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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
 
 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
 
 BULLETIN 56 
 
 ETHNOZOOLOQY OF THE 
 TEWA INDIANS 
 
 BY 
 
 JUNIUS HENDERSON" 
 
 AND 
 
 JOHN PEABODY HARRINGTON 
 
 516395 
 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1914 
 
 Monograph 
 
,f 5 
 
 H 
 
°\ 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 
 
 The School op American Archaeology, 
 
 Santa Fe, N. Mex., November 1, 1912. 
 Dear Sir: I herewith transmit the manuscript of a paper entitled 
 "Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians/' by Junius Henderson and John 
 P. Harrington. I am authorized by the managing committee of The 
 School of American Archaeology to offer this work for publication by 
 the Bureau of American Ethnology as a part of the results of the coop- 
 erative work of our respective institutions during 1910 and 1911. 
 I am, very truly, yours, 
 
 Edgar L. Hewett, 
 Director, The School of American Archaeology. 
 Mr. F. W. Hodge, 
 
 Ethnologist in Charge, 
 
 Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, I). ('. 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL 
 
 Smithsonian Institution, 
 Bureau of American Ethnology, 
 
 Washington, D. C, November 22, 1912. 
 Sir: I have the honor to submit, with the recommendation that it 
 be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology the 
 manuscript of a memoir bearing the title ' ' Ethnozoology of the Tewa 
 Indians," by Junius Henderson and John P. Harrington. 
 
 This memoir embodies a part of the results of the joint researches 
 conducted in New Mexico by the Bureau of American Ethnology and 
 The School of American Archaeology during 1910 and 1911. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 F. W. Hodge, 
 Ethnologist in Charge. 
 Hon. Charles D. Walcott, 
 
 Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Phonetic key ix 
 
 General considerations 1 
 
 Classification of animals 9 
 
 Annotated list of animals 12 
 
 Mammals 12 
 
 Birds 33 
 
 Reptiles 46 
 
 Lizards 47 
 
 Snakes 50 
 
 Turtles 52 
 
 Amphibians (Batrachians) 52 
 
 Salamanders, frogs, toads 53 
 
 Fishes 54 
 
 Insects 56 
 
 Crustaceans, myriapods, and arachnids 60 
 
 Mollusks 61 
 
 The lower invertebrates 67 
 
 Coral 68 
 
 Bibliography 69 
 
 Index 73 
 

PHONETIC KEY 
 
 It is necessary to preface this memoir with a key to the Tewa 
 sounds and the symbols adopted to represent them. 
 
 1. Orinasal vowels, pronounced with mouth and nose passages 
 open: a (Eng. father, but orinasal), z§ (Eng. man, but orinasal), 
 £ (moderately close e, orinasal), \ (Portuguese sim), q. (French pas, 
 but orinasal), o (moderately close o, orinasal), y, (Portuguese atotm). 
 
 2. Oral vowels, pronounced with mouth passage open and nose 
 passage closed by the velum: a (Eng. father), e (moderately close e), 
 i (Eng. routine), o (moderately close o), u (Eng. rule). 
 
 An inverted period after a vowel symbol indicates that the vowel 
 is long. A superior vowel symbol indicates that the vowel is very 
 short and grating (knarrstimmig). The vowels are breathy, and 
 unless followed by the glottal stop, a glottalized stop, or a voiced 
 sound, an aspiration is distinctly heard toward the end. 
 
 3. Semi-vowels: j (Ger. j&, but very fricative), w (Eng. way). 
 
 4. Laryngeal consonants: h (laryngeal h), ' (glottal stop, lenis). 
 
 5. Dorsal consonants: k (voiceless lenis), kw (voiceless lenis 
 labialized, Latin quis), Jc (glottalized), k' (aspirated), [/ (Eng. finger, 
 voiced inflative a preplosively nasal), g (Castilian aboaado), qw 
 (Castilian juez), y (Eng. singer), yw (Eng. Langru'orthy). 
 
 In absolute auslaut y is somewhat palatal, also before ; and h. 
 Before frontal consonants y is assimilated to n, before labial con- 
 sonants to m. 
 
 6. Frontal consonants: n (Castilian mawana), t (voiceless lenis) ; 
 t (glottalized), t' (aspirated), d (Eng. lano'ing, inflative d preplosively 
 nasal), jl (Japanese roku), ts (Ger. zejin, but very lenis), fs (Ger. z, 
 glottalized), s (Eng. saw), tf (Eng. chew, but lenis), tf (Eng. chew, 
 glottalized), f (Eng. ship) (/» is the capital of f), n (Eng. now). 
 
 7. Labial consonants: p (voiceless lems), p (glottalized), p, 
 (aspirated), b (Eng. lam&ent, voiced inflative b preplosively nasal), 
 b (Castilian cafeallo), m (Eng. man). 
 
 The sound of I is heard in some words of foreign origin, and in San 
 Ildefonso polamimi, 'butterfly'. 
 
 The consonants may also be classified as follows: 
 Voiced constringents : j, w. 
 Voiceless fricatives: h, s, f. 
 Voiceless fricatives labialized : qw* 
 
X BUREAU OF AMERICAN" ETHNOLOGY [Brr.r. 56 
 
 Voiceless lenis sonoplosive clusives, labialized: kw. 
 Voiceless glottalized clusives: k, f, p. 
 
 Voiceless lenis affricative clusives: ts, if. 
 
 Voiceless glottalized affricative clusives: ts, ff. 
 
 Voiceless aspirate clusives: k\ t\ p'. 
 
 Voiced inflative clusives, preplosively nasal: g, d, b. 
 
 Voiced levis clusives: g, ./, t>. 
 
 Voiced nasals: y, %, n, m. 
 
 The following phoneme are consonant diphthongs: qw, kw,ts, fs,tf, 
 ff, g, d, and b. In the glottalized clusives (k, t, ts, ff, ft) the glottal 
 plosion follows the oral plosion, even following the glided or sukuned 
 s and / of Ihe consonantal diphthongs. That is, the k,t,ts, tf, or p 
 is completely immersed in a glottal elusive. It has been deter- 
 mined that, at least in many instances, g and g, d and d, b and ft are 
 respectively but two aspects of the same phonem, as is the case with 
 Castilian g and levis g, d and levis d, b and levis b. The consonants 
 occur in one length only. They may be more or less orinasal when 
 contiguous to orinasal vowels. The sonancy of the voiceless lenis 
 clusives begins nearly simultaneously with the explosion. 
 
 A grave accent is placed over the vowel of a syllable weakly 
 stressed. Strongly stressed syllables are unmarked. The intonation 
 of the syllables is not indicated in this memoir. 
 
 Phonetic Spelling op 1 non-Tewa Words 
 
 The symbols used in Tewa have the same value as in Tewa. 
 
 Sounds not occurring or not written in Tewa are indicated as 
 follows: Vowels: a (French patte), a (French pas), w (unrounded u). 
 The acute accent over a vowel indicates that it is loudly stressed. A 
 circle under a vowel indicates that it is surd. 
 
 Consonants: ' (aspiration), h (a peculiar weak aspiration occurring 
 in Jemez), k (marginal or "velar'' k, lenis), q (Ger. a,ch), g, d, b (as 
 in Eng.); f (bilabial/) after a consonant symbol indicates palatal- 
 ized or palatal quality. 
 
ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 
 
 By Junius Henderson and John Peabody Harrington 1 
 
 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 
 
 r ~T'HE fauna of a region, like its flora and geology, bears an inti- 
 mate relation to the culture of its human inhabitants. 2 A 
 nomadic people is generally of necessity dependent on ani- 
 mal life for sustenance, wlrile a sedentary people, if numerous, 
 remaining for a long period in permanent habitations, must be 
 dependent more largely on direct products of the soil, except perhaps 
 when living on the seashore, where almost inexhaustible fisheries 
 furnish abundant food, or near the range of such animals as the 
 caribou or the now nearly extinct American bison. A large number 
 of people remaining constantly in one place and depending the year 
 round on the game of the region would soon destroy their food supply. 
 A nomadic tribe, wandering hither and thither, is constantly pene- 
 trating new game preserves and allowing the game in the old pre- 
 serves to increase in abundance. 
 
 The ancient peoples, the remains of whose dwellings are found so 
 abundantly in the country of the Tewa Indians, northwest of Santa 
 Fe, New Mexico, were surely too numerous to have derived any 
 considerable part of their sustenance for even a few months from 
 the native mammals, birds, and other animals of the region, even if 
 game were much more abundant than now, a condition winch may 
 well be doubted. If the simultaneous occupancy of only a small pro- 
 portion of the ruins be supposed, there still would not have been 
 enough game to support the population. However, it is probable 
 that wild game formed an important supplement to the products of 
 their cornfields and the native plants. 
 
 Bandeher 3 says of the region about the Rito de los Frijoles : 
 Game of all kinds, deer, elk, mountain sheep, bears, and turkeys, roamed about the 
 region in numbers, and the brook afforded fish. 
 
 In a footnote he adds: 
 
 All the kinds of game mentioned were abundant around the Rito de los Frijoles in 
 former times, but the communal hunts of the Pueblos, and later on the merciless 
 slaughter of the Apaches, have greatly reduced it. 
 
 1 The ethnological portion of this memoir is the work of Mr. Harrington, the zoological, that of Pro- 
 fessor Henderson. 
 
 2 Springer, Frank, The Field Session of the School of American Archaeology, Sciencf, n. s., xxxn, 623, 
 1910. 
 
 3 Bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, 
 Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 18S5,Partrr, Papers Archxol. Inst. Amer., Arner.ser., tv, 141, 
 1892. 
 
 ] 
 
2 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY r bull. 56 
 
 Speaking of the region south of Santa Fe, Morrison l says: 
 
 Black, cinnamon, and occasionally grizzly bear, black and white-tailed deer, and 
 i urkc-vs, furnish abundant game to the Indian. The elk, once very plentiful in these 
 mountains, is now very rarely seen. 
 
 Other statements of like nature may be found. It is certain that 
 since the advent of the wliite man with his death-dealing rifle large 
 game animals have greatly decreased in numbers nearly everywhere. 
 Any reduction in the abundance of game in the area under discussion 
 is probably due to promiscuous hunting at all seasons by both whites 
 and Indians supplied with rifles, rather than to the communal hunts 
 of the Pueblo Indians or to the raids of roving Apache. Careful 
 consideration of all the facts bearing on the question leads to the 
 conclusion that game never was very abundant about the Rito de los 
 Frijoles. However this may be, it seems certain that it could not 
 have remained abundant when the vicinity was occupied by the 
 ancient inhabitants and still have furnished them with a large part 
 of their food supply. 
 
 In his excellent paper on Pueblo environment, Hough 2 says : 
 
 It is difficult to realize the immense modification of animal and vegetable life which 
 the white man has wrought in this region during the 30 years of his active occupancy. 
 At the beginning of this period the region was well grassed and supplied with other 
 vegetation adequate to the needs of vast herds of antelope, elk, and deer; rodent ani- 
 mals and birds were plentiful, and carnivores had abundance of prey. As a result of 
 vegetation a humus had formed on all protected situations, rainfall was absorbed and 
 equalized in distribution, and the terrific denudation which gashes the land at pres- 
 ent was not begun. 
 
 The country was adapted to grazing and especially favorable on account of tempera- 
 ture and latitude, and at once great herds of cattle, horses and sheep were introduced 
 from Texas where the range had failed. The result was that the range became over- 
 stocked, the grass disappeared under the tongues and hoofs of myriads of domestic 
 animals, shrubs and trees were browsed and destroyed or swept away by fires, from 
 certain regions species of plants vanished, and the land lay bare to the augmented 
 winds and torrential rains. Trails became profound arroyos and the humus van- 
 ished in the streams and the surface of the country was stone, sand and gravel. Not 
 the least of this baneful influence was the drying up of springs and other sources of 
 water, and more than one observer collected data going to prove the progressive desicca- 
 tion of the pueblo region. These facts must be borne in mind in discussion of the 
 environment of the Southwest . As an example, it may be stated that in the explora- 
 tion of one ancient pueblo at Window, Arizona, the bones of 37 species of animals 
 were taken from the house refuse ; it is not probable at present that a naturalist could 
 collect 5 of these species from the environment. Wherever the explorer's spade has 
 been put in the ancient ruins, facts of this character come to his notice, even if he 
 has not heard the story from the early settlers or Indian traditionists. 
 
 While the baneful influence of overstocking the range and other 
 follies of white settlers in parts of the West and the Southwest 
 
 i Executive and Descriptive Report of Lieutenant Charles C. Morrison, Sixth Cavalry, on the Opera- 
 tions of Party No. 2, Colorado Section, Field Season of 1877, in Ann. Rep. U. S. Oeog. Expl. and Sutv. 
 W. 100th M< rid., for 1878, p. 137, 1 sTs. 
 - Hough, Walter, Pueblo Environment, Proc. Amer. Asso. Adv. Sci., 55th meeting, 1906, pp. 450-51. 
 
habmngton] ETHNOZOOLOGV OF THE TEWA INDIANS % 
 
 can not be ignored, the effects are but local. Vast areas in the South- 
 west have never been subjected to the ravages of large domestic herds, 
 because from the time the region was first explored the lack of water 
 has prohibited the use of many such areas for extensive grazing pur- 
 poses. A study of the literature of early exploration does not indi- 
 cate general distribution of vast herds of antelope, elk, and deer, 
 and especially is this true of elk. Certainly within the period desig- 
 nated (30 years immediately preceding 1906) there has been no gen- 
 eral distribution of large game in great herds, although antelope and 
 deer have been abundant locally and are still common in places. It 
 may be said of the species of animals whose bones have been taken 
 from various pueblos that many of them may have been so rare that 
 a naturalist might search the region for a year without seeing one. 
 The bones represent the accumulated results of many hunting expe- 
 ditions, more or less extensive, besides the daily hunting of many 
 men for generations. An elk rib was taken from an ancient pueblo 
 northwest of Santa Fe, yet old men from two neighboring pueblos 
 say they have never seen an elk. Likewise the bison was known to 
 many of the old Indians in the upper Rio Grande valley, although 
 they had never seen one alive. 
 
 It is exceedingly probable that the important species inhabiting 
 the Tewa region during the ancient occupancy were the same as at 
 present, except the elk and mountain sheep, which have disappeared. 
 The bison, no longer known in New Mexico in a wild state, was not 
 found, perhaps, in this part of the Rio Grande valley and could be 
 obtained only by barter or by long excursions through a country 
 inhabited by hostile tribes. Though the present report lists a large 
 number of animals for the region, a critical analysis shows that very 
 few of them could have been important as a source of food. 
 
 In this connection the invertebrates may be almost wholly dis- 
 regarded, though possibly in seasons of unusual abundance grass- 
 hoppers may have been a much-relished addition to the bill of fare; 
 they were certainly much used farther west. It must be remembered, 
 however, that invasions of these pests in sufficient numbers to make 
 them important as a source of food for a large population would mean 
 the destruction of the corn crops and of the grass and other vegeta- 
 tion on which the game animals feed, thus reducing the supply of 
 the ordinary food of the human inhabitants. There were undoubtedly 
 fish in all the important streams, but they could not have been 
 numerous enough to have played a large part in sustaining the 
 number of people who lived in the region, even if the latter were no 
 more numerous than at the time of the Spanish conquest. Reptiles 
 and amphibians may be wholly disregarded, as they do not occur 
 in sufficient numbers to be important, though of course with a more 
 abundant water supply there would have been more frogs. Most of 
 
4 BUKKAlf OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 the species of birds and mammals which occur abundant ly are 
 altogether too small and too difficult to obtain with crude weapons 
 to be useful as food. Among the birds in this class may be men- 
 tioned nut hat dies, hummingbirds, goldfinches, and sparrows. Robins 
 and longcrested jays are also common, but a single meal for a fair- 
 sized clan would require all that are to be found in any one canyon. 
 Pirion and Woodhouse's jays and mourning doves are abundant, 
 probably as numerous now as they ever were, but not easy to secure 
 even with modern weapons, and may be almost ignored as food 
 birds for primitive people. Hawks, owls, and eagles are all too 
 pare and too hard to obtain to be considered. During the autumn 
 grouse and turkeys were probably obtainable in considerable numbers, 
 and, with the ducks and other water birds along the river, constituted 
 the on\y really important food birds of the region. 
 
 In case of the mammals, not infrequently a deer, elk, bear, or 
 mountain sheep must have been obtained. With hundreds of people 
 living on the mesas and in neighboring canyons, all constantly seeking 
 to catch or kill these animals for food, we can not suppose their 
 existence in much greater numbers than at present, when, though 
 hunted with more effective weapons, they surely are not here hunted 
 as persistently or by very many people. The same is true of the 
 rabbits and squirrels. While they must have had constantly a 
 small supply of such game, when the number of mouths awaiting it 
 is considered, the meat diet of these ancient people was surely very 
 limited. The other mammals were either too small or too rare 
 to add materially to the food supply. 
 
 This region is almost undisturbed by civilization and therefore 
 affords an excellent field for the naturalist as well as for the study 
 of ethnozoology. There seems no good reason for supposing any 
 great change in the fauna of the locality since the period of its occu- 
 pancy by the people who constructed the pueblos and other dwellings 
 long ago abandoned. Changes in faunas usually progress slowly, 
 notwithstanding such conspicuous examples of rapid extermination 
 or of introduction of species as are afforded by the bison, the passenger 
 pigeon, and the English sparrow in America. Such examples, due 
 to the superior facilities for destruction or introduction developed 
 by the white race, are abnormal. It is quite possible that a few 
 species besides elk and mountain sheep have disappeared from the 
 vicinity within the period of human occupancy and that some others 
 have extended their range into tins area, though there is no evidence 
 of such changes. The topography is certainly virtually the same 
 as it has been for a \ cry long period. If there has beef) since the 
 "beginning of human occupancy a general desiccation of the count in- 
 sufficient to reduce the possibilities in the line of agriculture, it 
 would not necessarily have produced much, if any, change in the 
 
iikxi.kiis.,x "I ETHNOZOOLOCV OF THE TEWA INDIANS 5 
 
 HABRINGTONJ 
 
 native uncultivated flora, and without considerable change in topog- 
 raphy and flora there would be little change in the fauna. 1 
 
 In event of such desiccation some local migrations of species sug- 
 gest themselves as possible. During August the writers found no 
 blackbirds or meadowlarks on the mesas or in the canyons examined 
 and conditions are not favorable to their regular presence there, but 
 with somewhat greater precipitation moist meadows may have pro- 
 vided a suitable habitat for the redwings and cultivated upland areas 
 near water may have attracted the meadowlarks. Both are now 
 found in favorable localities in the Rio Grande valley. In a paper 
 hereinafter cited Mrs. Bailey says that in San Miguel county the 
 meadowlark occurs only in depressions in the plains where there is 
 water. The limited distribution of water restricts the habitat of 
 ducks and shore birds, winch once may have been more generally 
 distributed. 
 
 To understand fully the culture of a region it is necessary to know 
 something of the native animals, especially those which have been 
 useful to the people or which would have been noticed by them. The 
 flesh of animals furnishes food, the skins provide raiment, thongs, 
 and other useful products, and bones furnish awls and other imple- 
 ments; but perhaps even more important, from the cultural point of 
 view, is the fact that animals enter largely into the mythology and 
 religion of primitive peoples. The finding, in the ruins, of. bones 
 other than human may fairly be assumed to indicate that the 
 animals to which they belonged were used by the former inhabitants 
 for utilitarian, ornamental, or ceremonial purposes. In most cases 
 the character of the animals, the condition of the bones, or the cir- 
 cumstances under which found suggests a marked probability as to 
 the particular use. The culture, religion, and language of living 
 peoples who are believed to be either directly descended from or closely 
 related to the ancient inhabitants surely must throw much light on 
 the subject. A large quantity of bones has been taken from the 
 rums of the Pajarito plateau, but the work of identification has not 
 yet been completed. 
 
 It is not likely that in the use of animals for food the ancient 
 inhabitants of this region differed much from those of northeastern 
 Arizona. Discussing the bones found in the latter region, Hough 2 
 says : 
 
 The remains show that moot of the animals of the region were consumed as food; 
 but, as might be anticipated, bones of the carnivora are much rarer than those of the 
 herbivora, the latter represented by deer and rabbit species, and the former by the 
 fox, coyote, wolf, dog, raccoon, badger, wildcat, and puma, but no bones of the bear 
 
 1 see Bulletins 54 and SS of the. Bureau of American Ethnology. 
 
 2 Hough, Walter, Areheological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona (The Museum-Gates Expedition 
 of 1901), Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Mm. for 1901, pp. 356-57, L903, 
 
(') BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 50 
 
 were observed. Remains of the beaver and small rodents, anil bones of birds, espe- 
 cially the turkey, eagle, hawk, and owl, were noted. 
 
 Remains of the dog and turkey were found in nearly every ruin, showing the 
 extent of the domestication of these animals in this region. So far as can be deter- 
 mined, the don and turkey were the only animals domesticated by the pueblo tribes. 
 It. was hoped that light might have been thrown upon the question of domestication 
 of other animals, namely, the deer [citing Nadaillac] and an auchenia (llama), as 
 affirmed by dishing from figurines found on the Rio Salado, in Southern Arizona. 
 The writer has copied numerous pictographs in the valley of the Little Colorado 
 River showing unmistakably the herding of turkeys and of deer by men. . . . 
 Still, the evidence presented so far as to the domestication of other animals than the 
 dog and turkey is unsatisfactory. 
 
 Zoological field work was conducted for slightly less than four weeks 
 in the neighborhood of El Rito de los Frijoles in August, 1910, so 
 that this account can not be considered in any sense a final discus- 
 sion of the fauna of the vicinity. Collection and observation were 
 conducted chiefly in the lower part of the Rito de los Frijoles canyon 
 and on adjacent mesas, but included a two-day trip to the Painted 
 Cave and a three-day trip to the top of the Jemez Mountains and 
 edge of Valle Grande, just beyond the headwaters of the Rito, so 
 that a general impression of the fauna from the top of the mountains 
 to the rim of the Rio Grande canyon was obtained. Judge A. J. 
 Abbott, who now lives at El Rito de los Frijoles, Mr. Nathan Dowell, 
 who has hunted and trapped in the region, and several of the Indians 
 employed in the archeological excavations have furnished much infor- 
 mation, which a short summer trip could not disclose. Tn case of 
 the birds especially only observations carried through the four sea- 
 sons could make it possible to secure a list even approximately com- 
 plete, on account of the number of migratory species which must visit 
 the vicinity. Obviously the birds seen were all either permanent or 
 summer residents, winter residents and spring and autiwnn* migrants 
 being then absent. To the list have been added such species as have 
 been recorded for the Rio Grande valley between the Colorado line 
 and a point sotithwestward from Santa Fe, so far as they could be 
 noted in the limited examination of the literature which has been 
 possible. Time has not permitted as full an examination of the 
 zoologic literature of the region as is desirable, and much informa- 
 tion is hidden in works whose titles do not suggest at all the inclusion 
 of Any thing zoologic. 
 
 The region is within the southern extremity of the great Rocky 
 Mountain system. Northward, mountains extend in unbroken chains 
 through Colorado. Southward, instead of continuous chains there 
 are isolated mountain masses separated by dry mesas and plains. 
 Consequently the affinities of the fauna as a whole are with the moun- 
 tain fauna of Colorado. The great majority of species are found 
 northward to or through Colorado. A few, as As/imimrlla , are of 
 distinctly southern type. 
 
harr^oton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OP THE TEWA INDIANS 7 
 
 It was hoped to do a large amount of ethnozoologic work while in 
 the field. Unforeseen circumstances prevented this except for a few 
 hours of the last two days of the field season. Mr. Harrington, how- 
 ever, was able to do some independent work along that line in con- 
 nection with his regular studies of the language of the Tewa. The 
 Indian names given are in the San Juan dialect of the Tewa language, 
 except where otherwise stated. The greater part of the discussion 
 of methods in ethnobotany in Bulletin 55 applies with equal force 
 to ethnozoology and needs not be repeated here. 
 
 Most of the animal names were obtained by exhibiting specimens 
 to several Indians, including some of the older men of the tribe. 
 Where specimens in hand were not available, care was taken to make 
 sure of the identity of the animals named ; this was easy, of course, in 
 case of such readily described animals as the porcupine. In a few 
 cases it was considered safe to use good colored plates figuring easily 
 identified species; but wherever possible specimens in hand were 
 exhibited and also the same species alive in their natural habitat. 
 Where there is a question as to identity the name is either omitted 
 or the doubt is expressed. It is always best to show informants also 
 specimens of all species in the region which closely resemble one 
 another and discover whether they really definitely distinguish them, 
 and, if so, how. Care should always be taken not to suggest to them 
 the answer to inquiries. 
 
 It is frequently said by unthinking or uninformed persons, who 
 know something of the Indians' intimate knowledge of some phases 
 of nature, that the American Indians know and have names for every 
 species of plant and animal living in their vicinity. Inasmuch as 
 some microscopic forms exist everywhere and as many macroscopic 
 forms of invertebrates, as some insects, crustaceans, and mollusks, 
 can be distinguished only by microscopic characters, the incorrect- 
 ness of that idea is evident. The Indians are usually correct in dis- 
 tinguisliing the larger and better-marked species of birds and mam- 
 mals, but they certainly do not recognize some of the minute differ- 
 ences which are of more importance than some of those more easily 
 observed. They distinguish species more closely than the average 4 
 white man who has not had zoologic training. Though several species 
 of jackrabbits and several cottontails inhabit the region over which 
 these Indians have roamed, they seem to recognize but one species of 
 each. However, the majority of white men could not do more. The 
 Pueblo Indians who claim the Jemez Plateau as the home of their 
 ancestors are agriculturists, not hunters, though they do some hunt- 
 ing, of course, just as white farmers do. It would be interesting and 
 important to make a thorough comparative study of the knowledge 
 of natural history possessed by agricultural tribes and hunting tribes. 
 69231°— Bull. 56—14 2 
 
8 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 
 
 To insure accuracy, such a study, as is true, indeed, of all ethno- 
 zoological and ethnobotanical work, should be cooperative, trained 
 zoologists, botanists, and ethnologists working together in the field. 
 
 Indians differ as much individually as do other races in their 
 capacity, experience, and opportunity for observation and in their 
 interest in the mysteries of Nature. One person may have had 
 abundant opportunity for the observation of the various species of 
 deer, but paying slight attention to the little chipmunks and hence not 
 distinguislring the different kinds of the latter, while with another 
 person the reverse may be the case. Hence the information obtained 
 from a single informant may not at all represent the knowledge or 
 ideas of his people. This makes it advisable whenever possible to 
 check the information obtained by enlisting the services of several 
 informants. 
 
