
 the irritation. The food should be moist and soft, with no hay. 
 Soaked oats or boiled roots may be given, also bran mashes. 
 
 As the horse gets better, and is gradually changed to regular food, 
 withdraw the seton, and blister the under side of the neck with : — 
 
 Tincture of Cantharides, one fluid ounce; 
 Camphorated Oil, half a fluid ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Apply a portion, with friction, three times a day, until a blister 
 shows; as it subsides apply again. Dry food of every kind must be 
 avoided. Dusty hay is an abomination in this disease. Soak it six 
 hours before feeding. 
 
 CHRONIC COUGH. 
 
 THE DISEASES ACCOMPANIED BY COUGH. 
 
 Evei'y one knows what a cough is, yet all do not know that in 
 many cases it is merely a symptom of other and more serious disor- 
 ders. It may be caused by dusty hay, cold water, etc. More fre- 
 quently it is a symptom of farcy, glanders, broken wind or heaves, 
 laryngitis, bronchitis, or some chronic disease of the lungs, stomach, 
 or bowels. 
 
PRESCRIPTIONS FOR CHRONIC COUGH. 67 
 
 WHAT CHEONIC COUGH GENERALLY IS. 
 
 It is a thickening of the mucous membrane which covers the 
 larynx, accompanied by a morbid sensitiveness to any disturbing influ- 
 ences, proving a very annoying accompaniment for a drive. 
 
 WHAT TO DO TO RELIEVE IT. 
 
 It is sometimes very difficult to cure, and no medicine will re- 
 lieve unless special attention be paid to warm clothing, pure air, and 
 at the same time to dampened food. It may be troublesome to do 
 this, but the most potent remedies will fail to relieve if these precau- 
 tions are not taken. 
 
 Commence treatment with the following: — 
 
 Fluid Extract Lobelia, two fluid drachms; 
 Fluid Extract Gelsemium, thirty drops; 
 Tincture of Squills, ten fluid ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Give a teaspoonful once a day for a week, or increase if necessary. 
 Let it trickle over the roots of the tongue. If there is swelling of 
 the glands in the channel of the throat, blister severely with good 
 cantharides ointment. Apply the blister until satisfied the swelling 
 requires opening : then it imist be opened largely to give free exit to 
 all pus. Put a piece of quick Lime as large as a lemon in the water to 
 be drank the day before watering. If, after a few days' trial, this 
 brings no improvement, substitute the following: — 
 
 Common Tar, two ounces ; 
 
 Calomel, fifteen grains; 
 
 Linseed Meal enough to make a stiflf mass. 
 
 Mix and divide into three baUs, and give one every morning for 
 three days, and then return to the first prescription. 
 
 If it prove still obstinate, it will be found to be merely an attend- 
 ant on some more serious disorder, which must be treated under its 
 appropriate head. 
 
58 DISEASES OF THE THROAT. 
 
 SORE THROAT. 
 
 SOMETIMES MEKELY A SYMPTOM. 
 
 This is frequently a symptom of some graver disorder, and care 
 should be taken to learn whether it is merely of a local character or a 
 symptom. 
 
 HOW IT AFFECTS A HORSE. 
 
 There is a want of appetite, with trouble in swallowing liquids, 
 the effort being accompanied by an emphatic jerky action, and 
 audible sound. The most evident sign will be the return of part of 
 the liquid through the nostrils. 
 
 WHAT ITS TREATMENT SHOULD BE. 
 
 In simple attacks, a warm blanket, a warm, well-ventilated stable, 
 and soft food, will soon relieve it. If these measures, with bran 
 mashes, do not loosen the bowels, after the second day, give ^the 
 following dose : — 
 
 Pulverized Aloes, one drachm ; 
 Essence of Anise, half a fluid ounce; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 If it still prove obstinate and not mend, prepare the following 
 gargle : — 
 
 Chlorate of Potassa, one ounce; 
 Water, two quarts. — Mix. 
 
 Hold up the head and pour half a pint into his mouth, holding 
 up his head for half a minute after, then let it drop and the gargle 
 run out. Repeat from six to eight times a day. These are the best 
 means to adopt. Should it be a bad case, rub some of the following 
 blistering liquid upon the outside of the throat, three times daily, 
 until it blisters : — 
 
 Tincture of Cantharides, one fluid ounce; 
 Camphorated Oil, half a fluid ounce. — Mix. 
 
 When the blister subsides, apply again, keeping the part irritated. 
 A good home-made remedy is prepared as follows : — 
 
 Powdered Inner White Oak Bark, one tablespoonful ; 
 Jlolasses enough to make a stiff mass. 
 
 Give at one dose twice a day. This is an excellent and cheap 
 remedy. 
 
HOW TO DETECT A ROARER. 59 
 
 ROARING. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND ITS CAUSES. 
 
 Acute roaring often occurs in laryngitis, and may be caused by 
 the tumor in distemper. Chronic roaring is caused by an alteration 
 in the structure of tne larynx or upper termination of the wind-pipe, 
 which controls the passage of air into the lungs. It is caused by a 
 spasmodic explosion of the air, which is followed by a deep roaring 
 inspiration. It is often caused by a tight check rein used on young 
 horses while growing, producing this alteration in its structure. 
 
 THE ONLY METHOD OF RELIEF OF CHRONIC CASES, 
 
 which is merely palliative, is to place a pad under the nose piece of 
 the bridle, and thus limit the amount of air admitted to the lungs. 
 Of course the horse cannot go through any severe and long continued 
 exertion while this is being used. 
 
 METHOD OF DETECTING A ROARER. 
 
 Drive the horse sharply, say for a mile or so, and on stopping, 
 apply the ear immediately to the windpipe. If he is an incipient 
 " roarer " you will discover it at once. 
 
 ANOTHER TEST FOR A EOARER 
 
 is to take a stick with you into the stall, and catching the horse by a 
 short hold on the halter, suddenly display the stick and make a 
 motion as though to hit him a smart blow on the abdomen. He will 
 spring forward with an audible grunt if a roarer. It is not au 
 infallible test, however. 
 
 It is not a dangerous or fatal complaint, yet the powers of the 
 horse are impaired, for no roarer can have the wind of a sound horse. 
 
 The food should be constantly changed, and in a mash give 
 twenty grains of nux vomica. Tonics and iodide of potassium, in 
 drachm doses daily, are also useful ; hay and oats makes best feed, 
 the latter being given in larger quantities relatively as compared with 
 the former. If the roaring is due to any mechanical obstruction, 
 have it removed if possible. The disease is sometimes hereditary. 
 A little Hme might be mixed with the water twice a day; the hay 
 should be thoroughly shaken and wet, and of good quaHty. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST. 
 
 CONSENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 PNEUMONIA— INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS— How to tell it from bronchitis or 
 pleurisy— The first symptoms that show — How to examine to discover it — The first 
 thing to do— The second step to take — Cautions about bleeding — How to clothe the 
 horse— The kind and quantity of remedies to use — To treat during recovery — How to 
 hasten recovery — What the food should be— Favorable signs — Fatal signs. 
 
 OVER^DRIVING— CONGESTION ON THE ROAD.— How it attacks the horse— Its fatal 
 symptoms — What to do immediately — Remedies that are best — Cautions about 
 wrong treatment — Congestion in the stable — How it diSers — Its most prominent 
 symptoms— What its treatment should be — What it may terminate in — How to avoid it. 
 
 BRONCHITIS — INFLAMMATION OF AIR PASSAGES.— What it is and its causes— Its 
 prominent symptoms — Treatment by steam — Treatment by medicines— How to vary 
 and apply remedies — What the fatal symptoms are — Cautions about giving wrong 
 treatment — Avoid vile concoctions. 
 
 PLEURISY.— What disease it may be taken for— How to tell the difi"erence between it and 
 spjismodic colic — Symptoms described so anyone can tell it — A sure and certain test 
 for it — Particular directions in treating it — The fir.st signs of improvement — Fatal 
 signs — Proper remedies and how to use them — Cautions about what to avoid. 
 
 PNEUMONIA— INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 HOW IT DIFFERS FROM BRONCHITIS OR PLEURISl'. 
 
 Many writers ignorantly confound congestion from over-driving, 
 bronchitis, or pleuris}'^, with inflammation of the lungs, or as different 
 stages of pneumonia. Later developments have shown them to be 
 distinct diseases, and state the difference, and it wiU be well for the 
 
FIRST SIGNS OF PNEUMONIA. 61 
 
 reader to remember that bronchitis affects the tubes that penetrate 
 and ramify the structure of the hmgs, and that pleurisy is an inflam- 
 mation of the pleura, or membrane that covers the lungs, while pneu- 
 monia is inflammation of the cellular portion of the lungs. 
 
 THE FIRST SYMPTOMS OF AN ATTACK. 
 
 It is rather lingering in its devel- 
 opment, the breathing somewhat accel- 
 erated and labored, and the pulse but 
 slightly increased. The artery is full, 
 and the beat seems more like a surge of 
 blood which swells the artery for a. 
 moment, and then is still for an interval - 
 and again repeats. The horse is deject- f'kst appearance of pneumonia. 
 ed, with head and ears drooping, as shown by our illustration. Its 
 legs are cold, and separated apart as if to prevent falling through 
 giddiness. The coat is rough, and the body without warmth. All 
 visible mucous membranes are discolored, the bowels costive, and all 
 symptoms show that the whole structure of the lungs is congested. 
 
 HOW TO EXAMINE AND TO TEST IT. 
 
 Place your ear at his side. In health there is only a gently blow- 
 ing sound to be heard. If more than that be heard, especially if 
 something within the chest seems to grate or suck, or it has an 
 additional sound, like a huge pair of bellows violently at work, it is 
 surely pneumonia. 
 
 THE FIRST TREATMENT OF AN ATTACK. 
 
 If shod, pull off the shoes, and, if possible, put in a roomy box 
 stall, the floor of which has been strewn with sawdust, sand, or a like 
 substance. If in warm weather, it is prudent to keep the sand or 
 sawdust damp, as the disease is subject to changes of location, and 
 may affect the feet, and a soft cool floor is best adapted to prevent it. 
 
 THE SECOND STEP TO BE TAKEN. 
 
 The common custom of the ignorant is to bleed until the animal 
 falls, and as bleeding always quickens the pulse, bleed again soon. 
 
62 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST. 
 
 Don't do it. Many a horse has been bled to death, or rather bled so 
 much that no vitahty remained to fight disease. If the horse seems 
 very dull and almost unconscious, bleed early, only once, and then 
 only sufl&cient to make the horse raise his head and show more signs 
 of life. If a pint taken from him does this, take no more. If it can 
 possibly be avoided do not bleed, and certainly do not if the blood is 
 black and thick, and dribbles down the neck, and does not spurt out 
 
 of the vein. If it is in winter, put a 
 hood over the head and neck, and blan- 
 ket him, leaving sufficient ventilation, 
 and keep the stall or room filled with 
 steam. Take off the blanket after the 
 steam has filled the stall, but keep up 
 the steam all the time. Grive as early 
 in the disease as possible, the following 
 ^^ ->j^v^ dose: — 
 
 A h\D CASE OF PNELMOM\ 
 
 Tintture of Aconite, twenty drops; 
 Sulphuric Etlier, two fluid ounces: 
 Extract Belladonna, one drachm. 
 
 Eub up the belladonna in half a pint of water, and then mix. 
 Eepeat this dose three times during the day, and once at night. 
 
 TEEATMENT DURING BECOVEEY. 
 
 When the pulse gets more natural, diminish the amount of the 
 aconite, and as the breath grows easier, diminish the quantity of the 
 belladonna. Increase or diminish the medicine as the symptoms 
 grow worse or better : thus, if the pulse does not amend, six, or even 
 nine doses of twenty drops of tincture of aconite, in half a pint of 
 water, may be given in twenty-four hours. Should the breathing be 
 severe, the belladonna may be increased in like manner. 
 
 WHAT THE FOOD SHOULD BE. 
 
 Great care must be taken not to overload the stomach or allow 
 hearty food. Water may be allowed or hay tea given (made by 
 pouring hot water on a qi*^ntity of hay and strained and cooled.) 
 •As the horse surely gets better, a Uttle scalded oat meal may be 
 
FOR OVER-DRIVING A HORSE. 63 
 
 added, making it thicker every day the horse mends. A couple of 
 pounds of boiled potatoes or carrots may be added now, and as his 
 appetite grovps more eager, a pint of bruised oats may be thoroughly 
 scalded and given six times a day. Do not permit a full meal. A 
 single allowance of hearty food will bring back the disease with 
 aggravated symptoms. Let some days pass before any hay is 
 allowed, as a distended stomach interferes with breathing. Kemem- 
 ber that it is with brutes as with the human family, as necessary to 
 regulate the food of the sick as to give the medicine. 
 
 FAVORABLE SYMPTOMS OF IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 The first marked favorable symptom will be the lying down of 
 •the horse, and if this is attempted, do not disturb, as its strength can 
 more easily be restored by rest and quiet. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOR DELAYED RECOVERY. 
 
 If the horse does not improve rapidly, be very particular and 
 careful about the feeding, and at the same time, apply a bhster to the 
 front of the throat down to the chest and between the legs. After 
 the effects of this has nearly ceased, apply another upon the sides of 
 the throat and upper part of the ribs, but not on the side or lower 
 part. Give tonics; they are demanded. 
 
 OVER-DRIVING— CONGESTION ON THE ROAD. 
 
 WHAT CAUSES THIS ATTACK. 
 
 The horse, by very severe or long continued driving by brutal 
 men, is taxed beyond its strength, and reels and drops in its tracks. 
 The violent exertion reduces the nervous strength of the horse so 
 low, that the larynx contracts to such an extent that the blood is 
 not oxygenated or purified, and mounting to the brain, produces 
 temporary insensibilitv and congestion of the lungs with blood. 
 
64 DISEASES OF THE LUNDS ANU OHEST. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF CONGESTION. 
 
 The horse, by exliaiistiou, rools and falls, aud the body, notwith- 
 standing the violent exertion, feels clammy cold, the breathing is 
 difficult, and every vein is distended and seen. 
 
 IMMEmATE TREATMENT NECESSARY. 
 
 Bleed at once, even with a knife, as it is easy to see the veins, 
 and a pint taken now is of more value than a gallon taken an hour 
 hence. Cover the body at once and lead to the nearest stable, 
 double the blankets, bandage the legs, cover the neck, aud keep the 
 horse warm. If possible, boat the stall by firo, if not, by tubs of hot 
 water. Our object is to bring the blood to the surface aud relieve the 
 the congested lungs. 
 
 Now give, if possible, every half hour, without noise or excite- 
 ment, the following dose : — 
 
 Suliihnrio Ethor, ono lliiiil ounoe ; 
 Liiviiliuium, Ii:ilf a tlui>l ouiioe ; 
 AViitor, Iinlf a pint.— Mix. 
 
 Should no druggist be at hand, beat up two tablespoonfuls of 
 turpentine with the yolk of an egg ; mix it with a half a pint of water, 
 aud give every half hour. Give ample bed, aud put a pail of gruel 
 within easy reach of the horse. Iveiuember that the horse must not 
 be left day or night for thirty hours, as its fate will be decided 
 in that time. 
 
 C.IUTIONS ABOUT WH.AT NOT TO DO. 
 
 Don't give alcoholic stimulants or stimulants of this character. 
 To be sure the horse will seem to meud after the first dose, but the 
 third dose generally shows that the horse is becoming worse ; bloody 
 water is blown from the nostrils, partial sweat breaks forth, the eye 
 assumes a grey appearance. To be sure, the horse seems to walk 
 with a firmer step, but just at this moment falls and expires. 
 
 CONGESTION IN THE ST.ABLE. 
 
 This generally attacks fat, sleek, family horses, who are suddenly 
 called upon to do an amount of traveling, or draw a load beyond their 
 strength, or debilitated livery horses. 
 
SYMPTOMS AND TKEATMENT OK CONGESTION. 
 
 65 
 
 ITS MOST PROMINENT SYMPTOMS. 
 
 The horse is hardly tied to the manger before symptoms of 
 exhaustion are seen; the head Jiangs down and the food not noticed. 
 Soon he commences panting and breathing quickly. Sometimes 
 
 this is mistaken for advanced 
 symptoms of inflammation of 
 the lungs. It is probable it 
 would terminate in this way if 
 nothing were done to avert it. 
 The sudden change from se- 
 vere exertion to rest produces 
 a great reaction of the sys- 
 tem. The capillary vessels 
 and every organ of the body 
 is in a state of great congestion. The arteries are round and gorged, 
 and the pulse may beat quicker or slower than mentioned in most 
 l)Ooks, but will be comparatively feeble and hardly stirs. Partial 
 perspiration may appear upon the body, but no warmer than the skin. 
 The feet are cold, eyes fixed and hearing lost. He does not move 
 when commanded, and except breathing, which is involuntary, yet 
 disordered, all natural functions seem stopped. 
 
 WHAT ITS TREATMENT SHOULD BE. 
 
 If the horse be attended to at once the symptoms will rapidly 
 disappear. Give the following at one dose : — 
 
 Siiliihuric Ether, two fluiil ounces; 
 Lauflanum, two fluid ounces; 
 Cold Water, one jjint. — Mix. 
 
 As the horse is not conscious, give with caution and moderation, 
 and do not get excited and use brute force. A little patience and all 
 will be swallowed or the fumes inhaled, which is nearly as good as 
 giving the dose. If in ten minutes the horse has not recovered, or 
 but partially so, administer the same sized dose again. It will be 
 but seldom that any more than two doses will be required, yet do not 
 neglect, but watch twenty minutes more, as the symptoms frequently 
 9 
 
QQ DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST. 
 
 vanish and then reappear. Empty the manger and rack, for though 
 the horse woukl eat, no sohd food must he allowed until the next day, 
 but a pail of gruel, set so the horse can reach it without raising his 
 head high, should be given. The horse should be hghtly blanketed, 
 and the next day will be as well as ever. 
 
 WHAT ITS TEEMINATION MAY BE. 
 
 This disease, like the fainting fits of human persons, used to be 
 treated by bleeding, but to bleed a debilitated horse is but to increase 
 the disease and delay recovery. Kemember that this disease differs 
 from congestion on the road, both in degree, intensity, and constitu- 
 tion of the subject generally. It generally terminates in a much 
 more serious disease if not noticed, or neglected to treat by remedies 
 at once. Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs and pleurisy are 
 generally the diseases which follow, but it has terminated in enteritis 
 or inflammation of the intestines, fatally in some instances. 
 
 BRONCHITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OP AIR PASSAGES. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND WHAT ITS CAUSES AKE. 
 
 Originally, it is an inflammation or congestion of the mucous 
 membrane or delicate lining of the wind-pipe, and air tubes of the 
 upper part of the lungs, but has also an aptitude for involving like 
 membranes of the whole cavity of the chest, and is generally caused 
 by exposure of the horse to cold winds or storms, especially after 
 
 being heated by driving. The 
 horse simply catches a cold, 
 which affects these parts much 
 in the same manner and with 
 results similar to its action on 
 mankind. 
 
 WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS MAT BE. 
 
 It is a very insidious and 
 deceptive disease in its early 
 stages. Sometimes there will 
 
 CODGHING DU 
 
EXTERNAL TREATMENT OF BRONCHITIS. 
 
 67 
 
 be a short cough denoting irritation of the air passages, and a shght 
 increase of redness of the memhrane Hning the nostrils, yet the 
 appetite will he unimpaired and many times increased. Many persons 
 are deceived therehy, for as long as a horse eats, he is well enough to 
 work, they say; but this will not always prove a safe rule. Soon the 
 cough becomes evidently suppressed and painful, the appetite gone, 
 and the horse is averse to moving. The breathing quick and easily 
 heard, the lining membrane of the nose is very scarlet, and mouth 
 hot, dry and clammy. The legs and body of uneven temperature — 
 here cold as ice, there a dusty heat. 
 
 DIKECTIONS FOR THE TKEATMENT OF IT. 
 
 If possible, put the horse in a box stall, if not, 
 
 in a warm stable. If it is possible, have the air 
 
 charged with steam from boiling water, if not, make 
 
 a nose bag and steam the horse's nose as directed 
 
 under head of "Common Cold," and as shown by 
 
 our engraving. Don't scald the horse, and see 
 
 that the steam is not too great in quantity or too 
 
 hot at the nose. Scald some hay and apply to the 
 
 throat by a ban- 
 dage, and renew 
 as often as cold. 
 Apply fl a n n e 1 s 
 wet with cold wa- 
 ter to the back and sides, as shown 
 by our illustration, covering closely 
 with a blanket and renew immedi- 
 ately when warm, for several hours, 
 5^ " then let them remain on, but do not 
 H.« .ucLu,.,., ,„K,^o i>K„Nc„r,.v sufier them to dry. They must be 
 
 worn for a week after restoration, though not wet. Now prepare the 
 
 following, after the scalded hay has been applied for two hours to 
 
 the throat : — 
 
 Burgundy Pitch, half a pound; 
 
 Powdered Gum Camjihor, two ounces; 
 
 Powdered Capsicum or Red Pepper, half a drachm. 
 
 BAG FOR COLD. 
 
68 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST. 
 
 Melt the pitch on a fire, take the vessel off and mix in the other 
 ingredients and apply while warm (not hot), to the neck from the 
 breast up to the throat. 
 
 If there is considerable aggravated congestion, which can be told 
 by the pulse, give the following dose : — 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce ; 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce ; 
 Water, half a pint.— Mix. 
 
 The above dose should be given every half hour, and if no per- 
 ceptible effect is produced upon the pulse after the third dose, 
 substitute the following : — 
 
 Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops; 
 Belladonna, half a drachm. 
 
 Rub the belladonna up in an ounce of water, and then add the 
 aconite. Give the above dose every half hour till the pulse mends, 
 then drop the aconite, but keep up the belladonna in half-drachm 
 doses, in addition to the first prescription mentioned above, which 
 ought to be resumed should amendment ensue from the use of 
 aconite. If bowels are costive move by injections of warm soap suds. 
 Let the food be almost entirely thick gruel, for all sohd food must be 
 withheld, especially during the acute attack. The chill ought to be 
 taken off the water drank. Boiled roots, crushed or scalded oats 
 may be given next, and the hay should be dampened the first month 
 before given. 
 
 WHAT THE FATAL SYMPTOMS AEE. 
 
 The pulse continues una- 
 mended at first, but soon grows 
 very quick and tremulous. The 
 breathing becomes very painful 
 even to spectators. Every in- 
 halation seems to shake the 
 body, and the nasal membrane 
 takes a bluish tint. A foul 
 bloody froth hangs about the 
 nostrils, and the eyes are dull 
 
CAUTIONS ABOUT lilK-M li lUS. gQ 
 
 and fixed. The cough is most distressing and occurs in fits, and 
 during the paroxysms the animal reels about. The cough shakes the 
 Bore lungs and checks the breathing, already near suffocation. It 
 continues until discolored fluid is ejected from the nostrils, and a 
 brief respite ensues. As time progresses, the fits become more severe 
 and much longer, while the strength even more rapidly decreases. 
 
 WHAT NOT TO DO IN THIS CASE. 
 
 Never bleed. When mucous membranes are aflfected, never 
 deplete by physic or bleeding. A small amount of blood taken may 
 produce a prostration no tonic will restore; a diarrhoea may be 
 produced by even a small dose of aloes, which no astringent can 
 eheck. This disease is very liable to change of location, and therefore 
 be careful what you do. Better never give any medicine internally 
 unless you want to produce a certain effect. Above all, avoid unreli- 
 able advice of kind neighbors who know no more, nor as much as 
 yourself, or the villainous compounds of self-sufficient persons, whose 
 ignorance only is equalled by their ridiculous assumptions. A little 
 common sense on your part is worth all their concoctions. 
 
 PLEURISY. 
 
 THE CAUSES OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 Exposure, overdriving, or too severe exertion in a race without 
 proper care after. Horses five or six years of age are most liable to 
 its attacks. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND WHAT MISTAKEN FOE. 
 
 It is an inflammation of the fine membrane covering the lungs 
 and also lining the chest. It generally terminates the second day, 
 and consequently the symptoms are quickly developed, and this 
 violence on their first appearance has been frequently mistaken for 
 spasmodic colic. 
 
70 DISEASES OF THE LUNGS AND CHEST. 
 
 DIFFEEENCE BETWEEN PLEUEISY AND SPASMODIC COLIC. 
 
 The pulse in spasmodic colic is always natural at the commence- 
 ment, and the attacks of pain, when they first occur, are always of 
 short duration. In pleurisy the pulse strihes the finger, and is strong. 
 The artery seems thin, the pain is continuous, and the agony never 
 remits or ceases. The horse never feeds, as he often does in colic 
 between the attacks; the body is hot, and the feet icy cold, 
 
 WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS GENERALLY ARE. 
 
 The muscles are sometimes knotted 
 and drawn up in ridges, and partial per- 
 spiration breaks forth on parts of the 
 body. A cough is sometimes, but not 
 always, present, and is always suppressed 
 and dry, more like a hack. The ear, 
 placed against the ribs, detects a grating 
 sound. The fore foot is scarcely ever 
 OF PLEURISY. quiet and constantly paws. The breath- 
 
 ing is peculiar, for the pain prevents a full respiration, and appears 
 short, jerking, quick, and always imperfect. 
 
 A SURE AND CERTAIN TEST FOR IT. 
 
 Pressure made on the spaces between the ribs sometimes almost 
 deprives the animal of consciousness, for the pain is so intense. The 
 animal shrinks, and often is angered, tries to bite or kick the person 
 applying the test. 
 
 DIRECTIONS HOW TO TREAT IT. 
 
 At the first commencement, take blood enough to ease the horse, 
 but not a drop more. Bandage the legs with flannel, but leave the 
 body uncovered unless in cold weather. Give every fifteen minutes 
 the following dose to allay pulse and fever : — 
 
 Tincture Aconite, twenty drops ; 
 Warm Water, four tablespoonfuls. — Mix. 
 
FATAL SIGNS OF PLEURISY. 71 
 
 Feel the pulse before each dose, and as soon as softened, stop the 
 above. Now ^ive the following dose every second hour, which will 
 prevent further congestion of the pleura : — 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce; 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce; 
 Water, a tumblerful. — Mix. 
 
 Follow the above directions for one day and night, and depend 
 on the aconite to allay fever and keep down the pulse. On no 
 account bleed again. If, after the symptoms get better, the cough 
 remains, the nose-bag steaming apparatus described under " Common 
 Cold," will relieve it. 
 
 THE FIRST SIGNS OF IMPROVEMENT 
 
 are a quieter breathing, a softening of the pulse, and a return of 
 appetite. When these occur, bhster the throat and chest with 
 
 Tincture of Cantharides, one fluid ounce ; 
 Camphorated Oil, half a fluid ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Apply with friction, and repeat it till bhster shows. Repeat the 
 blister if signs of disease linger. If the bowels are costive, move by 
 copious injections of blood-warm soap-suds. 
 
 THE FATAL SIGNS OF THE DISEASE 
 
 are yellow transparent discharges from the nostrils, occasionally 
 streaked with blood, and more or less discolored. A terrible anxious 
 expression of countenance, quickened breathing, a rapid sinking 
 pulse, and a leaden color of the nasal membranes. It generally ter- 
 minates in dropsy of the chest. 
 
 CAUTIONS AND GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 Nothing must be given the horse except luke-warm water during 
 the serious stage of the disease, which may be substituted by meal 
 gruel, and that in turn by soft food as he gets better. Never give 
 physic in this disease. It will prove as fatal as poison in its depleting 
 tendency. Trust to aconite within, than depend on bleeding except 
 as instructed. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 ACUTE GASnirnS — INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH — POISONING.— When 
 caused by quack condition powders — Drugging a race-horse — How done and how to 
 reheve — PecuUarity of the symptoms in poisoning — Variation of the symptoms — 
 How the jKDison acts — Difference between man and horse — What to do — Antidote for 
 poisoning from condition powders — Antidotes for injury from acids — Antidotes for 
 poisoning from alkalies or lye — The best medicine to use when poison is unknown — 
 How to give medicine quickly in bad case. 
 
 INDIGESTION — CEEOXIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH— How it shows 
 itself and its prominent symptoms — Peculiarities of a morbid appetite — The course to 
 take to treat the disease — To tone up and strengthen the stomach — Proper food to be 
 given. 
 
 CRIBBING— WIND SUCKING.— What it is and how done — Its causes — Its treatment- 
 Jockey tricks to conceal it — Exposure of them. 
 
 BOTS.— Developments made by late scientific investigation — Diseases which are often mis- 
 taken for bots — How bots have been killed— Time of year when no bots are in the 
 stomach of horse — How they propagate — How they attach themselves to the stomach 
 — Impossibility of medicine to reach their mouths — How long bots live in turpentine, 
 kerosene, carbolic acid, etc- — The only injury they do. 
 
 SPASM OF DIAPHRAGM— THUMPS.— Acute symptoms during a race — How to save the 
 horse — Signs of fatal symptoms — AVarning to riders — Directions for immediate treat- 
 ment—What to give and how to care for the horse — Chronic form of the disease — 
 What to do for it. 
 
HOW TO TELL A POISONED HORSE. 
 
 73 
 
 POISONING— ACUTE GASTRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION 
 OP THE STOMACH. 
 
 WHAT IS SOMETIMES THE CAUSE OF IT. 
 
 Often this arises from the use of secret nostruros or condition 
 powders of would-be horse doctors, which the farmer buys to tone up 
 his horse. It is also sometimes done maliciously to prevent a favorite 
 horse winning a race. Narcotics are more frequently used for this 
 purpose, as they deaden the sensibilities of the horse and lessen his 
 vigor. 
 
 THE PECULIAR SYMPTOMS OF POISONING. 
 
 There will be a loathing of 
 food, accompanied by extreme 
 thirst. Redness ot the nasal 
 membrane, with a discharge of 
 ropy saliva. Frequent eructa- 
 tions, or belchings of wind from 
 the stomach, which has a pun- 
 gent smell. Signs of spasmodic 
 colic prevail, with tucked-up 
 flanks, and heaving, panting 
 SIGNS OF POISONING. brcath. A small, quick pulse, 
 
 and often violent dysentery. Straining and passing of mucus in 
 large quantities The anus may protrude and show signs of inflamma- 
 tion. There will be great prostration of strength, followed by con- 
 vulsions and death. Such are the many symptoms, yet all will not 
 be present, and some will vary according to the intensity of the case. 
 
 WHAT POISONING DOES AND WHAT TO DO. 
 
 Those poisons which do not kill instantly, irritate and corrode 
 the coats of the stomach and intestines. Narcotics merely destroy 
 nervous sensibility. It is more difticult to treat poisoning in a horse 
 than in man, for emetics are useless. Antidotes only can be rehed 
 on. Below wiU be found directions for treatment of all cases. 
 10 
 
74 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 POISONING FROM CONDITION POWDERS. 
 
 The irritant here is probably antimony, yet it may be arsenic. 
 Give the following dose every five minutes until two doses are given : 
 
 Tincture Cinchona, one pint; 
 Water, two quarts. 
 
 Powdered Peruvian bark 
 may be given instead. Fol- 
 low with equal parts of sul- 
 phuric ether and laudanum, 
 two ounces each in a pint of 
 water every fifteen minutes. 
 
 POISONING FROM ACIDS OP 
 ANY KIND. 
 
 These corrode the mucous 
 
 membranes. Lime water, 
 
 BAD CASE OP POISONING. baking soda, or weak lye, 
 
 mixed with starch water, should be given, followed by a quart of oil. 
 
 If strength fail and much pain exists, give the ether and laudanum 
 
 as above. 
 
 POISONING FROM NARCOTICS. 
 
 It is probable that this would be opium, which can be best 
 combated by giving a strong decoction of nut galls, or a solution of 
 tannic acid in starch water, followed by stimulants, such as sulphuric 
 ether and carbonate of ammonia. 
 
 POISONING FROM ALKALIES OR LYE. 
 
 Give a quart or so of vinegar in same quantity of water, and 
 follow with a quart of oil. Keep up the strength and allay pain by 
 directions given above. When the poison is unknown, the following 
 prescription is the best which can be given in such a case : — 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, three fluid ounces; 
 Tincture of Opium, three fluid ounces; 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, one drachm ; 
 Cold Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
NOVEL WAY OF GIVING MEDICINE. 
 
 75 
 
 Eepeat the above in a few moments 
 ont the opium if you sus- 
 pect narcotics, which will 
 be shown by a stupid, dull 
 appearance. A stomach 
 pump is often very useful to 
 inject drenches, by means 
 of a rubber pipe through the 
 nostril into the stomach, in 
 the manner shown in the 
 engraving. 
 
 Of course you will leave 
 
 GIVE REMEDIES QUICKLY. 
 
 CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 DESCBIPTION OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 The horse being unable to vomit, cannot show, in the ordinary 
 way, any disorder of the stomach, unless it takes the severe form of 
 colic, etc. Indigestion shows itself by irregularity of the bowels and 
 capricious appetite. The animal purges violently, which stops as 
 suddenly as it commenced, and costiveness takes its place, while no 
 error of diet is known to have caused it. Its passages seem brittle 
 and crumble at the slightest touch, and have an offensive smell. 
 
 THE PROMINENT SYMPTOMS 
 
 are a dry cough, the breathing catching, and the mouth feels cold. 
 The eyes are sunken and the belly baggy. The hair stares and is dry 
 and ragged. The body becomes emaciated, and the anus is las and 
 prominent. The slightest exertion produces a profuse sweat. The 
 most remarkable symptom is the 
 
 PECULIAR AND MORBID APPETITE. 
 
 which causes the horse to gnaw old bricks, eat mortar, or destroy the 
 woodwork of the stall. Often he will refuse bright hay to eat the 
 
76 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 bedding or dirty straw. It is evidence that there is a morbid irrita- 
 bility of the stomach which the horse vainly endeavors to relieve. 
 The food eaten but adds to the trouble, not being digested, ferments. 
 
 HOW TO BEST BELIEVE IT. 
 
 No physicing or bleeding should be done. The only method to 
 adopt is to give tonics and remedies to palliate the evils, and aid 
 nature to restore the natural functions of the stomach. To do this, 
 the following ball must be given night and morning : — 
 
 Strychnine, half a grain ; 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, half a drachm ; 
 Extract Belladonna, half a drachm ; 
 Extract Gentian, half a drachm. 
 
 Mix with powdered quassia, sufficient to make a stiff mass. 
 After giving the above for one week, change the medicine by giving 
 the following night and morning : — 
 
 Solution of Arsenic, half a fluid ounce; 
 Tincture of Ipecacuanha, half a fluid ounce; 
 Muriated Tincture of Iron, one fluid ounce; 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Give the above in a pint of water. As the horse gets better, 
 give night and morning the following ball : — 
 
 Quinine, one scruple ; 
 Powdered Anise Seed, half an ounce; 
 Sulphate of Iron, two scruples ; 
 Bicarbonate of Iron, two scruples. — Mix. 
 
 The food must be dampened, and it would be well to feed soft 
 food for the first week. A tablespoonful of baking soda should be 
 sprinkled over each feed. No good, or at least but slight, benefit can 
 be expected from the remedies, if care is not taken in regard to food 
 as well as grooming. 
 
TRICKS TO DISGUISE CRI15BERS. 77 
 
 CRIBBING— WIND SUCKING. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND HOW DONE. 
 
 The horse rests his upper incisor teeth upon any sohd or firm 
 place, and by a muscular effort, a portion of gas is eructated or 
 belched from the stomach with an audible sound. It is generally 
 preceeded by licking the manger or of any iron or cold substance. 
 It is a sign of a disordered stomach and indigestion. 
 
 • WHAT TO DO FOR IT. 
 
 ■ Sometimes a piece of rock salt left in the feed-box will stop a 
 new beginner. If a Httle common baking soda or even wood ashes 
 be given occasionally, it will to a certain extent prevent it. If these 
 simple means do not prevent it, dampen the food and sprinkle over it 
 a tablespoonful of baking soda. Mix also with the grain a handful of 
 pulverized inner bark of the white oak. If this does not stop it treat 
 the horse for " Indigestion." 
 
 OTHER MEASURES OF BELIEF. 
 
 These are mostly mechanical. One method is to buckle a strap 
 closely around the neck at the throat. This can only be used in the 
 stable. 
 
 JOCKEY TRICKS. 
 
 Shrewd dealers in horses, who only desire to stop it long enough 
 to sell the horse, have several ingenious methods of stopping it for 
 the nonce. The soap trick, is to rub a bar of soap over the manger, 
 feed-box, or any prominent part where the horse would be likely to 
 rest his teeth. Often they saw passages between the upper teeth, in 
 front, to prevent it. Eubbing tallow on the outside of the front 
 upper teeth under the upper Up, will also stop it for the time. 
 
78 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 BOTS. 
 
 EXPLOSION OF OLD FALLACIES AND IDEAS. 
 
 It is needless in this work to go into details, or produce proofs 
 to show that the evils that are caused hy hots, are imaginary; that 
 the symptoms which were supposed to indicate hots, were signs of 
 colic, pleurisy, etc. Investigations by scientific men have exploded 
 the old fallacies, and no intelligent man now holds to this belief. 
 Many a nauseous dose and many a corroding poison has been given 
 as "hot medicine." They succeeded in killing the hots, but they 
 always killed the horse first. We stand ready to prove the following 
 statements by the intelligent and learned men of the profession. It 
 will relieve many men, who have not given it any attention, to know 
 
 WHAT HAS BEEN PROVEN ABOUT BOTS. 
 
 Investigations have never yet discovered the least sign of bots in 
 a horse's stomach the latter part of the summer or early autumn, 
 notwithstanding many people treat horses for them during that 
 period. It is because the bots have remained their allotted time in 
 the horse's stomach, and have been passed out into the manure, to 
 turn into the fly which lays the egg that again produces the hot. 
 
 Investigation has never yet found a case where the hot had 
 bored his way through the stomach, unless the horse had been dead 
 long enough to stop secretions and decomposition of the stomach 
 to begin. 
 
 From the manner in which the bot attaches himself to the 
 stomach and buries his mouth in the insensible soft mucous, as well 
 as his location in certain parts of the stomach, it is manifestly 
 impossible for any medicine to reach the mouth of the bot and make 
 him let go. As to his letting go to feed on the tempting "milk and 
 molasses" of the quack bot doctor, it is simply bosh. The skin of 
 the bot is so thick and leathery, that it will live for several minutes 
 in turpentine, kerosene oil, carbolic acid, etc. Do you think, then, 
 that it is possible to give anything which will destroy them ? 
 
 The only injury they can possibly do, is, that when they are in 
 large numbers, they may prevent proper nutrition of the horse. 
 
THUMPS IN RACE HORSES. 79 
 
 SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM— THUMPS. 
 
 ITS ■WARNING SYMPTOMS AND SOUND. 
 
 Sometimes a horse out of condition is entered in a race, wherein 
 broken heats push him beyond the powers of his endurance, and he 
 is taken with what is called "spasm of the diaphragm." The rider 
 becomes conscious of a strange and loud noise coming from the body 
 under him, rather behind his seat. This is a warning not to be 
 unheeded. Unless the pace is checked and the horse stopped, he will 
 fall violently to the ground after a few more strides. 
 
 WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IMMEDIATELY. 
 
 The rider should dismount instantly, and cover the loins with 
 anything at hand. The girth should be loosened, and after taking 
 breath, the horse should be led to the nearest stable. Now give the 
 following dose, every fifteen minutes, for one hour, after which, give 
 every hour for four hours, and then gradually increase the time 
 between doses, until it is finally withdrawn : — 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces; 
 Spirits Camphor, half a fluid ounce ; 
 Tincture Opium, one fluid ounce ; 
 Cold Water, one pint. — Mis. 
 
 No violence must be used in giving the above, or the benefits 
 will not be received. 
 
 In the meantime, many other things are to be done. A valuable 
 horse is to be saved. Put a man at each leg to bandage it at once. 
 Have another man sponge out the mouth, nose and eyes, with cold 
 water. Have all s^iperficial dirt removed, and the hood and blanket 
 put on immediately. Wet swabs should be put on the feet and a pail 
 of thin gruel stood in easy reach. Keep the horse quiet and well 
 cared for, day and^ night, until danger is past. 
 
 SIGNS OF FATAL TERMINATION. 
 
 It is not necessarily fatal if the rider will take warning in time. 
 If the rider persists in trying to "come under the wire," it may end 
 
80 DISEASES AND AFFECTIONS OF THE STOMACH. 
 
 fatally. This is heralded by icy cold feet, a fetid breath, and a yellow 
 discharge from the nostrils. The pupil of the eye enlarges, and the 
 pulse at the jaw is lost. The heart only flutters, while the horse 
 wanders round and round in his box, and finally drops, and death 
 wins the heat. 
 
 CHBONIC CASES OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 There are many chronic cases of a variety of this disease, 
 wherein the horse, after any severe exertion, or during ordinary 
 driving, will be attacked by spasm of the diaphragm, or palpitation of 
 the heart. But little can be done for these cases. As a general 
 thing, it only affects those horses which have been broken down, 
 or are getting along in years. Careful feeding of soft food, and more 
 careful driving, will prevent its attack. A horse of this kind cannot 
 be relied on. The treatment recommended under head of "Partial 
 Paralysis " will do much toward toning him up. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 SPASMODIC COLIC— How it affects the intestines— Its first stage of attack — How it 
 intermits and commences again — Its second stage— Its increase of pain and action 
 — The third stage of an attack — Intense pain and mad plunging — How it difi'ers 
 ;~jm flatulent colic — When inflammation of the bowels begins — How the pulse 
 changes — Plain directions for recognizing — Foolish methods of treatment — The 
 proper and successful method — Its easy application — What to do when this cannot 
 be had — When to use injections — How and when to blister — Sure sign that another 
 disease is present. 
 
 FLATULENT OR WIND COLIC— Its cause— Symptoms in its different stages and how 
 they differ from spasmodic colic — How any one can tell the difference — Its later and 
 fatal symptoms — How to check formation of gas — What to give in addition — What 
 to use if medicine cannot be had — Exercising the animal — When medicines fail, how 
 to relieve by an operation — Where to insert the knife and tube — A homemade 
 substitute — Treatment during recovery — To prevent another attack. 
 
 ENTERITIS— INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES.— Its fatal and destroying char- 
 acter — How long it lasts — The first warning sign — Difference between symptoms in 
 colic and this disease — How to avoid mistaking the disease — Different tests — An 
 infallible test under any circumstances — First treatment — Active treatment — What 
 not to give — To physic without medicine — When to blister— Treatment during 
 recovery — Important directions to be followed. 
 
 ACUTE DYSENTERY.— Its causes, character and symptoms — The active progress of the 
 disease — What to do for it — Final treatment during recovery. 
 11 
 
82 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 DROPSY or THE ABDOMEN— Its origin and distinguishing symptoms— A test for it- 
 General appearance of tlie horse — The best treatment for it. 
 
 ABDOMINAL INJURIES.— What they are— Signs of a ruptured diaphragm — Test for a 
 ruptured spleen or liver — Ruptured stomach — Intro-susception of intestines — Only 
 treatment. 
 
 WORMS. — How they hurt colts — How they change their growth — Signs of worms — The 
 kind of worms — What to do for them — To prevent worms — To relieve posterior 
 irritation and rubbing the tail. 
 
 SPASMODIC COLIC. 
 
 PECULIAR CHARACTER OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 This disease is an inflammatory spasmodic contraction of the 
 muscular coat of the intestines, which is so intense as to expel the 
 blood from the contracted part and force it into adjoining portions, 
 which become highly congested. When it occurs at a part of the 
 intestine distended by food, it arrests its 
 progress and causes most excrutiating tor- 
 ture. Our illustration shows a small section 
 of intestine affected by colic. The place 
 marked b shows how forcibly it contracts 
 during a gripe of pain, while c shows a por- 
 tion lately attacked, but now free, except that it is pale from expelled 
 blood. The parts a a a, are highly congested with additional blood 
 forced into them from the parts h and c, which, if continued and not 
 reheved, would end fatally in inflammation of the bowels. It most 
 often attacks the small intestines, and dodges from point to point, 
 leaving a short cessation of pain between the attacks, increasing in 
 severity and frequency as the disease lingers, until there are no 
 intervals of ease from pain. 
 
 OF INTESTIKE CONTRACTED 
 BY COLIC. 
 
DIFFERENT STAGES OF SPASMODIC COLIC. 
 
 83 
 
 FIRST SIGN OF 
 
 nnic COLIC. 
 
 WHAT OFTEN CAUSES ITS ATTACKS. 
 
 It is most frequently caused by hard, severe driving, often with- 
 out feeding, or with a heavy feed, or a change of food; yet cohc 
 caused by feeding, generally is a flatulent attack, and not of this 
 character. Some horses cannot take aloes without being attacked 
 by it ; others seem to be peculiarly liable to it on any extra exertion. 
 
 THE FIRST STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC 
 
 It always commences suddenly with 
 a sharp spasm of pain in the bowels. 
 The hcn'se was evidently all right and 
 feeding naturally, when, without any 
 visible cause, the head is raised and 
 feeding is stopped suddenly. This is 
 the first gripe, and if the pain lasts a 
 few seconds, the hind foot is lifted to 
 strike the belly, the fore foot begins to 
 paw the ground, while the nose slowly points to the flank. Our 
 illustration fairly shows the excitement the horse labors under in this 
 stage. The pain will now subside, and the horse will again com- 
 mence to eat, when a second attack, which lasts longer than the 
 first, and is more severe, follows. Again it ceases and again it 
 attacks, evidently growing more severe. Now we have 
 
 THE SECOND STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC 
 
 Now the horse evidently desires to lie 
 down. It crouches as though it would, then 
 changes its mind and turns around, suddenly 
 assuming an erect attitude. It now paws and 
 strikes with its hind feet with greater vigor, 
 and looks towards the flank with a morbid fire 
 in its eye, and there is an increase of pain. 
 
 THE THIRD STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC. 
 
 If relief has not been given before, the spasms increase, until 
 there is no cessation of pain, and the horse gets wild and fierce. The 
 
 SECOND STAGE OF SPASH: 
 
84 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 pawing is more brief but energetic, and often the foot is raised to be 
 violently stamped on the ground. The horse now does not attempt 
 to feed, but stares for a minute at a time at the abdomen. Suddenly, 
 ^ without any warning, the horse leaps up and 
 
 ^L a^i "* %JL falls violently to the floor, evidently trying 
 
 ^r^^'^^'^^Es^ to ease the intense pain. It now rolls from 
 side to side as shown in the cut, and will 
 sometimes sit partly upon his haunches. 
 THIRD STAGE OF SPASMODIC COLIC. This Is seldom howcvcr. He sweats freely, 
 which commences earlier than in wind colic. The fjeces are at first 
 excreted, often in small quantities; they give you the impression that 
 there exists alternately constipation and diarrhcsa ; the aqueous fluids 
 are excreted in diminished quantities, and numerous ineffectual 
 attempts are made at voiding. By making a rectal examination, the 
 bladder will be found distended, which is due to the stricture of the 
 sphincter muscle of that vessel and constriction of its neck. In 
 making ante-mortem examinations, it is difficult to ascertain with 
 certainty whether the small, large, or both intestines are the seat of 
 disease. When the pawing is excessive, and the pains are sudden, 
 the great probability is the disease is located in the small intestines; 
 but when the animal backs up against the wall and presses against 
 it, the probability is the trouble is in the colon. The great distin- 
 guishing symptoms presented between spasmodic and flatulent colic 
 are, that in the former the pains are not so continuous. The abdo- 
 men, loins, sides, and all the external covering of the viscera are 
 extremely sensitive to touch, which is not so much the case in the 
 latter, and in flatulent colic we have a bulging of the walls of the 
 abdomen from the gas. This symptom is absent in the former. 
 
 WHEN INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS COMMENCES. 
 
 If proper rehef is not afforded, it will pass into inflammation of 
 the bowels. The pulse, which at the commencement was natural, 
 now quickened by the pain and inflammation, becomes hard and wiry, 
 and a more serious disease has set in. 
 
THE TRCPER TKEATMENT FOR COLIC. 85 
 
 HOW FOOLISHLY IT HAS BEEN TREATED. 
 
 Probably no disease has had more vile concoctions compounded 
 for it, or more violent remedies tried. Every one has his favorite 
 dose, which is always a "sure cure," and yet the horse dies. We 
 have seen half a dozen men prescribe as many different remedies, and 
 all given in less than an hour. Is it any wonder that the horse died? 
 
 THE PKOPER TREATMENT OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 No disease is more easily cured if properly treated at the com- 
 mencement, and no one, also, which causes greater agony, or leads to 
 more serious results if neglected or improperly treated. A single 
 dose of the following prescription will cure it at once, if given in 
 time : — 
 
 Sulphuric' Ether, one fluid ounce; 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 Eepeat the above every ten minutes until three doses are given. 
 If no benefit is seen, double the dose in same amount of water, and 
 give every ten minutes until symptoms abate. No medicine is more 
 certain in its effects. 
 
 TREATMENT BY INJECTION OF REMEDIES. 
 
 In some cases where the above cannot be had, or when the attack 
 lingers, and is very severe, the following injection can be used with 
 good effect : — 
 
 Turpentine, four fluid ounces; 
 
 Very strong Soap Suds, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Inject through the anus into the bowels with a syringe. 
 
 BLISTERING WITH AMMONIA. 
 
 If it is a severe case, four ounces 
 of ammonia should be mixed with a 
 pint and a half of water, and a 
 folded cloth large enough to cover 
 the belly and sides of the abdomen, 
 should be wet in it and placed above 
 a folded blanket, and held up close to 
 the under side of the belly to bhster 
 
g(J DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 it slightly. Our engraving shows how this is to be done. Great care 
 should be taken not to blister deeply. It may do its work in ten 
 minutes or it may take haK an hour. It should be closely watched, 
 as it is a powerful agent. Blankets wrung out in hot water may be 
 substituted, changing often so as to keep up the heat. If the above 
 measures do not bring reUef, you have a case beyond simple colic, 
 and the pulse must be watched to see if inflammation of the bowels 
 has not commenced. On getting over an attack, the food should be 
 soft and light until the horse is entirely well. Bran mashes should 
 be avoided. No bleeding or physicing is needed here. 
 
 FLATULENT OR WIND COLIC. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND ITS CAUSES. 
 
 An attack of flatulent colic is not uncommon among workhorses, 
 and horse-owners should always be prepared by having proper reme- 
 dies ready to be administered when necessary, as these attacks often 
 prove fatal from improper treatment. This disease is brought on 
 from vai'ious causes; among the most common are imprudent feed- 
 ing, both as to quantity and quality — either feeding too much 
 a meal, or feeding damaged provender; watering too soon, either 
 before or immediately after feeding; exhausting the animal by 
 overworking, etc. This disease is the result of acute indigestion. 
 The food, instead of undergoing the normal process of digestion, 
 ferments, and gas is given ofl' in large quantities, which so distends 
 the stomach and bowels as to threaten immediate death from suffoca- 
 tion or rupture of the stomach. 
 
 THE FIKST STAGE OF FLATULENT COLIC. 
 
 The horse will exhibit symptoms of uneasiness after feeding, 
 hanging its head, fidgeting, and rocking the body by resting first on 
 one foot and then on the other. Its breath is labored and oppressed. 
 These symptoms occur before the abdomen begins to swell. ^Yhen 
 
TO DISTINGUISH FLATULENT COLIC 
 
 »7 
 
 the body begins to enlarge, the horse commences to paw, but in a 
 much more leisurely manner than in spasmodic colic. The pain is 
 not so severe, being oppression from 
 a distended stomach. He seems] 
 sleepy and stupid, with a heavy, dull 
 pulse. The horse gradually becomes ' 
 worse as the disease lingers, but its 
 progress is not as rapid as spasmodic 
 colic. It may be a day or two grow- 
 ing worse and worse. There is a^S^^ 
 certain amount of delirium and ver- ' 
 
 tigo, the muscles of the hps twitch uneasily, and the muscle which 
 moves the skin is occasionally acted upon as if the animal were 
 troubled with flies, vermin, etc. When it occurs while another 
 disease is in progress, or while the animal is becoming convalescent, 
 the probability is the animal will not survive it. 
 
 ITS LATTEE AND FATAL STAGES. 
 
 The horse will stand in 
 the same place, the pulse be- 
 comes feeble and the breath- 
 ing fast. The abdomen be- 
 comes greatly enlarged, the 
 pupil of the eye dilated, and 
 often sight is lost. If the 
 r:?%:=:_ lioTse is loose, he will walk 
 ^ around and around, running 
 ?fe& against obstacles. Delirium 
 FLATLLENT LOLic. ^^^^ j^^ prescut aud the horse 
 
 may neigh weakly. The hair stares and is ragged, and copious and 
 partial perspiration breaks forth on parts of the body. The pulse at 
 the jaw is lost, and the heart indistinctly beats. At last the hmbs 
 fail, the body falls to the ground, and with a few struggles the 
 animal dies. 
 
88 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 WHAT SHOULD BE DONE FOR IT. 
 
 If it be caused by green food, it is more serious. In ordinary 
 cases it is easy to cure if the right thing is done at once. People 
 generally insist upon doing just what ought not to be done, and not 
 only add to the trouble, but lose valuable time. If the horse has 
 been "doped" (a very appropriate term) for bots, so much the worse. 
 
 The first thing to do, is to stop the formation of gas by neutral- 
 izing the secretions, and to stimulate the system as well as to lull the 
 pain. To do this, give the following at one dose : — 
 
 Chlorate of Potash, one ounce; 
 Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Dissolve the chlorate of potash in the water, and then add the 
 ether. Two tablespoonfuls of common baking soda may be sub- 
 stituted for the chlorate of potash, if necessary. If no relief is 
 obtained in an hour, give the following dose : — 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, two fluid ounces; 
 Spirits of Camphor, half a fluid ounce ; 
 Laudanum, two fluid ounces ; 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, one drachm ; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Repeat in an hour if no benefit is seen. The carbonate of 
 ammonia may be omitted if not at hand, yet it materially adds to 
 the stimulating power of the prescription. 
 
 It is a common practice to compel horses suffering from this 
 disease to take violent exercise, which, to say the least, is not only 
 cruel, but very imprudent, often endangering the life of the animal. 
 Walking exercise is always proper, particularly if the animal is 
 inclined to throw himself violently on the ground, but in no case 
 should the sick animal be urged faster than a walk. If the case 
 grows more serious, a piece of brimstone or sulphur may be burned 
 in the stable, impregnating the air with its fumes until it is difficult 
 for man to breathe. This may be continued for two hours, and the 
 former remedies again used in their turn. 
 
VE COLIC BY PL'NCTf 
 
 SURGICAL OPERATION IN CRITICAL CASES. 89 
 
 HOW TO RELIEVE BY AN EASY OPERATION. 
 
 Should the abdomen continue to enlarge and fatal signs appear, 
 an operation, often successful, should be tried rather than lose the 
 horse. It can be done by anyone of ordinary skill and judgment. 
 
 We have given an illustration of the 
 - instrument, as well as of the places 
 where it should be inserted in the body, 
 which will make it plain to all. By 
 tapping on the left side of the body, at the points designated, a 
 hollow sound will be heard. Draw the skin a little one side, and with 
 a sharp pointed knife, make an incision through 
 the skin over the spot. Force the trochar 
 through this hole into the bowels, and with- 
 drawing the sharp pointed part of the instru- 
 ment, the gas will rapidly escape through the 
 tube. A probe may be used to clear the tube if 
 its mouth becomes stopped. Withdraw the tube 
 after the gas has escaped. It is rarely necessary 
 to repeat the operation. If it should be so, select a new place. A 
 home-made apparatus may be improvised, by having a small tube and 
 a long, sharp, small-bladed knife. Insert the knife and follow with 
 the tube. No food or water should be given during the attack. 
 
 TREATMENT DURING RECOVERY FROM AN ATTACK. 
 
 This is important also. Soft food, consisting of scalded oats, 
 etc., may be given as the horse gets better, and gradually working 
 up to usual food. Measures must be taken to strengthen and tone 
 up the stomach. For this purpose give the following ball twice a 
 day : — 
 
 Sulphate of Copper, half a drachm; 
 Extract Belladonna, half a drachm ; 
 Extract Gentian, half a drachm ; 
 Powdered Quassia to make a pill mass. 
 
 All balls should be freshly prepared, and no more than six pre- 
 pared at any one time, as they dry up and lose their effectiveness in a 
 certain degree. 
 12 
 
90 DISEASES OF THE A13D0MEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 ENTERITIS— INFLAMMATION OP THE INTESTINES. 
 
 SERIOUS CHAKACTEB OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 This is an iuflammation of the intestines of the horse. After 
 death the bowels are found to be black and swollen, and often 
 approach a green color. They are highly charged with inflamed 
 blood, and their structure destroyed. It is a very fatal disease, and 
 measures must be taken in its first stages to succeed. Colic often 
 ends in enteritis, and one may be mistaken for the other. It is often 
 fatal in eight hours. 
 
 WHAT CAUSES ITS ATTACKS. 
 
 There is no one cause for it. Old horses are most hable to it. 
 What in one horse would cause pleurisy, would in another produce 
 enteritis. Any long and continued exposure and subsequent inju- 
 dicious feeding, may cause it. Constipation is frequently its origin. 
 
 ITS FIKST SIGN AND WARNING. 
 
 The first sign of any trouble or pain in 
 the abdomen is shown by the nose and upper 
 lip forcibly turned up, as shown in the illus- 
 tration. This symptom is not entirely con- 
 fined to this particular disease, yet it is always 
 sicN OK iMEsiiNAL iKKiTATioN. ^ foro ruuucr of some abdominal irritation. 
 A slight attack resembling colic may follow this symptom. 
 
 HOW TO TELL ENTERITIS FROM SPASMODIC COLIC. 
 
 The horse %vill roll, plunge, and kick, but with less abandon than 
 in colic. The breathing in colic at the commencement, is deep, full, 
 and natural, except that it is quickened by the exertion. In inflam- 
 mation of the bowels, the breathing is done by the expansion of the 
 ribs, as the movement of the diaphragm causes intense pain, conse- 
 quently it is short and quick. In spasmodic colic the mouth is moist 
 and natural, while in enteritis the mouth is hot and dry. The pulse 
 is natural until colic progresses, when it gets wiry; while in enteritis 
 
A VARIETY OF TESTS FOR ENTERITIS. 
 
 91 
 
 pulse 
 about 
 
 it is hard and wiry before the disorder is fully developed. The 
 
 resembles a fine metallic wire striking the finger ends gently 
 
 seventy times per minute. Pressure on the 
 
 bowels seems to ease the pain, while in this 
 
 disease, the horse cannot bear to have the 
 
 abdomen touched. This last symptom is 
 
 not always present, yet pressure on the 
 
 abdomen in enteritis never affords relief, 
 
 and will often call forth the most active 
 
 remonstrance from the heels and teeth. 
 
 Care must be taken in applying this test as ^ ^ 
 
 shown by the engraving. 
 
 CERTAINTY OF TESTS USUALLY APPLIED. 
 
 AU these symptoms will not warrant a certain decision regarding 
 the disease, yet they show a very strong evidence of enteritis. There 
 is, however, a sure and 
 
 AN INFALLIBLE TEST, UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES, 
 
 Eoll up the shirt sleeves and have the right arm well soaped or 
 greased. With the left hand raise the tail, 
 standing in the position shown in the engraving, 
 as near the feet as possible. Bring the ends of 
 the fingers together, place them upon the centre 
 of the anus, and maintain a gentle, equal pres- 
 sure, until the muscle yields and the hand grad- 
 ually enters the body. The fceces which may be 
 in this part of the bowels, must be brought back 
 and out with the hand. If inflammation of the 
 TioN OF intestine's^"' '^ bowcls be present, these will be hard, dry, dark 
 lumps, very offensive and streaked with mucus. Grease or soap the 
 arm again, and advance it into the body as far as possible. If but a 
 gentle warmth exists, there is no inflammation there. If on the 
 contrary, there be a high degree of heat, it is certainly a case of 
 enteritis. This is the only sure test, and no false delicacy or squeam- 
 ishness must stand in the way of performing it. The life of a 
 
92 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 valuable horse is at stake, and it is always best to know what the 
 disease is before giving medicine, if you wish success. Always have 
 some one hold up the fore foot on the side you are standing, while 
 making the test. 
 
 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 Take away all food and bandage the legs, which will be cold. 
 Blanket the horse and give plenty of bedding. If the disease is 
 merely suspected, and not tested, the treatment for spasmodic colic 
 will aid in checking it and do no harm. 
 
 WHAT THE ACTIVE TREATMENT SHOULD BE. 
 
 When it is certainly determined by any of the tests given, no 
 time must be lost. Physic is poison in this disease, and must not be 
 given. A particular kind of bleeding is allowed, which will be 
 described. Take away a quart of blood and inject into the vein a 
 pint of blood-warm water. A profuse physicing will follow, as well 
 as sweating, almost immediately. Care must be taken that no air be 
 injected into the vein. To prevent this, use a quart syringe, with a 
 curved fine point, to inject the pint of water, and have a place 
 marked on the handle to show how far to push it in. The injection 
 of water will lower the pulse and abate the fever. If the pulse again 
 becomes high and feverish, give the following dose every twenty 
 minutes, till pain and fever abate: — 
 
 Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops ; 
 Sulphuric Ether, three fluid ounces; 
 Laudanum, two fluid ounces. 
 Extract Belladonna, one drachm. 
 
 Eub the belladonna up in a pint 
 of water, and then mix in the other 
 ingredients. As the pulse grows more 
 natural leave out the aconite. As 
 the pain subsides, drop out the bella- 
 donna. Lengthen the intervals now 
 to thirty minutes between drinks, 
 and gradually reduce the dose as the 
 horse grows better. 
 
SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE DYSENTERY. 93 
 
 Should the symptoms denote a dull lingering pain, which refuses 
 to yield, apply the ammoniacal blister, as recommended for spasmodic 
 colic. Its action must be watched closely. 
 
 TEEATMENT DURING RECOVERY. 
 
 After the disease has been checked, yet the cure not complete, 
 the following dose should be sprinkled on the horse's tongue every 
 two hours : — 
 
 Calomel, half a<liachm; 
 Opium, one drachm. — Mix. 
 
 Stop all other medicines as soon as the symptoms will permit. 
 There is no reason why medicine should be continued after its pur- 
 pose has been accomplished. The food given during recovery has 
 much to do with the cure of the disease. Bran in any shape is 
 irritating to the intestines. Hay tea, or flour gruel, made by adding 
 a pint of flour to a pail of boiling water and given cool, is the only 
 food which should be allowed during the early stage of recovery. 
 Boiled and mashed roots may soon be added, then crushed and 
 scalded oats, gradually working back to regular food, which should be 
 dampened for some weeks. Good care and common sense will aid 
 the medicines. It is just as important that a horse should be well 
 cared for in this disease as a sick person. 
 
 ACUTE DYSENTERY. 
 
 ITS CAUSES AND CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 It is generally caused by some poisonous matter taken into the 
 stomach. Often aloes, croton oil, and other drastic purgatives (which 
 are given merely because some people have an idea a horse must be 
 physiced about so often), create an inflammation of the mucous 
 membrane, which ends in severe dysentery. 
 
 WHAT ITS PROMINENT SYMPTOMS ARE. 
 
 The first symptoms will resemble spasmodic colic, but the violent 
 dysentery which follows, soon indicates the disease. The discharges 
 
94 
 
 DISEASES OK THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 soon become mere discolored water, with a most offensive smell. 
 
 The thirst is excessive, and the 
 pulse, which at first is hard, 
 shortly becomes thick and feeble, 
 while the heart alternately skips 
 its beats. The position of the 
 body denotes abdominal pain, 
 while perspiration breaks forth 
 on different parts of the body. 
 The abdomen or belly becomes 
 distended or bloated, and death 
 soon follows. 
 
 H ACUTE DYSENTERY. 
 
 JUST WHAT TO DO FOB IT. 
 
 It is of no use to inquire what has done it. The first thing to be 
 done is to stop the discharges and allay the pain. The following 
 will be the best prescription which can be given in cases of this 
 character : — 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce; 
 Laudnnum, three fluid ounces; 
 Liquor Potassa, half a fluid ounce; 
 Powdered Chalk, one ounce; 
 Tincture Catechu, one fluid ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Give every fifteen minutes during the acute stage. If it is 
 inconvenient to get the liquor potassa and the chalk, a tablespoonful 
 of baking soda will be a good substitute. If the catechu is not to be 
 easily obtained, a strong decoction of the inner bark of the white 
 oak may be used in its stead. Inject into the bowels every twenty 
 minutes, by syringe, a quart of starch water, containing an ounce of 
 laudanum. 
 
 When the alarming symptoms cease, is the time that particular 
 care be taken to lead to final recovery. 
 
 THE FINAL TREATMENT TO ASSIST RECOVERY. 
 
 If no alarming symptoms show, the medicine may be reduced 
 gradually in number of doses, to three times daily. Do not be 
 
DROPSy Of THE ABDOMEN. 95 
 
 needlessly alarmed if the bowels are constipated for two weeks after 
 sucLi an emptying. At the end of two weeks, stop all medicine and 
 pay attention to food. It should be entirely liquid for the first two 
 weeks, gradually working up to soft food, and avoiding bran mashes. 
 Much depends upon this part of the treatment. 
 
 DYSENTERY OR SCOURS IN COLTS. 
 
 This disease has the same peculiarities of dysentery in older 
 horses yet proceeds from other causes, such as neglected condition of 
 dam, etc. In all treatment, care should be taken not to check the 
 discharge too suddenly, or it will subject the colt to fever and finally 
 death. Many are lost every year in this way. The best remedy is a 
 home-made one, as follows : — 
 
 Inner Bark White Oak, a handful ; 
 Boiling Water, one quart. 
 
 Let stand till cold. An ounce of laudanum may be added with 
 good effect. Give half a teacupful every night and morning, and 
 increase or make stronger as needed. 
 
 DROPSY OP THE ABDOMEN. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTER OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 This disease generally attacks aged horses, and is the result of 
 chronic inflammation of the peritoneum, a tough white membrane 
 which lines the abdomen, and lies in folds around the bowels. After 
 the inflammation has been present some time, a fluid is secreted 
 which fills the cavity of the abdomen and finally causes death. 
 
 DIRECTIONS HOW TO RECOGNIZE IT. 
 
 The pulse is hard and small, and beats about sixty times per 
 minute. The head droops, and the food is scattered and spoiled 
 rather than eaten. The nasal membrane is pale and the mouth dry. 
 Pressure upon the abdomen brings forth a groan, and turning in the 
 stall always causes a grunt. The symptoms that the water has 
 
96 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 begun to fill the cavity, are a constaut lying down and remaining in 
 one position for a long period, accompanied by thirst and loss of 
 appetite. By placing the eai- to the abdomen, and having a person 
 slap the opposite side, you can detect the presence of the water. 
 The belly will be baggy and the horse constipated and hide-bound. 
 The hair of the tail drops out, and finally the horse dies. 
 
 THE BEST TREATMENT FOR IT. 
 
 The only success depends on arresting the disease before the 
 effusion of water. No work should be allowed, and the food should 
 be small in bulk and nutritious. A diet of ground oats and wheat 
 bran entirely, will aid a cure. 
 
 The following tonic and alterative ball should be given night and 
 morning : — 
 
 Strychnino, one qiiiirtor grain ; 
 loiliile of Iron, half a ihailmi; 
 Extract BoUailonna, ono scruple; 
 
 Extract Gentian and Powdered Quassia sufficient to make a 
 stifl' pill mass. 
 
 Increase the strychnine every two days until a grain is given at a 
 dose. Also increase the iodide of iron in the same manner, until a 
 drachm and a half is given at each dose. The abdomen should be 
 blistered by small blisters, which should be repeated as they begin to 
 heal. A mild ammoniacal blister may be given. The treatment is 
 always tedious. 
 
 ABDOMINAL INJURIES. 
 
 WHAT THESE ABE. 
 
 They consist of ruptured diaphragm, ruptured stomach, and 
 ruptured spleen. Also, strangulation, intro-susception, and rupture 
 of the intestines. 
 
 SIGNS OF A EUrTUEED DIAPHEAGM. 
 
 This is attended with a soft cough, and symptoms of heaves, 
 together with a sitting on the haunches Hke a dog. This is fatal for 
 
TEST FDR RUPTURED SPLEEN OR LIVER. 
 
 »7 
 
 the bowels work through the rupture, strangulate, and the horse dies. 
 In some cases the horse 
 rests on his knees with the 
 haunches elevated. 
 
 TEST FOR RUPTURED SPLEEN 
 OR LIVER. 
 
 The symptoms are the 
 same in both diseases, and 
 the only infallible test is to 
 raise the horse's head high 
 up with the hand, when the 
 horse will show signs of fall- 
 ing down. No treatment 
 wiU cure. 
 
 RUPTURED STOMACH. 
 
 These symptoms are similar to a bad case of colic, followed by 
 great enlargement of the abdomen. No treatment will avail. 
 
 INTRO-SUSCEPTION OF INTESTINES. 
 
 This is the telescoping of one part into another, followed by a 
 contraction, which stops all passages. It has all the symptoms of 
 severe colic. No internal remedies will relieve. The only method is 
 to give chloroform until the horse is insensible, when there will be a 
 chance of the parts relaxing, and relief follow. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 HOW THEY HURT COLTS. 
 
 These parasites do more injury to colts than to older horses, 
 preventing a vigorous growth, as well as altering the shape of the 
 body. The colt grows up with a large head, a low crest, is pot-bellied 
 and spindle-legged. If it be a male, it often cannot be castrated 
 until the fourth year. The appetite is ravenous but the colt remains 
 13 
 
98 DISEASES OF THE ABDOMEN AND INTESTINES. 
 
 thin. The manure is coated with shme, and evidently is not well 
 digested. The anus projects, and the hair is rough and staring. The 
 breath smells bad, and the animal rubs his 
 .nose violently against the wall, as shown in 
 the engraving, as well as throws the nose 
 'lipwards. The eye is unnaturally bright. 
 y/li The colfc often picks the hair off his legs in 
 mouthfuls. 
 
 WHAT TO DO TO KILL THEM. 
 
 The tape worm is the worst but rarest. Its signs will be joints 
 found in the manure. Nothing is so effectual as turpentine, which 
 should be given in doses proportioned to the age of the horse, as 
 follows : — 
 
 For a foal, two teaspoonsf ul ; 
 Three months old, one tablespoonful ; 
 Six months old, two tablespoonsful ; 
 A yearling, three tablespoonsful. 
 
 Increase by two tablespoonsful for every year older, until four 
 years is reached. To give the turpentine, beat it up with the yolk of 
 two eggs, and give in half a pint of water, before the colt has had 
 food in the morning. In two hours give from a gill to a pint of oil, 
 according to age of horse, as a physic. 
 
 FOR INTESTINAL WORMS. 
 
 These are the large, long worms which infest the bowels. The 
 following dose will " fetch them " away : — 
 
 Pulverized Aloes, one drachm; 
 Calomel, sixty grains ; 
 Tartar Emetic, thirty grains. 
 
 Mix and give in a pint of warm water. 
 
 FOR THREAD OR PIN WORMS. 
 
 These infest the bowels near the anus, and cause annoying 
 itching, often causing the horse to rub the hair off around the tail. 
 The following is a sure cure, and easy to prepare : — 
 
 Water, one quart; 
 
 Salt, all tlaat v;ill dissolve in it. 
 
EXCELLENT WORM REMEDIES. 99 
 
 Inject this strong salt water into the rectum with a syringe. A 
 strong decoction of quassia is an excellent remedy, or a pint of sweet 
 oil; two ounces of turpentine may be injected. Medicines by mouth 
 lose their virtue before they reach these pests. 
 
 FOR POSTERIOR IRRITATION. 
 
 Sometimes the horse will be annoyed by an itching just within 
 the anus, and will, in spite of all efforts, rub the hair off his stern, 
 and speedily becomes rat-tailed. This can easily be stopped if it 
 proceeds from worms, by treating them. As it sometimes proceeds 
 from irritation of the rectum, we give the following excellent recipe, 
 which will stop this trouble : — 
 
 Glycerine, one half ounce ; 
 Spermaceti, one ounce. 
 
 Melt the spermaceti and mix the glycerine. Now add 
 
 Mercurial Ointment, three drachms; 
 Pulverized Gum Camphor, three drachms. 
 
 Insert a small portion of the above with the finger, into and 
 beyond the anus, night and morning. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL TREATMENT TO PREVENT WORMS. 
 
 After remedies have been given to relieve a horse from the 
 presence of worms, tonics must be given to bring the horse up to a 
 higher bodily condition. For this purpose there is nothing better 
 than the following : — 
 
 Powdered Golden Seal, three ounces; 
 Powdered Gentian, three ounces ; 
 Powdered Ginger, two ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Divide into thirty papers, and give one night and morning. Give 
 the best of food and plenty of attention and care. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER, 
 
 BONE SPAVIN. — Lack of knowledge about it — Explanations anyone can understand — 
 Humbug recipes exposed — How a spavin commences — Its location and extent — 
 Different stiigcs of its development — When it disappears — Horses most liable to it — 
 Causes — Numerous tests to detect it — The trotting test — RifTerence in action between 
 sound limbs and spavined — Wearing of the shoe and hoof — How jockeys dodge tests 
 
 — Warming up a horse to disguise it — Where to stand to examine a horse — A certain 
 test — How to apply it — Difference in spavins — Successful method of treating — When 
 to do it — To reduce the inflammation — To remove the bunch — When not to treat 
 
 — Firing for spavins — Warnings about spavins — Important advice. 
 
 OCCULT SPAVIN— ARTICULAR SPAVIN.— How it differs from bone spavin — No bony 
 enlargement — Mysterious lameness — Ulceration the cause — How people make mis- 
 takes — How to distinguish it at once — Peculiar action of leg — Fitful character of 
 lameness — Only method of relief — How long it takes — Its results and benefits. 
 
 BOG SPAVIN. — Peculiarities of this disease — Its locjition, causes, and changes which may 
 occur — Treatment by pressure — Medicines to be used — Further directions. 
 
 SPLINTS— OSSALET.— Different locations — When serious— When it affects knee-joint— 
 When it irritates the tendons — Often an unsuspected cause of lameness — To detect 
 under all circumstjinces and conditions — Several easily applied tests — Best treatment 
 — When to blister. 
 
 RINGBONE. — Its location and extent — How it developes — Size not a sure criterion as to 
 lameness — When it is most serious and difficult to treat — Tendency to ringbone often 
 hereditary — Best treatment for early stages — Treatment for old cases. 
 
ALL ABOUT BONE SPAVIN. 101 
 
 WINDGALLS. — Their location ami ehiiraeter — IIow they may become serious — Changes 
 which may occur — IIow a race often affects them — To treat by pressure — Local rem- 
 edies — Treatment by Jiypodermic syringe — -Happy effects. 
 
 THROUGHPIN. — Its location and different causes — How to treat if complicated with bog 
 spavin — Which to heal lirst — IIow to apply pressure. 
 
 ATROPHY OF SHOULDER— SWEENY.— What it really is— The general cause of it- 
 How to treat to restore the part. 
 
 SPRAINS.— Variou.s kinds and their symptoms — Remedies to be applied — To shoe to relieve 
 iv strain — When a blister will aid a cure. 
 
 CURB. — Its location, character, an<l causes — To reduce the inflammation — What to do with 
 a blister — Treatment for young and old horses — To shoe properly. 
 
 RHEUMATISM. — How it dodges from joint to joint — Acute symptoms — Symptoms in 
 chronic form — Changes it causes — Internal and external treatment — To treat the 
 swollen joints — General directions. 
 
 CAPPED KNEE — CAPPED HOCK — CAPPED ELBOW — SHOE BOIL.— Explanations of 
 their causes — How to reduce them — What to do if callous remains — If an open 
 sore or boil. 
 
 LYMPHANGITIS— WATER FARCY.— How to distinguish it— Its liability to recurrence — 
 Dropsical condition of leg — Its proper treatment. 
 
 KNEE SPRUNG AND COCKED ANKLES.— Description of these troubles— How to miti- 
 gate them — Dividing the tendons for — Firing the joints — More particulars. 
 
 BONE SPAVIN. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND WHERE LOCATED. 
 
 Few people have a correct knowledge of the true character of 
 bone spavin. Certainly they show this lack of information by the 
 manner and means they take to treat this disease, and the vast 
 amount of humbuggery connected with the recipes sold for this 
 purpose. We shall try and make this subject so plain that even a 
 boy can understand it, and give the very best remedies which science 
 has discovered, and how and when to use them. 
 
102 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DUSUASUS OP THE LIMBS. 
 
 BXTEKNAU 
 APPKAKANl-K 01 
 
 APPEARANCE OF 
 
 Bouo spaviu is a gradual cliaugiu^ of the cartilages 
 and associated membraues of part of the complicated 
 hock joint iuto porous bone, uniting generally some of 
 the several small bones which form the joint. The head 
 of the shank bone may also bo iuvolved, in fact is, in 
 many cases. It may extend farther upward and involve 
 the main part of the joint. 
 
 WHEKK IT OEIGINATES AND HOW IT COMMENCES. 
 
 The inflammation which always precedes this change into bone, 
 originates in the interior or cellular portion of the bones. In con- 
 sequence of this inflammation a watery secretion is thrown out 
 between the bone and the tough membrane covering it, 
 which finally results in ossification of the affected part, 
 causing lameness and stiffness. It may affect only one 
 small bone, or it may increase and involve the whole 
 structure and unite the parts in one solid mass. The 
 external size does not determine its serious character. It 
 depends more on location, for a small spaviu is often more "mssEt™." 
 serious, and causes greater lameness, than a much larger one differ- 
 ently situated. Any bony growth, however small, which can be seen 
 or felt on the inside of the hock joint, is a spavin. It may be in any 
 stage of development, from the simple inflammation accompanied by 
 slight lameness, tenderness, and heat of the part, to the incurable 
 bony lump easily seen by a novice. We give two illustrations, one 
 showing the external appearance of a bone spavin, and the other the 
 appearance of the same after it has been dissected, showing how it 
 affects the joint. This is a severe case, and many do not show so 
 distinct externally, and are correspondingly hard to detect. 
 
 HORSES MOST SUBJECT TO IT. 
 
 There is no doubt but what it is in a measure hereditary — that 
 a colt from a spavined mare by a spavined horse, will be much more 
 likely to become spavined. This, in some degree, is also the result of 
 the shape of the hock which they inherit, for sickle- or cow-hocked 
 horses are more subject to it. 
 
EASY PRACTICAL TEST FOR SPAVIN. 103 
 
 HOW IT INJUEES A HOUSE. 
 
 If it is situated high up on the hock, it may be incurable before 
 it is discovered, as the union of the bones and stiffness of the joint 
 appears before any exterior enlarj?ement. Its bony enlargement at 
 this point often irritates the tendons that play over it, and the horse 
 is lame in consequence. When low down on the hock it gives little, 
 if any trouble, and is not so serious, as many times the joint is but 
 little affected. In fact, we have known horses so affected never to be 
 lame a day, or show that it lessened their usefulness. 
 
 WHAT THE CAUSES OF SPAVIN ARE. 
 
 It may be caused by hard, severe work of a young horse; by 
 'driving fast over rough roads; by anything which strains the limbs 
 and produces inflamniation near the joint. Severe track work of 
 trotters or racers in their younger days, will often develop it. 
 
 HOW TO DETECT A SPAVIN IN ALL ITS STAGES. 
 
 This is not always an easy task to do, even by an expert, but we 
 have given a few tests below, which, if followed, wiU certainly show 
 it, if present. 
 
 THE TROTTING TEST. 
 
 A sound horse lifts his foot clear of 
 the ground, and by an involuntary motion 
 of the hock joint the hoof is inclined 
 outward. The affection of the joint in 
 spavin prevents the easy, natural bend- 
 ing of the leg, and as the horse is trotted 
 past you, betrays a faulty action of the 
 __„„ leg, and prevents a side view of the hoof. 
 
 HATDRAL ACTION OF LEG ~ ' ' 
 
 IN TROTTING. Qur illustratious plainly show the differ- 
 ence between the sound and unsound limb in trotting. 
 
 THE SHOE AND HOOF TEST. 
 
 The stiff joint prevents the foot clearing the ground, and the 
 hoof has a blunted and worn appearance, while the shoe is worn in 
 front to sharpness. Lift the hoof and look at the shoe. 
 
104 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 TEST BY ACTION OF THE LEGS. 
 
 On coming first from the stable a spavined horse will be stiff, 
 and often linip. Have him taken by the head and whirled short 
 round and round as quickly as possible, both ways, and observe 
 closely how he handles his hind legs. If he is the least stiff he will 
 show it and often drop a little on the affected side. If you have 
 suspicions that the horse has been warmed wp, have him returned to 
 the stable and try him again in an hour. Observe if he seems to 
 travel stiffly on his toe at first. 
 
 HOW JOCKEYS DODGE THIS TEST. 
 
 Exercise soon limbers up the stiff joint to such an extent that a 
 horse which started lame, in a short time will go without a limp. 
 We have known jockeys to warm up a horse by driving moderately 
 before showing, and also to limber up the joints by moderately hot 
 fomentations, and then rubbing dry, which has the same effect. 
 
 GENEEAL INSPECTION AND TEST BY THE EYE. 
 
 View the horse from at least four different standpoints as shown 
 by our illustration. First, from behind ; second, from in front, but 
 
 WHERE TO STA 
 
 far enough from the horse so that you can view the hocks through 
 between the fore legs by stooping a little ; then from near each fore 
 leg. Enlarge and diminish the distance you are from the horse in 
 each of these positions; also to the right or left; in fact, get as many 
 points of view as possible, always comparing one hock with the other 
 — the slightest difference may prove a spavin, and be serious accord- 
 ing to location and stage of growth. It is most to be feared in 
 young horses, as no one can limit by years its growth. In old horses 
 it has been known to almost disappear externally, yet the serious 
 affection of a stiff joint will always remain. 
 
ONLY SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT FOR SPAVIN. 105 
 
 A SURE AND CERTAIN TEST FOR SPAVIN. 
 
 Stand close to the side of the hind foot, face backwards, place 
 the hand that is next the horse on and above the hock joint behind, 
 as shown by our engraving; lean your weight 
 on this hand, while you bend over and behind 
 the horse's leg and examine the hock on the 
 inside from above and behind, leaving your other 
 hand free to examine and press the inside of the 
 hock with thumb and finger, to detect any ten- 
 der spot, bony enlargement, inflammation or 
 heat. Many horses will flinch at having their 
 hocks thus examined, but do not mistake this 
 for tenderness. See if there is not some partic- 
 ular spot that is tender and hot, with a slight enlargement. It is 
 always best to have some person hold up the fore leg of the horse on 
 the side you are examining, to avoid danger. This examination must 
 not be hasty or rough. 
 
 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR SPAVIN. 
 
 If the horse is not lame, and the lump does not increase, better 
 not try any active treatment, or it may bring on increased action and 
 prove more serious. If it is situated high up, and a bony deposit 
 already taken place, the joint is incurably affected. You may burn, 
 blister, punch, or even chisel the bunch off, but you can never restore 
 the dehcate membranes and cartilages which have become bone, to 
 their former state. The bunch may often be removed so that, to all 
 appearance of the eye, the horse is sound unless tested for it. 
 
 THE MOST SUCCESSFUL MODE OF CURING IT. 
 
 On the first appearance of the inflammation which produces the 
 spavin, certain means can be adopted which will produce a cure. It 
 generally takes about three weeks for a spavin to develop, and the 
 spot to become tender to pressure, and in a short time after, the 
 spavin will be apparent to an experienced eye. During these weeks 
 is the time to treat it, for this is the curable stage, and the destruc- 
 tion of the joint avoided. The first step is good food and perfect 
 
 14 
 
106 ACCIDENTS AND DISKASKS OF TlIU LIMBS. 
 
 rest in the stable, with no driving of any kind. The next step is to 
 reduce inflammation. This can be done by keeping the joint wrapped 
 with a few thicknesses of cloth, or a sponge applied, and kept wet 
 with water, or the following lotion : — 
 
 Sugar of Lead, two ounces ; 
 Acetic Acid, four ounces ; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 As soon as the inflammation has gone, apply a portion of the 
 following blister, made as follows, and repeat it two or three times as 
 may be necessary, at intervals of two or three weeks. When the 
 parts have recovered from the effects of blistering, a run at pasture 
 for six or eight weeks will be very desirable treatment : — 
 
 Biniodide of Mercury, two drachms; 
 Powdered Cantharides, one drachm; 
 Fresh Lard, two ounces. — Mix. 
 
 The above should be thoroughly rubbed in, as its object is to 
 stimulate absorption of the spavin. It will check all further growth, 
 and render any increase in size impossible. Give internally, for three 
 months, one drachm of iodide of potassium in a mash, daily. 
 
 A WAENING ABOUT TREATING SPAVINS. 
 
 It will be well for owners of horses to remember that the bunch 
 that shows on the inside of the hock, is merely the outward symptom 
 of the disease, while the real seat of the trouble is deep within, and 
 the taking off the bunch in an old case, will not cure the spavin, but 
 may make a bad matter worse. Firing or actual cautery is an 
 excellent method of treatment, but it takes good judgment and 
 experience to do it properly. We give an article on how to fire 
 properly, in another part of this work, which can be consulted. 
 
HOW TO DISTINGUISH ARTICULAR SPAVIN. 107 
 
 ARTICULAR OR OCCULT SPAVIN. 
 
 HOW IT DIFFERS FROM BONE SPAVIN. 
 
 Occult spavin is an ulceration which destroys the delicate and 
 smooth surfaces of the small hones that form part of the hock joint. 
 It is so called because it shows no external enlargement, and the 
 severest pressure on the hock does not cause the horse to shrink from 
 tenderness and betray it. It is a deep-seated, hidden ailment of the 
 hock joint. 
 
 ITS ORIGIN AND CAUSE. 
 
 Some authors say that it is caused by the bones being injured by 
 .a sudden and severe shock; some claim that it first commences with 
 the rupture of the membrane that lines the joint; but nothing can 
 be determined certainly as to its origin; it is more important to know 
 
 HOW TO DISTINGUISH IT. 
 
 The horse suddenly becomes lame, and no examination of foot or 
 leg can locate the injury, and yet the horse is severely lame; there is 
 no heat or inflammation present, no pressure indicates where the 
 trouble lies; and sometimes we conclude we 
 have a case of occult spavin, for the reason 
 that we certainly have no other affection. A 
 pecuharity of the trot may be noticed — the 
 foot hardly touches the ground before it is 
 snatched up again, energetically and higher, 
 as shown by our illustration. The foot is carried in direct line as in 
 bone spavin. These symptoms may not be so prominent as to attract 
 attention, except by a critical examination. The horse is very lame 
 one day and better the next. It is improved by rest, but worse by 
 work, and from this fitful and varying tendency, cannot be depended 
 on, and is generally lame when wanted most. 
 
 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR IT. 
 
 As two rough, ulcerated sm-faces of a joint grating upon each 
 other at every step must be very painful, our only hope is in uniting 
 the small bones of the hock into one immovable mass by a bony 
 
108 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 deposit, for ws can never restore the delicate surfaces of the joint. 
 By this method we leave the main joint of the hock free, and do not 
 affect the limh beyond a certain stiffness, which is not serious, while 
 the horse may prove highly useful for years. It may take twelve 
 months to do it, and in some cases it is impossible. Three months is 
 generally sufficient. 
 
 HOW TO CUBE IT BY TEEATMENT. 
 
 Swing the horse up in a sling high enough to just take his weight 
 off the limb, and apply the following liniment with considerable 
 friction every two days : — 
 
 Soap Liniment, eight fluid ounces; 
 Liquor Ammonia, one fluid ounce; 
 Tincture Cantharidcs, one fluid ounce; 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Wrap the joint loosely with flannel, confined with elastic webbing 
 above and below the hock. The above treatment will promote a 
 bony deposit, and hasten the union of the ulcerated surfaces. Feed 
 liberally, but not heavily. Improvement will be shown by the horse 
 bearing weight on the limb, yet he must be kept in the sling for three 
 months after this first sign of improvement, and even after he, of his 
 own accord, has done away with the aid of it, for no disease is more 
 liable, to relapse. Even after he is well, it is best to avoid putting to 
 heavy work. Give no purgatives, but use bran mashes to loosen 
 bowels. 
 
 BOG SPAVIN. 
 
 DESOBIPTION OF ITS OHABACTEB. 
 
 This is an increase of the synovia, or, as some call it, 
 "joint oil," in the upper or chief part of the joint of the 
 hock, beyond the usual amount. It is situated upon the 
 upper, forward, and inner part of the hock. This increase 
 of synovia, which lubricates the joint, causes the mem- 
 brane to bulge or pufl' out. 
 
THE PROPER TREATMENT OF BOO SPAVIN. 109 
 
 CAUSES OF BOG SPAVIN GENEEALLY. 
 
 It is produced by repeated shocks, and its character resembles 
 windgalls, and is produced by like causes. It is liable to take on 
 changes M^hich may terminate in a bony deposit. It is thought 
 lightly of by horsemen, yet its location makes it serious, from fears 
 of something worse to follow. It does not lame, generally. 
 
 ONLY TREATMENT OF BOG SPAVIN. 
 
 Continued pressure applied to the part is a successful method of 
 treating it. Fold a piece of soft rag several times; wet it and apply 
 to its surface the following : — 
 
 Opium, one drachm; 
 
 Gum Camphor, one drachm. — Mix. 
 
 Now apply this to the surface of the spavin, and over 
 it place a piece of cork large enough to completely cover 
 the enlargement, and fasten all on by elastic webbing 
 drawn tight enough to keep up a constant and equal pres- 
 sure on the surface of the spavin. Let this bandage with 
 its dressing be the last thing taken off as the horse goes for bog 
 from the stable, and the first thing put on, on his return. If the 
 treatment seems to cause irritation, let up for a day or two, and keep 
 the part constantly wet and re-commence again. Iodide of potas- 
 sium, internally, in drachm doses, daily, will aid the treatment. In 
 some cases, by a careful operation, it can be reduced by the use of 
 hypodermic syringe withdrawing the excess of fluid. 
 
 HOW TO UAN 
 
 SPLINTS. 
 
 WHAT THEY ARE AND WHERE LOCATED. 
 
 Many horsemen think lightly of splints, yet they are serious 
 according to location. Thousands of horses have them and do not 
 seem to be affected. They are bony tumors whose stages of develop- 
 ment are similar to bone spavin, which they resemble except in 
 
110 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 LOCATION OF 
 SPLINTS. 
 
 SERIOUS SPLINT 
 ON KNEE JOINT. 
 
 location. They generally occur on the inside of 
 the fore leg or outside of the hind leg. They often 
 unite the splint bones to the shank bones. We 
 give illustrations of the different locations where 
 they have been known to form. Figures 1, 2 and 3 
 show their external appearance on the shank bone. 
 We give an illustration of one on the head of the 
 shank bone on inside of the knee, which is serious, 
 on account of location near knee joint. 
 
 WHAT THEIK EFFECTS ABE. 
 
 If the splint be of ragged, spinous growth, and situated 
 where a tendon plays over it, as shown by our illustration, 
 the horse will be lame during its growth, from irritation. 
 Sometimes nature cures by covering the bony growth with 
 cartilage or membrane. Others that are serious are those 
 on the inside of the leg, high up, which are in danger of 
 being grazed by the opposite hoof. The horse has been 
 known to drop as if shot, by the intense pain given by the 
 SPLINTS Dis- blow of the hoof. 
 
 SECTED. 
 
 HOW TO DETECT THEM IN DIFFERENT STAGES. 
 
 It is very easy to detect a full sized splint, but more difficult to 
 discover one while forming ; at this period they are the most painful. 
 You can judge of their serious character by their location. It is 
 always best to examine those parts where they would prove serious. 
 The horse may be lame, and yet the cause supposed to be something 
 else than splint. Stand by the side of the horse, and grasp the rear 
 part of the shank bone, running the fingers down the inside and the 
 thumb the outside, in the grove formed by the shank and the two 
 splint bones behind it. In this manner you will notice any enlarge- 
 ment, however small, or feel any heat. If on pressure where any 
 inflammation be detected, the foot be snatched up, you have struck 
 the location of a splint. If on examination all round, nothing can be 
 detected, have the horse trotted gently to and from you, as horses 
 
CHARACTER OF RINGBONE. Ill 
 
 with splints, when lame, generally turn the leg outward when trotting 
 to relievo the limb. Observe, also, if the leg is fully bent or advanced 
 while walking. 
 
 THE BEST TEEATMENT FOB SPLINT. 
 
 If no lameness is present, let it alone. To relieve the pain and 
 inflammation, apply cloths wet with the following lotion constantly : 
 
 Acetate of Lead, two fluid ounces ; 
 Acetic Acid, four fluid ounces; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 After inflammation has subsided, very excellent results have been 
 often produced by repeated bHstering and absolute rest. The follow- 
 ing is an excellent bHster : — 
 
 Biniodide of Mercury, one drachm ; 
 Lard, one ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Another excellent remedy is to paint it with tincture of iodine 
 once a day, and give a drachm of iodide of potash in his feed daily 
 for two months. When the tincture of iodine creates tenderness, 
 temporarily discontinue, and commence again. 
 
 RINGBONE. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND ITS DIFFERENT EFFECTS. 
 
 Ringbone, splint and bone spavin all resemble each other in 
 character, being a bony deposit or enlargement, differing only in 
 location. The disease may affect the large pastern bone, the small 
 pastern bone, the lower pastern joint, the joint be- 
 tween the small pastern and bone of the foot, or any 
 two or all of them. It may entirely lock the joint, 
 making it immovable; it may extend almost entirely 
 around the part, or merely be a small enlargement in 
 front. Sometimes the rear portions of the joint only 
 are affected, the front being free. When the sides only 
 are affected, it is not so serious. Ringbone, which 
 affects the small pastern and coffin bone, is the most two joints. 
 
 RINGBONE AFFECTING 
 
112 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 diflBcult to treat. Its size is no criterion as to the amount of lame- 
 ness. The enlargement is not the disease, but an effort of nature to 
 strengthen a part naturally weak, or that has been injured by working 
 the animal before the bones are matured. It wiU thus be seen that it 
 is of serious or minor importance, according to location, size, etc. 
 We give an illustration of a case which involves all the bones. The 
 joint at figure 1 is still capable of some motion, but the coffin joint at 
 figure 2 is immovably locked. 
 
 MANY CAUSES OF EINGBONE. 
 
 It is a pecuKarity of ligaments, membranes, etc., on or near any 
 joint, when injured and inflamed, that they are liable to produce 
 an ossification or formation of spongy bone, which attaches itself 
 immovably to the bone or joint proper. A severe strain inflames the 
 joint, inflammation ensues, and lymph is secreted. This is gradually 
 changed into porous bone, and a ringbone is the consequence. There 
 is no doubt but what it is inherited to a certain extent. That is, the 
 colts of a ringboned sire are very sure to become ringboned at an 
 early age. We know of one breeder of fancy trotting stock who 
 made a complete failure from the fact that his colts, sired by a speedy 
 yet ringboned stallion, all became more or less ringboned at an early 
 age and were valueless. 
 
 THE PBOPEE AND BEST TBEATMENT OP IT. 
 
 The first thing to do in the commencement of a ringbone, is to 
 allay the inflammation and prevent any further secretion of lymph in 
 the part. Apply cloths to the surface, which must be kept constantly 
 wet with the following lotion : — 
 
 Sugar of Lead, two fluid ounces; 
 Acetic Acid, four fluid ounces ; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 After the inflammation and pain has subsided, apply on and 
 around the margins of the ringbone, with smart friction, some of the 
 following blister : — 
 
 Biniodide of Mercury, two drachms; 
 Lard, four table spoonsf uls. — Mix. 
 
EXPLANATION OF WINDGALLS. 113 
 
 As soon as the blister subsides, apply again. Continue the 
 treatment for two weeks after all the acute symptoms have disap- 
 peared — allowing the horse to rest. Be careful and not put the 
 horse to work for several months, but give a run in a damp pasture. 
 
 WINDGALLS. 
 
 WHAT THEY ARE AND WHERE LOCATED. 
 
 These are especially the marks of hard usage. They do not 
 impede the motion, or lame the horse. The back sinews of the horse 
 are encased in a fine membranous sheath, which secretes a fluid 
 which facilitates the motion of the tendons one upon another. Tl;is 
 fluid is synovia. From irritation by too severe work, or 
 too fast a pace, this natural secretion is increased beyond 
 the capacity of the sheath, and it bags out, and is 
 distended in those parts which are the weakest, forming 
 windgalls. Two such parts are just above the fetlock, 
 and one below it, as shown by our illustration. They 
 generally appear on the hind legs. 
 
 ARE THEY SERIOUS AND INJURIOUS? 
 
 While they are generally considered of Httle account by most 
 horsemen, and do not rate a horse as unsound, yet we have known 
 them to disappear on horses after a hard race of several heats, and in 
 their place a puffy and swollen condition of the tendons. When this 
 has taken place, the sheath of the tendon has suffered severe irrita- 
 tion. A day or two of rest and ease will relieve this condition. A 
 continuation of this irritation changes the synovia into a turbid and 
 often blood-charged fluid; the wall of the membrane thickens; the 
 windgall becomes harder, and in some instances has been known to 
 turn into porous bone. During this period the horse will become 
 quite lame. 
 
 15 
 
114 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 HOW TO CURE THEM BY PRESSURE. 
 
 The cure is not always an easy task. One remedy, is continual 
 pressure. Apply a rag folded several times and wet, on which has 
 been spread the following mixture : — 
 
 Powdered Opium, one drachm; 
 GutQ Camphor, one drachm. — Mix. 
 
 Over this place a piece of cork, half an inch thick, and the full 
 size of the windgall, and confine all over the windfall with an elastic 
 rubber bandage. If it could be made so as to lace on, it would be 
 better. It must be the first thing put on when the horse returns to 
 the stable, and the last thing taken off on his going out. They can 
 be reduced by introducing a hypodermic syringe and withdrawing 
 the surplus fluid, and applying the above lotion until all inflam- 
 mation has gone. If any bunch remains, paint it daily with tincture 
 of iodine. Stop if irritation takes place, and commence again. 
 
 THOROUGHPIN. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND WHERE LOCATED. 
 
 Thoroughpin is a name given to a bursal enlargement, 
 which occurs at the upper and back part of the hock, 
 beneath the great tendon. Generally both sides partici- 
 pate in the swelling, but occasionally it happens that one 
 side only is involved. Of this there are two kinds, 
 namely, those arising from inflammation of the true hock 
 A^THORouGHPiN. joiut, aud thoso caused by wrench or sprain of the tendon 
 above referred to. When irritation of the true hock joint is the 
 cause, then the thoroughpin is but a further development of bog 
 spavin. The increased secretion of synovia consequent upon the 
 irritation, first makes its appearance in the most dependent portion of 
 the synoval bursa, which it causes to become unusually distended. 
 When the distension reaches to the superior portions of the bursa, 
 
THE TREATMENT OF THOROUGHPIN 115 
 
 then the swelling appears equally on both sides, and moderate 
 external pressure forces the fluid from side to side. This is the origin 
 of the name thoroughpin, or " through and through." But the most 
 common description of it is that arising from irritation of the flexor 
 pedis tendon. 
 
 JUST HOW TO TBEAT IT. 
 
 The treatment is the same as for windgalls, yet with some 
 precautions. If it is associated with bog spavin, treat the thorough- 
 pin first, and after cured, do not omit to still keep on the cork and 
 rag, while you are subjecting the spavin to pressure, or you will see 
 it return. 
 
 Kespecting the treatment of bursal enlargements generally, it 
 depends considerably on the cause, for if they be due to concussion, 
 hard work, and such like causes, then they can be only temporarily 
 got rid of, but if due to sprain or wrench of a ligament or tendon, 
 they are not equally likely to reappear. No matter to what cause 
 they owe their origin, the animal must get rest, the irritation and 
 inflammation must be allayed. Bathe with tepid water, and apply 
 considerable hand-rubbing to dissipate the secreted fluid. Apply a 
 sharp blister, and when it has had its effect, bandage. After having 
 put on two or three rounds of it, lay a piece of cork, the size of the 
 enlargement and about half an inch thick, upon the thoroughpin at 
 both sides, that is, the inner and outer sides of the hock, and over 
 these an elastic bandage. This will throw an unequal but desirable 
 pressure upon the enlargements. Both laxatives and diuretics are 
 indicated, the fluid being to a greater or less extent excreted. A 
 drachm of iodide of potassium in a mash daily will assist the treat- 
 ment. Very frequently lameness which is attributed to bog spavin 
 or thoroughpin, is in reality due to bone spavin, which has been 
 overlooked, or to sprain of the tendon. 
 
116 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 WASTING OP THE MUSCLES - SWEENEY. 
 
 WHAT THE inSEASE REALLY IS. 
 
 Sweeney is a wasting or perishing of the muscles, technically 
 known as atrophy. It is more frequently located in the shoulder and 
 hip than any other part of the body, and is commonly the result of 
 strain, contusion, or laceration of muscular tissue. We must also 
 bear in mind that a very common cause of atrophy is disease of the 
 feet, in which case the muscles of the shoulder perish from want of 
 sufficient exercise to keep them in a natural state of development, 
 and the only rational method of treatment in such cases is first to 
 restore the feet to a normal condition. 
 
 WHAT THE TBEATMENT SHOULD BE. 
 
 The best method is to stimulate the part by applying, two or 
 three times a day, some of the following liniment : — 
 
 Gum Camphor, three ounces; 
 Tincture Cantharides, three fluid ounces; 
 Tincture Capsicum, one fluid ounce ; 
 Alcohol, one pint — Mix. 
 
 Give the animal gentle exercise daily, and apply smart friction to 
 the part daily. 
 
 SPRAINS OF THE TENDONS. 
 
 WHAT THEY ARE. 
 
 The horse is liable to have the tendons, or sinews 
 of both fore and hind legs badly sprained from severe 
 exertion, fast heats or reckless driving. They have 
 different names for sprains, according to the degree of 
 injury and location, but the treatment is the same for 
 all, and can be given under one head. 
 
 GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF SPRAINS. 
 
 When it first occurs, it is hardly noticed unless it 
 happens to be very severe. The next morning, how- 
 
METHOD OF TREATING SPRAINS. 117 
 
 ever, the horse will be stiff and cramped, which may disappear on 
 exercise, to return the next morning. If more severe, the horse will 
 keep the leg bent and only rest the toe on the ground. By a careful 
 examination of the leg a few hours after the injury, a small swelhng 
 may be detected, which is hot or enlarges in proportion to the amount 
 of the injury. If it is slight in character, it can be determined by 
 pressure only, as sound tendon is not at all tender, and will bear 
 almost any amount of pressure. 
 
 DIBEOTIONS HOW TO TEEAT SPRAINS. 
 
 First, put on a shoe made gradually thick from toe to 
 heel, the latter made an inch higher than the former (no 
 caulks) ; then have the leg placed in a pail of tepid water, 
 and allowed to remain there for an hour. Repeat this 
 three times daily until the inflammation has entirely 
 disappeared. While you are waiting for the disappearance 
 of the inflammation, have the leg bandaged from knee to 
 fetlock during the intervals between each bathing, the 
 bandage being saturated in a solution of : — 
 
 Acetic Acid, two fluid ounces; 
 Opium, two ounces; 
 Chloroform, two fluid ounces; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 When the fever has entirely left, apply a blister to the whole 
 tendon from knee to fetlock. Before doing so, chp off the hair. The 
 bhster may be composed of powdered cantharides, iodine and Venice 
 turpentine, of each one drachm; and palm oil, two ounces. About 
 half an ounce of this will be sufficient. It will scarcely be necessary 
 to repeat. We would advise a couple of months' rest. 
 
118 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 CURB. 
 
 WHAT ITS CHARACTERISTICS ARE. 
 
 It consists of an enlargement, or a gradual bulging out of the 
 rear part of the hock, which is caused by an injury to the tendon of 
 that part. It is easily detected. 
 
 ITS TREATMENT, AND HOW TO SHOE. 
 
 If the curb has recently appeared, have the heel of 
 the shoe made a little thicker than those in ordinary use. 
 Fomentations should be applied, with a view of reducing 
 the inflammation, and afterwards hand-rubbing may be 
 employed, in order to promote the action of the absorb- 
 B. ents of the parts, and stimulate them to remove swelling. 
 It is never advisable to resort to any severe treatment in the first 
 instance; but if the lameness recurs, as is occasionally the case when 
 the animal is put to work, it will be advisable to apply a blister to the 
 part, which may be prepared as follows : — 
 
 Biniodide of Mercury, one drachm; 
 Ficsh Lard, four tablespoonsful. — Mix. 
 
 Apply every night until a watery discharge exudes through the 
 pores of the skin; foment twice a day with warm water; continue 
 bathing for two weeks. When a young horse throws out a curb, 
 absolute and long-continued rest are imperatively demanded ; in an 
 old horse, such is not the case, unless to a limited extent. Do not 
 work the horse for four or five months, at least. The high-heeled 
 shoe should be kept on for some time after the animal recovers from 
 the lameness, and when any change is made it must be done very 
 gradually; otherwise the animal will be liable to renew the injury. 
 
 A LARGE CURB. 
 
UlX'ia'TlVi; CIIAKACTER OF RHEUMATISM. Ill) 
 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 
 DESCRIPTION AND CHARACTER OF THIS COMPLAINT. 
 
 This ailment is supposed to be duo to a specific condition of the 
 blood; it IS generally accompanied by fever, stiffness, and lameness; 
 the inflammation and pain are both of a wandering character, being 
 now in one joint, and immediately afterwards found in another; but 
 it has this peculiarity, that it generally leaves one joint to appear in 
 the corresponding one on the opposite side. Thus, should it be 
 to-day in the off knee, you will find it to-morrow in the nigh knee — 
 not in the fetlock or hip — for, as a rule, when a joint has been 
 affected and the pain ceases, the opposite corresponding joint is 
 most apt to Buffer. The symptoms of the disease are sudden and 
 inexplicable lameness, which may or may not be accompanied by 
 inflammation. Should there be swelling it is almost sure to appear 
 in the stifle, fetlock, hock joints, or in the loins, but it not unfre- 
 quently involves the tendons of the forward limbs ; the loins or chest 
 may bo its seat also. It would be well to remark that a general 
 stiffness, listlessness and uneasiness are mostly exliibited before the 
 disease appears in a pronounced form. The pulse is hard and 
 unyielding; the mouth, as might be expected, is devoid of moisture 
 and very warm. In the chronic form the above symptoms are appa- 
 rent, but modified, and the fever may be entirely absent; the lameness 
 does not shift or move about so much in the chronic as in the acute, 
 but it is much more persistent, and leads to ulceration of articular 
 cartilage. Occasionally the acute form becomes chronic, and an 
 animal subject to the chronic is most likely to be frequently a victim 
 to attacks of the acute. In the chronic form the bones are subject 
 to many changes in their shape, structure, and constituents. Bony 
 tumors may grow on the pelvis or spinal column, also on the fringes 
 of the synoval membranes; tlie joints may become locked, solidified, 
 or anchylosed from rheumatism, and we may also have, as a result of 
 the disease, ossification of the walls of the heart, which is extremely 
 dangerous. The pulse becomes intermittent, jerky, and wiry; the 
 
120 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 heart's action sharp and angry ; the cardiac impulse is often wanting, 
 and a to-and-fro motion usually accompanies the heart's movements. 
 
 PIBECTIONS HOW TO TEEAT IT. 
 
 The horse should, if possible, be put in a sling, in a box stall, and 
 raised enough to take the weight off his limbs. At commencement 
 of treatment, steam if possible, so as to charge the room with hot 
 vapor. Wipe dry with cloths, blanket and put on hood. Apply the 
 following liniment, well rubbed in on the affected parts : — 
 
 Compound Soap Liniment, sixteen fluid ounces; 
 Liquor Ammonia, two fluid ounces; 
 Tincture Cantharides, two fluid ounces; 
 Tincture Opium, two fluid ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Bandage each leg with warm flannel bandages, clear up to the 
 body, and secure them by elastic webbing. Give internally the 
 following ball: — 
 
 Powdered Colchicum, two drachms; 
 Iodide Potassium, one drachm ; 
 Mix into pill mass with molasses. 
 
 Repeat steaming, applying liniment and above pill every morn- 
 ing until horse is better; then, if the liniment has not blistered the 
 joints, apply with a brush the following blister, and then return to 
 former hniment: — 
 
 Tincture Cantharides, one fluid ounce; 
 Camphorated Oil, one-half fluid ounce; 
 Tincture Opium, one-half fluid ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Give bran mashes twice a week, and green food once a day; 
 crushed oats or soaked corn also, if the horse is losing spirit. 
 
 CAPPED KNEE. 
 
 Is of same character as bog spavin on the hind leg, 
 except that this is located on knee joint of fore leg. It is 
 not generally considered serious, but will ultimately lame a 
 horse, and in bad cases, if let alone, will burst. The best 
 method of heahng it, is to have the fluid drawn off by the 
 
TREATMKNT Of CAPPED KNEE AND HOCK. 
 
 121 
 
 use of a hypodermic syringe, and afterwards reduce any inflammation 
 by cooling lotions. Then paint daily with tincture of iodine ; when 
 irritation follows, suspend the application, then apply again. Pressure 
 will succeed in some cases, but unless the horse can remain at rest, it 
 generally aggravates the matter. It is liable to the same changes 
 that windgalls, etc., are. 
 
 CAPPED HOCK. 
 
 Capped hock is generally the result of some injury. 
 Horses of a nervous, vicious disposition, will kick on the 
 shghtest provocation. They will kick against the whiffle- 
 tree while in harness, and against the stall posts in the 
 stable, and in this way they frequently bruise the point of 
 the hock, causing heat, swelling, and lameness more or '"''^^oc""^" 
 less, and constituting what is known as capped hock. 
 
 HOW IT SHOULD BE TREATED. 
 
 Take one pound of sal-ammoniac and dissolve it in three pints of 
 vinegar, and bathe the injured limb every one or two hours. If the 
 swelling does not entirely disappear in one week, the cap may be 
 bhstered with biniodide of mercury and lard, one part of the former 
 to eight parts of the latter, or the tincture of iodine may be applied 
 to the enlargement morning and evening with a toothbrush until the 
 parts are slightly bhstered. The application may then be discon- 
 tinued for a few days. 
 
 CAPPED ELBOW— SHOE BOIL. 
 
 This disease is located on the elbow of the front leg, and is 
 .caused by the pressure of the shoe against the part while the horse is 
 lying down. It is always best to prevent it, which can be done by 
 16 
 
122 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 placing leather boots on the fore feet. If it is of recent occurrence 
 and the part inflamed, reduce the inflammation by the use of cold 
 water or evaporating lotions. If it has broke, syringe the boil out 
 three or four times daily with the following : — 
 
 Carbolic Acid, one ounce; 
 Tincture Opium, four fluid ounces; 
 Soft Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 If any callous remains after heahng, or after the inflamma- 
 tion has been subdued, apply a blister of biniodide of mercury and 
 lard. 
 
 LYMPHANGITIS -SWELLED LEGS. 
 
 WHAT THIS DISEASE IS. 
 
 This is a disease which is commonly known as water farcy, but 
 in most modern veterinary works is named lymphangitis (inflamma- 
 tion of the lymphatics). This affection resembles erysipelas in the 
 human being. Inflammation of the lymphatics is usually confined to 
 one hind leg. The swollen glands are very painful when pressed 
 upon, and the swelling extends downward from them — first, as a 
 narrow elevation upon the inside of the thigh, but now extending in 
 every direction, it involves the whole circumference of the limbs, 
 from the glands first inflamed, down to the foot. As the swelling 
 increases the pain and lameness subsides. Horses that have once 
 been attacked with lymphangitis are liable to a recurrence of the 
 disease, and generally one attack succeeds another periodically, until 
 the limb assumes an enlarged dropsical condition. The exciting 
 cause of lymphangitis is overfeeding — more particularly when the 
 animal is not called upon to perform his ordinary labor. A certain 
 proportion of cases probably depend on constitutional or hereditary 
 predisposition. 
 
TREATMENT OF SWELLED LEGS. 123 
 
 HOW TO TREAT IT. 
 
 Commence by giving one drachm iodide of potassium three 
 times a day, and apply with friction some of the following liniment 
 over the whole limb, three times daily: — 
 
 Gum Camphor, three oiinces; 
 Tincture Aconite, two fluid ounces; 
 Tincture Arnica, four fluid ounces; 
 Alcohol, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Particular attention must be paid to the food and care, which is 
 
 of great assistance in this disease. 
 
 KNEE SPRUNG. 
 
 Knee sprung is occasioned from tendonous contraction. The 
 animal, in order to ease the contracted tendons, flexes the knee joint, 
 the angle being proportioned to the amount of contraction existing ; 
 hence, when there is much defect in the tendons, the animal goes 
 over suflSciently to make the gait unsteady, and frequently " trem- 
 bling" is observed. Blistering, bathing, etc., have only temporary 
 effect, as with work the symptoms above described are repeated; 
 therefore, by slightly raising the heels, not suflQciently to increase the 
 deformity, but high enough to permit the animal to have a solid 
 foundation to stand upon, and not straining the defective tendons, 
 prevents the trembling mentioned, besides considerably mitigating 
 the unsightly appearance of an animal balancing hjmself on his toes, 
 which latter habit would ultimately change the conformation of the 
 hoof. Often when it is extreme, a surgical operation which divides 
 the tendons is the only mode of relief. 
 
124 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE LIMBS. 
 
 KNUCKLING, OR COCKED ANKLES. 
 
 In a great majority of cases the tendency to cocked ankles is an 
 indication of local weakness which involves a constitutional predis- 
 position, which may be in existence, but remains latent until some 
 unexpected cause may determine its development, such as a heavy 
 load, fast work on an uneven surface, injudicious shoeing, etc. 
 Avoidance of such causes, as far as possible, would naturally suggest 
 itself, but where the weakness is well defined, and knuckling over 
 occurs, the best and only remedy is to apply a good, sharp blister, 
 and immediately afterwards fire the joint. Boots, bandages, and 
 such artificial auxiliaries have very Kttle beneficial effect. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 CONTENTS OP CHAPTER. 
 
 HOW TO LOCATE LAMENESS.— General examination for it — Rigid examination for 
 ob.scure lameness — Critical examination of the foot — How to detect in fore feet — In 
 hind feet — To examine for shoulder lameness — For lameness in hip joint — Symptoms 
 of knee joint lameness — Special directions when all inspection fails — Successful in 
 ninety-nine cases out of one hundred. 
 
 THE STRUCTURE OF A HORSE'S FOOT.— How to care for it — No foot, no horse — Its 
 internal construction — Coffin bone — Navicular bone — The sensitive frog, etc. — How 
 it grows — The foot without the hoof — How the hoof is attached — The bottom of the 
 foot — Foot of a five-year-old horse never shod — The chemical construction of the hoof 
 — Injury by rasping, tarring and burning — Structure and oflfice of the frog — The best 
 dressing for the hoof — The hot water bath for injured feet. 
 
 ACUTE AND CHRONIC LAMINITIS— FOUNDER.— Its location, character and causes- 
 How it often changes the foot — Distinction between acute and chronic cases — Other 
 peculiar causes of it — How to examine and test for it — Importance of instantaneous 
 treatment — The best treatment — Treatment of chronic cases — The shoeing. 
 
 NAVICULAR DISEASE— CONTRACTED FEET.— Where the real seat of the disease is— 
 Its worst results — Its main causes — How people make mistakes — Treating the wrong 
 disease — Symptoms always present — The sure signs — Peculiarity of the trot — 
 Pointing with the toe — How to commence the treatment— How to modify it — Special 
 directions for special cases — Cautions and warnings. 
 
 PUMICE FOOT.— Its description — Horses most liable to it — Its causes— What can be done 
 for it — The mode of shoeing — Hoof compound to use for it — To alter the character 
 and quality of the hoof- 
 
126 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 SAND CRACKS — TOE AND QUARTER CRACKS AND FALSE QUARTER.— What they 
 are, and their extent — Causes — Proper treatment — Cutting the crack — Removing 
 proud flesh — Firing for it — The best hoof dressing for it — To shoe properly. 
 
 CORNS — BRUISE OF THE SOLE.— Causes of these troubles— Old corns and new corns- 
 Certain evidence of corns — Suppurating corns — To treat the various kinds — What to 
 do for bruise of sole or pricking the foot, 
 
 QUITTOR. — Location inside the hoof — Its character and severity — The correct treatment — 
 To cut open the sinus — To probe — To apply remedies. 
 
 THRUSH AND CANKER.— Where they both originate — How they differ— Which is the 
 worst — The different treatment of each — What is necessary to be successful. 
 
 SEEDY TOE — WOUNDS FROM TREAD OR OVER-REACH.— Origin of seedy toe — 
 Operation for it — Succeeding treatment — Treatment of wounds from over-reach 
 
 OSSIFICATION OF LATERAL CARTILAGES, OR "SIDE BONES."— How to test for them 
 — Their causes — Their results — Their treatment. 
 
 TO LOCATE LAMENESS. 
 
 HOW IT AFFECTS A HOESE. 
 
 When the fore feet or fore hmbs are affected, it does not seem to 
 damage the constitution of a horse so seriously as when some hind 
 member is crippled. What every man wants to know is, where the 
 troitble lies, what the real matter is, how serious it will prove, and 
 how to cure it. This we will endeavor to show plainly, 
 
 HOW TO EXAMINE AND LOCATE IT. 
 
 In the majority of cases of lameness of the fore extremities, we 
 more frequently find the difficulty located in the foot than in any 
 other part of the limb. The foot of the horse is a very compli- 
 cated structure, and liable to various diseases from a variety of 
 causes. In all cases of obscure lameness the owner should have a 
 
TO DETECT LAMENESS IN FORE AND HIND FEET 
 
 127 
 
 FOkE FOOT. 
 
 rigid examination made of the foot. The shoes should be removed, 
 the hoof pared and properly searched, so as to ascertain, if possible, 
 the probable cause and nature of the disease. Horses are sometimes 
 lame from corns, pricks from shoeing, or accidental puncture, 
 inflammation of the laminae in the acute, sub-acute, and chronic 
 stages, ossification of the lateral cartilages, and many other diseases 
 of the foot. 
 
 HOW TO DETECT IN THE FOEE FEET. 
 
 One fore foot being injured, the head and 
 body drop or slightly sink, whenever the 
 sound member touches the earth. It is be- 
 ■ cause the horse wishes to favor- the sore foot 
 or limb, and scarcely touches the earth with 
 it, before he snatches it up again, bringing the 
 sound foot to the ground with an emphatic 
 sound, throwing his whole weight upon it. 
 
 HOW TO DETECT IN HIND FEET. 
 
 The movements of the head and body will 
 not be so much affected by the hind feet, but 
 if closely observed the head will be slightly 
 raised when the sound hind foot touches the 
 ground. The movements of the haunches 
 generally show its location more plainly. As 
 the sound limb touches the ground, the hind 
 LAME I.N NE.AK HiNii fooT. poi'tion of tlic bodj diops on that side, while 
 on the lame side the haunch is jerked upwards as the lame foot is 
 snatched from the ground. When the lameness is in one of the hind 
 limbs — the hock joint, from its complicated structure, will be found 
 the probable seat of the disease. The first thing to be done in all 
 cases of recent lameness is to have the foot properly searched; 
 ascertain if the hoof is unusually hot ; do the arteries throb ; is there 
 any swelling or tenderness ; next examine the back tendons by care- 
 fully manipulating the limb. 
 
128 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 HOW TO DETECT IN SHOULDER. 
 
 Occasionally the shoulder joint is ulcerated, but seldom. The 
 trouble generally lies in a muscle arising at the shoulder joint. In 
 this case tlie horso refuses to advance, or bend the leg at the shoulder 
 joint or elbow, drags the limb and never 
 lifts the toe from the ground. An old 
 homespun test was to lead a horse up to a 
 log, and if he refused to pass over it — the 
 shoulders was the spot. The symptoms for 
 lameness in both shoulders are, alternate 
 LAM.; IN ,,. 1- siwuiniiK. resting of the feet backwards, not point- 
 
 ing forward; a very sensible stiffness, especially in attempting to 
 turn around, rigidity of the muscles, etc. 
 
 TO EXAMINE THE HIP JOINT. 
 
 This joint sometimes suffers from ulcer- 
 ation, and the symptoms resemble occult 
 spavin, with the addition, that the diseased 
 limb is caught up from the ground more 
 sharply when the hip is ulcerated. The 
 best method to test, is to place some soft 
 substance over the joint and rap it sharply "*"'■ '" "'=''''■ ""■ '°"''^- 
 
 with a mallet, when if ulceration is present, a sharp response may be 
 looked for. It is incurable and the horse worthless. 
 
 TO EXAMINE IvNEE JOINT. 
 
 Any disease which affects this joint, which cannot be detected 
 from the outside, will show itself in a stiffened advance of the fore 
 leg, a long step, or when the horse lies down, will be observed to 
 place the limb on the outside of the body, not under it, and not 
 closely bent. Besides these symptoms, the horse may show no signs 
 of lameness. 
 
 SPECIAL DIEECTIONS IN DETECTING LAMENESS. 
 
