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 .K5 
 Copy 1 
 
 ©utiine S>tutip of 
 Ancient l^tstorp 
 
 Maud Elma Kingsley. a. m. 
 
 The Palmer Company 
 
 BOSTON 
 
Outline of 
 Ancient History 
 
Outline of 
 
 Ancient History 
 
 by Maud Elma Kingslcy 
 
 Copyright. 1911. by 
 
 The Palmer Company 
 
 Boston 
 
 The Palmer Company, Publishers 
 t20 Boylston Street, Boston 
 

 PRESS OF 
 
 NEWCOMB:& GAUSS 
 
 SALEM, MASS. 
 
 CCI.A280338 
 
^ 
 
 Outline Study of Ancient 
 History. 
 
 A. PRELIMINARY WORK. 
 
 L DEFINITION OF ''HISTORY''* 
 
 Note 1. HISTORY is the record of human endeavor and 
 achievement. Events in which men have not been con- 
 cerned do not make '* History." 
 
 IL DEFINITION OF "CIVILIZATION/' 
 
 Note 2. CIVILIZATION may be defined as that condition 
 of human life in which man relies on his intellectual 
 faculties for the gratification of his desires, rather than 
 on physical strength or animal cunning. 
 
 Relation Between History and Civilization* 
 
 Note 3. There can be no history without civilization, because 
 the endeavor and achievement of which history is the 
 record originate in intellectual ideas; but much civiliza- 
 tion has existed, which, for one reason or another, has 
 left no history; consequently, history cannot be regard- 
 ed as, in any sense, a complete record of civilization. 
 
 in. RAGES OF MANKIND-ETHNOLOGY* 
 
 Note 4. In the study of " History ", it is necessary to notice 
 the differences in physical appearance, language, and 
 culture which exist between the inhabitants of different 
 parts of the earth. This branch of study is known as 
 ETHNOLOGY. 
 
 For purposes of historical study, the human race may be 
 divided into five races: 
 
2 Ancient History 
 
 1. The White or CAUCASIAN Race. 
 
 a. Families of the Caucasian Race. 
 
 (1). The HAMITIC or North African Family. 
 
 (2). The SEMITIC or Syro Arabian Family. 
 
 (3). The ARYAN or Indo European Family. 
 Note 5. The history of that form of civilization which is 
 
 now- predominant throughout the world is the history of 
 
 the White or Caucasian Race. 
 
 2. The Yellow or MONGOLIAN Race* 
 
 3. The Black Of NEGRO Race. 
 
 4. The Brown or MALAY Race. 
 
 5. The Red or NORTH AMERICAN Race. 
 
 IV. PREHISTORIC TIMES. 
 
 Note 6. The time during which the human race has existed 
 on the earth may be divided into two periods: — (1) the 
 Prehistoric period, of which we have no history what- 
 ever. (2) the Historic period, of which some historic 
 record, however fragmentary, exists. 
 
 1. Source of lafortnatioa Regarding Prehistoric Time — ARCHAE- 
 
 OLOGY. 
 
 Note 7. All knowledge of this period is based on the study 
 of human remains and of objects connected with human 
 life which have been accidentally preserved. This study 
 is known as ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 2. The Three Stages of Prelilstoric Time. 
 
 Note 8. Archaeologists have been able to trace in Europe 
 and Western Asia a progressive improvement in the con- 
 ditions of human life. Hence they divide this period 
 into three stages : 
 a. The STONE AGE. {Characterized by implements of stone 
 and hone). 
 (1). PALEOLITHIC AGE. {Rudely made implements of 
 flint ; men lived in caves ; no signs of domesticated 
 plants or animals). 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 3 
 
 (2). NEOLITHIC AGE. (Polished implements; men 
 lived in huts; domesticated animals and cultivated 
 plants). 
 
 b. The BRONZE AGE. {Characterized by implements of 
 
 copper alloyed with other easily worked metals). 
 
 c. The IRON AGE. {Characterized by implements of iron). 
 
 V. THE HISTORIC PERIOD. 
 J. The History of Ancient Civilization, B. C. 5000— B. C. 500. 
 
 2. The History of Greek and Roman Civilization, B, C. 500— 
 
 A. D. 500. 
 
 3. The History of Modern Qvilization, A. D. 500— Present Time. 
 
 Note 9. The HISTORIC PERIOD begins with the earliest 
 traces of historic record which can be followed consecu- 
 tively to the present day. Documents constituting such 
 record which are believed to date from before 5000 B. C. 
 have been found in Egypt and Babylonia. 
 
 Of the earliest ages, historic record is but fragment- 
 ary, and includes only a very small fraction of the hu- 
 man race; as it progresses, it becomes more nearly 
 complete and inclusive : but it is for only a few recent 
 centuries that HISTORY can claim to be a complete 
 record of human life throughout the earth. 
 
 Note 10. An '-'■ Historic Becord'''' is a document of any na- 
 ture which can be made to connect the time in which it was 
 produced with the present time. 
 
 B. THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION. 
 
 (B. C. 5000— B. C. 500). 
 
 Note 11. The History of Ancient Civilization is for us the 
 history of the ancient EGYPTIANS, the ASSYRIANS, 
 the BABYLONIANS, and the HEBREWS; because no 
 other peoples have left records from which a consecutive 
 story of their national life can be made out. 
 
Ancient History 
 
 L GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Portion of the Earth Occupied by the Peoples whose Records 0)q- 
 stitute Ancient History. 
 
 a. That part of Asia which is west of the Iranian Plateau, 
 south of the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, and north 
 of the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, together with the 
 north-eastern corner of the African continent and the 
 islands and European coasts of the Aegean Sea. 
 (1). Leading Geographical Features of this Region, 
 (a). Localities which in name and position are identi- 
 cal with those of modern Geography. 
 a^ Mediterranean Sea, Bed Sea or Arabian Gulf, 
 Persian Gulf, Nile River, Tigris and Euphrates 
 Bivers. 
 (b). Localities whoso names are either unknown to 
 modern Geography or are used in a somewhat 
 different sense. 
 a^ The Aegean Sea. between Asia Minor and Greece, 
 b* Egypt, the valley of the Nile to the first cataract 
 
 (-See Note 13.) 
 c^ Libya, the African coast west of Egypt. 
 d^ Sinai, between the two northern arms of the Red 
 
 Sea. 
 e' Syria, between the Euphrates River and the Med- 
 iterranean Sea. 
 f^ Palestine, the southwestern corner of Syria, 
 g^ Phoenicia, the Syrian coast, 
 h^ Mesopotamia, between the Euphrates and the 
 
 Tigris River. 
 
 i^ Babylonia or Chaldaea, between the lower Tigris 
 
 and the lower Euphrates, where the two rivers 
 
 approach so closely as to be connected by canals. 
 
 j^ Elam, north of the Persian Gulf and east of the 
 
 Tigris River, 
 k^ Assyria, originally a district on the upper Tigris; 
 later, it included all Mesopotamia and Babylonia. 
 P Persia^ northeast of the Persian Gulf. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 5 
 
 m^ Media, the plateau region north of Persia and 
 
 Elam. 
 n^ Armenia or Ararat^ the mountain region north of 
 
 the source of the Tigris and Euphrates, 
 o^ Cilicia, Phrygia, Lydia, eastern, central, and 
 
 western Asia Minor. 
 
 n. ANCIENT EGYPT. 
 Geography of the Region^ 
 
 a. The NILE. 
 
 Note 12. Practically no rain falls in Egypt, hence the soil 
 depends for its fertility wholly upon the river Nile. This 
 river is formed, about latitude sixteen degrees north, by 
 the junction of two streams, known respectively as the 
 White Nile and the Blue Nile. The White Nile drains a 
 vast region in Equatorial Africa where the rainfall is 
 heavy and constant; the Blue Nile drains the highland of 
 Abyssinia, a region of winter snow and torrential spring 
 rains. The Spring freshet of the Blue Nile, added to the 
 always copious stream of the White Nile, produces a 
 flood which, in the Autumn months, inundates the entire 
 valley below the first cataract. This flood, (which not 
 only irrigates the land, but fertilizes it as well), when 
 properly controlled by canals and reservoirs, suffices for 
 the support of vegetation throughout the year. 
 
 b. EGYPT. {The valley of the Nile to the first cataract). 
 Note 13. The CATARACTS of the Nile are stretches of 
 
 rock and quick water, usually numbered from the first, 
 at Latitude twenty-four degrees, to the sixth, above lat- 
 itude seventeen degrees. 
 (1). Topographical Divisions. 
 
 (a). UPPER EGYPT, from the first Cataract to the point 
 
 at whi«h the Nile divides and flows to the sea through 
 
 two (in former times, seven) channels. 
 
 Note 14. These two branches of the Nile are known in 
 
 modern Geography as the DAMIETTA MOUTH (the 
 
 eastern), and the ROSETTA MOUTH (the western); but 
 
 these rivers were unknown to ancient Egypt. 
 