 It is too early for sweeping generalizations, but a few general 
 remarks seem safe. Indian nomenclature as a whole recognizes 
 differences, not relationships. There is little, if any, evidence of 
 the classification by the Indian of species in consanguineous groups, 
 as orders, families, and genera, except in very obvious cases. Whether 
 he does so arrange them in his mind, even though he does not express 
 the idea in his nomenclature, is very doubtful and should be more 
 fully investigated. In such investigations there is always danger 
 of recording opinions which have been more or less influenced by con- 
 tact with whites, a contingency which should be guarded against. 
 In most cases a species is perhaps considered a distinct entity, not 
 connected with any other species. However, their recognition of 
 several kinds of bear, deer, etc., may indicate some sort of an idea 
 of genetic relationship which further study may elucidate. A 
 thorough knowledge of the language is necessary to a real under- 
 standing of this subject. The writers found them using the English 
 word "rat" for several species of squirrels and chipmunks, yet in 
 their own language they have usually distinct names for each. Such 
 cases as the bear, to which the Mohave in their own language apply 
 a name meaning "great badger", should be followed up to ascertain 
 whether it indicates a supposed relationship. It may well be doubted 
 whether the use by the Hopi of the same name for such distinct species 
 as the Harris ground-squirrel and Say's ground-squirrel, and with 
 slightly different pronunciation for two small chipmunks, indicates 
 a failure to distinguish them. Our San Ildefonso informants, 
 while applying the same name to such different species as Say's 
 ground-squirrel and the little chipmunk, showed clearly by their 
 comments that they did not consider them the same species. The 
 solution of the problem requires a determination of the Indian's 
 conception of species, if he has any, which is not a simple task. 
 Europeans and their American descendants have been familiar for 
 
hakkington] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEW A INDIANS 9 
 
 generations with modern scientific ideas of species, their interrela- 
 tions, and the development of various groups of species from com- 
 mon sources. In discussing such matters, one's words, whether 
 one speaks in his own language or attempts to apply a primitive 
 language, represent definite mental concepts, but may convey to 
 primitive people, who have not such concepts, ideas quite foreign 
 to those intended. So also we are in constant danger of uncon- 
 sciously injecting our own concepts into the words used by our 
 informants in expressing their ideas. It is exceedingly difficult to 
 question them about abstract ideas without framing the queries so as 
 to suggest one's own views and thus color the replies. 
 
 Care must be taken to avoid mistaking descriptive or comparative 
 terms for names. When an Indian informant is shown a foreign 
 species with which he is not familiar, he may, as is the case with a 
 representative of any other race, designate it by what appears to be 
 a name but which on analysis proves to be a descriptive or com- 
 parative word or phrase and not a native name for the species, as 
 when a small white marine shell is exhibited and a word is applied 
 which means that it looks like bone. 
 
 That the Indians have been close observers of animals is shown 
 by the fact that they have developed names for almost all the parts of 
 birds and mammals, as claws, whiskers, foot-pads, etc. 
 
 If work in ethnozoology is to be maintained on a scientific 
 basis and an accurate estimate made of the Indian's knowledge of 
 Nature, definite determinations of the species of plants and animals 
 discussed must be made. Much of the work hitherto done in obtain- 
 ing the names of plants and animals has been worthless, because no 
 attempt was made to discover and record with certainty the kind 
 of plants and animals to which the names are applied. Much 
 more important than mere nomenclature is the idea of which nomen- 
 clature is but an attempted expression. The best way certainly is 
 to get the information in the field, so far as possible by showing the 
 Indian informants the animal in its natural environment. Specimens 
 thus identified and discussed should then be scientifically identified 
 and preserved for future reference. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS 
 
 There is no word meaning 'animal'. 'Animarj or 'animal (<Span. 
 animal) is sometimes heard. 
 
 No word meaning 'mammal' is in use. Bats are considered birds. 
 
 Towa, 'human being', distinguishes man from other animals, and 
 sometimes Tewa or again all Indians from other kinds of men. 
 
 Hsg'pqn now applies to large domestic animals, as horses, cattle, 
 swine. What it referred to in pre-European times is uncertain. 
 
10 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bill. r,r, 
 
 Pokanu signifies game or game animals, including not only game 
 beasts, as deer, buffalo', rabbits, bears, mountain sheep, etc., but also 
 game birds and other animals whose flesh is relished as an important 
 food. In a Taos myth 1 the game animals (Tewa pokanu) are said to 
 inhabit a great estufa situated somewhere in the west from which 
 they are at times driven forth for the benefit of the Indians. No such 
 information has been obtained from the Tewa. 
 
 Tsiie is the almost exact equivalent of English ' bird'*, referring to all 
 species of birds and bats. In one compound, po'tsiie, 'water bird' 
 (po\ water; tsiie, bird) it refers to an insect. Gatschet gives Tewa 
 "tohi-e", 'bird'. 2 Compare Taos tsijuund; Piro (Bartlett's vocabu- 
 lary) "tsi-ki-e"; Jemez sejiw; Southern Ute, untfitsi; Hopi (Gat- 
 schet), "toM-i"? 
 
 There is no general name for reptiles or lizards. 
 
 Psenu, 'snake', parallels in usage English 'snake'. ( 1 f. Taos 
 psztsuend; Piro (Bartlett's vocabulary) " pc-tsun-to^yar-e" ; Jemez 
 Tiajd; Keres (Gatschet), "shu-m" 4 ; Hopi (Gatschet) "tohu-ash"? 
 
 'O'Tcw appears to apply to any kind of turtle or tortoise. 
 
 Po'qwse' applies to salamanders. 
 
 P\'ykwdy applies to frogs and toads. 
 
 Pa' means 'fish.' Cf. Taos pound; Isleta puiue; Piro (Bartlett's 
 vocabulary) " pu-e "; Jemez po; Hopi pal'Wo. 
 
 There is no word meaning 'insect.' 
 
 Putse, 'worm,' may be loosely applied to all worm-like animals, 
 perhaps even to insects and spiders ; but this latter application is not 
 usually made. 
 
 ' A 'wse~ refers to any kind of spider. 
 
 There is no word referring to crustaceans in general. 
 
 There is no general name for mollusks or even molluscan shells. 
 'Obe comes the nearest to being such a name. See under Mollusks 
 below. 
 
 Kir pi', literally 'red stone' (Jew, stone; pi, red), refers to red 
 coral. Perhaps any coral might be indicated by adding wa-gX, 'like', 
 to this name. 
 
 All names of animals have the same form in singular and plural 
 number unless an adjective with gender-number postfix be a part of 
 the name or the name be compounded with certain words denoting 
 age and sex. 
 
 The age-sex nouns are postjoined to the animal names. With the 
 exception of some animal names derived from the Spanish, the Tewa 
 
 1 American Anthropologist, n. s., xil, pp. 40-41, 1910. 
 
 - A. S. Gatschet, Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Sudwesten Nordainerikas, Weimar, 1876, p. 39. 
 
 3 Ibid. 
 
 4 Ibid. 
 » Ibid. 
 
Iarri 1 nuton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OE THE TEWA INDIANS 11 
 
 animal name does not show sex or age of the animal to which it refers 
 unless one of these age-sex nouns is postjoined. 
 
 As applied to Iowa, 'human beings,' the following age-sex nouns 
 are used, and used alone, the word Iowa being regularly omitted and 
 understood. 
 
 'E', 'child,' 'son,' 'daughter'; 2+ plural 'e'n%'. 
 
 'A'vnwJee' , 'young girl'; 2+ plural 'd la nu'tfe'ns&\ 
 
 ' E' e nu'~ke' , 'young boy'; 2+ plural 'e^nu'rfe'nse'. 
 
 'A ,a nw, 'girl at adolescence'; 2+ plural 'a ,a ny,'y. 
 
 'E' e nw, 'boy at adolescence'; 2+ plural 'e ,e ny,'y. 
 
 Kwi' , 'woman in prime'; 2+ plural Tcwi'nse^y. 
 
 Spy, 'man in prime'; 2+ plural sfynse'^y. 
 
 Kwi'jo', 'old woman'; 2+ plural Jcwi'jo'. The singular has falling 
 intonation in the second syllable, the 2+ plural has circumflex intona- 
 tion in the second syllable. 
 
 Se'ydo' , 'old man'; 2+ plural s^yda'. 
 
 When these age-sex nouns are applied to lower animals the plural 
 of 'e is V, the singular having falling, the 2+ plural circumflex, intona- 
 tion, and 'e ,e nu']ce' and 'a ,a nu'lce' and their plurals are not used. 
 
 In the case of animal-denoting names which have been borrowed 
 from the Spanish, sex and age are denoted both by theTewa method 
 of postjoining sex-age nouns and by the Spanish method of employing 
 different endings or different words. One hears, for instance, both 
 Jcatajukwi' , 'horse female' (kabaju, horse; hvr , female), and jewa 
 (< Spanish yegua) meaning 'mare'. 
 
 Barring words of Spanish origin, only one instance is known of a 
 special word being employed to signify the young of a species of 
 animal. This is mage, 'young of the mule deer,' which can also be 
 called psR-'e', 'little mule deer' ipse', mule deer; V, diminutive). 1 
 
 Perhaps the majority of Tewa animal names are unetymologizable. 
 There are not many instances where more than one name is applied 
 to an animal species. The additional name is regularly descriptive. 
 Thus owls may be called mqhuy, or tsiso'jo', 'big eyes '(tsi, eye; 
 so 7 jo', big). The Franciscan Fathers have recorded many additional 
 names of this kind from the Navaho. 
 
 We find no unetymologizable additional names of animals like our 
 European Kosenamen or Sagenamen, unless it be poseqwase.'?jdo', an 
 additional name of qle ' , coyote. Thus we call the bear ' bear ' or 'Bruin ' , 
 the German calls the bear 'bar 1 or 'Pets' , the Russian calls the bear 
 ' mJedviedJ ' or Mrtfka, and Bruin, Petz, MHfJca have no etymology 
 known to the people. But the Tewa call the bear Tee' and only Ice', 
 or if there is an additional name it is descriptive and its etymology 
 is understood by all. Poseqwaseydo' , applied to the coyote, is the 
 only exception discovered thus far. 
 
 1 Cf. the two Tewa names for ' milkweed ' at different stages of its growth, in Bulletin .5.5, Bur. A mtr. F.thn. 
 
12 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY tBCLL. 56 
 
 A number of names of introduced animals which have been bor- 
 rowed from the Spanish are supplanted by additional names for these 
 animals, of Tewa derivation, when speaking in the presence of Mexi- 
 cans, lest they understand. The same is also the practice in the 
 case of 'watermelon' and some other plant names. 
 
 ANNOTATED LIST OF ANIMALS 
 
 Mammals 
 Towa. 
 Homo sapiens. 
 
 Towa means human being, person, folks, people, clan. Unlike the 
 Tewa names of other animals towa is never coupled with sex-age 
 nouns, being regularly omitted when these are applied to human 
 beings. Thus tseJcwr, 'female dog in prime' (tse, dog; Jcwi', female 
 in prime), but merely Jcwi', 'human woman in prime.' Human beings 
 are not considered by the Tewa to be essentially different from other 
 animals. 
 
 The races of man are called towa. 
 
 The word ioiva often refers especially to Indian people as distin- 
 guished from other people. Americans are called MediJcanu towa, 
 'American people' {MediJcanu, American, <Span. Americano; towa, 
 person, people). Mexicans are called Kwsgkwyiowa (Kwselcwij, of 
 uncertain etymology; towa, person, people). Negroes are called 
 Kwsekw yiowa p'e'yniy, 'black Mexicans' (Kwselcu'yiowa, Mexican, 
 pen, black). The Chinese are called Tsinuiowa, Chinaman people 
 (Tsinu, Chinaman <Span. Chino; ioiva, person, people). 
 
 Monil ( < Span. mono). 
 
 Monkey. 
 The Tewa know that monkeys live in Mexico. They say that 
 monkeys look like men: iowawa'gl, 'like a human being' (towa, 
 human being; wa'gi, like). An organ-grinder with a monkey visited 
 San Ildefonso last year. 
 
 Sip'i. 
 
 Corynorhinus jnacrotis pallescens Miller. Pale Big-eared Bat. 
 Cory nor Jiinus macrotis LeContewas reported at Santa Fe by Allen 1 
 in 1893. As macrotis is a Southeastern form, the Santa Fe specimen 
 is much more likely referable to the subspecies pallescens, described 
 in 1897 by Miller, 2 which ranges from Colorado and Utah southward 
 into Mexico. 
 
 Sip'i. 
 
 My otis lucifugus longicrus (True). Little Brown Bat. 
 
 i Allen, Harrison, A Monograph of (he Bats of North America, Bull. f. S. Nat. Muteum, no. -43, p. 57, 
 1893. 
 
 » Miller, Gerrit S., Revision of the North American Bats of the Family Vespertilionidffl, North Amer- 
 ican Fauna, no. 13, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 52-53, 1897. 
 
SeStoton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 13 
 
 HE 
 HARRI 
 
 Reported at Santa Fe by Miller. 1 
 
 We observed bats at El Rito de los Frijoles in the evenings of the 
 first ten days in August, 1910, but saw none later, and failed to obtain 
 any for identification. 
 
 Bats are classed with birds by the Tewa, although the Mexicans of 
 the Tewa country call them ratones voladores, 'flying rats or mice.' 
 Svp'i is said to be applied to any species of bat. 
 
 Kq'-y (akin to Taos kanend, buffalo). 
 
 Bison bison (Linn.). American Bison, Buffalo. 
 
 Although the bison, its habits, and methods of hunting it, are known 
 to the Tewa by hearsay, it appears that very few individuals have 
 ever seen a bison alive. Old Diego Roybal of San Ildefonso, although 
 he loves to tell about the bison, has never seen one. J.. M. Naranjo 
 of Santa Clara has seen bison on the plains "about halfway between 
 here and Saint Louis." In former times the Tewa trafficked hi the 
 skins and other products, and occasionally hunted the animal on the 
 plains to the eastward, before its extermination there. Whole bison 
 skins or portions of them, with the hair on, are still to be found 
 among the Tewa and are used as ''medicine" (wo) and for other 
 purposes. Bison horns are also used as headdresses hi the bison 
 dance (kq^yfare) held at San Ildefonso on January 24th of each year. 
 
 The Tewa do not know that the bison ever ranged in or west of 
 then* country. Dr. Allen, in his monograph on the bison, 2 says: 
 
 I have found no record of their existence in the highlands of New Mexico, or any- 
 where to the westward or southward of Santa Fe. 
 
 Bandelier, 3 commenting on a Spanish place-name of the region 
 south of Santa Fe, says: 
 
 One of these bears the name ' ' Ojo del ( 'ibolo. ' ' This seems to imply that the buffalo 
 once ranged as far as the base of the San Francisco and San Pedro Mountains. 
 
 Hornaday, on his map showing the extermination of the bison, 4 
 gives 1840 as the date of its extermination in the Rio Grande Valley 
 of northern New Mexico and places the limit of its former range in 
 western New Mexico. 
 
 In another place in his monograph (p. 474) Dr. Allen qualifies his 
 statement hereinbefore quoted, under the subheading, "Probable 
 extent of its former range," as follows: 
 
 Westward it extended over northern New Mexico and then westward and northward 
 throughout the great Salt Lake Basin. 
 
 'Miller, Gerrit S., op. cit., pp. 64-65. 
 
 2 Allen, J. A., History of the American Bison, Bison americanus, Ninth Ann. Rep. U.S.Geol. &• Geog. 
 Surv. Terr, for 1875 (Hayden Survey), p. 517, 1877. 
 
 3 Bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, 
 Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part n, Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, 
 American Scries, IV, p. 254, 1892. 
 
 <Hornaday, William T., The Extermination of I he American Bison, Ann. Rep. V. S. Nat. Museum 
 for 1887, 1889. 
 
 / 
 
14 BUREAlf OK AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bum,. 56 
 
 Iii a note dated February 27, 191 1 , in reference to this latter state- 
 ment, lie says: 
 
 I am able to qualify the last part of that statement on the basis of hitherto unpub- 
 lished information received from Dr. Edward Palmer, the well-known natural history 
 collector, who wrote me that in 1870 he found bison bones, some of them in a good 
 state of preservation, about 20 miles west of Fort Wingate, N. Mex., and hence not 
 far from the boundary line between Arizona and New Mexico. This will bring its 
 former range to the latitude of Santa Fe. My present belief is that it formerly ranged 
 over northwestern New Mexico. 
 
 Bison bones were found deep in the debris of a cave on the upper 
 Tularosa River, in western Socorro County, N. Mex., by Dr. Walter 
 Hough, but these may have been brought from a distance and 
 deposited in the cave for ceremonial purposes. 1 
 
 Hodge gives as Bison clans at various pueblos: San Udefonso, 
 K6o-tdoa; Pecos, Tdshtye'+; Acoma, Moshaich-hanoq ch \ Sia, Mu- 
 sJia'ch-hdno. 
 
 Kuwa (akin to Isleta leoare, Ovis canadensis), or pi'yleuwa (pi'y, 
 mountain ; kuwa, Ovis canadensis) . Pi'y, ' mountain ' , is pre- 
 joined to distinguish this animal from the domestic sheep and 
 goat, to which the name kuwa is also applied; see below. 
 Ovis canadensis Shaw. Mountain Sheep, Bighorn. 
 This species was reported near Santa Fe in 1873 by Cones and 
 Yarrow. 2 Bandelier 3 says: 
 
 In 1880 I saw the last mountain sheep at the Rito. That beautiful animal has now 
 completely disappeared from the Valles range. 
 
 Heads have been found in the ruins of the plateau. 
 
 The animal is well known to the Tewa, though very few of them 
 have ever seen it alive. Diego Roybal and other old hunters are 
 fond of telling the widespread but absurd story of how this animal 
 when pursued throws itself over a cliff and alights uninjured on its 
 horns. 
 
 Kuwa (akin to Isleta leoare (see above), meaning originally Ovis 
 
 canadensis, mountain sheep). 
 Domestic Sheep. 
 The male sheep is usually called kuwase-y, 'male sheep' (Jcuwa, 
 sheep; se-y, male), but ^aft&wK < Span, carnero) is also heard. Lambs 
 are regularly called Jcuwa' e', 'little sheep' (kuwa, sheep; V, diminu- 
 tive). When it is desired to distinguish a sheep from a goat one may 
 
 1 Lyon, M. W., jr., Mammal Remains from Two Prehistoric Village Silos in Now Mexico and Arizona, 
 I'roc. U.S. Nat. Museum, xxxi, pp. 647 19, 1906. 
 
 2 Cones, Elliott, and Tfarrow, lie.. Report Upon the Collections of Mammals Made in Portions of Nevada, 
 Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1871, 1872, is?:!, and 1X74, U. S. 
 Gcog. Explor. & Sutv. W. o) 100th ifefid. (Wheeler Survey), v, pp. 68-69, 1875. 
 
 * Bandelier, A. P., Final Repoii of Investigations Among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, 
 Carried on Mainly in the years from 1880 to 1885, Part n, Papers Archxol. Fast. Amer., Amir. Srr.,rv, 
 p. 141, L892. 
 
HENDERSON 
 HARRINGTO 
 
 ?ton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 15 
 
 say kuwa p'opa' J i H , 'cracked haired sheep' (Jcuwd,, sheep; p'o, hair; 
 pa\ cracked). 
 
 Very few of the Tewa own sheep, and the flocks consist of a few 
 animals only. The sheep are never milked. 
 
 Kuwa (akin to Isleta Tcoare (see above), meaning originally vis 
 
 canadensis, mountain sheep). 
 Domestic Goat. 
 If it is desired to distinguish goat from sheep, one may say Tcuwd 
 po , qnsg,' , i ,i , 'smooth haired goat' (kuwa, sheep, goat; p'o, hair; 'qnse', 
 smooth, not cracked or rough like a sheep's hair). The male goat is 
 called Jcuwasejij, 'male goat' (kuwa, goat; se'y, male) or tsifiatu ( <Span. 
 chibato). 
 
 Few goats are kept by the Tewa. Goats are milked, usually by 
 the women. 
 
 fq V . 
 
 Antilocapra americana (Ord.). Antelope, Pronghorn. 
 
 This species is still found alive in parts of New Mexico and was 
 known to the cliff-dwellers of the Rito de los Frijoles. An old San 
 Ildefonso Indian says that he formerly hunted antelope on the Pajarito 
 Plateau, mostly near the Rio Grande Canyon, but they are now all 
 gone. 
 
 Speaking of the dry valley between the Sierra de los Dolores and 
 the Sierra de San Francisco, south of the Tewa country, Bandelier * 
 says that "in most places it is grassy, and haunted by antelopes." 
 
 Hodge gives as Antelope clans of various Pueblos: San Ildefonso, 
 To n -td6a; Isleta, T 'am-t' 'ainin; Laguna, Kur'tsi-lidno ch ; Acoma, 
 Kur'ts-hdnoq ch ; Sia, Ku'ts-hdno; San Felipe, Kuuts-Jiano; Cochiti, 
 Ku'ts-hdnuch. An antelope which destroyed human beings figures 
 in Sia mythology. 
 
 TV (akin to Taos t&iinemd). 
 
 Cervus canadensis Erxl. Wapiti, American Elk. 
 It appears that there are no elk now in the region, according to 
 both Indian and white informants, though the species above men- 
 tioned formerly ranged southward into the mountains of northern 
 New Mexico. Bandelier 2 rather indefinitely reports it at El Rito 
 de los Frijoles. Two San Ildefonso Indians who have hunted much 
 informed the writers that they were familiar with the species from 
 having seen it in southern Colorado, but had never known it on the 
 Pajarito Plateau. Cope 3 says: 
 
 bandelier, A. F., Final Report of Investigations among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, 
 Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1SS0 to 1885, Part n, Papers Archxol. Inst. Amir.. A mer. Ser.,TV, p. 106, 
 1892. 
 
 2 Bandelier, A. F., op. cit., p. 141. 
 
 3 Cope, E. D., Report on the Geology of that Part of Northwestern New Mexico Examined During the 
 Field Season of 1874, Ann. Rep. IT. S. Gcog. Explor. & Sun. IP. of 100th Merid.Jor 1875, p. 02; Report 
 upon the Extinct Vertebrata Obtained in New Mexico by Parties of the Expedition of ls74, ibid., 1877, 
 IV, pt. II, p. 18. 
 
16 BUREAU OE AMERICAN ETITNOLOGY I bull. 56 
 
 In exploring the hills of this formation along the Puerco, I found the horns of an 
 elk (Cervus canadensis). This locality must be near the southern limit of its range. 
 I learned that it is not uncommon on the high plateau near Tierra Amarilla on the 
 northeast. 
 
 Morrison, 1 writing of the mountains more than a hundred miles 
 south of Santa Fe, reported that " the elk, once very plentiful in these 
 mountains, is now very rarely seen." The latter may refer to an- 
 other species of elk, Cervus merriami Nelson, whose range is given 
 as the White Mountains of Arizona and the Mongollon Mountains 
 of New Mexico. One or the other species of this noble animal was 
 doubtless known to the ancient inhabitants of El Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 According to information obtained from an aged Indian of Santa 
 Clara pueblo by Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco, elk of the smaller sort, not 
 so large as the great elk, are rarely seen in the mountains north of 
 the Tewa country. What animal is really meant was not ascertained. 
 
 P%' (akin to Taos pxnd, Isleta pi'ide, 2+ plu. pimnin, Bartlett's 
 
 Piro "pi-ye," Jemez pa). 
 Odocoileus hemionus (Raf.). Mule Deer, Colorado Black Tail. 
 
 A young deer of this species is called by the Tewa either p&'e. 
 ipse', mule deer; V, diminutive), or mqgje. The latter word can not 
 be etymologized, and is the only animal name of Tewa origin known 
 to the writers which is applied only to the young of a species. 
 
 The cured skin of p%~ and also of the western white-tailed deer and 
 the elk is called puje, this word being commonly applied to the cured 
 skin of these three animals only. The fresh skin or the skin on the 
 animal is known as p&k'owa, 'deer skin' ipse', Odocoileus hemionus; 
 Vowa, tegument, skin). 
 
 Hodge gives as Deer clans of various pueblos: San Ildefonso, 
 Pd n -tdda; Santa Clara, Pa-tdda; Isleta, Pim-t'ainin; Pecos, Pa'+; Sia 
 and San Felipe, Dydni-hano; Zuni, Shohoita-kwe. The mule deer is 
 prominent in Tewa mythology. 
 
 This is the common Deer of the region. We saw but one (a doe) 
 while at Frijoles canyon, but three others were reported by the 
 Indians while we were there. Even Tewa boys are aware that "a 
 lady deer is without antlers." It is said that deer of this species 
 were plentiful in former times, and deer products were much used by 
 the Tewa. 
 
 Hyla'pse- 'dry juniper deer' (hu, 'one-seeded juniper', Juniperus 
 monosperma; ta', 'dryness', 'dry'; p%', 'mule deer', Odo- 
 coileus hemionus Raf.). 
 
 ? 
 
 This is said to be a species of deer distinct from the pse\ 
 
 i Morrison, Charles C, Executive and Descriptive Report of Lieut. Charles C. Morrison, Sixth Cav- 
 alry, on the Operations of Party No. 2, Colorado Section. Field Season of 1877. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geog. 
 Explor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid.Jor 1878, p. 137, 1878. 
 
SmungtoJ ETHNOZOOLOGY OP THE TEWA INDIANS 17 
 
 'Ohutj. 
 
 Odocoileus americanus macrourus (Raf.). Western White-tailed 
 
 Deer. 
 
 This is the Tewa name of the animal known in New Mexican 
 
 Spanish as cola larga. The 'ohutj is mentioned in Tewa myths as one 
 
 of the larger game animals. The cured skin of the 'oJiuy, as well as 
 
 that of the mule deer and the elk, is called puje, 'deerskin', 'buckskin'. 
 
 We have questioned only three San Ildefonso Indians concerning 
 
 this species of deer. They stated that the pse- and 'ohy,tj differ only 
 
 as regards the tail, the form of the antlers and the body-color being 
 
 the same. It is evident that they had not closely observed the 
 
 antlers and the general color. 
 
 Pw. 
 
 Lepus campestris Bach. White-tailed Jackrabbit. 
 Jackrabbits are reported by both whites and Indians, but with 
 no information as to the species. The white-tailed form is reported 
 by Nelson. 1 
 
 Pu\ 
 
 Lepus bairdi Hayden. Rocky Mountain Snowshoe Rabbit. 
 Recorded from 30 miles north of Taos and from Chama by Nelson, 2 
 and from Taos by Coues and Yarrow. 3 
 
 Pu\ 
 
 Lepus callotis Wagler ? White-sided Jackrabbit. 
 Reported at San Pedro, N. Mex., about 35 or 40 miles south of 
 El Rito de los Frijoles, in 1873, by Coues and Yarrow. 4 As this is 
 far beyond the supposed range of the species, perhaps it should be 
 referred to the next. 
 
 Pu\ 
 
 Lepus californicus texianus Waterhouse. Texas Jackrabbit. 
 We have no record of this species from the Pajarito Plateau, but 
 New Mexico, except the northeastern part, is included within its 
 range, 5 so it should be looked for in our area. 
 