 Besides the above instructions for examining the different parts 
 for location of lameness, if it be not yet determined, a more critical 
 
DESCRIPTION OF A HORSE'S FOOT. 129 
 
 and thorough examination must be had. Examine the feet for 
 diseases described in this chapter, next, the coffin joint, and so on up 
 to and including the shoulder. In ninety-nine cases out of a 
 hundred you will find the trouble before you reach the shoulder or 
 hip. 
 
 A HORSE'S FOOT -HOW TO CARE FOR IT. 
 
 TITE FOOLISH TREATMENT IT RECEIVES. 
 
 When the foot is gone there is no horse left. There is an old 
 adage to this effect, the truth of which is incontrovertible. Yet no 
 part of a horse's anatomy is worse used than the foot, and there are 
 no more frequent diseases to which the notice of the veterinary 
 surgeon is brought than those of the feet. This comes of the unwise 
 yet obstinately maintained fashion of cutting, burning, tarring, and 
 greasing the hoofs. 
 
 COMPLETE EXPLANATION OF THE FOOT. 
 
 We give an illustration of the internal construction of the foot 
 of a horse in its natural state. The bone of the foot, or coffin bone 
 I, is the foundation of the foot, and is 
 the nucleus around which the hoof is 
 moulded, and which it resembles in shape. 
 It is crescent shaped, the horns extend- 
 ing backward, from which arise cartilages 
 on each side called side bones. " The 
 horny frog is at (j q, while the sensitive 
 membrane of the frog and sole is at t. 
 At we have the plantar cushion, or as 
 farriers call it the "fatty" portion of the 
 frog, which fills the rear portion of the 
 hoof between the wings of the coffin bone, and being in intimate 
 connection with the lateral cartilages, forms an elastic cushion which 
 protects, as well as supports, the flexor tendon of the foot d, which 
 17 
 
 DISSECTION I 
 
130 
 
 accidi:nts and diseases of the feet. 
 
 passes down to the rear, and under the navicular bone, h, and is 
 inserted into the sole of the coffin bone s. At ?* we have the location 
 of navicular disease on the rear face of the navicular bone. The 
 ligaments which connect the naivcular bone with the deep flexor 
 tendon are shown at w. The hard wall of the hoof is at r, while n,n, 
 are respectively the sensitive and horny lamina dovetailing into each 
 other. At c we have coronary cushion, which fits into a concavity in 
 the inner, upper edge of the wall of the hoof. Besides acting as a 
 cushion, it performs the important oflSce of secreting the substance 
 which forms the hoof. The navicular bone ^ is a narrow bone placed 
 across between the wings of the coffin bone, and is intended to throw 
 the flexor tendon of the foot farther from the center of motion, and 
 thus increase its power. By observing how intimately it is con- 
 nected with the other parts of the foot, and the bend of the tendon 
 where it passes over its face, we can readily see the serious nature of 
 navicular disease. The large pastern bone is marked h, and the small 
 pastern bone i, while g is the shank bone. 
 
 THE FOOT WITHOUT THE HOOF. 
 
 We give another illustration of the foot 
 divested of the hoof, showing how the hoof 
 grows aud how it is attached to the foot 
 proper. The coronary frog band is shown 
 at a, h is the coronary fissure, both are 
 continuous around the top of the hoof. 
 The coronary cushion which secretes the 
 
 growth of horn is at c, and also extends around the foot at the top 
 
 of the hoof. At /,/,/, we have sensitive 
 
 laminae, which stand up from the coffin 
 
 bone like the fine leaves on the under side 
 
 of the mushroom. They number between 
 
 six and seven hundred, and cover the surface 
 
 of the coffin bone above, below and a cer- 
 tain distance within the wings. These 
 
 laminae dovetail with horny laminae on the 
 
INTERIOR OF A HORSE'S FOOT. 131 
 
 inside of the hoof, thus suspending, as it were, the coffin bone within 
 the hoof. Each leaf terminates in pointed vilH, as fine as the 
 smoothest velvet, and from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long. 
 At g.,g,g,g, we show the termination of these villi, and their immense 
 numbers, while at Ji we show the sole covered in same manner. The 
 branches of the sensitive frog are at /, /", while d shows how far the 
 sensitive laminae extend around the wing of the coffin bone. The 
 cleft of the frog is at c, while b is the rear portion and extension of 
 the coronary cushion, and a bulbs of the heels. 
 
 THE BOTTOM OF THE FOOT. 
 
 We also give an illustration of tlie a ^^B^^^^ <, 
 
 sole of the left fore foot of a five-year-old ^""'""'^^^^■jHA 
 horse that had never been shod. At a, a, y""""""i^^^BBHP^&'"- '--"^^^^ 
 
 we find the heels of the frog, and b is the ?: |HBIHB ife 
 
 cleft. The branches of the frog are c,c, i[ZV..ll|!:|^ ''' ''^^^f "•:'■'' M' ' 
 
 while d,d are the heels or "angles of m";"--l '?l|yk^ "' 
 
 reflection "of the wall of the hoof. The o --((^iiiUlppDr 
 
 division between the frog and the bars is ''^"•'^' '-""'' «' hvevear-old horse. 
 at e, while /,/ are the bars or inflection of the hoof. The body of 
 the frog is marked g. The outside quarter of the foot is at ?i, while 
 the inside quarter is marked i. The point of the frog is _/, while all 
 in front and around it is the sole k. There is a seam or fissure at the 
 junction of the sole with the wall of the hoof which is shown at 1. 1, 
 while m is the wall of the hoof, and o the toe of the foot. 
 
 THE IMPOBTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE FOOT. 
 
 By reading our brief description of the construction of the foot, 
 U will be seen what a delicate, yet admirably contrived member it is 
 to fulfill its office. Very little success will be had in treating the 
 diseases of the foot, unless some understanding be had of its nature 
 and construction. In addition to our illustrations, we will give an 
 explanation of the characters and nature of the hoof and frog. 
 
132 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 THE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF THE HOOF. 
 
 Horn is a fibrous substance which contains t^Yenty-five per cent, 
 of water. The fact that it contains water in its normal composition 
 is a very important one. When horn is deprived of water it becomes 
 dry, hard, and without elasticity, precisely like a piece of dry glue, 
 which breaks and splinters into glassy fragments. It is necessary, 
 therefore, that this water should be retained, to keep the horn in 
 good condition. The common practices of burning the sole to 
 procure a fit for the shoe, or rasping the outer surface to get a good 
 shape, and of tarring and greasing the hoof, all tend to drive the 
 water out of the horn, and not only to harden and contract it, but to 
 make it brittle. In this condition its usefulness as a protection for 
 the foot is at once impaired and partly destroyed. When the sole is 
 burned by contact with a hot shoe it is obvious that the water in the 
 portion of the horn that is heated must be driven ofi. 
 
 WHAT EASPING, TAEEING AND BURNING DOES. 
 
 When the smooth, polished, hard surface of the horn is rasped 
 away the softer inner fibrous portion is exposed to all the evil 
 influences of evaporation and disintegration, and the numberless pores 
 and cells or interstices of the horn are enabled to give up the water 
 they contain. The horn in this case is also made dry and brittle, 
 and, of course, contracts. Tar contains an acid and a volatile oil, 
 which evaporates and leaves a hardened, pitchy mass. When tar is 
 applied to a hoof the acid acts chemically upon the horn, and hardens 
 or disintegrates it, and the oil, evaporating, leaves a space between 
 the fibres filled with hardened residue. It operates precisely in the 
 same manner as when it is applied to leather — as a sole of a shoe, for 
 instance — as a preservative; the leather in a few days becoming 
 hard and unyielding, impervious to moisture and dry. As with tar, 
 so with grease ; both these substances drive out the water from the 
 horn and occupy its place, in time hardening and acidifying the 
 substance of hoof crust, rendering it brittle and contraclftng it. 
 
GENERAL TREATMENT OF THE FOOT. 133 
 
 STBUCTUEE OF THE FROG AND HOW TO TREAT THE FOOT. 
 
 The substance of the frog is horn, but it is of a softer and more 
 open texture than the sole and crust of the hoof. It is, therefore, 
 more easily affected by injurious conditions, and when it becomes 
 deprived of its water it shrinks more than the more solid horn. From 
 this explanation of the character of the horny covering of the foot 
 any reasonable horse-owner may learn how to treat the hoof, and how 
 to avoid injuring it. When a shoe is to be fitted, the edge or wall 
 sole should be prepared by cutting or rasping, and not by burning. 
 Indeed, the shoe should be fitted to the foot, and not the foot fitted 
 to the shoe. When, from bad management, the sole and frog have 
 become dry and contracted, no grease or tar should be used; but 
 water should be used freely, and then the hoof should be dressed 
 with glycerine, which will mix with water, and does not displace it. 
 Glycerine contains no acid or acrid qualities, but it is soft, bland, 
 emollient, and does not evaporate. It therefore softens the horn, 
 and allows the fibres to expand. Contraction is thus prevented or 
 overcome when it has actually occurred. 
 
 THE TREATMENT OF ITS INJURIES BY HOT WATEB. 
 
 In all recent injuries of the foot, accompanied with inflammatory 
 symptoms, we have every confidence in the warm bath. Place the 
 foot in a pailful of warm water for at least one hour every morning 
 and evening, adding a little hot water as often as may be necessary, 
 so as to keep the bath at a proper temperature. When the foot is 
 removed from the bath, place it in a warm poultice, or apply a flannel 
 bandage, whichever mode of treatment may be most applicable to 
 the case. 
 
134 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 ACUTE AND CHRONIC LAMINITIS- FOUNDER. 
 
 ITS LOCATION, CHARACTER AND CAUSES. 
 
 This disease is almost invariably confined to the fore feet, but 
 still we sometimes find the hind ones also implicated. This inflam- 
 mation is primarily limited to the sensitive laminas and sole, the hone 
 of the foot being, of course, involved from the commencement. 
 
 It is generally originated by 
 over-exertion, the animal being 
 permitted to feed too heavily after 
 having been deprived of food for 
 several hours longer than usual. 
 He therefore eats more than can 
 be digested. Driving at a fast gait 
 for several miles, vpill also cause 
 the disease. Chilling an animal is 
 productive of it also, it being com- 
 APPEARANCE OFH rsE mKl^ ATT V K OF L ^ M,N IT is paTatlvcly of llttlc consequBncB 
 
 under what circumstances the chill occurs. It is frequently one of 
 the sequels to inflammation of the lungs or bowels ; it also arises from 
 inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, in 
 either of which cases the body and feet may be both implicated. In 
 cases such as above enumerated, the hair of both mane and tail may 
 be cast off, which gives us a rather clear intimation that the tendency 
 is also to cast off the hoof, but its attachments being much more 
 tenacious, it is not so readily accomphshed. When the disease is 
 occasioned by concussion it is more serious, as inflammation of the 
 bone of an acute character is most likely. 
 
 CHANGES WHICH MAY OCCUR IN THIS DISEASE. 
 
 The changes which occur are about as follows : There is inflam- 
 mation of the sensitive foot — lamin?e, sole, and coflin bone. The 
 point of the hoof internally becomes most vascular; the exudation is 
 naturally thrown out here in greater quantities than in the other 
 
CHANGES IN FOOT CAUSED BV THIS DISEASE. 135 
 
 portions of the hoof. This is said to cause most excruciating and 
 protracted pain. The hoof being of an unyielding character, there 
 is no provision made for the reception of the exudation. When 
 laminitis is due to causes other than concussion, the exudate extends 
 no further than the external surface of the sensitive lamin^^; bub 
 when due to concussion it is thrown out underneath the periosteum, 
 then inflammation of the bone is almost sure to follow. The free 
 circulation of the blood is thus impeded. Hence you have sloughing 
 and necrosis. After a slight attack of laminitis has 
 passed oS without causing any structural change, 
 the exudation which has been caused, being slight, is 
 soon absorbed without any structural change having 
 occured. When the disease is severe, the exudation 
 increases in thickness, and naturally increases the 
 pressure on the toe of the coffin bone in one direc- 
 tion, and the opposing surface of the crust in the 
 opposite, and to a certain extent separates both, 
 forcing the coffin bone downward, and the toe of the hoof upward, as 
 shown by our illustration. The diseased hoof now becomes disfigured 
 by the horizontal lines or ridges. The structure of the hoof now 
 becomes brittle, and readily chips ofi. This is followed by ossifica- 
 tion of the sensitive laminae, and therefore by suppuration of the 
 coronary substance. This causes detachments of small portions of 
 the hoof where it is joined by the hair. Sometimes a fluid collects 
 between the sensitive and horny soles and the frogs, and forces them 
 apart. 
 
 DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN ACUTE AND CHRONIC CASES. 
 
 When laminitis is due to causes other than direct concussion, we 
 are of opinion it is then due to sympathetic initation. The inflam- 
 mation extends from the original location of disease to the feet. 
 Acute laminitis ends in resolution, or in sub-acute or chronic. This 
 latter is that condition of the feet after the subsidence of the febroid 
 symptoms, or it may originate independently of an acute attack. 
 Animals suffering from the chronic form are subject to the acute. 
 
136 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 from very trivial causes; and, in fact, when an animal has once had 
 laminitis of anything bordering on a chronic or severe type, it need 
 be no matter of surprise should they frequently afterwards become 
 victims to a repetition of the disease, and often without any appa- 
 rently sufficient provocation to induce it. 
 
 OTHEB CAUSES OF LAMINITIS, 
 
 Concussion, over-exertion, indigestion, and irritation of the 
 intestinal canal, imperfect shoeing, tight nailing, the use of calks and 
 liberal application of the drawing-knife are about the most successful 
 agents in producing the disease which we have at our command, and 
 we are afraid they are called into requisition but too frequently. 
 Sometimes laminitis is due to what would be considered rather a 
 curious circumstance, namely, an animal being lame in one foot 
 throws an unequal proportion of the weight on the opposite, and in 
 this way cause laminitis of the foot which was originally sound. In 
 a case of this kind, if the original lameness was severe, the animal 
 should be slung, as it cannot bear its weight on either of its feet, 
 without experiencing extreme pain, which should be alleviated as 
 much as possible. 
 
 niBECTIONS FOR DISTINGUISHING IT. 
 
 Inflammation in both fore feet, excessive stiffness and lameness, 
 which is most apparent at starting, the hind legs are drawn forward 
 under the body, in order to throw as much weight as possible on the 
 hind legs and off the fore. If you wish to find out at once if the 
 animal suffers from laminitis, back him in the stall. You will observe 
 immediately, if he suffers from this disease, that he will try to elevate 
 the toes, in order that the heels may bear the weight; the pulse also 
 is strong, quick, and throbbing; the animal generally lies down with 
 the legs stretched out, the reason for doing which is obvious, namely, 
 to take all the weight off the feet. Having so far described symp- 
 toms, it will be scarcely possible to make a false diagnosis, and be it 
 remembered this is a most important point, as many valuable animals 
 are irretrievably ruined from the fact that the owners fail to diagnose 
 
PROPER TREATMENT FOR FOUNDER. 137 
 
 the case at the proper time, the consequence being that a case of 
 acute larainitis which is curable, is converted into one of incurable 
 chronic laminitis. 
 
 THE BEST TREATMENT FOR ACUTE LAMINITIS. 
 
 Just as soon as possible after having discovered that the animal 
 has been foundered in the feet, or has acute laminitis, which is the 
 same thing, have his shoes taken off, place the feet in a deep tub of 
 warm water, in which some hay has been put to form a soft founda- 
 tion for the tender feet to rest upon. Keep them there for about an 
 hour and a half, then take them out and put them in warm poultices, 
 composed of either bran and boiled carrots, or, if accessible, equal 
 parts of slippery elm bark and linseed meal. Be sure the poultice 
 envelopes the ivhole hoof. Have a deep soft bed for the animal to 
 stand upon. Give a purgative, which should be about one-half of 
 the ordinary dose, as superpurgation is apt to follow otherwise. If 
 Barbadoes aloes be the agent employed, four drachms will be found 
 sufficient. Give a dose of aconite, say ten drops every twenty 
 minutes, until the animal has been thrown into a profuse perspiration. 
 Cover him with warm, that is, closely-woven, blankets. The poultices 
 should be changed twice a day, and after taking them off, put the 
 feet in water, as above recommended. Continue this line of treat- 
 ment for at least three or four days. Feed no grain, simply bran 
 mashes, vegetables and hay. When shoeing the animal, see that the 
 shoes are wide-webbed, the hoof surface being convex, still leaving 
 sufficient flat surface for the wall of the hoof to rest comfortably on ; 
 but our advice is to refrain from putting on shoes of any kind for ten 
 or fifteen days. 
 
 The animal will be benefited by being put to work, other than 
 road work, agricultural being preferred, and if it is a valuable beast, 
 have him turned out on low-land pasture. Should he be stabled, 
 keep damp swabs on the feet while he is housed. This treatment is 
 applicable to either acute or sub-acute, which we have here treated 
 as one disease, and which in fact it is. 
 18 
 
138 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 TBEATMENT OF SUB-ACUTE OR CHKONIC LAMINITIS. 
 
 The most we can possibly do is to palliate the disease. If the 
 sole is at all inclined to become convex, have the shoe made corres- 
 pondingly concave on the hoof surface. Keep on wet swabs while 
 the animal is at rest. Give continually a deep bed. The animal 
 should get slow work only, should never be used for road purposes, as 
 he would give no satisfaction there, but for ordinary agricultural 
 work he can still be made serviceable. Have him regularly shod, 
 never drive him fast, and keep his feet constantly stuffed, and bathe 
 the feet in warm water for an hour every day ; dry them well after 
 taking them out, and be always lenient to the animal that has the 
 misfortune to be a victim to chronic laminitis. 
 
 NAVICULAR DISEASE -CONTRACTION OP THE FEET. 
 
 WHEEE THE SEAT OF THE DISEASE IS. 
 
 It is always located in the fore feet on the 
 
 lower surface of the small bone marked b in our 
 
 illustration. This bone is of the sesamoid class, 
 
 and is more sensitive and more highly organized 
 
 than the ordinary bones, and therefore is more 
 
 LOCATION oF^NAvicuLAK jjj^j^jg ^q injury SiXidi subsequent ulceration. In 
 
 more serious and long standing cases the perforans tendon a, beneath 
 
 the bone, is sometimes ruptured, and the bone itself fractured. 
 
 THE MAIN CAUSES OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 AUowing an animal to remain standing in the stable for days and 
 perhaps weeks, without exercise, and not unfrequently upon a hard 
 and bedless floor; spasmodic and violent exercise, by which, we mean, 
 driving an animal for a long distance at a fast pace for a day or two, 
 and then allowing him to remain housed ; hereditary predisposition, 
 that is, animals whose progeny have weak, small, flat, brittle, and 
 
MISTAKEN TREATMENT IN THIS DISEASE. 139 
 
 delicate hoofs ; improper shoeing, excessive rasping, paring, cutting, 
 and, above all, "opening the heel," which latter is very pernicious, 
 and entirely inexcusable ; accidental circumstances, such as pressure 
 from having picked up some foreign substance — such as stone, wood, 
 nails, etc.; leaving on shoes until they become thin, uneven, buried 
 in the hoof, or broken, the natural shape, flexibihty, and quality 
 being thus perverted. 
 
 HOW THE PEOPLE MAKE MISTAKES. 
 
 A great mistake might be just here committed by assigning, as 
 another cause, atrophy, and consequent contraction. Some try to 
 modify it by calling it "pinched on the heels," "slightly tender for- 
 ward," etc. The reason why it would be incorrect to assign lameness 
 to this is, that contraction is only one of the results of pre-existing 
 disease. The disease occurs from some of the above-mentioned 
 causes, the animal can only use the limb at the expense of being 
 more or less tortured, hence it is invariably kept in a state of repose, 
 unless when the horse is compelled to use it, and as a natural conse- 
 quence, the parts become wasted, atrophied, and fall in. This same 
 atrophy is almost invariably present where we have well-marked cases 
 of this disease. Suppose an animal is lame in the hoof, and so 
 continues for some months or weeks, by and by the muscles of the 
 shoulder begin to assume a wasted condition. They fall in from 
 want of internal support, as the healthy muscles have been converted 
 into fatty matter, which becomes absorbed. Just as soon as the 
 owner notes this, he, or his veterinary adviser, presuming he does 
 not understand the nature of the disease, says at once, " We have 
 been deceived regarding the seat of this animal's lameness. We 
 have been treating the hoof whereas it is the shoulder which is the 
 seat of disease; it alone is affected." Result: They go to work, treat 
 the shoulder at the expense of the hoof, by neglecting the latter, and 
 what was at one time a disease amenable to treatment, is now one 
 which our utmost skill can do nothing more for than merely alleviate 
 the pain. We can neither restore it to its original condition, nor 
 make the animal other than a crippled sufferer for life. 
 
140 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES 07 THE FEET. 
 
 THE SYMPTOMS ALWAYS PRESENT. 
 
 The symptoms are in character alike, whether ulceration has 
 taken place, or whether the disease is in the incipient state; but 
 though the general character of the symptoms resemble each other 
 closely, they are pronounced and intensified in proportion to the 
 inroads the disease has made up to the time of inspection. The 
 degree of lameness varies. Alteration may 
 only just have commenced, or there may be 
 quite perceptible inflammation. In the 
 latter case the lameness will be well marked 
 and unmistakable, while in the former it 
 will be exhibited in merely a little unusual 
 stiffness at first; and if both forward feet 
 are involved a casual observer is very apt 
 to be deceived, and, on account of the 
 peculiarity of gait, attribute the lameness 
 poiNTiNG-A SIRE SIGN {;q rhcumatism, and allow the golden oppor- 
 
 tunity to vanish, by waiting for nature to work a cure when she had 
 nothing whatever to do with producing the disease. We may safely 
 lay it down as an axiom that where navicular disease exists the 
 animal will rest that foot on the toe, the heel slightly raised from the 
 ground, with the limb extended ; he will do what horsemen call point, 
 as shown in our illustration. It is observed, in connection with the 
 disease, that the fetlock joint becomes peculiarly rounded in front. 
 This is caused by the unnatural position in which the limb is held. 
 The toes are placed firmly on the ground, so as to throw the weight 
 forward as much as possible, and thus relieve the affected part, the 
 heels being permitted to bear as little as possible of the weight, and 
 pointing the toe of the affected foot while at rest; and if both feet 
 should be affected then the toes are pointed forward alternately. 
 
 PECULIARITY SHOWN IN THE TROT. 
 
 Another symptom which is also invariably present is the manner 
 in which the sufferer strikes his toe or toes into the ground. If you 
 remark it, you will find some horses thus affected travel almost 
 
HOW TO COMMENCE THE TREATMENT. 141 
 
 entirely on their toes. Thiscan be proven beyond doubt bv examin- 
 ing a shoe worn by a horse thus diseased and that of a sound-footed 
 animal. Horses such as we are describing usually walk sound, but 
 the moment they are compelled to trot they use their forward limbs 
 as if they did not belong to them, 
 conveying the idea of their being 
 tied together, so short is the space 
 between their steps. Our illustra- 
 tion shows this peculiarity of the 
 trot. When one foot only is the 
 subject of the disease, it will be 
 found to be smaller than its fellow; 
 but this sign should not be relied 
 upon if there is no other evidence 
 of the disease, as sound animals occasionally exhibit a slight differ- 
 ence in the size of hoofs. 
 
 HOW TO COMMENCE THE TREATMENT. 
 
 This, in order to be of permanent benefit, will have to be resorted 
 to without delay. The first symptom being that of inflammation, 
 therefore, before structural alterations have taken place, we should 
 exhaust all our remedial measures if necessary. The shoes should be 
 removed, and it would be well to remember that, when this is being 
 done, unusual carefulness is necessary. They should be removed in 
 as gentle a manner as possible, as the animal is already suffering 
 great pain, which should not be augmented even in the slightest 
 degree. The heels are generally high in animals suffering from 
 navicular arthritis, therefore, after removing the shoes, lower the 
 heels of the hoof, and gradually shorten the toe. Place the feet in 
 warm water for an hour and a half three times a day; as soon as 
 they are taken out of the water, dry them thoroughly, and envelop 
 them in poultices, composed of equal parts linseed meal and slippery 
 elm bark, if it can be procured; if not, Indian or corn meal, and 
 boiled carrots will answer. The poultices shoiild be large, and made 
 to envelop the entire hoof. A great fault is frequently committed by 
 
142 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 putting on poultices carelessly, in which case they will either drop 
 off, or are allowed to fall to the bottom of the containing sack, and 
 merely encircle the lower portion of the hoof, where it is of compara- 
 tively little value. This treatment — bathing and poulticing — should 
 be kept up for three or four days, changing from hot water bathing to 
 warm poulticing, at least three times daily. He should have a deep 
 bed, in a comfortable box-stall, in order to offer him inducements to 
 take the weight off his feet. Give a purgative immediately on com- 
 mencing treatment, and during its progress feed only laxative food, 
 vegetables, etc. About two weeks from commencement of treat- 
 ment, apply a blister to the entire coronet, composed as follows : — 
 
 Pulverized Cantharides, one ounce; 
 Venice Turpentine, three drachms; 
 Beeswax, two drachms; 
 Lard, four ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Clip off the hair around the coronet and rub in. As soon as 
 irritation has set in stop applying, and as it subsides apply again. 
 
 SPECIAL INSTKUCTIONS FOR SPECIAL CASES. 
 
 When rest, poulticing, and the usual treatment fail, then the 
 animal may be considered incurable, and must be used for slow work 
 only. Or, if from some peculiarity of the case this is not advisable, 
 then the operation of nerving or neurotomy might be performed. 
 An animal afflicted with navicular disease should be always kept in a 
 box-stall, and a deep, fine bed, and while in the stable, have wet 
 swabs tied around the coronet, which will cover the greater part of 
 the hoof. 
 
 The proper kind of shoes to be used on such an animal is one 
 with thick heels, becoming gradually thin toward the toe, the latter 
 being hammered or filed, so as nearly as possible to resemble the 
 shape of the ordinary shoe, when well worn, by a horse suffering 
 from chronic navicular disease. We do not mean to convey the idea 
 that the shoe should be generally thick, only relatively so, that is, 
 thick as compared with the toes. 
 
HOME TRUATMKNT OF PUMICE FOOT. 
 
 143 
 
 FARTHER CAUTIONS AND WARNINGS. 
 
 Above all do not apply those infernal instruments of torture in 
 the shape of a shoe for mechanically spreading the heels. In this 
 disease contraction is caused by a wasting and shrinking of the 
 interior of the foot and cannot be restored. 
 
 PUMICE FOOT. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 It is a bulging down of the sole of the foot, so that 
 in most cases the horse will walk on the sole instead 
 of the wall of the hoof. Our illustration plainly shows 
 the condition of the bottom of the foot, and also the 
 manner in which the horse walks on it. 
 
 CAUSE OP IT, AND HORSES MOST LIABLE TO IT. 
 
 Horses with long, slanting, weak pastern, hoofs 
 
 marked by ringy growths of brittle character, flat sole, 
 
 well developed and almost invariably large healthy frog, 
 
 are most liable to it. They generally have a high 
 
 action, and the force with which tliey bring down their 
 
 oF^A^ PUMICE j^^^^ soon bruises the sole and inflaming the coffin bone, 
 
 causes it to enlarge and sometimes partly descend, forcing the sole of 
 
 the foot downward out of its position. 
 
 JUST WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR IT. 
 
 The most success can be had by attending 
 to the shoeing, yet the natural v,-eakness of the 
 feet cannot be changed. A bar shoe should be 
 prepared, the web of which should be covered 
 with leather, the shoe nailed on with double the 
 quantity of nails usually used, but smaller, 
 leaving a bearing on the back part of the shoe 
 
144 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 for the frog. The whole hoof should be soaked an hour, twice each 
 day, in a warm bath, and a poultice applied at night, composed as 
 follows : — 
 
 Glycerine, four fluid ounces ; 
 
 Linseed Meal, one quart ; 
 
 Hot Water, enough to make a thick poultice. 
 
 The shoe should be changed and adapted to the foot, as it 
 changes and improves. It may take two or three months to produce 
 any very great changes. 
 
 SAND CRACKS -TOE AND QUARTER-CRACKS. 
 
 WHAT THEY ARE AND THEIR EXTENT. 
 
 The quarter-crack usually occurs on the inside quarters of the 
 fore feet. Fast horses are peculiarly liable to it, if out of condition 
 when trotted. It may extend from the coronet to the lower edge of 
 the hoof; it may extend from the lower edge up but a short distance; 
 it may not reach either edge. It also varies in depth, sometimes only 
 through the hard outer horn, and again deep into the laminae or 
 quick. Toe-crack is the same, excepting it is on the toe instead of 
 the quarter, and on hind feet mostly. 
 
 CAUSES OF SAND CRACKS. 
 
 Brittleness of the hoof, either natural, or results of disease or 
 bad management is the main cause. Bad shoeing, by worse black- 
 smiths, is another source. Narrow heeled shoes, and high calkings arje 
 productive of it. Heavy loads drawn on uneven, slippery pavements, 
 severe short heats of the race horse out of condition, and many other 
 thoughtless acts in driving. 
 
 niOPER TREATMENT FOR QUARTER-CRACK. 
 
 Stop all severe work; take a sharp 
 :uife and pare off each edge of the crack, 
 uutil you have made a groove, as shown by 
 our illustration, through the hard horn. 
 If the crack extends from the coronet or 
 
OINTMENT AND LOTION FOR QUARTER CRACK. 145 
 
 top of the hoof, to the bottom, take a firing iron, red hot, draw a Una 
 from the coronet on each side down to the crack, forming a V, as 
 shown by the engraving. It should commence at least half an inch 
 from the crack on each side. If the crack only extends part way up, 
 pare out the same and burn straight across the crack at its upper 
 point; if it does not extend to top or bottom, pare out as before, and 
 fire both above and below, as shown by our illustration. 
 
 The object of firing is, to just burn through the hard horn, and 
 separate the sound from unsound portion ; the firing need not be 
 deep enough to cause pain. Shoe with a bar shoe, and have the hoof 
 dressed off so that that portion which contains the crack, will not 
 bear on the shoe, as shown by our illustration. Place the foot once a 
 day for a hour in a warm bath, then apply a poultice composed as 
 follows : — 
 
 Glycerine, four fluid ounces; 
 
 Linseed meal, one quart ; 
 
 Hot W'ater, to make a thick poultice. 
 
 These means will affect a cure if properly attended to, which is 
 not always done. A blister applied to the coronet just above the 
 crack, will stimulate the secretion of horn. 
 
 TO CURE THE TOE-CRACK. 
 
 The treatment of toe-crack is the same as for 
 quarter-crack, paring out the crack, as shown by our 
 illustration. In some instances granulations may take 
 place. These should be thoroughly cleaned with the 
 following lotion : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, twenty grains ; 
 Glycerine, four ounces ; 
 Water, eight ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Take a sharp knife and at one stroke excise or cut 
 them out. Let the foot down to bleed and reduce the '"toe'c'kack. 
 fever in the foot. Keep the part wet with the lotion, and if the 
 crack has been mechanically treated, as directed for quarter-crack, it 
 will soon improve. After the first two days, the lotion need not be 
 applied oftener than three times. In order to more easily pare out 
 19 
 
146 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 the crack, it may be necessary to heat an iron to a black heat, and 
 apply that to the hoof in the crack, which will soften it by heat. A 
 shoe with two clips, one on each side the crack, will help. If neces- 
 sary to drive the horse, place some lint wet with the lotion in the 
 crack, bind it in with a was end, and cover over with cloth securely 
 tied on, and cover all with tar. Cleanse it thoroughly on return. 
 Proper attention to food must be given, if the animal suffers much 
 pain, and is feverish. Bran mashes, scalded oats or soaked corn, if 
 possible, once a day. 
 
 FALSE QUARTER. 
 
 DESCBIPTION OF THIS WEAKNESS. 
 
 It is a partial absence of the outer and harder portion of the 
 hoof, at the quarter, and consequently it is very liable to injuries of 
 many kinds. 
 
 WHAT CAN BE DONE FOR IT. 
 
 Generall}^ speaking, it cannot be cured. Sometimes 
 
 a slight firing and an after poulticing may cause the 
 
 coronet to secrete the proper horn, but not often. The 
 
 usual remedy is to dress down the sound part to a thin 
 
 vuAKTER. edge on each side; to put on a bar shoe with clip on 
 
 toe, and remove the lower edge of the hoof, under the quarter, so it 
 
 will not bear on the shoe. We have known a piece of gutta percha 
 
 fastened on the weak spot to protect it, succeeding admirably. 
 
 CORNS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THESE TROUBLES. 
 
 These are at first simple bruises of that part of the sole included 
 between the bars and the wall at tlie heel, but later there is often an 
 increased production of hoin, and the formation of a horny tumor, 
 
THE VARIOUS KIND OF CORNS. 147 
 
 which presses injuriously on the quick. In other cases the bruise 
 causes active inflammation and the formation of matter, which if 
 denied escape below, will burrow toward the coronet, or less fre- 
 quently, around the toe, and give rise to quittor; in other cases the 
 corn is fared out, as is supposed, but the heels having lost the 
 mechanical support of the sole, curl forward and inward, repeat the 
 bruise continually, keep up the inflammation and suppuration, 
 and what is equivalent to an open sore in the 
 heel. The irritation often produces absorption 
 of the margin of the bone at the heels, with 
 bony deposits above or below, and ossification 
 of the lateral cartilage, a condition which 
 *" Foi'L Foo?. "^ almost necessarily perpetuates the bruises or 
 corns. Corns may exist in either heel, but are usually in the inner, 
 or weaker one, and prevail, above all, in flat feet, with low weak heels. 
 We give two illustrations of corns. 
 
 EVIDENCE OF THE PRESENCE OF CORNS. 
 
 Lameness, with a tendency to point, with the heel slightly raised, 
 when at rest, and a short, stilty, stumbling step when moved. 
 Pinching the affected heel with pincers, or tapping it with a hammer, 
 causes wincing. If the shoe is removed, and the heel pared out, the 
 horn may be seen to be blood-stained, but unless this is seen on 
 removing the flakes, no one should allow curiosity to lead to a deeper 
 search. If suppuration has taken place, the tenderness is extreme, 
 often causing the animal to keep the foot raised, and scarcely daring 
 to touch the ground with the toe. A tender swelling usually appears 
 at the coronet, above the affected heel, and pinching or hammering 
 of the heel is unendurable. A horny tumor may be recognized by 
 symptoms similar to those seen in quittor. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES. 
 
 If a recent bruise and uncomplicated, apply either a bar shoe or 
 a common one, but rasp down the bearing surface of the affected 
 heel, to avoid pressure, and place the feet in warm water, or keep the 
 WaU moist with swabs, and the sole with oilmeal, wet up with water 
 
148 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 and glycerine, equal parts. When the tenderness has subsided, 
 smear the hoof with glycerine, occasionally, and work carefully. 
 Eemove the shoe early enough to prevent pressure on that heel, by 
 preserving the elastic horn of the sole between the wall and bar. 
 Never allow this to be pared or weakened, unless it be to evacuate 
 matter or sand, or for the removal of a horny tumor. If suppuration 
 has taken place, pare down the heel until the matter escapes, remove 
 all the horn detached from the quick, and pare the 
 horn around this to a thin edge, poultice until the 
 surface is smooth, dry, and not at all tender, then 
 apply a bar shoe with a leather sole. No pressure 
 should be allowed on this heel until the sole is grown 
 up to its natural level as a support. 
 
 Bruise of the sole is a similar accident, but more 
 '"'VrTck'ok' the'toot"" serious, yet should be treated in the same manner. 
 After cutting out bruised parts to allow discharge of any matter 
 found, the wound should be kept wet with the following lotion : — 
 
 Chlorde ot Zinc, one scruple; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 QUITTOR. 
 
 WHAT THE DISEASE IS. 
 
 It is an inflammation located in the sensitive part of the foot 
 within the hoof, which secretes pus or matter, and as it is impossible 
 for the pus to escape through the hoof, it 
 burrows in different directions, as shown 
 by our illustration, finally finding vent at 
 the coronet or top of the hoof, discharg- 
 ing a thick, creamy matter. It may form 
 
 , . "IP -1 RAVAGES INSIDB THE- 
 
 a Single sinus or pipe before it escapes, or "oot. 
 
 there may be several. A swelling shows at the coronet 
 before it bursts forth. The amount of pus discharged is no guide to 
 the extent of the inflammation. 
 
TREATMENT OF QUITTOR AND THRUSH. 
 
 149 
 
 DIFFERENT CAUSES OF QUITTOE. 
 
 Sometimes the horse accidentally pierces the coronet with the 
 calk, which inflames and often burrows downward, to break out 
 again, however, at the top. The pricking of the sensitive part of the 
 foot while shoeing, will often start a quittor. Suppurating corns if 
 not attended to, often terminate in this way. 
 
 CORRECT TREATMENT OF QUITTOR. 
 
 No treatment equals slitting the sinuses 
 with a knife. To do- this, the hoof on the quar- 
 ter must be rasped oil' until the light colored 
 ■ horn is exposed ; then probe with a flexible probe 
 of any kind to learn the depth, and run a sharp, 
 small knife down to the bottom of each sinus. 
 The knife should follow the probe, as shown by 
 our illustration, and cut it through. If some 
 are so deep as not to be reached with a knife, 
 probe with a twig of broom to learn its depth. 
 Do this carefully and thoroughly. Wet the twig and after dipping it 
 into the following powder, insert it into the sinus. Do this several 
 times until all parts of the sinus are touched : — 
 
 Corrosive Sublimate, one drachm; 
 Wtieat Flour, three times its bulk. — Mix. 
 
 Repeat as often as necessary. 
 
 THRUSH. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF WHAT THE DISEASE IS. 
 
 It is a foul discharge issuing from the cleft of the 
 frog, attended with decay of the horn. It has a very 
 offensive smeU. We give an illstration showing its 
 location. 
 
150 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 THE MAIN CAUSE OF THEUSH. 
 
 If in the fore feet, it is generally the result of navicular disease; 
 the foot feels hot and hard ; a slight moisture bedews the center of a 
 much diminished frog. No odor is apparent unless a piece of tow be 
 inserted into the cleft of the frog, and withdrawn, when it will be 
 observed. In the hind feet, it is entirely caused by filthy stables, 
 allowing the feet to stand in decaying manure. It is very offensive. 
 
 DISINFECTING TREATMENT OF IT. 
 
 To remove the offensive smell, wash the feet thoroughly with : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, two scruples; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 All the ragged parts must be cut away, as well as the white, 
 powdery, decayed horn, and substance, even if the flesh is exposed, 
 and the frog much reduced. Keplace the shoe, and wash daily with: 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, one scruple ; 
 Water, eight ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Keep the feet clean, and use the knife to remove any white, 
 powdery substance that may appear. This is all that need be done. 
 The fore feet can be treated in the same way, yet it is not always 
 advisable to cure it if caused by navicular disease, or the horse will 
 go lame; merely retard the decay of the horn. 
 
 produce 
 
 CANKER. 
 
 GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 It is of like character, and rather an aggra- 
 vated form of thrush. The discharge is more 
 abundant and more offensive. It invariably com- 
 mences at the seat of thrush, but spreads and 
 involves the sole. Large quantities of horn of a 
 fungus character, grow out, which flake and peel 
 off, as shown by our engraving. The same causes 
 it that produce thrush, but it seems to be more constitu- 
 
TREATMENT OF CANKER AND SEEDY TOE. 
 
 lol 
 
 tional with the horse. It may involve one foot or all feet. Sometimes 
 
 the treatment will cure all the feet but one, where it seems to remain 
 
 in spite of all remedies. Suddenly that foot may heal 
 
 with remarkable rapidity, and the horse seem sound 
 
 aU round, when it will break out again in some other 
 
 foot. 
 
 PROPER TREATMENT TO CURE IT. 
 
 Cut away every portion of the detached horn, 
 and pare off as much of the diseased horn as is 
 possible. Apply the following dressing: — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, half an ounce; 
 Wheat Flour, four ounces. 
 
 Mix and apply to the foot dry; the moisture will soon affect it. 
 Apply to the sound part of the foot before you dress with the above, 
 a weaker preparation, as follows : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, four grains; 
 Flour, one ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Tack on the shoe and pad well over the sole, and 
 confine the padding with pieces of iron, crossing diago- 
 nally from one underside of the shoe to the other, as 
 shown by our engraving, as it is well to have as much 
 pressure as possible. Repeat the cutting and dressing 
 
 """Tan^'ker!'^ '■"■ every second day. As the parts get better, contract 
 
 the space covered by the strongest dressing. 
 
 SEEDY TOE. 
 
 WHAT THE DISEASE CONSISTS OF. 
 
 It is the separation of the two layers of horn which 
 form the outside covering or hoof. It commences at 
 the toe, and can be seen when the shoe is off, or 
 detected by tapping on the hoof, which will sound 
 hoUow. Our illustration shows this separation of the 
 layers of horn. 
 
152 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES OF THE FEET. 
 
 TBEATMENT OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 The horse must not be worked or you may have a more extended 
 separation. All the outside portion of the hoof that 
 has separated, must be cut off, and this must be done 
 every two weeks until a new hoof has grown out. We 
 give an illustration showing the appearance of the foot 
 after the cutting away has been done. 
 
 TREAD AND OVERREACH. 
 
 This is the stepping of one foot on the other, which often results 
 in wounding the coronet by the calks. 
 
 THE TREATMENT OF TREAD. 
 
 It should be bathed three times a day with the following cooling 
 lotion : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, eight grains; 
 Water, eight ounces. — Mix. 
 
 It must be protected from dirt and dust by a cloth. 
 
 TREATMENT OF OVERREACH. 
 
 This produces a wound of the same nature, but is generally more 
 severe. The lotion recommended for tread can be used three times a 
 day, thoroughly cleansing it. 
 
 OSSIFICATION OF SIDE BONES. 
 
 CHANGES CAUSED BY THIS DISEASE. 
 
 This trouble is a changing of cartilages 
 which form the wings of the bone of the foot 
 into bone. These cartilages lie immediately 
 under the skin, above the hoof at the quarters, 
 and in a natural state are pliable and semi- 
 elastic. If they are hard and unyielding 
 
THE EFFECTS AND TREATMENT 153 
 
 ossification has already taken place. We give an illustration showing 
 the manner of testing this matter. 
 
 WHAT THE EFFECTS AEE AND TBEATMENT. 
 
 Heavy horses in large cities rarely escape, and generally, after 
 the lameness during the acute stage has passed, do not show further 
 trouble. Sometimes the extensive ossification, together with bad 
 shoeing, will produce corns in the heels, and thereby result in 
 lameness. This must be remedied under the proper treatment for 
 corns and intelligent shoeing. During the inflamatory stage cooling 
 lotions and warm foot baths may be used, followed by a sharp blister 
 at the coronet. A bar shoe is of benefit in the later stages, accom- 
 panied by a dressing down of the heels so a space is between them 
 and the shoe. 
 
 20 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTEE. 
 
 KPIDEMIC INFLUENZA— EPIZOOTIC— General character of the disease and its complica- 
 tions — Former epidemics — Its iirst symptoms of attack — The more serious and fatal 
 symptoms — Serious termination — The most sensible mode of treating it — The best 
 remedies to use. 
 
 STRANGLES — DISTEMPER.— Peculiarity of its attack on young horses— The first symp- 
 toms that show — The progress of the disease — The treatment by remedies and 
 surgical operations — Final instructions. 
 
 FARCY. — Characteristics of this disease — Its relation to glanders — Varying symptoms — 
 The only treatment recommended — Its success. 
 
 GLANDERS. — -Its dangerous character — Its different stages — How it difTers from nasal 
 gleet — How to examine the nostril — Peculiarity of chronic glanders — The latest 
 scientific treatment, said to be successful. 
 
 HEAVES — BROKEN WIND.— Origin of this disease— The food which aggravates it — Its 
 general symptoms — Peculiarity of breathing — What its treatment should be— Partic- 
 ular directions. 
 
 SUNSTROKE. — Its fatal character — The premonitory symptoms — Its causes — Aggravated 
 attacks — How they affect the horse — Tlie immediate treatment — What to do if threat- 
 ened with insensibility. 
 
 BIG HEAD — OSTEO SARCOMA.— Particulars of this strange disea.se— What its causes 
 are — What it ends in — The treatment internally — Local applications. 
 
TREATMENT OF INFLUENZA. 155 
 
 EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA -EPIZOOTIC. 
 
 WHAT IT IS, AND ITS PREVALENCE. 
 
 Professor Law, of Cornell University, New York, considers it a 
 specific typhus fever, complicated with inflammation of the mucus 
 membranes lining the air passages, and less frequently of the lungs, 
 pleura heart, liver, stomach and bowels, and even the muscles and 
 lining of the joints. Similar epidemics have occurred twenty times 
 in two hundred years. In 1872 this disease communicated from place 
 to place with varying rapidity. It occupied some nine months in 
 crossing this continent. There is no doubt about its contagion. 
 
 WHAT THE FIRST SYMPTOMS ARE. 
 
 The attack is usually sudden, and 
 the horse, which half an hour before 
 seemed well, suddenly droops his 
 head, ears, and lips, partially closes 
 his eyes, and stands with one or two 
 legs semi-flexed, to bring relief. He 
 remains in one position, with arched 
 back and cracking joints, if moved. hrst signs of influenza. 
 
 It is sometimes less marked, and the cough may be the main symp- 
 tom. It may be dry and husky, and attended with hasty breathing. 
 The pulse is rapid, the urine scanty, and high colored, and the dung 
 hard and mucus covered. Tlie membranes of the nose and eyes are 
 reddened, and hence the name of "pink eye" which some call it. 
 The ear placed at the wind pipe, detects an unusually loud and 
 blowing murmur. In slight cases, the watery discharge from the 
 nostrils changes into a white mucus one, and the cough becomes 
 loose and easy, the fever abates, and recovery ensues. 
 
 MORE SERIOUS AND FATAL SYMPTOMS. 
 
 Toward the third or fifth day, the cough becomes deep and 
 powerful, the pulse and fever increases, the appetite is fastidious, the 
 
156 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 eyes swollen and watery, nasal membrane spotted, swallowing is 
 painful, and the water returned through the nostrils. If the pleura 
 is implicated, there will be extreme tenderness between the ribs. 
 
 If the abdominal organs are af- 
 fected, there will be great torpor 
 and stupor, with a tense, tender 
 belly. The urine will often be 
 brown, or even red. The dung 
 will be one or two balls, passed 
 frequently, with much straining, 
 and covered with mucus. These 
 are aggravated as the disease 
 grows worse. Kheumatism or 
 
 TESTING FOR FATAL SYMPTOMS IN THIS DISEASE. drOPSy May Set lU. 
 
 HOW TO TKEAT IT SENSIBLY. 
 
 Its treatment consists in a 
 ■warm box stall, warm blankets, 
 and laxative food. Remove cos- 
 tiveness by copious injections of 
 warm water, to which may be 
 added two drachms of aloes. Fol- 
 low with : — 
 
 Liquor Acetate of Ammonia, three fluid 
 
 ounces; 
 Extract Belladonna, one drachm. — Mix. 
 
 HOW TO CLOTHE THE HORSE. 
 
 Give twice daily in half a pint of water. If the throat is sore, 
 prepare the following : — 
 
 Belladonna, one drachm; 
 Chlorate of Potash, two drachms; 
 Honey, one teacupf ul ; 
 Vinegar, a table spoonful.— Mix. 
 
 Smear the back teeth with this preparation, and let it gradually 
 work down the throat. 
 
tki;at.mi:nt ok L»i.sTi:.Mi'EK. 
 
 157 
 
 When there is extreme prostration, or after the fever has sub- 
 sided, the following may be given with benefit : — 
 
 Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, one fluid drachm ; 
 CarlionatP of Ammonia, one drachm; 
 Tincture of Gentian, two fluid ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Repeat every two hours in half a pint of water, 
 until benefit is seen, then extend the time between 
 doses. 
 
 Much more depends on warmth and care than 
 on a great deal of medicine. In fact, in many 
 slight cases, laxative food and warm clothing is all 
 that is necessary. If the discharge is not freely 
 established, in the early stages of the disease, the 
 use of the nose bag, as directed for "common 
 cold," will very materially assist. 
 
 STRANGLES- DISTEMPER. 
 
 DESCRIPTION AND CHAKACTEKISTICS. 
 
 This is peculiarly a disease of young horses. It generally attacks 
 horses from three to five years of age. If a horse does not contract 
 it before this latter period, it generally escapes. It may occur with- 
 out apparctitly any previous contagion, yet there is no doubt about 
 its contagious character. If it once commences on a place, it gen- 
 erally attacks all the young horses before it ceases. The pecuHar 
 feature of the disease, is a swelling or tumor under the jaw. The 
 size and condition of the tumor indicates 
 the severity of the disease. 
 
 THE FIKST SYMPTOMS OF AND AN ATTACK 
 
 Will be a slight indisposition, the horse 
 evidently being unwell. In a few days 
 the neck gets stiff, and the enlargement 
 appears. It is at first hard, hot and tense. 
 
 COMMENCE 
 
158 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 A discharge appears at the nose, the throat is sore, breathing hard, 
 the hair stares, and appetite lost. It stands with eyes half closed as 
 shown in our engraving, the picture of distress. In fact, all the 
 symptoms, with the exception of the size of the tumor, resembles 
 common cold. As the disease progresses, the 
 tumor softens, becomes prominent at some partic- 
 ular spot or spots, and if left to itself would finally 
 burst, either externally or internally. As soon as 
 the discharge takes place, in ordinary cases, the 
 horse gets better and recovers appetite and 
 strength. 
 
 THE TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 The treatment is almost entirely local, the 
 chief attention being paid to the tumor. The 
 STRANGLES. momcut it seems to "come to a head," an incision 
 
 must be made, to allow the escape of the pus, which may amount to 
 a pint. If the swelling does not seem to show signs of " coming to a 
 head," apply the following blister, which must be applied with a 
 brush, as the horse will not allow any rubbing : — 
 
 Spirits Turpentine, U\o fluid ounces; 
 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce; 
 
 Spirits Camphor, one fluid ounce. — Mix. 
 
 Apply night and morning, until sore- 
 ness is produced. After each application, 
 apply several thicknesses of flannel to 
 the throat, and confine with an eight- 
 tailed bandage, as shown in our illustra- 
 tion. As the tumor points, apply a 
 twitch to the upper lip of the horse, 
 having one man holding it, elevating the 
 nose. Take a sharp knife, and make a free opening, at one cut. Rest 
 the thumb on the back of the blade, at about the depth you want to 
 cut. If the swelling is on one side, make but one incision ; if on 
 both sides, make one on each side. If there is great trouble in 
 
TREATMENT OF FAKCY. 159 
 
 breathing use the nose bag, and steam the nose every fifteen minutes, 
 as directed in common cold. A teaspoonful of the ethereal tincture 
 of pliosporus may be poured inside the bag at each application, and is 
 a great aid. 
 
 EXPLICIT INSTBUCTIONS ABOUT TREATMENT. 
 
 To purge is to kill in this disease. Don't waste any strength by 
 bleeding. Feed gruel, hay tea, or soft food such as the horse can eat. 
 If it is a bad case, thin hquid food is all can be taken. 
 
 FARCY. 
 
 CHAEACTEKISTICS OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 There is a strong probability that farcy is but the advance agent 
 of glanders, at least that in time it would end in that incurable 
 disease. Many veterinarians claim to cure farcy, even in its worst 
 stages. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF AN ATTACK. 
 
 The symptoms of farcy are at first, elevation 
 of temperature, loss of appetite, and swelling of 
 the extremeties. The swellings of an acute farcy 
 are observed in the extremities; the whole Hmb 
 may become engaged so as to bear a strong likeness 
 to acute lymphangitis. The surface, instead of 
 being uniform, as in the last mentioned disease, is 
 rough and uneven; there is pain and lameness, 
 the lymphatics and glands become swolen, and 
 form what are called farcy cords and buds, as shown 
 by our illustration; they are generally situated '"5"= 
 away from the articulations; the buds burst, and emit a pus-Hke 
 substance. They generally are in groups or bunches, and may affect 
 almost any part of the body. After they burst they present very 
 
160 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 unhealthy, and ragged, suppurating edges. In its incipient stage, 
 before the external appearances present themselves, the disease simu- 
 lates thoracic pain, and rheumatism. 
 
 THE ONLY TREATMENT RECOMMENDED. 
 
 Apph^ biniodide of mercury ointment to the swellings ; treat the 
 buds and ulcers with lunar caustic; apply it freely, and observe great 
 cleanliness. The portions of skin on the extremity of the sores, and 
 the sores themselves, wash with a solution of chloride of lime. Feed 
 the animal with good oats, hay, and vegetables, and administer such 
 tonics as quinine, iron, nux vomica, arsenious acid, etc. At the best 
 it will be very tedious and more difficult than any ordinary man will 
 undertake. 
 
 GLANDERS. 
 
 DESCBIPTION OF ITS DANGEROUS CHAEACTEK. 
 
 It is one of the worst, most dangerous, dreadful, and loathsome 
 diseases with which man can be innoculated. When an animal really 
 is afflicted with glanders, any person who studiously and intelligently 
 reads the following can make a correct diagnosis. 
 
 When the malady is preceeded by an excess of animal heat, a 
 rise in temperature, you will find the disease ushered in by an inflexi- 
 bility of the muscular system, shivering, stiffness, or rigors, which 
 sometimes are continuous for days. The pituitary membrane (phlegm 
 secreting or Snyderian) is of a dark copper color at first, which 
 afterwards changes to a spotted state, the spots being of a purple 
 color. These spots soon become small, ragged-edged ulcers, from 
 which issue a copious discharge of a thin greenish and foetid nature; 
 the submaxillary (under the jaw) glands are indurated and enlarged, 
 and, when felt, are, in well-developed cases, immovable, being at- 
 tached to the jawbone. Our illustration shows the location of the 
 gland, and its enlarged condition. This symptom being one of great 
 importance, should not be forgotten; the lymphatic glands become 
 
EXAMINING FOR DIFFERENT STAGES OK GLANDERS. 161 
 
 inflamed, burst, and emit a thin, bloody, and purulent discharge, 
 which leaves an unhealthy looking sore; the pus discharged is of a 
 poisonous nature, and over whatever surface it trickles, denudes the 
 part of its hair and diseases the skin ; the eyes are unhealthy-looking, 
 the animal is averse to having the light permitted to freely enter the 
 stall, and will try to avoid it. There is an almost constant running 
 from them ; this matter is of a cream color, - v^ 
 
 and about the consistency of new or sweet 
 cream. The nostrils are swollen almost 
 invariably, and occasionally so much so as 
 ""of cVauuers'!'^'' to impede respiration. We show the ap- 
 pearance of the discharge by an illustration of its first 
 stages ; also an illustration of the state of the discharge 
 in the fourth and last stage. 
 
 Along the sides of the face, inside the nasal chambers, on the 
 forearms and thighs, are lumps (by horsemen called farcy buds), and, 
 when they are present, are very essential in dissipating doubt as to 
 the presence of the disease, provided some of the other adjuncts 
 mentioned are not wanting. In cases such as we have described, 
 namely, acute glanders, the end is rapidly reached, as such cases are 
 invariably fatal. 
 
 HOW TO EXAMINE A HORSE FOR GLANDERS. 
 
 We give an illustration of the manner of ex- 
 amining the nostril of a glandered horse. Figures 
 1 and 2 denote the location of the ulcers, around 
 which the mucous membrane will be of a dark, in- 
 flamed, copper color. 
 
 EXAMINING FOR GLANDERS. 
 
 PECULIARITIES OP CHRONIC GLANDERS. 
 
 The following are amongst the principal symptoms of chro7iic 
 glanders. In some cases the disease is so mild as to be difficult of 
 detection, apparently not disturbing the general health to any appre- 
 ciable extent. There will be a discharge from one or both nostrils, 
 21 
 
ALWAYS PRESENT. 
 
 162 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 usually from one, which is almost always the left one. Why it should 
 be almost exclusively the left we cannot say. The submaxillary 
 glands are swollen, indurated, and, as above mentioned, attached 
 closely to the jawbone. This swelling? comes on rapidly, disappears 
 
 quickly, and again reappears. They are 
 of variable size and firmness, disap- 
 pearing and reappearing sometimes in 
 the course of twenty-four hours. The 
 swelling may continue for several days, 
 and then disappear and reappear as 
 above. The glandular enlargements generally appear before the 
 nasal discharge. As soon as the glands become enlarged, the Snyder- 
 ian membranes become paler than usual, generally of a dull leaden 
 color. 
 
 When the nasal discharge commences, it presents a gluey, starch- 
 like appearance. It is very tenacious, tough, and viscid. One cham- 
 ber is usually more encroached upon by the dry discharge than the 
 other, and both are more contracted than in health. 
 
 CAN GLANDERS BE CURED? 
 
 This is generally considered impossible to do, yet some veterina- 
 rians contend that cases have been, and may again be cured. An 
 agent by which the ferment in the blood is destroyed, with other 
 remedial measures, is considered by some as sufficient for a cure. 
 Such an agent is sulphite of soda. It is to be given in one-half and 
 one ounce doses, in cut feed, at night, and continued for several 
 weeks. With this should be given mornings and noons, the following : 
 
 Powdered Gentian, three drachms; 
 
 Sulphate of Copper, in powder, two drachms. — Mix. 
 
 Given in a mash. These medicines should be continued some 
 weeks after recovery. The best and most nutritious food is neces- 
 sary, and as the discharge in glanders is highly infectious, and is 
 easily absorbed into the systems of other animals, the patients should 
 be carefully isolated. 
 
DESCRIPTION AND TREATMENT OF HEAVES. 163 
 
 HEAVES -BROKEN WIND. 
 
 WHAT THE PECULIARITIES OF THIS DISEASE AKE. 
 
 Heaves is closely related to asthma in the human family. It is 
 attended with difficulty of breathing, and a sensation of constriction 
 in the chest, wheezing, generally accompanied by a cough. It is 
 caused by over-feeding on clover, etc., but more particularly on chaff, 
 dry bran and oats, and bulky food, a great deal of which has 
 generally to be eaten in order to obtain the requisite percentage of 
 nutriment. 
 
 Heaves is almost invariably observed to 
 exist in proportion as clover is fed, and in order 
 to confirm this statement, it is observed to 
 decrease where land heretofore yielding clover 
 has refused to produce it in paying quantities, so 
 that other regimen has had to be supplied. It is 
 also caused by animals being left in the stable for 
 several days, and during this time being fed the 
 ordinary quantity of hay which they would have 
 received were they at work. Badly saved or dusty hay is a great 
 producer of heaves. Violent exercise, which unnaturally distends the 
 lungs, or an hereditary predisposition to the disease, favors its appear- 
 ance. It has been considered a disease peculiar to old animals, but 
 now the disease may be considered common to both young and old. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF ITS SYMPTOMS. 
 
 It would be well to mention some of the prominent symptoms of 
 the disease : There is a duplex or double motion of the flanks when 
 the air is being expired. There is first a semi-collapse of the abdom- 
 inal walls. Then, after an interval, which can be easily observed, an 
 elevation of the posterior portion of the abdomen, the object of 
 which is to complete the evacuation of the chest. There is generally 
 a short, dry, weak, low-sounding cough, a wheezing in the throat, 
 with evident manifestations of difficulty of breathing. This occurs 
 
 INCIPIENT 
 
164 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 paroxysmally, and is due to violent exercise, the effects of suddenly 
 breathing cold air, or after a drink of water. There is also, in such 
 patients, a ravenous appetite, due to probable derangement of the 
 digestive organs. Such animals do not stand work well, as the 
 muscular tissue is soft, and easily made to show the eflFects of fatigue. 
 A close stable is unsuited for any horse, but particularly so for those 
 suffering from this disease. 
 
 WHAT ITS TREATMENT SHOULD BE. 
 
 Turn out the animal on pasture where there is no clover. Corn- 
 stalks or laxative food will relieve the complaint. In chronic cases 
 give dry grain, consisting of clean, well-saved oats, with very little 
 hay, and even this at night only, turnips, carrots, etc. The water 
 should be given in small quantities, and a little lime occasionally 
 added. Keep the bowels always laxative, to accomplish which, feed 
 oil-meal occasionally. Give two ounces of pulverized belladonna 
 leaves once a week, and occasionally a dose of hyoscyamus. But you 
 will have to rely quite as much on good care and cleanliness as upon 
 medicinal or remedial agents. Occasionally the following will pro- 
 duce excellent results, given night and morning: — 
 
 Arsenic, four grains; 
 
 Bicarbonate (Baking) Soda, one drachm; 
 
 Jamaica Ginger, one drachm. — Mix. 
 
 SUNSTROKE. 
 
 LIABILITY OF HOESES TO IT. 
 
 Sunstroke, or exhaustion from heat, is of frequent occurrence 
 during the hot summer months. Horses in large cities are far more 
 apt to be affected in this manner by the sun than those in the country 
 or small towns, as in the former the heat is more concentrated. 
 Country horses are also more healthy, and, therefore, offer greater 
 resistance than those in cellar stables, etc., for, it must be remem- 
 bered, that a horse can be sunstruck just as readily in a sub-cellar as 
 
THE SYMPTOMS OF SUNSTROKE. 165 
 
 when exposed to the direct rays of "Old Sol." Tight, badly-fitting 
 collars and girths have a tendency to disturb respiration, likewise 
 preventing or impeding the oxygenation which should naturally go 
 on in the blood. Being overworked and badly fed has, at any time, a 
 tendency to originate and foster disease. 
 
 THE PBEMONITOEY SYMPTOMS. 
 
 The symptoms are various, 
 according to the intensity of the 
 attack and strength of the ani- 
 mal. The horse will sometimes 
 suddenly stop, hang his head, 
 throw his legs out sideways, so 
 as to prepare for what he in- 
 stinctively knows is coming, viz., 
 insensibility. The peculiar man- \ f^^al case of ^lnstroke. 
 
 ner of placing the limbs is for the purpose of making them act as 
 props, so that, when the weight is unequally divided, they may still 
 be enabled to maintain a standing position. When the animal drops, 
 he not unusually becomes insensible, and dies without a struggle. 
 In such cases there is observed stertorous breathing — snoring. 
 Again, the disease may be ushered in by a fit of exhaustion. The 
 horse appears to be suddenly tired, he flags. When the animal is 
 whipped there is little response; the sensory nerves appear to be 
 paralyzed; the perspiration, in most cases, usually rolls off the horse, 
 or, if this should not be the case, there may be observed a dry, burn- 
 ing skin, on which the hand cannot rest with comfort; the gait is 
 unsteady, and if much urged, he will lose his equilibrium and fall. 
 When permitted to rest, the nose is kept near the ground, the veins 
 are distended, the nostrils dilated, the conjunctiva injected, and the 
 eyes seem to protrude; the pulse is weak, quick, and fluttering, and 
 in Dad cases, imperceptible. Unconsciousness soon follows, and if 
 remedial measures are not soon brought into requisition, death 
 ensues quickly, and not uu requently this is the result, even in the 
 face of every precaution being taken. The chances are against weak 
 
166 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 horses, or those in a plethoric condition. When recovery does occur, 
 it is slow, and the animal shows conclusive evidence of having had 
 an attack of disease of the brain. 
 
 THE IMMEDIATE TREATMENT. 
 
 Bathe the head and neck with cold water, break some ice fine. 
 and tie it over the foretop; renew the ice as it melts. Give injec- 
 tions per rectum. Soap and warm water will answer. Have the 
 extremities well rubbed. If there is danger of insensibility, apply 
 mustard to the sides and legs. If the pulse is falling, give stimulants, 
 say five drops of tincture of aconite and an ounce of sulphuric ether, 
 with half pint of ale, every thirty minutes, for an hour and a half. 
 Three or four hours afterwards, give a drench, as follows: — 
 
 Ale, eight ounces; 
 
 Pulverized Opium, one drachm ; 
 
 Pulverized Carbonate of Ammonia, one drachm ; 
 
 Charcoal, two drachms. — Mix. 
 
 The ice should be kept on while it seems to relieve the animal. 
 Keep in doors, in a well- ventilated stable, with fresh air ; feed mashes, 
 grass, and vegetables, and take good care of him afterwards, as a 
 recurrence of the attack may follow. 
 
 BIG HEAD— OSTEO SARCOMA. 
 
 WHAT ITS PECULIAEITIES ARE. 
 
 This disease shows itself by an enlargement or bony tumor on 
 the face, between the nostril and eye, which finally breaks out in 
 small holes, discharging a thick secretion. It ends in a complete 
 degeneration of the bony structure. The disease is caused by defec- 
 tive nutrition, which fails to properly assimilate the phosphates, an 
 important constituent of the bones. 
 
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF BIG HEAD. 167 
 
 THE TREATMENT 0^ IT. 
 
 In order to be successful, the treatment must be begun at once, 
 by giving the following tonic night and morning, in a mash : — 
 
 Phosphate of Lime, six ounces; 
 Powdered Ginger, two ounces; 
 Peruvian Bark, four ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Give a tablespoonful at a dose, and lu addition give daily at noon, 
 one drachm of iodide of potassium in a mash. 
 
 Make an incision over the tumor and remove it with a knife, 
 treating the wound with a solution of : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, one drachm ; 
 
 SolutioH Carbolic Acid, one fluid drachm; 
 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Syringe the cavity twice daily. 
 
CHAPTER XL 
 
 DISEASES OF THE UKINARY AND GENERATIVE 
 ORGANS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 NEPHRITIS — INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. — Its causes and general character- 
 Reckless use of diuretics — Certain tests to determine it — Sure tests — What its treat- 
 ment should be — What must be done if possible — Gradual withdrawal of medicines — 
 Final condition of the kidneys. 
 
 HCEMATURIA— BLOODY URINE.— The first indications of the disease — Its more serious 
 symptoms — The first remedies to give — Additional remedies if the first fails — To 
 change medicine if difficult to give. 
 
 DIABETES INSIPIDUS— PROFUSE URINATING— Minor causes— To determine if violent 
 diuretics have been given — To tell if turpentine has been given — A test for the pres- 
 ence of sweet spirits of nitre — Its intense thirst — The remedies to use and how to 
 administer them. 
 
 SPASM OF URETHRA — RETENTION OF URINE. — Its spasmodic character — Its painful 
 symptoms — How to distinguish from colic — The final test — What to do to relieve it — 
 What to do when no medicines are to be had. 
 
 PARTURITION — FOALING.— Natural births— Complicated births— How they differ- 
 When man's assistance is necessary — In presentation of one leg only — For a missing 
 head — Presentation of buttock — When amputation of legs is necessary^ How to do it 
 — Trouble which may follow — To stop flooding — To remove the afterbirth — To cure 
 leucorrhsea — What to do for inflammation of the womb. 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 
 
 169 
 
 DISEASES OF MALE ORGANS.— Inflammation of Testicles— Their symptoms and treat- 
 ment — When castration is necessary — Dropsy of the scrotum and its treatment by 
 liypodermic syringe — Tumors of the sheath — Warty growths. 
 
 EVIL RESULTS FROM CASTRATION.— Strangulated cord — Its causes and simple treat- 
 ment — Swelling of the sheath — Its causes and its treatment — Strangulated penis and 
 what to do for it. 
 
 NEPHRITIS— INFLAMMATION OP THE KIDNEYS, 
 
 ITS CHAEACTEE AND CAUSES. 
 
 As its name implies, it is an inflammation of the structure of 
 those parts. It in often caused by heavy doses of harsh diuretics. 
 Medicines which stimulate the kidneys, do so by causing additional 
 blood to tend to these parts. It is easy to see that if the remedy is 
 too powerful, or in too large quantities, it may cause intense inflam- 
 mation. Sweet spirits of nitre is a very harmless sounding name, 
 yet it possesses power of a different character, if given in large doses, 
 or too frequent. The actual facts are, that the urinary apparatus of a 
 horse seldom needs much stimulant, and the changes in color of the 
 water, are not necessarily alarming, being often the result of change 
 of food or indigestion. No horse should be worked during the action 
 of such remedies. Every excretion of a horse beyond what is natural, 
 is a loss, and has to be made up by extra 
 nutrition. 
 
 WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS AEE. 
 
 It commences with a decidedly quick- 
 ened and hard pulse, and rapid, short 
 breathing, suggestive of pain. The mu- 
 cous membranes are pale, and the horse 
 frequently looks towards the seat of pain, 
 but not so fiercely as in colic. His head 
 is depressed, back roached, and hind legs 
 straddled, as shown by our engraving. 
 
 DISEASES. 
 
170 DISEASES OF THE nRINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. 
 
 The straddling of the hind legs is not a sign of this particular 
 disease, yet it always accompanies some urinary affection. The urine 
 is scanty, for the cells of the organs are so inflamed, as to refuse to 
 perform their accustomed duties. The animal refuses to "move 
 around" in his stall, and seldom lies down. 
 If pressure is made on the loins, as shown 
 in our illustration, he will crouch with pain 
 in evident agony. Pus and matter may be 
 discharged with the urine, and if a fatal 
 termination is threatened, it has a foetid 
 smell, and is deeply tinged with blood, 
 showing disorganization; when the pulse 
 grows quick and feeble, when pressure on 
 the part brings no response, when perspira- 
 KiDNFvs tion covers the body, and a urinous smell is 
 
 perceptible from the animal, death follows quickly, 
 
 THE ONLY SURE TEST FOB THIS DISEASE. 
 
 In our illustration under head of " Eetention of Urine," we show 
 how to apply the only sure test for this disease. The operator must 
 stand on the left side, as shown in the cut, as near the feet as possi- 
 ble, having a person holding up the left fore foot, to prevent the 
 horse from kicking. Have the arm well soaped or greased, and 
 gradually introduce the hand into the rectum by placing the ends of 
 the compressed fingers against the center of the anus, and slowly, 
 with equal pressure, gaining entrance. The kidneys he on each side 
 of the back bone, just forward of the hips. Advance the hand until 
 nearly under them, when by a gentle upward pressure, the region of 
 the kidneys can be touched, and note made of the heat. If they are 
 swollen and inflamed, the part will be hot and excruciatingly 
 sensitive, and care must be taken not to press too hard or too 
 roughly, lest the horse be made frenzied by the intense pain, and do 
 himself and the operator injury. 
 
 WHAT ITS TREATMENT SHOULD BE. 
 
 Mix a lukewarm mustard poultice, and spead on the loins; or 
 
TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION OF KIDNEYS. 171 
 
 better still, if possible, cover with a fresh sheepskin, flesh side down, 
 just from the sheep. If no sheepskin is at hand, apply the mustard 
 poultice and cover with an oil cloth, and over that a blanket to retain 
 the heat and moisture. Inject every hour: — 
 
 Warm Linseerl Tea, one quart ; 
 Laudanum, two tablespoonsful. — Miz 
 
 Starch water may be substituted for linseed tea. Give internally 
 at once, one dose of 
 
 Extract Belladonna, a half drachm; 
 Croton Oil, twenty drops. — Mix. 
 
 The object of the above is to create an action of the bowels, and 
 relieve the kidneys of blood. 
 
 In addition to the above, sprinkle on the tongue every hour, 
 during the acute stage, the following dose : — 
 
 Calomel, one scruple; 
 Opium, one drachm. — Jlix. 
 
 During recovery, the food is fully as important as the medicine. 
 It should be hght and soft. During this period, the following dose 
 should be given three times daily: — 
 
 Extract Belladonna, a half drachm; 
 Opium, two drachms. 
 
 Make into a pill with linseed meal and honey. If the pulse is 
 hard and quick, give the following every half hour until benefit is 
 seen : — 
 
 Aconite, ten drops; 
 Laudanum, half an ounce; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 The above measures are to be taken in addition to the calomel 
 and opium treatment, during the acute stage of the disease. Of 
 course medicines used during the acute stages should be gradually 
 withdrawn as the horse gets better. An attack of this kind will 
 always leave the kidneys in an irritable state, and care must be taken 
 in regard to use of diuretics afterwards. 
 
172 
 
 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. 
 
 NC BLOODY VR 
 
 HCEMATURI A— BLOODY URINE. 
 
 ITS INDICATIONS AND CHABACTEE. 
 
 The blood may consist merely of small clots in the urine, which 
 may coagulate after standing. It may mingle and give a brownish 
 hue to the water. 
 
 WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS AEE. 
 
 When the blood is profuse, the 
 breathing will be short and quick, 
 the pulse is lost at the jaw, and 
 the pupils of the eyes dilated. 
 The head is drooped, the back is 
 roached, the flanks tucked up, and 
 the legs widely separated as though 
 the horse was fearful of falling. 
 The accompanying illustration 
 shows the position the horse assumes very plainly. 
 
 HOW TO TBEAT THIS DISEASE. 
 
 Give as gently as possible, with no fluriy or excitement, the 
 following dose : — 
 
 Acetate of Lead, one drachm; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 Kepeat in fifteen minutes, or sooner, if no abatement is shown, 
 adding one ounce of laudanum. If four doses do not relieve, add the 
 following three times daily : — 
 
 Infusion of White Oak Bark, one pint ; 
 Alum, two teaspoonsful. — Mix. 
 
 Give at one dose. 
 
 If it is diflScult for the horse to stand if his head is elevated, 
 the above prescription can be given in the shape of a pill or ball, by 
 using one ounce of pulverized oak bark, or opium with the acetate of 
 lead. On benefits being observed from the medicines, gradually 
 withdraw them. 
 
PROFUSE URINATING. 173 
 
 DIABETES INSIPIDUS -PROFUSE URINATING. 
 
 ITS SERIOUS NATURE. 
 
 Profuse dischage of urine is not generally serious in its results, if 
 properly treated. Often a change of water or food will produce it. 
 A closing of the pores of the skin increases the discharges. It is 
 sometimes necessary to know whether the horse has been secretly 
 tampered with, by an ignorant stable man, who may have given the 
 horse a heavy diuretic. Below we give directions : 
 
 HOW TO TELL IF TURPENTINE HAS BEEN GIVEN. 
 
 Take a strip of blotting paper and dip it in the urine voided, and 
 if on placing it at the nose it has the scent of violets, it is evident 
 turpentine has been given. 
 
 TO TELL IF SWEET SPIRITS OF NITRE HAS BEEN USED. 
 
 Dip a piece of blotting paper in the urine, and dry it thoroughly. 
 If it burns like touch paper, with a snappy action, you have proof 
 enough. 
 
 ITS SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT. 
 
 The thirst is intense, and the flesh and strength waste rapidly. 
 Keep a pail of flaxseed tea before the horse, and let the diet be 
 entirely of bran mashes and crushed or scalded oats. Keep the skin 
 well cleaned and in action, and give every day the following dose: — 
 
 Iodide of Iron, one drachm ; 
 
 Flaxseed Meal and Honey, sufficient to mix. 
 
 If a drench should be preferred, give the following : — 
 
 Phosphoric Acid, one fluid ounce; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Give night and morning. 
 
174 
 
 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. 
 
 RETENTION OF URINE — SPASM OF URETHRA. 
 
 PECULIARITIES OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 This is a spasmodic contraction of the muscle which controls the 
 passage of the urine out of the bladder. It is difficult to trace its 
 first cause in all cases. The exposure and ill usage, which in some 
 horses would produce colic, in others results in urinary affections. 
 
 WHAT ITS SYMPTOMS ARE. 
 
 The wide straddling gait is also here, 
 together with a total suppression of all dis- 
 charges of urine, or only small portions are 
 ejected. The pain caused by this over-distension 
 of the bladder is most intense, and drives the 
 horse almost to madness. By persons who are 
 alarmed at the agony shown, it is sometimes 
 mistaken for colic, yet the symptoms are 
 decidedly different. It can be easily and surely 
 BE DISTENDED. detormiued by introducing the arm into the 
 
 rectum and making pressure downward, when the dilated bladder 
 wiU be felt. Great care must be used while giving this test. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOR IT. 
 
 Medicines to reduce the spasmodic action should be given, and 
 none are better than the following : — 
 
 Suphuric Ether, four fluid ounces; 
 Laudanum, four fluid ounces; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Give the above at one dose. In addition to the above, inject the 
 same amounts of ether and laudanum in three pints of water, into 
 the rectum, and place the hand over the anus to prevent its escape 
 for ten minutes. If one dose does not relieve, repeat the injection in 
 fifteen minutes, and again, until the spasm is relieved and urine 
 flows. The bladder can also be evacuated by a catheter. 
 
CAKE OF A MARE DURING FOALING. 175 
 
 HOW TO BELIEVE WHEN NO MEDICINE IS TO BE HAD. 
 
 If the horse should be attacked where medicines cannot be 
 obtained, bleed him from several openings until he faints. Open 
 both jugular veins and let them flow until the urine flows forth from 
 the urethra, or the horse faints. The moment the horse faints all 
 contraction ceases, and the urine will flow mechanically. If it does 
 net, the arm may be introduced into the rectum, and gentle pressure 
 made upon the bladder. 
 
 PARTURITION -FOALING. 
 
 WHEN IT IS NATURAL AND UNCOMPLICATED. 
 
 A natural presentation, or birth of a foal, is when both fore feet 
 are presented at the same time, with the head lying extended between 
 them; or when both hind feet are presented, thus forming a gradual 
 wedge, with an easy delivery, rarely needing any assistance from man. 
 In some cases, one fore foot only is presented, or the hind foot ; or 
 the fore feet may be presented, with the head turned on the side, 
 over the back, or doubled on the breast. In cases of this kind, 
 assistance is necessary to save the Ufe of the mare, or at least severe 
 injury. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR COMPLICATED CASES. 
 
 The limbs can always be distinguished by inserting the hand 
 until the knee or hock is felt. Secure the leg with a noose of rope, 
 and partially return, inserting the arm, well oiled, until the missing 
 member is found, when it must be closely doubled, extracting the 
 knee or hock, and then the foot. 
 
 When the head is missing, the foal will have to be partially 
 returned, until an ear, or the socket of the eye can be reached, or a 
 small hook, with cord attached, may be inserted in the cavity under 
 the ]aw, and as the other parts are pressed back, the head may be 
 extracted. 
 
176 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE OIIGAN.S. 
 
 When there is presentation of the buttocks, it is sometimes most 
 serious, when the pains are constant and violent, in powerful mares. 
 The hind legs of the foal may have to be dissected at the hips and 
 brought away, when the rest of the body will follow readily. • When 
 it is necessary to thus cut away the limbs to save a mare, the ampu- 
 tation must be either at the hips or shoulders, and not at the hock or 
 knee joints. The skin must be flayed off the leg, but left attached 
 to the body. 
 
 All operations must be done gently yet forcibly, always applying 
 force when the mare strains, pulling shghtly downward as well as 
 backwards. 
 
 TROUBLES WHICH MAY FOLLOW. 
 
 Flooding may follow from lack of contractile power of the womb. 
 Cold water or bags of ice applied to the spine, at the loins, and 
 injections of cold water, to which may be added pulverized alum, 
 may be thrown into the womb. Give also internally half an ounce of 
 powdered ergot. 
 
 RETAINED AFTERBIRTH. 
 
 For retained afterbirth, the hand well oiled can be inserted, 
 within twelve to twenty-four hours after the birth, and its attach- 
 ment removed with the fleshy end of the fingers, piece by piece, 
 stimulating contractile power of the womb. 
 
 TREATMENT OF LEUCORRHCEA. 
 
 Leucorrhoea, or catarrh of the womb, may follow, which is 
 denoted by a whitish discharge, which will be foetid if caused by 
 retained afterbirth. Any fluid which may be in the womb, must be 
 first drawn off by a catheter, through which can be injected tepid 
 water first, following with a solution of one drachm of sulphate of 
 zinc in a quart of water, daily. 
 
 FOR INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. 
 
 This disease will be heralded by shivering fits, colicky pains, 
 twisting of the tail, arching of the loins, vulva red and swollen, 
 together with straining, and a foetid discharge. If the hand is 
 
DISEASES OF THE MALE ORGANS. 177 
 
 inserted, the womb will be found dilated with a fluid, and highly- 
 inflamed. This fluid must be drawn ofif with a catheter, through 
 which must be injected warm water, twice each day, followed by half 
 a pint of the following cooling lotion : — 
 
 Sulphate of Zinc, one drachm; 
 Laudanum, two fluid ounces; 
 Water, two quarts. — Mix. 
 
 Ten drops of aconite may be given, in half a teacup of water, 
 every hour, if feverish symptoms prevail, with rapid pulse. 
 
 DISEASES OP THE MALE ORGANS. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OP THE TESTICLES. 
 
 This may be the result of serving too many mares, with extensive 
 traveling, or from a glanderous tendency. There will be a straddHng 
 gait, a raising and dropping of the testicle, which will be enlarged and 
 tender. In its early stages give the horse complete rest, and bathe 
 freely with the following lotion : — 
 
 Acetate of Lead, one drachm ; 
 Laudanum, two fluid ounces; 
 Water, two quarts. — Mix. 
 
 If there is evidences of matter forming, it must be given free 
 exit with an opening by the knife. If destruction of the testicle is 
 threatened, it is better to castrate, and avoid more serious trouble. 
 If the horse is feverish, give ten drops of aconite at a dose, as often 
 as necessary. 
 
 DROPSY OF THE SCROTUM. 
 
 This is usually associated with dropsy of the abdomen, which 
 must be first treated before much benefit can be derived; after this, 
 the fluid can be drawn off with a hypodermic syringe, and the parts 
 supported with an elastic bandage. Iodide of potassium should be 
 given in drachm doses, daily. 
 23 
 
178 DISEASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. 
 
 TUMORS OF THE SHEATH 
 
 May may be removed by twisting off, or by ligatures, gradually 
 tightened, daily, until they drop off. 
 
 WARTY GROWTHS 
 
 May be clipped off and the parts touched with lunar caustic to 
 prevent bleeding. In some cases of indurated growth, or hardening 
 of the end of the penis, the whole end of the penis may have to be 
 amputated. 
 
 EVIL RESULTS PROM CASTRATION. 
 
 STRANGULATED CORD. 
 
 This is caused by the incision in the skin being too small, and 
 the cord left too long, which protrudes, becoming red and tense from 
 strangulation. It may be known by a straddhng gait and feverish 
 symptoms, and the protrusion of the cord. The remedy is simple, 
 which is to enlarge the wound and push the cord up. 
 
 SWELLING OP THE SHEATH. 
 
 This may arise from a bad condition of the system, but generally 
 is caused by premature closure of the wound, imprisoning matter. 
 The wound should be reopened, and fresh lard should be applied to 
 prevent a repetition. The parts should be bathed every hour with 
 warm water to hasten the formation of matter, after which the 
 swelling will go down. If the penis should be imprisoned, or should 
 be protruded and cannot be drawn back, it may be necessary to incise 
 the sheath or penis, and apply cold water with astringents, together 
 with manipulation by the hand, to return it. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND INJUEIES. 
 
 CONTENTS OP CHAPTEB. . 
 
 POLL EVEL. — Its location and causes — To examine for it — To determine its character — 
 The first step to take — When to operate and how — The lotions to use after — Cautions 
 to ohservf. 
 
 FISTULOUS WITHERS.— The prominent features of this disease — Its first appearance — 
 What to do in a recent case — How to use the knife — Succeeding treatment — What to 
 do for a neglected case — How to insert a seton — Application of remedies. 
 
 BROKEN KNEES.— How to bathe— To determine the extent of injury— To probe— To 
 insert a seton — Lotions to use — Care of the part afterwards. 
 
 OPEN SYNOVAL CAVITIES OR JOINTS.— How to distinguish them and their extent— 
 The effects — The treatment by lotions — To allay feverishness of horse — To close the 
 open joint — How to apply the remedy. 
 
 WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS. — Lacerated wounds— Description and treatment — To sew up a 
 wound — How to take the stitches — How to tie — To close an incised wound or cut — 
 Abraided wounds — Harness galls, both fresh and long standing — Punctured wounds 
 — Opening with a knife — Treatment of bruises — Removing bunches from leg — 
 Wounds in feet — Pricks from shoeing — A cheap remedy for all wounds always at 
 hand — Directions for additional care. 
 
 BITE OF MAD DOG. — The prevention of hydrophobia — The only sure and certain cure — 
 Tested for fifty years by the best medical authority — How to treat the bite — A cheap 
 and home-made substitute — ^ Every man should know it. 
 
180 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 
 
 POLL EVIL. 
 
 WHAT IT IS, AND WHERE LOCATED. 
 
 Poll-evil is invariably the result of some injury. This may arise 
 from various causes; excessive friction on the nape of the neck from 
 bridle or halter. The bunghng and cruel manner of forcing a small 
 collar on a large horse, contusions from blows on the part, the 
 unnatural positions in which the head of a horse is often placed by 
 mechanical force, all are liable to produce some local injury, which 
 frequently terminates in induration of the parts, or abscess, when the 
 injury has been severe. Sometimes from neglect deep sinuses form, 
 which makes the case complicated and more difficult to cure. 
 
 TO EXAMINE FOB POLL EVIL. 
 
 Place the fingers on the part and press, not too harshly. If the 
 horse flinches quick, the injury is superficial. If some time elapses, 
 and the pressure is hard before any evidence of pain is shown, it is 
 deeper seated and more serious. 
 
 WHAT TO DO AND HOW TO DO IT. 
 
 Don't waste any time. Apply to the part, daily, tincture of 
 cantharides, with a small brush, until a blister shows. As it dies 
 away, apply again, merely keeping the part irritated. As soon as the 
 swelling appears, watch for some particular spot to point up, or that 
 is softer than surrounding parts. Have the animal cast, and taking a 
 keen operating knife open the spot, allowing the matter to escape. 
 Take a flexible probe and find the extent and direction of the sinuses, 
 and run the knife to the bottom of each and lay it open. Endeavor 
 to have all the cuts lead into one channel. Cut a clear, clean gash, 
 and do not hack and saw. Clean out with a syringe and cold water, 
 cutting out any diseased part which may remain, and rub the sides of 
 the wounds with lunar caustic; also, have thoroughly injected, three 
 times a day, some of the following lotion : — 
 
 Carbolic Acid, one drachm; 
 
 Tincture of Muriate of Iron, one drachm; 
 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
CURE FOR FISTULOUS WITHERS. 181 
 
 Place a rag dipped in a solution of tar over the part to keep off 
 the flies. The knife is the quickest and most humane method of 
 treating, and any ordinary man of common-sense ideas can use it. 
 Care should be taken not to cut through the ligament under the 
 mane. The old methods of torture are reUcs of the dark ages. 
 
 FIRST APPEARANC 
 
 FISTULOUS WITHERS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THIS AILMENT 
 
 This resembles poll evil, except that it 
 is located on the withers. When it first 
 appears it is about the size of an egg, and 
 has the appearance shown in the engraving. 
 
 WHAT TO DO IN A RECENT CASE. 
 
 Have a sharp-pointed knife, and stand- 
 ing close to the side of the horse, near his 
 middle, with the back of the knife to the 
 horse and point up, pierce the tumor, and 
 cut quickly upward and outward, dividing it through the middle. 
 Eub lunar caustic over the interior of the wound, and keep it 
 moistened with the following lotion : — 
 
 Carbolic Acid, one drachm ; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Cover with tarred rag to keep away the flies. 
 
 WHAT TO DO IN A NEGLECTED CASE. 
 
 An operation must be performed similar to the one directed for 
 poll evil. AH the pipes and sinuses must be opened to the bottom 
 and treated in the same manner, and kept wet with the above 
 solution. If the bone is affected, the diseased part must be cut away 
 before it will permanently heal. If a sinus takes a deeper course 
 towards the chest, or into the muscles of shoulder, where it would be 
 
182 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 
 
 dangerous to cut, the sinns must be probed, and after learniBg its 
 extent, dip the probe into powdered bi-chloride of mercury, inserting 
 it again and again, until every part is touched by it. If it has no 
 outlet below, one must be made by taking a seton needle and running 
 a tape seton down through it. This should be left in and moved 
 daily, until healthy action has taken place. 
 
 BROKEN KNEES. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOR THEM AT FIRST. 
 
 Wash thoroughly with milk-warm water, by pressing a sponge to 
 the leg above the injury, letting the water run down over the part. 
 Do not mop and smear the part. 
 
 HOW TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF THE INJURY. 
 
 After a short time an examination will show the extent of the 
 injury. If, on pressure of the finger to the swelled knee, the indenta- 
 tion is slow to go away, it is serious. Observe if, in falling, the horse 
 made a sack or pouch below the wound, and between the skin and 
 flesh. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT THEM. 
 
 In ordinary cases, when merely the skin 
 is broken, the arnica lotion mentioned below 
 is sufficient, keeping the part wet, day and 
 night, and following with the chloride of zinc 
 lotion, as in more serious cases. If a pouch 
 is formed below the wound which contains ' 
 dirt and gravel, probe the wound as shown in ""*1eT™' '^ 
 the engraving, to learn its extent, and insert a seton 
 with a curved seton needle, in the manner illustrated. 
 It should be moved its entire length twice every day. Three days 
 after the formation of pus or matter it may be withdrawn. Do not 
 attempt to poke out the dirt. It will discharge itself through the 
 
 EXAMINING 
 
BROKEN KNEES AND OPEN JOINTS. 183 
 
 opening. The knee must be kept constantly wet day and night with 
 the following lotion, either by applying a sponge to the leg above and 
 allowing it to run down, or by a single thickness of cloth loosely 
 applied over the part, and kept dripping wet. No bandages are 
 admissible in these cases. The first lotion applied should be: — 
 
 Tincture of Arnica, two fluid ounces; 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Have the horse's head tied up so that he cannot lie down. In 
 three or four days, if all goes well, and suppuration takes place, apply 
 the following lotion, in day time only: — 
 
 Cliloride of Zinc, one scruple; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Keep the part constantly wet with this, and if the directions are 
 closely followed, all will go well. 
 
 OPEN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES, OR JOINTS. 
 
 WHAT THESE ACCIDENTS AEE. 
 
 There are several kinds of synovial cavities which may be 
 ruptured and allow the escape of the synovia, or "joint oil." The 
 smallest are burscB, which are small bladders lying between the 
 tendons, to facilitate their motion over each other. Capped hock is 
 an enlarged bursas. The next in importance 
 are the sheaths which entirely envelope and 
 enclose a tendon, and lastly a cavity of a 
 joint. 
 
 HOW TO KNOW THAT ONE HAS BEEN EDPTUKED. 
 
 From ordinary wounds, blood and serum 
 only issue. If one of these cavities has 
 been ruptured, there will be a discharge of 
 transparent fluid, like the white of an egg. The bursse discharges 
 
184 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 
 
 the least, and a joint the most synovia; a joint, however, is more 
 rarely injured, as it is well protected by capsular ligaments and 
 muscles. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT THEM. 
 
 They should be treated precisely as a broken knee — using the 
 arnica lotion first, until a discharge is established, and then following 
 with the chloride of zinc lotion. Use no bandages, but keep the 
 parts wet day and night, for first three or four days, with the arnica 
 lotion. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOR AN OPEN JOINT. 
 
 If the animal is excited or depressed, give the following drench: 
 
 Sulphuric Ether, one fluid ounce; 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce; 
 Water, half a pint.— Mix. 
 
 Repeat the above until a change is seen. Have the animal put 
 in a sling, where he cannot by any possible means hit his knee. To 
 reverse in the stall is a good way. Treat precisely as a broken knee, 
 and after the chloride of zinc has begun to act slightly, astringing 
 the part, with a soft camels-hair brush apply one or two coats of 
 collodion over the mouth of the wound to confine the synovia. 
 
 If constipated, give green food or bran mashes, and if feverish, 
 give ten drops of tincture of aconite in a little water, several times 
 each day. 
 
 A LACERATED WOUND. 
 
 WOUNDS OF ALL KINDS. 
 
 TREATMENT OF A LACERATED WOUND. 
 
 A lacerated wound is a tear or rupture of the 
 muscles more or less deep. We show a lacerated 
 wound by an illustration. Its treatment consists in 
 keeping the wound wet day and night with the 
 following lotion : — 
 
 Tincture of Cantharides, one fluid ounce ; 
 Chloride of Zinc, two drachms; 
 Water, three pints. — Mix. 
 
HOW TO SEW UP A WOUND. 
 
 185 
 
 Cover the wound with a rag, which keep dripping wet. When 
 necessary, stitches may be taken in it. If an artery is ruptured it 
 must be tied. After suppuration has set in, and the discharges well 
 established, use the following lotion only, and keep the wound wet 
 constantly: — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, eight grains ; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 HOW TO TEEAT CUTS AND INCISED WOUNDS. 
 
 We give an illustration of an 
 incised wound, which is a cut which 
 divides the parts. Its first treat- 
 ment is to dash cold water again 
 and again upon the part until it 
 stops bleeding. If an artery is cut 
 have it tied. Wait until the wound 
 AN ,Nc,sED «uiN„ ig nearly dry, or until its sides are 
 slightly sticky, and taking a curved seton needle 
 take stitches in the wound two inches apart, if 
 the wound is a large one. Commence the 
 stitches one inch and a half back from the edge 
 of the wound, as shown by our illustration. Do 
 not tie the sutures together until all are inserted, 
 then have an assistant hold the wound together while the stitches 
 are being tied, not too tightly. As the wound 
 suppurates, if the stitches bind, cut 
 them, and as they work loose, with- 
 draw them. Keep the wound wet 
 with the chloride of zinc lotion, 
 which is the best preventive of proud 
 flesh. We show the diiJerent meth- 
 ods of sewing up wounds, also, how 
 the stitches appear after being tied. 
 Sometimes a wound is of such 
 deep and gaping nature, that pieces 
 
 SEWING DP . 
 
 SUTURE FOR GAPING WGL^ 
 
 24 
 
186 
 
 ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES. 
 
 of wood are placed on each side, and the stitches are tied at each 
 end, and tightened as shown. 
 
 TKEATMKNT OF ABEAIDED WOUNDS. 
 
 These are more like scratches, and should be thoroughly washed 
 with warm water, by allowing it to run over the parts. A continued 
 application of common kerosene oil, keeping the part saturated with 
 it, will heal it with remarkable rapidity, and restore the hair and 
 avoid a blemish. Under this head come 
 
 HARNESS GALLS. 
 
 No treatment will be successful without cleanliness and attention 
 to both the animal and the harness. Too small or too large and ill- 
 fitting neck-gear must be attended to and remedied; for so long as 
 one source of the evil remains, the trouble will continue. Of course 
 so long as the horse must work in the same kind of harness the 
 places cannot heal. By substituting a breast harness, success will 
 attend the appUcation of the following lotion : — 
 
 Sugar of Lead, one ounce ; 
 Sulphate of Zinc, one ounce ; 
 Alcohol, six fluid ounces; 
 V/ater, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Apply with a sponge three or four times each day. If it is an old 
 case which has hardened, the horse will have to be allowed rest, and 
 the hardened place blistered by any of the blisters mentioned in this 
 work. Saddle galls which have become hardened and callous, had 
 better be dissected out with a sharp knife, and healed as an ordinary 
 wound. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOR PUNCTURED WOUNDS. 
 
 These are serious, and may lead to lock-jaw. 
 There is only one mode of treatment, and that is 
 to enlarge the opening or mouth of the wound, in 
 order to give vent to the matter which will form. 
 As will be seen by our illustration, the interior of 
 the wound is always the largest, the skin being 
 elastic. If this is not done, an abscess will 
 
 A PUNCTURED 
 
TREATMENT OF BRUISE A.VD PRICKS OF FOOT. 187 
 
 probably form. The point of a sharp knife should be inserted nearly 
 to the bottom of the wound and a short cut made downwards. The 
 cut is of no importance, and will heal without a blemish. Treat the 
 same as other wounds, by arnica and chloride of zinc lotion, keeping 
 it constantly wet. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT A BRUISE OR CONTUSED WOUND. 
 
 If it is of serious extent and the muscles badly jammed, but the 
 skin not broken, it is better to make a smart cut through the centre 
 of the swelling, to allow vent for the disorganized matter, which is 
 sure to follow. It may then be treated as a lacerated wound. 
 
 BUNCH ON LEG PROM A BRUISE. 
 
 Sometimes horses hit their legs with their feet, making a bruise 
 which does not go away, and leaves a hard lump like a callous, or 
 even a splint. When the first inflammation has been allayed by cold 
 water or lotions, a sharp blister, the same as used for splint, appHed 
 until it irritates, will cause the blemish to be absorbed, or, painting 
 daily with tincture of iodine, will remove it readily, if not of too 
 long standing. If a sharp knife be run through the centre before 
 ossification takes place, it will heal and disappear. 
 
 WOUND IN FOOT, OR PRICK IN SHOEING. 
 
 In all cases the opening or puncture in the hoof must be made 
 larger, so as to give free vent for the matter which is sure to form. 
 If this is not done, quittor will be very sure to follow. It should be 
 dressed several times a day with the chloride of zinc lotion, men- 
 tioned under treatment of lacerated wounds. If it is necessary to 
 work the horse, which should not be done, a pledget of tow dipped in 
 tar, may be placed in and over the puncture, and confined, but it 
 must not be allowed to remain after the horse has returned to the 
 stable. Place the foot in a warm foot bath, two or three times each 
 day, for an hour at a time, and then apply chloride of zinc, eight 
 grains in half pint of water. You will never have proud flesh if this 
 lotion is used properly and faithfuUy. 
 
188 ACCIDENTS AND INJUIUES. 
 
 A CHEAP REMEDY ALWAYS AT HAND. 
 
 Few people are aware of the value of kerosene oil for wounds of 
 all kinds. They huy it under the name of Mustau<i:, Gargling Oil, 
 or with some other name, and consider it valuahle, yet fail to use it 
 when they can buy it cheaply by the gallon. In sudden emergencies, 
 when no other remedy is at hand, it is of immense service. We 
 know of an instance where it was used on a horse which had been 
 run into by the cars, and badly mutilated, hardly considered worth 
 saving, yet under the kind treatment of a gentleman, who covered 
 the wounds with cloths which he kept saturated in kerosene, the 
 horse completely recovered. It has the property of healing wounds, 
 and stimulating the growth of hair over the parts, so that very Httle 
 blemish remains. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL CARE. 
 
 Close attention must be paid to a horse laboring under an injury 
 of this kind. Good food and the best of nursing is necessary. When 
 directions are given to be followed day and night, it is so meant, and 
 if the owner, or his hired man, is too indolent to closely follow 
 instructions, we will not guarantee success from their treatment. 
 The bowels should be kept open by use of bran mashes, boiled oats or 
 green food. Tincture of aconite in doses of ten drops may be given 
 several times a day, to allay any fever, and sulphuric ether and 
 laudanum in doses of one ounce each, in a half pint of water, may be 
 given if the horse is depressed. 
 
 BITE OF A MAD DOG. 
 
 WHAT IT IS AND HOW TO TREAT IT. 
 
 The disease which follows the bite of a mad dog, is most terrible 
 to witness, and most fatal in its effects. It can be cured, if taken in 
 time. 
 
treatmi;nt of tuk iutk ok mad doi;. ]89 
 
 the only sure and certain cure. 
 
 Professor Smith, of Baltimore, a very celebrated physician, has 
 
 given a treatment for hydrophobia to the people, after a trial of fifty 
 years, whicli treatment he has never known to fail, if used within 
 three days after the bite. No mad stone is more certain in its reUef, 
 and every family has it. 
 
 JUST HOW TO TREAT THE BITE. 
 
 Wash the wound with warm water, and taking a piece of caustic 
 potash, sharpen it to a point, and hold it half a minute in each part 
 of the bite, thoroughly cauterizing the wound. Each mark of a 
 tooth must be treated in this manner. Poultice the wound for a day 
 or so, then dress with salve, made of 
 
 Carbolic Acid, ten grains; 
 
 Fresh Lard, two table spoonsful. — Mix. 
 
 Apply several times daily, until the wound is healed. This is a 
 certain and sure cure. 
 
 A HOMEMADE SUBSTITUTE. 
 
 If parties live at a distance from drug stores, a substitute can be 
 prepared by making strong lye out of wood ashes, boiling it down to 
 the consistency of molasses, using it with a sharp pointed stick. 
 This is a very effectual remedy, and costs nothing. Thousands of 
 dollars are lost every year by not knowing this simple remedy. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 PAEASITES AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 MANGE — ITCH — PRURIGO — RINGWORM.— Their different characteristics and effects— 
 The different tests for them — Methods of relief — Lotions to use and how often to 
 apply — Internal remedies which aid a cure. 
 
 6UKFEIT— BUTTON F.\RCY.— The nature of this disease — Its mild character and easy 
 cure — A different kind of surfeit from a different cause — How to treat this — Internal 
 remedies which are necessary. 
 
 GREASE — SCRATCHES.— No trouble to learn the cause — Filthy stables and lack of care 
 — How to treat a simple case — Bad and long standing cases — How difficult to treat — 
 Treatment in last stages. 
 
 MILLENDERS, SALLENDERS, AND HIDE BOUND.— Explanation and causes of these 
 diseases — Generally easily cured by a proper treatment — How to treat them. 
 
 LICE — HEN LICE ON HORSES — GRUBS. — How to eradicate them— What must be done 
 for presence of hen lice — Remedies that are most successful. 
 
 MANGE. 
 
 WHAT THIS DISEASE IS. 
 
 This is the common itch of the stables, and is more generally 
 developed among horses which have been stinted for food and 
 
TEST AND TREATMENT FOR MANGE. 
 
 191 
 
 neglected in grooming. It is highly contagious, and may spread, by 
 contact, through an entire stable of more pampered horses. It is a 
 minute insect, and resembles the parasite which troubles the human 
 family. 
 
 TEST FOR MANGE. 
 
 A pretty sure test is to remove by 
 scratching some of the scurf from among 
 the roots of the hair, place it on some 
 white paper, then placing paper and 
 contents in the bright sunlight at noon. 
 If the horse is afflicted with mange, 
 numerous small, bright, shining points 
 will be seen moving about in all direc- 
 tions. 
 
 ITS LOCATION AND SYMPTOMS. 
 
 It first appears among the roots of the mane on the neck, and 
 may afterwards spread over the whole body, with the exception of the 
 legs. The horse is continually rubbing himself against the stall, etc. 
 Patches of hair pull oS as the disease spreads, leaving dry, scurvy 
 spots and patches. The skin on these spots thickens and gets scabby, 
 by the constant irritation and rubbing. 
 
 TO EFFECTUALLY CURE IT. 
 
 The work must be thoroughly done, and no one working around 
 a mangy horse, should approach one unaffected, for two days. If 
 possible, have the horse stand in the hot sun for an hour or more, 
 then thoroughly cleaned and brushed off, to remove all the outside 
 scurf possible. Then apply the following lotion to every part and 
 crevice of the body : — 
 
 Carbolic Acid Crystals, two drachms; 
 Common Glycerine, six tluid ounces; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 The next day after applying the lotion, have the horse thoroughly 
 washed aU over in strong soap suds, and in two hours apply the lotion 
 
192 PARASITES AND DISEASES OK THE SKIN. 
 
 again. In two days repeat the washing and lotion, as directed above. 
 The glycerine is not absolutely necessary, yet it softens the hair 
 and skin. The carbolic acid alone can be mixed with a quart of lard, 
 and used instead of a lotion, but is not so searching. 
 
 PRURIGO. 
 
 WHAT ITS CHARACTER IS. 
 
 This produces symptoms of intense itching similar to mange. 
 The horse will often leave his food to scratch his neck, wearing oS 
 his mane and disfiguring himself. The skin never shows that patchy 
 character peculiar to true mange. It is an irritable condition of the 
 skin, with a feverish condition of the body, and often affects high fed 
 horses in the spring of the year, which have had but little exercise 
 during winter. The following lotion applied to the parts, will give 
 reUef : — 
 
 Carbolic Acid, one drachm ; 
 
 Common Glycerine, four fluid ounces; 
 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Bathe the part twice a day until trouble ceases. Also, give night 
 and morning, the following medicine, which has a peculiarly benefi- 
 cial action, in diseases of the skin : — 
 
 Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, one fluid ounce ; 
 Tincture Muriate of Iron, one fluid ounce and a half ; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Give hali a pint at a dose for a week, and give mashes and soft 
 food for the same length of time. 
 
TREATMENT OF RINGWORM AND SURFEIT. 
 
 193 
 
 RINGWORM. 
 
 PECULIARITIES OF THIS DISEASE. 
 
 This is a disfigurement, which sometimes proves troublesome. 
 The hair falls oflP in patches, leaving a scurfy skin, which scales off, 
 and finally leaves a thick, scaly margin, or ring around the spot, 
 which in time may ulcerate. 
 
 ITS TREATMENT. 
 
 There are many remedies, but the one given below is the most 
 convenient and effectual, and will not fail : — 
 
 Iodide of Lead, two drachms; 
 Fresh Lard, two ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Apply twice a day. Give internally at the same time, the 
 arsenical drink under prurigo. If there has been ulceration, which 
 proves obstinate, apply to the spot six times daily the lotion given 
 below : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, two scruples ; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 This will produce a final cure of a troublesome disorder. 
 
 SURFEIT -BUTTON FARCY. 
 
 ITS DESCRIPTION AND NATURE 
 
 It is more annoying than dangerous. 
 It makes its appearance suddenly, and 
 seldom involves any portion of the body 
 beyond the neck and fore quarters. It 
 consists of eruptions, or a rash of round, 
 blunt, elevated heat spots, which dis- 
 appear in a short time. The pulse will 
 be natural if this is the case. 
 
 TREATMENT OF IT. 
 
 But little treatment is necessary 
 
 25 
 
 A CASE OF SURFEIT. 
 
194 PARASITES AND DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 
 
 outside of cooling food, such as bran mashes sufficient to prevent 
 costiveness, with green food, roots, or crushed oats. The following 
 medicine, which acts on the skin, should be given once a day for a 
 month : — 
 
 Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, one fluid ounce ; 
 Tincture Muriate of Iron, one fluid ounce and a half; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Give one pint for a dose. 
 
 A DIFFERENT KIND OF SURFEIT. 
 
 If it should be a young horse, which has been neglected during 
 the winter, it may take a different and constitutional character. The 
 lumps or blotches do not disappear, and exude a fluid from the centre 
 of each point. It may settle on the lungs if neglected. 
 
 ITS TREATMENT. 
 
 The food should be as prescribed for the other and similar form 
 of the disease. No active exercise must be allowed. The horse 
 must be kept in warm, well ventilated quarters, well clothed, and legs 
 bandaged. Give the arsenical drink as stated in the article above. 
 If it affects the appetite, stop it for a day, and then give it again; or, 
 reduce the dose. It will be slow to treat and cure, and attention is 
 better than much medicine, outside of what we have prescribed. 
 
 GREASE - SCRATCHES. 
 
 A DISGRACE TO HAVE IT. 
 
 There is no trouble in tracing the cause of this disease. It 
 proceeds from filthy stables, which are not cleaned out from one 
 week's end to the other, causing fermentation and putrefaction of 
 the manure. It results from indolence and carelessness of men who 
 never clean the filth and mud from their horse's legs, whose barn- 
 yard is one reeking mass of corruption. 
 
THE VARIOUS STAGES OF SCRATCHES. 195 
 
 WHAT IT REALLY IS. 
 
 It is, in its primary stages, an inflammation of the glands of 
 the lower part of the limb, which secretes an oil that keeps the 
 parts soft and pliable, that are most exposed to wet and mud. If 
 neglected, the inflammation gets worse, the hair falls off, the parts 
 crack and ulcerate, discharging an oily substance, 
 hence the name of "grease heel." We show an 
 illustration of the last and worst stage of this disease, 
 which is simply horrible. 
 
 ITS TREATMENT DURING ALL STAGES. 
 
 In the early stages of this disease, it is easy to 
 remove with a little care. The part should be washed 
 thoroughly with castile soap and water, and kept 
 constantly wet with the following lotion : — 
 
 Glycerine, halt a pint; 
 Chloride of Zinc, half an ounce; 
 Water, six quarts. — Mix. 
 
 Apply a cloth wet with the lotion to the parts, and as soon as 
 warm apply another. Keep this up until all heat and inflammation 
 has departed. If good results do not follow, it is because the work 
 has not been thoroughly done. 
 
 When it has further advanced, and cracks and ulcerations are 
 present, the above lotion is not strong enough, and the following 
 must be substituted, and used in the same manner: — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, one ounce ; 
 
 Creosote, four fluid ounces; 
 
 Strong Solution of Oak Bark, one gallon. — Mix. 
 
 If the case is still worse, and granulations have appeared, the 
 horse must be cast, and the fungoid growths removed one by one 
 with a knife. After removing each one, touch the spot lightly with a 
 hot iron, (not red hot) to sear the surface and prevent bleeding. It 
 is not well to operate on but few of the growths daily. The lotion 
 must be used the same, during the operation, and afterwards. In 
 
196 PARASITES AND DISEASES Of THE BKhN. 
 
 cases of this character, it is well to combine constitutional remedies 
 also, and the following should be given: — 
 
 Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, one fluid ounce; 
 Tincture Muriate of Iron, one fluid ounce and a half; 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Give a pint of the above night and morning. The food must be 
 cooling and gentle exercise may be given daily. Often tlie horse will 
 leave the stable lame, and return hardly showing it. No work should 
 be allowed in worst stages. 
 
 Cracked heels are similar, and should be treated in the same way. 
 The first lotion mentioned should be used, and in the same manner 
 for simple cases. Where ulcerations are present the second lotion is 
 i-ecommended. These will soon effect a cure. 
 
 MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS. 
 
 These are scurfy patches which affect the back of the knee, and 
 front of hock respectively. If neglected, they may make a trouble- 
 some sore. 
 
 THEIR TREATMENT, 
 
 Is easy, and consists in cleanliness, and the daily application of 
 the ointment below : — 
 
 Mercurial Ointment, two drachms; 
 Pulverized Gum Camphor, one ounce; 
 Fresh Lard, half a teacupful. — Mix. 
 
 Apply a portion twice a day. If the case is more serious and 
 ulcerated shghtly, use the second lotion prescribed for " Grease," and 
 keep the parts wet with it. 
 
CURE FOR HIDE BOUND AND LICE. 197 
 
 HIDE BOUND. 
 
 NOT A DISEASE BUT A RESULT. 
 
 This is not a disease, but a consequence of neglect and exposure, 
 as well as from poor feed, which impair the organs of nutrition. 
 
 ITS PLAIN TREATMENT. 
 
 An opposite course of care and food from what produced it, will 
 accomplish a cure in time. The recovery will not be so rapid as 
 waste has been. The use of the following remedy will hasten the 
 recovery : — 
 
 Fowler's Solution of Arsenic, half a fluid ounce; 
 Tincture Muriate of Iron, one fluid ounce; 
 Water, one pint.— Mix. 
 
 Give the above dose twice a day. 
 
 LICE. 
 
 These are sometimes very troublesome, in some stables, and 
 fairly drive the horse frantic with their annoyance. Frequently all 
 known remedies fail to give permanent relief, and it is a mystery 
 where the trouble lies. It often arises from the proximity of the hen- 
 house, which breeds them as fast as they can be exterminated. The 
 relief is to separate the two, when the trouble will disappear without 
 remedies. If a remedy is needed, nothing; is better than the 
 following : — 
 
 Carbolic Acid Crystals, one drachm-; 
 Fresh Lard, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Rub over every part of the body, and wash with soap-suds the 
 next day. 
 
 GRUBS IN THE SKIN. 
 
 These are annoyances which cause bunches to arise on different 
 parts of the horse during the larva state of the grub. The best way 
 to get rid of their presence is to take a sharp-pointed knife and 
 slightly enlarge the opening in the skin, and squeeze them out. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MATTEES. 
 
 CONTENTS OP CHAPTER. 
 
 TO TELL THE AGE OF A HORSE ACCURATELY.— Deception of dealers— How to 
 become an expert judge — Reliable system by an expert judge — Result of years of 
 inspection — Clumges the first year — Alterations in two-year-old form — Unvarying 
 shedding of teetli — A five-year-old mouth — Sure method of judging age from six to 
 nine years — Only reliable method after ten years — Development of groove — From 
 eleven to fifteen years — From fifteen to twenty-four — Miscellaneous points for 
 exjierts. 
 
 FIRING OR ACTUAL CAUTERY, SETOXS AND ROWELS.— Benefits of tiring if properly 
 applied — Diseases benefited by it — Object in tiring — The kind of iron to use, when 
 and how to apply — How hot to have it — Firing for spa\'ins — Cautions about severity 
 of use — The method of using setons and rowels — Their benefits — Their unnecessary 
 use — Their bad results. 
 
 TO USE MEDICINES WITHOUT KNOWING DISEASE.— Sizes of doses for horses, cattle, 
 sheep and hogs — What to give if feverish — To deaden pain — To increase strength — 
 To stimulate stomach — To quiet irritjibility — To build a horse up and improve his 
 appearance — To move bowels instantly — To check dysentery— To act on throat and 
 lungs— To benefit the kidneys — To give by drench, ball or in food — To give harsh 
 remedies — To make any prescription by use of teaspoon or tablespoon. 
 
 CARE OF MANE AND TAIL.— To alter carrying tail by an operation —To increase growth 
 of mane and tail — To prevent rubbing of them — To turn mane to either side. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS — CASTRATION OF COLTS.— When to do it — How it alters form— To 
 cure tender mouths — Directions for making a sling for sick horses — To protect horses 
 from flies. 
 
TO TELL AGE OF ALL HORSES. 199 
 
 TO TELL THE AGE OF ANY HORSE. 
 
 DECEPTION PRACTICED BY JOCKEYS. 
 
 Many gentleman who are otherwise connoiseurs in horse matters, 
 are not by any means well informed as to the anatomical changes 
 which take place in the mouth of a horse, and are frequently victim- 
 ized by dealers who have fitted up an "old stager," and "bishoped" 
 his mouth, often giving a ten-year-old horse a six-year-old mouth. 
 A practiced eye cannot be so deceived. But few men have the time 
 and opportunity to become experts without assistance of some kind. 
 how' to become an expert judge of age. 
 
 In order that people may not be deceived, as well as for the 
 purpose of imparting practical information to those who may wish to 
 become experts in the shortest possible time, we have, at some 
 considerable expense, prepared two pages of illustrations, showing 
 the changes which take place in the mouth of a horse from the age of 
 six months, up to the age of twenty-four years. The drawings were 
 made by an expert, who has made the subject a special study, and has 
 examined thousands of mouths during the last ten years. They 
 represent the average mouth at each stated age. By the study of 
 these illustrations, and the aid of our explanations, any one can 
 become an expert judge of the age of any horse. More can be 
 learned by this method in a few moments, than some men possess by 
 a hfetirae of picking up information, ofttimes unreliable. 
 
 THE NUMBER AND NAMES OF THE TEETH. 
 
 A horse has fortj^ teeth — twenty-four molars, four tushes, and 
 twelve front teeth or incissors. The tushes are generally absent, or 
 imperfectly developed in mares. The teeth are continually growing, 
 which accounts for the change of formation of the mouth and teeth. 
 The tushes are never shed. 
 
 GROWTH OF TEETH UP TO ONE YEAR. 
 
 At about fourteen days the colt has four front teeth, two above 
 and two below, which we call nippers ; at three months, four more 
 
200 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. 
 
 teeth have made their appearance on each side of the nippers, above 
 and below, and are called middle teeth ; at six months, four more 
 have grown out on each side, which are called corner teeth; now the 
 colt has a full mouth of temporary front teeth. These colt teeth 
 differ from horse teeth by being shorter, less in size, smooth, and a 
 clean, white color. Horse, or permanent teeth, are larger, yellow, 
 and marked with ridges. Our illustrations show the difference in size. 
 
 CHANGES FROM A YEARLING TO A TWO-YEAR-OLD. 
 
 At one year, the cups have left the nippers of lower jaw, and are 
 partially worn in middle teeth. At two years, the cups have left 
 middle teeth, and are disappearing from the corner teeth. 
 
 RELIABLE RULES FROM TWO TO FIVE YEARS. 
 
 At two and one-half, the front nippers are shed, and in their place 
 appear permanent teeth. At three years, these teeth are grown up 
 even with the others. At three and one-half, the middle teeth are 
 shed, which become full sized at four years. At four and one-half 
 years, the last colt teeth — the corner teeth — are shed, and the 
 tushes begin to appear through the gums. 
 
 HOW TO JUDGE AT FIVE YEARS. 
 
 At this date the colt has a full mouth, and his age is determined 
 during the next three years by the wearing down of the lower front 
 teeth, and the consequent disappearance of the black spot or mark 
 upon the surface. The tushes are sharp, and have a groove, as shown 
 by our illustrations. The mark on the corner teeth is long, deep, 
 narrow, and irregular on inside edge. 
 
 TO TELL A SIX-YEAR-OLD MOUTH. 
 
 The black spot at this period is nearly, if not quite, gone, leaving 
 but a trace in the nippers. The mark is easily seen in middle teeth, 
 but smaller than the mark in corner teeth, where it shows very 
 plainly. The tushes have grown to nearly full height, still have the 
 groove, and but little worn. 
 
MILK INCISORS 
 
 THE TEETH FROM SIX MONTHS TO PTVE TEARS. THE NIPPERS 
 FROM THREE T0 TWENTY-POUR YEARS. 
 
CHAiraES rtf the mouth from seven to eighteen teabb 
 
THE TEETH FROM SEVEN TO FIFTEEN YEARS. 205 
 
 EVIDENT SIGNS OP SEVEN YEARS. 
 
 The mark has disappeared from the nippers, and there is but a 
 faint trace of it left in the middle teeth. The corner teeth still show 
 it, yet smaller. The tushes begin to show marks of wear, and are 
 rounded slightly at the point. 
 
 CHANGES AT EIGHT YEARS. 
 
 The marks have entirely disappeared, excepting in some cases a 
 trace in the corner teeth. The tushes are more rounded at the point, 
 the horse is said to be aged, and except to the initiated and experts, 
 it is a matter of wild guess work after this period. 
 
 HOW TO TELL AT NINE YEARS. 
 
 Some pretend to be able to judge the age by substituting the 
 upper teeth at this period, in the same manner as we have used the 
 lower teeth. This is a fallacy and cannot be relied on. At this age 
 the marks have entirely disappeared, and the tushes are getting blunt. 
 
 AN INFALLIBLE SYSTEM AFTER TEN YEARS. 
 
 At this age a groove begins to appear next the gum, on the 
 outside of each upper corner tooth. At twenty-one, this groove has 
 extended from the gum to the bottom of the tooth, consequently, it 
 takes eleven years to grow down, and the extent of the groove will 
 determine the age. Thus, at fifteen years of age, it will be half way 
 down. This method is founded on the regular growth, as well as the 
 conformation of the tooth, and can be relied on as the nearest 
 possible guide to determine the age after ten years. 
 
 EVERY YEAR FROM ELEVEN TO FIFTEEN YEARS. 
 
 The front teeth from this date commence to alter in form as they 
 wear down, beginning with the nippers. They become rounding in 
 form, instead of being oblong, and are often triangular. The tushes 
 become blunt and extend more outside the jaw. The gums shrink 
 away from the teeth, which project more in front. The jaw alters in 
 shape, as shown in illustration. The groove on corner tooth is well 
 developed, and extends half way down the tooth at fifteen. 
 26 
 
206 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. 
 
 EVERT YEAR BETWEEN FIFTEEN AND TWENTY-POUR. 
 
 The same alterations continue, and the groove on the upper corner 
 tooth extends yearly, until twenty-one, when it reaches the bottom. 
 The nipper which at six years was nearly twice as wide as thick, at 
 twelve is about equal in each diameter; at eighteen years, it is once 
 and one-half times thicker than broad, while at twenty-four it is twice 
 as thick as it is wide, as shown by the illustrations. These changes 
 are caused by the wearing off of the tooth, which decreases in size as 
 it grows out, as well as changes in form. 
 
 As the animal advances in age his teeth gradually grow long, 
 and appear to become more horizontal. The mouth which, at five 
 years old was cup-shaped, now loses this appearance and becomes 
 elongated. The teeth which were, at the age last mentioned, nearly 
 perpendicular, are now slanting; and this process continues with 
 advancing age. The enamel loses its original beautiful whiteness, 
 and assumes a cloudy or smoky yellow instead, and becomes striated 
 with brown and black marks. After fifteen years the tushes have so 
 worn off as to show the different shade of the pith, which wiU be a 
 small spot in center. 
 
 In order to make this information servicable the plates should be 
 well studied to note the changes, as well as the date of the alterations 
 fixed in the mind. A little practice will soon make any one an expert 
 in the matter. It will be well to remember, also, that as the liorse 
 grows older, the hollow deepens above the eyes, and white hairs 
 appear about the eyes and muzzle ; there will be a sharpening of the 
 withers, a swaying down of the back, and a sharpening of the border 
 of the lower jaw. 
 
 FIRING, OR ACTUAL CAUTERY. 
 
 BENEFITS IF PROPERLY APPLIED. 
 
 The firing iron becomes a very salutary instrument in good 
 hands, but in the hands of men who are not informed as to the limit 
 
THE PROPER USE OF FIRING IRON. 207 
 
 which it can be legitimately carried, it is as dangerous as it is 
 efficacious when properly applied. We have not unfrequently seen 
 animals lame in the shoulder fired on the back tendons, lame in the 
 hip and tired on the hock; and so on. This has the effect of shaking 
 the faith of a good many as to the efficacy of firing; but it should 
 not. Many diseases, which will yield to no other agent, can be 
 subdued by the application of actual cautery, if applied intelligently. 
 A.11 undue severity must not be used. 
 
 WHAT IT DOES AND HOW USED. 
 