6 Ancient History 
 
 (b). LOWER EGYPT, the region between the easternmost 
 and westernmost mouths of the Nile, — the coast up to 
 and including Memphis. 
 
 c. LYBIA, SINAI, SYRIA, PALESTINE, PHOENICIA— 
 Study B, 1(a). 
 
 d. ETHIOPIA or NUBIA, the Nile valley above the first 
 cataract. 
 
 e. ARABIA, the desert southeast of Syria. 
 
 f . ARABIAN DESERT, the desert east of the Nile. 
 
 g. LIBYAN DESERT, the desert west of the Nile. 
 
 h. The FAYUM, an oasis in the Libyan desert, connected 
 with the Nile by canals. 
 
 i. The RIVER JORDAN, the river of Palestine, flowing 
 into the Dead Sea. 
 
 j. LEBANON, a range of mountains separating Phoenicia 
 from the interior of Syria. 
 
 k. The RIVER ORONTES, the river of Syria, draining the 
 eastern slope of Lebanon. 
 
 Note 15. Influence of EgypVs Geographical Position upon its 
 History. — Separated from Asia and Africa by vast deserts 
 and from Europe by the sea, Egypt was difficult of ac- 
 cess to an invading army and was practically safe from 
 raids of wandering barbarians. 
 
 2. The Inhabitants of the Region* 
 
 a. The Egyptians. 
 (1). Race. 
 
 (a). The Hamitic or North African branch of the Caucasian 
 race, with a large infusion of the Semitic branch of the 
 same race and a slight trace of negro blood, 
 (2). Physical Characteristics. 
 
 (a). Medium height, sinewy frame, oval face, black eyes, 
 crisp black hair, skin varying in color from deep 
 brown to light olive. 
 
 b. Neighboring Peoples. 
 (1). To the South. 
 
 (a). The ETHIOPIANS or NUBIANS (of Hamitic race, 
 with a strong admixture of negro blood). 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 7 
 
 (2). To the West. 
 
 (a). The LIBYANS {of Hamitic race mixed with elements 
 derived from the negro race and from the Aryans of 
 Europe and Asia Minor. 
 (3). To the North, across the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 (a). The Aryan peoples of Europe and Asia Minor. 
 (4). To the East in Arabia, Sinai, Palestine, and Syria, 
 (a). Various peoples of the Semitic race. 
 
 3. Prehistoric Egypt. {Before 3400 B. C). 
 
 a. The Beginning and Earliest Development of Egyptian Civ- 
 
 ilization. 
 
 Note 16. Of this process there is no trace. The earliest re- 
 mains — rock pictures, carvings, pottery, and ornaments 
 — indicate a civilization already strong and pervasive. 
 No inscriptions survive from this period, though possibly 
 a system of picture writing existed. 
 
 b. Dated Event of this Period. 
 
 (1). The institutioi^ of the Egyptian Calendar, astronomi- 
 cally fixed at about 4250 B. C. 
 Note 17. This invention indicates a considerable degree of 
 civilization. 
 
 4. The History of Ancient Egypt. 
 
 Note 18. Sources of Knowledge of Egyptian History ,— These 
 are (1), inscriptions on the walls of temples and on 
 obelisks, biographical sketches on tombs and on papyrus 
 rolls deposited with the dead, inscribed bricks of Syrian 
 and Babylonian origin, etc. The information derived 
 from this source, though authentic, is, necessarily, 
 most fragmentary. (2) The list of Egyptian kings which 
 originally formed part of an Egyptian history written 
 by Manetho, an Egyptian priest, in the last days of 
 Egyptian civilization; (3), the Greek and Hebrew 
 historians . ( The works of these historians are of positive 
 value only for the latest period of Egyptian history.) 
 
 Note 19. Chronology. — There are no positively fixed dates in 
 Egyptian history before 1000 B. C. Notices of astronom- 
 
Ancient History 
 
 ical phenomena in the inscriptions, and the frequent 
 mention of the length of a king's reign or of the dura- 
 tion of a dynasty afford the data from which an approxi- 
 mate chronology for early Egyptian history has been 
 constructed. 
 
 THE OLD KINGDOM, 3400 B. C— 2200 B. C. 
 (1). Political History, 
 (a). The period begins with the union of the entire Nile 
 valley, from the first cataract to the sea, under one 
 system of government, and ends with the breaking up of 
 the kingdom into separate provinces, ruled by hereditary 
 governors. 
 (2). The Seat of Government, 
 (a). Thrnis or Abydos in Upper Egypt, during the early 
 
 dynasties, 
 (b). Memphis, on the boundary line between Upper and 
 Lower Egypt. 
 
 Note 20. It is at Memphis that the most splendid monu- 
 ments of the age are located. 
 
 (3). Civilization. 
 
 Note 21. In this period, Egyptian civilization reached the 
 height at which it ever after remained practically sta- 
 tionary. 
 
 (a). The system of writing was elaborated. 
 
 (b). The rules of art and architecture were laid down. 
 
 (c). The principles of religion were established. 
 
 (4). Events of the Period. 
 
 (a). The building of the great PYRAMIDS at Gizeh, near 
 
 Memphis, 2900 B. C— 2700 B. C. ^' ^ ■ ,^ ' 
 (b). Expedition to Phoenicia, 2750 B. C. 
 (c.) Expedition to Sinai, 2600 B. C. 
 (d). Expedition to Nubia, 2600 B. C. 
 (e). Commerce with inner Africa, Lebanon, and the 
 
 Aegean established, after 2600 B. C. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 9 
 
 b. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM, 2200 B. C— 1600 B. C. 
 (1). Political History, 
 (a). This period begins with the reestablishment of the 
 royal power in the form of a feudal sovereignty over 
 hereditary princes, each of whom was a petty king 
 in his own domain, 
 (b). The period ends with a general decline of Egyptian 
 institutions and the subjection of Egypt to foreign 
 domination. 
 <2). The Seat of Government. 
 
 (a). Ithtowe (now Lisht), about twenty-five miles south of 
 Memphis. 
 <3). Events of the Period. 
 
 (a). The canal connecting the Nile with the Red Sea was 
 
 built 2000 B. C. 
 {b). Canal built around the first cataract; subjugation of 
 
 Nubia, 1850 B. C. 
 (c).^ Egyptian dominion established in southern Palestine, 
 
 1850 B. C. 
 (d). The Fayum region {See B-h) connected with the Nile 
 irrigation system; construction of Lake Moeris and 
 the Labyrinth, 1800 B. C. 
 (e). Invasion of the HYKSOS. 
 JSfote 22. From 1800 B. C— 1600 B. C, the history of Egypt 
 is almost a blank so far as contemporary documents are 
 concerned. From the record of later times, it is known 
 that during the greater part of these two centuries Egypt 
 was subject to the domination of kings of foreign race, 
 known as the HYKSOS or " ShepJierds,'^ who came in 
 from the north, devastated the country, and made them- 
 selves its rulers. They are supposed to have been Sem- 
 ites of Syria or Arabia. 
 (4). Civilization. 
 
 (a). Not a period of great achievement, but of steady com- 
 mercial and industrial development, 
 (b). The feudal system in the hands of patriotic kings 
 and vassals insured a share of prosperity to every 
 province of the kingdom. 
 
10 Ancient History 
 
 (c). The system of the control of the Nile water was per- 
 ^^ fected. 
 
 (d). Building operations, though not conducted on so 
 large a scale as in other eras, were more widespread. 
 
 (e). Art flourished; literature reached its highest devel- 
 opment. 
 
 c. THE IMPERIAL PERIOD, 1600 B. C— 1100 B. C. 
 
 (1). ^Political History. 
 (a). This period begins 
 a^ With the expulsion of the Hyksos by a national up- 
 rising headed by the princes of Thebes in Upper 
 Egypt. 
 b^ With the reorganization of the kingdom as a military 
 empire, under these princes, 
 (b). The period ends with the decay of the empire after 
 it had exhausted the energy and vitality of the na- 
 tion, 
 (c). The Kings. 
 
 Note 23. In the first half of this period, most of the kings 
 bore the names of THOTHMES and AMENHOTEP ; in 
 the last half, the name of RAMSES or RAMESES is 
 most common. The embalmed bodies {mummies) of 
 almost all of the great kings of this period have been 
 found and are now preserved in the Egyptian museum at 
 Cairo. 
 
 (2). Seat of Government. 
 
 (a). THEBES. 
 
 Note 24. THEBES was the capital of Egypt at the height of 
 her power and glory, and was the largest and most splen- 
 did city known to the ancient world. 
 