 Pur. 
 
 Domestic rabbit, domestic hare. 
 The name was originally applied to jackrabbits. 
 
 Pur. 
 
 PwvM'gX, 'jackrabbit like' (pu', jackrabbit; wa'gi, like). 
 Guinea pig. 
 
 i Nelson, E. W., The Rabbits of North America, North American Fauna, No. 29, Biol. Surv., U. S. 
 Dept. Agr.,pp. 74, 78, 1909. 
 
 2 Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 109-12. 
 
 3 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C, op. cit., p. 126. 
 <Ibid. 
 
 6 Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 142-45 
 
18 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOQY turaL. 56 
 
 Pw means jackrabbit, domestic rabbit, domestic hare; with or 
 without wa'gX, 'like', it is applied to guinea pigs. 
 
 Kwqn. 
 
 Sylvilagus nuttalli pinetis (Allen). Rocky Mountain Cottontail. 
 Recorded by Nelson ' from many northern New Mexico localities, 
 including Costillo Pass, Gallinas Mountains, Jemez Mountains, Hall's 
 Peak (southeast of Taos), San Antonio Mountains, Santa Clara 
 Mountains, Taos Mountain, Tierra Amarilla, Tres Piedras, and 
 Twining (near Taos). We saw several, which were probably this 
 species or the next, at and near El Rito de los Frijoles, but did not 
 obtain specimens for identification. 
 
 Kwqn. 
 
 Sylvilagus auduboni warreni Nelson. Colorado Cottontail. 
 Recorded by Nelson 2 from San Antonio Mountains, Tres Piedras, 
 and other localities in northwestern New Mexico. 
 
 The New Mexico cottontail (Sylvilagus auduboni neomexicanus 
 Nelson) appears to range from the Pecos Valley eastward, hence it 
 does not come within our area. 
 
 So"p. 
 
 Ereikizon epixantlium Brandt. Yellow-haired Porcupine. 
 We saw- no signs of porcupines about El Rito de los Frijoles. At 
 the old Buckman sawmill, at the base of the mountains, we saw the 
 skin of one which had been killed there. San Ildefonso Indians 
 report its occurrence in the mountains and sometimes in the fields, and 
 are familiar with its habit of gnawing the bark of trees. The smaller 
 hairs are called p'o and the large spine-like hairs ywse', a word which 
 is applied also to the thorns of plants. The Indians believe that 
 when angry the so'n has the power of shooting these ywse,' like arrows. 
 
 Pe', or pe'da (pe', Zapus princeps; mi, unexplained). 
 ? Zapus princeps Allen. Rocky Mountain Jumping Mouse. 
 Reported at Camp Burgwyn 3 [Cantonment Burgwin] and Santa Fe 
 by Preble. 4 Both whites and Indians describe a mouselike animal 
 with long, kangaroo-like hind legs and short forelegs, at El Rito de 
 los Frijoles, but we did not succeed in catching any for identification, 
 and can not feel sure from the description that it is a jumping 
 mouse. One Indian reported that pe' is smaller than the deermouse, 
 and pe'da considerably larger. They may represent some species of 
 pocket mouse and a kangaroo rat. 
 
 1 Nelson, E. W., op. cit., pp. 207-11. 
 
 2 Ibid., pp. 231-32. 
 
 » The Cantonment Burgwin specimen has been referred to a distinct species, Zapus luttus. See Miller 
 in Proc. Biol. Son. Washington, xxiv, p. 253, Dec. 23, 1911. Miller also reports Z. luteus from Espanola, 
 Taos County, and from Cloudcroft, Otero County. 
 
 « Preble, Edward A., Revision of the Jumping Mice of the Oenus Zapus, North American Fauna, no. 15, 
 Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 22-23, 1899. 
 
harrTngton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 19 
 
 Perognathus jlavescens Merriam. Plains Pocket Mouse. 
 P Reported at Santa Fe by Osgood. 1 
 
 fr AT ' 
 
 Jywvrj. -s* 
 
 Perognathus Jiavus Baird. Baird's Pocket Mouse. 
 Reported at Taos by Osgood. 2 # 
 
 Perognathus apache Merriam. Apache Pocket Mouse. 
 Reported at Espanola, San Pedro, and Santa Fe, by Osgood. 3 
 
 Tfugl. 
 
 Thomomys aureus pervagus Merriam. Roaming Pocket Gopher. 
 The type locality is Espanola. 4 
 
 Gopher mounds are abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we 
 obtained no specimens of the gopher for identification. They may 
 be this species, which was described from a locality not far away. 
 The Indians accurately described the habits of the animal in digging 
 its holes, pushing the earth out to form a mound, and then covering 
 the entrance with earth by working from within. 
 
 % — 
 
 Microtus mordax Merriam. Cantankerous Vole, Field Mouse. 
 Reported at Chama by Bailey. 5 
 
 A good line of traps repeatedly set in all sorts of places at El Rito 
 de los Frijoles failed to catch any voles or indeed any of the mam- 
 mals smaller than chipmunks except deer-mice. 
 
 Fiber zibethicus osoyoosensis Lord. Muskrat. 
 Reported at Rinconada (north of Santa Fe), by Hollister," who 
 also records F. z. pallidus Mearns at Albuquerque. 
 
 Pini'i ? 
 
 Neotoma albigula Hartley. White-throated Wood Rat. 
 Reported at Abiquiu, Chama Canyon, Espanola, San Pedro, Santa 
 Clara Canyon, Rinconado, etc., by Goldman. 7 
 
 Both whites and Indians described a bluish-gray, round-tailed rat 
 which gathers pinon nuts for winter food at El Rito de los Frijoles, 
 and we saw one nest which seemed to be that of a wood rat. No 
 specimens were obtained for identification. San Ildefonso Indians 
 
 i Osgood, Wilfred H., Revision of the Pocket Mice of the Genus Perognathus, North American Fauna, 
 no. 18, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 20-21, 1900. 
 
 s Ibid., pp. 23-24. 
 
 3 Ibid., pp. 26-27. 
 
 * Merriam, C. Hart, Descriptions of Twenty-Three New Pocket Gophers of the Genus Thomomys, Proc. 
 Biol. Soc. Wash., xiv, p. 110, 1901. 
 
 6 Bailey, Vernon, Revision of American Voles of the Genus Microtus, North American Fauna, no. 17, 
 Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 49-50, 1900. 
 
 6 Hollister, N., A Systematic Synopsis of the Muskrats, North American Fauna, no. 32, Biol. Surv., 
 U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 26, 1911. 
 
 7 Goldman, Edward A., Revision of the Wood Rats of the Genus Neotoma, North American Fauna, no. 
 31, BioJ. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 31-33, 1910. 
 
20 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNGLOG? [BULL. 56 
 
 also told of pini'i, a big whitish rat, with a very bad odor which they 
 compare to that of a skunk, at Ojo Caliente. 
 
 Qwsp/y'i 
 
 Neotoma mexicana fallax Merriani. Colorado or Gale's Wood 
 Rat. 
 Reported from Chama River, Gallina, Gallinas Mountains, Tres 
 Piedras, Twining, etc., by Goldman. 1 
 
 Qwse,-yj<r {awse'y, Neotoma mexicana fallax Merriam?; jo', aug- 
 mentative). 
 Neotoma cinerea orolestes Merriam. Colorado Bushy-tailed 
 Wood Rat. 
 Reported from Agua Fria, Chama, Costillo Pass, Jemez Mountains, 
 Taos, Taos Mountains, Tierra Amarilla, Tres Piedras, Twining, etc., 
 by Goldman. 2 
 
 This is the animal known through the southern Rocky Mountains 
 as the "mountain rat" and "pack rat," but is called by Goldman, in 
 his Revision, the "Colorado bushy-tailed wood rat." 
 
 Peromyscus maniculatus rujinus (Merriam). Tawny Deer- 
 mouse. 
 Reported at Abiquiu, Chama, Chama River, Espanola, Gallina, 
 Gallinas Mountains, Jemez Mountains, Santa Clara Canyon, Taos, 
 Taos Mountain, Taos Pueblo, Tierra Amarilla, and other localities 
 in northern New Mexico, by Osgood. 3 
 
 We collected one specimen above camp at El Rito de los Frijoles, 
 which was identified by Mr. Warren. 
 
 l$ivry ? 
 
 Peromyscus leucopus tornillo (Mearns). Tornillo Deer-mouse. 
 Reported at Santa Fe and other New Mexico localities, chiefly 
 southwest of Santa Fe, by Osgood. 4 
 
 tywi'y. 
 
 Peromyscus truei (Shufeldt). True's Deer-mouse. 
 Reported at Espanola, Gallinas Mountains, and other localities, 
 by Osgood. 5 
 
 This is the only species of white-footed deer-mouse common at 
 El Rito de los Frijoles Canyon. The identity of our specimens was 
 confirmed by Mr. Warren. The Indians thought the bluish-gray 
 specimens were male and those with more ochraceous color were 
 female, instead of being young and adult of each sex respectively. 
 
 i Goldman, Edward A.. (>|>. cit., pp. 56 58. 
 2 Ibid., pp. 104-05. 
 
 3 Osgood, Wilfred II., Revision of I he Mice of 1 he American Genus Peromyscus. North American Fauna, 
 no. 28, Biol. Sury., U. S. Dept Agr., pp. 72-74, 1909. 
 'Ibid., pp. 126 26. 
 » Ibid., pp. 16o-ti9. 
 
HAUKI 
 HENDE 
 
 ^ls] ETHNOZOOLOGV OF THE TEWA INDIANS 21 
 
 When questioned as to their habits the Indians said these mice "get 
 young in the spring, the same as horses and cows, and give them milk 
 just the same." 
 
 Mus musculus Linn. Domestic Mouse. 
 
 tywyy. 
 
 Epimys norvegicus (Erxl.). Domestic Rat. 
 It is said that there are no domestic rats in New Mexico. Domestic 
 mice are as common in Indian houses as in those of Mexicans and 
 Americans. These mice are called ratones in New Mexican Spanish. 
 
 'Ojo ( ? akin to Taos pajand, Islet a pat fare, Castor canadensis 
 
 frondator Mearns). 
 Castor canadensis frondator Mearns. Broad-tailed Beaver. 
 The Tewa sometimes call the beaver po' } ojo, 'water beaver' (po\ 
 
 water; 'ojo, beaver). 
 Whites and Indians both report beaver along the Rio Grande, 
 probably of this species; but the lateral canyons in the neighborhood 
 of El Rito de los Frijoles support none now, if they ever did. 
 
 The beaver was hunted and eaten by the Tewa, and its use as food 
 is said by them to have no ill effect. 
 
 % 
 
 Marmota flaviventer (Aud. & Bach). Western Woodchuck. 
 None were seen and no information concerning them in our area 
 was obtained. Reported at Santa Fe by Coues and Yarrow. 1 
 
 Kv. 
 
 Cynomys gunnisoni (Baird). Gunnison's Prairie Dog. 
 
 None found at El Rito de los Frijoles, but abundant at Valle 
 Grande in the Jemez Mountains, just beyond the head of the Rito. 
 The Indians report prairie dogs also at San Ildefonso and other points 
 along the Rio Grande. 
 
 The bark of the lei' is well imitated by Tewa men. They say : 
 lei' n/itu, "the prairie dog speaks or gives his cry" (lei', Cynomys 
 gunnisoni (Baird); nq,, it; tu, to speak). 
 
 ? 
 
 Citellus tridecemlineatus pallidus (Allen). Striped Spermophile. 
 Citellus tridecemlineatus Mitch, was reported at Tierra Amarilla by 
 Coues and Yarrow. 2 This record should probably be referred to the 
 subspecies pallidus, which is found north of that locality in Colorado. 
 
 So'w%. 
 
 Citellus grammurus (Say). Rock Squirrel. 
 This large, speckled, bushy-tailed ground squirrel, its body a foot 
 long, is abundant in the canyons about El Rito de los Frijoles. It is 
 recognized by the Indians as a ground squirrel, with habits distinct 
 
 1 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C, op. cit., p. 123. - Ibid., p. 120, 
 
22 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 from those of tree squirrels, Three of them said that it sheds its 
 hair in April and May, that the hair begins to thicken in July, and 
 that late in August it gets "nice, warm hair, to fix up for the winter." 
 The accuracy of some of the dates may be doubted. This ground 
 squirrel damages their provisions. The Tewa eat the flesh, but do 
 not use the skin. 
 
 Callos pernio philus lateralis (Say). Say's Ground Squirrel, "Big 
 Chipmunk' ' . 
 
 Common in the Jemez Mountains, about the headwaters of El 
 Rito de los Frijoles, but not seen by us on the mesas or hi the canyons 
 which cut them. Easily recognized by lateral yellowish stripe and 
 black stripe; it is smaller than pine squirrel. Said to be common 
 throughout the mountains of northern New Mexico. Our Indian 
 informants recognized the species, distinguishing it from the other 
 squirrels by its appearance, its habits, and its habitat, though they gave 
 them the same name. They say it is restricted to the mountains and 
 correctly consider it a ground squirrel. It is used by them for food. 
 
 Kuwije. 
 
 Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say). Four-lined Colorado Chipmunk. 
 
 Abundant in the canyons, in the mountains, and along the edges at 
 
 least of the mesas. The Indians use it for food and are quite familiar 
 
 with its range and habits. Recognized by its small size and the 
 
 alternating light and dark stripes on the back. 
 
 Sq'wsz. 
 
 Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. Abert's Tufted-ear Squirrel. 
 This is the finest squirrel of the region, as large as the rock squirrel, 
 gray above, white beneath, with long and very bushy tail, its long 
 leaps from tree to tree never failing to excite the utmost admiration. 
 We found it only among the big rock pines on the mesas, where it is 
 rather common. It was long ago reported at Santa Fe by Coues and 
 Yarrow, 1 and from Santa Fe to Taos by Coues and Allen.- It is 
 eaten by the Indians. The tufts of hah* on the ears are called % QJep'o, 
 1 ear hairs ' . 
 
 So'w%. 
 
 Sciurus fremonti And. & Bach. Fremont's Chickaree, "Pine 
 Squirrel". 
 
 Abundant in the Jemez Mountains. Our Indians declared that it 
 occurs only among the firs and spruces, a statement well founded but 
 too sweeping. Although almost universally called "pine squirrel" 
 in Colorado, it is found in various parts of that State much more 
 commonly among the firs and spruces anil not abundant among the 
 rock pines. In X( w Mexico in ascending the canyon of El Rito de 
 
 ' Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. < ., op. eit., p. 115. 
 
 2 Coues, Elliott, an I Mien, J. A., Monographs of North American Bodentia, Final Rip- U.S. Geol.Surv. 
 Ten., xi, pp. 7:;; 38, LS77. 
 
HENDEH 
 HARR 
 
 inotox] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 23 
 
 los Frijoles we encountered the first one where we first found firs, 
 about 2 miles above the house of Judge Abbott, but he says it occa- 
 sionally is seen downstream as far as his ranch. Allen 1 has described 
 a subspecies (Sciurus fremonti neomexicanus) from the eastern slopes 
 of the Taos Mountains in Colfax and Moro Counties, "very different 
 from specimens from central and northern Colorado," but he records 
 a specimen from Chama, which he refers to fremonti. Our specimens 
 from the Jemez Mountains, collected in August, 1910, were found to 
 be slightly redder than specimens taken in northwestern Colorado 
 in August, 1909, but possibly the latter had faded a trifle. Though 
 smaller than some others, this is the best food squirrel in the region. 
 
 Po'tse ,e . 
 
 Lutra canadensis (Schreber). Canadian Otter. 
 
 Po-tse ,e . 
 
 Lutra canadensis sonora Rhoads. Sonoran Otter. 
 Mr. Dowell, who has trapped extensively in the region, says the 
 otter occurs along the Rio Grande near by. The Indians confirm 
 this, and fragments of otter skin are worn by them. Without speci- 
 mens for identification we can not know which form it is. 
 
 Je\ ■ 
 
 ? Mustela arizonensis Mearns. Mountain Weasel. 
 
 Weasels are reported at San Ildefonso by the Indians, but we have 
 no specimens for identification. Coues and Yarrow 2 reported Puio- 
 rius longicauda Merriam at Taos, but this region seems more likely 
 to be within the range of arizonensis, much more recently described. 
 Mustela streatori leptus Merriam may also extend into northern New 
 Mexico. 
 
 Hodge gives Dye-tdoa as "Gopher" clans of San Juan, Santa Clara, 
 San Ildefonso, and Tesuque, and Ye-tdoa as "Lizard" clans of San 
 Juan and San Ildefonso. 
 
 Lutreola vison energumenos Bangs. Western Mink. 
 Mr. Dowell says mink occur along the Rio Grande near El Rito de 
 los Frijoles. 
 
 ? 
 
 Martes caurina origenes (Rhoads). Rocky Mountain Marten. 
 Hodge states that Bandelier gives a "Marten" clan as existing at 
 San Juan pueblo. 
 
 Coues and Yarrow 3 recorded Mustela americana Turton from Taos. 
 That is a species of the north. It is likely the more recently described 
 southern form. 
 
 1 Allen, J. A., Revision of the Chickarees, or North American Red Squirrels (Subgenus Tamiasciurus), 
 Bull.Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., x, pp. 291-94, 1898. 
 
 2 Coues, Elliott, and Yarrow, H. C, op. cit., p. 59. 
 'Ibid., p. 61. 
 
 69231°— Bull. 56—14 a 
 
24 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 Ee'a. 
 
 Taxidea taxus Schreber. Badger. 
 
 Hodge gives as Badger clans of va'rious pueblos: San Juan, Keya- 
 tdoa; Santa Clara, Ked-tdda; San [ldefonso, Kea-tdoa; Jemez, Son- 
 sadsh; Pecos, So'hl + ; Laguna, Ch6pi-hdno ch ; Sia, Tyupi-hdno; Zuni, 
 Tonashi-kwe. 
 
 We found no badgers nor their holes at El Rito de los Frijoles, 
 and could learn of none. At the old Buckman sawmill, at the base 
 of the Jemez Mountains, we chased two into their hole, but did not 
 get them. Two of the Indians told, with much glee, of the fighting 
 qualities of this animal and its great energy in digging. They told 
 also of how a badger caught one of them by the trousers and held on 
 until it was dragged a long distance to the river and into the water. 
 
 Mephitis mesomelas varians Gray. Long-tailed Texas Skunk. 
 The Indians report striped skunks at San lldefonso, which appears 
 to be within the probable range of this species. We learned of no 
 spotted skunks, though the region is between the known range of the 
 Rocky Mountain species (Spilogale tenuis Howell) and that of the 
 Great Basin species (Spilogale gracilis saxatilis Merriam), so one or 
 the other probably occurs within our area. Skunk skins are used 
 by the Tewa for ceremonial purposes. 
 
 Ke' (akin to Taos koaand, Isleta Tcoaire, bear). 
 Bear (any species). 
 Ursus horribilis Ord. Grizzly Bear. 
 Ursus horribilis horrixus Baird. Sonora Grizzly. 
 Ursus americanus Pallas. Black Bear. 
 The Jemez name is Fwdlq; the Cochiti name is lc6haju, the Hopi 
 name honau'w. 
 
 Hodge gives as Bear clans at various pueblos: San Juan and Nambe, 
 Ke-tdoa; Hano, Ke-towa; Pecos, Whalatddsh; Aeoma, Kuwhaia-hdnoq ch ; 
 Sia, Kohai-hdno; San Felipe, Kohai-hdno; Cochiti, Kuhaia-hdnuch; 
 Zuni, Aihshi-kwe. 
 
 As is usually the case, the hunters interviewed, white as well as 
 Indian, were not sufficiently familiar with the species of bear to give 
 definite information. Whites talked about black, brown, ami cin- 
 namon bears, all of which refer to color phases of the black bear, 
 which is not at all uncommon in the region. We occasionally saw 
 bear tracks. The Indians vaguely described five kinds of bear: ke' 
 fsse ,, i H hehsenu'i H , 'big white bear' (ke- , bear; tsse' , white; helisenu, 
 big); Ice' fsse-'i'* tf%''i H , 'little white bear' (Tee', bear; teas', white; 
 tfsp, little); ke' tse'j\ H , 'yellow bear' (Ice', bear; fee', yellow); ke' 
 y dwV l , 'brown bear' (ke', hear; '<_/, brown); ke' p i e;r)di , \ 'black 
 bear' (ke', bear: p'py, black). 
 
 As this region is within the range of the grizzly, the "white bear" 
 may refer to either horribilis or its subspecies 'ftorriseus, more likely 
 
HE»r>F,RSON 
 HAfcttiXGTO: 
 
 ' v ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 25 
 
 the former. It is notable that Lewis and Clark and other early 
 explorers in the West called the grizzly the white bear. It is to be 
 noted that there is but one Indian name for the bear, in spite of the 
 fact that they describe five kinds, a nomenclature paralleled in many 
 other languages of the Southwest. Bandelier 1 says in his Final 
 Report: 
 
 The bear makes great havoc among the pifion trees. Climbing into the tops for the 
 nuts, he tears off entire limbs and generally ruins the tree. Three kinds of bears are 
 spoken of by the Indians and the Spanish settlers: The silver-tip (Platiado, Ko-ha-yo 
 Kash-ya), the brown bear (Oso Colorado, Ko-ha-yo Ke-han-ye), and the black bear 
 (Oso prieto, Ko-ha-yo MohZ-na-ka-nyi). 
 
 Bandelier doubted the identity of the "silver-tip" with the grizzly, 
 because he did not believe the latter species was found in tins area. 
 The Indian word-forms quoted are presumably in the Cochiti dialect 
 of the Keres language. 
 
 Po'musa, 'water cat' (po', water; musa, house cat). See mush, 
 page 29. 
 
 Procyon lotor Linn. Raccoon. 
 The "coon" is said to occur in the Rio Grande Canyon, near the 
 mouth of El Rito de los Frijoles and elsewhere. Russell 2 gives 
 va'owok as the Pima name for this species, and says: 
 
 The raccoon is said to be used for food, though the writer did not see any cf the 
 animals or any of their skins during a stay of a year and a half in Arizona. 
 
 Tse (akin to Taos tsuland, dog). 
 Domestic Dog. 
 
 The Isleta call the dog qwianiie, the Jemez k^any,, the Hopi poJcd, 
 the Zuni wdtsita. 
 
 There is some direct and much indirect evidence that domesticated 
 dogs were widely distributed among the North American Indians 
 before the landing of Columbus. The fact that all Indian languages 
 which have come to our attention contain native names for the dog, 
 distinct from that applied to the coyote, wolf, and fox, is significant. 
 No less significant is the fact that the names for the horse and other 
 animals introduced by the whites are either newly coined words of de- 
 scriptive meaning, modifications of the names for some other animal, 
 or adaptations of the names used by white men. The Indians of the 
 Southwest, including the Pueblos,, are not exceptions. They have 
 native names for the dog, while their names for the horse are either 
 descriptive, compound, or derived from the Spanish. Possibly an 
 examination of early Spanish documents relating to the Southwest 
 would develop direct statements in regard to dogs found in possession 
 of the natives at their earliest contact with the whites, but lack of 
 present access to the literature as well as lack of time prevent us 
 from going far into the subject. 
 
 i Bandelier, A. F., op. (it., p. 1.50, note. 
 
 2 Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amcr. Ethn.. p. 82, 1908. 
 
26 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 The hairless dogs of Mexico, Peru, and South America, of several 
 kinds, existed there when the Spaniards landed, according to various 
 accounts. 1 All Peruvian dogs are said to have been derived from 
 the Inca shepherd dog. 2 The Eskimo dog was described as early as 
 1647, and in various parts of the north polar region, races or tribes have 
 developed quite different systems of calls for the direction of their dog 
 teams, indicating long use. 3 The Flatheads, 4 Menomini, 5 and many 
 other Indians mention dogs in their myths, but unless we know the 
 age of the myths, which may have incorporated references to the 
 dog after the invasion of the whites, they are of little value in this 
 connection. The Pima have a myth giving the origin of the horse, 6 
 which was surely introduced. However, it is not likely that such a 
 myth as the white dog and woman myth 7 could be so widespread 
 unless very ancient. 
 
 McGee 8 says : 
 
 It is significant that the Dakota word for horse (suk-tay' '-ka or suy-ka'-wa-kay) 
 is composed of the word for dog (suy'-ka), with an affix indicating greatness, sacredness 
 or mystery . . . and that several terms for harness and other appurtenances 
 correspond with those used for the gear of the dog when used as a draft animal. This 
 terminology corroborates the direct evidence that the dog was domesticated by the 
 Siouan aborigines long before the advent of the horse. 
 
 Bones of dogs have been reported from the ancient kitchen-middens 
 of the Atlantic coast, and bones of other animals apparently bearing 
 the tooth-marks of dogs. 9 
 
 The De Soto expedition in 1539-1542, within half a century after 
 the landing of Columbus, at an Indian village in the mountains of 
 Georgia or South Carolina was "welcomed in a friendly manner, the 
 Indians giving them a little corn and many wild turkeys, together 
 with some dogs of a peculiar small species, which were bred for eating 
 purposes and did not bark." 10 
 
 In the reports of the Coronado expedition to the Southwest from 
 1540 to 1542, the same period covered by De Soto in the Southeast, 
 dogs were reported in abundant use as beasts of burden by the 
 Indians of the Staked Plains and elsewhere. 11 
 
 1 Lockington, W. N., The Riverside Natural History, article on Carnivoree. 
 
 2 Brinton, Daniel (!., The American Race, p. 212, 1891. 
 
 a Langkavel, B., Dogs and Savages, Smithsonian Rep. for 1898, p. (559-60, 1899. 
 
 < 11. id., p. 651. 
 
 ■'• Hoffman, Walter Jamas, The Menomini Indians, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ellin., pt. I, 
 pp. 179-194, 1896. 
 
 « Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 241, 1908. 
 
 7 Dorsey, George A., and Kroeber, Alfred L., Traditions of the Arapaho, Pm6. no. 81, Field Columbian 
 Mux, ii m, v, pp. 207-09, 1903. 
 
 s McGee, W J, Siouan Indians, Fifteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., p. 174, 1897. 
 
 9 Marquis de Nadaillac, Pre-historic America, pp. 49-50, 535, 1895. 
 
 WMooney, lames, Myths of i hi' Cherokee, Nineteenth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. i, p. 25, 1900 
 (quoting Ranjel). 
 
 u Langkavel, B., op. cit., j>. 661. Winship, George I'arker, The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542, Four- 
 teenth Aim. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pt. I, pp. 401, 405, 504, 507, 527, 570, 578, 1896. 
 
HENDERSON 
 HARRINGTO 
 
 f N ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 27 
 
 Fewkes ] reports: 
 
 The ancient Hopi had a domestic dog which was a pet rather than a beast of burden. 
 The good qualities of this ~et were recognized and recounted in their legends. 
 