 Firing is performed on horses for two reasons, one being to form 
 a permanent inelastic and unyielding bandage to the part; for 
 instance, in case of cockle-ankle knuckling over. This is accom- 
 plished by destroying the elasticity of the skin, and decreasing its 
 surface. The second reason for firing is to create an active inflam- 
 mation, thereby furnishing the part with more than its normal 
 amount of nutriment, by inducing a flow of blood greater than 
 naturally flows there, and hasten anchylosis. Occasionally it is used 
 for only one of these purposes, and occasionally for both conjointly. 
 If we require excessive nutrition, we fire with the pointed ; if to 
 form a tight bandage, the sharp iron, the depth being regulated by 
 the special features of the case ; but when we fire deeply with sharp 
 peniform iron, we have both an increase of nutrition and our bandage 
 as the result. When there is a choice, we prefer the sharp-pointed 
 iron, as it will not leave an eyesore, if properly handled, and this fact 
 is a very important one. 
 
 OBJECTS INTENDED BY FIRING. 
 
 Firing causes an artificial inflammation, which lessens a morbid 
 one already existing, which milder means has been unable to subdue; 
 it also affords a powerful stimulous to the absorbents, which enables 
 them to eliminate injurious deposits, hence we fire for sprains, splints, 
 spavins, etc., of long standing. Where acute or active inflammation 
 exists, under no circumstance should the firing-iron be used. Neither 
 an escharotic, a caustic, a bhster, nor even a stimulant should be 
 
L08 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS; 
 
 used, as such treatment frequently creates new inflammation, or 
 intensifies and increases that ah-eady existing. This increase will 
 only partially subside, the result being a chronic thickening remain- 
 ing, which could easily have been avoided by simply first allaying 
 the primary inflammation. 
 
 PABTS APPLIED TO AND HOW TO HEAT THE IKON. 
 
 The parts to which we usually apply actual cautery are usually 
 tendonous, ligamentous, or sheaths of the tendons. These parts 
 having a low organization, have not the same sensibility as parts 
 more highly organized. This is, no doubt, the reason when firing, 
 horses seldom require to be thrown, and, do not suffer the amount of 
 pain the operation would seem to indicate. Some, in obedience to 
 the promptings of humanity, imagine that by only partially heating 
 the iron they are causing less pain. This is a mistake, as it would 
 necessitate a prolongation of the punishment without abating it any 
 in intensity. The iron should be heated to a white heat, a sufficient 
 number kept in the fire, which should be close at hand. The assistant 
 should have an iron ready without a second's delay, so that the 
 operator can work rapidly and accurately. In this manner an ordi- 
 nary tiring would not last more than a few minutes, and, as above 
 remarked, the pointed iron should be used whenever practicable. It 
 is better not to throw the animal unless it cannot be avoided, and 
 then due provision should be made in the way of providing a deep 
 bed, in order that when the animal falls, no accident will occur. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF SPOT. 
 
 Having decided on firing a given part, first clip the hair off 
 closely, then take either a cantharides or a biniodide of mercury 
 blister and apply, the severity of the application being in proportion 
 to the amount of counter-irritation or inflammation desired. It is 
 advisable to blister before firing. A practice prevails among horse- 
 men of applying grease to a surface lately fired and blistered. This, 
 in a great measure, defeats their own purpose. When an animal has 
 been treated by actual cautery, you expect as one of the results a 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR FIRING FOR SPAVINS. 209 
 
 transudation of serous fluid through the pores of the skin; but when 
 you apply grease, you fill up those apertures, and compel the liquid 
 to remain inside, which is not desirable. The object in applying the 
 grease is to keep the parts soft, and to prevent the new skin from 
 cracking. By merely bathing the blistered limb or joint in tepid 
 water for an hour or so twice a day, you facilitate the serous disharge, 
 keep the parts soft and pliable, and prevent the skin from cracking; 
 but if there is an unusual tendency to crack, apply a little glycerine. 
 
 DISEASES BENEFITTED BY FIEING. 
 
 Firing is beneficially employed in the following diseases : Bone, 
 occult, and sometimes blood or bog spavin; old sprains; wrenches; 
 hip-joint disease; splints; knuckling over; cockle ankles; ringbones; 
 sidebones, and for many kindred diseases. 
 
 FIRING FOR BONE SPAVIN. 
 
 With reference to the manner in which firing should be per- 
 formed, we will take bone spavin as a typical case. The operation on 
 other parts of the animal will be about the same, being of course 
 modified or intensified to suit the special case on hand. As to the 
 kind of iron to be used, the practitioner will have to use his discretion 
 in the matter. We, however, prefer the pointed one. Take your 
 iron, heated as above recommended; first draw imaginary lines, 
 perpendicularly and horizontally, so as to enclose within the square 
 the portion to be fired; then, presuming you are using the pointed 
 iron, mark out the boundary of the square with dots, then fill the 
 enclosed space with marks, about an inch or less apart, the depth 
 being in proportion to the severity of the disease. If you are using 
 the crescent or peniform-shaped iron, then make a mark from above 
 downwards, in the centre of the place you desire to fire. This line 
 should divide it into two halves. Then commence above, and draw 
 your line from the upper portion of the vertical line downwards and 
 backwards, in a slanting or oblique direction, the slanting lines being 
 about one-fourth of an inch apart. After having been fired, the 
 animal's head should be tied so high as to prevent him injuring 
 
210 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. 
 
 himself by biting the newly-bhstered and fired surface. Keep him 
 tied up for three or four days. With respect to the rest the animal 
 should get, it will depend on circumstances entirely, as it varies from 
 two to six months. 
 
 CAUTION ABOUT USING. 
 
 It should always be borne in mind that severity of application 
 does not increase its benefits. It is not the object to make an 
 extensive sore, or to destroy adjacent parts, or to fire to great depth. 
 Some people have ideas that in order to treat diseases by this method, 
 all that is necessary is to sear and burn until extensive damage is 
 done. This is not the case, and never should be done, as grave 
 results will ensue. 
 
 USES OF SETONS AND ROWELS. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF SETONS. 
 
 In the management of the domesticated animals in disease, 
 setons are frequently employed. A seton consists of a piece of tape 
 or cord which is passed for some distance under the skin, and allowed 
 to remain to drain away some morbid product. 
 
 By some, setons are considered useful in internal disease, but we 
 think this is very doubtful; they are, however, of service in causing 
 the dispersion of chronic swellings, in keeping open fistulous wounds 
 and in causing adhesion of the walls of accidental cavities. They 
 should not be employed, however, in farcy, nor in inflammation of the 
 bowels, nor in other acute inflammatory affections. The use of setons 
 is greatly abused, and they are regarded as a sort of panacea by 
 quacks, who apply them, right or wrong, in every disease. They are 
 often employed with the view of preventing disease, though it would 
 be but rational to defer the application of surgical remedies until the 
 disease had actually appeared. 
 
USES OF SETONS AND ROWELS. 213 
 
 DESCEIPTION OF EOWELS. 
 
 A rowel is sometimes used instead of a seton, and in this case no 
 needle is required. A straight incision is made with a knife so as to 
 cut through the skin and having separated the skin from the tissues 
 beneath by passing one of the fingers round on either side of the 
 wound, a circular piece of leather two or three inches in diameter is 
 introduced between the skin and flesh. 
 
 The effect of a rowel or seton may be increased by smearing it 
 with turpentine, euphorbium, black hellebore, etc., though care 
 should be exercised in using irritants, as they are apt to cause 
 sloughing when intense inflammation is produced. 
 
 Setons may be employed to advantage in the treatment of splints 
 and spavins, though the operation needs to be performed with skill 
 and care in order to leave no blemish, and to be unattended with other 
 injurious consequences. 
 
 HOW THEY ACT, 
 
 Setons produce swelling at first, and suppuration is established 
 the third or fourth day after their insertion. It is necessary to use 
 precautions to prevent animals from licking or biting setons. They 
 may be removed at the end of a fortnight. Serious accidents 
 occasionally follow the application of setons, such as hemorrhage, 
 extensive swellings, traumatic gangrene, small abscesses and indura- 
 tions, so they should not be resorted to unnecessarily. 
 
 CASTRATION OP COLTS. 
 
 Every farmer who raises domestic animals ought to understand 
 what effect castration of a young male animal is likely to have on the 
 proper development of certain good points, as well as what the effect 
 wiU be on other points if he is not castrated. By performing this 
 operation at a certain period, or by delaying it a few months, or a 
 year or more, results can be secured in developing a good form and 
 symmetry in some animals, which never could be effected by any 
 other means. 
 
214 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. 
 
 THE PEOPEB TIME FOE GELDING. 
 
 The time of gelding the colt makes a great difference in the 
 shape of the mature horse. The usual time is when the colts are a 
 year old, without reference to their points. There are at least some 
 views, in which all good horsemen agree, as to the ejfects on the 
 development of certain points of the colt, as well as on his clisposition. 
 In some special cases the castration of colts should be deferred until 
 they are three years old; while others should be gelded at that 
 particular period in their growth, which will favor the more perfect 
 development of certain points of form and symmetry. This occurs 
 sometimes at the age of a few months, a year, two years, or more. 
 It is quite difficult to lay down practical directions on this point. To 
 be able to decide when a colt should be castrated, requires observa- 
 tion on the subject for many years. 
 
 HOW IT CHANGES THEM. 
 
 Gelding renders colts heavier behind, and narrower and lighter 
 forward. When a colt is so fearless and willful that there are fears 
 of his becoming vicious, immediate castration will check the further 
 development of such disposition. When a colt is very narrow across 
 the breast, and has a small neck and head, unless he manifests a 
 very refractory disposition, it may be well to defer gelding until he 
 is even three years old, in order to improve his form and style. Colts 
 usually make faster travelers for short distances, if gelded when not 
 more than a year old, than if it be deferred; but their powers of 
 endurance are less. Stallions that have been kept for several years, 
 and then altered, are rendered much slower in gait; and those that 
 ■were difficult to manage, are usuaUy rendered much more tractable. 
 Entire horses are usually fearless, and not apt to shy at rustling 
 sounds or strange objects; but colts that are gelded very young, if 
 their dams shy at unfamiliar objects, will be liable to lack courage, 
 and be always ready to sheer off at the sight of black stumps and 
 such things, or to run away whenever any part of the harness or 
 carriage becomes deranged, which tendency can rarely be counter- 
 acted except by the most careful and patient training. Colts should 
 
CARE OF THE MANE AND TAIL. 215 
 
 never be castrated when poor or sickly, or in stormy weather, unless 
 they are kept in a comfortable stable until they are entirely healed, 
 as danger of inflammation arises from being exposed to cold storms 
 and chilling winds. Many times when the wouud appears nearly 
 healed, a colt will swell up and die, in spite of all efforts to save him. 
 Farmers cannot be to careful in keeping horses, after castration, in 
 warm stables. 
 
 CARE OF THE MANE AND TAIL. 
 
 A horse may sometimes become habituated to carrying his tail on 
 one side, a very annoying trait. It can very easily be remedied by a 
 slight surgical operation, which divides the muscles on the inner side 
 of the curve of the tail, and tying it over toward the opposite side 
 until it begins to heal. Divide only the superficial muscles. 
 
 TO THICKEN THE MANE AND TAIL. 
 
 Common kerosene oil thoroughly rubbed into the roots once a week 
 wiU do it. In rare cases, on animals of exceedingly sensitive skin, it 
 acts hke a blister, and has taken the hair off, being too powerful. In 
 cases of this kind it is better to mix it with equal parts of sweet oil, 
 or to substitute mercurial ointment, which is another excellent rem- 
 edy. The mane and tail should be thoroughly washed with Castile 
 soap and warm water once a week. 
 
 RUBBING THE MANE AND TAIL. 
 
 To prevent this annoying habit, wash the tail and mane occasionally 
 with warm soap-suds, and apply a lotion composed of a fluid ounce of 
 sulphuric acid in a quart of water, with a sponge, two or three times 
 each day. Notice if the trouble is caused by ben lice. 
 
 TO TURN THE MANE ON EITHER SIDE. 
 
 When this is desired, it can easily be done by turning it to the side 
 wished, and daily wetting and brushing it, followed by weighting it 
 with sheet lead to hold in place. A few weeks will affect the change. 
 
 27 
 
216 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. 
 
 HOW TO USE COMMON MEDICINES. 
 
 DOSES FOR THE HOESE, CATTLE, HOGS AND SHEEP. 
 
 Below we give, in a classified form, the medical properties of 
 common remedies nearly always at hand, with size of dose for 
 different domestic animals, so that one may be substituted for the 
 other in an emergency : 
 
 FEBRIFUGES — TO ALLAY FEVER. 
 
 Tincture Aconite 20 to 30 drops. 30 to 40 drops. 2 to 4 drops. 
 
 Dovers Powders 3 draclims. 3 to 4 draclims. 1 scruple. 
 
 Saltpeter 6 to S drachms. 1 ounce. 1 drachm. 
 
 NARCOTICS — TO DEADEN SENSE OP PAIN. 
 
 Morphine 3 to 5 grains. 5 to 10 grains. J to 1 grain. 
 
 Laudanum 1 to 2 ounces. 2 ounces. 1 to 2 drachms. 
 
 Extract Belladonna.. 2 drachms. 2 to 3 drachms. i drachm. 
 
 STIMULANTS — TO OVERCOME PAIN AND RESTORE STRENGTH 
 
 Carbonate Ammonia 2 to 4 drachms. 4 to 6 drachms. J drachm. 
 
 Sulphuric Ether 1 to 2 ounces. 2 to 3 ounces. i to 1 drachm. 
 
 Sweet Spirits Kitre... 1 to 2 ounces. 3 to 4 ounces. 2 to 3 drachms. 
 
 Turpentine 1 to 2 ounces. 1 to 2 ounces. 1 drachm. 
 
 Assafcetida 2 drachms. 4 drachms. i drachm. 
 
 Aromatic Ammonia.. 1 to 2 ounces. 2 to 4 ounces. J ounce. 
 
 LOCAL STIMULANTS — TO ACT ON STOMACH. 
 
 Anise Seed 1 ounce. 1 to 2 ounces, 2 drachms. 
 
 Cayenne Pepper 2 to 3 drachms. 2 to 4 drachms. } to 1 scruple. 
 
 Ginger 1 ounce. 2 ounces. 2 drachms. 
 
 Oil Peppermint 20 drops. 20 to 30 drops. 5 drops. 
 
 SEDATIVES — TO QUIET NERVOUS IRRITABILITY. 
 
 Bromide Potassium.. i ounce. 1 ounce. 1 drachm. 
 
 Borax 2 to 6 drachms. J to 1 ounce. J drachm. 
 
 Gum Camphor 1 to 2 drachms. 2 to 4 drachms. 1 scruple. 
 
 Veratrum 1 scruple. J to 1 drachm. 5 to 8 grains. 
 
 TONICS — TO INCREASE STRENGTH AND APPEARANCE. 
 
 Carbonate of Iron 2 to 4 drachms. 2 drachms. i drachm. 
 
 Iodide of Iron i to 2 drachms. 1 to 2 drachms. 10 to 20 grains. 
 
 Quinine 20 grains. 20 to 30 grains. 5 to 10 grains. 
 
 Common Salt 1 to 2 ounces. 2 to 4 ounces. 1 to 3 drachms. 
 
 FOR SHEEr'. 
 
 3 to 
 
 5 drops. 
 
 
 2 scruples. 
 
 1 to 
 
 2 drachms. 
 
 J to 
 
 1 grain. 
 
 2 to 
 
 3 drachms. 
 
 
 i drachm. 
 
 J to 
 
 1 drachm. 
 
 1 to 
 
 2 drachms. 
 
 3 to 
 
 6 drachms. 
 
 1 to 
 
 2 drachms. 
 
 J to 
 
 1 drachm. 
 
 Ho 
 
 1 ounce. 
 
 2 to 
 
 4 drachms. 
 
 
 1 scruple. 
 
 
 i ounce. 
 
 5 to 10 drops. 
 
 
 2 drachms. 
 
 i to 
 
 1 drachm. 
 
 
 1 scruple. 
 
 5 to 10 grains. 
 
 
 1 drachm. 
 
 15 to 30 grains. 
 
 6 to 10 grains. 
 
 2 to 
 
 4 drachms- 
 
DOSES OF MEDICINE FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 217 
 
 NEKVE TONICS — TO INCREASE ENDURANCE. 
 
 REMEDY. FOR HORSES. FOR CATTLE. FOR HOGS. FOR SHEEP. 
 
 Strychnine 1 to 2 grains. 1 to 3 grains. § grain. J to 1 grain. 
 
 Nux Vomica 10 to 30 grains. 20 to 40 grains. 5 grains. 5 to 15 grains. 
 
 Arsenic 5 grains. 5 to 8 grains. J grain. 1 grain. 
 
 POWERFUL PURGATIVES — TO MOVE BOWELS QUICKLY. 
 
 Croton Oil 15to20drops. 20to30drops. 3 to 5 drops. 5 to 8 drops. 
 
 Castor Oil 1 pint. 1 to 2 pints. 2 to 4 ounces. 3 to 4 ounces. 
 
 Barbadoes Aloes 4 drachms 
 
 Calomel 1 drachm. 1 to 2 drachms. 1 scruple. 1 to 2 scruples. 
 
 Glauber Salts 1 to 2 pounds. 1 to 2 pounds. 2 to 4 ounces. Bounces. 
 
 LAXATIVES — TO MOVE BOWELS MODERATELY. 
 
 Linseed Oil 1 to 2 pints. 1 to 2 quarts. 4 to 6 ounces. J pint. 
 
 Olive Oil 1 to- 2 pints. 2 to 3 pints. 2 to 4 ounces. 3 to 6 ounces. 
 
 ASTRINGENTS — TO CHECK DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY. 
 
 Oak Bark 1 ounce. 2 to 4 ounces. 2 to 3 drachms. 4 drachms- 
 
 Alum 2 to 3 drachms. 3 to 4 drachms. J drachm. i to 1 drachm. 
 
 Blackberry Root 2 to 4 drachms. i ounce. 1 scruple. 2 scruples. 
 
 Lime Water 4 to 5 ounces. 4 to 8 ounces. 1 ounce. 1 ounce. 
 
 VERMIFUGES — TO EXPEL WORMS. 
 
 Turpentine 2 ounces. 2 to 3 ounces. 2 to 3 drachms. 4 drachms. 
 
 Santonin J to 1 ounce. 1 to 2 ounces. 1 to 3 drachms. 2 to 4 drachms. 
 
 Areca Nut 1 ounce. 1 ounce. 2 drachms. 3 drachms. 
 
 ALTERATIVES — TO PURIFY THE BLOOD. 
 
 Iodide of Potassium.. J to 1 drachm. 1 to 2 drachms. 1 to 2 scruples. 3 scruples. 
 
 Arsenic 5 grains. 5 to 8 grains. J grain. J to 1 grain. 
 
 EXPECTORANTS — ACT ON THROAT AND LUNGS. 
 
 Cherry Bark — Wild .. J ounce. . 1 ounce. . 2 scruples. 2 to 3 scruples. 
 
 Sulphur 3 to 4 ounces. 5 to 6 ounces. 1 to 2 ounces. 2 ounces. 
 
 Tar ^ to 1 ounce. J to 2 ounces. i ounce. J ounce. 
 
 DIURETICS — STIMULATE THE KIDNEYS. 
 
 Colchicum J to 1 drachm. 1 to 2 drachms. i scruple. J scruple. 
 
 Extract of Dandelion 1 to 2 ounces. 2 ounces. 2 drachms. 3 drachms. 
 
 Saltpeter 6 to 8 drachms. 1 ounce. 1 drachm. 1 to 2 drachms. 
 
 Resin 4 to 6 drachms, i to 1 ounce. 2 drachms. 2 to 4 drachms. 
 
 HOW TO MEASURE MEDICINES. 
 
 We give below directions by which any prescription can be meas- 
 ured and prepared at home by the use of a teaspoon or tablespoon : 
 A teaspoonful of liquid is equal to a fluid drachm. 
 
218 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. 
 
 A teaspoonful of powdered roots or barks is equal to two scruples. 
 
 A teaspoonful of powdered herbs is equal to one scruple. 
 
 A teaspoonful of salts, saltpeter, sulphur, or like articles is equal 
 to half a drachm. 
 
 A teaspoonful of metalic remedies, sugar of lead, sulphate of 
 zinc, chloride of zinc, etc., is equal to one and one-half drachms. 
 
 A tablespoonful of liquid is equal to half a fluid ounce. 
 
 A tablespoonful of powdered roots or herbs is two drachms. 
 
 A teacupful is four fluid ounces, or a quarter of a pint. 
 
 Three scruples make a drachm ; eight drachms make an ounce ; 
 twelve ounces make a pound. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR ADMINISTERING. 
 
 The above remedies can be administered iu the form of a drench by 
 adding a pint of water; or a ball, by mixing with linseed meal and 
 molasses, and making a roll half an inch in diameter and two inches 
 long, giving as directed below. Harsh remedies should always be 
 given in water, gruel, or beat up with an egg. To make a horse eat 
 medicine in a mash or in grain, take some of the medicine and rub the 
 horse's nose with it before you allow him to smell of the grain ; the 
 smell of the medicine on his nose deceives him, and he will eat the 
 grain without any trouble. 
 
 GIVING A BALL. 
 
 Stand on the right side, holding the tongue, which has been care- 
 fully withdrawn from the mouth, with the left hand, on the left side, 
 firmly; place the ball between the ends of the first and second fingers, 
 lengthwise, pass it rapidly along the roof of the mouth, and deposit it 
 as far back as possible on the roots of the tongue ; at the same time 
 let go of the tongue with the left hand, and it will carry the ball into 
 the passage to the stomach. Practice with a ball of linseed meal. 
 
TO RKMLLi.' !i:.\LiLU .MOUTHS. 219 
 
 TO MAKE A SLING. 
 
 To make an ordinary sling, take two yards of sail cloth about two 
 feet wide; at each end sew in firmly a piece of wood two feet long, 
 made round, and one and one-half inches in diameter; to the centre 
 of each stick fasten a ring, to which make fast a small block and 
 tackle; adjust the sling to the horse by means of an ordinary breast 
 collar and hold-back, which may be fastened to the canvas by rings; 
 the blocks should be made fast to strong beams above, about six feet 
 apart. In placing the animal in the sling, it should be so adjusted as 
 to give him rest, without interfering with respiration, as well as to 
 allow him to either stand on his legs or have his weight supported. 
 In many diseases the aid of the sling is indispensable. 
 
 REMEDY FOR TENDER MOUTHS. 
 
 Some horses will always be exceedingly tender in the mouth, 
 while others are almost unmanageable. The corroding of the iron bit 
 in the mouth of a thin-skinned, high-strung animal, will somtimes 
 produce canker. The headstall may be so tightly buckled up as to 
 cause tenderness and a sore mouth. The tight check-rein is another 
 source of this trouble. 
 
 The best means of cure is to prevent the evil by the proper length 
 of rein and bridle, and keeping the bit silver-plated; or, the bit may 
 be covered with a firm piece of calfskin, the seam being on the lov\er 
 side of the bit. A rubber-covered bit will often relieve the trouble. 
 A lotion of an ounce of tannic acid in a pint of water, applied daily to 
 the excoriations, will often produce a cure, and at the same time 
 toughen the skin of the mouth. 
 
220 MISCliLLANEOUS MATTi::RS. 
 
 TO PROTECT HORSES PROM PLIES. 
 
 A French chemist has discovered a way to protect horses from 
 attacks of flies. His invention consist in rubhiug the horses, espec- 
 ially the parts most subject to attack, with a little concentrated oil of 
 laurel. There is not the slightest danger in its isse and the cost is 
 small. Another excellent remedy is made as follows : assafoetida, one 
 pound; vinegar, half a pint; water, one pint. If horses be well 
 washed with this, not a fly will settle upon them, as the assafcetida 
 will drive them away. This drug has no deleterious qualities as an 
 external appHcation, and may be used unhesitatingly. 
 
 Take the common smart weed and make a strong decoction by 
 boiling in water. When the infusion is cold, apply to the legs, neck, 
 and other parts of the body with a brush or sponge. Neither flies or 
 insects will trouble them for twenty-four hours afterwards. 
 
-^ 
 
IPJ^I^T II. 
 
 History, Breeding and Training. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 HISTOEY OF BKEEDS, TKOTTING FAMILIES, AND 
 PEEFORMANCES. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTEB. 
 
 MUSTANG PONY AND CANADIAN HORSES.— When imported — Characteristics — Ori- 
 gin of new varit'ties — Mingling of breeds. 
 
 PEECHERON-NORMAN, CLYDESDALE, AND AMERICAN DRAFT.— The first importa- 
 tions — Crossing of breeds— Peculiarities and fitness for work — Origin and former uses 
 by knights of olden times. 
 
 THE AMERICAN TROTTER.— History and pedigree of first ancestor — Variation from 
 thoroughbred form — Messenger's sons — Their descendants — Origin of the Hamble- 
 tonians — Mambrinos — Morgans — Blackhawks — Bashaws. Clays and Patchens — 
 Bellfounder blood — Addition of Duroc and Star strains — The Royal George family — 
 The pacing element — The Columbus family, Pilots, Copperbottoms, Red Bucks, 
 Swigerts, Cadmus family. Blue Bulls, Hiatogas, etc. 
 
 RECORD OF TROTTING PERFORMANCES.— The first race — Performances of Albany 
 Pony, Top Gallant and Betsy Baker — Twenty miles an hour — Change of custom to mile 
 heats — The best time made up to 1834 — Lady Suffolk's extraordinary time in 1849 — 
 Careers of Flora Temple, Dexter, and Goldsmith Maid — Marvelous performances of 
 Earns — Will it be beaten?- Steady increase of trotters from 1872 to 1878— Average 
 time made in 1866 and 1872. 
 
224 HISTORY OP TROTTING FAMILIES. 
 
 'v 
 
 HISTORY OP DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 THE MUSTANG, OR MEXICAN PONY. 
 
 This breed is doubtless of Spanish origin, and resembles the 
 Spanish Barb as he was described at an early day. Their marks, 
 disposition, and general characteristics bear unmistakeable evidence 
 of their genealogy. The Spanish horses escaped in the wars with 
 Mexico ; and were abandoned by the adventurers who failed in pros- 
 pecting for gold and silver. The exploring expedition of De Soto, 
 who discovered the Mississippi and it tributaries, must also have 
 abandoned their horses, from the critical situation in which they 
 were placed at the death of their commander. 
 
 THE CANADIAN HORSE. 
 
 This breed is of Norman descent — brought over from France by 
 the first settlers of Canada. They were bred pure for many genera- 
 tions, and possess the general characteristics of the Norman, without 
 degeneration or any material change, excepting that from the cold 
 climate and scanty fare on which they have been raised, they have 
 become somewhat smaller than their Norman ancestors. They were 
 the first draft horses bred on the Western continent, and have spread 
 over the United States. They have proved a valuable acquisition for 
 agricultural purposes, and as a general-purpose animal are unsurpassed 
 by any other breed. They stand from Mi to ISi- hands high ; possess 
 an iron constitution, with strong muscled quarters; large bone, in 
 proportion to size ; sound feet and legs, free from spavins, ringbones, 
 or other hereditary defects. They are active, keep easy, and grow 
 fat at hard work. They perpetuate their strong points and leading 
 characteristics to their issue, and when crossed with the high-bred 
 trotter increase the bone and improve the breed. 
 
 THE AMERICAN DRAFT HORSE. 
 
 The draft horse was imported into North America from Europe. 
 They are a combination of German, French, and English breeds. 
 The Suffolk Punch was introduced from England. They are a cross 
 
'If 
 
THE PERCHERON-NORMAN STOCK. 227 
 
 of Flanders and Norman stock. Their gigantic form is composed of 
 too much flesh for the bone. Their enormous weight tires out the 
 legs in carrying about the cumbersome mass of flesh. The Duke of 
 Hamilton, in southwest Scotland, conceived the idea of a more active 
 horse with equal strength. He crossed Lanark mares upon Flanders 
 stallions, and succeeded in lightening the weight of the old Suffolk 
 Punch without diminishing the bone — retaining their strength to 
 move loads without carrying useless weight. He produced the 
 famous Clydesdale, a very superior breed for active draft purposes. 
 This class has been imported and bred in the United States to a 
 considerable extent.. The cross has been found to be very useful for 
 agricultural purposes and other business pursuits. 
 
 THE PERCHEEON-NOEMAN. 
 
 The Percheron is an improved variety of the old Norman war- 
 horse used by knights in early days, and is a native of La Perche, in 
 the northwestern part of France. They stand from 15 to IQk hands 
 high, and are almost always grey. They are strong built, with heavy 
 shoulders and powerful hindquarters. They have remarkably large 
 joints; sound, big bony legs, and excellent feet. They are claimed to 
 be a cross between the Arabian and the old Norman draft horse. 
 The Department of La Perche has long been celebrated for superior 
 horses. Its experts in breeding would naturally seek to get the 
 activity of the Arabian and retain the strength of the Norman. This 
 could be effected by crossing a particular kind of the Arabian stallion 
 with Norman mares. It has been estimated by those engaged in the 
 business, that several hundred Percheron stallions have been imported 
 into the United States within the last two years. As this breed 
 possesses most of the qualities of strength and activity, and the form 
 to use these gifts to better advantage than any other breed, it follows, 
 as the effect of that cause, that in a few years we shall be in the 
 possession of a very superior class of work-horses. In regard to the 
 origin of the Norman war-horse, from which the Percheron sprung, 
 there is nothing positively known. They have existed in France for 
 centuries, and have a fixed type that must have been bred in the 
 28 
 
228 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES. 
 
 family for many f!;enerations, because it stamps its Impress so faith- 
 fully upon their offsprinji;. The Normans have formed the basis of 
 every draft horse that has existed in Europe or America since the 
 foundation of the breed. 
 
 AMERICAN THOROUGHBREDS. 
 
 This breed was imported from England, and came down from the 
 Oriental steeds of the desert. Spark, presented by Lord Baltimore 
 to Governor Ogle, of Maryland, was the first introduction of the 
 high-mettled racer into the United States. Governor Ogle soon after 
 imported Queen Mab, by Musgrave's grey Arab. About the same 
 time Colonel Tasker imported Selina, by Godolphin (Arabian), and 
 Colonel Colville brought over the Atlantic, Wilkes' old Hautboy 
 Mare. Colonel Taylor, of Virginia, imported Jennie Cameron and 
 Eouth's Crab. In 1747, Monkey, by the Lonsdale bay Arab, was 
 landed upon the western slopes of the Atlantic, at twenty-two years 
 old, followed the next year by Jolly Eogers, by Eoundhead, out of a 
 Partner mare. Fearnaught, son of Kegulus and Silvertail, was 
 imported in 1764. Morton's Traveller, by Partner, completed the hst 
 of blood-horses imported prior to the War of Independence. After 
 the close of the war, many celebrated stallions — winners of the 
 Derby, St. Leger, and Oaks — were brought over from the mother 
 country to be bred with the old stock that first dedicated the race- 
 course in America to the patrons of breeding. These capital stallions 
 laid the foundation of the four-mile racer. Their descendants have 
 proved their inheritance by running four miles in the fastest time 
 ever recorded in the annals of racing. Our soil and climate must be 
 well adapted to raise long-distance flyers. The American thorough- 
 bred and the trotting horse have both surpassed the fleetest horses in 
 the world — in the time test — over a distance of ground. Their 
 record stands out in bold relief — flaunting defiance to the world — 
 claiming superiority over the flyers of all nations for endurance and 
 speed. 
 
'tt" * t^ ^a«KT 1 ^ 1^ 
 
THE ANCESTOR OF MANV TROTTERS. 231 
 
 THE AMERICAN TROTTER. 
 
 "Blood will tell" in the breeding and development of the trotter, 
 as is conclusively shown by the history of the origin of the different 
 trotting families. It is a fact bej^oud all dispute, that nearly all 
 trotters of any degree of speed, trace back to some recognized strain 
 of blood, and while there may be exceptions, where no definite traces 
 can be made, yet the presumptions are that the pace came by inheri- 
 tance and not by chance. Such are the laws of heredity. This being 
 the case, it is interesting to study the origin of the numerous trotting 
 families and their branches, in America, and follow their record of 
 increase and development. 
 
 THE FATHER OF TROTTERS. 
 
 The founder of nearly all our trotting families was the imported 
 horse Messenger, brought from England in 1788, and landed at Phila- 
 delphia. The lineage of this noble sire traces back in the male hue 
 to the Dariey Arabian, the sire of Flying Childers, but with the 
 suspicion of an out-cross through his great grandsire Sampson. On 
 the side of his dam the strain reaches Cade, by Godolphin Arabian. 
 
 All accounts concur in representing Messenger as being a horse 
 of very superior, though not of handsome form, and possessing 
 extraordinary power and spirit. Three other horses imported at 
 the same time, had to be assisted and supported from the ship, while 
 Messenger, with head up, tail extended, charged down the plank, 
 carrying a negro on each side, whose combined strength failed to 
 check him until he had trotted some distance up the street. 
 
 His color was grey, which became Hghter with age ; was fifteen 
 hands, three inches in height, with a large, bony head, and a rather 
 short, straight neck. His windpipe and nostrils were nearly twice the 
 usual size, while his withers were low, and shoulders upright, but 
 deep and strong. His loins were strong, and the quarters were very 
 muscular, while his hocks and knees were unusually large, yet the 
 cannon bones were flat and clean. He carried his legs under him, 
 and was always ready for action. 
 
232 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES. 
 
 This description shows but httle of the form of the thoroughbred, 
 yet is typical of the form of his trotting descendants. This form, as 
 well as the extraordinary vitality and endurance peculiar to him, he 
 impressed upon his progeny, which being persistently driven and 
 trained to trot, became more intensified and habituated regarding 
 gait, until we have as the result of this skill of man and this strain of 
 blood, the final development of the " trotting horse of America," 
 unrivalled and unapproached in his achievements on the turf. 
 
 Messenger died on Long Island, in 1808, at the age of twenty- 
 eight, and stood for fiTteen years in the vicinity of New York City. 
 The roadsters and trotting horses throughout that section show the 
 impress of his blood. 
 
 PROMINENT SONS OF MESSENGER. 
 
 The following were the prominent sons of Messenger to whom we 
 trace many pedigrees : Mambrino, Bishop's Hambletonian, Ogden's 
 Messenger, Engineer, Commander, Winthrop Messenger, and Mount 
 Holly. Some of his daughters have contributed to the different 
 families qualities which have given them prominence. The grand- 
 dam of Young Bashaw, the source of the Bashaws and the Clays, 
 was a daughter of Messenger. We will trace some of the sons and 
 their descendants to more modern times, commencing with 
 
 MAMBRINO'S DESCENDANTS. 
 
 Abdallah. — Of this King of stallions, "rough to look at," a son 
 of Mambrino out of the mare Amazonia, and grandson of Messenger, 
 too much cannot be said. In life he was not appreciated : in fact, 
 was so neglected as to yield no profit in the stud, and was sold for 
 thirty-five dollars to a fisherman, who, not being able to work him on 
 account of his temper, allowed him to starve to death. His greatest 
 laurels were reaped years after in the honors bestowed on his son. 
 During late years his blood has been highly prized in pedigrees, 
 either through male or female line. 
 
 Rysdtk's Hambletonian. — This son of Abdallah was the greatest 
 progenitor of trotters the world ever saw. He was foaled in 1849 and 
 died in 1876. His dam was by imported Bellfounder, and his second 
 
ACCOUNT OF MESSENGER'S SONS. 235 
 
 dam by Hambletonian, son of Messenger, and third dam by Messenger. 
 Thus he possessed Messenger blood on side of dam as well as sire. 
 He sired 1,325 colts, and his services paid his owner over $100,000. 
 Among his sons that have made a reputation are the stallions Volun- 
 teer, Alexander's Abdallah, Messenger Duroc, Happy Medium, Jay 
 Gould, Walkill Chief, Geo. Wilkes, and Edward Everett; while the 
 trotters Dexter, Nettie, Gazelle, Mattie and others are found among 
 the low records. He was the graudsire of Goldsmith Maid, Earns, 
 Gloster, Judge Fullerton, Almont, Great Eastern, Bodine, Powers, 
 Dame Trot, etc. A complete list would fill a volume. 
 
 Mambrino Payjiastek. — This is another son of Mambrino, and 
 was the sire of Mambrino Chief, out of a supposed Messenger-Duroc 
 mare. Mambrino Chief was the sire of Lady Thorn, Mambrino 
 Patchen, Mambrino Pilot, Ericsson, Bay Chief, North Star Mambrino, 
 Woodford Mambrmo and others. 
 
 Almack. — This horse was a son of Mambrino also, and was the 
 founder of the Champion family, starting with Grinnell's Champion. 
 
 descendants of bishop's hambletonian. 
 
 This is another son of Messenger and was the sire of 
 Harris' Hambletonian. — This horse was not only a sire of some 
 celebrated trotters in his day, but his descendants are found among 
 the low records. His blood is interwoven with the Blackhawks of 
 Vermont, where he stood for years. 
 
 descendants op other sons of messenger. 
 
 Engineer was grandsire of Lady Suffolk and Dutchman of the 
 early trotting days. From Winthrop Messenger came a majority of 
 the trotting stock in Maine. Ogden's Messenger is popularly sup- 
 posed to be the sire of Tippoo, the ancestor of the Eoyal George 
 family. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE MORGAN FAMILY. 
 
 The horse owned and bred by Justin Morgan has generally been 
 recognized as the founder of the Morgan family. He was sired by 
 
236 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES. 
 
 True Briton, a horse rode by General Delancy in the Eevolutionary 
 war. True Briton was got by Traveller, owned in New Jersey (prob- 
 ably Lloyd's Traveller), out of Gen. Delancy 's race mare. Justin 
 Morgan was foaled in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1793, and taken 
 to Randolph, Vermont, in 1795, where he became celebrated as the 
 sire of the finest horses in Vermont. He was extensively patronized, 
 and left a numerous and valuable progeny. Among his sons that 
 became distinguished for their stock were Woodbury Morgan, Bulrush 
 and Sherman Morgan. 
 
 Sherman Morgan was out of a chestnut mare. He was probably 
 the best son of Justin Morgan. He perpetuated the blood of his sire 
 through a long and illustrious line of trotters. He was the sire of 
 Vermont Blackhawk, whose blood courses through the veins of a 
 long list of northern champions that have become distinguished on 
 the trotting course. Blackhawk was the sire of Lancet, Ethan Allen, 
 Sherman Blackhawk, Belle of Saratoga, and Flying Cloud; many 
 renowned flyers of the present day trace their pedigrees to Hill's 
 Blackhawk. Many of his sons were sold at high prices on account of 
 their inheritance, and proved successful progenitors in the stud. 
 
 Ethan Allen was the most distinguished of all the sons that came 
 down from the loins of Blackhawk. His brilliant career on the turf 
 gave him a record, with running mate, of one mile in 2:15; but illb 
 fame in the stud far eclipsed his successful career on +he t:\irf. He 
 was the sire of Honest Allen, Billy Barr, Hotspui Pocahontas, 
 Fanny Lee, Fanny Allen, Warwick, and Daniel Lambert, together 
 with other great heroes and heroines that have achieved imperisliable 
 records of speed on the turf. 
 
 Sherman Blackhawk was another son of Sherman Morgan, and 
 possessed through his dam, a cross of Messenger blood. 
 
 Vermont Hero, another son of Sherman Morgan, out of a mare 
 by Harris' Hambletonian, was the sire of the celebrated stallion 
 General Knox, out of another Hambletonian mare. Geaeral Knos 
 possessed more Messenger blood than Morgan, and Ms progeny 
 show it by their records. 
 
CASSIUS M. CLAY 
 
THE MORGAN, BASHAW, AND CLAY FAMILIES. 239 
 
 Woodbury Morgan "was a famous saddle horse. He was celebrated 
 as a sire of steeds suited for martial display in military parades, 
 which found ready sale on account of their proud demeanor, beautiful 
 form, and graceful action. He was also the sire of the trotting horse 
 Morgan Csesar, who was the sire of Mack, Pizarro, and other trotters 
 of great distinction. Woodbury also sired Morgan Eagle, the sire of 
 Lady Sutton, and grandsire of Magna Charta, who got Henry (erro- 
 neously claimed for Henry Lathrop), Young Magna, Gifford Morgan, 
 and others known to fame. 
 
 Bulrush may be said to be the founder of the Morrill family, which 
 came into notice after it obtained a cross of Messenger blood through 
 the dam of Old Morrill. Among the trotters that come down from 
 this cross of Bulrush and Messenger blood, that are found in the long 
 catalogue of winners, are Young Bulrush, Morrill Prince, Winthrop 
 Morrill, Mountain Maid, Fearnaught, Blanche, Draco, Draco Prince, 
 Champion Morrill, and a host of others that have secured an indelible 
 record in the annals of the race-course. The dam of Bulrush Morgan 
 was reputed to be of French extraction, and some credit may be duo 
 to this cross for the powerful constitution that has given great forctv 
 of character to this family. 
 
 The Golddusts of Ilhnois are a branch of the Morgans, being 
 from Vermont Morgan, grandson of Gifford Morgan. 
 
 HISTOBY OF THE BASHAW AND CLAY FAMILIES. 
 
 The Bashaws are descended from an imported Arabian stallion. 
 Grand Bashaw was imported from Tripoli in 1820, and sired Young 
 Bashaw. Neither Grand Bashaw nor his son, Young Bashaw, ever 
 acquired any reputation as trotters, but Andrew Jackson, the grand- 
 son of the imported barb, was the most famous trotting stallion of his 
 day, and as a weight puller was unsurpassed in speed. While he was 
 living his dam was said to be by Why Not, a son of imported Messen- 
 ger; but it has been pretty thoroughly settled that she was a mare of 
 unknown blood, taken to Philadelphia in a drove of horses from the 
 west. Andrew Jackson was confessedly the greatest trotting stallion 
 of his day, and from him have descended, not only the trotting horses 
 
240 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES. 
 
 usually called Clays, but also the Patchens. He was foaled in 1828, 
 and died in 1846. He also got Long Island Blackhawk, who was the 
 first horse to trot a mile in 2:40 to a two-hundred-and-fifty-pound 
 wagon, and from whom are descended G-reen's Bashaw, the Mohawks, 
 and many other trotters of note. 
 
 Henry Clay, the origin of the Clay and Patchen branch, was a 
 son of Andrew Jackson, and was foaled in 1837. The dam of Henry 
 Clay was a trotting mare named Surrey. Nothing 'is known of her 
 breeding, except that she came from Canada, and was famous, not 
 only for speed, but also for endurance. Heuiy Clay was a fast trotter, 
 and also possessed endurance. The son who has done most to perpet- 
 uate his fame, is Cassius M. Clay, the sire of George M. Patchen, 
 Amos' Clay, Neave's Cassius M. Clay, Strader's Cassius M. Clay, all 
 sires of note. At the close of the campaign of 1877, he had over forty 
 descendants in the male line in the 2:30 class. This, for a horse that 
 only lived to be eleven years old, is a remarkable instance of pre- 
 potency in the transmission of the trotting gait. 
 
 The Bashaws include the noted horses Black Bashaw, Green's 
 Bashaw, Vernol's Blackhawk, Cozette, etc. ; while the Clays include 
 American Girl, Hopeful, Lucy, Lady Snell, Sam Purdy, etc. 
 
 OEIGIN OF THE BELLFOUNDEBS. 
 
 Another horse which contributed a most valuable strain of blood 
 to the trotters of this country, was Bellfounder, imported in 1822 
 from England. He was a remarkable horse in some respects. At 
 three years old he trotted two miles in six minutes, and at four years 
 made ten miles in thirty minutes. The Bellfounder cross is highly 
 prized, and is found in some of the pedigrees of the Hambletonians, 
 Clays, etc. 
 
 OTHER STRAINS OF BLOOD. 
 
 Another strain of blood is that of Duroc, son of the thorough- 
 bred Diomed. He was sire of Messenger Duroc, out of a daughter of 
 Messenger. This blood is found in pedigrees of the American Stars, 
 where it is interwoven with that of the thoroughbred Henry. Seely's 
 
TROTTING-PACING ELEMENT. 243 
 
 American Star was by Stockholm's American Star, by Duroc. The 
 dam of Seely's American Star was by Henry, by Sir Archy; second 
 dam by Messenger. Crossing of Star mares with Hambletonian sires 
 have produced great results. 
 
 The Eoyal Georges, a Canadian family who trace back to Tippoo, 
 foaled in 1817, supposed to be by Ogden's Messenger. The " black 
 whirlwind, " Thomas Jefferson, is a representative of this blood, as 
 well as Byron, Field's Eoyal George, Hershey's Eoyal George, Panic, 
 etc. They are a promising family. 
 
 There are many minor strains of blood, but their reputation is 
 generally founded qn their inheritance of trotting qualities from the 
 numerous families now extant. 
 
 Another important addition has been made within a few years, 
 which consists of 
 
 THE PACING ELEMENT. 
 
 Columbus was a French pacer, brought from St. Johns, Canada 
 East, to St. Albans, Vermont, in 1844 or 1845. His colts were almost 
 uniformly trotters. Nothing is known of his breeding. The appear- 
 ance of his stock would warrant the conclusion that he was one-fourth 
 or one-half English blood. There were some distinguished trotters 
 that once stood in the vicinity where he was raised, and his sire 
 or dam might have had a sprinkling of the blood of the American, 
 trotter without leaving Canada to get it. Old Columbus was the 
 sire of Youpg Columbus, out of Black Maria by Harris' Hambleto- 
 nian. Young Columbus was the best son of Old Columbus. He was 
 the sire of Phil. Sheridan. Had Young Columbus got nothing but 
 Phil. Sheridan, it would have been enough to establish his fame as a 
 sire; but in his grand colts Commonwealth, Adelaide, Flora Belle and 
 Gen. Tweed, he shows the strong vitality that imparts his speed and 
 endurance to the third generation of his descendants. 
 
 Old black pacing Pilot, was the founder of a trotting family that 
 
 bears his name. He was a French pacing stallion from Canada. He 
 
 stood in Kentucky from 1832 till he died — about 1855. He was a 
 
 striking illustration of the French pacer converting the high- mettled 
 
 29 
 
244 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES. 
 
 racer into a family of fast trotters. He was the sire of Alexander's 
 Pilot, Jr., out of Nancy Pope by Havoc. This was probably the best 
 son of Old Pilot. He improved the stock of Mambrino Chief in bone 
 and muscle, and gave speed and bottom to other families of horses. 
 Mambrino Pilot inherited his strong vitality and iron constitution 
 from the Pilot cross. His two sons, Mambrino Gift and Hannis, bear 
 strong testimony to the influence of the old pacer Pilot. 
 
 COPPEEBOTTOM, HIATOGA, AND BLUE BULL PACERS. 
 
 Some of the Canadian pacers, and particularly the Pi'ots, have 
 assumed the trotting gait with great readiness, much more readily, in 
 fact, than the Copperbottoms and Ked Bucks, the last-named family 
 being the most persistent pacers known. Their tendency to that gait 
 is shown even now in the numerous horses that trace back to them. 
 The earliest of the pacers was Highland Maid, a mare that afterwards 
 became a trotter, and was the first to trot in 2 :27. She was by the 
 pacer Saltram, by Kentucky Whip. Smuggler, Pocahontas, and all 
 the Cadmus family, are descendants of Iron's Cadmus, a son of Amer- 
 ican Eclipse. The Illinois mare. Flora Belle, was originally a pacer, 
 and came of the Uwharrie family, that is strongly in-bred in the 
 Diomed blood. The Hiatogas, an Ohio family, that has produced 
 Lew Scott and other noted trotters, is from Virginia stock, the dam 
 being by Diomed. The first Tuckahoe found in the stud-book, is by 
 Florizel, a son of Diomed, and this fact suggests the origin of another 
 family of pacers that has produced many trotters. The Blue Bulls, 
 descended from an Indiana pacing stallion of that name, are noted as 
 early and remarkably speedy trotters, and have made rapid progress 
 to the front during the last few years. 
 
 Other trotters in whose blood the pacing element is marked, are: 
 Smuggler, Ked Cloud, Mazomanie, Kansas Chief, Flora Belle, Ethel, 
 Richard, Elsie Good, Russell, Milo C. Bertie, Kate Bennett, Purity, 
 Ed. Wilder, and Ella Wilson — the last ten being the get of Blue Bull. 
 
TROTTING PERFORMANCES. 247 
 
 HISTORY OF TROTTING PERFORMANCES. 
 
 THE FIRST RACES OF RECORD. 
 
 The first trotting race we have any authentic account of, occured 
 at Boston, in 1818. Boston ~Blne trotted against time, and made a 
 mile inside of three minutes, the exact time of which is not known. 
 It was then considered a great performance. Previous to this there 
 had been a growing taste for trotters as roadsters, gradiially encroach- 
 ing on saddle horses, but no public trials had been ma,de. Running 
 horses, however, had always been popular, more especially in the 
 south. Virginia and Kentucky were the nurseries of these noted 
 thoroughbreds. General Jackson done much to aid in improving the 
 stock in Kentucky. 
 
 Sis years later, 1824, Albany Pony trotted, to saddle, one mile on 
 Jamaica turnpike, in 2:40. The next horse we have any account of 
 is Top Gallant, by Hambletonian. We have a more complete record 
 of his performances, than any other trotter of that period. He was 
 foaled in 1808, and trotted his principal races after he was twenty 
 years old. In 1828, in a match against Whalebone, over the Hunting 
 Park course, Philadelphia, he trotted four, four-mile heats in 11:16, 
 11 : 06, 11 : 17 and 12 : 15, or the whole sixteen miles in 45 : 54. In 1830, 
 when twenty-two years of age, he trotted twelve miles over the same 
 course in 38 minutes; and in 1831 made two miles in 5:19. Betsy 
 Baker, by Mambrino, beat Top Gallant three miles under saddle, 
 carrying fifty pounds, in 8:16. It was said that she could, when 
 sound, trot twenty miles in an hour. Trouble, by Hambletonian, 
 trotted two miles in 5:15; and Sir Peter, by same sire, trotted three 
 miles, in harness, in 8:16. Whalebone, another of Hambleionian's 
 colts, trotted three miles in 8: 18. Screw Driver, by Mt. Holly, in a 
 race with Betsy Baker, trotted two three-mile heats in 8:02, and 8:10. 
 
 About this period the length of the heats began to be reduced to 
 one mile, instead of the longer performances, until at the present 
 time it is rare to hear of anything else. In 1834, Edwin Forrest 
 trotted, under saddle, one mile in 2:36, at Trenton, New Jersey; and 
 
248 HISTORY OF TROTTING FAMILIES. 
 
 on Long Island, during the same year, trotted a mile in 2:315^, which 
 was the best time ever made up to that date. Dutchman, in 1839, 
 made his great record of three miles, under saddle, in 7:32^; one 
 mile of which was made in 2:28 — the best time made to that date. 
 In 1847, Highland Maid trotted a mile, in harness, on Long Island, in 
 2:27. She was originally a pacer. 
 
 In 1838, Lady Suffolk, as game a mare as ever stood on iron, 
 made her first appearance ; and in 1848 made a record of 2 : 26, which 
 was considered a little less than miraculous. In 1859, Flora Temple, 
 then fourteen years old, trotted a mile in harness, at Kalamazoo, 
 Michigan, in 2:19|. This was without parallel for eight years. In 
 1867, Dexter trotted a mile, in harness, at Buffalo, in 2 : 17|. This 
 was thought to be the lowest possible notch to be attained by any 
 horse. But in 1874 came a flyer, the "Queen of the Turf," Gold- 
 smith Maid, who eclipsed all former performances by trotting a mile 
 in harness, at Mystic Park, Boston, in 2:14. This stood unrivaled 
 for four years. 
 
 In 1878, however, that game horse, Earus, trotted a mile, in 
 harness, at Buffalo, in 2:13^. This horse made a brilliant career 
 during the year 1878, and was credited as follows : Fastest mile in 
 harness, 2:13i; fastest first heat, 2:14; fastest second heat, 2:13i; 
 fastest third heat, 2:13|; fastest fourth heat, 2:13^; fastest three 
 consecutive heats, 2 : 15, 2 : 13j, 2 : 13|. He may fairly be said to have 
 won the sceptre from the old mare who held it for so many years. 
 All this has been accomplished in one season, and in addition to this 
 he has trotted three heats below 2 : 14. 
 
 In addition to the above, in a handicap race at the opening of the 
 Chicago Driving Park, October, 1878, when he went to wagon. 
 Hopeful to harness, and Great Eastern to saddle, which race was won 
 by Hopeful in 2:17^,2:17, and 2:17; he was privately timed and 
 made his three heats to wagon in 2: 18^, 2: 18, and 2:18, it being no 
 record, however. During the same races the trotter Hopeful, made 
 three mile heats, to wagon, in 2:16^, 2:17, and 2:17 — the fastest 
 time to wagon on record. During the first heat he had a running 
 horse accompanying him part way. 
 
BELMONT. 
 
OBOWTH OF TEOTTINO. 251 
 
 It is interesting to note the growth of the trotting element 
 dnring the past few years, as well as to observe the lowering of the 
 average time of mile heats. In 1872 there were ninety-six horses 
 who had made a record of 2 :30 and better ; in 1873 there were one 
 hundred and six; while 1874 had one hundred and fifty- three; in 1875 
 the number was one hundred and eighty-four; in 1876 it was two 
 hundred and twenty-five ; in 1877, two hundred and eighty-four horses 
 made records of 2 :30 and under. Of the latter number, two hundred 
 and sixteen were in 2:25 class, one hundred and six in 2:23 class, 
 thirty-three in 2 :20 class, and nineteen in 2 :19. The average time 
 made in 1866 was 2 :38^, while in 1876 it was 2 :23. This is in a great 
 measure due to improved tracks and appliances, as weU as skill of 
 trainer. 
 
 In 1877 there were two hundred and eighty-two horses who trotted 
 in 2:30 or under; in 1878, the number was two hundred and seventy- 
 two ; in 1879, two hundred and eighty-eight ; and in 1880, two hun- 
 dred and sixty-seven horses trotted in 2 :30 or under. In 1880, forty- 
 six horses won ten or more heats each. Of these, twelve belonged to 
 the Hambletonians, seven to the Vermont Blackhaws, four to Mam- 
 brino Chief family, four to Pilot family, two to the Clays, with thir- 
 teen credited miscellaneously. During this same year twenty-three 
 horses made records under 2 :20. The different heats trotted, and the 
 different famihes represented were described as follows : Daniel Lam- 
 bert and Ethan Allen had twelve representatives who trotted seventy- 
 three heats ; Gen. Knox and other Blackhawks numbered twenty-nine, 
 and trotted one hundred and ninety heats ; while the other Morgans 
 numbered seven, and trotted nineteen heats in 2 :30 or under. The 
 Bashaw family, in connection with the Clays, numbered twenty-five 
 performers, and one hundred and twenty-three heats. The Messenger 
 famihes together gave one hundred and eleven performers, and 
 seven hundred and thirty-five heats ; and those of pacing parentage 
 numbered 22 performers, and trotted one hundred and thirty-eight 
 heats in 2 :30 or under. The famihes of lesser note contributed sixteen 
 horses and eighty-two heats, while the unknown and irregular sires 
 gave performers to the number of fifty-seven horses, and two hundred 
 
252 GROWTH OF TROTTING. 
 
 and fifteen heats. But the great events of the year were the perform- 
 ances of St. Julian, who trotted a mile in 2:11^, at Hartford, Conn., 
 Aug. 28, 1880, and Maud S., who trotted a mile 2:10f, Sept. 18, 1880, 
 over the Chicago Di'iving Park ti'ack. 
 
 The season of 1881 demonstrated that the speed of both trotters and 
 pacers had not reached its limit. The three most notable events of the 
 year were : The magnificent stallion contests at Rochester and Chicago ; 
 the two great eftbrts of Maud S. in hei- assaults against Old Father 
 Time, in which on each occasion she knocked off a quarter of a second 
 from her previous record and demonsti-ated her marvelous superiority. 
 Little Brown Jug appeared upon the track as a star of the first magni- 
 tude, and at the pacing gait achieved a series of bi'illiant victories which 
 will ever remain as one of the most memorable and exciting chapters of 
 modern sport. In the remarkal^le i"ace at Rochester the contestants were 
 Alexander l)y Ben Patchen, dam by Canada Jack ; Roljert McGregor by 
 Major Edsall, dam by Seely's American Star ; Santa Claus by Strath- 
 more, dam Lady Thorne, Jr'., by Williams' Mambrino ; Hannis by 
 Mambrino Pilot; Wedgewood by Belmont, dam Woodbine by Wood- 
 ford; Bonesetter by the Brooks Horse, and Monroe Chief by Jim 
 Monroe. This splendid field included the fastest and best Ijred stallions 
 of the trotting trackj the purse was a regal one ($10,000), and the audi- 
 ence that gathered to see the race consisted of all the leading horsemen 
 of the Union. The first heat was won by Alexander in 2:19, after a fierce 
 struggle -with Robert McGregor, who was beaten by a length. In the 
 second and third heats, the final Tjattle in the home stretch was fought 
 between the same horses, Robeit McGregor in both instances winning by 
 a head in 2:19 and 2:18f. In the fourth heat the great Californian Santa 
 Claus appeared as a formidal)le factor, and the finish was between him, 
 McGregor, and Alexander, but the latter trotting even and strong, again 
 caught the judges' eye in 2:19^. The fifth and sixth heats were won in 
 grand style ]>y Santa Claus, but the desperate character of the stiTiggle 
 told upon the time, which was 2:21 and 2:23. The final heat was be- 
 tween this illustrious trio, and resulted in the victory of Alexander, 
 Robert McGregor second, and Santa Claus third. Time 2:25J. So ended 
 the greatest and most obstinate stallion race evei- ti'otted in the world. In 
 
GUOVVTU 01-' TKOITING. 253 
 
 * 
 
 the same month this battle was fouijht over again with hut slight altera- 
 tion in iha personnel. On July 19 at Chicago in the $5,000 purse for all 
 stallions, RoLei't McGregor, Santa Claus, Hannis, Wedgewood, and 
 Monroe Chief again joined issue, and Piedmont by Almont also hurled 
 his gauge into the arena. This great speed contest, while not so great a 
 test of endurance, showed a far higher speed rate, and stamped the 
 victor Piedmont, who achieved a record of 2:17|, as the greatest stallion 
 of his year. Robert McGregor won the first and third heats in 2:18 and 
 2:18i ; Santa Claus won the second heat very cleverly in the fast time 
 of 2:17^ ; the hero of the day then came to the front and won in three 
 heats in 2:\1\, 2:19-i, and 2:21. Piedmont had now the next record to 
 the mighty Smuggler, and hope beat high that his unapproached record 
 .would soon be equaled or passed. 
 
 The eyes of the ti'otting world were fixed upon Maud S., who had 
 reduced the record below the anticipations of the most sanguine, and 
 had done it with such ease that still greater achievements were expected. 
 On July 13, 1881, she defeated her own record by a quarter of a second, 
 and at Rochester, N. Y., she again reduced the record, making the mile 
 in 2:10|, at which point it stood until the season of 1884, when it was 
 ])assed by herself and the wonderful son of Dictator, Jay-Eye-See. The 
 history of Little Brown Jug is one of the romances of the tui'f Born 
 and bred in Tennessee, he ^vas originally sold for |25; after passing 
 through several parties' hands he was eventually put in training, and 
 soon developed great speed. During the season of 1881 he defeated all 
 the leading horses at his gait, and wound up the season at Hartford, by 
 pacing the three fastest heats at any gait, in 2:11|, 2:11|, and 2:12|. 
 The year was a great one, the 2:30 list recorded a large accession, but 
 the events we have here recorded are the great historical incidents of 
 the track for 1881. 
 
 The season of 1882, while an exceptionally active one, and distin- 
 guished by great meetings, and large fields, was not prominent for 
 record breaking, the pacing and trotting records were undisturbed, and 
 the most memorable iuci<leut of the year was Jerome Eddy, by Louis 
 Napoleon, making a recoi'd of 2:16^. The season of 1883 had for its 
 most prominent landmarks the unprecedented performances of the 
 
254 GROWTH OF TROTTING. 
 
 illustrious trio Jay-Eye-See, Phallas, and Director, all by Dictator. The 
 little black gelding owned by Hon. J. I. Case of Racine, Wis., although 
 almost a pony, trotted in 2:1 Of. Phallas, owned by the same gentleman, 
 trotted in 2:15i, thus, within a quarter of a second tying the stallion 
 record of Smuggler, 2:15^, and Director attached 2:17 to his name. A 
 new pacing king appeared in the person of Johnston, who opened the 
 season unknown to fame, and before the first frosts of early fall, passed 
 all previous records pacing and trotting, making his mile in 2:10. 
 
 The season of 1884 was the most conspicuously brilliant in the 
 annals of the track. At all ^vays of going, all previous records were 
 passed, and the marvel of to-day was exceeded by some new wonder 
 to-morrow. Jay-Eye-See, at Providence, R. I., trotted against his own 
 record, and reduced it to 2:10, and for one brief day was the king of 
 the trotting track. On the following day at Cleveland, Ohio, Maud S. 
 trotted in 2:09f , and regained her lost throne. In the fall at Lexington, 
 she made assurance doubly sure by trotting in 2:09J. Johnston 
 astonished the world by pacing the Chicago track in 2:06^. The great 
 Phallas in the fourth heat of a race trotted in 2:13|, defeating all 
 previous stallion records, and also making the fastest fourth heat ever 
 made in a trotting race. Maxy Cobb, by Happy Medium, trotting 
 against time again, reduced the stallion record by trotting a mile 
 against time in 2:18;^. H. B. Winship, trotting with running mate, 
 compassed a mile in 2:06, and Westmont, pacing with running mate, 
 approached close to the dazzling ideal of the turfman's dream, 2:00, by 
 pacing the Chicago track in 2:01 f. 
 
 The American trotter has become a distinct breed, and is the most 
 perfect road horse in the world. The Union is studded with stock 
 farms devoted to his breeding and development. Europe, Australia, 
 and the East have become our customers, and every intelligent farmer 
 can materially increase his income by breeding every year a few colts 
 from a genuine standard sire. 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 
 BEEEDING, TRAINING, AND TROTTING APPLIANCES. 
 
 CONIENTS OP CHAPTER. 
 
 BREEDING OF DRAFT AND TROTTING HORSES.— How far disease is hereditary — To 
 select .a suitable dam and sire — To proiluce trotting or running horses — How to avoid 
 disappointment — The traits inlieritod from dam and sire — Desirable crosses for trot^ 
 ting horses — To tell when a mare is with foal — Care of a mare with foal — Treatment 
 after foaling — To make a mare own her colt — Care of the colt — Weaning, feeding, etc. 
 
 TRAINING THE TROTTER.— Slow horses made fast, fast horses made faster — Breaking 
 the colt — Learning to walk and trot — Use of wagon or sulky — Feeding, jogging, and 
 spurts of speed — Cautions to be observed — To keep up the ambition — Training the 
 Mature Trotter — The early spring treatment — First preparatory work, and gradual 
 hardening — Feeding, sweating, and scraping out — Its object — Spurts of speed — 
 Fitting for the race — To get into condition and to keep there. 
 
 USE OF TOE AND SIDE WEIGHTS.— What their uses are to correct mixed gaits, nnd to 
 alter action — Weights or heavy shoes ; which ? — Horses which carry weights, and how 
 much — Directions for their application and use — How heavy to apply to convert a 
 pacer into a trotter — To correct single-footing, hitching, paddling, thumping, scalping, 
 brushing, and other bad habits. 
 
 BEST BITS FOR TROTTERS — Importance of proper bits — Patented devices needless — 
 Kind of bit to use, and when to change it — Bit to correct a puller — Use of the over- 
 liraw check — Material for bits — Evil habits are contracted — Proper bits for colts. 
 
•256 HEREDITARY DISEASES OF STOCK. 
 
 PROFITABLE BREEDING. 
 
 DARWIN ON HEEEDITAEY DISEASE. 
 
 Darwin sums up the results of his researches as follows: "I 
 have consulted many works, and the unanimity of belief by veterina- 
 rians, of all nations, in the transmission of various morbid tendencies 
 towards disease, is surprising. Authors of wide experience give in 
 detail many singular cases, and assert that contracted feet, ringbones, 
 curbs, splints, spavins, etc., as well as jibbing and ill-temper, are very 
 plainly hereditary. The French practitioner, Hugard, going so far 
 as to say that a blind race could soon be formed. It is not the actual 
 ailments, such as spavins, etc., but the predisposing tendencies toward 
 the development of these diseases, which is inherited. The narrow 
 loins and flat sides, which give a proneness to attacks of diarrhoea and 
 colic, are of certain lineage." This constant tendency of morbid 
 conditions of defective organs to reappear in succeeding generations, 
 shows how important it is that both dam and sire should be sound in 
 wind and limb, and not belong to families which have taints of blood. 
 
 SPECIAL DIRECTIONS FOE SUCCESSFUL BREEDING. 
 
 Put yourself in the way of learning the practical part of the 
 business by observation, the experience of others grown grey in the 
 enterprise, and books treating on this subject. Above all, become a 
 student of the horse, of the history, breeding, faults as well as good 
 qualities, of all the noted famihes as well as individual horses. Study 
 pedigrees that you may understand the results of certain crosses. 
 Practically study and examine the horse, not only with the eye, but 
 with the hand and finger. Make yourself familiar with every joint, 
 bone and tendon. Study the skeleton until you know the place of 
 every bone and sinew, and be able to look through as well as at him. 
 Learn to distinguish the weak, as well as the good points, at sight. 
 
 BREEDING OF TROTTERS AND RACE HORSES. 
 
 There is not a more fatal delusion in breeding than that of 
 expecting a wanner from a dam or sire who was not a winner, and 
 
BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 257 
 
 whose families were not. The fact that now and then worthless 
 horses spring from noble parentage, does not affect the principle, for 
 all will agree that it is wisdom to breed to form for proportion, power 
 for strength, speed for speed. If the particular quaUty desired is 
 especially marked in any family, it is good policy to cross with it, 
 unless there be an antagonism of blood or hereditary taints which 
 would intensify an already existing evil. To go outside and breed to 
 a horse who might possess valuable traits, even in a high degree, but 
 whose ancestors lacked them, is but to incur disappointment. To be 
 sure, chance horses do now and then appear, but it is the experience 
 of breeders as well as trainers, that they are unreliable, both in the 
 stud and on the course. Experience has shown that the colt more 
 .especially inherits the gait and form from his sire, but the spirit, dis- 
 position and constitution from the dam. No satisfactory results will 
 be obtained if these facts are not borne in mind and followed. The 
 blood of Messenger seems to "nick" happily with nearly all the 
 trotting families, most notably with American Star mares ; also, the 
 crossing of Hambletonian and his sons on mares by the son of Neave's 
 Clay, known as Sayer's Harry Clay, 
 
 HOW TO TELL WHEN A MAKE IS WITH FOAL. 
 
 ^ Take a rope, strap, or string, and measure around the girth where 
 the harness goes on the back and the belly-band buckles on ; then 
 measure again just forward of the hind legs, around the body; if 
 larger around in the latter place than in the former, you may safely 
 conclude she is with foal. 
 
 CAEE OF MAEES WITH FOAL. 
 
 A mare not intended to be kept at work, should not be turned into 
 a pasture so rich and succulent as to disagree with her stomach, or 
 make her unwieldy from fat. Inattention to this point may result in 
 miscarriage, whilst, on the other hand, if the pasture be too poor, the 
 mare will become thin, and will starve her foal in its growth. If the 
 animal has been highly fed, she should have a feed or two of oats 
 daily after she is six months gone. Hay and oats, with a f-ew carrots 
 sliced in a bran mash, given every night, will be found good, the 
 
258 TREATMENT OE MAKE WITH FOAL 
 
 animal being thus kept free from inflammation, and the foal well 
 nourished. Excitement of every kind should be avoided, as it is a 
 common source of " slipping " the foal, and it is well to remember 
 that one mare miscarrying will probably affect others in proximity to 
 her. Only when absolutely necessary, should purging physic be 
 given, and after bran mashes and other changes of food have failed 
 to produce any effect, the very mildest aperient likely to answer the 
 purpose being used. 
 
 TEEATMENT AFTER FOALING. 
 
 If there is not plenty of grass the mare should have carrots, bran 
 mashes, and a feed or two of oats, which for a time may be given in 
 the form of gruel. At weaning time she may require a dose or two of 
 cooling medicine if she is not as dry as a mare usually is by this time; 
 generally, however, no interference is required. 
 
 EARLY TREATMENT OP THE FOAL. 
 
 As soon as the foal comes it should be examined, in order to 
 ascertain whether the limbs and other organs are perfect. See espe- 
 cially to the state and length of the umbilical cord, as, if this is broken 
 or torn off too short, or so near the abdomen that the urine flows 
 through it, and inflammation is caused thereby, we have a very 
 serious disease to treat, and, if it is not attended to immediately, our 
 colt will die. About the time of the mare being "in season," the foal 
 is generally purged a good deal, and an occasional warm drench may 
 be necessary. At the end of a month, or sometimes earlier, the foal 
 will eat bruised oats, and highly-bred young stock are generally given 
 a small quantity. Colts of all classes should have shelter in bad 
 weather, otherwise they grow out of form and lose flesh. If neglected 
 the first winter, they never attain the size they otherwise would. 
 
 TO MAKE A MAEE OWN HER COLT. 
 
 Take some milk from the mare and rub it on the colt's nose ; then 
 let the mare smell it, when she will own her colt at once. This is a 
 simple remedy, but we have known it to work like a charm. 
 
BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 259 
 
 WEANING THE COLT. 
 
 This may be done at about the end of the sixth month, the milk 
 not being of much benefit after this, especially if the mare is again 
 with'foal. The young foal's teeth and stomach are now competent 
 to eat and digest the succulent grasses that are to be found. Carrots 
 or turnips which have been, steamed, may be mixed with bran and 
 given night and morning. Three or four colts running together will 
 be better, as they miss their dams less. 
 
 TRAINING THE TROTTER. 
 
 BREAKING THE COLT. 
 
 Understanding the principles which underlie producing a trotter, 
 the next step is to educate the colt and develop all there is in him. 
 He should be made docile and fearless by handling and petting, j^et 
 from the attitude of a master. Colts should not be teased and played 
 with by children, who are half afraid of them. He should be accus- 
 tomed to the halter early, care being taken not to allow him to learn 
 to pull. Undoubtedly the walk is the pace in which many things are 
 best taught, as, for instance, turning to the right and left, or from 
 one hand to another. It is also very important, at this stage of his 
 instruction, that the greatest care and patience be exercised in 
 impressing on his memory, by thorough practice and oft-repeated 
 trials, the only proper method of training. When a year old his daily 
 allowance should be from four to five quarts of oats per day, being 
 cautious about overfeeding, which may lead to digestive troubles in 
 after years. 
 
 DIRECTIONS lOR BITTING AND DRIVING. 
 
 From the age of one year he should be accustomed to the appli- 
 cation of the bit, which should be substituted for the halter. Avoid 
 using those severe rigs so common among farmers. At this age he 
 should be taught how to hold his head, and to obey promptly every 
 
260 EXERCISING, JOGGING, AND SPEEDING THE COLT. 
 
 touch of the bit. An easy, governable mouth is greatly to be desired, 
 and can easily be attained at this period. If properly done, he will 
 never prove a puller or bolt the track, but remain steady, and to be 
 depended on for all there is in him. Patented bits for correcting bad 
 habits, will be entirely unnecessary if this is properly done. 
 
 TO BREAK TO WAGON, SULKY, AND SADDLE. 
 
 At two and one-half j^ears he may be broken to saddle, first 
 accustoming him to have it strapped on his back, then following with 
 a small boy. The hitching to the sulky should then follow, until he 
 is accustomed to be hitched up, and then should come his introduc- 
 tion to the light trotting wagon, which is far preferable for training 
 the colt than the sulky, whose weight of driver borne on the colt's 
 back may alter its symmetry. 
 
 CARE IN EXERCISING, JOGGING, AND SPURTS OF SPEED. 
 
 As soon as the colt becomes familiar with the trotting wagon, he 
 should be accustomed to the roadways, the meeting of teams, and the 
 passing of vehicles. It is familiarity with objects which produces 
 indifference. It is highly essential that the colt should be free from 
 restiveness, nervousness and unsteadiness. This greatly depends on 
 the education, and the greater the obstacles the more patience must 
 be observed. The high-strung, nervous horse is often worried out of 
 all chances in a race by the tedious scoring of designing drivers. 
 This can be fortified against by proper education during the training 
 period. From the period of driving to wagon commences the danger 
 of overdriving. Every time he shows a burst of speed, the driver is 
 anxious to see him do it again. From over-work he loses spirit, lugs 
 on the bit, gets to mixing his gait, hitches, etc., habits which ruin 
 the prospects of the colt. All evidences of speed should make the 
 driver doubly cautious. The spurts should be short, and but few at 
 each drive. Remember that the object of training is to develop a 
 gait which shall be a fixed habit, as well as to gradually harden and 
 toughen his constitution, and make him a trotter of stamina and 
 endurance. As such he will prove a winner, while the reverse wiU be 
 
BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 9f51 
 
 productive of losses and vexation of spirit. We must caution against 
 severe training of the young colt and unformed horse. It not only 
 retards his proper development, but is productive of spavins, ring- 
 bones, curbs, etc. A child cannot do a man's work, neither can a colt 
 stand severe training or the intense competition of colt races. With 
 runners it is different. They get their speed by the time they are in 
 their three-year-old form, and do not remain on the turf but a few 
 years. Trotters hardly ever make much of a mark before five year's 
 old, and gather their laurels from that age up to twenty years. Very 
 fast trotting is the result of years of development and training. We 
 warn breeders against too early forcing their trotters. They may be 
 brilliant, but their time will be brief. 
 
 Professional trainers and drivers of trotting horses are making a 
 very great mistake by continually jogging their horses over the same 
 old track, day after day, until they become tired out, disgusted, and 
 track-sick of making these continued circuits. The same routine of 
 business every day will, perhaps, harden the muscles and improve 
 their quality, but it cannot improve the horse in pluck and good 
 feehng unless it influences and interests the mind. It will have a 
 tendency, on the contrary, to shorten his stride, make him dull, show 
 a disposition to let up, and finally make a confirmed loafer of him, 
 the disadvantage of which no horseman need be reminded, if he has 
 had the benefit of experience, or the facilities for observation. 
 
 If a young horse possesses undeveloped speed, he will generally 
 learn to extend himself, and trot fast much sooner, if circumstances 
 are such that he can take his work in company with one possessing 
 equal capacity; the emulation of an occasional spurt brightens him 
 up, convinces hitn that there is an object in view, and causes him to 
 forget his fatigue. 
 
 A very good plan is to hook him double to a light skeleton 
 occasionally, driving sometimes on the track and sometimes on the 
 road, so that the monotony of the work will be varied. He will then 
 have different scenes to attract his attention, which will induce him 
 to take his exercise in better heart, and under these circumstances, 
 wiU bear more of it. When a horse continually drops back into his 
 
262 BREEDINa AND TRAINING THE TEOTTEB. 
 
 breeching at each opportunity, and does not try to trot, it is an 
 impossibility for him to improve, no matter what maybe his breeding, 
 or what artist may have him in charge. 
 
 Colts should never become habituated to trotting certain dis- 
 tances. His idea of distance should depend on the will of the driver, 
 that is, he should be willing to trot his full power, any distance his 
 owner wishes. If a colt becomes habituated to trotting quarters and 
 half-miles, he will let up after reaching either of these distances 
 during mile heats. 
 
 TRAINING THE MATURE TROTTER. 
 
 After the season of campaigning has closed, then comes the ques- 
 tion what shaU be done with the trotter during the' fall and winter. 
 It is not a good plan to entirely close all work, or too suddenly change 
 the habits of the summer, by confining in the stable day after day, 
 standing idle. If the weather will permit, a short run at grass, where 
 he will get plenty of exercise, yet enjoy a respite fi-om work, is good 
 preparation for getting his system in condition to pass through the 
 following winter. After this he should have exercise enough to make 
 him rehsh his food, either by gentle driving on the road, or so 
 arranged as to allow out-door freedom on bright days. He should 
 invariably be stabled at night, or on stormy days, and if drove, no 
 ambitious rivahy should tempt to spurts of speed with other road- 
 sters, whose fate is not to campaign next year. The whole object 
 should be to exercise enough to properly digest and assimilate his 
 food, which should be so regulated as to increase his flesh, to a well- 
 to-do condition which will enable him to withstand the rigors of 
 winter better than if he was thin. It requires a supply of fat to keep 
 up animal heat and endure the cold, which will better enable him to 
 resist attacks of colds, influenza, etc. Again it is much easier to con- 
 dition a horse in the spring who is in a thriving condition, even if he 
 carries much flesh, than one which is low in form and flesh, because 
 the superfluous flesh can easily be reduced to muscle without imduly 
 increasing the feed, while the thin horse is called upon to digest 
 more food than is prudent to enable him to stand the work and lay 
 
CONDITIONING THE MATURE TEOTTEB. 263 
 
 on muscle for future use. Many horses of this latter class come to 
 grief through failure of their digestive apparatus to keep up the supply 
 of nutrition thi-ough the season, owing to being taxed too greatly 
 during the early training. Horses trained in this way are more apt 
 to get out of condition and become subject to derangements of the 
 bowels and attacks of coUc, with staring coats, etc. It is easier 
 and safer to train down than to train up. The " freezing out " process 
 is not a sensible nor a humane one. The horse should be made com- 
 fortable and kept thiiving, yet not fatted up hke a hog. Grain 
 should be given if he seems to need it, but in less quantity than when 
 at work. 
 
 FIEST spring's WORK. 
 
 At the near approach of spring, the horse should be exercised to 
 wagon a short time each day, not in the character of jogging, but 
 driven on the road on the walk, to gradually get his muscular system 
 in condition to take more work in future. If this is properly done 
 less of real jogging need be done. The dull routine of pounding 
 around a track day after day is not encouraging to the horse. As 
 Httle of it should be done as possible, provided there are good drives 
 outside to wagon. The diversity of objects along the roadway wOl 
 divert his attention, be attractive to him, and make his morning 
 drives a recreation. If this preparatory driving on the walk is prop- 
 erly and caref"l]y done, he will need much less of that soul- wearying 
 track work, before he will be ready for merry ralhes of speed, which 
 will wake him up and bring back remembrances of former races won, 
 and ambition for more probably to foUow. 
 
 beginning EARNEST WORK. 
 
 When the season has advanced enough for earnest work, it is 
 hoped the horse is now hardened enough to take short spurts of speed 
 at half-mark. It is good poUcy to mix the work now, by giving a 
 preliminary drive on the road to wagon, and then to hitch to sulky 
 and after a mile on track to give him a short spurt to learn him what 
 a track is for. It is better on this account to never bring him on the 
 track without spurts of speed to let him associate these with the 
 
264 BEEEDING AND TEAINING THE TEOTTER. 
 
 track, but these spurts must not be over-done, nor carried to that 
 extent as to leave the horse sore from their effects. If this course 
 can be followed you will never have a "track sick" horse, or one who 
 will always be ready to settle back into the breeching at every chance. 
 When he comes on the track to sulky he will soon know it is busi- 
 ness, and enjoy it as much as the driver, provided he has the proper 
 spirit, without which he is worthless as a trotter. It takes ambition, 
 courage, gameness, and a well-fitted muscular system to win. With- 
 out all of these it will end in disappointment. 
 
 FEEDING DDEING JOGGING. 
 
 During the early work to wagon no particular change of food is 
 necessary, except an increase of allowance, generally in proportion to 
 his increased work. During the preparatory period of driving, bran 
 mashes may be given, together with an occasional feed of boiled 
 roots, which will get the bowels into active condition and avoid the 
 resort to physic. On no account should the horse be given physic 
 unless it is an imperative case of illness. If the bowels need relaxing, 
 the use of bran mashes will do this effectually. We are now speaking 
 of a horse which is well. Some stiU cling to the idea that an effective 
 physic is the proper commencement for preparatory work ; this is a 
 mistake. It reduces the strength, and may leave evils in its train not 
 easily combatted. "Throw physic to the dogs" is a safe rule when 
 the horse is all right. The diiver who begins with dosing in the early 
 part of the season, will end behind the flag before the season is out. 
 Flaxseed meal may be used and given with good effect after the warm 
 weather has settled, if bowels are costive. If used too early it is apt 
 to have a tendency to cause the horse to shed his coat early, and 
 render him more sensitive to changes of temperature. 
 
 AMOUNT OF JOGGING AND FOOD. 
 
 No rule can be laid down as to the amount of jogging to be given 
 a horse, nor the proper amount of food. This varies with each indi- 
 vidual horse, and is within the judgment of the trainer. No fast work 
 should be given for at least ten days or two weeks, by which time the 
 muscular system wiU be in condition to take slight spurts at half- 
 
CONDITIONING THE MATURE TBOTTEB. 267 
 
 speed, wliicli Bliould never be long enough or so lively ao fco tax his 
 strength. He is now in a situation where he can endure very httle 
 work compared with what ho will accomplish later on with ease. As 
 the work is increased, and trials of speed increased in distance and in 
 fastness, the food must keep pace with this extra call upon his 
 powers ; the grain should be increased and the hay diminished. Unless 
 he be a glutton, he should have all the hay he will eat up clean, but 
 the ultimate object is to finally work the horse on to more concentra- 
 ted food to lessen the bulk of his abdomen, and get his body into a 
 close, well-knit condition. A httle corn may be added to his oats 
 occasionally, but the latter grain should be depended on. The bran 
 mash may be given once a week, unless the horse is of loose, washy 
 condition, when it may be omitted. 
 
 INCREASE OF WORK. 
 
 After there has been a week or ten days work with slight spurts 
 of speed, he may be given a half mile at throe-quarter speed, to "open 
 him up," and to get his system well in action. This should always 
 succeed a preHminary amount of work to get the heart beating in uni- 
 son with the muscular action. If a high-hfed animal, who goes ener- 
 getically and feels so fine that he can hardly contain himself, care must 
 be taken not to give him too much speed, nor cut him loose. Such a 
 horse will be very apt to overdo matters and go to extremes. On the 
 other hand, some sluggard horses will need a little urging to come up 
 to the mark desired. The ambitious horse must be restrained, the 
 sluggish be encouraged. The distance driven, and the pace, must be 
 gradually increased as the horse will bear, which requires good judg- 
 ment in the handler, but it is well not to go beyond a half-mile trial, 
 at three-quarter speed, for some days. When the time comes for a full 
 mile, it should be given after some preliminary work; care should bo 
 taken that he is not pushed too sharply the first half, but rather 
 restrain him if ambitious, and encourage after the three-quarter-mile 
 pole is passed ; learn him to finish well and strongly. This is one of 
 the most valuable quahties in a race horse. It is also a good quahty 
 to be able to score rapidly and get away quickly, so as to be able to 
 
268 BREEDING AND TKAINING 'IliK TROTTER. 
 
 seize the pole at the first turn, if possible, but if he is ever so fast the 
 first quarter, he is a failure if not able to finish well up on the home 
 stretch, K he can be so trained, and at the same time possess game- 
 ness and staying power to do both, he will prove valuable, and at the 
 same time rehable. When he is able to put in a mile with good effect, 
 and comes out all right, without fatigue or depression, he may be given 
 a mile and repeat with from twenty minutes to three-quarters of an 
 hour between ; a trial of this kind may be given every few days to 
 accustom him to long-continued exertion, but they should not be car- 
 ried to the extreme in pace or frequency to endanger working the fine 
 edge off, or running the risk of having a stale horse from over- work. 
 The pace should never be at top speed ; this should be reserved for the 
 actual race when a large purse is at stake. He must be kept just 
 within his powers, and carefully watched, as some days he may not be 
 in condition to take as much work as ordinarily. It is a science to 
 properly fit a horse for a race or campaign, and no positive rules can 
 be laid down. The utmost watchfulness and discretion are needed to 
 know just how much work he will stand and gain on it. 
 
 GOING IN COMPANY. 
 
 It is a good plan to accustom the horse to go in company. One 
 of the mistakes which drivers make, is the private jogging and speed- 
 ing of horses alone. Their private trials are a snare and a delusion, 
 giving false encouragement to owners who often place their money on 
 the horse to lose it by his bad actions when brought out in a numer- 
 ous field to face the starter. If possible, he should be given matinee 
 races in company with others, shoiild be scored up and down the track 
 with them as he will be called on to do in an actual race. These trial 
 races need never be up to the top of his speed, as they are more to get 
 him steady for the regular work of the campaign ; they should always 
 be a fuU mile, and if possible, should be with at least two or three 
 other horses. If he has trials with only one horse, the addition of 
 others in a regiilar race will make him nervous. He should be accus- 
 tomed to take any position, and to have them all around him. Many 
 a 2 :25 horse has been distanced in a '30 race because of unsteadiness, 
 
CONDITIONING THE MATURE TBOTTEB. 269 
 
 because he was green to the work of actual racmg. He may have the 
 "foot " of the whole party, but his nervousness defeats his speed. 
 
 SWEATING AND SCRAPING. 
 
 The object of sweating and scraping out is to reduce the amount 
 of internal fat, and thereby give more room for the unencumbered 
 working of the vital parts, at the same time it works on the principle 
 of a Turkish bath on human beings, opening the pores and exciting 
 the bodily functions to increased and healthy action. A horse gross 
 in flesh, is thereby easier fitted and reduced to proper amount of flesh 
 without so much hard work. It must be borne in mind that sweating 
 and scraping does not build up, but reduce, consequently when a 
 favorable day occurs, the work must be modified for this purpose. It 
 is better to obtain the sweat by use of a Ught blanket and hood than 
 by heavy clothing, provided it can be produced by a fair amount of 
 work. Great care must be taken that the horse does not take cold 
 afterwards, as he wiU be in a most sensitive condition regarding cold 
 drafts, etc. More judgment is necessary in properly cooling off than 
 in getting the scrape. After the scrape, he should be walked in open 
 air, in blankets, until properly cooled off. Sometimes a second scrape 
 can be got. It won't do to hurry the coohng off; after he is sujffi- 
 ciently cool, he should be brought in and thoroughly rubbed down, 
 and again blanketed and walked. The limbs should be bandaged 
 closely, but not tightly during the walking exercises, and when finally 
 returned to the stable, the feet and hmbs should be cleansed with warm 
 water and oastile soap, thoroughly rubbed dry, and again bandaged. If 
 the bandages are drawn too tight, they will interfere with the circula- 
 tion of blood to the parts. No work beyond the sweat should be 
 given that day, but the next day he will, if properly done, be in the 
 finest of spirits, and supple and sprightly as a colt. The regular work 
 should be now taken up, and a half-mile can be given him. This 
 sweating should not be carried too far; some horses of a washy, flabby 
 nature, cannot stand such a reducing process in connection with hard 
 preparatory training. Knowing what it is used for, the intelligent 
 trainer will understand how to use this auxiliary to his training. It is 
 
270 BREEDING AND TBAINING THE TBOTTEB. 
 
 often an assistant in reducing a gross horse with weak legs, who other- 
 wise would have to indulge too hard work to get down to propei 
 weight. 
 
 It must always be kept in mind that the sweating is a reducing 
 process, and does not add to the strength, and calculations must be 
 made looking forward to the fact that in his engagements during the 
 season he will get a good deal. of this, as well as hard work, conse- 
 quently must not be fitted too fine early in the season. The horse 
 should be very critically watched during this period so as not to reduce 
 too rapidly, yet fast enough to get him in proper form for his first 
 engagements, yet he must not be expected to come up to the fullest 
 extent of his powers, even during his first races. In fact, his work 
 should be so arranged that the racing campaign should be but a con- 
 tinuance of his preparatory training, going better every week, and 
 able to do a little better in each contest, with reserve powers for 
 another hnk, if emergency, or a great purse is at stake, to excel all his 
 previous efforts, and astonish even his friends. Such a horse, with 
 such a preparation, can find plenty of backers always, while a horse 
 who gets out of condition after an early race or two, either through 
 lack of judgment of his trainer, or by inherent weakness of constitu- 
 tion, will be called a "duffer," and despised by all. Some horses can 
 go out and show a sharp spurt, but are good for only two races or so 
 each season; others can stand a hard campaign, and keep coming 
 even untn fall. The first kind of horses are not worth training, and 
 even if capable of trotting fast heats, cannot accomphsh enough 
 during the season to pay expenses; but the horse who can endure 
 one race a week, and be raih-oaded over the country, even if not 
 able to trot very fast, is a surer horse than his briUiant but short-hved 
 rival. 
 
 Untn the horse has been trained, it is impossible to say how much 
 work he will need to bring him into condition, or how rapidly it can 
 be pushed. 
 
 The trainer must be vigilant as the work goes on from day to day, 
 and if the slightest sjinptoms appear to indicate that the hmit has 
 been reached, the horse must be eased. Experience, judgment, and 
 
MAMBRINO PATCHEN. 
 
MATTERS REQUIRING JUDGMENT AND DISCRETION. 273 
 
 skill are imperatively demanded at this juncture, and when they do 
 not exist in fair degree, it will be the best course to keep on the safe 
 side and be sure that the horse is well within himself. It is true that 
 he may not be up to the keen edge of which he is susceptible ; but 
 there is no remedy for this, except at the great risk of overdoing him 
 altogether, which risk is great in such circumstances in any hands but 
 those of a skillful and watchful trainer. It will not do to carry on 
 until the horse is off his feed, dull in the eye, and his coat begins to 
 stare, because the game is up when this is the case. The point at 
 which his work ought to have been eased is passed, and it will take 
 some time of nice handling and gentle work to get behind it once 
 more. In five or six days, or a week after the first trial, the horse 
 will be fit to be tried a mile, if he has been doing well. It being 
 found that he is " all there," this will commonly be suflicient for a 
 mile race. 
 
 SPEED AND BOTTOM AEE BOTH NECESSARY. 
 
 The horse that is fit to trot mile heats, three in five, in which the 
 heats are broken, is able to trot a two-mile race, so far as condition is 
 concerned. Natural stoutness and game are demanded for long races. 
 Now, without condition, the horse cannot have " bottom," which is 
 simply capacity to endure. Without game, which is pluck to try till 
 the last chance is out, the bottom may exist to very little purpose. 
 It follows that the saying often heard: " condition makes bottom," is 
 only true in a limited extent. It enables the game and naturally 
 stout horse to make avail of all his bottom, and put forth his powers 
 to the uttermost degree. Again, it is said speed makes bottom, but 
 this is next kin to nonsense. As long as there is nothing like egual 
 speed against it, it enables the fast horse's driver to keep him well 
 within himself, and thus to dispense with the bottom, which, against 
 another of nearly equal speed, would be necessary to save the heat. 
 And speed is of very great importance in another point of view : it 
 enables its possessor to go ahead, take which part of the course he 
 pleases, and fret and worry the other horse. Very few horses have 
 courage and temper to go on behind at their best pace and persevere 
 
274 BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 
 
 to the end without breaking. Tlierefore, the horse of known bottom 
 may act bad when he finds himself out-trotted from the score, in a 
 long race, and is urged all the way; and if the driver pulls him 
 together, the other may steal away, and open such a gap, that the 
 closing of it at the end of the heat will be impossible. Speed may be 
 an available substitute for bottom, but it cannot be bottom itseK in 
 any sense. The slow horse, in condition, can hold his best speed 
 easier and longer, than the speedy horse his, out of condition. 
 
 TO KEEP A HORSE IN CONDITION FOR CAMPAIGNING. 
 
 When a horse has appeared in his first race, showed the speed 
 you might reasonably look for, and evinced a satisfactory condition, 
 he is not to be treated exactly as before in preparing for the next. It 
 is proper to reduce his work, for if he is kept up to the same pitch 
 of preparation, he is sure to lose speed. The work is to be less in 
 quantity, but with numerous short brushes and merry rallies, leaving 
 the horse in excellent heart and free spirit, thinking well of himself. 
 
 EREORS OFTEN MADE IN TRAINING. 
 
 Many a race is won by a sharp spurt on the home-stretch, which 
 would have been lost if the speed had been worried out with a great 
 deal of walking and slow track-work. Let there be rattling spurts to 
 keep up his ambition, but not too many at a time. To produce a 
 horse full of staying condition, and with all his speed, is the proper 
 aim of the training art; to have him capable of long endurance, yet 
 deficient of his known rate of speed, is an error; to have him speedy 
 for a short distance, but unable to stay in a race, is another error, and 
 marks the trainer as deficient in his preparation. 
 
 In order to be successful, the trainer must intimately know the 
 constitution, temperament, strength and infimities of his horse; to 
 know just how fine he can work him down and have him last; to 
 discern, daily, the effect of the track-work, in order to increase or 
 diminish as the case indicates. These are a few of the important and 
 necessary quahfications of a trainer. A rubber is not necessarily a 
 qualified trainer, and yet, some trainers are better fitted for rubbers. 
 
MECHANICAL TRAINING APPLIANCES. 275 
 
 TOE WEIGHTS AND SIDE WEIGHTS. 
 
 WHAT THEIR USES ARE. 
 
 Toe-weights, or the novel and ingenious idea of placing a weight 
 upon the toe of a horse to change or improve his gait, is extensively 
 employed in converting double-gaited horses, and in the primary 
 education of a young trotter. Certain it is that their use is one of 
 the most remarkable aids yet introduced to assist in the development 
 of the trotting horse, particularly the young ones. This is now con- 
 ceded by nearly all intelligent trainers, the principle, in a modified 
 form, having been adopted by them. By their use any racker, that is, 
 single-footer, can be made to trot square and level, and a majority of 
 pacers can be converted into irotters ; a dwelling-gaited horse can 
 be quickened, and the stiff-legged action, pointer, peculiar to the 
 thoroughbred, can be changed so as to cause the horse to fold or bend 
 the knee to any extent desired. Judicious shoeing and toe-weights 
 will effect a remarkable modification of the exhausting and awkward 
 gait known as paddling or winding, and the ancient, stiffened-up 
 campaigner, who, from soreness, is prone to "mix up" in his work, 
 can be kept square and level; and many hitchers, from the use of toe- 
 weights forward, causing a changed condition of gait — longer stride 
 — will sympathize with the change, and quit this, the most annoying 
 habit trainers have to contend with. Toe-weights are, in regulating 
 the gait of the horse, what the governor is to a steam engine. There 
 are many horses with a clean, open, level gait and level heads, that, in 
 spite of your best efforts, make no decided improvement in their 
 work, and seem finished. We have seen remarkable changes and 
 improvement in such animals by the mere application of weights. In 
 rectifying defective action, and removing acquired habits of faulty 
 action, they are indispensable. 
 
 WEIGHTS OF COMPARATIVELY RECENT ORIGIN. 
 
 Ten years ago toe- and side-weights were but little used and 
 were imperfect and crude. Hiram Woodruff, the most noted and 
 skillful trainer of his day, was unable to convert a Jfacer and make a 
 
97l\ HOKSKS WHICH CAKUV WEIGHTS. 
 
 reliable trotter out of him. To-day, boys, by the aid of toe-weights, 
 can accomplish what a veteran trainer could not do a few years ago 
 without their aid. Had a man told Mr. Woodruff in his day, that a 
 pacer would be converted that would trot in 2:15j, as Smuggler has 
 done, no doubt he would have set him down as a subject for a lunatic 
 asylum. 
 
 WHICH IS BEST, WEIGHTS OK HEAVY SHOES. 
 
 There is no doubt but what toe- and side-weights are better than 
 fceavy shoes. Heavy shoes must be wide and thick, and require larger 
 nails to secure, often injuring the foot. Besides it takes less weight 
 applied at the toe to accomplish the object than if applied to the 
 bottom of the foot. The weights have also the advantage of being 
 increased or diminished as necessary, and may be omitted except 
 when speeding, which is an important item. 
 
 HOBSES WHICH CABBY WEIGHTS. 
 
 Smuggler now wears on his front feet twenty-ounce shoes with 
 six-ounce weights, but formerly carried nine. Nettie, sixteen- to 
 twenty-ounce shoes, and ten- to twelve-ounce toe-weights, and for- 
 merly had to carry more weights to make her to square away. Mazo- 
 manie now carries twenty-ounce shoes, and from six- to eight-ounce 
 weights, but when first converted from a pacer, it took three and one- 
 half pounds on each front foot to cause him to trot. Albermarle has 
 fourteen-ounce shoes and ten-ounce weights; Scotland carries six- 
 teen-ounce shoes and six-ounce weights; NilDesperandum, fifteen- 
 ounce shoes and four-ounce weights ; Lew Scott, sixteen-ounce shoes 
 and four-ounce weights; Grafton, who is now owned by Mr. Robert 
 Bonner, was formerly a single-footed saddle horse, and it took one 
 pound and one-half toe-weights to enable him to trot, yet, when he 
 had been trained down to 2: 15, it only required six-ounce weights to 
 balance him. Banquo, General Grant, Silversides, Lady Snell, Elsie 
 Good, Edwin Forrest, Lewinski, and hundreds of other horses are 
 usin-g weights as a necessity. 
 
BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 
 
 PRELIMINAKT DIRECTIONS FOB THE USE OF WEIGHTS. 
 
 277 
 
 No injuries are ever caused by the proper use of properly-made 
 weights, rightly applied. The amount to apply to each horse can 
 only be determined by experience, and the driver should commence 
 with a light weight, and increase at the rate of two ounces until the 
 desired result is obtained. No child ever sprang from its cradle and 
 commenced to walk, neither can you expect a horse to learn to trot 
 without patient assistance and support from the driver. After he has 
 properly balanced himself and become accustomed to trotting, the 
 weights can often be reduced or even removed. If the weight is 
 placed too low on the wall of the front foot, it is liable to be struck 
 by the toe of the hind foot and detached, throwing the horse out of 
 balance. This is not so in all horses. 
 
 AMOUNT OF WEIGHT TO USE. 
 
 The amount of weight that different horses may require, must be 
 left, in a measure, to the good sense and judgment of the trainer. It 
 is often necessary to experiment with different weights ; in all cases 
 use as light ones as wiU effect desired results. It is seldom necessary 
 to use over a pound on a racker, that is, single footer ; often ten or 
 twelve ounces is sufficient ; but if the subject is hot-headed and per- 
 sistent, load him until you get him into a trotter's form, if it takes 
 two-pound weights; as he acquires the habit of trotting square and 
 level, gradually reduce the weights. The " stiff-legged " gait usually 
 requires from twelve to fourteen ounces. Shoeing is a very important 
 factor in this matter of gaits, the weight of the shoe and its form. 
 We will refer to this again. The above weights are based upon 
 about a fourteen-ounce shoe. The slower the gait, as a rule, the 
 more weight a horse can carry without undue strain upon the ten- 
 dons, that of course must check the forward movement of the foot. 
 The more rapid a horse trots, the greater is the force with which the 
 foot is thrown forward, and the greater the tension of the muscles 
 that, contracting, cause a corresponding rapidity of the return of the 
 foot, creating an increased kuee-action, or tendency to fold or bend 
 
iJ7H CIIANtll.Nd I'ACl'.KS ANI> ItACKKUS INTO TROTTl'Uia. 
 
 tho kuoo; donsoqiiontly, when a horso is s^^tting his spend, tliat is, 
 acquiriiii]; tho trottiuiif form of aotion, woij:;hts can j^ra(hially be 
 rcuhiiHul, ajid in many oasos ilis|)onsoil wiili. 
 
 SI/,M OK HOUSK NO CUU'l'HlllON AS TO AMOUNT OK Wl'lHliri'. 
 
 Many Koem to have conchided tha,t a liorso wants to ho woiglited 
 in proportion to liis si/o. Tliis is a mistakon idea. Low Scott, Silver- 
 sides, JMazonnmie, and Smuggler are all liois(>s that measure sixteeu 
 hands and upwards, and are all strong huilt, yet they trot with from 
 three- to eight-ouuoo weights, while Nettie, the snuillest trotter that 
 has over trotted iu 2:18, only weighing 850 pounds, and behig scant 
 fifteen hands, had to carry one and one-quarter pound shoes and 
 twelve-ounce toe-weights to enable her to nuike her best time. Small 
 as Nettie is, she can carry this amount of weight and last out her 
 races with the best horses on the turf. No trainer can be successful 
 in using toe- and side-weights unless he has from four to six pairs of 
 different hefts of weights to cxpiMinuMit with. When a horse is short 
 of work and rank, it may retpiire eight-ounce weights to steady him 
 iu first heat of a race, hut after the first heat four to six ounces may 
 be all he nuiy want. A horse will not want so ■ mch weight when 
 trotting on a heavy track as he will when trotting on a smooth, hard 
 track. As the shoes Avear it is necessary to have different hefts of 
 weights so as to replace the amount lost by the wear of the shoes. 
 
 CONYKUTINO A PAOEK IN'ro A TUOTTKli. 
 
 Straj)-hobblt>s may bo of benefit, but are apt io make the horse 
 sore. Toe- weights will give better results than all other contrivances, 
 polo and sail tracks thrown in. Sometimes a litthi accident will make 
 the pacer take the trotting gait after weights are applied. The trainer 
 of ^^azonu^uio increased his weights to three pounds and one-half on 
 each front foot and still he would not trot. He desparingly drove 
 him into a field of heavy red clover along side the track, when he 
 struck a trot at once. After trotting him a few turns in the clover, 
 he pulled him out on the track and gave him his head, when ho 
 trotted a full mile in 2:;>1 without a break or skip. A few trials of 
 
lll(i:i:i)INU AND 'I'llAININd 'rillC TKOTTKK. 27'.> 
 
 tin's kind hooii OKtabliHliod tlio liiibii, dropping' hh low as 2:24, and 
 n.'duciiif^' tlio woif^iits 1,0 two [xxinds. It is not a f,'ood policy to K(5oro 
 or bnish convortod paccjrs too soon alter tlioy ^o to trottiiif^, but 
 wait till tlio gait is tli(jroughly ostabiishod. Brutihing borsos docs 
 moro to make piiliors tban any other course. 
 
 'I'D (;ointK(!'l' HINOIiK-KOO'l'INO. 
 
 If your (ioit is of a Jiiglily nervous organization, or from a family 
 of saddle-gaitod rackers, evincing a disposition to make speed fast, 
 and your driver quite as anxious to get the speed as the horse to give 
 it, you will very likely find your colt some morning in his work rush 
 from his trot into asingle-foot or rack, a habit, once ac(|uired, dillicult 
 to overcome without toe-weights; chances are that in his niixing he 
 has out bis (piart(jrs; boot him and then weight him, and with good 
 judgment you will soon have him all right. Home old horses can be 
 sent to a break, and "shook out" of this gait into a trot, but with 
 young horses, better take them back. One of the chief causes of 
 making single-footers and broken-gaited horses is severe bits. 
 
 TO liltliAK HIM 01'' A IHTCHINO (iAIT. 
 
 Ont) of the most troublesome, easily ac(piired, and annoying 
 habits that come to plague a trainer is that of hitching. Nearly every 
 writer says it is caused from overwork, and advise a "hit u\> and 
 rest." Not in one case in twenty is this case. Your colt has been 
 working I(!V(!l and making speed, as ho increased his speed he lias 
 changed in his gait ("form of action "). Presently you discover he is 
 passing one hind foot outside and the other between the two forward 
 ones; he becomes unsteady in his work and breaks, commences to 
 hitch and pull. What's the matter, overwork? No! It is because 
 he is hitting his forward toe against the wall of the hind foot, scalp- 
 ing, or the toe is hitting at the coronet where the sensitive plantar 
 nerve enters the foot, causing a painful speedy cut, or is hitting his 
 pasterns or shins behind. Jiemove the cause by booting, jjut side 
 weight on foot he is short in his action on, and your colt will quit 
 pulling, and, if your trainer has good " horse sense," he will kooji have 
 him going square and level. 
 
280 PREVENTING CHEST-THUMPING AND SPEEDY-CUT. 
 
 WHAT TO DO FOE PADDLERS. 
 
 Most paddlers have plenty of action, and should be shod light, as 
 their winding gait is very severe on the tendons, if fast. For a colt 
 that shows a disposition to this gait, I prefer the rolling motion 
 "Eoberge" shoe, for the reason that if they can go over the toe so 
 much more easily than over a level surfaced shoe or high toe caulks, 
 there is less inclination to paddle. 
 
 TO CORRECT ELBOW- AND CHEST-THUMPEES. 
 
 This is caused by excessive knee-action, produced by heavy shoes, 
 which are necessary to enable him to trot fast. Few horses who trot 
 in light shoes injure themselves in this way, if properly shod. Weight 
 applied to the bottom of the foot causes greater flexion of the 
 pastern joint, which results in arm and chest bruises. Almost every 
 case can be cured by shoeing with a light shoe, and applying toe- 
 weights. A rolling-motion shoe sometimes aids, yet the shoe has to 
 be made heavier to get the motion, say eight to twelve ounces, while 
 the foot has to be prepared by cutting down the heels and toe, which 
 is objectionable. Boots are not satisfactory, as they chafe thin- 
 skinned horses. 
 
 SCALPING, CUTTING AND BRUSHING. 
 
 A horse scalps the coronet by striking this part against the 
 grooved surface of the front foot near the toe. Such horses are close 
 gaited. Some cut themselves on the inside of the hind fetlock joint, 
 a Httle in front. This is produced by coming in contact with shoe of 
 front foot, on the same side, on the outside quarter. Brushing the 
 shins is produced in same manner, only higher up. It may hit the 
 bottom of the shoe at the outside quarter, or it may be nearer the 
 toe ; or, in some instances, the shin is brushed by the outside wall of 
 the hoof or the clinches. These should be looked to and kept 
 smoothed off and let into the hoof. To remedy this evil, use lighter 
 shoes, and use toe-weights. Have the ground surface of the shoe 
 made half round without being creased. The nails should be counter 
 sunk into the shoe and rounded off even with the web. A creased 
 
BREEDING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 28L 
 
 shoe never should be used. A shoe made in this way cannot cut or 
 bruise the skin. Boots of all kinds should be dispensed with, if 
 possible, and this could be done, if more judgment was shown in 
 shoeing and weighting. 
 
 BRUSHING IN FRONT AND KNEE BANGING. 
 
 The part of the shoe which does this injury is on inside of the 
 toe near two first nails. Sometimes the wall of the hoof and clinches 
 inflict it. The clinches should be let into the hoof, and the edge ot 
 the shoe beveled off on the inside. Some horses brush higher up as 
 their speed is increased. Few who are shod with light shoes do this. 
 If you are using heavy shoes, substitute light ones and use toe- 
 weights. By adding more weight at the toe, a horse can be made to 
 carry his foot above the knee if he hits his knee in speeding, and thus 
 pass without brushing. Patient experiment is essentially necessary. 
 
 BEST BITS FOR TROTTERS. 
 
 THE IMPORTANCE OF A PROPER BIT. 
 
 Unquestionably the bit is a very important factor in the proper 
 training of a trotter, as well as in the driving of the developed horse. 
 Many devices are offered the public, each claiming peculiar virtues, 
 yet the troubles they are lauded to obviate, generally arise from 
 another source, and can be cured by seeking the cause. Often the 
 habit of pulling is caused by some form of speedy-cut, and while a 
 severe bit may bring temporary relief, it will often result in a more 
 serious trouble — the breaking of a horse's gait. Severe bits are the 
 fruitful cause of mixed and broken gaits, and are worse than useless, 
 except upon some wild and vicious brute. 
 
 THE BEST KIND OP BIT TO USE. 
 
 It is immaterial what form of bit you use, whether straight or 
 snaffle, if it fits the horse. This can only be told by experimenting. 
 Aji occasional change of bits is often beneficial. In experimenting 
 
282 ruMFOKTAHL!-: AND UXCOMFORTABLK BITS. 
 
 we would recommend that a variety of sizes be used, runnino: from 
 small to very large, and not a variety of shapes. The bit which suits 
 the greatest number of horses is a half-cheek, large snaffle, jointed in 
 the middle, the same thickness its entire length, with a slight curve 
 from joint to ring. The bits which are large at the ends and small in 
 the center have a tendency to pinch and crowd the sides of the 
 mouth, and often irritate a tender-mouthed horse, and make him 
 restless and unsteady about the head. A snaffle bit, properly made, is 
 not as severe on a horse as a straight bit, and never will lacerate the 
 horse's mouth, if a good driver sits behind. It takes a firmer hold of 
 the jaw, and the skillful driver, by a uniform pull on both lines, works 
 and steadies the horse by the jaw, and does not twitch the bit through 
 the mouth. The snaffle arches and gives more freedom to the 
 tongue, and is not as hard on the jaw, as a straight bit. 
 
 Another style of bit is the bar bit, with or without a slight curve 
 from end to end. This is an excellent bit for tender-mouthed horses, 
 who seem to be afraid of the bit, but must be of large size. The 
 straight bar bit is an excellent bit for a colt, unless he fights and 
 pulls, when a snaffle might be tried. 
 
 When an overdraw check is desired, the fine bar bit as the second 
 bit, is the best. By enclosing the two bits in a rubber tube, made by 
 sewing together the ends of a strip of thin bandaging rubber a little 
 narrower than the width of the bits, leaving about two inches play, 
 you can prevent him carrying his tongue over the bit, or out of the 
 mouth. This is better than a plate bit. 
 
 A puller can be controlled by using a four-ring bit with a strap 
 over the nose connecting the inside rings, and a strap which can be 
 lengthened or shortened, running from the nose piece to the top piece 
 of the bridle. If the rings chafe, use leather washers next the cheeks. 
 This is Dan Mace's plan for a hard puller. 
 
 Bits should be made of polished steel, and tested for strength. 
 Sometimes a change of lengths is desirable, yet a bit should never 
 extend several inches outside the mouth in driving. 
 
 Why should there be any necessity for the invention of so many 
 kinds of bits, etc.? Why do horses put their tongues over the bit, or 
 
BREAKING AND TRAINING THE TROTTER. 28;3 
 
 out of their mouths, or drive ou one rein? In almost every instance, 
 in our judp;ment, it is the fault of the man that broke the colt, or the 
 abuse of the over-check in his early education. Colts do these things 
 in the first place to get relief from torture, and it finally becomes a 
 habit, and these habits, when formed, are very diflScult to break up. 
 We have found that, in order to have them act well, and do cheerfully 
 what is required of them, we had to make it comfortable for them 
 to do it. All bad habits in horses are the direct result of ignorance 
 and abuse. 
 
 Few men who have the breaking and training of colts understand 
 the necessity of checking, at their inception, any bad actions that 
 may become fixed habits from a little repetition. They should be 
 corrected at once, and effectually. Search for the cause, and the 
 remedy will be more readily and effectually applied. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 BKEAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES — SHOEING. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 BREAKING COLTS— HORSES OF VICIOUS HABITS.— Breaking Colts— Necessary facts 
 to know before you oommeui-e — How horses acquire vicious habits — Proper use of the 
 whip in breaking — When it must be used — Place wherein to hiindle a colt — How to 
 halter him — Use of bitting-rig — Breaking to harness — Driving to wagon or sulky — 
 Precautions in driving — Breaking Vicious Horses — The most successful method — 
 The first operation — The second step to take — Final victory — Pulling on the halter — 
 Kicking in the stall — Kicking while shoeing or grooming — Running away — Balking 
 
 — Jumping, etc. — Breaking of fear of robes, umbrellas, etc. 
 
 SHOEING INTELLIGENTLY AND TO CORRECT EVILS.— First facts and principles — 
 Construction of the foot — Natural angle of wall of hoof — Necessity of preserving it — 
 Natural foot never shod — Proper method of trinmiing the foot — Preparing the foot for 
 the shoe — Amount to remove from heel and toe — AVhat to do about sole and frog — 
 Pernicious practices — Fitting the shoe to foot — How necessary it should be well done 
 
 — Nailing it on — Shoeing to prevent interfering — How to prevent over-reaching and 
 clicking, etc. — How Dexter is shod. 
 
 BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES. 
 
 WHAT TO KNOW BEFORE BKEAKING A COLT. 
 
 Fear is the motive power which causes the colt to resist breaking. 
 It is natural for him to run awaj' from atij'thing he fears, to kick 
 against an unknown object at his heels, to pull his head out of the 
 
BRKAKING COLTS AM> VICIULS IIUKSES — SHOEING. 287 
 
 halter as from a trap, and to strike and bite if cornered and of a 
 vicious disposition. His fear is governed by bis sense of toucb, sight 
 and hearing, and it is through these senses we obtain a mastery, and 
 at the same time remove liis fears of the halter, the robe, the harness 
 and the wagon. These are the fixed laws which govern the actions of 
 all horses, and the breaking of a colt is merely the educating of him 
 not to fear the working apparatus, yet to fear and respect his master 
 and to obey his commands as soon as he has learned their nature. 
 Each one of these senses has to be educated before the horse is broke. 
 For instance, he becomes accustomed to the closed umbrella by let- 
 ting him touch and feel it with his nose, yet will be terribly 
 frightened if it is suddenly opened; and still again, after this fear has 
 been properly removed, by the click of the spring will jump and shy. 
 
 HOW HORSES ACQUIKE VICIOUS HABITS. 
 
 All vicious habits and tricks have been learned and acquired from 
 previous contests. If the colt had been properly mastered, they 
 could have been eradicated before they became habitual. A colt that 
 breaks his halter, kicks himself loose, or scares you out by fighting, 
 will try it again with increased zeal. He has now learned how to do 
 it. Don't let them begin, but if they do, take it out of them before 
 you stop. You must conquer them or they will you. There is no 
 partnership in the matter; you must be master, and yet you must do 
 it by firmness and patience. There are no advantages gained by the 
 brutal use of the whip. There are advantages enough to be taken of 
 the colt, which will soon cause him to yield, because he finds himself 
 powerless against you. 
 
 HOW TO USE THE WHIP IN BEEAKING, 
 
 The only object in using a whip is to excite the fears of the horse 
 and make him respect your authority by sUght punishment when he 
 does a wrong action. It should never be used as an instrument of 
 revenge, and no man is fit to break or educate a horse unless he can 
 control his own temper. Fear and anger never should be felt by a 
 good horseman. To a horse merely wild and timid, the whip should 
 be but little used; kindness will secure his confidence and remove his 
 
'2(S8 "SK ()!•■ Willi' LN KHEAKlNt!. 
 
 fears of you. A severe whipping may excite his passions to such an 
 extent as to forever ruin him as a quiet driver. On horses of fine 
 blood and highly nervous organization, it must seldom be used'. 
 Teach the horse b.y patient firmness, as you \Yould learn a child to 
 walk, talking pleasantly and encouragiugl}', giving plenty of caresses 
 and an occasional lump of sugar if he does well. He will soon learn to 
 love you, and will do anything you want him to, if he can only be 
 made to understand it. 
 
 WHEN THE WHIP MUST BE USED. 
 
 Sometimes a colt is of a stubborn, mulish disposition, and may 
 lay back his ears at your approach, or turn his heels to kick you. The 
 trouble with this colt is, he has not fear enough of man to properly 
 respect his authority. It would be "love's labor lost," to try and 
 conquer this fellow without the use of the whip. Use a spring top 
 whip with a good cracker, and give him a few sharp cuts around the 
 hind legs next the body, and speak sharply to him. Make all your 
 actions quickly and sharply. The crack of the whip affects as much 
 as the keen cut astonishes him. Don't whip too much, just enough 
 to scare the bad disposition out of him. Never whip over the body, 
 or go into a pitched battle and whip your horse until his temper is 
 aroused, as he will fight back. It is dangerous and does no good. 
 A few sharp cuts around the legs will so frighten him that he will 
 respect your authority. Caress him more than you whip, but correct 
 him sharply at every evidence of bad disposition, and see that he 
 obeys promptly. Never leave a horse after whipping until he is 
 quieted down. 
 
 THE I'KOPEK PLACE WHEREIN TO HANDLE A COLT. 
 
 This should be enclosed, or on the barn floor, and twenty-five to 
 forty feet square. This leaves plenty of room for handling, yet 
 confines him within reach and at your mercy. 
 
 TO HALTER A WILD COLT. 
 
 Take a light pole, ten or twelve feet long, or as long as you can 
 handle to advantage, drive two nails into it about eight inches apart, 
 
BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES — SHOEING. 289 
 
 the first about an inch from the end of the pole, with the heads bent 
 a httle outward from each other. Then take a common rope halter 
 with a running noose, pull the part which slips through the noose 
 back about- two feet and hang the part that goes over the head upon 
 the pole between the nails, keeping hold of the hitching part, which 
 must be as long as the pole. 
 
 The halter is now so spread and hung upon the stick as to be 
 easily put on to the head. If the colt is not excited or frightened as 
 you extend the halter towards him, he will reach out his nose to smell 
 and examine it ; and while he is thus gratifying his curiosity you can 
 bring the slack part under his jaw, and raise the pole high enough to 
 bring the halter over and back of the ears, when, by turning the stick 
 half way round, the halter will drop from it upon the head. This will 
 frighten the colt a little and cause him to run from you ; but this wi]l 
 cause the slack part passing back of the jaw to be tightened, and the 
 colt will thus be secured. 
 
 BREAKING A COLT TO HALTER. 
 
 After the colt has been a little gentled, take the halter in your 
 left hand, and approach him on the near, or left side, pretty well back 
 to his shoulder. Place the right arm over the neck gently, but firmly, 
 and raise the left, with the halter, towards the head. By skillful 
 management you will soon have his head in the halter, when you 
 should allow him a long rope, so that if disposed he may go to the 
 length of the stable without making him pull on the halter. By 
 giving him rope when he goes from you, he will never rear, pull or 
 throw himself, yet you will be holding him all the time, and doing 
 more to gentle him than if you snubbed him and held him up to one 
 spot. In a few minutes you can begin to control him with the halter, 
 then shorten the distance between yourself and the colt by taking up 
 the rope in your hand. When you commence leading him, do not go 
 before, and try to puU him after you, but begin by pulhng him very 
 quietly to one side. He wiU in this way soon yield to a gradual pull 
 of the halter, and when he comes up to you, caress him, and then 
 repeat the operation of pulling him again gently, alternately caressing 
 
290 BITTlNCi A.\U lillKAKlNU TO HARNESS. 
 
 and leading him, until you can turn him in any direction you may 
 desire. By such mangement you can soon turn him wheresoever you 
 will, as he will follow a slight pull of the halter, not knowing his 
 power to resist. 
 
 After receiving the foregoing lessons, now all that will be neces- 
 sary to teach the animal to stand without pulling, is to hitch him 
 in an ordinary stall with rope or bar placed across behind, to prevent 
 pulling backwards. In the course of a couple of days this rope can 
 usually be dispensed with. Persons who have not tried breaking in a 
 box stall or limited inclosure, will be agreeably surprised to see how 
 much more control one has, and how much easier colts can be 
 broken in this manner, than upon the highway or field. 
 
 BITTING THE COLT. 
 
 We are now ready to put on the bitting rig which should be done 
 gently; avoid alarming the colt by all means. A scare at this time 
 will not be forgotten readily. Early impressions are lasting, therefore 
 let them be impressions of kindness and confidence by all means. 
 Rein the head but little above the usual height 'of carrying, and when 
 all is properly fixed, lead the colt about the stall for a short time, then 
 take him on the road or field and exercise him moderately. When 
 familiar with the bit and rigging teach him the use of the lines. 
 This will most readily be done by turning the colt with the side lines, 
 which are usually attached to the rigging, for the purpose of prevent- 
 ing the head being carried one side, which the colt will insist on doing 
 as soon as the head is elevated much above the natural position of 
 carrying it. Do not extend the time of exercising beyond one hour 
 each day for five or six days. 
 
 BREAKING TO HARNESS. 
 
 Tlien attempt the first lesson in driving; we now require the 
 assistance of a well grown boy to hold the halter, not for the purpose 
 of leading, but to prevent the colt turning toward the driver, a slight 
 pull on the halter will prevent this ; when once going it's best for the 
 assistant to keep as far as the halter will conveniently admit of from 
 the colt, and slightly behind him. A couple of drives in this manner 
 
BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS II0K8ES — t^lIOHI.NG. 291 
 
 will usually enable the trainer to drive the little fellow without any 
 further assistance. Passing the lines through the shaft bearers will 
 materially assist in preventing the colt from turning his head towards 
 the driver; in the attempt to do so the thigh will press against the 
 line instead of the line slipping over the back, thereby giving every 
 opportunity of turning, much to the annoyance of the driver. 
 
 DRIVING TO WAGON OR SULKY. 
 
 When accustomed to the harness, standing and being exercised 
 in it during one or two lessons each day for two days or a week, 
 according to the disposition of the animal, he may be put into the 
 thills, but neither the traces nor holdbacks hitched. Now let an 
 assistant rock, rattle, and move the wagon awhile, and then aid the 
 trainer to move it forward, while the colt is made to walk slowly, 
 letting him have his head and look at the wagon. Before attaching 
 the traces, at the second lesson in harness perhaps, the trainer on the 
 nigh side, and his assistant on the other, may grasp the thills each 
 with one hand, just in front of the lugs, letting the horse step forward 
 and draw the wagon by the thills, and letting him feel its weight as 
 much or little as desired. He may be backed somewhat in the same 
 way. By his actions, one may easily judge when it will be safe to 
 hitch him to the wagon. Tlie vehicle selected should be one not 
 heavy but strong, and which will run with little noise. One simple 
 thing should be taught at a time, seldom two distinct ideas at one 
 lesson. They should be daily repeated at each lesson until perfectly 
 familiar, and, after each good performance, the horse should be 
 caressed and rewarded. What a horse learns in this way he remem- 
 bers, and he will quickly exhibit a really remarkable confidence in his 
 master and alacrity to serve him. 
 