 (3). Events of the Period, 
 (a). Expulsion of the Hyksos, before 1575 B. C. 
 (b). Conquest of Ethiopia, 1500 B. C. 
 (c). Glorious and prosperous reign of Queen Hatshepat 
 1475 B. C. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 11 
 
 (d). THOTHMES III., the first great emperor of history, 
 a^ Thothmes extends his empire from the first cata- 
 ract of the Nile to the Euphrates in northern Syria, 
 1450 B. C. 
 (e). Reign of AMENHOTEP III. 
 
 a^ Glory of the Egyptian Empire; splendid buildings 
 and enormous wealth at Thebes; CYPRUS added 
 to the empire; Egyptian influence felt on the shores 
 of the Aegean Sea.— 1400 B. C. 
 (f). Reign of AMENHOTEP IV. 
 
 a^ Revolts from the religious establishment and 
 
 founds a new religion based on the worship of one 
 
 impersonal God. 
 
 b\ This revolt causes (1) temporary paralysis of the 
 
 empire ; (2) loss of Palestine and Syria, 1300 B. C. 
 
 (g). Restoration of the national religion by a new dynasty, 
 
 1300 B. C. 
 (h). Reign of RAMESES II. 
 a^ Wars in Syria, 1225 B. C. 
 
 Note 25. The lost provinces were not restored to Egypt. 
 
 b^ Overthrow of the imperial system; the Priests of 
 Thebes rule Upper Egypt, 1100 B. C. 
 
 Note 26. The downfall of the Egyptian empire was practi- 
 cally contemporaneous with the establishment of the 
 Kingdom of Israel by Saul and David and with the move- 
 ment known in Greek History as the Dorian Migrations. 
 This period was, consequently, for the Hebrews and 
 Greeks, the earliest dawn of history. These new and 
 rude nations knew nothing of Egypt but its decline and 
 decay, but even decadent Egypt so impressed the minds 
 of Hebrew and Greek poets and historians that it stood 
 to them as a type of all tha^ was solidly grand and mag- 
 nificent. 
 
 (4). Civilization of the Period. 
 
 Note 27. This was a period of outward splendor and pros- 
 perity. The kings celebrated their victories abroad by 
 
12 Ancient History 
 
 the erection of the most magnificent buildings and lofty 
 obelisks; art and literature flourished; life at the court 
 and among the nobility reached the height of refinement 
 and luxury. The life blood of the natiou, however, was 
 drained by foreign wars, and the commercial initiative 
 and energy which had hitherto characterized the Egyp- 
 tian people was crushed out by despotism and by an op- 
 pressive religious establishment. 
 
 d. PERIOD OF DECAY, 1100 B. C— 525 B. C. 
 (1). Political history, 
 (a). This period begins with the loss of Egypt's foreign 
 provinces and ends with the extinction of Egyptian 
 nationality. 
 Note 28. During this period, national spirit and ambition 
 were extinct and the throne of Egypt or of some part of 
 Egypt was a prize which might be captured by any bold 
 and unscrupulous adventurer. .Many of these usurping 
 kings were, however, able and energetic, and all of them 
 upheld Egyptian traditions as they understood them. 
 
 (2). Subdivisions of this Period. 
 
 a^ The period when the dominion of Egypt was disputed 
 between the Priests of Thebes and the kings who 
 reigned in the Delta, 1100 B. C— 900 B. C. 
 b^ The period when Egypt was ruled by kings of Libyan 
 origin, supported by mercenary soldiers of Libya, 
 900 B. C— 700 B. C. 
 Note 29. In this period the Assyrian conquests in Syria 
 began. 
 c^ The period when Egypt was united with Ethiopia 
 under kings of Ethiopian*origin, 700 B. C, — 650 B. C. 
 Note 30. This was a period of constant conflict between 
 Egypt and Assyria, to the disadvantage of Egypt. In 
 this period, the Assyrians invaded Egypt; sacked Mem- 
 phis (666 B. C), and Thebes (661 B. C); expelled the 
 Ethiopians, and gave the throne to a native Egyptian ad- 
 venturer, as an Assyrian vassal. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History IS 
 
 d^ The Period of Restoration, 650 B. C— 525 B. C. 
 Note 31. This period witnessed the breaking up of the As- 
 syrian empire, followed by a shadowy restoration of the 
 Egyptian empire. In this period, the G-reeks established 
 themselves in Egypt as soldiers and merchants, thus 
 forming a connection between Egyptian and Greek civili- 
 zation. 
 
 . subseque:n^t history of egypt. 
 
 (1). Dated Events. 
 
 (a). Egypt conquered and made a Persian province by the 
 Persian Emperor, CAMBYSBS, B. C. 525. 
 
 (b). Successful revolt aided by the Greeks, B. C. 399-378. 
 
 (c). Egypt a Persian province, 378 B. C— 332 B. C. 
 
 (d). Conquered by the Greeks under Alexander the Great 
 a^ Alexandria founded, B. C. 382. 
 
 (e). Egypt an independent kingdom under the Greek 
 dynasty of the PTOLEMIES. The dynasty began 
 with Ptolemy Soter, one of the generals of Alexander 
 (B. C. 323), and ends with the famous Queen Cleopatra 
 (B. C. 30). 
 
 (f). Became a Roman province, B. C. 30. 
 
 Egyptian Culture. 
 
 a. Egyptian Religion. 
 
 (1). The Gods. 
 Note 32. The religion of the primitive Egyptians was a 
 worship of the creative and reproductive powers of na- 
 ture. Each province had its own form of worship, evolv- 
 ing, in time, from symbol and ritual, a distinct local god 
 for each province. The divinities so worshipped were 
 literally innumerable; those noticed below are most 
 frequently mentioned in the inscriptions, 
 (a). Gods universally worshipped. 
 
 a^ RA, the Sun God, the special guardian of the king. 
 b^ AMON, the God of Thebes,identified with Ba, by the 
 
 Theban emperors. 
 c*. OSIRIS, with his consort ISIS, and their son HORUS. 
 
14 Ancient History 
 
 Note 33. The mythical story of OSIRIS was regarded as 
 emblematic of the struggle between life and death in the 
 physical world, and between good and evil in the spirit- 
 ual world, 
 (b). Gods which received special honors in certain prov- 
 inces, although their divinity was universally recognized, 
 a^? PTAH, the craftsman's god of Memphis, 
 b*. HATHOR, the goddess of Denderah. 
 c'. NEITH, the goddess of Sais. 
 d^ SEBEK, the crocodile god of the Fayum. 
 (2). The Future Life. 
 
 Note 34. The Egyptians believed in a world of the dead 
 where the souls of men were rewarded or punished as 
 they deserved; but they also believed that these souls 
 would or could revisit the places where each had lived 
 as a mortal; and, in order that the returning soul might 
 find familiar surroundings, including the semblance of 
 its own mortal being, the bodies of kings and of those 
 who could afford the expense were thoroughly embalmed 
 and deposited in a tomb, designed to endure for all eter- 
 nity. The chambers of this tomb were painted with 
 scenes illustrating the life of the deceased. 
 b. General Culture. 
 (1). Science. 
 
 (a). Astronomy, 
 Note 35. The Egyptians possessed knowledge of the move- 
 ments of the planets and of the moon, of the apparent 
 motion of the sun, and of cycles of time. 
 
 (b). Geometry. (All the principles applicable to architec- 
 ture and land measuring). 
 (c). Chemistry. 
 Note 36. The word itself is Egyptian. Egyptians discov- 
 ered all that was known of the science in the ancient 
 world. This knowledge they applied chiefly to metal- 
 lurgy, 
 (d). Physics. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 15 
 
 Note 37. The Egyptians were ignorant of many of the sim- 
 plest principles of mechanics. They moved vast weights, 
 but only by the unsparing use of human strength, 
 (e). Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 Note 38. Practically all the knowledge of the Greeks in 
 these sciences was derived from the Egyptians ; and the 
 Greek medical writers were standard authorities until 
 very recent times. 
 
 (2). Art. 
 (a). Architecture. 
 
 Note 39. Of all the arts this was the most valued. All the 
 principles of architecture known to the ancient world 
 were practiced. Egyptian architecture is characterized 
 by massive dignity. The pyramids are the most stupen- 
 dous, and the temples of Thebes are the most magnificent 
 structures ever built by man. 
 (b). Painting and Sculpture. 
 
 Note 40. Painting and sculpture were subservient to temple 
 and tomb building, and were, consequently, fettered by 
 regulations imposed by religion. The Egyptians excelled 
 in portrait sculpture and in the mixing of strong and 
 stable pigments, 
 (c). Industrial Arts. 
 
 Note 41. The Egyptians were most skillful weavers; no bet- 
 ter linen cloth has ever been produced than that made 
 by them. Pottery, tools, metal work, — solid and practi- 
 cal, but not equal to Greek work in form and finish, — 
 were produced in great abundance. 
 
 (3). Literature, 
 (a). The Egyptian System of Writing, 
 a^. HIEROGLYPHICS. 
 
 Note 42. The earliest form of picture writing developed 
 into a conventional system of pictures representing ideas. 
 In rapid writing, these pictures were simplified to mere 
 marks to which other characters, representing syllables, 
 were added, making the systeni extremely cumbersome 
 and complex. 
 