 Russell 2 says : 
 
 The only domesticated animal which there is any certainty that the Pimas possessed 
 at the time of the discovery is the dog. The old people say that in their youth the 
 dogs were all alike and resembled coyotes. At present there are many small mon- 
 grels, obtained principally from the Mexicans. 
 
 Hough 3 says that "remains of the dog and turkey were found in 
 nearly every ruin" in northeastern Arizona. 
 
 Fewkes, in his account of certain Arizona ruins/ says : 
 
 The occurrence of a skull of the domesticated dog in one of the graves at the Chaves 
 Pass ruin is significant, showing that this animal was known to the ancients, and 
 probably utilized by them. The fact that this dog was the broad-faced variety is 
 particularly instructive. It was not apparently a domesticated coyote or a mongrel 
 like those which now are so common in some of the pueblos. 
 
 Lucas 5 gives the following account of this skull : 
 
 Among the many objects obtained by Dr. Fewkes last summer from the ruined 
 pueblo of Chaves Pass, Arizona, is the cranium of a domesticated dog, found in a grave 
 with a human skeleton. Although the mere fact of a dog being discovered under such 
 circumstances is in itself interesting, it is not at first sight remarkable, since it is well 
 known that in America, as elsewhere, the dog was domesticated at an early date, and 
 Clavijero mentions an ancient dog which he calls "a quadruped of the country of 
 Cibola, similar in form to a mastiff, which the Indians employ to carry burdens." 
 Aside from the fact that this is the first dog's cranium discovered by Dr. Fewkes, there 
 are some points of special interest in the present case. Most of the Indian dogs are 
 more or less wolfish in their aspect, and have long skulls, with comparatively low 
 foreheads, thus showing a small degree of specialization in the way of breed, and this 
 is true of such of the mummied dogs of Egypt as I have seen. The cranium of the 
 Chaves dog, on the contrary, is of the broad-faced type, with high forehead, and, 
 curiously enough, is precisely similar in size and proportions to the cranium of an 
 Eskimo dog from Cumberland Sound, the resemblance extending to the peculiar 
 concavity and squareness of the nasal region. While this is an interesting coincidence, 
 it is not brought forward as implying community of origin, but as instancing long 
 domestication in order that so well-marked a breed could be established. A curious 
 confirmation of the early origin of this breed was received from San Marcos, Texas, 
 where, in excavating for ponds, at the station of the U . S. Fish Commission, a human 
 skeleton and bones of other animals were found in a layer containing many flint 
 implements, overlaid by two feet of black soil. The bones were those of existing 
 species, including teeth of several bison, and there was also a fragment of a dog's skull 
 similar in size and proportions to that obtained at Chaves Pass. 
 
 From the apparent general distribution of the dog, an animal 
 particularly useful to primitive people throughout North America at a 
 
 1 Fewkes, J. Walter, Property-right in Eagles Among the Hopi, Amcr. Anthr., n. s., n, p. 706, 1900. 
 
 1 Russell, Frank, op. cit., p. 84. 
 
 ' Hough, Walter, Archaeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona: The Museum-Gates Expedi- 
 tion of 1901, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1901, pp. 316, 326, 339, 356, 1903. 
 
 4 Fewkes, Jesse Walter, Two Summers' Work iu Pueblo Ruins, Twenty-second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. 
 £fftn.,pt.l,p. 27, 1904. 
 
 s Lucas, F. A., A Dog of the Ancient Pueblos, Science, n. s., v, p. 544, 1897. 
 
28 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOG1' [bull. 56 
 
 remote period, together with the existence of native names for dogs in 
 the Pueblo dialects, it is practically certain that the ancient dwellers 
 in the region had domesticated dogs. The difficulty of distinguishing 
 the bones of some of the native dogs from those of the coyote has been 
 emphasized by Coues. 1 Cross-breeding with various European dogs 
 since the advent of the whites, in addition to cross-breeding with 
 coyotes and possibly with wolves, has developed a mixed race which 
 makes the subject a difficult one to study now. We have noticed the 
 frequent occurrence of a yellowish short-haired variety of dog at San 
 Juan pueblo. 
 
 The Tewa give names of most varied meaning to their dogs. One 
 dog at Santa Clara pueblo is named pw'e', "little jackrabbit." 
 
 Tewa dogs are apt to lie in the outdoor adobe ovens, when these are 
 not in use, if the openings are not closed in some way. 
 
 Tsini (?<Span. chino). Curly-haired Dog. 
 The word tsini puzzled us much. It was said to refer to a kind of 
 small dog which the Tewa had in primitive times. Investigation 
 showed that the word usually applies to a curly-haired dog, small or 
 large. In New Mexican Spanish chino applies to a curly-haired dog. 
 So far as we know, Spanish-English dictionaries do not give chino 
 with this meaning. Guinn, 2 however, mentions this usage of chino 
 in southern California: ''Chino, while it does mean a Chinaman, is 
 also applied in Spanish-American countries to persons or animals 
 having curly hair."' The final i of the Tewa form, instead of u, is 
 unexplained. 
 
 Be-. 
 
 Canis estor Merriam. Coyote. 
 
 In Tewa mythology the coyote is called also poseqwase- ydo' , a word 
 which can not be etymologized except that the last two syllables 
 mean 'old man.' 
 
 The Jemez name meaning 'coyote' is jq'. In Cochiti Keresan 
 'coyote' is called fotsona. 
 
 Coyote tracks are common all over the region. A coyote taken by 
 Mr. Dowell while we were in the Rito de los Frijoles canyon is referred 
 to this species. 
 
 Hodge gives as Coyote clans of various pueblos: San Juan, San 
 Ildefonso, and Tesuque, De-tdoa; Jemez, YaHsad; Pecos, Ya'+; 
 Laguna, TsushM-hduo ch ; Sia, Shutsun'-hdno; San Felipe, Shrotsona- 
 hdno; Santa Ana, Shutson-hdno; Cochiti, Shrutsuna-hdnuch; Zufii, 
 Suski-kwe. 
 
 /i'V'./ ' (akin to Taos kalend, Isleta karue, wolf). 
 Canis nubilis Say. Gray Wolf. 
 
 'Cones, Elliot i, The Prairie Wolf, or Coyote: Canis Latrans, Amir. Nat., vu, pp. 385-89, 1873; reprinted 
 in Coues and Yarrow, Report upon Collections of Mammals, etc., op. oil., pp. 47-51. 
 - (iuinn, J. M., Historical and Biographical Record of Southern California, Chicago, 1902, p. 59. 
 
Hi;.\r>ERsox 1 ETHN0Z00L0GY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 29 
 
 Gatschet * gives Tewa "koyo" erroneously as meaning coyote and 
 compares it with Nahua coyotl. 
 
 Hodge gives as Wolf clans of pueblos: Isleta, Tuim-t'ahun; Laguna, 
 Kdk7ian-liano ch . 
 
 The Tewa say that the gray wolf is very scarce now, but is still 
 occasionally seen in the Taos mountains. It is common in many 
 portions of New Mexico and is reported at Taos by Bailey. 2 
 
 Mu'jo'. 
 ?Ked fox. 
 
 The Tewa are familiar with a foxlike animal called my,'jo', al- 
 though they say it is seldom seen. It is said to resemble the 
 de' tsq,'yw%'H H (see below), but is of a dark brownish-yellow color. 
 
 De- tsa-ywte-'i' 1 , 'blue coyote' (4e', coyote; tsccyw%-, blue, green). 
 
 Urocyon cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns. Scott's Gray Fox, Pinon 
 
 Fox. 
 
 Coues and Yarrow 3 recorded Urocyon cinereo-argentateus Schreber 
 
 from Taos, but the specimen was more likely scotti, a species more 
 
 recently described. Mr. Nathan Dowell reports both the gray and 
 
 the red fox at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we can not know just what 
 
 species without specimens for identification. 
 
 K%-yts%-, 'white mountain lion' (k'se'y, mountain lion; fsse-, 
 
 white). 
 Any kind of wildcat. 
 The Southern Ute also have only one word for wildcat species: 
 mosutukwUsi. The Southern Ute word meaning 'medicine man' 
 appears to be related: mosutukwidto. 
 
 The Tewa name may apply to a species of bobcat or lynx or per- 
 haps to both a species of bobcat and a species of lynx. The inform- 
 ants did not know the characters by which the bobcat and lynx are 
 distinguished. We saw no k'y-ytsee,-, but saw the tracks of one near 
 the Painted Cave. It is likely that either oaileyi or uinta would be 
 found here, perhaps both, the former being an animal of the plains 
 and the latter a mountain-loving animal. 
 
 The name shows that this animal is closely associated with the 
 mountain lion in the minds of the Tewa. 
 
 Musd. 
 
 Domestic Cat. 
 This word in this or similar form appears in most of the languages 
 of the Southwest, meaning introduced house cat. Compare also Tewa 
 po'musd, raccoon. 
 
 i Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Siidwesten Nordamerikas, Weimar, 1876, p. 26. 
 
 2 Bailey, Vernon, Wolves in Relation to Stock, Game, and the National Forest Reserves, Bull. No. 72, 
 Forest Service, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 12, 1907; Destruction of Wolves and Coyotes, Circular jVo. 63, Biol. 
 Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 6, 1908. 
 
 3 Op. cit., Wheeler Survey, v, p. 56. 
 
30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 House cats of many varieties are common at the Tewa pueblos. 
 They are called to: 'musa, musa, musa.' They are sometimes given 
 proper names, as dogs are. 
 
 ICsc'y (akin to Isleta Vhnl'<\ mountain lion). 
 Felis liippolestes Merriam. Rocky Mountain Cougar, Puma, 
 Mountain Lion. 
 
 The Southern Ute name for mountain lion is toku. 
 
 The mountain lion is reported for this region by both whites and 
 Indians. The Tewa say that the animal crouches or sits waiting for 
 its prey. The carved figures of the " Stone Lions" shrine on the 
 Pajarito plateau are identified by the Tewa as Vse'y, and the name 
 of that place in the Tewa language is Vse'yda'gR'ydlwe, 'where the two 
 mountain lions crouch' (Vse'y, mountain lion; d,a, they two; 'te-y, 
 to sit, to crouch; 'iwe, locative). 
 
 Hodge gives as Mountain Lion clans of various pueblos: San Juan 
 and San Ildefonso, Ka n -tdoa; Nambe, Qe-td6a; Isleta, Kim-t'ainin; 
 Pecos, Shiank'yd + ; Laguna, M6kaiqe]i-hdno ch ; Sia and San Felipe, 
 Mokaiclh-hdno ; Cochiti, Molikacli-Jidnuch. 
 
 Ksc'y. 
 
 SuJcuFanj (suku, circus, <Span. eirco; F<cry, mountain lion, 
 
 lion) . 
 Lion. 
 
 Nil'yVcE'y, 'earth mountain lion' (nd'y, earth; Fse'y, moun- 
 tain lion) . 
 
 ? 
 
 Whether the annual thus called is mythic or real has not been 
 determined. It is the sacred beast of the nadir. It is said to be a 
 small animal which burrows in the earth. It is not the pocket- 
 gopher, which is called tfuyl. We have no record of shrews or moles. 
 
 Kwx'ji (? <Span. caballo). 
 
 Rtibaju (<Span. caballo). 
 
 Domestic Horse. 
 The Tewa. apply both lcw%'ji and htbaju to any kind of horse, 
 but use the former term when they talk about horses in the presence 
 of a Mexican and fear that kahaju will be understood. It is possible 
 that both lcw%'ji and Tcribaju are borrowed from Spanish caballo, the 
 former being an earlier, the latter a later borrowing. 
 
 For female horse jewd (<Span. yegua) seems to be the common 
 term, though Jcaia jufovi' , 'horse female' (Jcafkiju, horse; Jcwi', female) 
 is also in use. For young female horses jewitd (<Span. yeguita) and 
 potayKa (<Span. potranca) are heard; young male horses are called 
 potrlju (<Span. polrillo). A stallion is regularly called (jauany,ij 
 ( <Span. garanon). 
 
HENDERSON 
 HARRINGTON 
 
 ETHNOZOOLOGY OP THE TEWA INDIANS 31 
 
 Many of the Indian languages of the Southwest have, like Tewa, 
 borrowed the Spanish word caballo as a designation for the horse. 
 In Southern Ute the horse is mostly called pukutsi, a term which seems 
 to have originally meant 'pet.' But Icaftaju (<Span. caballo) is also 
 used. 
 
 The Tewa now use horses in the same way as the Mexicans who 
 live in their country. The Tewa frequently go to the Jicarilla 
 Apache country to buy horses. The Jicarilla Apache are noted for 
 their fine horses, which they sell cheap. 
 
 There are wild horses to be found on the mesa south of Buckman, 
 N. Mex. 
 
 Budii (<Span. burro). 
 
 'Ojeso'jo' , e', 'big-eared little animal' ('oje, ear; so'jo', big; V, 
 
 diminutive) . 
 Domestic Donkey. 
 It is said that when donkeys first became known to the Tewa the 
 term 'ojeso , jo' , e' alone was used. This term is still employed by the 
 Tewa when talking in the presence of Mexicans, lest they understand 
 the word buqlu. 
 
 The Hopi corruption of Spanish burro is modb; cf. Voth's "moro." * 
 A donkey stallion is called budii [/adanuij (<Span. burro garanon). 
 
 Matfu ( < Span, macho) . 
 
 'Ojeso'jo' , e', 'big-eared little animal' ('oje, ear; so'jo', big; V, 
 
 diminutive) . 
 Mule. 
 The male mule is called matfu ( <Span. macho), the female mule is 
 called mulct ( < Span, mula) . Young mules are called matfu 'e' or 
 mula'e', V being the diminutive. 
 
 , Ojeso'jo' , e' seems to be rarely applied to mules. 
 The Tewa do not own as many mules as they own horses and 
 donkeys. 
 
 Seba (<Span. zebra). 
 Zebra. 
 
 Hiuap'a (<Span. jirafa). 
 
 Ke dagl H , 'long neck' (he, neck; dug_l, long). 
 
 Giraffe. 
 
 Kameju (<Span. camello). 
 Camel. 
 
 Wa'sl. 
 Cattle, Cow. 
 
 1 Voth, Hopi Proper Names, Field Columbian Museum Publications , Anthr. Ser., VI, no. 3, p. 113, 1905. 
 
32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bttll. B6 
 
 The San Ildefonso, Nambe, and San Juan dialects have wa'si; the 
 Tesuque and Santa Clara dialects wa'ga. The llano Tewa name is 
 unknown. Both wa'si and wa'ga may be adapted from Navaho 
 wega/i, 'cow,' or wa'si may come from Navaho tvegafi and wa'ga 
 directly from Spanish vaca. The Franciscan fathers x give Navaho 
 "begashi" as derived from Spanish vaca (in their spelling vacca or 
 bacca, influenced by Latin vaccal) plus an element "shi." The Zuni 
 name is wdkasM. 
 
 A milch cow is called wa'po'wa'si (wa~ , breast; po', water; wa'si, 
 cow) or wa'po' wa'ga (war, breast; po', water; wa'ga, cow). A cas- 
 trated ox or steer is called weje (<Span. buey), and a bull todil 
 (<Span. toro). To use wa' sis e_'tj, 'male cow' (wa'si, cow; se'y, male) 
 is likely to make a Tewa smile. The young of the species is desig- 
 nated by adding the diminutive V to wa'si, wa'ga, weje, todu, etc. 
 Dehorned cattle are frequently called pelwr) (<Span. felon). 
 
 The Tewa keep a considerable number of cattle and use the milk 
 as well as the flesh and other products. Women usually do the 
 milking. Cattle dung (wa'sisa' or wagasar) is considered the superior 
 sort for kneading into the cakes used in firing pottery. 
 
 Petsuue. 
 
 Swine. 
 This word is applied to either sex of swine, or the ordinary sex-age 
 elements may be added. Tewa petsuue is possibly borrowed from 
 or at least of the same origin as Navaho " bisode," 'swine'. 2 The Fran- 
 ciscan fathers say of the swine: "It was most likely first brought 
 to their (i. e., the Navahos') country from Old Mexico, as the name, 
 bisode, a corruption of the Aztec pitsotl, seems to indicate." None of 
 the common New Mexican Spanish words for swine (marram), cochino, 
 puerco, marrana, cochina, puerca) is used much in Tewa speech. 
 The Tewa keep a few swine in sties and are very found of the flesh. 
 
 'Eleparfie (<Span. elefante). 
 Elephant. 
 The trunk of the elephant is called simply fu, 'nose'. 
 
 J^wi'y fs3R' , i ,i , 'white rat,' (i/wi'ij, rat, mouse; ts;r\ while). 
 
 Domestic- White Rat. 
 One of our informants knew of these animals and their use as pets. 
 
 i Franciscan Fathers, Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language, St. Michaels, Ariz., 1910, p. 143. 
 * Ibid., p. 142. 
 
Henderson 1 ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 33 
 
 haeeingtonJ ^ 
 
 Birds 1 
 
 'OH. 
 Duck. 
 
 The Tewa have only this one name for species of wild duck; it is 
 also applied to the domestic duck, which has been introduced to some 
 extent among them. Descriptive terms may of course be added to 
 designate definite species or individual ducks. 
 
 The Taos call duck papidnd, the Isleta papiiie. The Jemez name 
 meaning duck is wdfifi. 
 
 Hodge gives Waiushr-Mno as a Duck clan of San Felipe. 
 
 A number of species of duck surely occur in this region during 
 migration, but we have no definite record. 
 
 KagX. 
 
 Branta canadensis canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose. 
 
 The Tewa have apparently only one name for species of wild goose 
 and this they apply also to the domestic goose. 
 
 Hodge gives Kunni-f ainm as a Goose clan of Isleta. 
 
 McCall 2 says: "I did not meet the Canada goose until I reached 
 the Rio Grande, which was at a point 60 miles below El Paso ; thence I 
 found them tolerably numerous until I left the river near Santa Fe." 
 He also reports as occasional the snow goose (Chen hyperborcus Jiyper- 
 boreus [Pallas]), white-fronted goose {Anser albifrons gambeli Hart- 
 laub), and the brant (Bemicla brenta Steph. = Bran ta bernicla glau- 
 coqastra [Brehm]) along the Rio Grande, but does not indicate how 
 far north he saw them. Other species doubtless occur, including the 
 whistling and trumpeter swans, but we have no records. 
 
 % Grus canadensis (Linn.). Little Brown Crane. 
 McCall 2 found this crane on the Rio Grande from Santa Fe to El 
 Paso in October, more abundant below Albuquerque. 
 
 fo-kr-bi, apparently 'sagebrush softness' (to-, Rocky Mountain 
 sagebrush; U&-U, softness, soft). The Santa Clara say 
 merely io'tse'. 
 Callipepla sguamata squamata (Vigors). Scaled Quail. 
 Judge Abbott and Mr. Dowell say that large flocks sometimes visit 
 the Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 i For comparative purposes consult the following: Henshaw, H. W., Report upon the Ornithological 
 Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona during the 
 years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S. Geog. Eiplor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid., v, pp. 131-507, 1875. Hen- 
 shaw H W., and Nelson, E. W., List of Birds Observed in Summer and Fall on the Upper Pecos River, 
 Now Mexico' The Auk, n, pp. 326-33, 1885; in, pp. 73-80, 1886. Oilman, M. French, Birds on the Navajo 
 Reservation in New Mexico, The Condor, x, pp. 146-52, 1908. Mitchell, Walton I., The Summer Birds of 
 San Miguel County, New Mexico, The Aule, xv, pp. 306-11, 1898. Bailey, Florence Merriam, Additional 
 Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos, ibid., xxi, pp. 349-63, 1904; Additions to Mitchell's List of the Sum- 
 mer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico, ibid., pp. 443-49. Henry, T. Charlton, Catalogue of the 
 Birds of New Mexico as Compiled from Notes and Observations Made While in that Territory, During a 
 Residence of Six Years, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pfttto.,1859, xi, pp. 104-09, 1860. 
 
 s McCall, George A., Some Remarks on the Habits, etc., of Birds Met with in Western Texas, Between 
 San Antonio and the Rio Grande, and in New Mexico, etc., ibid., v, p. 223, 1852. 
 
34 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 '/»«*' • 
 
 Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (Say). Dusky Grouse. 
 
 The informants' description of f%' fits this species well. This 
 large grouse is common in the Jemez Mountains and is said to come 
 down into the canyons about El Rito de los Frijoles in large numbers 
 in the autumn. It is one of the important food birds of the region 
 and is probably to be found breeding in all the mountains of north- 
 central New Mexico. A few flocks were seen by McCall in the moun- 
 tains from Santa Fe to Taos. 1 
 
 <l 
 
 Lagopus leucurus leucurus (Swainson). White-tailed Ptarmigan. 
 
 Under the name Lagopus leucurus altipetens Osgood this bird has 
 been reported in the Pecos Mountains and the mountains about 
 Taos, 2 but that form is considered indistinguishable from leucurus. 
 The species has been reported from Summit Peak, Colo., west of the 
 Rio Grande, 3 so that it may occur on the western side of the valley 
 in New Mexico. The ptarmigan is a bird of high latitude and high 
 altitude, preferring the region of perpetual snow. It is exceedingly 
 probable that during the latter part of the glacial epoch, when 
 glaciers extended down most of the upper mountain valleys of 
 Colorado and northern New Mexico, the snow-line was much lower, 
 and the regular range of the ptarmigan, leucosticte, and other birds 
 of alpine habit extended to elevations perhaps several thousand feet 
 lower than at present, and probably considerably farther south. By 
 the retreat of the glaciers their range has been gradually restricted 
 so that now only a few are left on the higher peaks. It is likely that 
 the ptarmigan was known to the ancient inhabitants of the Pajarito 
 Plateau, and it may have occurred in considerable numbers at the 
 head of the Rito, especially during the winter, 10 or 20 centuries ago. 
 
 Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte). Sage Hen. 
 Reported at Tierra Amarilla by Henshaw. 4 Parts of the Rio 
 Grande Valley are well suited to this bird. If it formerly occurred hi 
 numbers, its large size would have made it an important addition to 
 the diet of the inhabitants. 
 
 £)i' (akin to Isleta dUude) . 
 
 Pi'ydi' (pi'y, mountain; dl', turkey, chicken). 
 
 Meleagris gallopavo merriami Nelson. Merriam's Turkey. 
 The uncompounded di' is now applied mostly to the introduced 
 domestic fowl or chicken and not to turkey as it doubtlessly was 
 formerly. P\'y, ' mountain,' is usually prejoined to distinguish turkeys 
 
 » McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 222. 
 
 '-' Bailey, Florence Merriani. Notes from Northern New Mexico, Tin Auk. wii. pp. 316-18, 1905. Addi- 
 tional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos, ibid., xxi, pp. 353 -52, 1904. 
 ; Benshaw, II. \\\, Note on Lagopus leucurus and Leucosticte australis, Th< An];, xxn, pp. 315-16, 1905. 
 < Henshaw, II. w., Report upon Ornithological Collections, etc., op. cit., p. 437. 
 
HEXDERSOX 
 HARRIXGTO> 
 
 N ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 35 
 
 from chickens. Pi' or pi'ydi' applies to the domestic as well as to the 
 wild turkey. The Isleta terms meaning 'turkey' exactly parallel the 
 Tewa, diiude being the equivalent of Tewa di', and piendidude that of 
 Tewa pi'yd'v . The Cochiti call turkey tsena. 
 
 Hodge gives as Turkey clans of various pueblos: Pecos, P'etdelu'+; 
 Laguna, Tsi'na-hdno ch ; Acoma, T$/na-hdnog ch ; Sia, Tst-hdno; San 
 Felipe, Tsina-hdno; Santa Ana, Tsinha-Jidno; Cochiti, Tsi'n-Jiano; 
 Zuni, Tona-Tcwe. 
 
 The Mexicans hi New Mexico usually call the turkey gallo de la 
 tierra, gallina de la tierra. Spanish guajalote is not applied to the 
 turkey in New Mexico. 
 
 Turkeys breed hi considerable numbers in the mountains. We 
 saw 30 hi one flock at the edge of Valle Grande, just beyond the 
 headwaters of El Kito de los Frijoles. They come down into the 
 canyons in the autumn hi large numbers and congregate about 
 the springs, where, it is said, they are slaughtered by the Mexicans. 
 There is no doubt that they were formerly much more abundant 
 than now and probably constituted an important article of food of 
 the ancient inhabitants. The Indians long ago domesticated this 
 bird, or, at any rate, kept many of them hi inclosures. It is sup- 
 posed that the birds in capitivity were kept for ceremonial purposes, 
 the feathers being used in various rites. This raises some doubt as 
 to whether the captive birds were used also for food. One of the 
 old men from Santa Clara pueblo said that the turkey is always 
 silent, "never makes any noise." This shows a surprising lack of 
 knowledge of the species. According to McCall, 1 60 years ago it 
 "was found on almost every stream margined with timber, through- 
 out the whole of the country traversed." 
 
 Pi: 
 
 Domestic fowl, Chicken. 
 
 The name was originally applied to the wild turkey; see above. 
 
 The cock or rooster is called either 4i' s CVi 'male chicken' (di', 
 chicken; se;y, male) or gaju (<Span. gallo). 
 
 The Tewa keep many chickens, and use the eggs (di'wa'), flesh, and 
 feathers. 
 
 Ko^ytvi'. 
 
 Zenaidura macroura marginetta (Woodhouse). Western Mourn- 
 ing Dove. 
 
 The Taos name is pidngaipaand; Isleta, Icaipaiue; Jemez, ginamy,. 
 
 This dove was found to be abundant both in the canyons and on 
 
 the mesas. It is the only dovelike bird of the region, unless the 
 
 band-tailed pigeon occurs in limited numbers locally. The latter 
 
 may be recognized by the white nape band at the back of the skull 
 
 i McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 222. 
 
36 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 of the male and of most females. The mourning dove is used for 
 food by the Indians. Our San Ildefonso Indian informants described 
 minutely the whistling of its wings and its call notes, which one of 
 the informants rendered by 'o — 'o — 'o—'o. When this imitation was 
 heard one of the old Indians broke out into a "rain song," which led 
 us to suspect that this bird was connected in his mind with rain. 
 
 Hodge gives as Dove clans of various pueblos: Sia, Ilohoka-liano; 
 San Felipe, Iluuka-lidno; Santa Ana, HooJca-hdno. 
 
 'Ohiwse. 
 
 Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied. Turkey Vulture. 
 We saw three in the Jemez Mountains, at the edge of the Valle 
 Grande, and one at Rito de los Frijoles Canyon. Our Indian inform- 
 ants said that this bird is confined to the mountains, lives on dead 
 meat, does not catch animals alive, and has a red head with no p*o, 
 'hair/ 'feathers,' on it. The Tewa did not eat the 'okqwse. They 
 were shown pictures of this vulture and of the California vulture or 
 condor (Oymnogyps californianus [Shaw]), and one old man who had 
 been in California at once pointed to the latter and exclaimed, 
 JcaMp'odnia'ohlwse, 'California vulture.' 
 