 CARE IN DRIVING. 
 
 By no means suffer him to start when partially hitched, a bad 
 scare, from improper management at this time, is rarely ever forgot- 
 ten; this can be prevented by careful and determined management. 
 We will suppose the colt to be hitched to sulky and everything made 
 safe, attach a small halter strap to each cheek of bridle, the assistants, 
 
292 BREAKING VICIOUS HORSES. 
 
 one on each side, halter strap in one hand and shafts steadied by the 
 other; in this manner they will be able to hold the colt and prevent 
 him throwing his head around to see the vehicle, which in some 
 instances will scare the young animal, until he becomes somewhat 
 accustomed to it, which will be in a short time generally. The driver 
 will have hold of the lines, walking immediately behind the sulky, and 
 will give the first lesson in that positien. As soon as the colt goes 
 gentle in a field, take him on the road, where the assistants will only 
 assist by holding the straps which are attached to the bridle. Usually, 
 in the course of thirty to sixty minutes, will enable the driver to get 
 along without help ; he is now to be exercised occasionally upon the 
 road, also upon a smooth meadow or other suitable field, being careful 
 that no other horse stock is in the field to annoy or otherwise attract 
 the attention of the youngster in harness. Horses running loose 
 make them impatient and fretful and sometimes quite stubborn. 
 Avoid short turning ; this, by forcing the shoulder or neck against the 
 shaft annoys the colt very much indeed, at least until he feels 
 perfectly at home in the shafts. Do not venture to ride upon the 
 sulky until the colt has been driven several times; usually they object 
 more to starting a weight than drawing when once started, therefore, 
 get on when the sulky is moving. When going towards home, stop 
 him occasionally for a moment or two, then start him kindly; in this 
 manner he will soon learn to start without any difficulty. Never 
 drive so far or so fast as to worry or fret; it is while in this worried 
 condition that colts usually learn bad habits — sulking, refusing to go, 
 kicking, or some other practice, much to be deprecated. There are 
 various ways of hitching young horses to break them, to- wit: the 
 ploWj wagon, buggy, or sulky. In our opinion the latter is the proper 
 rig. A good strong and light running sulky has no locking of wheels 
 in turning or backing, and furthermore, it is within our power to 
 prevent kicking, in this rig. 
 
 BREAKING VICIOUS HORSES. 
 
 Occasionally we meet a vicious brute by nature, or worse, made 
 so by injudicious handling. All systems extant for the subjection of 
 

BREAKING COI.TS AND VICIOL'S HOUSES —SIKJEING. 2U0 
 
 these animals are intended to accomplish it by getting the horse at 
 disadvantage, when his superior strength becomes powerless. Most of 
 them demand a special apparatus of straps, etc. We give a system 
 below, which takes no apparatus beyond what an ordinary farmer 
 possesses, and by which the ugliest brute can be mastered in the 
 shortest possible time. We have yet to see the horse it will not 
 conquer, and there is no danger of injuring the horse. We have 
 taken the worst horses and have driven them to buggy in an hour 
 after commencing operations. 
 
 THE FIKST OPERATION. 
 
 Take a short hold of the halter with the left hand, and the hair 
 of the tail with the right; give him short whirls around to the left, 
 which will confuse and puzzle him. He may be a little frisky, but a 
 little management will soon give you hold of his tail. Now tie a firm 
 knot in the hair,, close to the fleshy end of the tail, running the end 
 of the halter through above the knot, tie with a half loop, which can 
 be untied by catching the end of the halter. This can easily be done 
 while the horse is whirling around, by a little practice. As soon as 
 tied let him go ; he is now hitched to himself, and " a house " or horse 
 "divided against itself cannot stand." The higher-lifed he is, the 
 quicker he will waltz, and sometimes he will get dizzy and fall, but 
 get up again and go on. Keep him moving with a cracking whip, 
 until he shows a desire to stop and rest. The halter may now be 
 shortened, and he started again. If he falls while he is tied very 
 short, it may be necessary to untie before he can get up, and then tie 
 again, but this is seldom. He cannot hurt himself, and this system 
 can be operated in an open lot or barn yard. 
 
 THE SECOND STEP TO TAKE. 
 
 After the foregoing has been continued until the wire edge has 
 been taken off, we now accustom him to trials and tests of various 
 kinds to take the kick or friskyness out of him. For this purpose we 
 introduce a smooth hickory pole, about ten feet long, with which we 
 smartly touch him in the sides, between the legs, against his heels, 
 
BREAKING AGAINST ACCIDENTS. 
 
 under his tail, and all tender spots, simulating the whiffletrees against 
 his heels, traces between his legs, line under the tail, etc., the horse 
 being tied head and tail and kept going around and around. Each 
 point must be finished before another is taken ; that is, when he will 
 bear these tests in one location, try another, until he will bear all this 
 usage without kicking. The amount of work he will bear of this 
 kind before he will give up, depends on his disposition. Well bred 
 horses fight the sharpest and give up the quickest; cold blooded, 
 sulky brutes make a slow and long continued resistance. 
 
 FINAL RESULTS. 
 
 He can now be rode, the rider jumping up on the oS side and 
 reaching over and catching hold of the halter ; when the horse quits 
 whirling, straddle him and untie the halter. We never saw a horse 
 buck, or which could not be rode with the halter after this training. 
 After riding he may be harnessed and drove in single harness, when 
 the same tests by pole may be applied, following with hitching to 
 wagon, and the usual steps we have given for breaking colts. At the 
 least signs of viciousness, take him out and head and tail him again. 
 This system is recommended for not only taking the kick out of 
 vicious horses, but is equally good for balky animals, etc. It can be 
 modified so as to be easy, and as a test for horses of unknown temper- 
 ament, or it can be increased to make the worst brute as mild as a May 
 morning. In cases of this latter kind, it is best to give him a short 
 waltz every time before you hitch up, for a month, to thoroughly 
 subdue him. 
 
 PULLING ON THE HALTER. 
 
 This is a habit which the horse acquires by being hitched with 
 too slight a halter. By once breaking away he will try it again, and if 
 he succeeds once or twice, the habit is fixed, and he will try it as often 
 as opportunity offers. If he has been in the habit of breaking away 
 in the stable, he will not attempt it on the street; if the habit has 
 been contracted on the street, he will be safe in the stable, unless he 
 has learned it in both places. This proves that a horse learns his 
 
BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS IIOKSKS — SllUKING. 297 
 
 vicious tricks; that when he has been successful under certain 
 circumstances, when the same opportunity occurs again, he will try 
 it. The most successful method is to take a half-inch cord, double it, 
 and place the doubled end under his tail in form of a crupper, cross- 
 ing the two ends over his back, and carrying them forward, one on 
 each side of the neck, through the halter ring, and hitch to the 
 manger or post. One or two pulls will satisfy him, and break him of 
 the habit. 
 
 KICKING IN THE STALL. 
 
 If the horse is of nervous habit, always give him warning, by 
 voice, before you approach. Never step up behind him suddenly and 
 startle him. If it is inherent viciousness, better give him to under- 
 stand that you are master, by giving him a few lessons for subduing 
 just such cases. Then, when you step up to go into the stall, tell him 
 sharply to " stand over," watchiug your oppoi'tunity to glide up to his 
 head and take hold of the halter. You must not do this until you 
 see him quail a little under your eye. If the horse is treacherous, 
 better have a looped cord over his nose running back out of the stall, 
 and as you step up and give your command, give it a sudden jerk, 
 which will distract his attention and give you the desired chance to 
 slip in. Not the least sign of fear must be shown in action or voice. 
 The horse is an acute observer in this direction. 
 
 KICKING WHILE SHOEING OR GROOMING. 
 
 A thin-skinned horse will often show irritation, and offer resist- 
 ance to the harsh use of the curry-comb on certain portions of the 
 body. All that is necessary is to substitute the brush, or be more 
 careful in its use. If it is from a spirit of viciousness, tie a cord 
 round his neck and pass a loop around the lower jaw, holding the 
 other end while grooming. At every attempt to kick or bite, give it 
 a sharp pull, and he will soon give it up. 
 
 It is a more serious matter to break a horse of being sensitive 
 about having his feet handled. Never take a horse of this kind to 
 the smith's shop to have him trained amid all the new, and to him, 
 
298 ISUEAKING OF KICKING AND RUNNING AWAY. 
 
 strange sights. Learn him at home to have his feet handled and 
 rapped on. If he is vicious or wild, give him a lesson or two by our 
 method of tameing, which will take some of the vim out of him ; then 
 learn him to have his fore feet handled, sticking to each one till he 
 will readily yield. If he resists strongly, give him another lesson. 
 Sometimes they will yield after one lesson, and allow the hind feet to 
 be handled by merely strapping up a fore leg ; again we have seen a 
 horse notoriously bad, stand by merely having the tips of his ears tied 
 together. The explanation of the reason why these simple matters 
 so affect a horse, is, that he cannot think of two things at once, and 
 will not balk or kick if you can distract his attention away from the 
 provocation. Sometimes it is better to attach a piece of webbing to 
 his hind foot, and thus handle it at a safe distance. It can be easily 
 raised off the ground by carrying the webbing up over the back, 
 round in front of the breast and back over the back into your hand, 
 from which spot you can operate safely and easily. 
 
 HOESE PAWING IN THE STABLE. 
 
 We have tried a variety of means, among others the strap and 
 chain, but all failed. Eecently we devised a plan which has succeeded 
 to our entire satisfaction. We made a frame four feet long and of 
 suflficient width to reach nearly to the top of the manger, from which 
 we suspended it, allowing it to reach to within about ten inches of 
 the floor. We boarded up the sash, or frame, in order that he could 
 not get his feet over the lower bar, which was made of a round stick 
 two inches in diameter. The act of pawing sets the machine in 
 motion, causing it to strike against the shins, which so disgusted him 
 that he very soon gave it up entirely. 
 
 EUNNING AWAY. 
 
 There are many apparatuses to prevent this dangerous evil, yet a 
 man does not want to always travel with a block and tackle. The 
 great trouble is, that the horse does not possess a governable mouth, 
 nor have a properly established habit of stopping when the driver 
 says "whoa." In fact half the horses never are thoroughly broken. 
 They are all right so long as every thing goes smooth, but when the 
 34 
 
UREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES —SHOEINO. ;j.;(J 
 
 hold-back breaks, or something extraordinary happens, away they go, 
 and the driver is powerless to stop them. The first thing to do with 
 a horse of this kind, is to learn him to pay attention to the bit and 
 the command of the driver under all circumstances; to have this 
 become a fixed habit, merely put him into a single harness, placing 
 the lines through the lugs for the thills, instead of the turrets, in 
 order to have a purchase around his buttocks, so he cannot turn his 
 face toward you. Now drill him for an hour each day, for a month, 
 turning to the right, to the left, backing, going ahead, and stopping 
 instantly. When he turns, don't let him take half an acre, but bring 
 him sharply around, and as sharply back, cracking him with the 
 snapper of the whip. Make him stop, instantly, at the word; if he 
 don't, give him a sudden check. He will soon learn to stop at once, 
 even if the lines are on the ground, and you away several rods. This 
 course will cure it every time, by gaining control of the horse. 
 
 BREAKING BALKING HOESES. 
 
 Often this has been caused by more guilty drivers of high-strung, 
 nervous horses. An opposite course of patience, and care in not 
 overloading will correct the evil. If the habit has degenerated into 
 viciousness, it may be necessary, every time the animal shows signs o^ 
 balking, to give a lesson or two by our system, to show who is master, 
 and there will be no further trouble with the worst cases. 
 
 The society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals puts forth 
 the following rules for the treatment of balky horses : 
 
 1. Pat the horse upon the neck; examine the harness carefully, 
 first on one side then on the other, speaking encouragingly while 
 doing so; then jump into the wagon and give the woi'd to go; 
 generally he will obey. 
 
 2. A teamster in Maine says he can start the worst balky horse 
 by talking him out of the shafts and making him go round in a circle 
 until he is giddy. If the first dance of this sort does not cure him, a 
 second will. 
 
 3. To cure a balky horse, simply place your hand over the 
 horse's nose, and shut off his wind until he wants to go. 
 
300 BALKING, JUMPLNG, AND .<I1Y1XG. 
 
 4. The brain of a horse seems to entertain but one idea at a 
 time; therefore whipping only confirms his stubborn resolve. If you 
 can, by any means, give him a new subject to think of, you will 
 generally have no trouble in starting him. A simple remedy is to 
 take a couple of turns of stout twine around the fore leg, just below 
 the knee, tight enough for the horse to feel, and tie in a bow-knot. 
 At the first cluck he will probably go dancing off, and, after going a 
 short distance, you can get out and remove the strings to prevent 
 injury to the tendon, in your further drive. 
 
 5. Take the tail of the horse between the hind legs, and tie it 
 by a cord to the saddle girth. 
 
 6. Tie a string around the horse's ear close to the head. 
 
 TO PEEVENT JUMPING. 
 
 This can easily be done, by taking a piece of leather broad 
 enough to cover the eyes, so that the horse cannot see directly ahead, 
 and leaving on the head part of the halter, attach it at the top and 
 bottom, to the halter, completely covering the front of the face. 
 The horse won't jump if he can't see where he is going to alight. 
 
 Or, take a good leather surcingle, two and one-half inches wide, 
 to which fasten two rings, so that each will be just behind the fore 
 legs of the animal when the surcingle is adjusted. Take two good 
 straps a little longer than hame straps, which buckle into the rings 
 and around the fore legs. The animal will not jump, but can walk 
 without difficulty. 
 
 Another mode : Fasten the rings on the surcingle well up on the 
 sides of the animal. Through these pass a rope, with a strap on each 
 side to buckle around the animal's legs just above the hoof. This 
 will prevent jumping. 
 
 BBEAKING OP FEAB OF ARTICLES. 
 
 There is no horse but what with a little patience and understand- 
 ing, can be taught in a few minutes not be afraid of robes, umbrellas, 
 etc. The tip end of the nose is the finger of investigation of the 
 horse. Until he touches an object with it, he is uncertain what its 
 
BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES — SHOEING. 303 
 
 character is. It is not entirely for the purpose of smelling of it that 
 he applies his nose, but to touch and feel it. To break a horse of fear 
 of an article, you have got to educate three senses, feeling, seeing, 
 and hearing, and he is not entirely broken unless all are familiarized. 
 Instead of taking the robe and going toward him, vainly trying to 
 get it to his nose, start away from him, leading him by the halter. 
 There will be no trouble about his following. He will gradually be 
 brought nearer, where he can touch it and examine; then educate 
 his sight, by getting it into different positions; then his hearing, if 
 it have any sound. By this method, there is no horse but what can 
 be broke in a few minutes of all fears. But it must be remembered 
 that the horse has to be broken, as it were, on every side, and aU 
 ■over. You may have him perfectly docile to all appearance from in 
 front, but if it is raised over, or behind him, he will be as much 
 alarmed as ever. It does not follow that a horse being broke to have 
 an umbrella rubbed over, or even raised immediately over his head, 
 will not be alarmed at it if carried in a buggy behind him. He must 
 become accustomed to seeing the offensive article in every conceiva- 
 ble position, and this must be done by degrees and several lessons. 
 
 HORSES CHEWING BRIDLES. 
 
 Mix bitter aloes in a solution of gum arable. Rub it on the part 
 of the bridle that the horse is in the habit of chewing, and he wiU 
 cease depredating. 
 
 SHOEING THE HORSE. 
 
 A FEW FACTS EEGAEDING ITS NECESSITY. 
 
 Shoeing is a necessary evil, for without it the horse would become 
 foot-sore from the wearing away of the horn faster than nature 
 produced it. It is an open question whether we do not shoe too 
 much, especially among the farmer's horses. The question is being 
 tested in England, whether it cannot be dispensed with in a great 
 
304 
 
 THE NATURAL FOOT BEFORE BEING SHOD. 
 
 degree, and nature depended on to harden the tenacity and resistance 
 of the hoof to the demands npon it. If it could be avoided, nine- 
 tenths of the diseases of the feet and hmbs would disappear. 
 
 CONSTRUCTION OF THE FOOT. 
 
 Every man should understand the ana- 
 tomical construction of the horse's foot, and 
 put it to practical use. In addition to our 
 explanations in another chapter, which 
 every man should read, we give a profile of 
 the foot of a five-year-old horse never shod, e- 
 Around the top and encircling it is the frog 
 band a, a; the wall of the foot is marked b, 
 and inclines back from the toe c, at angle of from fifty-one to sixty 
 degrees. This natural angle should always be preserved in shoeing 
 the horse, if disease is to be avoided. The toe of the 3ole is at I, 
 while at e we have the inside and at / the outside heel. The accom- 
 panying illustration represents the ground 
 surface of same foot. The heels of the 
 frog are at a, a; cleft of frog b, branches 
 of same c, c; heels of wall e, e; inflection 
 of wall, or "bars," /,/, frog g; outside 
 quarter h; inside quarter i; sole h; junc- 
 tion of wall and sole I, I; and the toe is at 
 0. From this it will be seen that the 
 "" " ' ' ""''^' natural foot is as "round as a dollar" on 
 
 its ground surface, but by injudicious shoeing soon becomes elongated 
 and contracted at the heels. And why should it not, when some 
 people allow a shoe appUed more fitted for a plow device. The hoof 
 grows by the deposition of new material from membranes secreting 
 horn, which becomes harder as it is pushed downward by the new 
 growth. The wall is formed from the coronary cushion at the top of 
 the hoof, the sole from the membrane covering the lower face of the 
 bone of the foot, and the frog from the sensitive frog or plantar 
 cushion. In its natural state the growth is perpendicularly equal all 
 
BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES — SHOEING. 
 
 305 
 
 VELING THE FOOT. 
 
 around, yet really faster in actual length at the toe, on account of the 
 inclination of the wall. This equal growth may he disarranged by an 
 uneven bearing of the shoe, which will overstimulate one portion to 
 the disadvantage of the balance, finally resulting in change of shape. 
 This fact shows the immense importance of preserving a level, natural 
 bearing for the foot. 
 
 PREPARING THE FOOT FOR THE SHOE. 
 
 The accompanying verticle section shows 
 how the hoof should be pared ; that a line 
 crossing at right-angles, the top of the hoof 
 should be exactly parallel with the ground 
 surface; that the horse should stand level in 
 order to have a proper bearing. The second 
 illustration shows the importance of keeping the relative proportions 
 of toe and heel the same, in order to have the weight of 
 the body sustained by an elastic, yet firm and enduring 
 foundation, without any strain on any particular part, but 
 properly distributed. Too much dressing down of the 
 heel at h, would increase the angle from a to c, and throw 
 too much strain on the joint at the fetlock, and the back 
 tendons; while if the toe was extremely pared, the angle 
 would not be sufficient to give elasticity, the bones would 
 suffer from concussions, and the result would be splints 
 and navicular disease. By still 
 another illustration we show the 
 proper way to trim the foot as 
 well as the two extremes. From e to f 
 would be the correct line to follow ; from a 
 to b would increase the strain on the ten- 
 coRRECT ..AKiNc THK Fo<.i, dous ; whilo from c to d would bring the 
 
 foot into a too perpendicular position. If the conformation of every 
 hoi-se was understood by his owner, and the smith followed his direc- 
 tions, less trouble would be had from defective shoeing. After 
 determining the amount to be removed from toe and heel, it should 
 
TO FIT THE SHOE. 
 
 be done with a rasp. Few men can handle a knife or buttress and 
 produce exact results. Never allow any man to apply a hot shoe to 
 the foot. The wall should be trimmed down level, the bars of the 
 wall are a good guide ; the sole should be but little if any trimmed 
 beyond removing the scaly exterior. Never allow the sole to be so 
 pared that it will spring under pressure of the thumb, as some 
 recommend; it is removing the protection of the foot. The frog 
 should be let alone, and the pernicious practice of "opening the 
 heel" should be abandoned, if it has been practiced, for it removes 
 the mechanical support of the heels, and leads to contraction. 
 
 TO FIT THE SHOE TO THE FOOT. 
 
 The shoe should be fitted to the foot, and not the foot to the 
 shoe. The common practice is to pick out a shoe from a miscella- 
 neous stock, and nail on the one which comes the nearest. Is it a 
 wonder that we have contracted feet and navicular disease. It 
 should cover the crust or wall all around the foot, and the heels 
 should not extend straight back from the quarters, which are the 
 weakest parts of the wall, making a wedge of the heel of the foot 
 between the heels of the shoe, causing contraction. Let the shoe fit 
 the wall to a hair's breadth; if drawn too far in, it will cause corns 
 by bruising the inside heel of the sole. In fact, the proper shoe is 
 but an extension of the wall of the hoof, made of harder material for 
 its protection. A shoe without calks is the best, as it gives a level 
 bearing, yet calks cannot always be dispensed with. It should be the 
 same thickness all round, and only sufficiently heavy to endure the 
 weight of the horse. Too heavy shoes require very heavy nails, 
 which are injurious. The web should not be very wide, and is better 
 if hollowed out on ground surface, as it gives a better hold, and is 
 nearer the natural shape. The surface applied to the foot should be 
 perfectly true and smooth, so that a perfect union can be made 
 without excessive number of nails, or tightly clinching. It should 
 make a waterproof joint, forming, as it were, a part and parcel of the 
 wall. 
 
BREAKING COLTS AND VICIOUS HORSES — SHOEING. 3O7 
 
 NAILING ON THE SHOE. 
 
 If the shoe fits, there will be no necessity of setting it back and 
 chopping off the toe. One of the worst cases of laminitis we ever 
 saw was caused in this way. It is better to put only three nails on 
 the inside, near the toe, and all forward of the quarter, and four on 
 outside, in same manner. One nail may be omitted in fore feet in dry 
 weather on road horses. These will keep the shoe on as long as is 
 desirable. Horses are not shod often enough, for by leaving on the 
 shoe until the growth of toe has carried it forward, the heel rests on 
 inside heel of sole, and corns are the result. If shod in this way, 
 contracted feet will never result from the shoeing. The nails should 
 not be clinched too tightly, and the clinches should be smoothed off 
 close, or even let into the hoof if the horse brushes. The rasp 
 should never be applied to the wall, as every stroke brings away the 
 most important part of it, which prevents evaporation, and preserves 
 the interior from injury. 
 
 SHOEING TO PREVENT INTERFERING. 
 
 In addition to our instructions under toe-weights, we will add a 
 method of preventing ordinary interfering. It will never do to make 
 the shoe thicker in one part, or to trim the hoof to any extent to 
 relieve it. The shoe is to be made the same thickness all around; 
 the toe-calk is to be set over its entire width on the inside; the inside 
 heel should extend straight back from heel of foot ; the outside heel 
 is to follow closely the wall of the foot. It is also a good plan to 
 trim a little of the bottom of the wall off, from the outside quarter 
 around nearly to the toe, the rest of the wall being pared perfectly 
 level. The calk on the inside heel should have the width parallel 
 with the web of the shoe, especially on the hind foot. 
 
 TO PREVENT CLICKING. 
 
 If the shoes are made a httle heavier in front, light shoes behind, 
 it will give more knee action, and carry the front feet out of the way. 
 If this does not succeed, make the hind shoes thicker at the toe, 
 gradually diminishing toward the heel, not trimming the toe of wall 
 
308 
 
 BONNER'S METHOD OF SHOEING. 
 
 SO touch in front. It will cause a slight delay in hind feet going over 
 the toe, which will allow the front feet the time necessary to get out 
 of the way. 
 
 HOW DEXTEE IS SHOD. 
 
 Each shoe is carefully balanced. The surface which comes in 
 contact with the ground shghtly curves from heel to toe, so that 
 when the horse is standing firm the principal weight is borne by heel 
 and center, no heavy pressure being felt upon the toe. Just as a line 
 drawn from the heel to the toe of a man's boot would demonstrate a 
 slight curve, so is the natural curve given to each of Dexter's shoes. 
 When a man walks, there is a rising sloping action, from heel to toe, 
 and when a horse is trotting there is a rolling motion from the back 
 part of the hoof to the front. Acknowledging the principle to be 
 correct, it stands to reason that a horse wiU gather more quickly and 
 with less friction if, instead of tbe heel and toe being forced to the 
 same level, the former is raised a little higher than the latter. To 
 secure exact proportion to this curve, Mr. Bonner takes each shoe 
 and places it on the smooth surface of a marble slab, and weighs it 
 with a critical eye. In the toe of each shoe a slight excavation or 
 sloping indenture is made for the purpose of giving firmness to the 
 step of the horse. By the force of concussion the soft earth is forced 
 up into this excavation, so that in raising from heel to toe the shoe 
 does not slip backward. This sloping indenture must be carefully 
 proportioned to the size and weight of the shoe, for otherwise it 
 might create friction and prove a positive drawback instead of an 
 assistant. This mode of shoeing certainly worked well in Dexter's 
 case, for the marvel is still a marvel, and all of his recent perform- 
 ances, which have so much astonished the world, have been made in 
 shoes constructed after the pattern described. 
 
 35 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS INFOEMATION FOE HOESEMEN. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 TO EXAMINE AND BUY A HORSE.— What is a sound horse?— A serviceable sound 
 horse — When a warranty becomes a fraud — Fitting up a horse for market — Precau- 
 tions about purchasing — How to examine a horse — The eyes, feet, limbs, and body — 
 General formation to be avoided. 
 
 BUILDING STALLS FOR HORSES.— Size of stalls— To slope the floor yet have it level — 
 An ingenious and practicable method — Why horses back into the gangway — The more 
 sensible remedy. 
 
 CARE OF THE HARNESS.— What destroys it— Care when it comes in — Cleaning and 
 oiling — To give it appearance of new leather — A water-proof varnish — Place to keep it. 
 
 SPORTING TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS.— What a thoroughbred is— Length of the 
 Derby, Oaks, and St. Leger races, in England, and fastest time won — A handicap, 
 steeplechase, hurdle, and stake-race — A sweepstake and purse race — Play or pay bets 
 — Measuring a runner's stride — A trotter's stride, and length of stride of some horses — 
 When a filly becomes a mare — A colt a horse — Weights to carry in a race. 
 
 HOW TO LAY OFF RACE TRACKS.— Mile tr.\ck— Amount of land necessary— How to 
 lay it off — Place to set the distance posts — The starting point. — Half mile teack — ■ 
 Amount of land and directions for measuring. 
 
 RECORD OF TROTTING HORSES.— Record of all horses in 2:30 class or under— Breeding 
 and description of horses. 
 
312 
 
 WHAT IS A SOUND HORSE. 
 
 TO EXAMINE AND BUY A HORSE. 
 
 WAEEANTING A HOKSE SOUND. 
 
 There is nothing more difficult than to find a horse technically 
 sound. In general phraseology a horse is considered sound if he is 
 serviceably so. A good deal depends on the way and manner in which 
 it is stated. Blemishes are not always indicative of unsoundness. 
 
 In a legal sense, no rule can be laid down, as juries have so disa- 
 greed amid conflicting evidence, that few authorities can be quoted, 
 and it is more difficult to tell just where the warrantee ends and fraud 
 begins. If a man specially warrants a horse to be gentle and true, 
 and he proves not, he must give redress. If it be proven that he 
 knew the facts, it is a fraud, and should be treated as such. It is 
 always best to ask very particular questions and insist on direct 
 answers. 
 
 Many a horse, when fitted for the market, has a fine look to a 
 common eye, when in fact it is second rate, or perhaps nearly 
 worthless. So, also, a horse in its natural state, especially if it is in 
 flesh, may look weU to an inexperienced eye, and be at the same time 
 an inferior animal. Probably in no article of trade are persons so 
 often deceived as in the purchase of horses. So risky is this, that 
 many prudent buyers never purchase except on a trial of a week or 
 more, and we would advise all who do not know how to select a good 
 horse to adopt this course. By grooming and using a horse a few 
 days, almost any one can tell about what manner of horse it is. 
 
 HOW TO EXAMINE A HOKSE. 
 
 In buying a horse, particular attention should be given to the 
 eye. it should be clear, stand out round and full. The eyebrows and 
 lids should be free from bunches, and there should be no swelling 
 under the lower lids. 
 
 We would turn from a horse that has a duU, sunken, flat eye. In 
 nine cases out of ten there is trouble connected with it. Either the 
 disposition of the horse will be bad, or he will be lazy, or his eyes 
 will fail. A good way to test the present condition of sight is to lead 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN. 313 
 
 a horse out of a dark stable into a strong light. If he knits his brow, 
 throws his head up as if to get more light, acts as if he wanted his 
 glasses to see clearly — stand from under, you may be sure he has bad 
 eyes. The feet should also be carefully examined. A horse with bad 
 feet is little worth. A good foot is smooth, tough and soHd. The 
 heels firm, (not spongy,) the frogs dry and the soles shallow. See the 
 foot is a good one. The shoulders should be of medium size for 
 oommon use, as then you have good speed and durability. 
 
 The limbs should be clean, free from splints, wind-galls, spavins 
 and tumors of all kinds. Should look as if made for the body. In 
 movement, the fore, legs and shoulders should seem to have but one 
 one action. If you want a good horse, look well to this. 
 
 The body should be well formed, back straight, and the hips lower 
 than the withers. See that the breathing is natural, and that there 
 is no uncommon motion under the short ribs. A broken-winded or 
 heavey horse, unless resined, nearly always shows this. A horse with 
 a large, fleshy head, and thick neck, also one with fleshy legs, should 
 be rejected. A lame horse, that "has been lame but a day or two," 
 from running in the pasture, or from the prick of a nail, should be 
 looked well to. Better wait till he gets well before you buy. 
 
 HOW TO BUILD STALLS FOR HORSES. 
 
 This is a very important matter, as many times the wrong 
 construction of a stall will, in time, injure a valuable animal. They 
 should be from five to six feet wide, according to the size of the horse, 
 and about ten feet in length. Have the plank of the floor three 
 inches lower at the rear end. Take strips of plank two and one-half 
 inches wide, and three inches thick, and saw them through diagonally 
 from corner to corner, end to end, so that you will now have two 
 strips two inches and a half wide, and three inches thick at one end 
 and nothing at the other. Nail enough of these stripe, one-half an 
 inch apart, with the thick end at lower end of the stall, and the thin 
 end under the manger, and you will have a level stall well drained, 
 
314 
 
 BUILDING STALLS AND CARE OF HARNESS. 
 
 which not only saves bedding, but be a safe and comfortable stall for 
 your horse. Why do horses back out of the stall into the gangway? 
 It is because the slanting plan of the usually built stalls tire and 
 strain the tendons of the legs, and they seek to find relief by backing 
 down out of the stall. Instead of following the usual mode of slap- 
 ping the horse with the shovel to break him of the habit, use a little 
 reflection and remedy the plan of your stalls. If you wiU try this 
 plan you will try no other. 
 
 CARE OP THE HARNESS. 
 
 The use of a harness does not as a general thing injure it as much 
 as the lack of giving it the proper care. It is soaked with water and 
 covered with mud many times during the year, and often hung up out 
 of proper shape, and allowed to dry so. Leather to be durable must 
 be kept clean, and occasionally receive a good coat of oil. It is a 
 good plan to wipe the harness with a moist rag when it comes to the 
 barn covered with mud, and also to see that it is in good shape when 
 put up. It will not require oil near as often when attention is paid to 
 it in this way, as when neglected, for clay mud appears to destroy the 
 life of leather if allowed to dry upon it. No vegetable oils should be 
 used, unless it be castor-oil, for they are hardening in their effects, 
 and of course injurious. 
 
 Nothing is better that we have ever used than neat's-foot oil, and 
 it can always be obtained as handily as any other oil. 
 
 Take the harness all apart, unbuckling every strap, and wash each 
 piece with a cloth or sponge in warm castile soap suds, and when 
 nearly dry apply the oil with a woolen rag. Such parts as are most 
 exposed to mud, or located so as to absorb the perspiration of the 
 horse, should receive an extra allowance. After giving it a coat or 
 two, let it remain in a warm room until all the oil is penetrated, but 
 never let it hang close to a stove, or in the hot sun while drying. To 
 give the harness an appearance of new leather, add to a pint of oil 
 about one tablespoonful of lampblack, and about two ounces of 
 beeswax. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN. 
 
 If a varnish is wanted to make the harness impervious to water, 
 it can be appHed after the oil has partially dried in. It can be made 
 as follows : 
 
 Place some shellac in a bottle, and pour in alcohol until the lac 
 is covered, then add a small lump of camphor, and cork up the 
 bottle; in a few days, if the alcohol is good, the lac will be dissolved, 
 and after a good shake and the addition of one-third more alcohol, 
 the varnish is ready for use. It should be put on with a common 
 paint brush. Enough varnish for a set of common carriage harness 
 would cost about ten cents. Harness so treated remain pliable for a 
 long time, for the varnish will turn the water. 
 
 This plan cannot be practiced where the harness are kept in the 
 -stable, as the odor of the manure wiU soon destroy the varnish. The 
 varnish if made of good materials, wiU dry in two hours at .the 
 farthest. 
 
 SPORTING TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 A thoroughbred horse is one which traces back to Arabian blood, 
 through an unbroken chain of six generations, without an out-cross 
 or mingling of cold blood. They are running horses. There are no 
 thoroughbred trotting horses, yet many of them possess a cross of 
 thoroughbred blood. A trotting horse may be welL bred, yet not a 
 thoroughbred. 
 
 The length of the Derby, in England, is one and one-half miles. 
 The fastest time made was by Kettledrum, in 1861, and Blair Athol, in 
 1864, each in 2 : 43. The Oaks is the same distance, and was won by 
 Brown Duchess in 1861, in 2:44, the fastest time made. The St. 
 Leger is one mile and three-quarters and one hundred and thirty-two 
 yards, and was won in 1861 by Caller Ou, in 3:14. These are aU 
 English running races for three-year-olds. 
 
 A handicap race is where one horse by age, or some other reason, 
 has a supposed advantage of the others, and has to carry addi- 
 tional weight, etc., to even the race. A race across the country. 
 
316 SPORTING TERMS. 
 
 regardless of obstructions, is a steeplechase. A hurdlerace consists 
 of hurdles or barriers thrown across the course, which the horse has 
 to jump during the race. 
 
 A stake-race is one in which a certain agreed sum of money is 
 put up for each horse under specified conditions. Often there is 
 money added by the association or individuals, to the stakes. The 
 winner takes the whole amount, except, as is generally the case, the 
 second gets a small share and the third saves his stake. A sweep- 
 stakes is an event where a stated sum of money is put up for each 
 horse, and the winner takes the pile. The name is frequently mis- 
 applied in its use. A purse is a certain sum of money which is offered 
 by an association, or by individuals, and is divided between the first, 
 second and third horses — the first horse getting the lion's share. 
 There is generally an entrance fee of ten per cent, of the full 
 amount from each horse, but the purse does not depend on the 
 number of entrees. 
 
 Play or pay, means that the money up goes even if the horse 
 does not start. He must trot or run for his stake or lose it. 
 
 In trotting, three foot-prints are measured to get the stride. In 
 other words, from where the foot leaves the ground to where it strikes 
 again. Gloster's stride was twenty-three feet; Goldsmith Maid's, 
 nineteen feet, and Rarus' stride about twenty-two. 
 
 In measuring the stride of runners, measure five foot-marks in- 
 clusive, which will give the correct stride. According to usage among 
 thoroughbreds, a colt becomes a horse at five years old; a fiUy 
 becomes a mare at three years of age. 
 
 In trotting to wagon or sulky the horse has to carry one hundred 
 and fifty pounds; to saddle, one hundred and forty-five. 
 
 HOW TO LAY OFF RACE TRACKS. 
 
 FOR A MILE TRACK. 
 
 A good mile track can be laid out as follows : Select a level field 
 of forty- two acres; draw through the centre of it a straight line of 
 440 yards (one-fourth of a mile). On each side of this line, and at an 
 
MISCELLAMEUUS INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEX. 
 
 .317 
 
 exact distance of 140 yards from it, draw parallel lines of equal length, 
 so that the space between the two outer lines will be 280 yards. This 
 being done, drive a stake at each end of the centre line, fasten a cord 
 thereto ; extend the cord at right angles for 140 yards until it touches 
 the end of the outer line, and then describe with the extreme end of 
 the cord an outer curve or semi-circle between the ends of the two 
 outer lines. You will then have the shape you want ; the continuous 
 outer line describing it being exactly a mile (1,760 yards) in length, 
 divided into four sections of a quarter mile (440 yards) each, and in- 
 closing forty-two acres of ground. From this outer line of track, set 
 the fence of the course three feet back on the straight side and curves. 
 In this way, an exact mile (as near as may be) is preserved for the 
 'actual foot-track of all the horses. The first distance post is placed 
 eighty yai'ds from the judge's stand; the second at one hundred yards ; 
 and the start is sixty yards before entering the turn. The track 
 should be graded round the turns, like the track of a railroad or 
 circus, the outer portion highest, so that a horse can extend himself 
 at full speed as well around the turns as on the straight sides. 
 
 FOR A HALF MILE TRACK. 
 
 A good half-mile track may be laid out as follows : Lay off two 
 straight sides, 600 feet each (parallel) and 452 feet, 6 inches apart, 
 connected at each end with a perfect semi-circle (radius 226 feet, 3 
 inches) ; place your fence exactly upon the line so formed (which is 
 the inside of your track), and your track wiU measure exactly half a 
 mile three feet from the fence, the outside fence to be placed 
 according to the width of the track desired. If not convenient to 
 obtain an engineer to run the curves, it can be done as follows : 
 Place a centre stake midway between the parallel straight sides at 
 each end, take a wire with a loop at the end loose enough to turn upon 
 the stake, measure upon this wire 226 feet, 3 inches (the radius of the 
 curves), which, from the centre stakes, will exactly reach the end of 
 the straight lines ; then describe your semi-circle, beginning at the 
 end of one straight side and putting down a stake every twelve feet, 
 if that is the length of the fence panels desired. 
 
818 OOMPABATIYE RATES OF SPEED. 
 
 [ From Wallace's Monthly.] 
 
 A horse trotting in 2.00 covers 45 feet and 11 inches a seconcL 
 
 do do 2.04 do 42 do 9 do 
 
 do do 2.07 do 41 do 6 do 
 
 do do 2.101 do 40 do 4 do 
 
 do do 2.11i do 40 do 2 do 
 
 do do 2.13i do 39 do 7 do 
 
 do do 2.14 do 39 do 4 do 
 
 do do 2.141 do 39 do 2 do 
 
 do do 2.15 do 39 do 1 do 
 
 do do 2.15i do 39 do do 
 
 do do 2.16 do 38 do 9 do 
 
 do do 2.17 do 38 do 6 do 
 
 do do 2.18 do 38 do 3 do 
 
 do do 2.19 do 38 do 1 do 
 
 do do 2.20 do 37 do 8 do 
 
 do do 2.21 do 37 do 4 do 
 
 do do 2.22 do 37 do 2 do 
 
 do do 2.23 do 36 do 11 do 
 
 do do 2.24 do 36 do 7 do 
 
 do do 2.25 do 36 do 4 do 
 
 do do 2.27 do 35 do 10 do 
 
 do do 2.30 do 35 do 2 do 
 
 do do 2.35 do 34 do do 
 
 do do 2.40 do 33 do do 
 
 do do 2.45 do 31 do 11 do 
 
 do do 2.50 do 31 do do 
 
 do do 3.00 do 29 do 3 do 
 
 A 2.00 gait would distance a horse in 6.8 seconds ; a 2.07 gait in 
 7 1-5 sec. ; a 2.10| gait in 7^ sec. ; a 2.21 gait in 8 sec. ; a 2.30 gait in 
 8^ sec. ; a 2.40 gait in 9 sec. ; a 3.00 gait in 10.3 sec. 
 
 A horse trotting in 2.00 would beat a horse of 2.04, 116 yards, 2 feet ; 
 a horse trotting in 2.00 would beat a horse of 2.07, 176 yards, 2 feet ; 
 a horse trotting in 2.00 would beat Maud S., 223 yards, 1 foot. 
 
 Maud S. would beat St. Juhen 7 yards, 9 inches; Earus 32 yards, 
 2 feet; Goldsmith Maid, 43 yards, 1 foot; Smuggler, ^ yards ; Dexter, 
 83 yards; 2.19, 98 yards; 2.25, 174 yards; 2.40, 319 yards; 3.00, 483 
 yards, or over i of a mile. 
 
 St. Julien would beat Earus, 25 yards, 1 foot; Goldsmith Maid, 
 47 yards ; Smuggler, 61 yards ; Dexter, 76 yards ; 2.20, 85 yards. 
 
 Earus would beat Goldsmith Maid 11 yds only ; Smuggler, 25.5 yds. 
 
 2.20 would beat 2.25, 40 yards ; 2.20 "would beat 2.30, 116 yards; 
 2.30 would beat 2.40, 108 yards; 2.40 would beat 2.60, 106 yards ; 2.50 
 would beat 3.00, 99 yards. 
 
HOMEOPATHIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 CHAPTER L 
 
 USE OF EEMEDIES AND ANATOMY OP HOESE. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT.— Its principles, operations and distinguishing 
 points — Size of dose not the main principle — Acts on diseased parts only — Cheaper 
 and leaves no bad results. 
 
 REMEDIES. — Internal and external remedies and their strength — Administering and 
 size of dose for all classes of domestic animals — How to choose the remedy and 
 how often to repeat — How to feel the pulse and determine disease. 
 
 ANATOMY OF THE HORSE.— External parts and names— Location of disease 
 externally — Location shown by skeleton — Names of the bones of the skeleton. 
 
 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 WHAT ITS PKINCIPLES ARE. 
 
 Homeopathy is a system of curing all curable diseases, whether 
 in man or the inferior animals, by the agency of small doses of those 
 medicines wliich, when exliibited in large repeated doses, are capable 
 of producing in the healthy body symptoms similar to those produced 
 by the disease in the sick body. Or the principle may be thus more 
 briefly expressed, — Similia similibus curantur; that is, hke is cured 
 
 by like. 
 
 how it operates. 
 
 A Httle reflection will show the philosophy of this principle. The 
 symptoms which arise in disease are not the disease itself ; but are to 
 3V 
 
320 HOMEOrATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 be regarded, probably, as tlie efforts of nature, whicb always exerts 
 itself to exterminate tbe disease, and to restore the balance of the 
 system. Every disease develops symptoms peculiar to itself ; and the 
 first inquiry of the truly scientific practitioner is, "In what direction 
 is nature working to remove the disease and restore health?" Hav- 
 ing observed the character of nature's efforts, he then seeks an agent 
 that will ciill into action the same class of functions wliich nature is 
 already employing for her own deliverance ; and the curative power 
 of this agent depends upon the power it possesses of inducing similar 
 symptoms to those developed by natm-e when suffering from disease. 
 For instance, a person having exposed himself, takes cold, and fever 
 results. The fever cannot be regarded as the cold, seeing that it came 
 after it, but is a symptom put on by nature in her efforts to remove the 
 condition induced by the cold. Hence common sense dictates, that, if 
 we would aid nature in her difficulty, we must act in perfect hai'mony 
 with her ; and not oppose or cripple her apphances. To borrow a famil- 
 iar illustration, we must lift just where nature is lifting. She must 
 furnish the indications, and we must second her efforts, by working in 
 subserviency to her. The great secret of the heahng art is, to obtain 
 familiarity with the sjTnptomatic phenomena of nature in any disease, 
 and then to become acquainted with the curative properties of the 
 various remedial agents, so as to be able to administer them in harmony 
 with this true guiding principle. In the instance just referred to, the 
 case of the person suffering from fever, aconitum would be an appropri- 
 ate medicine, because aconitum given to a person in health, in repeated 
 doses, would produce feverish symptoms ; consequently it acts upon 
 the same class of vital functions that nature has already employed to 
 rid herself of the disease. 
 
 DISTINGUISHING POINTS IN HOMEOPATHY. 
 
 It only gives one remedy at a time. The confusion resulting 
 from mixing different substances in one prescription is avoided ; and 
 the pure action of each separate drug is ascertained. Every remedy 
 has an action pecuhar to itself; and it cannot but happen, when sev- 
 eral drugs are introduced into the system at the same time, that they 
 
SIZE OF DOSE BY THIS SYSTEM. 
 
 321 
 
 atertere with each other. If, under such circumstances, good is 
 effected, it is quite impossible to determine wliicli one, or how many 
 out of the number, have contributed to the result. Or, if no good fol- 
 low, and it be necessary to alter the prescription, then it must be also 
 equally difficult to know what change to make, what portions to omit, 
 what new ones to add. In Homeopathy we only give one medicine 
 at a time; its action upon the system is then sim])le and unconfiict- 
 ing ; nor are we any longer in doubt as to what is doing good. 
 
 SIZE OF THE DOSE GIVEN. 
 
 Homeopathy does not, however, mean a small dose, as it is often 
 supi)osed to do. The grand principle — that which forms the basis of 
 the science — is like curing like, irrespective of the quantity of the 
 dose. The law, therefore, as a simple proposition, takes no cogni- 
 zance of the dose ; that was an after discovery — merely a consequence 
 deduced from demonstrations on the principle itself. It is a matter of 
 perfect indifference to Homeopathic practitioners whether they ad- 
 minister doses of one or fifty drops each. If doses of fifty drops were 
 more efficient in curing disease than those of one or two drops, 
 Homeopaths would assuredly administer the former rather than the 
 latter. We wiU suggest two reasons why small doses, administered 
 in strict harmony ^^dth the Homeopathic law, are efficient : — First, 
 because they are exactly suited to the exalted susceptibility of the 
 diseased part, and act upon the same class of functions that nature 
 has already called to her aid ; and, secondly, because they act directly 
 on the part which requires to be influenced, and not on other parts. 
 Their force is not, therefore, expended on healthy parts. 
 
 ACTS ONLY ON DISEASED PARTS. 
 
 In diseases of the brain, for example, the bowels are not operated 
 on by purgatives; or the liver, moutli, and bones, by mercury; or tlie 
 skin by blisters; but such substances are administered as have been 
 proved to operate directly on the brain itself. So in diseases of the 
 chest; the bowels, liver, and skin are undisturbed, and that part only 
 acted upon in which disease exists. Under such treatment, disease 
 
322 
 
 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 cannot be produced in healthy parts, and the disappearance of the dis- 
 ease is a certain sign that it is absolutely cured. 
 
 IT IS A CHEAPER METHOD. 
 
 This results from two causes — the duration of disease is shortened, 
 and the medicine is obtained at a smaller cost. Animals treated 
 Homeopathically recover much sooner. In severe diseases, such as 
 inflammation of the lungs or bowels, the patient is cured in about 
 half the time ; for the treatment having been directed against the dis- 
 ease, and not against the constitution, as soon as the malady is cured 
 he is able at once to resume his accustomed duties. In consequence 
 of the small doses of medicine which it is found most advantageous to 
 administer in Homeopathic treatment, a great saving is effected in 
 the cost of di'ugs. Besides, it enables the owner of domestic animals, 
 excejit in rare cases, to treat them himself, without being obhged to 
 send, perhaps to a remote place, for a veterinary surgeon. 
 
 ANIMALS TREATED ARE NOT REDUCED IN VALUE. 
 
 Bleeding, bhstering, purging, and other painful and debilitating 
 processes are discarded; thus the period of convalescence is not only 
 shortened, or even superseded, but the patient, having recovered of 
 the disease, immediately regains his strength, because it has not been 
 drained out of him. 
 
 How different is this to the old plan of treatment ! A bucketful 
 of blood drained from a horse's veins; he would have been racked by 
 setons or rowels, and his bowels severely purged by aloes. And 
 though such means may render the horse powerless, the disease often 
 remains unsubdued. If he finally recovers or is sent to grass for some 
 months to regain his flesh, it not unfrequently happens that the ani- 
 mal is found unequal to severe or sustained exertion, in consequence 
 of thick or broken wind, the result, not of the disease, but of th' 
 destructive treatment to which the afflicted animal has been subjected 
 
USE OF MEDICINES. 323 
 
 MEDICINES, AND HOW TO USE THEM. 
 
 MEDICINES FOR INTERNAL USE. 
 
 Below we give a list of medicines, together with the Enghsh name 
 of each and the strength or dilution. Opposite each name is a corres- 
 ponding number, and when a remedy is prescribed in treating a dis- 
 ease, the number is also given to prevent mistakes : 
 
 NAMES OF THE MEDICINES. ,t,,™ ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 DILU- 
 TION. 
 
 1 Aeonitum NapeUus 1 Monkshood. 
 
 2 Aninioniuni Causticum 1 Caustic Ammonia. 
 
 3 Arnica Montana 1 Leopard's Bane. 
 
 4 Arsenicum Album ox White Arsenic. 
 
 5 Bellacionna 1 Deadly Nightshade. 
 
 6 Bryonia Alba 1 White Bryony. 
 
 7 Cantharis 3x Spanish Fly. 
 
 8 Chamomilla 1 Wild Camomile. 
 
 9 China 1 Peruvian Bark. 
 
 10 Cina 1 Worm Seed. 
 
 11 Colocynthis 1 Bitter Cucumber. 
 
 12 Dulcamara 1 Woody Nightshade. 
 
 13 Helleborus Niger 1 Black "Hellebore. 
 
 14 Hepar Sulphur 3x Liver of Sulphur. 
 
 15 Ipecacuanha 1 Ipecacuanha Root. 
 
 16 Mercurius Vivus 3x Quicksilver. 
 
 17 Nux Vomica 1 Vomit Nut. 
 
 18 Phosphorus 4x Phosphorus. 
 
 19 Pulsatilla 1 Pasque Flower 
 
 20 Rhus Toxicodendron I Poison Oak. 
 
 21 Secale I Ergot of Rye. 
 
 22 Silicea 3x Silex. 
 
 23 Sulphur 3x Flowers of Sulphur. 
 
 24 Veratrum Album I White Hellebore. 
 
 To accommodate the farmer and breeder who is at a distance from 
 a rehable pharmacy, we have made a veterinary chest containing the 
 above remedies, labeled, and also numbered to prevent mistakes, con- 
 venient for ordinary use. Any farmer can understand how to to use 
 the remedies by the directions. The price of this veterinary medi- 
 cine chest is given in the last pages of this book. 
 
 EXTERNAL REMEDIES. 
 
 Below we give the remedies for external use, and plain directions 
 so that any person can compound them at home. All they need to 
 get is the strong tincture, and reduce by the method directed : 
 
324 HOMEOPATHIC TEEATMENT. 
 
 AKNICA MONTANA. 
 
 In bruises, contusions, and mechanical injuries from blows or 
 falls. Arnica will be found an invaluable remedy. The stiffness, swell- 
 ing, and soreness resulting from bruises, may be also entirely pre- 
 vented by the prompt use of this remedy. It is almost an invaluable 
 apphcation in the case of corns, and after surgical operations. Its 
 use and mode of application in fatigue and excessive exertion, and in 
 numerous other cases, will be found described under their respective 
 headings, in the body of this work. 
 
 To make the lotion, mix one-table-spoonful of the strong tincture 
 with half-a-piut of pure water. The bruised parts may be bathed with 
 it, or hnen cloths, saturated with the lotion, may be applied, and cov- 
 ered with dry cloths, to prevent its evaporation. 
 
 All owTiers of domestic animals should provide themselves with 
 this remedy, as a most efficacious agent in bruises, concussions, col- 
 lar' galls, or wherever external inflammation has been produced by 
 blow or friction. Its great economy is, also, a recommendation, es- 
 pecially where a large number of animals are kept, as it only requires 
 two spoonfuls of the tincture to a pint of water, for use as a lotion. 
 
 CALENDULA OFFICINALIS. 
 
 This remedy should be used in preference to Arnica, in cuts, 
 wounds, and stabs in which the flesh is much torn, and which will not 
 heal without the formation of matter. It controls bleeding, and re- 
 lieves the severest pains attending various accidents. 
 
 The lotion is made by adding two tablespoonfuls of the strong 
 tincture to a pint of pure water. It may be apphed as directed for 
 Ainica. 
 
 EHUS TOXICODENDEON. 
 
 This remedy is of great value in sprains, wTenches, and injiuies 
 to ligaments, tendons, joints, and the membranes investing the joints, 
 and in rheumatism. 
 
 The lotion is made by adding two spoonfuls of the strong tinc- 
 ture to a pint of pure water. It is chiefly applied by being weU 
 rubbed into the affected parts, twice or thrice daily. 
 
ADMINISTEIUNU REMEDIES. 325 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF THE MEDICINES. 
 
 The required quantity of the tinctures should be mixed with a 
 few spoonfuls of pure cold water, and given by means of small horns. 
 Where two medicines are required to be given in turns, two horns 
 should be used. After a horn has been used for one medicine it is par- 
 ticularly necessary that it should be well washed out before it is used 
 for another. The triturations may be placed dry on the tongue of 
 the animal, or mixed with a morsel of a favourite article of food. 
 
 MEDICINE TO BE GIVEN WHEN FASTING. 
 
 In all cases, when practicable, the medicines should be given to 
 animals when they have been for some time without food, say fifteen 
 .to thirty minutes before they are fed. 
 
 THE DOSE FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS. 
 
 As a general rule, for animals of an average size, ten drops of the 
 tincture may be given to horses or cattle, or two grains of the tritur- 
 ation ; and to sheep or swine, five drops or one grain of the trituration. 
 As these animals vary in size, the above quantities may be regulated 
 accordingly. 
 
 REPETITION OF DOSES. 
 
 This is a matter which must depend entirely upon the severity of 
 the disease. In very violent cases, the dose may be given every ten, 
 fifteen, or tliirty minutes ; in cases less severe, every two, three, or 
 four hours; in chronic cases, once or twice daily. More particular 
 directions as to the repetition of doses, will be found in the body of 
 this work. 
 
 HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT REMEDY. 
 
 This is a subject of great importance. The compiler of this work 
 strongly recommends every one who has an interest in domestic ani- 
 mals, to read tliis book carefully through, from the first page to the 
 last, especially to study the symptoms of the different diseases, so that 
 when an animal is suffering, he may be able to detect the nature and 
 seat of the complaint, and thus be able to adopt such treatment as 
 may reasonably be expected to prove successful. It may here be re- 
 
326 HOMEOPATHIO TBEATMENT. 
 
 marked that, in the treatment of each malady in subsequent parts of 
 this book, all the remedies suitable are not prescribed, but only those 
 most generally useful, and by which the greatest number of oores 
 have been efiected. 
 
 Before a state of disease can be correctly estimated, it is necessary 
 to have an acquaintance with the general appearances and habits of 
 the animal in a state of health ; such as the appearance of the eye, 
 the mouth, the skin, the dung, and the urine; the breathing, the 
 pulse, the general temperature of the body; the ease with which the 
 animal stands or walks, and other similar matters, familiarity with 
 which will at once enable the owner to mark any deviation from the 
 symptoms indicative of ordinary good health. Reference must also 
 be had to such peculiarities as are presented by the animal in disease : 
 such as its breathing through the nose, the expression of the features 
 and eyes, the position and movements of the animal, its looks towards 
 particular parts, the beating of its sides with it tail, the excrements, 
 etc. The animal may also be examined by pressure, ia order to learn 
 where it feels pain ; for even diseases of the internal organs may be 
 discovered by this process. 
 
 The temperature of the skin should Ukewise be examined. If 
 chills and burning heat frequently succeed each other, disease of a 
 violent nature may be suspected. In thick-skinned and hairy ani- 
 mals, it is often difficult to determine the state of the circulation by 
 the pulse ; in such cases, examining the temperature of the ears facili- 
 tates the inquiry. 
 
 After having carefully noted these signs, and arrived at a satisfac- 
 tory conclusion respecting the nature and seat of the disease, the 
 next tiling is to select a remedy for the removal of the malady, accord- 
 ing to the instructions given in subsequent portions of this manual. 
 
 HOW TO FEEL THE PULSE. 
 
 If the horse, hold its head quietly with the left hand; and with 
 the first and second fingers of the right hand, feel for a notch in the 
 jaw bone, about three inches from the angle of the bone ; an artery, 
 or oord-hke structure, may here be detected ; this aitery swells and 
 
HOW TO FEEL THE I'ULSE. 327 
 
 throbs as it is filled with, and emptied of, blood. Having thus found 
 the pulse, observe whether it beats with regularity; whether it is 
 strong and bounding, ahnost forcing the fingers from the jaw; or hard, 
 or small and wiry, hke the motion of a string ; or intermittent, beat- 
 ing for a few times, and then appearing to stop for one beat; or the 
 pulsations flowing into one another, small, and almost imperceptible. 
 An acquaintance with the healthy pulse will be necessary to under- 
 stand what its different conditions may indicate in disease. In health, 
 the pluse makes from 3G to 40 beats per minute. An excess of ten to 
 fifteen beats per minute above the general standard of the pulse of the 
 animal, may be taken to indicate constitutional disturbance. Still, 
 even in health a variety of causes may operate to change the charac- 
 ter of the pulse ; such as severe exertion, fright, stimulating food or 
 ilriiik, and other causes. In seeking to learn the health of an animal 
 from the pulse, reference must be had to various circumstances which 
 materially influence the circulation. 
 
 DIET IN DISEASE. 
 
 In severe diseases, no food whatever should be given until amend- 
 ment has taken place, and even then, only in a very cautious manner ; 
 if the stomach becomes crammed before the digestive organs have 
 regained their healthy functions, the disease from which an animal 
 may be recovering is very likely to return, and may even then prove 
 fatal. Under such circumstances, the food should be selected with 
 special reference to its nutritious and digestible properties. Bran, 
 malt, oats, hay, carrots, and green grass or clover, are suitable for 
 sick or convalescent animals. 
 
 Bran may be given, either dry or wetted, according to the taste of 
 the animal. If in the form of mashes, those enormous scalding-hot 
 mashes should be avoided, which often, Ijy their bulk and temi)era- 
 ture, derange a stomach weakened by disease. 
 
 Oats may be mixed with the bran, and given either raw or crush- 
 ed, or whole and boiled. 
 
 Hay is an article of food which requires to be given with great 
 caution to diseased animals, especially if the digestive organs have 
 38 
 
328 HOMEOPATHIC TKEATMENT. 
 
 not recovered their full tone. In all cases it ought to be selected per- 
 fectly sweet, and free from dust, and be sparingly given. 
 
 Carrots may be given raw, cut into small pieces, care being taken 
 to wash them very clean before using them. They are a very nutri- 
 tious and excellent vegetable, and will often be eaten when other 
 kinds of food would be injurious or rejected. 
 
 Green food, if given in moderate quantities, may aggravate the 
 disease, and even induce colic. This may generally be prevented by 
 mixing a little hay with the green food, and permitting only small 
 portions to be eaten at a time. 
 
 If an animal allows food to remain by it for several hours without 
 eating it, such food had better be altogether removed, and a httle 
 fresh put in its jjlace. 
 
 In addition to these articles of food, the fluids suitable for the 
 diseased animal to drink, according to circumstances, are : barley wa- 
 ter, oatmeal and hnseed gruel, milk, milk and water, and cold water. 
 Of the latter it wUl generally be proper to have a smaU quantity with- 
 in reach of the animal. This should be renewed several times daily. 
 
 THE HABITATION OF THE SICK ANIMAL. 
 
 When an animal is found to be unwell, let it at once be placed in 
 a comfortable, moderately well-lighted, clean and well-ventilated sta- 
 ble or shed, and receive from its attendant gentle treatment, and be 
 spoken to in a kind tone of voice ; all unnecessary noise, and anything 
 that would be likely to irritate the animal, bemg avoided. It will be 
 desirable, for two reasons, to separate the affected animal from aU 
 others : (1) If the disease be of an infectious nature, it wiU be pre- 
 vented from spreading to others. (2) Early recovery is more 
 Ukely to occur, as under these circumstances the animal remains uiv- 
 distui-bed by the presence of others. 
 
ANATOMY UF THE HOKSE. 
 
 329 
 
 ANATOMICAL EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 EXTERNAL POINTS OF A HOESE. 
 
 1. Forehead. 
 
 2. Lower Jaw. 
 
 3. Crest. 
 
 4. Neck, Throat. 
 
 5. Breast. 
 
 6. Shoulder. 
 
 7. Withers. 
 
 8. Back. 
 
 9. Loins. 
 
 10. Croup, Rump. 
 
 11. Dock. 
 
 12. Hip. 
 
 1.3. Quarter. 
 
 14. Stifle. 
 
 15. Thigh. 
 
 16. Hock. 
 
 17. Point of Hock. 
 
 18. Cannon, or Shank. 
 
 19. Large Pastern. 
 
 20. Small Pastern. 
 
 21. Fetlock. 
 
 22. Knee. 
 
 23. Arm. 
 
 24. Barrel, Ribs. 
 
 25. Flank. 
 
 7. Measure, hands high. 
 
 24. Girth. 
 
330 
 
 BONES IN SKELETON AND LOCATION OF DISEASE. 
 
 
 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 1. Cranium, or head. 
 
 2. Lower jaw. 
 
 3, 4, 5. Backbone, spine. 
 
 6, 7. Sacriim and bones of the tail. 
 
 8. Sternum, or breast bone. 
 
 9, 10. Kibs and cartilages. 
 
 11, 12. False ribs and cartilages. 
 
 13. Scapula, or shoulder blade. 
 
 14. Humerus. 
 
 15. Radius. 
 
 16. Elbow. 
 
 17, 27. Sessamoid bones. 
 
 18, 19, 20. Small bones of knee joint. 
 
 24, 40. Shank, or cannon bones. 
 
 25, 41. Inner small splint bones. 
 
 26, 42. Outer small splint bones. 
 2& Large pastern bones. 
 
 29. Small pastern bones. 
 
 30. Pedal, coffin, or bone of foot. 
 
 31. Coffin joint. 
 
 32. Peh-is. 
 
 33. Femur. 
 
 34. Tibia, thigh bone. 
 
 35. Point of hock. 
 
 36. Large bone of hock joint. 
 37, 38, 39. Small bones of hock joint. 
 
 A. Molar teeth. 
 
 B. Incissor teeth. 
 
 E. Stifle joint. 
 
 F. Hock joint. 
 
 G. Knee joint. 
 H. Fetlock joint. 
 
 I. Pastern joint. 
 
BXTEBNAL APPEABANCE OF DISEASE. 
 
 331 
 
 A VERY SICK HORSE. 
 
 1, 2, 3. Glanders. 27. 
 
 4. Carries of jaw. 28. 
 
 5. Fistula of parotid duct. 29. 
 
 6. Diseases of the eye. 30. 
 7, 8. Scars of previous brain disease. 31. 
 
 9. Poll evil. 32. 
 
 10. Prurigo mange. 33. 
 
 11. Fistulous withers. 34. 
 
 12. Saddle galls, callous. 35. 
 
 13. Fistulous tail. 36. 
 
 14. Rat tail. 37. 
 
 15. Prolapsus of anus. 38. 
 
 16. Hip joint lameness. 39. 
 
 17. Stifled, luxation of patella. 40. 
 
 18. Broken ribs. 41. 
 19, 20. Farcy Buds. 42. 
 21, 22. Inflamed parotid gland. 43. 
 
 23. Inflamed juglar vein. 44. 
 
 24. Sore throat. 45. 
 
 25. Collar gall, tumor. 46. 
 
 26. Copped elbow, tumor. 47. 
 
 Windgalls. 
 
 Mallenders, Sallenders. 
 
 Simple splint. 
 
 Capped knee. 
 
 Broken knee, open joint. 
 
 Strain of back tendons. 
 
 Ringbone. 
 
 Founder, laminitis. 
 
 Grogginess, knee sprung. 
 
 Quitter. 
 
 Wound of coronet, tread. 
 
 Toe and quarter crack. 
 
 Ulceration elbow joint. 
 
 Rupture. 
 
 Thoroughpin. 
 
 Capped frock. 
 
 Rupture of back tendons. 
 
 Grease scratches. 
 
 Bone spavin. 
 
 Curb. 
 
 Swelled leg, lymphangitis. 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 
 THE EYES, CHEST, ABDOMEN AND UEINAEY ORGANS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTEB. 
 
 DieiPASlCS OF THE EYES, THROAT AND CHEST.— Paralysis of Optic Nerve— 
 Amtv-trosis — Iiilianimatiou oftlie Eyes — Ophthalmia— Sore throat — Intlamniation of 
 Liin' s — Pneumouia — Bronchitis — Common cold — Catarrh — Cough— Over-driving 
 -Ci ugestion. 
 
 DISEA? lis OF THE ABDOMEN — Spasmodic Colic— Wind, or Flatulent Colie-Bloat- 
 ip j; — Hooven — Inflammation of Bowels — Enteritis — Diarrhoea — Dysentery — Con- 
 Siipatioii — Sleepy Staggers — Mad Staggers — Jaundice — Yellows — Bots. 
 
 DI?^ASES OF THE URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. — Bloody 
 Urine — Red Water— Intlamniation of Bladder— Retention of Urine — Abortion — 
 blinking — Venereal disease — Castration. 
 
 lv> '^ery seriotis case consult the other Departments of this loork for 
 more detailed explanations and symptoms. 
 
 DISEASES OP THE EYES AND THROAT. 
 
 PARALYSIS OF OPTIC NERVE — AMAUROSIS. 
 
 If the nerve is destroyed, no cure is possible. In more favorable 
 cases, when the animal sees a Httle, and there is some dilation of the 
 pupU, one or more of the following medicines may be useful : Bella- 
 donna, Pulsatilla, Sulphur. Commence wiih. the first, and after 
 eight or ten days, if no benefit results, proceed with the next, and so 
 on, tiU improvement is manifest. If the complaint has been caused 
 by injury. Arnica will be the best medicine. The selected remedy 
 may be administered twice or thrice daily. 
 
SOKE THKOAT. 333 
 
 OPHTHALMIA INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE. 
 
 Arnica (3). — This should be given when the disease has been 
 caused by a blow. A dose may be administered every thi'ee or four 
 hours. 
 
 Aconitiim (1). — If Arnica fails to afford relief, or if cold be the 
 cause of the affection, Aconitum should be given. 
 
 Belladonna (5). — When the inflammation has been diminished by 
 the former medicines, and ir cases where the tears are very copious 
 and scalding, the eyelids swollen and shut, the eyes very sensitive to 
 the hght, membrane of the eye injected and red, this remedy is 
 usually indicated. 
 
 Euphrasia. — Profuse watery discharge both from the eyes and 
 nostrils, and much intolerance of hght. 
 
 Mercurius Cor. — Discharge of yellowish mucus, which causes the 
 eyehds to adhere ; swelling of the lids ; cornea cloudy or ulcerated. 
 
 Arseniciirn (4.) — In cases of long standing, and when the tears are 
 hot and corrosive. 
 
 Sulphur. — Is very valuable in some old standing cases, and to pre- 
 vent a relapse. 
 
 The eye should be carefully and tenderly examined for seeds, hay, 
 dirt, or any other intruded substance. If a portion of the cornea or 
 conjunctiva have been removed by a blow, relief will be given by 
 applying a drop of glycerine or salad oil to the part ; but this should 
 not supersede the application of Arnica lotion. In aU cases the eye 
 should be gently bathed with tepid water three or four times a day. 
 
 SOKE THKOAT. 
 
 Aconitum (1) is the best medicine to begin with, especially when 
 the fever is considerable, the mouth dry, and there is much thirst. A 
 dose every three hours. 
 
 Belladonna (5.) — Great difficulty of swallowing, especially fluids, 
 which return through the nose ; the glands of the neck are swelled and 
 tender, shght pressure upon the throat causes a choking sensation, 
 and the breathing is difficult. A dose four times daily. 
 
334 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 Mercurius must be had recourse to when, in spite of the last med- 
 icine, the symptoms are not mitigated, or only partially so. A dose 
 four times daily. 
 
 Sulphur, in obstinate sore throats. A dose two or three times 
 daily, according to the sjTnptoms. 
 
 Bran-mashes and gruel ; and as a drink, barley-water, or milk and 
 water; as improvement takes place, boiled oats, turnips, or carrots; 
 and, if in season, green food. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS — PNEUMONIA. 
 
 For extended description of the symptoms of this disease, consult 
 the other parts of this work. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — The treatment of nearly every case should be com- 
 menced by the administration of this remedy, every one, two, or three 
 hours, according to the urgency of the general symptoms. It is 
 especially indicated when the breathing is short, painful, and anxious; 
 the pulse quick and hard, and the mouth dry and hot, with other 
 feverish symptoms. 
 
 Bryonia (6). — This remedy is often required after Aconitum, especi- 
 ally if the latter has only afforded partial rehef ; in which case it should 
 be administered in alternation every hour; that is, ^co«iiiim one hour, 
 Bryonia the next hour, or more or less frequently, according to the 
 sjTuptoms. Bryonia is especially required if the cough is frequent 
 and occasions severe pain in the chest, which may be inferred from the 
 efforts of the animal to suppress the cough, and from its avoiding 
 movements, lest the pain in the chest should be increased. 
 
 PhospJiorus (18), when the respiratory murmur is suppressed or 
 very obscure, the breathing much obstructed, and the cough short and 
 frequent, and attended often with a dischai'ge of shmy or bloody 
 phlegm. This is an important remedy in the complaint, and may be 
 administered every fii-st, second, or third hour, according to circum- 
 stances. 
 
PNEUMONIA. 335 
 
 Arsenicum (4) is indicated by extreme debility ; typhoid symptoms ; 
 wheezing, short, and diflBcult breathing ; offensive discharge from the 
 nostrils; severe purging, and when the disease is epidemic. It maybe 
 alternated with Bryonia or Phosphorus, according to the symptoms. 
 
 Sulphur. — This medicine is required when improvement has set 
 in, especially when the disease is comphcated with bronchitis, and 
 attended with a muco-purulent discharge from the nose. It aids re- 
 covery and protects from relapses. 
 
 As this complaint is generally quite manageable if the treatment 
 is commenced early, farmers are strongly advised to notice its first 
 symptoms, and at once proceed with the administration of the appro- 
 priate remedies. Food must be very sparingly given, and only grad- 
 ually increased as the beast recovers. It should consist of mashes, 
 oatmeal gruel, linseed tea, and, after a few days, a small quantity of 
 good hay. A return of the disease, which generally ends fatally, is 
 hkely to result from overloading the animal's stomach before its per- 
 fect recovery. The animal must be separated from others unaffected. 
 
 BRONCHITIS. 
 
 Bronchitis may terminate in chronic bronchitis; thick wind; 
 chronic cough; sweUing of the limbs, and dropsical complaints. The 
 best medicines for preventing these consequences are Arsenicum and 
 Sulphur; the former may be given in ten drop doses, twice or thiice 
 daily for one or two weeks ; afterwards, the latter in ten drop doses, 
 once or twice daily, for a week or ten days. The animal must have 
 exercise, and if the weather is fine and warm, a run at grass for a few 
 hours every day will be of great service. 
 
 Aconifum (1). — When symptoms of inflammation or fever pre- 
 dominate this medicine should be given. It is also indicated bj' hot, 
 dry mouth and skin ; quick, strong, full pulse ; short, dry, frequent 
 cough; diflQcult breathing; great thirst, and red, dry nasal membrane. 
 A dose every three or four hours. It is usually best to alternate Ac^ 
 onitum with Brijonia. 
 
 Bri/onia (6.) — The large bronchi are chiefly affected ; the whole 
 chest and lungs appear m vich involved, the breathing is quick, short, and 
 39 
 
336 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 difficult, and the animal unwilling to move. A dose every four hours. 
 If improvement takes place, continue the medicine less frequently till 
 the animal is well. In some cases both this and the preceding remedy 
 are required in alternation ; that is one dose of Aconitiim first; then 
 one of Bryonia; in two, three, or four hours after; then another dose 
 of Aconitum in two, three, or four hours, and so on. As the animal 
 improves, give the medicines much less frequently. Bryonia is suit- 
 able for those cases of chronic bronchitis when a horse coughs only 
 when trotted, but not when at rest. 
 
 Phosphorus (18). — This remedy is to be preferred when the small 
 bronchi are chiefly affected ; the cough being painful and suppressed, 
 or loud, dry, and frequent, but with scanty discharge from^the nostrils. 
 Also if, after using the above remedies little or no benefit ensues, and 
 the breathing becomes more quickened, the mucus rale louder, and 
 the cough more suffocating, this medicine may be alternated with 
 Bryonia as directed for Aconitum and Bryonia. 
 
 Belladonna (5). — Sore throat; violent fits of coughing; great diffi- 
 culty of swallowing, and pressure upon the throat, almost producing 
 suffocation. A dose every three or four hours. 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — Cold extremities, great loss of strength, wasting 
 of flesh, bad appetite, tendency to diarrhoea. A dose every four hours. 
 If the animal improves with its use, continue it till recovery is 
 comi)lete. 
 
 During the severer forms of the disease, bran mashes, gruel, bar- 
 ley-water, and aired water; as improvement takes place, and the 
 digestive organs become stronger, boiled barley, or oats, or a little 
 malt, or speared corn, tm'nips, carrots, and, if in season, green food 
 may be given. 
 
 COMMON COLD— GATAEEH. 
 
 Catarrh is characterized by cough, nasal discharge, and sore 
 throat ; is attended with less debility and fever than influenza, with 
 less enlargement of the glands than strangles. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — If the complaint is ushered in with shivering, fol- 
 (owed by quick and full pulse, inflamed eyes and nose, thirst, and scanty 
 
COLD — CATABEH. 337 
 
 and high-colored urine. Generally this medicine will be most suita- 
 ble to commence with (unless the fever be of a low, asthenic type), 
 and if followed by rest, and protection from cold for a few days, will 
 often complete the cure. 
 
 Dulcamara (12.) — Fever of a low type brought on by wet, attend- 
 ed by gastric symptoms, white or shining coating on tongue, and con- 
 stipation. Nux is indicated by the same symptoms. 
 
 Belladonna (5.) — Pulse weak though quick, nasal discharge thin 
 and scanty, throat sore. 
 
 Mercurius. — Thick, offensive mucus discharge from the nose, 
 agglutination of the eyelids, enlargement of the glands of the neck, 
 sore throat, difficulty of swallowing, slavering, diarrhcEa. In some 
 cases it is well to alternate it with Belladonna. 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — Cold, from drinking cold water while the animal 
 was overheated ; great weakness; thin, acrid, irritating discharge from 
 the nostrils; difficult breathing; swelled legs; loss of appetite, and ex- 
 cessive purging; symptoms as for Aconitum all aggravated. 
 
 Bryonia (6). — Short breathing, attended with pain; violent fits of 
 coughing, the animal appearing unwilling to move. 
 
 Sulphur. — When improvement takes place, continue the medi- 
 cine that has brought it about, but at greater intervals; and after- 
 wards, to prevent a return of the symptoms, give Sulphur twice daily 
 for a few days. 
 
 Whatever remedy is selected, it should be given three or four 
 oimes a day, tiU the symptoms are mitigated; afterwards, once or 
 twice a day, and gradually rehnquished entirely. 
 
 Fresh air without draughts ; extra warmth ; abundance of clean 
 straw in the stable, dirty straw removed ; friction of the horse's skin 
 morning and mght with the hand or a flannel ; sponging nose and eyes 
 with tepid water several times a day; bran mashes, gruel, plenty of 
 water with the chiU off. All animals are best indoors for a few days. 
 
 Whenever an animal has been exposed to any of the circum- 
 stances which occasion this complaint, especially if the early indica- 
 tions of cold be present, the prompt administration of Camiyhor will 
 
338 HOMEOPATHIC TEEATMENT. 
 
 often render further treatment nnneoessary, by terminating the cold 
 in the first stage. This remedy should be given about twenty or 
 thirty minutes, till three or four doses have been given. Camphor is 
 suited to the chilly stage of a cold, but not to the inflammatory. 
 
 COUGH. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — Coughs of an inflammatory character; short ; dry; 
 frequent. When the mucous membrane becomes moist, and the 
 pulse small and feeble, Aconitum should be discontinued, or given in 
 alternation with a more specific medicine. 
 
 Belladonna (5.) — Cough dry, short, barking ; worse in the even- 
 ing or at night, apparently caused by tickling or irritation in the 
 throat ; sore throat and painful swallowing ; chronic cough. 
 
 Arsenicum (4.) — Dry cough in the evening or at night, after eat- 
 ing or drinking, or going up hill, or on contact with cold air ; difficult 
 breathing, thin discharge from the nostrils; loss of flesh and strength. 
 Coughs which remain after influenza or catarrh, apparently depend- 
 ent on loss of nervous power. 
 
 Nux Vomica. — Cough dry, hoarse, spasmodic; worse in the morn- 
 ing, after exercise or after eating; attended with disorder of the 
 stomach, furred tongue, foul mouth, uncertain appetite, constipation. 
 
 Phosphorus (18). — Dry cough excited by cold air, drinking, irrita- 
 tion and tickling in the windpipe, accompanied with phlegm and diffi- 
 cult respiration. 
 
 Bryonia (G). — Cough which requires much effort, and cuts short 
 the respiration ; cough during east winds or frosty weather, or after 
 eating and drinking; continued dry cough, especially eai'ly in the 
 morning ; accompanied by rattling in some part of the trachea, and 
 produced by pressure on the part of the trachea where the rale is 
 heard. 
 
 Sulphur. — Long-continued and obstinate cough. This medicine 
 may often be advantageously given in alternation with some of the 
 remedies before mentioned, especially when a remedy has been care- 
 fully selected, but does not effect the desired improvement. 
 
OVER-DRIVING, CONGESTION, ETC. 339 
 
 A dose three or four times daily ; when improvement takes place 
 only once in every tvi^elve or twenty-four hours. 
 
 No inferior food should be given ; carrots, either raw or boiled, 
 are very suitable ; linseed tea, and other diluent drinks, will generally 
 afford relief to animal affected with cough. 
 
 OVER-DRIVING CONGESTION — FATIGUE — EXCESSIVE EXERTION. 
 
 After excessive and prolonged exercise, the greatest benefit will 
 result from bandaging the legs with cloths saturated in Arnica lotion, 
 and at the same time administering ^4 ;7t/ca as ijrepared for internal 
 use. These measures will generally prevent the swelling, stiffness, 
 and other consequences resulting from severe exertion. 
 
 Aco7iituni, (1). — If there are feverish symptoms, it will sometimes 
 be necessary to commence the internal treatment by giving a few doses 
 of this remedy, every three hours, for several times. Aconitum will 
 tend to allay the feverish excitement of the system. 
 
 Nux Vomica, (17). — If, after overworking, the animal is off its food, 
 this medicine will often restore the appetite to its natural state. One 
 or two doses may be sufficient. 
 
 Cantliaris, (7). — If, after quick and continued driving, the animal 
 passes bloody urine, a few doses of Cantliaris will be an excellent 
 remedy. A dose every three hours, till better. 
 
 Over-exertion, if long-continued, is hkely to occasion disturbance of 
 the general organization; and if, under such circumstance, the animal 
 be exposed to cold or wet, disease of a fatal character wiU most likely 
 ensue of hving complications. 
 
 DISEASES OP THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 
 
 SPASMODIC COLIC. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — When caused by a chill or by diinking cold water 
 when heated, and attended by extreme restlessness, fever, distention 
 and rumbling in the abdomen, frequent and ineffectual efforts to uri- 
 
340 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 nate and defecate. A dose as soon as the attack sets in, and repeated 
 every fifteen minutes, for several times. The prompt use of this med- 
 icine will he sufficient to effect a cure in the great majority of cases of 
 genuine cohc. 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — If the animal is no better after four doses of Aco- 
 nitum, and there are severe purging, extreme prostration, and other 
 violent symptoms, give this medicine every twenty minutes; or in 
 turns with Aconitimi at the same intervals. These two medicines 
 will cure most cases of cohc. 
 
 Nux Vomica (17). — Cohc, caused by errors in diet, with constipa- 
 tion, discharges of small balls of brownish dung, covered with mucus; 
 attempts to stale followed by the discharge of only a few di-ops of 
 urine, or none at all; the sufferings not being marked by extreme vio- 
 lence, as indicated under Arsenicum. A dose every twenty or thirty 
 minutes until better. 
 
 Colocijnthis (11) is also an excellent remedy when colic is caused 
 by eating green food, and is attended with distention, expulsion of 
 wind, and watery fasces, and very severe pain. 
 
 WIND, OR FLATULENT COLIC 
 
 Ammonium Causticum (2). — This is one of the best of remedies 
 for this disease, and wiU generally yield often the first or second dose. 
 In most cases of colic, the cure is hastened by giving injections of tepid 
 soap and water, and renewing them as often as the last injection is 
 expelled again from the bowels. This is preferable to back raking. 
 Cloths wrung out of warm water should be applied to the abdomen in 
 severe cases. 
 
 Animals should be prevented from falling dowm too suddenly and 
 rolling over, especially in the case of horses and cattle, lest the stom- 
 ach, bowels, or bladder should be ruptured. The animal should be 
 slowly led about. 
 
 BLOATING HOOVEN. 
 
 Colocynthis (11). — This is especially indicated when the disease 
 occurs in consequence of eating green food too freely. Administer ten 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 341 
 
 drops, in a few spoonfuls of water, every fifteen or twenty minutes, 
 until the symptoms are mitigated; afterwards every two or three 
 hours, as long as may be necessary. 
 
 Other remedies are — Aconitum, Ammonium Causticum, Arseni- 
 cuvi and Nux Vomica. For the symptoms indicating these remedies, 
 see the article Cohc. 
 
 Hand-rubbing the abdomen with considerable amount of pres- 
 sure, and enemas of warm water will be of service. 
 
 When the attack is over, great caution is necessary as to food, 
 which should be restricted to such articles as gruel and barley water, 
 and only given in small quantities, until the digestive organs are fully 
 restored to a healthy state. Hay, and dry food of any kind, had bet- 
 ter be withheld for a day or two. 
 
 ENTERITIS — INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — This is the first and chief remedy in the complaint. 
 A dose every fifteen minutes for several times; afterwards, if improve- 
 ment follow its use, every three or four hours, till the animal is well. 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — The sufferings are very intense, the pulse nearly 
 gone, cold mouth, the animal appearing to be sinking under the dis- 
 ease. A dose every half-hour for several times; or administer this 
 remedy alternately, every half hour, with Acoyiitum. 
 
 Nux Vomica (17). — Confined state of the bowels, or only relieved 
 with much difficulty, and the urgings to urinate are attended with the 
 discharge of only a few drops of water. A dose every thirty minutes, 
 for several times ; when reheved, less often. 
 
 Other remedies are : Cantharis, for great urinary difficulties ; Pul- 
 satilla for diarrhoea. 
 
 Hot water is a valuable adjunct in the treatment of this disease. 
 It may be applied externally by steeping cloths in the water, and 
 closely and compactly, but not too tightly, applying them to the body, 
 and securing them by belts. Hot water may also be given either as a 
 drench, or as an injection. The water must not be so hot as to scald 
 the animal. The administration of Aconituni, as stated above, and 
 hot water appHed copiously to the body of the animal locally, and oc- 
 
342 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 casionally in doses of from a half-pint to a pint internally, will consti- 
 tute the principal feature of the treatment at the commencement of 
 an attack. 
 
 If discovered in time, an inflammation of the digestive organs wiU 
 generally yield to the prompt use of the above remedies. Linseed 
 tea, or oatmeal gruel, will form the most suitable diet. 
 
 DIAKEHCEA. 
 
 Simple diarrhoea is generally cured by removing the causes which 
 produced it, by keeping the animal warm, and feeding it on sound, 
 <lry food. Protracted diarrhosa requires rest in a comfortable stable, 
 well littered witli dry straw, and one or more of the following reme- 
 dies:- 
 
 Aconitiun (1). — Diarrhoea in the primary stage, when it arises 
 from taking cold; considerable fever; inflammation of the bowels. 
 A dose every two or three hours, for several times. 
 
 Nux Vomica (17). — Discharges more feculent than serous, shmy 
 and offensive, with rumbUng noises in the bowels and passing of flatus ; 
 when there are symptoms of indigestion ; and when the purging is 
 alternated with constipation ; Nux Vomica should be given every hour 
 for four days, succeeded by Mercurius. 
 
 Camphor. — Painless diarrhoea of a serous character, with shiver- 
 ing or cold skin ; fifteen or twenty drops should be given on sugar, as 
 it will not mix with water, or in a little flour, and placed on the tongue, 
 every ten minutes for three doses, and repeated after each motion. 
 
 Arsenicum- (4). — In watery, slimy, greenish, or bro^^^lish diarrhoea, 
 with or without griping pains; when the horse is prostrate, weak, 
 thin, and without appetite, as also when it occurs in fevers of a 
 typhoid character. 
 
 Mercurius. — When the dung is intermixed with mucus and voided 
 without perceptible griping; sometimes best to alternate with Arsen- 
 iaim. 
 
 China (9). — Most useful in chronic cases, or when caused by hot 
 weather, and not of an inflammatory character; painless discharge, 
 
DIAERHCEA. 343 
 
 loss of appetite, flesh and strength; intermittent diarrhoea; as a ton- 
 ic wlien acute symptoms have passed away. 
 
 Bryonia (6). — If the disorder has been brought on by change of 
 temperature, especially by that from heat to cold, by drinking cold 
 water, or anytliing that has checked the perspiration and given cold ; 
 or if it be from drinking impure water, as in the stable yard, or on 
 marshes. It is also indicated when the faeces are very watery and 
 involuntarily passed, and contain indigestible food. 
 
 Pulsatilla (19) is useful for calves that suffer from the inferior 
 quaUty of their mother's milk. 
 
 DTSENTERY — BLOODY FLUX. 
 
 It consists in the inflammation of the mucous membrane of the 
 intestines, producing change in the character of the secreted mucus 
 and increase in its quantity; whereas diarrhcea is a natural means of 
 removing from the system what is prejudicial to it. Dysentery may, 
 however, follow neglected diarrhcea. 
 
 Aconitam (1). — Useful at the commencement of acute cases, when 
 ushered in or attended by febrile symptoms. Should dysenteric 
 diarrhoea be present it should be given in alternation with Acid 
 Phosphorus, a dose of either every hour alternately. But should the 
 faeces be passed in small hard balls, and covered with mucus or blood, 
 attended with griping, hot, dry skin, and thirst, Aconitum should be 
 given in alternation with Nux Vomica. 
 
 Niix Vomica (17). — As genuine dysentery is nearly always attended 
 by constipation, Nux Vomica, either in alternation with Aconitum in 
 the early stage, or alone after the febrile symptoms have been removed, 
 has proved most successful. Its indications are the frequent passing 
 of one or two smaU feculent balls, accompanied by tenesmus, and 
 fruitless efforts to void urine and flatulency. It is seldom advisable 
 to continue it beyond the first day, when a dose should be given every 
 two hours. 
 
 Mercurius Cor. — This is our sheet-anchor in the treatment of 
 such cases as have not been reheved by the early administration of 
 Aconitum and Nux Vomica. The symptoms requiring it are, frequent 
 40 
 
344 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 discliai'ge of mucus tinged mth blood, or thin bloody and foetid stools, 
 which in the day are sometimes nearly black and mixed with tough 
 strings of Iymi)h or liardened pieces of heces ; frequently urging to 
 stool, tenesmus, with redness and swollen appearance of the anus, and 
 sometimes protrusion of the bowel, probably accompanied by slight 
 griping pains and flatulency. A dose every third liour. 
 
 Colocipifhis (11). — Nausea, severe colicky pains, slimy evacuations, 
 or mucus tinged with blood, distention of the bowels, and pain on 
 pressure, tenesmus, thirst, and variable temi)erature of the body, being 
 at one time shivering and soon after very hot ; sedimeutous or red 
 urine. It is applicable to almost every kind of dysentery, and may be 
 used after Mercuriiis has been tried without affording relief. A dose 
 every tbird hour. 
 
 Arsi'iiiciim (14). — Dysentery produced by any cause of a debilitat- 
 ing character, such as bleeding, purging, or previous disease. In 
 acute idiopathic dysentery it is of no service. Tlie discharges are 
 loose, passed almost involuntarily, foetid and bloody; greenish, orneai'ly 
 black. Great rumbhng in the bowels, and flatulence; pulse small and 
 frequent ; total loss of appetite, and marked prostration of strength ; 
 skin and extremities cold ; frequent eructations ; passing of flatus and 
 straining; griping pains may also be occasionally noticed. A dose 
 every two hours. 
 
 CONSTIIWTION. 
 
 iVw.r Vomica (17) and Sulphur. — Hai"d, scanty dung, lined ^^^th 
 mucus, and the abdomen puckered up. Administer these remedies 
 for several days; a dose of Nu.r Vomica at night, and of SiilpJiiir in 
 the morning. 
 
 In less chronic cases of constipation ten drop doses of the tritura- 
 tion of Nii.r ]"oviica administered in a morsel of favorite food, night 
 and morning, will often be found an excellent remedy. 
 
 Brijonia (6). — Alternate constipation and diarrhoea, especially 
 from cold. A dose thrice daily. 
 
 Let the animal have regular and moderate exercise, and green 
 food, soft or boiled food, mashes, but few oats, and no beans. ^Vllen 
 
JAUNDICE — YKLLOW.S. :34;j 
 
 the obstruction appears to take place in the large terminal bowel, 
 which is full of hardened dung, an occasional injection of tepid water 
 will be very useful, and it is also less dangerous than back-raking. 
 
 SLEEPY STAGGERS — MAD STAGGEBS. 
 
 In case of the horse or cow, place the head high immediately after 
 the attack ; remove everything that prevents free respiration, and rub 
 the animal well with wisps of straw, especially on the limbs and small 
 of the back. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — If the circumstances do not preclude treatment, 
 administer a dose every ten minutes for several times. 
 
 Belladonna (5). — If the animal survive the attack, give this rem- 
 edy in turns with Aconitum at intervals of two or three hours. It is 
 indicated by staring, wide, immovable eyes, twitching and jerking of 
 the limbs, and should be persevered with for some time. 
 
 Opium. — Drowsiness, stupor, profound coma; irregular, stertor- 
 ous breathing; contracted pupils. 
 
 Nux Vomica (17). — Inabihty to move the limbs, or spasmodic and 
 convulsive jerks ; constipation. 
 
 JAUNDICE — YELLOWS. 
 
 These vary according to the stages or severity of the disease ; 
 but there wiU generally be some or all of the following : Impaired ap- 
 petite; thin, sad and imthrifty appearance; hurried breathing; ten- 
 derness of the right side on pressure; diminished secretion of milk, 
 and, in ruminating animals, the cud is chewed imperfectly. The con- 
 junctiva and the mucous membrane of the mouth and nose become 
 yellow, and the tongue is lined with a tenacious mucus. 
 
 In cows, the milk is tinged yellow, and is somewhat bitter. The 
 skin gradually turns yellow, the color being particularly \'isible where 
 the skin is not covered with hair. The dung and urine are also col- 
 ored yellow; the temperature of the skin is raised, and other symp- 
 toms indicative of fever are generally present. 
 
 The disease arises from a morbid condition of the Uver, such as 
 induration, inflammation, gall stones becoming fixed in the gall blad- 
 
346 HOMEOPATHIC TKEATMENT. 
 
 der, or in the canal between it and the bowels, so that the gall is im- 
 peded in its course, and other diseases of the liver. 
 
 Aconitum (1), when there is inflammatory fever, confined bowels, 
 and high-colored nrine. A dose every three hours tiU these symp- 
 toms are abated. 
 
 Mercurius is the chief remedy after Aconitum, especially if there 
 is yeUo-wness of the whites of the eyes and of the skin, the urine and 
 milk also tinged yellow, and the animal is excessively purged. A dose 
 every three or four hours. 
 
 Arsenicum (4), when, in addition to the above symptoms, there 
 are loss of appetite, scanty urine, and marked prostration, two drops 
 every three hours. 
 
 Bryonia (6), and Mercurius in alternation, every three hours, if 
 confined bowels are a prominent symptom, and if there be any symp- 
 toms of inflammatory action. 
 
 Green and succulent feed; or, if not in season, cut carrots, turnips, 
 potatoes, cabbage leaves, etc. 
 
 BOTS. 
 
 Whether these parasites do any harm during their sojourn in the 
 horse's stomach is a matter of dispute among vetrinarians. The 
 probabihty is that as long as they are only attached to the cardiac ex- 
 tremity, whose cuticular coat is insensible, they do no harm ; but 
 wlien a few stragglers find their way into the duodendum they may 
 produce cohcky pains or other symptoms of intestinal derangement, 
 but this is doiibtful. 
 
 No treatment seems available, nor in the majority of cases is any 
 advisable, for the presence of the "hots" cannot be discovered until 
 they commence coming away of their own accord, and then a few 
 days wiU rid the horse of them without our interference. If cohc or 
 indigestion supervene, Nux Vomica (17), will prove remedial. 
 
UBINABY DISEASES. 347 
 
 DISEASES OP THE URINARY ORGANS 
 
 BLOODY UKINE. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — If there is much inflammation present, a dose 
 every two or three hours, till this symptom is abated. This remedy 
 may often precede either of the following, or be given in alternation 
 with them for a few times. 
 
 Arnica (3). — If the complaint is owing to external violence, or 
 excessive exertion. A dose every four or six hours. 
 
 Cantharis (7).— If the urine is very bloody, and is passed in small 
 quantities, and with evident pain. A dose every two or three hours. 
 
 Terebinth. — For symptoms very similar to those indicating Can- 
 tharis. When the bleeding takes place from the kidney it is espec- 
 ially useful. 
 
 Much benefit may be expected from the appUcation of large 
 woolen cloths, after saturation in cold water, to the loins, and fre- 
 quently renewed. Cold water injected may also be now and then 
 resorted to. The diet should consist of boiled barley, cold ; carrots 
 or boiled turnips, cold; as a drink, barley water, cold. Further, the 
 animal must have complete rest. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF BLADDER. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — Feverish symptoms; frequent, ineffectual, and 
 painful attempts to urinate ; pain on pressure in the region of the 
 bladder; discharge of scanty, turbid, bloody urine. 
 
 Cantharis (7). — Distention and pain in the region of the bladder; 
 urination drop by drop ; great pain in the act ; matter and bloody mu- 
 cus in the urine. 
 
 Nux Vomica (17.) — If Cantharis should not afford reHef. 
 
 Arnica (3.) — If the disorder is caused by a blow on the loins. 
 
 RETENTION OF URINE. 
 
 It will generally be best first to administer a dose of Camphor 
 every five or ten minutes for four times. If this fail to afford relief, 
 give Cantharis (7) every thirty minutes, for several times. If but lit- 
 
348 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 tie benefit result from this treatment, Nux Vomica (17) may be bad 
 recourse to, wbicb will often effect the necessary change. It may be 
 given every half hour till improvement follows, when it will be re- 
 quired less frequently. 
 
 If there is reason to suppose that the difficulty is caused by the 
 presence of a stone in the opening of the bladder, through which the 
 water passes, mechanical means must be employed with the vievf of 
 removing it. In large animals, the expulsion of a stone is facilitated 
 by passing the hand into the rectum, and gently pressing the bladder 
 forward. 
 
 ABORTION — SLINKING. 
 
 Arnica (3). — If, during gestation, an animal is known to have 
 received an injury, it will be advisable at once to administer this rem- 
 edy and repeat it as often as the nature of the case seems to require; 
 if promptly given it will often prevent miscarriage under such circum- 
 stances. 
 
 Bhus Tox (20). — If miscarriage is threatened in consequence of 
 strains, or over-exertion, administer this remedy instead of, and in the 
 same manner as Arnica. 
 
 Secale (21). — If the symptoms of abortion have actually set in, 
 this remedy will facihtate labor. It is called for by violent straining 
 after abortion, attended by abundant discharge of blood and feeble- 
 ness. 
 
 Pulsatilla (19). — This wiU sometimes avert abortion by lessening 
 uterine pains. It is also required if the afterbirth does not come 
 away in twenty-four hours. A dose every two or three hours. 
 
 Aconitiim (1). — If chills occur. A dose every hour till the symp- 
 toms be removed. 
 
 Opium should be given to a mare that has suffered from fright. 
 China, promotes recovery from the weakness attending abortion. 
 
 After miscarriage the animal should be kept quiet, and free from 
 exposure to cold winds. 
 
 VENEREAL DISEASE. 
 
 This disease affects both male and female animals, and is known 
 
VENEREAL DISEASES. 349 
 
 by abscesses, ulcers, and discharge from the sexual organs. lu the 
 female the disease begins in from two to four or five days after sexual 
 intercourse, the first syraptom being a peculiar shaking and side 
 movement of the tail, vrhich is kept at other times rather close over 
 the fundament; the bearing is at first swollen and sore, afterwards 
 much more swollen, separated, and red in the inside ; a mattery dis- 
 charge, sometimes in considerable quantities, flows forth ; the urine is 
 made in small quantities, and frequently; whilst the act attending it 
 is accompanied by much pain. In the male animal the sheath is red 
 and swollen ; a constant discharge of matter issues from it ; great pain 
 attends the act of urinating, and the water is voided in small quan- 
 tities, and in a jerking manner. 
 
 It is a peculiar animal poison, which is readily communicated to 
 both male and female animals by the sexual act. The disease may 
 originate from want of cleanliness, or from the excessive use of the 
 sexual organs. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — This remedy is useful to begin with, when the 
 inflammation is severe and extensive, and when the act of urinating 
 is attended with much pain and difficulty. A dose every three hours, 
 repeated three or four times, will generally be sufficient. 
 
 Cantharis (7). — When the inflammatory symptoms are mitigated, 
 but the difficulty of passing urine is very obstinate, especially if the 
 discharge is greenish, and tinged with blood. A dose every three 
 hours. In some instances this medicine may be administered in turns 
 with the afore-mentioned, giving Aconitum one three hours, and 
 Cantharis the next thi'ee hours, and so on. 
 
 Mercurius. — After a few doses of these remedies have been given, 
 this remedy will then be most suitable ; it is especially indicated when 
 there is great soreness of the parts, and the discharge of matter is of 
 a white, greenish, or yeUow color, and thick. This remedy may be 
 administered in two grain doses, thrice daily. 
 
 Sulphur. — When the more prominent symptoms have subsided, 
 it will be desirable to have recourse to this remedy, to complete the 
 cure. A dose one or twice daily for several days. 
 
350 HOMEOPATHIC TBEATMENT. 
 
 The afiected parts should frequently be washed with cold water ; 
 and cold water should also be injected into the vagina and rectum, 
 The sexual organs must not be exercised until the disease is cured. 
 
 CASTRATION. 
 
 This operation consists in removing the testicles and ovaries from 
 animals, for the pm-pose of rendering them unfit for propagation, and 
 thereby increasing their value for agricultural and domestic uses. 
 Foals are best subjected to the operation just before they are taken 
 from the dams, either in spring or autumn, in weather not very hot 
 nor very cold. If weaning has taken place, the allowance of food and 
 water should be somewhat reduced; training or highly-fed colts 
 require several weeks' rest and gradual reduction of food. Female 
 animals should never be castrated when the sexual instinct is excited; 
 in male animals the operation should not take place until one or two 
 weeks after the last performance of the sexual act. The operation is 
 sometimes followed by ailments which require treatment. The princi- 
 pal of these ailments are: inflammatory symptoms, tetanus, spasms, 
 ulcers, etc. The chief causes of mischief consequent on this opera- 
 tion are : cold and damp stables, cold bathing, and exposure to cold 
 generally soon after castration, causing inflammation or tetanus. 
 Tetanus is also apt to set in if the operation is performed too early 
 after the sexual act. If sows are castrated when the sexual instinct 
 is excited, they often die. 
 
 Arnica (3). — The parts should be bathed with Arnica lotion im- 
 mediately after the operation, and a few doses of Arnica as prepared 
 for internal use should be given ; this will often prevent fever and 
 undue swelHng. Should inflammatory symptoms set in, Aconituvi 
 should be administered every one, two, or three hours, according to 
 the urgency of the symptoms. If there be sweUing of the abdomen 
 Arsenicum will be of service. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE LIMBS, FEET AND MISCELLANEOUS AILMENTS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTEB. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE LIMBS AND FEET.— Founder or Laminitis — Chronic 
 Founder — Inflammation of tlie Joints or Synovitis — Rtieumatism — Bone Spavin — 
 Bog Spavin — Windgalls — Luxation of Patella or Stifled — Splint — Sprains or 
 Strains— Stringiialt— Grease or Scratches— Cracked Heels — Broken Knees— Cut^ 
 ting and Brushing — Corns- Pricks in Foot — Quittor. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES.— Glanders— Farcj'-Lock Jaw— Distemper— Stran- 
 gles — Megrims — Epilepsy — Milk Fever — Mange — Dropsy — Worms — Wounds, etc. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LIMBS. 
 
 LAMINITIS — FOUNDEE. 
 
 The most effectual remedies are Aconitum (1) in alternation with 
 Arsenicum (4) every third hour, so long as febrile symptons remain, 
 followed by Arnica (3). Should these fail, Belladomia, Bkus and 
 Bryonia wiU have the desired effect if used before matter has been 
 thrown out inside the hoof. The diet should at first consist of gruel, 
 bran-mashes, carrots, etc.; beans should be prohibited; oats given 
 with moderation. The stable should be kept cool. 
 
 CHRONIC LAMINITIS. 
 
 This form is so insidious, that we are not made aware of its pres- 
 ence until some organic change has taken place in the foot. 
 41 
 
352 HOMEOPATHIC TEEATMENT. 
 
 Except some perceptible inflammation be present, internal medi- 
 cines are of no avail; but if detected before the laminae lose their 
 elasticity or the foot becomes altered in appearance, Arnica (3) is the 
 best remedy, which should be given three times a day. Felt pads 
 should be kept on the feet, and cloths, wet with Arnica lotion, appHed 
 to the coronets. The horse should be fed on mashes and green food. 
 
 If the owner will consent to lay the horse by for a few weeks, a 
 favorable result may be anticipated from taking off the shoes and 
 turning the animal into a large box, the floor of which must be cov- 
 ered over with tan, or sawdust. If the elasticity of the foot be 
 restored, work on soft groimd will do no harm, but walking half a 
 mile on hard ground may bring back inflammation. 
 
 SYNOVITIS. 
 
 This is an acute inflammation of the synovial membranes of a 
 joint. 
 
 The symptoms are lameness, quickly followed by sweUing of joint, 
 which is hot and painful. As the disease proceeds, coagulable lymph 
 may be thrown out, and the joint become permanently enlarged, or 
 adhesion may take place between the opposite surfaces of the mem- 
 brane, and the animal be left with a stiff or anchylosed joint. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — This is the most effectual remedy, not only for 
 reducing the inflammation, but also for preventing coagulable effusion 
 or any subsequent disorganization of the joints. It should be used 
 steadily as long as there are any febrile symptoms, or much local pain 
 remains. 
 
 Bryonia (6.) — When the active symptoms are somewhat subdued, 
 and there remain sweUing with slight lameness. Bryonia is the most 
 appropriate r&medy. 
 
 Other remedies which will at times be found useful are Arnica, 
 Rhus, Colchicum, Mercurius. 
 
 The joint affected should be bathed three times a day for half an 
 hour at a time, with warm water; then, when dry, Arnica one part, 
 and water twelve parts, well rubbed in. 
 
FOOT AND LIMB DISEASES. 353 
 
 BHEUMATISM. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — Will always be the best medicine to begin with ia 
 the acute form of rheumatism. A dose every three or four hours. 
 
 Bryonia (6). — Is generally best to follow Aconitum; or if the 
 fever is only partially abated, to alternate with it every third hour. 
 This remedy is especially required if the animal prefers the recum- 
 bent position, and the shghtest motion appears to aggravate the pains. 
 
 Bhus Tox (20). — Will be useful when the stiffness and lameness 
 are most observed after rest and when the animal first begins to move, 
 but are reHeved after a Httle exercise. 
 
 Arnica (3). — Will be the most suitable remedy if the affection fol- 
 lows severe exertion. 
 
 Sulphur. — Should the above remedies afford only partial rehef, 
 this remedy may be given for a few days ; afterwards return to the 
 medicine most indicated. Sulphur may also be given when the prom- 
 inent symptoms have been removed by the above treatment, or when 
 the complaint is apt to return in changeable weather. In acute rheu- 
 matism, the medicine should be given every three hours, and in chron- 
 ic, every six hours ; and in both cases be patiently and steadily perse- 
 vered with. 
 
 The animal must be well cared for, have a warm and dry habita- 
 tion, and a plentiful supply of clean, diy straw. Should there be 
 much pain and sweUing, warm fomentations and bandages will be ser- 
 viceable. He should be kept perfectly quiet, and be allowed to move 
 or rest as his pains may require. 
 
 BONE SPAVIN. 
 
 Rhus. — This medicine should be given three times a day ; at the 
 same time a lotion of it should be rubbed on the back. The animal 
 should be turned into a loose box for about a month, and the inner 
 heel of the hind shoe raised on a level with the outside. When osse- 
 ous deposition has taken place, a bhster composed of Biyi-Iodide of 
 Mercury, one drachm, lard, one ounce, should be apphed. The hair 
 should be shaved off, and then with a spatula or flat piece of wood 
 
354 HOMEOPATHIC TEEATMENT. 
 
 some of the mixture should he smeared thickly over the enlargement. 
 The horse's head must be tied up for twelve hours, after which he 
 may be turned into a loose box. The dressing may be repeated every 
 other day until the hock becomes covered with scurf, which should 
 be allowed to clear away before the apphcation is resumed. 
 
 BOG SPAVIN. 
 
 In recent cases the hock should be fomented with warm water 
 three times a day, and after each fomentation a tablespoonful of .4?-- 
 nica lotion, {Arnica one part to water twenty parts) should be rubbed 
 in. In about a week afterwards, Rhus lotion should be appHed in the 
 same manner. At the same time ten grains of Mercurms Sol. should 
 be placed dry on the tongue three times a day. In cases of long stand- 
 there is no treatment equal to pressure. 
 
 WINDGALLS. 
 
 Nothing tends more to remove bursal enlargements than pressure 
 evenly appHed ; at the same time the cold and moisture wiU relieve 
 the inflammation in the tendon or joint. Should this not succeed in 
 removing the lameness and sweUing, the bursa should be fomented 
 morning and evening for half an hour Avith warm water, and, when 
 dry, rubbed with about a tablespoonful of a lotion composed of Bkus 
 Tox, one ounce, water, one pint. 
 
 DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA, OR STIFLED. 
 
 Tliis is the most frequent dislocation, and the only one which f 
 non-professional man can hope to treat with success. 
 
 It may be caused by a horse falling across a bank, and then strug- 
 ghng to puU his hind legs after him, the hgaments of the patella 
 become sprained, and allow it to shp over the external condyle of the 
 femur. It may also be caused in the stable by the horse's sHpping 
 when endeavoring to get up. 
 
 When we move the animal we find the leg protruded backwards, 
 vritli inabihty to draw it under the body ; the fetlock joint is flexed ; he 
 trails the pastern along the ground, and is unable to strengthen it ; in 
 fact, the action is so peculiar that, once seen, it can never be forgotten. 
 
SPLINT — SPRAINS. 355 
 
 The mode of reducing this dislocation is not difiBcult. With a 
 side-hne from the pastern, let the leg be drawn forward and upwards 
 towards the belly by an assistant, so as to relax the muscles inserted 
 in the toe. The operator at the same time puts his arms round the 
 haunch, places his hand upon the outer angle of the patella, and 
 keeps forcibly depressing that part, at the same time endeavoring to 
 pull the bone forwards and upwards, in order that he may enable the 
 extensor muscle to draw it back again into its place. A snap is the 
 signal of success. The horse should have his head racked up 
 for a few days, and a strong pitch plaster apphed to the joint, or the 
 dislocation will be very hkely to recur. 
 
 SPLINT. 
 
 On the first appearance of this disease the parts should be well 
 fomented, or a hot poultice of Hnseed for twenty-four hours ; then 
 BJms Tox (20) lotion should be rubbed in thrice daily. After each 
 rubbing apply a compress soaked with the lotion to the affected 
 parts : this should be well covered to prevent evaporation. At the 
 same time ten drops of the tincture of Rhus Tox (20), as prepared for 
 internal use, may be given night and morning. Should no improve- 
 ment take place from the treatment in ten or twelve days, it may be 
 advisable to perform the follo'wing operation. Make a small opening 
 in the skin just below the splint, and introduce a knife with a convex 
 edge ; as soon as the knife reaches the centre of the sphnt, turn it 
 edge downwards, and make two or three free incisions into the perios- 
 teum. Withdi'aw the knife, and dress the wound with a wet bandage. 
 
 SPRAINS. 
 
 This consists in affording rest to the hmb, mitigating the pain, 
 and subduing inflammatory action. Apply a compress moistened with 
 Arnica lotion; and over this a covering of thick cahco or flannel, 
 which must be secured by means of a bandage, but not so tight ag to 
 imj^ede the circulation. Before applying the bandage the part may 
 be rubbed with the lotion. Arnica (3) may be given internally at the 
 same time, every three or four hours. If there is much inflammation 
 present, Aconitum (1) may be alternated with Arnica four times daily. 
 
356 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 In severer sprains it will often be necessary to use Rhus lotion 
 after the Arnica, and in the sarae manner, especially if the heat and 
 pain have been lessened by the latter, but not the sweUing. 
 
 Ill some sprains, especially if not seen for some hours after the 
 infliction of the injury, it will be advisable to precede the medicinal 
 treatment by fomentations with warm water, and afterwards to dry 
 the parts with a cloth before applying the lotion. After the sweUing 
 has subsided, the animal may only very gradually return to its accus- 
 tomed work. 
 
 STRINGHALT. 
 
 This term is appHed to a peculiar movement of the hind leg — a 
 twitching, or sudden and convulsive picking up of the hmb. The 
 hock is bent, and the leg is carried very high. It is not a lameness, 
 for there is no dropping on the other leg; and when the horse is rid- 
 den, the halt is not felt by the rider, hke hock lameness. In some 
 cases the hock is affected, and in others the pressure of some exosto- 
 sis on a nerve has been supposed to cause the disorder. But it is 
 probably caused by irregular spasmodic action of the muscles, chiefly 
 the extensor pedis, due to some obscure disease of the nerves. 
 
 It generally affects one or both hind legs, sometimes a fore leg, 
 and varies in intensity. It may be most easily observed when the 
 horse is first put in motion, or in the act of turning. It increases as 
 the animal grows older, and although for a time no inconvenience 
 attend it, it ultimately becomes unsightly and interferes with action. 
 The horse is able to do any kind of work, but stringhalt constitutes a 
 form of legal unsoundness. Though regarded as incurable, Nux 
 Vomica might be productive of benefit. 
 
 GREASE — SCRATCHES. 
 
 In the simple form should be 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — Administer this remedy two or three times daily; 
 and use externally the Arsenical lotion, made as directed. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — Should the animal be feverish, the administration 
 of Arsenicum may be preceded or alternated with two or three doses 
 of Aconitum. 
 
GEEASE — SCRATCHES. 357 
 
 Sulphur. — The early use of the above remedies, followed by a few 
 doses of Sulphur, will generally effect a cure. 
 
 In the ulcerative form we prefer : 
 
 Arsenicum, both internally and externally, is still the best remedy. 
 
 Silicea (22). — If the discharge is very abundant, give two doses 
 daily, for several days. 
 
 Ntix Vomica (17) — If the disease has been caused, or is accompa- 
 nied by deranged stomach, and the general health of the animal is 
 much affected. A dose every four hours, in alternation with Arsen- 
 icum. 
 
 In the grapy form the following : 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — This medicine should be used both internally and 
 externally. 
 
 Sulphur. — In cases of considerable duration this remedy will be 
 found most useful; it may be given intermediately, or when the ani- 
 mal has so far improved as to render any other unnecessary. 
 
 Regard must be had to cleanhness, and also to diet, which must 
 be as unstimulating as possible. Remove the hair from the sores, 
 cleanse them well with tepid water, and, if there be much pain, apply 
 a bran pou.ltice night and morning. If the animal is not worked, it 
 must be exercised daily. 
 
 It will often be necessary to change the diet, especially if the ani- 
 mal has been fed with bean meal, oats, etc. Carrots and boiled bar- 
 ley may be allowed, and the food only given in moderate quantities. 
 
 CRACKED HEELS. 
 
 Remove the hair from the affected heels close to the skin, and 
 foment the limbs by placing them in a bucket of warm water. This 
 wiU remove all the dirt from the cracks, and those portions of hair 
 which may fall in during clipping ; after fomenting the hmbs for fif- 
 teen or twenty minutes, rub them perfectly dry with a wash-leather 
 or a soft cloth. If the affection be very severe, the apphcation of a 
 linseed-meal poultice to the heels will prove of great service ; this, 
 however, need not be repeated more than once or twice. In addition 
 to these measures, after carefully drjdng the parts, bathe the cracks 
 
358 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 morning and evening by means of a clean, soft sponge, first with warm 
 soap-and-water, then after being gently dried, with Arsenical lotion, 
 one drachm to two omaces of water, or a lotion composed of equal 
 parts of Sulphurous Acid, Glycerine, and water. At the same time 
 give Arsenicum (4) in ten drop doses, night and morning, an 
 hour before the usual feeding time, till improvement takes place. A 
 dry flannel bandage to the legs, put on moderately tight, will be of 
 much service when the inflammation is not of an active character. 
 
 The administration of a dose of Sulphur, in the morning, for 
 several days, when recovery is nearly complete, wiU do good. 
 
 Moderate daily exercise for a couple of hours on dry ground will 
 prove beneficial. The diet should consist of mashes, carrots and good 
 hay. 
 
 BROKEN KNEES. 
 
 In order to ascertain the extent of the disaster, the first thing to 
 be done, after a horse has fallen and injured its knees, is to remove all 
 dii't and blood by careful washing with tepid water. Should the knees- 
 be merely grazed, the use of Arnica lotion apphed two or three times 
 daily, with rest, will alone be necessary to effect a cure. If the skin 
 and parts underneath are torn, the divided parts must be united 
 together as completely as possible, and a piece of lint, saturated with 
 Arnica lotion, kept to the leg by means of a bandage. At the same 
 time give Arnica (3) internally every three hours. If the animal is 
 feverish, give Aconitum (1) and Arnica in alternation every three 
 hours. If, notwithstanding, the wound will not heal without the for- 
 mation of matter, hot fomentations must be apphed several times a 
 day for three or four days, and afterwards, when the injiired parts 
 present a clean, raw surface, Calendula lotion must be apphed instead 
 of Arnica lotion. The horse's head should be racked up for a few 
 days, or placed in cradles to keep him from biting the wound. 
 
 CUTTING OR BRUSHING. 
 
 The swelling and soreness must be treated with the application of 
 cloths saturated with Arnica lotion. The leg must then be protected 
 by a woolen boot turned down over the fetlock joint. Kest is neces- 
 
PBICK OF FOOT. 339 
 
 cessary till the bruise be healed ; and meanwhile, if the horse has been 
 underfed, his constitution should be strengthened. 
 
 OVEE-EEACH AND TEEAD. 
 
 Any portion of detached horn or bruised skin should be removed 
 with scissors, and the wound cleansed and dressed with Arnica lotion, 
 after being well fomented by placing the foot in a bucketful of warm 
 water. If from neglect the siippurative process has become estab- 
 lished, Calendula lotion should be used instead of Arnica lotion. 
 
 PRICK OF FOOT. 
 
 If it is a recent wound, after the nail is puUed out pour a few 
 drops of the tincture of Arnica into the cavity ; and if the injury is 
 soon removed, carefully insert another nail. If the wound is of some 
 days' duration, remove the shoe, and examine each single nail; a Ht- 
 tle blackish pus will be found attached to the nail that occasioned the 
 wound ; or by tapping the border of the hoof with a small hammer, 
 the horse will twitch when the sore spot is touched. Enlarge the 
 wound sufi&ciently to admit of the escape of the pus, and fiU it up 
 with cotton, saturated with Arnica lotion, and replace the shoe with 
 a few nails, in order to prevent impurities from getting into the wound. 
 This apphcation may have to be renewed. 
 
 When the pus decreases, the sweUing abates, and the lameness 
 becomes less, we may conclude that the wound is heahng. 
 
 Arnica (3) and Aconitum (1) may be given internally every three 
 or four- hours in alternation, if there be much fever. 
 
 QUITTOE. 
 
 Free exit must be given to the matter in the sole, whenever that 
 can be done, and the sinuses injected with Calendula lotion, (one part 
 to eight of water), morning and evening, after which the foot should 
 be enveloped in a warm turnip or meal poultice. The wall of the foot 
 under the conical swelling or the coronet should be rasped until it 
 springs under the thumb. 
 
 As soon as the inflammation is subdued and the matter ceases, we 
 may discontinue the poultice, and simply dress the sore on the coro- 
 42 
 
360 HOMEOPATHIC TKEATMENT. 
 
 net with Calendula lotion. The lower portion of the hoof of the 
 deceased quarter should be cut away, so that it cannot touch the bar 
 shoe, which is the most appropriate for this disease. In cases of quit- 
 tor of long standing, when the discharge is thin or of a greenish 
 color, the best injection is Corrosive Sublimate, five grains to the 
 ounce of water which may be repeated daily until a cure is effected. 
 The administration of Sillcea, internally, will assist materially. 
 
 COENS. 
 
 First pare out the corn and remove all dirt. The foot must be 
 dressed with the tincture of Arnica, apphed by means of cotton; 
 afterwards the shoe should be tacked on lightly, with a leather sole 
 between it and the foot, so as to remove the pressure from the affected 
 part. In those instances in which the lameness is severe, and the 
 corn is of very recent date, the foot should be poulticed with a mix- 
 ture of Unseed meal, bran and hot water. A poultice is the more 
 necessary when the corn inflames and suppurates. After the poultice 
 apply Arnica lotion. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. 
 
 GLANDERS AND FAKCY. 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — In the incipient stage of glanders, and also in the 
 more advanced stage, when the discharge is attended with emaciation, 
 poor appetite, and swelling of the lips and eyehds. A dose twice daily. 
 
 Mercurius. — If the discharge from the nose is abundant, green- 
 ish, or bloody, and of a bad smeU, and the glands under the jaws are 
 swollen and painful. 
 
 Sulphur. — This remedy wiU be required after the more prominent 
 symptoms of the disease have yielded to the above medicines ; it may 
 also be occasionally alternated with other remedies, especially if the 
 disease is obstinate and tedious. 
 
 It is of great service to wash the sick horse all over daily, in sum- 
 mer and winter with tepid water ; and afterwards to cover it with 
 
LOCK JAW — EPILEPSY. 361 
 
 horse cloths. The stable should be well ventilated and kept clean, 
 and ntter renewed as often as necessary; and the horse exercised 
 daily in the open air. The diseased animal must be separated from 
 sound ones, and one person have the entire charge of it. 
 
 LOCK JAW. 
 
 Camphor is an excellent remedy to commence the treatment with. 
 when the disease has been induced by cold or wet, or other depressing 
 circumstances. Administer ten drops about every twenty minutes, 
 till warmth is restored to the general system. 
 
 After this, administer Belladonna (5) every hour till the jaws be- 
 gin to relax, when it may be given less frequently. This will be found 
 a most valuable agent in tetanus. 
 
 Nux Vomica (17) is a leading remedy in this disease, especially if 
 the digestive system has been previously disordered. It is indicated 
 by rigidity of the muscles, increase of spasm by the least excitement, 
 twitchings and jerks. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — If at the commencement, or during the course of 
 the attack, inflammatory symptoms are present, it will be desirable 
 to administer a few doses of Aconitum, and afterwards proceed with 
 the remedy next indicated. 
 
 Arnica (3). — This will be the most appropriate medicine to begin 
 with if the disease arises from an injury; it may be given alone or in 
 turns with Belladonna, Nux Vomica or Aconitum, every one, two, three 
 or four houi's. At the same time, the wound must receive prompt 
 attention, according to the instructions given in other parts of this 
 book. 
 
 MEGEIMS — EPILEPSY. 
 
 As soon as the animal threatens to fall, or is actually down, 
 remove its collar and harness, so as to give it a chance of breathing 
 more freely, and of starting up. Give a dose of Bellado?ina (5) as 
 soon as possible, and repeat it for several times as quickly as the 
 urgency of the symptoms appear to demand. Afterwards, this medi- 
 cine may be administered once or twice a day for a week or ten days, 
 finishing with two or three doses of Sulphur. 
 
362 HOMEOPATHIC TEEATMENT. 
 
 Niix Vomica (17). — If the animal suffers from derangement of the 
 stomach, or constipation, this medicine may be useful after the fit has 
 passed away. 
 
 STRANGLES. 
 
 Nux Vomica (17). — Very useful at the commencement of the dis- 
 ease, with loss of appetite, cough with vomiting, constipation, watery 
 discharge from the nose. Numbers of cases have been cured with 
 this medicine alone. 
 
 Aconitum (1). — When the disease begins with quick pulse, accel- 
 erated breathing, loss of appetite, dry, hot nose, shivering. A dose 
 every two or three hours for several times. 
 
 Arsenicum {f^. — Weakness and wasted condition ; almost entire 
 loss of appetite ; thick, offensive or bloody discharge from the nose ; 
 diarrhoea and exhaustion. 
 
 Mercurius. — Eyes inflamed ; eyehds glued together : saliva hang- 
 ing about the mouth ; shivering ; diarrhoea. 
 
 Phosphorus (18). — Quick breathing; discharge of offensive mat- 
 ter from the eyes, adhering to the eyeUds and eye; painful cough, 
 with bloody froth running from the mouth ; paralysis. 
 