16 Ancient History 
 
 b^. PAPYRUS. 
 
 Note 43. The Papyrus, a giant water plant, furnished the 
 Egyptians with a substitute for the modern writing 
 paper. The stem of this plant was split into strips and 
 these strips were laid side by side, to the desired width, 
 and covered with paste; then another layer of similar 
 strips was laid transversely across the first one, and the 
 whole pressed, while moist, into one sheet. 
 
 (b). Literary Productions. 
 
 a\ Inscriptions on Tombs and Obelisks. 
 Note 44. These, although grandiose and stilted, are simple 
 and to the point. 
 
 hK THE BOOK OF THE DEAD. 
 
 Note 45. The BOOK OF THE DEAD consists of a collection 
 of magical prayers and formulas for the use of the dis- 
 embodied spirit. Copies of this book were found with 
 mummies in the tombs. • 
 
 c^ Hymns in praise of the Gods and of the King. 
 d\ Prophecies and gnomic Proverbs. 
 e\ Fiction. 
 
 Note 46. This department of literature was highly devel- 
 oped. Egyptian Folk Tales were so generally known 
 that the Greeks thought them national history. Ficti- 
 tious voyages and marvels of distant lands were a favorite 
 form of fiction. 
 
 6* Cities and Monuments. 
 
 a. In Lower Egypt. 
 
 Note 47. The shifting channels of the Nile have irrecovera- 
 bly buried the oldest monuments in the Delta. Below 
 Cairo, existing monuments date only from the later peri- 
 ods of Egyptian history. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 17 
 
 Note 48. In the tables given below, modern names of places 
 are in italics. 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 Sais 
 
 Iseum 
 
 Tanis 
 
 Bubastis 
 
 On or 
 Heliopolis 
 
 Cairo 
 Gizeh 
 
 The Pyramids. 
 
 GEOeRAPHICAL 
 LOCATION. 
 
 On the coast, near the 
 Rosetta mouth of 
 the Nile. 
 
 On the Rosetta branch 
 of the Nile. 
 
 Near the DamiettS, 
 branch of the Nile. 
 
 East of the Damietta 
 mouth of the Nile. 
 
 Near the Damietta 
 branch. 
 
 Eastern bank of the 
 Nile, near the point 
 of the Delta. 
 
 One mile east of the 
 Nile— a short dis- 
 tance above the 
 point of the Delta. 
 
 Western bank of the 
 Nile, three miles 
 southwest of Cairo. 
 
 South of Gizeh; for 
 several miles along 
 the edge of the 
 desert— the ceme- 
 tery of Memphis. 
 
 HISTORY AND EXISTING 
 MONUMENTS. 
 
 City dates only from the 
 period of Greek domin- 
 ion in Egypt; no monu- 
 ments of importance. 
 
 Ruins of the temple of 
 the goddess Neith. 
 
 Ruins of a large temple 
 of Isis. 
 
 Temple and fallen obe- 
 lisks. 
 
 Lofty mounds; ruins of 
 a great temple. 
 
 Standing obelisk, 70 ft. 
 high. 
 
 The capital of modern 
 Egypt. 
 
 Museum of Egyptian an- 
 tiquities, including the 
 mummies of many of 
 the most famous rulers 
 of Egypt in the Impe- 
 rial Period. 
 
 The three Great Pyra- 
 mids builtby the kings 
 of what is known as 
 the 4th Dynasty,before 
 2500 B. C. The largest 
 was the tomb of King 
 Khuf u (C/ieops); there 
 are six others only 
 slightly smaller than 
 these, and many others 
 of inferior size. Near 
 by is the Sphinx — a 
 huge man-headed lion 
 carved from the solid 
 rock. 
 
18 
 
 Ancient History 
 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL 
 
 HISTORY AND EXISTING 
 
 
 LOCATION. 
 
 MONUMENTS. 
 
 Memphis 
 
 West bank of the 
 
 The northern capital of 
 
 
 Nile, ten miles 
 
 ancient Egypt. The 
 
 
 above Cairo. 
 
 only monuments are 
 two colossal statues of 
 Rameses II., marking 
 the site of the temple 
 of rtah, the special 
 god of the city. 
 
 b. In Upper Egypt. 
 
 The Fayum 
 
 Beni HaMsan 
 
 Tel el Amarna 
 
 Assiut 
 
 Thinis or 
 Abydos 
 
 Fifty miles southwest 
 of Cairo. 
 
 East bank of the Nile. 
 
 East bank of the Nile, 
 \^'fifty miles below 
 ' Assiut. 
 
 West of the Nile. 
 
 Border of the desert 
 west of the Nile, 
 fifty miles above 
 Assiut. 
 
 See II, 1, h. It contains 
 the Labyrinth^ monu- 
 ments, and ruins of 
 the city of Arsinoe, 
 famous in later times 
 for the worship of 
 Sebekt the crocodile 
 god. 
 
 Interesting private tombs 
 of the Middle King- 
 dom, containing paint- 
 ings illustrative of 
 Egyptian life. 
 
 The site of the capital of 
 Amenhotep IV. ; inter- 
 esting tombs of that 
 period. 
 
 Modern capital of Upper 
 Egypt, the ancient 
 city of S.-iut or Lyco- 
 polis. No remains of 
 importance. 
 
 Earliest capital of all 
 Egypt; seat of the 
 worshfp of Osiris. Ru- 
 ins of the temple of 
 Osi7'is and many tombs 
 which have yielded 
 most valuable histori- 
 cal material. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 
 
 19 
 
 PLACE. 
 
 Dunderah 
 
 Tbebei 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL 
 LOCATION. 
 
 South of the Nile, 
 forty miles east of 
 Abydos. 
 
 Ruins on both sides of 
 the Nile at Lat. 25« 
 38'. 
 
 HISTORY AND EXISTING 
 MONUMENTS. 
 
 The ancient Tentyra. It 
 contains a temple of 
 Haihor (identified by 
 the Greeks with Ve- 
 nus). 
 
 The ancient capital of 
 Upper Egypt and of 
 all Egypt at the height 
 of her glory under the 
 Empire. Remains of 
 two splendid temples 
 of Amon-Ray marked 
 respectively by the 
 modern villages of 
 Karnak and El- UksuVy 
 east of the Nile. The 
 walls of these temples 
 were covered with 
 paintings illustrating 
 the history of the Em- 
 pire. West of the Nile 
 are two colossal stat- 
 ues of King Amenho- 
 tep III., one of which 
 was famed among the 
 Greeks and Romans as 
 the ^* vocal Memnon''\ 
 Among the crags of 
 the western desert are 
 tombs of the kings, 
 with walls painted 
 with scenes illustrative 
 of Egyptian history 
 and ideas. 
 
20 Ancient History 
 
 m. ASSYRIAN AND BABYLONIAN HISTORY. 
 
 K Geography of the Region* 
 
 a. Valley of the Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers. 
 
 Note 49. The river EUPHRATES rises on the north side 
 the river TIGRIS on the south side of MT. TAURUS, a 
 range of mountains extending to the westward from 
 LAKE VAN, into Asia Minor. The Tigris flows directly 
 southeast to the Persian Gulf; the Euphrates makes a 
 wide sweep to the west; therefore, when the latter begins 
 to flow towards the Persian Gulf, it is distant from the 
 Tigris about two hundred miles. It gradually draws 
 nearer the Tigris until, at latitude thirty-five degrees 
 north, the two rivers are separated only by a distance of 
 about thirty miles. After flowing parallel with the 
 Tigris for some distance, the Euphrates again sweeps olf 
 to the west, pursuing its course to the Persian Gulf, 
 which, in the earliest period of Babylonian history (eight 
 thousand years ago), extended inland about one hundred 
 and thirty miles further than at the present day. 
 The region between the rivers, above the point of nearest 
 approach, is known in ancient history as MESOPOTA- 
 MIA; below that point, the region is known as BABY- 
 LONIA or CHALDAEA. In the very earliest times, the 
 northern part of Babylonia, where the rivers are nearest 
 each other, was known as AKKAD; the southern part, 
 towards the Persian Gulf, as SHUMER or SUMER; the 
 upper Tigris valley, on the eastern side, was the original 
 ASSYRIA. 
 
 b. ELAM. The mountain region east of the Tigris River 
 
 adjoining Babylonia. 
 
 c. IRANIAN PLATEAU. 
 (1). MEDES. 
 
 (2). PERSIANS. 
 