 Qwse'ypi', 'red tail' (qwse'y, tail; pi', red). 
 Buteo borealis calurus Cassin. Western Redtail. 
 
 This large hawk is fairly common all over the plateau. A pair 
 nested near camp at the Rito. The Indians recognize it by the color 
 of the tail and the screaming call note. They do not eat it. It is 
 probable that Swainson's hawk (Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte) is also 
 common, but we identified none with certainty. 
 
 Besides the qwse'ypi' the Tewa have names for three other kinds 
 of hawk. Tfug.se is the kind of hawk which the Mexicans call gavilan. 
 The tfug.se is said to be a large bird. Qwse'yt'u\ 'spotted tail' (qwse-y, 
 tail; t'y,', spotted) is called by the Mexicans cola pinta, these words 
 having the same meaning. 
 
 The qwse'yfy,' is smaller than the tfugse. T\y is the smallest species 
 of hawk known to the Tewa and is of the color of a ju'y, 'mocking- 
 bird.' 
 
 Hodge gives Kyu n ga n -tdoa as a Hawk clan of San Ildefonso. 
 
 Tse\ 
 
 Eagle. 
 
 Tlaliseetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. 
 Eagles of various colors are mentioned in Tewa mythology. Tse' 
 is the tsuetujo, 'chieftain bird' (tsiie, bird; tujo, chieftain), and 
 symbolizes the zenith in the beast-identifications of the world- 
 regions. The Isleta call eagle fuiie; the Cochiti, Paine: the Hopi, 
 Icwaliui. 
 
 Hodge gives as Eagle clans of various pueblos: San Juan (given by 
 
™GTOn] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 37 
 
 HENDERSON 
 HARE 
 
 Bandelier), Santa Clara, and Tesuque, Tse-tdoa; San Ildefonso and 
 Nambe, Tse-tdoa; Isleta, SMu-t'ainm; Jemez, Sehtsa-dsh; Pecos, See+ ; 
 Laguna, Tydmi-lidno ch ; Acoma, T J ydrm-lidnoq ch ; Sia, San Felipe, and 
 Santa Ana, D'ydmi-hdno; Cochiti, Dydmi-hdnuch; Zufii, K'ydlc'yali- 
 ~kwe; also a "Painted Eagle" clan, Sepi n -tdoa, at San Juan. 
 
 A fine pair of the Haliseetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.) 
 were noted at the Rito de los Frijoles Canyon, August 19, 1910. It is 
 likely that the golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.), occurs also in 
 this region, but we have no definite record of it. The informants 
 said that there is also a kind of eagle which they call tse' te&'i'* 
 'white eagle' (tse-, eagle; ts%-, white). This may be the young of 
 the golden eagle. Miss Fletcher speaks of "the white eagle (the 
 young brown or golden eagle) " } 
 
 Mqhutj. 
 
 Tsiso'jo', 'big eyes' (tsi, eye; so' jo', big). Owl. 
 
 Strix occldentalis occidentalis (Xantus). Spotted Owl. 
 
 The name mah/y/g may be an imitation of the hoot. Gushing gives 
 li mu'h-hu-tu' )J as a Zufii imitation of the cry of an owl. 2 The Isleta 
 call owl hnukuiie; the Jemez, huny,. 
 
 At least one pair nested at El Rito de los Frijoles, and serenaded 
 our camp nightly. Though we have found no definite record of them, 
 the following species may be expected in the region : Long-eared owl 
 (Asio wilsonianus [Lesson]), short-eared owl (Asio flammeus [Pont.]), 
 saw- whet owl (Cryptoglaux acadica acadica [Gmelin]), Aiken's 
 screech owl (Otus asio aikeni [Brewster]), flammulated screech owl 
 (Otus fiammeolus flammeolus [Kaup]), western horned owl (Bubo 
 virginianus pallescens Stone), and Rocky Mountain pygmy owl 
 (Glaucidium gnoma pinicola Nelson) . 
 
 Kvmqhuy, 'prairie-dog owl' (kv , prairie-dog; mqhuy, owl). 
 
 Speotyto cunicularia hypogsea (Bonaparte). Burtowing Owl. 
 McCall 3 found it occasionally along the Rio Grande, from Valverde 
 to Santa Fe. It doubtless occurs northward hi the valley, especially 
 about prairie-dog colonies. 
 
 'Og.owi. 
 
 Geococcyx calif ornianus (Lesson). Road-runner. 
 The Mexicans of New Mexico call this bird paisano. Some Ameri- 
 cans have called it chaparral cock. 
 
 This long-tailed, long-legged bird seeks safety by running rather 
 than by flying. Judge Abbott says he has seen it occasionally on the 
 mesas within a few miles of the Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 1 A. C. Fletcher, The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony, Twenty-second Ann! Hip. Bur. Amir, l'.lhn., ut. 2 
 p. 21, 1904. 
 
 2 F. H. dishing, Zufii Breadslulf, The Millnloiu , x, no. i\ , April, 1885, p. 59. 
 3 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 214. 
 
38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 50 
 
 The footprints of the road-runner resemble a letter X. They are 
 called by the same term as the foot itself: 'ogowi-'Ciy, 'road-runner 
 foot or footprint' ('ogowr, road-runner; '4y, foot, footprint). 
 
 Hodge gives as Road-runner clans of various pueblos: Laguna, 
 S~hidskaJidno ch ; Acoma, SMslc'-Mnoq ch ; Sia, Chosli'lca-hdno; San 
 Felipe, Sosh'ka-hdno; Zuni, Poye-hve. The Handbook of Ameri- 
 can Indians (following Fewkes) gives " Hosboa" as the Road-runner 
 or Pheasant clan of the Hopi. 
 
 P'i'o. 
 
 Dryohates villosus monticola Anthony. Rocky Mountain Hairy 
 Woodpecker^). 1 
 Black above, with white stripe down back, white stripes about head, 
 white spots on wings, white outer tail-feathers, white beneath, and 
 male with red spot on back of head. Common throughout the region — 
 in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. The alpine 
 three-toed woodpecker (Picoides americanus dorsalis Band) occurs in 
 the high mountains of northern New Mexico . 2 Williamson's sapsucker 
 (Sphyrapicus thyroideus [Cassin]) ranges southward as far as central 
 New Mexico and winters in the territory. The northern pileolated 
 woodpecker (Plilaotomus abieticola [Bangs]) extends into the forest 
 area of northern Now Mexico. If the red-headed woodpecker 
 ( Mdanerpes erythrocephalus [Linn.]) occurs, it is accidental. Lewis's 
 woodpecker (Asyndesmus h irisi Riley), black above, reddish beneath, 
 with a gray collar, should occur here. 
 
 ? 
 
 ColapUs cafer coUaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. 
 Verv common in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. 
 Our Indian informants, in describing its habits, told of its boring into 
 trees for "worms" and for nesting sites, but had never observed its 
 very pronounced habit of alighting on the ground and searching for 
 ants, which was a daily sight at the Rito. 
 
 Phalsenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Aud.). Poor-will. 
 We heard the mournful calls of this bird only in the Jemez Moun- 
 tains, a few miles beyond the headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles, 
 August 18 and 19, 1910. 
 
 ? . 
 
 Chordeiles virginianus henryi Cassin. Western Nighthawk. 
 On a cloudy day (August 2) hundreds of these useful birds were 
 circling over the mesa between Santa Fe and Buckman. At the Rito 
 there seemed to be very few of them. 
 
 »The Hairy Woodpecker of Arizona and New Mexico has been described as a new subspecies: Drynbatcs 
 villosus leucot'torcclis Oberbolser. Sec Oberbolser, II. C, A Revision of tl e Forms of the Hairy Wood- 
 peckers (Dryohates villosus [ Luuueus]), Prnc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, pp. 008-09, 1911. 
 
 'A- O. U. Check-List of North American Birds, p. 190. 
 
HE 
 
 HARR 
 
 rr?ngton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 39 
 
 Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird). White-throated Swift. 
 Common on the rim of Rio Grande Canyon below the mouth of El 
 Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 Kohe. 
 
 T'g'ylcohe, 'sun hummingbird' (t'g'y, sun; Tcohe, hummingbird). 
 
 Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird. 
 Very abundant at Rito de los Frijoles Canyon, dozens of them 
 hovering over the patches of "waco," or "bee-plant" (Cleome ser- 
 rulate, Pursh.). Specimens taken were identified by Dr. Ridgway. 
 Our Indian informants correctly distinguished the males and females 
 when shown specimens, noticed that they were found mostly about 
 the Cleome, and said they were not found in the Rio Grande Canyon. 
 The broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus [Swainson]), 
 calliope hummingbird (Stellula calliope [Gould]), and black-chinned 
 hummingbird (ArcJiilochus alexandri [Bourc. & Mul.]) are likely to be 
 found hi this region. 
 
 Hodge gives Mi'itsr-Jiano as a Hummingbird clan of San Felipe. 
 
 Kwse'se. 
 
 Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine). Magpie. 
 This conspicuous bird is well known to the Tewa and is mentioned 
 in their mythology. 
 
 Tse'Jcwse'se, 'spruce magpie' (tee', Douglas spruce; Icws^se, mag- 
 pie). 
 A kind of magpie. 
 No particulars could be learned except that this bird is a kind of 
 magpie which frequents tse~ trees. 
 
 Se\ 
 
 Jay. 
 For the species considered separately, see below. 
 Hodge gives Se-tdoa as a "bluebird" clan of San Ildefonso. 
 
 Se\ 
 
 Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte). Long-crested Jay. 
 This bird, so easily recognized by its dark blue color and long 
 crest, or topknot, is common all over the region — in the canyons, on 
 the mesas, and in the mountains. Strangely enough, our Indian 
 informants, though quite familiar with the bird, had not noticed that 
 it lowered its crest hi flying, but thought the crest was always erect. 
 
 Ser. 
 
 Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). Woodhouse's Jay. 
 This and the pifion jay are readily distinguished from the long- 
 crested jay by the lack of crests. The pinon jay is nearly uniform 
 69231°— Bull. 56—14 i 
 
40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY T bull. 56 
 
 bluish-gray, the bead a trifle darker than the hack, lighter blue 
 below, tail shorter than wing; the Woodhouse jay not bluish below, 
 wing shorter than tail. They arc both abundant among the pinon 
 pines and cedars of the mesas. Wo did not observe them in the 
 mountains and seldom in the canyons. The name "pifionero" is 
 applied to both species by the Mexicans, who do not distinguish them 
 apart and find both together among the pinon pines, though Cones 
 and other ornithologists have assumed that it meant only the pinon 
 jay. It is to these two species, probably, that Bandelier refers 1 
 when he says: "These trees are also beset by flocks of the Picicorvus 
 columbinus (called Pinonero in Spanish and sho-hak-ka in Queres), a 
 handsome, bird, which ruthlessly plunders the nut-bearing pines, 
 uttering discordant shrieks and piercing cries." These two jays 
 have always been found in large numbers in such situations and 
 could not have escaped his notice, while Clarke's nutcracker, whose 
 former technical name Bandelier used, was not noted by us anywhere 
 in the pinon-cedar belt and would not be so likely to occur there. 
 
 Se\ 
 
 Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway. Rocky Mountain 'Tay. 
 This jay, about the size of the preceding species, is very similar to 
 the gray Canada jay or "whisky jack" of the Northeastern States, 
 but its head is almost entirely white. Northern New Mexico is 
 included within its range, but it would likely occur only in the highest 
 mountains except in the winter. 
 
 '(Ho. 
 
 Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. Crow. 
 
 The Tewa appear to designate crow and raven by this one name. 
 Mrs. Stevenson 2 gives "kaka" as the Zuni word meaning "raven" 
 (or crow?)- dishing 3 tells the Zuni story of the origin of the crow, 
 in which he says "they (the crows) flew away laughing Ka-ha, Ka- 
 ha, as they've laughed ever since." The imitated call is interesting 
 in connection with the Zuiii name for crow. In the same article 
 dishing tells how the Zuni keep crows away from sprouting corn by 
 means of scarecrows. 
 
 As Crow clans at various pueblos Hodge gives: Jemez, Kyialish; 
 Pecos, Kyid'hl+; Sia, Schira-hdno; San Felipe, Schirld-hdno. 
 
 A number of crows were seen and heard in the Jemez Mountains, 
 near Valle Grande, perhaps of this form which is reported on the 
 Pecos, to the eastward, by Mrs. Bailey, though they may be of the 
 western form, C. b. hesperis Ridgway. The white-necked raven (Cor- 
 
 > Bandelier, A. F., Final Report, VI- I, Papers Archxol. rust. A m<r., Anur. Sir., rv, p. 130-, 1882. ■ 
 
 > Stevenson, M. ('., The Zuni Indians, Tw( niy-third A ran. Rep. Bur. A m<r. FJhn., p. 61, 1-. »( »4. 
 » Gushing, F. II., Zuni BreadsUilI, The Millstone, May, 1884, pp. 77-78. 
 
Harrington] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 41 
 
 vus cryptoleucus Couch) may occur in this region. It was reported at 
 Galisteo, south of Santa Fe, by Goss. 1 
 
 Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). Clarke's Nutcracker. 
 Several were seen in the Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande, and 
 two in Alamo Canyon, about five miles south of El Rito tie los Frijoles. 
 They were above the pifion belt. Gray, with' black wings and tail, 
 white patch on wing and white outer tail-feathers, this is a striking 
 bird inflight. McCall 2 found it u in the high pine forests east of 
 Santa Fe and on the Taos Mountain." 
 
 Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied). Pinon Jay. 
 See discussion of this species under Woodhouse's jay (pp. 39-40). 
 McCall's 3 Cyanocorax cassinii is a synonym of this species. 
 
 Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed 
 Blackbird. 
 Described and reported in the Rio Grande Valley near San Ilde- 
 fonso by our Indian informants, who say they use it for food and 
 that it is seen only in the winter, associated with red-winged black- 
 birds. 
 
 Agelaius phainiceus fortis Ridgway. Thick-billed Red-wing( ?). 
 Reported in the Rio Grande Valley by our San Ildefonso Indian 
 informants, who correctly described the differences between the male 
 and the female, and their nesting sites and habits. They said that 
 the birds are eaten by the Tewa. This subspecies may be A. p. neu- 
 tralis Ridgway. 
 
 Carpodacus cassini Baird. Cassin's Purple Finch. 
 Reported by Kennerly 4 on "Pueblo Creek" (probably near Taos), 
 January 22, 1854. We have found no subsequent record, though 
 the species probably occurs regularly in the region in the winter. 
 The creek on which Taos pueblo is situated is called Pueblo Creek 
 above its confluence with Arroyo Hondo; the creek north of which 
 Picuris pueblo lies is called Pueblo Creek above its confluence with 
 Penasco Creek. 
 
 Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch. 
 
 1 Goss, Nathaniel S., White-Necked Raven ( Corvus cryptoleucus) in New Mexico, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
 vi, p. 118, 1881. 
 
 2 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. J17. 
 
 3 Ibid., pp. 216-17. 
 
 * Kennerly, C B. R., Report on Birds Collected on the Route, Zoological Report, No. 3, p. 27, Explor, 
 & Surv.for 8, II. from Miss, to Pac. Ocean, U. S. War Deft., x, 1859, 
 
42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 Common in Santa Fe and probably in. all other towns of New 
 Mexico. It is found usually about houses that are surrounded by 
 trees and near an open supply of water. Tins leads one to wonder 
 whether it did not inhabit El Rito de los Frijoles when the canyon 
 was teeming with human inhabitants. McCall reported it at Santa 
 Fe long ago, and also reported Carpodacus obscurus Nobis and 
 described Carpodacus familiaris from the same place. 1 These may 
 both be safely referred to frontalis. 
 
 Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say). Arkansas Goldfinch. 
 This tiny bird was abundant especially among the sunflowers — one 
 of the most abundant birds in the canyon of El Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 Clwndestes grammacus strigatus Swainson. Western Lark 
 Sparrow. 
 A few were seen by us in the open fields at the foot of the Jemez 
 Mountains, near the old Buckman sawmill. McCall 2 reported it on 
 the plains near Santa Fe. 
 
 % Qwoue. 
 
 Spizella breweri Cassin. Brewer's Sparrow. 
 Very common in the canyon of El Rito de los Frijoles and elsewhere. 
 Reported at Santa Fe by Henshaw. 3 
 
 Junco phxonotus dorsalis Henry. Red-backed Junco. 
 Abundant from base to top of Jemez Mountains, near the head- 
 waters of El Rito de los Frijoles, June 19 and 20, 1910. The gray- 
 headed junco (Junco phxonotus caniceps [Woodhouse]) probably also 
 nests in the liigher mountains of the region, and several species prob- 
 ably winter there. Our Indian informants recognized pictures and 
 descriptions of juncoes as winter visitors, but were not aware that 
 any species summered in the region. 
 
 Mrtospiza melodia montana Henshaw. Mountain Song Sparrow. 
 Probably it was this species, then undescribed, found by Kennedy 4 
 at Pueblo Creek, near Taos, and recorded as M. fallax. 
 
 Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth. Spurred Towhee. 
 A few were seen in the canyon and on the mesa at El Rito de los Fri- 
 joles, but the species is not common. Recorded by Kennedy 8 under 
 
 1 McCall, George A., op. cit., pp. 210 20; also Nolo on Carpodacus frontalis Bay, with Description of a 
 New Species of the Same Genus, from Santa Fe. X. Mcx., Proc. Accd. Nat. Sci. PMla., VI, p. 61, 1854. 
 i Ibid., p. 218. 
 
 : > Henshaw, II. W., op. cit.,p. 280. 
 « Kennedy, C B. R., op. cit., p. 29. 
 Mbid., p. 30. 
 
HENDERSON 
 HARRI 
 
 n|to N ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 43 
 
 the name P. megalonyx at Pueblo Creek. Probably also by McCall, 1 
 P. arcticus, at Santa Fe. 
 
 Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson). Black-headed Grosbeak. 
 A single pair raised a brood near camp at El Rito de los Frijoles 
 
 ? 
 
 Passer domesticus (Linn.). English Sparrow. 
 Introduced into the territory since 1886. Apt to be found now in 
 all the more important towns, but probably not in the uninhabited 
 canyon and mesa regions; certainly unknown to the ancient inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. 
 
 Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern Violet-green 
 
 Swallow. 
 
 Several times birds of one or the other of these two species were 
 
 seen at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we could seldom get a good view of 
 
 them. Our impression is that the latter was represented, and probably 
 
 both. The former was reported by McCall 2 as nesting at Santa Fe. 
 
 % 
 
 Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend). Audubon's Warbler. 
 Common on August 20, 1910, at the foot of the Jemez Mountains, 
 near the headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 Geothhjpis trichas occidentalis Brewster. Western Yellow-throat. 
 
 Our Indian informants describe this species by its color, song, and 
 habits, as a bird living along the Rio Grande in this region, and when 
 shown a colored figure of it with pictures of other warblers they at 
 once recognized it. 
 
 Doubtless other species of the wood warbler family pass through 
 in migration and probably some nest in this region, but no records 
 are at hand. 
 
 Jyy. 
 
 Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Western Mockingbird. 
 
 Reported near San Ildefonso by one of our Indian informants, who 
 
 seemed quite familiar with the bird, knew the white man's name for 
 
 it, and described its song as the song of all other birds combined. 
 
 The whites report it at Santa Fe. 
 
 Salpinctes ohsoletus obsoletus [Say]. Rock Wren. 
 
 i MoCall, George A., op. cit., p. 218. 2 Ibid., p. 215. 
 
44 BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 50 
 
 One taken by us on the rim of the Rio Grande Canyon below the 
 mouth of El Rito de los Frijoles. Reported abundant at Santa Fe 
 by Henshaw. 1 
 
 ( 'aifu /'pes mexicanus cons per sus Ridgway. Canyon Wren. 
 Common along all the canyon cliffs of this region. The song of the 
 male, usually of about seven loud, ringing notes descending the scale, 
 makes it the most noticeable of the wrens. 
 
 Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audubon. Western House Wren. 
 Common in the canyons and on the mesas. 
 
 Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. 
 Common on the mesas and in the mountains. We saw none in the 
 canyons cutting the mesas. 
 
 Sitta piigmsea pygmsea Vigors. Pygmy Nuthatch. 
 Abundant in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. 
 This tiny species was everywhere to be found in numbers among the 
 pines. 
 
 Bseoloplms inornatus grisens (Ridgway). Gray Titmouse. 
 Very common among the pifion pines and cedars on the mesas. 
 
 % 
 
 Penthestes gambeli gambeli (Ridgway). Mountain Chickadee. 
 Very abundant in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. 
 The type locality for this species is "about one day's journey west of 
 Santa Fe," which would be not far from El Rito de los Frijoles. We 
 saw no long-tailed chickadees (Penthestes eitricapiUus se ptentrionalis 
 [Harris]). 
 
 Myadestes townsendi (Aud.). Townsend's Solitaire. 
 Common in the canyon at Painted Cave, 5 miles or more south of 
 El Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 1 1 glocicMa fuscescens salicicola Ridgway. Willow Thrush. 
 A pair raised a brood at El Rito de los Frijoles in 1910. Recorded 
 also from Pueblo Creek, near Taos Pueblo, in 1904, by Mrs. Bailey. 2 
 
 ? . 
 
 Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway). Western Robin. 
 Common in the canyons and in the mountains. 
 
 i Henshaw. II. W., op. cil.. p. ISO. "- Bailey, Florenee Merriam, op. cit., pp. 317-ls. 
 
HE 
 HARR 
 
 RRi E NGT,y ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 45 
 
 Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway. Chestnut-backed Bluebird. 
 Abundant everywhere on the mesas, but none in the canyons. Our 
 Indian informants had noted the same fact. 
 
 Palomd (<Span. pah ma). 
 Domestic Pigeon. 
 Gatschet * incorrectly gives "paroma" as the Tesuque name for 
 pigeon. 
 
 Periku ( < Span, perico) . 
 
 Pah ( < Eng. polly) . 
 Hodge gives as a Parrot clan of Zimi, distinct from the Macaw clan, 
 PioJii-kwe; there is also the testimony of Lummis that there is no 
 Parrot clan at Isleta. 
 
 Tan\. 
 Macaw. 
 
 This is the bird which the Mexicans call guacamayo. Its feathers 
 are highly prized by the Tewa for ceremonial purposes. They state 
 that the feathers and also live tan\ were obtained from Mexico in 
 former tunes. The informants stated that a tani is at the present 
 time kept in a cage at Santo Domingo pueblo. 
 
 Hodge gives as Parrot clans of various pueblos (which are possibly 
 Macaw clans) : Laguna, ShdwU^-7idno ch ; Acoma, Shdwii i -hanoq ch ; Sia 
 and Santa Ana, Shd'witi-hdno; San Felipe, Sho'wati-hdno ; and as a 
 Macaw clan of Zuni, Mulakwe. 
 
 Tside ise'jl H , 'yellow bird' (tsiie, bird; the' , yellow). 
 Canary. 
 Some of the Mexicans who live in the Tewa country keep these 
 birds in cages and call them canarios. 
 
 PafooMal (<Span. pavo real). 
 Peacock. 
 Some of the Mexicans who live in the Tewa country keep these 
 birds. 
 
 The following are Tewa names of birds which we have not yet 
 been able to identify with scientific names: 
 
 P eisep" e H1 e' , perhaps the oriole. 
 
 Kauaywep', said to be similar to n%'qwoue. 
 
 Nse'qwode, said to be similar to IcaMijwse,' . 
 
 Kwq'qwede, perhaps the common house swallow. 
 
 Po'sakse', described as a small bird with needle-like nose. 
 
 jyws^'ytside, 'pine bird' (ywse'ij, Pinus scopulorum; tsiue, bird). 
 This is described as a small bird with gray body and white 
 head, which jumps about in the rock-pines. 
 
 1 A. S. Gatschet, Zwolf Sprachen aus dem Siidwesten Nordamerikas, Weimer, lSTfi, p. 40. 
 
46 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETTINOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 Tsiue pi- } i H , 'red bird' (tsue, bird; pi', red), applies to one or 
 
 more species of small red bird. 
 Kuse'y, a small bird. 
 'Ony,'e', perhaps a speeies of blackbird. 
 'O&oja'. 
 Ka'wo'. 
 Piju. 
 K' if tsue. 
 Tse'Jcqruj, tsiue. 
 Ka'tsiue, 'leaf bird' (hv , leaf; tsue, bird), a kind of small 
 
 yellow bird. 
 Te-tse' (of obscure etymology), a species of small yellowish bird 
 
 seen in cottonwood and other trees. 
 Po'h'V, 'water mockingbird' (fxr , water; jy,-y, mockingbird), a 
 small, inconspicuous bird seen by water. Possibly the dipper 
 (water ouzel), Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonaparte. 
 Po'te'ji, probably the killdeer or "tildee." The first syllable 
 
 sounds like po~ , 'water.' 
 Po-Jcep^y, 'water bent neck' (fw , water; Ice, neck; ]>e:y, bent), 
 some kind of water bird. It has long legs and is seen along 
 the Rio Grande. Probably a heron. 
 Kwq:pije, 'toward rain' (kwfr, rain; pije, toward), a heron-like 
 
 species of bird. 
 K'd'sR-wi. A kind of blue bird seen in pinon trees. It is thought 
 
 by the informant that Mexicans call it piflonero. 
 TscVsg'*. A large kind of bird. 
 T\'ife\ A species of large red bird. 
 
 Puga. This is the bird which the Mexicans call gruUa. It is a 
 large, buff-colored bird seen wading or walking by the river. When 
 it migrates it flies in a V -shape, making at times a peculiar whirring 
 or trilled noise which can be heard even though the birds be high 
 in the air. Mrs. Stevenson l mentions the sandhill crane as known 
 at Zuni. 
 
 Hodge gives as Crane or Heron clans of various pueblos: Hano, 
 Kapulo-towa (the Rio Grande Tewa do not know the word Jcapulo) ; 
 Sia, Khuia-haiio; Znni, Kd'lokta-Jcwe. 
 
 Reptiles 
 
 The smaller lizards, especially the swifts, are very abundant 
 throughout the region. Horned lizards (popularly called "horned 
 toads") are by no means infrequent. The larger lizards are either 
 not abundant or more adept at escaping observation. None, of the 
 lizards found here arc poisonous. The only known poisonous lizards 
 
 1 Stevenson, M. ('., The Zniii Indians, Twenty-third Ann. Rep. But. Amer. Ethn.,j>. 292, 1904. 
 
Srb?ngton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 47 
 
 of the New World appear to be the Gila monster and the Mexican 
 beaded lizard, neither of which occurs in northern New Mexico. 
 Among the snakes the only poisonous one known in the region is the 
 rattlesnake. The wound made by any reptile or other animal having 
 teeth capable of lacerating the epidermis or flesh may of course become 
 infected, just as a scratch produced by any inorganic substance may, 
 and thus create the impression that the poison was injected at the 
 time of the bite. Our Indian informants considered the swifts and 
 horned lizards harmless, but declared that the Sonora skink, of 
 which a specimen was found by them, is poisonous. The Indians 
 have the same so-called instinctive dread for the larger reptiles, par- 
 ticularly snakes, as the whites, being startled when suddenly they 
 come upon one, and disliking to handle them. Tbey informed us 
 that neither snakes nor lizards are used as food at present by the 
 Tewa, but it is not unlikely that their ancestors used them, at least 
 during times of famine. However, they could not have been at any 
 time more than an insignificant article of food. 
 