 Ipecacuanha (15). — Diarrhoea and vomiting. 
 
 Sulphur. — If after the disease appears to be cui-ed some of the 
 symptoms retui"n. 
 
 MILK FEVER. 
 
 Aconitum (1.) — This is the first and chief remedy, especially when 
 the symptoms of fever ai-e predominant, with quick bounding pulse, 
 hurried breathing, scanty urine, and suppression of milk. A dose every 
 half-hour. The prompt use of this remedy often brings about recovery. 
 
 Belladonna (4). — When four or five doses of Aconitum have been 
 administered, and there remains a furious and anxious expression 
 of countenance, eyeballs thrust out, struggling and general rest- 
 lessness, give this remedy in alternation with the former every two 
 hours: that is Belladonna one two hours and Aconitum next two 
 hours. If the symptoms are more or less severe, the administration 
 of the medicine must be regulated accordingly. 
 
MILK FEVER. 3G3 
 
 Bryonia (6). — Should the disease appear to affect the chest more 
 than the head, Bryonia must be alternated with Aconitum instead of 
 Belladonna. 
 
 Ammonium Causticum. — If, after the ad mi nistration of several 
 doses of Aconitum, the disease advances in spite of that medicine, 
 and there is great swelhng of the paunch, symptoms of intense pain, 
 coldness of the extremities, oppressed breathing, and slow pulse, give 
 a dose of this medicine, every twenty or thirty minutes, tiU the swell- 
 ing subsides. 
 
 Arsenicum (4) may follow the last named remedy, when the swell- 
 ing is reduced, and a sleepy condition remains, vdth insensibility to 
 pain, inabihty to hold up the head, and coldness of the body. 
 
 Pliosphorus (18). — In the extremely prostrate condition with 
 typhoid symptoms this medicine has been restorative. The indica- 
 tions are great weakness, paralytic lassitude, anguish, uneasiness, dis- 
 tention of the abdomen. 
 
 Nux Vomica (17). — When the cow has somewhat recovered, but 
 with remaining weakness in the hind quarters, so that the animal can 
 only rise up on her fore legs, and there is confinement of the bowels, 
 give a dose of tliis remedy thrice daily. 
 
 Sulphur. — When the animal appears to have recovered, the admin- 
 istration of this remedy in the morning, an hour before feeding, for 
 several days, may prevent relapses. 
 
 MANGE. 
 
 The most efficient of aU remedies in this complaint is SuljjJiur, 
 which must be used both locally and internally. For local use, an 
 ointment may be made in the proportion of one ounce of Sulphur to 
 two oimces of lard; these must be intimately mixed, and applied by 
 means of a clean, large-sized painter's brush, or other suitable means. 
 Great pains must be taken to ensure the access of the application to 
 those ramifications of the skin in which the httle creature is securely 
 seated, and to extend it to every part where it exists ; otherwise it will 
 again spread, as a few of them will be sufficient to produce an entire 
 colony. The ointment may be apphed night and morning, and if the 
 
3G4 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 above directions are carried out, tln-ee or four dressings will generally 
 suffice to aifect a cure. 
 
 The best remedies for internal treatment are: Sulpltur and 
 Arsenicum, the former should be given in the morning, and the latter 
 in the evening, an hour before the usual time of feeding. 
 
 DROPSY. 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — This is one of the best remedies in all forms of 
 dropsy; especially when there are great weakness, hurried breathing, 
 thirst, urinary difficulties, loss of appetite, dullness of spmts, and 
 exhausting diai'rhoea. A dose four times daily. 
 
 China (9). — Dropsy from bleeding, severe purging, or any tedious, 
 exhausting complaint. This remedy may often be given in turns with 
 Arsenicum, every three or ionr hours. 
 
 Dulcamara (12). — Dropsical swellings appearing suddenly after a 
 cold. 
 
 Hellehorus (13). — Very rapid accumulation of water in the beUy 
 and chest, with extreme weakness. 
 
 Sulphur. — When improvement takes place, and the remedies 
 wliich produced it seem no longer reqiiired, this remedy, administered 
 twice daily for a few days, often completes the cure. 
 
 WORMS. 
 
 The first thing to do is to give the animal sound, nutritious food, 
 and one or more of the following medicines. 
 
 Cina (10). — If the animal has a voracious appetite at one time, 
 and poor appetite at another, bowels bound or purged, fetid breath, 
 fits, rough coat, and other worm symptoms. A dose night and morn- 
 ing, one hour before feeding, for several days ; and if improvement 
 tixkes place, continue the medicine till the animal is weU. 
 
 Arsenicum (4). — If the above medicine fails to do good, or only 
 partial benefit results from it, give this remedy as directed for Cina, 
 in two-grain doses of the trituration. 
 
 Filix Mas. — This is the most effectual remedy for tape-worm. 
 
 It should ever be borne in mind that the treatment should not 
 merely be directed towards the destruction or expulsion of the worms. 
 
WOIJNUH AND JJliUIHEH. 30o 
 
 but to tiio iruprovomont of tlic digestive organs, and so to prevent 
 their development. We recommend Hock Halt as a preventive of 
 woniiB. Place a lump of it in one comer of the hay-rack, so that ani- 
 mals may hck it when they clioose to do so. 
 
 WOUNDS, 
 
 Ajtply cloths saturated with Arnica lotion. These must bs 
 renewed several times daily. In deep wounds, injections of Arnica 
 have to be made, and the healing of the edges prevented, lest deep- 
 seated suppurations shiould set in. In wounds of a severe character, 
 in addition to the preceding means, Arnica, as prepared for internal 
 use, should he given every three or four hours. 
 
 If tlie wound is very severe, and the bleeding is considerable, Cal- 
 endula lotion will often be found preferable to Arnica, and should be 
 substituted for it, and used in the same manner. This remedy should 
 not be overlooked in the various injuries which befall domestic animals. 
 
 Aconituvi (1). — If fever arise, Aconitum should be given every 
 three or four hours. 
 
 liUUISES. 
 
 The great object is to allay irritation, prevent inflammation, and 
 promote the absorption of any blood that may have been effused. 
 This can be best obtained by the following means: 
 
 As soon as possible after the acpident the parts should be bathed 
 freely with ^rm'ca lotion; or they maybe covered with four or five 
 folds of white cotton or linen rags saturated with the lotion, the rags 
 are to be rewetted as often as they become dry. If the contusion be 
 in such a position as to be interfered with by work or exercise, the 
 animal should be kept at rest as long as may be necessary. Whilst 
 the local treatment is being carried on, a dose of Arnica internally 
 three times a day will materially expedite the cure. 
 
 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. 
 
 The principal remerlies are : Arsenicum, Belladonna and Mercurius. 
 
 Arsenicula (4). — As soon as the symptoms of dullness, impaired 
 
 appetite, and unthrifty appearance of the skin are perceived, give ten 
 
366 HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT. 
 
 drops in a few spoonfuls of water, or two grains every thi-ee hours. 
 If administered early, this remedy may alone effect a cure. 
 
 Belladonna (5). — If the eyes are dim and watery, the udder pain- 
 ful, hot and swoUen, and the hoofs bm-ning and sensitive to the touch, 
 give this remedy the same as directed under Arsenicum. 
 
 Mercurius. — If the disease has attained a more advanced stage, 
 and is marked by the extreme symptoms before described, such as 
 biu'sting of the bhsters, the formation of deep and ragged ulcers, the 
 discharge of stringy, sUmy, bloody matter, swoUen face, etc., give ten- 
 drop doses of the trituration every four hours. 
 
 The animal should be kept housed in a quiet stall, with plenty of 
 fi'esh air of a moderate temperature, abundance of soft straw, as much 
 water as it wants, and sufficient soft food, such as milk, meal and wa- 
 ter, boiled grain, mash or bran. The feet and hoofs should be occa- 
 sionally bathed with warm water. When the udder is affected it 
 should be frequently stripped of its contents. 
 
 In all cases, an affected animal must be completely separated from 
 all others, and if the disease has far advanced before treatment is 
 commenced, it is often better to kill it at once, and to biuy the car- 
 cass deep in the earth. 
 
 In every Serious case, consult the other Departments of this ivork for 
 more detailed explanations and symptoms. 
 
THE 2:25 LIST. 
 
 Comprising the names of all horses that have trotted one mile in harness in 
 2:25 or better, with description, sire and dam, place and time of perform- 
 ance, and best record. 
 
 [From Tri7;te.'i' Spirit of the Times.] 
 
 z.om- 
 
 Maud S, ch m, by Harold, dam Miss Russell, by Pilot 
 Jr., at Lexington, Ky., Nov. 11, 1884. 
 2.10. 
 Jay Eye See. blk g, by Dictator, dam Midnight, by Pilot 
 Jr., at Providence, K. I., Aug, 1, 1884. 
 2.11H. 
 St. Julien, b g, bv Volunteer, dam Flora, by Sayers 
 Harry Clay, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. liT, 1880. 
 
 a.13'4. 
 
 Mary Cobb, b s, by Happy Medium, dam Lady Jenkins, 
 
 by Black Jack, at Providence, K. I., Sept. 30, 1884. 
 Rarus, t) g, bv Conklin's Abdallah, dam Nancy Awful, 
 
 by Telegraph, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1878. 
 2.13?^. 
 Phallas, b s, by Dictator, dam Betsy Trotwood, by 
 
 Clark Chief, at Chicago, July 14, 1884. 
 2.14. 
 Clingstone, b g, bv R vsdy k, dam Gretchen, by Chosroes, 
 
 at Cleveland, O., Julj- 38. 1883. 
 Goldsmith Maid, b m, by Alexander's Abdallah, dam 
 
 by Abdallah. at Mystic Park, Boston. Sept. 3, 1874. 
 Trinket, b m, by Princeps. dam Ouida, by Rysdyk'B 
 
 Hambletonian,at Morrisania, N. Y., Sept. 23, 1881. 
 
 2.149^. 
 
 Hopeful, gr g, by Godfrey's Patchen, dam by the 
 
 Bridgham Horse, at Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 5, 1878. 
 2.15. 
 Harry Wilkes, b g, oy George Wilkes, dam Mollie 
 
 Walker, by Captain Walker, at Springfleld, Mass., 
 
 Sept. 4, 1884. 
 Lula, b m, by Alexander's Norman, dam Kate Crockett, 
 
 by imp. Hooton, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 10, 1875. 
 
 2.15!4. 
 
 Smuggler, b s, by Blanco, son of Iron's Cadmus, dam 
 
 a pacing mare, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 31, 1876. 
 
 2.15H. 
 
 Clemmie G., ch ra, by Magic, dam Ned, by Berkley's 
 
 Edwin Forrest, at Providence, R. I., Sept. 10, 1884. 
 Hattie Woodward, b ra, by Aberdeen, dam untraced, at 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 7. 1880. 
 2.16^. 
 Edwin Thorne. ch g. by Thorndale dam Lady Light- 
 toot, bj; Ashland, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1884. 
 Fanny Witherspoon, ch m, by Almont, dam Lizzie 
 
 Witherspoon, by Gough's Wagner, at Chicago, Oct. 
 
 3, 1884. 
 Lucille Golddust, b m, by Golddust, dam a pacing 
 
 mare, by Bald Hornet (':■), at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 
 
 10, 1877. 
 Maud Messenger, b m, by Messenger Chief, dam Eliza 
 
 Jane, by Gentle Breeze, at Hartford, Conn., Sept. H, 
 
 1884. 
 Wilson, b g, by George Wilkes, dam Miss Coons, by 
 
 Clark Chief, at Cleveland, O., Aug. 1, 1883. 
 2.16H. 
 American Girl, b m, by Amos' C. M. Clay, dam un- 
 known, at Albany, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1874. 
 
 Darby, b g, by Delmonico, dam unknown, at Utica, 
 
 N. Y., Aug. 22, 1879. 
 Jerome Eddy, b s, by Louis Napoleon, dam Fanny 
 
 Mapes, by Alexander's Abdallah, at Buffalo, N. Y., 
 
 Aug. 3, 1882. 
 Phil Thompson, gr g, bv Red Wilkes, dam Gray Nellie, 
 
 by John DiUard, at Cleveland, 0., Aug. 3, 1884. 
 2.16li. 
 Charley Ford, gr g, bv McKesson's Gray Eagle, dam 
 
 unknown, at Chicago, III., July 23, 1880. 
 Occident, br g, by Doc, dam unknown, at Sacramento, 
 
 Cal., Sept. 17, 1873. 
 
 2.17. 
 Director, blk s, by Dictator, dam Dolly, by Mambrino 
 
 Chief, at Cleveland, O., Aug. 1, 1883. 
 Gloster, b g, by Volunteer, dam Black Bess, by Stock- 
 bridge Chief, at Rochester, N. Y., Augr. 14, 1874. 
 Majolica, b g, by Startle, dam Jessie KJrk, by Clark 
 
 Chief, at Morrisania, N. Y., June '£2, 1883. 
 2.17M. 
 Black Ooud, blk s, by Ashland Chief, dam the Cluke 
 
 Mare, by New York Beauty, at Chicago, 111., July 
 
 2-3, 1882. 
 Dexter, br g, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam Clara, 
 
 by Seel}''s American Star, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 14, 
 
 1867. 
 Piedmont, ch g, by Almont, dam Mag Ferguson, by 
 
 Mambrino Chief, at Chicago, 111., July 19, 1881. 
 So So, b m. by George Wilkes, dam Little Ida, by Ed- 
 win Forrest, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 26, 1881. 
 2.17H. 
 Phyllis, br m, by Phil Sheridan, dam by Tom Sayers, 
 
 son of Canadian Grey Eagle, at Mystic Park, Bos- 
 ton, Sept. 19, 1883. 
 Robert McGregor, ch s, by Major Edsall, dam Nancy 
 
 Whitman, by American Star, at Fort Worth, Tex., 
 
 Nov. 33, 18S3. 
 Santa Claus, b s, by Strathmore, dam Lady Thorne Jr., 
 
 by Williams' Mambrino, at Chicago, HI., July 10. 
 
 1881. 
 
 2:17«. 
 Duquesne, ch s, by Tippo Bashaw, dam Wild Rose, by 
 
 Ry.^dyk's Hambletonian, at Pittsburgh, Pa., July 37, 
 
 l88;j. 
 Hannis, ch s, by Mambrino Pilot, dam Lady Stewart, 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 26, 18S0. 
 Sally Benton, gr f (4), by Gen. Benton, dam Sontag 
 
 Mohawk, by Mohawk Chief, at San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 Dec. 13, 1884. 
 
 2.18. 
 Dick Swiveller, b g, by Walkill Chief, dam Madam 
 
 Swiveller, by Henry Clay Jr., at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 
 
 22, 1879. 
 Edwin Forrest, b g. by Brannock's Ned Forrest, dam 
 
 Fanny Monday, by the quarter-horse Smiling Tom. 
 
 at Utica. N. Y., Aug. 14, 1878. 
 Great Eastern, b g, by Walkill Chief, dam by Reilly's 
 
 son of imp. Consternation, at Buffalo, N . Y., Aug. 2, 
 
 1878. 
 Judge Fullerton. ch g, by Edward Everett, dam un- 
 known, at Cleveland, O., July 28, 1875. 
 Kate Sprague, br m, by Gov. Sprague, dam Fan, by 
 
 Lance, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 10, 1881. 
 
368 
 
 THE 2:2;") list, 
 
 Nettie, b m, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam the 
 
 County House Mart', by Swly's American Star, at 
 
 Beacon Park, Boston, Sept. 11, 1ST4. 
 Protoiue, b m., by Bhu'kwooil, dam Sally Chorister, by 
 
 Mambrmo Chorister, at East Sti^fiuaw, Mich,, June 
 
 19, ISTH 
 Bed Cloud, b g, bv Legal Tender, dam unknown, at 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1874. 
 
 2.18M- 
 
 Oatchfly, br m, by Administrator, dam Cachuca, by 
 AIm^>nt, at .Tancsvillc. Wis., Juuc 21, Iv^l. 
 
 Lady Miiudc, brut, b.\' Cionenil Knox, dam Fanny, bv 
 SaU'k, at Kochester, N. Y., Aug. 11, I^To. 
 
 Lady Tboru, b m, by Mambrino Chief, dam by Gano, 
 at Providence, R. 1.. Dct. S, 1869. 
 
 Lucy, b m, by George M. Patchen, dam by May Day, 
 at BuffiUo, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1872. 
 
 Midnight, blk g, by Peacemaker, dam by the old llix>w 
 Hoi'se, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1878. 
 
 Pickard, b g, b.v Abdallah Pilot, dam by Bourbon 
 Chief, at Hartford, Conn,, June 2tt, 1882. 
 
 Rosa Wilkes, b m, by Cieorge Wilkes, dam by Mam- 
 brino Patcheu, at Cleveland, O., July 28, 18lS. 
 
 2.18H. 
 
 Colonel Lewis, gr g, by Rifleman, dam unknown, at 
 
 Sau Francisco, Cal.. Sept. 14, 1878. 
 Elvii-a, blk fui, by Cuylcr, dam Mary Mambrino, by 
 
 Mambrino Pat<,heu, at Cleveland, D., Sept. 26, 1S84. 
 J. B. Thomiis, b s, by Sterling, dam Uidy Hooper, by 
 
 Defiance, at Chicago, 111., July 23, 1881. 
 Monroe Chief, br s, by Jim Monroe, dam Madam 
 
 Powell, by Bjiy Chief, at Chicago, 111., July 24, 18HI. 
 Slow Go, rn g. bv Young Sharatack, dam unknown, at 
 
 Cleveland, O., July 2H, 1877. 
 William H., b g, bv Young Wilkes, dam by Daniel 
 
 Webster, at Chicago, 111., Aug. 19, 1882. 
 
 Bonita, b f, by BUectioneer, dam May Fly, by St. Clair 
 (pacer), at Lexington, Ky., Oct 18, lS8o. 
 
 Cleonv, blk m, by Menelaus, dam Thornleaf, by Mam- 
 brino Patchen, at Chicago, Hi., Sept. 22, 1882. 
 
 Frank Landers, b g, by Saddling Buck, dam Roany, by 
 Copperbottom, at Chicago, 111., July 14, 1884. 
 
 Nutwood, ch s, by Alexander's Belmont, dam Miss 
 Russell, by Pilot Jr., at Stockton, Cal.. Nov. 27, lS7(i. 
 
 Patchen, ch g, by Kentucky Hunter, dam by Scott's 
 Hiatoga, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 2S, 18S0. 
 
 2:19. 
 Adele Gould, ch m, by Jay Gould, dam Emeline, by 
 
 Henry B. Patchen, at Buffalo. N. Y.. Aug. 4, 1882. 
 Albemarle, gr g, by Tom Hunter, diun by Bluchcr, 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 23, 1^78. 
 Allev, b g. bv Volunteer, dam by New York Black 
 
 Hawk, at Chiaigo, 111.. July 2>, 1879. 
 Bonesetter, b s, by Brooks' Horse, dam by Adams' 
 
 Stump the Dealer, at Rochester, N.Y., Aug. 1.5, 1879. 
 Cozette. blk m. by Bluinberg's Black Bashaw, dam im- 
 
 knowu, at Rochester, Aug. 9, 18711. 
 Edward, ch g, by Fisk's Hambletonian (MasterUnlc), 
 
 dam by Ohio Bacchus, at Providence, R. I., Sept. 
 
 3, 1878. 
 France's Alexander, blk s, by Ben Patchen, dam by 
 
 Canada Jack, at Rochester, N. Y., July 4, 18^1. 
 Graves, ch g, bj' Whipple's Hambletonian, dam Rosa 
 
 Allen, at Stockton, Cal., Sept. 2tl, 1879. 
 Kitty Bates, gr m, bv Jim Monroe {'!), dam Pop Corn 
 
 (pacer), at ISuffalo, N. Y., Aug. 6, l.-^stl. 
 Minnie R., b m., by J. C. Breckenriiige, dam by Ex- 
 
 ch'Quer, at Chicago, 111 . , J uly 17, 1882. 
 Wedgewood, br s, by Alexander's Belmont, dam 
 
 Woodbine (dam of Woodford Mambrino), by Wood- 
 ford, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 28, 1880. 
 
 2:19M. 
 
 Aldine, br m, by Almont, dam Mother Hubbard, by 
 Johnson's Toronto, at Hai-tford, Aug. 31, 1882. 
 
 Bodine, b g, by Volunteer, dam by SajTes' Harry Clay, 
 
 at Eiist Saginaw, Mich, June 25, 187o. 
 Captjiin Kmmons, ch g, by Continental, dam Nelly, by 
 
 Tiger Morgan, at Providence, R. 1., June 21, 18(>4. 
 Comet, b g, by Daniel Lambert, dsuu by Hiawatha, at 
 
 Hartfoixi, Conn., Aug. 2!i, 1877. 
 Croxie, b. ni. by Clark Clnct, dam MoUie Whitetoot, 
 
 bv Little Priam, at lluitalo, N. Y., .\ug. 2, 1878. 
 Felix, b g. bv Nutwood, dam .\bdaUah Maid, by Roe's 
 
 Abdallah Chief, at liullalo, N. V.. Aug. 8, 1884. 
 George Palmer, b g, by .\mes' Bogus, dam by Old 
 
 llciuv I lav, at Providence, K. 1., Oct. 8, 18«i9, 
 Guy Wilkes. \. s ir.l. bv George Wilkes, dam Lady Bun- 
 ker, bv .Mambrino I'atclicn, at Siui IVancisco, Oct. 
 
 II, 18,<4. 
 Iron Age, rn g, by Jules Jurgensen, dam untraced, at 
 
 PiMvidence, R. I., Sept. 10, 1884. 
 Joe Bunker, grg, by George Wilkes, dam by Seely s 
 
 American star, at Morrisania, N. Y., June 21, l.-iSS. 
 Keene, Jim, rn g. by Keeiie s Lookout, dam Laura 
 
 Fair, by Morgan Rattler, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 7, 
 
 1880. 
 Pai'ana, b m, by Mambrino Hambletonian, dam Belle 
 
 of Cayuga, by Hambletonian Pi-ince, at Beacon 
 
 Park. Sept. 8, 1S,<0. 
 Sleepy Joe, br g, bv Joe Thompson, diuu unknown, at 
 
 Cleveland, O., July 31, 188,3. 
 
 2:19!^. 
 
 Abbotsford, b s, by Woodfoi-d Mambrino, dam Colum- 
 bia, bv Young Columbus, at Sim Francisco, Cal., 
 Aug. 24, 1883. 
 
 Driver, b g, by Volunteer, dam Silvertail, by Seely"8 
 .\raerican Star at Prospect Park, L. 1.. Oct. 15, 1880. 
 
 Flash, blk lu. b^• Bonesetter, diun by Sir Alfred, at 
 Clevehuul, O., Aug. 2, 1884. 
 
 Forest I'atilicii, In- g, b.\ King Patchen, dam by Fljing' 
 Cioii.l. at llaitlonl, Conn., June 14, 18,83. 
 
 Hinda Hose, b f (3>, by V:iectioneer, dam Beautiful 
 Bells, by the Moor, at Lexington, Oct. 12, 188;!. 
 
 Modoc, ch g, by Abenleen, at Mystic Park, Boston, 
 Sept. 18, 1,883. 
 
 Moose, b g, by Washburn Horse, dam the Morrisey 
 Mare, by imp. Trustee, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 
 
 10, 1,8,8(1. 
 
 Nellie K., ch m, bv Gen. McClellan Jr., dam by Sam 
 McClellan, at San Knincisco, Cal., Aug. 24, IS,-?). 
 
 Ovennaii, ch g. bv EUuo, ilain by Billy McCracken, at 
 Rochester, N. Y., Aug. K;. 1883. 
 
 Romero, gr s, bv A. W. Hichniotid. dam (7retclien, by 
 Mambrino Pilot, at Stockton. Cal., Sept. 22, 1882. 
 
 Thomas L. YoiMig. ch g, by Yellow .huUct, dam a pac- 
 ing maix'. bv liald Hornet, at Fleetwood Park, New 
 York. Oct. 22. 187.5. 
 
 Tonv Newell, bg. at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 15, 18,83. 
 
 Tucker, ch g, b\- Strathmore, dam by Bob Henry, 
 at l,i'xiMi:t.in. Ky.. Oct. 9. 18,-3. 
 
 Trouliiulour, blk g, bv Revenge, dam Illinois Maid, by 
 Black Donald. at Hutlalo, N. Y., -Vug. 3, 18itl. 
 
 Von Ariiiiu, b s. bv Sentinel, dam Jlay Short, by 
 Blood's Black Hawk, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. IS, 
 
 l!vS2. 
 
 Will Cody, b g, by Blue Bull, dam Celia, said to be by 
 American Eclipse, at Chicago, 111., July 23, 1880. 
 
 2:19H. 
 
 Adelaide, b m, by Phil Sheridan, dam by Sam Hous- 
 ton, grandson of Vermont Black Hawk, at Buffalo, 
 N. v., Aug. 3, 1878. 
 
 Butterllv. br in (.)>. bv Young Jim, dam Tanzy, by 
 George Wilkes, at Mystic Park, Sept. 18, 18,'H. 
 
 Camoi-s, blk g. In- (ieneral Knox, dam unknown, at 
 Buffalo, N. v., Aug. 7. 1874. 
 
 Daisvdale, b m, bv Thonulale, dam Daisy, by Burr's 
 Washington, at CIcvelMiul, O., July 27, 1,880. 
 
 Deck Wright, b g. liv the Hinsdale Horse, dam un- 
 known, at Buffalo. N. V., -Vug. ti, l.-yso. 
 
 Dr. Norman, b g, by Col. Moore, dam unknown, at 
 Cleveland, O., Sept. 7, 1882. 
 
■I II K 2:2') LIST, 
 
 309 
 
 Flora Temple, b m, by One-Eycl Kentucky Hunter, 
 
 (lam by Hputtcl Arubiuii, ut Kuluiiuus>jo, Mlcti., Out. 
 
 V>, IWJ. 
 John H. (,'lnik, cli K, by TliomuJi JelTrTWin, 'lain by 
 
 Hcolt'H IluiU)Ku, ut UoclieKUT, N. Y., Au(f. 12, IWI. 
 Jt)H<;iiliiJ», oil K, by (;ri'<;irH llu»hiiw, riuin u Oijpcrbot- 
 
 tijin pacing mare, at Huillord, Conn., Aug. iiU, Uittl. 
 
 2:20. 
 
 ... _ n<l. b If. bv 
 
 HorKC, at ..... 
 
 Annie W„ cii in, tjy ik^Ktlck'H Almont .Jr., dam Mary 
 
 M.. at (Jlevelund, <>., .luly :J7, IXMI. 
 iluy Krunlt. b k* by Tonia/io, ilara l>y State of Maine, at 
 
 Ban KranclMco, C'ul., Auk. l.'i, !»»«. 
 B"-iie IlruHllelil, b m, by Vllcy's Cripple, dam Sally 
 Chori«U;r, by Mambrino Cliorlgtcr, at Uulfaio, N. Y. 
 
 Auit. r,. mm. 
 
 IVIlc Ki;lio, b ni, by Ki;ho, dam Tltug, by California 
 Ilelniont, at Chieu(?o, .July 10, 1HH4. 
 
 Kluine, b m, Ijy MewwnKer Ouroc, dam Green Mount- 
 ain Muld, by Hayres' Harry Clay, at Hun Krancinco, 
 Cal., .Nov. la, J»«0. 
 
 Etta Joni.n, b m (converted pacer), by Puriub'o Crock- 
 ett, ut lt«chr«U;r, N. Y., Auif. 12, l«7!». 
 
 Flecty OoidduHt, (fr ni, by ColddtiBt, dam a MorKun 
 mure, at MyHtIc I'ark, llimton. Mawt., 8<:pt. 4, 1H74. 
 
 Frank, l)Jk «. by Voiiiin Oneida, <lam unknown, at 
 J'ou(cbke<^le, N. V., Auk- I-i, 1X77. 
 
 (JeorKe V'., cb «, by Mimlirlode, dam tjy Magna CJiarta. 
 at Ui)olieMU,r, .V. V.. Auif. 14, 1K«. 
 
 Humboldt, b ir. I;y Htocking Chief, dam Ijy Parish's 
 Pilot, at Hartford Conn., Aug X), IKHI. 
 
 John H., b u, by lllumlx'rK'H lllu<,'k Ilaxhuw, dam by 
 Morgan Hunter, ut Hartford, ('onu., AiiK.'Si. Ix7«. 
 
 Little Fred, b. g., tjy l-Juitmiin'H Morgan, dum by Kimp- 
 Hon'H illuekblrd, at Clevelund, O., .July »i, 1877. 
 
 Mambrino Oift, cli h, by Mamlirino Pilot, dam Water- 
 witch, by Pilot Jr., at J(oclieBU;r, N. V., Aug. Vi. 
 1H74. 
 
 May (^ueen, ]> m, by Alexander's Norman, rlam Jennie, 
 fjy Crockett's Arabian, at Utica. N. Y., Aug. 17, 
 
 IK7.'). 
 
 Orange Clrl, b m, by Kysdyk's IJamblebjnian, dam 
 
 Dolly .MIUh. by Heely's American Star, ut Columbus, 
 
 O., July 3, imi. 
 Prospero, t)lk g, liy MesHenger Duroc, dam Oreen 
 
 Mountain .Mmd, by SayriM' Harry Clay, at Puugli- 
 
 keepsie, N. Y., Aug. at. 1H77. 
 2.20)^. 
 Adelaide, b m, by Milwaiikce, >Iam Minnie B., by Bay 
 
 Mambrino, at Chicago, July 14, IIW. 
 Amy, b m, Ijy VolunUicr, dam Itelle liruridon, by Itys- 
 
 dyk's Hamblct^miun, at Hartford, Conn., June '&, 
 
 IS7!». 
 Belle F.. b m. liy .VIiwt<;rlodf. <Lirn Itelle Hastings, by 
 
 Magna Ciiartu, at Sprlntrllifld. .Mass., S(;pt. 2, 1KH4. 
 Billy Mutton, eh g, by Jlainlil.-tonian Prince, dum tjy 
 
 Paige's Logan, at Wushiiigton, l>. C. July 1«, IKKt. 
 Brandy Jtoy, b g, tiy Admiral I'atchen, at Hartford, 
 
 Conn., June :i'.i, 18s3 
 Bu/J& Medium, h m. hy Ha|>py Medium, dam by Non- 
 
 imrell, at Pittsburgh, Pa., .July 11, ima 
 Cant. L<;wi«. eh g, by Spink, dam I>ady Jones, by Wal- 
 
 luce's Phenomenon, at Springiield, Mass., Se[;t. tl, 
 
 1883. 
 Early Rose, eh m, by Almont,^ ilam Jenny, liy Flying 
 
 Cloud, at Hartford, flonn., June 21. IKt«. 
 Fanny itoliinson, \i m. by Blood Chiel',dam by Alexan- 
 der's .Norman, at St. Louis. Mo., Oct. 2, 18711. 
 Fred IJouglHS. eh s. liy Creen's Jliwliaw, iLmi Nancy 
 
 Jl<;li, b\ Calc'B .'Horgan. att'hicago. III.. Julv21. l-s2. 
 H. It. Winship, bik g, by Ari-wto. dam Willful, by 
 
 Odonel Moulton, at Providence, U. I.. June ;!0, Ihtu. 
 Henry-, bg, Jjy Harry Ijithrop, dum Flora, breeding 
 
 unknown, ut Ileucon Park, It^jstxjn, Mass., June 2^, 
 
 1«71. 
 
 J. P. Morris, br g, by R. K. Morrin. dam Brown Beiw, 
 by Young lt<.-triever, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., 
 
 t5<;pt. I«. fssZ. 
 Liz/.le M . br ni, by Thomas Jefferson, dam yu(*n Pin, 
 
 by Lcual 'lender (i'j.at Albany, .N. V., S<,-pt. 2B, Vint. 
 L<julse N., b m, by Alpine, dam own sister U> Young 
 
 Odumbus, at liulfalo, N. V., Aug 7, ISKi. 
 Lucy, blk m, by JUiyal lU-venge, dain by nnp. Hark- 
 
 away.at I^ist Saginaw, .Mich , June 17, IHK). > 
 Martha Wusliington, eh ni, by Itlucher (son of Ball's 
 
 itiack I->ugl<^;. dum unknown, at Beacon Park, B<.>s- 
 
 ton, Mass., June 14, 1877. 
 M'»/.o-.Maine, cii g, by Ceneral .M<irgun (the Kurtz 
 
 Hon*;), darn Old It<-ll, by Itiown's Hellfounder (W, 
 
 at Cleveland. O,, July Zt. 1877. 
 Naiufi Queen, b m, ijy (ioodlng's f.'hamidon, flam 
 
 Tackey, by Pilot Jr., at Hartford, Conn, June 21, 
 
 188;,'. 
 Onward, b g, by Knickerlsicker, dam by Heserve, at 
 
 Mystic J'urk, Sept. 17. 1881. 
 Kherldan. Ij g, by Kdwurd Kverctt, "lam by F.urcka (^J, 
 
 at Ifjaeon I'ark, JloBton, Mass., S<,-pt. 7, I88(J 
 Silverton. b g, by Blue Ituli, dam Hllverella, at Pitts- 
 burgh, I'u., Julv 14. 1881. 
 St. Altfans. blk g. by Ceorge Monmfiuth I*at<jhen, 'lam 
 
 by Oanlel Boone, at Pittsburgh. Pa.. July 18, 1884. 
 Voltaire, br s. Ijy Tuttler, dam Young J'ortfa, by Mam- 
 brino t'hief, at Springfield, .Muss., A ug. ■.III. 1881 . 
 Zoe II., ch m, bv Illue Bull, rlum Milu C.'s data, at 
 
 BpriugUcId, Muiis., Aug. 28, 188a. 
 
 2:20^ii. 
 Albert W, bs, by Electionwr, <lam by John Nelson, 
 
 at San Francisco, Aug. i), 1884. 
 Arab, bg, by Anhurt<m, dam I^udy Humilton, i>edl- 
 
 gn,-e unknown, at San Frunclsco, Aug. 2, 1884. 
 Cliunee, ch g, by Blue Bull, dam a pacing mure by a 
 
 horse called Sir Henry, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. (j. 
 
 1870. 
 Earl, ch g, by 'Young Uevenue, dam unknown, ut 
 
 Iloch(«ter, N. Y.. Aug. 1.), 1884. 
 Frank, b g, by Abraham, dam Itfiot. tiy Oreen Mount- 
 ain Boy, at Island Park, S<;pt. »i, 188'.. 
 Olendule, b g. by Mambrino Wugm-r, dum Kfiflclale, 
 
 by B<Tkley'sE<lwin Forn»t, Hartford, Conn., Aug. 
 
 24. 1881). 
 Governor Sprague, l)lk s, by Khode Island, dam B<,lle 
 
 Brandon, by UyB<Iyli's Humblet<mlaii. at Pough- 
 
 kee|>«ie. N. Y., Aug. ■£'., 187». 
 Irene, gr m. by OuHty .Miller, dam .Minnie, by Abdullah, 
 
 ut Pro-pi-et Park, Long Island, Muy .K), 1880. 
 LIdu llasHiiT, b 111, by Forest King, dum by Alculdc, at 
 
 Cli'velund, O, Jiilyai, I87». 
 l/jiidoii, <:li g, by .Mambrino Patchen, dam by E^iwin 
 
 Foricst, at Cleveland, O., July 2«, 1882. 
 Lynnwood. gr s.by I'linker.darn li*-dt<jn Maid,untraced, 
 
 at Cliieugo, July 7. 1884. 
 Noontide, gr m, tjy Harold, dam Midnight, Jjy Pilot Jr., 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., June :JJ. 1880. 
 Sam I'urdy, b s, tiv tJeorge M. I'atchen Jr , <lam Whis- 
 key Jane, by Illinois Modoc, at BulTalo, W. Y., Aug. 
 
 a, 187!). 
 Secret, b ra, by Ktrathmore, dum Aman'la, by Waxey, 
 
 lit Pittsburgh, Pa.. July 1«. 18h(. 
 Stephen G. b g, by Knickerbocker, dam Sunlieam, by 
 
 Volunteer, at Providence. K. I. S<pt. :«), 1884. 
 Walnut, b g, by F'lorlda, dam Belief, by Messenger 
 
 tlumbletonlan, at Hpringfleld, Mass., Sept. 4. 1884. 
 
 2:2<»i. 
 
 Abe Downing, b s, by Joe Howning, <lam by Harrison, 
 
 Iluiralo, N. Y.. Augusta. 188;;. 
 Huntie»«, I, in. by Volunteer, dam Lady Bears (dam of 
 
 Trio, :;:::(' 1,. by Si'Cly's American Star, at Belmont 
 
 Park. I'hiladelphia. Pu., June B. IKTU. 
 King William, blk g. by King Wiliium, (him by Pacing 
 
 At)dallah,ut<:ievelHnd, <).. July a7. 1882. 
 Lysander Boy, eh g, liy Lysunder, dam by WInecreek 
 
 Uhick Huwk, at Butfulo, N. Y., July .'tl, 1878. 
 Morse's Yellow Dock, cb m, by Clark's Mobawk Jr., 
 
370 
 
 THE 2:25 LIST. 
 
 dam by Copperbottotn, at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 16, 
 
 1S83. 
 Mountain Bt>y, b g, by Edward Everett, dam bj' Grid- 
 ley's Roebuck, at Mvstic Park, Boston, Mass., July 
 
 3. JStiS. 
 Tariflf, b s, by Clarion Chief, dam Lillian, by Favorite, 
 
 at Chicago, 111., July 17, ISSJ. 
 Young Fullerton, ch s, by Edward Everett, dam Flora, 
 
 by Rich's Jupiter, at Haitford, Conn., Sept 4, 1883. 
 2:21. 
 Adair, b g (5), by Electioneer, dam Addie Lee, by Cul- 
 ver's Black Hawk, at Saci-amento, Cal.. Sept. SO, 1884. 
 Albert France, b g, by George Wilkes, dam by Rys- 
 
 dvk's Hambletoniau, at Providence, R. 1., Sept 12, 
 
 1884. 
 Banquo, b g, pedigree unknown, at Utica, N. Y^., Aug. 
 
 17, 1877. 
 Castle Boj-, b g, by Gooding's Champion, dam by Fin- 
 ley's Morgan Tiger, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 4, 1874. 
 Castleton, b g, by Chesbrough, dam unknown, at 
 
 Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 13, 1879. 
 Clementine, b m, by Addison Jr., dam by Wiltsey's 
 
 Emigrant, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 10. 187.5. 
 Crown Point, ch s, by Speculation, dam unknown, at 
 
 Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 24, 1880. 
 Doty, b g, by Challenge, dam a Belmont mare (?) at 
 
 Santa Clara, Cal., Oct. 3, 1878. 
 Gazelle, b m, by Rysdyk's Hambletoniau, dam Hattie 
 
 Wood, by Harry Clay, at Prospect Park, L. I., Oct. 
 
 22, 1872. 
 General Garfield, b g, by Kentucky Black Hawk, dam 
 
 by Captain Walker (pacer), at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 17, 
 
 1875. 
 General Grant, ch s, by Wapsie, dam by Hanley's Hia- 
 
 toga, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1876. 
 Helene, ch m, by Hambletoniau Prince, dam the Max- 
 well Mare, at Morrisania, N. Y., Jan. 29, 1882. 
 Index, b g, by Jas. R. Reese, dam Rosina Bell, un- 
 
 traced, at Proridence, R. I., Sept. 10, 1884. 
 Indianapolis, b 8, by Tattler, dam Indiana, by Mam- 
 
 brino Chief, at Cleveland, O., July 25, 1878. 
 James H., b g, pedigree unknown, at Sacramento, Cal., 
 
 Sept. II, 1884. 
 Judge Davis, b g, by Joe Brown, dam Lady Sherman, 
 
 by Milliman's Bellfounder, at Springlield, Mass., 
 
 Sept. 2, 1884. 
 Kenilworth, b g, by Lothair, dam by Wilkes Booth, at 
 
 Providence, Sept. 7, 1884. 
 King Philip, b s, by Jay Gould, dam Factors" Girl, by 
 
 Rysdyk's Hambletoniau, at Cleveland, O., July 2.5, 
 
 1877. 
 Lady Pritohard, ch m, by Green Mountain Banner, 
 
 dam by Hying Morgan, at Buffalo, N. Y., July 31, 
 
 1878. 
 Lucille, b m, by Exchequer, dam the Baleman Mare 
 
 (pacer), at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1878. 
 Lumps, br s, by George Willies, dam by Pearsall, at 
 
 Maysville, Ky., Sept. 20, 1882. 
 Manon, br m, by Nutwood, dam Addie, by Hambleton- 
 iau Chief, at Sacramento, Cal.. Sept. 14, 1884. 
 May Bird, blk m, by George Wilkes, dam by John C. 
 
 Fremont, at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 16. 1877. 
 Nickel, b g, bv Oak Hill, dam unknown, at Hartford, 
 
 Conn., June 15. 188.3. 
 Pilot Knox, blk s, by Black Pilot, dam Nancy Knox, by 
 
 Colonel Ellsworth, at Mystic Park. Oct. 17. 1884. 
 Powei-s, br g, by Volunteer, dam Jennie, by American 
 
 Star, at Utica, N. Y.. Aug. 17, 1878. 
 Richard, ch g, by Blue Bull, dam by Sir Leslie, at Utica, 
 
 N. Y., Aug. 17, 1878. 
 Scott's Thomas, b s, by General George H. Thomas dam 
 
 Lady Rice (dam of Scott's Chief), by Whitehall, at 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1,878. 
 St. Cloud, b g, by Conklin's Star, dam by Bay Rich- 
 mond, at Rochester, N. Y.. Aug. 14, ISS;!. 
 Susie, ch m, bv Hampshire Boy, dam by Wildair, at 
 
 Belmont Park, Philadelphia, Pa., June 7, 1876. 
 Vandcrlvnn, b s, by George M. Patclien Jr., dam by 
 
 Joseph, at Sacramento, Sept. 20, 1884. 
 
 White Stocking, b g, pedigree unknown, at Utica, N.T., 
 
 Aug. 14, 1877. 
 Wildtlower, b f (2),, by Electioneer, dam Mayflower, by 
 
 St. Clair, at San Francisco. Cal., Oct. ZZ, 1881. 
 2.21M. 
 Amelia C, b m, by Dexter Bi^adford, dam by Volun- 
 teer (?), at Beacon Park, Oct. 10, 1884. 
 Bayonne Prince, blk s (5), by Kentucky Prince, dam 
 
 Emily C, by State of Maine, at Pittsburgh, Pa., July 
 
 18, 18*4. 
 Bessie, ch m, by Blue Bull, dam by Patrick Henry, at 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 7. 1884. 
 Bronze, b m, by Morrison's Morgan Messenger, dam by 
 
 Christy's Black Snake, at Cleveland, O., July3i, 18f3. 
 Brigadier, by Happy Medium, dam Lady Turner, by 
 
 Frank Pierce, at Marysville, Cal., Sept. 7, 1883. 
 Cornelia, blk m, by Colonel Bonner, dam unknown, at 
 
 Utica, N. Y., Aug. 18,1882. 
 Dan Smith, b g, by Reporter, dam by Young Trustee, 
 
 son of imp. Trustee, at Sprmgfleld, Mass., Aug. 7, 
 
 1880. 
 Ezra L., rn g, by Gideon, dam by Tom Benton, at Hart- 
 ford, Conn., June 15, 1882. 
 Harablctonian Bashaw, b s, by Green's Bashaw, dam 
 
 Lady Byron, by Gage's Logan, at Chicago, 111., July 
 
 •24, 1880. 
 Hambletoniau Mambrino, b s, by Curtis' Hambletoniau, 
 
 dam Topsy, by Alexander's Abdallah, at Point 
 
 Breeze Park, Philadelphia, Oct. 4, 1878. 
 Mambrino, b s, bj' Edward Everett, dam Mambrina, 
 
 by Mambrino Chief, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 27, 
 
 1879. 
 Howard Jay, rn g, by Wood's Hambletonian, dam 
 
 Emma Montour, by Seneca Chief, at Hartford, 
 
 Conn., Sept. 4, 1881!. 
 Independence, gi' s, by Gen. Knox, dam by Gideon, at 
 
 Jtorrisiania, N. Y., Oct. 6, 1881. 
 Ino, b m, by Chenery's Grey Eagle, at Springfield, 
 
 Mass., Aug. 31, 1883. 
 Jersey Boy, b g, by Young Volunteer, dam Libbie, by 
 
 Young Gen. Taylor, at Washington, D. C.,May 7.1881. 
 Kansas Chief, b g, bj Young Josephus dam Ella, by 
 
 Young Copperbottom, at East Saginaw, Mich., June 
 
 30, 1876. 
 Kentucky Wilkes, blk s, by George Wilkes, dam 
 
 Minna, by Red Jacket, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1880. 
 King Almont, b s, by Almont, dam Kate Crockf tt, by 
 
 Crockett's Arabian, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., 
 
 Nov. 2, 1883. 
 Kitty Patchen, ch m, by Jeb Stuart, dam by Hefling's 
 
 Hiatoga, at Mystic Park, Sept. 17, 1884. 
 Mamie, b m, by Blue Bull, dam Silverella, at Spring- 
 field, Mass.. Sept. 9, 1882. 
 Maybird, b m, by Jimmie. dam Kate Swift, by Cham- 
 pion Jr., at Janesville, Wis., June 20, 1884. 
 Prince, blk g, by Royal Revenge, dam by Ferguson's 
 
 Grey Eagle, at Chicago, July 4, 1884. 
 Sweetness, b m, by Volunteer, dam by Edward Ever- 
 ett, at Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 13, 1882. 
 Young Rolfe, b s, by Tom Rolfe, dam Judith, by 
 
 Draco, at Springfield, Mass., Sept. 5, 1884. 
 
 2.21J^. 
 Artillery, b s, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam Wells' 
 
 Star,'hySeely'sAmericanStar, at Providence, R. I., 
 
 July 24, 1884. 
 Bliss, br m, by Bavard, dam Dolly Hazard, by Sam 
 
 Hazard, at Chicago, III., July 18, 1882. 
 Ewing, b g, by Primus, dam Lady Washington, at 
 
 Cleveland, C, Sejrt. .5. 1882. 
 Jay Gould, b s, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam Lady 
 
 Sanford, by Seeiy's American Star, at Buffalo, N. Y., 
 
 Aug. 7, 1872. 
 Jim Schriber, gr s, by Fhode Island, dam Dutch Girl, 
 
 by Dusty Jliller, at Cleveland, O., Sept. 26, 1884. 
 Mattie Graham, b m. by Harold, dam by Mambrino 
 
 Chief, at Chicago, III., July 18, 18H2. 
 Montgomery, b s, by Inheritor, dam Bazaar, by Ken- 
 tucky Chief, at Providence, R. I., Sept. 10, 1884. 
 
THE 2:25 LIST. 
 
 371 
 
 Music, ch ra, by Middletown, dam by Roe's Fiddler, at 
 
 Hartford, Conn., Sept. 3. 18T5. 
 Nellie G., br m, by Brenthain, at Cleveland, O., July 
 
 31, 1883. 
 Red Cross, ch s, by Brigand, dam by Dole's Magna 
 
 Charts, at Columbus, U., May 24, 1883. 
 Steve Maxwell, gr g, by Ole Bull Jr., dam by Grigsby's 
 
 Matchless Whale, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 28, 1880. 
 Thornburg, br g. by Judge Advocate, dam Lady Reno, 
 
 by General Grant, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 9, 188*. 
 Will CoUender, br g, by Strader, dam Blossom, by a 
 
 son of Grey Eagle, at Chicago, 111., July 11, 1884. 
 Woodford Mambrino, b s, by Mambrino Chief, dam 
 
 Woodbine, by imp. Woodford, at Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Sept. 4, 1878. 
 
 2:21M. 
 Charley Champlin, b g, by Messenger Duroc, dam by 
 
 American S ar, at Haitford, Conn., June 38, 1881. 
 Day Dream, ch f (4), Cuyler, dam Lucia, by Rysdyk's 
 
 Hambletonian, at Le.vington, Ky., Oct. 10, 1883. 
 Eai-ly Dawn, b f (4), by George Wilkes, dam by Mam- 
 brino Star, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 15, 1884. 
 Molsey, b m., by Whiteside's Black Hawk, dam Moll, 
 
 by Dallas, at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 1, 1875. 
 Pancoast, b s, bv Woodford Mambrino, dam Bicani, 
 
 by Harold, at Lexington, Oct. 13, 1884. 
 Pilot R, b g, by Black Knight, dam by Joe Da\is, at 
 
 Beacon Park, Sept. 14, 1881. 
 Rosalind, b m, by Alexander's AhdaUah, dam by 
 
 Brown Pilot, at Point Breeze Park, Philadelphia, 
 
 Pa., Sept. 37, 1873. 
 Rose of Washington, gr m, by Green's Bashaw, d:im 
 
 Lady McNair, at Chicago, 111., July 35, 1879. 
 Strathlan, b s, by Strathmore, dam by Aker's Idol, at 
 
 Chicago, Oct. 8, 1884, 
 Topsy, br m, by WalkiU Chief, at Poughkecpsie, N.Y., 
 
 Aug. 23, 1883. 
 
 2:33. 
 Bella, b ra, by Rysdyke's Hambletonian, dam Lady 
 
 McCann, by Jupiter, at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 2, 
 
 187.5. 
 Blackbird, blk s, by Simpson's Blackbird, dam un- 
 known, at Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 22, 1874. 
 Calmar, b g, by Bourbon Chief, dam by March's Boli- 
 var, at Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 15, 1881. 
 Charley Hogan, b g, by Virgo Hambletonian, dam by 
 
 the Wacker Hoi-se, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1884. 
 Commonwealth, br s, by Phil Sheridan, dam by Young 
 
 St. Lawrence, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 29, 1878. 
 Dame Trot, blk m, by Messenger Uuroc, dam Green 
 
 Mountain Maid, by Sayres' Harry Clay, at Utica, N. 
 
 Y., Aug. 13,1878. 
 Deucalion, b s, by Rysdyke's Hambletonian, dam 
 
 Trusty, by Young Trustee, son of imp. Trustee, at 
 
 Island Park, Albany, N. Y., Oct. 6, 188a 
 Emma B., gr m, by Bayard, dam by Brown Harr.v, at 
 
 Point Breeze Park, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 2, 1879. 
 George Wilkes, brs, by Rysdyke's Hambletonian, dam 
 
 by Henry Clay, at Providence, R. I , Oct. 13, 1868. 
 Handicap, gr g, by Stephen A . Douglas, at Cleveland, 
 
 0.,Aug. 4, 1883. 
 Jerome Turner, b s. by Byerly Abdallah, dam by Pac- 
 ing Abdallab, at Gainesville, Tex., Nov. ti, 18S4. 
 Joe Brown, gr s, by Woodward's Rattler, dam by 
 
 Noble's Vermont Hambletonian, at Belmont Park, 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa.. June 7, 187B. 
 Little Gypsy, b m, by T.im Hal, dam unknown, at 
 
 Cleveland, O., July 27, 1877. 
 Mambrino Dudley, b s, by Woodford Mambrino, dam 
 
 Sue Dudley, by Edwin Forrest, at Sprinfleld, Mass., 
 
 Sept. 1, 1881. 
 Mollie Morris, ch m, by a French pacing pony, dam 
 
 unknown, at Buffalo, N Y., Aug. 10, 1875. 
 Mystic, bg, by Reliauce, dam unknown; at Prospect 
 
 Park, Long Island, June 4, 1875. 
 Oakland Maid, gr ra, by Speculation, dam Unly Ver- 
 non, at San Francisco, Cal., Nov. 4, 187fi. 
 Silversides, ^ g, pedigree unknown, at Columbus, O., 
 
 July 10, 1878. 
 
 Starr King, dn gjby George M. Patchen, Jr., dam Mary 
 
 Wonder, San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 13, 1882. 
 Wolford Z., b g, by Beaumont, dam unknown, at 
 
 Utica, N. Y., Aug., 16, 1878. 
 2.22!4. 
 Bat«man, b g, by Doty's Black Harry Clay, dam by 
 
 Rysdyk's Hambletonian, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 
 
 2:S, 1878. 
 Dictator, blk g, by Comet, dam unknown, at Cleve- 
 land, O., July 30, 1879. 
 Elmer, br g, by Gooding's Champion, dam Belle, by 
 
 Rysdyk's Hambletonian, at Providence, R. I., June 
 
 18, 18!W. 
 Fides, ch g;, by General Stanton, dam by Black Bear, 
 
 at Providence, Sept. 13, 1884. 
 Florence M., ch m, by Blue Bull, dam Fanny, un- 
 
 traced, at Chicago, Sept. 10, 1884. 
 Gladiator, b g, by Blue Bull, dam by Jim Monroe, at 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa., July 25, 1883. 
 Grafton, ch g, by Waxy, dam by Kavanagh's Grey 
 
 Eagle, at Kalamazoo, Mich., June 30, 1875. 
 Hannah D., b m, by Magna Charta, dam unknown, at 
 
 Hartford, Conn., Sept. 1, 1876. 
 Jennie Holton, b m, by Bacchus Horse, dam a pacing 
 
 mare, at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 16, 1877. 
 Jim Early, ch g, by Fitzsimmons' Champion, dam by 
 
 Pilgrim, at Chicago, Oct. 11, 1884. 
 King Wilkes, br s, by George Wilkes, dam Missie, by 
 
 Brignoli,at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 27, 1884. 
 Lady Rolfe, b m, by Tom Rolfe, dam by Montezuma, 
 
 at Louisville, Ky., Oct. 5, 1880. 
 Nellie R., b m, by Stejihen A. Douglas, dam untraced, 
 
 at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1884. 
 Onawa blk s, by Goodwin's Hambletonian, dam Claire, 
 
 by Sam Ugley, at Springfield, Mass., Sept. 7, 1882. 
 Reveille, b s, by New York, dam Fleet, by Kearsarge, 
 
 at East Saginaw, Mich., Aug. 28, 1884. 
 Revenue, b s, by Smuggler, dam May Morning, by 
 
 Daniel Lambert, at Chicago, July 12, 1884. 
 Sensation, b g, by Dixon's Ethan Allen, dam by Indian 
 
 Chief, at Fleetwood Park, New York, Oct. 3, 18;5. 
 Thorndale, b s, bv Alexander's Abdallah, dam Dolly, 
 
 by Mambrino Chief, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1876. 
 Tom Rolfe, b g, by Tom Rolfe, dam Carlotta, by Fear- 
 naught Jr., at Chicago, July 11, 1884. 
 LTnolala, b m, by Volunteer, dam by Sayres' Harry 
 
 Clay, at Utica, N. Y., .\ug. 15, 1883. 
 Woodford (;hief. b s, by Clark Chief, dam Virginia, 
 
 said to be by Billy Townes, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 
 
 13, 1877. 
 
 2.22M. 
 Badger Girl, gr m, by Black Flying Cloud, dam un- 
 known, at East Saginaw, Mich., June 29, 1876. 
 Blackwood Jr., blk 9, by Blackwood, dam Belle Sheri- 
 dan, by Blood's Black Hawk, at Nashville, Tenn., 
 
 May 26, 1876. 
 Capitola, b m, by Gilbreth Knox, at Hartford, Conn., 
 
 Oct. 13, 1881. 
 Charles W. Woollev, b g, by Crazy Nick, dam unknown, 
 
 at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 2. 1878. 
 Chestnut Hill, b s, bv Strathmore, dam Polly Barber, 
 
 by Bully King, at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 30. 1879. 
 Convoy, gr g, by Woodford Mambrino, dam Vanity 
 
 Fair, by Alexander's Abdallah, at Minneapolis, 
 
 .Minn., Sept. 10,1880. 
 Deception, gr g, pedigree unknown, at Cleveland, O., 
 
 Oct 3, 1877. 
 Dick Moore, ch g, by Alexander's Belmont, dam Mary, 
 
 by Monmouth Eclipse, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., 
 
 Sept. 1, 1880. 
 Don, gr g, by Peck's Idol, dam Mary Weaver, at Hart- 
 ford, Conn., Sept. 7. 188:1. 
 Elsie Good, ch m. by Blue Bull, dam bv Alexander's 
 
 Abdallah, at Columbus, O., July 15, 1879. 
 Gibraltar, b s, by Echo, dam by Owen Pale, at Oakland, 
 
 Cal., Sept. 13. 1881. 
 
372 
 
 Honest Harry, m g. by Winthrop Morrill, dam un- 
 known, at Hartford, Conn., Auff. 28, 1877. 
 
 Jennie, b m, by Hed Eagle, dam by Pataskala. at Spring- 
 tleld, Mass., Aug. SJ, 1873. 
 
 Jewett, b g, by Allie West, dam by John Innis, sou of 
 imp. Glencoe, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1883. 
 
 Joker, b g, by Parish Hambletonian, dam by Andrus' 
 Hambletonian, at Rochester, N. V., Aug. 10, 1875, 
 
 Little Sioux, b g, by Monitor, dam Eugenia, by Ben 
 Hoodhouse, at Council Bluffs, la., Sept. 3, 1881. 
 
 Mamie M., br m, by Crittenden, dam by Clark's Daniel 
 Boone, at La Salle, 111., July 31, 1884. 
 
 Mattie, b m, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam by Young 
 Engineer, at Buffalo, N. Y., July 31, 1878. 
 
 Neta Medium, b ra, by Happy Medium, dam by Yankee 
 Tricks, at Chicasro, 111., July 20, 1883. 
 
 Reliance, b s, by Ale.vander, dam by Mambrino Rattler, 
 at Oakland, Cal., Sept. 8, 1882. 
 
 Scotland, blk g, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, dam Water- 
 witch, by Pilot Jr., at Cleveland, O., July 2.5, 1877. 
 
 Sister, ch m, by Admiral, dam Black Flora, by Black 
 Prince, at San Jose, Cal., Oct. 3, 1884. 
 
 Sweetheart, ch f, by Sultan, dam Minnehaha, by Bald 
 Chief, at Stockton, Cal., Sept. 30, 1881. 
 
 Tanner Boy, gr g, by Edward Everett, dam unknown, 
 at Fleetwood Park, N. Y., May 29, 1877. 
 
 Telephone, rn g, by Wood's Hambletonian, dam by 
 Youug Andrew Jackson, at Chicago, July 12, 1884. 
 
 2.22M. 
 
 Flora Belle, b m, by Stevens' Uwharrie, dam unknown, 
 
 at Indianapolis, Ind., Oct. 4, 1873. 
 Palma, ch g, by Matchless, dam by the Eaton Hoise, 
 
 at East Saginaw, Mich., June 18, 1880. 
 R. P., b g, by Happy Medium, dam Sunflower, by 
 American Star Jr., at Mystic Park, Bo.ston, Ma.ss., 
 Sept. 13, 1882. 
 Stranger, 1) g, Mambrino Hambletonian, dam a pacing 
 
 mare, at Cleveland, O., Aug. 4, 18,83. 
 Young Bruno, b g, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam 
 Kate, by Bel Air, at Prospect Park, L. I., June 19, 
 1873. 
 
 2:23. 
 Alcantara, b s f4),by Oeorge Wilkes, dam Alma Mater, 
 by Mambrino Patchcn, at Cynthiana, Ky., Aug. 38, 
 1880. 
 Algath, b f (4), by Cuj'ler, dam Haroldine, by Harold, 
 
 at Chicago, III., July 14, 1883. 
 Allen Roy, gr g, by Patchen Vernon, at Sacramento, 
 
 Cal., Sept. 11, 1883. 
 Big Soap, b g, by Honesty, dam by TJncas, at Council 
 
 Bluffs, la.. Sept. 13, 18,s:i. 
 B.ue Mare, rn m, by Wood's Hambletonian, dam by 
 
 Potter's Clay, at Rochester, N. Y.. Aug. 10, 1877. 
 
 Bonner, ch g, by Cortlandt Star, dam Shenandoah, by 
 
 son of Broken Legged Hunter, at Utica, N. V., Au 
 
 21, 187.-1. 
 
 Bonner IJov, b g, li\' Ciill's Vermont, dam unknown, at 
 
 East Saginaw, jikl.,, .lune l',i, 187'). 
 Clara Clrveliini:. cli m, l.v .\inhoy, dam Dolly Guy, by 
 
 Glencoe, at Chii;iKu, HI., July 18, 18S2. 
 Clifton Boy, blk g, bv Joe, dam a Canadian mare, at 
 
 Detroit, Mich., July 6, 1878. 
 Commodore, b g, by 'iroung Post Boy, dam by Edward 
 
 Everett, at Ssicramento. Cal., Sept. 9, 1879. 
 Dave Young, ch g, by S. A. Douglas, dam unknown, 
 
 at Beacon Park, Boston, Mass., July 20, 1882. 
 Ethel, gr m, by Blue Bull, dam by Tom Crowder, at 
 
 Toledo, O.. July Ifi, 1878. 
 Eureka, blk g, by Gen. Grant, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 
 
 4, 1881. 
 Fred Hooper, b g, bv Royal Revenge, dam unknown, 
 
 at Cleveland, O,, July :10, 1874. 
 Hector, b g, by Snip (Victor), dam unknown, at Ro- 
 chester, N. Y., Aug. 13, 1880. 
 Hugh McLaughlin, b s, by Aberdeen, dam Lady Ham, 
 by Rysdvk's Hambletonian (?), at Springfield, Mass., 
 Sept. 1,1881. 
 
 Idol, b m, by Stephen A Douglas, dam by Long 
 
 Island Black Hawk, at Rochester, N , Y., Aug. 11, 
 
 187.1. 
 Jim Irving, b g, by Snowstorm, dam by Lear's Sir 
 
 William, at Sviringfleld, Mass., Aug, 26, 1875. 
 Joe Rhea, b g, dam unknown, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 
 
 11, 1882. 
 John R., bg, by Peck's Idol, dam by Spaulding's Ab- 
 
 dallah, at Louisville, Ky., Sept. 27, 1881. 
 Kate McCall, gr m, by Blue Bull, dam Flora Abdallah, 
 
 by Alexander's Abdallah, at Pittsburgh, Pa., Sept. 
 
 14,1881, 
 Katie Middleton, ch m, by Mambrino Patchen, dam 
 
 Flora Abdallah, by Ale.Yan<ier's Abdallah, at Lex- 
 ington, Ky., July 9, 1879. 
 Killmrn Jim, b s, bv Wood's Hambletonian, dam a 
 
 Morgan mare, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1879. 
 Lady Banker, b m, b,y Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam 
 
 unknown, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass , June 29, 
 
 187.5. 
 Lady Mac, b ra, bv Whirlwind, dam unknown, at Mys- 
 tic Park, Boston, Mass., July 25, 1877, 
 Lady Martin, b m, by Downing's Abdallah, dam a 
 
 pacer, at Boston, Mass., July 26, 1883. 
 Lady Turpin, blk m, by Bell Morgan, dam Nonesuch, 
 
 by Brignoli, at Rochester, N. Y,, Aug. 11, 1875, 
 Lew Scott, bg, by Scott's Hiatoga, dam by John Rich- 
 ards, at Cincinnati, O., Oct., 9, 1879. 
 Lillian, ch m, by Almont, dam Little Shields, by King's 
 
 Cadmus (?), at Louisville, Ky.. Sept. 16, 1882. 
 Mavbird, b m, by Blue Bull, dam by Pilot Jr. {?), at 
 
 Pittsbtirgh, Pa., July 15, 1884. 
 Oceana Chief, eh s, by Nero, dam unknown, at East 
 
 Saginaw, Mich., June 17, 1879. 
 Proctor, b g, by Harris' Mambiino Chief Jr., dam by 
 
 Vermont Hambletonian, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 
 
 10, 1876. 
 Scott's Chief, b g, by Fisher's Edwin Forrest, dam 
 
 Lady Rice, by Whitehall, at East Saginaw, Mich., 
 
 June 19, 1879. 
 Thomas Jefferson, blk 8, by Toronto Chief, dam Gypsy 
 
 Queen, by Wagner (?), at Prospect Park, L. I.. June 
 , 3, 1875. 
 Tom Rogers, blk s, by George Wilkes, dam Nelly, un- 
 
 traced, at Newark, O., June 27, 1884. 
 Trampoline, ch m, by Tramp, dam Yellow Bird, by 
 
 Green's Bashaw, at Point Breeze Park, Philadelphia, 
 
 Pa., Oct. 1, 1878. 
 Unknown, ch g, by Peacemaker, son of Bourbon, dam 
 
 Belle of Hartford's dam, at Springfield, Mass., Aug. 
 
 37, 1875. 
 Victor, br s, by Gen, Knox, at Hartford, Conn., June 
 
 29, 1881. 
 Volney, b g, by Volunteer, dam Dolly Martin, by De- 
 fiance, at Sacramento. Cal,, Sept. 13, 1879. 
 Wildair. b g, by Sherman Morgan Jr., dam unknown, 
 
 at Rochester, N. Y., Aug, 6, 1878. 
 2.23J4. 
 Alta, br m, by Almont. dam Lady, by Bourbon Chief, 
 
 at Louisville, Ky., May 9, 1883. 
 Argonaut, br g, by Wood's Hambletonian, dam the 
 
 dam of Nancy Hackett, 3:30, at Chicago, July 33, 1881. 
 Belle Hamlin, b m (51, by Hamlin's Almont Jr., dam 
 
 Toy, bv Hamlin's Patchen, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 
 
 9, 1884. 
 Blackwood Prince, blk s, by Blackwood, dam Volun- 
 tary, by Volunteer, at Hartford, Conn., June 39, 
 
 1881. 
 Dan Voorhees, ch b, by Gen. McClellan, dam unknown, 
 
 at San Francisco, Cal., June 34, 1876. 
 D. C. S., b g, by Joe Elmo, dam by Sir Wallace, at 
 
 Gainsville, Tex., Nov. 6, 1884 
 Don Carlos, b s (4), by Cuyler Clay, dam Lady Abdallah, 
 
 bv Alexander's Abdallah, at Chicago, 111., July 11, 
 1884. 
 Echora, br m, by Echo, dam by Jack Hawkins, at 
 
 Stockton, Cal., Sept. 30, 1883. 
 Fearnaught, ch s, by Young Morrill, dam Jennie, by the 
 Steve French Horse, at Buffalo, N. 1'., July 29, 1868. 
 
THE 2:25 LIST. 
 
 373 
 
 Florence, ch m, by Highland Grey, dam by Adams' 
 
 Kattler, at Belmont Park, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 3, 
 
 1882. 
 Frank Reeves, b g. by Skedaddle, dam by Dallas, at 
 
 Hartford, Conn., Nov. 1, ISTli. 
 General Butler, blk g, by Smith Burr, dam unknoT?n, 
 
 at Fashion Course, L. I , June 21, IHtXi, 
 Goldlinder, ch s, by John Lambert, at Mystic Park, 
 
 Boston, Mass., July 27, 18«2. 
 Independence* b s, by Youug Hindoo, dam Fanny 
 
 Fern, by Tom Howard, at Poughkeepsie, N. V., 
 
 Aug. 23, 1882. 
 Lady Snell, b m, by Godfrey's Patchen, dam Lady 
 
 Stevens, by Biggarfs Uattler, at Hartford, Conn., 
 
 Sept. 1, 1875. 
 Lee W., b g, b.v Bourbon Blue, dam Mayfly, untraced, 
 
 at Chicago, Sept. 13, 18M. 
 Leontine, br m, by Hamlet, dam Bet, by Clark Chief, 
 
 at Erie, Pa., June 28, 1882. 
 Lucrece, b m, by Robert Whaley, dam unknown, at 
 
 Beiraont Park, Oct. 3, 1882. 
 Madeline, b m, by Rysdyk's Hambletonlan, dam Nancy 
 
 Whitman (Uobert McGregor's dam), by Seely's 
 
 American Star, at Hartford, Conn., June 14, 1883. 
 Mambrino Sparkle, b m, by Fisk's Mambrino Chief, 
 
 dam by Sparkle, at Kalamazoo, Mich., June 11, 1884. 
 Nelly L., b ni |5), by George Wilkes, dam Lady Oakley, 
 
 by Gill's Vermont, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 1.5, 1884. 
 Nerea, ch in, by John Nelson, dam by General Taylor, 
 
 at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1875. 
 Phil, b g, pedigree unknown, at tJtica, N. Y., Aug. 15, 
 
 1878. 
 Post Boy, ch s, by Magie, dam Ned, by Berkley's Ed- 
 win Forrest, at Lexington, Ky.. Oct. 16, 1879. 
 Prospect Maid, brm, by George Wilkes, dam Nellson, 
 
 by Mambrino Pilot, at Utica, N. Y., Oct. 4, 1882. 
 Robert Lee. blk g, by Calkin's Horse, dam Kittle, by a 
 
 son of Greyhound, at Mystic Park, July 22, 1881. 
 Sciola, b m, by Tuckahoe Iowa, dam unknown, at Lex- 
 ington, Ky., Oct. 14, 1871). 
 St. Dennis, b g, by Blue Bull, dam by Shawhan's Tom 
 
 Hal. at Chicago, July 12, 1884. 
 Tolu .Maid (Nettie C), br m, by son of Red Bird (pacer), 
 
 dam by Wells' Yellow Jacket, at Lexington, Ky., 
 
 Oct. ,3, 1880. 
 Trio, b m, by Volunteer, dam Lady Sears, by Seely's 
 
 American Star, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 2, 1876. 
 W. H. Allen, b s, by Volunteer, dam Peggy Slender, 
 
 at Mystic Park, Boston. Mass., June 18, 1882. 
 Wizz, b IT, by Roscoe, dam Lady Fulton, by Stubtail, 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., July 4, 1881. 
 York State, b g, by Gooding's Champion, dam un- 
 known, at Cleveland, O., July 28, 1875. 
 2:231^. 
 Annie (Jollins, b m, by Edwin Forrest, dam unknown, 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 29, 1876. 
 B. B., blk g, by Milliman's Bcllfounder, dam by Waite's 
 
 Marshall, at San Francisco, Cal., Aug 8, 1884. 
 Belle Wilson, ch m, by Blue Bull, dam by St. Law- 
 rence, at East Saginaw, Mich, June 20, 1883. 
 Big Fellow, b g, by Edward Everett, dam by Henry 
 
 Clay, at Island Park, Albany, N. Y., June 30, 1883. 
 Blanche, blk m, by Young Morrill, dam unknown, at 
 
 Prospect Park, L'lng Island, Oct 4, 1875. 
 Ella Doe, ch m, by Daniel Lambert, dam by Cook's 
 
 Columbus, at Beacon Park, Boston, Mass., July 25, 
 
 1883. 
 Fashion, b m, by Clark's Mohawk Jr., dam by Sur- 
 prise, at Cleveland, O., Sept. 6, 1881. 
 George M. Patchen, b s, by Cassius M. Clay, dam by 
 
 son of imp. Trustee, at Union Coui-se, Long Island, 
 
 Aug. 2, 1860. 
 Gloster, b g, by Highland Boy, dam Dolly, by Black 
 
 Prince, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 29, 1879. 
 Gray Cloud, gr s, by Blue Grass (son of Rysdyk's 
 
 Hambletonlan). dam a pacing mare, at East Sagi- 
 naw, Mich., June 18, 1880. 
 Horaewood, eh s, by Hambletonlan Tranhy, dam by 
 
 Fred Pierson, at Cleveland, O., Sept. 26, 1884. 
 
 Jim, rn g, by Daniel Lambert, dam a pacing mare, at 
 
 Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., Sept. 7, 1881. 
 John D., b g, by Messenger Duroc, dam by Shaw's 
 
 Kemble Jackson, at Providence, July 2;t, 1884. 
 Keno, bg, by Magic, dam by Black Jeff, grandson of 
 
 Gen. Taylor, atMaysville, Ky., May 19, 1882. 
 Kno.x Boy, br s, by Gen. Knox, dam by Lewiston Boy, 
 
 at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., June 16, 1880. 
 Lady Voorhees, ch m, by Tuckahoe, dam unknown, at 
 
 Utiea, N. Y., Aug. 16, 1878. 
 Lizzie H., ch m, by Trouble, dam Lizzie, by Paragon 
 
 Morgan, at East Saginaw, Mich., June 16. 1880. 
 Lizzie O'Brien, ch m, pedigree unknown, at Albany, 
 
 N. Y., Oct. 6, 1883. 
 Lona Guffln, b m, by Blue Bull, at Springfied, Mass., 
 
 Aug. 31, 1883. 
 Longfellow Whip, blk s, by Captain, dam untraced, at 
 
 New Ross, Ind., Aug. 17, 1883. (Bar record.) 
 Marion, ch g, by Tom Crowder, dam unknown, at 
 
 Utica, N. Y., Aug. 16, 1876. 
 Mary Russell, grm, by Joe Brown, dam by Milliman's 
 
 Bellfounder, at Hartford, C'onn., Oct. 17, 187". 
 Minnie D., b m, by Nonpareil, dam untraced, at Pitts- 
 burgh, July 15, 1884. 
 Nancy, b m, by Daniel Lambert, dam May Day, by 
 
 Miles Standish, at Beacon Pai'k, Boston, Mass., Sept. 
 
 25, 1880. 
 Neva, b m, by Strader's Hambletonlan, at Chicago, 111., 
 
 Oct. 11, 1883. 
 Novelty, ch m, by Gooding's Champion, dam Minnie, 
 
 by King's Champion, at Columbus, O., May 24, 1882. 
 Pearl, b m, by Regulus, dam untraced, at Buffalo, 
 
 N. Y., Aug 6, 1884. 
 Poscora Hayward, gr s, by Billy Hayward, dam by 
 
 Young Poscora, at Sacramento, Cal., Oct 10, 1883. 
 R. F. C, b g, by Darlbay, dam by John Dillard, at 
 
 Providence, J une 19, 1884. 
 Rhode Island, br s, by Whitehall, dam by Nigger 
 
 Baby, at Fashion Course, Long Island, October 27, 
 
 1868. 
 Shepherd Boy, gr g, by Woodward's Ethan Allen, dam 
 
 unknown, at Cleveland, O., Oct. 3, 1877. 
 Sherman, br s, bv George Wilkes, dam Ladv Belmont, 
 
 by Belmont, at Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 20, 188;t. 
 St. James, b g, by Gooding's Champion, dam by an 
 
 Indian pony, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1873. 
 Tom Cameron, gr g, by Scott's Hiatoga, dam by Pas- 
 
 calette, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1884. 
 Toronto Chief, br s, by Toronto Chief, at Belmont 
 
 Park, Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 1, 1882. 
 2.23?^. 
 Abe Edginton, gr g, by Stockbridge Chief, dam by 
 
 California Beiraont, at San Jose, Cal., Oct. 1, 1878. 
 Argonaut, b s, by Fearnaught, dam unknown, at 
 
 Hartford, Conn., June 24, 1880. 
 Ashley, ch g, by Plumas, dam by George, at Sacra- 
 mento, Cal., Sept 2V, 1881. 
 Billy Barr, ch g, by Ethan Allen, dam unknown, at 
 
 Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., June 16, 1870. 
 Billy Ray, rn g, by Wood's Hambletonlan, dam un- 
 known, at Point Breeze Park, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 May 24. 1876. 
 Damon, brs, by Ames' Bogus, dam by Grey Eclipse, 
 
 at Cleveland, O., July 25, 1.877. 
 Durango, blk s, by Cassius M. Clay Jr., dam Mattie 
 
 West, by Almoiit, at Chicago, III., Oct. 16, 1883. 
 Foxie v., ch m, by King Herod, at Janesville, Wis., 
 
 June 8, 1883. 
 Frank J., dn g, pedigree unknown, at Hartford, 
 
 Conn., Sept. 1, 1885. 
 Harry Clay, blk g, by Strader's C. M. Clay, dam a 
 
 pacer, at Cleveland, O., July 26, 1877. 
 Hersey, b s, by Macedonian, dam Lady Fleet, by Reed's 
 
 Young Jupiter, at Beacon Park, Boston, Mass., July 
 
 2.5, 11^83. 
 Kate Taylor, b m, by Aberdeen, dam Emeline, by 
 
 Henry B. Patchen, at Cleveland, O., July 26, 1882. 
 Major Lord, dn g, by Edward Eveiett, dam unknown, 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 29, 1879. 
 
374 
 
 THE 2:25 LIST. 
 
 Nobby, br g, by Nobby, dam hy May's Sir Wallace, at 
 
 Cleveland, O., Aug. 1, 1884. 
 2:24. 
 Anteo, b s (5), by Electioneer, dam Columbine, by A. W. 
 
 Kichmond, at Ban Francisco, Nov. 8, 1884. 
 Breeze, b g, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam Kate, by 
 
 Bel Air, at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 1,5, 187ti. 
 Brother Jonathan, b g, by the Potter Horse, dam by 
 
 Beatie's Norman, at Chicago, 111., Oct. 3, 1873. 
 Champion Jr., br s, by Mambiino Champion, son of 
 
 Eureka, dam the Wickson Mare, by Eureka, at 
 
 Poughkeepsie, N Y., Aug. 31, 1877. 
 Crown Point, ch s, by Speculation, dam Young Martha, 
 
 by George M. Patchen Jr., at San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 Aug. 5, 1883. 
 Dan Bryant, ch g, by Plow Boy, son of E.\celsior, dam 
 
 by Cone's Bacchus, at Utica, N. Y , Aug. 15, 1877. 
 Defiance, blks, by Chieftain, son of Hiatoga, dam un- 
 known, at San Francisco, Cal., Dec. H, 1875. 
 Del Sur, blk s, by The Moor, dam Gretchen, by Mam- 
 
 brino Pilot, at Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 34, 1881. 
 Dr. Lems, ch g, by Marshall Chief, dam unknown, at 
 
 Newark, O., Oct. 16, 1878. 
 Empress, ch m, by Whipple's Hambletonian, dam Kitty 
 
 Tricks, at San Francisco, Cal., Oct. IS, 1881. 
 Frank Wood, b g, by Volunteer, dam by a son of 
 
 American Star, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 13, 1874. 
 George B. Daniels, ch g, by King's Champion, dam by 
 
 Greyhound, at Prospect Park, L. I., Oct. 29, 1874. 
 George M., br g, by Westtield Boy, at Poughkeepsie, 
 
 N.Y., June 28, 1882. 
 George K., b g, by Daniel Lambert (?), dam Brown 
 
 Fanny, by Young Black Hawk, at Mystic Park, 
 
 Sept. 17, 1884. 
 G. T. Pilot, dn g, pedigree unknown, at Chicago, 111., 
 
 Oct. II, 1878. 
 Glide, ch s, by Perkins' Morrill, dam Sleepy, by North 
 
 Morrill, at Suffolk Park, Philadelphia, Pa., May 14, 
 
 1879. 
 Grey Sa'em, gr g, pedigi-ee unknown, at Chicago, 111., 
 
 July -M, 1879. 
 Harry Gilbert, ch g, by Jupiter, dam by American 
 
 Star, at Prospect Park, L. I., June 11, 1879. 
 Hotspur, b g, by Ethan Allen, dam by Abdallah, at 
 
 Mystic Park, Boston, Miiss., Aug. 20, 1869. 
 Ina G., b m, by Blue Bull, dam a Morgan mare, at 
 
 Maysvilie, Ky., May 19, 1882. 
 James Howell, Jr., br g, by Rysdj'ke's Hambletonian, 
 
 dam Jessie SajTe, by Harry Clay, at Springtield, 
 
 Mass., Aug. 30, 1874. 
 Jessie Hayes, b m, by Ned Forrest, son of Dave Hill, 
 
 dam unknown, at East Saginaw, Mich., June 17, 1879. 
 John Morgan, ch g, by Pilot, Jr., dam by Medoc. at 
 
 Fashion Course, L. I., June 15, 1864. 
 John W. Conley, b s, by Tom Wonder, dam by Abdal- 
 lah, at Fleetwood Park, N. Y., May 28, 1873. 
 Joseph A., b g, by Sackett's Hambletonian, dam un- 
 known, at Poughkeepsie, N.Y.,Aug. 31, 1877. 
 Judge Hawes, b g, by Jim Monroe, dam Laura, by 
 
 American Clay, at Maysvilie, Ky., Sept 22, 1882 
 Kitty Van., b m, by Walker's Morrill, dam by Magna 
 
 Charter, at Chicago, Oct. II, 188.3. 
 Klrkwood, br s, by Green's Bashaw, dam by Green 
 
 Mountain Morgan, at Buffalo, Aug. 12,1869. 
 Lady Star (Capitola), b m, by Sir Henry, dam un- 
 known, at Freeport, 111., Oct. 13. 1876. 
 Magdallah, ch m, by Primus, dam Maud, by Mambrino 
 
 Battler, at Stockton, Cal., Sept. 19. 1879. 
 Mambrino Kate, gr m, by Mambrino Patchen, dam by 
 
 State of Maine, at Detroit, Mich., July 6. 1878. 
 May Howard, gr m, by Paddy Magee. son of Gen. Tay- 
 lor, dam the MoCormick Mare, breeding unknown, 
 
 at San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 19, 1876. 
 McLeod, b g, by Mambrino Blitzen. dam by John Dil- 
 
 lard, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 1.3, 1884. 
 Middlesex, ch g, by Seneca ( hief , dam Nellie Litchfield, 
 
 by Greyhound, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 27, 1879. 
 Neome, b g, by Post-Boy Frank, dam Kaunie Snyder, 
 
 at Earlville, 111., Aug. 22, 1878. 
 
 Nettie Burlew, b m, by King's Champion, dam Nipper, 
 
 by Geo. M. Patchen, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., 
 
 Sept, 12, 1876. 
 Nil Desperandum, b s, by Alexander's Belmont, dam 
 
 Lady McKinney, at Prospect Park, L. 1., Sept. 20, 
 
 1878. 
 Orient, b g, by Smith's Patchen, dam Kate A., at Hart- 
 ford, Conn., Sept. 3, 1875. 
 Sadie Bell, ch m. by Captain West, dam Mollie, by 
 
 Sebastopol, at Columbus, O., July 11, 1878. 
 Sooner, b g, by Hambletonian Battler, dam by Cayuga 
 
 Chief, at Providence, K. 1., Sept. 4, 1878. 
 Tommy Dodd, rn g, by Alexander, dam by Mj'Stery, 
 
 at Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 31, 1880. 
 Tommy Gates, b g, by The Moor, dam by Little John, 
 
 at Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 9, 1879. 
 Westmont, b s, by Col. West, dam Fanny, by Mam- 
 brino oherman, at Des Moines, la., Sept. 2, 1884. 
 Whirlwind, b g, by Zilcadie Golddust, dam untraced, 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., June 12, 1884. 
 Wild Lily, b m, by Daniel Lambert, dam a Morgan 
 
 mare, at Providence, R. I., Sept. 20, 1877. 
 2:24M. 
 Abdallah Boy, b s, by Abdallah Messenger, dam Motto, 
 
 at Columbus, 0., June 28, 1881. 
 Amy B, by Holamer's Winnebago, dam Daisy Dean. 
 
 by Black Jack, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 1. 1876. 
 Belle Oakley, ch m, by Garibaldi, at Suffolk Park, May 
 
 13, 1881. 
 Belle Wilson, b m. by Membrino Bruce, at New Roes, 
 
 Ind., Aug. 17, 1883. 
 Big John, b g, by Pilot Duroc, at Ionia, Mich., July 1, 
 
 1881. 
 Big Lize, bm, at San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 11, 1883. 
 Black Frank, blk g. by Wild Wagoner, dam unknown, 
 
 at Point Breeze Park, Philadelphia, Pa., May 30,1878. 
 Butterscotch, b g, by Panic, dam Maid of the Mist, by 
 
 Cummings' Davy Crockett, at Chicago, Oct. 4, 
 
 1884. 
 Calamus, b m., by Swigert, dam Sorrel Fanny, by 
 
 Richards' Bellfounder, at Alinneapolis, Minn., Sept. 
 
 8,1880. 
 Carrie, b m., by Volunteer dam by American Star, at 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Aug 4, 1870. 
 Dick Taylor, gr g. by Bob Didlake, dam by Star Davis 
 
 at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 13, 1877. 
 Draco Prince, blk s, by Draco, dam by Vermont Black 
 
 Hawk, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., Oct 3, 1871. 
 Flora F., b m, by Clear Grit, dam Lady Blanche, by 
 
 Mazeppa, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1881. 
 Fred Douglass, blk g, by Black Frank, dam Boggy, at 
 
 Chicago, 111., Sept. 19, 1881. 
 George A., b g, by Daniel Lambert, dam Pacing Kate, 
 
 untraced, at Beacon Park, October 8, 1884. 
 George O , b g, by Hambletonian Chief , dam by Gen. 
 
 Knox, at Beacon Park, Oct. 17. 1884. 
 Gypsy, br m, by Winthrop Morrill, Jr., at Mystic Park 
 
 Boston, Mass., July 25, 1883. 
 Jimmy Stewart, b g, by Daniel Lambert, dam a Black 
 
 Hawk mare, at Springfield, Mass., Aug. 31, 1881. 
 John Hall, b g, by Daniel Lambert, dam unknown, at 
 
 Lyons, N. Y., June 16, 1880 
 Lady Foxie, ch m, by Daniel Lambert,dam a BlackHawk 
 
 mare, at Providence, R. I., Oct. 20, 1880. 
 Lucy Fleming, ch m, by Peavine, dam by Brinker's 
 
 Drennon, at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 33, 1879. 
 Major Allen, ch g, bj' Young iSthan Allen, dam un- 
 known, iit Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 9. 1871. 
 Malvina, b m, by Fearnaught Spy, dam a Morgan 
 
 mare, at Des Jfoines, la., Sept. 3, 1883. 
 Monarch Rule b m. by Strawn'b Monarch, dam Young 
 
 Bob Rule, by Old St. Lawrence, at Cleveland, O., 
 
 July 30, 1879. 
 Observer, ch g, by Holmes' Horse, dam unknown, at 
 
 Earlville, 111., Aug. 27, 1875. 
 Vanity Fair, br g, by Albion, dam unknown, at New 
 
 York, N. Y., May 21, 1875. 
 Will Benham. b g, by Brit Clay, dam unknown, at 
 
 Sherman, Texas. April 18, 1884. 
 
THE 2:25 LIST. 
 
 375 
 
 Windsor M., b g, by Windsor, dam unknown, at Mystic 
 Park, Sept. 20, l!i84. ,„,.,. 
 
 Winnie Wick, blk m. bv Swigert, dam Lady Bell, by 
 Kiehaid's Bellfounde"r, at Beacon Park, July 17, 
 1884. 
 
 2:34!^. 
 
 Alice Stoner, b m, by Strathmore, dam by Berkeley's 
 Edwin Forrest, at LexinKton, Ky., Aug. 29, 1X72 
 
 Atlantic, blk s. by Almont, dam Isabel Clay, by Ken- 
 tucky Clay, at East i'aginaw,Mich., Aug. 29, 18»4. 
 
 Barbara Patchen, b m, by Peck's Idol, dam by George 
 M. Patchen, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1882. 
 
 Belle H., b m, by Grey Belmont, dam by Magna Charta, 
 at Sacramento, Cai., Sept. 13, 1879. 
 
 Breeze Medium, b m, by Happy Medium, dam Net, by 
 Frank, son of Charles E. Loew, at Providence, J uly 
 23, 1884. 
 
 Brown Dick, br g, by Son of American Star, dam un- 
 known, at East Saginaw, Jlich., June 22, 1875. 
 
 California Damsel, ch m, by Nojipariel. dam unknown, 
 at Fashion Course, Long Island, Sept. 16, 1863. 
 
 Carbolic, b g, by Logan, dam by Bashaw Jr., at Pros- 
 pect Park, Long Island, June 1, 1880. 
 
 Cora Belmont, gr ra, by Belmont, dam Miss KusseU, by 
 Pilot Jr., at Hartford, Conn., June 22, 1882. 
 
 Corisande. b m, by Iowa Chief, dam unknown, at Sac- 
 ramento, Oal., Sept. 16, 1878. 
 
 F. D., b g, by Emery Fearnaught, dam untraced, at 
 Mystic Park, Sept. 19, 1884. 
 
 Flora B. (Dream), b m, by Curtis' Hambletonian, dam 
 Nicola, by Keveille, at Detroit, Mich., June 28, 1884. 
 
 Flora P , eh m, by Mambrmo Sample, dam Dolly Var- 
 den, untraced, atCouncil Bluffs, la., June 28,1884. 
 
 Fugue, b f (4), by King Rene, dam Fuga, by George 
 Wilkes, at Lexington, Ky., Aug. 26, 1884. 
 
 General Hancock, b g, by Lightning, dam Miss Jones, 
 by Perkins' Morrill, at Minneapolis, Sept. .5. 1884. 
 
 Gentle Frank, b g, by Arnold's Tuckahoe, at Quincy, 
 111., Sept. 3, 1880. 
 
 George, by Parrish's Hambletonian, dam unknown, at 
 Prospect Park, L. I., June 2, 1874. 
 
 George, blk g, by Mambrino Patchen, dam unknown, 
 at Columbus, O., July 1, 1880. 
 
 Harry Velox, bg, by Velox, dam Ariosa, untraced, at 
 Council Bluffs, la., June 24, 1884. 
 
 Herod, blk s, by King Herod, dam Hilliard, by Green 
 Mountain Boy, at Rochester, Minn., Sept. 6, 1884. 
 
 Hylas, ch s, by Alcalde, dam by Pilot Jr., at East Sag- 
 inaw, Mich., June 29, 1876. 
 
 Joe Davis, br g, by Dr. Herr, dam by Mambrino Pilot 
 Jr., at Marshailtown, la., June 19. 1884. 
 
 Josephine S., blk m, by Guy Miller Jr, dam Swarts, by 
 Ethan Allen, at New York, N. Y., June 20, 1884. 
 
 Kate Hall, ch m, bv Blue Bull, dam by Young Proud 
 America, at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1879. 
 
 Lady Alert, ch m. by Mambrino Lance, dam b.v Honest 
 Tom, at Island Park, June 27, 1884 
 
 Laura Williams, gr m, by Holabird's Ethan Allen, dam 
 the Stone mare, by the Bullock Horse, at Beacon 
 Park, Boston, Mass , May 15, 1877. 
 
 Lelan H., b f (4), by Homer, dam by Sentinel, at Lex- 
 ington, Ky., Oct. 16, 1884. 
 
 Loafer, rn g, by Copperbottom Horse, dam unknown, 
 atFreeport, 111., May 30, 1878. 
 
 Magenta, b m, by Woodford Mambrino, dam Madge, 
 by Alexander's Abdaliah, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 
 9, 1877. 
 
 Mambrinette, b m, by Mambrino Gift, dam Lady 
 Alice, by Mambrino Chorister, at Cleveland, O., 
 Sept. 25, 1884. 
 
 Monarch Jr., rn s, by Strawn's Monarch, dam un- 
 known, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 20, 1876. 
 
 Myron Perry, b g, by Young Columbus, dam by Hop- 
 kins' Abdaliah, at Baltimore, Md., June 3, 1871. 
 
 Oliver K., b g (4), by King Wilkes, dam Bessie Turner, 
 by Viiginius, at Cleveland, O.. Sept. 26, 1884. 
 
 Paul Hacke, gr g, by Strathmore. dam by Pilot Jr. (?), 
 at Pittsburgh, Pa., July 16, 1884. 
 
 Pilot Temple, b 8, by Pilot Jr., dam by Spotted Ara- 
 bian, at St. Louis, Mo., May 13, 1871. 
 
 Planter, ch g, by Red Bird, dam unknown, at Pough- 
 keepsie, N. Y., Aug. 23, 1876. 
 
 Prince, b g, by Long Island Black Hawk, dam un- 
 known, at Fashion Course, L. I., Sept. 16, 1863. 
 
 Prince Middleton, b g, by Bay Middleton, dam by 
 Night Hawk (?), at Waco, Tex., Nov. 21, 1884. 
 
 Pritchard, ch g, by a son of Pulaski, dam untraced, at 
 Council Bluffs, la., June, 28, 18S4. 
 
 Randall, ch g, by Rattler, dam unknown, at Omaha, 
 Neb., Oct. 1, 1874. 
 
 Sea Foam, gr m, by Young Columbus, dam unknown, 
 at Point Breeze Park, Philadelphia, Pa., May 26, 1875. 
 
 Sir Walter, ch s, by Aberdeen, dam Lady Winfleld, by 
 Edward Everett, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 16, !S-'4. 
 
 Sleepy John, pedigree unknown, atSpringtield, Mass., 
 Aug. 20, 1872. 
 
 Stonewall, ch g, by Frank Pierce 3d, dam by Moscow, 
 at Washington, D. C, Oct. 9, 1880. 
 
 Tump Winston, ch g, by Primus, dam untraced, at 
 Santa Cruz, Cal., Aug. 16, 1884. 
 
 Valley Boy, b g, bv Aberdeen, dam by Plow Boy, at 
 Albany N. Y., Sept. 27, 1682. 
 
 Wilbur F., blk g, by the Hinsdale Horse, dam un- 
 known, at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 26, 1880. 
 
 Wilkes Boy, b c (4), by George Wilkes, dam Betty 
 Brown, by Mambrino Patchen, at Lexington, Ky., 
 Aug. 26, 1884. 
 
 Windsor (Despatch), m g, by Lewiston Boy, dam un- 
 known, at St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 3, 1879. 
 
 2:2m. 
 
 Albert, blk g, pedigree unknown, at Buffalo, N. Y., 
 
 Aug. 7, 1875. 
 Almonarch, b s, by Almont, dam Hi, by Asteroid, at 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 10, 1883. 
 Bashaw, Jr., ch s, by Green's Bashaw, dam by Green 
 
 Mountain Morgan, at Detroit, Mich., Aug. 27, 
 
 1868. 
 Blondin, ch m, by George Wilkes, dam Fla.x,v, by Ken- 
 
 tucKy Clay, at Le.vington, Ky , Oct. 15, 1879. 
 Chicago, br g, by Ole Bull, dam by American Eclipse, 
 
 at Chicago, III., June 9, 1868. 
 Col. Dawes, b g, pedigree unknown, at Utica, N. Y., 
 
 Aug. 16, 1878. 
 Dan D.jnaldson, ch g, by imp. Bonnie Scotland (?), at 
 
 Chicago, 111., July 23, 1881. 
 Edwin A. (Sentinel), b g, by Gooding's Champion, at 
 
 Erie, Pa., June 29, 1881. 
 Ella Wright, b m, by Trojan, dam by Vaughn's Her- 
 cules, at Chicago. 111., July 22, 1874. 
 Elwood Medium, b s, by Happy Medium, dam Blanche, 
 
 by Hopkins' Abdaliah, at Beacon Park, Boston, 
 
 Mass., Sept. 16, 1881. 
 Galatea, b m. by Fearnaught, dam Grand Duchess, by 
 
 Hanley's Hiatoga, at Narragansett Park, Cranston, 
 
 R. I., Aug. 1, 1881. 
 Gray ( hief , gr g, by Louis Napoleon, dam unknown, 
 
 at Belmont Park, Philadelphia, Pa., May 38, 1880. 
 Hardwood, b s, by Blackwood Jr., dam by Columbus. 
 
 at Chicago. 111.. July 18, 1882. 
 .Jewell, b g, by Buckingham, dam Kate Coe, by Rhode 
 
 Island, at Providence, R. I., July 24, 1884. 
 Lady Mills, b m, by Chosroes, dam by Black Jack, at 
 
 Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 1, 1878. 
 Louis D., b g, by King William, at Sacramento, Cal., 
 
 Sept. 11, 1882. 
 May Thorne, b m, by Thomdale. dam by Rich's Ju- 
 piter, at Beacon Park, Boston. Mass., Sept. 19. 1882. 
 Silas Rich, ch g, by imp. Young Priam, dam unknown, 
 
 at Chicago, Ill.,'july 19, 1868. 
 Smuggler's Daughter, b m, bv Smuggler, dam Molly 
 
 D., by Mambrino Chief, at Mystic Park, Aug. 11, 1884. 
 2:25. 
 ^mulus, br s, by Mambrino Pilot, dam bj" Shoreham 
 
 Black Hawk, at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 22, 1879. 
 Allie West, blk s, by Almont, dam by Mambrino Chief, 
 
 at Cynthiana, Ky., Sept. 24, 1875. 
 
376 
 
 THE 2:25 LIST. 
 
 Ambassador, blks, by George Wilkes, dam Lady Carr, 
 
 by American Clay, at Columbus, C. Sept. 3. 18ii. 
 Anodyne, ch k, by Koss Cole, dam by Youn? Hogarth, 
 
 at Beacon Park, Boston, Mass., Oct. 19, 1877. 
 Aulinda, b m, by Woodward's Ethan Allen, dam by 
 
 Ked Bird (?), at Springfleld, Mass., Sept. 3, 1881. 
 Barney Kelley, br g, by Holland's Ethan Allen, dam a 
 
 Morgan mare, at Providence, R. I., Nov. 1, 1877. 
 Barrett (Prairie Chief), b s, by Chester Chief, dam by 
 
 Houston's Clay, at Sprinsrfleld, Mass., Sept. 7, KtS. 
 Betsy Ann, ch m, by Hoagland Horse, dam by Mar- 
 shall Chief, at Milwaukee, Wis., June 2(1, 1884. 
 Bill Thunder, b g, by Kobin Clay, dam by Alexander's 
 
 Abdallah, at Lexington, Ky., Oct. 19, 1876. 
 Bonnie, b t (4), by General Benton, dam America, by 
 
 Rysdyk's Hambletonian, at San Francisco, Cal., 
 
 Sept. 1, 1883. 
 Charles Henson, gr g, pedigree unknown, at Buffalo, 
 
 N. Y., Aug. ti, 1879. 
 Charlie Mac, ch g, by Holabird's Ethan Allen, dam the 
 
 dam of Laura Williams, at Mystic Park, Boston, 
 
 Mass., June 11,1877. 
 Chicago Maid, b m, by the Holmes Horse, dam Illinois 
 
 Maid, by Price's Hambletonian, at Chicago, 111., Oct. 
 
 11, 1878. 
 Clay, blk s, by Electioneer, dam Maid of Clay, by Henry 
 
 Clay, at San Francisco, Cal., Nov. 1, 1884. 
 Commodore Vanderbilt, b s, by Young Columbus, 
 
 dam unknown, at Union Coiu^e, Long Island, June 
 
 11, 1866. 
 Crown Prince, wh g, by Logan's Messenger, dam by 
 
 Warrior, at New York, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1873. 
 Cyclone, br s, by Caliban, dam Camlet by Hamlet, at 
 
 Lexington, Kv., Aug. 28, 1.S83. 
 David C, b g. by David Hill, at Chicago, 111., Sept. 
 
 19, 1881. 
 Douglas, gr g, by Washington, dam unknown, at Mys- 
 tic Pai-k, Boston, Mass., June 6, 1882. 
 Ella Earl, b m, by Almont, diuu by John C. Brecken- 
 
 ridge, at Chicago, 111., July 23, 1879. 
 Elsie Groff, b m, by Danville, dam unknown, at Cleve- 
 land, C, Sept. 6, 1881. 
 Eva, b m (5). by Sultan, dam Minnehaha, by Bald Chief, 
 
 at Chicago, July 7, 1884. 
 Everett Ray, b g. by Edward Everett, dam unknown, 
 
 at Springfield, Mass., Aug. 19, 1874. 
 Frank F.. bg, by Emperor William, at Narragansett 
 
 Park, Oct. 25, 1881. 
 Frank Munson, ch g, by Paragon, dam by Parrish's 
 
 Colonel, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., Sept. 10, 
 
 1879. 
 George IL, b g, by Godfrey's Patchen, dam unknown, 
 
 at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., Oct. 8, 1879. 
 Glamis, gr g, by Godfrey's Patchen, at Springfield, 
 
 Mass, Aug. 30, 1883. 
 Gold Note, b g, b V Contraband, dam by Jack Hayes, at 
 
 San Francisco, Cal., Nov. 16, 1880. 
 Harry Parker, blk g, by Signal, dam by Hinsdale Horse, 
 
 at Mystic Park, June 14, 1884. 
 Hiram Woodruff, blk g, by Phil Sheridan, dam by Grey 
 
 Eagle, at Providence, R, I., Nov. 1, 1877. 
 Joe Ripley, b g, by Sawin's Hambletonian, dam bv 
 
 Black Hawk Morgan, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., 
 
 Oct. 18, 1877. 
 John Hall, blk g, by General Howard, dam unknown, 
 
 at Milwaukee, Wis., ,lune 4, 1R78. 
 John Ta.vlor, b g, by Shaw's St. Lawrence, dam un- 
 known, at New York, Oct. 25, 1875. 
 
 John W. Hall, ch g, by Independence, dam unknown, 
 
 at Utica, N. Y., Aug. 21, 1875. 
 Jubilee Lambert, br s, by Daniel Lambert, dam by 
 
 Sherman Black Hawk, at Beacon Park, Boston, 
 
 Mass., June 2-2, 187.5. 
 Lady Lockwood, b m, by Neaves' C. M. Clay, Jr., dam 
 
 by Ale.\ander W., at Union Course, Long Island, 
 
 Sept. 18, 1875. 
 Lady Majolica, b m, by Dictator, dam by Brown Chief, 
 
 at New York, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1884. 
 Lady Mooie, b m, by Peacemaker, dam by Westches- 
 ter, at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 13, 1881. 
 Lady Thorne, b m, by Darlbay, dam Sally Messenger, by 
 
 Starlight, at Chicago, 111., July 23, 1881. 
 Lancet, blk g, by Hill's Black Hawk, dam Old Squaw, 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., Oct. 10, 1857. 
 Largesse, br m, by Scott's Thomas, dam by Wof ul, son 
 
 of Long Island Black Hawk, at Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 
 July 12,1882. 
 Lark (Charley B), b s, by King's Champion, dam by 
 
 Nimrod, at Fleetwood Park, New York, Oct. 3(1, 
 
 1879. 
 Little Mary, ch m, by Billy Mustapha, dam unknown, 
 
 at Point Breeze Park, Philadelphia, Pa., June 15,1876. 
 Modoc, ch g, by Tornado Jr., dam by Powers' Morgan 
 
 Rattler, at Davenport, la., June 18, 1878. 
 Modoc, gTg, at Beacon Park, Boston, Mass., June 13, 
 
 1881. 
 Mohawk Jr., b s, by Mohawk, dam by Robinson's Bell- 
 founder, at Cleveland, O., July 20, 1872. 
 Ned Wallace, b s, by Taggart s Abdallah, dam un- 
 
 Anown, at Beacon Park, Boston, Mass., June 15, 1876. 
 Nellie Bums, b m, by Millman's Bellfounder, dam by 
 
 J W . Foster, at San Francisco, No v. 1, 1884. 
 Nellie Irwin, b m, by Middleton, dam by Bay Abdal- 
 lah, at Rochester, N. Y., Aug. 14, 1874. 
 Ottawa Chief, b s, by Byron, dam by Schamyll, at Chi- 
 cago, 111., Oct. 11, ]88;i. 
 Pat Hunt, ch g, by Tecumseh, dam by St. Clair (wag- 
 on), at San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 15. 1877. 
 Queechy Maid, b m, by Ballard's Clay, dam by the 
 
 Morse Horse, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., Oct. 7, 
 
 1879. 
 Result, b 8, by Jupiter Abdallah, dam by Rysdyk's 
 
 Hambletonian, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Sept. 7, 1878. 
 Revenge, blk g, by Patchen Chief, Jr., dam untraced, 
 
 at Hartford, Conn., June 13, 1884. 
 Ripon Boy, b s, by Ira Allen, dam by Wiley's Blucher, 
 
 at Joliet, 111., July 11, 1873. 
 Robert B. Thomas, ch g, by Prince Allen, dam un- 
 known, at Mystic Park, Boston, Mass., Oct. 8, 1879. 
 RoUa Golddust, br g, by Golddust, dam unknown, at 
 
 St. Louis, Mo.. Oct. 18, 18B7. 
 Stranger, ch g, by Alta, at Cynthiana, Ky., Aug. 34, 
 
 1883. 
 St. Louis, b g, by Colossus Mambrino, dam by Mam- 
 
 brino Patchen, at Cleveland, O., Sept. 6, 1882. 
 Tom Hendricks, h g, by Tom Rolfe, at Cleveland, O., 
 
 July 25, 1881. 
 Tom Keeler, b g, by Jersey Star, dam unknown, at 
 
 Detroit, Mich., July 5, 1877. 
 Valley Chief, gr s, bv Phil Sheridan, dam unknown,' at 
 
 Hartford, Conn., Jime 24, 1880. 
 Vulcan, blk g, by Green Mountain Banner, dam by 
 
 Vermont Hambletonian, at Mystic Park, Oct. 18, 
 
 1877. 
 Willis Woods, b g, by Rescue, dam Dolly Varden, at 
 
 Mays\ille, Ky., May 17, 1883. 
 
FASTEST KUNNING TIME ON KECOED. 
 
 377 
 
 FASTEST RUNNING TIME ON RECORD. 
 
 Miles. Time. 
 J^ Belle, age and weight unknown ; Galves- 
 ton, Tex., July 3, i880 0:2]9i 
 
 H Alitipa, 3, 97 lbs: Saratoga, July 25, 1874 .... 0:47M 
 % Jim Kenwick, 5, 115 lbs: San Francisco, 
 
 Nov. a, 1»83 1:0(% 
 
 H Farce, 5, 121 lbs; Louisville, Sept. 34, 1883 ... US 
 
 % Joe Murray, 5, 117 lbs: Chicago, July 17, 1884. 1:38^ 
 
 1 Ten Broeck, 5, 110 lbs; Louisville, May 24, 
 
 1877 V.39H 
 
 lA Creosote, 4, 114 lbs; Louisville, May 19, 1883. 1:48H 
 1i4 Ro.salie, 4 (catch weight 80 lbs); Brighton 
 
 Beach, August 13, 1881 1;,53^ 
 
 lA Kinglike. 4, 109 lbs; Monmouth Park, July 
 
 10, 1884 3:aiH 
 
 lii Getaway, 3, 100 lbs; Saratoga, Aug. 4, 1881. . 2:0754 
 1,500 yards— Ben d' Or, 4, 125 lbs; Saratoga, July 
 
 25, 1883 2:10H 
 
 1% Uncas, 4, 107 lbs; Sheepshead Bay, Sept. 23, 
 
 1880 2:21M 
 
 114 Luke Blackburn, 3, 103 lbs; Monmouth 
 
 Park, Aug. 17, 1880 2:34 
 
 1% Ben d' Or, 4, 125 lbs: Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1882. 2:49 
 
 1% Glidelia, 5, 118 lbs; Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1883. . . 3:01 
 
 V/i Fosteral, 5, 95 lbs; Baltimore, Oct. 16, 1884 . . 3:2114 
 
 2 Ten Broeck, 5, 110 lbs; Louis\'ille, May 29, 
 
 1877 3:2ni4 
 
 2i4 Monitor, 4, 110 lbs; Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1880. 3:44H 
 
 «..; i Springbok, 5, 114 lbs; I Saratoga, July 29, o.^k,/ 
 
 •^ / Prenkness, a, 114 lbs; f 1875 *-™''4 
 
 2i4 Aristides, 4, 104 lbs; Lexington, May 13, 1876. 4:27^ 
 2% Ten Broeck, 4, 104 lbs; Lexington, Sept. 16, 
 
 1876 i-.mi 
 
 2?i Hubbard, 4, 107 lbs; Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1873. . 4:58^ 
 
 3 Drake Carter, 4, 115 lbs; Sheepshead Bay, 
 
 Sept. 6, 1884 5:24 
 
 4 Ten Broeck, 4, 104 lbs; Louisville, Sept. 37, 
 
 1876 7:15?i 
 
 HEAT RACES. 
 
 Miles. Time. 
 
 H Bed Oak, a, 114 lbs; Carson City, Nev., Sept. 
 
 16, 1879 0:48!4, 0:49 
 
 9i Lizzie S., 5, 118 lbs; Louisville, Sept. 28, 
 
 1883 1:13H, 1:13M 
 
 Miles. 
 
 1 Bounce, 4, 90 lbs; Sheepshead Bay, Sept. 7, 
 18S1 1:42, 
 
 1 3 in 5— L' Argentine, 6, 115 lbs: St. Louis, 
 
 June 14, 1879 (won the 1st, 3d and 4th 
 heats) 1:43, 1:44, 
 
 lA Ben d' Or, 4, 117 lbs; Louisville, May 25, 1882. 
 (There were three heats. Bootjack win- 
 ning 1st in l:49?i) 1:49, 
 
 1^ Gabriel, 4, 112 lbs; Sheepshead Bay, Sept. 
 23, 1880 1:56, 
 
 lJ-4 Glenmore, 5, 114 lbs; Sheepshead Bay, Sept. 
 35, 1880. (There were three heats, Ma"y 
 Andereon winning the 1st in 2:09). . . 2:10, 
 
 114 Keno, 6; Toledo, Sept. 16, 1880. (1st and 3d 
 heats. Belle of Nelson, 5, won 2d heat in 
 2:45) 2:43J^, 
 
 2 Miss Woodford, 4, 107H lbs; Sheepshead 
 
 Bay, Sept. 20, 1884 3:33, 
 
 3 Norfolk, 4, 100 lbs; Sacramento, Sept. 23, 
 
 1865 . 
 
 .5:27. 
 
 Time. 
 1:»H 
 
 1:51J6 
 1:56 
 
 2:14 
 
 2:45 
 
 3:31H 
 
 5:29^ 
 
 7:41 
 
 4 Ferida, 4, 105 lbs; Sheepshead Bay, Sept. 18, 
 1880 T.mi, 
 
 HTTBDLE BACES. 
 
 Miles. Time. 
 
 1 Swannanoe, a, 120 lbs; Brighton Beach, July 
 
 16,1881 1:50 
 
 1% Raven, a, 144 lbs; Saratoga. July 25, 1882. ... 2.06 
 1!4 Jim McGowan, 4, 127 lbs; Brighton, Nov. 9, 
 
 1883 2:16 
 
 1% Speculation, 6, 145 lbs; Jerome Park, Oct. 4, 
 
 1881 2:40 
 
 1)4 Kittv Clork, 3, 130 lbs; Brighton Beach, 
 
 Aug. 23, 1881 2:47 
 
 m Speculation, 6, 135 lbs; Brighton Beach, 
 
 July 19, 1881 2:47 
 
 IM Judith, .5, 150 lbs; Monmouth Park, Aug. 19, 
 
 1880 3:17K 
 
 2 Tom Leathers, a, 117 lbs; New Orleans, 
 
 April 16, 1875 3:47M 
 
 2)4 Cariboo, 5, 1.54 lbs; Monmouth Park, Aug. 
 
 28, 1875 4:33 
 
 Mile heats— Joe Rhodes, .5, 140 lbs; St. Louis, 
 June 4. 1878 1:50^, 1:50 
 
2:09i. 379 
 
 MAUD S., 2:09i. 
 
 The queen of the trotting turf, Maud S., record 3:09^, is a chestnut mare, 
 about 15f hands high, foaled March 28, 1874, bred by A. J. Alexander, Woodburn 
 Farm, Woodford County, Kentucky, sired by Harold, dam Miss Russell by Pilot 
 Jr.; second dam Sully Russell, by Boston; third dam Maria Russell, by Thornton's 
 Rattler. In 1884 she was sold to Robert Bonner, of New York city, for about $40,- 
 000. She was trained and driven from the start by William Bair, of Cincinnati, 
 who still has charge of her. Her first race was at Cincinnati, July 6, 1880, which 
 she easily won, in straight heats in 3:25, 3:30, and 2:38. On the 34th of the same 
 month at Chicago, she trotted a match race with Trinket and won, in 3:19, 3:31^ 
 and 3:13^. Her fame at once became world-wide, and she was regarded as the 
 crowning wonder. Four days afterwards at Cleveland she won again in three heats 
 in 2:34, 3:18, and 3:31. August 4, at Buffalo, she lost the first heat to Charley 
 Ford in 2:17, and won the next three in 2:15^, 2:16J and 3:16^. On August 12 
 she trotted against time, the 2:12 J of St. Julien, at Rochester, for $2,000, making 
 the first heat 2:llf. At Springfield, Mass., Aug. 19, she endeavored to beat her 
 record at the last place, but failed, going the test mile in 2:19. At Chicago she 
 went against 3:11:^, and trotted the second heat in 2:lli, losing again. On Sept. 
 18, her last race of the year, she went against 3:11^, and won trotting right away 
 the first trial in 2:10J, which was the best record ever made by any trotting horse 
 in harness or under the saddle. In 1881, on June 30, at Columbus, Ohio, she 
 appeared as the adversary of time again, trotting in 2:17^ and losing. At Detroit, 
 Mich., July 4, she went two exhibition miles in 3:33i and 2:13|. At Pittsburgh, 
 July 13, she went to beat her own record of 2:10f and accomplished it in 2:10-^, 
 and again the country rang with her praises. On July 15, at the same place, she 
 went a mile in 2:15, failing to beat her former time. At Chicago, July 23, in 
 endeavoring to lower 2:10^ she trotted in 2:21|, 2:11^, and 2:11. On July 29, at 
 Belmont Park, Philadelphia, against 2:14 she trotted in 2:12, 2:13^ and 2:12^. 
 For a special purse at Buffalo, N. Y., Aug. 4, two miles were made, the first in 
 3:15 and the second in 2:10f. August 11, at Rochester, N. Y., for $3,500, to beat 
 2:10^, she went in 2:10:^, and that ended her career for 1881. On June 18, 
 1884, she came before the public again, at Morrisania, N. Y., and gave an exhibi- 
 tion mile in 3:18. On June 20 she made an effort to beat 3:14, and the mile was 
 gone over in 2:24 and 2:13 J. At Cleveland, Ohio, Aug. 2, for a special purse of 
 $200 to beat 2:11^, she made the astonishing time of 2:09f, which electrified 
 the world, and set the public to wondering where her limit was to be. At Lex- 
 ington, Ky., Nov. 11, she once more covered herself with glory, making a record 
 of 2:09i. 
 
JAT-EYE-SEE, 2:10. 381 
 
 JAY-EYB-SEE, 2:10. 
 
 Jay-Eye-See is a black gelding, rather under-sized, foaled in 1878, sired by 
 Dictator, dam Midnight, by Pilot Jr. He was purchased as a yearling by Hon. 
 J. I. Case, of Racine, Wisconsin, for $500. His first contest was in the four-year 
 stakes, at the Cliicago summer meeting of 1882, in which event Bronze, Jim 
 Bowman, Waiting, Ed. Geers, Adelaide, and the black gelding came together, 
 and seven fast heats were fought before victory was finally attained by Wait- 
 ing, wlio won in the first, second and seventh heats; Bronze won the third and 
 fourtli, and Jay- Eye-See the fifth and sixth, in 2:22f and 2:23^. At the fall meet- 
 ing in the same class, and over the same track, he met one of his opponents. Bronze, 
 who won the second heat, but Jay-Eye-See won the race, taking the first, third and 
 fourth in 2:22f, 2:19 arid 2.-19. This at once stamped him as the greatest four- 
 year-old that had ever appeared upon the turf. The season of 1883 was opened 
 at Louisville, Kentucky, in an exhibition trot with the gray gelding, Charley 
 Ford, and he won easily in straight heats, the last being in 2:27|, which was the 
 fastest of the race. At the Driving Park, at Morrisania, N. Y., in the five-year- 
 old purse of $3,000, he had his field, which included the great Phil Thompson and 
 Bronze, all distanced in the thii-d heat; best time, 2:19J. The race for same age 
 at Washington, D. C, brought together the same field, and again the black gelding 
 beat them out each heat in 2:19, 2:19f and 2:23. At the Chicago summer meet- 
 ing he met Bronze and Adelaide in the five-year-old class, where he won as he 
 liked in 2:29, 2:31 and 2:19. At Pittsburgh he won again just as easy, but they 
 made him trot two heats fast, the second and third in 2:17 and 2:17:^. At Cleve- 
 land he met the famous bay gelding Majolica, whom he defeated in straight heats, 
 in 3:20i, 216, 2:15^. At Buffalo, in the $5,000 purse for six-year-olds and under, 
 the " little wonder " beat Director and Clemmie G. He was the sensational trotter 
 of the year, and the Rochester track hung up a purse of $2,000 for him to beat 
 his record of 2:15^, which he accomplished in 2:14. At Hartford he failed to 
 beat time; but at Narragansett Park he made the mile in 2:10|. At Mystic Park, 
 Boston, he made a mile in 2:15i. Ou Sept. 29th, at Fleetwood Park, N. Y., he 
 beat the great St. Julien in 2:20^, 2:18^ and 2:19. His last appearance for 1883 
 was at Chicago, when he went an exhibition mile in 2:18^. During the year 
 1884 Jay-Eye-See's performances were against time entirely. On June 11th, at 
 Chicago, he started to beat 2:10:^, and lost, going the second heat in 2:11:|^. At 
 Pittsburgh, July 22d, he trotted in 2:18^ the second heat. On August 1st at 
 Providence against 2:10f, he made his present record of 2:10. At Buffalo, the 
 following week he trotted in 2:10f, and at Belmont Park one week afterward he 
 trotted in 2:10g-. At Prospect Park, New York, Aug. 38th he went a second heat 
 in 2:12^. At Minneapolis, in September, 2:184 was the fastest heat done. He 
 made his last effort at Kalamazoo, September 13th, to beat his own 2:10, but being 
 entirely out of fix he trotted a mile in 2 :20|. 
 
PHAixAs. 2:13f. 383 
 
 PHALLAS, 2:133. 
 
 This great and renowned stallion wjio holds the best record for entire horses 
 made in a race, is a handsome bay, 15J liands high, with a symmetrical and power- 
 ful conformation. He was sired by Dictator, his dam was Betsey Trotwood, by 
 Clark Chief. He was bought in Kentucky by J. I. Case, of Kacine, Wis., who still 
 owns him. At the Chicago Horse Fair of 1882, Phallas made his first public appear- 
 ance, going an exhibition mile in 2:22j. The season of 1883 his debut in actual con- 
 tests occurred. He came out for the word the first time in the 2:34 class, at Cleve- 
 land. Index won the first two heats in 3:32^ and 2:29:|^; then Phallas was given his 
 head and won the next three in 2:29^, 2:22:^, and made the last heat in 2:18^. His 
 second race was in Fleetwood Park, New York, in the 3:00 class, where he met the 
 famous Majolila, who won the first two heats in 2:22| and 3:20f, and the last heat 
 Phallas drove him out in 2:17, which stands to-day the fastest record ever made in a 
 three minute race. J'J. Island Park track, Albany, N. Y., and at Washington, D. 
 C, he was again forced lo succumb to Majolica. At the Chicago summer meet- 
 ing Phallas met and defeated iridex and Adelaide in the 2:40 class; best time 2:21^. 
 In the 3 :00 class for $3,000, he me'' Majolica once more. The first and second heats 
 were won by the bay gelding, the first being the best, in 3:17. The next three 
 Phallas won in liand in 2:lGi, 2:20 and 2:21^. At Cleveland, the week after, 
 he met the celebrated Pittsburgh stallion, Duquesne, who won the first heat in 
 2:19^. In the second heat Phallas made the mile in 2:154^. The next two heats 
 he won in 2:21Aand 2:17^. At Buffalo he was again victorious, his best time being 
 2:23 J, in the first heat. A special purse was offered at Rochester the week after 
 for the celebrated mare Trinket and Phallas, and the mare won in 2:19, 2:16 and 
 2:17. He won at Utica the next meeting after George V. had taken the first heat, 
 best time 2:20. In the big $10,000 purse at Hartford he was beaten by Director, 
 and at Beacon Park he had to take second place to the same horse, after winning 
 the first and second heats in 3:20 and 2:22^. At the autumn meeting in 
 Chicago in 1883, he defeated the two noted stallions, Monroe Chief and Maxy 
 Cobb. Monroe Chief won the first two heats in 2:30 each, but the next three fell 
 to Phallas in 2:18, 2:19 and 2:23. In 1884 he opened the season in the free- 
 for-all at Chicago, losing the first heat to Catchfly in 2:19f, then Phallas took 
 the next three. The last heat was astonishingly fast. The first quarter was trot- 
 ted in 33 seconds, the half in 1:07^, the three quarters in 1:40^ and the mile in 
 2:13f, the fastest heat ever trotted by a stallion in a race against other horses. On 
 August 1st, at Providence, R. I., he trotted two heats of an exhil)ition race in 2:15 
 and2:13i. The next week at Buffalo he trotted another race against time in 
 2:17i, 2:16i and 3:19^. At Philadelphia his time was 2:15, 2:14i and 2:15^. At 
 Prospect Park, August 28, he showed the public three heats in 2:18f, 2:20J and 
 2:17i. He wound up the season at Kalamazoo, Mich., Sept. 13, trotting in 3:19^ 
 and 2:19i. 
 
JOHNSTON, 2:06^. 385 
 
 JOHNSTON, 2:06i. 
 
 THE PACUfG KING. 
 