 Note 50. Beyond the mountains, far to the east, lay the Ira- 
 nian Plateau, in the northern part of which was the 
 home of the Medes ; in the southern part, the Persians. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 21 
 
 d. Conntry of the NAIRI. {South of Mt. Taurus and Lake 
 
 Van), 
 
 e. URUATU or ARARAT. {North of Lake Van). 
 
 f . Country of the HITTITES, PHRYGIANS, and LYDIANS. 
 Note 51. To the west, on the upper Euphrates, lived the 
 
 KB. ATTI {Hittites) ; beyond them, in Asia Minor, the 
 Assyrian Empire found the PHRYGIANS and the 
 LYDIANS. 
 
 g. KILIKIA or CILICIA. {The region around the northeast 
 
 corner of the Mediterranean'Sea). 
 h. THE ARABIAN DESERT, PHOENICIA, PALESTINE. 
 
 Note 52. To the westward of Babylonia and Mesopotamia 
 stretched the ARABIAN DESERT, crossed by several 
 roads which led to Syria. The coast of Syria, separated 
 from the interior by the river Orontes and by Mount 
 Lebanon, was known as PHOENICIA ; the southwest 
 corner of Syria was PALESTINE, along the coast of 
 which ran the road across the desert to Egypt. 
 
 Note 53. Influence of the Geographical Position upon the 
 History of Assyria and Babylonia. — Babylonia is an allu- 
 vial plain, possessing a rich soil, a warm climate, and 
 slight rainfall. The two rivers, fed by mountain snows, 
 each has a flood season like the Nile. The flood of the 
 Tigris is in early Spring, that of the Euphrates in late 
 Spring and early Summer. It was easy for the early in- 
 habitants of this region to connect the rivers by canals 
 which gave the entire region the advantage of both 
 floods and carried off all surplus water. Consequently, 
 agriculture was an early and permanent source of wealth. 
 Unlike Egypt, Babylonia was open on all sides; there- 
 fore, its history is not that of one people peacefully de- 
 veloping through the ages, but of successive waves of 
 conquest, the older inhabitants deriving renewed energy 
 from the invaders and imparting to the newcomers the 
 benefits of civilization. The rivers, the Persian Gulf, 
 and the caravan roads carried in all directions, the sur- 
 
22 Ancient History 
 
 plus products of Babylonia, and with them, the ideas of 
 Babylonian civilization. 
 
 2. Ethnology. 
 
 a. Assyrians, {Inhabitants of Mesopotamia and Syria ; Semitic 
 
 branch of the Caucasian Bace). 
 
 b. Babylonians. 
 
 Note 54. The inhabitants of Babylonia included at least two 
 elements, probably not Semitic^ possibly not belonging 
 to the Caucasian race. These were the Sumerians^ the 
 early population of southern Babylonia, among whom 
 the Babylonian civilization must have originated, and 
 the Kassites, conquering immigrants from Elam. The 
 question of the racial origin of the Kassites extends to 
 all the inhabitants of Elam. 
 
 c. The Peoples of the North — Nairiy Uruatu, Khatti— {Prob- 
 
 ably of mixed Semitic and Aryan elements). 
 
 d. The Medes and Persians. {Aryans). 
 
 Note 55. In all historic time before 500 B. C, however, 
 Semitic language, character, and habits of thought were 
 predominant in all the lands which were included in the 
 Assyrian and Babylonian empires. 
 
 3. The Early Hfatofy of Babylonia. 
 
 Note 56. Chronology. — The later Babylonians used an era 
 for the measurement of time easily adjustible with the 
 era now in use. The Assyrians kept a list of annually 
 appointed ofl&cers which has been preserved and con- 
 nected with our era by astronomical calculation, fixing 
 dates to about 900 B. C. Beyond this point, lists of early 
 Babylonian kings, with the length of their respective 
 reigns, although incomplete, afford some basis for chro- 
 nology up to 2500 B. C. Earlier than this, dates are 
 merely conjectural. 
 
 Note 57. Sources. — The only authentic source of historical 
 information before 500 B. C. is the contemporary record, 
 consisting mainly of inscriptions set up by kings in tem- 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 
 
 23 
 
 pies and palaces, commemorating the principal events of 
 their reigns. The information derived from this source 
 is necessarily fragmentary and partial. It is supple- 
 mented, to a very small extent, by notices of Babylonian 
 and Assyrian affairs, in Greek and Hebrew literature. 
 a. History of Shumer and Akkad. 
 (1), Character of the Country. 
 
 Note. 58. Historic record in the region known in later times 
 as Babylonia or Chaldea is dated by archaeologists before 
 5000 B. C; but, at this early period, the names Babylo- 
 nia and Chaldea were unknown. Inscriptions speak of 
 the «^two lands ", Shumer and Akkad; but these lands 
 were not, strictly speaking, nations. The people lived 
 in brick walled cities, each city being a sovereign state, 
 containing a huge brick temple of the local god, brick 
 palaces for the King and his noblemen, and thatched 
 mud huts for the common people who cultivated the 
 surrounding fields. 
 (1). Most Important Cities, 
 (a). Shumerian— ^ridM, Erech, Ur, Larsam, Shiputla, 
 (b). Akkadian— iTM^/ia, Sippar, Agade, Kish. 
 (c). Nippur. 
 Note 59. Nippur, between the two groups of cities, was the 
 great religious sanctuary of the time. 
 
 (2). Civilization. 
 
 Note 60. The civilization of this people was already old 
 when the historic record begins. They were merchants, 
 trading by sea and land; their cities were rich and luxu- 
 rious; intrigue and wars for supremacy were frequent 
 among the cities ; and often several, and sometimes all, 
 of the cities were united under one overlord. 
 
 (3). Fate of Shumer and Akkad. 
 
 Note 61. After ages of such existence, this little civilized 
 world was overwhelmed by the barbarians of Elam— 
 about 2400 B. C. 
 
24 Ancient History 
 
 (4). Rulers. 
 
 Note 62. The only names of importance in this period are 
 Sargon and his son, Naram Sin, who extended their con- 
 quests to the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 b. The Early Babylonian Empire. 
 (1). Political History. 
 
 Note 63. The old cities of Shumer find Akkad never recov- 
 ered their political importance, although several of them 
 continued to be commercial and religious centers. About 
 2300 B. C, the kings of Babylon, a city unknown in the 
 earlier period, expelled the Elamites from the land and 
 made it one kingdom. Gradually, the people became 
 accustomed to regarding themselves as subjects of one 
 sovereign. Soon after 2000, B. C, another race of bar- 
 barians from the eastern mountains invaded Babylonia 
 and made themselves masters of the country so com- 
 pletely that the land became known to foreigners by the 
 name of the invaders, Kashshu or Kassi. These people 
 soon adopted the Babylonian civilization, and Kassiie 
 kings ruled Babylonia for nearly a thousand years. 
 
 Under the sway of the Babylonian kings, which cov- 
 ered a period of about three hundred years, the system 
 of canals, connecting the two rivers, was developed, and 
 the entire land brought under cultivation. 
 
 c. The Assyrian Empire. 
 
 (1). Origin and Character of the Assyrians. 
 
 Note 64. The ASSYRIANS were a Semitic people on the 
 upper Tigris. At a very early period they had adopted 
 the religion of Babylonia and much of its civilization. 
 The city Assur on the west bank of the river, about half 
 way between the modern cities of Bagdad and Mosul, 
 was ruled by Assyrian vassals of the Babylonian kings, 
 and served as a meeting point for the two peoples. When 
 Babylonia was overrun by the Kassites, the Assyrian 
 kings declared themselves independent, and, emboldened 
 by success, claimed to be the rightful successors of the 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 25 
 
 Babylonian kings. This claim brought them into con- 
 flict with all the surrounding peoples, including the 
 Kassite kings of Babylon. Consequently, the Assyrian 
 Empire, unlike the Egyptian and Babylonian empires, 
 was a military organization from its birth. 
 
 ^2). Neighboring Peoples — Phoenicians^ Aramaeans, He" 
 brews^ etc. 
 (a). Political History. 
 
 JNote 65. For nearly a thousand years, the Assyrian and 
 Kassite-Babylonian powers balanced each other, neither 
 power being free to attempt distant foreign conquest. 
 During this period, the region between the Euphrates 
 and the Mediterranean was dominated successively by 
 the mysterious Hyksos, the native Egyptian Empire^ and 
 the Khatti or Hittite Empire. This fact had an impor- 
 tant bearing on the future history of civilization, for 
 neither of these powers was sufficiently well organized 
 to crush the national spirit of the vigorous new peoples 
 who, at this period, were effecting settlement in Syria 
 and Mesopotamia. These peoples, thus left free to de- 
 velop their own ideals, the Phoenicians, Aramaeans, Re- 
 brews, etc., as well as the older inhabitants of the region, 
 were Semites, with all the depth of thought and com- 
 mercial instinct characteristic of their race. Dealing 
 with Egyptians, Babylonians, and Assyrians in diplo- 
 macy and commerce, they adapted what was adaptable 
 in the exclusively national cultures of these old nations, 
 and wrought out of this a cosmopolitan civilization, the 
 advantages of which were so apparent that it spread 
 along the trade routes in central Asia, North Africa, and 
 Southern Europe. 
 
 (b). Civilization. 
 