 There appears to be a widespread belief that the Indians of the 
 Southwest generally are addicted to the use of reptiles for food. 
 Whatever may be true of the past, this is not the case now. Rus- 
 sell's statement concerning the Pima Indians, 1 that "snakes are not 
 eaten, even in times of famine, and the idea of eating lizards is 
 repudiated with scorn," is applicable to many other Southwestern 
 tribes. 
 
 LIZARDS 
 
 Crota phytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger) . Bailey's Collared Lizard . 
 This fine lizard probably occurs throughout the region, though we 
 saw none. C. collaris was reported at Santa Fe and San Ildefonso 
 by Yarrow and Cope 2 long before the subspecies baileyi was de- 
 scribed, but Stejneger 3 places our area within the range of baileyi 
 and represents collaris as occurring from Pecos Valley eastward. 
 
 % -— 
 
 Holbrookia mnaculata maculata (Girard ) . Common Spotted Lizard . 
 
 i Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians, Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amcr. Ethn., p. S3, 1908. 
 
 2 Yarrow, II. C, Report upon the Collections of Batraehians and Reptiles made in Portions of Nevada, 
 Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874, U. S. 
 Geog. Explor. and Survey W. of 100th .Meridian, v, p. 566, 1875; Check-List of North American Reptilia 
 and Batrachia, with Catalogue of Specimens in U. S. National Museum, Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, no. 24, 
 p. 52, 1882. Cope, E. D., The Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes of North America, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. 
 Museum for 1898, pp. 24S-53, 1900. 
 
 3 Stejneger, Leonhard, Annotated List of Reptiles and Batraehians Collected by Dr. C. HartMerriam and 
 Vernon Bailey on the San Francisco Mountain Plateau and Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, with 
 descriptions of New Species, North American Fauna, no. 3, U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 103-05, pi. xm, 1890. 
 Ruthven, A. G., A Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona, 
 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxih, pp. 512-14, 1907. 
 
48 BUREAU OF AUKKH'AN ETHNOLOGY [p.rix.SG 
 
 Reported at Santa Fe, Abiquiu,San Lldefonso, and Plaza del Alcalde 
 by Yarrow and Cope. 1 
 
 Uta stansburiatia Baird & Girard. Stansbury's Small-scaled 
 Swift. 
 Reported at San lldefonso by Yarrow and Cope. 2 
 
 8 
 
 Uta levis Stejneger. Olive Small-scaled Swift. 
 Type locality is Tierra Amarilla. 3 This appears to be Yarrow's 
 record 4 under the name Uta ornata Baird & Girard. Our Indian 
 informants say that snakes swallow these lizards. They are harmless. 
 
 Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus (Baird & Girard). Yellow- 
 banded Spiny-scaled Swift. 
 Yarrow reported this species from Santa Fe and described Scelo- 
 porus tristichus from Taos, the description being written by Cope 
 apparently. Afterward Yarrow reported tristichus from Taos and 
 consobrinus from both Taos and Santa Fe. Cope later repeated Yar- 
 row's records for both localities, but made both of them subspecies 
 of undulatus. 5 Ditmars 6 ignores tristichus. Small lizards of tins 
 group are very abundant at El Bito de los Frijoles, darting in and 
 out among the rocks and logs everywhere in the canyon. The only 
 specimens we collected are assigned to consobrinus. 
 
 Eodohiy. 
 
 Phrynosoma douglassii hernandesi (Girard). Western Horned 
 Lizard. 
 Reported at Taos, Santa Fe, Abiquiu, and San lldefonso by Yarrow 
 and Cope. 7 We collected two specimens of horned lizard at El Rito 
 de los Frijoles, and both are hernandesi. Our Indian informants 
 declared that snakes swallow these lizards, swell up, burst, and the 
 lizard comes out alive. This is not more fantastic than some of the 
 popular notions of white people concerning animals. The name 
 "horned toad," usually applied to this animal, should be dropped 
 even from popular literature, as it belongs distinctly to the Reptilia 
 and not to the Amphibia. 
 
 Kodohiy. 
 
 Phrynosoma douglassii ornatissimum (Girard). Ornate Horned 
 Lizard. 
 
 i Yarrow, H.C, Report, op. cit., p. 569; Check-List, op eit., pp. 5tv-57. Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 293-97. 
 
 2 Yarrow, II. ('., Report, op. eit., p. 506, Check-List, op. cit., p. 49. Cope, op. cit., p. 310. 
 
 i Stejneger, op. cit., p. 108. Cope, op. cit., p. 313. 
 
 < Yarrow, H. C, Check-List, op. cit., p. 56. 
 
 o Yarrow, II. ('., Report, op. cit., p. 572; Check-List, op. cit., pp. M-fi2. Cope.E.D., op. cit., pp.376 8L 
 
 e Ditmars, R. L., Reptile Book, New York, 1907. 
 
 i Yarrow, II. ('., Report, op. cit., p. 581; Check-List, op. cit., pp. 6S-6a. Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 413-15. 
 
HENDERSOX 
 HARRIXGTO 
 
 [.] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 49 
 
 Reported at Santa Fe by Yarrow and Cope. 1 
 
 Kodohiy. 
 
 Phrynosoma cornutum Harlan. Southern Horned lizard. 
 Reported at San Ildefonso and Abiquiu by Yarrow, 2 and at Taos, 
 Abiquiu, and San Ildefonso by Cope. 3 
 
 Kodohiy. 
 
 Anota modesta Girard. Little Horned Lizard. 
 Recorded at San Ildefonso by Yarrow and Cope. 4 
 
 Cnemidophorus tessellatus perplexus (Baird & Girard). Seven- 
 striped Lizard. 
 Recorded at San Ildefonso by Yarrow and Cope. 5 This is Yarrow's 
 C. octolineatus Baird, from the same locality. 6 Possibly the sub- 
 specific name perplexus should be dropped. 
 
 ? 
 
 Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Linn.). Six-lined Lizard. 
 Recorded at Santa Fe, Plaza del Alcalde, and Abiquiu to Jemez, 
 by Yarrow and Cope. 7 This record possibly should be referred to 
 C. gularis Baird & Girard. 
 
 Kodu'u. 
 
 Eumeces obsoletus (Baird & Girard) . Sonora Skink. 
 
 Two fine specimens of this lizard, with the edges of the scales quite 
 dark, were unearthed by the Indians in excavating the old pueblo at 
 El Rito de los Frijoles. One was captured, the other escaped. Old 
 men of San Ildefonso declared that it is poisonous and would not 
 touch it. They have a "remedy" for its bite. They are mistaken 
 as to its poisonous character. The Mexicans call this kind of lizard 
 escurpion. 
 
 Besides the ~kodoh{y, 'horned lizard/ which the Mexicans call 
 camaleon, the Tewa have names for five other kinds of nativejizards: 
 
 Qwvpa-je is a lizard which is sometimes as long as the ts%-qwije 
 (see below). It is blue-bellied and gray-backed. 
 
 fso_-yde_-, a lizard of bluish color, a little longer than the tse'dhqwiy. 
 
 fse-daqwiy, a species of small, inconspicuous lizard. The descrip- 
 tion reminds one of the swift. The first syllable of the name seems 
 to be tse', 'face.' 
 
 Ts%-qwije, 'white stripes' (&%', white; qwije, stripe). This lizard 
 has white stripes down its back. 
 
 i Yarrow, H. C , Check-List, op. cit., p. 69. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 417. 
 
 2 Yarrow, n. C, Report, op. cit., p. 579; Check-List, op. cit., p. 66. 
 
 s Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 436. 
 
 « Yarrow, H. C, Check-List, op. cit., p. 64. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 439. 
 
 6 Yarrow, Check-List, op. cit., p. 44. Cope, E. D., op. cit., p. 574. 
 
 6 Yarrow, II. C, Report, op. cit., p. 558. 
 
 1 Yarrow, H. C, Report, op. cit., p. 558; Check-List, op. cit., p. 43. Cope, E. P., op. cit., p. 597. 
 
50 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 Kajimqr) (<Span. calliman). 
 Alligator. 
 One of these animals was exhibited in a pool-room at Santa Fe. 
 
 SNAKES 
 
 Heterodon nasicus nasicus (Baird & Girard). Western Hog- 
 nosed Snake. 
 Recorded at Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, and Abiquiu by Yarrow, 1 
 and at Santa Fe by Cope. 2 
 
 Zamenis constrictor flaviventris (Say). Bine Racer, Green Racer. 
 Recorded from Tierra Amarilla by Yarrow under the name Z. c. 
 vetustum, in his report, and under the name flaviventris in his Check- 
 List. Cope records a young specimen which is probably the same. 3 
 Several snakes were seen at El Rito de los Frijoles early in August, 
 1910, which were probably this species, but they escaped and none 
 was seen afterward except a young specimen taken August 25, 
 beautifully marked, very much like the bull snake, quite unlike the 
 adult. A San Ildefonso Indian informant called this young specimen 
 nq'ypseny,. (See p. 51.) Having no adult specimens we could not 
 learn whether they would recognize the young and adult as the same 
 kind or designate them by the same name, though the latter is highly 
 improbable. 
 
 % 
 
 Pityophis catenifer sayi (Schlegel) . Bull Snake. 
 It is probably this species which was recorded as P. sayi mexicanus 
 Dum. & Bib., by Yarrow, at San Ildefonso. 4 A bull snake was 
 described to us at El Rito de los Frijoles by Judge Abbott in 
 August, 1910, but he did not capture it for identification. 
 
 « 
 
 Tliamnophis eques (Reuss). Brown Garter Snake. 
 Cope recorded Eutxnia eques aurata Cope from San Ildefonso, 
 and E. sirtalis dorsalis Baird & Girard from the same place. Yarrow 
 recorded Eutsenia ornata Baird at Abiquiu and San Ildefonso. These, 
 it appears, should all be referred to T. eques, which is recorded from 
 San Ildefonso by Ruthven. 5 
 
 • Yarrow, H. C, Report, op. cit., p. 556; Check-List, op. cit., p. 141. 
 scope, E. D., op. cit., p. 777. 
 
 3 Yarrow, H. C, Report, op. cit., p. 542; Check-List, op. cit., p. 110. Cope, E. T)., op. cit., p. 797. 
 
 * Yarrow, H. C, Report, op. cit., p. 540. See Ruthven, A. G., in Bull. Amtr. Mus. Nat. Hist., xxni 
 pp. 581-86, 1907. 
 
 & Yarrow, II. ('., Report, op. cit., p. 554; Check-List, op. cit, p. L22. Cope. E. D., op. cit., p. 1077. 
 Ruthven, A. G., Variations and Genetic Relationships of the (iarter-Snakes, Bull. 61, U.S. Nat. Mus., 
 pp. 158-60, 1908. 
 
HENDERSON "I ETHNOZOOLOG Y OF THE TEW A INDIANS 51 
 
 HARRINGTON J 
 
 Qw%'ypy, 'tail rattle' (qwse-y, tail; py, rattle). Rattlesnakes of 
 any species and also their rattles are called gw&ypy,'. (See 
 below.) 
 Crotalus sp. Rattlesnake. 
 Several species of rattlesnake have been recorded from New Mexico, 
 but none from the area under discussion, so far as we are aware. Two 
 specimens have been killed at El Rito de los Frijoles within two or 
 three years, as we are informed by Judge Abbott and Mr. Dowell, 
 but they were not specifically identified. The Indians say rattle- 
 snakes are common in the Rio Grande Canyon not far from the Rito. 
 C. confluentus confluentus (Say) probably occurs in this region, and 
 perhaps other species. 
 
 Any species of snake is called pseny. The following kinds are 
 known by name : 
 
 Pi' su, 'red arrow' (pi', red; su, arrow). These slender red snakes 
 almost fly through the air, according to the natives. 
 
 Tsiypxnu, 'basalt snake' (ts{, basalt rock; pseny, snake). 
 
 Nq'ypseny, 'earth snake' (nd'y, earth; pseny, snake). These are 
 brownish. 
 
 Po'p%nu, 'water snake' (po', water; pseny, snake). Any kind of 
 water snake may be called thus. 
 
 Poma-qwi'beg.'e (po', water; mar, (?); qwi'tied, tangled, a knot, a 
 thicket; beg!e, low place, dell, low corner). What the name means is 
 not clear. This is a kind of water snake, possibly a synonym of 
 po'pstnu. 
 
 ' Usidi, a snake a yard long, "earth-colored." 
 
 Nqr'q-, San Ildefonso dialed nfryda'. A kind of snake longer than 
 
 n4'yp%ny>- 
 
 Pseny pe'ydi H , 'black snake' (pseny, snake; p\'y, black). A dark- 
 colored snake species. 
 
 Qw&ypy,', 'tail bell' (qw%'y, tail; py, bell or rattle). This name 
 applies to any kind of rattlesnake, and is given above. Py now 
 usually means bell of any kind; formerly it referred to anything 
 which gave out a note when struck or made a rattling sound. Ex- 
 amine: n%'i H pseny nqqivse'ypy my qwse'ydiwe, 'this snake has a rattle 
 on its tail' (nse', this; pseny, snake; nq, it; qwse'y, tail; py, bell; 
 my, to be, to be provided with; qwse'y, tail; 'iwe, locative); tse'* 
 'yfsi-glmy, it has ten rattles' (<#'*, ten; 'y, it, with reference to it; 
 fsi'gi, notch, narrow place; my, to be, to be provided with). 
 
 Of snakes one says either nqmse', 'it goes' (nq,, it: mse: , to go), or 
 'iqwa'm&y, 'it crawls' ('i, it; qwa'mse'y, to go crawlingly, like a man 
 on all fours). 
 
52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 TURTLES 
 
 Only one name for species of turtle or tortoise was obtained from 
 the Tewa — this is 'o'Jcw. 
 
 The 'o'Jcu' is common in the region. These turtles are found 
 mostly in meadows. They are killed and the carapaces are cleaned 
 and worn by dancers. 
 
 Amphibians (Batrachians) 
 
 The amphibians of the region are not very important. Sala- 
 manders are rare, and the lack of water restricts frogs and toads to 
 limited areas. Except the frogs, they are of no food value. None 
 of them is poisonous, though it seems that the whites generally look 
 upon the spotted salamander with fear. Having no specimens we 
 could not determine whether the Indians had the same dread. 
 
 Ambystoma tigrinum (Green). Tiger Salamander. 
 Reported at Santa Fe Creek, under the name Ambystoma mavortium 
 Baird, by Yarrow, 1 and by Cope 2 under the name tigrinum. Amby- 
 stoma trisruptum Cope was credited to Santa Fe by Yarrow, 3 but 
 Cope 4 says the only known specimen is from Ocate Creek, east of the 
 mountains in northern New Mexico, and hence not in the Rio Grande 
 drain aire. 
 
 Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope(?). 
 We found a small salamander rather common under aspen logs 
 near Valle Grande, in the Jemez Mountains. Specimens badly 
 injured in transit were doubtfully identified as this species by Dr. 
 Leonhard Stejneger. The Indians to whom it was shown were not 
 familiar with it and had no name for it. 
 
 Bufo leiUiginosus woodhousei (Girard). Rocky Mountain Toad. 
 Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei was reported at Santa Fe and Plaza 
 del Alcalde in 1874, by Yarrow, 5 who remarked that it was "appa- 
 rently numerous in New Mexico." In his Check-List 6 he gives the 
 Plaza del Alcalde record under the name americanus, does not recog- 
 nize woodhousei as a distinct form, and omits the Santa Fe record. 
 
 i Yarrow, H. C, Check-List of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, with Catalogue of Specimens in 
 U. S. National Museum, Bull. U, U. S. Nat. Museum, p. 149, 1882. 
 
 « ('one, E. D., The Batrachia of North America, Bull. Si, U. S. Na!. Museum, \>. 85, 1889. 
 
 3 Yarrow, H. C, op. cit., p. 150. 
 
 * Cope, op. cit., p. 86. 
 
 6 Yarrow, H. C, Report upon the Collections of Batrachians and Reptiles Made in Portions of Nevada, 
 Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, During the Years 1871, 1S72, 1873, and 1874, U. S. 
 Oeog. Eiplor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid., v, p. 521, 1875. 
 
 » Yarrow, H. C, Check-List, etc., op. cit., p. 166. 
 
IIauu.'nkton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 53 
 
 Cope ' recognizes woodhousei and records it from other localities in 
 New Mexico, but not from these two places or from anywhere in our 
 area, and preserves Yarrow's ameri'canus record at Plaza del Alcalde. 
 Miss Dickerson 2 raises americanus to a full species, and says it "is the 
 common toad east of the Rocky Mountains from Mexico to the Great 
 Bear Lake," while she leaves woodhousei as a subspecies of lentiginosus 
 and says it is "the common toad of the Rocky Mountain region," 
 having been reported from a number of States, including New 
 Mexico. Ruth ven 3 says it is the "common toad of the Great Plains 
 and Great Basin region." 
 
 Our San Ildefonso Indian informants reported "two kinds of 
 frogs" in the region of the Rito de los Frijoles, one of which is found 
 in the water, the other being larger and flatter and is found "jump- 
 ing " about on land. Probably the latter is a toad. As Bufo cognatus 
 Say is reported from Colorado, Kansas, and Arizona, it may extend 
 across New Mexico, or at least be found in the northern portion. 
 
 2 . 
 
 Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard Frog. 
 Frogs were recorded at Taos, Abiquiu, and Santa Fe under the 
 name Rana halecina berlandieri (Kami) Cope, and at Taos under the 
 name Rana halecina halecina (Kami) Cope, by Yarrow. 4 Cope after- 
 ward transferred these records to Rana virescens hrachycephala Cope. 5 
 Miss Dickerson 6 says virescens is Schreber 's pipiens, which she is 
 unable to separate into subspecies. Further study of this variable 
 frog, based on large quantities of fresh material from widely sepa- 
 rated and numerous localities, is desirable. We saw several frogs 
 at El Rito de los Frijoles, but unfortunately obtained none. (See 
 note on Rocky Mountain toad, page 52.) 
 
 SALAMANDERS, FROGS, TOADS 
 
 The Tewa appear to have but one name for all species of sala- 
 manders, and but one name for all species of frogs and toads. 
 
 Po'qwse,' means salamander. The first syllable is clearly the word 
 meaning 'water.' 
 
 P'e_ m ykwqn is applied to frogs and toads. Tadpoles are called 
 p'fykufcede in the San Juan dialect, and either po'safcede or p'e-ypw- 
 kede in the San Ildefonso dialect. The etymology of these words is 
 not clear. It was thought by one informant that the tadpole's tail 
 drops off. 
 
 i Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 281-88. 
 
 2 Dickerson, Mary C, The Frog Book, pp. 63, 91-92, New York, 1906. 
 
 s Ruthven, A. G., A Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona, 
 Bull.Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, XXm, p. 509, 1907, 
 « Yarrow, H. C, Cheek-List. op. cit.. p. 181, 
 s Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 403-0-1. 
 e Dickerson, Mary C, op. cit., p. 171, 
 
54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 Fishes 
 
 "Most of the lateral canyons of the region are dry or nearly dry 
 through most of the year, and hence contain no fishes. The Rio 
 Grande is known to contain fishes in some portions of its course. 
 
 The Rito de los Frijoles is at present a small stream, the waters of 
 which in places sink entirely beneath the surface of the sand, leaving 
 not even pools, and the water all along becomes very shallow at 
 times. Limited observations make final conclusions unsafe, but 
 so far as they go they seem to indicate that the water flowing in the 
 creek is dependent largely on precipitation hi the mountains at the 
 head of the canyon. When frequent rains were occurring in the 
 lower part of the valley the stream reached its lowest point, but 
 during an exceedingly dry period at our camp, when it was raining 
 daily in the mountains the stream kept an even flow. The absence of 
 deep pools in which fish could survive an extended drouth seems 
 sufficient to account for their absence. In the glaciated mountains 
 farther north, the absence of fish is usually noted in streams whose 
 courses present cataracts too high for the fishes to pass over in their 
 upstream progression after the retreat of the glaciers. Two vertical 
 falls near the mouth of this canyon, one of 60 feet, the other of 90 feet, 
 would effectually block the attempts of fish to pass upstream from 
 the Rio Grande. Hence any fish which may have existed in recent 
 times must have been there before the falls were formed or have 
 been introduced in some unusual way. The transportation of eggs 
 attached to the feet of birds for the short distance over the falls 
 would not be at all impossible, though such a method of dispersion 
 is not so likely to occur as in case of fresh-water mollusks, etc. It is 
 also possible that fish may at one time have been placed in this 
 creek by former inhabitants, either the ancient dwellers who built 
 the abandoned structures or by the Mexican outlaws who made the 
 canyon their rendezvous for a century or so. At any rate, trout were 
 found in the stream from 20 to 30 years ago, according to information 
 gleaned from several sources. Bandelier, in The Delight Makers, 
 causes one of the native boys who lived in the canyon during its 
 early occupancy, to catch a trout. This would scarcely be con- 
 clusive if it were not that in his formal report he refers to the stream 
 as a "gushing brook, enlivened by trout." 1 Dr. Charles F. Lummis, 
 of Los Angeles, says he caught trout from the stream in 1891, and 
 that there were certainly many pools then which do not exist now. 
 Judge Abbott says he has heard the same from another visitor to the 
 canyon a quarter of a century ago. 
 
 « Bandelier, A. F., The Delight Makers, New York, 1890, p._ 5. Final Report of Investigations Among 
 the Indians of the Southwestern United States, Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part II, 
 Papers of the Archxologkal Institute of America, American Series, iv, p. 139, 1892. 
 
Henderson T ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 55 
 
 HARRINGTONj j_, j. -lj. -li w w 
 
 The present absence of trout has been locally attributed to a heavy 
 flood which is said to have washed them away. There is evidence 
 along the bottom-lands that such a flood did occur, but that it 
 washed the trout out is highly improbable. It seems much more 
 probable that it may have filled the pools that once made it possible 
 for trout to survive protracted dry seasons, though it is not impossible 
 that the filling is due to the fact that the desiccation of the country 
 has at last reached a point where the stream is not able to take care 
 of the debris arising from lateral erosion of the valley. It is not at 
 all improbable that the creek may have completely dried up during 
 some particularly dry cycle within the last 20 years. In any event 
 we must believe that there were trout a quarter of a century ago, 
 and so we have no reason to doubt that they existed during the 
 occupancy of the valley by the ancient inhabitants, though that is 
 not a necessary conclusion. Of course we have no definite evidence 
 as to the species, but it was almost certainly the Rio Grande Basin 
 trout (Salmo mykiss spilurus Cope). 
 
 Cope * says he saw Gila pandora Cope ( = Richardsonius pulchellus 
 pandora Cope — Cockerell) in the creek below Ojo Caliente. Cope and 
 Yarrow 2 reported the following species from nearby Rio Grande 
 drainage localities, to which species we have applied probable modern 
 nomenclature, placing in parentheses the names under which they 
 were reported: 
 
 Pantosteus plebeius Baird & Girard (P. jarrovii Cope). Sucker. 
 
 Taos, San Ildefonso, and Tierra Amarilla. 
 Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz. Silvery Minnow. San Ildefonso. 
 Richardsonius pulchellus pandora (Cope) (Gila pandora) . North- 
 ern Rio Grande Dace. Near San Ildefonso. 
 Notropis simus Cope (Alburnellus simus). Rio Grande Shiner. 
 
 San Ildefonso. 
 Notropis dilectus Girard (Alburnellus jemezanus Cope). San 
 
 Ildefonso. 
 Notropis lutrensis Baird and Girard (Hi/psilepis iris Cope). San 
 Ildefonso. 
 
 1 Cope, E. D., Report upon the Extinct Vertebrata Obtained in New Mexico by Parties of the Expe- 
 dition of 1874, Geog. Surv. W. of 100th Mend. (Wheeler Survey), iv, pt. n, p. 21. See also ^1 7m. Rcpi.for 1875, 
 p. 66, 1875. 
 
 2 Cope, E. D., and Yarrow, H. C, Report upon the Collections of Fishes Made in Portions of Nevada, 
 Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, During the Years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1S74, Geog. 
 Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), v, pp. 635-703, 1875. See also Cockerell, T. D. A., The Nomen- 
 clature of the American Fishes Usually Called Leueiscus and Rutilus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxn, pp. 
 215-17, 1909; The Fishes of the Rocky Mountain Region, Univ. Colo. Studies, v, pp. 159-178, 1908; Jordan, 
 David Starr, and E vermann, Barton Warren, The Fishes of North and Middle America, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. 
 Mux., 4 vols., 1896-1900. 
 
 69231°— Bull. 56—14 5 
 
56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 Rhinichthys cataractse dulcis Girard (R. maxillosus Cope). Sweet- 
 water Daee. Tierra Amarilla, Abiquiu, San Ildefonso, and 
 Taos. 
 Hybopsis aestivalis (Girard) (Oeratichthys sterlelus Cope) . Horny- 
 head. San Ildefonso. 
 Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur) (A. tyrannus Girard). Fresh-water 
 Eel. Near Santa Fe. 
 
 They also report Salmo pleuriticus Cope from Rio Taos, Chama 
 River, and near San Ildefonso, but as this species seems to be con- 
 fined to the Colorado River basin the record is probably a mistake. 
 There are perhaps other fishes existing in the Rio Grande drainage 
 of northern New Mexico, but we have found no record of them. 
 The species are mostly small and of little food value. There are 
 rumors of catfish, but no definite record. 
 
 The Tewa have the following names for species of fish : 
 
 Piypa", 'mountain fish' (pi'y, mountain; pa', fish). This name 
 seems to be applied to any species of trout. 
 
 Pa'tsi'jo', 'knife fish' (pa', fish; tsi'jo', knife). This fish lives in 
 the Rio Grande. It has a knife-like back, and there is also a knife- 
 like projection at each side of its lower jaw. It reaches a length 
 exceeding a foot. 
 
 Pa'wa'p*a', 'flat-chested fish' (pa', fish; wa', chest, breast; p'a-, 
 flat and roundish). This fish lives in the Rio Grande and attains 
 a length of 2 feet or more. Its underside is flat. 
 
 Tsewlge. This fish lives in the Rio Grande. White men in talking 
 to our informants had called this fish a "sucker." 
 
 Pa'ty,yw%', 'tall fish' (pa', fish; ty,yw&, tall). This fish lives in the 
 Rio Grande. The Mexicans call it boquinete. 
 