 Johnston was foaled June 20, 1877, at the farm of Gary Bros., of Aurora, 
 Wisconsin, by whom he was owned. As a four-year-old he paced a quarter in 32 
 seconds, and a half-mile in 1:10, and had trotted a quarter in 40 seconds. In the 
 spring of 1883 he was placed in the hands of Peter V. Johnston, of Chicago. 
 The summer meeting of 1883, at Detroit, Michigan, was selected for his debut, 
 and he won his first race in straight heats in 2:25^, 2:28|, and 2:22^, beating 
 a field of eight. At East Saginaw he disposed of about the same lot in 2:31, 2:21-^, 
 and 2:27. At Kalamazoo the same result was attained, the time being a deal faster. 
 It was 2:18, 2:214, and 2:17^. On July 15, in the 2:30 class, lie was cut loose the 
 first heat, and pacing it in 2:13, he left all but one behind the flag. The second 
 heat she also was left outside in 2:15^. The horse here won the full purse of 
 $2,500, and the extra $500 for beating 2:20. At the same meeting he paced against 
 the record of Little Brown Jug, 2:llf, and succeeded in making a tie of it, doing 
 the mile in exactly that time. His next appearance was at the October meeting at 
 Chicago, when for a purse of 81,000 he paced against the record of Maud S., then 
 2:10:1^, and triumphantly carried the crown of the victor into the camp of the pacers, 
 pacing the heat in 2:10. This was his last performance for 1883, and during 
 that fall he was sold to Com. N. W. Kittson, of St. Paul, Minnesota. On June 
 21, 1884, he began the season's work at Indianapolis, and over a slow half-mile 
 track, he paced two miles, one in 2:27 and came back in 2:29. At Chicago on July 
 12, with a bad track, he paced the first heat in 2:23f, the second in 2:11:|^, and the 
 third in 2:12^. In the free for all pace at Buffalo, N. Y., he won first heat and 
 first money in 2:12J. At Kochester he paced in 2:11^. On August 23 in a match 
 for $2,500 a side, he met Kichball and defeated him with ridiculous ease in 2:13, 
 2:llf and 2:13f. At Minneapolis he won again in 2:13 and 2:17^. On Sept. 18, 
 at Milwaukee, he paced a mile in 2:11^ against time, and at the same track on the 
 27th he equaled his own record of 2:10. This performance over an ordinary track 
 led Splan to believe that the horse had plenty of speed in reserve and could he 
 catch a day and track just right he could beat 2:10 away off. Chicago was the 
 course selected, and on the opening day of the fall meeting, Oct. 3, the weather 
 and track were propitious, the elements and surroundings favorable, and the cir- 
 cumstances conspired to secure success. At the word for the second attempt, the 
 pacing thunderbolt shot like a catapult from the wire, and he whirled by the 
 quarter pole in 32 seconds, the half-mile pole was passed in 1:034 and the horse 
 was showing no signs of slacking up. At the three-quarters the timers marked 
 1:35. As Splan got inside the distance he saw that he had Father Time by the 
 forelock, sure and safe, and lifted the horse twice, cheering him on with his voice. 
 The horse finished strong and gamely in the unparalleled time of 2 :06i, the fastest 
 time ever made by a horse to harness. 
 
THE 
 
 AMERICAN Cattle book 
 
 Modern Treatment of their Diseases, 
 
 History of the Different Breeds. 
 
 WRITTEN FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT, 
 
 The American Farmer and Breeder. 
 
 LIVE-STOCK PUBLISHING COMPANT. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 HISTOEY OF DIFFEEENT BEEEDS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTEB. 
 
 BKEEDS OF CATTLE.— The Short Horns, their origin and gradual improvement— Th« 
 Ayrshires and their qualities as a dairy breed — Holstein and Dutch cattle and their 
 characteristics — Unrivaled qualities of the Alderneys, Guernseys, and Jerseys as butter 
 makers — The Devons and Herefords— Native cattle. 
 
 DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 SHORT HORN CATTLE. 
 
 This breed of cattle has attained a distinction and won a substan- 
 tial appreciation which no other race has so fully and widely enjoyed 
 among the enlightened graziers of the world. From Great Britain its 
 dissemination has extended to the continent, to AustraUa, to South 
 Africa, South America, Mexico, and the West Indies, while it has 
 secured almost a monopoly of the importations of this country and 
 Canada. For the grass pastures of the Ohio valley, and the abundant, 
 natural, and cultivated grasses of the broader prairies of the Missis- 
 sippi region, it is admirably fitted, and held in high esteem as the 
 most economical machine for the speediest conversion of corn and 
 grass into meat and money. 
 
 The original short horns occupied the east of England, Yorkshire, 
 and the valley of the Tees at the date of the earliest records of 
 
388 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS 
 
 British stock-f^rowing. They were various in size, color, and other 
 peculiarities; the dark-skinned herds of the fens resembhng the black 
 cattle of Holland marshes, and the finer forms of Yorkshire and 
 Durham assuming the style and quahty of the noted cattle of Hol- 
 stein and Jutland; and yet it may not certainly be known whether 
 the ancient emigrants from those localities brought this stock to 
 England, or whether this similarity is the result of climate and keep- 
 ing. It was, at least, a race very distinct from that of Ireland and 
 the west of England, with long horns, thick skins, and a heavy coat 
 of hair, well suited for their protection in a climate subject to contin- 
 uous seasons of rain. It is well known in later times that Dutch and 
 Danish importations modified these cattle of the east of England, 
 and suggested the more recent and greater improvements of Charles 
 and Kobert Colling, commencing about the era of our revolution, and 
 continued successfully since by Messrs. Bates, Booth, Townley, and 
 others in England, and Thome, Alexanders, and other breeders in 
 this country. 
 
 The story of the bull Hubback, the founder of the modern short 
 horn, has often been told. He was purchased in 1783 by Charles 
 Colling of his brother and a Mr. Waistell for eight guineas, and is 
 said to have been from a cow grazed by a poor man on the highway. 
 It has long been a matter of controversy whether he was a pure-bred 
 Teeswater, the short horn of that day. He was somewhat below the 
 usual size of the Teeswaters, yellow, red, and white in color, of a fine, 
 compact form, admirable touch, and so easily fattened that he early 
 became useless as a bull. The cow, also purchased by CoUing, 
 acquired fat very rapidly, and never again bred. Either from mer« 
 curiosity, or from a suspicion that' he was impairing the constitution 
 of his animals by continuous breeding in too small a circle. Colling 
 attempted the experiment of infusing some of the Galloway blood, 
 which was confined, it is understood, to a single cross upon certain 
 individuals of his herd. At the sale of Charles Colling, in 1810, 
 forty-seven animals produced 8,911 guineas. Kobert Colhng, not so 
 renowned, but esteemed by many quite as judicious a breeder, sold 
 Bixty-one (but six of them bulls) for 7,484 guineas. High prices have 
 
HIGH PRICES OF SHORT HORNS. 339 
 
 been maintained by later breeders. Mr. Bates, in 1850, sold one 
 family of Duchess stock, including calves, at an average of f581. 
 Lord Ducie's herd, in 1853, realized an average of $760 for sixty-two 
 animals. Individuals of superior excellence, from the day when 
 CoUing's " Comet" sold for 1,000 guineas, have commanded fabulous 
 prices. Similar prices have been obtained in this country. 
 
 There were at least five hundred herds of pure-bred short horns 
 in Great Britain ten years ago, and from six to seven thousand head 
 are registered in the herd-book every alternate year at that period, 
 and these numbers are yearly increasing in accelerated ratio. 
 
 Derived from a large breed, the improved short horn is heavy, 
 less in height than the originals of the Tees, rounder and deeper in 
 the trunk, the limbs shorter, chest and back broader, appearing less 
 in bulk, while really greater in weight. The skin is light colored, hair 
 reddish brown or white or mixed, the muzzle flesh colored, the horns 
 shorter and lighter colored than in the former breed, the skin soft to 
 the touch, the form square, the shoulder upright, and the hindquarter 
 large. The color cannot be characterized by a single term, varying 
 greatly from a pure white to a rich red, a mixture being the fashion, 
 known as roan or strawberry. The skin should be velvety and not 
 too thin, while the hair should be plentiful and of a mossy softness. 
 The head of the female is finer and more tapering than that of the 
 male, the neck thinner and lighter, and her shoulder inclining to nar- 
 row towards the chin. The short horn looks smaller than he is. He 
 excels all other stock in facility of fattening, making good and heavy 
 beef in thirty months, and even in two years. 
 
 The idea is somewhat prevalent that short horn cows are not good 
 milkers. It has been obtained, without doubt, from the fact of the 
 weU known efforts made to perfect their fattening quahties, in 
 accordance with Bakewell's saying that " all was useless that was not 
 beef;" and it is true of many families of short horns. Others are 
 superior milkers. The original Holstein blood of the Durham and 
 Holderness districts was famous for its milking quality, and it is 
 difiicult to breed it out with all the culture which modern improved 
 short horns have received. The modern Holderness stock at this day 
 
390 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 chiefly supplies the London dailies, and many of their best milkers have 
 strong strains of the improved blood. The Duchess stock, of gi'eat 
 celebrity and purity, Ijred by Mr. Bates, was distinguished for its excel- 
 lence in this respect. Some Shorthorns in this country have yielded 
 ample supplies of milk of excellent (quality. 
 
 ATRSHIRES. 
 
 The Ayrshire race of cattle was created in Scotland in the first haK 
 of the eighteenth century. Various accounts are given as to the exact 
 date and location of the origin of the breed. It seems to be clear that 
 the blood of the Alderneys gave to the Ayrshires some of the charac- 
 teristics that make them valuable. To a strain of West Highlander blood 
 may be due that high spirit which makes the Ayrshire quick to resent 
 such abuse as is too often showered upon cattle, by savages a strained 
 courtesy calls civilized. Kindly treated, the Ayrshires are gentle and 
 tractable. 
 
 Yellow, red, and white are predominating colors in Ayrshires. Their 
 horns are larger and stronger than those of the Jerseys, yet are not 
 usually coarse and large. While lacking the delicate beauty of the 
 Channel Islands cattle they are yet finely formed, many of the cows 
 being almost perfect models of the ideal milch cow. Breeders in Scot- 
 land, where great piide is felt in this stock, have long worked to produce 
 cows of good form ; but in America more attention has been given to 
 developing the milking properties, although form has not been ignored. 
 
 As milkers the Ayrshires are justly tamed. Of an exceedingly 
 robust constitution, they are little afl:ected by changes in the weather, 
 and when, under the infiuence of cold and wet weather, other cows fall 
 oft' materially in tiow of milk, these placidly feed as usual, and keep 
 up their yield. They are most persistent milkers, and theu- milk is, 
 in its natural state, as a perfectly pi'oportioned food, unsurpassed by 
 that of any other cattle. While it may not be so rich in butter as that 
 of the Channel Islands breeds, and may contain less cheese than does 
 that of the Dutch stock, it has a more evenly proportioned supply of 
 muscle and of tat-makiug elements than has that of any of the other 
 races mentioned. As Ayrshires are less subject to tuberculosis or con- 
 sumption than are some other cattle, theu* milk is more wholesome than 
 
ABERDEEN-ANGUS. 391 
 
 that of animals in which the germs of that malady are active — a matter 
 of great moment to humanity, since it has been often proved that 
 disease germs are transmitted in milk from cov^^s to mankind. 
 
 The Ayi-shire Bi-eeders' Association has pul)lished several volumes 
 of its herd l)ook. The head(|uarters of the secretary are in Boston. 
 
 ABERDEEN- ANGUS. 
 
 Several polled or hornless breeds of cattle are known. Chief among 
 these are the Aberdeen- Angus and the Galloways of Scotland, and the 
 red polled breed of Suffolk and Norfolk in England. A polled herd 
 has long existed in Austria. The Aberdeen-Angus, the Galloway, 
 and the West Highlander doubtless descended from the aboriginal wild 
 horned cattle of ancient Caledonia. The marked differences now ap- 
 parent l>etween the three Isreeds named are the result of diverse systems 
 of management, and of peculiar conditions of climate to which the 1)reeds 
 were long subjected. The Aberdeen-Angus were reared on highly 
 cultivated farms in the dry, cold northeast of Scotland. Since the 
 beginning of the current century the race has steadily improved, under the 
 care of such breeders as Hugh "Watson, of Keilloi-, who began the work 
 in 1808, William McCombie, of Tillyfour, the Fergusons of Kinuochtry, 
 the Grants of Ballindalloch, and others. 
 
 In body the Aberdeen- Angus are long, round, compact, and even ; in 
 skin mellow, and with silky hair; in bone fine, in flesh thick, juicy, 
 and tender. They mature as early as do any cattle, and fatten readily, 
 their beef being well marbled, of good flav()r,free from patches or lumj)s 
 of tallow. The fineness and shortness of their necks, heads, and legs lead 
 to eiToueous judgment of their weights, which are as heavy as the 
 average weights of animals of greater stature. In temper they are very 
 docile, yet their courage nothing daunts. 
 
 In the show nug they have been successful. In competition with 
 the best the world exhi1)ited at the International Exposition at Paris, in 
 1878, a herd of fifteen Aberdeen- Angus cattle swept away the highest 
 honors. Every one of the herd won either a prize or an honorat)le 
 mention. No other one of the sixty-four vaiieties of cattle there gained 
 as much. The__bull Paris (1473) and five cows took the first prize of- 
 fered for the best group of beef-producing animals exhibited. The cow 
 
392 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 Beauty of Caudyglearch shown opposite page 460 iii this volume, is a 
 daughter of Pjiris (1478). The grand sweepstakes and gohi medal for 
 the best beef animal was awaided to the bull Judge (1150), shown in 
 the engraving opposite page 436. Judge Avon many valuable prizes at 
 home and in America. 
 
 In the United States the breed has risen rapidly in favor, and a 
 number of herds have been established. A herd-lniok association, having 
 its headquarters in Kansas City, Mo., Avas organized in Chicago in No- 
 vember, 1883. 
 
 GALLOWATS. 
 
 Galloway cattle have been bred most extensively in the old Gallo- 
 way district of southwestern Scotland. This race is almost identical 
 with the West Highland breed, except that the latter have horns and 
 ai'e of various colors, while the Galloways are black. It is not known 
 when the first hornless cattle appeared in that region, but Youatt says 
 that about 1750, "only some of them were polled." Other writers fifty 
 or sixty years later said "only a few have horns." As it is veiy 
 desirable that the hornless character of the Galloway shall be preserved, 
 and the tendency to l)reed true to that characteristic should be strength- 
 ened and intensified, the Galloway Cattle Society ado})ted a rule a 
 few years ago, forbidding the admission to the Scotch Galloway Herd 
 Book of the pedigree of any animal having the slightest trace of scurrs, 
 which are scaly remnants of horns. The adoption of that rule is not, 
 however, proof that animals having scurrs are necessarily im})urely bred. 
 
 The Galloways are handsomely formed, resembling the Aberdeen- 
 Angus in general ajipearauce. Both breeds are l)lack, with a little white 
 on the udder and belly. The hair of the Galloway is coarser than that 
 of the other, his skin is perhaps thicker and stifi\jr, and it is charged that 
 he is slower in maturing than are his kindred of the northeast. The 
 Galloways are justly renowned as graziers, are hardy beyond all other 
 established races of cattle except the West Highlander, and ai'e thus es- 
 pecially well adapted to the hardshi]:)s of the 0])eii i-anges of the West. 
 They are noted for their fixity of type. The ott'spriug of the union of the 
 Galloway bull and the long-horned cows of the plains resemble their sire 
 in color, in hornlessness, in hardiness, and, to a considerable extent, in form. 
 
CHANNEL ISLAND CArPLE. 393 
 
 In the quality of tlieir beef, in percentage of nutritious, palatable 
 flesh to gross weight, in prepotence, in ability to care well for them- 
 sc'lvcH and theii' young under trying hai'dsliips, in gentleness of disposi- 
 tion couj)led with undying courage the Galloways are at least equal to 
 any known race of cattle. 
 
 CHANNEL ISLANDS CATI'LE. 
 
 In the English Channel lie three islands from which three widely 
 known and distinct breeds of cattle have corae. Alderney is sixty-two 
 inil(!S due south from the coast of Dorsetshire, in England, and seven 
 miles west from the French province of Manclie, in northwestern France. 
 Jersey is ninety-five miles from Dorsetshire, and fourteen from Manche. 
 Guernsey lies twenty miles southwest from Alderney, and the same 
 distance north\vest from Jersey. 
 
 The three breeds, each bearing the name of the island whence it 
 comes, so resemble each other that a description of one will serve for alL 
 They are fine in bone and horn, very thin and soft in skin and hair, 
 usually fawn-colored, with black nose, tongue, horns, hoofs, and switches. 
 Some years ago a fancy led breeders of Jerseys to try to eradicate all 
 colors other than black and fawn; but of recent years the development 
 of the butter-producing capacity has been deemed more important than 
 fancy colors. The cows are very gentle, and many of the bulls, 
 particularly the Jerseys, are vicious. 
 
 For s<jme centuries the cattle of Jersey have been bied aVjsolutely 
 pure, no bovine animal from abroad capable of breeding having been 
 peiinitted to land alive on the island. Consequently the race breeds 
 true to its characteristics, and is in its native home free from all 
 epidemies. 
 
 Few Guernseys and yet fewer Alderneys have been imported by 
 Americans. Jei'seys are, however, to be found in every part of this 
 country, and have long been one of the most pojmlar breeds in the land. 
 Their chief value lies in their capacity for producing milk of exceeding 
 richness, from which large quantities of butter of nutty flavor, firm 
 texture, rich color, and delicious aroma are made. Under the brands of 
 men of known integrity, Jersey butter sells readily for prices ranging 
 from fifty cents to one dollar per pound. 
 
394 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS, 
 
 In the year 1882 a list was published giving the names of sixty-seven 
 registered Jersey cows that had produced between fourteen and fifteen 
 pounds of unsalted butter in seven days ; of those that had made more 
 than fifteen and less than sixteen pounds there were twenty-two; twenty- 
 five gave between sixteen and seventeen pounds; sixteen had a record 
 of seventeen and less than eighteen pounds; five were credited mth 
 eighteen and less than nineteen pounds; two made between nineteen 
 and twenty pounds; three were recorded as having produced twenty-one 
 and less than twenty-two pounds; and Jersey Belle of Scituate 7828 
 was recorded as having made twenty-five pounds and three ounces of 
 butter in seven days. Eurotas 2454, in one year produced 778 pounds 
 and one ounce, and the unregistered cow, Jersey Queen of Bai'net, 
 produced 770 pounds of butter in one year. 
 
 The publication of records of butter tests led to a systematic feeding 
 and testing of cows of this breed, as well as of others, and did more than 
 any other one cause to raise the Jerseys in general esteem. Skillful 
 management developed the butter-producing powers of individual cows 
 until in the seven days ended with March 1, 1885, the cow Princess 2d 
 8046 gave 299i pounds of milk, from which were churned 44 pounds lA 
 ounces of unsalted butter. This was increased to 46 pounds 12i ounces 
 by adding one ounce of salt for each pound of butter. It will be seen 
 that each pound of the butter was made from 6'8 pounds of milk. 
 
 Cows got by mating Jersey bulls with cows of other breeds have 
 the beauty and gentleness of the Jersey, and their milk and butter have, 
 as a rule, much of the richness possessed by the milk of the purely 
 bred Jersey ; their butter also has the rich flavor, color, and fragrance of 
 the butter from the full blood. This fact makes such bulls valuable 
 for improving other stock. 
 
 The American Jersey Cattle Club has fixed the fee for registering 
 pedigrees of Jersey bulls at $10 each. One efiiect of this rule is to 
 prevent the registration of many good young bulls. Unregistered bulls 
 can be sold for little if any more than the value of scrub calves of like 
 weights. For increasing the butter-producing power of the general dairy 
 stock of the country, such bulls are fully as good as they would be if 
 registered. 
 
HOLSTEIN AND DUTCH CATTLE. 395 
 
 HOLSTEIN AND DUTCH CATTLE. 
 
 The Holstein cattle are not ouly large and well develojied, making 
 good beef cattle, yet, at the same time, are extra good milkers for the 
 dairy. They have not been imported in so large numbers as the Short- 
 horns, nor subject to so much speculative dealing, yet of late years they 
 are coming rapidly into notice as a very jirofitable breed — for the stock 
 raiser or for dairying. 
 
 Now, properly speaking, everything from Holland is Dutch; so, 
 with propriety, these Holsteins might be called Holland or Dutch cattle, 
 were there not a class or breed of black and white cattle in this country 
 known and recognized under the name of Dutch or Belted, which ai'e 
 totally dift'erent from the Holstein or Holland cattle in most respects. 
 
 The Dutch or Belted cattle come from Germany. They were first 
 raised more for their peculiar markings than their superior qualities; 
 are almost entu'ely black, with a white band or stripe of white around 
 their middles, and are generally known as Belted cattle. In answer to 
 questions whether the so-called Belted and spotted Holsteins are the 
 same breed of cattle, differing only in form of these color markings, we 
 would say most decidedly that they are not the same, coming as they 
 do from dift'erent sections of the country. Belted cattle are never seen 
 in Holland, and are of very dift'erent form, smaller, dift'erent tempera- 
 ment, and yield much smaller quantities of milk than the spotted cattle. 
 In short, the Belted cattle are not Holsteins, and are not admitted to 
 the Holstein Herd Book. 
 
 Among the first cattle brought from Europe to the New World, the 
 docile Devon doubtless had a place. Then as now, they were unequaled 
 in the yoke, gave a goodly mess of milk of fair richness, and made a 
 reasonable weight of beef streaked mth threads of golden fat, when the 
 day of their usefulness at the pail or in the yoke had passed. Thus the 
 Devon filled — better than any other one breed could have done — the 
 requirements of the pioneer. They were of general utility where a 
 purely butter, beef, or milk breed would have been of comparatively 
 little value. In the yoke they move alertly, are strong, intelligent, and 
 
396 HISTORY OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 above all others obedient. They are less compact in frame and longer 
 in the leg than the Aberdeen- Angus, the Galloway, or the Hereford, but 
 are more thickly fleshed than the Jersey and the Holstein. The Devon 
 occupies a place between the most "beefy" of breeds and those bred 
 for the dairy ; thus the Devons are a general-utility breed, especially 
 valuable for the fai'm, particularly in timbered country. 
 
 In color Devons are uniformly a rich red. In apparent size they are 
 less than the Shorthorn, Ijut are rounder and smoother than some 
 families of the latter. In average weight they are less than some cattle 
 of smaller stature ; in docility males and females are unsurpassed by 
 those of any other race. Theii' horns are fine, slender, and rather long ; 
 usually white. The skin is mellow, of moderate thickness and covered 
 by a fine soft coat. They fatten readily, and make good beef Altogether 
 they are desirable cattle for the general farmer ; but are not kept so 
 prominently before the public as some other cattle have been of recent 
 years. As any country becomes cleared of forests, and yoke cattle give way 
 to horses in the work of farm and highway, the demand for Devons" 
 becomes less. Only a single one of the United States, Alabama, sho-\ved 
 by the census of 1880 an increase in the number of working oxen over 
 the number in use in 1870. Every other state and temtory showed a 
 decrease. This may show why the Devon is not to-day one of the most 
 popular races of cattle in this country. The office of the secretary of 
 the American Devon Association is in Zanesville, Ohio. Several 
 volumes of the American Devon Record have been issued by the 
 Association. 
 
 HEREFORDS. 
 
 The Hereford breed of cattle originated in the country of Hereford, 
 England, about the year 1750. The breed was introduced into 
 America by the Hon. Henry Clay in 1817, and in 1840 Erastus Corning 
 and Wm. H. Sotham of New York state imported a numlier of this 
 breed. For years the Hereford vainly fought for the recognition their 
 merits deserve ; but it was not given them until the open plains of the 
 West enabled them to show their superior value for those ranges. 
 During the last ten years they have risen with notable rapidity in 
 public esteem, until they now hold, firmly and safely, a place as one of 
 
HEREFOUDS. 399 
 
 the best of all known races of cattle. In numbers the " Whitefaces" are 
 next, in America, to the Shorthorns. In selling value they outrank all 
 other pure beef breeds, except the Abei'deen-Angus. In form they are 
 remarkably "beefy," compact, thick-bodied, deeply fleshed, their round, 
 full, and even bodies resting on very short legs. 
 
 They endure hardship well, struggling with unfailing courage for 
 existence in circumstances under which many other cattle would yield and 
 die. When reduced by hard usage and scant fai'e they recover flesh 
 I'apidly, and soon begin to fatten when restored to good diet. Their beef 
 is tender, nutritious,' and finely flavored, and they dress a most profitable 
 percentage of meat to the gross weight. For crossing with other stock, 
 they are invariably found potent to greatly improve. 
 
 In color the top of the neck and head, the face, throat, brisket, and 
 belly are pure white, and the lower part of the legs is also white. 
 The rest of the body is covered by a soft, thick, and mossy coat, usually 
 of a deep red. The skin is thick and mellow. This, with the thickness 
 of the coat, serves to protect the animal from changes in weather that 
 would be most trying to less rugged cattle. 
 
 In the show yard they have compelled honorable awards in closely 
 contested fields. They are much liked by farmers, particularly in the 
 West, and by stockmen of the plains. 
 
 The American Hereford Association issues a herd book each year. 
 The ofiice of the secretary is in Independence, Missouri. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND UEINARY ORGANS. 
 
 CONTENTS OP CHAPTEK. 
 
 DISEASES OF EESPIRATORY ORGANS.— Inflammation of the Lungs and its treatment 
 
 — Description and treatment of Pleurisy — Bronchitis and its remedies — The treatment 
 of Catarrh or Common Cold — Malignant Catarrh and what to do for it — Other diseases. 
 
 DISEASES OF STOMACH AND ABDOMEN.— Bloating or Hooven and how to relieve it — 
 Overloaded Paunch and its treatment — Impaction of the Third Stomach — Dry Mur- 
 rain — Mad Staggers — Inflammation of Bowels and what to do for it — Diarrhoea — 
 Scours — Dysentery and Bloody Flux — Scours in Calves and how to check — Spasmodic 
 Colic — Belly-ache — Peritonitis — Choking with various articles — Worms. 
 
 DISEASES OF URINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS.— Inflammation of the Kidneys 
 
 — Inflammation of the Bladder — Bloody Urine — Red Water— Abortion in Cows — Re- 
 moval of Dead Calf — Treatment of cows before calving — Milk Fever and its cause — 
 Inflammation of Womb and how to treat it — Bloody Milk — Garget — Mammitis — 
 Milk Stoppage — Obstruction of Teats — Leaking Milk — Sore Teats — Warts — Castra- 
 tion of Calves. 
 
 DISEASES OP THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OP THE LUNGS. 
 
 The causes of this disease are overexertion and subsequent 
 exposure, or exposure alone. It is ushered in by a fit of shivering, a 
 drooping appearance, loss of appetite, and subsequent feverishness. 
 It is an affection of the cellular portion of the lungs, which become 
 
SYMPTOMS OF PLEURISY. ^^ 
 
 SO congested with blood, in its worst stages, as to obliterate the air 
 cells of the portion affected, the extent of this hepatization being the 
 measure of the severity of the disease. The action of the lungs is 
 more rapid than in health, though the inspiration is not long and 
 deep, but of a short panting character. If it be a cow that is affected, 
 she will soon dry up. In bad cases the breath is hot, the animal 
 stands with legs wide apart, and with nose extended toward window 
 or door as if for pure air. She is generally hidebound, muzzle hot 
 and dry, and nasal membrane scarlet. 
 
 It is best not to give purgatives, as they are too reducing. If it 
 is necessary to move the bowels, do so by repeated injections of warm 
 soap-suds. Blankets wrung out in hot water should be continually 
 appHed to the chest and sides, or a blister of turpentine and mustard 
 may be applied, Whatever treatment is adopted, no delay must take 
 place. If there should be loss of strength, and evident pain present, 
 the following may be given every three hours : — 
 
 Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops ; 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms; 
 Belladonna, two drachms • 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 If she will eat, the medicine may be given in a bran mash, or in 
 some gruel. The legs should be bandaged, or rubbed with some 
 stimulating liniment. In the later stages of the disease, the follow- 
 ing is an excellent remedy : — 
 
 Acetate of Ammonia, three fluid ounces; 
 Tincture of Gentian, half a fluid ounce; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 The animal should be kept in warm quarters, and especial atten- 
 tion paid to food. Gruel and mashes should be the main reliance, 
 until well on the way to recovery. One full meal may bring serious 
 results. 
 
 PLEUKISY. 
 
 This is an inflammation of the pleura, or membrane lining the 
 chest, and enveloping the lungs. The causes of the disease are about 
 the same as those producing inflammation ^ the lungs. It is more 
 
402 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 apt to attack those of rheumatic tendency. One of its prominent 
 symptoms is the changes in the character of breathing, there being 
 extreme tenderness of the muscles of the chest, respiration is carried 
 on by the use of the abdominal muscles. The inspiration is short 
 and jerky, while expiration is slow and guarded. There is a ridge of 
 muscles running from the hip to the lower part of the last ribs. 
 There is also extreme tenderness in places, between the ribs on the 
 sides, and pressure cannot be borne. 
 
 There is generally more or less effusion, or collection of water, in 
 the chest, which in slight cases is reabsorbed again during recovery. 
 The effusion, called hydrothorax, may be so serious as to produce 
 suffocation by its quantity. When there is danger of this, it must be 
 drawn off by the use of the trochar and cannula, only removing a 
 portion each day, the operation extending over a period of from two 
 to three days. After the fluid has been withdrawn, the cavity of the 
 chest may be injected with a weak solution of carbolic acid and again 
 withdrawn, which will prevent decomposition and evolution of gas 
 from any remaining fluid, and at the same time produces a remedial 
 action on the parts. In serious cases, the time the effusion of fluid 
 has commenced, will be announced by a mitigation of all symptoms, 
 which again begin in an aggravated form, producing suffocation and 
 death. The breath in this disease is not so hot as in inflammation of 
 the lungs. 
 
 The treatment needs the same general care as in inflammation of 
 the lungs. Counter-irritants in the form of blisters, hot applications, 
 etc., to the front of the chest and upper portion of the sides should 
 be commenced at once. It is not best to blister the portion of the 
 body on which the animal may lie. Purgatives had better not be 
 given, but reliance placed on injections, if it is necessary to move the 
 bowels. Diuretics should be used freely, combined with febrifuges. 
 The following will be as good as can be given in the early stages of 
 the disease, where there are feverish symptoms : — 
 
 Tincture of Aconite, twenty drops ; 
 Acetate of Ammonia, three fluid ounces; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
TREATMENT OF BRONCHITIS. 405 
 
 Give every two hours, and if there should be evident signs of 
 pain, with sinking symptoms, administer the following between the 
 times stated for the above : — 
 
 Carlioniite of Ammonia, four drat-hms; 
 Extract Bellailonna, two ilrachms; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 In the latter stages of the disease, when the water has collected 
 in the chest, one drachm of iodide of potassium should be given three 
 times daily. During recovery, one drachm of iodide of iron, and half 
 an ounce of tincture of gentian in a pint of water, may be given with 
 advantage, twice, daily. Care must bo taken not to allow the stomach 
 to be overloaded. 
 
 BRONCHITIS. 
 
 This disease is an inflammation of the air passages, or larger 
 tubes of the lungs. It is always accompanied with a cough, which is 
 hard or soft, according to the severity of the disease. The advent of 
 the disease is announced by a dullness and drooping of spirits, often 
 loss of appetite. The mouth will be hot and dry, and the nasal mem- 
 brane is scarlet or reddish-brown, according to the serious state of 
 the disease. The cough is at first harsh and barking, but as soon as 
 the whitish discharge is established from the nose, it gets more soft 
 and rattling. Tapping of the chest shows no alteration in the 
 structure of the lungs. The discharge from the nose takes place 
 about the third or fourth day, and recovery dates from this period. 
 The animal may lie down most of the time. There will be no tender- 
 ness between the ribs, as in pleurisy. 
 
 The treatment consists of a warm stable, soft food and good care. 
 If it is a slight attack, a laxative may be given, consisting of a quart 
 of linseed oil. If there is evident weakness, and the mucous membrane 
 of a yellowish cast, depend on warm water injections to move the 
 bowels. Three fluid ounces of sweet spirits of nitre may be given 
 twice daily. The front part of the throat and chest may be blistered, 
 or cloths wrung out in hot water may be applied, and covered with 
 blaxikets. The nose bag, as recommended for horses, is an excellent 
 
406 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 means of bringing on the discharge earher, and thus cutting short 
 the acute stage of the disease. If there is evident signs of weakness, 
 and the cough distressing, give the following : — 
 
 Acetate of Ammonia, three fluid ounces ; 
 Tincture of Squills, one-half fluid drachm; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Eepeat the above two or three times daily, or even oftener, if 
 case demands it. 
 
 CATAEEH, OR COMMON COLD. 
 
 The mucous membranes of the eyes and nose are at first dry and 
 reddened, but in a few hours they become moist and discharge a thin, 
 watery secretion, which is eventually dense, opaque and copious. 
 The eyelids are tumefied, and increased heat is manifest in the bones 
 of the forehead. The animal sneezes, and not unfrequently there is 
 cough. Febrile symptoms sometimes run high, and a repetition of 
 such attacks terminates in pleuro-pneumonia. A simple state of 
 diarrhoea sometimes occurs. The progress of the disease is accurately 
 betokened by the nature and rapidity with which the discharge is 
 promoted. If it is scanty and tardy, the fever is generally severe, 
 consisting of difficult breathing, loss of appetite, suspension of rumin- 
 ation, rapid and hard pulse, constipation, deficient urine, etc., all of 
 which are doubtless preceded by shivering fits and a staring coat. If, 
 in a day or two, the discharge increases, becomes purulent and 
 copious, fever is diminished, and recovery speedily follows; but if 
 the system is still exposed to the causes that induced the disease, 
 the termination may be chronic nasal gleet, malignant catarrh, or 
 sporadic pleuro-pneumonia. If diarrhoea is present, administer at 
 once, the following, twice each day : — 
 
 Tincture of Gentian, half a fluid ounce ; 
 Laudanum, one fluid ounce ; 
 Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, one fluid ounce; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 If the bowels are constipated, one pound of epsom salts may be 
 given, combined with a tablespoonful of ginger and a pint of warm 
 
MALIGNANT CATARRH AND OTHER DISEASES. 407 
 
 water. The animal should be removed to comfortable quarters, or at 
 least from all exposure to the influences that have caused the affec- 
 tion. The skin should be stimulated by smart friction and even 
 clothed when necessary. The food should consist of bran mashes, 
 roots and green food when they can be obtained ; and with such a 
 diet daily doses of a tablespoonful of saltpeter is of great service in 
 reducing the fever. 
 
 The use of the steaming nose-bag, as used for horses during this 
 disease, is of great benefit in producing an early and free discharge 
 from the nostrils, and thus relieving the animal. If there is great 
 depression, the first prescription may be repeated several times each 
 day, until benefits are seen. 
 
 MALIGNANT CATAEEH. 
 
 This disease is a malignant form of common catarrh, which 
 afiects cattle on low, wet lands, or during unfavorable circumstances, 
 and which, to a very limited extent, may prove contagious among 
 the same herd. All the symptoms are aggravated, there being more 
 fever, more constitutional aiiection, greater congestion of the mucous 
 membranes, followed by blotches around the muzzle, which may peel 
 off, leaving raw sores which degenerate into ulcers about the fourth 
 or sixth day. Swellings may occur on the jaw, limbs, or other 
 portions of the body, which may slough off. Costiveness is followed 
 by a putrid diarrhoea, and death results about the tenth day. 
 
 The treatment is the same as for the common attack, only more 
 potent and oftener repeated. The mild laxative is to be given at the 
 start, if the bowels are costive, the first prescription may be given 
 every two hours if necessary, to allay pain and keep up the strength. 
 
 OTHER DISEASES. 
 
 Discharges from the nose, nasal gleet, sore throat, and other 
 affections of these organs, can be treated precisely as they are dii'ected 
 in the department for the horse. 
 
 46 
 
408 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 DISEASES OF STOMACH AND ABDOMEN. 
 
 BLOATING OR HOOVEN IN CATTLE. 
 
 Hooven or tympanitis, is a form of derangement which some- 
 times affects the first stomach, or paunch of ruminants. It consists 
 of an evolution of gas in the paunch. When the quantity of food is 
 greatest, the danger is most imminent. The symptoms are urgent, 
 marked, and so easily recognized, that all fancy themselves competent 
 to treat it. As occurring independently of other affections, it is not 
 easily mistaken, and, unlike the distention from solid food, is mostly 
 sudden in its attack. Cattle, when turned into pasture, or given some 
 changed diet, will be observed to swell over the left side. The disten- 
 tion is elastic, and can scarcely be mistaken for over-distention with 
 food. The animal, while this is occurring, may still continue feeding. 
 At length, by pressure on the intestines, the opposite side becomes 
 hooven, there is labored breathing, they stand with the nose pointed 
 forward, and saliva dropping from the mouth; will frequently He 
 down, but as rapidly rise again; pulse small and imperceptible, anus 
 and vagina protruded, while in some cases great drowsiness may be 
 induced. It is very rapid in its progress, and may terminate in death 
 in a few hours. This may occur from rupture of the diaphragm or of 
 the stomach itself, or by pressure on the lungs and heart, causing 
 suffocation. 
 
 The causes are generally to be found in the nature of the food 
 taken into the stomach more than in the organ itself. It is not to 
 the quantity but the quality that this is attributable. So sudden is it 
 sometimes developed that it not unfrequently shows itself immedi- 
 ately following the first mouthful of certain kinds of food, as green 
 clover or potatoes, while, when accustomed for a short time to the 
 diet, such an action does not follow their reception. The paunch is 
 temporarily deranged, and its action is suspended. 
 
 TREATMENT OF HOOVEN. 
 
 In the treatment of these cases, attention ought first to be 
 directed to the restoration of the natural action of the stomach. 
 
CURE OF HOOVEN. 411 
 
 Many cases may be readily relieved, by driving the animal about ; 
 then suddenly dashing a considerable quantity of cold water over the 
 loins, has, occasionally, a wonderful effect, acting in a manner pre- 
 cisely similar to a variety of other remedial agents, producing con- 
 tractile movement in the paunch, the result of reflex nervous action. 
 In all cases of emergency, the owner should not hesitate to puncture 
 the rumen at sight. The operation is very simple, and when the 
 proper instruments (the trocliar and canula) are not at hand, the 
 operation may be performed with a knife ; to select a proper place to 
 puncture the rurden, a line may be drawn from the last rib to the 
 prominent part of the hip-bone, and from this line an equilateral 
 triangle may be drawn with its apex downwards ; where the two lines 
 intersect one another is the proper place to operate. The great 
 capacity of the rumen makes it almost impossible to make any mis- 
 take in puncturing its walls, particularly when inflated to its greatest 
 dimensions from the generation of gases. It is not highly organized, 
 and therefore the danger to be apprehended from inflammation need 
 cause no anxiety. Administer the following medicine morning and 
 evening : — 
 
 Hyposulphite of Soda, one-half ounce ; 
 Extract Ginger, one-half fluid ounce ; 
 Extract of Golden Seal, one-half fluid ounce ; 
 Water, eight ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Feed nothing but scalded bran well seasoned with salt, until the 
 cow is fully recovered. 
 
 OVERLOADED PAUNCH. 
 
 This differs from the preceding disease in being caused by an 
 inordinate quantity of food, and not its quality. The overloading the 
 paunch prevents its performing its office. Any kind of food will 
 produce it, if taken in excess. It is slower of development than bloat, 
 and while the left side is distended, it hangs more downward, and has 
 not that drum-Uke sound on tapping it, which is found in true bloat. 
 There is the same difficulty of breathing, oppression and stupor. If 
 it is caused by green food, a diarrhoea sets in generally before death, 
 
412 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS 
 
 which may result in a spontaneous cure. Like results have come 
 from vomiting, yet rarely. In its first stages give : — 
 
 Epsom Salts, one pound ; 
 
 Glauber Salts, one pound; 
 
 Oil Turpentine, two fluid ounces ; 
 
 Nux Vomica, one-half drachm. — Mix. 
 
 Kepeat in six hours if no benefit is seen. The paunch may be 
 punctured as in hooven, if the upper part of the abdomen sounds 
 drum-like. The opening may be enlarged, even, and the contents 
 removed, "when it should be sewed and the animal fed on gruel for a 
 few days. If the animal seems to be losing strength, give four 
 drachms of carbonate of ammonia every three hours. 
 
 IMPACTION OF THIRD STOMACH — DRY MURRAIN — MAD STAGGERS. 
 
 This may be caused by a feverish condition of the system, or of 
 the paunch, or a dry state of the contents of the manifolds of the 
 third stomach. Its most prevalent cause is eating dry corn husks, 
 bleached hay, or anything which demands extraordinary secretion of 
 the fluids of the stomach for its digestion. Instead of digesting, it 
 collects in hard dry lumps, which can be felt by pressing the right side 
 with closed fist. The dung is scanty and hard, yet may have been 
 preceded by a diarrhoea. The animal lies on the left side, with the 
 head in the right flank. Paralysis, stupor, or convulsions may follow; 
 or mad delirum, so wild, that the animal will dash straight ahead, 
 bellowing fearfully, regardless of any obstacles, sometimes breaking 
 its horns, etc. The first treatment, in the simpler forms, is to give a 
 purgative, and as there is more or less inflammation, a quart of castor 
 oil should be used. Repeat it in eight hours, if it does not move the 
 bowels. If the strength of the animal seems to fail, give four 
 drachms of carbonate of ammonia every three hours, accompanying 
 it with an injection of a quart of warm water. If the strength is 
 evidently on the wane when the disease is first discovered, better 
 depend on injections to move the bowels, than to give purgatives by 
 mouth. After the bowels move and there are improving symptoms, 
 gruel and mashed boiled roots may be fed. If there is tenderness on 
 
CURE OF IN'FLAMMATI ON OF BOWELS. 413 
 
 the right side, it may be blistered by combining mustard and turpen- 
 tine. If the animal is delirious, fasten to a post and apply cold water 
 or ice bags to his head. If it is evident that the stomach is inflamed, 
 twenty grains of nus vomica may be given, three times daily, in 
 gruel. The food should be entirely fluid, until all danger is past. 
 
 The practice among prairie farmers of turning their stock into 
 com fields after the corn has been gathered, to feed on the dry husks 
 and stalks that are left standing as they grew, causes the death of 
 many fine animals. Any one who loses a cow by feeding on dry 
 fodder, will be canvinced, if a post mortem examination is made, of 
 the danger that is ever prevalent to the owner of stock which is 
 allowed to feed in this volunteer manner. The stomachs will be 
 found packed with hot, dry, hard mass of stalks and husks, which no 
 remedy can reach or remove. Animals which die from eating this 
 dry food suffer the greatest agony, expiring in convulsions. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. 
 
 This disease may be caused by irritating and improper food, or 
 the use of powerful purgatives. There are other causes, such as 
 change of water and food, etc. It may take several forms. One, the 
 hemorrhagic, in which the dung is passed in small balls, streaked with 
 blood; the animal wiU suffei intense pain, dashing recklessly about in 
 vain attempt to get reUef. When it has been caused by eating 
 poisonous plants, the back will be reached, the flanks tucked up, thp 
 urine high colored and often bloody. The mucus form of the dis- 
 ease will be shown by the balls of dung being streaked with mucus 
 instead of blood, and while the first form generally proves fatal inside 
 of twenty-four hours, if not relieved, this character of the disease 
 may last a fortnight. There will be belching of gas, a fetid breath, 
 and tenderness on the right side of abdomen. A diarrhoea may begin, 
 which will work a cure, or may terminate in a fatal bloody discharge. 
 Purgatives should not be given in either form of this disease, unless 
 for the purpose of removing some acrid substance known to have 
 been eaten. It is better to rely on copious laxative injections of 
 warm soap suds. A quart of linseed oil is the best laxative to use in 
 
414 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 this case. If there is considerable pain, two ounces of laudanum may 
 be given by injection, or by mouth. In urgent cases, blankets wrung 
 out in hot water, may be applied to the abdomen. All powerful 
 purgatives should be avoided, as they add to the already existing 
 inflammation. If the strength seems to fail, accompanied with the 
 existing pain, give : — 
 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms ; 
 Extract Belladonna, two drachms. — Mix. 
 
 This may be given in warm gruel, every two hours, until benefits 
 are seen. Soft food should be given during recovery for weeks. 
 
 DIAERHCEA — SCOURS. 
 
 It may be a symptom of some existing disease, which will stop 
 when disease is removed, or it may be simple and uncomplicated, 
 caused by eating improper food, or exposure. The best method of 
 treatment is to, remove all effete matter from the bowels by a laxa- 
 tive, consisting of a quart of linseed oil. If a more rapid evacuation 
 is wanted, a pound of glauber salts may be substituted. After the 
 physic has operated, feed starchy food, gruels, mashed roots, etc., for 
 a few days, until the bowels have regained their tone. Astringents 
 should not be used until the irritants have been removed, when they 
 may be resorted to if the above treatment does not relieve the case. 
 Two fluid drachms of tincture of kino may be given three times 
 daily, until benefits are seen ; or a tablespoonful of pulverized inner 
 white oak bark may be substituted. Almost any form of this affec- 
 tion, except the chronic kind, can be checked, and perhaps cured, by 
 administering a few doses of charcoal and lime water. 
 
 CHRONIC DIAERHCEA. 
 
 Chronic diarrhoea in cattle is generally due to a variety of causes, 
 and one of the most common is an affection of the liver and mesen- 
 teric glands, of a tuberculous nature. Treatment of such cases 
 generally proves unsatisfactory, because the normal functions of the 
 absorbent glands cannot be restored; and though a temporary 
 amelioration may be brought about, by judicious change of food an. 
 
TREATMENT OF DYSEXTEKY. 4|7 
 
 tonic remedies, the diarrhcEa is apt to reappear at any time, from the 
 shghtest cause, such as change of food, or the influence of cold and 
 wet. We have often seen good temporary benefit derived from the 
 use of ammoniated sulphate of copper, given in doses of one drachm, 
 morning and evening, dissolved in a few ounces of water. Instead of 
 gruel, mashes, roots and similar succulent food, the animal should be 
 fed on good sweet upland hay, oil cake, and ground hay and oats. As 
 a rule, it will be best to fatten the animal as soon as possible, and 
 dispose of it. If the disease is so far advanced that no improvement 
 of the animal's condition can be brought about by any method of 
 feeding, it ought to be destroyed and buried, as the consumption of 
 the flesh of such an animal would be dangerous to the health of hogs 
 as well as of human beings. 
 
 DYSENTERY — BLOODY FLUX. 
 
 This is a more serious disease than diarrhcea, and may result in 
 inflammation of the bowels, and a speedy death. It may take a 
 chronic form, and the animal die from gradual emaciation. In its 
 first stages the dung is semi-fluid and of bad odor ; later, it is mere 
 hquid, contains blood, and shreds of mucous membrane, and is 
 intolerably offensive. The discharges are accompanied with painful 
 straining, which becomes more intense and violent as the disease 
 progresses, and may finally end in involuntary passing of the dis- 
 charges. The appetite is gradually lost, the hair stares, the thirst is 
 great, and fever is present. It is better in the commencement of the 
 treatment to give a mild laxative, consisting of a quart of hnseed oil, 
 combined with two ounces of laudanum, if there is a good deal of 
 pain. Give daily, after this has operated, three drachms of Dover's 
 powders. If this does not bring the desired results, give the follow- 
 ing twice each day : — 
 
 Pulverized inner bark White Oak, two ounces; 
 Oil of Turpentine, two fluid ounces; 
 Water, or Gruel, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Great care must be taken in giving the food for a few weeks after 
 recovery. 
 
418 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AXP TRINART ORGANS. 
 
 SCOURS IN CALVES. 
 
 This is merely a form of indigestion, which is generally produced 
 by improper food of the young calf. Not giving it new milk, or 
 forcing it to live on old skim or sour milk. It may also result from 
 too high feeding, and forcing; or, it may result from keeping the 
 animal in an improper and unhealthy pen. The symptoms are a 
 vitiated appetite, ravenous or impaired, a bloated pot-belly, staring 
 hair, fetid breath, and a whitish watery diarrhoea. The calf soon 
 becomes emaciated and dies. The first thing to do is to administer 
 two fluid ounces of castor oil, to which may be added a teaspoonful 
 of laudanum. After this has operated, follow with the prescription 
 below : — 
 
 Bismuth, two drachms; 
 Magnesia, two drachms; 
 Tincture of Kino, one drachm. — Mix. 
 
 This may be given in milk, and the food should be adapted to his 
 wants, otherwise no benefits wiU be received. 
 
 When sucking calves are under treatment for diarrhoea, the 
 mother should also have a few doses of the above remedj' ; for it often 
 happens that she is ailing at the time, and her milk has a morbid 
 tendency on the calf. 
 
 In the advanced stages, when the discharges emit a bad odor, 
 and rumination is suspended, the patient should have a few quarts of 
 milk porridge per day, or scalded milk alone, will sustain and benefit 
 the calf. 
 
 SPASMODIC COLIC — BELLY ACHE. 
 
 Its cause is generally irritating substances in the intestines, or 
 exposure to storms and succeeding neglect. It is a griping pain which 
 afiects the bowels and changes location. Its symptoms are shown by 
 an uneasy shifting of the hind legs, a kicking of the upper one while 
 lying down, twisting of the tail and moaning. Its duration is from one 
 to two hours. Give at first, one pound of glauber salts dissolved in a 
 pint of warm water ; inject a quart of warm water, to which has been 
 
TO RELIEVE CHOKING. 419 
 
 added two fluid ounces of laudanum. The injection may be repeated 
 in an hour, if the pain continues. If there is considerable nervous 
 excitement, pain, and restlessness, give the following: — 
 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms ; 
 Belladonna, two drachms; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 Blankets wrung out in hot water may be applied to the abdomen, 
 and will aid in relieving the pain. 
 
 PERITONITIS — INFLAMMATION OF LINING OF ABDOMEN. 
 
 This is generally caused by a wound which punctures the walls of 
 the abdomen. The symptoms resembles colic, while the right side 
 will be especially tender, and the animal stands with all four feet near 
 together. Hot fomentations must be applied externally to the abdo- 
 men, laudanum in two-ounce doses should be given to allay pain. If 
 there is difficulty in the stomach's retaining the food, injections of 
 gruel should be given. Three fluid ounces of sweet spirits of nitre 
 should be given, twice each day, to prevent its resulting in dropsy, 
 and as the animal gets better, give one drachm of iodide of potassium 
 daily. 
 
 CHOKING WITH VAEIOUS ARTICLES. 
 
 Cattle are the most liable of all animals to accidents of this kind, 
 from neglect in cutting the roots on which they are fed to proper size. 
 When the article is lodged in the upper part of the throat there is 
 great distress, staring of the eyes, and rapid distention of the stomach 
 from accumulation of gas, which may kill the animal inside of twenty 
 minutes. Often the hand can be used to advantage in these cases, 
 after the jaws have been properly secured apart. If it is beyond 
 reach, a gag must be made of a two-inch wooden roller, which may 
 be secured in the mouth by strings at each end, and tied back of the 
 horns. This will prevent fatal distention of stomach, and often the 
 object will pass down in a short time, in a natural way. If not, a 
 probang, made out of a piece of new three-quarter inch rope, the ends 
 of which have been untwined a few inches and tied back, forming a 
 ball, may be used, and the object gently forced into the stomach. 
 
 47 
 
420 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 In choking lower down, there is not so much urgency. The main 
 symptoms are inabiUty to swallow solid food, and the return of the 
 fluids swallowed by way of mouth, often accompanied by nervous 
 tremors and evident distress. The rope probang, mentioned above, is 
 excellent here. No severe usage must be given, and care must be 
 taken not to push so hard as to cause danger of rupture of the 
 passage. When whips, rattans, etc., are used, this is especially to be 
 feared. 
 
 When the choking is done by impacted food, fluids must be used 
 to loosen and work the mass into a consistency to pass by piecemeal. 
 
 Cattle are not so liable as other domestic animals to be troubled 
 with worms, yet calves may sometimes be prevented from thriving by 
 their presence. The prescriptions given in the horse department will 
 answer every purpose for treating these cases. 
 
 THE UEINARY AND GENERATIVE ORGANS. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. 
 
 Often this is the result of too free use of diuretic medicines, 
 given ignorant of the bad effects which may follow. Eating poison- 
 ous plants or decayed food will produce it, exposure to storms soon 
 after calving will often result in this disease. 
 
 The attack will commence with slight shivering, followed by 
 increased heat of the body. The animal attempts to urinate 
 frequently, the amount passed being small but high colored, and may 
 be flecked with blood. A very good test for inflammation of the 
 kidneys, is to apply pressure over the loins, which will cause the 
 animal to shrink through tenderness of the parts. There will be 
 stiffness of the hind legs, and the straddling gait always present 
 during urinary disorders. 
 
TREATMENT OF URINARY DISEASES. 421 
 
 The first treatment is to give a purgative to counteract the ten- 
 dency of the blood to the kidneys, combined with an anodyne to 
 to reheve the pain, as follows : — 
 
 Castor Oil, one and one-half pints; 
 Laudanum, two fluid ounces. — Mix. 
 
 This may be repeated in six hours if it does not operate. At the 
 same time inject three quarts of warm water into the rectum to aid 
 the physic. The injection can be repeated several times a day, to 
 which two ounces of laudanum may be added, if pain is present. 
 Blankets wrung out in hot water may be applied to the loins for 
 several hours, with benefit, followed by a blister over the part. Fluid 
 food may be given until danger is past. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 
 
 The symptoms of this disease are a frequent passage of urine in 
 small quantities, which generally contains shreds of mucous. There 
 will be evident pain, a roaching back, twisting of tail, uneasiness of 
 hind parts, and a straddling gait. There will be a slight fever. If 
 the muscular coat of the bladder is involved it is more serious, as 
 retention of urine may be present, which will have to be removed 
 with a catheter. No diuretics must be given in the active stage of 
 this disease. Castor oil may be given every six hours until the bowels 
 move, which will relieve the urinary organs of much labor. Injec- 
 tions may be used as recommended for inflammation of the kidneys ; 
 hot water applications, also. If there is loss of strength, carbonate 
 of ammonia in four-drachm doses, may be given every few hours. 
 
 Sometimes the disease is present in cows soon after calving, and 
 is caused by costiveness, which can be relieved by the use of proper 
 laxatives and soft food. 
 
 BLOODY URINE — RED WATER. 
 
 Real hematuria is rarely ever present in cattle, but this form, 
 caused by cold pastures, wood pasturage of weeds, etc., is more 
 frequent. It seems to be more of a constitutional disturbance than 
 a local ailment, followed by a change in the character of the constit- 
 uents of the blood. 
 
^2 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 Its proper treatment consists in changing the food, if this has 
 been the cause, and followed by the same treatment as for inflamma- 
 tion of the kidneys, commencing with a mild purgative, combined 
 with anodynes if pain is present, followed by linseed tea as food, and 
 mashes as the animal grows better. 
 
 ABORTION IN COWS. 
 
 This complaint is more frequent in the east than west, and is 
 a scourge in some dairying districts in New York. The herding 
 together of a large number of cows, high feeding, and crowded space 
 will produce it. Smutty corn, ergoty pastures, etc., as well as 
 injuries to the abdomen, are fruitful causes. One curious fact, not 
 yet fully explained, is that when one animal in a herd aborts, others 
 are likely to follow from sympathy or infectious nature of the disease. 
 
 When a case of abortion occurs, the cow should be separated 
 from the herd, and all traces removed. It would be well to notice by 
 observation the symptoms which threaten abortion, such as the 
 animal coming in heat again, if it occurs early in gestation, or a 
 whitish, purulent discharge from the vagina, followed in a few days 
 by parturition in more advanced cases. 
 
 When a case of this kind has occurred, it is well to give all the 
 well animals half an ounce of chlorate of potassa, daily. The sick 
 animal is to be fed on cooling food, soft mashes, boiled and mashed 
 roots, etc. If there is signs of weakness, four drachms of carbonate of 
 ammonia may be given twice a day, three times, or oftener, if the case 
 is more serious. Laudanum may be added if there is evident pain, 
 and it is of great assistance in early stages to prevent its termination. 
 In more advanced stages it may be necessary to remove the dead caK, 
 which may sometimes be taken away piecemeal, by amputating the 
 limbs, which may be done as foUows. Our first object must be to 
 remove the fore legs, or the hind legs, according to the position of 
 the calf, and which is done by concealing a small knife in the palm of 
 the hand, and making a deep incision from the fetlock to the shoulder, 
 or from the fetlock to the stifle joint of the calf; the skin should then 
 be separated from the leg by running the finger between the skin and 
 
TO REMOVE DEAD CALF IN CALVING. 
 
 425 
 
 muscles, when, by the appHcation of some force, the whole of the leg 
 can be pulled away ; the other lej? must now be served in the same 
 manner, and ropes attached to the loose skin. We have thus gained 
 a sufficient purchase by retaining the skin, and more room is given by 
 the legs being removed. The next step will be to secure the head, 
 and the bulk of the legs being removed, this object can often be 
 accomplished, and the calf got away. Care should be taken, while 
 using the knife within, not to injure the w.omb, as dangerous comph- 
 cations might then ensue. If the calf has been dead more than 
 twenty-four hours,- it will be proper to also remove the afterbirth, 
 by carefully detaching the same. Afterwards the womb should be 
 cleansed by lukewarm water injections, and subsequently a few injec- 
 tions of some disinfecting agent may be made, such as a mixture of 
 one ounce of carbolic acid with a gallon of soft lukewarm water. The 
 cow should be given plenty of gruel to drink, and be supported with 
 nourishing food. 
 
 TEEATMENT BEFOBE AND AFTER CALVING. 
 
 The health and welfare of not only the cow, but her offspring, are 
 greatly affected by the treatment during this period; soon before 
 calving. A healthy cow, in rather lean flesh, will usually bring forth 
 a healthy calf with greater certainty of both doing well, than one 
 which is in high flesh. There is a mean of condition wherein a cow 
 should be kept, that is, neither fat or lean, but in a thriving condition. 
 
 A poor, scraggy cow may have a good calf, but the odds are that 
 the calf will exhibit the same lean raking appearance that the mother 
 does. The after milking of the cow tells the same tale. Cows, previ- 
 ous to calving, should be well taken care of, to be kept thriving, and 
 not be injured in any way by the jostling, etc., of other stock. Fret- 
 ting, or worrying the cow, seriously influences not only the cow's 
 good, but also has an injurious influence upon the disposition of the 
 young she may bring forth. 
 
 A cow that gives milk up to near the time of calving is very apt 
 to bring a lean calf, unless particularly well fed with rich food, and 
 well sheltered and cared for. A good cow properly fed and cared for 
 
426 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 will give milk to within four or five weeks of calving, and bring a 
 good calf, but no cow fed on barley, or wheat straw, and kept shiver- 
 ing in the cold, or with half enough to drink, will give milk up to 
 near calving, and bring a good calf. 
 
 To facilitate the parturition of cows, the administration of a few 
 handfuls of linseed with their drink for three or four weeks before 
 calving, is found to act beneficially, and moreover, it increases the 
 secretion of milk, decreases inflammation and constipation, and forms 
 a certain remedy in retention of afterbirth. 
 
 She should certainly be relieved of the afterbirth, if she does not 
 void it in three or four days, else it decomposes, and produces a low, 
 feverish condition of the system, affecting the general health of the 
 animal. The hand may be introduced, and by pulhng gently in 
 various directions, it will soon yield and come away. 
 
 It is weU to give a cow, immediately after calving, a warm bran 
 mash, or warm oatmeal gruel. Two or three hours afterward, give a 
 drink consisting of two tablespoonsful of ginger in warm water. This 
 tends to prevent milk fever and garget ; it also aids in the cleansing 
 process. We have seen some farmers feed cows that did not cleanse 
 promptly, some boiled oats fed in the hquor, warm. 
 
 MILE OR PARTURITION FEVER. 
 
 This generally attacks thriving, plethoric cows who are good 
 feeders and digest aU they eat. It is generally caused by high feeding 
 before and after calving, running in luxuriant pastures during hot 
 weather. It results in a feverish condition of the system, an inflam- 
 atory condition of the brain, congestion of parts, and a complete 
 stoppage of discharges of urine or dung. In the later stages a state 
 of stupor supervenes in which all feeling is lost. 
 
 Prevention is better and more successful than the cure, and care 
 should be taken that cows of this habit should be sparingly fed for at 
 least three weeks before calving and longer afterwards. A dose of 
 one pound of Epsom salts should also be given such a cow directly 
 after calving, but to none others. 
 
 When the attack first begins, and the pulse is full and bounding, 
 
TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION OF WOMB. 427 
 
 taking four quarts of blood from the jugular vein will assist, but adds 
 to the trouble if it has got to the point where the animal is down and 
 cannot get up, and the pulse feeble. In this case two pounds of 
 Epsom salts should be given at once, then follow with this prescript 
 tion every four hours : — 
 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms; 
 Nux Vomica, one scruple ; 
 Water, one pint. — Mix. 
 
 If the fever is high, envelop the cow in sheets wet with cold 
 water, and covered with dry blankets; apply to the head applications 
 of ice or cold water, and have the legs thoroughly rubbed. The milk 
 should be drawn often. It is only by extra efforts that success can be 
 obtained, and the efforts must not be slackened. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. 
 
 This may be caused by difficult calving, lacerations of the womb, 
 or improper removal of the afterbirth. Its symptoms will be ushered 
 in by shivering fits, colicky pains, uneasiness of the hind parts, twist- 
 ing of tail, looking toward flank, reached back, frequent straining, 
 and a red and inflamed appearance of the entrance to the vagina. If 
 the hand is introduced, the womb will be found dilated with fluid, 
 which must be withdrawn with a catheter, or small rubber tube, 
 followed by injections, by use of same tube, of warm water to cleanse 
 the womb, and then an injection of a pint of warm water, to which 
 has been added a teaspoonful of solution of carbolic acid. If the cow 
 is feverish and not weak, she should have a purgative of one pound 
 of sulphate of soda ; if on the contrary she is deficient in strength, 
 injections may be used, and four drachms of carbonate of ammonia 
 should be given two to four times each day, and twenty drops of 
 tincture of aconite every three to four hours, to allay fever. Repeat 
 the injections into the womb of warm water and carbolic acid solu- 
 tion daily, for two to four days. 
 
 BLOODY MILK. 
 
 Injuries to bag may cause it by local inflammation. Some cows 
 show signs of it during heat, especially if they are very excitable. 
 
428 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 Eating certain plants in wood pastures will produce it. Its cure 
 from eating is to change the food; from heat or excitement, cooling 
 food, confinement and saline purgatives ; from local injuries, there is 
 no better remedy than plenty of cold water apphed several times 
 daily, and careful tender milking. 
 
 GAEGET — MAMMITIS. 
 
 May be caused by local injuries, too great supply of milk-produc- 
 ing food which unduly distends the bag, irregular and neglect of 
 milking, resulting in local congestion. The bag may be badly caked, 
 or only a hard lump felt in center; there may be no great amount of 
 inflammation, yet there will be found lumps of clotted matter which 
 are more or less bloody, and may become offensive. 
 
 Cold water applications where there is local heat will be of benefit. 
 A coohng lotion, consisting of a teaspoonful of sugar of lead in a 
 quart of water is excellent. An active hand-rubbing of the bag three 
 or four times daily, will aid in dispelling the swelling. Internally 
 give a tablespoonful of saltpeter twice daily; or, give a tablespoonful 
 of grated poke root, twice each day. Iodide of potassium in drachm 
 doses, once a day, is excellent. In some cases, where there is much 
 swelhng of the bag and constitutional disturbance, warm fomenta- 
 tions should be applied constantly, and at night a poultice of hops 
 steeped in equal parts of water and vinegar may be applied by use 
 of cloths, cutting holes for the teats, and tying up over the back. 
 Twenty drops of aconite may be given every four hours to allay fever. 
 The milk must be drawn off frequently, and if painful, a milking tube 
 must be used to allow it to run out. If the fluid has a bad odor, a 
 very weak solution of carbohc acid and water may be injected into 
 the bag and then withdrawn. Feed soft food and give half an ounce 
 of powdered gentian if strength is failing. 
 
 MILK STOPPAGE — OBSTRUCTION IN TEAT, 
 
 The cavity in the teat is separated from a cavity in the udder just 
 above by a sort of diaphragm, which has a small hole in its center. 
 This hole in the living subject is about the size of a pea, but some- 
 times smaller, and around its edge is a small bundle of very fine 
 
OBSTRUCTION IN TEATS. 1429 
 
 elastic fibers, which are covered with the membrane lining the adja- 
 cent cavities. This bundle of fibers forms a ring or cord, by the 
 contraction of which, the aperture, between milkings, is kept closed, 
 and the passage of milk shut ofi'. There are multitudes of very small 
 cavities, all through the udder, in which between milkings, the bulk 
 of the milk is held and its weight kept from pressing down upon the 
 teat. The outlet of each of these little reservoirs, for such they 
 reaUy are, is provided with a diaphragm, which is punctured and 
 closed in the same way as the reservoir. 
 
 The cord of el-astic fibers surrounding the apertures in all the 
 diaphragms, large or small, are, by a connection with the abdominal 
 muscles, more or less under the control of the will, and do a duty 
 precisely analagous to the muscular bands surrounding the neck of 
 th.e bladder. When the cow desires to be reheved of her milk, as at 
 milking time, or when her calf is sucking, she releases this cord, when 
 the apertures open and the milk flows down rapidly into the teat. 
 All the reservoirs, large and small, are liable, from clotted milk or 
 severe swelling, to become closed, and the milk partly or wholly 
 prevented from passing along. The cord surrounding the hole at the 
 top of the teat sometimes permanently contracts and fills up, and 
 becomes rigid, when the cow loses control and is unable to relax it, 
 and milk can only be obtained by pressing on the cavity above and 
 forcing it through the closed hole to fill the teat. This is the cause of 
 the stoppage in question, which so often occasions the loss of valuable 
 cows by permanently drying up one or more quarters of the udder. 
 
 The cause of this contraction, rigidity, and knotting up, is usually 
 chronic inflammation, oftener than otherwise induced by a too free use 
 of rich or heating food before parturition, such as corn meal, cotton- 
 seed, or oil meal, too much grass, or other milk-producing food. 
 
 The particular manner of milking has also something to do with 
 the stoppage. If, while the bag is inflamed, the milker jerks or puUs 
 down hard upon the teat, the tendency, as will be readily seen, is to 
 increase the irritation in the parts over the teat, and thereby to 
 increase the contraction and rigidity of the cord, closing the passage. 
 Bad milking very much aggravates the matter, but chronic inflamma- 
 48 
 
430 THE CHEST, ABDOMEN AND URINARY ORGANS. 
 
 tion first originates the tendency to the difficulty. Care should 
 always be taken by judicious feed and milking to keep bags, especially 
 of heifers and young cows, soft and pliable till the milk begins to 
 flow pretty freely, when they will generally take care of themselves. 
 The remedy consists in cutting or stretching the contracted cord. 
 
 When the stoppage was very close we have sometimes success- 
 fully used a cutting instrument, made by taking a piece of steel wire 
 or a large steel knitting-needle, and flattening a spot half an inch 
 from one end and making both edges sharp. By passing this up the 
 teat through a quill or tube to prevent cutting the orifice of the teat, 
 it can be pushed through the closed aperture, and cut the constricted 
 cord on opposite sides, turning it a quarter of the way round, it will 
 cut it again at right angles when it is withdrawn, making a sufficient 
 opening for the milk to flow. But unless some means is employed to 
 prevent, the lacerated hole will often soon grow up tighter than 
 before. To obviate this, by whatever means the hole is opened, a plug 
 of hard rubber, of a length suited to the length of the teat, should be 
 inserted and left in the teat between the milkings for a few days till 
 the wound heals up, and the size of the hole becomes adapted, as it 
 soon will, to the size of the plug, when it may be safely left out. The 
 plug need not be over one-third of an inch in the largest part, and 
 should be well oiled before using. If taken in season, the stoppage 
 may be permanently and sufficiently enlarged by using the plug alone 
 a few days at a time. 
 
 TO PREVENT LEAKING OF MILK. 
 
 Immediately after milking, wipe the teat dry, and with a small 
 brush apply to its end a small quantity of collodion that may be had 
 at the druggist's. This at once forms a thin, tough membrane or 
 skin which will prevent leakage, and is easily removed before milking. 
 Or, take white oak bark, put it into water, boil it down to a strong 
 solution; then, after every milking, soak the ends of the leaky teat or 
 teats in the solution for a few minutes, and prevention is said to be 
 sure. 
 
CASTRATING CALVES. 433 
 
 SOBE TEATS — WARTS. 
 
 Sore teats are often caused by washing in the first milk drawn, 
 leaving the teats damp or wet when driven from the barn to outdoors, 
 causing chapping, cracking and extensive sores. The teats should be 
 thoroughly dried, if there is a tendency to crack, oiling with castor 
 oil thoroughly is an excellent and very adhesive remedy. Glycerine 
 is an excellent remedy, combined with a little sugar of lead, but from 
 its afiinity for water does not remain on. Gentle milking, and in bad 
 cases the use of milking tubes must be used. 
 
 Warts may be removed by the knife or caustics. 
 
 CASTEATING CALVES. 
 
 Pirst grasp the scrotum in the left hand, and bring the testicles 
 down to the foot of the bag; then with the other hand, and a sharp 
 smaU knife, cut a perpendicular sht in the back side of the bag, in the 
 rear of each testicle, close to the bottom, and long enough for the 
 testicle to pass through ; cut through the skin and the case enclos- 
 ing the testicle; push it out and gently draw it, and its attaching 
 cord, out from one to two inches and cut it off, and the work is done ; 
 serve the other the same way. Insert a little salted grease and the 
 job is finished. If the outside is washed with water in which half a 
 teaspoonful of carbohc acid has been added, it will prevent flies from 
 troubling in warm weather. If the weather is cold and stormy the 
 calf should be kept indoors for a few days. If the bag becomes 
 inflamed and swollen, and matter gathers inside, an incision must be 
 made to release it — when it will heal. Castrating bulls is to be done 
 in the same manner, but is attended with more danger to the animal. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS 
 DISEASES. 
 
 CONTENTS OP CHAPTEB. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES.— Texan Fever, and its mode of contagion 
 and prevention — Pleurc-Pneumonia, or Contagious Inflammation of tlie Lungs and itn 
 prevention and treatment — Malignant Anthrax — Black Leg — Black Tongue — Bloody 
 Murrain — Their causes and cure — Foot and Mouth Disease, and its remedies — Epi- 
 demic Ophthalmia and its cure. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.— Spaying Cows —To prevent cows kicking— The Herkimer 
 method — Destroying Lice on Cattle — Grubs in the skin — Breaking Sucking Cows— 
 To remove articles from the eyes, etc. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 
 
 TEXAN FEVEE. 
 
 This is a disease which was prevalent for a year or so in the 
 northern states, caused by the presence of Texas cattle. The Texas 
 cattle are not, probably, affected by the disease in Texas. Cattle 
 taken from the north to the central and southern parts of Texas die 
 of the disease, and a similar disease is common amon^ the horses in 
 Texas. Texas cattle brought north, either by water or rail, or driven 
 on foot may communicate the disease to native cattle. Texas cattle 
 
TREATMENT OF TEXAN FEVER. 435 
 
 do have the disease, and die from it, in the north, but much more 
 rarely than do native cattle. Old native cattle are much more 
 susceptible to the disease than the young ones. Comparatively few 
 suckling calves die from it ; in some cases calves drew milk from the 
 cows until the death of the latter, but still did not take the disease. 
 Unless in very rare instances, the disease has not been communicated 
 to native cattle kept in enclosures in which Texas cattle had not been. 
 Eating where Texas cattle have grazed, drinking where they have 
 drank, or at least, passing over the ground where they have been 
 driven, seems necessary to communicate the disease to native cattle, 
 although apparent exceptional cases have been known. There is 
 scarcely a doubt that severe frosts remove danger of communication 
 of the disease, and that after Texas cattle have been wintered in 
 northern states they will not communicate the disease. In very rare 
 cases, if at all, have native cattle communicated the disease to others. 
 Generally no evil effects are known to have followed the use of the 
 milk or flesh of the diseased cattle. 
 
 In the first place the general aspect of the sick ox or cow is 
 peculiar. With drooping head, arched neck, hollow flanks, dull- 
 looking or staring coat, there is an appearance of great dejection. 
 The pulse is frequent, sometimes full, and at others is thready; dur- 
 ing the latter stages of the disease it is frequent, and so small as 
 not to be easily taken at the jaw. The secretions are checked, with 
 the exceptions of some glairy mucus from the nose and very high 
 colored urine, which is often retained in great abundance and for 
 some length of time in the over-distended bladder. The secretion of 
 of milk is suspended in cows from the earliest stages. There is 
 costiveness, but this is readily overcome by medicine, and even by 
 special diet. The breathing is usually frequent and sometimes pant- 
 ing. The temperature of the body rises to 107°, 108°, and 109° 
 Fahrenheit, and nothing is more remarkable than the early and very 
 marked elevation of animal heat. Of all the symptoms none are 
 more remarkable than the trembling and twitchings of muscles and 
 the unsteady gait of the affected animals. In the advanced stages of 
 the disease, when the ox or cow lies down, there is difficulty in rising 
 
436 CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES 
 
 from partial paralysis of the hind quarters; and the first indication of 
 this interference with the functions of the hind limbs is their being 
 drawn slightly under the belly, and the fetlock joints slightly bent as 
 in other acute diseases of cattle. But the partial paralysis sometimes 
 involves the fore legs. We have been told of some patients manifest- 
 ing signs of delirium. The animals die usually in from three days to 
 a week. 
 
 In the treatment, prevention is more reliable than the cure. If 
 it is known that the herd has been exposed, a disinfectant treatment, 
 consisting of one drachm of solution of carbolic acid, should be given 
 in a mash every morning for three days. The cattle should be 
 removed from the affected spot, and those which show symptoms of 
 disease separated from the rest. After the disease has really devel- 
 oped, the following wUl be as good as can be given : — 
 
 Chlorate of Potash, two drachms; 
 Carbonate of Ammonia, three drachms • 
 Nux Vomica, twenty grains 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 This may be given every three hours in urgent cases, and the 
 time gradually extended between doses. In ordinary cases three 
 times per day will be sufficient. Medicines can be given in bran mash 
 if the animal will eat. No solid food must be given for two weeks 
 after the animal has begun to recover. 
 
 PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA — CONTAGIOUS INFLAMMATION OF LUNGS. 
 
 This is a specific and contagious lung disease of cattle, which is 
 generally, if not always, introduced into a country by importation. 
 In this disease prevention is better than cure, and the sacrifice of a 
 whole herd which has become infected, is the only way to stamp it 
 out. The disease already exists in some of the eastern states, having 
 been imported. The tieatment is very unsatisfactory, yet cases have 
 been cured by the same course of treatment recommended for Texan 
 fever. When it once gets into a herd, it wiU attack all of them 
 generally. 
 
4;jOi 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 437 
 
 CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 Our farmers and stockmen do not realize the immense importance 
 of preventive measures by legislation, as a means of stopping the 
 farther spread of this fatal malady. We give below a history of its 
 course in this country, as well as other facts, from the pen of Prof. 
 Law, of Cornell University, N. Y. 
 
 After reciting the history of the malady in the Old World, in which 
 the statement is made that Great Britain alone has lost not less than 
 $10,000,000 per annum by the ravages of the disease since the year 1842, 
 the following brief history of its invasion and continuous existence in 
 this country is given : 
 
 "Into Brooklyn, Long Island (New York), it was introduced in 
 1843 in the system of a ship cow, purchased by Peter Dunn from the 
 captain of an Enghsh vessel. From Dunn's herd it spread to others 
 adjacent and speedily infected the whole west end of the island, as 
 wiU be noticed later at greater length. 
 
 "Into Massachusetts the plague was introduced on the 23d ol 
 July, 1859, in the bodies of four Dutch cows, imported by Winthrop 
 W. Chenery, of Behnont, near Boston. These cows were procured 
 from Purmerend and the Beemster, and were kept in stables for several 
 days at the port of Rotterdam, an infected city, before being put on 
 board the vessel. They were shipped April 6, passed forty-seven days 
 at sea, and were iU during the last twenty days one of the num- 
 ber having been unable to stand. On landing, two were able to walk 
 to the farm, while the other two had to be carried in wagons. The 
 worst cow was killed May 81, and the second died Jime 2; the third 
 did well till June 20, when she was severely attacked and died in ten 
 days ; the fourth recovered. On August 20 another cow, imported in 
 1852, sickened and died in a few days, and others followed in rapid suc- 
 cession. In the first week of September, Mr. Chenery isolated his 
 herd, and declined aU ofifers to purchase, being now convinced that he 
 was dealing with the contagious pleuro-pneumonia of Europe. 
 
 " Unfortunately, on June 28, he had sold three calves to Curtis 
 Stoddard, of North Brookfield, Worcester County, one of which was 
 
438 CONTAGIOUS PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 noticed to be sick on the way to Curtis' farm. Several days later 
 Leonard Stoddard (father of Curtis) took this calf to his farm to cure 
 it, and kept in his barn with forty cattle for four days, when he 
 returned it to his son. It died August 20. Curtis Stoddard lost no 
 more until November 1, when he sold eleven young cattle to as many 
 different purchasers, and wherever these went the disease was de- 
 veloped. In one case more than 200 cattle were infected by one of 
 these Stoddard heifers. Of the nine cattle which he retained seven 
 were killed and found to be badly diseased. 
 
 "An ox of L. Stoddard's sickened two weeks after he had returned 
 the diseased calf to his son, and soon died. Two weeks later a second 
 was taken sick and died; then a dozen in rapid succession. From 
 this herd were affected those of the foUowing: Messrs. Needham, 
 Woods, Ohnsted, and Huntingdon. Olmsted sold a yoke of oxen to 
 Doane, who lent them to assist with twenty-three yoke of cattle in 
 removing a building in North Brookfield. These belonged to eleven 
 different herds, all of which were thereby infected. 
 
 "This will suffice to show how the disease was disseminated. In 
 the next four years it was found in herds in the foUowing towns: 
 Milton, Dorchester, Quinoy, Lincoln, Ashby, Eoxborough, Lexington, 
 Waltham, Hingham, East Marshfield, Sherborn, Dover, HaUiston, 
 Ashland, Natick, Northborough, Chelmsford, Dedham, and Nahant, 
 and on Deer Island. 
 
 " By the spring of 1860 the State had been aroused to its danger, 
 and in April an act was passed "to provide for the extirpation of the 
 disease called pleuro-pneumonia among cattle," which empowered the 
 commissioners to kill all cattle in herds where the disease was known 
 or expected to exist. With various intervals this and succeeding com- 
 missions were kept in existence for six years, and the last remnants 
 of the plague having heea extinguished, the last resigned definitely in 
 1866. The records show that 1,164 cattle were slaughtered by orders 
 of the commissioners, in addition to others disposed of by the select- 
 men of the different towns in 1863, when the commission was tem- 
 porarily suspended. The money disbursed by the State was $67,611.07, 
 and by the infected towns $10,000, making a grand total of $77,511.07, 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLEDBO-PNEUMONIA. 439 
 
 in addition to all losses by deaths from the plague, depreciations, etc. 
 Dr. E. F. Thayer, Newtown, was the professional commissioner who 
 brought this work to a successful end, 
 
 " An importation into New Jersey in 1847 is recorded, to check 
 which the importer, Mr. Kichardson, is said to have slaughtered his 
 whole herd, valued at $10,000, for the good of the State. Unfortun- 
 ately, aU New Jersey men were not so pubhc-spirited, and subsequently 
 importations from New York and mayhap also from Europe have since 
 spread the pestilence widely over the State. From New Jersey it 
 spread to Pennsylvania and Delaware, and thence to Maryland, District 
 of Columbia, and Virginia, in all of which it still prevails. 
 
 "Of the progress of the disease southward from New York the 
 records are somewhat imperfect, yet sufficient to show a steady ad- 
 vance. Robert Jennings records its existence in Camden and Glou- 
 cester Counties, New Jersey, in 1859, and its introduction into Phila- 
 delphia in 1860. It spread to "The Neck," in the southern part of 
 the county, killing from 30 to 50 per cent, of infected herds, and spread 
 in 1861 into Delaware and into Burhngton County, New Jersey. In 
 1868 Mr. Martin Goldsborough assured Professor Gamgee of the 
 extensive prevalence of the disease in Maryland, infection having been 
 introduced by cattle from the Philadelphia market. The professor 
 personally traced the disease in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
 District of Columbia and Virginia, and makes the following assertions : 
 
 " That the lung plague in cattle exists on Long Island, where it 
 has prevailed for many years ; that it is not uncommon in New Jersey; 
 has at various times existed in New York State ; continues to be very 
 prevalent in several counties of Pennsylvania, especially in Delaware 
 and Bucks ; has injured the farmers of Maryland, the dairymen around 
 Washington, D. C, and has penetrated into Virginia." 
 
 " He adds a table compUed by Mr. G. Reid, Ingleside farm, Wash- 
 ington, D. C, showing that in an average of 471 cows, kept in Wash- 
 ington and vicinity, 198 had died of lung plague since its introduction ; 
 39 head perished in 1868 and 16 in 1869, up to date of report." 
 
 " More recently illustrations of the existence of the disease in 
 these States have been frequent, and among comparatively recent 
 60 
 
440 CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 cases the author has been consulted concerning a high class Jersey 
 herd near Bm-lington, N. J., m 1877, and a herd of imported Ayrshii'es 
 in Staten Island later in the same year." 
 
 " In 1878, the town of Clinton, N. J., was invaded, the infection 
 coming through a cow that had strayed for some days in New York 
 City. This was alleged to be an Ohio cow, but had strayed long enough 
 in New York to have contracted the affection." 
 
 After showing that the disease is a purely contagious malady, and 
 cannot arise spontaneously , Dr. Law gives the following brief history 
 of the introduction, progress, and continual presence of the affection 
 since its introduction among the cattle in and near the city of New 
 York. 
 
 "The first cow was introduced from England, on the ship Washing- 
 ton, in 1843, and was purchased by Peter Dunn, a milkman, who kept 
 his cows in a stable near South Ferry. This cow soon sickened and 
 died, and infected the rest of the cows. From this the disease was 
 speedily conveyed into the great distillery stables of John D. Minton, 
 at the foot of Fourth street, and into the Skillman-street stables, 
 Brooklyn, through which my informant, Fletcher, showed the Massa- 
 chusetts commission in 18G2. In this long period of nineteen years, 
 the plague had prevailed uninterruptedly in the Skillman-street sta- 
 bles, and the commissioner reported that they "found some sick with 
 the acute disease," and having killed and examined one in the last 
 stages of the affection, stated that it showed atypical case of the same 
 malady which existed in Massachusetts. 
 
 "As dealers found it profitable to purchase cheap cows out of 
 infected herds, and retail them at a roimd price, the malady was soon 
 spread over Brooklyn and New York City. One or two cases will 
 enable us to trace one unbroken chain of infected cows down to the 
 present time. 
 
 " In 1849, William Meakim, of Bushwick, Long'Island (New York), 
 kept a large dairy, and employed a man with a yoke of oxen in draw- 
 ing grain from the New York and Brooklyn distilleries. A milkman 
 on the way, who had lung fever in his herd, persuaded the man to use 
 his oxen in di'awing a dead cow out of his stable. Soon after the 
 
OONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 443 
 
 oxen sickened and died; and the disease extending to his dairy cows, 
 Mr. MeaMm lost forty head in the short space of three months. The 
 stables having thus become infected, Mr. Meakim continued to lose 
 from six to ten cows yearly for the succeeding twenty years, or as long 
 as he kept in the milk business. This, which is but one instance out 
 of a hundred, covers fifteen years of the plague in the Skillman 
 stables, and brings the record down to 1869. It will be observed that 
 this was the first occurrence of any such sickness in Mr. Meakim 's 
 herd ; it commenced, not among the cows cooped up in hot buildings 
 and heavily fed on swiU, but in the oxen that were almost constantly 
 in the open air, but which had been brought in contact with a dead 
 and infected cow ; the infection of the cows followed, and for twenty 
 long years no fresh cow could be brought into these stables with 
 impimity. 
 
 "Dr. Bothgate, Fordham avenue and Seventeenth street. New 
 York, informed us that twenty years ago (1859) his father kept a herd 
 of Jerseys, which contracted the disease by exposure to sick animals, 
 and that all efforts to get rid of it failed, until when, several years 
 later, the bams were burned down. The devouring element secured 
 what the skiU of the owner had failed to accompHsh — a thorough dis- 
 infection. 
 
 "For some time so prevalent was the disease that Dr. Bothgate 
 did not dare to turn his cattle out in the fields, lest they should be 
 infected by contact with cattle over the fence. Since the period of 
 the infection of his own herd, he knows that the pestilence has been 
 constantly in many of the dairies around him. This bridges over the 
 time from the Skill man-street and Meakim cases down to the present 
 day. 
 
 Twenty years ago (1859) Mr. Benjamin Albertson, Queens, Queens 
 County, Long Island (New York), purchased four cows out of a Her- 
 kimer County herd which had got belated and had been kept over 
 night in a stable in Sixth street, New York, where the cattle market 
 then was. These cows sickened with lung fever and infected his large 
 herd of 100 head, 25 of which died in rapid succession and 19 more 
 slowly. He was left with but 60 head out of a herd, after the pur- 
 
444 CONTAGIOUS PLEDRO-PNEDMONIA, 
 
 chase of the four, of 104 animals, and honorably declined to sell tLe 
 survivors at high prices to his unsuspecting neighbors, but sold a num- 
 ber at haK price to a Brooklyn milkman, who already had the disease 
 in his herd and knew aU the circumstances. 
 
 " Twelve years ago (1867) Lawrence Ansert, Broadway and Eidge 
 Street, Astoria, (New York), bought of a dealer two cows, which soon 
 after sickened and died, and infected the remainder of his herd of 18. 
 Eight of them died of the disease, and he fattened and killed the re. 
 maining ten, and began anew with fresh premises and stock. He has 
 lost none since." 
 
 " The next case, like the last, affords a most instructive contrast to 
 the first two, as showing how the disease may be permanently eradi- 
 cated by proper seclusion. In 1872, Frank Devine, of Old Farm-House 
 Hotel, West Chester, purchased from a dealer a cow which soon sick- 
 ened and died. The disease extended to the rest of his herd, and in 
 seven months he lost thirty-six cows. He appreciated the danger of 
 contagion, and began again with new stock, keeping them rigidly apart 
 from the infected beasts and premises, and from that time onward 
 avoided all dealers and bred his own stock, with the happy result that 
 in the last six years he had not had a single case of lung fever in his 
 herd." 
 
 The virulence and infectious nature of the disease does not seem 
 to have been lessened by its transplantation to this country. Many 
 instances are given which show conclusively that it is equally as fatal 
 to-day in those locahties in the United States in which it exists as it 
 is in its home in the far east, or in those nations of Europe which it 
 has invaded. 
 
 " No one who has studied the plague in Europe can truthfully 
 claim that it is less infectious here than in the Old World. What 
 misleads many is, that during the cooler season many of the cases 
 assume a sub-acute type, and others subside into a chi-onio form with 
 amass of infecting material (dead lung) encysted in the chest, but 
 unattended by acute symptoms. But this feature of the disease ren- 
 ders it incomparably more insidious and dangerous than in countries 
 where the symptoms are so much more severe, that even the owners 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLEUKO-PNEUMONIA. 445 
 
 are roused at once to measures of prevention. In moderating the 
 violence of its action, the disease does not part with its infecting 
 qualities, but only diffuses them the more subtilely in proportion as its 
 true natui'e is hable to be overlooked. A main reason why unobservant 
 people fail at first sight to see that the lung fever is contagious is, that 
 the seeds he so long dormant in the system. A beast purchased in 
 October passes a bad winter, and dies in February, after having infected 
 several others. She has had a long period of incubation, and when the 
 disease supervenes actively, she has passed through a chronic form cf 
 illness, so that wh6n others sicken, people fail to connect the new 
 cases with the infected purchase. Then, again, in an ordinary herd of 
 10 or 20 head the deaths do not follow in rapid succession, but at inter- 
 vals of a fortnight, a month, or even more, and those unacquainted 
 with the nature of the disease suppose that it cannot be infectious, or 
 all would be prostrated at once." 
 
 The disease may be communicated by immediate contact, through 
 the atmosphere for some considerable distance, by the inhalation of 
 pulmonary exudation when placed in the nostrils, from impregnated 
 clothing of attendants, through infected buildings, infected manure, 
 infected pastures, infected fodder, etc. Healthy cattle have been con- 
 taminated after being lodged in stables that were occupied by diseased 
 ones three or four months previously. Hay spoiled by sick cattle has 
 induced the disease after a long period, and pastures grazed upon three 
 months before have infected healthy stock. The flesh of diseased 
 animals has also conveyed the malady; and it is recorded by "Fleming 
 that the contagion from cattle buried in the ground infected others 
 60 or 60 feet distant. 
 
 There seems to be much difference of opinion with regard to the 
 power of the virus to resist ordinary destructive influences. Under 
 ordinary circumstances, it will be preserved longest where it has been 
 dried up and covered from the free access of the air. In close stables 
 and buildings having rotten wood- work, or deep dust-filled cracks in 
 the masonry, and in those with a closed space beneath a wooden floo i 
 it chngs with the greatest tenacity. Again, in buildings which con- 
 tain pUes of lumber, htter, hay, fodder, or clothing, the virus is covered 
 
446 CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 up, secreted, and preserved for a much longer period than if left quite 
 empty. In such cases it is preserved as it is in wooden or other textile 
 fabrics when carried from place to place in the clothing of human 
 beings. As carried through the air the distance at which the virus 
 retains its infecting properties varies much with varying conditions. 
 Dr. Law states that he has seen a sick herd separated from a healthy 
 one by not more than fifteen yards and a moderately close board 
 fence of 7 feet high, and in the absence of all intercommunication of 
 attendants, the exposed herd kept perfectly sound for six months in 
 succession. At other times infection will take place at much greater 
 distances without any known means of conveyance on soHd objects. 
 RoU quotes 50 to 100 feet, while others claim to have known infection 
 transmitted a distance of from 200 to 300 feet. But the author ques- 
 tions whether, in such cases, the virus had not been dried up on hght 
 objects, hke feathers, paper, straw, or hay, which could be borne on 
 the wind. 
 
 Because the lesions are concentrated in the lungs, and begin with 
 cloudiness and swelling of the smaller air tubes and surrounding con- 
 nective tissues, the presumption is favored that the virus is usually 
 taken in with the air breathed. Its progress and the results of all 
 attempts at inoculation would seem to confirm this. The exudation 
 into the interlobidar tissue, the congestion of the lung tissue itself, 
 and the imphcation of the lung covering, are regarded as secondary 
 phenomena, or, in other words, the disease begins where the inspired 
 air must lodge the germs. The inoculation of the virulent lung pro- 
 ducts on distant parts of the body transfers the seat of the disease to 
 the point inoculated, and in such cases the lesions of the lungs are not 
 observed, or at least are not greatly marked. 
 
 A diseased animal is more likely to infect a healthy one at that 
 period when the fever runs highest and the lung is being loaded with 
 the morbid exudation. Proof appears to be wanting as to the infecting 
 nature of the affection during the incubation stage, but it must not be 
 inferred that wath the subsidence of the fever the danger is removed. 
 It is a matter of frequent observation that animals which have passed 
 through the fever, and are again thriving well and giving a free supply 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLBUBO-PNEUMONIA. 449 
 
 of milk, and to ordinary observers appear in perfect health, retain the 
 power of transmitting the disease to others. This may continue for 
 three, six, nine, twelve, or, according to some, even fifteen months 
 after all signs of acute illness have disappeared. 
 
 The number of animals infected by contact or exposure to the con- 
 tagion is somewhat irregular, as is also the virulence and fatahty of 
 the disease. The French commission of 1849 found that of 20 healthy 
 animals exposed to infection 16 contracted the disease, 10 of them 
 severely. Dr. Lindley gives examples from his South African experi- 
 ence in which whole herds of 80, 130, and even of several hundred died 
 without exception, showing that in warm chmates the mortality is 
 greatest. Dr. Law found the disease much more virulent and fatal 
 during the hot summer months in New York, and says that during the 
 winter season it is far less violent in its manifestations, and a great 
 number of animals resist it. 
 
 Lung plague (pleuro-pneumonia) confines its ravages entirely to 
 the bovine genus, and no race, breed, or age is exempt from its attacks. 
 Sex gives no immunity ; bulls suffer as much as cows ; and oxen and 
 calves, if equally exposed, furnish no fewer victims than bulls and cows. 
 
 As in rinderpest, measles, scarlatina, and the different forms of 
 variola, an animal once afflicted with lung plague is usually exempt or 
 impervious to a second attack. Only occasional instances are given 
 where an animal has suffered from a second attack. The losses caused 
 by the plague ranges all the way from 2 to 63 per cent, of all the ani- 
 mals in the country or locality in which it prevails, the losses varying 
 according to climate, surroundings, condition of stock, etc. 
 
 The period of latency, that is, the time that elapses between the 
 receiving of the germs into the system and the manifestation of the 
 first symptoms of the disease, varies greatly. Veterinarians differ as 
 to their experience and statements, and set this period at from five 
 days to three months. Dr. Law has seen cases in which cattle have 
 passed three or four months after the purchase in poor health, yet 
 without cough or any other diagnostic symptom, and at the end of 
 that time have shown all the symptoms of the limg plague. It is this 
 long period of latency that renders the disease so dangerous. An 
 
450 CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 infected animal may be carried half way round the world before the 
 Bymptoms of the malady become sufficiently violent to attract atten- 
 tion, and yet aU this time it may have been scattering the seeds of the 
 disease far and wide. The average period in inoculated cases is nine 
 days, though it may appear as early as the fifth, or it may be delayed 
 tin the thirtieth or fortieth day. In the experimental transmission of 
 the disease by cohabitation, under the French commission, a cough 
 (the earhest symptom) appeared from the sixth to the thirty-second 
 day, and sometimes continued for months, though no acute disease 
 supervened. Hot chmates and seasons abridge the period of latency, 
 as the disease has been found to develope more rapidly in summer than 
 in winter, and in the South than in the North. A febrile condition of 
 the system also favors its rapid development. Of the symptoms of 
 the disease. Dr. Law says: 
 
 "These vary in different countries, latitudes, seasons, altitudes, 
 races of animals, and individuals. They are more severe in hot lati- 
 tudes, countries, and seasons, than in the cold; in the higher altitudes 
 they are milder than on the plains ; in certain small or dwarfed animals, 
 with a spare habit of body, hke Brittanies, they appear to be less vio- 
 lent than in the large, phlegmatic, heavy-milking, or obese Shorthorn 
 Ayrshires and Dutch. A newly-infected race of cattle in a newly 
 infected country suffer much more severely than those of a land where 
 the plague has prevailed for ages ; and finally certain individuals, with- 
 out any appreciable cause, have the disease in a much more violent 
 form than others which stand by them in precisely the same conditions. 
 
 " Sometimes the disease shows itself abruptly with great violence 
 and without any appreciabla premonitory symptoms, resembling in this 
 the most acute type of ordinary broncho-pneumonia. This, however, 
 is mostly in connection with some actively exciting cause, such as 
 exposure to inclement weather, parturition, overstocking with milk, 
 heat, etc. 
 
 " Far more commonly the symptoms come on most insidiously, 
 and for a time are the opposite of alarming. For some days, and quite 
 frequently for a fortnight, a month or more, a sHght cough is heard 
 at rare intervals. It may be heard only when the animal first rises, 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEDMONIA. 451 
 
 when it leaves the stable, or ■when it drinks cold water, and hence 
 Attracts httle or no attention. The cough is usually small, weak, short 
 and husky, but somewhat painful and attended by some arching of the 
 back, an extension of the head upon the neck, and protrusion of the 
 tongue. This may continue for weeks without any noticeable devia- 
 tion from the natural temperature, pulse, or breathing, and without 
 any impairment of appetite, rumination, or coat. The lungs are as 
 resonant to percussion as in health, and auscultation detects shght 
 changes only, perhaps an imduly loud blowing sound behind the middle 
 of the shoulder, or more commonly an occasional slight mucus rattle, 
 or a transient wheeze. In some cases the disease never advances 
 further, and its true nature is to be recognized only by the fact that 
 it shows itself in an infected herd or on infected premises, and that the 
 victim proves dangerously infecting to healthy animals in uninfected 
 locahties. It may be hkened to those mUd cases of scarlatina which 
 are represented by sore throat only, or to the modified variola known 
 as chicken-pox. 
 
 " In the majority of cases, however, the disease advances a step 
 further. The animal becomes somewhat dull, more sluggish than 
 natural, does not keep constantly with the herd, but may be found 
 lying alone ; breathes more quickly (20 to 30 times per minute in place 
 of 10 to 15) ; retracts the margins of the nostrils more than formerly ; 
 the hair, especially along the neck, shoulders, and back, stands erect 
 and dry ; the muzzle has intervals of dryness, and the milk is dimin- 
 ished. The eye loses somewhat of its prominence and luster; the 
 eyehds and ears droop slightly, and the roots of the horns and ears and 
 the hmbs are hot or alternatively hot and cold. By this time the 
 temperature is usually raised from 103° F., in the shghtest or most 
 tardy cases, to 105° and upward to 108° in the more acute and severe. 
 Auscultation and percussion also now reveal decided changes in the 
 lung tissue. 
 
 " The ear appUed over the diseased portions detects in some cases 
 
 a diminution of the natural soft-breathing murmur, or it may be a fin© 
 
 crepitation, which has been hkened to the noise produced by rubbing 
 
 a tuft of hair between finger and thumb close to the ear. Where this 
 
 61 
 
452 CONTAGIOUS PLEUBO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 exists it is usually only at the margin of the diseased area, while in 
 the center the natural soft mui-mur is entirely lost. In other cases a 
 loud blowing sound is heard over the diseased lung, which, though 
 itself impervious to air and producing no respiratory murmur, is in its 
 firm, sohd condition a better conductor of sound and conveys to the 
 ear the noise produced in the larger air-tubes. 
 
 " Percussion is effected by a series of taps of varying force dehvered 
 with the tips of the fingers of the right hand on the back of the middle 
 finger of the left firmly pressed on the side of the chest. Over aU parts 
 of the healthy lung this draws out a clear resonance, but over the 
 diseased portions the sound ehcited is dull, as if the percussion were 
 made over the sohd muscles of the neck or thigh. All gradations are 
 met with as the lung is more or less consohdated, and conclusions are 
 to be drawn accordingly. 
 
 "In other cases we hear on auscultation the loud, harsh, rasping 
 sound of bronchitis, with dry, thickened, and rigid membranes of the 
 air-tubes, or the soft, coarse, mucous rattle of the same diseases when 
 there is abundant hquid exudation, and the bursting of bubbles in the 
 air passages. In others there is a low, soft, rubbing sound, usually in 
 /erks, when the chest is being filled with or emptied of air. This is 
 the friction between the dry, inflamed membrane covering the lungs 
 and that covering the side of the chest, and is heard at an early stage 
 of the disease, but neither at its earhest nor its latest stage. Later 
 there may be dullness on percussion up to a given level on one or both 
 sides of the chest, implying accumulations of hquid in the cavity, 
 or there is a superficial dullness on percussion, and muffling of the 
 natural breathing sound with a very shght, sometimes almost inaudi- 
 ble, creaking, due to the existence of false membranes (sohdified 
 exudations) on the surface of the lung or connecting it to the inner 
 side of the ribs. This is often mistaken for a mucous rattle that can 
 no longer take place in a consohdated lung in which there can be no 
 movement of air nor bursting of bubbles in breathing. The mucous 
 rattle is only possible with considerable hquid exudation into the 
 bronchial tubes, and a healthy, dilatable condition of the portion of 
 the lung to which these lead. In rare cases there will be splashing 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA, 455 
 
 sounas m the chest, or when the patient has just risen to his feet a 
 succession of clear ringing sounds, becoming less numerous and -with 
 longer intervals until they die away altogether. These are due to the 
 falling of drops of hquid from shreds of false membrane in the upper 
 part of the chest thi-ough an accumulation of gas into a collection of 
 hquid below. It has been hkened to the noise of drops falling from 
 the bung-hole into a cask half filled with Hquid. Pecuhar sounds are 
 sometimes heard, as wheezing, in connection with the supervention of 
 emphysema, and others which it is needless to mention here. 
 
 "In lean patients pressure of the tips of the fingers in the inter- 
 vals between the ribs will detect less movement over the diseased and 
 consoHdated lung than on the opposite side of the chest where the 
 lung is still sound. 
 
 "As seen in America, in winter, the great majority of oases fail to 
 show the violence described in books. The patients faU off rapidly in 
 condition, show a high fever for a few days, he always on the same 
 side (the diseased one) or on the breast, and have a great portion of 
 one lung consoHdated by exudation and encysted as a dead mass, and 
 yet the muzzle is rarely devoid of moisture, the milk is never entirely 
 suspended, and may be yielded in only a sHghtly lessened amoimt as 
 soon as the first few days of active fever have passed. 
 
 "During the extreme heats of summer, on the other hand, the 
 plague manifests aU its European violence. The breathing becomes 
 short, rapid, and labored, and each expiration is accompanied by a deep 
 moan or grunt, audible at some distance from the animal. The nos- 
 trils and even the corners of the mouth are strongly retracted. The 
 patient stands most of its time, and in some cases without intermis- 
 sion, its fore legs set apart, its elbows tmned out, and the shoulder- 
 blades and arm-bones rapidly lessening their covering of flesh, standing 
 out from the sides of the chest so that their out-lines can be plainly 
 seen. The head is extended on the neck, the eyes prominent and 
 glassy, the muzzle dry, a clear or frothy Hquid distils from the nose 
 and mouth, the back is sHghtly raised, and this, together with the 
 spaces between the ribs and the region of the breast-bone, are very 
 sensitive to pinching; the secretion of milk is entirely arrested, the 
 
456 CONTAGIOUS PLEUEO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 skin becomes harsh, tightly adherent to the parts beneath, and covered 
 with scurf, and the arrest of digestion is shown by the entire want of 
 appetite and rumination, the severe or fatal tympanies (bloating), and 
 later by a profuse watery diarrhea in which the food is passed in an 
 undigested condition. If the infusion into the lungs or chest is very 
 extensive, the pallor of the mouth, eyehds, vulva, and skin betrays the 
 weak, bloodless condition. The tongue is furred, and the breath of a 
 heavy, feverish, mawkish odor, but rarely fetid. Abortion is a com- 
 mon result in pregnant cows." 
 
 During the summer the disease shows its greatest violence, and it 
 is then that its mortahty is not only high but early. The great pros- 
 tration attendant on the enoixnous effusion into the organs of the 
 chest, the impairment of breathing, and the impairment or suspension 
 of the vital functions in general, causes death in a very few days. In 
 other cases the animals die early from distention of the paunch with 
 gas, while in still others the profuse scouring helps to speedily wear 
 out the vital powers. In certain severe cases the rapid loss of flesh is 
 surprising. Dr. Law says that in such cases a loss of one-third of the 
 weight in a single week is by no means uncommon, and even one-half 
 may be parted with in the same length of time in extreme cases. In 
 fatal cases aU symptoms become more intense for several weeks, tLe 
 pulse gradually becomes small, weak, and accelerated, and finally imper- 
 ceptible ; the breathing becomes rapid and difficult, the mucous mem- 
 brane of the mouth, eyes, etc., becomes pale and bloodless, emaciation 
 goes on with active strides, and death ensues in from two to six week . 
 Sometimes, in cold and dry weather, a portion of dead lung may 
 remain encysted in the chest, submitting to slow hquefaction and 
 removal, and such animals will go on for months doing badly, at 
 last to sLuk into such a state of debiUty that death ensues fi'om ex- 
 haustion and weakness. In still other cases the retention of such 
 diseased masses, and the consequent debiUty, deteimines the ap- 
 pearance of tuberculosis, from which the animal dies. Purulent 
 infection and rupture of abscesses into the chest are also causes of 
 death, but the author states that no such cases have come under hia 
 observation. 
 
CONTAGIOUS PLEUBO-PNEUMONIA. 457 
 
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 
 
 "As regards tlie future, I would strongly urge the National Gov- 
 ernment to assume not only the direction hut the execution of this 
 work of stamping out the plague. The following among other reasons 
 require this : 
 
 1. The disease is an exotic, and if once suppressed could only 
 reappear in America as the result of importation. 
 
 2. It is gradually extending, and if neglected must lay the entire 
 continent under contribution. 
 
 3. If it reached our unfenced ranges in the West, it would be 
 ineradicable, as it has proved in the European Steppes, in Australia, 
 and in South Africa. 
 
 4. As the seeds remain latent in the system for three months, 
 infected cattle may be moved all over the continent, from ocean to 
 ocean and from lakes to gulf, and Hve for a length of time ia a new 
 herd before they are suspected. 
 
 6. Old cases with encysted masses of infecting matter in the 
 lungs may show no obvious signs of iUness, and may be bought and 
 sold as soimd and mingle with many herds in succession, conveying 
 infection wherever they go. There is, therefore, the strongest tempta- 
 tion for the owner to seek to secure a salvage by the sale of apparently 
 sound but reaUy infecting animals. There is further the strongest 
 probabUity that in a new locahty these cattle would not be suspected 
 'antn one or more herds had been irretrievably ruined. 
 
 6. The infection of the South and West would inevitably spread 
 the infection over the whole Middle and Eastern States, as infection 
 would pour in continuously through the enormous cattle trafl&c, and 
 aU rolling-stock, yards, etc., of railways would become infected. 
 
 7. The hve stock bears a larger proportion of the State wealth 
 West and South than in the East, hence the West has most at stake 
 in this matter, and should bear its share in the work of extermination. 
 
 8. The plague is more violent in proportion to the heat of the 
 climate, so that it wUl prove far more destructive in the semi-tropical 
 summers of the South and West than on the Atlantic seaboard. 
 
 9. No State can be rendered secure unless all States are cleared 
 
458 CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. 
 
 of the pestilence. One remaiuiog center of infection on tlie continent is 
 likely to prove as injurious as the one infected cow landed in Brooklyn 
 in 1843, the sad fountain of all our pi-esent trouble. 
 
 10. It has been decided by a United States Supreme Court in 
 Illinois, that a state law forbidtling the introduction of cattle from a 
 neighboring state, because it is feared they may introduce disease, is 
 unconstitutional. Therefore each state must keep a guard along its 
 whole frontier, with quarantine buildings, attendants, and inspectors, 
 and must quarantine all cattle as soon as they shall hare crossed. 
 
 11. Smuggling is inevitable so long as there are distinct authorities 
 in two adjacent states. Rascally dealers have repeatedly run cattle 
 into New York from New Jerse}', sold them and returned with their 
 money before the matter could be discovered and the law officers of 
 New York put on their track. Were the law and execution one for the 
 states such men could be apprehended and punished wherever found. 
 In Europe it is found that an armed guard with intervals of 200 yards 
 patrolling the whole frontier day and night is not always sufficient ; 
 how much less, therefore, with us a law that can be evaded with such 
 impunity ! 
 
 12. Finally, there is little hope of Delaware, Maryland, and 
 Virginia stamping out the plague at their own expense, so that unless 
 the United States takes the matter up, the work of New York, New 
 Jersey, and Pennsylvania will be but money thrown away. 
 
 No case of pleuro-pneumonia had ever been seen in the United States 
 west of a limited area on the Atlantic coast, before a speculator in 
 Jersey cattle introduced the disease into his herd in Ohio, in the autumn 
 or winter of 1883. From his infected herd he sent a cow having the 
 disoi'der, to mingle with a numl)er of other animals to be sold at auction 
 in February, 1884, at Virginia, Illinois. That cow conveyed the disorder 
 to others, which in tm'n infected still others in Illinois, in Kentucky and 
 in Missouri. Cattle that were exposed to the contagion were also sent 
 to Texas, and there were grave fears that the malady had been intro- 
 duced there, and also in Tennessee. Thus a single animal was clearly 
 the cause of the infection of at least four great states, of the death 
 of many thousands of dollars' worth of valuable stock, and of a great 
 
CONTAGlOtTS PLEURO-PNEUMONTA. 459 
 
 outlay of the money of the people of the several states in which 
 attempts to control the scourge have been made. 
 
 In February 1879, the English Privy CouucU forbade the importa- 
 tion into Great Britain of any living cattle fi-om America. This was 
 required by a general act, ordering that no living cattle from any 
 countiy in which pleuro-pneumonia might exist, should be permitted to 
 land in the kingdom. The order of the Privy Council has been in 
 force since the date mentioned, and by the laws of Great Bi'itain must 
 remain so until the United States shall Ije able to show that the 
 disorder no longer has an existence within their borders. The enforce- 
 ment of that order has reduced the price of every living bullock since 
 sent fi-om this country to England, to figures at least fifteen dollars below 
 those for which beeves of like weight and quality from countries free of 
 the disease sold, at the same times. This caused, and still causes, a corre- 
 sponding depression in the value of all fat beeves in the United States. 
 This depreciation of value of the higher gi-ades reduced jirices of all 
 inferior qualities, in a degree proportionate to their nearness to the best. 
 The tremendous losses thus inflicted upon owners of beef cattle, have each 
 year since the issuance of that order of the Privy Council, equaled 
 a sum great enough to pay fairly for eveiy infected animal, Ijuilding, 
 fence, or other thing capable of harboring the germs of the disease, and 
 to also j^ay all necessary cost of stamping out the pestilence from every 
 nook. 
 
 The matter became recognized as one of national importance, and 
 in November, 1883, a national convention of stockmen was held in 
 Chicago, to discuss the subject. The convention sent a committee to 
 Washington, where they obtained the passage of a law creating the 
 bureau of animal industiy, and in other ways providing for the protect- 
 tion of the cattle interest. In November, 1884, another national 
 convention in Chicago, formed the National Cattle Growers' Association 
 of America, which also sent a committee to Washington, to obtain 
 further action by Congi'ess for the good of cattle owners. A few days 
 after the convention in Chicago adjourned, another was held in St. Louis, 
 and the National Cattle and Horse Growers' Association was organized. 
 This body has been very active in behalf of the cattle interest. 
 
460 ANTHKAX DISEASES. 
 
 ANTHRAX — BLACK TONGUE — BLACK LEG. 
 
 The above names, as well as many others for the same general 
 disorder, are merely indicative of the most prominent symptoms of a 
 disease which has been very fatal among the young in the west, for 
 some years. It seems to be a constitutional disorder, which changes 
 the character of the secretions as well as the blood. While it is 
 contagious from contact with the discharges o? poisonous matter of 
 an affected animal, often destroying nearly all the young stock in a 
 herd, yet its origin may arise from local circumstances and surround- 
 ings, and spread over a section if not checked at once. One of the 
 peculiarities of the disease is that it attacks the young and apparently 
 most thriving stock; also, the suddenness with which it terminates, 
 the animal often being found dead in the field before notice has been 
 had of its being sick. There is no doubt but what it is, to some 
 extent, caused by too full feeding of dry corn husks in gathered fields, 
 combined with local influences. The first symptoms of an attack 
 will be plethora, feverishness, a halting on one limb, and excessive 
 tenderness of the skin in spots, to be followed by extensive swellings 
 of those parts, and deposits of black, tarry blood, which evolves gas 
 among the tissues, which gives forth a peculiar crackling sound if the 
 hand is pressed over the spot. Bloody, yellowish matter may ooze 
 forth, the spot may slough off, leaving an ichorous ulcer. It may 
 take the form of eruptive blisters, which break, dry up with gangre- 
 nous appearance, and gradually spread over adjacent parts. It may 
 take the same form of blisters, but appear on muzzle, jaw and tongue, 
 leaving behind ulcerous sores, with bloody, yellowish discharge from 
 the mouth. It may take an internal form, with bloody discharge from 
 nostrils, bloody dung and black urine, and death in a short time. 
 Animals which are affected must be separated from the well. Dead 
 carcasses and all discharges must be buried, and stables where they 
 have been kept disinfected, if success is to be expected. While 
 treatment is uncertain and unsatisfactory in the worst cases, yet 
 many can be saved by proper care, and more can be prevented from 
 taking it. After the separation of the sick from the weU, give th 
 
461 
 
CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. 4(33 
 
 which are well two ounces of bisulphate of soda, each, in a mash, 
 twice daily for three days, thereafter once each day as long as there 
 is any danger. Give the affected animals two drachms of chlorate of 
 potash, three times daily. Inject into the bowels, daily, a weak 
 solution of carbolic acid and water, one part of acid to one hundred 
 parts of water. Eub the tender spots, or those parts which show 
 signs of swelling, with any stimulating liniment, or even turpentine. 
 Open the blisters and the ulcerous spots and thoroughly cleanse them 
 by the use of the following : — 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, one scruple ; 
 Water, half a pint. — Mix. 
 
 Apply this lotion three times daily. No meat nor milk of an 
 affected animal must be fed to anything, as it is fatal in its effects. 
 
 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE — CONTAGIOUS APHTHA. 
 
 This disease affects cattle, swine, sheep, and is of a highly con- 
 tagious nature. It is not so much to be dreaded from its directly 
 consequent fatality as it is for its after consequences — the condition 
 of weakness and depression in which it leaves its subjects, and from 
 which it is said to cost, in most cases, more than the future value of 
 the animals to recover them. The disease attacks the mouth and 
 feet simultaneously. The mouth will be found hot and covered with 
 blisters, the tongue and lips being also affected. These blisters burst, 
 and the surface becomes raw, inflamed and swollen. In aggravated 
 cases the tongue protrudes from the mouth and is covered with ulcers, 
 which suppurate and cause the tissues to slough away. The disease 
 frequently commences in the hind feet, in consequence of which the 
 animal is continually stretching out first one and then the other hind 
 foot and shaking them. On examination, bhsters and watery pustules 
 are found around the coronet and between the digits, the parts are 
 inflamed and swollen, and the animal cannot be urged to rise. In 
 some cases the feet become ulcerated, the hoofs slough away, in part 
 or whoUy, leaving the bones exposed to view. With such a condition 
 of things there must be much suffering, with high fever, eyes red, 
 lungs congested, breath fetid. In milking cows the teats and udder 
 
464 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. ' 
 
 become inflamed and ulcerated, abscesses are formed, and sloughing 
 takes place, which of course renders the milk totally unfit for use. 
 
 The treatment consists in the separation of the sick from the 
 well, and administering two ounces of sulphate of soda daily, to the 
 Well, as a preventive. The sick are to have a pound of Epsom salts 
 each as a laxative, at the commencement of the treatment. An 
 astringent mouth-wash is to be used, composed as follows : — 
 
 Borax, one ounce ; 
 
 Tincture of Myrrh, one fluid ounce ; 
 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Use twice each day. If the teats are also affected, a weak solu- 
 tion of half a drachm of carbolic acid in a quart of water, can be used 
 with good effect, following with a dressing of glycerine. The feet 
 should be thoroughly cleansed with water, then a rag drawn through 
 between the toes, followed by an application, with a feather, of: — 
 
 Oil of Vitriol, one fluid ounce; 
 Water, four fluid ounces. — Mix. 
 
 Apply twice each day, and keep the feet tied up in tarred cloths. 
 All detached pieces of horn must be removed at once, and the animals 
 must be isolated from the rest of the herd. 
 
 EPIDEMIC OPHTHALMIA. 
 
 This is a disease of the eyes which takes an epidemic form, 
 whether from contagion, infection or otherwise, has not yet been 
 determined, but when once an animal in a herd becomes affected, it 
 soon spreads with more or less severity, among the rest of the herd, 
 as well as among the neighboring herds with which such animals may 
 come in contact. The eye at first begins to appear raw, and after a 
 day or two a sky blue spot appears just below the sight, which contin- 
 ues to grow until it covers the whole eye, then assumes a lighter 
 color; after this, it grows smaller and sticks out from the ball of the 
 eye about the size of a pea. The animal appears in a great deal of 
 pain all the time until it becomes totally blind. 
 
 To facilitate treatment, and to check its spread, the diseased 
 ones should, as soon as anything appears amiss with the eyes, be 
 
 49 
 
CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUkS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. 465 
 
 separated from the apparently sound ones, and be placed in a roomy, 
 airy, dry shed, which should be darkened without interfering with 
 proper ventilation. The cattle should be kept therein during day- 
 time, but should be given liberty on an enclosed pasture every night, 
 away from other cattle. Then give to each one over two years old, a 
 pound and a half, to those from one to two years old, one pound, and 
 to younger ones, according to age, from four to eight ounces of 
 Epsom or glauber salts, dissolved in from a pint to a quart of warm 
 water, and to which is added from one to two ounces of powdered 
 ginger. Give sloppy food, into each ration of which is added a 
 drachm of powdered nitrate of potassa; also give unripe fruit, sliced 
 to prevent choking, and fresh cut grass during the day, which need 
 not be much when they go out at nights. To the root of each horn, 
 or otherwise, fasten a folding of cloth in such a manner that it hangs 
 over both eyes, and a few inches below them. This should be kept 
 wet during the day with a lotion composed of 
 
 Chloride of Zinc, one drachm; 
 Carbolic Acid, two drachms ; 
 Water, one gallon. — Mix. 
 
 Apply to the cheek, below each eye, to a space of about two 
 square inches, a small portion of a bhster, composed of 
 
 Spanish Flies, two drachms ; 
 Lard, two tablespoonsful. — Mix. 
 
 Shave off the hair and rub well in, so as not to leave any on the 
 surface which can get into the eye. This should be apphed in the 
 morning, and be washed off six hours thereafter with soap suds and a 
 soft sponge, and a coat of lard applied to the blistered surface once a 
 day thereafter. 
 
 After recovery, it will be proper to still keep the cattle for some 
 time, say a month, away from other cattle. The shed should then be 
 thoroughly cleaned, disinfected, and whitewashed, and not be used for 
 at least one month thereafter for any live stock. As this disease is 
 communicable to sheep, these should not be allowed to come near 
 Buch diseased cattle. 
 
4g(5 HOW TO SPAY COWS. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS. 
 
 SPAYING COWS. 
 
 This delicate operation may be successfully performed by any 
 man of nerve and caution. The best time is within six weeks after 
 calving. It is necessary to study carefully the relation of the parts, 
 and the feeling of the ovaries in place, in a slaughtered animal; and 
 well, also, to practice the administration of chloroform, till famiharity 
 with this desirable preliminary is gained. The cow must be firmly 
 held, so that she will stand, if possible, and should have fasted 
 twenty-four hours. The incision is made in the loin, just in front of 
 the haunch. Such incisions, where the skin is loose, are made by 
 first shaving off the hair, an inch or more wide, on the line of the 
 proposed cut ; then making a fold of the skin, at right angles to and 
 across the middle of the shaved place, the operator grasps this in his 
 left hand, on one side of the line, and gives into the right hand of an 
 assistant a similar grip of the fold on the other side, leaving the 
 shaved line exposed. Then a quick, strong stroke with a sharp knife 
 across the fold will, if properly directed, make an opening through 
 the hide of about the right length (five inches), clean and true. 
 Should an artery, or large vein, be cut, it must be taken up (the end 
 found, drawn out and tied with a thread), or, if a small one, twisted up 
 so as to stop the flow of blood. Cutting through into the cavity of 
 the abdomen, the hand is introduced and the ovaries felt for, found, 
 and worked off with a strong thumb nail. A "steel thumb nail" is 
 sometimes used to advantage. Care should of course be taken not 
 to tear the parts, nor to make the incision too large, nor too low. If 
 too low, the contents of the abdomen will interfere. So, also, if the 
 intestines are full, they will fill up the abdominal cavity, and seriously 
 embarrass the operation. When the ovaries are removed, the wound 
 is wiped with a damp cloth, and closed with sutures — which are 
 single tied stitches. Stout linen thread is used, well tallowed, and a 
 curved sail-needle, new and bright. The sutures are placed an inch 
 and a half to two inches apart, and tied loosely, only so as to bring 
 the lips of the wound together ; they will swell so as to close perfectly. 
 
CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. 467 
 
 It is well to leave the lower part of the wound sufficiently open to 
 allow pus to discharge freely, and always encourage the wound to heal 
 from the top downward, for the same reason. Protect with a greased 
 linen cloth laid over the wound, and a blanket or sheet, according to 
 the weather. The cow should be kept stabled, and her diet should be 
 simple and loosening rather than heating, consisting of roots, with 
 cut and soaked hay, or cut grass in the spring, and with a warm, thin 
 mash of wheat bran now and then, perhaps. 
 
 KICKING cows. 
 
 A kicking cow is regarded by most dairymen as a great nuisance. 
 Not unfrequently some of the best milkers in the herd show this bad 
 habit, and it is safe to say that vast losses, in the aggregate, are 
 sustained every year, which may be traced directly, or indirectly, to 
 this fault. In most instances the habit comes from an improper 
 manner in which the cow, when a heifer, was broken to milk, or from 
 some bad management of the milker after the animal has grown older. 
 Cows of a highly nervous temperament will, not unfrequently, 
 become confirmed kickers, from the rough and careless manner in 
 which the milker handles the uddor and teats while milking. Any 
 rough or careless handling of the udder, when filled with milk, is 
 more or less painful to the animal, and a kick may be given, not from 
 any viciousness or ill temper, but is simply an involuntary motion of 
 the foot to relieve pain. 
 
 The most simple, as well as the most effectual, remedy for kick- 
 ing cows, is that employed by some of the dairymen of Herkimer 
 county. It consists in buckling a leather strap rather snugly about 
 the body of the cow, just in front of the udder. The cow is then 
 rendered powerless to do harm in kicking, and the most confirnied 
 and viciously inclined kickers are at once subdued. Those who have 
 employed this simple method say, that in no instance in their experi- 
 ence, has it failed. Scolding, fretting, loud threatening, thumping, 
 and flagellations, are of little use. The cow may have a hot temper, 
 as well as her milker, and resist all sorts of discipline. The law of 
 kindness is usually much more effective. 
 