 Note Q6. The conditions above outlined favored the devel- 
 opment of 
 
 a^ A phonetic alphabet which could be adapted to the 
 sounds of any language. 
 
26 Ancient History 
 
 b^ Common or comparable standards of value. 
 
 c\ A system of international law or ordinary procedure 
 defining the rights and duties of merchants and 
 ambassadors. 
 
 d*. A religious conception much broader than the primi- 
 tive idea of tribal gods and involving the germs of 
 the ideas of common humanity and moral obliga- 
 tion. 
 
 (3). Political History of the ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 Note 67. After 1000 B. C, political anarchy in Babylonia 
 enabled the Assyrians to acquire possession of that re- 
 gion and to enter on that career of conquest for which 
 they were so well fitted by their military habits and 
 organization, 
 (a). First Period, 950 B. C— 750 B. C. 
 
 a'. Events — Conquest of Mesopotamia and northern 
 
 Syria, 
 b^ Seat of Government at Kalkhi^ on the upper Tigris, 
 (b). Second Period, 750 B. C— 650 B. C. 
 
 a^ Events — Conquest of southern Syria and Palestine; 
 
 conquests in the north and northeast. 
 b^ Seat of Government at Nineveh and Dur Sharrukin. 
 c\ Famous Kings — Tiglath Pilesur III ; Shalmansser 
 IV. {the conqueror of Israel, 722 B. C,); Sargon ; 
 Sennacherib. 
 (c). Third Period, 650 B. C— 600 B. C. 
 
 a^ Events — Conquest of Egypt; decay and fall of the 
 
 b^ Seat of Government — at Nineveh. ; ' j* j 
 
 c'. Famous Kings — Ashurbanipal (Sardanaji'alus), long ^\^ 
 the type in Eastern story of imperial grandeur and 
 luxury, 
 (d). Decay and Fall of the Assyrian Empire. 
 
 Note 68. The Assyrian Empire was, for its subject peoples 
 a cold and heartless military tyranny. It was charac- 
 terized by savage rebellions and cruel reconquests, with 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 27 
 
 the result that, in regions where the Assyrian power 
 endured for any length of time, all spirit and vigor were 
 crushed out of the population. Its decline was due to 
 the exhaustion of the native Assyrian stock in constant 
 and often distant warfare and by the sudden emergence 
 of new barbarian peoples of Aryan race. The immediate 
 cause of the collapse of Assyrian power was a success- 
 ful national rebellion in Babylonia in alliance with the 
 Aryan Medes of the northeast. This coalition invaded 
 Assyria proper from two sidesj-and the Assyrian Empire 
 fell with the capture of Nineveh^ about 600 B. C. 
 d. The Later Babylonian Empire. 
 
 (1). Political History, 
 (a). Rise of the Kingdom. 
 
 Note 69. The Assyrian emperors respected Babylonia as the 
 birthplace of their religion and civilization, hence it was 
 the only province of their dominions where national 
 ideas and aspirations were permitted to the native popu- 
 lation. Rebellion against Assyrian power was often 
 quelled by giving the Babylonians a governor or vassal 
 king of their own race. About 625 B. C, one of these 
 governors, Nabopolassar^ made common cause with his 
 rebellious fellow-countrymen and proclaimed himself 
 King of Babylon. King Nabopolassar allied himself 
 with the Medes, an Aryan nation of the Iranian Plateau, 
 never fully subdued by the Assyrians, and also with 
 Egypt, where a native vassal king had become indepen- 
 dent. While the Egyptians invaded Syria, Ndbopolassar 
 and the Median king marched directly on the Assyrian 
 capital and captured it. All that survived of Assyrian 
 power and organization naturally attached itself to the 
 Babylonian kingdom, 
 (b). Extension of the Kingdom. 
 
 Note 70. The son and successor of Nebopolassar, Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, drove the Egyptians out of Syria, added Pales- 
 tine to his dominions, and ruled in Babylon with all 
 the pomp and majesty of the Assyrian emperors. 
 
28 Ancient History 
 
 (c). Fall of the Kingdom. 
 
 Note 71. After the death of Nebuchadnezzar^ however, the 
 Babylonian kingdom fell into anarchy and became an 
 easy prey to the coalition of the Aryans of Iran, under 
 the leadership of Cyrus^ King of the Persians. 
 
 (2). Babylonian Civilization. 
 
 (a). Agriculture and commerce the basis of Babylonian 
 civilization. « 
 
 (b). Personal ownership of land the basis of the Baby- 
 lonian economic system. 
 
 (c). Commercial enterprises of all kinds were protected 
 and encouraged. 
 
 Note 72. Among the countless documents of baked clay 
 which have been unearthed from the ruins of the cities 
 of Babylonia are found commercial records of all kinds; 
 — agreements, promissory notes, mortgages, court 
 records of civil suits, etc., indicating that business in 
 Babylonia was conducted on a scale as extensive and 
 under a system as well organized as any known to the 
 modern world before the middle of the 19th century. 
 
 (d). Law. 
 
 Note 73. The laws of the early Babylonian king.KhammurakU 
 of which a practically complete code exists, include 
 many of the most serious problems which confront the 
 modern legislatures. 
 
 Note 74. Among the Assyrians, war was considered a more 
 honorable employment than commerce or agriculture. 
 In early times the land was cultivated only in the inter- 
 vals of plundering raids. Under the empire, slaves 
 tilled the land; while the spoil brought home by the 
 armies attracted merchants to Nineveh and the other 
 Assyrian capitals. 
 
 (e). The Arts. 
 
 a\ Architecture. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 29 
 
 Note 75. Practically all the principles applicable to brick 
 construction were known to the earliest inhabitants 
 of Shemur and Akkad. At Babylonia, stone for 
 building could not be obtained and brick was used 
 instead. Architectural remains are, for the most part, 
 those of Gity walls and temples. The latter were built 
 on platforms of solid brickwork, from twenty to forty 
 feet high; on this platform was built the temple, a col- 
 lection of one-storied buildings connected by galleries; 
 the roofs were supported by tree trunks encased with 
 tilework, painted or enameled.' In one corner of the 
 platform was erected the tower, or ziggarat, a series of 
 solid brick platforms, one on top of another, to the 
 number of five or six; each platform being a little 
 smaller than the one below it. The shrines of the prin- 
 cipal god of the temple were at the top of the tower. 
 
 Both the Assyrians and Babylonians made extensive 
 use of bitumen (deposits of which occur in several 
 places in Babylonia), as a cement for brick and stone 
 work. 
 
 b^ Sculpture. 
 
 Note 76. The Assyrians excelled in sculpture. Their work 
 in colored basrelief, though not to be compared with the 
 masterpieces of Egyptian art, are effective and most 
 skillfully executed. Wars and hunting scenes were most 
 often portrayed. The gigantic figures of mythological 
 beings which stood guard at the entrances of palaces 
 and temples are imposing and never grotesque. 
 c^ Gem Cutting and Jewel Work. {Carried to perfec- 
 tion). 
 d^ Pottery {equal to Greek work). 
 e^ Glass and Porcelain were manufactured, 
 f ^ Textile Fabrics. 
 
 Note 77. The textile fabrics of Babylonia, carpets and rich 
 garments, were famous from the earliest times down to * 
 the last days of the Roman Empire, 
 (f). Language and Literature. 
 
30 Ancient History 
 
 Note 78. The ordinary Assyrian or Babylonian language 
 was restored to human knowledge about the middle of 
 the 19th century by means of inscriptions of the early 
 Persian kings, in which the Assyrian text is accompanied 
 by a translation in Persian. 
 
 a^ Character of the Language. 
 
 Note 79. The language is a variety of the Semitic speech, 
 closely akin to the Hebrew. Between Assyria and Baby- 
 lonia there were slight differences of dialect ; but there 
 is evidence of the existence in Babylonia of another 
 language used by priests and other men of superior 
 learning. By some archaeologists, this is supposed to 
 have been the language of the non-Semitic predecessors 
 of the historic Bablyonians, the so-called Sumerians. 
 
 b^ The Character of Babylonian Writing. 
 
 Note 80. Babylonian writing consists of v-shaped figures 
 and elongated triangles, upright or horizontal, used 
 singly or in groups. Some of these marks or groups of 
 marks represent complete ideas, others represent sylla- 
 bles, and still others are used arbitrarily for words. The 
 system is confused and complicated ; the meaning of the 
 text is often uncertain; and the pronunciation can only 
 be guessed at. 
 
 Much of the Babylonian writing is as fine and compact 
 as our ordinary book print. The use of the magnifying 
 glass in writing and reading seems to have been known, 
 c^ Writing Materials. 
 
 Note 81. The earliest Babylonian texts were inscribed on 
 moist clay which was afterward baked into brick. This 
 form of writing was long in general use ; but the art of 
 carving inscriptions in stone was used in the early Baby- 
 lonian empire, and was highly developed by the Assyri- 
 ans. Parchment and papyrus paper, imported from 
 Egypt, were used to some extent in later times. 
 
 d^ Knowledge of letters. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 31 
 
 Note 82. The vast number of letters and records of business 
 transactions which exist show that knowledge of letters 
 was common among all classes. 
 
 e^ Literary Style. 
 