 Pa-'e', 'little fish' (pa', fish; V, diminutive). This term is applied 
 to any small fish, especially to minnows and the like; also to the 
 young of larger varieties of fish, which often can not be recognized as 
 they can when more mature. 
 
 Pa-'oavri', 'phlegm fish' (pa', fish; 'oqwi', mucus from the trachea, 
 bronchial tubes, or lungs, such as is coughed up) . This name is applied 
 to any species of eel. The skin of the pa'' oqwi' is highly prized and 
 is used among other purposes for leggings and moccasins. The fish 
 lives in the Rio Grande. 
 
 It is said that the kinds of fish which live in the Rio Grande would 
 probably also be found in the Rio Chama. 
 
 Insects 
 
 Notwithstanding their average small size, when compared with 
 vertebrates, insects are very important from the point of view of 
 natural history. Their interesting habits, their economic relations 
 
HENDERSON 
 HAKRIXGTO 
 
 r x ] ETHN0Z00L0UY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 57 
 
 to other animals, and the exceedingly large number of known species 
 give them zoological prominence. Their relations to the pollenization 
 of plants and their destructiveness to vegetation give them both 
 botanical and economic importance. Their relation to the spread of 
 disease and the annoying habits of some of them have a direct bearing 
 on the comfort and happiness of the human race. 
 
 From the ethnological point of view the position of insects is a 
 minor one. They have little importance as food, except the grass- 
 hoppers, etc., during seasons of abundance. Among native peoples 
 of the lower Colorado Valley insects have acquired considerable relig- 
 ious and mythical significance, especially the ants, but this does not 
 require a knowledge of many species or a very minute discrimination 
 between species. Among the Pueblos they have no such significance. 
 A great number of insect species have been recorded from the Jemez 
 Plateau and Santa Fe. There are doubtless hundreds of others unre- 
 corded, including many now undescribcd and unknown to science. 
 As most of the smaller species are distinguished from one another by 
 characters which may be studied only with a good lens or a micro- 
 scope, it is obvious that in most cases the Indians can not distin- 
 guish the species or even the genera. However, the larger and more 
 conspicuously marked species are likely given definite native names. 
 It would be an interesting contribution to the psychology of the 
 Indians for someone with sufficient entomological training to investi- 
 gate their knowledge of and ideas concerning the insects and the 
 extent and accuracy of then discrimination, including the habits of 
 insects and their relations to plants. 
 
 Time did not permit us to enter into this field except in an incidental 
 way in connection with the ethnobotanical work. Our collections 
 of insects were accidentally almost wholly destroyed in transit, with- 
 out having been determined or recorded, so that we can not even 
 give an account of the species found. We found many species of 
 beetles, ants, bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, flies, and other insects. 
 
 It does not seem important in this report to list the species of 
 insects recorded from the region by Ashmead, Banks, Cockerell, 
 Coquillett, Dunning, Fall, Fox, Gillette, Hagen, Holland, Howard, 
 Hulst, Mead, Seudder, Thomas, Townsend, Uhler, Ulke, and Wheeler. 
 More than 30 of Prof. Cockerell's papers report species from this 
 region. Ulke has recorded 56 species of Coleoptera (beetles), and 
 Uhler has recorded 34 species of Hemiptera (plant-lice, scale insects, 
 true bugs, etc.) from San Ildefonso, Taos, Santa Fe, Abiquiu, and 
 Tierra Amarilla. Hagen recorded three species of Neuroptera from 
 San Ildefonso, Tierra Amarilla, and Taos. Most of the other records 
 are from Santa Fe. 
 
 Work along this line could be easily done by persons with very 
 limited knowledge of entomology. They could collect the insects 
 
58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 and preserve them, number the labels, obtain the ethnological data, 
 preserving the connections by referring to the label numbers, and tjie 
 specimens could then be determined accurately by specialists. 
 
 That many of the western Indians did not formerly disdain insects 
 as a part of their diet is well known. Hoffman's comments 1 are of 
 interest in this connection: 
 
 Some of the tribes will adhere to the most disgusting varieties of food. . . . Some 
 of the Shoshonees obtain some food from the settlements, but subsist chiefly upon what 
 game and fish they can secure in addition to lizards, grasshoppers, etc. . . . 
 Their mode of preparing grasshoppers is in this wise: A fire is built covering an area 
 of from 20 to 30 feet square, and as the material is consumed to coals and ashes all the 
 Indians start out and form an extensive circle, driving the grasshoppers with blankets 
 or bunches of brush toward the center, where they are scorched or disabled, when 
 they are collected, dried, and ground into meal. With the addition of a small quan- 
 tity of water this is worked and kneaded into dough, formed into small cakes, and 
 baked in the sand under a fire. . . . The Pah-Utes in the southwestern portion 
 of Nevada, and even across the line into California, consume the larvae of flies found 
 upon the borders of some '"alkali lakes." The organic matter washed ashore is soon 
 covered with flies, where they deposit their eggs; there being not sufficient nourish- 
 ment for all the worms, some die, when more eggs are deposited, and so on ad infinitum, 
 until there is a belt of swarming, writhing worms from 2 to 4 feet broad and from an 
 inch to 3 inches in depth. ... At such localities the Indians congregate, scoop 
 up and pack all that can be transported for present and future use. When thoroughly 
 dried, it is ground into meal, and prepared and eaten as by the Shoshonees. 
 
 Where conditions of life are as hard as in many parts of the South- 
 west, it would be surprising indeed if, during times of special scarcity 
 of food, all the Indians inhabiting the region have not been forced 
 to rely on food which ordinarily they did not use; yet from the fact 
 that Indians of various tribes have frequently been known to show a 
 preference for raw entrails of large game animals and seem really 
 fond of meat that has become somewhat tainted, one can not always 
 feel certain that the use as food of things which are revolting to other 
 people may not be due to choice. 
 
 The following Tewa names of kinds of insects were obtained: 
 
 Kun% refers to any kind of ant. Color- or size-denoting adjec- 
 tives are often added. An anthill is called kunsete-bidl (kufieti, ant; 
 te', house; bi'dl, mound of small size; cf. bo\ie, large mound). The 
 Jemez however, have two names for ant species: 'amy, and iva'&ym. 
 
 Hodge gives as Ant clans at various pueblos : Nambe, Ku^yl-tdoa; 
 Pecos, Amu'+; Acoma, Sii-hanoq ch ; Sia, Sii-hdno; San Felipe, 
 Sii-hdno. 
 
 PseVada, bumblebee. These insects make honey. They are 
 ground up and put into a dog's food in order to make him a good 
 hunter, according to a San Ildefonso informant. 
 
 i Hodman, W. J., Miscellaneous Ethnographic Observations on Indians Inhabiting Nevada. California, 
 and Arizona, Tenth Ann. Hep. U. S. Oeol. and Geog. Surv. Terr, for 1876 (Hayden Survey), pp. 165 66, 1878. 
 
?ngton] ETHNOZOOLOGV OF THE TEWA INDIANS 59 
 
 HENDERSON' 
 HAKR 
 
 For species of wasp, bee, and hornet only two names could be 
 obtained. Qwo-uebe' seems to be the honey-bee, while t* awe is some 
 kind of wasp. Honey is called qivo-debe-'qpo- , 'bee sweet water' 
 (qwo'uebe', bee; 'q, sweet, sweetness; po- , water). 
 
 Cushing tells how honey was obtained by Zuni girls from a kind of 
 burrowing hornet. 1 
 
 In the Zuni country there is a kind of burrowing hornet (or carpenter bee) which 
 drills into adobe or mud walls and there deposits its honey. On any fine day in late 
 summer one may see little groups of girls hunting the holes of these hornets along the 
 garden walls. Whenever they find a number of them they provide themselves with 
 gourds of water which they dash against the adobe or spurt into the holes through 
 straws. The hornets, disabled by drenching, soon crawl forth and are easily killed 
 or driven away, after which the girls, with little wooden or bone picks, dig out the 
 honey. 
 
 Various species of butterfly are called at San Juan poganini, at San 
 Ildefonso polamimi. The latter word is peculiar in that, so far as 
 we know, it is the only native Tewa word which contains the sound 
 of I. No word meaning "moth" could be obtained. The Isleta call 
 butterfly paifireue. 
 
 The introduced house-fly and many insects of similar appearance 
 are called p*y,ny,. A bluish fly species was distinguished as py,nu 
 tsq-tjwse-'i H , 'blue fly' (p'yny,, fly; tsq-yw&, blue, green). Other 
 Tanoan languages show cognate forms: Taos, p'unuend; Isleta, 
 p'unuude; Piro (Bartlett's vocabulary), u a-fu-ya-e, fly"; Jemez, 
 Fwijd. 
 
 Species of firefly are called tsik'owa and p"a'p"y,ny,, 'fire fly' (p'a', 
 fire; p*y,ny,, fly). 
 
 Dragon-flies are called pO'4y,y4y,y (po', water; uy,y, to buzz like a 
 bullroarer). Cushing tells a Zuni myth of the origin of the dragon- 
 fly. 2 
 
 1 fWV, 'cricket,' 'locust.' This is the animal which the Mexicans 
 call chichara. 
 
 Po'tsue, 'water bird' (po', water; tsiie, bird), is not a bird, but an 
 insect. It resembles po'dy/gdy/Q in its habit of hovering over water. 
 
 K'qw\hj is a species of grasshopper or locust. Another species 
 is distinguished as Tc ' qw\hj 'q'wVi 1 , 'brown grasshopper' (k'qwi'iij, 
 grasshopper or locust species; 'a', brown). 
 
 Black-headed head lice are called p K e\ Body lice are known as 
 fuwa, while bedbugs, which are still more numerous, are called fi'i. 
 All three terms might be carelessly applied to "lice" on plants, 
 wood, or garbage. Notice that a small species of land snail is called 
 p'u'p'e', 'rabbit-brush louse' (p'u', rabbit-brush; pV ; head louse); see 
 page 65. 
 
 1 dishing, F. H., Zuni Breadstuff, The Millstone, x, no. 3, March, 1885, p. 42, note. 
 
 2 Ibid., pp. 35-38. 
 
60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [boll. 56 
 
 Mosquitoes are known as fugfl or fuyo'e- (fugo, mosquito; V, 
 diminutive). Cf. Taos qwitolaand; Isleta tanJcinaue; Piro (Bartlett's 
 vocabulary) " quen-lo-a-tu-ya-e" ; Jemez PdhdFwijd. 
 
 The inch-long ill-smelling black beetle of the Tewa country is 
 called j>'i<j<ipirsq)jde ,e (pega, to stink acridly; pw, base, buttocks, 
 anus; say, f; de' e , ). 
 
 Po'twwe (po', squash, pumpkin; ta' } dry ?; we, ?) are the same 
 
 as po'p'e , 'squash lice' (po', squash, pumpkin; p'e', head louse). The 
 names refer to a kind of brown jumping bug seen on squash and 
 pumpkin vines. 
 
 Worms of the most diverse kinds — maggots, larvae, caterpillars, and 
 almost any worm-like animals — are called pubse' . A hairy, fuzzy cater- 
 pillar is spoken of as piCbse,' p'oi H , 'hairy worm' (pvfjse', worm; p'o, 
 hairy, hair). The larvae seen so plenteously at times on willow leaves 
 are called jq'ypufise', 'willow worms' (jq'y, willow; puftse" , worm). 
 Sa'pubse', 'manure worms' (sit', manure; pubx', worm) are the 
 larvae seen in manure; tape-worms, pin-worms, and other worms 
 infesting the intestines are also called thus. 
 
 Angle-worms have a special name: na'ysi' {nq'y, earth; si", unex- 
 plained). 
 
 Crustaceans, Myriapods, and Arachnids 
 
 Tse'hr, 'spruce brownness' (ise' } Douglas spruce: h}\ buff-brown 
 color, said to be so called because they are hairy like spruce trees, 
 and brown) is applied to any kind of centipede, millipede, or myria- 
 pod. Many kinds are common. It is said that one bitten by a 
 fse'M' will live as many years as the animal has legs, which is usually 
 a considerable number. The legs are called &V, 'arms,' as are also 
 the legs of a spider. 
 
 Scorpions are very scarce. In the summer of 1911 Mr. K. A. 
 Fleischer found one about half an inch long in the Rito de los Frijoles 
 Canyon. The Tewa who have been asked do not know the name of 
 this animal. 
 
 Any kind of spider is called '(j'wgr. The second syllable of the 
 word sounds just like w%', 'tooth,' and gives the name an ugly sound 
 to Tewa ears. A spider web is called 'q'wse'p'f, 'spider trap' (\j' >rse\ 
 spider; p l e', trap, snare). Tarantulas also are called 'q'w%', but the 
 proper name is lee'lwpuj^, 'bear back deerskin' (ke', bear, any species j 
 tw, back, spinal column; puje, dressed skin of deer, elk, etc.). They 
 are quite common. Their holes are called pV, 'hole.' An old Indian 
 who is usually very correct in his identifications called a green dip- 
 terous insect taken from a Populus angustifolia tree 'q'wse' tsq"t)wse, r i H , 
 'blue or green spider' ('4'w%', spider; tsq"QW%', blue, green). 
 
HE.N'DEK 
 HARRI 
 
 ngton] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 61 
 
 MOLLUSKS 1 
 
 The native Mollusca do not enter to any extent into the culture of 
 the Indians of this region at the present time, and probably the same 
 is true with reference to the former inhabitants. It is not unusual 
 to find marine shells in the ruins, especially Olivella. They were 
 probably obtained by barter with the peoples living to the south- 
 westward. At El Rito de los Frijoles a few specimens of Olivella 
 biplicata Sowerby and one of Erato vitellina Hinds were found. They 
 doubtless were brought from southern California or from Lower Cali- 
 fornia. None of the native land or fresh-water shells of the region 
 have been found in the ruins, which is not surprising. Ashmunella , 
 Oreohelix, Physa, and Lym-nsea are the only species large enough to 
 be particularly noticed, and they do not exceed three-fourths of an 
 inch in greatest diameter. This, it is true, is as large as the marine 
 shells commonly found in the ruins, but the land shells do not appear 
 to have become articles of barter, perhaps because they occur through- 
 out the region and are therefore obtainable nearly everywhere and 
 further because they are rather fragile. 
 
 The shells of mollusks have been used as a medium of exchange 
 and as ornaments, amulets, and ceremonial objects by primitive 
 peoples everywhere. They have been used very extensively by the 
 Indian tribes of the Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions in North 
 America and by them introduced into the interior. 2 Strings of beads 
 made from the common Olivella biplicata of the Pacific coast, worn 
 about the neck as ornaments and used in barter, found their way into 
 Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado, and Stearns 3 
 tells us that in New Mexico Dr. Edward Palmer was "witness to a 
 trade wherein the consideration for a horse was a California abalone 
 shell." 
 
 Bracelets of Glycimeris from the Gulf of California have found their 
 way as far north and east at least as northeastern Arizona, where 
 they are reported, together with Turritella tigrina, Conus, and 
 Olivella, by Hough, who says 4 they are found mostly in the pueblo 
 ruins situated in mountain passes, probably along routes of primitive 
 travel. 
 
 1 Henderson, Junius, Mollusca from Northern New Mexico, The Nautilus, xxvi, pp. 80-81, 1912. 
 
 2 Holmes, William II., Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans, Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn.Jor 
 1880-81 ,pp. 179-305, 1883; Report on the Ancient Ruins of Southwestern Colorado, Examined During the 
 Summers of 1875 and 1876, Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Terr, for 1876 (Hayden Survey), p. 
 407,1878. Stearns, Robert E. C, Ethno-Conchology— A Study of Primitive Money, Ann. Rep. U. 8. 
 Nat. Museum for 1887, pp. 297-334, 1889. Powers, Stephen, Tribes of California, Oontr. X. Amer. Ethn., 
 m,pp. 335-38, 1877. 
 
 3 Stearns, R. E. C, op. cit., p. 329. 
 
 4 Hough, Walter, Archaeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona: The Museum-Gates Expedition 
 of 1901, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1901, p. 295, 1903 (see also pp. 300, 305, 338, 344). 
 
62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 Fewkes 1 mentions West Coast marine shell ornaments in Arizona, 
 made from Pectunculus [Glydmeris] sp., Conus fergusoni, C. princeps, 
 C. regvlaris, Turritella sp., Haliotis sp., Strombus sp., Cardium sp., 
 Melongena patula, Oliva angulata, and Oliva [Olivella] biplicata or 
 hiatula, many of the species having also found their way into New 
 Mexico. He says (p. 88): 
 
 It is well known that there was a considerable trade in early times in these shells, 
 and long trips were taken by the Pueblo Indians for trade purposes. 
 
 The intercourse of northern and southern peoples of Arizona through trading expe- 
 ditions continued to quite recent times, but judging from the number of specimens 
 which were found in the ruins it must have been considerably greater in prehistoric 
 times than it is at present. In fact, much of the decline in this traffic is probably 
 to be traced to the modification of the southern Arizonian aborigines and the intro- 
 duction of new ornaments by the whites. 
 
 From the ruins near Winslow, Arizona, the following species of 
 Pacific coast marine shells have been reported by Fewkes: 2 Pectuncu- 
 lus giganteus Reeve, Melongena patula Rod. & Sow., Stromhus 
 gahatus Wood, Conus fergusoni Sow., Cardium elatum Sow., Oliva 
 angulata Lam., Oliva Jiiatula Gmelin, Oliva biplicata Sew., Turritella 
 tigrina Keiner. 
 
 Our San Ildefonso Indian informants had a distinct name for 
 Aslimunella, which is common along El Rito de los Frijoles, in the 
 Jemez Mountains, and probably in favorable localities throughout 
 the region. They did not know Oreohelix, three specimens of which 
 were obtained in the Jemez Mountains. Pupilla, although only 3 
 millimeters in height and 1.5 millimeter in width, received a special 
 name, being distinguished from the more flatly spired shells by its 
 high spire and cylindrical form. The natter shells of small size 
 (YaUonia, Zonitoides, etc.) were grouped under another name, with- 
 out distinguishing species. One of the Indian boys, who had never 
 noticed the snails before, was shown several species under some logs. 
 He began a search and soon found a Cochlicopa, which differs markedly 
 from the species that had been shown to him, and he at once recog- 
 nized it as another kind of snail, but our informants had no distinrt 
 name for it. 
 
 The mollusks of the region have no apparent economic value. 
 Conditions are not favorable in the Rio Grande Valley of northern 
 New Mexico for the larger clams, which would have a food value, and 
 none have been found. 
 
 There appear to be no published records of bivalve mollusks 
 (JPekeypoda) Tor the region. Calyculina and Pisidium have been 
 found in the Rio Grande drainage in Colorado, and the latter, if not 
 the former, probably occurs in our area in New Mexico, wherever 
 
 ' Fewkes, J.W., Two Summers' Work in Pueblo Ruins, Twenty-second Ann. Rep. Bvr. Anur. Ellin., 
 part I, pp. 88-93, 187, 1904. 
 
 I FewkSS, I.W., Preliminary Account of an Expedition to the Pueblo Kuins Near Winslow, Arizona, 
 in l.vjti, Smithsonian Rep. for 1896, pp. 529, 530, 535, 530, 1898. 
 
Hu^fxr S To N vl ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 63 
 
 HAKKINGTONj 
 
 there are perennial streams. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has a manu- 
 script list of New Mexico shells prepared by Rev. E. H. Ashmun, 
 in which Pisidium is listed from Santa Fe. In El Rito de los Frijoles 
 no aquatic shells were found, either bivalve or univalve. Indeed, 
 the scarcity of aquatic animal life, except water beetles and "water 
 boatmen," may indicate that the water does not always flow in that 
 rivulet in very dry seasons. The only record of an aquatic mollusk 
 of any kind yet published is Physa, though Lymnsea palustris Muller 
 from Taos, and L. desidiosa Say (probably L. obrussa Say) and 
 Planorbis parvus Say, both from Santa Fe, are included in Ashmun's 
 list, 
 
 Land snails are usually to be found along the bottom lands, in the 
 canyons, and throughout the mountains, under cottonwood and 
 aspen logs, not often among conifers. As the species are mostly tiny, 
 some of them smaller than an ordinary pin head, and most of them 
 much less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, it requires close 
 inspection to discover them. They may be packed with a little moss 
 or some green leaves and shipped alive to conchologists for identifi- 
 cation. 
 
 Ashmunella thomsoniana Ancey. 
 This species is recorded from Santa Fe Canyon and the Pecos 
 Valley by Pilsbry, 1 the localities being all east of the Rio Grande. 
 Two subspecies are credited to the Pecos drainage in New Mexico. 
 Other species are recorded from south of our area. 
 
 P'e'oie'e-, 'little wood shell' (p'e, stick, wood; 'ofte, shell; V, 
 diminutive). 
 
 Ashmunella ashmuni Dall. 
 The type locality of this species is Bland, not far from El Rito de 
 los Frijoles. 2 The species is very abundant at several localities along 
 the Rito de los Frijoles. Five immature specimens from near the top 
 of the Jemez Mountains at Valle Grande, and four from about half- 
 way to the base of the mountains, may be referable to this form, 
 though probably belonging to the next. It is likely that the San Ilde- 
 fonso Indian name given to this form would be applied to the other 
 AshmuneHa species, as they are so much alike that they would be sep- 
 arated only by a skilled conchologist looking for slight differences. 
 
 ? 
 
 Ashmunella ashmuni robusta Pilsbry. 
 This subspecies is somewhat larger than the preceding, and was 
 described as from the "Jemez Mountains near Bland, N. Mex., at 
 higher elevations than A. ashmuni.' '' 3 
 
 1 Pilsbry, Henry A., Mollusca of the Southwestern States, I: Crocoptid.e; Helicida? of Arizona ami New 
 Mexico, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., lvii, p. 235, 1905. 
 
 2 Dall, William H., Report on the Mollusks Collected by the International Boundary Commission of the 
 United States and Mexico, Prnc. U. S.Nat. Museum, xix, p. 342, 1897. Pilsbry, Henry A., op. cit., p. 233. 
 
 5 Pilsbry, Henry A., op. cit., p. 233. 
 
64 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 5t> 
 
 Ashmunella townsendi Bartsch. 
 Described from Ruidoso, Lincoln County, New Mexico. 1 
 
 ? 
 
 Oreohdix strigosa depressa Ckll. 
 Three weathered specimens which appear to belong to some form 
 of 0. strigosa Gould were found in the Jemez Mountains near Valle 
 Grande. Our Indian informants were not familiar with them and 
 had no name for them, but did not confuse them with Ashmunella. 
 Ashmun's list, hereinbefore mentioned, includes Oreohelix concen- 
 trata Dall, from near Bland, at an altitude of 10,000 feet. 
 
 % 
 
 Pwpilla muscorum Linne. 
 We found a single specimen at El Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 Pwpilla blandi Morse. 
 Abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles and in the Jemez Mountains 
 near Valle Grande. 
 
 Bifidaria. pellucida parvidens Sterki. 
 We found one in a canyon half-way to the top of Jemez Mountains, 
 near Valle Grande. 
 
 Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pilsbry & Vanatta. 
 The type locality is Bland, New Mexico. 2 
 
 ? 
 
 Vertigo concinnula Cockerell. 
 We found two specimens of this species in the Jemez Mountains, 
 near VtiUe Grande. It was recorded from these mountains by Pilsbry 
 and Vanatta also. 3 
 
 ? 
 
 OocMicopa lubrica Miillcr. 
 Common at El Rito de Ins Frijoles. 
 
 Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. 
 Common in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and abundant 
 in the canyon at El Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 1 Bartsch in Smithson. Afisc. Coll., xlvii, pp. 13-14, 1904. 
 
 i Pilsbry, Henry A., and Vanalta, Edward Q., A Partial Revision of the Pupa; of the United States, 
 Ptoc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philn. for 1900. p. 604. 
 1 Pilsbry, Henry A., and Vanatta, Edward G., op. cit., pp. 599-000. 
 
Henderson 1 tcTHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 65 
 
 hakiuxgtonJ 
 
 Vitrina aUiskana Dall. 
 We found three small dead specimens in the Jemez Mountains, near 
 Valle Grande, and four at El Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 Euconulus trocUformis alaskensis Pilsbry. 
 Common at El Rito de los Frijoles, and one specimen found in the 
 Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande. 
 
 Zonitoides arbor eus Say. 
 Common in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and abundant 
 at El Rito de los Frijoles. 
 
 Pyramidula shimeki cocker elli Pilsbry. 
 At El Rito de los Frijoles only two specimens were found at the 
 ancient pueblo, while about two miles up the canyon from the pueblo 
 the species was abundantly represented. 
 
 1 
 
 Succinea avara Say. 
 Only one specimen found at El Rito de los Frijoles. We dare 
 suspect that Yarrow's record of S. streichiana Bland at Tierra 
 Amarilla * may refer to this species. 
 
 Physa sp. 
 
 Yarrow 2 recorded P. ancillaria Say from San Ildefonso, P. traski% 
 Lea from Santa Fe, ?P. D'Orbigniana Lea and P. warreniana Lea 
 from Abiquiu, and P. altonensis from Pescado. It is likely that these 
 identifications are partly or wholly wrong, but evidently one or more 
 species of Physa occur in the region. 
 
 Yarrow's record of Pyramidula perspectiva Say at San Ildefonso 3 
 is probably something else, possibly P. cronkhitei anthonyi. 
 
 Fu-pe-, 'rabbit-brush louse' (pV , rabbit-brush; p'e', head louse). 
 Pupilla sp. 
 
 The species were consistently called thus whether found on rabbit- 
 brush bushes or elsewhere. (See p. 59.) 
 
 We have attempted to record all the Tewa names for species of 
 Mollusca or then shells, and with this intent we have spent consider- 
 able time examining collections of shells with a number of Indians. 
 
 i Yarrow H C Report upon the Collections of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca Made in Portions of 
 Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S. Geog. Explor.& 
 Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), v, p. 936, 1875. 
 
 2 Ibid., pp. 939, 940, 941. 
 
 3 Ibid., p. 932. 
 
66 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 The Tewa were familar with mollusks living in their own country, 
 and also with shells of mollusks obtained from other tribes and used 
 for ceremonial or other purposes. 
 
 The general name for fresh-water snails is 'obe, a word applied also 
 to some kinds of marine mollusks and their shells. (See below.) 
 
 Slugs are called pubse', a name which is applied to any wormlike 
 animal. (See under the discussion of insects, page 60.) 
 
 Only the shells of marine mollusks are known, although our inform- 
 ants had quite a correct idea of what the living animals are like. 
 