468 LICE AND GRUBS IN SKIN 
 
 DESTROTING LICE ON CATTLE. 
 
 Aloes in fine powder is a specific for the destruction of lice on all 
 animals, and as it has no poisonous properties, its intense bitterness 
 being what kills, it can be freely applied, and as it is to be used in a 
 dry state, its application is as safe in cold as in warm weather, conse- 
 quently is free from all objections urged against other remedies. Use 
 with a fine pepper-box, dusting and rubbing it in all over, and then 
 curry out inside of a week. Or, take a pound of fresh lard, a fourth 
 of a pint of kerosene oil and four ounces of sulphur powder— or 
 flowers of sulphur; mix them thoroughly. With this mixture rub 
 the animal's head, also along the spine, and upon the shoulder and 
 brisket, and under the thighs, and wherever the vermin is seen. 
 Eepeat the operation once a week until the lice disappear, which will 
 not be long. Or, take quassia chips, steep in water and wash the 
 animal thoroughly. One application will kill the hce, and in case of 
 nits that are not hatched, the second application, applied a few days 
 after, will entirely rid the stock of the vermin. 
 
 GEUBS IN THE SKIN. 
 
 The grubs are produced by the eggs deposited by the gad-fly 
 during the latter part of summer. They may be prevented by 
 moistening the hairs on the shoulders, back, and loins of cattle, every 
 other day, with a decoction of white oak or walnut leaves. When 
 present, they may be removed simply by squeezing them out with the 
 fingers. When present in large numbers, they of course cause 
 considerable irritation in the skin and underlying tissues, and thus 
 may interfere with the well-being and thriving of the cattle. 
 
 SELF-SUCKING COW. 
 
 A self-sucking cow is prevented from thus indulging by an 
 Illinoisian, who puts a halter or strap over her head that will hold a 
 common bridle-bit in her mouth. She eats and drinks just as well as 
 without it after a little, and is finally cured of the propensity. 
 
CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS, AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. 469 
 
 ABTICLES IN THE EYE. 
 
 Hay seed, chaff, etc., may be removed by a pair of small operat- 
 ing forceps, or with the rounded point of a lead pencil covered by a 
 soft handkerchief. Lime, sand and harsh articles can be washed out 
 with water and a small syringe. In some instances the animal may 
 have to be cast before it can be done. The consequent inflammation 
 may be treated the same as it is for horses, as is many other diseases 
 such as sprains, bruises, wounds, etc. 
 
470 FEELUNG CATTLE. 
 
 FEEDING CATTLE. 
 
 PRACTICAL HINTS ABODT SELECTING AND FEEDING. 
 
 The growing competition which the farmer of the country east of 
 the ninety-seventh degree of longitude has met from stockmen in 
 Texas and the states and territories lying west of the longitude men- 
 tioned has reduced the profit of fattening cattle to a low figure, and in 
 many cases has put the balance on the wrong side of the account. 
 Even where under favorable circumstances the stock feeder has been, 
 in tlie last three or four years, what may justly be called successful it 
 bus lieen only by close attention to details — a careful watching of every 
 point where a loss is to be avoided or an advantage gained. One of 
 the most important matters to be considered by the farmer who pur- 
 poses to fatten cattle is the selection of the animals, as upon their 
 readiness to make flesh and fat from the food given to them must de- 
 pend in a great measure if not entirely the profitableness of the oper- 
 Htion. 
 
 SELECTION OP ANIMALS. 
 
 One of the first and most important matters, therefore, which he 
 wlio intends to fatten cattle should look after is the selection of ani- 
 mals wliich will best answer his purpose. It may be taken as granted 
 that every person of good sense will try to secure those which have 
 in tliem more or less perceptible signs of good blood. In this age and 
 country, where for so many years the noble shorthorn has been plac- 
 ing his stamp upon the herds, and where the magnificent Hereford is 
 doing his work so efficiently to raise the standard of excellence, there 
 need be no great difliculty in getting quite good grades. The promi- 
 nent characteristics of such animals should be: 
 
 The nose should be broad, that the mouth may close upon a 
 goodly quantity of grass at each bite, and thus save the time of the 
 animals, for even in this work of eating, time is money. The beast 
 which can quickly fill his stomach with food needs to spend less time 
 in working. Quickly filled, the steer is most of his time resting 
 quietly, converting the food into tender, juicy flesh. 
 
FEEDING CATTLE. 471 
 
 The head should be short and broad, giving an ajnple breadth be- 
 tween the eyes. Long, deer-hke faces belong to the ne'er-do-wells. 
 The beast which carries one may be nervous, spirited and active, but 
 he is Uke tall, spare men, altogether too restless, and slow to take on 
 flesh. Still, the head should be held well up and the carriage be 
 spirited, for a Hstless, stupid steer drooping around has not life enough 
 to secure its full share of the good things attainable, and adds nothing 
 to the salable quaUty of a herd. The horn should be fine and short, 
 and the eye should be full and bright. 
 
 The neck should.be short and fine. A thick, clumsy neck may be 
 good enough for a hog but is emphatically out of place in a steer. 
 . The brisket should come down deep and full, and there should be great 
 width between the fore legs, to give ample room for the lungs. 
 
 Back of the shoulders the body should be full, the ribs springing 
 well out, Uke the hoops of a barrel, and not be flat Uke the frame of a 
 corn-crib. Let the back be broad, straight and smooth, with no sink- 
 ing between the chine and the rump. The hips should be straight and 
 the flanks well filled, and come down low. A steer with a belly drawn 
 up Uke that of a race horse should be avoided. Such an one can 
 never be profitable, for he has too httle room in his workshop in which 
 to carry on the task of making fat and flesh of the food he has taken 
 off the land. The hide should be soft, smooth, and velvety ; if thick 
 and covered with a good coat of hair so much the better, as less food 
 will be required for merely keeping up the animal heat in cold weather. 
 The thigh should be full and the hind legs straight ; all the legs short 
 and the steer stand squarely on them. Add a broad loin and rump 
 and a fine tail, and you have a steer which will take on fat readily, and 
 in a short time become a source of pleasure and profit to his owner. 
 
 FEEDING THE 8TEEBS. 
 
 Having selected a bunch of steers answering as nearly as possible 
 to the brief outUne given above, see to it that none of them have had 
 better care and food than you intend and will be able to give them. If 
 this be not done it wiU be found that those cattle which have been ac- 
 customed to plenty of good food and care will lose ground when turned 
 52 
 
4(l! feeding cattle. 
 
 upon grass. In buying cattle for the purpose of naving them turn 
 the grass of the farm into cash, those which have been " roughed " 
 through the winter, with very httle grain, should be selected. The 
 stomach of any animal fed largely upon concentrated food becomes 
 contracted in size and incapable of holding any considerable quantity 
 of grass. Bo long as an animal is kept upon a rich diet the small 
 stomach may serve to do all the work required to keep the beast fat, 
 but if the animal be turned upon the fresh grass, composed largely of 
 water, its stomach is too small to contain enough of the bulky food to 
 last more than a very short time. The animal is in a condition of 
 chronic hunger, and "walks its legsoflf," in the vain effort to supply 
 the wants of a system accustomed to much more concentrated food. 
 Meantime those steers which have been used to picking up a not very 
 plenteous hving from stalk fields and straw stacks find themselves "in 
 clover" and thrive finely. Their stomachs, having been constantly 
 distended with bulky and coarse food, are capable of stowing away a 
 large quantity of grass upon which they rapidly grow fat and smooth. 
 
 In selecting steers it would be well to choose those raised in a 
 colder and more rugged cUmate than that in which it is proposed to 
 fatten them. This is especially advisable when the design is to fatten 
 them in the latitude of northern Illinois, as, especially east of the 
 Mississippi, the faU, winter and spring are often changeable, cold and 
 wet. In dry, clear weather, even though it be quite cold, cattle will 
 thrive with a fair degree of care and suitable food; but it is very dif- 
 ficult to keep them from shrinking when exposed to cold rains or wet 
 snows. Under such unfavorable circumstances he is fortunate who 
 keeps the southern born steer from losing condition, even with the aid 
 of good shelter , while the steer accustomed to roughing through the 
 severe winters of more northern chmates thrives finely upon what to 
 him is unusual plenty. 
 
 It would be well to look for steers which have had but httle com 
 and have not been housed, and when an animal under such 
 treatment has come out looking bright and healthy, and he answers 
 the description above given, he should be bought. When well bred 
 such animals will give to the judicious feeder a hberal return for any 
 
PEETINO CATTLE. 473 
 
 food and care he may give them. Avoid those cattle described as hav- 
 ing been hberally fed with grain, giving them good, solid flesh with 
 which to start in their home. Such cattle will invariably shrink when 
 put on fresh grass. Their stomachs hold too Uttle food to keep them 
 in good flesh without the aid of grain. In many cases their digestive 
 organs have been seriously injured, "burnt out," and they can never 
 make full return for the food they eat. 
 
 CHANGING FOOD AND PASTURE. 
 
 Eeoognizing the fact that time is a most important element in the 
 business of fattening cattle, as it is in other business operations, breed- 
 ers have sought to establish breeds which would mature at an early 
 ■age, and at the same time give a large amount of juicy, tender flesh 
 for the food they eat. The feeder who would make a good profit 
 should be careful not to throw away any of the advantages the efforts 
 of skillful breeders have placed withiii his reach. He should not per- 
 mit his cattle to stop growing for even a single day, as if they do so 
 the food they have consumed, the labor of caring for them and the 
 interest upon the value of the cattle themselves as well as upon the 
 value of the land occupied and the wagons and horses used in feeding, 
 for the time in which they make no progress, is lost to their owner. 
 Anything which breaks the regular habits of cattle, even for a short 
 period, wiU effectually prevent their gaining flesh, if it does not cause 
 them to actually lose in weight. 
 
 Cattle are naturally creatures of very regular habits. What they 
 have done to-day they wiU do again to-morrow under hke circum- 
 stances, and at nearly the same hour of the day. The feeder who is as 
 thoroughly acquainted with his cattle as he should be knows where 
 they will be at certain hours, and what they will be doing. At one 
 time they will be scattered, feeding ; at another they will be gathered, 
 resting. Together they will take theix way to water, and when the 
 hour draws near at which they have been led by judicious, regular 
 feeding to expect to receive a few ears of com, they wiU with one 
 accord wend their way to the feeding place to receive the com which 
 is to finish the work of the day by giving to the flesh and fat made 
 from the grass the sohdity needed to give it high value. 
 
474 FEEDING CATTLE. 
 
 There is an old saying that change of pasture makes fat calves, 
 but. like many another wise saw, this has more sound than sense. Cat- 
 tle never gain ilesh when in a field new to them. Three or four days 
 pass before they wiU become accustomed to their new surroundings 
 and settle in a regular round of habits. If moved from one field to 
 another adjoining, this same restlessness will appear, although if a 
 gate between the two fields be left (i; > they will pass from one field 
 to the other without sign of uneasiness. Introducing strange beeves 
 into a field occupied by a herd will cause the same disturbance. The 
 social position of each of the new comers must be settled by much 
 fighting and more threatening before the chief business of their Hves 
 can go on quietly and comfortably. Having got a herd together it 
 would be advisable to avoid as far as possible changing from field to 
 field, and especially sudden changes of diet, as such are almost cer- 
 tain to either "throw the cattle off their feed" or to lead them to 
 over-eating with more disastrous results. 
 
 THE FEED LOT. 
 
 If the intention is to feed cattle in the winter months, attention 
 should be given to providing a " feed lot," in which cattle may be fed 
 comfortably and profitably. Much will be gained by providing shelter 
 from the biting winds from the south, the west and the north. Where 
 there are timbered tracts large enough, a good plan is to clear a space 
 great enough for the purpose, open on the east and closed on all other 
 sides by the timber. In such a place the cattle wiU be protected from 
 all but the east winds, which are seldom very cold, and will be early 
 warmed by the direct rays of the sun, instead of standing until late in 
 the day shivering away the flesh they have slowly gained. Less of the 
 looc eaten is needed for merely keeping up the animal heat, and the 
 imii jal will eat and drink more when sheltered from cutting winds and 
 waimed by the sun's rays than when exposed to the former and cut 
 off from the latter. It is especially important that the sunlight shoiild 
 reach the stock early 'n the day, for, even when there is Uttle percept- 
 ible warmth in the rays, there is in them that which erdivens the 
 spirits of beast as well as of man. It has been found that cattle fat- 
 
FEBIJIKO OATTLB. 475 
 
 till better in an open *eld, exposed to the winds from every point of 
 the compass, than they do in fields in the midst of timber, where the 
 sun's rays seldom or never reach them, although in the timher they 
 were sheltered from the winds. 
 
 Where thera is not timber much can be done to secure compara- 
 tive comfort tor the storji, and at small expense, by building rough 
 sheds of posts, poles 3od brush, with perhap" a covering of com stalks, 
 otraw, coarse hay Of other material. Some good will be done by sim- 
 ply making a wird-break of corn stalks against the outside of the 
 fence sun-oundir.g the feed-lot. And it is beyond question true that 
 an ample return will be made by the cattle for any attention given to 
 providing chf-ap shelter in the ways suggested. 
 
 With ;.; )od pastures and well-bred cattle, well cared for, man needs 
 Dut httle uore to gain him a fair profit for his labor. No great labor 
 18 requ': wd in feeding and no part of the farmer's hfe can give him 
 more -itisfaction than that of putting into the most condensed and 
 mo^ pleasing form the raw materials resulting from his toU. The 
 6v- -^ requisite is a pasture with plenty of good grass, and pure water to 
 ^luch stock can have free access. Salt should be placed where every 
 beast in the herd can easily reach it whenever appetite leads to tak- 
 ing a taste. By this plan the crowding and fighting, seen when salt 
 is given only at rare intervals, will be avoided, and the animals will be 
 much better for it. Many devices have been used for keeping salt 
 constantly within reach of cattle, without wasting through storms or 
 otherwise, and few are better than a hopper large enough to hold a 
 barrel full of salt. This hopper should rest upon a heavy shelf or 
 bench about two feet from the ground, the edge of which should be 
 ehghtly raised. An opening of about an inch between the shelf and 
 the bottom of the hopper will permit a httle salt to fall upon the 
 bench, and will admit the end of the tongues of the cattle should the 
 salt fail to fall, as it probably will at times. Over all should be a roof 
 large enough to protect the salt from storms. The whole should, of 
 course, be firmly fi:x:ed so that it will not be pushed over. The chief 
 merit of the device Ues in the fact that it is easily made by any one. 
 
THE 
 
 AMERICAN SWINE BOOK 
 
 Modern Treatment of their Diseases. 
 
 History of the Diffepent Breeds. 
 
 WRITTEN FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT, 
 
 FOR THE USE < 
 
 The Amep.ican Farmer and Breeder. 
 
 LIVE-STOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 CHAEACTSEISTICS OP YAEIOUS EEEEDS 
 
 CONTENTS CF CHAPTEE. 
 
 DIFFERENT BREEDS.— Poland-Chinas— Chester-Whites— Berkshires— Suflolks- 
 Essex — Yorkshires — C'heshires — Jersey Reds. 
 
 niSTOET OP THE YAEIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 rOLAND-CEINA. 
 
 In the early history of swine-breeding' in thf/ Miami Valley, in 
 Ohio, it is clear, froni. the best authority, that there were twc breedL, 
 the Eussia and the Eyheld. The Bedford breed it also named with 
 the otiier two Id 1816 we have positive proof that the Shakers of 
 Uniori village, Y/arren county, Ohio, purchased at Philadelphia one 
 boar and three sows, pure China, called "big China hogs." The 
 Shakers and other judicious breeders of Warren and Butler counties 
 continued to use the breeds at command, and produced by repeated 
 crosses a ho<z cf exceedingly fine qualities for that period, known as 
 the "Warren County hog." The very besi; specimens were used so 
 as to make the best crosses. This condition of the breed continue'^ 
 untD. 1835 or 1836, when Mi. Munson or Beach introduced the Berk 
 
482 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 shire, from New York. The Berkshire blood was liberally infused 
 into stock now existing in Ohio, until 1838 or 1839, when Mr. Neff, of 
 Cincinnati, imported some choice specimens of Irish Graziers. This 
 breed soon grew into high favor, and was liberally crossed with 
 crosses previously made. This crossing of breeds continued for some 
 time. In a few years pure-blooded Berkshires were no longer used, 
 and no more Irish Graziers imported. The breeders of swine in the 
 Miami Valley settled down to the conviction that the basis of a good 
 breed of hogs had been established, and, stimulated by their success, 
 they have aimed to improve what they have been so successful in 
 forming. All defective points or qualities have been corrected or 
 improved by care. Thus we have a breed thoroughly established, 
 which can be relied upon for the production of like qualities and 
 character in progeny. The best specimens have good length, 
 short, broad, straight backs, deep sides, very broad, full, square hams 
 and shoulders, drooping ears, short heads, wide between the eyes, of 
 spotted or dark color, and hardy, vigorous and prohfic. Their chief 
 excellencies consist in their susceptibility of being well fattened at 
 any age ; large growth when desirable, and the great amount of flesh 
 laid on in proportion to the food consumed. They sometimes dress 
 three hundred and fifty pounds when no older than ten or twelve 
 months. 
 
 THE CHESTER-WHITES. 
 
 The Chester- Whites are a native of Chester county, Pennsyl- 
 vania, where the breed originated. The first improvement in that 
 county was an introduction of a pair of fine white pigs from Bedford- 
 shire, England, in 1818. They were crossed with common breeds 
 incident to the locality, and by careful breeding by selection of the 
 best progeny and judicious crossing to improve points, the weU 
 formed, large, easily fattened Chester- White has resulted. They are 
 a very large, pure white hog, and at eighteen months have weighed 
 as high as eight hundred or one thousand pounds. Spring pigs can 
 be easily made to weigh three hundred to four hundred pounds by the 
 time they are nine months old. 
 
THE BERKSHIRES, SUFFOLKS, AND ESSEX. 483 
 
 All hogs called Chester- Whites are not of that breed. There are 
 other characteristics besides color and size to be estimated in the true 
 type. Many spurious animals have been sold, owing to the increased 
 demand. Some object to this breed as being too coarse in bone and 
 texture of flesh. 
 
 THE BERKSHIRES. 
 
 The Berkshires have been a fashionable breed for farmers of this 
 country, there having been much speculative fever in the past, and 
 many importations' from England of fine specimens of what were 
 called pure blood. The color is black with white on feet, face, tip of 
 tail, and an occasional splash of white on the arm. A small spot of 
 white on any other portion of the body is not accepted as evidence of 
 impurity of blood, yet the color is generally uniform and markings 
 the same. They are a breed of great muscular power and vitality, 
 with strong digestive powers, being therefore an economical breed to 
 turn the corn of the farmer into marketable flesh. The pigs are 
 smart and active at birth, and not predisposed to diseases of any kind. 
 They are fattened readily at any age, and produce the finest quality 
 of pork. They are not so large as the Chester-Whites, nor the 
 Poland-Chinas, but are superior to the former in quality of flesh. 
 
 THE SUFFOLKS. 
 
 This breed is not so great a favorite with the farmer, nor so 
 frequently met with as the Berkshire. Popular opinion is that they 
 are dehcate in constitution, and not so valuable to cross with other 
 breeds as the Berkshires and others. They are smaller, generally 
 thinly haired, with tender skins, but this is more often the result of 
 errors in breeding by the owner, and might be obviated, as has been 
 done with other more popular breeds. They are a quiet hog, being 
 easily kept in enclosures and fattening readily. For a hog for a 
 mechanic to fatten for his own use he has no superior. 
 
 THE ESSEX. 
 
 This hog in form and size resembles the Suffolk but in color, 
 Mrhich is black, and in constitution, hair and skin, is hardier, thicker 
 
484 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 and less deKcate. Like the Suffolk, his size prevents his general 
 introduction, as farmers demand larger machines to consume their 
 corn. The flesh of the Essex is beautifully marbled with streaks of 
 fat and lean, and of most excellent quality. The pigs are not so 
 hardy as the Berkshire, and must have more attention during their 
 infantile days to prevent loss. 
 
 THE YOEKSHIEES. 
 
 These are a short-legged, white breed of hogs, not so prevalent 
 in this country as other breeds. They are positive in their crossings, 
 and it would be an improvement to have more of them introduced. 
 They have a hardy constitution, a good coat of hair, and firm skin. 
 They are prolific breeders and fatten readily. 
 
 THE CHESHIRES. 
 
 These hogs originated in Jefferson county. New York, and it is 
 claimed started from two pigs of this name imported from England. 
 It is likely many of their best traits and features were from the 
 Yorkshires, from which tliey probably sprung. They cannot be 
 called a distinct breed of fixed characteristics. 
 
 THE JERSEY KEDS. 
 
 The origin of this breed is not positively known. They have 
 been bred in portions of New Jersey for over fifty years. They vary 
 in their color from a dark red to a sandy patched with white. 
 
 The characteristics claimed for the Jersey Eed hog are, that it is 
 of quick growth, and a,ttains a very large size, often reaching three 
 hundred pounds gross at eight and ten months, and dressing six 
 hundred pounds at eighteen and twenty months. It is docile, and 
 easily kept fat at any age. Its ear is the most objectionable feature, 
 being large and sometimes hanging over the eyes, so as to prevent 
 the animal seeing ahead. Many of them, .however, have ears not 
 hanging more than the Poland-Chinas. The color is from dark to 
 6andy red, legs short, face wide and short. 
 
 There is, however, another breed of red hogs in Kentucky, known 
 as Red Berkshir'^p. A writer in a Kentucky journal says this breed is 
 
RED BERKSHIRES. 485 
 
 descended from Spain or Portugal importations, made many years 
 ago. It is not absolutely pure as a breed now, but some very fine 
 specimens are often seen. It is popular with the packers on account 
 of its fine yield of lard and its compactness. It is not of such rapid 
 growth as the other red hogs, but it is very popular in some portions 
 of that state. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 HOG CHOLEEA— ANTHEAX DISEASES. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 HOG CHOLERA IN ALL ITS FORMS.— Inextricable confusion in regard to names— 
 Mistake in calling every epidemic hog cholera — Annual loss by disease and quack 
 nostrums— The prevailing causes of the disease — Artificial condition of the hog — 
 Weakened constitution, errors in breeding and feeding — The old " Prairie Rooter," and 
 the reason of its exemption — Character of the contagion — How the disease spreads — 
 Its contagious and infectious character — Sporadic cases may become epidemic by 
 neglect — Prevention of it not possible by dosing with powerful drugs — Articles which 
 are antiseptic and disinfectant, which can be successfully used — Hygienic preventions 
 — Precautions to be observed. — The Tre.vtment op the Dise.vse — What is highly 
 important to do. — Putrid Erysipel.vs Form — M.vlignant Typhus Fever — Its symp- 
 toms and its treatment. — Malign.vnt Putrid Sore TnR0.\T Type — Lung complica- 
 tions — Its first symptoms and the earlier treatment — Fatal signs and remedies to use. 
 — Typhoid Enteritis Form — The symptoms, organs it attacks, and successful remedies 
 to be used early in the disease, and those employed later. 
 
 HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES. 
 
 THE PROPER NAME FOR IT. 
 
 While there has been considerable effort made to give this 
 disease, or more properly, this class of diseases a scientific name, yet 
 the people have tenaciously clung to the term " hog cholera." While 
 "a rose by any other name would smell as sweet," it would be imma- 
 
LOSS BY HOG CHOLERA. .187 
 
 terial what the name was so it conveyed the right idea, and here is 
 where the difficulty arises. Hog cholera is not a single and separate 
 disease, but a group or class of malignant kindred diseases of a 
 contagious, and also infectious nature, similar to each other in regard 
 to causes, and morbid conditions, yet differing greatly in external 
 symptoms, internal effects, primary seat of disease, duration of attack, 
 yet allied in fatality. Another addition to the confusion has been the 
 calling of every disease of a fatal epidemic character hog ciiolera, 
 while it did not possess its malignancy, and was clearly diphtheria or 
 quinsy, etc. In order not to add to this confusion of the farmer, we 
 will, in this article, call the diseases hog cholera, but will explain the 
 varied forms and different characteristics, so that he can detect them 
 and make a correct diagnosis for treatment. Quinsy, diphtheria, etc., 
 which are distinct diseases, we treat under separate heads. 
 
 THE ANNUAL LOSS OF HOGS. 
 
 In 1877, Illinois alone lost eight millions of dollars worth of hogs, 
 and the annual loss previous to that year was five millions of dollars. 
 The total loss in the United States by hog cholera in 1877, was nearly 
 fifty milhons of dollars. Think of this vast sum of money being 
 wiped out of existence, taken from the pockets of the farmers, and 
 that Congress appropriated ten thousand dollars in 1878, among eight 
 men to investigate the causes of the disease. Comment is unneces- 
 sary. It is also a lamentable fact that "hog cholera specifics," and 
 the violent nostrums which ignorance could conceive, have added a 
 large percentage to the loss. It was easier to buy the nostrum than 
 to study and understand something about the disease. 
 
 PREVAILING CAUSES OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 In studying the cause of this epidemic, too much attention has 
 been given to local causes, and not to the artificial condition of the 
 subject or patient. It is an evident fact, whether it be in the 
 vegetable or animal kingdom, that where we force a rapid growth by 
 artificial means, by heat, food or culture, and produce hastened 
 development, we lose in vitality, hardiness and constitution. This is 
 56 
 
488 HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES. 
 
 especially the case in the improved breed of hogs, which now weigh 
 as much at nine months as our old hardy breeds did at eighteen. 
 Another evil has been in errors in breeding. Owing to the high price 
 of pork during past years, the farmers were tempted to select their 
 most thrifty sows for market, because they weighed more and brought 
 a better price, and kept the sickly runts for breeding. Again they 
 were tempted to breed rapidly, and bred from young sows and boars, 
 and thus gave the constitution of their hogs another weak point. 
 Another fact is evident, and that is, that a distinct breed never was 
 originated without in and in breeding, and this very mode of breed- 
 ing is one of the means of degeneration of physiological stamina which 
 the more surely exposes to all manner of diseases. The hogs that 
 ran wild in the Illinois river bottoms, and which were hunted and 
 barreled every fall for a number of years between 1835 and 1850, were 
 a hardy, tough race that hunted their living the year round, exposed 
 to all the inclemencies of the weather, and whoever saw or heard of a 
 sick hog among them? From roaming at large, unlimited by field, 
 yard, or pen, and being obliged to labor diligently to sustain life and 
 reach maturity, they have been subjected to confinement, fed with 
 milk, corn or cooked food, which were entirely unknown to them in 
 their native state. These have changed or greatly modified some of 
 their physical functions, especially those of digestion ; changing his 
 original nervousness to a lymphatic temperament. In a slow change 
 during a series of years the hog has gained much in symmetry of 
 form and in height, but he has evidently lost in stamina of constitu- 
 tion, and the ability to resist disease. A general enervation of the 
 system, with, perhaps, an acquired predisposition to certain kinds of 
 disease, has opened the way for hog cholera and other fatal diseases. 
 We do not assume that the old "prairie rooter" would not be liable 
 to take the disease if exposed to infection, or contagion. It is an 
 undisputed fact that they had constitutions which fortified them 
 against originating such an epidemic. Unfortunately, nature does 
 not insure them a freedom from it, when it originates amid fertile 
 elements, no more tliau it does human beings from attacks of Asiatic 
 cholera, yet they are not so liable as the improved breeds. Zymotic 
 
CAUSES OF HOG CHOLERA. 491 
 
 diseases of this nature, like typhus and typhoid fever in the human 
 family, are propagated by the poison operating on those whose feeble 
 vitality is insufficient to resist the epidemic tendency. So in the 
 lower animals, as we have a forced growth, the bulk of living matter 
 is greatly disproportionate to the vital force, and the power of resist- 
 ance is correspondingly diminished. Now, if such animals be over- 
 fed, or fed on unwholsome food, disease will be goneratcd, and if the 
 fever assumes a typhus character, which it is likely to do, then it will 
 become epidemic, and will be communicated to all animals which 
 have not vital force enough to resist the contagion, if they are 
 exposed to it. 
 
 Another cause is found in hogs occupying one field or pen from 
 year to year, without cleansing or plowing under the accumulated 
 filth, having the hog constantly " rung," denying him a taste or smell 
 of fresh earth, or the use of an instinct that teaches him in bilious 
 derangements to search for bugs, worms or vegetable roots, the 
 natural excitants of stomach, Hver, and bowels. Another cause is 
 scanty feeding, muddy, stagnant and filthy water, obliging them to 
 allay their thirst often from the draining of their own discharges. 
 Wet lands, during dry seasons, when decaying vegetable substances 
 are thi;owing out their poisonous miasma, may originate cases which 
 will finally spread over wide sections of the country, where no appre- 
 ciable local cause exist. Again, a single hog in a large drove may 
 possess the requisite favorable conditions for either developing the 
 disease or catching it by infection, and in turn find among his asso- 
 ciates one or two more, just in the condition to develop the disease 
 by actual contact with this sporadic case, as it were, and in turn 
 convey to others. It is a curious fact, that as it spreads in a drove, 
 it increases in malignancy and intensity, as well as contagious charac- 
 ter, sweeping Uke the prarie fire. Understanding this to be the case, 
 shows how important it is that it should be stamped out by the 
 farmer on its first introduction. 
 
 Another fertile cause is the high feeding, by a forcing process of 
 kinds of food containing an excess of nitrogenous properties beyond 
 the healthy demands of the nature of the hog. Old, dry corn is an 
 
492 HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES. 
 
 article of food which can be classed under this head, and will, after a 
 time, produce an inflammatory condition of the system which invites 
 the attack of pernicious fevers of this type. Hogs which are appar- 
 ently the most healthy, the most thriving, which are hearty feeders 
 and good digesters, are the most liable to attacks of this kind. This 
 condition of plethora is why the finest and most thrifty young cattle 
 are subject to the anthrax diseases, of black leg, quarter evil, black 
 tongue, bloody murrain, etc., as they are popularly called. It is the 
 same with the hog, and food of this character should be varied by 
 an intermixture of sloppy articles, boiled roots, boiled oats, etc., of a 
 cooling and loosening nature to avoid this peril, yet keeping the hogs 
 fattening at the same time. Again, there is confusion among those 
 who have large pastures, do not feed but a limited quantity of corn, 
 and yet these hogs die apparently under the most favorable hygienic 
 conditions. This shows how the form of the disease varies under 
 different cii'cumstances, and is produced by different causes. The 
 evil here is not nitrogenous food, but in the direct other extreme, and 
 here is an instance, apparently, where extremes meet. Many will 
 probably remember that there was an increase of the fatality and 
 virulence of the disease among those of weaker constitutions, when 
 they suddenly increased the green food, by feeding green corn, or 
 turned their hogs into clover pasture, rich with rank aftermath, or 
 where the hogs had access to stubble-fields, rank with weeds, during 
 a warm and wet season. By this system of feeding, the digestive 
 and assimilative powers were weakened, followed by disordered bowels, 
 generally extreme diarrhoea, and sometimes succeeded by costiveness 
 or the reverse process, as is the case in the human family. A change 
 of food, shutting up in pens, and giving a gradual increase of dry, 
 nutritious food, has checked this form of the disease, which is not so 
 malignant, unless it has greatly increased in numbers, and therefore in 
 malignancy by increased ratio. These are merely two extreme illus- 
 trations of errors in feeding, combined with favorable conditions, 
 which have resulted in hog cholera, and there are many intermediate 
 stages. 
 
THE MODE OF CONTAGION. 493 
 
 HOW THE DISEASE SPREADS. 
 
 It has been a great mystery to the farmer how the disease spreads 
 from place to place without apparent actual contact. It was like 
 fighting in the dark to attempt to prevent it, and many gave up in 
 despair and stoically awaited its coming, or after a few cases had 
 occurred, with a spasmodic effort to cure by vaunted hog cholera 
 "specifics," ceased all remedies or precautionary measures, saying, 
 "what will die, will die, anyway." There is no doubt but what it is, 
 under favorable conditions, infectious, and conveyed by germs or 
 ■spores in the air, or by persons from infected places. It is a common 
 matter for neighbors to visit each other and to examine the sick hogs 
 during epidemics of this kind, which no doubt materially assists in 
 spreading the disease. This would not be so in cases of highly con- 
 tagious diseases among mankind. It is most difficult to draw the 
 dividing line between the epizootic nature of the disease and the 
 contagious forms. There is no doubt but what the infectious nature 
 of the disease may, under pre-disposing conditions of local causes, 
 etc., take the contagious form, which is far more malignant, sweeping 
 and fatal in character; that a few sporadic cases may occur in a 
 drove, which, if neglected, may so increase in numbers and virulence 
 as to become highly contagious. This contagious matter is of a fixed 
 character, and is present in the blood, the discharges, and of course 
 in the place inhabited. It possesses great vitality and resistance to 
 ordinary destroying influences; neither heat, cold or moisture in 
 natural forms seeming to affect it. Its intensity seems also to vary 
 according to the form and malignancy of the disease. The period 
 which elapses between exposure to contagion and its attack is not 
 always the same, varying with the form the disease assumes, from a 
 few hours to few weeks. As we have stated before, an infectious case 
 may become a malignant, contagious disease, and one form of the 
 disease does not necessarily impart the same type to another, but 
 more depends on the primary seat of the disease in the patient. It 
 may take the internal enteritic form, or the external carbuncular 
 character. It may localize its attacks on certain organs with well 
 
494 HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES. 
 
 defined symptoms, which are more prolonged in its results; or it may 
 affect the whole organization, and destroy life in a few hours. 
 
 PREVENTION OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 While hog cholera or anthrax diseases thus vary in form and 
 intensity, yet the methods for the prevention of the disease remain 
 the same. When we speak of prevention, we mean hygenic measures 
 and the use of disinfectants for destroying contagious matter, and 
 not dosing with drugs in vain hope of making the hog cholera-proof 
 by deranging the stomach and bowels with doses of antimony, 
 copperas, madder, and a thousand and one things which have killed a 
 very large share of the hogs said to have died of the cholera. There 
 are certain articles which can be used with advantage, they possessing 
 the power of destroying germs of the disease. None are better than 
 chlorate of potassa, carbolic acid and sulphite or hyposulphite of 
 soda, which may often be used with success, if other measures are 
 not neglected. If they are freely used, as we have directed elsewhere, 
 they will prove successful, as "an ounce of preventive is worth more 
 than a pound of cure." First of all, avoid as far as possible all causes 
 of this malady. Never forget that hog cholera is a contagious 
 disease ; therefore keep your animals away from flocks amongst which 
 the disease exists, also from particular grounds or localities where the 
 malady is of frequent appearance. If the disease is discovered in 
 your own flock, separate the sick from the well, and disinfect all their 
 discharges with carbolic acid. The crude acid is cheap, and should 
 be inixed in proportions of a pint to a pail of water. It is better to 
 confine the sick in separate pens, isolated if possible, and to clean the 
 pens daily, burying the discharges where hogs can have no access, 
 and then to thoroughly wet the pen from whence they have been 
 removed with this solution of carbolic acid. The troughs should also 
 be scalded out with hot lye, or ashes and hot water, and sprinkled 
 with the carbolic acid solution above. The food will vary with the 
 form of the disease, if previous feeding and care have induced the 
 attack, and should be gradually reversed, and in moderate quantities; 
 fresh and clear water, fresh air and good litter; in fact, cleanliness in 
 
TREATMENT OF HOG CHOLERA. 49" 
 
 every respect is the best preventive for the disease. A few large 
 pieces of rock salt should always be kept iu the hog-pen, and throw 
 occasionally some charcoal into the pen. Let the hogs have plenty 
 of fresh water, but never run them to or from watering. Don't force 
 your hogs to drink snowwater if you can procure better water for 
 them. In hot summer time keep your hogs under shelter during the 
 hottest hours of the day, (from 11 to 3 o'clock) especially if hog 
 cholera is j^revailing; during which hours, if practicable, and after 
 the hogs are cooled off, give them a good sluicing with cold water, 
 which repeat before letting them out in the afternoon. Unripe fruit 
 and sour milk and water is a good diet on hot days, but the hogs 
 should not be given all they can eat at one meal. 
 
 THE TEEATMENT OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 Some common-sense has been written by professional veterina- 
 rians, but a greater amount of nonsense has been given to the people 
 through the papers, written by parties who have not the proper 
 facilities nor the skill to investigate and understand the morbid 
 processes of the disease, who have vainly sought for some specific 
 remedy, who have jumped at conclusions, conceiving that ignorance 
 could find the "cure all "for the disease which science could not. 
 When these persons, and farmers at large, understand that it is not a 
 single disease, but kindred types, all produced by the same specific 
 blood-poisoning, and that one of the prevailing conditions is a disor- 
 ganization and breaking down of the atomic condition of the blood; 
 that in this and other features it resembles typhus fever in man; and, 
 as in the case of typhus fever in the human family, the symptoms of 
 the disease are various ; but that it is always attended by more or less 
 of fever, sometimes alternating with apparent chills; that in some 
 cases the deranged condition of the intestines produces diarrhoea, and 
 in others costiveness; that iu the chilly fall and winter it is liable to 
 lung complications; that dark colored spots on various portions of 
 the body are common externally; that it may also assume an erysipe- 
 lous and gangrenous form ; then they will see the futility of trying to 
 find a specific remedj- which will " cure " the disease, and stop buying 
 
496 HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES. 
 
 recipes, which apparently have been successful in some instances, yet 
 are sure to fail. When people remember that we have no specifics for 
 these diseases in the human family, it will be good common sense not 
 to expect it in the porcine family. If farmers will only learn the 
 prevailing types and symptoms of this disease and the proper remedies 
 to be used during each, how and when to use them, and will follow it 
 up according to directions, they will be successful. They must 
 remember that it is necessary to commence at the first symptoms in 
 the first cases, and keep up the fight till it is stamped out on the farm. 
 If it is too much trouble, no further advice is necessary. We give 
 below the symptoms of the various types of this disease, and the most 
 successful methods of treating the same, which have been successful 
 whenever faithfully tried. If the directions are carried out which 
 have been given in this chapter, there need be no epidemic form of 
 the disease. It can be controlled and wiped out, and never get beyond 
 a few isolated cases. The treatment, as well as the hygenic advice, 
 is from the pen of a celebrated government commissioner, appointed 
 to investigate the causes and treatment of the disease, and has been 
 very successful : 
 
 PUTRID ERYSIPELAS — MALIGNANT TYPHUS. 
 
 This is one of the most frequent forms of anthrax. Its outbreak 
 is preceded by dull, weak appearance, during which the hog refuses 
 food. There will be an unsteady walk, a lying down a good deal, 
 rolling in the bedding, and showing a desire to bury his head, or even 
 the whole body. The body will alternate with shivering fits and 
 periods of feverish heat, in quick succession. The pulse and breath- 
 ing will be hastened, the bowels are constipated, or are voided in hard 
 dark-colored lumps. In some cases the hog will attempt to vomit. In 
 about ten to twenty-four hours the symptoms become more intensi- 
 fied; and spots which soon become confluent, or run together, make 
 their appearance on the inside of the legs, on the lower part of the 
 abdomen, on the breast and neck, and soon present a swelling, which 
 at first is crimson, afterwards purple, and if fatal, finally of bluish- 
 black color. In some cases pustules of a corrosive and gangrenous 
 
j|||jj||j||j||||| w 'WIV, I ' - ;'''^'i 
 
TREATMENT OF HOG CHOLERA. 499 
 
 character make their appearance on some parts of the swelled surface; 
 the fever increases iu intensity; the mucous membranes present a 
 lead-colored appearance; the breathing is labored; the temperature 
 of the body much increased at first, is now, by collapse, greatly 
 reduced; the hindquarters are paralyzed; convulsions commence; 
 and the animal dies in from six to twelve hours, yet it usually does 
 not terminate until the second or third day from its commencement. 
 When recovery occurs it is in those dases where the red spots are 
 limited or do not run together; when the fever is less; and the other 
 symptoms abate about the second day. Partial paralysis may remain, 
 'with loss of appetite, so that it is difficult to get the animal to eat 
 enough to sustain life. Perfect recovery is seldom, and there remains 
 behind defective digestion, which prevents thriving and fattening. 
 
 THE TREATMENT OF THIS FORM. 
 
 The first step should be to give an emetic consisting of from five 
 to twenty grains of white helebore in a little milk. If the hog will 
 not drink, it may be mixed with a little flour and water in the form of 
 a pill, and put well back on the tongue or in the throat. If the 
 animal does not vomit freely iu twenty minutes, repeat the dose. 
 After the emetic has had its effect, administer to each hog : — 
 
 Hyposulphite of Soda, half an ounce; 
 Solution Carbolic Acid, ten drops; 
 Tincture of Aconite, five drops. — Mix. 
 
 Add enough of molasses to make a soft mass, and place well back 
 in the throat. If the hog will eat, it may be given in a small amount 
 of milk. For a number of hogs increase in proportion; give to all at 
 once in milk. This treatment should be commenced early in the 
 disease, when it will be most successful, and should be repeated at 
 least three times daily, or even every two hours. Injections of warm 
 soapsuds, to which half an ounce of turpentine has been added and 
 ten drops of carbolic acid, may be given twice daily, and materially 
 assist a cure. The external ulcerations, on the surface of the swell- 
 ings, should be opened and bathed in warm water containing half a 
 fluid ounce of carbolic acid solution to a pint of water. Muriate of 
 57 
 
OOO HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES. 
 
 ammonia in half drachm doses in a little molasses, is an excellent 
 remedy in the latter stages of the disease when signs of a collapse are 
 present. 
 
 MALIGNANT PUTRID SORE THROAT. 
 
 This is a frequent form of the disease, and is very fatal in its 
 character. It is more local in its attack than the previous form, and 
 affects the throat, larynx, air passages, etc. It may mainly affect the 
 larynx, or it may be more diffusive and involve the adjoining parts, 
 even into the cavity of the chest, with great congestion of the lungs. 
 The external swellings on the thi'oat vary with different subjects, and 
 the breathing is obstructed in proportion to the amount of congestion 
 and its location. While its extent may vary, yet it is the same type 
 of the disease. The principal symptoms consist of wheezing and 
 laborious breathing, hoarse grunting, hacking cough, great heat and 
 dryness of the snout, swelling of the tongue, brown-red color of the 
 mucous membrane of the mouth, difficulty in swallowing food, with 
 attempts to vomit, showing affection of the stomach. At the larynx 
 and along the windpipe, even extending down between the fore legs, 
 will be found a hot, hard, painful swelhng, which at first presents a 
 crimson appearance, which may change to a lead color, and finally to 
 a dark purple. The fever is usually very high, and the animals breathe 
 with increasing difficulty, and either lie down or sit on their haunches 
 like a dog. Finally the difficulty of breathing becomes so great that 
 desperate attempts are made to catch the air by opening the mouth, 
 during which the livid and swollen tongue is protruded. The mucous 
 membrane of the mouth is now lead-colored ; the temperature of the 
 body has become lower than natural, and the hog may either die of 
 strangulation, or gangrenous action internally in the throat and lungs 
 as well as external, in one or two days. In those cases where the 
 attack is concentrated in the larynx the patient suffocates sooner, and 
 may choke up and die in an hour after the first appearance of the 
 symptoms. If it does not terminate in death, which is the case if not 
 attended with proper treatment early, the symptoms are reduced 
 gradually, the swellings are absorbed, and the animal partially re- 
 
TREATMENT OF HOG CHOLERA- 501 
 
 covers. Often the later stages show those peculiar symptoms of 
 oppressed breathing and heaving of the flanks, commonly called 
 " thumps." 
 
 ITS TREATMENT. 
 
 To be of any avail, the treatment must be begun at the very first 
 symptoms shown. An emetic of ten to twenty grains of powdered 
 white helebore may be given in a little milk, or mixed with a little 
 flour and water, and placed on the roots of the tongue. If it does not 
 vomit in twenty minutes, repeat the dose. After the emetic has had 
 its effect, give the following, three times daily : — 
 
 Hyposulphite of Soda, half an ounce; 
 Muriate of Ammonia, half a drachm; 
 Molasses to make a mass. 
 
 Place on the tongue. Five drops of tincture of aconite dropped on 
 the tongue during the early stages of the disease, when the fever is 
 high, is of great assistance. In addition, the prescription below 
 should be used in the manner prescribed. If it does not all go down 
 the throat, it will do much good as a local remedy : — 
 
 Chlorate of Potassa, three ounces ; 
 
 Solution of Carbolic Acid, half a fluid ounce; 
 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Give this every hour, or even every half-hour in bad cases, in 
 tablespoonful doses, with a tablespoon. It is an excellent application 
 for the inflamed and ulcerated throat, as well as a powerful antiseptic 
 and refrigerant. As the hog gets better, the periods of administration 
 can be lengthened, or chlorate of potash can be given in his food. 
 When this disease is present on a farm, the best preventive is twenty 
 grains of chlorate of potash to each weU hog, in a little milk, before 
 feeding in the morning. An ounce will do for twenty-five hogs, and 
 all be fed at once. It will frequently arrest the disease before it is 
 recognized, and is one of the best preventives known for this form. 
 Ten drops of solution of carbolic acid every other day, for each hog, 
 assists its preventive power by destroying germs of the disease. It 
 will have a better effect if the hogs are fasted some hours before, and 
 not fed for some two hours after giving. 
 
502 HOG CHOLERA — ANTHRAX DISEASES. 
 
 TYPHOIB ENTERITIS — INFLAMMATION OF BOWELS. 
 
 This form of the disease partakes somewhat of a typhoid char- 
 acter, regarding its internal results. Its locations are the bowels, 
 the urinary organs, the membranes lining the abdominal cavity, as 
 well as the nervous centers. All may be involved, or but one or two 
 in the primary stages. When the peritoneum is involved, which is 
 almost invariably the case, there will be costiveness, the passages 
 being streaked with mucus, which may be discolored. In the fatal 
 stages of the attack, a fetid diarrhoea may succeed, which is the 
 forerunner of death. The first symptoms are a short, hacking cough 
 in some instances, not so much obstruction in breathing as in the 
 other forms. There will be an unsteady walk, with fully as high fever 
 as is found in the other forms. If the urinary organs are affected, 
 the animals will arch their backs in an extreme manner. The 
 external extravasation in these cases is slight, and may be absent 
 entirely. When the nerve centers are involved, paralysis will result. 
 Internally there are adhesions of the intestines, alteration in the 
 kidneys, liver, etc., with effusion of abdominal cavity. 
 
 ITS TREATMENT. 
 
 In this form of the disease an emetic is of greater value than in 
 the preceding forms, and should be given in the manner indicated. 
 When there is costiveness in the early stages, which is nearly always 
 the case, a purgative is needed, none being better than calomel, which 
 may be given in doses of one scruple every six hours until it has its 
 effect. It may be given in a little flour and water as a pill or in a 
 little milk, if the hog will eat. Injections of warm soap-suds, to 
 which half an ounce of solution of carbolic acid may be added, wiU 
 aid its effects. During the early stages of the fever, drop five drops 
 of tincture of aconite on the hog's tongue, every two hours. In 
 addition to this the following prescription should be given after the 
 calomel has had its effect, or may be substituted for it in the early 
 stages : — * 
 
 Hyposulphite of Soda, one-half ounce ; 
 Chlorate of Potassa, one scruple ; 
 Molasses to make a mass. — Mix. 
 
TREATMENT OF HOG CHOLEHA. iQQQ 
 
 Give three times daily, using the aconite as directed, between the 
 doses. Half a drachm of muriate of ammonia may be given at a dose 
 if symptoms of failing strength are present. Mashes and sloppy food, 
 not soured or fermented, should be given. All remedies will have 
 better and more immediate eifect by fasting the hogs twelve hours 
 previous. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTEB. 
 
 DISEASES OF THROAT AND LUNGS. — Quinsy or Strangles, sometimes called Hog 
 Cholera — Dijjhtheria, which is also Epizootic — Pneumonia or Inflamation of the 
 Lungs — Cough — Catarrh in Pigs — Sniffles — Their causes, symptoms and treatment. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE STOMACH, BOWELS, Etc.— Diarrhcea or Scours in Pigs— Constipa- 
 tion in Hogs^ Kidney AVorms and Intestinal Worms — Piles in Hogs — -Protrusion of 
 Rectum or Bowel in Pigs. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. —Paralysis of Hindquarters — Apoplexy in Fat Hogs — 
 Thumps or palpitation of Heart — Blind Staggers — Scrofulous Disease — Rheumatism 
 — Black Tooth — Lice on Hogs — Mange on Pigs — To prevent Sows Eating their Pigs. 
 
 OPERATIONS. — Spaying Sows — Altering Ridgling Boars — Castrating Ruptured Hogs — 
 Prevention of being Fly-blown. 
 
 I DISEASES OP THROAT AND LUNGS. 
 
 QUINSY — STRANGLES — HOG CHOLERA. 
 
 This disease sometimes assumes an epidemic form similar to 
 distemper in young horses, and proves fatal to large numbers of 
 young pigs as well as older hogs. We have known it to assume so 
 fatal a form as to be called "hog cholera" by those ignorant of its 
 distinguishing type, yet it differs from anthrax diseases in not being 
 so mahgnant, and in other respects. 
 
TREATMENT OF QUINSY. 505 
 
 The first symptoms are swelling of the glands under the jaw, 
 followed by rapid and oppressed breathing, and difldculty in swallow- 
 ing. In the more advanced stages the neck is badly swollen, the 
 tongue protrudes and death is caused by strangulation. Often the 
 swelling takes the gangrenous form and becomes allied to anthrax. 
 Quinsy is caused by exposure to sudden changes of atmosphere, and 
 if the animal has been under the debilitating influence of bad 
 food, impure water or filthy enclosures, mortification frequently sets 
 in, and death results in a few hours. Allowing hogs to pile up around 
 old straw stacks, during cold nights, is a pre-disposiug cause. Any 
 'one who has seen hogs routed out in the morning, and observed how 
 those underneath smoke and steam as they come forth and the cold 
 air strikes them, must realize that such sudden changes produce 
 inflamation of the lungs, quinsy, diptheria, etc., of a fatal type, 
 resulting in the popular "hog cholera." 
 
 Young pigs are very liable to be attacked with quinsy. They 
 should be kept in warm, clean, well-ventilated pens, with plenty of 
 clean straw; let them have a mess of thin gruel three times a day, 
 into which stir one-haK ounce of chlorate of potash. If the bowels 
 are constipated, from one to two ounces of castor oil may be given 
 each pig. In bad cases the throat may be lubricated with equal parts 
 of cod-hver oil and turpentine. 
 
 In older hogs, also in pigs, benefit may be had by giving each hog 
 an emetic consisting of four grains of tartar emetic, six grains of 
 ipecacuanah and six grains of white helebore; half this dose for 
 young pigs. Often a deep incision into each tumor, on each side, will 
 relieve it. Not a mere puncture with the knife, but a cut two to four 
 inches long, and deep enough to reach the seat of the disease. Feed 
 thin gruel for a few days, in which a teaspoonful of turpentine may be 
 incorporated. Three to four drops of tincture of aconite dropped on 
 the tongue every two hours is excellent in the early stages of the 
 disease. 
 
 DIPHTHERIA — HOG CHOLEBA. 
 
 This disease is far more prevalent than most people imagine who 
 class all epidemics or contagious diseases under "hog cholera." 
 
606 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS. 
 
 During 1878 it was very fatal through some portions of Indiana. It 
 not only attacks pigs, but older hogs. It is, in a certain degree, 
 contagious, that is, by contact with the shreds of the false membrane 
 coughed up by those attacked, well hogs will take the disease as 
 readily as it is communicated by the human family. It sometimes 
 takes an epidemic form in localities owing to atmospheric causes, 
 local condition of filthy pens, and wet pastures during inclement 
 seasons of the year. Its symptoms are sudden illness, with a dull 
 appearance and loss of appetite. There will be extreme weakness, 
 feverishness, stiffness of back and loins, a crouching walk with raised 
 head. The mouth will be dry and open, a hoarse nasal grunt, livid 
 tongue and difficulty in breathing. On examination internally, the 
 throat will be red and swollen, and covered with grayish-white patches 
 of false membrane, which increase, involving all the air passages and 
 threaten sufiocation. Shreds of false membrane are coughed up 
 during paroxysms of coughing. The animal will lie down, sit on its 
 haunches, or lean against the fence during these attacks of coughing, 
 and will generally perish in one. 
 
 The treatment, to be successful, must be begun early in the 
 disease. If the drove is ranging in cold, wet pastures, they must be 
 changed into dry yards and sheltered pens, and the well separated 
 from the sick. Give each of the well hogs a spoonful of chlorate of 
 potash daily in a small quantity of milk. The whole amount can be 
 given at once by proportioning it to the number of hogs. This will 
 prevent its spread and arrest its incipient stages. The sick must 
 have local as well as constitutional treatment. In the first place give 
 the following to each hog, daily: — 
 
 Sulphite of Soda, two drachms; 
 Powdered Castor Bean, one drachm ; 
 Solution Carbolic Acid, five drops. — Mix. 
 
 Give in swill to those which will eat, increasing the amount pro- 
 portionate to the number of hogs. To those which cannot eat, it 
 may be given by mixing with molasses and smearing on the back of 
 the tongue. To remove the patches of false membrane and prevent 
 further formation, prepare a small swab of sheep-skin with the wool 
 
TREATMENT OF DIPHTHBEIA. 507 
 
 on, and a flexible stick, well secured, and dipping it in the following 
 solution, swab out the throat twice daily : — 
 
 Chlorate of Potassa, one onnce , 
 
 Solution of Carbolic Acid, two fluid drachms ; 
 
 Water, one quart. — Mix. 
 
 Its virtues can be materially aided by sprinkhng the swab with 
 flour of sulphur before inserting into the throat. We have never 
 known it to fail. Warm, sloppy food may be given, to which chlorate 
 of potash may be added in teaspoonful doses. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 This disease is always caused by sudden changes, exposure to 
 storms, piling of hogs during cold nights, etc. The pig, or hog, is 
 taken with shivering fits, is dumpish, is drawn up in a heap, as it 
 were, loss of appetite, hurried and short breathing genei-ally accom- 
 panied with a cough, which is deep and hoarse. It is an inflammation 
 of the cellular portion of the lungs. If the bowels are constipated, 
 loosen by injections of warm soap suds. At the same time give, 
 according to size, a half to two drachms of saltpeter, and one to three 
 ounces of Glauber's salt. After six hours, and then thrice daily, one 
 powder of the following composition should be thrown on the tongue, 
 viz : — 
 
 Tartar Emetic, twelve grains: 
 Powdered Opium, twelve grains ; 
 Saltpeter, one ounce a half; 
 Mix, and divide into eight powders. 
 
 When the inflammatory symptoms have abated, half drachm doses of 
 sal-ammoniac thrice daily for several daj's, are very beneficial. The 
 patient should be separated from the rest of the herd, and given a 
 warm sheltered pen, plenty of litter, water and slops which have been 
 warmed, consisting of gruel, sour milk, etc. It is better to so 
 manage your hogs as not to have to treat it, as prevention is far 
 easier than the cure; yet it is often " too much trouble." 
 
 COUGH. 
 
 This is sometimes a symptom, and sometimes a local irritation. 
 It is a premonitory symptom of one form of "hog cholera," which is 
 58 
 
508 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS. 
 
 really pleuro-pneumonia, and from its character and obstruction of 
 the lungs in its later stages, is called " Thumps." This is especially 
 the case when dropsy of the chest has resulted. When there is 
 costiveness, it must be removed by two to three drachms of powdered 
 castor bean mixed with molasses and smeared on the back of the 
 tongue. One very successful breeder puts a ball of tar on the end of 
 a paddle and places it well down their throat, for four successive 
 mornings. Or, one grain of tartar emetic mixed with a small quan- 
 tity of molasses, and smeared on the roots of the tongue, is an 
 excellent remedy, which should be given every day for three or four 
 days. Small quantities of swill, to which has been added a teaspoon- 
 ful of chlorate of potash, may be given daily. 
 
 CATAERH — SNIFFLE DISEASE IN PIGS. 
 
 This is a lymphatic-catarrhal affection which always takes on a 
 chronic character. It develops slowly, and is generally not noticed 
 before the disease is considerably advanced. It begins with an in- 
 flammation of the mucous membrane lining the passages of the nose, 
 which, together with adjacent parts, become more or less swollen. 
 In course of time, disorganization of the cartilaginous and bony 
 structure of the nose takes place, and by degrees that organ becomes 
 malshaped, and is generally drawn to one side. As the disease farther 
 advances, appetite diminishes, and even on the best keep the animals 
 become poor and emaciated, and a hectic fever or general consump- 
 tion often ends their existence. This so-called sniffle disease is not 
 frequently met with. It is supposed to be hereditary; at all events of 
 a scrofulous nature. By way of treatment, the animals should be 
 kept comfortable, on dry litter. Diet should consist of milk, boiled 
 food, oatmeal gruel, boiled barley, mashed fruit, cabbage, etc., in 
 short, food which does not require hard chewing. If bowels are 
 constipated, give occasionally half an ounce of Glauber salts and a 
 drachm of saltpetre mixed with some honey or treacle, and smeared 
 well back on the tongue. Give, every other week, thrice daily, the 
 following dose to each pig : — 
 
 Sal Ammoniac, half a drachm ; 
 Camphor, eight grains; 
 Mix with a little treacle. 
 
DISEASES OF STOMACH AND BOWELS. 511 
 
 and smear on the tongue. If swelling of the nose should appear, and 
 the same be painful, it may be bathed daily with a solution of one 
 part of Goulard's extract, and ten parts of soft water. When the 
 disease is advanced, any treatment will prove unsatisfactory. 
 
 DISEASES OP STOMACH AND BOWELS. 
 
 DIAKKHCEA — SCOUKS IN PIGS. 
 
 Many thousands of young pigs die yearly from this disease, yet 
 it may not take an epidemic form. There is hardly a farmer who 
 escapes loss of this kind. It may attack merely one or two out of a 
 litter, and seem to be isolated cases of derangement of digestion, or 
 it may attack a whole litter when one or two days old. Few people 
 understand that this latter form is invariably caused either by what 
 the sow has eaten, or by the method of feeding, altering the character 
 of her milk, and thus affecting the pigs. Too much green clover, or 
 any other green food, will doit; also strictly feeding dry corn, or 
 musty, decayed food, wiU produce it. While the food given the sow 
 may thus affect the pigs, she wiU apparently suffer no constitutional 
 disturbance and be as well as ever. 
 
 Often a teaspoonful of sulphur administered to the sow in a little 
 milk, twice each day, between the times of feeding, wiU produce a 
 cure combined with care in feeding, and nothing be given to the pigs. 
 If necessary to give the pigs remedies, there is nothing better than 
 two or three drops of laudanum each, in a little sweet cream, admin- 
 istered with a teaspoon, twice daily. Change the food of the mother 
 and see that it is of good quality. Keep the pigs in a warm, close 
 pen, with plenty of litter, and do not allow them to run at large, but 
 rest as much as possible. All the discharges must be scrupulously 
 cleaned out of the pen, and the places covered with fresh earth as a 
 disinfectant. Scald out the troughs and feeding places with boiling 
 water to which ashes or lye has been added. If these precautions are 
 taken it will disappear. If the pigs will eat, a few drops of the 
 solution of carbolic acid may be added to the food of each pig. 
 
512 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS. 
 
 CONSTIPATION. 
 
 It is never best to allow either stock or fattening hogs to become 
 constipated. It denotes a feverish condition of the system, which 
 easily becomes the first stage of some inflammatory disorder. The 
 food should be so varied, without the use of remedies, as to prevent 
 it. Green food is the best, or some milk or swill, to which may be 
 added two ounces of Epsom salts for each hog, if the trouble is 
 present. Often a cough is heard which will disappear when costive- 
 ness is removed. Stock hogs which have been running loose all 
 summer often become seriously troubled in this way, if they are 
 confined, and fed on dry, hard corn, preparatory for market. 
 
 KIDNEY WORMS. 
 
 Kidney worm is not of so common occurrence as people seem to 
 believe. The presence of the worms in the spinal canal, or in the 
 spinal marrow, may produce paralysis of the hind quarters, in which 
 case the animal would not exhibit any such marked tenderness, on 
 being pressed over the loins with the fingers as he would if the 
 weakness of the hind quarters was due to a sprain or to rheumatism 
 of the loins. Occasionally hogs may suffer from the presence of one 
 or more worms in the kidneys ; but the ailment is rarely fatal, and 
 becomes so only after a long time of suffering and consequent disease 
 and degeneration of one or both kidneys ; it is next to impossible to 
 diagnose the presence of worms in the kidneys of hogs, except by 
 chance through microscopic examination of the urine. If worms are 
 found in the kidneys of a hog that has either been slaughtered for 
 food or died from some disease, it may then be supposed that others 
 of the same herd, " not acting right," are infected with worms of the 
 same species. In such cases, treatment (which is, at best, of question- 
 able utility) may be instituted, and Fowler's solution of arsenic may 
 be given in doses of a teaspoonful, morning and evening, during every 
 other week for some time, to each hog. The loins also may be 
 rubbed with spirits of turpentine every other day, and during the 
 ■week when the solution of arsenic is suspended, a teaspoonful may be 
 given every other day in its swill. 
 
WORMS AND PILES IN PIGS. 513 
 
 INTESTINAL WORMS. 
 
 When swine are infested with intestinal parasites they generally 
 become unthrifty, will not fatten, and have voracious appetites. 
 They cough, scour, start from rest or sleep with a sharp cry, scream 
 excessively before feeding time as though they were nearly starved, 
 vomit, and pigs sometimes have choking fits from knotting of worms 
 in the throat. Oil of turpentine, two drachms in milk, given for six 
 mornings in succession, then followed by a dose of one scruple of 
 calomel to each, as a purge, is one of the most effective remedies. If 
 calomel is objected to, two to three drachms of powdered castor bean 
 may be given instead. Half these doses for pigs. 
 
 PILES IN PIGS. 
 
 Piles may appear in hogs as well as in other animals; but unless 
 the knots are visible externally, they are seldom discovered in this 
 animal before the disorder has so far advanced that blood passes oft 
 with the excrements, or the hair around the anus is blood-stained. 
 The disease is generally considered incurable in animals, in so far as 
 treatment can only be of temporary benefit, on account of the impos- 
 sibility of enforcing the necessary hygenic rules and restrictions. 
 Enlargements of the veins will appear again from the least cause. 
 Moreover, the disease is of no dangerous consequences when not 
 connected with any very material alterations, or attended with con- 
 siderable general changes. Curative treatment consists in an entire 
 change of food. Sour milk, and especially light digestible substances, 
 and, with a view of relaxing the existing state of costiveness, injec- 
 tions of vinegar and water, or, when considerable pain exists, of oily 
 substances, and the internal administration of castor oil, or sulphur 
 with cream of tartar. In case of prolapsus of the bowels, caused by 
 piles, warm fomentations of decoctions of white oak bark, previous to 
 replacing the gut, wiU be of service, and, should the presence of large 
 piles prevent replacing, these should be injected by the use of a hypo- 
 dermic syringe, with a mixture of equal parts of carbolic acid crystals 
 and ohve oil. If the anus appears very much swollen, apphcations of 
 
514 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS. 
 
 oily or greasy substances would be beneficial in relieving pain and 
 irritations. Laudanum may be added which will relieve the pain 
 earlier. 
 
 PEOTBUSION OF BOWELS IN PIGS. 
 
 This trouble is often caused by continued diarrhoea in pigs with a 
 lack of tone in the parts, in fact, debility. In the first place, wash 
 the part with warm water, then apply a solution of sugar of lead and 
 water, a drachm of lead to a pint of water, to which may be added a 
 little laudanum, and gently press the part back, pushing up the finger 
 a short distance. Three to five drops of laudanum may be given 
 each sucking pig. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES. 
 
 PAEALYSIS OF HINDQUARTERS. 
 
 This affects both young pigs and older hogs. Some think it ia 
 caused by worms in the kidnej's. This is not always the case. It is 
 true that the presence of these parasites around the kidneys may 
 cause irritation of the nerves of the spinal column and result in 
 paralysis, yet it more often is a weakness and loss of nervous power 
 in these parts. The symptoms in either case, for they cannot be 
 distinguished apart, are weakness of the back, wriggle of the hind 
 parts, and finally they set down on their haunches; after some effort 
 they get up, and run in a straight line quite fast, but swing to one 
 side for a while, and then go over to the other side, and finally, get 
 down so that they cannot rise, but can drag themselves about. The 
 appetite is good until a day or two before they die. 
 
 There is no better remedy for constitutional treatment than nux 
 vomica, or its alkaloid, strychnine. Apply over the loins a Hniment 
 composed of one part of cantharides, two parts of olive oil, and two 
 parts of oil of turpentine. Internal treatment should begin with a 
 laxative consisting of three drachms of powdered castor oil seeds, 
 and eight ounces of rye flour, mixed in a quart of sour milk, or thin 
 
APOPLEXY AND THUMPS. 515 
 
 gruel, and let the animal drink it first thing in the morning. It may 
 be repeated once a week. Half of the dose will suffice for young pigs. 
 The following internal treatment may be repeated twice or thrice 
 daily : — 
 
 Powdered Nux Vomica, four grains; 
 
 Powdered Anise Seed, half a drachm ; 
 
 Powdered Ginger, half a drachm. — Mix with a little treacle, 
 
 and smear the dose well back on the tongue. Half this dose for pigs 
 under three months old. Feed sloppy or steamed food, and give 
 plenty of sour milk and fruit. Treatment of all such cases requires 
 considerable patience and perseverance, and recovery is slow and 
 often uncertain. 
 
 APOPLEXY. 
 
 Fat hogs are liable to attacks of this disease if they are heavily 
 fed by a forcing method, especially in warm weather. They appear 
 dumpish and out of sorts for a few hours previous to an attack, and 
 drop as if shot, having all the appearance of death, with the excep- 
 tion of heavy breathing. The quickest method to bring back 
 sensibility is to bleed. By tying a cord around the fore leg above the 
 foot, the artery will be seen to fill above the knee, on the inside of the 
 leg, and can be opened with a sharp knife. A pint to a quart of blood 
 should be taken. If the hog revives, as soon as possible give some 
 thing to move the bowels, either by injection, or by mouth, or both. 
 Light food only should be given for some days thereafter. 
 
 THUMPS — PALPITATION OF HEART. 
 
 - There is a common error prevalent, that the short, thumpy cough 
 at the commencement of inflammation of the lungs is thumps. True 
 "thumps," which is but the vulgar name for palpitation of the heart, 
 is more of a nervous character, and is, in fact, a sign of debility and 
 nervous derangement. This will be seen by the paroxysm being 
 easily brought on by anything startling the animal. Its treatment is 
 careful feeding on slops, a separation from the rest of the drove, and 
 from two to ten grains of digitalis given twice daily in a little 
 molasses, which can be smeared on the roots of the tongue with a 
 paddle. 
 
516 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OP HOGS. 
 
 BLIND STAGGERS. 
 
 The attack is generally preceded by dullness for a day or so, with 
 apparent tendency of blood to the head, which will be shown by 
 inflamed eyes. The bowels are constipated, and the pulse hard and 
 quick. If not reheved during this stage of the attack, the animal 
 jTuns wildly about, generally in a circle, appears blind, will run against 
 objects, breathing laboriously, and often dies during one of these fits. 
 Often it is caused by indigestible food; feeding young pigs on dry 
 corn, when they should have a mixed and sloppy diet. It is more 
 often caused by a fit of indigestion, combined with costiveness, and 
 can be relieved by getting the bowels to acting freely, early in the 
 disease, by injection of warm soapsuds, accompanied with three 
 drachms of pulverized castor bean, mixed with molasses and smeared 
 on back of the tongue. Or, a teaspoonful of calomel may be substi- 
 tuted. Cold water should be frequently dashed on the head, while 
 along the spine may be applied turpentine or kerosene oil well rubbed 
 in. Sulphite of soda may be added to the injection, and will 
 materially add to its rapidity, and turpentine in small quantities 
 added to the injections will have a stimulating as well as local effect. 
 
 SCROFULOUS DISEASES. 
 
 This is shown in young pigs by weakness of the joints, knuckling 
 over, and reeling when walking. There seems to be a softening of 
 the bones, or rather, the assimilation of the constituent parts of the 
 bones is deficient. Ulceration may take place externally, near the 
 joints, diarrhoea may be present, and in young animals the nayel 
 string may remain open, through which urine will dribble. In older 
 subjects it may take the form of tuberculous consumption. The 
 lungs becoming diseased, and the hver full of tuberculous lumps. As 
 the prevention of an evil is generally considered cheaper and more 
 certain in its effects than an attempt at cure, it is evident that, in a 
 disease of this kind, that is practically incurable, the cheaper and 
 safer plan would be, to discontinue breeding from stock thus affected. 
 The treatment of scrofulous disease in the hog, as well as other 
 •domestic animals, when in an advanced state, is generally unsatis- 
 
TREATMENT OF RHEUMATISM. 527 
 
 factory. In young and robust animals, the disease, when taken in 
 hand in its earUest stages, is more amenable to treatment ; but often 
 the supposed cure only consists in amelioration of the same, which in 
 effect is only a temporary stopping of its progress. The best of care 
 and the most nourishing food, as well as scrupulous avoidance of all 
 causes tending to superinduce disease, are essential, besides the ad- 
 ministration of tonic medicines. The practice in ordinary cases of 
 diarrhoea, is to withhold all succulent food, and to give dry nutritive 
 food instead. By way of medication, aromatic and astringent 
 remedies are generally beneficial, their administration being preceded 
 by a laxative dose of ohve oil from one to three ounces, according to 
 age. Then three drachms each of powdered catechu, ginger and 
 gentian, mixed with two ounces of treacle, should be smeared upon 
 the root of the tongue morning and evening. Alum whey is a useful 
 preparation, especially for small and weakly animals. It is prepared 
 by boiling together, for ten minutes, one ounce of alum and a gallon 
 of milk; when strained, half a pint may be given to each hog twice a 
 day. Thin wheaten flour gruel may be allowed the patients to drink, 
 when dry food is refused. Cod liver oil may be given daily, among a 
 little gruel, which the animal will sip without objections to the oil. 
 According to age, one or two tablespoonfuls may be given every 
 morning; and every evening a dose of from five to twenty grains of 
 ammoniated copper, may be given to each pig according to age, up to 
 two years. The copper may be given mixed with a spoonful each of 
 flour and treacle, and smeared on the tongue. These remedies may 
 be continued during a fortnight, and repeated afterward when needed. 
 
 RHEUMATISM. 
 
 The hog is also subject to this disease as well as humanity. It 
 is preceded by several days of languor and indisposition to move, 
 followed by heat of the body, pain, swelling of a joint or joints, with 
 a change of location of swellings, being of a wandering character. 
 There is a general stiffness and decrepid appearance. In the first 
 place the bowels should be moved by giving two to three drachms of 
 pulverized castor bean, to which may be added ten grains of opium 
 59 
 
518 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS 
 
 to relieve pain, and molasses enough added to make a mass, which 
 can be smeared on the roots of the tongue. After this, give the 
 following : — 
 
 Colchicum, one scruple; 
 Bicarbonate Soda, one tablespoonf ul ; 
 Molasses to make a mass. 
 
 Smear on the roots of the tongue night and morning, and give 
 soft food, to which soda may be added with benefit, in teaspoonful 
 doses. 
 
 BLACK TOOTH IN HOGS. 
 
 Black tooth, so called, in swine, is sometimes caused by mechani- 
 cal injury to teeth, received by chewing the dry hard kernels of corn. 
 The ailment consists in a state of decay of the tooth (caries). Such 
 decayed teeth may be removed by the same instrument as a dentist 
 would apply to one's own tooth under similar circumstances. The 
 symptoms of toothache in swine are similar to those exhibited by 
 mankind, viz : loss appetite, salivation or slobbering, hanging the 
 head, mostly to the side which is affected, peevishness, loss of all fear 
 of man, and hot, repulsive breath. When hogs are fed on strongly 
 acidulated food for any length of time, their teeth may become 
 discolored ; but it is a question whether the teeth at the same time 
 are materially injured. So long as no decay or diminution of their 
 substance can be noticed, and while the appetite and chewing facili- 
 ties of the animal do not appear diminished no interference will be 
 necessary. It is customary with ignoramuses to examine the teeth of 
 the animal, and if one is found darker colored than the rest, it is 
 supposed to be the cause of the disease, and the tooth is hammered 
 off even with the jaw, leaving the broken roots and lacerated nerves 
 of the tooth to increase the animal's sufferings. If the animal 
 recovers it is considered a sure case of black tooth. 
 
 LICE ON HOGS. 
 
 There are many remedies against lice; but whatever remedy is 
 used should be applied more than once, which of course causes much 
 trouble where there are large numbers of hogs infested. One reason 
 
TREATMENT OF LICE AND MANGE. 519 
 
 why repeated applications are necessary is, that the hogs are apt to 
 pick up hce anew from the ground and rubbing places ; another reason 
 is, that though the remedies applied may kill the lice, they do not 
 affect the nits; and as these remain intact, and hatch within a week 
 or ten days, a new crop of lice appear on the swine from this source. 
 Whatever remedy is used, it should be applied all over the body. 
 We will mention two remedies, either of which is effective, and 
 comparatively cheap. Take one part of benzine, six parts of soft 
 soap and fifteen parts of rain water ; mix thoroughly, and apply with a 
 stiff brush. Or, take one gallon of kerosene to each five gallons of 
 .rain water; apply as the former remedy. Give the hog pens a 
 thorough cleaning out. Remove all offal, bedding, old woodwork, 
 place it in a heap and burn it. Treatment of any kind will be of no 
 avail, if general cleanliness is not attended to. All parts wherewith 
 the hogs have been in contact, the scanthng and posts of the stys, or 
 enclosures, as well as the troughs, the walls of the piggery, or sheds, 
 etc., all should be scraped off or scrubbed with boihng hot water, and 
 thereafter be given a good coating of whitewash. The floor of the 
 pens should be sprinkled once a week or oftener with plenty of ashes. 
 It will be necessary, in order to insure a successful eradication of the 
 vermin, to repeat one of the remedies mentioned, once weekly, for 
 three successive weeks at least. When once lice in numbers have 
 infested hogs, nothing but persistent warfare and cleanhness will rid 
 them of these vermin. The hog pens ought to be whitewashed once 
 a month. Another very simple, yet effective, method of destroying 
 lice on animals, is to smear them all over with oil or lard. In twenty- 
 four hours afterward, they should be weU washed with soft soap and 
 warm water. The application may have to be repeated two or three 
 times. 
 
 MANGE ON PIGS. 
 
 Mange on pigs is caused by a minute insect which burrows under 
 the skin. There is no way of curing it, or of preventing its spread, 
 except by killing the insects and their eggs — not only on the pigs 
 themselves, but also on the sides of the pens, posts, or anything that 
 
520 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS, 
 
 the diseased pig rubs against. To destroy them on the woodwork, 
 nothing is probably so good as petroleum, and though we have not 
 tried it, we have little doubt but that it would also cure the pigs, 
 especially if applied before the disease had made much headway. 
 
 The disease usually manifests itself on the skin under the armpits 
 and thighs, and inside the forelegs. At first, small red blotches or 
 pimples appear, and these gradually spread as the insects multiply 
 and burrow under the skin. It is well to give sulphur and other 
 cooling medicine in the food, but the real aim must be to kill the 
 insect by the prompt and continuous use of external remedies. The 
 pigs should be washed with soap suds, and as soon as dry apply a 
 thorough coating of the following : — 
 
 Whale Oil, one quart ; 
 
 Carbolic Acid Crystals, half a drachm. 
 
 Eub up the crystals in a little oil till it is incorporated, then add the 
 remainder of the oil. Wash off with suds the next day and apply 
 again. In three days repeat the application, then wash off next day. 
 The cheap crude carbolic acid is equally as good. 
 
 TO PREVENT SOWS FROM EATING THEIR YOUNG. 
 
 It is well known that sows not unfrequently attack and devour 
 their own young ; or, if prevented from this, will not let down their 
 milk, so that the youug pigs necessarily die for want of nourishment. 
 When this state of things is not caused by a diseased state of the 
 uterus, the sow can be brought to terms by pouring a mixture of ten 
 to twenty grains of spirits of camphor with one to three of tincture 
 of opium, into the ear. The sow will immediately lie down on the 
 side of the ear to which the application was made, and remain quiet 
 for several hours in this position without interfering with her pigs ; 
 and on recovery from the stupor will have lost her irritability in 
 regard to them. The experiment has been tried in Germany hundreds 
 of times, according to one of the agricultural journals, without any 
 injurious effects. It is also said that the eating of pigs by the parent 
 sow can be prevented by rubbing them all over with brandy, and 
 making the same application about the nose of the sow herself. 
 
SPAYING SOWS. 521 
 
 One of the best preventives is by careful feeding for a few days 
 beforehand, giving slops and cooling food, which is loosening to the 
 bowels. Costiveness is often a fruitful cause, which produces a 
 feverish frenzy. Mild laxatives, saline cathartics, may be added to 
 the slops when this is the case. 
 
 OPERATIONS. 
 
 SPAYING sows. 
 
 The proper age should be from four to eight weeks ; and the sow 
 should be laid down and the operation performed through the side. 
 The only tools required for small pigs are a clasp knife, needle and 
 thread. For convenience the knife should be short, the blade about 
 half an inch wide, and an inch and a half long, with the edge rounded 
 back at the point like a budding knife. 
 
 The needle should be about one and three-fourth inches long with 
 a flat, rounded point (for easy sewing), and an eye large enough to 
 carry coarse cotton thread, which should be used double by bringing 
 the two ends together and tying in a double knot. The assistant 
 should lift the pig out of the pen by its hind legs and lay it down on 
 its right side. The operator puts his right foot on its neck and his 
 left under its hip, with his shin close up to its back. The assistant, 
 with its upper hind foot in his right hand and the lower one in his 
 left, holds the legs back, as near as may be, in a line with the body. 
 The operator now grasps the flank with his left hand, his fingers 
 underneath and his thumb upon the hip joint, shoves the hair off a 
 spot midway between the hip joint and the edge of the flank, then 
 strains the flank tight by pulhng it from him, and with the knife 
 grasped firmly in the right hand, the knuckles of the second and 
 third fingers resting on the side of the pig to act as a pivot, the blade 
 of the knife held between the thumb and forefinger, with the point 
 projecting half an inch, he makes a sweeping cut to that depth about 
 an inch long, then raising the wrist, the point of the knife is 
 pressed down so as to prick the muscles, the blade is then turned 
 
522 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF HOGS. 
 
 toward the wrist to be out of the way, the forefinger is inserted and 
 pressed down through the sht in the muscle to the inside membrane 
 that covers the fat; by pressing the fingers of the left hand up 
 through the flank to keep it taut, a hole is easily made through it 
 with the point of the finger, which is then in the cavity of the belly, 
 the guts are pushed forward, and the upper ovary is easily found and 
 brought out by the point of the fingers, aided by the pressure of the 
 thumb on the outside. It is grasped with the left hand, the folds of 
 the bag are worked out by alternately pressing down the lower lip of 
 the cut ; when the fork is reached, work up the lower part of the bag 
 in the same way, until the other ovary is brought out. Cut off the 
 bag at or near the fork. Insert the point of the finger into the 
 cavity of the belly, pushing back any gut that may have obtruded 
 into the opening, and while the finger is in that position the assistant 
 lets go the upper or left leg, which, by returning to its natural posi- 
 tion, closes the lower and middle openings as the finger is withdrawn. 
 The lips of the cut are brought together by the thumb and forefinger 
 of the left hand, a stitch is taken through both about one-third the 
 length of the cut from the end, another the same distance from the 
 other end ; a knot is tied by passing the eye end of the needle through 
 the cross stitch. Let the pig up, or if it is returned to the pen, for 
 obvious reasons, it must be lifted only by its right hind leg. It takes 
 longer to tell how it is done than to do it. The writer, when in 
 practice, has often spayed small pigs in half a minute. Only the 
 oVaries should be taken off sows four months old and upwards, and 
 the bag carefully returned with the forefinger. In certain conditions 
 an iron clamp and searing iron should be used. The clamp is made 
 with two semi-circular blades about three inches long, less than one- 
 eighth inch thick, put together like a pair of shares, but with the 
 edges shutting against each other. Any form of searing iron with 
 one edge rounded off will do. 
 
 CASTEATING EIDGLING HOGS. 
 
 In these hogs, the testicles or seeds are not in the scrotal sack 
 behind, but are in the body of the animal, immediately behind the 
 
CASTRATING BOARS. 523 
 
 kidneys. In this case, the boar should be cut in the side or flank, as 
 for spaying a sow, but the incision should be made large enough to 
 admit the whole hand, when the testicles can be found, easily pulled 
 out and severed. 
 
 CASTRATING HOGS. 
 
 This is understood by every old farmer, yet there are some points 
 many do not know. For instance, the best way to castrate a ruptured 
 boar is to take out the testicle and its enveloping sheath ; then tie 
 the string of the testicle with small twine, inside the neck of the 
 sheath, removing both testicle and sheath afterwards, cutting oS 
 behind the tie. Many have been troubled by animals getting fly- 
 blown subsequent to castration. Such will be glad to hear of any 
 effective preventive or remedy. Dilute carbolic acid with thirty 
 times its weight of water, and apply well to the wounded part after 
 the operation. 
 
5-21 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 Congress having previously appropriated the sum of $10,000 for 
 defraying the expenses of a commission to investigate and determine 
 the causes producing, and, if possible, discover remedies for, some of 
 the more contagious and destructive diseases incident to domesticated 
 animals, early in August last the Commissioner of Agriculture ap- 
 pointed examiners in the States of New York, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, 
 Kansas, Missouri, and North CaroUna, to conduct such examination. 
 
 In the preliminary report of the Commissioner of Agriculture on 
 the subject of diseases of domesticated animals, a tabular statement 
 gives the total valu*^ of farm animals lost in the United States during 
 the year 1877, principally from infectious and contagious diseases, at 
 $16,653,428. These losses were based upon as accurate returns as 
 could be obtained in the absence of an absolute census, but as they 
 inchided data from but eleven hundi^ed and twenty-five counties 
 (about one-half the whole number of counties in the United States), 
 the above sum falls far below the aggregate losses for that year. 
 About two-thirds of this sum was occasioned by the loss of swine by 
 diseases presumed to be of an infectious and contagious character. 
 Notmthstanding these maladies had their origin nearly a quarter of a 
 century ago, and had rapidly spread from one State and one county to 
 another, there was great diversity of opinion as to their contagious or 
 non-contagious character. Many intelligent farmers and stock-grow- 
 ers insisted that they were not transmissible from one animal to an- 
 other, while perhaps equally as large a number contended that the 
 diseases were of a highly infectious and contagious natui-e. As this 
 was regarded as one among the most important facts to be determined 
 by the investigation, two of the examiners devoted most of their time 
 to experiments looking to a solution of this problem. 
 
 As the number and value of the annual losses among swine were 
 much heavier than among aU other classes of domesticated animals 
 combined, it was deemed best to devote the greater portion of the 
 limited sum to an investigation of the fatal diseases affecting this 
 class of farm animals. 
 
INVESTIGATION OF 6WINE PLAGUE. 525 
 
 The preliminary investigation instituted and conducted in the fall 
 and winter of 1877-78, estabhshed the fact that diseases prevail among 
 these animals much more extensively during the late summer and 
 early fall months than at other seasons of the year, and for this reason 
 the examiners selected to conduct the investigation were employed for 
 periods ranging from one to three months. It was assumed, and the 
 subsequent history of the disease proved the assumption to be weU 
 founded, that the reduced temperature of the late fall and early winter 
 months would cause an abatement of the disease, and in a measure 
 deprive the examiners of subjects with which to continue their experi- 
 ments. While, therefore, the very severe weather of the past winter 
 caused a great reduction in the number of animals affected, the dis- 
 ease was not eradicated, nor did its fatahty seem to be lessened. The 
 spread of the infection from one herd to another was greatly dimin- 
 ished ; but, in infected herds, where the malady was stiU prevaihng 
 when cold weather set in, there appeared but Uttle difference in the 
 rapidity of the transmission of the disease, from one animal to an- 
 other, in the same herd. Dr. H. J. Detmers, V. S., of Chicago, who 
 conducted his investigations and made his experiments in one of the 
 worst infected of the many large hog-growing districts in lUijiois, 
 writing under date of January 7, last, speaks as follows of the effects 
 of severe frost on the spread of the disease : 
 
 " Since my last letter the weather has continued extremely cold. 
 Where I now am, in Lee County, some five or six miles west of Dixon, 
 the thermometer indicated at seven o'clock on the morning of Jan. 2, 
 28°, below zero. Swine plague during this cold weather does not seem 
 to spread either so readily or so rapidly from one farm to another as a 
 few months ago ; but, as to its spreading from one animal to another 
 in the same herd in which it previously existed, no difference can be 
 observed. It seems to be just as fatal as in August, and its com-se, on 
 the whole, is probably more acute, as severe affections of the lungs and 
 of the heart are more frequent, a fact easily explained in the habits of 
 Bwine crowding together and lying on top of each other in their sleep- 
 ing places when the temperature is very low." 
 
 In most of the States in which iavestigations have been made, 
 60 
 
62G INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 the examiners have found the sjTnptoms and posf-inortem appearances 
 of the disease the same, and hence agree as to the propriety of desig- 
 nating the affection under the head of a general disorder. Dr. Det- 
 mers has, therefore, given the disease the name of "swine-plague," 
 and Dr. Law has named it "Hog-fever." While either designation 
 would seem to be eminently proper, that of "Swine- plague," will no 
 doubt be generally adopted. 
 
 As in almost all general disorders, a cerain variety of organs were 
 found affected and diseased. Marked changes and extravasations in 
 various parts of the body were observed, and inflammation of the 
 lungs, and large intestines was usually present. The heart, the pleura, 
 the eyes, the skin, and many other important organs, showed either 
 slight or more serious affections, and in almost every case tested with 
 the thermometer, the temperature was found to be above normal heat 
 before any other symptom of the disease was in the least apparent. 
 In every herd where the disease had prevailed to any considerable 
 extent, no case was found where death had occui-red from a local mal- 
 ady, but all the lesions and appearances unmistakably indicated the 
 existence of the general disorder. In but few cases was death found 
 to have resulted from the affection of any single organ, but on the 
 contrary seemed to have been the result of the various organic 
 changes observed. 
 
 Dr. Detmers says that the morbid process, although in aU cases 
 essentially the same, is not restricted to a single part or organ, or to a 
 set of organs, but can have its seat almost anywhere — in the tissue of 
 the lungs ; in the pleura ; in the heart ; in the lymphatic system ; in 
 the peritoneum ; in all mucous membranes, especially in those of the 
 intestines ; in the liver ; in the spleen and even in the skin. Only the 
 puknonal tissue and lymphatic glands are invariably affected. 
 
 The most constant and unvarying symptom of the disease is 
 observed in the increased temperature of the body. Indeed, one of 
 the examiners regards it as highly probable that a high temperature 
 may exist several weeks before other symptoms are manifested, and 
 that the disease may in some cases even be confined to and run its 
 course in the blood without a localization in any other organ or organs. 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAQUE. ,327 
 
 A few isolated cases are noted where this symptom was lacking, bnt 
 it may have been present in a mild form before other symptoms were 
 observed. The external symptoms of the disease, which were foimd 
 to be almost identical in all the widely-separated localities in which 
 examinations were made, were a dullness of the eyes, the lids of which 
 are kept nearer closed than in health, with an accumulation of secre- 
 tion in the corners. There is hanging of the head, vsdth lopped ears, 
 and an inclination to hide in the htter and to he on the belly and keep 
 quiet. As the disease advances, the animal manifests more or less 
 thirst, some cough, and a pink blush or rose-colored spots, and papular 
 eruption appears on the skin, particularly along the belly, inside of the 
 thighs and fore legs, and about the ears. There is accelerated respira- 
 tion and circulation, increased action of the flanks in breathing, 
 tucked up abdomen, arched back, swelling of the vulva in the female 
 as in heat ; occasionally, also, of the sheath of the male, loss of appe- 
 tite, and tenderness of the abdomen, sometimes persistent diarrhoea, 
 but generally obstinate constipation. In some cases large abraded 
 spots are observed at the projecting points of the body, caused by 
 separation and loss of the epidermis. In such cases a shght blow or 
 friction on the skin is sufficient to produce such abrasions. In many 
 cases the eruption, blush, and spots are entirely absent; petechia are 
 formed in only about one-third of the cases. In some cases there is 
 considerable inflammation of and discharge from the eyes. Some 
 animals emit a very ofiensive odor even before death. In large herds, 
 where the disease prevails extensively, this offensive effluvia can be 
 detected for a great distance to windward. In nearly aU cases there 
 is a weakness or partial paralysis of the posterior extremities, and 
 occasionally this paralysis is so complete in the first stages of the dis- 
 ease as to prevent walking or standing. 
 
 As symptoms of special diagnostic value, which are scarcely ever 
 absent in any case, the foUovdng are mentioned: Drooping of the 
 ears and of the head; more or less coughing; dull look of the eyes; 
 staring appearance of the coat of hair ; partial or total want of appe- 
 tite for food; vitiated appetite for excrements; rapid emaciation; 
 great debihty; weak and undecided, and frequently staggering, gait; 
 
528 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 great indifference to siUTOixndings ; tendency to Ke down in a dark 
 corner, and to hide the nose and even the whole head in the bedding ; 
 the speciiio offensive smell, and the pecuhar color of the excrements. 
 This last symptom is always present, at least in an advanced stage of 
 the disease, no matter whether constipation or diarrhoea is existing. 
 Among other characteristic symptoms, which are not present in every 
 animal, may be mentioned frequent sneezing ; bleeding from the nose ; 
 sweUing of the eyehds ; accumulations of mucus in the inner canthi 
 of the eyes; attempts to vomit, or real vomiting; accelerated and 
 diflQcult breathing; thumping or spasmodic contraction of the abdom- 
 inal muscles (flanks), and a pecuhar, faint, and hoarse voice in the last 
 stages of the disease. 
 
 The dui'ation of the disease varies according to the violence and 
 seat of the attack and the age and constitution of the patient. Where 
 the attack is violent, and its principal seat is located in one of the 
 vital organs — such as the heart — the disease frequently terminates 
 fatally in a few days, and sometimes even within twenty-four houi's; 
 but when the attack is of a mild character, and the heart is not seri- 
 ously affected, and the animal is naturally strong and vigorous, one or 
 two weeks usually intervene before death ensues. If the termination 
 is not fatal, convalesence requires an equal and not xmfrequently a 
 much longer time. A perfect recovery seldom occurs; in most cases 
 some lasting disorder remains behind and more or less interferes with 
 the growth and fattening of the animal. Those that do recover make 
 but very poor returns for the food consumed ; hence from a pecuniary 
 standpoint it makes but httle difference to the owner whether the ani- 
 mal recovers or not. The attack is always more violent and fatal 
 when large numbers of animals are closely confined together in small 
 and dirty inclosures or in illy ventilated and filthy pens. 
 
 The disease can have its seat in many different organs or parts of 
 the body, and therefore produces a great variety of morbid changes. 
 This accounts for its different aspect in different animals. In some 
 cases the principal seat of the disease may be in the organs of respira- 
 tion and circulation, and in others in the intestinal canal and organs 
 of digestion. Death may therefore be the result of different causes 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAODK. 52'J 
 
 in different cases. In some cases it results from a cessation of the 
 fmictions of the heart, the lungs, (fee, and in others it is in conse- 
 quence of the inabihty of entirely different organs to perform their 
 allotted functions. This being the case, the post-mortem appearances 
 would necessarily greatly vary, but in all animals similarly affected the 
 lesions and morbid changes were found identical. 
 
 Perhaps the most important point to be determined by this inves- 
 tigation was the contagious or non-contagious character of the disease. 
 In order to do this a series of experiments were instituted and con- 
 ducted solely with this end in view, by Dr. Detmers, of Ilhnois. These 
 experiments resulted in determining the fact that the disease is both 
 infectious and contagious, and that it is not confined alone to swine, 
 but that other animals may contract it in a mild form and retransmit 
 it to swine in its most virulent and mahgnant character. 
 
 On the 6th day of September, Dr. Detmers fed a portion of the 
 stomach, the cascum, and the spleen of a pig that had died on that day 
 to two healthy pigs. On the 19th of the same month they showed 
 signs of illness, and the symptoms continued to grow in intensity until 
 the 23d, when, finding that the animal must die in a few hours, one of 
 them was kQled by bleeding. The other pig was found dead in the 
 pen on the morning of September 30. The symptoms and post-mortem 
 appearances were those of swine-plague, as they revealed the same 
 lesions as those observed in an examination of the pig from which the 
 diseased products had been taken for the purpose of infection. On 
 the 24th of September, the day following the death of the first pig, a 
 healthy pig of mixed Poland-China and Berkshire was confined in the 
 same pen with the sick pig that died on the 30th of that month. It 
 showed no signs of sickness imtil the 2d day of October, when the first 
 symptoms of the disease were observed. It continued to grow rapidly 
 worse, and was found dead in its pen on the morning of the 11th, nine 
 days after the first symptoms were observed. 
 
 Experiments were made with a large number of other animals to 
 test the infectious and contagious character of the plague. These 
 experiments included the confinement of healthy with sick animals, 
 and the inoculation of healthy animals with the diseased products of 
 
630 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 those suffering with the fever. In almost every case, as wiU be seen 
 from his detailed report, Dr. Detmers was successful in transmitting 
 the disease from sick to healthy animals. 
 
 The microscopic investigations of Dr. Detmers also revealed some 
 important facts. His discovery of a new order of bacteria or bacillus, 
 or minute germs, which he names bacillus sjiis, as it is common only 
 to this disease of swine, and his failure to inoculate healthy animals 
 with virus from which these germs had been removed by filtration 
 and otherwise, would lead to the conclusion that these microphytes 
 are the the true seeds of the hog fever. 
 
 Dr. Detmers invariably found these germs, in one form or another, 
 in all fluids. So constantly were they observe, in the blood, urine, 
 mucus, fluid exudations, &c., and in the excrements and in all morbidly 
 affected tissues of diseased animals, that he regards them as the true 
 infectious principle. They would seem to undergo several changes, 
 and to require a certain length of time for fui-ther propagation ; there- 
 fore, if introduced into the animal organism, a period of incubation or 
 colonization must elapse before the morbid symptoms make their 
 appearance. These germs were generally found in immense numbers 
 in the fluids, but more especially in the blood and in the exudations 
 of the diseased animals. With the proper temperature and the pres- 
 ence of a sufficient amount of oxygen they soon develop and grow 
 lengthwise by a kind of budding process. A globular germ, constantly 
 observed under the microscope, budded and grew under a temperature 
 of 70° F. twice the original length in exactly two hours, and changed 
 gradually to rod-bacteria or bacilli. Under favorable circumstances 
 these bacilli continue to grow in length until, when magnified 850 
 diameters, they appear from one to six inches long. A knee or angle 
 is first formed where a separation is to take place, and then a complete 
 separation is effected by a & winging motion of both ends. After the 
 division, which requires, but a minute or two after this swinging 
 motion commences, the ends thus separated move apart in different 
 directions. These long bacteria seem pregnant with new germs; their 
 external envelope disappears or is dissolved, and then the numerous 
 bacillus germs become free, and in this way effect propagation. Some 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 531 
 
 of the baccilli or rod-bacteria move very rapidly, while others are 
 apparently motionless. A certain degree of heat would seem to be 
 necessary for their propagation, as, under the microscope, the motion 
 increases and becomes more hvely if the rays of the hght, thrown 
 upon the sKde by the mirror, are sufficiently concentrated to increase 
 the temperature of the object. Another change observed by Dr. Det- 
 mers, but the cause of which he was not able to determine, was 
 observed in the fact that the globular bacteria or bacillus germs com- 
 mence to bud or grow, when, very suddenly, their further develop- 
 ment ceases, and partially developed bacilli and simple and budding 
 germs congregate to colonies, agglutinate to each other, and form 
 longer or smaller irregularly-shaped and apparently viscous chisters. 
 These clusters are frequently found in the blood and in other fluids, 
 and invariably in the exudations of the lungs; and in the lymphatic 
 glands in pulmonal exudation and in blood serum this formation can 
 be observed under the microscope if the object remains unchanged for 
 an hour or two. In the ulcerous tumors on the intestinal mucous 
 membrane but few of these clusters will be found, but the fully devel- 
 oped bacilli many of which appear very hvely, are always exceedingly 
 numerous. These tumors or morbid growths in the intestines seem to 
 a£ford the most favorable conditions for the growth and development 
 of the bacilli and their germs. The presence of such immense num- 
 bers of these microphytes and their germs in the excrements and other 
 morbid products of swine, leads Dr. Detmers to regard tliein, beyond 
 doubt, as the principal disseminators of the plague. Whether these 
 viscous clusters are instrumental in bringing aboiit the extensive em- 
 bolism of the lungs and other tissues by merely closing the capillary 
 vessels in a mechanical way, or whether the presence, growth, develop- 
 ment, and propagation of the bacilli and their germs produce pecuhar 
 chemical changes in the composition of tlie blood, thereby disquahfying 
 it from passing with facihty through the capillaries, or which cause a 
 clotting and retention of the capillary system. Dr. Detmers is not able 
 positively to decide. He is of the opinion, however, that these viscous 
 clusters of bacillus germs and partially developed bacilli cause suffi- 
 cient obstruction of the capillaries to produce fatal embohsm. 
 
532 INVESTIGATION OP SWINE PLAGUB. 
 
 The vitality of the bacilli and bacillus-germs is not very great, 
 except where preserved in a substance or fluid not easily subject to 
 decomposition; for instance, in water which contains a slight admix- 
 ture of organic substances. Where contained in such a fluid and pre- 
 served in a vial with a glass stopper, they will remain for at least five 
 or six weeks in nearly the same condition, or develop very slowly, 
 according to the amount of oxygen and degree of temperature main- 
 tained. In an open vessel the development is a more rapid one. If 
 oxygen is excluded, or the amount available is exhausted, no further 
 change takes place. In the water of streamlets, brooks, ditches, 
 ponds, etc., their vitahty is retained or preserved for some time. In 
 fluids and substances subject to putrefaction, they lose their vitahty 
 and are destroyed in a comparatively brief period ; at least they disap- 
 pear as soon as those fluids and substances undergo decomposition. 
 In the blood they disappear as soon as the blood-corpuscles commence 
 to decompose or putrefy. They are also destroyed if brought in con- 
 tact with, or acted upon by alcohol, carbohc acid, thymol, iodine, etc. 
 The destruction of these germs by decomposition would seem to 
 account for the harmless nature of thoroughly putrid products when 
 consumed by healthy animals. 
 
 Dr. Law also discovered bacteria in the blood of pigs suffering 
 with the disease, and in one case, on the second day before death, he 
 found the blood swarming with them, all showing very active move- 
 ments. The blood from another pig, which had been inoculated from 
 this one, showed the same Hving, actively-moving germs in equal 
 quantity. They were further found in the blood of a rabbit and of a 
 sheep inoculated from the first-mentioned pig. In an abscess of a 
 puppy, which had also been inoculated, the germs were abundant. In 
 the examination of blood from healthy pigs, the microscope failed to 
 reveal the presence of these organisms. Dr. Law states that in his 
 experiments the greatest precautions were taken to avoid the introduc- 
 tion of extraneous germs. The caustic potash employed was first 
 fused, then placed with reboiled distilled water in a stoppered bottle 
 which had been heated to red heat. The glass shdes and cover glasses 
 were cleaned and burned, the skin of the animal cleaned and incised 
 
INTESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 533 
 
 with a knife that had just been heated in the flame of a lamp. The 
 caustic solution and the distilled water for the immersion-lens 
 were reboiled on each occasion before using, and finally the glass 
 rods employed to Uft the latter were superheated before being dipped 
 in them. On different occasions, when the animal was being killed, 
 the blood from the flowing vessels was received beneath the skin inte 
 a capillary tube which had just been purified by burning in the flame 
 of a lamp. With these precautions Dr. Law thinks it might have 
 been possible for one or two bacteria to get in from the atmosphere, 
 but this would not account for the swarms found as soon as the blood 
 was placed under the microscape. 
 
 The most scrupulous care was observed by Dr. Law in his experi- 
 ments in inoculation. The isolated and non-infected locaUty where 
 the experiments were conducted offered special advantages for a series 
 of experiments of this character, as there were no large herds of dis- 
 eased and exposed swine, and, consequently, no danger of accidental 
 infection from other sources than the experimental pens. The num- 
 ber of animals subjected to experiment was limited by the necessity 
 for the most perfect isolation of the healthy and diseased, for the 
 employment of separate attendants for each, and for the disinfection 
 of instruments used for scientific observations, and of the persons 
 and clothes of those necessarily in attendance. The experimental 
 pens were constructed on high ground in an open field, with nothing 
 to impede the free circulation of air. They were large and roomy, 
 with abundant ventilation from back and front, with perfectly close 
 waUs, floors, and roofs, and in cases where two or more existed in the 
 same buUding, the intervening walls were constructed of a double 
 thickness of matched boards) with building pasteboard between, so 
 that no communication could possibly take place except through the 
 open air of the fields. When deemed necessary, disinfectants were 
 placed at the ventilating orifices. On showing the first signs of ill- 
 ness, infected pigs were at once turned over to the care of attendants 
 delegated to take charge of these alone. The food, utensils, &o., for 
 the healthy and diseased animals were kept most carefully apart. 
 When passing from one to the other for scientific observations, tha 
 
 61 
 
534 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 healthy were first attended, and afterward the diseased, as far as pos- 
 sible in the order of severity. Disinfection was then resorted to, and 
 no visit was paid to the healthy pigs until after a lapse of six or eight 
 hours, with free exposure to the air in tlie interval. In the pens the 
 most scrupulous cleanliness was maintained, and deodorizing agents 
 used in sufficient quantities to keep them perfectly sweet. 
 
 The experiments of Dr. Law have shown the period of incubation 
 to vary greatly, though in a majority of cases it terminated in from 
 three to seven days after inoculation. One animal sickened and died 
 on the first day, three on the third, two on the fourth, one on the fifth; 
 two on the sixth, four on the seventh, and one each on the eighth and 
 thirteenth days respectively. Referring to experiments of others for 
 determining the period of incubation. Dr. Law says that Dr. Sutton, 
 observing the result of contact alone in autumn, sets the period at 
 from thii'teen to fourteen days ; his own observations in Scotland, in 
 summer, indicated from seven to fourteen days; Professor Axe, in 
 summer, in London, concluded on from five to eight days; Dr. Budd, 
 in summer, from four to five days; and Professor Osier, in autumn, at 
 from four to six days. Dr. Detmers gives the period of incubation 
 from five to fifteen days, or an average of seven days. A comparison 
 of these results would seem to indicate that both extremes have been 
 reached. 
 
 In experimenting in this direction. Dr. Law first sought to ascer- 
 tain the tenacity of life of the dried virus. Some years ago Professor 
 Axe had successfully inociilated a pig with virus that had remained 
 dried upon ivory points for twenty-six days. In order to carry this 
 experiment still further, Dr. Law inoculated three pigs with virulent 
 products that had been dried on quills for one day, one with virus 
 di"ied on a quill for four days, one for five days, and one for six days. 
 These quills had been sent from North Carolina and New Jersey, 
 wrapped in a simple paper covering, and were in no way specially pro- 
 tected against the action of the air. Of the six inoculations, four 
 took effect. In the two exceptional cases the quiUs had been treated 
 with disinfectants before inoculation, so that the failure was antici- 
 pated. 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 535 
 
 Three pigs were inoculated with diseased intestine which had been 
 dried for three and four days respectively. The intestine was dried in 
 the free air and sun, and the process was necessarily slower than in the 
 case of the quills, where the virus was in a very thin layer, hence there 
 was more time allowed for septic changes. In all three cases the in- 
 oculation proved successful. This experiment would prove that the 
 morbid products, even in comparatively thick layers, may dry sponta- 
 neously, and retain their vitahty sufficiently to transmit the disease to 
 the most distant States. 
 
 Another pig was' inoculated with a portion of moist diseased intes- 
 tine sent from Illinois in a closely-corlied bottle. The material liad 
 ' been three days from the pig, and smelt shghtly putrid. The diseabe 
 developed on the sixth day. A second pig was inoculated with blood 
 from a diseased pig that had been kept for eleven days at 100° F. in iin 
 isolated apparatus, the outlets of which were plugged with cotton 
 wool. Illness supervened in twenty-four hours. 
 
 A sohtary experiment of Dr. Klein's having appeared to support the 
 idea that the blood was non-virulent, Dr. Law tested the matter by 
 inoculating two pigs with the blood of one that had been sick for niL© 
 days. They sickened on the seventh and eighth days respectively, and 
 from one of these the disease was still further propagated by inocula- 
 ting with the blood three other animals. Notwithstanding the success 
 of these three experiments, Dr. Law is stiU doubtful of the blood be- 
 ing virulent at all stages of the disease. 
 
 But one or two experiments were instituted by Dr. Law to test the 
 question of infection through the air alone. A healthy pig placed in a 
 pen between two infected ones, and with the ventilating orifices witLin 
 a foot of eacli other, front and back, had an elevated temperature on 
 the ninth, tenth, and eleventh days, with lameness in the right 
 shoulder, evidently of a rheumatic character. On the twenty-fourth 
 day the temperature rose two degrees, and remained 104° F. and up- 
 ward for six days, when it slowly dechned to the natural standard. 
 
 A healthy pig was placed in a pen from which a sick one had been 
 removed thirteen days before. The pen had been simply swept out, 
 but subjected to no other disinfection other than the tree circulation 
 
636 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAQtJB 
 
 of air, and as the pig was placed in the pen on December 19, all moist 
 objects had been frozen dm-ing the time the apartment bad stood 
 empty. The pig died on the fifteenth day, without having shown any 
 rise of temperature, but with post-mortem lesions that showed the 
 operation of the poison. Dr. Law refers to this case as an example of 
 the rapidly fatal action of the disease, the poison having fallen with 
 prostrating effect on vital organs — the lungs and brain — and cut hfe 
 short before there was time for the full development of all the other 
 lesions. It fully demonstrates the preservation of the poison in a cov- 
 ered building at a temperature below the freezing point. 
 
 Perhaps the most important experiments conducted by Dr. Law 
 were those relating to the inoculation of other animals than swine 
 with the vii'us and morbid products of pigs suffering with the plague, 
 and the transmission of the disease from these animals back to healthy 
 hogs. A merino wether, a tame rabbit, and a Newfoundland puppy 
 were inoculated with blood and pleural fluid containing numerous 
 actively moving bacteria, taken fi'om the right ventricle and pleurae of 
 a pig that had died of the fever the same morning. Next day the tem- 
 perature of all three was elevated. In the puppy it became normal on 
 the third day, but on the eighth day a large abscess formed in the seat 
 of inoculation and burst. The rabbit had elevated temperature for 
 eight days, lost appetite, became weak and purged, and its blood con- 
 tained myriads of the characteristic bacteria. The wether had his tem- 
 perature raised for an equal le-ngth of time, and had bacteria in his 
 blood, though not so abundantly as in that of the rabbit. The sheep 
 and rabbit had each been unsuccessfully inocidated on two former oc- 
 casions with the blood of siok pigs, in which no moving bacteria had 
 been detected. Subsequently, after two inoculations with, questiona- 
 ble results, made with the blood of sick pigs in which no microzymes 
 had been observed. Dr. Law succeeded in inoculating a rabbit with 
 the pleural effusion of a pig that had died the night before, and in 
 which were numerous actively moving bacteria. Next day the rabbit 
 was very feverish and quite ill, and continued so for twenty-two days, 
 when it was killed and showed lesions in many respects resembling 
 those of the sick pigs. The blood of the rabbit contained active 
 
INVESTIGATION OP SWINE PLAGUB. 537 
 
 microzymes like those of the pig. On the fourth day of sickness the 
 blood of the rabbit containing bacteria was inoculated on a healthy 
 pig, but for fifteen days the pig showed no signs of illness. It was 
 then reinoculated, but this time with the discharge from an open sore 
 which had formed over an engorgement in the groin of the rabbit, 
 niness set in on the thii-d day thereafter and continued for ten days, 
 when the pig was destroyed and found to present the lesions of the 
 disease in a moderate degree. A second pig, inoculated with frozen 
 matter which had been taken from the open sore on the rabbit's groin, 
 sickened on the thirteenth day thereafter, and remained ill for six 
 days, when an imminent death was anticipated by destroying the ani- 
 mal. During life and after death it presented the phenomena of the 
 plague in a very violent form. 
 
 The results of these experiments have convinced Dr. Law, as they 
 must convince others, that the rabbit is itself a victim of this disease, 
 and that the poison can be reproduced and multiplied in the body 
 of this rodent and conveyed back with undiminished virulence to the 
 pig. Dr. Klein had previously demonstrated the susceptibihty of mice 
 and guinea pigs to the disease. The rabbit, and still more the mouse, 
 is a frequent visitor of hog pens and yards. The latter eats from the 
 same feeding troughs with the pig, hides under the same htter, and 
 runs constant risk of infection. Once infected they may carry the 
 disease to long distances. During the progress of severe attacks of 
 the disease, their weakness and inabihty to escape will make them an 
 easy prey to the omnivorous hog ; and thus sick and dead alike will be 
 devoured by the doomed swine. 
 
 Dr. Law says that the infection of these rodents creates the strong- 
 est presumption that other genera of the same family may also con- 
 tract the disease, and by virtue of an even closer relation to the pigs, 
 may succeed in conveying the malady to distant herds. The rat is 
 suggested as being almost ubiquitous in piggeries, and more hkely than 
 any other rodent to contract and transmit the disease to distant farms. 
 In order to test its susceptibihty to the poison. Dr. Law inoculated a 
 rat with the virus from a sick pig, but unfortunately the subject died 
 on the second day thereafter. The body showed shght suspicious lea- 
 
638 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 ions, such as congested lungs with considerable interlobular exuda- 
 rion, congested small intestines, dried-up contents of the large intes- 
 tines, and sanguineus discoloration of the tail from the seat of inocu- 
 lation to the tip. With the fresh congested small intestine of the rat 
 he inoculated one pig, and \^^th the frozen intestine one day later he 
 inoculated a second. The first showed no rise of temperature, loss of 
 appetite, or digestive disorder; but on the sixth day pink and violet 
 eruptions, the size of a pin's head and upwards, appeared on the teats 
 and belly; and on the tenth day there was a manifest enlargement of 
 the inguinal glands. In the second pig inoculated, the symptoms were 
 too obscure to be of any real value. Dr. Law will continue his ex- 
 periments with this rodent. 
 
 In addition to the above. Dr. Law experimented on two sheep of 
 different ages, an adult merino wether and a cross-breed lamb, and in 
 both cases succeeded in transmitting the disease. With the mucus 
 from the anus of the wether he inoculated a healthy pig, which showed 
 a shght elevation of temperature for five days, but without any other 
 marked sjnnptoms of illness. Eleven days later it was reinoculated 
 with scab from the ear of the lamb, and again three days later with 
 anal mucus from the sheep. The day preceding the last inoculation it 
 was noticed that the inguinal glands were much enlarged, and in six 
 days thereafter the temperature was elevated and purple spots appeared 
 on the belly. At the time that Dr. Law closed his report this fever 
 had lasted but a few days, but he regards the symptoms, taken in con- 
 nection with the violent rash and the enlarged lymphatic glands, as 
 satisfactory evidence of the presence of the disease. It can, there- 
 fore, be affirmed of the sheep as of the rabbit, that not only is it sub- 
 ject to this disease, but that it can multiply the poison in its system 
 and transmit it back to the pig. 
 
 Among the later experiments by Dr. Law was one inaugurated 
 with the view of testing the vitahty of frozen products of the disease. 
 This point was briefly alluded to above, but its importance would seem 
 to call for further attention. In two cases healthy pigs were inoculated 
 with virulent products which had been frozen hard for one and two 
 days respectively. In both instances the resulting disease was of a 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. ,5oy 
 
 very violent type, and would have proved fatal had it been left to run 
 its course. The freezing had failed to impair the virulence of the pro- 
 duct; on the contrary, it had only sealed it up to be opened and given 
 free course on the recurrence of warm weather. Once frozen no 
 change could take place until it was again thawed out, and if it was 
 preserved for one night unchanged in its potency, it would he equally 
 unaffected after the lapse of many months, provided its hquids had 
 remained in the same crystalline condition throughout. It is in this 
 way, no doubt, that the virus is often preserved through the winter in 
 pens and yards, as well as in cars and other conveyances, to break out 
 anew on returning spring. The importance of this discovery, as ap- 
 phed to preventive measures, cannot be over-estimated. Infected 
 jards and other open and uncovered places may not be considered safe 
 until after two months' vacation in summer, and not then if sufficient 
 rain has not fallen during the interval to insure the soaking and putrid 
 decomposition of all organic matter near the surface. This will be 
 made more apparent by reference to an experiment which resulted in 
 the successful inoculation of pigs with virus that had been kept for a 
 month in dry wheat bran. In winter, on the other hand, the yard or 
 other open and infected place may prove non-infecting for weeks and 
 even months and yet retain the virus in readiness for a new and deadly 
 course as soon as mild weather sets in. Safety under such cii'cum- 
 stances is contingent on a disuse of the premises so long as the frost 
 continues, and for at least one month or more thereafter. Even dur- 
 ing the continuance of frost such places are dangerous, as the heat of 
 the animal's body or of the rays of the sun at midday may suflSce to 
 set the virus free. 
 
 Several of the examiners treat at length of hygienic and sanitary 
 measures, and the attention of the reader is directed to a detailed re- 
 port of Dr. Detmers, which will be found below. 
 
 MEASUBES OF PREVENTION. 
 
 As swine-plague is a contagious or infectious disease, which 
 epreads everywhere by means of direct and indirect infection, and as 
 a spontaneous development is problematic, or has not yet been proven, 
 
540 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 the principal means of prevention must consist in preventing a dis- 
 semination of the contagious or infectious principle, and in an imme- 
 diate, prompt, and thorough destruction of the same vrherever it may 
 be found. To prevent successfully a dissemination of the contagion 
 and to secure a prompt destruction of the same, Congressional legisla- 
 tion will be necessary. State legislation, for reasons to be mentioned 
 hereafter, will never be sufficiently effective. As it is, the contagion 
 or the infectious principle is, and has been, disseminated through the 
 whole country in a wholesale manner. 
 
 If any transportation of, or traffic in, diseased and dead swine is 
 effectually prohibited by proper laws, a spreading of the swine-plague 
 on a large scale will be impossible, and its ravages will remain limited 
 to locahties where the disease-germs have not been destroyed, and 
 been preserved till the same find sufficient food again. In order to 
 prevent such a local spreading, two remedies may be resorted to. The 
 one is a radical one, and consists in destroying every sick hog or pig 
 immediately wherever the disease makes its appearance, and in disin- 
 fecting the infected premises by such means as are the most effective 
 and the most practicable. If this is done, and if healthy hogs are 
 kept away fi-om such a locality, say for one month after the diseased 
 animals have been destroyed, and the sties, pens, &c., disinfected with 
 chloride of hme or carboUc acid, and the yards plowed, &c., the dis- 
 ease will be stamped out. I know that this is a violent way of deal- 
 ing with the plague, but in the end it may prove to be by far the cheap- 
 est. The other remedy is more of a palliative character, and may be 
 substituted if swine-plague, as is now the case, is prevaihng almost 
 everywhere, or in cases in which the radical measures are considered 
 as too severe and too sweeping. It consists in a perfect isolation of 
 eveiy diseased herd, not only during the actual existence of the plague 
 but for some time, say one month, after the occurrence of the last 
 case of sickness, and after the sties and pens have been thoroughly 
 cleaned and disinfected with carbohc acid or other disinfectants of 
 equal efficiency, and the yards, &c., plowed. Old straw-stack, &c., 
 must be burned, or rapidly converted into manure. It is also very 
 essential that diseased anijHals are not allowed any access to running 
 
INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAQUE. 541 
 
 water, streamlets, or creeks accessible to other healthy swine. Those 
 healthy hogs and pigs which are within the possible influence of the 
 contagious or infectious principle, perhaps on the same farm or ux the 
 immediate neighborhood of a diseased herd, must be protected by 
 special means. For these, I think, it will be best to make movable 
 pens, say eight feet square, of common fence-boards (eleven fence- 
 boards will make a pen) ; put two animals in each pen ; place the lat- 
 ter, if possible, on high and dry ground, but by no means in an old 
 hog-lot, on a manui-e-heap, or near a slough, and move each pen every 
 noon to a new place, until after all danger has passed. If this is done 
 the animals will not be compelled to eat their food soiled with excre- 
 ments, and as dry earth is a good disinfectant, an infection, very 
 hkely, will not take place. Beside this, the troughs must always be 
 cleaned before water or food is put in, and the water for drinking must 
 be fresh and pure, or be dravsTi from a good well immediately before it 
 is poured into the troughs. Water from ponds, or that which has 
 been exposed in any way or maimer to a contamination with the in- 
 fectious principle, must not be used. If all this is complied with, and 
 the disease notwithstanding should make its appearance and attack 
 one or another of the animals thus kept, very Ukely it will remain con- 
 fined to that one pen. 
 
 If the hogs or pigs cannot be treated in that way, it vriU be advis- 
 able to keep every one shut up in its pen, or ia a bare yard, from sun- 
 down until the dew next morning has disappeared from the grass, and 
 to allow neither sick hogs nor pigs, nor other animals, or even persons, 
 who have been near or in contact with animals affected with swine- 
 plague, to come near the animals intended to be protected. That good 
 ventilation and general cleanliness constitute valuable auxihary meas- 
 ures of prevention may not need any mentioning. The worst thing 
 that possibly can be done, if swine-plague is prevaUing in the neigh- 
 borhood, is to shelter the hogs and pigs under or in an old straw stack 
 or hay stack, because nothing is more apt to absorb the contagious or 
 infectious principle, and to preserve it longer or more effectively than 
 old straw, hay, or manure-heaps composed mostly of hay or straw. It 
 ifl even probable that the contagion of swine-plague, hke that of some 
 
 62 
 
•542 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAOUB. 
 
 other contagious diseases, if absorbed by or clinging to old straw or 
 hay, &G., will remain effective and a source of spreading the disease 
 for months, and maybe for a year. 
 
 Therapeutically but little can be done to prevent an outbreak of 
 swine-plague. Where it is sufficient to destroy the infectious princi- 
 ple outside of the animal organism, carbohc acid is effective, and, 
 therefore, a good disinfectant ; but where the contagious or infectious 
 principle has already entered the animal organism its value is doubt- 
 ful. StUl, wherever there is cause to suspect that the food or the 
 water for drinking may have become contaminated with the contagion 
 of swine-plague, it will be advisable to give every morning and even- 
 ing some carbohc acid, say about ten drops for each animal weighing 
 from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds, in the 
 water for drinking ; and wherever there is reason to suspect that the 
 infectious principle may be floating in the air, it vsdll be advisable to 
 treat every wound or scratch a hog or pig may happen to have imme- 
 diately with diluted carbohc acid. During a time, or in a neighbor- 
 hood where swine.plague is prevailing, care should be taken neither to 
 ring nor to castrate any hog or pig, because every wound, no matter 
 how small, is apt to become a port of entry for the infectious princi- 
 ple, and the very smallest amount of the latter is sufficient to produce 
 the disease. 
 
 Still, all these minor measures and precautions will avail but httle 
 unless a dissemination of the infectious principle, or disease-germs, is 
 made impossible. 1. Any transportation of dead, sick, or infected 
 swine, and even of hogs or pigs that have been the least exposed to the 
 contagion, or may possibly constitute the bearers of the same, must 
 be eficetively prohibited. 2. Every one who loses a hog or pig by 
 swine-plague must be compelled by law to bury the same immediately, 
 or as soon as it is dead, at least four feet deep, or else to cremate the 
 carcass at once, so that the contagious or infectious principle may be 
 thoroughly destroyed, and not be carried by dogs, wolves, rats, crows, 
 &o,, to other places. 
 
 Another thing may yet be mentioned, which, if properly executed, 
 win at least aid very materially in preventing the disease ; that is, to 
 
INVESTIGAV iON OP BWINE PLAGUE. 543 
 
 give all food either in clean troughs, or if com in the ear is fed, to 
 throw it on a wooden platform which can be swept clean before each 
 feeding. 
 
 TREATMENT. 
 