 Note 83. Babylonian and Assyrian style and method were 
 sacrificed to brevity. Stereotyped expressions were used, 
 wherever possible, to save labor in reading, 
 f^ Character of the Literature. 
 
 Note 84. Religion colored all Babylonian and Assyrian liter- 
 ature. Of the writings of the early Babylonians, we 
 have hymns and other lyric poetry^ liturgical formulas^ 
 and mythological legends^ one of which, the story of 
 Gilgamesh is an Epic in twelve books. Later appear 
 astronomical treatises and codes of law, of which the 
 Code of Kammurabi.of Babylon, 2250 B. C, is the most 
 complete. The inscriptions of the Assyrian kings, most 
 valuable to the historians, are simple and straightfor- 
 ward statements of fact inspired by true historical sense 
 for relevant detail. Fiction, in the form of mythological 
 stories, continued to be cultivated in the Assyrian peri- 
 od. The later Babylonians contented themselves with 
 re-editing and classifying the literature of the past. 
 
 g^ Influence of Babylonian Literature. 
 
 Note 85. Under royal patronage, extensive libraries were 
 formed, doubtless by colleges of priestly teachers and 
 scientists. The fame of Babylonian learning spread 
 widely, and travellers took advantage of the accessibility 
 of the Babylonian cities by the routes of commerce to 
 obtain positive knowledge on subjects which were mat- 
 ters of speculation, merely, in other lands. The influ- 
 ence of the schools of Babylonia can be traced through 
 Greek and Hebrew literature to the thought and expres- 
 sion of the modern world. 
 
 (g). Science, 
 a'. Astronomy. 
 
32 Ancient History 
 
 Note 86. Astronomy was most assiduously cultivated. 
 Mathematical Astronomy originated in Babylonia. The 
 " Signs of the Zodiac " are Babylonian, and, also, the 
 week of seven days, with the seventh-day rest. The 
 Babylonians and Assyrians first mapped the heavens, 
 named the planets, and roughly calculated eclipses. 
 These astronomical observations were made chiefly for 
 astrological purposes, and all the underlying ideas and 
 the phraseology of Astrology are Babylonian. 
 
 bK Mathematics in General. 
 
 Note 87. Astronomical calculations imply a working knowl- 
 edge of the principles of mathematics. The Babylonians 
 used the number aixty as a numerical unit; hence, from 
 their calculations we derive our sixty viinutes, sixty sec- 
 onds, and the three hundred and sixty degrees of the 
 circle. 
 
 c\ Necromancy. 
 
 Note 88. A science much cultivated in Babylonia was Necro- 
 mancy^ dealing with spirits and with the dead. In this 
 connection, as in connection with Astrology, Babylonian 
 ideas still survive. 
 
 (h). Religion. 
 
 Note 89. The religion of the earliest inhabitants of Shumer 
 and Akkad seems to have been a system of propitiation 
 of spirits, chiefly evil, whose action was supposed to 
 originate all the phenomena of nature. This has always 
 been characteristic of the yellow or Mongolian race, and 
 has led many archaeologists to regard these primitive 
 Babylonians as belonging to that race. 
 
 On this primitive belief, the Semites engrafted their 
 worship of deified jjowers of nature. As usual, this de- 
 veloped, with the advance of civilization, into sun wor- 
 ship, and, under the Assyrian and later Babylonian em- 
 pires, into identification of the Sun God with the king 
 or with the guardian spirit of the city or nation. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 33 
 
 The Sun God was called Bel by the Semitic Babylonians 
 and Assyrians; identified with him was the God of 
 the City of Babylon and the guardian spirit of Babylonian 
 civilization generally. Nergal, the Assyrian god of 
 war and hunting, who is represented by the colossal 
 lion-headed figures guarding the entrance to temples and 
 palaces, and Ishtar (the planet Venus as the Evening 
 Star), the Spirit of Bejined Enjoyment » were the gods 
 whose worship was the most ^prominent in the official 
 religion. 
 
 The popular religion, a survival of the old ideas of 
 Shumer and Akkad, recognized numberless gods - and 
 spiritual beings whose deeds and attributes were the 
 theme of a vast and varied mythology. The position of 
 Babylonia as an educational center made this mythology 
 universally familiar ; its influence is apparent in the Old 
 Testament, and, at second or third hand, it affected the 
 ideas of the distant Greeks. 
 
 (i). The Art of War. 
 
 Note 90. The Assyrians were the first people to make war 
 an art ; their armies were the best in the world prior to 
 the development of the Greek phalanx. They first re- 
 placed chariots by well-armed cavalry and learned how 
 to defend a frontier by means of an army operating in 
 the field instead of in detached garrisons. They were 
 the first to take walled cities by means of the battering 
 ram. 
 
 IV- THE HISTORY OF HEBREW 
 aVILIZATION- 
 
 U The Hebrew Race. 
 
 Note 91. The name " Hebrew " means ♦* Those from beyond,^^ 
 and has always been explained as relating to a migration 
 across the Euphrates, out of Mesopotamia. 
 
34 Ancient History 
 
 a. Divisions of the Hebrew Race. 
 (1). The People Israel. 
 
 (2). The Peoples of Ammon and Moab, east of the Dead Sea. 
 (3). The Peoples of Edom, south of the Dead Sea. 
 (4). Several wandering tribes of the Arabian and Sinaitic 
 Deserts. 
 
 b. Racial Characteristics. 
 
 Note 92. The Hebrews were pastoral nomads and had noth- 
 ing in common with the Canaanites, the city dwellers of 
 southwestern Syria whom they regarded as of alien race. 
 
 c. The People Israel. 
 
 (1). Their Settlement in Egypt. 
 
 Note 93. This probably took place about 1600 B. C, while 
 Egypt was under the dominion of the Asiatic Hyksos 
 Kings. 
 (2). The Exodus. 
 
 Note 94. It was probably the ideas of social and religious 
 order and of military organization, derived from Egypt, 
 that made the Israelites on their return to the desert 
 superior to their nomad kindred. With this '* exodus" 
 from Egypt and the subsequent wandering in the wilder- 
 ness is associated the name of Moses, the great hero and 
 lawgiver of the race. 
 (3). The Conquest of Canaan, 
 (a). Canaan (Palestine) was, in the 13th century B. C, 
 covered with walled cities, each of which was a 
 petty kingdom in nominal vassalage to the kings 
 of Egypt. 
 (b). Desert raiders, known to the Egyptians as Khabiri 
 (probably including the Hebrews) troubled these 
 cities throughout the 13th century B. C. 
 (c). According to the Egyptian records, Israel formed 
 
 settlements in Canaan, about 1200 B. C. 
 (d). In the 11th century, Israel became the dominant 
 power in Canaan; destroyed many of the Canaan- 
 itish cities ; made other cities tributary. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 35 
 
 (4). The Religion of Israel. 
 
 Note 95. While other nations worshipped many gods whom 
 they regarded as personifications of the powers of na- 
 ture, the Hebrews fixed their faith upon one God, the 
 Creator and Preserver of the universe, who was exalted 
 above nature, and who could not be represented by any 
 material image. This God delivered his worshippers 
 from Egyptian bondage and from the perils of the wil- 
 derness. His Ark — the Ark^of the Covenant — was the 
 only bond of union among the pastoral clans, which, at 
 this period, were the political units of Israel. 
 
 (5). The Philistines. 
 (a). Their Character and Origin. 
 
 Note 96. The Philistines were sea pirates from the northern 
 shores of the Mediterranean Sea, who, during the 12th 
 century B. C, established themselves on the seacoast of 
 Palestine and organized the Canaanite cities of that re- 
 gion into a conquering confederacy. 
 
 (b). The Philistine Wars. 
 
 Note 97. The Philistines swept over Palestine, making the 
 Canaanite cities tributary and reducing the scattered 
 clans of Israel to the condition of serfs. After a century 
 of struggle against these conditions, the Israelites suc- 
 ceeded in uniting as a nation under an efficient central 
 authority, and were then able to face the Philistines in 
 battle on equal terms. The Ark of the Covenant was 
 the center of this national movement. 
 
 (6). The United Kingdom of Israel. 
 
 (a). King Saul : his wars with the Philistines. 
 
 (b). King David : Philistines beaten and confined to their 
 seacoast territory; Jerusalem occupied and made 
 the center of the kingdom; dominion of Israel 
 extended over other Hebrew tribes (Ammon, 
 Moab, etc.)t and over the Syrians as far as Damas- 
 
86 Ancient History 
 
 cus ; worship of the Lord (as the God of Israel 
 was usually named in ordinary speech), established 
 at Jerusalem. 
 (c). King Solomon: His power and magnificence; his 
 alliance with the Phoenicians; his connection 
 with Egypt; prosperity of Israel under his reign; 
 the Temple of the Lord. 
 (7). The Division of the Kingdom. 
 