 The following terms referring to shells were recorded: 'obe pv'i H , 
 'red shell' ('obe, shell; pi', red); 'obe t%giydi H , 'flat shell' ('obe, shell; 
 tig_iy, flat and roundish); 'obemapi'i' 1 , 'spiral shell' ('obe, shell; mapi, 
 spiral, twisted); 'obe lca''i H , 'thick shell' ('obe, shell; lea,-, thick); 
 'obe lco''i H , 'rough shell' ('obe, shell; &<r, rough); 'obe pa''i H ; 'rough 
 shell with surface cracked' ('cite, shell; pa', cracked, chapped); 
 'obe yw%''i H , 'spiny shell' ('obe, shell; ywse,', spiny, spine; spiky, 
 spike, thorny, thorn). To pectens the term 'obe hege wig£wige'i H , 
 'shell wavy with little grooves' ('obe, shell; liege, arroyito, rivulet, 
 groove ; wigewige, wavy, undulating, sinuous) is applied. To pectens 
 and also to other bivalves with undulating edge the term 'dbe pyywse, 
 sse'ywi'i' 1 , 'beautiful zigzagged shell' dote, shell; pyrjwse, be&uttful to 
 look at; sse'ywi, zigzagged, zigzag) is applied. 
 
 The abalone shell is called 'eji. This is the kind of shell which the 
 Salt Old Woman used as a handkerchief, according to a Santa Clara 
 myth obtained by Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco. The 'eji which she 
 had was soft as a handkerchief. A large abalone shell is sometimes 
 called 'ejisse'sewe, 'abalone vessel' ('eji, abalone; s&'sewe, bowl-shaped 
 vessel) . Abalone shells are frequently referred to with accompanying 
 color-denoting adjectives. Thus 'eji ts%''i H , 'white abalone shell' 
 {'eji, abalone shell; tsse,', white) ; 'eji tsq'ywx-'i' 1 , 'blue or green abalone 
 shell' {'eji, abalone shell; tsq-ywse', blue, green); 'eji fse'tq'qydi' 1 , 
 'yellow painted abalone shell' ('eji, abalone shell; fse', yellow: tq'q/j. 
 painted). 
 
 A mussel shell and a razor clam shell were also called 'eji, how 
 correctly we are not certain. Beads made of abalone shell are 
 called 'ejikwa'a, 'abalone beads' ('eji, abalone; Tcwa'a, bead). 
 
 Cowrie shells, coffee shells, and the like, are called 'og.a. Descriptive 
 adjectives are often added. The term 'oga is also applied to olivella 
 shells, whelk shells, and the like. 
 
 There is some kind of spiral univalve which is called tinini. Inspec- 
 tion of large collections of shells with the informants failed to reveal 
 what kind of shell this may be. The tinini are described as being 
 about an inch long. They are worn by the Kosa or Chifonetes on 
 
HENDERSON' 
 HARRINGTO 
 
 r N ] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 67 
 
 certain occasions. Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco has seen them, but 
 has not identified them. 
 
 A kind of large, thick, flat shell, evidently a bivalve, is called 
 tscuamy,. Not even all of the older people at San Ildefonso know 
 this shell or its name. Our informants were not sure with regard to 
 its color. 
 
 A kind of white, flat shell about 6 inches across is called fsse't' a- , 
 'white flat' (tsse', white; t'a~, flat and roundish). The isse't'a' was 
 sometimes worn on the breast of Tewa men. It was also cut up and 
 made into beads. 
 
 A kind of large spiral univalve from which beads were formerly 
 made is called po'tsuny,. 
 
 A sort of shell described as white, cylindrical, 2 inches or more 
 long and about a quarter of an inch in diameter, is called fsse'wije. 
 These shells, which were highly valued, were strung and worn as 
 necklaces. Now only bone imitations of these shells are to be found 
 at the Tewa pueblos, but these are also called tsx'wije. The name 
 tsse-wije sounds like 'white two' (fs%-, white; wije, two), but this 
 makes no sense. 
 
 Hodge gives Kwdtsei-tdoa as a Shell Bead clan of San Ildefonso. 
 Kwa'a fs3R ,, i ,i iowa means 'white bead clan' (kwa'a, bead made of 
 any substance, not necessarily shell; fs%-, white; iowa, person, 
 people). 
 
 The Lower Invertebrates 
 
 Very little is known of the lower forms of invertebrate life of 
 northern New Mexico, and from an ethnological point of view such 
 forms are mostly unimportant. While some of the pathological Pro- 
 tozoa must have had an important bearing on the health of the ancient 
 peoples of this region, just as they affect the present population, as 
 active agents in the spread of disease, yet such minute objects could 
 not have been known to people who had no microscopes. It is not 
 likely that any of the other phyla below the Mollusca are well repre- 
 sented here, if they occur at all, except the worms and their allies, 
 and very little work appears to have been done with respect to them. 
 Verrill x reported two unnamed varieties of leech, one at Taos and 
 one at San Ildefonso. We collected no specimens and so obtained 
 neither Indian names for nor Indian lore concerning them. 
 
 1 Verrill, A. E., Report upon the Collections of Fresh Water Leeches Made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, 
 Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1S72, 1873, and 1S74, U. S. Geog. Explor. & Surv. 
 W. of 100th Merid., Final Report, v, p. 965, 1875. 
 
68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
 CORAL 
 
 Kwpv, 'red stone' (Jew, stone; pi', red). 
 Red coral. 
 
 Red coral beads were obtained by the Tewa from tribes living in 
 the south. The beads were usually already made and strung when 
 the Tewa obtained them. The beads were called either Jcu'pr simply, 
 or hi'pi'Jcwa'a, 'red coral beads' (lew , stone; pi', red; Jcwa'a, bead). 
 No other kind or color of coral seenfs to have been known to the 
 Tewa. 
 
 As Coral clans of various pueblos Hodge gives: San Juan, Kopi n - 
 tdoa; Santa Clara, Kupi-toda; San Ildefonso, Kupi n -td6a; Tesuque, 
 Kupi n -tdoa; San Felipe, Ydscha-hdno (coral bead). Hodge, quot- 
 ing Fewkes, also gives Kopeli-towa as a Pink Conch Shell clan of 
 Hano. The Rio Grande Tewa know no such shell. (Can it be for 
 Ktcpr ?) 
 
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70 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 56 
 
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 1902. 
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 1859. 
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 (Transl. from Intern. Archiv fur Ethnog., Bd. vin, pp. 109-149.) 
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 Notes on Carpodacus frontalis, (Say) with description of a new species of the 
 
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 1897. 
 Mearns, Edgar A. Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States. Bull. 
 
 56, U. S. Nat. Museum, pt. 1, 1907. 
 
 Ornithological \ocabulary of the Moki Indians. Amer. Anthr., ix. pp. 
 
 391-403. 1896. 
 
 Merriam, C Hart. Descriptions of twenty-three new pocket gophers of the genus 
 
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 3-548, 1900. 
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72 BUBEAU OF AM !'.!;!« AX ETHNOLOGY [bill. 50 
 
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 1905; lxi, pp. 495-516, 1909; Lxn, pp. 44-147, 1910. 
 
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IXDEX OF ZOOLOGICAL NAMES 
 
 Page 
 
 Aeronautes melanoleucus ( Baird) 39 
 
 Agelaius pka nict usfortis R idgway 41 
 
 in Html is Ridgway 41 
 
 .1 Ibui in II ii x ji mi :a mix Cope 55 
 
 simus 55 
 
 A LLIGATOR 50 
 
 J mbystoma mavortium Baird 52 
 
 tigrinum (Green) 52 
 
 trisruptu m Cope 52 
 
 Amphibians 52 
 
 A ngtt ilia fostrata (Le Sueur) 56 
 
 iji i tm mix Girard 56 
 
 A nota modesta Girard.. - 49 
 
 Anser albifrons gambdi Bartlaub 33 
 
 Ant 58 
 
 Antelope 2, 3, 15 
 
 Antilocapra americana t Ord.) 15 
 
 A phelocoma woodhousei ( Baird) 39 
 
 .1 quila chrysaetos (Linn.) 37 
 
 Arachnids 60 
 
 Archilochus alexandri (Bourc. & Mul.) 39 
 
 Ashmundla 6,61 ,62,04 
 
 ashmuni 63, 64 
 
 ashmuni Hall 63 
 
 robusta Pilsbry 63 
 
 thomsoniana Aneey 63 
 
 townsendi Bartsch 64 
 
 I si,, ii,! ii, mi ii x (Pont. I 37 
 
 wilsonianus t Lesson 1 37 
 
 Istragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say) 42 
 
 Asyndesmus leioisi Riley 
 
 Acchenia 6 
 
 Badger 5,8,24 
 
 Bseolophus inornatus grist us ( Kidgway) 44 
 
 Bat 9,10, 12 
 
 Batrachians ."i2 
 
 Bear 1, 2,4,5,8, 11, 24 
 
 Beaver L'l 
 
 Bedbugs 59 
 
 Beetle 60 
 
 Bernicla f>r, nta Stepn 33 
 
 Bifidaria pcllucida parvidt ns sierki 64 
 
 •• Big Chipmunk " 21,22 
 
 Bighorn-. See Mountain .sheep. 
 
 Birds 2,4,1.. id,:,, 
 
 Bison 3, 4, 13 
 
 Bison bison (Linn.) 
 
 Black BIRD 5,41, 46 
 
 Brant a bi rnicla glaucogastra ( Brehm) 33 
 
 canadi mis en n«il< uxix ( Linn.) ,.'■ 
 
 Bubo virginianus pallesa ns stone ::: 
 
 Buffalo. See Bison. 
 
 B ufo cog mil ax Say 53 
 
 lentiginosus > oodhoust i I <;irard) 52 
 
 Page 
 
 Bum blebee 58 
 
 Bui in borealis calurus Cassin 36 
 
 swainsoni Bonaparte 30 
 
 B utterfly 59 
 
 Cull i pi pin squamata sqimmata (Vigors) 33 
 
 ( 'allospi 1 mophilus laU ralis I Say) 22 
 
 Calyculina 62 
 
 Camel 31 
 
 Canary 15 
 
 ( 11 ids • slot Merriam 28 
 
 nubilis Say 28 
 
 ( 'iirdiii in < latum Sow 62 
 
 ( in podacv 1 cassini Baird 41 
 
 imiltaris 42 
 
 frontalis Say 42 
 
 mexieanus frontalis < Say) 41 
 
 obscurus Nobis 42 
 
 Castor canadensis frondator Meant- 21 
 
 Cat 29 
 
 Cathartes auraseptentrionalis Wied 36 
 
 ( utherpes mexieanus conspersv-s Ridgway. ... 44 
 
 Cattle 2,9,31 
 
 Centipede 60 
 
 ( 1 iihnccrcvs vrophaxiiniiix 1 Bonaparte 1 34 
 
 1 1 ratichthys stt rletus Cope 56 
 
 ('in 11 x canadensis 16 
 
 Erxl 15 
 
 tin inn mi Xelson 16 
 
 Chaparral cock 37 
 
 ( In 11 It 1 pi rbon n x In/ p< rb' hi 11 x 1 Pallas 1 33 
 
 Chickadee 44 
 
 Chickaree 22 
 
 Chicken !,:;."> 
 
 Chipmunk 8,22 
 
 1 hondestes grammacv-s strigatus Sw ainson. .. 12 
 
 g m in '-x hi nryi < a>sin 38 
 
 1 Bonaparte 46 
 
 III II 11/ ill lir 'lx 
 
 Iridtci in I i in ul 11 x M iich 21 
 
 p /, mux Allen 21 
 
 variegatus grammurus I Say 1 21 
 
 1 if midophorV'S gularis Baird & GLrard 50 
 
 oct ilineatu s Baird 49 
 
 sexlineatus ' Linn. 1 49 
 
 tessi llatv-s pi rplexus 1 Baird A 
 
 Girard) 19 
 
 Cochlicopa 62 
 
 lubrica Sfuller 64 
 
 ' 'olaptes caf( 1 1 »rs 
 
 Conus * til 
 
 ft rgusoni 62 
 
 Sow 62 
 
 ps 1 1 2 
 
 aris 62 
 
 73 
 
74 
 
 INDEX 
 
 ('ORAI 
 
 Corvus braehyrhynehos brochyrhynchos Brehm, 
 
 hesperis Ridgway 
 
 cryptoleucus 
 
 Couch 
 
 Cory nor hi mix macrotis pallesa ns M Eller 
 
 ( '( (TTONTATJ : 
 
 COUGAB 
 
 Cow 
 
 Coyote 5 
 
 Crane 
 
 Crotalus conflut ntus confluentus (Say) . . . 
 
 Crotaphytus eollaris baileyi (Stejneger)... 
 
 chow 
 
 Crustaceans 
 
 ( 'ryptoglaux acadica acadica i Gmelin ) . . . 
 
 ( yanoct phalus cyanoct phalus (Wied > — 
 
 Cyanocitta stelleri diademata | Bonaparte) 
 
 < yanocorax cassinii 
 
 ( II until ys an nnisoni (Baird) 
 
 Deer 1,2,3,4,5,6,11 
 
 Deer-mouse 
 
 Dendragapus obscurus obscurus I Say ) 
 
 Dcndroica auduboni auduboni I Townsend). 
 
 Dipper 
 
 Dog 
 
 Donkey 
 
 Dove 
 
 Drrjobatcs villosus leucothorectis Oberholser. 
 
 monticola Anthony 
 
 Duck 
 
 10,68 
 
 40 
 40 
 41 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 30 
 31 
 ,11,28 
 33,46 
 51 
 47 
 40 
 (50 
 37 
 41 
 39 
 41 
 21 
 
 ,16,17 
 
 20,21 
 
 34 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 5,6,25 
 
 31 
 
 4,35 
 
 38 
 
 38 
 
 4,5,33 
 
 Eagle 4, 6,36 
 
 Kkl 56 
 
 Elephant 32 
 
 Elk 1, 2, 3, 4, 15 
 
 21 
 61 
 18 
 65 
 49 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 22 
 
 Epimys norvegicus I Erxl. > 
 
 Erato lilt: I Una Hinds 
 
 Erithizon epimnthum Brandt 
 
 Euconulus irochiformis alaskensis Pilsbry 
 
 Eumeces obsoUtns ( Baird & Girard) 
 
 F.tilif nia eques aurata Cope 
 
 ornata Bafrd 
 
 sirtalis dorsalis Baird iV Girard.. 
 Eulamiaa guadrivittatus (Say) 
 
 Felts hippolestes Merriam 30 
 
 Fiber zibethicus osoyoost nsis Lord lg 
 
 paliidus M earns 19 
 
 Finch 41,42 
 
 Fishes 1,3,10,54 
 
 Flicker 3s 
 
 Fly 59 
 
 FOX 5,29 
 
 10,52,53 
 
 i/tiriiiiiniis ( Lesson 1 37 
 
 Oeothlynutrich.au occidentalis Brewster 43 
 
 Gila monster 47 
 
 Qila pandora Cope 55 
 
 Giraffe 31 
 
 Glavcidium gnoma pinicola Nelson 37 
 
 GUycirru U 61,62 
 
 1 ."■• 1 15 
 
 Goldfinch 4 
 
 Gopher 19 
 
 Goose 33 
 
 Grasshopper 59 
 
 Grosbeak 43 
 
 Grouse 4,34 
 
 Grus canadensis ( Linn.) 33 
 
 Guinea pig 17 
 
 Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw 1 36 
 
 Halixftux leucocephalus leucocephalus I Linn. 1. 36,37 
 
 Haliotis sp 62 
 
 Hare 17 
 
 Hawk 4, 6,36 
 
 Heron 46 
 
 Heterodon nasicus nay/ens 1 Baird & Girard).. 50 
 
 Ilolbrookia macvlata maculata ( < lirard 1 47 
 
 Homo sapiens 9,11,12 
 
 Hornet 59 
 
 Hornyhead 56 
 
 Horse 2,9,11,26,3(1 
 
 Hummingbird 4,39 
 
 Hybognathus nuchalis A.gassiz 55 
 
 Hybopsis aestivalis (Girard) 56 
 
 Hylocichlafuscescens salicicola Ridgway 44 
 
 Hypsilepis iris Cope 55 
 
 Insects 56 
 
 Invertebrates, lower 67 
 
 Iridoprocnt bicolor I Vieillot 1 43 
 
 Jackrabbit 7, 17 
 
 Jay 4,39,40,41 
 
 Junco 42 
 
 J unco phaeonotus caniccps 1 Woodhouse) 42 
 
 dorsalis Henry 42 
 
 Killdeer 46 
 
 Lagopus leucuruf altipett ns < >sgood 34 
 
 /< in- mux (Swainson ) 34 
 
 Lark sparrow 42 
 
 Leech 67 
 
 Lejms bairdi Hayden 17 
 
 californicus it minus Waterhouse 17 
 
 caUotis \\ n.L'ler 17 
 
 campestris Bach 17 
 
 Lice 59 
 
 Lizards 10,47 
 
 Llama 6 
 
 Locust 59 
 
 Lutra canadt nsis 1 Schreher - 23 
 
 sonora R hoa la 23 
 
 Lutreola 1 ison 1 nergumt nos Bangs 23 
 
 Lymnsea 61 
 
 tit sidiosa Say 63 
 
 ohrussa Say '■ • 
 
 nut us/ ris M iiller 63 
 
 Macaw 4 5 
 
 Magpie 39 
 
 Marmota flaviventer (Aud. & Bach) 21 
 
 Marten 2-3 
 
 Mattes riiutiiiu <>,■ mi nes Rhoads 23 
 
 Meadowlarks 
 
 1/1 In in r /us erythrocepholus (Linn.) 38 
 
 Meleagris gallopava merriami Nelson 34 
 
 Melongena patula fi2 
 
 Rod. & Sow 62 
 
 Mi lospiza faUax 4 - 
 
 melodia morUana Henshaw 42 
 
 Mi phitis mesomelas variant I fray 24 
 
INDEX 
 
 75 
 
 Page 
 
 Microtus mordax Merriam 19 
 
 Mim us polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors) 43 
 
 Mink 23 
 
 Mockingbird 43 
 
 mollusks 61 
 
 Monkey 12 
 
 Mosquitoes 00 
 
 Mountain lion 30 
 
 Mountain sheep 1,3,4,14,15 
 
 Mouse IS, 19, 20, 21 
 
 Mule 31 
 
 MUSKRAT 19 
 
 Mhs musculus Linn 21 
 
 Mustela a mericana Turton 23 
 
 arizonensis Mearns 23 
 
 streatnri leptus Merriam 23 
 
 Myadestes townsendi (And.) 44 
 
 Myotis lucifugus longicrus ( True) 12 
 
 Myeiapods CO 
 
 Neotoma albigula Han ley 19 
 
 cinerca omit sit s Merriam 20 
 
 mi xica an fallal Merriam 20 
 
 NlGHTHAWK 38 
 
 Notropis dilectus Girard 55 
 
 lutrensis Baird and Girard 55 
 
 simu-i Cope 55 
 
 Nucifraga 'colu mbiana ( Wilson ) 41 
 
 Nutcracker 40,41 
 
 Nuthatch 4.44 
 
 Odocoileus mm ricanus macroums (Raf.) 17 
 
 hemionus ( Raf. ) 10 
 
 Oliva a ngulata 02 
 
 Lain 02 
 
 biplicata Sow 62 
 
 hiatula < Imelin 62 
 
 Olirtlla 01 
 
 biplicata Sowerby 61 
 
 Orcuhilis 01,02 
 
 concentrate Dall ii4 
 
 strigosa depressa Ckll 04 
 
 Gould 04 
 
 Otter 21 
 
 Otus asio aikt ni ( Brewster) 37 
 
 tin in nit olus tin m meolus ( Kan p) 37 
 
 Oris canadensis Shaw 14, 15 
 
 Owl 4,0,11,37 
 
 Pa ntostt us in rrovii ( ( 'ope > 55 
 
 ph In ins Baird & I ; irard 55 
 
 Passer domesticus ( Linn, i 43 
 
 Peacock 45 
 
 Pectunculus giganteus Reeve 02 
 
 Peiecypoda 02 
 
 Penthestes atTicapillusseptentrionalisi Harris) . 14 
 
 gambeli gambeli ( Ridgway ) 44 
 
 /■< rii 'ii ns canadensis capitalis Ridgway 40 
 
 Perognalhus apache Merriam 19 
 
 tin it sec ns Merriam 19 
 
 llnnis Baird 19 
 
 Peromyscus leucopus tornillo ( Mearns) 20 
 
 mankulatus ru firms (Merriam > . . 20 
 
 Iruei (Shufeldl I 20 
 
 Phah nnji/iUis nuttalli nuttalli (And. I 38 
 
 Phheotomus tibit ticola ( Bangs) 38 
 
 PUrynosoma cornutum Harlan 49 
 
 douglassii hernandesi \ Girard) ... 48 
 
 ornatissimu m(Girard). 48 
 
 Page 
 
 Physa .' oi . <v( 
 
 allonensis t>5 
 
 a ncillaria Say 05 
 
 D'Orbigniana Lea 65" 
 
 traskii 65 
 
 warrenia na Lea 65 
 
 Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine; 39 
 
 Pickorvus columbinus 40 
 
 Picoides americanus dorsalis Baird 38 
 
 Pigeon 4,45 
 
 "Pine squirrel" 22 
 
 I'ipihi arcticus 43 
 
 maculatus montanus Swarth 42 
 
 megalonyx 43 
 
 Pisidium 62, 63 
 
 Pityophis catenifer sayi (Sehlegel | 50 
 
 sayi mexicanus Dum. & Bib 50 
 
 Planesticus migratorius propinquus I Ridg- 
 
 way) 44 
 
 I 'la urn bis parvus Say 63 
 
 Poor- will 38 
 
 Porcupine is 
 
 Pratrie dog 21 
 
 Procyon Jnlor Linn 25 
 
 Pronghorn 15 
 
 Ptarmigan 34 
 
 Puma 5,30 
 
 I'n pilla 62, *u5 
 
 blandi Morse 04 
 
 muscorum Linne 64 
 
 Putorius longkauda Merriam 23 
 
 Pyramidula cronkhitei anlhorryi 65 
 
 perspectiva Say 65 
 
 shimehi cockerelli Pilsbry 05 
 
 Q (JAIL 33 
 
 Rabbit. .-. 4,5,7, 1 7 
 
 R accoon 25 
 
 Ra na Imlecina berla ndieri 1 Kalm ) Cope 53 
 
 halccina ( Kalm) Cope 53 
 
 pipu ns Sehreber 53 
 
 virescens brachycephala (ope 53 
 
 Hat 8, 19,20,21,32 
 
 Rattlesnake 40,51 
 
 Raven 40 
 
 Redtaii 36 
 
 Rkh-wing 5,41 
 
 Reptiles 46 
 
 Rhinichthys cataractx dulcis < • irard 56 
 
 mari/losus Cope 56 
 
 Rkhardsonius pulchellus pandora (Cope) HH 
 
 Road-runner 37 
 
 Robin 4. 44 
 
 Sage hen ' 34 
 
 Salamanders 10,52,53 
 
 Salmo mykiss spilurus ( 'ope 55 
 
 jilt 11 riiicus Cope ." 
 
 Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus [Say] 43 
 
 Sapsttckee 38 
 
 Sci loporus Irislicluis 4S 
 
 nndiilains consobrinus (Baird a. 
 
 Girard) 4s 
 
 aberti Woodhouse 22 
 
 fremonti Aud. & Bach 22 
 
 neomexicanus 2! 
 
 Scorpions 60 
 
 Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson) 39 
 
 riifns 1 1 . melirj ) 39 
 
76 
 
 1NDKX 
 
 l'age 
 
 Shi i r 2,14 
 
 Shells 61 
 
 45 
 
 honi Mearas 44 
 
 pygma a pygmxa V igors 44 
 
 SK1NK 17,49 
 
 Skunk 24 
 
 Slugs 66 
 
 sn uls •"" 63,66 
 
 Snakes 10 46,60 
 
 Solitaire : 44 
 
 Sparrow 4,42,43 
 
 Spi lerjn iftwCope 52 
 
 Speolytocuniculariahypogxa\ Bonaparte)... . -37 
 
 Spermophtxe, striped 21 
 
 Sphyrapicus thyroideus (< as: in) 38 
 
 M'li'Ki; 10,60 
 
 Spilogalt gracilis saxatilii Merriam . 24 
 
 U nuts Howell 24 
 
 Spizella br< w< ri Cassin 42 
 
 Squirrei 4.8,?J 22 
 
 SteJlula calliopt i Gould) 39 
 
 Strix occidt ntalis occidt ntalis | Xantus) 37 
 
 Strombus gait at us Wood 62 
 
 Succinea avara Say 65 
 
 slr< Ich imia Bland 65 
 
 Mi kkh 55 
 
 Swallow 43 
 
 Sweet-water dace 56 
 
 Swift (birr) 39 
 
 Swift (lizard) 46, 47 
 
 Swine " 0,32 
 
 Sylvilagus auduboni neomexicahus Nelson 18 
 
 warn ni Nelson IS 
 
 nuttalli pinetis (Allen) 18 
 
 Tachycineta thalassina It pida Meams 43 
 
 TamiasduTus (subgenus 1 23 
 
 I M; INTULAS 60 
 
 Taxi&ea taxus Schreber 24 
 
 Thamnophis eques (Reuss 50 
 
 Thomomys a uri us pt 1 1 agu - M erriam 19 
 
 Thrush 44 
 
 I i ' M ' ! 44 
 
 1 ( .ADS 10,52,53 
 
 IISE 10,52 
 
 TOWHEE 42 
 
 wrkmani Audubon 44 
 
 Trout 54 
 
 Page 
 Ti RKET 1,2,4,6,34 
 
 I'ti nilt I la 62 
 
 hi 61 
 
 Kleiner 62 
 
 Ti nil. i. 10,52 
 
 Urocoptida 6 
 
 Urocyon tint nn-argi ntatt us Schreber 29 
 
 cinereoargenteus scotti Mearns 29 
 
 I is us ti nit rial n as Pallas 24 
 
 horribilis horrisi us Baird 24 
 
 Ord 24 
 
 i in h t is Stejneger 4s 
 
 ornata Baird & Oirard 48,f0 
 
 stansburiana Baird & Oirard i- 
 
 1 ti/lnitia 62 
 
 cyclophorella Aneey 64 
 
 Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pilsbry & Va- 
 
 natta 64 
 
 at mi a n n la Cockerel! ii( 
 
 i Hi -mi alaskana I (all 65 
 
 Vole 19 
 
 VULTURl 
 
 Wapiti 15 
 
 Warbler 4:'. 
 
 Wasp 59 
 
 Water ouzel 46 
 
 WEASEl 23 
 
 Wildcat 5 
 
 Wolf 28 
 
 WOODCHUt K -'1 
 
 \\ oodpeckee 38 
 
 Worms 60 
 
 \\ REN 43 
 
 Xtiiiiinitt /iiw/its jtinilitift /ilia/as i Bonaparte . 41 
 
 '> ELLOW-THROAT 43 
 
 Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson) 43 
 
 '/a mi nis constrictor flavivi rtiris I Say i 50 
 
 1 1 lllstll III 
 
 /tl/ills lllttlls IS 
 
 princt [>s Allen 18 
 
 Zebra 
 
 Zt na id ma macroura marginclla (Woodhouse). 35 
 
 des 62 
 
 arbun US Say 65 
 
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