 If the cause and the nature of the morbid process and the char- 
 acter and the importance of the morbid changes are taken into proper 
 consideration, it cannot be expected that a therapeutic treatment will 
 be of much avail in a fuUy developed case of swine-plague. " Specific " 
 remedies, such as are advertised in column advertisements in certain 
 newspapers, and warranted to be infaUible, or to cure every case, can 
 do no good whatever. They are a downright fraud, and serve only to 
 draw the money out of the pockets of the despairing farmer, who is 
 ready to catch at any straw. No cure has ever been found for gland- 
 ers, anthrax, and cattle-plague, diseases that have been known for 
 more than two thousand years, and that have been investigated again 
 and again by the most learned veterinarians and the best practitioners 
 of Europe, and yet there is to-day not even a prospect that a treat- 
 ment will ever be discovered to which those diseases, once fully de- 
 veloped, will yield. Neither is there any prospect or probabihty that 
 fully developed svdne-plague will ever yield to treatment. It is true 
 that the bacilli stds and their germs can be killed or destroyed if out- 
 side of the animal organism, or within reach on the surface of the ani- 
 mal's body. Almost any known disinfectant — carbohc acid, thymic 
 acid, chloride of hme, creosote, and a great many others — wiU destroy 
 them. But the bacilli and their germs are not on the surface of the 
 body, except in such parts of the skin and accessible mucous mem- 
 branes that may happen to have become affected by the morbid pro- 
 cess. They are inside of the organism, and not only in every part and 
 tissue morbidly affected, in every morbid product, and in every lym- 
 phatic gland. They are also in every drop of blood and in every par- 
 ticle of a drop of blood circulating in the whole organism. Who, I 
 would hke to ask, wiU have the audacity to assert that he is able to 
 destroy those bacilli and their germs without disturbing the economy 
 of the animal organism to such an extent as to cause the immediate 
 death of the animal? 
 
544 INVESTIGATION OF SWINE PLAGUE. 
 
 Still, I do not wish to say that a rational treatment can do no 
 good ; on the contrary, it may in many cases avert the worst and most 
 fatal morbid changes, and may thereby aid nature considerably in 
 effecting a recovery in all cases in which the disease presents itself in 
 mild form, and in which very dangerous or irreparable morbid changes 
 have not yet taken place. A good dietetical treatment, however, in- 
 cluding a strict observation of sanitary principles, is of much more 
 importance than the use of medicines. In the first place, the sick ani- 
 mals, if possible, should be kept one by one in separate pens. The 
 latter, if movable — movable ones, perhaps six to eight feet square and 
 without a floor, are preferable — ought to be moved once a day, at 
 noon, or after the dew has disappeared from the grass; if the pens are 
 not movable, they must be kept scrupulously clean, because a pig 
 affected with swine-plague has a vitiated appetite, and eats its own 
 excrements and those of others, and, as those excrements contain in- 
 numerable bacilli and their germs, will add thereby fuel to the flame; 
 in other words, will increase the extent and the malignancy of the 
 morbid process by introducing into the organism more and more of 
 the infectious principle. The food given ought to be clean, of the 
 very best quahty and easy of digestion, and the water for drinking 
 must be clean and fresh, be suppHed three times a day in a clean 
 trough, and be drawn each time, if possible, from a deep well. Water 
 from ponds and water that has been standing in open vessels, and that 
 may possibly have become contaminated with the infectious principle, 
 should not be used. If the diseased animal has any wounds or lesions, 
 they must be washed or dressed from one to three times a day with 
 diluted carboHo acid or other equally eSeotive disinfectants. 
 
THE 
 
 AMERICAN Sheep book 
 
 Modern Treatment of their Diseases, 
 
 History of the Different Breeds. 
 
 WRITTEN FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT, 
 
 The American Farmer and Breeder. 
 
 LIVE STOCK PUBLISHING COMPANY. 
 
 iniCVGO, ILL. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 CHAEACTEEISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTEE. 
 
 DIFFERENT BREEDS.— The Leicesters—Cotswolds—Lincolns— South Downs— Hampshire 
 Downs — Shropshire Downs — Oxfordshire Downs — Merinos of Wile Infantado and 
 Paular families — French Merinos — Soil and climate favorable to easii breed, etc. 
 
 DIFFERENT BREEDS. 
 
 SELECTING SHEEP FOR A FARM. 
 
 Where access to large and good city markets is rapid and cheap, 
 and especially on high-priced and high-tilled farms, where sheep are 
 kept in but limited numbers, as part of a system of convertible hus- 
 bandry, improved mutton sheep are the most profitable. In interior 
 situations, remote from such markets, the Merino or fine-woolled 
 sheep yield the best returns. 
 
 SOILS AND CLIMATE. 
 
 Mutton sheep, to develop their characteristic qualities success- 
 fully, require soils ranging from medium to first-class, and conse- 
 quently those yielding regular and good food. Some mutton breeds, 
 like the South Downs, thrive best on dry uplands, producing abundant 
 and nutritious but not rank vegetation. Others, like the Lincolns 
 65 
 
550 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 and Leicesters, prefer moist, rich, alluvial valleys, where the grasses 
 are abundant rather than dehcate. With the Merinos dryness ot soil 
 is indispensable. There may be swamps or other wet lands on their 
 ran^e to which they have free access, but they cannot be confined to 
 these without injury to their health. They will thrive on scantier 
 feed than any other of the improved mutton breeds, and may be 
 made to travel farther to obtain it. During the great scarcity of 
 grass in Texas, in the remarkably severe winter of 1860, Mr. Kendall's 
 large Merino flocks daily traveled four or five miles from their folds to 
 fill themselves with the dried and frozen herbage ; yet he lost scarcely 
 one per cent, of their number, and they reached the spring in fair 
 condition. 
 
 The mutton sheep are suflSciently hardy in temperate cKmates 
 where they receive due winter protection. The Merinos are capable 
 of enduring gref Ir extremes of temperature with comparative impu- 
 nity. 
 
 The improve i mutton breeds which have found most favor in the 
 United States aro of the long wool — the Leicesters, Cotswolds, and 
 New Oxf ordshires ; of the short and middle wools, the South Downs, 
 the Hampshire Downs, the Shropshire Downs, and the Oxfordshire 
 Downs. 
 
 THE LEICESTERS. 
 
 The Leicester sheep, under the most favorable circumstances for 
 their development, perhaps excel others in earhness of maturity, and 
 none make better returns for the amount of food consumed by them. 
 But they require better shelter, keep, and care, than any other variety. 
 The ewes are not so proUfic, nor so good nurses, as those of the other 
 mutton families; and their lambs, when first dropped, demand a good 
 deal of attention. The mutton is only medium in quality, and, owing 
 to its great amount of outside fat, is not generally sought to supply 
 American tables. In England, however, these sheep particularly meet 
 the wants of a large class of producers and customers, and have been 
 more extensively grown there than any of the large mutton varieties. 
 The wethers are marketed in England at from twelve to fifteen months 
 
COTSWuLDS AND LIXCOLNS. 551 
 
 old, and weigh from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty 
 pounds each. The fieeces are composed of a long combing wool, and 
 average from six to seven pounds each. In small, selected breeding 
 flocks in the United States, yearlings and wethers have yielded from 
 ten to fifteen pounds of wool, and breeding ewes eight pounds. 
 
 THE COTSWOLDS. 
 
 The Cotswolds are a larger, hardier, and more prolific sheep than 
 the preceding, and the ewes are better mothers. They furnish a val- 
 uable combing wool, and the average of fleeces in England is from 
 seven to eight pounds. Selected flocks produce considerably more 
 wool. ' The wethers, fattened at fourteen months old, in England, 
 weigh from fifteen to twenty-four pounds per quarter, and at two years 
 old from twenty to thirty pounds per quarter. They frequently are 
 made to weigh considerably more in this country. Their mutton is 
 superior to that of the Leicesters, the fat being less abundant, and 
 better mixed with lean meat. They are much used in crossing other 
 breeds and varieties. They impart more hardiness, with stronger 
 constitutions and better qualities as breeders, to the Leicesters, and 
 thicken them in the hind quarters. They give size, longer wool, and 
 more wool, to some of the short- wooled families. They are decidedly 
 favorite sheep with the breeders of long wools in the United States. 
 
 THE LINCOLNS. 
 
 The Lincom is as large as the Cotswold, though in other respects, 
 as now bred, very strongly resembling the Leicester. The head is 
 long, the face narrow and bare of wool, with white, fine hair and light 
 bluish tint, as in the Leicester. They stand rather higher on the leg 
 than the two varieties before mentioned, and the carcass is apt to be 
 less symmetrical; but the fleece is longer and heavier, and, though 
 not quite so fine as the Leicester, is unsurpassed in lustre, and there- 
 fore commands the best prices in the markets. It is difficult to 
 describe animals so as to enable a person to determine the pure bred 
 from the mongrel; indeed, the best judges are not always able to 
 detect the presence of a slight dash of inferior blood. 
 
552 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 THE SOUTH DOWNS. 
 
 The South Downs are the oldest estabhshed short-wooled im- 
 proved mutton variety. They are too well known to require particular 
 description. In prime American flocks wethers twenty or twenty-one 
 months old at Christmas, dress from seventy-five to one hundred 
 pounds weight. At two years old they. weigh from one hundred to 
 one hundred and twenty pounds each. Their fleeces average from 
 four to sis pounds, according to the keeping and breeding of the flock. 
 They are not as hardy as the unimproved South Downs, or as the 
 cross between the South Downs and some other short-wooled varie- 
 ties, but they still rank among hardy sheep ; and they are good work- 
 ers, being capable of traveling much further for their feed than any of 
 the long wools. Their mutton sells in England for three and a half 
 cents more per pound than Cotswold and Leicester, and half a cent 
 more than the other improved short-wooled families and their varie- 
 ties. They are prolific, and are excellent nurses. 
 
 THE HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. 
 
 This family is the result of a cross between the South Downs and 
 a long-wooled English variety of greater size and better constitution. 
 Some writers conjecture that they have also a slight infusion of Cots- 
 wold blood. They are coarser in appearance than the South Downs, 
 and their mutton sells half a cent less per pound in the market; but 
 they possess nearly all the good qualities of the former, and are 
 hardier. They are favorites in many parts of England, but have not 
 been introduced extensively into the United States. 
 
 THE SHROPSHIRE DOWNS, OR SHROPSHIRES. 
 
 These, like the preceding, have been produced by a South-Down 
 cross in a very hardy short-wooled stock ; and most of the flocks have 
 also a dip of the Leicester and Cotswold blood. They are nearly as 
 large as the last-named families ; and they promise to unite to an un- 
 common degree the good qualities of the short and long-wools, being 
 larger than the former and hardier and more easily kept than the 
 latter; while their mutton is of good quality, and the ewes are highly 
 prolific and are excellent mothers. Superior specimens of them are 
 found in the United States and Canada. 
 
OXFORDSHIRE DOWNS AND MERINOS. 553 
 
 THE OXFOEDSHIEE DOWNS. 
 
 This comparatively modern family is of a cross between the 
 Hampshire Downs or the South Downs and the Cotswolds, and the 
 statement above made in respect to the Shropshires will apply equally 
 well to them, though the two families vary in appearance and in 
 several of their minor qualities. The Oxfordshire Downs have been 
 tested on rough, rocky, briery pastures in Massachussetts, and have 
 given great satisfaction, as hardy, easily kept mutton sheep. 
 
 MERINO SHEEP. 
 
 The original importation of Merino sheep into the United States 
 from Spain included all the most prominent cabanas of that country. 
 But, as a general thing, the different families, even when preserved 
 pure from foreign admixtures, were crossed promiscously with each 
 other. The Saxon, French, and Silesian Merinos were of later 
 importation. 
 
 Of the the original Spanish stock, but two are now represented 
 by distinct families — namely, the Infantado and the Paular. 
 
 THE IMPROVED INFANTADOS. 
 
 These sheep, originally imported by Colonel David Humphreys, 
 of Connecticut, have been preserved pure to the present day. They 
 are a fourth, if not a third, heavier than their Spanish ancestors, and 
 are the largest family of American Merinos. Full-grown ewes, in 
 their prime, weigh about one hundred pounds, and some of them one 
 hundred and twenty and one hundred and thirty pounds. They are 
 much rounder in the rib, broader, fuller in the quarters, shorter 
 proportionably in the limbs, and stronger in the bone than were the 
 Spanish sheep. They are indeed models of compactness and of 
 beauty when judged by fine-wool standards. Their hardiness in 
 respect to locomotion, or, in other words, their ability to travel, is 
 not probably as great as it was sixty years ago; for, having no neces- 
 ity to drive his sheep eight hundred miles a year, as did the Spaniards, 
 the American breeder, in the place of the useless abihty to travel, has 
 developed those quahties which increase aptitude to take on flesh and 
 
554 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS BREEDS. 
 
 produce wool. The Improved American Infantados appear to be 
 quite as hardy in other particulars as their ancestors — are more 
 prolific, better nurses, and when properly fed, resist other vicissitudes 
 equally well, and endure cold even better ; but they probably demand 
 better keeping. They will thrive, however, where none of the mutton 
 breeds above described would find sufficient subsistence. Choice 
 Infantado flocks with the usual number of sheep of different ages, 
 yield from nine to ten pounds of wool per head. The fleece is longer, 
 thicker, and covers the different parts of the animal far better than it 
 did on the Spanish sheep. The quality is probably as good. 
 
 THE IMPROVED PAULABS. 
 
 The Improved American Paulars bear the same relation, in several 
 particulars, to the breeding, that Devons do to the Short Horns 
 among cattle, they are smaller, consume less feed, and perhaps can 
 better endure deprivations of it. Accordingly they are the sheep for 
 cold, meagre soils; for the scanty herbage of mountain districts, and 
 for plains subject to periodical droughts. They have about the same 
 general improved points of form as the Infantados, but are shorter 
 bodied. As breeders and nurses they are equal. Their fleeces are of 
 equal quality, but are a pound or two lighter to the head. For that 
 reason, and on account of the greater size of the former, there is, at 
 the present time, a prevailing inclination to cross the Paular flocks 
 with Infantado rams. This produces an admirable result for the 
 wants of many farmers; but it would be very unfortunate if the 
 present mania for great fleeces should lead to the loss, in its 
 essential family purity, of a class of sheep so well adapted to extensive 
 regions of our country. 
 
 THE FRENCH MERINOS. 
 
 The Merinos imported into the United States from France were 
 generally the largest that could be procured in that country, and they 
 were from twenty-five to fifty per cent, larger than the present 
 American Merinos. The best of them were well formed for animals 
 grown so far beyond the natural dimensions of their breed, and they 
 had a fair degree of compactness. They were also profusely wooled, 
 but none carried as much wool for their weight as the choice Ameri- 
 
MERINOS AND SILESIANS. 557 
 
 can Merinos. Their wool was of good medium quality and quite even 
 on the carcass. A much larger number of them than the preceding 
 were gaunt, flat-ribbed, unthrifty animals, great consumers and hard 
 keepers. Their fleeces were very uneven. Everything goes to show 
 that these were mongrel sheep, grades between Merinos and some 
 large, coarse-wooled variety. The best French Merinos, placed under 
 a system of keeping resembling that of France, or treated as the 
 careful growers of the improved mutton breeds treat their sheep, 
 would undoubtedly be profitable in the United States; but such a 
 system does not accord with the habits or traditions of American 
 wool-growers, and the French Merinos, treated like our American 
 Merino sheep, are wholly incapable of sustaining themselves. They 
 lack ability to withstand either exposure to the weather or short keep. 
 Accordingly, though but little more than thirty years have passed 
 since their introduction among us, the full bloods are now nearly 
 as much out of favor in the northern and eastern states as the 
 condemned Saxons. A quarter of their blood, however, mixed with 
 the American Merinos makes a large sheep, which is a favorite with 
 many farmers. The cross between the French ewe and the American 
 ram, after being continued for several generations, ought, with 
 properly selected animals, to produce a striking result; and probably 
 that result will yet be witnessed. 
 
 SILESIANS. 
 
 The sheep called Silesians in this country were produced in Silesia 
 by breeding one hundred Spanish Infantado ewes to four Negretti 
 rams, and their descendants together from 1811 down to the present 
 day. They are evenly and beautifully wooled, and carry a good 
 weight of it considering its superior quality. They are larger than 
 any American family of Merinos, and they are also longer in the legs 
 and longer and thinner in the neck, in proportion to size. They are, 
 throughout, a less compact animal. Their hardness has not, so far 
 as the writer is informed, b^en tested under the ordinary systems of 
 management in our country. Their merits as competitors with 
 the American Merinos will be better understood when such a test is 
 made. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER. 
 
 SPRING MANAGEMENT.— Turning out to grass — Lambing — Management of new bom 
 Lambs — Chilled Lambs — Constipation and Diarrhoea — Cutting Teeth— Swelled Neck 
 and Rheumatism — Treatment of Ewes after Lambing — Garget — Disowning Lambs — 
 Docking and Castrating Lambs. 
 
 SUMMER MANAGEMENT.— Time and Mode of Washing— Cutting Hoofs — Shearing and 
 Doing up Wool — Catching Skeep — Storms after Shearing — Ticks, Maggots, etc. — 
 Feeding, etc. 
 
 FALL MANAGEMENT.— Weaning and Fall Feeding of Lambs — Feeding Breeding Ewes 
 — Coupling and Gestation — Dividing Flocks. 
 
 WINTER MANAGEMENT.— Shelter— Confining to Yards— Water, Salt, and Food. 
 
 SPRING MANAGEMENT OP SHEEP. 
 
 TURNING OUT TO GRASS. 
 
 Sheep confined on dry feed in the winter should be put upon 
 grass in the spring gradually, that is, but for an hour or two a day at 
 first, to prevent scouring or diarrhoea. To save wool and add to the 
 health and comfort of sheep, they should be tagged before they are 
 turned out to grass in the spring. This is performed by cutting away 
 the wool around the vent and from the inside of the thighs. Sheep, 
 
MANAGEMENT OF LAMBING, 559 
 
 and especially ewes which have not lambed, should . be handled 
 carefully, and laid on their sides while the oi^eration is performed. 
 All dry burs which attach to wool should be exterminated from the 
 pastures before the sheep are turned on them in the spring. 
 
 LAMBING. 
 
 Lambs should be allowed to come as early as the weather will 
 permit with reasonable safety, for it is better to lose two in the spring 
 than one the next winter. Ewes should have sheltered places to 
 lamb in, which can be closed up and made warm in cold nights. 
 Mechanical assistance ought not be given, in case of difficult parturi- 
 tion, until a considerable period has elapsed, and until the ewe begins 
 to exhibit signs of failing strength. It should then be rendered with 
 great caution and gentleness; and if the ewe continues her throes, 
 the lamb should be pulled only during the throes. If the ewe 
 becomes very weak before or after lambing, a gill of sound ale will be 
 of benefit to her. If the womb is inverted, cleanse it, if dirty, with 
 tepid water, then wash it with a solution of alum or a decoction of 
 oak bark, and gently return it. If again protruded, return it in the 
 the same way and take a single stitch with twine through the lips of 
 the vagina, tying it loosely enough to permit the passage of urine. If 
 this does not suffice, tie a waxed cord round the womb close to the 
 breech, and let it slough off. 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF NEW-BOEN LAMBS. 
 
 If a lamb can help itself, never interfere with it. If it is weak, 
 hold it on its feet and let it suck. Rubbing it on the rump, loins, etc., 
 with a finger is mistaken by it for the licking of its dam, and greatly 
 encourages its efforts. For those cases where the dam has no 
 immediate supply of milk, the sucking bottle should be in readiness, 
 with an artificial India-rubber nipple on it ; this article is now made 
 and sold expressly for the purpose. The milk of a new milch cow is 
 alone suitable, and should be given at its natural temperature. If a 
 lamb is found soon after it is dropped, let it suck as much as it will, 
 and four or five times again during the day and evening. If the lamb 
 has been dropped some hours and is very hungry, it is not safe to 
 allow it to fill itself at first. 
 66 
 
560 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
 
 CHILLED LAMBS. 
 
 If a lamb be found chilled by the cold, unable to move or swallow, 
 it should at once be put in a bath of water about as hot as can be 
 comfortably borne by the hand, or placed in a warm oven, or in the 
 absence of the preceding, held over a pan of coals and turned and 
 kneaded by the hands until it revives sufficiently to swallow. Then 
 give it a feed of milk containing from half to a teaspoonful of gin or 
 other spirits, according to the size of the lamb and the apparent 
 necessity. If a lamb is becoming chilled, but is still able to swallow, 
 the above stated dose will promptly restore it. 
 
 CONSTIPATION, DIABEHCEA, ETC. 
 
 An injection of warm milk, with a sufficient infusion of molasses 
 to give it a chocolate color, is by far the safest and most effectual 
 remedy for constipation in young lambs. Hold the lamb up by the 
 hind feet, so that its fore ones just touch the floor, and then, with a 
 small syringe, administer half a gill or a little more of the above- 
 mentioned fluid. If dung is not soon discharged, repeat the operation. 
 The diarrhoea of a sucking lamb rarely requires attention, but if it 
 does, a spoonful of prepared chalk in a little warm milk, should be 
 given at intervals of a few hours until it is checked. The first yellow 
 excrement sometimes adheres about the vent so as to prevent subse- 
 quent discharges or render them very difficult. It should be removed 
 and the parts, rubbed with dry clay, chalk, or in the absence of 
 anything better, dirt. If the lamb has difficulty in making water, a 
 Uttle pumpkin-seed tea removes the difficulty. 
 
 CUTTING TEETH, SWELLED NECK AND RHEUMATISM. 
 
 If the lamb appears to suck with difficulty or reluctance, its 
 mouth should be examined, to see whether the front teeth are through 
 the gums. If not, and the gums are inflamed and tender, they 
 should be opened over the teeth with a sharp knife. When lambs are 
 born with the glands of the neck enlarged, a strip of woolen cloth 
 should be bound round the neck and wet a few times a day with a 
 strong solution of camphor. If this is not effective, wet the cloth 
 
TREATMENT AFTER LAMBING. 
 
 witli tincture of iodine. Lambs sometimes are born with stiff necks, 
 or their necks become stiff subsequently. Some, particularly about 
 the period of being turned out to grass, become lame in their legs, 
 hobble about, and, in some cases, are unable to stand. Put them in a 
 warm, dry place, and give two or three spoonfuls of lard and one of 
 turpentine, one or twice, as may be required, to each lamb; rubbing 
 the affected parts with hartshorn or opodeldoc will assist in the cure. 
 
 TREATMENT OF EWES AFTER LAMBING. 
 
 A ewe should not be required to move about much for a few hours 
 after lambing. If her teats are closed against the efforts of the lamb, 
 squeeze them out with the wetted fingers. If they have been cut off 
 in shearing, and are grown up, reopen them with a needle, followed 
 by a hot knitting needle, inserting neither further than is necessary. 
 The sucking of the lamb will generallj'' keep them open ; but if they 
 become inflamed, the ewe must be held for the lamb to suck, and some 
 cooling lotion appUed to the part. 
 
 If the udder is hard and hot, it should be fomented by frequently 
 and continuously applying to it a cloth dipped in hot water. Eepeated 
 washings in cold water produce the same effect, but more slowly, and 
 with a greater tendency to dry up the milk. If the lamb is dead, and 
 there are indurated tumors in the udder, apply iodine ointment. 
 
 DISOWNING LAMBS, ETC. 
 
 A ewe which disowns her lamb, or one which is required to adopt 
 a foster lamb, should be confined alone with it in a dark place, and, if 
 possible, out of hearing of other sheep, and she should be held several 
 times a day for it to suck. Frightening a ewe when with her lamb, 
 by showing her a strange dog, or a child wearing a bright colored 
 mantle, sometimes arouses her dormant maternal instincts. If a ewe's 
 dead lamb is skinned, and the skin tied on a living lamb, she wiU 
 generally readily adopt it. If she hesitates, rubbing gin on her nose, 
 and sprinkling it on the lamb, will facilitate the process. 
 
562 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
 
 DOCKING LAMBS. 
 
 This operation should be performed when the lambs are about ten 
 days old. Let an attendant take the lamb, holding its feet firmly in 
 his hands, and press its hind-quarters snugly up to a smooth block, on 
 the top of which the tail of the lamb should be drawn out straight. 
 The operator should be provided with a broad chisel, made quite dull, 
 and only sharp enough to sever the bone without crushing it. The 
 edge of the chisel should be placed firmly upon the tail, about one 
 inch and a half from the body, and the loose skin crowded up towards 
 the body till the point for amputation is reached. Then, with the 
 chisel held inclining outward at an angle of forty-five degrees from 
 the body of the lamb, a single blow with the mallet completes the 
 operation. The bleeding arteries should be immediately seared by a 
 hot iron, which can easily be made ready by a small portable furnace. 
 By this method the usual loss of blood will be prevented, and the 
 consequent check to the growth of the lamb obviated. If lambs are 
 docked when a month or six weeks old, or indeed at any age, and 
 allowed to bleed until the flow stops of its own accord, it will not 
 unfrequently require two weeks for the lamb to make up for this vital 
 drain upon his young and tender organization. Cases of bleeding to 
 death, or so that death occurs as a consequence in a few days, are by 
 no means uncommon. 
 
 By this method of amputation two other advantages will be 
 gained — the skin will always readily cover the end of the bone, and 
 the tail will be left in a desirable shape. 
 
 CASTRATING LAMBS. 
 
 Formerly our method was to remove with a sharp knife a part of 
 the lower end of the scrotum, then press the testicles upward and 
 make an incision in the inner skin, and thus remove them. But this 
 method was attended with much trouble and diflSculty, besides evi- 
 dently injuring the lambs. But we have adopted a different and a 
 better way, which is, after removing the end of the scrotum, to seize 
 the testicles with a pair of pincers and remove by a quick vigorous 
 jerk. Never mind the second skin. We have practiced this method 
 
SUMMER MANAGEMENT. 563 
 
 for some time, and never lost a lamb. It is done quicker, and the 
 lambs do not appear to mind it as much as they do the other way. 
 
 SUMMER MANAGEMENT. 
 
 TIME AND MODE OF WASHING. 
 
 It is generally held by those who have tried it, that early shearing 
 is preferable for sheep, if they can be subsequently housed in case of 
 severe storms or unusually cold nights. As early washing is improper 
 in cold climates, it is urged that sheep should be shorn unwashed. 
 This is a question on which the wool-grower should be allowed to 
 exercise his own judgment; nor should any buyer attempt to compel 
 washing, or to take advantage of its omission by insisting on a par- 
 ticular and fixed rate of shrinkage on unwashed wools. The shrinkage 
 on every lot should be proportioned to its actual condition, as deduc- 
 tion is made on wheat, other products, or foreign wools which contain 
 impurities. The mode of washing sheep does not require to be here 
 described. 
 
 CUTTING HOOFS. 
 
 Merino sheep generally require to have their feet trimmed at 
 least once a year. Some do this at washing, when the feet are clean 
 and soaked soft; others immediately after shearing. 
 
 SHEAEING. 
 
 Shearing should take place when the oily-feeling matter, termed 
 yolk, has so far reappeared in the wool as to give it its natural 
 brilliant appearance and silky feeling. The mode of shearing cannot 
 be described here in detail. The wool should be cut off evenly and 
 smoothly, reasonablj'^ close, but not leaving the skin naked, and which 
 renders the sheep very liable to receive injury from cold. " Stubble 
 shearing" and "trimming," i. e., leaving the wool long, so as to give 
 the next fleece the appearance of extraordinary length, or leaving it 
 long in places, in order to affect the apparent shape of the animal, are 
 both frauds. 
 
564 MANAGEMENT OF SHF.EP. 
 
 DOING UP WOOL. 
 
 The fleece should be as little broken as possible in shearing. It 
 should be gathered up carefully, placed on a smooth table, with the 
 inside ends down, put into the exact shape in which it came from the 
 sheep, and pressed close together. If there are dung-balls they 
 should be removed. Fold in each side one-quarter, next the neck and 
 breech one-quarter, and the fleece will then be in an oblong square 
 form, some twenty inches wide, and twenty-five or thirty inches long. 
 Then fold it once more lengthwise, and it is ready to be rolled up and 
 tied, or placed in the press. The improved wool-press, worked by a 
 lever, or by a crank, etc., does the work far more expeditously, far 
 better, and with much less labor than doing it up by hand. Three 
 bands of moderate sized twine (flax or hemp) once around are enough 
 for the fleece. It is fradulent to put the unwashed wool of sheep that 
 have died with disease, or those which have been killed, or unwashed 
 tags, into washed fleeces. It is also fraudulent to sell burred wool so 
 done up as to conceal the burs, without giving notice to the buyer. 
 The burred wool should be put by itself, so that the buyer can open 
 and examine it. 
 
 CATCHING SHEEP. 
 
 Clumsy catching and handling is always injurious to sheep, and 
 hard on the party doing the work. The injury resulting from 
 handling is greater on ewes heavy with lamb, which are about the 
 only class that need to be caught until after tagging and shearing 
 time. It hurts a sheep to be caught or lifted by the wool, and such a 
 thing should never be done where it can be avoided. A portion of 
 the flock to be caught should be driven into a pen until it is pretty 
 well filled, though not crowded. The party doing the catching must 
 go quietly, frightening the sheep as little as possible, and when near 
 enough to the animal he desires to catch, should grasp its hind leg 
 just above the hock, when if a pretty firm grip is held, very little 
 kicking can ensue. Then he should pass the other hand in front of 
 the breast, which gives him an advantage over the animal. 
 
GENERAL DIRECTIONS FOR CARE. 565 
 
 STORMS AFTER SHEARING. 
 
 Cold storms sometimes come after the proper time of shearing, 
 and prove highly injurious, or even directly destructive to the lives of 
 the sheep, unless they are put in barns or under sheds. A dense 
 forest, especially on the lee side of a hill, is vastly better than no 
 shelter under the circumstances. 
 
 TICKS. 
 
 A fortnight after the sheep are sheared, the lambs should be 
 dipped in a decoction of tobacco strong enough to kill ticks and their 
 eggs in the wool. This is best performed in a box or kettle, with a 
 grated shelf on one side, to conduct back the fluid as the lamb is laid 
 on it and its wool squeezed, or two tubs may be used, dipping the 
 lamb in one, and standing it up and squeezing its wool in the other. 
 In tobacco-growing regions the refuse stems may be used for this 
 purpose ; elsewhere the farmer should grow a few tobacco plants in 
 his garden. The dipping of the lambs annually will keep ticks out of 
 a flock. Left in it, they are highly destructive to condition, health, 
 and even life. 
 
 ATTENTION TO HORNS, ETC. 
 
 It is necessary, at shearing, to cut off the wool clean between the 
 horns, and from the head of rams, otherwise the least fracture of the 
 skin on the head would lead to the parts becoming fly-blown, and to 
 the generation of maggots. For the same reason horns which press 
 on the head should be sawed off, or sections taken from them, which 
 will prevent such pressure. And as rams do not recognize each other 
 immediately after shearing, and are prone to fight, it is a good 
 practice at shearing, to smear them at the base of and behind the 
 horns with tar and turpentine, or fish oil. 
 
 MAGGOTS. 
 
 When maggots are produced in any wound or sore on sheep they 
 can be killed by the application of turpentine, and tar should then be 
 smeared over the part. If the ulcer is old and ill-conditioned, a 
 solution of corrosive sublimate (two ounces dissolved in a quart of 
 alcohol) will even more effectually destroy maggots and repel flies, 
 and at the same time act as a good stimulant and caustic. 
 
566 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
 
 SALT. 
 
 Sheep should have access to salfc, placed under cover, all the time, 
 or they should be regularly fed as much as they will eat, once a week. 
 
 WATEB AND SHADE. 
 
 Water is not absolutely indispensable in the summer pastures of 
 sheep, but they thrive better with it, especially ewes and their un- 
 weaned lambs. The same is true of shade. 
 
 PALL MANAGEMENT. 
 
 WEANING AND FALL-FEEDING LAMBS. 
 
 Lambs should be weaned at four months old, and should have a 
 nice, sweet, fresh piece of feed in readiness for them on being sepa- 
 rated from their dams; and they should have prime pasturage until 
 the setting in of winter. If it fails, they should be fed some green 
 substitute for it, or receive an allowance of grain. Those breeding 
 mutton sheep often feed cabbage or roots, or fold their lambs on rape. 
 Lambs of any kind should be kept growing from the day of their 
 birth until they reach maturity. This is the great secret of raising 
 sheep profitably. As soon as the cold, heavy, autumn rains begin to 
 fall, lambs should be housed nights, and as winter approaches they 
 should be sheltered from cold storms in the day time. 
 
 FALL-FEEDING BKEEDING EWES. 
 
 The ewes, on weaning their lambs, should be put on dry, short 
 pasturage, until their milk dries off, and then on feed which will 
 rapidly restore their flesh. They do not, as much as lambs, demand 
 shelter and extra feed before winter, but there is no doubt that they 
 amply pay for it in condition, especially ewes that are getting old and 
 beginning to" lose their strength. Strong, middle-aged sheep, how- 
 ever, demand no other extra feed than hay or cornstalks until winter 
 sets in. "Sheep well summered are half wintered." To let them 
 become thin before winter, renders it difficult and far more expensive 
 
COUPLING WITH RAM. 567 
 
 to winter them safely and well ; they are not as likely to take the ram, 
 and their product of wool is diminished. And if quite thin, there is 
 an absolute peril to their lives if the winter is an unfavorable one, 
 however well they may be taken care of. The danger is greatest to 
 the quite young and the old sheep. These sometimes will not 
 improve, but begin to run at the nose and eyes, gradually lose their 
 appetite, grow weaker and weaker, in some cases exhibiting costive- 
 ness, and in others obstinate diarrhoea, and perish miserably. When 
 they commence going in this way, medicine, feed, and care are almost 
 thrown away upon them. 
 
 COUPLING, ETC. 
 
 Before rams are put with the ewes in the fall, the latter should be 
 examined — directly and by the register — and divided into parcels, so 
 that each parcel can be coupled with the ram most suitable to correct 
 the defects of the dam in her offspring. Thus the shortest-wooled 
 ewes would be selected out for the longest-wooled ram; flat-sided 
 and long-legged ewes for a peculiarly round-bodied and short-legged 
 ram, and so on. A ram running with the ewes ought not generally to 
 be trusted to serve more than fifty. If taken out nights and extra 
 fed, a very strong animal will serve a hundred. By keeping him 
 separate from the ewes, and allowing him to serve them but once 
 each, he will serve two hundred, and some uncommonly vigorous 
 rams have served three hundred, and even more, in a coupling season 
 of six weeks. The best feed for the ram, besides good hay or grass, 
 is a mixture of, say, two parts oats, one part peas, with a slight 
 sprinkling of wheat. He should be fed a few days before the coup- 
 ling season, commencing with not more than half a pint, and increase 
 gradually to a quart by the time his work commences. Some old 
 rams, which have become used to hard work and high keep, will 
 consume nearly double that quantity. The Merino ram is in his 
 prime from three to seven or eight years of age. The ram lamb gets 
 good stock if not overworked, but this premature use trenches on his 
 subsequent vigor. The periods of heat in the ewe recur from the 
 fourteenth to the seventeenth day. Her average period of gestation 
 is about one hundred and fifty- two days. 
 67 
 
668 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
 
 DIVIDING FLOCKS FOE WINTER. 
 
 Sheep should be divided according to size and strength before 
 they are put into winter quarters, so that the strong shall not take 
 advantage of the weak at the rack, trough, etc. This is highly 
 important. The smaller the number of sheep kept together in winter 
 the better it is for them, and good farmers rarely allow more than one 
 hundred to occupy the same stable and yard. 
 
 WINTER MANAGEMENT. 
 
 WINTER SHELTER. 
 
 There is no part of the United States, if there is of the world, 
 where sheep are not better for some degree of winter shelter. In 
 western Texas, and in the Gulf States, perhaps, they demand no more 
 than a pole-shed or dense clump of trees to break the fuiy of the 
 "northers; " north of latitude 40° to 42°, close barns or stables, with 
 abundant ventilation, are beginning to be preferred by careful and 
 systematic breeders. Open sheds are too much exposed to drifting 
 snow, and they can not be shut up and made warm enough for early 
 lambing. A room twenty by forty feet in the clear will properly 
 accommodate seventy-five Paular sheep, and they can all eat at a 
 time, without crowding, at wall-racks placed around it. The Infan- 
 tados want a little more room; and the English breeds still more. 
 Sheep barns should be placed in dry, elevated, but not windy 
 situations. They are usually two stories high, the upper one being 
 xised for the storage of hay. The sheep stables underneath should be 
 at least seven or eight feet high. A room large enough to hold one 
 hundred and fifty Merinos may be partitioned across the middle by 
 feeding racks, and seventy-five sheep kept on each side — their outside 
 yards being also divided — but not more than one hundred and fifty 
 ought to breathe the atmosphere of the same general apartment, 
 however it may be divided on the floor. The rooms should be well 
 
YARDS AND BARNS. 5G9 
 
 lighted, capable of abundant ventilation, and that ventilation con- 
 stantly employed. Confined, impure air is highly injurious to sheep, 
 and perfectly fatal if a dangerous epizootic makes its appearance in 
 the flock. The slatted bos-rack is now generally preferred in sheep 
 barns and yards. The stables should be kept well Uttered down, and 
 should be thoroughly cleaned out at least three times during the 
 winter, so that the sheep should not lie, especially during thaws, on 
 fermenting beds of manure. It is well, at intermediate periods,-to 
 scatter gypsum over the manure before covering it with fresh straw, 
 as this absorbs the escaping gases, and adds greatly to the value of 
 the manure. Sheepyards should, if practicable, be on dry gravelly 
 ground, and should have at least three times as much area as the 
 stables. They should have high, tight fences on the sides most 
 exposed to severe winter winds, and should be kept well littered down. 
 Habitual exposure to mud and filth is highly injurious to sheep. 
 
 . CONFINING SHEEP TO YARDS. 
 
 The close confinement of sheep to stables and small yards oper- 
 ates on them as it does on all other domestic animals: it renders 
 them torpid in habit, and promotes the taking on of fat and flesh. 
 This is well for fattening sheep, but not for breeding ewes. The want 
 of exercise and the increase of condition promotes that tendency to 
 plethora which is natural to pregnancy, and though the evil effects of 
 this are not always visible in the offspring, yet there come seasons 
 when other co-operating conditions render it highly destructive. 
 The lambs are born small and weak, and those that live are of but 
 little value. Breeding ewes should have exercise by having access, at 
 proper times, to a field, or obtain it in some other way. 
 
 WATER AND SALT. 
 
 Water is indispensable to sheep fed on dry feed in the winter, 
 and they should have constant access to it. Salt is also indispens- 
 able to vigorous health. It is improper to salt sheep-hay heavily 
 when it is put in the mow or stack, or to brine all their hay for them 
 at intervals, because in either case the instincts of the animal are not 
 left to guide its consumption. Salt should be placed in boxes in the 
 
570 MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. 
 
 sheep-nouse so that they can eat it at will. Sheep will drink more 
 frequently and with far keener relish at a trough where the water is 
 constantly running in and out, than at one into which the water is 
 pumped. 
 
 The drainage pipe which carries off the waste water should be 
 BO adjusted as to allow the trough to fill within an inch of the top. 
 The trough should then be covered with a closely-fitting cover, and 
 through this, and quite near the edge to which the sheep come to 
 drink, two or three oval-shaped holes should be cut, about two and a 
 half inches in the short diameter and five in the long. 
 
 If the sheep are to come up to the side of the trough, have the 
 holes cut cross- wise of the cover; if they are to come to the end, cut 
 them lengthwise. A sheep will quickly learn to put its nose through 
 these holes for the water, and then the wool about the face and heavy 
 folds of the neck will be kept out of the water, and thereby the 
 animal saved from a vast amount of discomfort arising from the wool 
 about the neck becoming wet and frozen. 
 
 The more one studies the habits of the sheep, the more will the 
 extreme fastidiousness of the animal be impressed upon his mind, and 
 the careful flock-master will soon learn that when he regulates his 
 care in accordance with this peculiarity he will be well compensated 
 for all his painstaking. 
 
 Not only will sheep drink with better relish of running than of 
 standing water, but a little observation will convince any one that 
 they will visit very often a trough arranged as already described, 
 where they are obliged to touch only their lips to the water, when 
 they would hold back, till driven by sharp thirst, from a trough where 
 thej could only drink at the discomfort of having the wool about the 
 neck wet and frozen for hours. 
 
 AMOUNT OF FOOD CONSUMED, AND VALUE OF DIFFERENT KINDS. 
 
 It is estimated that all sheep daily consume, in the average winter 
 weather of the northern States, about one pound of hay, or its equiv- 
 alent, for every thirty pounds of their own live weight. All that they 
 will eat of meadow hay is about the amount of nutrition demanded by 
 
AMOUNT OF FOOD NECESSARY. 571 
 
 the Merino sheep in good, plump store condition. If a portion of 
 more concentrated food like grain, is given, its excess of nutrition 
 may be safely counterbalanced by feeding a corresponding amount of 
 food less nutritious than hay, as, for example, straw. Barley and oat 
 straw, if cut and cured green, is highly relished by sheep. Wheat 
 straw is less so, and they will eat but little besides the chaff and heads 
 of it, if they can obtain other food. Eye straw, unless chopped fine 
 and mixed with meal, is wholly unfitted for sheep feed. Pea-haulm, 
 if cured green, is an- admirable fodder, but dry and dead, as it is gen- 
 erally gathered, it is wholly valueless except for manure. The blades 
 and tops of nicely cured cornstalks make prime sheep feed. Fine red- 
 clover hay, cured bright and green, is better than the best meadow 
 hay, and on a full winter allowance of it, sheep actually fatten; it is 
 also highly favorable to the milk secretions in breeding ewes. The 
 grains that are most used in our country for sheep feed are oats, corn 
 and peas. Oats are given to store sheep and lambs; corn is given to 
 fatten sheep, and with some it is a favorite for all other classes of 
 sheep. Some excellent feeders, like Mr. Johnston, of Geneva, New 
 York, employ buckwheat. Peas are fed in a few instances to breeding 
 ewes, and they greatly promote the growth of wool and the secretion 
 of milk, but they are too scarce and expensive for common use. The 
 same is true of beans, though they are accounted among sheep-breed- 
 ers as more heating, and therefore less suitable feed. Bran and shorts, 
 mixed with a little grain, make a most excellent feed both for lambs 
 and old sheep. Bran-slop is admirable for promoting the secretion of 
 milk in breeding ewes. Breeding ewes thrive better, and are better 
 prepared in their general physical condition to bring forth well-devel- 
 oped, strong lambs, if they habitually receive green food during the 
 "winter, and other sheep are healthier for it. Colic, or "stretches," 
 often so serious a malady among flocks confined to dry feed, does not 
 attack sheep that get green feed. In regions adapted to their culture, 
 Swedes and some other varieties of the turnip are especially adapted 
 to this object. There is a beet which was brought from Silesia by Mr. 
 William Chamberlain, (not the variety sold in seed stores as the Sile- 
 sian beet^) which some persons who have tried them prefer to turnips. 
 
572 MANAGEMEIST OF SHEEP. 
 
 Either root is vastly cheaper than grain of any description for the 
 feed of sheep. Carrots have been tried and do not give satisfaction, 
 and potatoes are too expensive. 
 
 BEGULABITT IN FEEDING. 
 
 One of the important points of successful sheep-farming consists 
 in strict regularity in the time of feeding, and in proportioning the 
 amount of fodder to the wants of the animal. With good attention 
 to these particulars, sheep will do better on moderate keep than on the 
 best food fed with irregularity. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
 
 CONTENTS OF CHAPTEB. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.— Scab or Itch— Foot-rot— Hoof-rot— How to prevent and how 
 to treat them. 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES.— Grub in the Head— Blind Staggers — Sturdy— Diarrhoea— Dysen- 
 tery — Colic or Stretches — Catarrh — Abortion — Parturient Fever — Obstruction of the 
 Gullet — Hoove — Poisons — Sore Face and Lips — Inflammation of the Eyes — Admin- 
 istering Medicines to Sheep. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 
 
 SCAB OE ITCH. 
 
 The first sign of the existence of scab is rubbing against any 
 projecting body within reach; as it extends, sheep bite themselves, 
 kick with their hind feet at their sides and shoulders. If one is 
 caught and the hand placed on the mouth, while infected parts are 
 scratched, gratification is evinced by nibbling at the hand, and when 
 the infection is severe or general, this nibbling movement is regarded 
 as an infallible sign. Examination will disclose spots on the skin, 
 ■white and hard, the center marked with yellow points of exudation, 
 which adheres to the wool, matting the fibers together. The wool 
 may be firm on these spots, and no scabs are seen at this stage. Then 
 
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
 
 the yellow moisture, evaporating, gives place to a yellow scab, which 
 adheres firmly to the skin and wool. Eaw places appear at points 
 which the animal can reach with his teeth and hind feet. The disease 
 is complicated in summer by the presence of the larvae of the blow- 
 fly, the maggots burrowing under the scab. The animal becomes 
 nervous, excited to wildness, and cannot obtain properly either food 
 or rest, thus losing flesh and becoming reduced to a skeleton, from 
 constant irritation and lack of nutrition, only the strongest animals 
 recovering if left without treatment. 
 
 Destruction of the parasite and its eggs is the only object of 
 remedial treatment. Arsenic and mercury are often employed very 
 effectually, but they are poisonous, and therefore injurious and 
 dangerous to the sheep. These and other solutions are used both as 
 washes and dips. Sudden changes of weather and locality, or a 
 deficiency of food after such treatment, often induces serious or fatal 
 results which cannot be guarded against. Whole flocks have thus 
 been lost. Mercurial ointment, with olive oil and a little turpentine, 
 is popular in England, nevertheless, and is regarded as improving the 
 yield of wool. Experiment proves that the insect will live in arsenic 
 and sulphur for some hours; potash is more fatal, and tobacco is more 
 deadly still, killing in a few minutes. But carbolic acid is probably 
 the most potent remedy used. When combined with one hundred 
 times its bulk of water, it has killed the insect in two minutes; when 
 used with fifty times its bulk of water, a degree of potency harmless 
 as a dip, it kills in forty to ninety seconds. We describe the man- 
 ufacture of the carbolic acid dip, which has never failed when 
 properly used : 
 
 First. It is necessary that carbolic acid should be obtained of 
 uniform strength, and experience has proved that the crystalline 
 product is less efficacious in the destruction of parasites than the 
 cheap impure acid, which can always be obtained of the manufac- 
 turers. The liquid on exposure to the atmosphere, becomes a dark 
 tarry liquid. The pure carbolic acid was employed in many experi- 
 ments, at first with only partial success, but even had it proved to be 
 superior to the impure, the price would have been a serious objection. 
 
SCAB AND TREATMENT OF HOOF-ROT. 575 
 
 The impure, however, is very much cheaper, and in every experiment 
 was found to be more active as a remedial agent than the pure 
 carbohc acid, while its fluid condition at all temperatures renders it 
 more easy of manipulation. 
 
 To effect perfect combination between it and the water used for 
 dilution care is essential, as imperfect mixtures are capable of doing 
 injury, and may cause the death of some of the sheep, particularly of 
 those which are first introduced into the bath. The reason of this is 
 obvious. An incomplete mixture aUows the separation of the acid, 
 which floats on the surface of the fluid in the form of a brownish 
 oily, or rather tarry, scum; the first few animals which are dipped 
 become covered with the undiluted acid, which acts at once and 
 energetically as a caustic, causing prostration and death, unless 
 immediately, on observing the symptoms of distress, means are taken 
 to wash off' the agent with warm water and soap ; this treatment is 
 not, however, at all times successful. 
 
 Kerosene oil will keep down the scab till shearing time, if well 
 rubbed in. 
 
 HOOF- OR FOOT-ROT. 
 
 In this country the name foot-rot, or hoof-rot, or hoof-ail, is ap- 
 plied to a specific disease, believed to be as distinctive in character as 
 the scab or the small-pox. It is notoriously propagated by contagion, 
 and as well on high, dry, firm lands as elsewhere. Once contracted, it 
 is greatly aggravated by constant wetness under foot ; but in upwards 
 of thirty years' extensive observation and correspondence on the sub- 
 ject, we have never known an instance where its origin could be satis- 
 factorily traced to any other cause but contagion. It maintains itself 
 year after year, and for an indefinite period, alike on wet lands and dry 
 lands, in all our northern States, and is never eradicated except with 
 considerable labor, a degree of skill, and the apphcation of proper 
 remedies. And with all these it is difficult to extirpate it from a large 
 flock. 
 
 Low, soft, marshy lands, or even herbage on other lands which 
 has been rendered rank and kept wet by protracted rains, cause here, 
 68 
 
576 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
 
 as in England, a decree of inflammation and ulceration in the feet. 
 Farmers term it "fouls." It possesses none of the self-maintaining 
 power and virulence of foot-rot. It is not contagious. It soon disap- 
 pears, in ordinary cases, without other treatment, on removing the 
 sheep to dry, firm land, or short pasturage on such land. If neglected 
 too long it leads to serious ulceration and a loss of condition, but it 
 never becomes, or assumes the specific characteristics of, foot-rot. 
 The worst case yields readily to treatment. 
 
 Hardened pellets of mud between the claws cause irritation, and 
 occasionally a degi'ee of ulceration, and so do stubs in the feet and 
 various other accidental causes. But in all such cases the mere 
 removal of the causes leads to a speedy cure. Undue wear of the 
 hoofs during a long journey upon hard soil, causes soreness and lame- 
 ness, but a few days' rest puts an end to the difficulty. In none of 
 these instances are the ulcerations equal to their own maintenance for 
 any considerable length of time after the direct physical exciting 
 cause is removed. They are simple ulcers, non-contagious and easily 
 controlled; and, as compared with foot-rot proper, which they never 
 become, they are wholly insignificant in their practical effects. 
 
 This soreness commences in the cleft of the foot, and which grad- 
 ually extends into it, and disorganizes all its structure. The applica- 
 tion of almost any caustic wiU, in an early or mild stage of the disease, 
 eradicate the ulcer, so far as it is brought into direct contact with the 
 ulcer, and kept in contact with it until its curative qualities exercise 
 their fuU effects. But the great difficulty is, that among one hundred 
 sheep every ulcer cannot be, or is not, so carefully uncovered by the 
 knife, or kept so free from filth, that its entire surface is cauterized. 
 And if such a surface, of the smallest extent, is protected from the 
 caustic by a covering of horn or filth, then the seeds of the future 
 malady and contagion are left in a soil where they are sure to be pro- 
 ductive. Or let us suppose that every particle of ulcerous surface in 
 the foot is touched by a mild caustic, like blue vitriol, and then imme- 
 diately plunged into wet grass, or into moist manure, or washed by 
 blood spirting from the wounded parts, would there be any probability 
 of a radical cure under any of these circumstances? Experience 
 
TREATMENT OF FOOT-ROT. 577 
 
 answers none. The difficulty of eradicating hoof-rot from a large 
 flock, under the rough surgery and haste of the farm, can then be 
 fully understood. 
 
 Can hoof-rot be cured in flocks? That is, can it be cured by the 
 exercise of that degree of skill which the average of farmers can and 
 will employ, after having a fair share of experience in treating the 
 disease? All the real skill required is in the preparation of the foot 
 for the application of the remedy. This preparation consists in so 
 paring away the hoof that every ulcerated part of the foot can be 
 brought freely, and for a sufficient time, in contact with the remedy 
 employed. There are some other conditions requisite to successful 
 treatment, but these require no exhibition of skill. We now answer 
 our question above by saying that we do not believe a majority of 
 farmers, and such help as they employ, will ever exercise the requisite 
 skill to prepare the foot for the successful application of remedies, if 
 they are applied in the ordinary way. By the ordinary way, we mean 
 by a swab or stick, or brush, or by squirting them through a goose 
 quill in the cork of a bottle. 
 
 The preparation of the foot is frequently a nice operation. It 
 requires a familiar knowledge of the appearance of the disease, close 
 attention, careful cutting, and proper instruments to cut with. If 
 ninety-nine sheep out of a hundred have their feet properly pared, and 
 a single ulcer so far covered up that the remedy will not sufficiently 
 reach it, remains in one of the feet of the hundredth sheep, the flock 
 is not cured — that single ulcer will run its course, and will lead by 
 degrees to the re-inoculation of the flock. 
 
 The writer of this has had hoof-rot at four different periods on 
 his farm, and at least five thousand sheep affected by it, all of which 
 were cured, and he has a right therefore to speak with some 
 confidence. 
 
 For mild cases of the malady, blue vitriol is decidedly the best 
 remedy ; for severe cases, butter of antimony. The writer has twice 
 cured a flock completely by one application of the former. In the 
 first instance, each sheep had its feet thoroughly pared for the 
 purpose of exposing every part of the flesh in the least affected by 
 
678 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
 
 the disease. The sheep was then placed in a tub of saturated solution 
 of blue vitriol and hot water three or four inches deep, and held there 
 by the neck by an assistant. A second one was prepared in the same 
 way and placed beside the first one in the water. When the third 
 was ready, the first was taken out, and so on. Each stood at least 
 ten minutes in the solution, which was kept constantly hot by 
 dipping out and replenishing from the boiling kettle. The sheep 
 were then placed in a dry situation, and they proved to be completely 
 cured. This was at the opening of winter. Many years afterward a 
 flock of lambs were treated in the same way, except that as five could 
 stand in the tub of hot solution together each remained in it from 
 twenty to twenty-five minutes. This, too, was at the opening of 
 winter, and again the cure was perfect. Probably the hot liquor 
 would be more effective than cold even on the uncovered ulcers, and 
 it certainly would penetrate better to the covered ones. These are 
 the only instances which ever came to the knowledge of the writer 
 of a diseased flock of sheep being cured by a single application of 
 any remedy. 
 
 When the foot is extensively disorganized and a powerful caustic 
 is required to remove the dead structure, butter or chloride of anti- 
 mony should be used. As it combines readily with the fluids in the 
 parts, it almost immediately loses its strength, av-'' it therefore 
 possesses the admirable property of acting almost purely superficially; 
 consequently its action can be regulated by the wishes of the opera- 
 tor. This is not the case with the other strong caustics, like nitric, 
 sulphuric, muriatic acids, etc. These burn deeply and sometimes 
 injuriously into the flesh, and the sores they produce probably render 
 the sheep more subject to subsequent contagion. That is to say, the 
 virus of foot-rot, probably like vaccine matter, takes more speedy and 
 certain effect when brought in contact with the bare and punctured 
 flesh. A favorite remedy among farmers is compounded as follows: 
 One poimd of blue vitriol, half a pound of verdigris, one pint of 
 linseed oil, one quart of tar — the vitriol and verdigris to be pulver- 
 ized fine, and if convenient ground through a paint-mill with the oil 
 before the tar is added. The oil and tar, if allowed to dry on the feet, 
 
TREATMENT OF FOOT-ROT. 579 
 
 form a coating which aids to prevent the application from being 
 washed away by moisture. Whatever application is made, the sheep 
 should be kept out of water, manure, etc., until the treatment has 
 had time to produce its full effect. This thorough paring of the foot, 
 so as to effect a perfect denudation of the diseased surfaces, and an 
 avoidance of wounding the foot, so that blood will not be discharged 
 to wash off the caustic, are the conditions to be principally sought 
 after by the operator. Toe nippers and strong knives may be required 
 to remove the outer growth of the horny covering of the foot ; but 
 as the operator cuts down near the quick, he should use a light, thin, 
 very sharp knife, so that he can cut away all the horn necessary 
 without wounding and thereby causing a flow of blood from the 
 fleshy sole. This is more important where blue vitriol is the remedy; 
 butter of antimony will of itself speedily stanch the flow of blood. 
 
 Our original process was equally effectual, and required consider- 
 ably less labor and expense. But it was, we think, specially favored 
 by circumstances. In both cases it took place at the setting in of 
 winter when the ground was frozen. In cold weather the ulcers of 
 hoof- rot do not ordinarily discharge any matter to inoculate healthy 
 feet; and, thus, when the remedy was applied, we may suppose there 
 were no cases of the disease in the state of incubation, that is, where 
 inoculation had taken place but was not yet followed by the actual 
 disease. This was an advantage, unless we are to suppose the solution 
 of vitriol would act as a preventive as well as a cure. The frozen 
 ground also kept all mud and moisture from the feet when the sheep 
 were out of their stables; and the dung produced on dry keep, and in 
 well littered stables, neither moistened nor dirtied their feet. 
 
 For greater certainty of success — to make a margin for a less 
 perfect preparation of the feet — we would advise at least two parings 
 and immersions of the feet in all cases ; and in the season of pastu- 
 rage, when inoculation could be going on, and when it would be far 
 more diflBcult to keep moisture and dirt from the feet, we would coun- 
 sel the third repetition of the process throughout the entire flock. 
 Blue vitriol has the great advantage, that when applied to a well foot 
 it does not make the skin between the toes sore (and thus possibly 
 
5R0 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP 
 
 render inoculation more easy,) as do the strong acids with which 
 many persons treat this disease. The second and third processes 
 require comparatively little paring; and it is best, when one's hand is 
 in, to " make a sure thing of it " at a little additional cost. 
 
 Whether it is best to use water or a decoction of tobacco in the 
 hot vitriol bath, may depend upon circumstances. The water is suffi- 
 cient. The vitriol effects the cure. But tobacco decoction is an 
 admirable application to ulcerated surfaces on sheep. It is the deadly 
 enemy of parasitic insects whether in sores or on the skin. We are 
 inclined to think it produces healing effects. Therefore, if the stems 
 or imperfect leaves can be procured cheaply enough, we would use it ; 
 otherwise we would use water. 
 
 In this, as in other processes of treating hoof-rot, we think the 
 feet should not for some time be exposed to wet or dirt, to wash off, 
 dilute, or absorb the application, or relax the tissues. We think it 
 would be safer not to allow the sheep to run on grass wet with rain or 
 dew, for several days ; indeed, we should prefer, though it might not 
 be absolutely necessary, to have their feet kept dry, except when in 
 the bath, during the whole course of treatment. 
 
 We have often known flocks in skillful hands cured by applying 
 remedies in the usual way, but every experienced sheep-farmer knows 
 that in a great majority of cases they are not so cured. And many of 
 the flocks said to be cured, are sure to develop the disease again when 
 unfavorable conditions occur and continue for any considerable length 
 of time. We believe the hot vitriol bath is by far the surest remedy; 
 and when the paring is reasonably good, and the other conditions we 
 have mentioned are properly observed, we consider it as sure a one as 
 those which in this and other diseases are commonly termed "sure 
 cures." 
 
 We would advise the mixture of no other ingredients with blue 
 vitriol in the hot solution. They might be harmless, and possibly 
 beneficial ; but they are unnecessary, and we cannot always be certain 
 that two things, which would be separately good, will not, when 
 united, impair each other's effects. It is an excellent maxim to "let 
 well enough alone." 
 
TREATMENT OF GRUB IN HEAD. 581 
 
 GENERAL DISEASES. 
 
 GEUB IN THE HEAD. 
 
 The gad-fly of the sheep deposits its eggs in the nostrils of the 
 sheep in the months of July and August, and these being immediately 
 hatched by the warmth and moisture, the larvae or young grubs crawl 
 up into the cavities of the head, and attach themselves to the mem- 
 braneous linings. They remain there until the ensuing spring, when 
 they become thick, plump grubs, more than an inch long. They then 
 descend from the head, drop on the ground, burrow into it, take the 
 form of a chrysalis, and at the proper time again hatch forth gad-flies. 
 Their effect on the sheep is a matter of considerable dispute, some 
 eminent veterinary writers considering them entirely harmless. 
 Others, and a much greater number, believe that the irritation they 
 occasion produces disease and death. If the sheep begin to fall off in 
 condition a little before spring, though previously in good flesh, and 
 their feed kept fully up; if they wander round with movements 
 indicative of pain in the head, and discharge mucus, tinged with 
 blood, from the nose, though oppressed with no catarrhal difficulty, it 
 may be suspected that they are suffering under the effects of grub in 
 the head. Some persons have blown tobacco smoke up their nostrils 
 from the tail of a pipe, the bowl being covered with a cloth, with 
 asserted good effect. Others have injected tobacco water with a 
 syringe, but this must be prevented from entering the throat in any 
 considerable quantity. The best method is to prevent the fly deposit- 
 ing the eggs by smearing the nose around the nostrils during the 
 above months with tar, to which some coal tar has been added. 
 There has been some dispute whether the fly laid eggs or the already 
 hatched maggot. We have been assured by several intelligent sheep- 
 growers in the West, that all the female flies that they had examined 
 contained not eggs, but living larvae. 
 
 We think that these apparently contradictory statements may be 
 easily reconciled. Many flesh-flies, or blow-flies, as they are com- 
 monly called, if they cannot find any suitable seat or carrion of any 
 
MISCELLANEOUS EISEASES OF SHEEP. 
 
 kind to lay their eggs on, retain those eggs so long in their bodies 
 that they actually hatch them out into living larvae, as we have 
 ourselves repeatedly remarked. Yet the normal habit of these same 
 flies is to lay eggs. In the same way vre conceive that the normal 
 habit of the sheep bot-fly is to lay eggs, and that it is only when she 
 cannot find any sheep at all to prey on, or when, by any means, she is 
 prevented from reaching their nostrils, that the eggs hatch out 
 prematurely inside her body, and are sometimes deposited afterwards 
 in the form of living larvae, or maggots, in the nostrils of any unfor- 
 tunate sheep that she can come across. 
 
 BLIND STAGGEES — STUEDT. 
 
 The disease called blind staggers, is the uncommon affection 
 called sturdy, or turnsick, which disease is caused by the pressure in 
 the brain of a cerebral hydatid, and which, in its developed state, 
 consists of a bladder provided with a variable number of heads. The 
 variety of ways in which this disease manifests itself, has caused it 
 occasionally to be confounded with other diseases — with attacks of 
 the sheep-hot, with functional disorders of the brain, or with blind 
 staggers. The disease is caused by the sheep picking from the 
 pasture the ova or larvae of the tapeworms dropped from dogs, foxes, 
 rabbits, etc. Sturdy rarely affects sheep above two years of age. It 
 will be found to prevail on farms with open pastures, where dogs are 
 employed to guard the flocks, or where sheep are confined within 
 limited space, with one or more dogs amongst them. These are the 
 conditions favorable to the development of sturdy, and they are those 
 favorable to the dissemination of tapeworm eggs by dogs, and the 
 penetration of eggs in the bodies of sheep. Sturdy generally termi- 
 nates fatally, owing to the circumstance that the cause of the disease 
 — the parasite — can not be destroyed or expelled by any remedy 
 administered internally. The natural method of relief, which is by 
 the absorption of the bones of the skull and evacuation of the 
 hydatid, is very rare. Death invariably ensues when the parasite is 
 encysted and developed in the center of the brain. Usually but one 
 hydatid is found within the skull, and if that one should happen to be 
 
DIARRHCEA AND DYSENTERY. 583 
 
 located at the surface of the brain, the bones of the skull, through 
 absorption, gradually become thinner as the hydatid develops, and on 
 examining the head, a soft place may often be detected, which 
 indicates that the fellow lies underneath. After a portion of the skin 
 has been laid back, and the place carefully opened, the liquid from 
 within the cyst may be extracted by a small syringe, a few drops of 
 tincture of myrrh or tincture of aloes injected, and the opening 
 covered by replacing the skin and sewing up the wound. If the 
 bladder can be seized and drawn out, so much the better, and no 
 injection is then necessary. The wound heals readily, and the animal 
 may thus be saved — that is, if the case has been timely and properly 
 attended to. 
 
 DIAEKHCEA. 
 
 Common diarrhoea, or scours, not attended with constitutional 
 disease, generally requires no remedies. If protracted, two or three 
 days' confinement to dry food, or an ounce of prepared chalk given in 
 half a pint of tepid milk, will usually put a stop to it. If the purging 
 is severe, or accompanied by mucus slime, a gentle cathartic of an 
 ounce of Epsom salts or oil should be administered to a sheep, and 
 half as much to a lamb six months old, and this be followed up by the 
 dose of chalk and milk above recommended, once a day for two or 
 three days. But " sheep's cordial " is a better remedy than the chalk, 
 and may be kept on hand by every farmer. It is composed of the 
 following ingredients : Prepared chalk, one ounce ; powdered catechu, 
 half an ounce; powdered ginger, two drachms; and powdered opium, 
 half a drachm. Mix them with half a pint of peppermint water, and 
 give two or three tablespoonsful morning and night to a grown sheep, 
 and half as much to a lamb. 
 
 DYSENTERY. 
 
 This differs from diarrhoea in various observable particulars. It 
 is attended by fever; the appetite is irregular and generally poor; the 
 evacuations are as thin as, or thinner than, in diarrhoea, but they are 
 slimy, sticky, and very offensive in smell. As the disease progresses, 
 they become tinged with blood, and the animal rapidly wastes away. 
 69 
 
584 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
 
 It sometimes dies in a few days, and sometimes lingers along foi 
 several weeks. This is treated much like severe diarrhoea, only many 
 persons give two cathartics, instead of one, at the beginning. The 
 English practitioners also bleed, if the malady is detected in its very 
 first stage ; but if debility has ensued, it prostrates the system too 
 much. The "sheep's cordial" requires to be given longer, and after 
 a short period tonics are added — more ginger and from one to two 
 drachms of gentian daily. This last is an admirable tonic. In place 
 of the above remedies, some American farmers give a teaspoonful o^ 
 laudanum and a tablespoonful of gin or rum, mixed and put in a little 
 diluted fluid. 
 
 COLIC OE STEETCHES. 
 
 This is occasioned by confinement to dry food. During the 
 paroxysms the sheep stretches itself incessantly, and exhibits much 
 pain. A cathartic of one ounce of Epsom salts or castor oil will 
 usually effect a cure. A drachm of ginger and a teaspoonful of the 
 essence of peppermint, put in warm water with the salts, adds tc 
 their efficacy. Half of the above dose for lambs. Green feed, even 
 if given only once or twice a week, prevents this malady. ' 
 
 CATAKEH. 
 
 This is common in winter among unsheltered sheep, or those that 
 are wintered in small, close, unventilated stables. In its simple form 
 it is not dangerous, unless its exciting causes are continued; but 
 frequent colds, rendered chronic by mismanagement, impair the 
 condition of sheep, and eventually lead to low forms of fever, wasting 
 and death. An epizootic catarrh, like influenza in unusually change- 
 able winters among human beings, occasionally rages with great 
 violence over extensive regions, producing wide-spread destruction in 
 our American flocks. The best course is to prevent the disease by 
 proper management. Hardy sheep, in good condition, need not, with 
 reasonable precaution, be exposed to taking cold, and if any number 
 of them chance to do so, certainly the neglect causing it need not be 
 repeated. For simple cold it is not common to do anything, though 
 some careful farmers administer a tablespoonful of tar, and smear a 
 
ABORTION AND PARTURIENT FEVER. 585 
 
 little of it on the nose. Non-exposure, and dry, well-ventilated 
 stables in winter, generally lead to a speedy cure. If the malady 
 becomes chronic, and assumes an epizootic and malignant form, no 
 remedy has yet been discovered which will control it. Perhaps the 
 best practice would be good careful nursing. 
 
 ABORTION. 
 
 Abortion is usually produced by a hurt or injury. It has never, 
 in this country, assumed that infectious character that it sometimes 
 does among cows ; but it is well to remove the abortive lamb and the 
 ."cleanings" from the sheep-yard, and also to withdraw the ewe and 
 place her in " the hospital." She requires care and extra nursing, or 
 she will become very poor and lose a large portion of her fleece. 
 
 PARTURIENT FEVER. 
 
 This has as yet appeared only among our English sheep. The 
 ewe, a few days before lambing, appears dull and stupid; her appetite 
 fails; she exhibits giddiness, and a discharge of a dark color takes 
 place from the vagina. She loiters behind her companions, staggers 
 in her gait, her head droops, and her eyes are partly closed. If she 
 now lambs, and is carefully sheltered and nursed, she sometimes 
 recovers rapidly; but if no such relief is afforded, typhoid symptoms 
 begin to occur. She wanders away alone, exhibits great uneasiness 
 and pain, and strikes her body frequently with her hind feet. The 
 prostration rapidly increases, and the dark colored discharge from the 
 vagina continues and has an extremely offensive odor. A lamb or a 
 pair of lambs are frequently expelled at this stage in a high state of 
 putrefaction, and she is now unable to rise and is almost insensible. 
 Death soon closes the scene. 
 
 The ewe attacked by this disease should at once be removed 
 from the flock, and if a large English ewe, a dose of two ounces of 
 Epsom salts, with two or three ounces of molasses and one drachm of 
 nitre, mixed with a pint of warm hnseed gruel, should be administered; 
 and if this does not open the bowels in eight or ten hours, it should 
 be repeated. The nitre and molasses are given subsequently, night 
 and mornhig, in a quart bottle of gruel, until the fever abates, when 
 
586 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP 
 
 the nitre is discontinued. If the ewe lives to the third or fourth day, 
 and the stench of the dark discharge from the vagina shows that the 
 foetus is dead, a small quantity of dry, pulverized belladonna is applied 
 with the end of a finger to the mouth of the womb every hour until it 
 is sufliciently relaxed to allow the removal of the foetus. After this 
 is effected, the womb is thoroughly syringed with warm milk and 
 water, the ewe put in as easy a position as possible, and her posture 
 changed two or three times every day. She is then carefully nursed 
 until recovery. This treatment has proved very successful. 
 
 OBSTKUCTIONS OF THE GULLET. 
 
 Sheep sometimes get a piece of turnip or other substance lodged 
 in the esophagus or gullet. If it cannot be moved by the fingers, set 
 the sheep on its rump, holding its nose upward, pour some oil into the 
 throat, and then insert a small, flexible probang, and very gently push 
 the obstructing substance into the stomach. The probang, in the 
 absence of a gutta-percha one, should be of strong, flexible wood, like 
 elm, made smooth and round, and five-sixteenths of an inch.^or a little 
 larger, in diameter. A small bag of flax-seed should be firmly secured 
 to, and cover, the lower end; and on dipping the rod in hot water, to 
 limber it for use, the bag will become soft and slippery, so as to protect 
 the esophagus from laceration. If no flax-seed is at hand, carefully 
 wind the lower end of the probang with tow and dip it in oil. 
 
 HOOVE. 
 
 If sheep become swollen from being turned on fresh clover, or the 
 like, they should be driven gently about for an hour. If swollen to a 
 dangerous degree, and the distress and oppression are rapidly increas- 
 ing, a trochar, or, in its absence, a pocket-knife, must be plunged into 
 the left flank, half way between the haunch and ribs, and well up to- 
 wards the back-bone, so that the pent-up gas will escape through the 
 orifice. An ounce or two of Epsom salts are generally administered 
 after an attack of hoove. If the gas continues to form in the stomach, 
 give a drachm of chloride of lime dissolved in a gill of water. 
 
POISONING AND SORE EYES. ■ 587 
 
 The narrow-leafed or low laurel, and the broad-leafed laurel or 
 "calico bush" or "spoonwood," are eaten by sheep, particularly 
 when they are unaccustomed to them, or when they are hungry from 
 traveling, and find these bushes growing by the roadsides. A strong 
 decoction, made by boiling the bruised twigs of white ash for an hour, 
 administered in doses of half a gill or a gill, and repeated after an 
 interval if necessary, is believed to be an effectual antidote by persons 
 who have tried it. Drenches of milk and castor oil are also said to 
 have been successfully resorted to. Injecting wat'm water into the 
 stomach and pumping it out again, and continuing this until vomiting 
 is produced or the poison thoroughly diluted, using a common India- 
 rubber stomach-pump, i. e., a hollow ball with a perforated tube 
 attached, would be highly useful in all cases of poisoning by whatever 
 produced. This should be followed up by active aperient medicine. 
 Other plants besides laurel are suspected of poisoning sheep. 
 
 SORE FACE AND LIPS. 
 
 Sheep's faces occasionally become quite sore when they are at 
 pasture in summer. It is attributed to the effect of St. John's wort, 
 and to some others. It can be easily cured by the application of sul- 
 phur ointment, consisting of sulphur and lard. Swelled and sore lips 
 more frequently appear about the opening of winter, and the causes 
 are unknown. Sulphur ointment, mixed with a little tar, is a very 
 efficacious remedy. 
 
 OPHTHALMIA, 
 
 This disease is characterized by redness of eyes, intolerance of 
 light, and constant flow of tears. Bathe the eyes occasionally with 
 warm water, to which a little sulphate of zinc has been added — a 
 drachm to a quart of water, A teaspoonful of laudanum may also be 
 added with much benefit, 
 
 MODE OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES TO SHEEP. 
 
 Sheep medicines administered internally should be in a fluid form, 
 for otherwise they fall into the rumen or paunch, where they do not 
 produce so much effect. Even fluids should be poured into the throat 
 
688 MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF SHEEP. 
 
 with care and deliberation, or they are likely to take the same course. 
 It is common, as in the case of the horse, to give sheep medicine 
 through a horn. Some persons fasten their mouths open by means of 
 a bit of three-quarter-inch board, about two and a half inches wide by 
 four inches long, with an inch and a half hole through its center, and 
 a strap attached to each end. This piece of wood is placed in the 
 mouth so as to hold it fully distended, and is confined there by tying 
 the straps over the back of the head. By holding up the head of the 
 sheep and inserting a horn or tube through the hole in the wood, fluid 
 can be poured down the throat without difficulty. A probang can 
 more conveniently be inserted through the same aperture in case of 
 choking. 
 
P0X7LTBT DISEASES. 689 
 
 POULTRY DISEASES. 
 
 While many valuable fowls are lost every year from carelessness ; 
 there are also a great many that die from the owners not being able 
 to give them proper treatment when sick. A chicken in a great many 
 cases is looked upon as such a small thing that it does not seem worth 
 while to give it any care or attention when sick, and so they are left 
 to mope around among the other fowls, and in many cases the disease 
 is contagious and is the means of losing the whole flock, while if the 
 one that was first taken sick had received some Uttle attention at 
 first, it, as well as the others, might have been saved. 
 
 BUMBLE FOOT 
 
 Is the name given to a fowl's foot when it has a cone or lump on 
 the bottom of it. The Asiatic fowls are more apt to be troubled with 
 this disease than the hghter weight fowls. It is caused by their jump- 
 ing down from high places upon the hard floor, or by walking over 
 ground that has many sharp stones or ash screenings on it. When 
 first noticed, if not too far advanced, apply lunar caustic ; pigment of 
 iodine apphed daily will also be beneficial. If the foot is swollen and 
 contains matter, it should be opened and the pus pressed out, after 
 which it should be well washed with warm water, and in a day or so 
 apply the caustic. The fowl should, of course, be kept in confinement 
 in a small coop and upon clean straw. 
 
 CRAMPS. 
 
 Young and especially early chickens are more frequently afflicted 
 with this disease than old birds. The symptoms are a moping or 
 walking around on the knuckles or outside of the foot, contraction of 
 the toes and squatting on the hocks. Prevention is a dry and warm 
 run free from dampness, cold, etc. 
 
 If the chicks are badly affected and removal to a dry and warm 
 house does not effect a cure, then bathe the feet with warm water and 
 give some stimulants such as a quarter grain of opium. Meat given 
 daily, and cayenne pepper mixed with the food. Cramps in adult 
 fowls is indicated by weakness of legs, stiffness of the joints and con- 
 
590 POULTBT DISEASES. 
 
 traction of the muscles. The treatment should be the same as for 
 young chickens except the dose should be twice as strong. 
 
 DIAKBHCEA. 
 
 Is usually caused by too sudden change of food or weather. li 
 discovered in its earhest stages it may be easily cured or checked by 
 feeding soft food cooked with milk and a very httle powdered chalk. 
 
 But in case the disease has become advanced the fowl should be 
 removed to a dry warm place and given but a very httle food which 
 should be warm and soft, to which should be added a tea-spoonful of 
 kerosene oil to a quart of food. With a httle care the fowl can be 
 cured in a few days so as to be let loose with the others, when, if left 
 to itself, it would mope around for a week or two and then either die 
 or in its weakened condition be a fit subject for other diseases. 
 
 OHOLEBA. 
 
 In a large nximber of cases where chickens become sick and sud- 
 denly die it is laid to the chicken cholera, whUe in reahty fuUy three- 
 fourths of them die from other diseases, such as roup, egg-bound, 
 diarrhoea, etc. But be that as it may it takes but a short time for 
 the chicken cholera to play sad havoc with a flock of chickens. It is 
 contagious, hence the importance of removing the fowl as soon as 
 noticed, away from its mates. The symptoms of this disease is sud- 
 den and violent thirst and diarrhoea. The droppings of a greenish, 
 then thin and white color. The fowl becomes very weak and staggers 
 about. 
 
 The cause is exposure to the hot sim without proper shade, filthy 
 drinking water and especially such as is found around a pig pen, and 
 a lack of proper food, such as meat and green stuff. There are also 
 some scientists who claim it is caused by a certain parasite or insect. 
 
 The treatment for this disease must be immediate. The following 
 remedy has been tried with good success : Take equal parts of tinc- 
 ture of opium, red pepper, rhubarb, pepperment and camphor, mixed 
 weU and shaken before using. Give the fowl as soon as noticed about 
 ten drops of the above, and in about eight to ten hours, if the bird 
 does not seem better, give another dose and so on imtU benefited. If 
 
rOUIiTBT DISEASES. 591 
 
 the disease is Bot too far advanced one dose will cure. Should not 
 the above remedy be at hand, give the fowl one-half a tea-spoonful of 
 common coal oil every six hours. This is a severe dose, but it has 
 been known to work an immediate cure. 
 
 CBOP BOUND. 
 
 At this season of the year, as the warm weather comes on, fowls 
 that have been confined to close quarters are hable, when they get 
 access to the farm or where there is long hay or grass, to be troubled 
 with what is called crop bound. The symptoms are a hard or dis- 
 tended crop, together with a lack of energy in the fowl and a lifting 
 of the crop as if to raise it up by the bird extending its breast and 
 neck with sudden jerks. It is caused by feeding too much hard 
 grain, or by a piece of gristly meat getting in the passage from the 
 crop to the body. It is also very common to find a long piece of hay 
 so twisted up and knotted as to stop up the passage. A fowl thus 
 affected should be placed by itself where it wall be quiet and can have 
 plenty of water. It should also have a teaspoonful of sweet oil, after 
 which the crop should be worked or kneaded until it becomes soft. 
 If this does not effect a cure, the crop must be opened. This can be 
 easily done by making a small incision at the top of the crop, after 
 which the contents of the crop should be emptied and thoroughly 
 washed out, the passage from the crop should also be examined to see 
 if open, after which three or four stitches should be made first in the 
 inner skin and then in the outer, using care not to stitch the inner 
 and outer skins together. The fowl should then be kept without food 
 or water for twenty-four hours, when a very httle soft food can be 
 given, and no water for at least three days, and but very httle food 
 for at least a week. 
 
 BOUP. 
 
 Koup in its first stages can be easily cured, but when advanced it 
 becomes contagious and it often occxirs that by not taking a fowl 
 effected by it away from its mates a whole flock is lost. The symp- 
 toms of roup is a desire of the fowl to remain on the roost, or to mope 
 around in some comer. Their throat seems to be swollen and a rat- 
 
692 POUIiTBT DISEASES. 
 
 tling or ■vrheezing Bound is often heard. Froth appeaxs in the under 
 corner of th« eye accompanied by a thin discharge from the nostrils, 
 and if not attended to at once the eye lids swell and the eye fills with 
 yellowish matter. 
 
 The nostrils become closed from increased discharge and the fowls 
 soon become blind and starve to death. 
 
 They should be removed at once to some good warm place away 
 from their mates, and their eyes and nostrils shoiild be washed and 
 bathed at least three times a day with warm salt and water or alum 
 and water. 
 
 GAPES. 
 
 The Poultry Bulletin says that it has rather discredited the idea of 
 any cure for gapes in chickens, but now confesses, after examination, 
 that it has reason for faith in camphor. The camphor acts upon the 
 worms by vapor, the same as in inhalation of carbohc acid fumes, and 
 being a very strong vermifuge, it kills the worms. It is usual to give 
 the remedy in pills about the size of an ordinary pea, and also diluted 
 in the water they drink. The chick wiU smell of the camphor for a 
 long time after taking it, and the fumes cannot fail to penetrate the 
 windpipe and lungs. They can also be removed by use of a looped 
 horse-hair, or the tip end of a feather, but it is a dehcate operation 
 and ordinary persons cannot do it. 
 
IND'EX. 
 
 HOESE DEPAETMENT. 
 
 Abdomen, dropsy of 05- 90 
 
 Abflomen, injuries to 96- 97 
 
 Abraided wounds, treatment 186 
 
 Accidents and injuries 179 
 
 Actions in colic 83- 87 
 
 Actions in pleurisy 70 
 
 Actions in inflammation of lungs 61- 62 
 
 Actual cautery, benefits 206-210 
 
 Acute dysentery, treatment 94 
 
 Afterbirth, retained 176 
 
 Age of horse, determining 199-206 
 
 Altering carrying tail 215 
 
 Amaurosis, signs of 33- 34 
 
 American trotters 223 
 
 Amount of toe-weights 273 
 
 Anatomy of foot 129-133 
 
 Ankles, cocked 124 
 
 Aphtha, treatment 45 
 
 Bad HABITS in colts 284 
 
 Bad teeth, evils of 45- 46 
 
 Balking, cause of 299 
 
 Bighead, treatment 166-167 
 
 Bite of mad dog 188-189 
 
 Bits for trotters, best 281-283 
 
 Bitting colts 290 
 
 Bloody urine, treatment... 172 
 
 Bog spavin, treatment 108-109 
 
 Bone spavin, treatment 101-106 
 
 Bots, facts about 78 
 
 Brain, diseases of 25 
 
 Breeds of horses, history 224-244 
 
 Breeding horses 256 
 
 Brushing and scalping 279 
 
 Breaking colts 261 
 
 Bruise of sole 118 
 
 Bruises, treatment of 187 
 
 Broken knees, treatment 182-183 
 
 Broken wind 163-164 
 
 Bunches on leg 187 
 
 Button farcy, treatment 193-194 
 
 7AOS. 
 
 Capped elbow, treatment 121-122 
 
 Capped hock, treatment 121 
 
 Capped knee, treatment 120-121 
 
 Canker of foot, treatment 1.50-151 
 
 Cataracts of all kinds 3>t- 41 
 
 Cautery, actual benefits -06-210 
 
 Castration of colts 213-215 
 
 Choke, high, treatment 52 
 
 Choke, low, treatment 53- 54 
 
 Chewing bridles 300 
 
 Chronic inflammation of stomach 75 
 
 Clicking, preventing 307 
 
 Cocked ankles, treatment 124 
 
 Cold, treatment of 46- 47 
 
 Colic, spasmodic, treatment 82- 86 
 
 Colic, flatulent, treatment 86- 89 
 
 Colt, breaking trotting 261 
 
 Colt, breaking "84 
 
 Colts, diarrhoea in 95 
 
 Colts, worms in 97 
 
 Converting pacers 278 
 
 Contraction of foot 138-143 
 
 Construction of foot 129-304 
 
 Congestion, treatment 63-66 
 
 Corns, treatment of 146-148 
 
 Cough, treatment ^^o^'^ 
 
 Cooling after a sweat ""^ 
 
 Cracks in foot 144-145 
 
 Cracked heels, treatment 196 
 
 Cribbing, correcting 77 
 
 Curb, treatment of '1^ 
 
 Cutting and brushing 280 
 
 Determining age 199 
 
 Descendants of Messenger 232 
 
 Descendants of Bashaw 239 
 
 Descendants of Justin Morgan 2.35 
 
 Dexter, how shod.. 308 
 
 Diseases of the brain 2.5 
 
 Di.seases of the eye 35 
 
 Diseases of the nostrils 46 
 
694 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Diseases of the throat 51 
 
 Diseases of lungs and chest 60 
 
 Diseases of the stomach 72 
 
 Diseases of the abdomen 81 
 
 Diseases of the limbs 100 
 
 Diseases of the feet 125 
 
 Diseases of the urinary organs 168 
 
 Diseases of the female organs 176 
 
 Diseases of the male organs 177 
 
 Diseases of the skin 190 
 
 Diseases benefitted by firing 209 
 
 Diaphragm, ruptured 96 
 
 Diarrhffia in colts 95 
 
 Discharge from vagina 176 
 
 Distemper, treatment 157-159 
 
 Distances to trot colts 264 
 
 Doses of medicine for horses 216 
 
 Doses of medicine for cattle • 216 
 
 Doses of medicine for hogs 216 
 
 Doses of medicine for sheep 216 
 
 Dropsy of abdomen 95- 96 
 
 Drojjsy of scrotum 177 
 
 Dysentery, treatment 93- 95 
 
 Elbow, capped, treatment 121 
 
 Enteritis, treatment .•> 90- 93 
 
 Epilepsy, treatment 28 
 
 Epizootic, treatment lo5-]57 
 
 Errors in training trotters 274 
 
 Examining for bad eyes '^4- 40 
 
 Examining for spavin - 103-105 
 
 Examining for lameness 126-128 
 
 Examining for heaves 163 
 
 Examining lor age 199-202 
 
 Examining a horse 312 
 
 Exercising trotting colts 262 
 
 Exercising mature trotters 264 
 
 Eyes, diseases of 35 
 
 Eyes, hooks in 38 
 
 Eyes, inflammation of H5- 39 
 
 Eyes, cataracts, spots in - 'JO- 41 
 
 Fastest time in trotting 247-367 
 
 Fatal symptoms of bronchitis 68 
 
 Fatal symptoms of pleurisy 71 
 
 False quarter 146 
 
 Farcy, treatment of 159-160 
 
 Feeding while jogging 268 
 
 Feeding the trotting colt 2(jl 
 
 Female organs, diseases of 176 
 
 Fear of articles, breaking 300 
 
 Firing for diseases 206-208 
 
 Firing for spavins 207 
 
 Fistulous withers lSl-182 
 
 Fitting shoes 305 
 
 Flatulent colic, treatment 86- 89 
 
 Flies, protecting from 220 
 
 Foal, early treatment 260 
 
 Foal, weaning the 261 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Foaling, assistance in 175-176 
 
 Foaling, diseases after 176 
 
 Form of bits 282 
 
 Foot, construction of 129-304 
 
 Foot, contraction of 138-143 
 
 Foot, bad treatment of 132 
 
 Foot, hot bath for 133 
 
 Foot, prick of, treatment 187 
 
 Foot, pumice, treatment 143 
 
 Founiler, treatment of 134-138 
 
 Frog, structure|of 133 
 
 Galls, harness 186 
 
 Gastritis, treatment 73 
 
 General diseases 154 
 
 Glands in cold 47 
 
 Glands in glanders 162 
 
 Glanders, treatment 160-162 
 
 Gleet, nasal, treatment 49- 50 
 
 Goitre, treatment 54 
 
 Graveled foot, treatment 148 
 
 Grain, overeating of 26 
 
 Grease-heel, treatment ..194-196 
 
 Grubs in skin 197 
 
 Haltering a colt 289-290 
 
 Halter puUing 296 
 
 Hardening trotters 264 
 
 Harness galls, treatment 186 
 
 Harness, care of 314 
 
 Heaves, symptoms of 163-164 
 
 Heels, cracked 196 
 
 Hcroclitary diseases 256 
 
 Hidebound treatment 197 
 
 High cooke, relieving 52 
 
 History of breeds 216 
 
 History of trotting families 231-244 
 
 History of jxicing element 243 
 
 History of early trotting 247 
 
 Hitching in gait, correcting 2/9 
 
 Hock, capped, treatment 121 
 
 Hopeful's time to wagon 248 
 
 Hooks in eyes 38 
 
 Horse's age, to tell 199-202 
 
 Horse's foot, caring for 129-133 
 
 Hydrophobia, treatment 188 
 
 Indigestion, treatment 7.5- 76 
 
 Infiammatiou of eyes 35- 39 
 
 Inflammation of lungs 60- 63 
 
 Inflammation of stomach 73- 75 
 
 Inflammation of stomach, chronic 75- 76 
 
 Inflammation of bowels 90- 93 
 
 Inflammation of kidneys 169-171 
 
 Inflammation of intestines 90- 93 
 
 Inflammation of testicles 177 
 
 Inflammation of womb 176-177 
 
 Increase of trotters yearly 249 
 
 Injuries to jaw - 43 
 
595 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Injuries to mouth 43 
 
 Injuries to al)ilomen Of) 
 
 Influenza, treatment <..155-157 
 
 Incised wounds, treatment 185 
 
 Intestines, intro-susception 97 
 
 Interfering, preventing 280-307 
 
 Itch, treatment 191 
 
 JAW, injuries to 43 
 
 Jockey triclts 77-104 
 
 Joints, open, treatment 184 
 
 Jogging colts 262 
 
 Jogging mature trotters 264 
 
 Jogging, feeding while 266 
 
 Jumping, breaking of 300 
 
 Keeping trotters in condition 264 
 
 Kicking in stall 297 
 
 Kicking while shoeing 297 
 
 Knee, capped, treatment 121 
 
 Knees, broken, treatment 182 
 
 Knee-sprung, treatment 123 
 
 Knuckling, treatment 124 
 
 Knee-banging 281 
 
 Lacerated wounds, treatment IS4 
 
 L/ampas, treatment 44 
 
 Lameness, locating 126-128 
 
 Laminitis, treating -...134-137 
 
 Laminitis, chronic 138 
 
 Laryngitis, treatment 55- 56 
 
 Laying off race tracks 316-317 
 
 Leucorrhcea, treatment 176 
 
 Legs, swelled, treatment 122-123 
 
 Lice, treatment 197 
 
 Lockjaw, treatment 29- 30 
 
 Low choke, treatment 53- 54 
 
 Lungs, inflammation of 60 
 
 Lymphangitis, treatment 122-123 
 
 Mallenders, treatment 196 
 
 Male organs, diseases of 177 
 
 Mane, rubbing the 215 
 
 Mane, to turn the 215 
 
 Mane, to thicken 215 
 
 Mange, treatment of 190-192 
 
 Mare, when with foal 2-59 
 
 Mare, care in foaling ...2-59-260 
 
 Mare, owning her colt 260 
 
 Medicines for fevers 216 
 
 Medicines to relieve pain 216 
 
 Medicines to restore strength 216 
 
 Medicines to move bowels 217 
 
 Medicines to check diarrhoea 217 
 
 Medicines, doses of 217 
 
 Medicines, to measure - 218 
 
 Medicines, to give 218 
 
 Megrims, treatment 28 
 
 Mixed gaits, correcting 279 
 
 70 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Miscellaneous matters 198-310 
 
 Moon blindness 35 
 
 Morbid appetite 75 
 
 Mouth, injuries to 43- 
 
 Mouth, tender, remedy for 219 
 
 Nasal gleet 48- 50 
 
 Nailing on shoe 307 
 
 Nasal polypus 50 
 
 Navicular disease 1-38-143 
 
 Nephritis 169-171 
 
 Nose-bag, use of i.... 47-50-^-55 
 
 Nostrils, diseases of 46 
 
 Old noR.sES, to tell 199-205 
 
 Ophthalmia, periodic 35- 38 
 
 Ophthalmia, simple ; 39 
 
 Open joint, treatment 183-184 
 
 Optic nerve, paralysis of 33- 34 
 
 Ossification of side bones ■. 1-52 
 
 Over-reach, treatment 152 
 
 Over-eating, treatment 26- 28 
 
 Over-driving, treatment i 63- 66 
 
 Owning her colt, mare 260 
 
 Pacer, converting 278 
 
 Paddlers, correcting 280 
 
 Paralysis, partial 31 
 
 Paralysis, complete 32 
 
 Paring the foot 305 
 
 Part second 222 
 
 Parturition, assistance in 175 
 
 Pawing in stall 298 
 
 Pink eye, treatment 155 
 
 Pleurisy, treatment 69- 71 
 
 Pneumonia, treatment." 60- 63 
 
 Posterior irritation 99 
 
 Poisoning, treatment 73- 75 
 
 Poll-evil, treatment 180 
 
 Preventing rubliing mane 215 
 
 Preventing rubbing tail 99-215 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Protecting from flies 220 
 
 Purigo, treatment 192 
 
 Prick in shoeing 187 
 
 Profuse urinating 173 
 
 Pumice foot, treatment 143-144 
 
 Pullers, bits for 282 
 
 Puncturing in colic 89 
 
 Quarter-cracks, treatment 14-1-145 
 
 Quarter false, treatment 146 
 
 Quittor, treatment 148-149 
 
 Race tracks, laying off. 316-317 
 
 Rarus' fast time 248 
 
 Retention of urine 174-175 
 
 Retained afterbirth 176 
 
 Records, lowering of 249 
 
596 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Records of trotting horses 367 
 
 Record of Hopeful. 248 
 
 Rheumatism, treatment 119-120 
 
 Ringbone, treatment 111-113 
 
 Ringworm, treatment 193 
 
 Roaring, treatment 59 
 
 Rowells, uses of 213 
 
 Running away 298 
 
 Sallanders, treatment 196 
 
 Sand-cracks, treatment 144-146 
 
 Scours in colts, treatment 95 
 
 Scrotum, dropsy of 177 
 
 Scratches, treatment 194-196 
 
 Setons, uses and benefits of 212 
 
 Seedy toe, treatment 151-152 
 
 Sheath, swelling of 178 
 
 Sheath, tumors on 178 
 
 Shedding teeth 200 
 
 Shoe boil, treatment 121-122 
 
 Shoeing horses 303-308 
 
 Side bones, ossification 152-153 
 
 Single footing, correcting 279 
 
 Sling for sick horses 219 
 
 Sole, bruise of, treatment 148 
 
 Sore throat, treatment 58-157 
 
 Spavin, bone, treatment 101-106 
 
 Spavin, articular, treatment 107-108 
 
 Spavin, bog, treatment lOS-109 
 
 Spasm of urethra 174-175 
 
 Spasm of diaphragm 79- 80 
 
 Spasmodic colic, treatment 82- 86 
 
 Speeding the trotter 267 
 
 Speeding the colt 262 
 
 SpHnts, treatment 109-111 
 
 Sprains, treatment 116-117 
 
 Sporting terms, definition 315 
 
 Staggers, mad, blind 26- 28 
 
 Stalls, building of — 313 
 
 Stomach, inflammation of 73- 75 
 
 Strangles, treatment 1'57 
 
 Strangulated cord 178 
 
 Sun stroke, treatment 164-166 
 
 Surfeit, treatment 193-194 
 
 Sweating and scraping out 271 
 
 Sweeny, treatment H'^ 
 
 Tail, altering carrying 215 
 
 Tail, preventing rubbing 215 
 
 Tail, thickening the hair 215 
 
 PAQK. 
 
 Teeth at different ages 199-20ii 
 
 Teeth, treatment of bad 45 
 
 Tendons, sprains of 116rll7 
 
 Tender mouth, remedy for 219 
 
 Test for lock jaw 29 
 
 Test for bad eyes 34 
 
 Test for a roarer 59 
 
 Test for inflammation of lungs 61 
 
 Test for pleurisy 70 
 
 Test for spavins 103-105 
 
 Test for inflammation of bowels 91 
 
 Test for ruptured liver and spleen 97 
 
 Testing the side bones 152 
 
 Testicles, swollen 177 
 
 Thoroughpin, treatment 114-115 
 
 Throat, diseases of 51 
 
 Throat, sore, treatment 58 
 
 Thrush, treatment 149-150 
 
 Thumps, treatment 79- 80 
 
 Toe-cracks, treatment 145-146 
 
 Toe-weights, uses of - 275 
 
 Tread, treatment 156 
 
 Trotting colt, breaking 261 
 
 Trotting horse training 264 
 
 Trotting performances ....247-367 
 
 Trotters, increase of 249 
 
 Tumor on sheath 178 
 
 Urine, bloody, treatment 172 
 
 Urine, retention of 174-175 
 
 Urinating, profuse - 173 
 
 Uses of medicines 216-217 
 
 Vicious horses, breaking 291 
 
 Wagon, fastest time to 248 
 
 Wagon, colts to 262-291 
 
 Wasting of muscles 116 
 
 Warts on sheath 178 
 
 Water farcy, treatment 122 
 
 Weights, how to use 275 
 
 Wliip, ill l)reaking 287 
 
 Wind-galls, treatment 113-114 
 
 Wind-sucking, curing 77 
 
 Withers, fistulous, treatment 181 
 
 Wounds, treatment of 184-188 
 
 Womb, inflammation of 176 
 
 AVomb, discharges from 176 
 
 Worms in colts 97- 99 
 
 Wolf-teeth 46 
 
 CATTLE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Abdomen, diseases of 408 
 
 Abortion in cows - 422 
 
 After calving, care 426 
 
 Alderney cattle 395 
 
 Anthrax diseases 460 
 
P97 
 
 PAOB. 
 
 Animals, delirious' - 413 
 
 Aphtha, contagious 463 
 
 Artirk's in the eye - 4H9 
 
 Ayrshire cattle, history 390 
 
 Belted cattle, history 395 
 
 Before calving, care 425 
 
 Bladder, intlaramation of 421 
 
 Black tongue, treatment 460 
 
 Black leg, treatment 460 
 
 Bloody urine, treatment 421 
 
 Bloody milk, treatment 427 
 
 Bloody murrain, treatment 460 
 
 Bloating, treatment 408 
 
 Bowels, inflammation of 413 
 
 Breeds, history of 387 
 
 Bronchitis, treatment 405 
 
 Calf, remo^^ng dead 422 
 
 Care of cows before calving 425 
 
 Care of cows after calving 42(i 
 
 Castrating calves 4.':)3 
 
 Catarrh, treatment of 406 
 
 Catarrh, malignant, treatment 407 
 
 Cattle department 885 
 
 Cattle, Alderney 395 
 
 Cattle, Ayrshire , 390 
 
 Cattle, Belted 395 
 
 Cattle, Devon 396 
 
 Cattle, Dutch 395 
 
 Cattle, Short Horn 387 
 
 Cattle, Hereford 396 
 
 Cattle, Holstein 395 
 
 Cattle, Scotch Polled 391-392 
 
 Choking, relieving 418 
 
 Chronic (liarrhaa, treatment 414 
 
 Colic, spasmodic, treatment 418 
 
 Common cold, treatment 406 
 
 Cows, spaying 466 
 
 Cows, kicking 467 
 
 Devon cattle 396 
 
 Delirious animals 4l:! 
 
 Dead calf, removing 41':; 
 
 Diseases of generative organs 4:J0 
 
 Diseases of urinary organs 420 
 
 Diseases of stomach 4(»8 
 
 Diseases of respiratory organs 400 
 
 Diarrhoea, chronic, treatment 414 
 
 Diarrhoea, treatment 414 
 
 Dry murrain, treatment 412 
 
 Dutch cattle 396 
 
 Dysentery, treatment 417 
 
 Enteritis, treatment 413 
 
 Epidemic ophthalmia, treatment.... 464 
 
 Eyes, articles in .. 460 
 
 Eyes, inflanwuation, epidemic 464 
 
 rACK. 
 
 Feeding dry stalks, evils of 413 
 
 Fever, milk, treatment 426 
 
 Fever, Texan, treatment 434 
 
 Foot and mouth disease 463 
 
 Garget, treatment 428 
 
 Generative organs, diseases of. 420 
 
 Grubs in skin, treatment 468 
 
 Guernsey cattle 395 
 
 Hereford cattle 395 
 
 History of breeds 387 
 
 Holstein cattle 395 
 
 Hooven, treatment 408 
 
 Hydrothorax, treatment 402 
 
 Inflammation op bladder 421 
 
 Inflammation of bowels 413 
 
 Inflammation of eyes, epidemic 464 
 
 Inflammation of kidneys 420 
 
 Inflammation of lungs 400 
 
 InHaminatior. of lungs, contagious 436 
 
 Inflammation of third stomach 412 
 
 Inflammation of womb 427 
 
 Jersey cattle, history of. 395 
 
 Kicking cows, breaking 467 
 
 Kidneys, inflammation of.„ 420 
 
 Killing lice on cattle 468 
 
 Leaking milk, to stop 430 
 
 Leg, black, treatment 460 
 
 Lice, destroying 468 
 
 Lungs, inflanimaton of 400 
 
 Lungs, contagious inflammation of 436 
 
 Mad staggers, treatment 412 
 
 Malignant catarrh, treatment 407 
 
 Mammitis, treatment 428 
 
 Milk, bloody, treatment 427 
 
 Milk fever, treatment 426 
 
 Milk leaking, to stop 4.30 
 
 Milk stoppage, treatment 428 
 
 Milking qualities of Ayrshire 393 
 
 Miscellaneous matters 466 
 
 Mouth and foot disease 463 
 
 Murrain, dry, bloody 412 
 
 Native cattle, origin 399 
 
 Obstruction of teat 428 
 
 Oi)hthalmia, epidemic 464 
 
 Other diseases, treatment 407 
 
 Over-eating, tretitment 411 
 
 Over-loaded paunch, treatment 411 
 
 Pabtueition fever, treatment 426 
 
598 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Peritonitis, treatment 419 
 
 Pleurisy, treatment 401 
 
 Pleuro-pneumonia, treatment 436 
 
 Pneumonia, treatment 400 
 
 Quarter evil, treatment 460 
 
 Bed water, treatment 421 
 
 Respiratory organs, diseases of 400 
 
 Scours, treatment 414 
 
 Scours in calves 418 
 
 Short Horn cattle, history of 387 
 
 Spasmodic colic, treatment 418 
 
 Spaying cows, operation for 468 
 
 Staggers, mad, treatment 4lL! 
 
 Stomach, diseases of 408 
 
 Stomach, impaction of 412 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Stoppage of milk 428 
 
 Sore teats, treatment of 433 
 
 Sucking cows, breaking 468 
 
 Teats, sore, treatment 433 
 
 Teats, obstruction in - 430 
 
 Texan fever, treatment 434 
 
 Treatment before and after calving 425 
 
 Tongue, black, treatment .^..... 460 
 
 Urine, bloody, treatment 421 
 
 Urinary organs, diseases of 420 
 
 Water, red, treatment 421 
 
 Warts, removing 433 
 
 Worms, removing 420 
 
 Womb, inflammation of 427 
 
 SWINE DEPAETMENT. 
 
 ANTHRAX DISEASES, treatment 486 
 
 Apoplexy, treatment 515 
 
 Berkshire Swine 483 
 
 Berkshire, red, swine 484 
 
 Black tooth, facts about 518 
 
 Blind staggers, treatment 516 
 
 Boars, castrating 522 
 
 Bowels, protrusion of 514 
 
 Bowels, inflammation typhoid 502 
 
 Breeds, various 481 
 
 Breeding, errors in 488 
 
 Casteatino ridgling noGS 522 
 
 Castrating hogs, hints about 523 
 
 Catarrh, treatment 508 
 
 Chester White swine 482 
 
 Cheshire swine 484 
 
 Cholera, hog, causes of 486 
 
 Cholera, hog, spreading of 493 
 
 Cholera, hog, prevention of 494 
 
 Cholera, hog, treatment of 495 
 
 Constipation, treatment 512 
 
 Cough, treatment 507 
 
 BiARRHffiA, treatment 511 
 
 Diphtheria, treatment 505 
 
 Diseases of bowels 511 
 
 Diseases of stomach 511 
 
 Diseases of throat and lungs 504 
 
 Eating pigs, preventing sows. 520 
 
 Enteritis, typhoid 502 
 
 Errors in breeding 488 
 
 Errors in feeding 492 
 
 Essex swine 483 
 
 Hind-quarters, paralysis of 514 
 
 Hog cholera, causes of • 486 
 
 Hogs, castrating 522 
 
 Inflammation op lungs 507 
 
 Intestinal worms, removing 513 
 
 Itch, treatment 619 
 
 Jersey red swine 484 
 
 Kidney worms, treatment 512 
 
 Lice, remedies for 518 
 
 Loss by hog cholera 487 
 
 Magie swine 481 
 
 Malignant typhus fever 496 
 
 Malignant putrid sore throat 500 
 
 Mange, treatment of 519 
 
 Miscellaneous diseases 462 
 
 Operations, directions for 521 
 
 Palpitation op heart 515 
 
 Paralysis of hind-quarters 514 
 
 Piles in hogs, treatment 513 
 
 Pneumonia, treatment 607 
 
 Poland-China swine 481 
 
699 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Prevention of hog cholera 494 
 
 Protrusion of liowels in pigs 514 
 
 Putrid erysipelas 496 
 
 Putrid sore throat 500 
 
 Quinsy, treatment ■.. 504 
 
 Rheumatism, treatment 517 
 
 Ridgling hogs, castrating 522 
 
 Srouus IN PIGS, treatment 511 
 
 Sen if ulcus diseases SUi 
 
 Sal lllc disease in jngs 508 
 
 Sore throat, malignant 500 
 
 Sows eating pigs, preventing 5-0 
 
 Spaying sows 529 
 
 Spreading of hog cholera 493 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Staggers, blind, treatment 516 
 
 Strangles, treatment 504 
 
 Suffolk swine 483 
 
 Thumps, treatment 515 
 
 Tooth, black, treatment 518 
 
 Treatment of hog cholera 495 
 
 Typhoid enteritis, treatment 502 
 
 Typhus fever, malignant 496 
 
 Various bueeds 4S1 
 
 Vermin, ridding of 518 
 
 Worms, intestinal, removing 513 
 
 Worms, kidney, treatment 512 
 
 Yorkshire swine 484 
 
 SHEEP DEPAKTMENT. 
 
 Abortion in ewes 585 
 
 Administering medicines 587 
 
 Attention to horns 5C5 
 
 Blind staggers, treatment 582 
 
 Bloating from green food 586 
 
 Breeds, diflferent 549 
 
 Castrating lambs 502 
 
 Catarrh, treatment 584 
 
 Catching sheep, how done 5i)4 
 
 Chilled lambs, care of 5(i0 
 
 Choking, to relieve 586 
 
 Clinuite for sheep, best - 549 
 
 Colic, treatment of 584 
 
 Constipation in lambs 560 
 
 Contagious diseases 5;!7 
 
 Cotswold sheep 5")1 
 
 Coui)ling ewes with ram 567 
 
 Cutting hoofs, how done 563 
 
 Cutting teeth, lambs 560 
 
 Diarrhcea in lambs, treatment 560 
 
 Diarrhfca in sheep, treatment 583 
 
 Different breeds of sheep 549 
 
 Disowning lambs, ewe 5<:l 
 
 Dividing Hocks, manner of 568 
 
 Docking lambs, how to 562 
 
 Doing up wool, proi)er 564 
 
 Dysentery, treatment 583 
 
 Ewes, after lambing 561 
 
 Ewes, disowning lamb 561 
 
 Ewes, fall feeding of 566 
 
 Ewes, period of gestation 567 
 
 Ewes, number ram serves 567 
 
 Eyes, inflammation of 587 
 
 Face, sore, and lips, treatment 587 
 
 Fall feeding of lambs 566 
 
 Fall feeding of ewes 566 
 
 Fall management 566 
 
 Feeding serving ram 567 
 
 Fever, parturient, treatment 585 
 
 Flocks, dividing in winter 568 
 
 Food, amount consumed 570 
 
 Foot-rot, treatment 575 
 
 French Merino sheep 554 
 
 Garget, treatment 561 
 
 Gestation in ewe, period 567 
 
 Giving medicines 587 
 
 Grub in the head, treatment 681 
 
 Gullet, obstructions in 586 
 
 Hampshire down sheep 552 
 
 Head, grub in, relief for 581 
 
 Horns, attention to 5(m 
 
 Hoofs, cutting of 563 
 
 Hoof-rot, treatment 575 
 
 Hoove, treatment 686 
 
 InFANTADO SHEEP 558 
 
 Inflamed eyes, treatment 1<BT 
 
 Itch, treatment 673 
 
 Kind of sheep for farm 549 
 
<500 
 
 LAMBixr;, attention in 5o9 
 
 Lambs, new-born, care of 559 
 
 Lambs, chilled, care of 560 
 
 Lambs, cutting teeth 5fiO 
 
 Lambs, stifT neck and rheumatism 560 
 
 Lambs, castrating and docking G*>2 
 
 Lambs, fall feeding 5C6 
 
 Leicester sheep 5oU 
 
 Lincoln sheep 651 
 
 Management of sheep 558 
 
 Management of new-born lambs Sort 
 
 IMaggots, exterminating 5()5 
 
 Medicines, to give 587 
 
 Merino sheep, Spanish 553 
 
 Merino sheep, French 554 
 
 Miscellaneous diseases 573 
 
 Obstruction in gullet 580 
 
 Ophthalmia, treatment 5S7 
 
 Oxfordshire sheep 5o;; 
 
 Parturient If ever, treatment 585 
 
 Paular sheep 554 
 
 Period of gestation in ewe 5ti7 
 
 Poisoning, relief for 587 
 
 Ram, coupling 567 
 
 Regularity in feeding 572 
 
 Remedies, to give ''87 
 
 Rheumatism in lambs 560 
 
 Rot, hoof, foot, treatment 575 
 
 Salting sheep 569 
 
 Scab, treatment of 573 
 
 Sheep for farm 549 
 
 Shearing sheep 563 
 
 Shearing, storms after 565 
 
 Shropshire Downs, sheep 552 
 
 Silesian sheep 557 
 
 Soil for sheep 549 
 
 Sore face and lips, treatment 587 
 
 South Down sheep 55i 
 
 Spring management 558 
 
 Staggers, blind, treatment 582 
 
 Stiff neck in lambs 560 
 
 Stretches in sheep, treatment 584 
 
 Sturdy, treatment 582 
 
 Summer management 56S 
 
 Ticks, destroying 565 
 
 Washing, time and mode 563 
 
 Water and shade for sheep 569 
 
 Weaning lambs 566 
 
 AVinter management 568 
 
 Winter shelter 568 
 
 Wool, doing up 564 
 
 Yard for sheep 569 
 
 INDEX TO HOMCEOPATHIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Abortion 31S 
 
 Anatomy of horse, with cut 02« 
 
 Bladder, Inflammation of — 'Ml 
 
 Bronchitis 3S5 
 
 Bloating W 
 
 Bots 346 
 
 Broken knee 358 
 
 Castration 350 
 
 Catarrh 336 
 
 Cracked heels 357 
 
 Colic *« 
 
 Constipation 344 
 
 Congestion 339 
 
 Colds, common 336 
 
 Corns 360 
 
 Cough 3:38 
 
 Diarrhoea 343 
 
 Diet 337 
 
 Digestive organs 339 
 
 Dropsy 364 
 
 Dysentery 343 
 
 Enteritis 3*0 
 
 Epilepsy 361 
 
 Excessive exertion 339 
 
 Eyes, diseases of 332 
 
 Farcy 351 
 
 Foot, diseases of 351 
 
 Foot and mouth disease 365 
 
 Founder 351 
 
 Glanders 360 
 
 Hoove 340 
 
 Inflammatlou of bowels 341 
 
 Jaundice 345 
 
 Laminitis 351 
 
 Lungs, diseases of 351 
 
 Lockjaw 361 
 
 Mange .163 
 
 Medicines, how to use 323 
 
 Megrims 361 
 
 Milk fever 362 
 
 Over-driving . . 339 
 
 Over-i-each 359 
 
 Pneumonia 3:M 
 
 Principles of treatment 319 
 
 Prick of foot 359 
 
 Quittor 359 
 
 Respiratory organs 394 
 
 Rheumatism ... . 353 
 
 Staggers 345 
 
 Spavin 353 
 
 Scratches 356 
 
 Sprain 355 
 
 Strangles 363 
 
 Splint 355 
 
 Slinking 348 
 
 Stifle 3M 
 
 Synovitis 353 
 
 Throat, diseases of 332 
 
 Urinary organs 347 
 
 Venereal diseases . 348 
 
 Windgalls 354 
 
 Worms 364 
 
 Wounds and bruises 365 
 
 Yellows 345 
 
ILLUSTRATED 
 
 AMERICAN STOCK BOOK, 
 
 INDORSED AND RECOMMENDE 
 
 ^0,000 Farmers and Breeders. 
 
 O^) 
 
 ITS FIRST YEAR. 
 
 TTniversal success and unparalleled satisfaction. Never before have farmers and breeders had tlie opportunity 
 of securing in one volume all the results of modern research and experience by those ^vho have made the diseases 
 of domestic animals a life-long study. Below arc a few of the many recommendations we have on lile. We select 
 these because all the parties are well known throughout the United States as being persons of the highest probity as 
 well as practical breeders, and write from that standpoint: 
 
 [From the Superintendent of one of the largest and 
 oldest stock farms in Kentucky, who is well 
 known to all breeders.] 
 
 I,. BRO,\DHEAD, Agent, ~| 
 
 ■Woodburn Farm of A. J. Alexander, J- 
 Spri7ig Station, Ky., March ij, ISSO.) 
 W. J. Bradley, Esq., Nashville, Term., 
 
 My Dear Sir:— I have examined the revised edition 
 of Illustrated Am<arican Stock Book and Farrier, and 
 like it better than any work of the kind I have ever 
 seen. It will recommend itself to every practical 
 man. The veterinary part of the book will be es- 
 pecially useful to the general public. The language 
 is plain and free from technicalities that make most 
 veterinary works useless to any but practitioners. 
 The remedies are simple, and as far as my experience 
 goes, effective. very truly yours, 
 
 L. BROADHEAD 
 
 [From Gen. W. H. Jackson, of well-known standing 
 as one of the most prominent breeders in Tonne- 
 see; a man above intlueiace by fear or favor:] 
 
 Belle Meade Farm, ) 
 Davidsmi Co., Tenn., May S, lanu. j 
 To whom it may covcern: — Ha^^ng purchased the Rlus- 
 Irated American Stock Book and Farrier, and read it 
 carefully, I esteem it a duty I owe farmers and stock 
 breeders to say that I think it the most complete work 
 of the kind I have ever seen, and we have had at 
 Belle Meade every work bearing on the treatment of 
 domestic animals we can find. W. H. JACKSON. 
 
 fFrom B. F. CocKRiLL. considered to be the best read 
 breeder in the South, as regards treatment of all 
 diseases of stock:] 
 
 Richland Stock Farm, 1 
 Nashville, Term., April IS, ISSO.j 
 Major W J. Bradley. 
 
 Dear Sir: — As requested, I have read your book, 
 and hud it a most admirable work from the best 
 
 authors, and a most useful book for all slock-breedeis 
 or owners. It is written in plain, concise style, easily 
 read by any one possessing llie knowledge to read the 
 plainest English. It contains many chapters alone 
 worth the price of the entire book. I cheerfully rec- 
 ommend it to all stock owners, especially those who 
 are not able to purchase the more costly veterinary 
 works. Yours truly, 
 
 B. F. COCKRILL. 
 
 [From the most extensive dealer in fine blooded horses 
 in the United States:] 
 
 NashvUle, Tenn., March 27, 1S80. 
 Major W. J. Bradley, 
 
 Dear Sir:— I take pleasure in sajing that the work I 
 bought of you is one that every farmer and breeder of 
 stock should have. I find it very handy, plain and 
 easily understood, and free from all technicalities that 
 most works of the kind are so full of. I think there 
 are but few that have any thing to do with stock that 
 could afford to be without it at the price. 
 Respectfully your friend. 
 
 A. J. McKIMMIN. 
 
 [From the editor of the Turf, Field and Farm, of New 
 
 York City:] 
 Office of the Turf, Field and Farm, No. 37 Park Row, 1 
 New York, March 15, ISSO. / 
 Maj. W. J. Bradley, 
 
 Dear Sfr.-— Below find my notice of the American 
 Stock Book, which I heartily endorse as a very valu- 
 able work which fills a gap long needed : 
 
 "Illustrated American Stock Book," i>ublished 
 bv the Live-stock Publishing Company, Chicago, 111. 
 This is the title of a work just issued which promises 
 to fill a want long felt by the breeders and horse- 
 owners of the country. It contains a practical treatise 
 on all diseases peculiar to the horse, with the best 
 known treatment therefor ; also a history of the differ- 
 ent breeds of horses, together with the origin, de- 
 velopment and remarkable performances of the 
 
trotting-horses of America. Apart from the veteri- 
 nary treatise, perhaps the most useful portion of the 
 work is a familiar and comprehensive treatise upoij 
 breaking and training the trotting horse. This will 
 be found invaluable to the inexperienced trainer, and 
 will fill a gap not heretofore attempted by writers 
 upon the horse. In addition to other advantages 
 wnich this work possesses, it contains a vast amount 
 of useful information never before published, all of 
 which is interspersed with explanatory illustrations. 
 The work should be in the hands of every horseman 
 in the country. Most truly, 
 
 S. D. BRUCE, Editor T. F. and F. 
 
 [From the Western Stock Journal and Farrier, Iowa 
 City, Iowa:] 
 A Valuable Work.— We have examined the Amer- 
 ican Stock Book and Farrier, published by the Live 
 Stock Publishing Co., Chicago, 111., and find it a work 
 of real merit. It is written in plain English and is 
 free from the technicalities which so frequently blind 
 the average reader. It is free from much of the old 
 fogy rubbish that goes to fill up many of the cheap 
 works of this kind ; common terms are used in de- 
 scriljing sjTuptoms, thereby enabling any one to 
 readily understand the nature of the disease. The 
 horse department, which is one of the principal fea- 
 tures of the book, is properly illustrated and quite 
 explicit. It has also a cattle, swine and sheep depart- 
 ment, but does not treat of dogs. We never could see 
 the philosophy of tacking in a dog department with a 
 sheep. We tnink this volume worthy of a place in 
 every farmer's library. Farmers needing such a work 
 (and all do) need have no fear of being defrauded. 
 
 [From the Kentucky Live Stock Record, Lexington, Ky.] 
 The Illustrated American Stock Book and Far- 
 rier. —We are indebted to the publishers. No. 69 
 DearbHrn Street, Chicago, 111., for a copy of the Illus- 
 trated American Stock Book a d Farrier, containing a 
 plain, practical and improved modern treatment, 
 profusely illustrated with explanatory engravings, of 
 the various diseases of the horse, cattle, sheep and 
 hogs, and a large amount of valuable miscellaneous 
 informati'^n for horsemen never before published. 
 The book is printed on excellent paper, in large, clear 
 type, and is handsomely bound. Our old friend and 
 townsman, Major Wm. J. Bradley, a practical horse- 
 man, has taken control of the South to manage the 
 sale of this work, and will soon visit Kentucky to call 
 the attention of breeders to its merits, and we be- 
 speak for him a cordial reception at the hands of our 
 friends. It is just such a book as has long been 
 needed and fills a vacuum long felt, and should be in 
 the hands of every l«ver of the horse and breeders 
 everywhere. 
 
 [From the editor of the Dixie Farn 
 paper;] 
 
 a prominent 
 
 Dixie Farmer, \ 
 Nashville, Tenn., March 30, ISSO. j 
 
 Major W. J. Bradley, 
 
 Dear Sir:— 1 have examined with much care and 
 interest the American Stock Book and Farrier, and I 
 am frank to say that I think it the very best book of 
 the kind I have ever seen. It contains a vast amount 
 of information that is absolutely necessary for a 
 farmer and stock raiser to possess. *My duties as Stock 
 Editor of the old Rural Sun, now the Dixie Farmer, 
 make it necessary for me to keep myself thoroughly 
 acquainted with diseases common to stock of all 
 kinds, and for this purpose I have supplied myself 
 with all the different works upon these subjects, and 
 I freely say that your book supplies the place of them 
 all. I hope you will meet wiih the success the book 
 deserves, for a general distribution of them amongst 
 the farmers and stock men will be of great benefit to 
 them all. Very truly yours, 
 
 B. M. HURD. 
 
 [From Journal of Agriculture and Farmer, St. Louis, 
 
 Mo.;] 
 
 The Illustrated American Stock Book and Far- 
 rier. — This work, containing a large number of 
 interesting illustrations, has just been issued from 
 the press of the Live Stock Publishing Co., Chicago. 
 It presents a plain, practical and improved system of 
 treatment, and is profusely illustrated with explana- 
 tory engravings ot the various diseases of the horse. 
 The work is divided into five departments — in fact it 
 is five books in one. The first is devoted to the horse 
 in sickness and in health and in every phase of his 
 existence; the second to cattle, which includes a 
 history of the different breeds and their qualities, 
 with a description of the various diseases to which 
 they are subject, and an intelligent mode of treating 
 them ; and the third and fourth are devoted to swine 
 and sheep respectively, both of which are treated on 
 the same general plan, and apparently with thorough- 
 ness : also a homeopathic department. It is sold only 
 by subscription, and will be found a valuable acqui- 
 sition to the library of any farmer o\vning stock. 
 Especially is it worthy the attention of young men 
 who can never aspire to a technical education, but 
 who desire to lay the foundation of the best they can 
 secure by a careful study of the best works within 
 their reach. 
 
 A $io,ooo Challenge: 
 
 Besides the above recommendations wc have thousands of others from the best farmers and breeders of tlie 
 Northwest who have merely a local reputation. We also have on file thirty thousand farmers who have purchased 
 the book in its first year, and we will forfeit the above sum or wager a like amount or any sum to suit, if we cannot 
 prove the following propositions: 
 
 1st. That no book heretofore published has met with as great sale in so short a time, or has given as Universal 
 satisfaction. 
 
 2d. That no other book is so plain, so easily understood, so reliable, or contains so much valuable information. 
 
 3d. That no book of this kind has been so highly indorsed and recommended by such an array of men of high 
 authority and practical experience. 
 
 4th. That all well read and educated veterinary practitioners indorse it as the best book yet published. 
 
 5th. That any criticism attacking the merits o. the work or its system of treatment, by any pretended veteri- 
 nary surgeon, shows hia own ignorance of this most modern and humane method of treating disease, by the very 
 best authors. 
 
 6th. That all attacks or criticisms of distorted passages are caused by narrow-minded jealousy or envy of our 
 great success, and by persons not competent to judge, and certainly do not compare with the high character of the 
 men who recommend this book. ^/^j, StOck Publishing Co.. 
 
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