 Note 98. The centralizing and despotic tendencies of the 
 court at Jerusalem were distasteful to the Israelites 
 generally. 
 
 (a). Revolt after the death of King Solomon. 
 
 (b). The House of David retains the allegiance only of its 
 
 own tribe, Judah, and of the tribe of Benjamin; 
 
 the other tribes form the Kingdom of Israel, 
 (c). Shrines of the Lord established at Bethel and Dan in 
 
 the new Kingdom of Israel. 
 (d). Division of the Territory. 
 
 Note 99. The Empire of Solomon had extended from the 
 desert of Sinai north to Damascus, and from the Medi- 
 terranean coast south of Carmel, east to the Syrian and 
 Arabian deserts. After the division, the foreign domin- 
 ions fell away, and the Kingdom of Israel included no 
 more than the upper Jordan valley, with the coast plains 
 of Sharon; while the Kingdom of Judah comprised only 
 the mountain region of which Jerusalem was the center. 
 
 (8). The New Kingdom of Israel, 
 (a). The Prophets. 
 a\ New ideas in Israel consequent on the change from 
 
 pastoral life to town dwelling, 
 b^ Israel now exposed to the same influences as other 
 
 civilized and settled Semitic peoples. 
 c^ High degree of civilization in western Asia at this 
 
 period (9th and 8th centuries) ; its cosmopolitan 
 
 character. 
 d^ Religious ideas. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 3T 
 
 Note 100. The worship of Baal (the productive power of 
 nature) and of Ashtoreth (the goddess of refined sensual- 
 ity) came to be regarded as the universal religion of civ- 
 ilized Semites, and the tribal gods were identified with 
 Baal or made subordinate to him. 
 
 This civilization and its religious ideas were ofl&cially 
 predominant in both Israelite kingdoms, but especially 
 in the Kingdom of Israel^ which adjoined Phoenicia and 
 the high road between the Nile and the Euphrates. 
 
 Opposed to the worship oi^Baal was the idea of the 
 exclusive and divinely appointed mission of Israel, based 
 on the traditions of the perils through which Israel had 
 been preserved by the power of the Lord. The Prophets 
 were the preachers of this idea. 
 
 e^ King Ahab of Israel : his Phoenician connection and 
 
 his determination to force Phoenician civilization 
 
 and religion on his subjects. 
 f^ The Prophet Elijah : his long contest with Ahab. 
 g^ The Prophet Misha. 
 hK The House of Ahab supplanted in Israel by the 
 
 more strictly national House of Jehu. 
 (b). Syrian Wars; triumph and prosperity of Israel, 
 (c). The Assyrian Power. 
 a^ Growth of the Assyrian power; gradual absorption 
 
 of the Syrian states by the Assyrian Empire. 
 b^ The Prophets Amos and Rosea predict the downfall 
 
 of Israel and the survival of the worship of the 
 
 Lord as a universal religion. 
 (c). The Kingdom of Israel obliterated by Sargon, King 
 
 of Assyria, 721 B. C. 
 
 (9). The Kingdom of Judah. 
 
 (a). The island-like nature of its geographical position. 
 
 (b). Continuity of national life under the House of David. 
 
 (c). The Great Temple of the Lord, a powerful influence 
 against the worship of Baal and Ashtoreth, not- 
 withstanding the dereliction of the priesthood. 
 
38 Ancient History 
 
 ( d). The safety of peaceful obscurity preached by the 
 
 prophets in Judah. 
 (e). Dangerous ambitions of Kings Ahaz and Hezekiah 
 
 opposed by the Prophet Isaiah. 
 (f). The yielding of King Hezekiah to the influence of the 
 
 Prophet Isaiah regarded as the means of averting 
 
 Assyrian conquest from Judah. 
 (g). Peace and prosperity of Judah. 
 (h). Idolatry again prevalent, after the death of Isaiah, as 
 
 an adjunct to the worship of the Lord, 
 a'. The evils of idolatry exposed by the prophet Micah. 
 b^ Great reformation under King Josiah ; the laws of 
 
 Israel codified and the worship of the Lord estab- 
 lished on a proper basis for all time. 
 (10). The Downfall of the Assyrian Empire, 
 (a). Syria divided between the Babylonians and the 
 
 Egyptians, 
 (b). Foolish attempt of the King of Judah to participate 
 
 in the disputes of these great empires. 
 (c). Futile opposition of the prophet Jeremiah to this 
 
 course. 
 (d). Capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians; end of the 
 
 Kingdom of Judah, 586 B. C. 
 
 (11). The Captivity. 
 
 (a). Practically the entire nation of the Judaeans trans- 
 ported from Palestine to the vicinity of Babylon. 
 
 (b). Horror and disgust of the Judaeans at the abomina- 
 tions practised in the name of religion in Babylon; 
 these sentiments symbolized in the story of the 
 Prophet Daniel. 
 
 (e). Conquest of Babylon by the Persians. 
 
 Note 101. The Persians and the Judaeans found a bond of 
 sympathy in their mutual abhorrence of promiscuous 
 idolatry, 
 (d). The Judaeans {Jews) permitted to return to Palestine 
 and re-establish the worship of the L ord at Jeru- 
 salem, 450 B. C. 
 
Outline Study of Ancient History 39 
 
 (12). The Theocracy. 
 
 Note 102. Palestine had been occupied by a mixed race 
 composed of elements from all the Hebrew and Syrian 
 peoples of the vicinity. The Jews took exclusive pos- 
 session of Jerusalem and its immediate vicinity; refused 
 all co-operation with the mixed race about them ; and 
 proclaimed their belief that it was their chosen privilege 
 and duty to maintain the worship of the true God until 
 the coming of a Messiah whg should reduce the whole 
 world to obedience. 
 
 (a). Ezra, the lawgiver ; his final codification of the law 
 of Israel. 
 
 (b). The schismatic community of the Samaritans found- 
 ed in opposition to the community of Jerusalem, 
 425 B. C. 
 
 (c). Jewish community protected by the Persian kings 
 against all interference; consequent prosperity; 
 development of theological controversies. 
 
 (d). Persian Empire overthrown by the Greeks, 332 B. C, 
 consequent breaking down of all national barriers 
 throughout the East, 
 a^ This state of affairs is taken advantage of by the 
 Jews to establish themselves in all commercial 
 cities as merchants and manufacturers. 
 
 (e). The community of Jerusalem, regarded as their home 
 by all Jews wheresoever they dwelt, retained its 
 autonomy as a tributary of the Greek kingdom of 
 Egypt. 
 a\ The Jews specially favored in this kingdom. 
 (13). The Termination of Jewish Nationality. 
 
 , (a). Syria and Palestine conquered by the Greek kings 
 of Syria, 205 B. C. 
 a^ Attempt of these kings to seize the treasure of the 
 Temple of Jerusalem and to compel the Jews to 
 conform to the ideas of Greek civilization success- 
 fully resisted. 
 
40 Ancient History 
 
 (b). Practical independence of Judaea under the priest- 
 kings of the Hasmonean (Maccabean) family. 
 
 (c). Jerusalem taken by the Romans, B. C. 63. 
 
 (d). Judaea bestowed on King Herod as a vassal of the 
 Roman Republic, B. C. 37. 
 
 (e). Destruction of Jerusalem, A. D. 70. 
 
 Note 103. After many struggles and vicissitudes under the 
 Roman power, a desperate revolt of the Jews resulted in 
 the destruction of Jerusalem by the Roman general, 
 Titus, A. D. 70, which terminated Jewish nationality. 
 
 (14). Civilization of Israel. 
 
 Note 104. In material civilization, the Israelites seem to 
 have been inferior to their Phoenician and Syrian neigh- 
 bors on whom they depended for architects and skilled 
 workmen of all kinds. There is no indication that the 
 arts of painting and sculpture ever existed in Israel. It 
 is only by their literary remains that the Israelites are 
 known as a civilized nation. 
 
 (a). Hebrew Literature. 
 
 Note 105. The existing Hebrew literature was preserved by 
 the Jews as the historical basis of their religious and 
 political ideas. The authors of these religious histories 
 and controversial works, however, quoted freely from a 
 general national literature in prose and poetry, of great 
 variety and extent, ranging from the rude war songs of 
 desert nomads, through all the phases of racial develop- 
 ment, to the cynical philosophy characteristic of a civil- 
 ization past maturity. This literature is the most valu- 
 able historical record we possess, not only because it 
 contains the germs of the modern Jewish. Christian, 
 and Mohammedan religious systems, but also as the 
 only living memorial of highly developed and wide- 
 spread civilization which flourished and decayed before 
 the ancestors of the civilized peoples of to-day had ad- 
 vanced beyond the condition of primitive barbarism. 
 
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